ENTOMOLOGICAL

SOCIETY OF LONDON

FouNDED, 1833.

INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885,

PATRON: HIS MAJESTY THE KING.

OFFICERS and COUNCIL for the SESSION 1922-1923.

President.

Tor Rr. Hon. LORD ROTHSCHILD, D.Sc., F.R.S., F.LS., F.ZS.

Vicc=Presidents,

R. ADKIN.

E. C. BEDWELL.

Prorressor E. B. POULTON, M.A., D.Se., F.R.S., ete.

Treasurer,

W. G. SHELDON, F.ZS.

Secretaries.

S. A. NEAVE, M.A., D.Sc., F.Z,S.

H. ELTRINGHAM, M.A., D.Se., F.Z.S.

Librarian.

HENRY J. TURNER.

Other a@embers of Council.

H. E. ANDREWES.

J. E. COLLIN, F.Z.S.

J. DAVIDSON, DiSc.. F.E.S.

J de SOME Y eb.) PZ.8., ,ecc,

F,. LAING.

W. G. F. NELSON.

N. D. RILEY.

J. WATERSTON, D.Sc.

H, WILLOUGHBY ELLIS, F.Z.S.

(Nae)

Trustees of the Society.

Pror, W. BATESON.

Pror, E. B. POULTON.

THe Hon. N. CHARLES ROTHSCHILD.

Trustees for the Debenture holders,

ROBERT ADKIN.

Dr. G. A. K. MARSHALL.

W. G, F. NELSON.

Finance and house Committee.

G. A. K. MARSHALL (Chairman).

ROBERT ADKIN.

G. T. BETHUNE-BAKER

E, C. BEDWELL.

G. BETHELL.

W. G. F. NELSON.

H. WILLOUGHBY ELLIS.

Publication Committee.

G. T. BETHUNE-BAKER (Chairman).

J. HARTLEY DURRANT.

G. A. K. MARSHALL.

THE Rev. F. D. MORICE.

Pror. E. B. POULTON.

CoMMANDER J. J. WALKER.

Tor Rev GEORGE WHEELER.

Library Commnittec.

JOHN HARTLEY DURRANT (Chairman).

G. BETHELL.

K. G. BLAIR.

Je B, COLJEIN:

S. EDWARDS.

THE Rev. F, D. MORICE,

[bp 1B EARKOLOG DY

‘he Executive Officers of the Council are

ex-officio members of all Committees.

ae ey

CONTENTS.

PAGE

List of Fellows ae ihe Jee Sy Se ; ( ix )

Additions to the Tees whe Sa se ae on see) (XXXAIp)

List of Benefactions cn pe acs “it Ape ace Bees GUXAV)

MEMOIRS.

PAGE

ALEXANDER, Charles P., F.E.S. II. New or Little-known Exotic

Tipulidae (Diptera) 34

Anprewes, H.E. IX. Wares on ine, eas of Onental iearcbidaes in

the Stettin Museum ec 245

Arrow, Gilbert J., F.E.S., F.Z.S. XIX, Mocese on acmrdcraychith Collec:

ptera and iegin eine a new species in the British Museum .. 484

BeTHune-Baker, G. T., F.LS., F.Z.S. XIII. A Monograph of the

Genus Catochrysops Petedaval (Auctorum) : 275

Cuampion, G. C., A.L.S., F.Z.S. XIV. The Dasytinas a South

Africa (Caleaptera) : 367

Cockayne, E. A., D.M., F.R. C. P. VIL. Titenseeoal fonms of “Plelaais

argus L. @eaan Schiff. )) © Soe 225

ELTRINGHAM, H., M.A., D.Sc., F.Z. S. XI. On “the Saenieal ae ‘ne

Genus iegrinapode Butler. ee 254

FiLevutiaux, E, XV. Coleoptera: Welasidue: tae Blatoridaa fe

Séchelles et des iles voisines 398

JansE, A. J. T. I. Some ie aa ee new Sar ie Gener: and

Species of the family Pyralidae .. 1

Mace, Herbert. VIII. Butterflies on the Mules Cammeniestad i

Dr. G. A. K. MarsHALt ... Sc sé Sas os Soo PHA

MarsHatt, Guy A. K., C.M.G., D. Se. WE. On New Genera and

Species of N' eoteopieal Garealiondae 181

Meyrics, Edward, B.A., F.R.S._ III. Descriptions of South eacricas

Micro-Lepidoptera .. é 50 65

Mosety, Martin E., F. E. S. Vv. Ta. new Pentek Spenics et

Hydroptila ... 178

Ritry, N. D. XVIII. “The Ehagelsees se ae ‘Mount iBverest 19 21

Expedition ... 461

TintyarD, R. J., M. rm Se. D. (Canal. _ D. Se. (Go. C. M. Z. S.,

F.LS., F.E. S, Entomologist and Chief of the Biological Benarte

ment, Gevtirad Institute, Nelson, N.Z. XVI. On the Larva and

Pupa of the Genus Sabatinca (Order ae Family

Micropterygidae) . 437

Uvarov, B. P., Be E.S. We Notestc on the fartoptera: in the British

Museum. 2. The group of Calliptamini ae xc Ll

( viii)

PAGE

Uvaroy, B. P., F.E.S. XII. A new case of Transformative ie a

Resemblance in Long-horned Grasshoppers... 269

Waterston, James, B.D., D.Sc., F.ES., F.ZS., Aeeagaa in ne

Department of Bncamolory: British acount X. On the Mallo-

phaga of the Spitsbergen Expedition ... 251

WatersTon, James, B.D., D.Sc., F.ZS8., Aacistant eepenn in the

Department of Thing hes Baten Maceo (Nat. Hist.). XVII.

On the occurrence, near London, of the Flea eee.

vagabundus Boh., under unusual circumstances ae 454

Wiruycomssr, C. L. XX. Notes on the Biology of some T peck

Neuroptera (Planipennia) se eee ec ast bee Bye DOL

Proceedings for 1922 we ce ee sis a ay me i-evi

Annual Meeting ... ves es Jes ee ses wes se evil

Balance Sheet nce 353 Eee “Fc As a na ask cxv

President’s Address eos ie es os & aes ise exix

General Index as 500 aA 5B ass ae aa zh CXXXV

Special Index fs ie. 7 eas an 56 baie oS exli

EXPLANATION OF PLATES, TRANSACTIONS.

Plate I See page 177 Plate XXXIII See page 436

Plate II a 180 Plate XXXIV * 453

Plates III, 1V See pages 223-4 Plate XXXV 460

Plates V-IX » 231-9 Plates XXXVI, XXXVII, a 483

Plates X, XI See page 268 Plates XX XVIII-

Plates XII-XXXII See pages 362-6 XLIII See pages 592-4

PROCEEDINGS.

Plate A. See p. xvi.

Plate B. See p. Ixvi.

( ix )

Pist of Fellotvs

OF THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.

HONORARY FELLOWS.

Date of

Election.

1900 AvuRiviLitus, Professor Christopher, Stockholm.

1915 Berriesr, Professor Antonio, via Romana, 19, Firenze, Italy.

1905 Bortvar, Ignacio, Museo nacional de Historia natural, Hipodromo,

17, Madrid.

1911 Comsrock, Prof. J. H., Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, U.S.A.

1894 Foret, Professor Auguste, M.D., Yvorne, Canton de Vaud,

Switzerland.

1898 Grassi, Professor Battista, The University, Rome.

1915 + Howarp, Dr. L. O., Chief, Bureau of Entomology, U.S. Dept. of

Agriculture, Washington, U.S.A.

1914 Lameere, Professor A., 74, rue Defarq, Bruxelles.

1918 Marcnat, Dr. Paul, President of the Entomological Society of

France, 45, rwe de Verricres, Antony, Seine, France.

1908 OsertHUr, Charles, Rennes, Ille-et-Vilaine, France.

1913 Tran-SHanskI, A. P. Semenoff, Vassili Ostrov, 8 lin., 39, Petrograd,

Russia.

1911 Wasmany, Fr. Erich, 8.J., Valkenburg (L.) Ignatius Kolleg, Holland.

SPECIAL LIFE FELLOWS.

Date of

Election.

1921 * (1862) SHarp, David, M.A., M.B., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S. (PREs.,

1887-8; V.-PREs., 1889, 1891-2, 1896, 1902-3; Suc., 1867;

CouncIL, 1893-5, 1902-4), Lawnside, Brockenhurst, Hants.

1916 (1888) YeRBuRY, Colonel John W., late R.A., F.Z.S. (CouncIn,

1896, 1903-5), 2, Ryder-street, St. James's, S.W. 1.

FELLOWS.

(The names of those who have not yet paid either the Entrance Fee or

the first year’s subscription are not included.)

Marked * died during the year 1922.

Marked + have compounded for their Annual Subscriptions.

Marked t¢ have been admitted into the Society (to Dec. 1921).

Date of

Election.

1914¢tApair, E. W., B.A., Turf Club, Cairo, Egypt.

1913 ¢ Anas, B. G., 15, Fernshaw-road, Chelsea, S.W.

Cz)

1902 | ADKIN, Benaiah Whitley, Tvenoweth, Hope-park, Bromleu, Kent.

1885 } ADKIN, Robert (V.-PREs., 1922; Councin, 1901-2, 1911-13,

1921— ), Hodeslea, Meads, Kastbowrne.

1921 ALEXANDER, Prof. O. P., Fernald Hall, Mass. Agricultural College,

Amherst, Mass.

1922 Aten, Donald, 21, All Saints’-road, King’s Heath, Birmingham.

1912 Aten, J. W., M.A., 266, Wiliesden-lane, London, N.W. 2.

1920 ¢ Atrson, A. M., 26 Addison Mansions, Blythe-road, W. Kensington,

W. 14. All communications to College of Science, Entomological

Department, Exhibition-road, S.W. 7.

1911 ANbDeERsSON, T. J., Entomological Laboratory, Kabete, Brit. E. Africa.

1919¢¢ANDREWES, Christopher Howard, 1, North-grove, Highgate, N. 6.

1910¢{ANDREwES, H. E. (Councin, 1920-22), 8, North-grove, Highgate, N.6.

1899 { ANDREws, Henry W., Woodside, Victoria-road, Eltham, S.E. 9.

1901 ¢ Annine, William, 39, Lime Street, E.C, 3.

1908 { ANTRAM, Charles B., Somerdale Estate, Ootacamund, Nilgiri Hills,

S. India.

1913 ¢ AnmyracsE, Edward O., Ingleby, Armytage, Victoria, Australia.

1907 ¢ ARNOLD, G., D.Sc., A.R.C.S., Rhodesia Musewm, Bilawayo, South

Africa.

1899¢tARRow, Gilbert J. (Councit, 1905-7), 9, Rossdale-voad, Putney,

S.W. 15; and British Museum (Natural History), Cromaell-road,

S.W. 7.

1922. ARTHUR, Francis, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., 395, Bethnal Green-road, E. 2.

1911 ¢ AsuBy, Edward Bernard, 36, Bulstrode-road, Hounslow, Middlesex.

1907 +} {AsuHBy, Sidney R., 8, Elm Tree-road, St. John’s Wood, N.W. 8.

1921 Arkrnson, Dennis Jackson, Ataran Forest Division, Moulmein,

Burma.

1886 Atrmonrks, E. A., 48, High-street, King’s Lynn.

1914 Awartt, P. R., Medical Entomologist, c/o Grindlay & Co., Bankers,

26, Westmorland-street, Calcutta.

1922 Baccnus, Arthur Douglas Reginald, 29, Abbotsford-road, Redland,

Bristol.

1901*¢Bacor, Arthur W. (Councin, 1916-18), York Cottuge, York-hill,

Loughton, Essex.

1904}{BaGnaLt, Richard §., 5, Higham Place, Newcastle-on-Tyne.

1909 + BAGwett-PureEFoy, Capt. Edward, Hast Farleigh, Maidstone.

1916 { Batrour, Miss Alice, 4, Carlton-gardens, S.W., and Whittingehame,

Prestonkirk, Scotland.

1921 { BaLrour-Browne, F. M., F.R.S.E., F.Z.S., Oaklands, Fenstanton,

St. Ives, Hunts.

1912 Batnarp, Edward, Govt. Entomologist, Agricultural College and

Research Institute, Coimbatore, Madras, S. India.

1886 ¢ Bankes, Eustace R., M.A.

1890 Barcuay, Francis H., F.G.8., Zhe Warren, Cromer.

1895 BarkeEr, Cecil N., 81, Bellevue-road, Durban, Natal, South Africa,

1920 + Barns, Thomas Alexander, F.Z.S., 32, Windsor-court, Bayswater,

Wik

1902 ¢ Barravp, Philip J., Central Research Institute, Kasauli, Punjab,

India.

1907 ¢{ Bartiert, H. Frederick D., 1, Myrtle-road, Bournemouth.

1894f+Bareson, Prof. William, M.A., F.R.S., Fellow of St. John’s College,

Cambridge, The Manor House, Merton, Surrey.

1908 Bayrorp, E. G., 2, Rockingham-street, Barnsley.

1904 Baynn, Arthur F., c/o Messrs. Freeman, Cast/e-street, Framlingham,

Suffolk.

_ 1912 ¢ Baynes, Edward Stuart Augustus, 39, Rowland Gardens, 8.W. 7.

1896¢{BeaRr, Prof. T. Hudson, B.Sc, F.R.S.E. (V.-Pres., 1910;

Councin, 1909-11), 10, Regent Terrace, Edinburgh.

1908 ¢ Beck, Richard, 97, Pilton-street, Barnstaple.

1912 Beprorp, Gerald, Entomologist to the Union of South Africa,

Veterinary Bacteriological Laboratory, Ondestepoort, Pretoria,

Transvaal.

1913 Beprorp, Capt. Hugh Warren, W.7.R. Laboratories, Khartoum,

Sudan.

1899 ¢ Bepwetn, Ernest OC. (V.-Pres., 1922; Councit, 1917-19, 1922- ),

Bruggen, Brighton-road, Coulsdon, Surrey.

1920 ¢ Berson, C. F. C., Indian Forest Service, Forest Research Institute,

Dehra Dun, U.P., India.

1904. Brnetsson, Simon, Ph.D., Lecturer, University of Lund, Sweden ;

Curator, Entomological Collection of the University.

1915 Brennan, Prof. William Blaxland, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S., University

of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.

1906 ¢ Benratt, E. E., The Towers, Heybridge, Essex.

1913 + Best-GarpNER, Charles C., Rookwood, Neath, Glamorgan.

1920 t Beruent, George, F.R.Hist.S., F.L.A., 11, Chandos-street, W. 1.

1885 { Beraune-Baker, George T., F.L.S., F.Z.S. (Pres. 1913-14;

V.-Pres., 1910-11, 1915; Councit, 1895, 1910-15, 1919-21),

20, Newbold Terrace, Leamington Spa.

1918 Brveripcr, Brigadier-Gen. W. W. O., C.B., D.S.0., R.A.M.C.,

45a, Chester-square, S.W. 1.

1891 t Buaper, W. H., F.L.S., 34, Cromaell-road, Hove, Brighton.

1904 ¢ Brack, James E., F.L.S., Nethercroft, Peebles.

1920 Brackmore, E. H., Pres. Brit. Columbia Ent. Soc., P.O. Box 221,

Victoria, B.C.

1904 ¢ Barr, Kenneth G. (Counctr, 1918-20), Claremont, 120, Swnning-

fields-road, Hendon, N.W. 4.

1921 BuenxKary, S. A., 44, Rannock Lodge, Grovelands-road, Purley,

Surrey.

1904 ¢ Briss, Maurice Frederick, M.C., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., 130, High

Town-road, Initon, Beds.

1916 ¢ Bococr, Charles Hanslope, The Elms, Ashley, Newmarket.

1912 Bopxrn, G. C., Govt. Entomologist, Georgetown, British Guiana.

(-> mr )

1903 Bogus, W. A., The Bank House, Watchet.

1911 Bornrav, H., 99, Rue de la Céte St. Thibault, Bois de Colombes,

Seine, France. :

1921 Bouron-Kina, E., Balliol College, Oxford.

1891 Boorn, George A., F.Z.S., M.B.0.U., The Hermitage, Kirkham,

Lanes.

1902 ¢ Bostock, E. D., Oulton Cross, Stone, Staffs.

1921 Bouck, Baron J., Springfield, South Godstone, Surrey.

1913 Bowater, Lieut.-Col. William, 23, Hiyhfield-road, Edgbaston,

Birmingham.

1894 + Bowxss, E. Augustus, M.A., Myddelton House, Waltham Cross.

1912 + Bowrtne, C. Talbot, Commissioner of Customs, c/o Hongkong &

Shanghai Bank, 9, Gracechurch-street, B.C. 3.

1921 ¢ Box, H. E., c/o Messrs. S. Dawson & Co., Ltd., Plantation Blair-

mont, New Amsterdam, British Guiana.

1919 ¢ Box, Lieut. L. A., 35, Great James-street, W.C. 1.

1910 Boyp, A. Whitworth, Frandley House, nv. Northwich.

1920 Boyp, Major John Erroll Moritz, M.C., R.A.M.C., Pendavey, Birch-

ington-on-Sea.

1905 BrackEn, Charles W., B.A., 5, Carfrae Terrace, Lipson, Plymouth.

1919 Brapixy, Prof. J. Chester, M.Se., Professor of Entomology and

Curator of Invertebrate Zoology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New

York, U.S.A.

1917 Breiser, Dr. H. G., Ph.D., Director of the Transvaal Museum,

Pretoria, Transvaal, S. Africa.

1920 + Brencutey, Dr. Winifred E., D.Sc., F.LS., Rothamsted Eaperi-

mental Station, Harpenden, Herts.

1920 { Brinson, Miss Mary Francis Cossart, Ford Brow, Dartmouth.

1894 ¢ Brian, Percy M., Colebrook Grange, 58, Christechwrch-road, Bourne-

mouth,

1909 Brirren, Harry, 22, Birch-grove, Levenshulme, Manchester,

1902 ¢ Brovanton, Lt.-Col. T. Delves, R.E., CP. District, Mhow, Central

India.

1904 ¢ Brown, Henry H., 5, Bruntsfield-crescent, Edinburgh.

1919 Brown, James Meikle, B.Sc., F.I.S., F.C.S., 176, Carterknowle-road,

Millhouses, Sheffield.

1910 Browne,- Horace B., M.A., Kenilworth, Scatcherd-lane, Morley,

Yorks.

1909 Bryant, Gilbert E., 163, Gloucester-terrace, Hyde Park, W. 2.

1898 + Bucnan-Hepsurn, Sir Archibald, Bart., J.P., D.L., Smeaton-

Hepburn, Prestonkirk.

1919 ¢ Bucknurst, A. 8., 9, Souldern-road, W. 14.

1917 ¢ Bucktry, George Granville, M.D., F.S.A., Rye Croft South,

Manchester-road, Bury, Lanes.

1916 Buanion, Prof. E., La Luciole, Aix-en-Provence, l’rance.

1907 Boxwerp, Arthur, F.S.A., Dimboro, Midsomer Norton, Somersetshire.

1919 ¢ Bunnert, E. J., M.A., 19, Silverdale, Sydenham, 8.E. 26.

| =

( xiii)

1896+ +Burr, Malcolm, D.Se., F.G.S., A.R.S.M. (V.-Pres., 1912 ; Councit,

1903-4, 1910-12), 29, Holmdale-road, West Hampstead, N.W. 3.

1920 Burras, Alfred Ellis, 3, Connaught-road, North End, Portsmouth.

1909 + Burrows, The Rev. C. R. N., The Vicarage, Muching, Stanford-le-

Hope, Essex.

1922 Busupy, Leonard Charles, 11, Park-grove, Bromley, Kent.

1920 Hoses, Capt. H. S., Rewensholk Harvow-on-the- Hill.

1922 Burier, A. E., The Nook: Cleveden, Somerset.

18687 {BurLeEr, fore G., Ph.D., F.L.S., F.Z.S. (Sec., 1875; Councit,

1876), The Lilies, Beienhaiewoues Beckenham.

1883 { Butter, Edward Albert, B.A., B.Sc. (Councin, 1914-16), 35,

Kyrle-road, West Side, Clapham Common, S.W. 11.

1902 ¢ Burter, William E., Hayling House, Oxford-road, Reading.

1905 ¢ BurrerFieLp, James A., B.Sc., Ormesby, 21, Dorville-road, Lee,

S.E.

1914} BurrerFIELD, Rosse, Curator, Corporation Museum, Keighley,

Yorks.

19127{Buxton, Patrick Alfred, M.B.O.U., Govt. Laboratory, Box 595,

Jerusalem, Palestine.

1917 Cameron, Alfred E., M.A., D.Se., University of Saskatchewan,

Saskatown, Canada.

1902 + Cameron, Malcolm, M.B., R.N. (Councib, 1919-20), Forest Research

Institute, Dehra Dun, U.P., India.

1898 CanpkzxE, Léon, Mont St. Martin 75, Liége.

1880 CanspALE, W. D., Sunny Bang, South Norwood, 8.E. 25.

1889 ¢ Cant, A., 33, Festing-road, Putney, S.W. 15.

1910 Carter, E. Wace, M.D., F.R.S.E., Morningside, Granville-road,

Dorridge, and The University, Birmingham.

1892 + CarPenteER, The Hon. Mrs. Beatrice, 22, Grosvenor-road, 8.W. 1.

1919 CarpENTER, Cyril F., 2302, 13th Street, Sacramento, California,

U.S.A.

1910}{CaRPENTER, Geoffrey D. H., D.M., B.Ch., c/o P.M.O., Uganda.

1895 { CarPENvER, Prof. George H., B.A., D.Sc., Royal College of Science,

Dublin.

1915 Carr, Professor John Wesley, M.A., F.L.S., F.G.S., Professor of

Biology, University College, Nottingham.

1912 Carrer, Henry Francis, 7, Courthope Villas, Worple-road, Wim-

bledon, S.W.19. All communications to The Bacteriological

Institute, Colombo, Ceylon.

1906 { Carter, H. J., B.A., Garrawillah, Kintore-street, Wahroonga,

Sydney, N.S.W.

1921 Castine, P. V., c/o Alliance Bank of Simla, Peshawar, India.

1921 CasszEts, O. C., D.F.C., N.D.A., Hon. Dip. (Harper-Adams A. C.),

La Cumbre, Ottery St. Mary, Devon.

1921 Casriz, Miss Amy, Asst. Entomologist, Dominion Musewm,

Wellington, New Zealand.

(7 Si)

1921 Carvor, Douglas, 13, Westminster-mansions, Gt. Smith-street, S.W.1.

1889}£Cave, Charles J. P., Stoner Hill, Petersfield.

1920 ¢ LE Cerr, F., Curator of the Lepidoptera in the Paris Museum, 13,

vue Guy dela Brosse, Paris,

1900 CHAMBERLAIN, Neville, Westbourne, Edgbaston, Birmingham.

1871 ¢Cuamrion, George C., F.Z.8., A.L.S, (Liprarian, 1891-1920 ;

CounciL, 1875-7, 1921); Bromhall-road, Horsell, Woking; and

45, Pont-street, S.W. 1.

1914 ¢CuHampion, Harry George, B.A., Assistant Conservator of Forests,

W. Almora, U.P., India.

1919 CHarrEeRJEE, Nibaran Chandra, B.Sc., Forest Research Institute,

Dehra Dun, U.P., India.

1897 ¢ CHawneR, Miss Ethel F., Forest Bunk, Lyndhurst S.0., Hants.

1913 ¢ CuEavin, Capt. W. H.S., F.C.S., F.R.M.S., F.N.P.S., Demonstrator,

Chemistry Dept., Middlesex Medical College, Middlesex Hospital

Medical School, W.1.

1919 CuHerEsMAN, Miss L. Evelyn, Entomological Dept., Zoological Society,

Regents Purk, N.W. 8.

1920 { CuEETHAM, Christopher Arthington, Wheatfield, Old Farnley,

Leeds. All communications to Stone Bridge Mills, Wortley, Leeds.

1889 Curisty, William M., M.A., F.L.S., Watergate, Emsworth,

1914 Curystat, R. Neil, B.Sc., 4, Branstone-road, Kew, Surrey.

1909 CxrarK, Lt.-Col. C. Turner, F.Z.S., Hillcrest, St. Augustine’s-avenue,

S. Croydon.

1914 Curarz, L. D., Dept. of Science and Agriculture, Georgetown,

British Guiana. Y

1914 CLEGHORN, Miss Maude Lina West, F.L.S., 12, Alipore-road,

Caleutta, India.

1922 CiLurren, Wm. George, 136, Coal Clough-lane, Burnley.

1908 CuLurreRBUCK, Charles G., Heathside, 23, Heathville-road, Gloucester.

1908 CxiurrersBuck, P. H., Inspector General of Forests, Simla, India.

1904 ¢ Cockayng, Edward A., M.A., M.D., F.R.C.P. (Councin, 1915-17),

116, Westbowrne-terrace, W. 2.

1920 Cockcrort, T., 111, Owen-street, Wellington South, New Zealand.

1917 { CockERELL, Prof. T. D. A., University of Colorado, Boulder,

Colorado, U.S.A.

1917 ¢ Cocks, Frederick, 26, Crown-street, Reading.

1914 CotemMan, Leslie C., Dept. of Agriculture, Bangalore, Mysore, India.

1922 CoLLENeETTE, C. L., Gothic Lodge, Woodford Green, Essex.

1899 ¢ CoLtIn, James E. (V.-PREs., 1913; Councit, 1904-6, 1913-15,

1922— ), Sussex Lodge, Newmarket.

1918 Comstock, Dr. John Adams, the Director, South-Western Museum,

Marmion-way and Avenue, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A.

1913 { Cony, Miss Blanche A., Brampton Hall, Wangford, Suffolk.

1919 ¢ ConsTaBLE, Miss Florence B., 17, Colville Mansions, W. 11.

1921 Coorg, F. D., 11, Pendle-voad, Streatham, 8.W.

1916 CornrorD, The Rev. Bruce, 13, Havelock-road, Portsmouth.

F (=)

1921 Corporaat, J. B., c/o Zoological Society, “ Natura Artis Magistra,”

Amsterdam, Holland.

1920 ¢ CorrerELL, G. 8., Newlyn, Gervard’s Cross, Bucks.

1913 Cowarp, Thomas Alfred, F.Z.S., 36, George-street, Manchester.

1920 ¢ Crass, E., 52, Sursfeld-road, Balham, S.W. 12.

1895 Craprree, Benjamin Hill, Holly Bank, Alderley Edge, Cheshire.

1913 Crace, Major F. W., M.D., LM.S., Central Research Institute,

Kasauli, Punjab, India.

1919 Crampton, Prof. E. Chester, Massachusetts Agricultural College,

Amherst, Mass., U.S.A.

1922 Crawrorp, Wm. Monod, B.A., Orissa, Marlborough-park, Belfast.

1909 t Craw ey, W. C., B.A., F.R.M.S. (Councit, 1917-19), 29, Holland

Park-road, W. 14,

1890 Crewe, Sir Vauncey Harpur, Bart., Calke Abbey, Derbyshire.

1907 ¢ Crort, Edward Octavius, M.D.,12, North Hill-road, Headingley, Leeds.

_ 1919 ¢ Cumine, Bernard Douglas, Whistman’s Wood, West Clandon, Surrey.

1908 Curtis, W. Parkinson, Drake North, Sandringham-road, Parkstone,

Dorset.

1900 Date.isu, Andrew Adie, 7, Keir-street, Pollokshields, Glasgow.

1886 ¢ Dannart, Walter, F.Z.S., St. Lawrence, Guibal-road, Lee, 8.E.

1922 Daupernay, R. T., B.A., Herne Vicarage, Herne, Kent.

1911 Davey, H. W., Cobwngua, 19, Moama-road, E. Malvern, Australia.

1912 Davinson, James, D.Sc., F.L.S. (Councin, 1922- ), Institute of

Plant Pathology, Rothamsted, Harpenden, Herts.

1905 Davipson, James, 32, Drumsheugh Gardens, Edinburgh.

1912 Davis, Frederick Lionel, J.P., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Corozal, British

Honduras.

1910 ¢ Dawson, William George, Shortlands House, Shortlands, Kent.

1903 Day, F. H., 26, Currock-terrace, Carlisle.

1898 Day, G. 0., Sahlatston, Duncan’s Station, Vancowver Island, British

Columbia.

1917 { DicksrxE, Arthur, 24, Lyford-rd., Wandsworth Common, S.W. 18.

1887 ¢ Drxey, Frederick Augustus, M.A., M.D., F.R.S., Fellow and Bursar

of Wadham College (PRzEs., 1909-10; V.-Przs., 1904-5, 1911;

CounciL, 1895, 1904-6), Wadham College, Oxford.

1921 Dopson, H. W., 14, Finkle-street, Kendal.

1909 ¢ Dosson, Thomas, 33, The Park, Sharples, Bolton.

1905 Dopp, Frederick P., Kuranda, vid Cairns, Queensland.

1912 ¢ Dotc, Major Kenneth Alan Crawford, R.A.M.C., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P.,

3, Hook Heath, Woking.

1891 { DonisrHorrE, Horace St. John K., F.Z.S. (V.-Pres., 1911;

CounciL, 1899-1901, 1910-12), Duwrandesthorpe, 19, Hazlewell-

road, Putney, S.W. 15.

1921 Dover, C., c/o A. R. W. Gabriel, Esg., 24 Montgomery-street,

Edinburgh.

1913 ¢ Dow, Walter James, 5, Great College-street, Westminster, S.W. 1.

(. Na )

1910 Downes-Suaw, Rev. Archibald, Scotton Rectory, Gainsborough.

1884*fDrucr, Hamilton H. C. J., F.Z.S. (Councit, 1903-5), 26, South

Hill Park, Hampstead, N.W. 3.

1900 Drury, W. D., Dorset House, St. Tobias-road, Sevenoaks.

1921 pu Ports, E. M., Macdonald College, Quebec, Canada.

1894 Duvaeron, G.C.,1, Zetland House, Cheniston-gardens, Kensington, W.8.

1913 Durrrevp, Charles Alban William, Stowting Rectory, Hythe, and

Wye College, Kent.

1906 { DuKINFIELD JongEs, E., 118, Fuirview-avenue, Glendale, California,

U.S.A.

1883 | Durrant, John Hartley (V.-PRus., 1912-13; Counctn, 1911-13,

1919-21), Merton, 17, Burstock-road, Putney, S.W. 15; and British

Musewm (Natural History), Cromavell-road, S. Kensington, S.W.7,

1910 { Eates-WalrE, Capt. J. Cushny, 49, Chester-terrace, Euton-square,

rh he

1912 ¢ Ear, Herbert L., M.A., Vanessa, Rawlyn-road, Torquay.

1922 Eastwoop, John E., Wade Court, Havant, Hants.

1865 | Eaton, The Rev. Alfred Edwin, M.A. (Councin, 1877-9), Rich«

mond Villa, Northam S.O., N. Devon.

1902 { EpenstEen, Hubert M., Oakhurst, Balcombe-road, Haywards Heath,

Sussex.

1919 Epwarprs, Capt. Tickner, R.A.M.C., The Red Cottage, Burpham,

Arundel, Sussex.

1911 { Epwarps, F. W., 56, Norton-road, Letchworth.

1886 Epwarps, James, Colesborne, 8.0., Glos.

1884 ¢ Epwarps, Stanley, F.L.S., F.Z.S. (Counc, 1912-14), 15, St.

Germans-place, Blackheath, 8.E. 3.

1913 Epwarps, William H., Natural History Dept., The Museum,

Birmingham.

1916 { ErrLatoun, Bey Hassan, 38, Shoubrah-avenue, Cairo, Eqypt.

1900 ¢ Exxiorr, E. A., 41, Chapel Park-road, St. Leonards-on-Sea.

1900 ¢ Exuis, H. Willoughby, F.Z.S. (Councin, 1916-18, 1922- ), 3,

Lancaster-place, Belsize Park, N.W. 3.

1919 Enstron, Albert H., 69, Lefevre Terrace, N. Adelaide, S. Australia.

1903 { ExtrrneHamM, Harry, M.A., D.Sc., F.Z.S. (SecRETARY, 1922—_ ;

V.-PreEs., 1914, 1918; Councit, 1913-15, 1918-20), Woodhouse,

Stroud, Gloucestershire, and Hope Department, University Musewm,

Oxford.

1878 * Ewes, Henry John, J.P., F.R.S., F.LS., F.Z.S. (PREs., 1893-4 ;

V.-Prxs., 1889-90, 1892, 1895 ; CounciL, 1888-90), Colesborne,

Cheltenham.

1903 ErHeripGE, Robert, Curator, Australian Musewm, Sydney, N.S.W.

1908 Evstacr, Eustace Mallabone, M.A., Wellington College, Berks.

1922 Evans, H. Silvester, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Lomaloma, Fiji.

1919 Evans, Lt.-Col. Wm. Harry, D.S.0O., R.E., c/o Messrs. Cox & Co.,

16, Charing Cross, W.C, 2, and H.Q. Northern Command, Murvee,

Punjab, India.

halal

(eevit =)

1919 Fatconer, William, Wilberlee, Slaithwaite, Huddersfield.

1907 Fraruer, Walter, Cross Hills, nr. Keighley, Yorks.

1900+ FetrHam, H. L. L., Mercantile Buildings, Swmmonds-street,

; Johannesburg, Transvaal.

1861 ¢ Fenn, Charles, Hversden House, Burnt Ash Hill, Lee, 8.B. 12.

1920 Fernron, Edward Wyllie, M.A., B.Sc., Seale-Hayne Agricultwral

College, Newton Abbot, Devon.

1918 ¢ Ferauson, Anderson, 22, Polworth-gardens, Glasgow, W.

1922 Frernawp,H.T., Ph.D.,Mass. Agricultural Coll., Amherst, Mass.,U.S.A.

1900 Firru, J. Digby, F.L.S., Boys’ Modern School, Leeds.

1898 { FiercueER, Prof. T. Bainbrigge, R.N., Agricultural Research Institute,

Pusa, Bihar, India.

1883 ¢ FuercHeEr, William Holland B., M.A., Aldwick Manor, Bognor.

1905 FrLormrsHem, Cecil, 16, Kensington Court Mansions, 8.W. 8.

1922 Frower, Miss A. B., “ Eastbury,” Surrey-road, Bournemouth West.

1885 Foxker, A. J. F., Zierikzee, Zeeland, Netherlands.

1914 ForpHam, William John, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., D.Ph., 7, Rosslyn

Avenue, Low Fell, Gateshead.

1913 Foster, Arthur H., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P.(Eng.), M.B.O.U., Sussex

House, Hitchin, Herts.

1900 Foutkes, P. Hedworth, B.Sc., Harper-Adams Agricultural College,

Newport, Salop.

1898 ¢ FounTarne, Miss Margaret E., 126, Lexham Gardens, W. 8.

1880 { Fowter, The Rev. Canon, D.Sc., M.A., F.L.S. (PRes., 1901-2 ;

V.-Prus., 1903 ; SEc., 1886-96), Harley Vicarage, near Reading.

1921 Fox, C. L., 1621, Vallejo Street, San Francisco, California, U.S.A.

1920 ¢ Fox-Witson, G., Entomological Dept., R.H.S. Laboratory, Wisley,

Ripley, Surrey.

1908 Fraser, Frederick C., Capt., M.D., I.M.S., 309, Brownhill-road,

Catford, S.H.

1888 { Fremuin, H. Stuart, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., White House Farm,

Bedmond, by King’s Langley, Herts.

1921 Frew, J. G. H., 262, Church-road, Yartlley, Birmingham.

1910 ¢ Frissy, G. E., 31, Darnley-roud, Gravesend,

1908 Froggatt, Walter W., F.L.S., Government Entomologist, Agriciul-

tural Musewn, George-street North, Sydney, New South Wales.

1891 Frouawk, F. W., c/o Dr. A. G. Butler, F.LS., F.Z.S., 124,

Beckenham-road, Beckenham, Kent.

1907 { Fryer, John Claud Fortescue, M.A. (Counci1, 1916-18), Milton-

road, Harpenden, Herts.

1876 t Funuer, The Rev. Alfred, M.A., The Lodge, 7, Sydenham-hill,

Sydenham, S.E. 26.

1887 { Gauan, Charles Joseph, M.A., D.Sc. (PREs., 1917-18 ; V.-PREs.,

1916, 1919; Sxc., 1899-1900 ; CouncIL, 1893-5, 1901, 1914-16,

1919), 8, Lonsdale-road, Bedford Park, W. 4; and British Museum

(Natural History), Cromwell-road, 8.W.7.

(| xviii)

1920 Garpner, J. C. M., Entomological Dept., Royal College of Science,

S. Kensington, S.W. 7.

1901F{GarpNER, Willoughby, F.L.S., F.S.A., Deqanwy, N. Wales. .

1922 Gater, B. A. R., B.A., F.R.M.S., 40, Overstrand Mansions, Prince

of Wales-road, Battersea Park, S.W.

1920 GauntLert, Harry Leon, F.Z.S., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., A.K.C.,

Formby, Brockenhurst, Hants.

1913 { DE Gaye, J. A., P.O. Box 413, Lagos, S. Nigeria.

1919 { Gepyr, Alfred Francis John, P.O. Box 2194, Cape Town, South

Africa.

1899*fGreLpDaRT, William Martin, M.A., 10, Chadlington-road, Oxford.

1922 GuosH, C. C., B.A., Agricultwral College, Mandalay, Burma,

India.

1913*¢GiBB, Lachlan, 38, Blackheath Park, Blackheath, S.E. 3.

1915 Gisson, Arthur, Entomological Branch, Dept. of Agriculture,

Ottawa, Canada.

1908 GrrFaRD, Walter M., P.O. Bow 308, Honolulu, Hawaii.

1895 GILBERT-CartER, Sir G. T., K.C.M.G., c/o Cox & Co., 43, Charing

Cross, 5. W.

1907 Gites, Henry Murray, Head Keeper of Zoological Gardens, Scuth

Perth, W. Australia.

1904 $¢GibuiAT, Francis, B.A., Windham Club, St. James’s-square,

Piccadilly, 8.W. 1.

1919 GrimincHAm, Conrad Theodore, O.B.E., F.I.C., The Cottage, Offchurch,

nr. Leamington Spa.

1921 Gutick, P. A., Arizona Commission of Agriculture and Horticulture,

Phoenix, Arizona, U.S.A.

1914 { Goprrry, E. J., Education Dept., Bangkok, Siam.

1920 { GoopBAN, Bernard Sinclair, The Vicarage, Ewell, Surrey.

1921 {| GoopMay, O. R., 210, Goswell-road, E.C, 1.

1904 Goopwin, Edward, Canon Court, Wateringbury, Kent.

1898 ¢ Gorpvon, J. G. McH., Corsemalzie, Whauphill S.O., Wigtownshire.

1898 { GorpDon, R. 8S. G. McH., Drumblair, Inverness.

1913 Govan, Lewis, Ph.D., Entomologist to the Govt. of Egypt, Dept. of

Agriculture, Cairo.

1909 Gowpbry, Carlton C., B.8c., Hope, Kingston P.O., Jamaica. Trans-

actions to 116, Pleasant-street, Amherst, Mass., U.S.A.

1918 Grace, George, B.Sc., A.R.C.Sc., 23, Alexander-crescent, Ilkley,

Yorks.

1914 Gravetey, F. H., The Indian Musewn, Calcutta.

1911 { Graves, Major P. P., c/o ‘The Times,” Printing House Square,

E.C. 4,

1891 +{GreEN, E. Ernest, F.Z.S. (V.-Pres., 1915; Councib, 1914-16),

Way's End, Beech-uvenue, Camberley.

1894 GREEN, J. F., F.Z.S., 49, Draycott-place, 8.W. 3.

1922 GREENING, Linnaeus, F.L.S., F.Z.S., M.A.0.U., 33, Wilson Patten-

street, Warrington.

(Ppa)

1893 + GreEnwoop, Henry Powys, F.L.S., Whitsbury House, Salisbury.

1921 GreEenwoop, W. F.N., 0.S.R. Co., Lavtoka, Fiji.

1920 GrirrFin, J. W., 27, The Summit, Liscard, Wallasey.

1888 GRIFFITHS, G. C, F.Z.8., Penhurst, 3, Leigh-voad, Clifton, Bristol.

1894 + GRIMSHAW, Beier H. Pe Scottish Museum, Edinburgh.

1905 Grist, Charles J., The Croft, Carol Green, Berkswill, Coventry.

1920 ¢ Grosvenor, T. H. L., Walldeanes, Redhill, Surrey.

1920+ Gunton, Major H. C, Seaton Cottage, Gerrard’s Cross Common,

Bucks.

1906 Gurney, Gerard H., Keswick Hall, Norwich.

1910 Gurney, William B., Asst. Govt. Entomologist, Department of

Agriculture, Sydney, Australia.

1912 Hacker, Henry, Queensland Museum, Brisbane, Queensland.

1919 Hapwen, Dr. Seymour, D.Vet.Sci., Biological Central Haperi-

mental Farm, Ottawa, Canada.

1906 t Haut, Arthur, 7, Park-lane-mansions, Croydon.

1890+ +Hart, Albert Ernest, c/o City Librarian, Surrey-street, Sheffield.

1885 ¢ Hatt, Thomas William, Wood Grange, Shire-lane, Chorley Wood,

Herts.

1921 Haun, W. J., Entomologist, Ministry of Agriculture, Cairo, Egypt.

1912 Hatierr, Howard Mountjoy, 64, Westbowrne-road, Penarth,

Glamorganshire. j

1915 Hamm, Albert Harry, 22, Southfield-road, Oaford.

1891 ¢ Hansory, Frederick J., F.L.S., Brockhaust, E. Grinstead.

1905 + Hancock, Joseph L., 5454, University-avenue. Chicago, U.S.A.

1917 Harprnec, William G., F.L.S., M.R.S.L., F.R.H.S., St. George's

School, Windsor.

1920 Harpy, Alister Clavering, 40, Harlow Moor-drive, Harrogate.

1903 t Hare, E. J., 4, New-square, Lincoln's Inn, W.C. 2.

1920 £ : Hl ceeeree Ernest, Entomological Section, Ministry of Agri-

culture, Cairo, Eqypt.

1920 Hargreaves, Harry, Biological Laboratory, Kampala, Uganda.

1921 Harwanp, S.C., D.Sc., Shirley Institute, Didsbury, near Manchester.

1910 ¢ Harwoop, Philip, 2, Westbury Terrace, Westerham, Kent.

1919 + HawKer-Smiru, William, Speedwell Cottage, Hambledon, Godalming,

Surrey.

1913;t{HawkKsuHaw, Oliver, 3, Hill-street, Mayfair, W. 1.

1919 t Haywarp, H.C., M.A., Repton, Derby.

1921 Haywarp, Capt. K. J., The Vicarage, Bruton, Somerset.

1910 { vAN DER Hepazs, Alfred, Muyneshill, Hoggeston, Winslow, Bucks.

1919+ Hemmina, Arthur Francis, 9, Victoria-grove, W. 8, and T'reaswry

Chambers, Whitehall, S.W. 1.

1910 HenpeErson, J., c/o Messrs. Osborne & Chappel, Ipoh, Perak,

Federated Maluy States.

1918 Herrop-Hempsat, Joseph, Orchard House, Stockingstone-road,

Luton, Beds.

( x):

1903 Herrop-Hemesatt, William, W.B.C. Apiary, Old Bedford-road,

Luton, Beds.

1913 Hewirt, John, B.A., Director, Albany Museum, Grahamstown,

S. Africa.

1922 Hicerns, L. G., M.A., F.R.C.S., Heatherside, Woking, Surrey.

1907 $ Hoar, Thomas Frank Partridge, Hillside, Verulam-road, St. Albans,

Herts.

1917 Hockin, John W., Castle-street, Lawnceston.

1920 Hoper, Albert Ernest, F.Z.S., 14, Astonville-street, Southfields,

S.W. 18.

1914 Hopex, The Rev. Canon Edward Grose, The Rector % Birmingham.

1912 Hopex, Harold, 99, Highbury-place, N. 5.

1888 Hopson, The Rev. J. H., B.A., B.D., Rhyddington, Clifton Drive,

Lytham.

1902 Hots, R.8., c/o Messrs. King and Co., Bombay.

1910 Ho.rorp, H. O., Hilstead Lodge, Godalming, Surrey.

1887 Hontanp, The Rev. W. J., D.D., Ph.D., Carnegie Museum,

Pittsburgh, Penn., U.S.A.

1898 Hotman-Hunt, C. B., F.Z.S., Royal Society's Club, St. James’-street,

S.W.

1910 ¢ Hotmes, Edward Morrell, Ruthven, Sevenoaks.

1921 Horr, H. DoNnALpD, 76, Jermyn-street, S.W. 1.

1922 Horxrins, G. H. E., Downing College, Cambridge.

1921 Horrrr, L. B., Manor House, Penryn, Cornwall.

1901 { Horson, Montagu F., L.D.S., R.C.S.Eng., F.LS., 7, Harley-street,

WoL

1897 * Horne, Arthur, Bonn-na-coile, Murtle, Aberdeenshire.

1919 pe Horrack-Fournter, Mme. 90, Bowlevard Malesherbes,

Paris, and Chdteaw de Voisins, Louveciennes, Seine et Oise,

France.

1907 + Howarp, C. W., Canton Christian College, Canton, Chia

1900 Howes, W. Genee 259, Cumberland-street, Dunedin, New Zealand.

1888 Hupson, George Vernon, Hill View, Karori, Wellington, New

Zealand,

1907 Huauus, C. N., 178, Clarence Gate-gardens, Regent’s Park, N.W.1.

1921 Hvnv, Rey. T. Wesley, 116, Cross-street, Kroonstadt, Orange Free

State.

1917 Hunrer, David, M.A., M.B., The Coppice, Nottingham.

1922 Hurcnrnsoy, G. E., Aysthorpe, Newton-road, Cambridge.

1897 ¢ Imaar, Prof. Selwyn, M.A. (Counctn, 1909-11), 78, Parkhurst-road,

Camden-road, N. 7.

1912}{Ims, A. D., D.Sc., M.A., F.L.S. (Vick-PResipDENT, 1920 ; CounciL,

1919-21), Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, Herts.

1920 Ines, Charles McFarlane, F.Z.S., M.B.0.U., Baghownie Factory,

Laheria Sarai, Bihar, India.

1918 Isaacs, P. V., 2, Gledhill-terrace, South Kensington, S.W.5,

ial

( xxi)

1907 Jack, Rupert Wellstood, Government Entomologist, Department

of Agriculture, Salisbury, Rhodesia.

1917 ¢ Jackson, Miss Dorothy J., Swordale, Evanton, Ross-shire.

1907 + Jackson, P. H., Ellesmere, The Drive, Sevenoaks.

1922 Jackson, W. H., 14, Woodcote Valley-road, Purley, Surrey.

1911 + Jacoss, Major J. J., R.E., Holmesleigh, Burgess Hill, Sussex.

1920 James, Russell, 7, Broadlands-road, Highgate, N. 6.

1914 tJansz, A. J. T., 1st-street, Gezina, Pretoria, 8. Africa.

1869 { Janson, Oliver E., 44, Great [ussell-street, Bloomsbury, W.C. 1;

and Cestria, Claremont-road, Highgate, N. 6.

1898 JANSON, Oliver J., 13, Fairfax-road, Hornsey, N.

1919¢JEans, Miss Gertrude M., Penn Court, 54, Cromwell-road,

S.W. 7.

1886 JENNER, James Herbert Augustus, Hast Gate House, Lewes.

1909 JxEpson, Frank P., Peradeniya, Ceylon.

1917 t Jermyn, Col. Turenne, Highcliffe, Weston-super-Mare.

1886 JouN, Evan, Llantrisant 8.0., Glamorganshire.

1907 JoHnson, Charles Fielding, West Bank, Didsbwry-road, Heaton

Mersey.

1917 Jounson, Jesse, Finca las Marias, Barberena, Guatemala.

1889 JoHNson, The Rev. W. F., M.A., 4, Killowen Terruce, Rostrevor,

co. Down.

1920 ¢ JoHNSTONE, Douglas, Brooklands, Rayleigh, Essex.

1908 ¢ Joicry, James J., F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.R.G.S., etc. (Councin, 1921- ),

The Hill, Witley, Surrey.

1888 ¢ Jongs, Albert H. (V.-PREs., 1912, 1918; TReas.,1904-17; Councit,

1898-1900, 1918), Church Gate House, Wadhurst, Sussex.

1920 ¢ Jonzs, Rev. Neville, Hope Fountain, Box 283, Buluwayo, Rhodesia,

S. Africa.

1894, {Jorpan, Dr. K., F.R.S. (V.-PREs., 1909 ; Counctn, 1909-11), The

Museum, Tring.

1910 ¢ Josepn, E. G., 23, Clanricarde-gardens, W. 2.

1910 ¢ Joy, Ernest Cooper, Eversley, Dale-road, Purley.

1902 ¢ Joy, Norman H., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Theale, Berks.

1919 JURRIAANSE, J. H., W.Z. Schickade, 75, Rotterdam, Holland.

1911 Kannan, Kunhi, M.A., Asst. Entomologist to the Govt. of Mysore,

Bangalore, South India,

1896+ ¢KayE, William James (Counc, 1906-8), Caracas, Ditton Hill,

Surbiton.

1890 { Kenrick, Sir George H., Whetstone, Somerset-road, Edgbaston,

Birmingham.

1920 Kent-Lemon, Capt. Arthur Leslie, York & Lancaster Regt., c/o

Postmaster, Khartowm, Sudan, and Blytheswood, Ascot, Berks.

1904 KersHaw, G. Bertram, Ingleside, West Wickham, Kent.

1906 Keynes, John Neville, M.A., D.Sc., 6, Harvey-road, Cambridge.

1900 Krys, James H., 7, Whimple-street, Plymouth.

(2 Sami)

1919 KHare, Jagamath Laxman, Agricultwral College, Nagpur, India.

1912 t Kine, Harold H., Govt. Entomologist, Gordon College, Khartowm,

Sudan.

1889 Kine, James J. F.-X., 1, Athole Gardens-terrace, Kelvinside,

Glasgow.

1913 Kirpy, W. Egmont, M.D., Hilden, 46, Sutton Court-road, Chiswick,

W. 4.

1917 ¢ Kirkpatrick, Thos. W., The Deanery, Ely, and Room 270, War

Office, Whitehall, S.W. 1.

1887 | Kuen, Sydney T., F.LS., F.R.AS., Lancaster Lodge, Kew

rardens, Surrey.

1920 Kyieut, V., Fairgreen Cottage, Glemsford, Suffolk.

1922 Lacry, Lionel, Churchfields, Rodborough, Stroud, Glos.

1916 ¢ Laine, Frederick (CounciL, 1922— ), Natwral History Musewm,

Cromwell-road, S.W. 7.

1910 ¢ Lakry, C. Ernest, M.D., F.R.C.S., 105, Harley-street, W. 1.

1911}{LamBorn, W. A., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Littlemore, nr. Oxford.

1921 { Lancum, F. H., Fernside, Shepherd’s Lane, Dartford, Kent.

1917 Laneuaw, Sir Charles, Bart., Tempo Manor, Co. Fermanagh.

1922 Lanxester, C. H., Cartago, Costa Rica.

1920 Larny, Percy I., 90, Boulevard Malesherbes, and 70, Boulevard

August Blaqwi, Paris.

1916 Larva, Prof. Robert, D.Phil., University of Glasgow.

1895 Larrer, Oswald H., M.A., Charterhouse, Godalming.

1899 Lea, Arthur M., Government Entomologist, Musewm, Adelaide,

S. Australia.

1914 LrecHMaN, Alleyne, M.A, F.L.5., F.C.S., Amani, near Tunga,

Tanganyika Territory, East Africa.

1910 Leian, H.8., The University, Manchester.

1900 LrtaH-Pxititps, Rev. W. J., Burtle Vicarage, Bridqwater.

1920 ¢{ Leman, George Beddome Curtis, Wynyard, 52, West Hill, Putney

Heath, 8.W. 15. ,

1920+ Leman, George Curtis, Wynyard, 52, West Hill, Putney Heath

S.W. 15.

1920 ¢ Leman, Sydney Curtis, Wynyard, 52, West Hill, Putney Heath,

S.W. 15.

1903} {Levert, The Rev. Thomas Prinsep, Frenchgate, Richmond, Yorks.

1876 ¢ Lewis, George, F.L.S. (Councin, 1878, 1884), 30, Shorncliffe-road,

Folkestone.

1908 7 Lewis, John Spedan, High Combe, Balcombe, Surrey; and 277,

Oxford-street, W. 1.

1922 Lien, 8.8., Redcot, Linton-road, Hastings.

1892 * Ligntroor, R. M., South African Museum, Cape Town, Cape of

Good Hope.

1914 ¢ Lister, J. J., St. John’s College, Cambridge; and Merton. House,

Grantchester, Cambs.

GC) xxip

1903 * LirtnErR, Frank M., Bow 114, P.O., Launceston, Tasmania.

1865} Lizwetyy, Sir John Talbot Dillwyn, Bart. M.A. F.LS.,

Penllergare, Swansea,

1881 + Luoyp, Alfred, F.C.S., The Dome, Bognor.

1919 t Lioyp, Llewellyn, D.Sc., Slingsby, Malton, Yorks.

1885+{Lioyp, Robert Wylie (Councin, 1900-1), I, 5 and 6, Albany,

Piccadilly, W. 1.

1920 ¢ Loner, George, Hawkhouse Park-road, Camberley.

1903 LorrHousk, Thomas Ashton, The Croft, Linthorpe, Middlesbrough.

1908 ¢ Lonespon, D., The Flower House, Southend, Catford, 8.E. 6,

1920 LoveripGr, Arthur, c/o Game Dept., Dar-es-Salaam, Tanganyika

Territory.

1893 Lower, Oswald B., Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia,

1901 Lower, Rupert S., Tranmere, Mayill-road, Canyton, S. Australia.

1921 ¢ Lows, E. D., Home for Orphans, Swanley, Kent.

1898 ¢ Lucas, William John, B.A. (Councrin, 1904-6), 28, Knight’s-park,

Kingston-on- Thames.

1903 Lyxtt, G., Gisborne, Victoria, Australia.

1912 ¢ Lyx, George Trevor, Briarfield, Stump Cross, Shibden, Halifax.

1909 Lyon, Francis Hamilton, Silversundsvagen 29, Helsingfors-Brauds,

Finland.

1922 McConnett, Dr. R. E., Arua, Uganda.

1910 MacpouGatt, Professor R. Stewart, M.A., D.Se., F.R.S.E., 9, Dryden

Place, Blacket Avenue, Edinburgh.

1922 Macs, Herbert, Faircotes, Harlow, Essex.

1919 McLrop, Murdoch Campbell, The Fairfields, Cobham, Surrey, and

c/o McLeod &: Son, Calcutta, India.

1900 Macxwoop, The Hon. F. M., M.L.C., c/o Cotesworth d: Powell, Ltd.,

9, Wood-street, E.C. 2.

1899+ {Marn, Hugh, B.Se. (Counctn, 1908-10), Almondale, 55, Buckingham-

road, South Woodford, N.E.

1905 Matty, Charles William., M.Sc., Dept. of Agriculture, Cape Town,

S. Africa.

1892 + MansBripe@r, William, Dunraven, Church-road, Wavertree, Liverpool.

1919 MawnsFreLp-ApeErs, Dr. W., Zanzibar.

1920 Marriner, Thomas Frederic, 2, Brunswick-street, Carlisle.

1894*++MaRsHALL, Alick.

1895 { MarsHALL, Guy Anstruther Knox, C.M.G., D.Sc, F.Z.S. (V.-

PrEs., 1919 ; Councin, 1907-8, 1919-21), 6, Chester-place, Hyde

Park-square, W. 2.

1922 Marsuatt, J. F., M.A., F.Z.S., Seacourt, Hayling Island, Hants.

1896 Marswatt, P., M.A., B.Sc. F.G.S., University School of Mines,

Dunedin, New Zealand.

1897 Martineau, Alfred H., Barum, Crewkerne, Somerset.

1919 Marvumo, N., Zoological Institute, Agricultural College, Inperial

University, Komaba, Tokyo, Japan.

(xxi)

1922 Masser, A. M., Park-place, The Common, Sevenoaks, Kent.

1895 Massey, Herbert, Ivy-Lea, Burnage, Didsbury, Alanchester.

1865 Maruew, Gervase F., F.L.S., Paymaster-in-chief, R.N. (Counctt,

1887), Lee House, Dovercourt, Harwich,

1921 Marsumura, Prof. S., Hokkaido Imperial University, Sapporo,

Japan.

1887 MarrHEws, Coryndon, Woodside, Salcombe, S. Devon.

1912 Mautik, Prof. 8., Dept. of Zoology, University of Caleutta, Caleutia,

India.

1900 t Maxwe.u-Lerroy, Professor H., Imperial College of Science and

Technology, South Kensington, S.W.

1916 ¢ May, Harry Haden, Kapai, Elburton, S. Devon.

1913 ¢ Mraven, Louis, Melbourne, Dyke-road, Preston, Brighton.

1920 ¢ Metpo.a, Mrs. Ella Frederica, 6, Brunswick-square, W.C. 1.

1919 Mertiows, Charles, M.A., The College, Bishop’s Stortford.

1885 Mertvint, James Cosmo, M.A., F.L.8., Meole Brace Hall, Shrews-

bury.

1887 {| MeRRIFIELD Frederic (PrEs., 1905-6 ; V.-PRes., 1893, 1907 ; Suc.,

1897-8 ; CounctL, 1894, 1899), 14, Clifton-terrace, Brighton.

1912 Mercatre, Rev. J. W., St. Luke’s House, Torquay.

1880 ¢ Meyrick, Edward, B.A., F.R.S., F.Z.S., Thornhanger, Marlborough.

1919 Mites, Herbert William, N.D.A.; The Gardens, Lydney Park,

Gloucester. _

1883 t Mrurs, W. H., c/o H. Step, Esq., 158, Dora-road, Wimbledon Park,

S.W. 19.

1920 Muuurr, D., 71, Fairlie Terrace, Kelburn, Wellington, New Zealand.

1921 Mrusr, N. E., 90, Alleyne-road, Dulwich, 8.E. 21.

1905 { Mirrorp, Robert Sidney, C.B., 9, Beaconsfield-terrace, Hythe,

Kent.

1902 + Montcomgry, Arthur Meadows, 34, Shalimar Gardens, Acton, W. 3.

1922 Moors, A., M.D., 31, Adfred-place W., South Kensington, S.W.

1922 Moorg, A. E., Brookside, Brent Mead-avenue, Golders Green,

N.W.3.

1899 + Moork, Harry, 12, Lower-road, Rotherhithe, S.E. 16.

1922 Moorr, J. W., 151, Middleton Hall-road, King’s Norton,

Birmingham.

1916 * Moors, Ralph Headley, B.A., Heathfield, Plymstock, Devon.

1886 Morean, A. C. F., F.LS., 135, Oakwood-court, Kensington,

W. 14.

1889+}Moricr, The Rev. F. D., M.A., F.Z.S., Fellow of Queen’s College,

Oxford (PReEs., 1911-12; V.-Prus., 1902, 1904, 1913, 1919;

CounciL, 1902-4, 1918-20), Brunswick, Mount Hermon, Woking.

1895+ {Mortey, Claude, F.Z.S., Monk Soham House, Suffolk.

1920 Morris, Hubert Meridydd, M.Sc., Institute of Plant Pathology,

Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, Herts,

1893 Morron, Kenneth J., 13, Blackford-road, Edinburgh.

1910 ¢ Mosexy, Martin E., 94, Campden Hill-road, Kensington, W. 8.

)

(xxv)

1882 Mostey, S. L., Ravensknowle Musewm, Huddersfield.

1911 £ Moss, Rev. A. Miles, c/o Messrs. Booth & Co., Para, Brazil.

1907¢{MovutrTon, John C., O.B.E,, M.A., B.Sc., F.Z.S., &e., Director

Raffles Musewm and Library, Singapore, Straits Settlements, and

The Hall, Bradford-on-Avon.

1911 Movnsgy, J. Jackson, 24, Glencairn-crescent, Edinburgh.

1922 Moysry, Capt. Francis, c/o Col. R. H. Rattray, 68, Dry Hill Park-

road, Tonbridge, Kent.

1901f4¢Mourr, Frederick, H.S.P.A. Hxperiment Station, Honolulu, Oahu, HI.

1912 +} Muay, Jal Phirozshah, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S., Professor of Biology,

St. Xavier’s College, Lamington-road, Grant Road Post, Bombay,

India.

1920 Munro, Hugh Kenneth, B.Sc., P.O. Box 16, East London, South

Africa.

1918 Munro, James W., D.Sc., R.A.M.C., Green Lawn, Kew-road,

Richmond, Surrey.

1914 Murray, George H., The Residency, Kerema Gulf Division,

Papua.

1917 Muscwanmp, Percy A. H., 35, Upperton-road, Leicester.

1909 Musuam, John F., 48, Brook-street, Selby, Yorks.

1920 Myers, J. G., 306, Willis-street, Wellington, New Zealand.

1921 Nair, K. P. U., Training College, Trivandrum, India.

1903 { Neave, S. A., M.A., D.Sc., F.Z.S. (Secretary, 1919- ; V.-PREs.,

1918 ; Councrh, 1916-18), 41, Queen’s Gate, S.W.7, and Bishop's

House, Beaconsfield, Bucks.

1919 ¢ Neti, Louis, Imperial Bureau of Entomology, 41, Queen’s Gate,

SW. 7;

1919 Nextson, William George Frazer (Counctn, 1922— ), 6, Bolton

Street, Piccadilly, W. 1.

1901 ¢ Nevinson, E. B., Morland, Cobham, Surrey.

1907 { Newman, Leonard Woods, Bexley, Kent.

1913 Newman, Leslie John William, Bernard-street, Claremont,

W. Australia.

1909 Newsreap, Alfred, The Grosvenor Museum, Chester.

1890 { NewsTEAD, Prof. Robert, M.Sc., F.R.S., A.L.S., Hon. F.R.HLS.,

Dutton Memorial Professor of Entomology, The School of Tropical

Medicine, University of Liverpool.

1921 Nicnorson, A. J., University of Sydney, New South Wales,

Australia.

1914 ¢ NicHoison, Charles, 35, The Avenue, Hale-end, Chingford, E. 4.

1909 ¢ NicHotson, Gilbert W., M.A., M.D. (Councit, 1913-15), Oxford

and Cambridge Club, Pall Mall, S.W. 1.

1918 { Nimmy, Ernest William, 210, Whippendell-road, Watford, Herts.

1906 Nix, John Ashburner, Tilgate, Crawley, Sussex.

1914 Norris, Frederic de la Mare, The Agricultural Department, Kuala

Lumpur, Federated Malay States.

(2 Secvain)

1915 NorracortE, Dr. A. B., 4, Coluwmbia-road, Bethnal Green, E. 2.

1895 Norss, Lt.-Colonel C. G., Redcote, Rusthall Park, Tunbridge Wells.

1877 OpertTHiR, René, Rennes (Ille-et-Vilaine), France.

1910 ¢ OnpaKER, Francis A., M.A., The Red House, Haslemere.

1921 Oxnnensacn, O. C., Survey of India Dept., Dehra Dun, India.

1918 O’NerL, Rev. Fr., S.J., P.O. Box 54, Salisbury, Rhodesia, South

Africa.

1913 { Ormiston, Walter, Kalupatrani, Haldwmmulle, Ceylon.

1895 ¢ Pack, Herbert E. (Councin, 1918-20), Bertrose, Gellatly-road,

St. Catherine’s Park, S8.E. 15.

1921 Pauris, M. A., Tatoi, Aigburth Drive, Liverpool.

1916 PatMmer, Arthur Raymond, Standford, Baldock-road, Letchworth,

Herts.

1919 Paravicini, Louis, Commissioner de la Bowrse de Bdle, Bale,

Switzerland.

1918 Parris, R. Stanway, The Gables, Sandhurst, Berks.

1919 Parron, Major W. J., 1.M.S., 34, York-road, Trinity, Edinburgh.

1922 Prarcer, Miss E. K., Kempston, Bournemouth West.

1922 Prarce, Edmund J., The Lodge, Corpus Christi College, Cambridge.

1911 ¢ Pearson, Douglas, Chilwell House, Chilaell, Notts.

1916 { Peesies, Howard M., 71, Cadogan Gardens, S.W.. 3.

1919 PrED, John, Aylesham, Norfolk.

1915 { Perm, Lt.-Col. Harry Diamond, I.M.S., c/o H. S. King & Co.,

9, Pall Mall, 8.W.1. [Transactions to H. F. G. Watkins, 38,

Denbigh-voad, West Ealing, W. 13.]

1921 { PenpLeBURY, H. M., Broadlands, Shrewsbury; Systematic

Entomologist, Federated Malay States. }

1914 + PENDLEBURY, Major Wm. J. von Monté, Broadlands, Shrewsbury,

and Keble College, Oxford.

1883 P#RiInGuEY, Louis, D.Se., F.Z.S., Director, South African Museum,

Cape Town, South Africa.

1922 Perkins, M. G. L., 4, Dean’s-yard, Westminster-abbey, S.W. 1.

1903 + Perkins, R. C. L., M.A., D.Se., F.Z.S., Park Hill House, Paignton,

Devon; and Board of Agriculture, Division of Entomology,

Honolulu, Hawaii.

1907 + Perrins, J. A. D., 3rd Seaforth Highlanders, Davenham, Malvern.

1897 ¢ Puiniies, Capt. Hubert C., F.Z.8., M.R.C.S., L.8.A., 17, Hereford-

road, Bayswater, W. 2.

1903}¢PHILuips, Montagu A., F.R.G.S., F.Z.S., Devonshire House, Prepara-

tory School, Reigate.

1920 Putrort, A., Assistant Entomologist, Biological Dept., Cawthron

Institute of Scientific Research, Nelson, New Zealand.

1917 { PickarD-CampripG@E, Arthur D., M.A., Balliol College, Oxford.

1891 { Prerce, Frank Nelson, The Old Rectory, Warmington, Oundle,

Northants.

1913 Prart, Ernest Edward, 403, Essenwood-road, Durban, Natal.

( xxvirt)

1885 Port, J. R. H. Neerwort van der, c/o J. Stroeve, B.Z. Prinsen-

gracht, 1005, Amsterdam.

1919 Pomeroy, Arthur W. Jobbins, Government Entomologist in Nigeria,

Ibadan, S. Nigeria.

1870} {Porrivr, Geo. T., F.L.S. (Councin, 1887), Elm Lea, Dalton,

Huddersfield.

1884,t+PouLton, Professor Edward B., D.Sc, M.A. F.RS., F.LS.,

F.G.S., F.Z.S., Hope Professor of Zoology in the University of

Oxford, (PREs., 1903-4; V.-Pres., 1894-5, 1902, 1905, 1922;

CouNcIL, 1886-8, 1892, 1896, 1905-7, 1922— ), Wykeham House,

Banbury-road, Oxford.

1905 Powett, Harold, 7, Rue Mireille, Hyéres (Var), France.

1921 Powntan, D., Agricultural Dept., Kuala Lumpur, Federated

Malay States.

1919 PRaep, Cyril Winthrop Mackworth, Dalton Hill, Albwry, Surrey.

1908 ¢ Prarr, William B., 10, Lion Gate Gardens, Richmond, Surrey.

1878 Price, David, 12, Worthing-road, Horsham.

1922 Price, J., 165, Corporation-street, Stafford.

1908 ¢ PripEAux, Robert M. (Councin, 1917), Woodlands, Brasted Chart,

Sevenoaks.

1920 } Prior, W. H. T., Culban, Main-road, New Eltham, Kent.

1904 ¢ PrisKker, Richard A. R., 9, Melbourne Avenue, West Haling.

1920 Prout, Miss Alice Ellen, Lane End, Hambledon, Surrey.

1893 ¢ Prout, Louis Beethoven (Councrt, 1905-7), 84, Albert-road,

Dalston, ¥. 8.

1910 Punnett, Professor Reginald Crundall, M.A., Caius College,

Cambridge.

1922 Ran, Mrs. Margaret, Courthill, Maidenhead, Berks.

1912 { Ratr-Smitu, W., Birkby House, Bickley Park, Kent.

1914 Ramaxrisuna, T, V. Ayyar, B.A., F.Z.8., The Agricultural

College, Coimbatore, S. India.

1920 { Rampousek, Dr. F. G., M.P., vii/1169, Prague, Czechoslovakia.

1913 Rao, K. Ananthaswamy, Curator of the Govermwment Musewn,

Bangalore, India.

1916. Rao, Yelseti Ramachandra, M.A., Agricultural College, Coimbatore,

India.

1920 Raymunpo, Prof. Benedicto, Director of the Agricultural Society’s

Museum, 76, rua Senador Alencar, Rio di Janeiro, Brazil.

1907 { Raywarp, Arthur Leslie, c/o T. N. Rayward, Esq., The Glen,

Wraczall, nr. Bristol.

1898 Reuter, Professor Enzio, Helsingfors, Finland.

1910+ pe Ruk-Partier, G. W. V., Chief Examiner of Accounts, North-

Western Ry., Abbott-road, Lahore, India.

1921 Ruopgs, F., Corporation Art Gallery ‘and Musewm, Cartwright

| Memorial Hall, Lister Park, Bradford.

1920 { RoyNEwART, John George, A.R.C.Se.L, N.D.A., Ministry of

Agriculture, Wellington Place, Belfast.

(. xxvii)

1920 ¢ Ricnarps, Philip Bernard, 7, Churehways Crescent, Horfield,

Bristol.

1920 ¢ RicHarpson, Arthur Walter, 28, Avenue-road, Southall, Middlesex.

1922 RicHarpson, Rev. W. H., 32, Wanderers Avenue, Wolverhampton.

1921 Rippetni, Miss J.. Y.W.C.A., 251, So. Hill-street, Los Angeles,

California, U.S.A.

1912 ¢ Ritey, Capt. Norman Denbigh (Councin, 1921- ), 5, Brook

Gardens, Beverley-road, Barnes, 8.W. 13, and British Museum

(Natural History), S. Kensington, 8. W. 7.

1908 ¢ Rippon, Claude, M.A., 28, Springfield House, Abingdon.

1917 Roperts, A. W. Rymer, M.A., Zoological Laboratory, The Musewn,

Cambridge.

1905 Roprnson, Herbert C., Curator of State Museum, Kuala Lumpw,

Selangor, Fed. Malay States.

1904 ¢ Rosinson, Lady, Worksop Manor, Notts.

1921 Roxrpuck, A., Midland Agricultural and Dairy College, Sutton

Bonnington, Loughborough.

1908 { Rogers, The Rev. Canon K. St. Aubyn, M.A., Box 395, Nairobi,

Kenya Colony, British Hast Africa.

1922 Rosa, A. F., M.D., 28 Pitt-street, Edinburgh.

1907 { RosenBere, W. F. H., 57, Haverstock-hill, N.W. 3.

1868*{RorHNEY, George Alexander James, Pembury, Tudor-road, Upper

Norwood, 8.E.

1888} {RoruscHiLp, The Right Hon. Lord, D.Sc., F.R.S., F.LS., F.Z.S.,

PRESIDENT (VICE-PRESIDENT, 1920; CounciL, 1900, 1919),

Zoological Museum, Tring.

1894} ¢Roruscainp, The Hon. Nathaniel Charles, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S.

(PrEs., 1915-16; V.-PRes., 1914, 1917; Councin, 1904, 1913-

17), Arundel-house, Kensington Palace Gardens, W. 8.

1890 ¢ RourLeper, G. B., Tarn Lodge, Heads Nook, Carlisle.

1887*RowLAND-Brown, Henry, M.A. (V.-PREs. 1908, 1910; Src., 1900-10,

1921 ; CouncIL, 1914-16, 1922- ), Oxhey-grove, Harrow Weald.

1922 Russevt, Frank, Awldham House, Worksop.

1892 ¢ RusseExt, 8. G. C., Roedean, The Avenue, Andover.

1922 Ruston, A. H., Aylesbury House, Chatteris, Cambs.

1922 Ryte, G. B., Pangbourne, Berks.

1919{ Sr. Aupyn, Capt. John G., c/o Sir Charles McGrigor & Co., 39,

Panton-street, Haymarket, 8.W.1.

1920 Sr. Jonny, W. St. A., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Derwent House, Derby.

1906 Sampson, Colonel F. Winn, 115, Tannsjfield-road, Sydenham.

1910 { Saunpers, H. A., St. Ann’s, Reigate.

1920 ScuarrrF, J. W., Tampin, Federated Malay States.

1901 ScuHaus, W., F.Z.S., U.S. National Musewn, Washington, D.C.,

U.S.A., 1737, High-street, Washington, D.C.

1920 Scuiupp, W. F., B.Sc., School of Agriculture d& Experimental

Station, Potchefstroom, Transvaal.

1907 ¢ ScomMassMaAnN, W., Bewlah Lodge, London-rcad, Enfield, N.

v= a Wae

(| xxix )

1912 Scuunck, Charles A., Ewelme, Wallingford.

1911 ¢ Scorer, Alfred George, Hill Crest, Chilworth, Guildford.

1909 +Scorr, Hugh, M.A., D.Se., Curator in Entomology, University

Museum of Zoology, Cambridge.

1920 ¢ SeaBrook, Lieut. J., 8, West Warwick-place, Belgravia, S.W. 1.

1911 Senovs, Cuthbert F., M.D., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., 25, Church-road,

Tunbridge Wells.

1911}¢{Sennerr, Noel Stanton, 24, de Vere-gardens, Kensington, W. 8.

1915 Suaw, Dr. A. Eland, c/o R. Kelly, Esq., Solicitor, 59, Swanston-

street, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

1886 Suaw, George T. (Librarian of the Liverpool Free Public Library),

William Brown-street, Liverpool.

1905 ¢SuHELpon, W. George, F.Z.S. (TREASURER, 1918- ; VICE-

PRESIDENT, 1920), West Watch, Limpsfield. Surrey.

1900+ {SHEPHEARD-Watwyy, H. W., M.A., Dalwhinnie, Kenley, Surrey.

1921 Surorr, K. D., Kelapith, 22, Oxford Road, Putney, S.W.

1887}+¢Sicu, Alfred (CounciL, 1910-12), Corney House, Chiswick, W. 4.

1911 +Simes, James A., Greenacres, Woodside-road, Woodford Green,

Essex.

1904 ¢ Simmonps, Hubert W., Sussex View, Cumberland-gardens, Tunbridge

Wells.

1921 ¢ Sirs, H. M., B.Sc., The Farlands, Stourbridge.

1920 ¢ Skarre, George Harold, M.A., Inspector of Science, Department of

Education, Cape Town, South Africa.

1902*¢Storer, Gerard Orby, F.Z.8., J.P., Badminton Club, Piccadilly,

Wok.

1922 Sroang, T. G., Moorilla, Young, New South Wales, Australia.

1907 Sty, Harold Baker, Kingston, Homestead-road, Edenbridge,

Kent.

1906 ¢SmatMAN, Raleigh S., Eliot Lodge, Albemarle-road, Beckenham,

Kent.

1916 Smart, Major H. Douglas, M.D., B.S., Shelley, Huddersfield,

1920 ¢ Suz, C., 6, Wildwood-road, Golders Green, N.W. 4.

1915 ¢Smiru, Adam Charles, Horton, Mornington-road, Woodford Green.

1901 Smiry, Arthur, County Museum, Lincoln.

1911 ¢ Srrn, B. H., B.A., Frant Court, Frant, Tunbridge Wells.

1918 Smiry, Patrick Aubrey Hugh, Sconner House, St. German's, Corn-

wall.

1912 + Surry, Roland T., 131, Queen’s-road, Wimbledon, S.W. 19.

1919 Smiru, S. Gordon, F.L.S., Hstyn, Boughton, Cheshire. °

1918 + Smiru, William Proctor, F.Z.S., Haddon House, Ashton-on-Mersey.

1885 { Souru, Richard (Counctn, 1890-1), 4, Mapesbwry-court, Shoot-up

Hill, Brondesbury, N.W. 2.

1916 ¢ Sowrrsy, F. W., Sea View, Little Haven, Pembrokeshire.

1920 Spencer, John William, 5, Dogford-road, Rayton, Oldham, Lanca-

shire.

1908 ¢ SPEYER, Edward R., Ridgehurst, Shenley, Herts.

1919 ¢ Sranitanp, L. N., Trewint, Coppett’s-road, Muswell Hill, N. 10.

( eax)

1910 Sranuey, The Rev. Hubert George, Marshfield Vicarage, Cardiff.

1919 SransFIELD, Capt. Leslie Rawdon, R.G.A., c/o Army and Navy

Club, Pall Mall, 8.W. 1.

1910 + Srenton, Rupert, Ministry of Agriculture, Milton-road, Harpenden,

Herts.

1922 Srrwart, B., Lovell House, Leeds, Yorks.

1920 Srrpstone, Engineer-Commander 8. T., R.N., H.M.S. Woolwich,

Devonport.

1918 ¢ Stier, Rev. Alfred T., All Souls’ Vicarage, Brighton.

1910 { SroneHAM, Hugh Frederick, Capt., 4th Batt. The King’s African

Rifles, Bombo, Uganda, British East Africa.

1913 * Srorzry, Gilbert, Dept. of Agriculture, Cairo, Egypt.

1915 ¢ Srort, Charles Ernest, Haton, London-road, Reigate.

1896 ¢ SrrickLanp, T. A. Gerald, Southcott, Poulton, Fairford.

1919 SusarnatHan, P., Assistant in Entomology, College of Agriculture

and Research Institute, Coimbatore, S. India.

1884. SwinHok, Colonel Charles, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S. (V.-PReEs., 1894 ;

Councin, 1891-3 ; 1902-4), 4, Gunterstone-road, West Kensing-

ton, W. 14.

1876 {Swinton, A. H., Oak Villa, Braishfield, Romsey, Hants.

1911 t{Swynnerton, C. F. M., Kilosa, Tanganyika Territory.

1920 ¢ Syms, Edgar E., 22, Woodlands-avenue, Wanstead, E. 11.

1910 Tarr, Robt., junr., Covertside, Moss Lane, Ashton-on-Mersey.

1908 ¢ TaLBor, G., Mon Pluisir, Wormley, Survey.

1920 t+ Tams, W. H., 19, Sullivan Road, Hurlingham, S.W.6.

1918 Tapp, Capt. William Henry, F.R.A.S., F.R.G.S., 12, Heddon-street,

Regent-street, W.1.

1916 TarcHELL, Leonard Spencer, 43, Spratt Hall-road, Wanstead,

EK. 11. .

1911 Taytor, Frank H., Box 137, G.P.O., Sydney, N.S. W.

1903 Taytor, Thomas Harold, M.A., Yor/shire College, Leeds.

1914 TreMPERLEY, Reginald, The Manor House, Merricott, Somerset.

1919 ¢ TempLE, Major Watkin, Hast Mersea, Essex.

1910 ¢ THEOBALD, Prof. IF’. V., M.A., Wye Court, Wye, Kent.

1901 THompson, Matthew Lawson, 40, Gosford-street, Middlesbrough.

1892 THorNutEy, The Rey. A., M.A., F.L.S., Hughenden, Coppice-road,

Nottingham.

1907 ¢ TitLyaRD, Robin John, M.A., D.Sc., F.L.S., Chief of the Biological

Dept., Cawthron Inst. of Scientific Research, Nelson, New Zealand,

and Maitai Lodge, Bridge-street, Nelson, N.Z.

1920 Tinstey, Joseph, West of Scotland Agricultwral College, Burns-

avenue, Kilmarnock.

1911 { Topp, R. G., 54. Hornsey-lane, Highgate, N. 6.

1897 Tomutn, J. R. le B., M.A. (Councin 1911-3), 23, Boscobel-road, St.

Leonards-on-Sea.

1907 { Toner, Alfred Ernest (CounciL, 1915-17), Aincroft, Reigate, Surrey.

1920 Tones, Alfred E., Ashville, Trafford-road, Alderley Edye, Cheshire.

(3! xexr 4)

1914. pe LA Torre Bueno, J. R., 11, North Broadway, White Plains,

New York, U.S.A.

1911 ¢ Tower, P. H., 14, Clifford-street, Bond-street, W.

1922 TrEHERNE, R. C., Dept. of Agriculture, Ottawa, Canada.

1919 TouLLett, Austin Augustus, The Hill Museum, Witley, Surrey.

1906 { TuLtocH, Col. J. B. G., C.B., C.M.G., c/o Cou & Co., Charing

Gross, S<W. 1.

1895 { Tuna.Ey, Henry, Castleton, Searle-road, Farnham,

1910 Turatr, Conte Emilio, 4, Piazza S. Alessandro, Milan, Italy.

1898 { Turner, A. J.. M.D., Wickham Terrace, Brisbane, Australia.

1893 { TurNER, Henry Jerome (LIBRARIAN, 1921—_—__; Councin, 1910-12),

98, Drakefell-road, New Cross, 8.E. 14.

1906 ¢ TuRNER, Rowland E. (Councin, 1909-10), British Musewm (Natural

History), S. Kensington, 8.W. 7.

1921 Turt, J. F. D., M-R.C.V.S., F.R.MS., F.Z.S., F.LS., 1, St. Cross-

road, Winchester, Hants.

1915 Tyvruer, Brigadier-Gen. H. C., C.M.G., C.S.1., D.S.0., Delhi, India.

1893 t Uricu, Frederick William, C.M.Z.S., Port of Spain, Trinidad,

British West Indies.

1920 t Uvarov, B., Natural History Musewm, 8. Kensington, S.W.7.

1922 Van Someren, V. G. L., C.M.Z.S., Nairobi, Kenya Colony, British

Hast Africa.

1904,¢{Vavueuan, W., The Old Rectory, Beckington, Bath.

1914 t Verrcn, Robert, B.Se., Entomologist, c/o C.S.R. Co., Lantoka Mills,

Lantoka, Fiji Islands.

1909 VuipLEeR, Leopold A., The Carmelite Stone House, Rye.

1911 Viranis pE Sanvaza, R., chez Mme. G. Combe, 10, Rue d’Italie,

Marseilles.

1897 { WatnwRiaHT, Colbran J. (Councin, 1901, 1912-14), Daylesford,

Handsworth Wood, Birmingham.

1918 WatrorD, Lionel Julian, The Cavalry Club, Piccadilly, W.

1878 { WaLKER, James J.. M.A., R.N., F.L.S. (Presipent, 1919-20 ;

V.-Pres., 1916, 1921; Suc., 1899, 1905-1918 ; CounciL, 1894,

1921), Aorangi, Lonsdale-road, Summertoun, Oxford.

1921 WALKER, S., 53, Micklegate Hill, York.

1912 Wautacs, Henry S., c/o R. S. Bagnall & Sons, Ltd., 15, Grey-street,

Newcastle-on-Tyne.

1920 Wattuacr, William, M.B., 15, Hainton-avenue, Grimsby.

1921 Wattis, H. H., M.A., Rye Grammar School, Rye, Sussex.

1914 Watsn, Mrs. Maria Ernestina, Soekaboemi, Java, Dutch East Indies.

1920 Watters, Owen Huth, Forest Office, Lahore, India.

1919 Warn, James Davis, Limehurst, Grange-over-Sands, Lancs.

1910 ¢ Warp, John J., Rusinurbe House, Somerset-road, Coventry.

1908 ¢ WaRREN, Brisbane C. S., c/o Rev. G. Wheeler, c/o Miss Swaine,

Briarfield, Guildford.

( een)

1901 + WaTERHOUSE, Gustavus Athol, B.Se., B.E., Allowrie, Stanhope-road,

Killara, New South Wales, Australia.

1914 ¢ WarerRston, James, B.D., D.Sc. (Counctn, 1920-22), 21, Arlington

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History), S. Kensington, 8.W. 7.

1921 Warxinson, The Rev. G. M. A., Woodfield, Hipperholme, near

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1919 t Watson, E. B., The Grange, Winthorpe, Newark.

1918 Watson, John Henry, 70, Ashford-road, Withington, Manchester.

1914 Wart, Morris N., St. John’s Hill, Wanganui, New Zealand.

1906 { WHEELER, The Rey. George, M.A., F.Z.S. (Srcrerary, 1911-21 ;

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1910 { Ware, Major Edward Barton, M.R.C.S., Herrison, Dorchester.

1918 Wuurer, Ronald Senior, Suduganga Estate, Matale, Ceylon.

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1921 Wuuitney, W. B., B.Sc., A.M.Inst.C.E., Glen Doone, Gerrards Cross,

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1913 | WHirrakER, Oscar, F.R.M.S., Box 552, Chilliwack, British Columbia.

1917 { WickHam, Rev. Prebendary A. P., Hast Brent Vicarage, High-

bridge, Somerset.

1906 Wickwar, Oswin S., Gresham, Cambridge Place, Colombo,

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1903 Wigarns, Clare A., C.M.G,, M.R.C.S., The Folly, Watlington,

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1896 t WinEMaN, A. E., Lane End, Westcott, nr. Dorking.

1922 WILkiINson, Capt. D. 8., Kennington Vicarage, Ashford, Kent.

1911 | WiuiaMs, C. B., M.A., Ministry of Agriculture, Cairo, Egypt, and

20, Slatey-road, Birkenhead.

1915 Wuitams, Harold Beck, Briar Cottage, Vale-road, Claygate, Surrey.

1921 Witmer, E, Nevill, Trafford Hall, near Chester.

1921 {| Witson, H. I., O.B.E., M.A., F.Z.S., 139, Bishop's Mansions,

Fulham, 5.W. 6.

1919 + Witson, Lt.-Col. R. 8., Army and Navy Club, Pall Mall, 8.W.

1915 Winn, Albert F., 32, Springfield Avenue, Westmount, Montreal,

Canada.

1922. Winser, H. E., 2, Mead-road, Cranleigh, Surrey.

1919 * WINTERSCALE, J., Sungei Klah Estate, Sungkai, Perak,

1920 { WiruycomsBE, Cyril Luckes, 12, Prospect-hill, Walthamstow.

1919 Woop, H. Worsley, 31, Ayate-road, Hammersmith, W.6.

1905 WoopsripcE, Francis Charles, Briar Close, Latchmore-avenue,

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1914 { Wooprorbk, Francis Cardew, B.A., c/o University Musewm, Hope

Department, Oxford.

1921 Wootert, G. F. C., Sipilang, Province Clarke, B.N, Borneo.

1922 Wricui, A. E., Burnleigh, Kent Bank-road, Grange-over-Sands.

1919 Wyrsman, P., Quatre Bras, Tervueven, Belgium.

> bee

“

( xxexine 9)

ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY

DuRING THE YEAR 1922.

C.. Dr. Chapman (purchased).

Rh.-B.; H. Rowland-Brown (bequest).

H. D.: Hamilton Druce (donation).

Axpa¥Fi-AIGNER (Ludovico), Payer (Joanne), and Unryu (Fernando). Fauna

Regni Hungariae. Lepidoptera.

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ALDERSON (J.). Some Notes on rearing Evrebia eptphron.

[Ent., Vol. LIV, p. 57.] 8vo, London, 1921. R.-B.

Axpricu (J. M.). Two-winged Flies of the genera Dolichopus and Hydro-

phorus collected in Alaska in 1921, with new species of Dolv-

chopus from N. America and Hawaii.

[Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., Vol. 61, Art. 25.] 8vo, Washington, 1922.

———— The Neotropical Muscoid Genus Mesembredla, Giglio-tos, and other

Testaceous Muscoid Flies.

[Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., Vol. 62, No. 2457.] lg. 8vo, Washington,

1922.

ALEXANDER (Chas. P.). Undescribed species of Costa Rican Flies belonging

to the Family Z%pulidae in the U.S. National Museum.

[Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., Vol. 60, No. 2420.] lg. 8vo, Washington,

1922.

Attson (A. M.). Beetles Damaging Seasoned Timber, with an account of

their Ravages and the methods of Treatment.

[Timber Trades Jour.] 4to, London, 1922. -The Author.

AnprRk (Ed.). Species des Hyménoptéres d’Europe et d’Algérie, Vols. I,

i REV eVie Vecbiss. Vil Velie Gimip.); LVL La biss(dimp:)s. VLEl.

IX, X, XI (incomplete).

8vo. Beaune (Cote d’or), 1879-1914. C.

ANNANDALE (Dr.). Note on Dr. Burr’s ‘‘ Dermaptera” in the ‘‘ Fauna of

British India.”

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Tals JO),

——— and Dover (C.). Fauna of an Island in the Chilka Lake.

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Arkwrieut (J. A.). Arkin (EH. E.),and Bacor (A.). An Hereditary

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Arnotp (George). The Sphegidae of S. Africa.

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ATKIN (EH. E.). [See Arkwriaut (J. A.). |

AuRIvILLIus (Chr.). Sammlungen der Schwedischen Elgon-expedition in

Jahre 1920.

[Ark. Zool. K. Sven. Vet.-akad., Band 14, No. 5.] 8vo, Stock-

holm, 1921.

———— Neue oder wenig bekannte Coleoptera Longicornia, 18.

[Ark. Zool. K. Sven. Vet.-akad., Band 14, No. 18.] 8vo, Stock-

holm, 1922.

New Cerambycidae aus der Sammlung G. van Roon.

[Tijdsch. v. Ent., Deel LXIV.] 8vo, Grayvenhage, 1921.

( axe 2)

Avurivinttius (Chr.). Ceranbycidae (ex Sibiria meridionali et Mongolia in

itinere Orjan) Olsen 1914 collection.

[Ent. Tidsk. Norsk., No. 3.] 8vo, Stockholm, 1922.

——_— Descriptions of some South African Heterocera (Lepidoptera).

[Ann. 8. Af. Mus., Vol. XVIII, Pt. II.] lg. 8vo, London, 1922.

-—_——-— Anarkningar rorande Linnés entomologiska “ Praelectiones priva-

tissimae” Hallna Pa Hammarby 1770.

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nandez und Oster-Insel.

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Ayyar (T. V. Ramakrishna), The Weevil Fauna of South India with

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Bacor (A.). [See Arxwricur (J. A.).]

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Barnes (Wm.) and MacDunyovues (J. H.). On the Generic Types of

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Beruunr-Baker (G. T.). Synonymic Notes on the Ruralidae.

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A Week at Mont Dore. A new Palaearctic species of Lycaeninae.

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BrackmMan (M. W.). North American Zpidae of the subfamily Wicracinue

with descriptions of new species and genera.

[Miss. Agr. Exp. St., Tech. Bull. 9.] 8yvo, Mississippi, 1920.

Mississippi Bark Beetles.

[Miss, Agr. Exp. St., Tech. Bull. 11.] 8vo, Mississippi, 1920.

——-—— Descriptions of Hight new Bark Beetles (/Zpidae) from Mississippi.

[Miss. Agr. Exp. St., Tech. Bull, 10.] 8vo, Mississippi, 1921.

Dr. Neave.

BratspELL (Frank E.). New Species of Melyridae, Chrysomelidae and

Tenebrtonidae (Col.) from the Pacific Coast, with Notes on

other Species.

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Borspuvat (M. J. A.). Essai sur une Monographie des Zygénides [bound

with] Europaeorum Lepidopterorum Index Methodicus.

sm. 8vo, Paris, 1829. R.-B.

Bonuorts (J. L.) and Roruscuitp (N. C.). Harrow Butterflies and Moths.

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Boutter (Eug.). [See MasiLie (M. P.).]

Bracken (C. W.). The Orthoptera of Devon.

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() See)

Bracken (C. W.). Dragon-Flies.

[Trans. Plymouth Ins. and Dey. and Corn. N. H. §.] 8vo, Ply-

mouth, 1916-17.

The Diptera of Devon.

[Trans. Devon. Ass. Adv. of 8. Lit. and Art., Vol. XLIX.] 8vo,

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Brapiey (J. Chester). Taxonomic Notes on <Agethinae (Hymenoptera-

Braconidae. )

[Psyche, Vol. XXIII, No. 5.] 8vo, New York, 1921.

A Revision of Ephuta, Say, a genus of IMutillidae equivalent to the

species group Serupea of Fox.

(Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLII.] lg. 8vo, New York, 1916.

-———— A Revision of Tzmulla, Ashmead, a subgenus of IWutilla equivalent

to the species group Heragona of Fox.

[Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLITI.] lg. 8vo, New York, i916.

—— The Mutillidae of the Eastern United States.

[Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLII.] lg. 8vo, New York, 1916.

——_— A Review of the Jyrmosidae.

(Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLIII.] lg. 8vo, New York, 1917.

——-—— Descriptions and Records of some interesting Parasitic Hymeno-

ptera mostly collected by Mr. Hachiro Yuaso in Tompkins

County, New York.

[ Bull. Brooklyn Soc., Vol, XIII, No. 5.] 1g. 8vo, Brooklyn, 1918.

——-— The status of Parabates, Foester, and Parabatus, Thomson

(Hymen., Ich.).

(Ann. and Mag. N. H., Ser. 9, Vol. III.] 8vo, London, 1919.

—— —— An Entomological Cross-section of the United States.

[Scientif. Month.] 8vo, Cornell University, 1919.

Descriptions, Records, and Notes on North American Wyssonidae

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—— -—— Les Anses Malpighiennes des Lampyrides.

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1920.

La Biologie de la Luciole (Luctola lusitanica).

[Rev. d’Hist. nat. app., No. 1.] lg. 8vo, Paris, 1921.

———— Revue Bibliographique. (Forel’s Le Monde Social des Fournis. )

[Bull. Soc. ent. d’Egypt, 1920.] lg. Svo, Cairo, 1921.

———— The Moults of Empusa egena.

[Bull. Soc. ent. d’Egypt, 1920.] lg. 8vo, Cairo, 1921.

——-— The Growth of the Antennae and Cerci of the Cockroach (Periplaneta

americana, L.).

{ Bull. Soe. ent. d’ Egypt, 1921.] lg. 8vo, Cairo, 1922

———— The Growth of the Antennae of Empusa egena, Char

[Bull. Soc. ent. d’Egypt, 1921.] lg. 8vo, Cairo, 1922.

——_—— Etudes relatives 4 l’Anatomie et 4 l’Embryologie des vers luisants,

ou Lampyrides.

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BuGnion (Dr. E.). La larve de la Luciole. (Luctola lusitanica, Charp.)

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——— Luciola Mecollions, sp. n. de Ceylon.

[Spol. Zeylan., Vol. LP te 43] 4to, Columbo, 1922

——~—\— Ia Pariade de ’Empuse (/mpusa egena, Charp.)

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The Author.

Burrows (Rev. C. R.N.). The British Psychides.

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Burier (A. G.). A Revision of the Genera of the Sub-family Péerinae.

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3UTLER (B. A.). Hemipicran in Carmarthenshire.

[ Ent. Mo. Mag., Ser. 2, Vol. XXIII.] 2 pts. 8vo, London, 1912.

——-—~ Psallus vitellinus, Scholtz. An addition to the List of British

Hemiptera.

[Ent. Mo. Mag., Ser. 2, Vol. XXIII.] 8vo, London, 1912.

Notes on the genus Teratocorzs, Fieb. (Capsidae).

[Ent. Mo. Mag., Ser. 3, Vol. II.] Svo, London, 1916.

——-— On the Association between the Hemiptera-Heteroptera and

Vegetation.

[Ent. Mo. Mag., Ser. 3, Vol. IV.] Svo, London, 1918.

——— On Wabis lativentris, Boh. (Hemip. Heter.).

[Ent. Mo. Mag., Ser. 3, Vol. VII.] 8vo, London, 1921.

— On a small Collection of Hemiptera from the Isle of Arran,

Scotland.

[Scott. Nat., Vol. XI.] 8vo, Edinburgh, 1921.

-—.—— A Contribution towards the Life-history of Dictyoneta strich-

nocera, Fieb.

(Ent, Mo. Mag., 3rd Ser., Vol. VIII.] 8vo, London, 1922.

——— A Contribution to the Life-history of Deracocorts ruber, L.

[Ent. Mo. Mag., 3rd Ser., Vol. VIII.] 8vo, London, 1922.

———— A Contribution to the Life-history of Pentatoma rufipes, L.

[ Ent. Mo. Mag., 3rd Ser., Vol. VIII,] 8vo, London, 1922.

The Righen

Cameron (A. E.). The Morphology and Biology of a Canadian Cattle-

infesting Black Fly, Stmudiwn simile, Mall. (Dip. Simulizdae).

[Dept. Agric., Dom. Canada, Bull. 5, New Ser. Tech.] lg. 8vo,

Ottawa, 1922. The Author.

CARPENTER (Geo. H.). Insect Transformation. 8vo, London, 1922.

Purchased.

Casr (E. C.). A new species of Ceratodus from the Upper Triassic of

Western Texas.

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Michigan, 1921.

Casry (Thos. L.). Memoirs on Coleoptera. Studies in the Rhynchophorous

Subfamily Barinae of the Brazilian Fauna,

4to, Lancaster, Pa., 1922.

CatALoGus CoLEoPTERORUM. Junk (W.), editusa Schenkling (S.). Par. 75

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Cartor (D.). On new species of Lycaenidae from Sierra Leone.

[Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 7, Vol. XIII.] 8vo, London, 1904.

CHAMBERLAIN (Ralph V.). Results of the Bryant-Walker Expeditions of the

University of Michigan to Columbia 1913, and British Guiana,

1914.

[Occas. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. of Mich. U.S. A., No. 97.] 8vo,

Michigan, 1921.

———— The Centipedes of Central America.

[Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 60, Art. 7.] 8vo., Washington, 1921.

C -xxxy >)

CuHApMAN (Dr. T. A.). (1) A few weeks’ entomologising in Spain. (2)

Acanthopsyche opacella. (3) Condition of Lachneis Janestris

during the pupal state. (4) May at the Italian Lakes.

[Ent. Rec., Vol. XIV, Nos. 3-8.] 8vo, London, 1902.

Contributions to the Fauna of Spain: Bejar, Avila, etc.

[Ent. Rec., Vol. XV, Nos. 1-3.] 8vo, London, 1903.

-——- Notes (chiefly Lepidoptera) of a trip to the Sierra de la Demanda

and Moneayo, Spain.

[Ent. Rec., Vol. XVI, Nos. 4-6.] 8vo, London, 1904.

——w— On the Matrivorous Habit of the species of Heterogynis, Rinbr.

{Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., p. 177.] 8vo, London, 1905.

On Erebia palarica, n. sp. and E. stygne; chiefly in regard to its

association with /. evias in Spain.

(Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., p. 9.] 8vo, London, 1905,

——_—-— Sur deux Phalénes des Pyrénées.

[Ann. Soe. ent. Fr., Vol. LX XVII, p. 496.] 8vo, Paris, 1908.

Further Notes on Libythea celtis.

[Ent. Rec., Vol. XXV, Nos. 7-8.] 8vo, London, 1913.

Pupal Moult of Agriades coridon; the Maxillary Pocket of Plebeiid

Pupae,

[Ent. Rec., Vol. XXV, No. 6.] 8vo, London, 1913.

Segmentation of the Abdomen of Lycaenids, and Lycaenid Notes.

(Trans. City of Lond. Ent. and Nat. Hist. Soc., p.67.] 8vo, London,

1913.

—-——— Description of the Pupa-case of Heodes dovtlis.

[Ent. Rec., Vol. XXV, No. 5.] 8vo, London, 1913.

—-——— Hrebia manto var. gqavarniensis.

[Ent. Rec., Vol. X XVI, Nos. 7--8.] 8vo, London, 1914.

———— Erebia manto var. caecilia.

[Ent. Rec., Vol. XX VI, No. 2.] 8vo, London, 1914.

———— On a new Form of Seasonal (and heterogoneutic) Dimorphism in

Agriades thersites, Cant.

[Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., p. 309.] S8vo, London, 1914.

———— Lepidopterology.

[Ent. Rec., Vol. XX VI, Nos. 7-8.] 8vo, London, 1914.

———— Hrebia lefebvret, Bdv., on Canigou.

[Ent. Rec., Vol. XX VI, Nos. 4-5.] 8vo, London, 1914.

———— Agriades coridon and A. aragonensis.

[Ent. Ree., Vol. XXVIII, No. 11.] 8vo, London, 1916.

R.-B.

———— Notes on Sawflies chiefly as to Oviposition.

[Ent. Mo. Mag., 3rd Ser., Vol. VIII.] 8vo, London, 1922.

Rev. L. D. Morice.

CHITTENDEN (F. H.) and Fink (D. £.).. The Green June beetle.

[Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric., No. 891.] 8vo, Washington, 1922.

The Author.

CrurrersBuck (G. Granville), Notes on the Codling Moth.

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1915. R-B.

CocKAYNE (E. A.). Gynandromorphism and kindred problems.

[ Jour. Genetics, Vol. V, No. 2.] 4to, Cambridge, 1915.

———— Structural Abnormalities in Lepidoptera.

[Trans. Lond. Nat. Hist. Soc.] 8vo, London, 1921.

———— Intersexual forms of Plebetus argus, L. (aegon, Schiff).

[Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., Pts. 1 and 2.] S8vo, London, 1922.

The Author,

(xxvii 4)

Cockxrrett (T. D. A.), Australian’Bees in the Queensland Museum.

[Mem. Queen. Mus., Vol. VI, Pt. IM1.] 4to, Brisbane, 1921.

——--- A new Asilid-fly from the Madeira Islands.

[Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, Vol. 23, No, 9.] 8vo, Washington,

1921.

—Dru Drury. An Eighteenth Century Entomologist.

[Scientific Month.] 4to, 1922. The Author,

Bees in the Collection of the United States National Museum. 4.

[Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., Vol. 60, No. 2,413.] 1g. 8vo, Washington,

1922. 2 copies.

A Fossil Moth from Florissant, Colorado.

[Am. Mus. Nov., No. 34.] 4to, New York, 1922. The Author.

CrippLz (Norman). ‘The Western Wheat-stem Sawfly and its Control.

[Dom. of Can. Dept. of Agric., Pamph. 6, New Ser.] lg. 8vo,

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Crump (Lettice M.). [See Currier (D. Ward).]

CusHMAN (R. A.). North American Ichneumon-flies of the genera Clistopyga

and Schizopyga.

[Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 60, Art. 4, No. 2,399.] 4to, Washington,

1921.

———— On the Ashmead Manuseript Species of Ichneumonidae of Mrs.

Slosson’s Mount Washington Lists.

[Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 61, Art, 8, No. 2,429.] 4to, Washing-

ton, 1922.

New Species of Ichneumon-flies with Taxonomic Notes.

[Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 60, Art. 21, No. 2,416.] 4to, Wash-

ington, 1922. 2 copies.

CurLer (D. Ward) and Crump (Lettice M.). A quantitative investigation

of the Bacterial and Protozoan Population of the Soil.

[Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., Ser. B, Vol. 211.] lg. 4to, London,

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Davipson (J.). Biological Studies of Aphis rumicis, L. Reproduction on

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De Rus-Puitirer (G. W. V.). Notes on some Butterflies from the Indian

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[ Jour, Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., Vol. XXI, Pt. 1.] lg. 8vo, Bombay,

1911. Sal Jb).

DICTIONARIES.

Bohemian. Otto Holtze. 12mo, Leipzic.

Polish - 53 se Purchased.

Dine (D. L. Van). Impounding water in a bayou to control breeding of

Malaria Mosquitoes.

[U.S. Dept. Agric., Bull. 1,098.] 8vo, Washington, 1922.

The Author.

Douerty (William). <A List of Butterflies taken in Kumaon.

[Jour. As. Soc. Bengal, Vol. LV, Pt. II, No. 2.] 8vo, Calcutta,

1886.

———— On certain Lycaenidae from Lower Tennaserim.

[Jour. As. Soc. Bengal, Vol. LVIII, Pt. II, No. 4.] 8vo, Calcutta,

1889.

———— A List of the Butterflies of Engano, with some remarks on the

Danaidae (plts. missing).

(Jour. As. Soc, Bengal, Vol. LX, Pt. 1, No. 1.] 8vo, Calcutta,

1891. J3 lp JOP.

DonIsTHORPE (Horace). The Colony-founding of Acanthomyops (Dendro-

lasius) fuliginosus, Latr.

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(*xdvare)

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Morice (Rev. F. D.). Two new Palaearctic Species of Astatus.

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———— New Hymenoptera-Aculeata taken by the Swedish Zoological

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[Ann. Mag. N. H., Ser. 7, Vol. XII.] 8vo, London, 1903.

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---—_— A list of Chrysids taken by the writer in two visits to Jaffa,

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———\ List of Saharan Hymenoptera collected by Dr. E. Hartert.

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[Bull. Soc. Lep. Gen., Vol. II, fase. 3.] 1g. 8vo, Geneva, 1912.

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—__——-- An Aberration of Melitaea didyina.

{Ent., Vol. XXXVI, p. 152.] 8vo, London, 1903.

Visit of the Entomological Society and Entomological Club to

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[Ent., Vol. XX XVII, p. 221.] 8vo, London, 1904.

———— Lycaena orbitulus, var. oberthurt and L. pyrenaica.

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( tay

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[Ent., Vol. XL, p. 241.] 8vo, London, 1907.

———— Some August Butterflies of Cantal and Lozére.

[Ent., Vol. XLII, Nos. 11-12.] 8vo, London, 1909.

——— George Henry Verrall.

[Ent., Vol. XLIV, p. 329.] S8vo, London, 1911.

——-— A Supplementary Note on Hesperiid Classification.

[Ent., Vol. XLV, p.5.] 8vo, London, 1912.

A Butterfly Hunt in some parts of Unexplored France. Three

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[Ent., Vols. XLIV and XLV, Nos. 10-12.] 8vo, London, 1912.

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[Ent., Vol. XLV, p. 267.] 8vo, London, 1912.

———— Further Notes on Hesperiid Classification. (2 Pts.)

[Ent., Vol. XLVI, Nos. 1-2.] 8vo, London, 1913.

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[Etudes de Lépidoptérologie comparée. Fasc. VII.] 8vo, Rennes,

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———— Collecting in Vienna and in the Austrian Tyrol.

[Ent., Vol. XLVI, No. 5.] 8vo, London, 1913.

———— Wicken Fen: Its Conservation for Entomology.

[Ent., Vol. XLVII, p. 185.] 8vo, London, 1914.

Reversion of Arctic Erebia ligea, var. adyte, and Alpine Pararge

maera var. adrasta to the Type-form. Hibernation of Pyrameis

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[Ent., Vol. XLVII, p. 38.] 8vo, London, 1914.

———— Three Weeks in Dauphiny.

[Ent., Vol. XLVII, p. 281.] 8vo, London, 1914.

———— Notes on European Hesperiids.

[Ent., Vol. XLVII, p.177.] S8vo, London, 1914.

———— A Butterfly Hunt in some parts of Unexplored France (Isére and

Dréme, The Vercors, Basses Alpes, Allos-Larche).

[Ent., Vol. XLVII, Nos. 1-4.] 8vo, London, 1914.

———— Some Remarks on Thecla aesculi. (2 Pts.) i

[Ent., Vol. XLVIII, pp. 201 and 239.] 8vo, London, 1915.

Some Butterflies of the Bucks Chilterns.

[Ent., Vol. XLVIII, Nos. 2-6.] 8vo, London, 1915.

———— Notes on Some Spring and Autumn Butterflies of Cannes and the

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[Ent., Vol. XLIX, p. 195.] 8vo, London, 1916.

——~—— - Notes on a Species of Lycaenid new to the Palaearctic Lepidopterous

Fauna— Agriades aragonensts, Verity.

[Ent., Vol. XLIX, p.170.] 8vo, London, 1916.

———— Some Observations on Mr, McClymont’s Captures.

[Ent,, Vol. LI, p. 196.] 8vo, London, 1918.

——— Some Notes on Plebecdus argus (argyrognomon): its Scandinavian

Forms and Distribution.

[Ent., Vol. LI, p. 73.] 8vo, London, 1918.

———— Obituary. Frederick Du Cane Godman.

[Ent., Vol. LII, p. 71.] 8vo, London, 1919.

———— Obituaries. Frank Norgate, Sydney Webb.

[Ent., Vol. LII, p. 119.] 8vo, London, 1919.

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Row anv-Brown (H.). Erebia aethiops at Arnside.

[Ent., Vol. LIL, p. 265.] 8vo, London, 1919.

——— Anthrocera achilleae in Scotland. Notes on its Distribution and

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[Ent., Vol. LIT, p. 217.] 8vo, London, 1919.

———— On the Specific Differences of Erebia liyea, its Arctic forms, and

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[Ent., Vol. LIf, p. 25.] 8vo, London, 1919.

—— —— The Cotteswald Arion.

[Ent., Vol. LIT. p. 174.] 8vo, London, 1919.

— A Plea for Pioneer Work.

[Ent., Vol. LIL, p. 229.] 8vo, London, 1919.

———— Erebia epiphron, its Synonymy and Forms. (3 Pts.)

[Ent., Vol. LIII, pp. 145, 193, and 222.] 8vo, London, 1920.

———— A Supplementary Note on the Butterflies of S. Macedonia.

[Ent., Vol. LILI, p. 106.] 8vo, London, 1920.

———— The Entomological Society of London.

[Ent., Vol. LIV, p.1.] 8vo, London, 1921.

———— The Disappearance of 4. coridon ab. syngrapha from the Chilterns.

[Ent., Vol. LIV, p.48.] 8vo, London, 1921.

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[Ent. Rec., Vol. XXIV, No. 6.] 8vo, London, 1912

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—_____— The Earlier Stages of Colas hecla.

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[Ent., Vol. LIV, No. 10.] 8vo, London, 1921.]

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eel

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Wiruycompr (C. L.). On the Identity of Sympherobius (Hemerobius) elegans,

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———— Parasemidalis annae, Endl., a Coniopterygid new to Britain, with

Notes on some other British Contopterygidae.

[Ent., Vol. LY, Aug.] Svo, London, 1922.

———— The Wing Venation of the Coniopteryyidae.

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ZooLtocicAL NOMENCLATURE. Opinions reudered by the International Com-

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Periodicals and Publications of Societies.

AFRICA,

DurpaNn. Annals of the Durban Museum. Vol. III, Parts 1 and 2, 1921.

The Curator.

Boutawayo. Annals of the South African Museum. Vol. XIV, Part 5, 1922.

AMERICA (NORTH).

CANADA.

OnPario. Entomological Society of Ontario, Annual Report, 1921.

By Exchange.

OriLira, ONTARIO. The Canadian Entomologist. Vol. LIV, 1922.

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UNITED STATES.

Brooktyn. Brooklyn Entomological Society. Bulletin. Vols. I (2-6, 11),

II (1-8, 5-12), III (2-12), IV-VII (1878-1885), VIII-X VI

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New York. New York Entomological Society. Journal. Vol. XXX, 1922.

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Vol. LX XIII, 1921. By Exchange.

American Entomological Society. Transactions, Vol. XLVI, Nos.

3 and 4, 1921. by Exchange.

Entomological News. Vol. XX XIII, 1922. By Exchange.

WasHineron. Smithsonian Institution. Ann. Report, 1921.

By Exchange.

United States National Museum. Proceedings. Vol. 1921.

Entomological Society of Washington. Proceedings. Vol. XXIV,

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National Academy of Sciences, U. 8. A. Proceedings. Vol. VIII,

1922.

P AMERICA (SOUTH).

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DeMERARA. Journal of the Board of Agriculture of British Guiana. Vol.

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ASIA.

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Bompay. Natural History Society. Journal. Vol. XXVIII, No. 1, 1921;

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CatcurTa. Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa. Scientific Report, 4th,

1921-22. Calcutta. The Institute.

Pusa. Agricultural Journal of India. Vol. XVII, Parts I-VI, 1922.

The Department.

kite Zh.

(st 9

CEYLON.

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AUSTRALASIA.

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1922.

Royal Society of S. Australia. Transactions and Proceedings.

Vol. XLV, 1922.

BrisBANE. Memoires of the Queensland Museum, Vol. VII, Parts 2-4,

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Queensland Naturalist. Vol. Til, Parts 4, 5, 1922.

Sypnry. Linnean Society of New South Wales. Proceedings. Parts 1-4,

1922. By Exchange.

HUROPE.

AUSTRIA.

Vienna, Annalen Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien (K.K. Naturhist.

Hofmus., now Staatsmuseum). Band XXXV, 1922.

By Exchange.

Konowia. Zeitschrift fur systematische Insektenkunde. Band I,

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Wiener entomologische Zeitung. Jahrg. XXXIX, 1922,

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Brussets. Société Entomologique de Belgique. Annales. Vol. LXII,

1922. By Exchange.

Bulletin. Nos. I-XII, 1922.

Academie Royale des Sciences et Belles Lettres de Belgique.

Memoires. Vol. IV, fasc. 8, 1922.

Annuaire. 1922.

Bulletin. Vol. VIII, No. 8, 1922.

Namur. Revue Mensuelle de la Société Entomologique Namuroise. Vol.

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CopENHAGEN. Entomologisk Meddelelser. Bind XV, 1922.

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LEVALLOIS-PERRET. Annales de |’Association des Naturalistes de Levallois-

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Bulletin, ditto.

1908 (1-4), 1909 (1, 2, 4), 1910 (2, 3, 4), 1911 (1-4), 1913 (1-2).

R-B.

Paris. Société Eutomologique de France. Annales. Vol. XC, 1921.

Bulletin LXII, 1922. By Exchange.

L’Amateur de Papillons. Vol. I, Nos. 1-9,1922. Purchased.

TovtousE. Bulletin de la Soc. d’Hist. Nat. de Toulouse. Vol. L, 1922.

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Bertin. Deutsche entomologische Gesellschaft. Deutsche entomologische

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By Exchange.

Entomologische Mitteilungen. Band XI,1922. By Exchange.

Drespen. “Iris.” Deutsche entomologische Zeitschrift. Band XX VIII-

XXXVI, 1914-22. By Exchange.

FRANKFURT-AM-Matn. Entomologische Zeitschrift. Central Organ des

Internation. Entomologischen Verein. Vols. I-XXV. Guben,

1887-1907; Stuttgart, 1907-10; Frankfurt-am-Main, 1910-

12. :

Vol. XXVI, 1922. Purchased.

Gupen. Internationale Entomologische Zeitschrift. Vol. XVI, 1922.

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Nassau. Jahrbucher des Nassauischen Vereins fur Naturkunde. Vols.

LXXIII, LXXIV, 1921-22. By Exchange.

NeupAmM. Illustrierte Wochenschrift fiir Entomologie. Bands I-!1,

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(Continued as)

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Srerrim. Entomologischer Verein. Entomologische Zeitung. Vols. LXAXV-—

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Srurraart. Societas Entomologica. XX XVII, 1922.

Insekten Borse. XXXIX, 1922.

Entomologische Rundschau. XXXIV, 1922. Purchased.

WIESBADEN. Nassauischer Verein fiir Naturkunde. Jahrbucher. LXXIV,

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Giascow. The Glasgow Naturalist. By Exchange.

Hexuam. The Vasculum. Vols, I-VII, 1915-21. Purchased.

: “A a Vol. VIII, 1922. The Editors.

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Bulletin of the Hill Museum (Witley). Part II. J. J. Jotcey.

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Nature. 1922. The Publishers.

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ria

“2

( Ixiii_)

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TRANSACTIONS

EHNTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

LONDON

FoR THE YEAR 1922. 546229

I. Some apparently new South African Genera and Species

of the family Pyralidae. By A. J. T. JANSE.

[Read October 5th, 1921.]

THE species which I here describe were sent some time

ago to the British Museum for identification, as Sir G. F.

Hampson was then working at certain groups of the

Pyralidae.

Owing to lack of time Sir George asked me to describe

those that were new, supplying me at the same time with

some valuable information as to the generic position of

many of the species. I am very much obliged to Sir

George and his successor, Mr. W. H. T. Tams, for the

kind assistance given in this matter, which must have

avoided the making of many synonyins.

In all cases co-types have been presented, when avail-

able, to the British Museum, and where many specimens

were on hand more than one was sent to this institution.

Unless stated otherwise, the types and co-types are in

my own collection and all the material was collected by

me, unless the name of the collector has been specially

given.

In describing the colours, Ridgeway’s colour charts are

used, and the figures in brackets indicate the plate on

which the colour is to be found.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1922.—PARTS I, II. (JULY) B

2 Mr. A. J. T. Janse on new South African

Crambus leucofascialis, sp. n.

Female. Ground-colour of head, thorax, abdomen and wings

white ; palpi white on upper-, inner- and under-side, sides ochraceous-

buff (xv); maxillary palpi ochraceous-buff at basal half, terminal

half white; thorax and abdomen on underside and legs on outer-

side white; legs on innerside irrorated and tinged with fuscous ;

antennae white on upperside, fuscous at sides; patagia ochraceous-

buff. Fore-wing :—greater costal half from base to termen ochra-

ceous-buff, tinged with clay colour (xxix) between costa and broad

white fascia, gradually becoming white towards inner margin; a

narrow costal white edging, most sharply defined at basal half and

edged outside with fuscous for one-fourth; a broad white fascia from

base to termen with the upper edge from below upper median and

between veins 5 and 6, the lower edge from below lower median to

vein 2, where it sends a narrow white line along vein 2, then below

lower median to vein 3, where also a white line is given off along the

vein, then to termen and becoming bifurcate ; a white sprinkling on

veins 6 and 7; a white irregularly edged, narrow, gently curved line

from base of white fascia to tornus ; a diffused line of ground-colour on

1b, except at base; a fuscous terminal line; cilia at termen with two

narrow fuscous-black lines and tipped with fuscous, along tornus

and inner margin white. Hind-wing :—white, tinged especially

at costal apical area with pale pinkish-buff (xxix); cilia white and a

diffused faintly coloured line across it at middle.

Underside :—fore-wing uniformly tinged with hair-brown (xlvi),

lighter along costa and where the white fascia is on the upperside,

an almost white fascia above vein 1b and white scales at termen and

terminal parts of veins; cilia almost entirely white near tornus,

white and with two broad transverse hair-brown lines from apex

to tornus. Hind-wing white, very thinly sprinkled with an indica-

tion of a hair-brown transverse line and tipped with same colour

at apex.

Exp. Female type 23 mm., four female co-types from 20-25 mm.

Hab. Type, Pretoria, 13.1.1915; co-types Pretoria in

Sept., Oct. and Feb. 1911, 1915, 1915; one badly rubbed

specimen from Warmberg (Zoutpansberg distr.) in Dee.

1903. Unfortunately only females have been secured so

far.

The fore-wing is long and narrow, costa somewhat

arched, termen very oblique, tornus well rounded, inner

margin arched. Hind-wing large, termen very oblique

and rounded towards tornus, which is much rounded;

Genera and Species of the family Pyralidae. 3

palpi nearly three times the head, antennae shortly

ciliated.

This species is certainly close to sjéstedti Aur., as was

suggested to me by Mr. Tams, but it differs from it in

vein 11 anastomosing with 12, and veins 4, 5 being stalked,

while the palpi are longer; the wing marking is almost

identical, but sjdstedtt is somewhat bigger (27-29 mm.).

It is also closé to chalcimerus Hmpsn., from which it differs

in the stalking of veins 4, 5 of fore-wing, the absence of

the narrow white line under the fascia and the difference

of the white fascia itself. In the hind-wing the stalk of

4, 5 is $rd of 4, in some specimens shorter or the veins

are only approximated to each other.

It comes in Hampson’s part b of Section III, if the

male antennae prove to be simple and not pectinated,

which I have little doubt they will prove to be.

Crambus uniformella, sp. n.

Female. Vertex of head, palpi above, on inner- and under-side

and hind-wing pure white; sides of head behind the eyes, thorax and

abdomen above and on underside, legs, and fore-wing on upper-

side tilleul-buff (xl); fore-wing in one specimen (from Pretoria)

pale cinnamon-pink (xxix); fore-wing with a very fine irregular

thin sprinkling of black scales, most dense where medial, post-

medial and subterminal lines would have been; a small black ter-

minal spot between the veins from apex to below vein 2; cilia

concolorous. Hind-wing white; cilia white with a faint line at

one-third owing to short scales densely placed at base of the more

hair-like cilia.

Underside :—fore-wing tinged with avellaneous (xl), except at

discal and terminal area; some black terminal points as above

but smaller; cilia tipped with avellaneous; hind-wing white with

costal area suffused with avellaneous; cilia as above; fore-legs

suffused with drab (xlvi). ;

Exp. Type 28 mm.; co-types 22-28 mm.

Hab. Female type, Waterval Onder, 18. x1. 1920; three

female co-types from same locality, 23. xi. 1910, Middel-

burg town (Transvaal), Dec. 1905, Pretoria, 11. xi. 1908;

and one damaged specimen from Rietfontem (Pretoria

distr.), 11. x1. 1904. Only females are known to me.

Palpi over two times the head; fore-wing narrow, costa

well arched, termen oblique and round from vein 5 to

tornus, which is well rounded; inner margin gently

a Mr. A. J. T. Janse on new South African

arched; 4, 5 connate at base for a short distance; 11 free

from 12, but somewhat curved towards it; hind-wing

large, costa almost straight, apex rounded, termen oblique

and well rounded, tornus well rounded; 2 from a little

beyond middle of lower median; 3 from before angle;

4, 5 shortly stalked and from angle; antennae with very

short cilia.

This species is very much like C. delatalis Wlk., but

differs from it in shape of fore-wing and less clearly de-

fined marking; in shape of wing it comes near C. ellipti-

cellus Hmpsn., but is easily separated from this by the

uniform colour of the fore-wing,

Crambus reducta, sp. n.

Female. White; palpi at sides irrorated with fuscous; fore-legs

tinged on outerside with hair-brown (xlvi); mid-legs tinged on outer-

side with avellaneous (xl); hind-legs tinged (like abdomen on under-

side) with tilleul-buff (xl); base of patagia tinged with hair-brown ;

antennae shortly ciliated, white above and the remainder hair-

brown; fore-wing irrorated with hair-brown, more densely at

terminal half and inner-marginal area; a narrow dark line along

costa from base to one-third; an ochraceous-buff fascia above upper

median from base to one-third of wing; a similar but broader

fascia till middle of wing below lower median and defined on upper

edge by a black, sharply defined line which becomes diffused and

interrupted near vein 2; some more dense dark scaling at end of

cell; a series of diffused fuscous-black points on the veins, mixed

below vein 5 with some yellow scales, indicating the subterminal

line, from the costa at three-fourth, oblique to vein 6 and then sharply

bent and straight to inner margin before tornus (not parallel to

termen from vein 7 to inner margin, as in C. sectitermina) ; no irrora-

tion on veins at terminal area; a series of terminal black points in

the veins; cilia white, with two transverse hair-brown lines, first

line narrow and sharply defined, second more broad and diffused ;

tips of cilia hair-brown. Hind-wing pure white, with a very faint

transverse line at one-third.

Underside :—fore-wing almost evenly suffused with drab; hind

wing with the costal area irrorated with drab.

Exp. Female type 22 mm.; female co-type 20 mm.

Hab, Type, Sawmills (8S. Rhodesia), 1. 11.1918; co-type

(in rather rubbed condition) from Umyvuma (8. Rhodesia),

10. 1. 1918 (Carnegie).

Certainly closely allied to C. sectitermina Hmpsn., with

Genera and Species of the family Pyralidae. 5

which it may be confused, but is distinguished from it

by the subterminal line being further from termen and

more oblique, and consisting mainly of black points on

the veins with some yellow hairs mixed; by the shorter

palpi, the light fascia in the cell being more diffused, and

by the hind-wing having 4, 5 stalked. Vein 11 of fore-wing

anastomoses with 12 as in C. sectitermina.

Crambus lacteella, sp. n.

Female. Head, palpi except at the sides, thorax, both wings on

upper- and hind-wing on underside pure white; abdomen whitish,

tinged at basal half with ochraceous-buff; palpi at sides and maxil-

lary palpi at basal half, tegulae and patagia ochraceous-tawny

(xv); fore-wing with the costal area at basal half and a fascia below

the cell ochraceous-tawny ; this fascia is sharply defined on upper

edge and diffused at lower edge; costal and terminal area, and

inner-marginal area above vein 1b for two-thirds of wing irrorated

with pinkish-buff (xxix), except on the veins, which remain white;

a pinkish-buff diffused streak in cell; black terminal spots on the

veins from veins 2 to 8; cilia white, with a line of pinkish-buff at

one-third and tipped with the same colour. Hind-wings pure

white, slightly irrorated with pinkish-buff; cilia pure white.

Underside :—fore-wing densely irrorated with hair-brown except

on inner-marginal area and near termen; cilia as above; veins

even darker than on upperside. Hind-wing white; costal area

irrorated with hair-brown. Fore-legs on outerside hair-brown,

mid- and hind-legs and abdomen on underside vinaceous-buff (xl).

Exp. 24mm.

Hab. Only one female specimen from Waterval Onder,

Zhe xa 1910.

According to Mr. Tams this species is very close to

C. mesombrellus Hmpsn., which is unknown to me.

Fore-wing moderately broad for a Crambus, costa some-

what hollowed out at middle, apex acute, termen oblique

and rounded towards tornus, veins 4 and 5 connate at

base for a short distance; 11 anastomosing with vein 12.

Hind-wing large, semicircular; 2 from before middle of

wing; veins 4, 5 shortly stalked. Palpi over two times

head; antennae very shortly ciliate.

Diatraea argentisparsalis Hmpsn., fuscata, var. nov.

Male, female. Fore-wing densely irrorated with fuscous

and the medial and subterminal lines are often noticeable

6 Mr. A. J. T. Janse on new South African

as brown lines irrorated with fuscous. In perfect speci-

mens is a line of silvery scales at submedial fold and similar

scales just beyond the subterminal line; hind-wing smoky

grey. I have many males and two females. My twelve

typical argentisparsalis specimens all come from §&.

Rhodesia (Salisbury, Emangeni and Umtali in December

and January), except one which is from New Hanover

(Natal) in February. From the latter locality I have a

specimen of var. fuscata and one of var. pallidifascia, but

all my other specimens of these varieties come from Kar-

kloof (not far from New Hanover) and were caught in

January.

pallidifascia, var. nov.

This variety is in colour of fore-wing like fuscata, but

has a long fascia of ground-colour in middle of wing from

near base to subterminal line and just under the black

point. This fascia is more or less diffused, and when

many specimens are available this form will merge into

the fuscata form. I have many males and two females

of this form, all coming from Natal, all but one from

Karkloof, one from New Hanover.

At first I thought fuscata to be distinct from argenit-

sparsalis, but by carefully comparing a large amount of

material I came to the conclusion that these two forms

are only varieties. It is peculiar, that I have not yet had

the typical form from Natal, but only from Rhodesia.

Mesolia uniformella, sp. n.

Female. Ground-colour of head, thorax, abdomen and fore-wing

cream-colour; head and thorax irrorated with cinnamon-buft

(xxix); maxillary and labial palpi irrorated with cinnamon-buff,

leaving the base of the labial palpi white; abdomen irrorated and

tinged with cinnamon-buff, on the underside of ground-colour; legs

white, femur and tibia of fore-legs densely irrorated in front with

saccardo’s umber (xxix); mid-legs only slightly irrorated with that

colour; tarsi of fore- and mid-legs irrorated with saccardo’s umber

in middle, especially the fore-legs, so as to leave a ring of ground-

colour above and below it; tarsi of hind-legs only very slightly

irrorated in that way. Fore-wing with the whole of the basal,

costal and apical area and the postmedial line densely irrorated with

cinnamon-buff; medial area from cell to inner margin thinly irrorated

lod

Genera and Species of the family Pyralidae. i

with cinnamon-buff and auburn (ii) scales, so as to leave only the

ground-colour at the basal area and forming the antemedial and

medial lines; these lines are broad and diffused and the medial

line is somewhat zig-zagged and inwardly oblique; postmedial

line beginning as a broad patch on costa of ground-colour, then

diffused and with a fuscous irroration at end of cell; subterminal

line of ground-colour, narrow and mostly well defined, oblique and

double from costa to vein 6 (outer line zig-zagged) then single

and parallel to termen and zig-zagged very sharply at the veins,

then to tornus; some fuscous irroration on the veins before it

between veins 6 and 3; the outer subterminal line is continued

beyond the lobe as an ill-defined line before the terminal line, which

is auburn and narrow; apical lobe very blunt; cilia of ground-

colour, with a transverse auburn line at one-third and tipped with

the same colour and some fuscous. Hind-wing uniformly smoke

grey (xlvi), with a fuscous irroration on the veins and along the

termen; cilia cream-colour with two smoke grey lines across it as

far as from lc to apex.

Underside :—both wings whitish grey; fore-wing irrorated at

costal half and towards termen with fuscous; cilia as above. One

co-type (from Umvuma, 20 xii. 1917) has the fore-wing somewhat

darker and the markings less distinct as if it were somewhat greasy,

which, however, is not the case.

Exp. Type 23 mm.; co-types 22-23 mm.

Hab. Female type, Umvuma, Dec. 1918 (Carnegie);

two female co-types from Umvuma, 20. xii. 1917 (Janse) ;

one female co-type in Transvaal Museum from Waterberg

district (Transvaal) in 1899, by Jutrzencka; three other

specimens from Shangani (S. Rhodesia), by Miss Chamber-

lain in Nov. 1919.

This species was identified for me at the British Museum

as a Prionapteryx, but closer examination has shown me

that it should be placed in Mesolia, a genus up to now

only known from Asia, Australia and St. Helena, so that it

is new to Africa. The apical prominence is more like that

in Mesolia, vein 4 is absent in both wings (in Prionapteryx

it is present in the fore-wings); 7 is stalked with 8, 9;

hind-wing with upper median far from vein 8 and vein 7

curving upwards so as to anastomose with 8; proboscis

fully developed; outer spurs shorter than inner, but not

in all cases, as much as half the length of the inner one;

antennae of female lamellated and shortly ciliate.

8 Mr. A. J. T. Janse on new South African

HYPSOTROPINAE.

Mesodiphlebia rhodesiana, sp. n.

Male. Head, palpi, thorax and fore-wing cream-colour (xvi);

palpi irrorated at sides with fuscous-black; a conical tuft of hair

and some scales on frons of cream-colour and fuscous-black mixed ;

legs cream-colour and irrorated with fuscous; abdomen above and

on underside and thorax on underside whitish; antennae cream-

coloured. Fore-wing with costal area above upper median whitish,

irrorated with fuscous-black but leaving vein 12 and upper median

whitish; a more dense irroration below upper median and this is

continued to apex below vein 9, where the irroration is most dense ;

some slight sprinkling of fuscous-black over the whole wing, most

dense below lower median on 16 and along termen; an antemedial,

rounded, diffused spot on 1b and a medial irroration suggesting the

medial line; a rounded spot with a light centre at end of cell; a

diffused postmedial line from 9, parallel to termen, then curved

inwardly at 2, then outwardly oblique to tornus; cilia whitish,

tipped with fuscous-black and with an indication of a line at middle.

Hind-wing whitish or pure white; in some specimens with fuscous

suffusion along termen; cilia white.

Underside :—with the ground-colour as above, but in the fore-

wing more densely and in the hind-wing slightly suffused with

fuscous. Proboscis very slight, but in some specimens visible.

Exp. Male type 14 mm.; four co-types 14-15 mm.

Hab. Victoria Falls in Jan. 1918, caught at light.

Rhinaphe lutosa, sp. n.

Male and female. Head, palpi, shaft of antennae, thorax, abdo-

men, legs and fore-wing pale ochraceous-buff (xv); palpi sprinkled

with black, basal half of third joint irrorated with black; legs

irrorated with fuscous-black; fore-wing irrorated with light pinkish-

cinnamon (xxix) and more or less densely sprinkled with fuscous-

black; all markings on fore-wing fuscous-black; a diffused basal

line from below costa; medial line broad and consisting of fuscous-

black irroration, from costa to upper median oblique, broad and

dense, then erect, faint and only plain on lower median and 10;

postmedial faint from costa to upper angle of cell, then inwardiy

oblique and faint, most conspicuous on upper and lower angle of cell,

where it forms a more or less distinct macula; subterminal rather

far from termen, inwardly oblique from costa to half-way end of cell

Genera and Species of the family Pyralidae. 9

and termen at vein 6, then somewhat excurved and to tornus and

only distinct on the veins, where it forms more ‘or less distinct

maculae; a terminal series of triangular maculae between the veins ;

cilia of ground-colour with a distinct broad diffused fuscous line

at one-third and a faint and narrow line at two-thirds. Hind-

wing whitish, slightly irrorated and tinged towards costa with

fuscous; cilia whitish with a faint diffused fuscous line at middle.

Underside whitish; hind-wing slightly and fore-wing very densely

irrorated with fuscous-black, especia!ly towards costa; in fore-wing

a somewhat lighter irroration at subterminal line; some fuscous

terminal stigulae between the veins; cilia as on upperside.

Exp. Type 19 mm.; female type 20 mm.; male co-types 16—19

mm.; co-types from 17-20 mm.

Hab. Male and female types from Sawmills (S. Rhodesia),

1.11.1918; nine male co-types from Sawmills in Feb.,

EKmangeni (8. Rhodesia) in Jan., and Bulawayo, Dec.

1919; six female co-types from Emangeni Jan., Saw-

mills, Feb., Bulawayo, Dec., Mazoe (S. Rhodesia), Dec.

1919.

I have many other males from the same localities and

collected at the same time. A female in the Transvaal

Museum from the Waterberg distr. (Transvaal) most

probably belongs here also, but is in too rubbed condition

to be certain.

Perhaps this species requires to be placed in a genus

of its own, for the fore-wing has veins 3, 5 on a stalk;

however, some species of Riinaphe have these veins con-

nate. Antennae of male serrate at lower half and ciliated

over the whole length; in female simple and ciliated.

Rhinaphe flavodorsalis, sp. n.

Male. Head, palpi, shaft of antennae, thorax, ground-colour of

abdomen and fore-wing vinaceous-buff (xl); palpi with terminal

half cf second and whole of third joint irrorated with fuscous- black ;

some fuscous-black sprinkling on thorax; abdomen above at second,

third and fourth segment deep chrome (iii), the remainder sprinkled

with fuscous-black; fore-legs densely irrorated with fuscous; mid-

and hind-legs, thorax and abdomen on underside sprinkled with

fuscous. Fore-wing with the veins, a streak in cell and at submedian

fold lighter than the ground-colour, almost white; space between the

veins irrorated with fuscous-black, light lines in cell and at submedian

fold and on la and 16 edged with fuscous-black irroration; a spot

of fuscous-black scales at one-third on 1b; a fuscous-black scaling

10 Mr. A. J. T. Janse on new South African

at upper and lower angle of cell, on upper angle often obsolete ;

in some speciniens a fuscous-black scaling suggesting postmedial

line; small fuscous-black spots between the veins at termen; cilia

of ground-colour, with a diffused line at middle. Hind-wing white,

with a terminal fuscous edging; cilia of ground-colour except the

base, while the inner-marginal cilia have a yellowish tinge; a faint

transverse line across them from costa to beyond tornus.

Underside :—ground-colour of both wings pale smoke grey; fore-

wing very densely irrorated with fuscous-black, especially along

costa; hind-wing slightly irrorated with fuscous; cilia darker than

on upperside.

Female like male, but antennae simple.

Exp. Male type 17 mm.; female type 16 mm.; male co-types

14-20 mm.

Hab. Male type, Sarnia, Feb. 1910; female type,

Sarnia, Feb. 1913. Male co-types from Sarnia in Jan.,

Feb., Verulam, Dec., Eshowe, Jan., New Hanover, Oct.;

in all nine specimens.

Palpi in male obliquely ascending, second joint with

rather long hairs and scales on innerside; antennae with

lamina as long as thickness of shaft and ciliated; in female

antennae simple; frons with a tuft of scales. In one

specimen vein 10 is absent in both fore-wings. Hind-

wing with 3, 5 on a long stalk of over half to three-fourth

of veins.

This species comes in Section II of Hampson, after

group A, from which it differs in the antennae ae no

sinus at base.

Saluria albicostella, sp. n.

Male. Head, thorax and fore-wing on upperside jasper red

(xiii); palpi whitish, tinged on innerside with jasper red and at tip

with fuscous; shaft of antennae at base jasper red; fore-wing

whitish but very densely and uniformly irrorated with jasper red,

except on lower median, part of veins 2 to 5, the whole of 1b and a

costal fascia above upper median from base to apex; this fascia is

more pure white and only on basal two-thirds partly and slightly

irrorated with geranium pink (i); a somewhat dark suffusion against

lower part of white fascia; cilia rose dorée (i); hind-wing whitish,

with a darker tinge towards apex and along termen; cilia white,

with a faint line across at one-third; abdomen whitish, perhaps

yellow, but I think that this yellow colour is due to greasiness.

Underside :—both wings light pinkish-cinnamon (xxix), darkest

Genera and Species of the family Pyralidae. 11

on upper wing especially towards costa and at base, lightest in

hind-wing, especially at inner-marginal area; cilia as above. Legs

whitish, but outwardly heavily suffused with geranium pink,

especially the fore-legs.

Exp. 23 mm.

Hab. Male type from Barberton, 28.1. 1911 (Janse).

One specimen only.

This species comes in Section I, A, d of Hampson, as

the palpi are oblique and the antennae of the male are

laminated. The. antennae have a slight sinus at base.

Saluria pulverata, sp. n.

Male and female. Head, palpi, thorax, legs, abdomen on under-

side and fore-wing tilleul-buff (xl); palpi at sides, legs on outer

side, thorax and abdomen on underside more or less irrorated with

fuscous and often tinged with vinaceous-buff (xl); abdomen above

pale orange-yellow (iii). Fore-wing in several specimens tinged,

except the costal fascia, with vinaceous buff; a costal fascia,

formed by a fuscous black irroration, below upper median and

extended to costa just before apex; this fascia is sharply defined on

upper median and vein 9 but diffused towards lower median; a

subbasal and an antemedial broad fuscous-black irroration, well

below lower median and an indication of a medial and postmedial

similar irroration below the fascia, and of which the postmedial

irroration is rather oblique; some fuscous irroration on the fascia,

mainly near the costa, leaving the side towards the uppermedian

almost white; some black terminal points at end of veins from 15

to 6; cilia of ground-colour, slightly tinged with vinaceous-buff.

Hind-wing whitish; some slight fuscous terminal irroration from

vein 2 to apex and slightly extended over the veins; cilia whitish,

with a short row of white scales at base.

Underside :—Both wings whitish; fore-wings rather densely

irrorated with fuscous, most densely costad; hind-wing slightly

irrorated with fuscous near costa; inner-marginal area pure white.

Antennae of male with slight sinus and tuft of scales at base; shaft

slightly serrate and ciliate; female antennae simple, minutely

ciliated.

Exp. Male type 22-5 mm.; co-types 18-23 mm. Female type

18 mm.; co-types 23 mm.

Hab. Male type, Umkomaas, 23.1.1914; female type,

Umkomaas, 30.1.1914; co-types from Umkomaas,

4-30.1. 1914, and one male from Sarnia, 17.1. 1912

12 Mr. A. J. T. Janse on new South African

(Janse); also one badly preserved male from Durban,

13. xii. 1916 (v.d. Merwe); eleven specimens in all.

I think this is correctly placed in Saluria, although the

fore-wing has 4 and 5 on a rather short stalk, and though

the palpi are obliquely upturned, extending above the

frons for length of head and pointed towards tip.

Saluria pretoriae, sp. n.

Female. Head, palpi above, thorax and abdomen ochraceous-

buff (xv); palpi and head on underside white; palpi at sides,

head and prothorax in some specimens slightly tinged with old

rose (xiii), in other specimens well coloured with it, especially

the palpi; fore-wing tinged with ochraceous-buff, except a rather

broad costal fascia which remains pure white; the ochraceous-buff

tinge is lightest towards inner margin and suffused with cinnamon-

rufous (xiv) against the white fascia, except near base, where the

suffusion is more old rose (in some specimens the suffusion is old

rose over the whole length); cilia vinaceous-buff (xl), in some

specimens tinged and tipped with old rose. Hind-wing vinaceous-

buff, in some specimens whitish; cilia concolorous and with a darker

subbasal line.

One female specimen is almost coloured like the example

I take to be a male of this species (see below), but the

hind-wings are a little lighter.

Underside :—drab-grey (xlvi); fore-wing towards costa well

irrorated with light drab (xlvi); cilia drab-grey, in hind-wing with

a light subbasal line; legs whitish, tinged outwardly with old rose,

especially the fore-legs; thorax whitish, abdomen light ochraceous-

buff.

The palpi are porrect and about three times length of

head; frons with a tuft of hair; antennae ciliated; fore-

wing with veins 4, 5 in most specimens slightly stalked,

in one almost from a point, but in the specimen that I

think may be the male they are stalked for about half

the length of the veins; hind-wing with veins 7 and 8

anastomosing.

Male (2). One specimen which I take to be the male

of this species has unfortunately no palpi; the antenna

has a very slight sinus with some scales on innerside; the

fore-wing is narrower and the colour is darker and without

an indication of pinkish. I have little doubt that it

belongs here, though it is in too poor condition to be sure.

Genera and Species of the family Pyralidae. 13

Exp. Female type 21 mm.; co-types 18-5-21 mm.; male (?)

18-5 mm.

Hab. All specimens from Pretoria. Female type in

7. v. 1910; co-types in May 1910, Oct. 1909, July 1906;

thirteen specimens in all. Male (?) from Pretoria in April

1906.

Hypsotropa roseotineta, sp. n.

Male. Ground-colour of head, thorax and fore-wing apricot

yellow (iv); palpi at sides and shaft of antennae maize yellow (iv)

tinged with pinkish-buff (xxix); abdomen maize yellow; legs

maize yellow and densely irrorated with carrot red (xiv); fore-

wing has costal area tinged with orange buff (iii) and is above

vein 11 densely irrorated with carrot red as far as apex; a similar,

but less dense, irroration below lower median till near inner margin

where it becomes gradually less dense, except near tornus; a

carrot-red rounded spot at end of cell, with some fuscous scales

in it; postmedial line produced by a rather broad carrot-red irrora-

tion, best defined inwardly, oblique from near apex and parallel

to termen to above submedian fold, where it becomes curved

inwardly and joins the inner-marginal irroration, then forming a

curve outwardly and ending at inner margin at two-thirds; a

terminal carrot-red irroration more or less interrupted at the veins.

(In some specimens the carrot-red irroration is reduced and even

almost absent at inner-marginal area and the macula at end of

cell, the postmedial line from vein 6 to inner margin and the indica-

tion of an antemedial line from lower median to inner margin

consists of a fuscous irroration.) Cilia of ground-colour with a

darker subbasal line. Hind-wing white, with a tinge of pale smoke

grey along costal and apical area; cilia white, with a pale smoke-

grey subbasal line.

Underside :—Both wings whitish; fore-wing irrorated rather

densely with drab (xlvi); hind-wing slightly irrorated with drab

along the costa only.

Exp. Male type 19 mm.; male co-types 14-16 mm.

Hab. Male type from Pretoria, 4.1, 1910; co-types

from Waterval (Zoutpansberg distr.), 6, xii. 1899; Bar-

berton, Dec. and Jan. 1910, 1911; in all six specimens.

The antennae are lamellated and with moderate cilia

and may thus have to be placed in Hampson’s Heosphora-

group.

14 Mr. A. J. T. Janse on new South African

Commotria simplex, sp. n.

Male. Ground-colour of palpi, head, thorax, abdomen and fore-

wing whitish, somewhat irrorated with ochraceous-salmon (xv);

palpi at side and in the middle and base of fore-wing along costa

suffused with fuscous; fore-wings more or less densely irrorated

with ochraceous-salmon, densely along costa but leaving the veins,

the cell and plical fold practically free; a series of fuscous spots :

two antemedial ones below lower median and indications of one

before it above lower median; two medial spots below lower median,

upper one strongest, lower one on 1b very faint; an indistinct spot

at lower angle of cell; a postmedial series of similar spots on the

veins, from near apex to 1b and somewhat inwardly arranged at

vein 6; small terminal spots at end of veins; cilia whitish, tinged

with ochraceous-salmon. Hind-wing pure white, with a darker

tinged edging along termen; cilia white, with a faint grey subbasal

line.

Female. Ground-colour light buff (xv) and more heavily suffused

and irrorated with ochraceous-salmon.

Underside :—Wings and legs whitish; fore-wing heavily and

hind-wing slightly along costa and legs at front suffused and

irrorated with light drab (xlvi); cilia of both wings whitish.

Exp. Male type 18 mm.; female type 20 mm.;_ co-types

18-22 mm.

Hab. Male type, Salisbury, 27. xu.1917; female type,

Salisbury, 30. xu.1917; co-types from Salisbury, Dec.

1917, and Umvuma, Dec. 1917.

The antennae of the males are laminate and -ciliate, of

females simple. In all 5 males and 2 females.

Commotria albistria, sp. n.

Male and female. Head, thorax, abdomen and veins of fore-wing

pure white; palpi with the second joint on innerside and the whole

third joint fuscous; vertex at sides and patagia tinged with tilleul-

buff (xl); most veins edged on both sides by a black irroration;

costal, terminal and inner marginal area tinged with light vinaceous-

fawn (xl); space in cell and between vein 1b filled up with cream-

buff (xxx); a white line below 1b from base to inner margin at

middle; inner margin with a white edging which is broad at base;

a blackish irroration on 16 at one-third and a series of black post-

medial irroration on vein 1) to vein5; some black irroration between

veins 8, 9; a similar irroration between all veins at termen; cilia

tilleul-buff with blackish subbasal tufts between the veins, leaving

Genera and Species of the family Pyralidae. 15

a light-coloured basal line; hind-wing whitish, with terminal area

irrorated and suffused with drab (xlvi); cilia whitish with a drab

subbasal sinuated line, leaving the base of the cilia slightly yellow.

Abdomen above with the first few segments pale orange-yellow,

but owing to greasiness it is not possible to see how far it extends.

Underside :—Whitish, heavily suffused, especially along costa

of fore-wing with hair-brown (xlvi); hind-wing almost whitish at

inner-marginal area; cilia as above, but subbasal line continuous.

Legs whitish, somewhat suffused with light drab.

Exp. Male type 20 mm.; female type 21 mm.; co-types 17—

24mm. Four males and twelve females.

Hab. All specimens but two from Sawmills (S. Rhodesia),

the two from Victoria Falls, .27.1.1918; male type,

1.11.1918; female type, 4.11.1918; co-types from

1-5. n. 1918.

Commotria ruficolor, sp. n.

Male and female. Head, palpi, thorax, legs and ground-colour

of fore-wings pale yellow-orange (iii), heavily suffused, except vertex

of head, with carrot red (xiv); palpi at sides slightly irrorated with

fuscous; fore-wing with ground-colour only on veins 12, 11, part

of veins 10 and 9, upper- and lower-median and vein 10 paler than

ground-colour of wing; a similar pale line just before costa; some

slight fuscous irroration here and there in the wing, especially

below upper median and towards apex; a rounded fuscous irrora-

tion at lower angle and an indication of some antemedial spots;

a postmedial series of similar spots above the veins, sometimes

partly or entirely wanting; a terminal series of fuscous spots at

end of veins, but sometimes wanting; cilia carrot red. Hind-wing

pure white with very slight tinge of pale yellow-orange.

Underside :—Tilleul-buff (xl), darkest on fore-wing, almost white

on inner-marginal area of hind-wing; cilia whitish. One male

from the same locality with the irroration on fore-wing black and

more dense, extended from base along upper part of cell to apex,

even into the cilia; a faint irroration below lower median at middle,

one below origin of vein 2, and postmedial series broader and more

marked. Cilia of hind-wing at apex tinged with carrot red.

Exp. Male type 18 mm.; female type 22 mm.; co-types 20-

26 mm.

Hab. Male type, Victoria Falls, 25.11.1918; female

type, Umtali, 5.1.1918; co-types all from Umtalli,

3-11. 1. 1918.

16 Mr. A. J. T. Janse on new South African

According to the British Museum, this species comes

close to C. mesiella Hmpsn.

Palpi are porrect and a little over three times length of

head; in female four times head. Antennae in male

uniserrate and ciliate and in female ciliated only.

Commotria leucosparsalis, sp. n.

Male and female. Head, palpi, thorax, and abdomen on under-

side and ground-colour of fore-wing warm buff (xv); abdomen

above light orange-yellow (iii); legs warm buff sprinkled with

white scales and hairs; tarsi on outer side avellaneous (xl), terminally

ringed with warm buff; palpi at sides, thorax here and there and

fore-wing at inner-marginal area sparsely sprinkled with fuscous-

black (xlvi); in two specimens from Sawmills the palpi, thorax

and ground-colour of fore-wing are more cinnamon-buff (xxix) and

the fuscous-black irroration is more dense; fore-wing with costal

area as far as the lower median and especially on the veins well

irrorated with white scales; veins 1b and 2 postmedial area between

veins 2 to 5, and the terminal area as far as vein 2 also irrorated

with white scales; costa at base with rufous (xiv) scaling; a fuscous-

black elongated antemedial spot on vein 1) and similar striga above

it on lower median and discal fold, the two spots connected by an

outwardly curved irroration suggesting the antemedial line; some

well-marked irroration -below it to inner margin; medial line from

middle of inner margin to lower angle and some irroration on disco-

cellulars; two narrow fuscous-black striga from disco-cellulars to

postmedial line, one on vein 5 and one on vein 6; a fuscous-black

elongated postmedial series of points on veins 1b, and 3 to 7, those

on 6 and 7 often obsolete; a series of terminal fuscous-black spots

between veins 1b to 7; the costal half of the wing here and there

sprinkled with rufous (xiv) scales, which are absent in the “ Saw-

mills’ specimens, these, however, have more fuscous-black and

even black irroration and a corresponding decrease of white

scaling; cilia of ground-colour and with two transverse lines pro-

duced by fuscous and white scales mixed. Hind-wing sub-hyaline,

light buff (xv) and tinged on the veins, costal and terminal area

with buff-brown (xl); cilia of ground-colour with one buffy-brown

transverse line at 4rd.

Underside :—Both wings with ground-colour light buff but fore-

wing densely irrorated and hind-wing slightly tinged at costal

area with fuscous; cilia as above, but on fore-wing without the

white scales.

Antennae of male unipectinate for two-thirds, branches over

Genera and Species of the fanuly Pyralidae. 17

width of shaft; a scale tuft on upperside above basal joint and

about six joints in length; in female antennae simple. Palpi of

male rostriform and porrect, about two times length of head; in

female drooping.

Exp. Male type 20 mm.; female type 24 mm.; male co-types

18-5 mm. to 24 mm.; female co-type 23 mm.

Hab. Male type, Umkomaas, 2.1.1914; female type,

28.1.1914; co-types from Umkomaas, 10-31.i. 1914,

Maritzburg, 1. 1. 1916, Sawmills, 1-4. 11. 1918; in all eight

specimens.

Statina albivenella, sp. n.

Male and female. Head, palpi, antennae, thorax and legs,

abdomen and fore-wing pale yellow-orange (iii); palpi, tuft of hair

on frons, legs on outerside and abdomen on underside irrorated

with fuscous; fore-wing with vein 12, upper median and vein 11,

lower median and vein 1b white; the latter two with fuscous

irroration; costa well irrcrated with fuscous; all maculae consist

of fuscous irroration, often ill-defined; the first macula is on vein 1),

followed by an antemedial series of three maculae, one on lower

median and ill defined, second on 10, third at inner margin; a

well-defined rounded macula at end of cell; a postmedial oblique

and straight series of maculae, first on vein 6 and rather narrow,

second between veins 4, 5, third on vein 3 and fourth on 1b to

inner margin; a white line on upper median and vein 11, edged

on inner side by a fuscous irroration which is continued to apex,

where it joins a terminal fuscous irroration which is broad near

apex and narrowing to 1b; cilia whitish at base, then pale ochraceous-

buff (xv) and with a transverse fuscous line at one-third. Hind-

wing whitish; some terminal fawn-coloured (xl) suffusion; cilia

light-buff (xv) with a faint transverse line at one-third.

Underside whitish; fore-wing heavily and hind-wing slightly

suffused with avellaneous (xl); cilia of fore-wing avellaneous and

with a dark transverse line at one-third; hind-wing cilia as above,

but transverse line more distinct.

Exp. Male type 16 mm.; female type 18 mm.; co-types from

16-17 mm.

Hab. Male and female types from Barberton, 19-

20. x1. 1910; co-types from Barberton, 15. xi. 1909 to

5.1. 1910; one male co-type from Nelspruit, Nov. 1917,

collected by Dr. Breyer, and in the Transvaal Museum.

In all seven specimens, of which only one is a female.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1922.—PARTS I, Il. (JULY) C

18 Mr. A. J. T. Janse on new South African

Sir George Hampson informed me that he thought this

species ought to come into a new genus, but I do not think

it sufficiently distinct from Statina, as far as I know that

genus from the description. I thus leave it here for the

present, as it differs from Stalina only in the following

characters: Maxillary palpi two-jointed and with long

hair, antennae with basal joint moderate, cylindrical,

shaft rounded and without scales above the basal joint,

ciliated; fore-wing with vein 11 from upper angle; 6 from

nearly 2 of disco-cellulars.

CALAMOTROPODUS, gen. nov.

Type grisella.

Proboscis minute; palpi obliquely porrect, about two times

length of head; first joint small, second joint four times as long as

first joint, broad at middle, inner edge well curved outwardly,

outer edge slightly curved inwardly; third joint about one-third

of second joint and pointed, second and third joint covered with

dense hairs and scales; maxillary palpi apparently absent; frons

with a large conical prominence which ends bluntly and forms a

circle, it is covered with hairs and scales; antennae laminated

and ciliated. Fore-wing rather broad, about one-third of length;

costa gently arched; apex rounded, termen oblique and arched;

vein 2 from well before lower angle; 3 and 5 well apart; 4 absent;

6 from before upper angle; 8, 9 stalked for one-third of 8; 10 free

and from half-way upper angle and origin of vein 11; 11 free;

12 parallel to upper median and vein 11. Hind-wing with vein 2

from near lower angle; 5 from angle; 3 and 4 absent ; 6 and 7

very shortly stalked; 8 anastomosing with 7 for about } of 7.

I have little doubt that this genus comes near Calamo-

tropa, from which it differs in the position of vein 2 in

fore-wing and in vein 8 of hind-wing anastomosing with 7,

also in the absence of the maxillary palpi and in the

presence of the tongue, though it is rudimentary.

Calamotropodes grisella, sp. n.

Male. Palpi, head, thorax and abdomen above milky white;

abdomen above whitish; palpi irrorated at sides with black;

tegulae tinged with cream-buff (xxx); fore-wing with a broad

cream-buff fascia from base to near apex, well defined costad,

diffused on the other side and edged with blackish on upper median

and vein 8, extending to lower median and beyond the cell broken

Genera and Species of the family Pyralidae. 19

up into two spurs by vein 6; costal white fascia irrorated with

Black, except near upper median and vein 9, where it remains pure

white; a black irroration on lower median and vein 1b and below

that at basal half, a dense irroration at terminal area; a blackish

diffused spot on upper and lower angle; cilia drab (xlvi), with three

narrow transverse white lines across, caused by white tipping of

the scales. Hind-wing whitish with the apical and terminal area

suffused with drab; cilia whitish with a subbasal drab line.

Underside :—Wings, abdomen and legs whitish; legs and abdo-

men densely irrorated with black; fore-legs on outer side suffused

with quaker drab (li); abdomen left white at the end of each seg-

ment. Fore-wing deeply suffused with quaker drab including the

cilia; hind-wing irrorated with quaker drab and fuscous, cilia

only suffused with quaker drab at apical area.

Exp. Type 17 mm.; co-types 16-20 mm.

Hab. All specimens from Sawmills (8. Rhodesia),

1-5. 11. 1918; seventeen specimens in all,

Polyocha anomalella, sp. n.

Male, female. Head, palpi, thorax and fore-wing light vinaceous-

cinnamon (xxix); fore-wing slightly sprinkled with fuscous; the

veins and three fascia in cell, of which the middle one is continued

beyond the cell to termen, whitish; cilia of ground-colour. Hind-

wing cartridge-buff tinged with pinkish-buff towards termen and

cilia with a basal line of that colour; a slight fuscous irroration

at apical and terminal regions.

Underside :—Both wings whitish, densely irrorated with fuscous ;

legs light vinaceous, irrorated with fuscous.

Exp. Male types 31 mm.; female type 36 mm.; co-types 3l-

35 mm.

Hab. Male and female type from New Hanover (Harden-

berg), 15th Jan. and Feb. 1915; co-types from Karkloof,

13.1. 1917; Shafton House (Symons), 19. i1.1917; New

Hanover, 9.i1.1914; Barberton, 19. xu.1910 (Janse);

SIX specimens in all.

It was suggested at the British Museum that this species

should be placed in the genus Emmalocera, but the fore-

wing has as a rule veins 4, 5 stalked and not apart from 4

as is the case in that genus. The specimens examined at

the British Museum have these veins from a point and ap-

proximated to each other for a long distance, but the other

specimens have them clearly stalked, often for nearly half

20 Mr. A. J. T. Janse on new South African

their length. The maxillary palpi are small and not hidden

in the labial palpi; on the other hand, the antennae of ©

the male have a sinus at near base with a tuft of scales

and the shaft is pectinate with uniserate branches of

about three times the shaft; the frons has a tuft of scales.

In the female the antennae are simple, slightly laminate

and ciliate.

EPIPASCHIANAE.

NEOPASCHIA, gen. nov.

Type flavociliata, sp. n.

Female. Palpi upturned, slender, reaching above vertex; first

joint about half of second, third a little shorter, palpi smoothly

scaled; maxillary palpi invisible; tongue absent; antennae shortly

ciliated and without a tuft at base. Fore-wing rather narrow,

costa and apex rounded, termen straight and oblique; a tuft of

raised scales at end of cell; 1b simple at base; cell rather long,

2 of wing; 2 from before angle; 3, 4 from angle, stalked for } of

3; 5 absent; disco-cellulars faint; 6 from well before upper angle ;

7, 8 from upper angle, stalked for 3? of 8; 9 absent; 10 from just

before angle; 11 from } of upper median; 12 parallel to upper

median and vein 11. Hind-wing semicircular; termen with rounded

lobe at 2-3; apex and tornus well rounded; cell over half of wing;

2 from near lower angle; 3 and 4 from angle, stalked for } of 3;

5 absent; 6 and 7 from upper angle; 7 and 8 anastomosing for

about 4 of 7 and well beyond origin of 7; frenulum simple.

This is the most reduced Epipaschianid known to me,

and must be placed immediately before Arnatula, from

which it differs mainly in the absence of vein 5 in both

wings and of 9 in the fore-wing. Unfortunately no males

are known to me.

Neopaschia flavociliata sp. n.

Female. Ground-colour of head, thorax, abdomen and wings

maize yellow (iv); head, palpi, thorax and fore-wing densely tinted

and irrorated with morocco red (i); legs morceco red, sprinkled

_ with black, tarsi of fore- and mid-legs fuscous-black, of hind-legs

irrorated with fuscous, and terminally ringed with yellow; antennae

with shaft morocco red; tegulae tipped with yellow and closely

irrorated with morocco red; abdomen on upper- and under-side

closely irrorated with morocco red. Fore-wing over the whole

Genera and Species of the family Pyralidae. 21

~ area except a line before the medial and beyond the postmedial

line so densely irrorated with morocco red that the ground-colour

can scarcely be seen; an ill-defined antemedial line of orange-

rufous (ii) scales mixed with black scales; medial line before middle

of wing, black, curved from costa to inner margin and sharply

incurved at lower median, the black line is preceded by a broader

line of ground-colour, irrorated with orange-rufous; raised scales

at end of cell orange-rufous; postmedial line from beyond 3 of

costa to near tornus and of ground-colour, beginning at costa with

some black scaling, then bordered on innerside with orange-rufovs

scaling, as far as vein 3 and curved inwardly to vein 2, then sharply

excurved to tornus; from vein 3 to tornus the interior bordering

consists of black scales; some white and black scales in apical

area; cilia light orange-yellow (iii) mixed at apex and tornus with

morocco red; two lines of morocco red across the cilia which are

slightly tipped with the same colour. Hind-wing densely and evenly

irrorated with fuscous; indications of a postmedial fuscous-black

line from Ic-4, preceded and followed by a patch of morocco red

scales; cilia light orange-yellow, except at tornus where they

become fuscous-black, near apex they are well mixed with morocco

red; three lines of morocco red across the cilia, of which the two

inner ones are broadest and best defined.

Underside :—both wings heavily irrorated with fuscous; costa

of fore-wing and the apical area irrorated with morocco red; _post-

medial line better defined and reaching from costa to tornus, oblique

from costa to vein 2 near termen, then curved inwardly between

veins 2 and Ic, lc and 1b; this fuscous-black postmedial line is

bordered outside by a line of ground-colour; cilia of both wings

as on upperside.

Exp. Type 19 mm.; co-type 18 mm.

Hab. Type from Barberton, 11. xu.1910; co-types,

Barberton, 7. xii. 1910, and Three Sisters (Barberton

distr.), 6. i. 1911. Unfortunately only females have been

caught so far,

Macalia melanobrunnea; sp. n.

Ground-colour of head, thorax, abdomen, wings on upper- and

under-side and legs cream-colour (xvi); head densely irrorated with

black; palpi with basal half covered with morocco red (i) scales

and a few black scales between; upper half of palpi irrorated with

black scales, except ends of second and third joints which remain

cream-coloured; fore-legs with femur and tibia densely irrorated

with morocco red; tarsi cream-coloured and broadly banded with

22 Mr. A. J. T. Janse on new South African

black; mid-leg with the femur and tibia a little less densely irrorated

with morocco red, tarsi and spurs cream-coloured and broadly

irrorated with black; hind-legs thinly irrorated with morocco red

and black scales mixed, irroration on the spurs and tarsi less dense ;

thorax above irrorated with morocco red and black scales mixed ;

abdomen above with first segment narrowly irrorated with black,

second broader black irroration, third with black irroration on

posterior half only, fourth to seventh almost entirely black, mixed

with some ochraceous-salmon (xv) scales except at the sides and

leaving a very narrow line of ground-colour posteriorly; eighth

segment irrorated with deep chrome (iii) scales mixed with cchra-

ceous-salmon; antennae ciliated, shaft sayal brown (xxix), basal

process as long as thorax and covered with rather long black spathu-

lated scales and some hairs, especially towards extremity. ore-

wing with a little less than basal half densely irrorated with morocco

red, black and bluish slate-black (xlviii), mixed so as to appear to

the naked eye quite black with a steel-blue gloss; a faint diffused

subbasal ochraceous-orange (xv) line from costa to 1b; antemedial

line of same colour from costa to inner margin, beginning as a cream-

coloured broad patch at costa and having a fan of black scales on

it in cell and a similar fan before it below lower median; medial

line, defining black area, straight and erect and with a fan of black

scales in cell often projecting a little beyond the line; this fan is

surrounded by yellow-brown scales; a postmedial line of ground-

colour, preceded by some black triangular scaling at the costa,

directed outward to vein 5 and somewhat dentated between the

veins, then curved somewhat inwardly to plical fold, then to tornus ;

area before this line from vein 6 to inner margin densely irrorated

with morocco red and some yellow irroration before this; whole

area beyond the postmedial line irrorated with morocco red, except

a terminal area, which is broad near apex and ends at vein 2;

terminal area irrorated with yellow; some terminal black lunules

on the veins, which have a tendency to become a fine black terminal

line in some specimens; cilia with a faint line in middle and of

ground-colour. Hind-wing with some fuscous scales on inner

margin near base; a fuscous postmedial irroration from before

vein 2 to vein 3; a subterminal fuscous irroration from Ic to apex,

densest near tornus and gradually getting more sparing towards

apex; a terminal irroration from tornus to vein 2, then becoming

lunules on the veins; cilia with a faint line in middle.

Underside :—both wings of cream-colour; fore-wing irrorated

at basal half with black and beyond that the costal area is irrorated

with morocco red; a postmedial line, corresponding to the one on

upperside, but situated before it and consisting of black irroration ;

Genera and Species of the family Pyralidae. 23

terminal lunules as above; hind-wing with costal half as far as

postmedial line, thinly irrorated with black scales; medial line of

black irroration from costa to lc, then angled upwards between Ic

and 1b, where it ends; terminal irroration more conspicuous than

above.

Female. Fore-wing as in male, but irroration more dense and

the markings more sharply defined; cilia with well-marked middle

line consisting of chequered patches of black scales; more black

scales towards outerside especially near the apex; hind-wing with

dense irroration of fuscous all over and markings darker than in

male, in addition a morocco-red scaling between veins Ic and 3

just before and well beyond the postmedial line; cilia as on upper

wing.

Underside as in male, but wings densely irrorated with morocco

red and mixed, as far as postmedial line, with fuscous scales; cilia

also with a more distinct fuscous line in middle.

Exp. 22-25 mm.

Hab. Male type from Hope Fountain (near Bulawayo),

16.1.1918; female, Bulawayo, 15-23. xii. 1919; eleven

male co-types from Hope Fountain, Pretoria, New Han-

over, Sarnia, Eshowe, Barberton, and Waterval Onder,

in Nov., Dec., Jan., Feb.; four female co-types from

Bulawayo, Waterval Onder, Barberton, Sarnia, Umko-

maas, and one very worn specimen from Pinetown.

The palpi of the male have the second joint above the

vertex of head and are curved backwards; the third joint

is a little less than half of second joint, in female the second

joint is less than half of second joint; second joint with a

tuft of hairs and scales on innerside. Antennae in male

with longer cilia than in female; antennal process as

long as thorax and covered with rather long spathulated

scales and some hairs, especially toward apex. Hind-

wing with vein 3 from before angle; 4, 5 from angle and

approximated for only + of length; 6 and 7 from upper

angle; hind-wing with 4, 5 approximated only for }.

This species comes very close to melanobasis, from which

it differs in the following respects: abdomen with black

dorsal patches except on the last segment; fore-wing with

a fan of black scales on end of cell and with no apical

patch; the two black apical striae absent, but on the

other hand it has a fine terminal black lne from near

apex to tornus, often consisting only of lunules between

the veins. Hind-wing with a diffused fuscous post-

24 Mr. A. J. T. Janse on new South African

medial mark from vein 2 to 5; a subterminal suffusion

from vein 2 to apex and a black terminal line from tornus

to apex.

Macalla melanosparsalis, sp. n.

Male. Head, thorax, abdomen, legs and wings whitish, more or

less irrorated with black and fuscous-black (xlvi); head and thorax

above densely irrorated with black; palpi almost black, third joint

about 4 of second, evenly scaled; second joint just reaching

vertex of head; antennae with the shaft fuscous, ciliated; basal

antennal projection as long as thorax, covered with black, often

spathulated scales and hairs; fore-legs with femora tinted with

brick red (xiii) and irrorated with black, tibiae slightly so; tarsi

black ringed with cream-colour; mid- and hind-legs, including

spurs and tarsi, more or less densely irrorated with black; abdomen

with first and second segment with a black mark confluent, so as

to form one triangular patch, with the apex towards thorax; third

segment irrorated with black for over posterior half, segments 4—7

evenly irrorated with black and ground-colour somewhat darker ;

eighth segment slightly irrorated with black; fore-wing with some

subbasal brownish-red irroration mixed with black; a dense black

irroration beyond this till antemedial line; a fan of spreading

scales below lower median and before antemedial line and another

in cell on antemedial line; medial line broad, black and with a fan

of black spreading scales in cell, straight and inwardly oblique;

costal area beyond medial line black, discal and inner-marginal area

thickly irrorated with black scales; postmedial line black, broad

and distinct from } of costa to vein 6, then obsolete, diffused and

double, inwardly oblique to plical fold, then erect to 3 of inner

margin; whole area before this line and from vein 6 to tornus beyond

this line irrorated with black scales; a dense black apical irroration

well beyond postmedial line; just beyond this line at vein 6 the

subterminal begins, so as to appear almost as a continuation of

postmedial, but somewhat narrower, this line is dentate between

veins 6-2 and somewhat curved, then angled inwardly to plical

fold, then to near tornus; area, as far as termen, irrorated with

black; a rather broad terminal black line, interrupted by very

narrow streaks of ground-colour on the veins; cilia vinaceous-buft

with a light thin basal line and a diffused light line in middle, also

with some black scales opposite the veins before the middle line;

some black terminal scales beyond this line. Hind-wing with a

fuscous-black postmedial irroration from costa to Ic, from 3 to le

broad and dense; beyond the postmedial the whole area is irrorated

with fuscous from costa to 1b, broadest and densest between veins 3

Genera and Species of the family Pyralidae. 25

and Ic; a terminal line as in fore-wing; cilia as in fore-wing, but

without the black scales opposite la, b, and c.

Underside :—fore-wing irrorated with vinaceous- buff and fuscous,

least dense at inner-marginal area; a densely irrorated black spot

at end of cell; the combined upper part of postmedial and sub-

terminal lines well marked by a dense fuscous irroration; terminal

line almost as clear as on upperside; hind-wing with costal and

terminal area as far as le irrorated with vinaceous-buff; post-

medial line indicated by a fuscous-black irroration from costa to 1b

and before it some thin fuscous irroration; termina! line more

diffused than in fore-wing.

Female like male, but hind-wing more densely irrorated with

fuscous all over; cilia of antennae very short and no basal process.

Exp. Male and female types 25 mm.; two of the male co-types

22°5 mm.

Hab. Male type, Hope Fountain (near Bulawayo),

16.1.1918; female type, Hope Fountain, 17.1. 1918;

male co-type, Sawmills (5. Rhodesia), 5. 1.1918; Hope

Fountain, 16.1, 1918; Emangeni (8S. Rhodesia), 18. 1. 1918;

one male co-type in Transvaal Museum collection from

Waterberg distr. 1899,

This species is near to M. melanosparsalis Hmpsn.

Macalla cupreotincta, sp. n.

Male. Head, palpi, antennal process and thorax above densely

irrorated with black and deep olive; fore- and mid-legs deep olive,

irrorated with fuscous; hind-legs and rings of all tarsi cream-

colour, irrorated with fuscous; abdomen above as in M. confusa,

but the last three segments less densely irrorated. Fore-wing with

basal patch as in M. confusa, but irrorated with black and bluish slate-

black (xlvili) scales, except along costa; irroration between medial

and postmedial lines more dense and mixed with ferruginous irrora-

tion; postmedial line more diffused and more dentate, but otherwise

as in M. confusa; apical and terminal area as in M. confusa, but

irroration more dense; cilia more uniform fuscous-black. Hind-

wing irrorated, except at basal-costal area, with ferruginous scaling,

which is very dense and uniform at apical-terminal areas as far as

Ic; a small postmedial fuscous-black macula near vein 2 and

terminal lunule opposite more broad; terminal line much more

narrow than in M. confusa; cilia ferruginous with fuscous-black

marks as in M. confusa.

Female. ‘ Fore-wing with the markings more sharply defined and

darker; postmedial line well defined; cilia almost entirely fuscous-

26 Mr. A. J. T. Janse on new South African

black. Hind-wing irrorated with ferruginous, very densely at

terminal half; postmedial line distinct and from costa to vein 16,

then interrupted and continued between 16 and la; a similar

streak towards base on le; some fuscous-black irroration at apical-

terminal area; terminal line more broad and distinct than in male;

cilia ferruginous, with fuscous scale at end of veins from 8 to le.

Underside as in M. confusa, but more suffused and irrorated with

ferruginous, especially in female.

Exp. Male and female types 26 mm.; male co-type 22 mm.

Hab. Umtali, male type, 5.1.1918; female type,

9.i. 1918; male co-type (in British Museum), 12.1. 1918.

In ground-colour and general marking this species 1s

almost identical to M. confusa mili, but the additional

irroration of ferruginous (xiv), especially on the hind-

wings, give this species a darker and more eoppery

appearance.

Macalla confusa, sp. n.

Male. Palpi, antennal process, thorax, base and apical part of

fore-wing deep olive (xl); ground-colour of fore-wing and hind-wing

on upper- and under-side, thorax on underside, legs and abdomen

cartridge-buff (xxx); head, palpi, antennal process and thorax

irrorated with black scales; antennal process thickly covered with

rather long scales and hairs, especially towards apical half, process

reaching to end of thorax; antennae ciliated, shaft fuscous; palpi

reaching above vertex of head, smoothly scaled, irrerated with

black scales, very densely at third joint, and half of second joint;

thorax and abdomen on underside irrorated with black; femora

of all legs densely irrorated with black; tibia of all legs with a ring

of ground-colour in middle and densely irrorated with fuscous-black

(xlvi); tarsi of all legs fuscous-black ringed with ground-colour ;

abdomen with first and second segment each with a triangular black

dense irroration so arranged that the apices touch each other;

third and fourth segment irrorated with black on posterior two-

thirds, so as to leave an anterior ring of ground-colour; remaining

segments rather densely irrorated with black, especially posteriorly.

Fore-wing with basal deep olive patch sparsely irrorated with black ;

base at inner margin showing some ground-colour; a tuft of pro-

jecting scales on outer half of deep olive patch at inner margin;

three black fans of spreading scales, one below lower median on

subbasal line, which is only indicated at costa by a faint striga of

ground-colour, second half-way in cell, third and largest at end of

cell and projecting beyond the medial line which forms the boundary

of the apical deep olive patch; medial line almost straight, slightly

Genera and Species of the family Pyralidae. 27

oblique inwardly and only indicated by a more dense black irrora-

tion; postmedial line black, from two-third of costa, very oblique

to vein 5, broad and almost straight, then forming an outward curve

till vein 2 and dentate between each vein, then curved inwardly

to vein 1b, then oblique to near tornus (probably this line is formed

in the same way as in melanosparsalis, but the origin of the sub-

terminal line and the greater part of what was the postmedial line

beyond vein 5 is entirely lost, so that it appears one continuous

line); area before the postmedial line and a thin line beyond it of

ground-colour and thinly irrorated with deep olive and _ black;

remaining space beyond postmedial light line and termen entirely

filled in with deep olive, slightly irrorated, especially on the veins,

with black; a broad black terminal line, leaving a striga of ground-

colour on each vein; cilia with three rows of chequered fuscous-

black scaling opposite the veins. Hind-wing very sparsely irrorated

with fuscous at basal two-third; a postmedial fuscous irroration

from costa to vein 1, then faintly continued between veins la and

1b to base of wing, this irroration is very dense, broad and black

between Ic and vein 3; a little distance from this postmedial

irroration the apical area as far as vein Ic is thinly irrorated with

fuscous; a broad terminal black line as in fore-wing; cilia as in

fore-wing, but getting of ground-colour near tornus.

Underside :—both wings only irrorated at costal and apical

region and very thinly fuscous in fore-wing and brownish in hind-

wing; a fuscous dense irroration in cell of fore-wing and a rather

dense irrorated patch at end of cell; a similar patch in cell of hind-

wing; postmedial line as on upperside, but more faint; terminal

lines consist of small black maculae only, situated between the

veins; cilia as on upperside. Female with the antennae very

shortly ciliated; wings on upper- and under-side as in male but

more densely irrorated, especially in hind-wing.

Exp. Male 25 mm.; female 28 mm.

Hab. Male and female type, Bulawayo, 15-23. xii. 1919;

eleven other males from Hope Fountain (near Bulawayo) ;

Umtali, Emangeni in Dec. and Jan. This species is

probably a development of M. melanosparsalis.

PYRALINAE.

DELOPTERUS, gen. nov.

Type basalis

Proboscis well developed; palpi porrect, extending beyond head

about diameter of eye, loosely covered with scales, third joint hidden

28 Mr. A. J. T. Janse on new South African

in hairs, filiform, about half of second joint, first joint nearly half

of second joint; maxillary palpi small, three jointed and triangu-

larly covered with hairs and scales; frons rounded; antennae with

a tuft on front at first joint, shaft in male serrate and biciliate, in

female almost simple, cilia very short; tibia smoothly scaled, hind

tibia with some hairs and two pairs of spurs, outer spur about

half of inner spur. Fore-wing triangular, costa nearly straight,

apex well rounded, termen very oblique, slightly rounded, tornus

well rounded, inner margin straight, cell long, nearly 3 of wing;

1b apparently simple at base; 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and stalk of 7, 8, 9,

10 at nearly equal distances given off from the cell; greatest

distance between 5 and 6, shortest between 4 and 5; 7, 8, 9, 10

on a stalk of nearly half of 9; 7 from 8 just a little beyond 9;

11 from ~ of upper median; 12 straight. Hind-wing sub-

triangular; costa well curved from 3, apex rounded, termen very

oblique, nearly straight and roundly lobed at 16, tornus rounded,

inner margin straight; cell nearly } of wing; 2 from beyond 2

lower median; 3 from 2 2 to 5; 4 absent; 5 from lower angle;

8 parallel to upper median and very little approximated to 7

The triangularly scaled maxillary palpi are rather peculiar

to this sub-family, the only other genus known to me to

have such palpi is Sindris, but in that the labial palpi are

upturned and the venation of both wings is totally differ-

ent. I do not think, however, that this genus has any

affinity with Svndris, it is perhaps more related to Discordia,

which has the maxillary palpi more strongly developed.

From this and Proteinia it differs in the coincidence of

veins 4 and 5 in hind-wing; from the latter genus it differs

mostly in length of lappi, shape of wings and venation of

both wings; in wing-shape and general appearance it

mostly resembles Discordia. From this it differs in the

maxillary palpi, absence of vein 5 and in vein 9 of fore-

wing coming from 8 before 7, and 2-5 being far from each

other and at equal distance. In the hind-wing vein 8 is

very slightly curved towards vein 7 and is more remote

from that vein than in any other Pyralinae known to

me.

Deltopterus basalis, sp. n.

Male and female. Head, palpi, thorax, abdomen, fore- and

mid-legs, and ground-colour of fore-wing natal brown (xl), freely

sprinkled with white; hind-legs warm buff (xv); tarsi of mid- and

hind-legs natal brown, terminally ringed with warm buff; meta-

Genera and Species of the family Pyralidae. 29

thorax with black scales and abdomen above with two semicircular

maculae on sixth segment, dorsally separated from each other by

white scaling; two lateral tufts of natal brown hairs on last abdo-

minal segment. Fore-wing with the area between basal and ante-

medial lines not sprinkled with white; some dark antemedial edging

against it, where the white scaling is very dense, gradually

diminishing towards costa and medial line, which is very indistinct ;

a black spot at end of cell, around which the white irroration is

quite dense; white irroration between antemedial and postmedial

lines less dense at costa; postmedial beginning from costa as an

oblique, well-defined, white striga as far as vein 6, then indistinct

and somewhat wavy to tornus, sprinkled on outer side with white ;

no white scaling from costa to vein 5 between postmedial and

subterminal lines; from vein 8 to vein 2 the subterminal area is

densely scaled with white; terminal line black; interrupted on

the veins by white; cilia consist of fuscous and white scales mixed,

with two transverse lines, of which the first is edged with white.

Hind-wing whitish, evenly, except at base, irrorated with natal

brown; terminal line of denser natal brown irroration; cilia with

base whitish and with a transverse whitish line.

Underside whitish. Forewing densely irrorated with fuscous,

sparsely at inner-marginal area and with some white scaling along

costa and termen as far as vein 4; terminal line fuscous, with light

spots on the veins; cilia light at base, transverse lines as above, but

with white scaling at middle from costa to near tornus. Hind-

wing thinly irrorated with fuscous, densest at costal and terminal

area as far as vein Ic; cilia as above.

Exp. Male type 18 mm.; female type 17 mm.; male co-types

16-19 mm.; female co-type 20 mm.

Hab. Male type, Pretoria, 25. xii.1916; female type,

Pretoria, 21.11.1917. Male co-types from Pretoria,

12. xii. 1911 (Lord Gladstone), in Transvaal Museum; in

coll. Janse from Sawmills, 1-4.11.1918; Bulawayo,

15-23 Dec.; female co-type from Pretoria (Capt. Paget)

in Dec. 1911 (in Transvaal Museum); in all eighteen

specimens.

Dattinia natalensis, sp. n.

Male and female. Head, palpi, shaft of antennae, thorax,abdomen

at sides and on underside, last two segments on uppersides, and

legs cream-buff (xxx); ground-colour of fore-wing light buff (xv);

abdomen on upperside orange-buff except last two segments and

narrow rings at end of each segment; palpi at sides here and there

30 Mr. A. J. T. Janse on new South African

irrorated with black; all legs irrorated with biack; branches of

antennae black; fore-wing has basal half, except along inner margin,

irrorated with black, densely at cell and towards costa; a black

line on submedian fold till near vein 2, and in some specimens traces

of such a line in cell below upper median; traces of a medial black

irrorated line; a black line on discocellulars, often interrupted at

middle; a postmedial rather broad line consisting of fuscous-black

irroration, angled at vein 8, somewhat incurved between veins 5 to

8 and inwardly oblique from vein 5 to inner margin, between every

vein from inner margin to vein 8 the line is curved inwardly, form-

ing a dentate edge on outer side; some fuscous-black irroration

before postmedial line along costa and some sprinkling below sub-

median fold; a moderate band of ground-colour following the post-

medial line and from there the terminal area is well irrorated with

fuscous-black; some black terminal lunules between the veins from

1b-8 and a black suffusion from 1b to postmedial line; cilia of

ground-colour, irrorated, except at base, with fuscous-black;

hind-wing hyaline white and with the veins irrorated with light

buff; some terminal fuscous irroration, especially on the veins, from

la to beyond apex; cilia light buff.

Female :—whole wing, except at base, irrorated with fuscous.

Some specimens have on the fore-wing a brazil red (i) suffusion at

the postmedial and inner-marginal area, in the female type the

postmedial line consist mainly of a brazil red irroration sprinkled

with black.

Underside :—fore-wing with the ground-colour as on upperside ;

a fuscous suffusion and irroration in cell, along costa and beyond

postmedial line, which is indicated by a diffused irroration; ter-

minal lunules less distinct and fuscous-black; a black suffusion on

the costa at basal third; hind-wing as on upperside, but fuscous

irroration above vein 8 to costa and terminal irroration narrower

and less distinct.

Exp. Male type 33 mm.; female type 34:5 mm.; co-types 32-

33 mm.

Hab. All but one specimen, eight in all, come from

Umkomaas in 18-29. i. 1914.

This species is near to D. perstrigata Hmpsn. from

Swaziland, from which it differs in the pectination of the

antennae of the male becoming shorter at #? and absent

on last 4, and also in the postmedial line being distinct.

It must be placed in Hampson’s Section II, B, but the

fore-wing has 4, 5 from a point in some specimens, in

others well apart.

Genera and Species of the family Pyralidae. 31

PoLIOSsTOLA, gen. nov.

Type phyeitimorpha.

Proboscis well developed; palpi obliquely upturned, just ex-

tending beyond frons; first and second joint of equal length, covered

with long scales in front, third joint less than half of second, obtuse

and covered with scales; frons rounded, smoothly scaled; maxillary

palpi small, filiform; antennae of male with a tuft of scales on front

of first joint, serrate and with two rows of cilia, longer than thickness

of shaft and placed in bundles at each joint, diminishing towards

tip; in female the cilia are about half of shaft; mid-tibia with two

rounded bushy tufts of scales, mixed with some hairs; hind-tibia

fringed with hairs on upperside and with two pairs of spurs of which

the outer spur is adittle over half of inner spur. Fore-wing rather

broad, costa somewhat rounded, apex, termen and inner margin

rounded; 16 well forked at base; cell a little over half of wing;

vein 2 from $ of lower median; 3 and stalk of 4, 5 from lower

angle; stalk of 4, 5 nearly } of 4; discocellulars erect, curved;

6 from below upper angle; 7, 8, 9 stalked and from upper angle;

7 from nearly } of 9; 8 from nearly middle of 9; 10 from well

beyond upper angle and slightly approximated to stalk of 7, 8, 9;

11 and 2 upper median, curved towards 10 at base; 12 parallel

to upper median and vein 11. Hind-wing large, semicircular;

la curved; 16 straight; 1c slightly curved and parallel to vein 2;

cell short, less than half of wing owing to the discocellulars curving

much inwardly; lower median from beyond middle of wing; 2

from 4 of lower median; 3 shortly stalked with stalk of 4, 5 and

from lower angle; 4, 5 stalked for nearly + of 4; upper median

far less than half of wing; 6 from upper angle, very shortly stalked

with 7 and curved towards 5; 7 curved at basal third towards 8;

8 anastomosing with half of upper median, then free and approxi-

mated to 7 beyond upper angle; lower discocellular very oblique

inwardly and long, upper discocellular oblique outwardly and only

half the length of lower discocellular.

This genus is near Pyralis, but the palpi are rather

shorter, second joint with scales in front and less curved ;

cilia of male antennae very long; hind-tibiae with fairly

long hair above; fore-wing with vein 3 from angle; hind-

wing with 3 from angle, even slightly stalked with stalk

of 4, 5; 6 very shortly stalked with 7, almost from a

poimt.

32 Mr. A. J. T. Janse on new South African

Poliostela phycitimorpha, sp. n.

Male and female. Head, palpi, first joint of antennae and shaft

of antennae in female, thorax, abdomen on upperside warm buff (xv)

tinged here and there with tawny (xv); palpi, frons and sides of

head well tinged with tawny; shaft of male antennae black; thorax

and abdomen on underside tinged and irrorated with black; fore

femora vinaceous-rufous (xiv); tibia and tarsi heavily irrorated with

black; mid- and hind-legs black, ringed with ochraceous-buff,

broadly at femora, narrower on tibiae and very narrowly at the end

of each joint; spurs light ochraceous-bufi, tipped and edged out-

wardly with black. Fore-wing with the ground-colour pinkish-

cinnamon (xxix), but for the greater part of costal and terminal area

tinged and irrorated with fuscous (xlvi) except the base of wings,

the area between medial and postmedial line below submedial fold,

a fascia from apex to postmedial line at vein 6, and a narrow line

beyond postmedial to inner margin; medial line made distinct by

glaucous-green (xxxiii), scales before and beyond it in the dark

costal area, but continued as a fuscous fascia beyond submedial

fold; the line is curved from middle of costa to lower median,

where it is slightly indented, then obliquely curved to 1b at 4,

where it is again indented, then well curved to inner margin; reni-

form of ground-colour, narrowly edged with black and broadly

surrounded by glaucous-green scales; postmedial line indicated at

dark costal area by glaucous-green scales beyond it as far as vein 6,

then more sharply defined on ground-colour by its fuscous-black

colour, dentated outwardly on the veins and curved inwardly between

veins 16 to 2 and sharply angled inwardly below 16; a fuscous- black

subterminal line from vein 7, where it forms a streak on the vein and

a broad patch below vein 6, then somewhat angled on the veins and

parallel to postmedial from which it is separated by the ground-

colour; a glaucous-green scaling between subterminal and terminal

lines, which is black and broadest near apex; cilia vinaceous-

rufous at base, then a double fuscous fascia of which the inner one is

broadest and tipped with fuscous; glaucous-green scales between

the fascia. Hind-wing whitish; a fuscous irrorated postmedial line

from costa to 1c, much angled at vein 4; some fuscous irroration

beyond it at costa; a terminal fuscous irroration from costa to la,

fainter but broader between veins 3 and Ic; cilia whitish with an

indistinct fuscous fascia across from apex to lc and tipped with

fuscous.

Underside :—ground-colour of both wings whitish; fore-wing

densely irrorated with black and fuscous from costa to below lower

median as far as discocellulars and from costa to vein 6 as far as

Genera and Species of the family Pyralidae. 33

postmedial line; apical costal area tinged with pinkish buff (xxix)

and thinly irrorated with fuscous-black; postmediai line fuscous as

above, but not dentated and paler, ceasing before 1b; some thin

fuscous irroration beyond it leaving a whitish fascia between them ;

a fuscous-black terminal line with whitish points on the veins;

cilia whitish at base, then fuscous and with three pale narrow lines

across it. Hind-wing with some thin irroration of fuscous along

costa as far as postmedial line, which is as on upperside, but paler ;

some fuscous-black apical irroration, continued along termen till

near tornus; cilia as above.

Exp. Male type 30 mm.; female type 31°5 mm.; male co-types

28 mm.

Hab. Types from Umtali (8. Rhodesia), 4.1. 1918; co-

types 4-8.1. 1918; one female in damaged condition from

Warmberg (Zoutpansberg distr.), 12. xi. 1906; in all five

specimens.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1922.—PARTS I, 0. (JULY) D

(ekody =)

Il. New or Litlle-known Exotic Tipulidae (Diptera).

By Prof. Cuartes P. ALEXANDER, F.E.S.

[Read October 19th, 1921.]

Durine the course of the writer’s studies on the crane-

flies of tropical America, a large number of undescribed

species were discovered, some of which are discussed in

the present paper. The material studied was received

from several sources, the more important of which are as

follows: British Museum of Natural History, through the

kindness of Mr. Edwards; Hungarian Museum, through

Dr. Kertész; and the Vienna Museum, through Dr. Zerny.

The latter collections were of especial importance in that

they contained the type specimens of many species described

by Wiedemann, Schiner and Loew. Some of the species

of the genus Eriocera described by Wiedemann and Schiner

are re-described from these types. The location of the

types of the novelties discussed herein is mentioned in

connection with each species. The writer would express

his thanks to Mr. Edwards, Dr. Kertész and Dr. Zerny

for the privilege of examining these important collections

of Neotropical Tipulidae.

Geranomyia (Geranomyia) lacteitarsis, sp. n.

Head grey; mesonotum shiny, dark brown, the praescutum

paler medially; pleura yellow with a very broad and conspicuous

dark brown longitudinal stripe; legs pale brown, the posterior

tarsi cream-colour; posterior metatarsi flattened; wings strongly

infumed, the costal, subcostal, and radial cells with subhyaline

centres; cell lst Rl very wide at base; abdominal tergites dark

brown, sternites light yeliow, variegated with brown,

Male.—Length (excluding the rostrum) 6°8 mm.; wing 6°4 mm.;

rostrum alone 3°9 mm.

Rostrum elongate, exceeding the combined head and thorax,

dark brownish black, paler basally; palpi brown. Antennal scape

obscure testaceous yellow, flagellum dark brown; flagellar segments

elongate-cylindrical. Vertex between the eyes very narrow,

reduced to a capillary strip; head dark, pruinose, the anterior

part of vertex more yellowish.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1922.—PaRTS I, I. (JULY)

Prof. Charles P. Alexander on Exotic Tipulidae. 35

Mesonotal praescutum shiny with faint metallic reflexions, the

median area back to the suture pale; lateral stripes dark brown,

confluent with the dark-brown remainder of the mesonotum; the

pale colour of the anterior part of the praescutum may be abnormal

as this region of the thorax appears to be quite hollowed out inside.

Pleura yellow with a very broad and conspicuous dark-brown

longitudinal stripe, beginning dorsad of the fore coxa, passing

caudad to the abdomen; mesosternum abruptly yellow. Halteres

yellow, the knobs conspicuously dark brown. Legs with the

coxae and trochanters yellow; femora greenish yellow, the tips

indistinctly darkened; tibiae pale brown; tarsi pale brown, the

terminal tarsal segments conspicuously paler, on the posterior legs

beyond the metatarsi light cream-colour; posterior metatarsi very

broad and flattened; claws small, each with five basal teeth which

decrease in size basad. Wings broad, subspathulate, the base

strongly petiolate; membrane strongly infumed, conspicuously

variegated with dark brown and subhyaline; the subhyaline areas

include most of cells C, Sc, Scl, R and lst R1; small brown clouds

at arculus, at the supernumerary cross-vein in cell Sc, at origin of

Rs and at the stigma, the latter small, oval; the second brown

area is confluent behind with the ground-colour; the third area

is connected with the ground-colour by a narrow seam along fs;

the subhyaline areas thus appear as conspicuous blotches in cells

Scl, R, and lst Rl; base of wing pale; veins dark brown, yellow

in the subhyaline areas. Venation: Sc rather short, ending about

opposite one-fourth the length of Rs, Sc2 not far removed from tip

of Scl; Rs of moderate length, almost straight but very oblique

in position so cell lst R1 is greatly widened at its proximal end;

r at tip of Rl; r—m short, about one-half m; cell lst M2 elongate-

rectangular, gently widened distally, the veins beyond it short,

Cul beyond it being about equal to the basal deflection of Cul,

the latter at the fork of M.

Abdominal tergites dark brown; sternites light yellow, the

caudal margins of the segments narrowly darkened.

Hab. Colombia.

Holotype, 3, Condoto, September 14, 1913 (Dr. H. G. F.

Spurrell).

Type in the collection of the British Museum (Natural

History).

Peripheroptera angustifasciata, sp. n.

Head black; mesonotal praescutum yellowish pollinose with

three broad black stripes; wings yellowish; stigma elongate, dark

36 Prof. Charles P. Alexander on

brown; conspicuous, broad, brown seams at arculus and along

the cord; cell Ist M2 closed; basal deflection of Cul beyond the

fork of M.

Female.—Length 6 mm.; wing 8 mm.

Rostrum and palpi dark brown, Antennae brownish black.

Head black.

Pronotum dark brown. Mesonotal praescutum yellowish pollinose

with three very broad shiny black stripes that are approximated

or subconfluent near the suture; scutum reddish brown, the lobes

black; scutellum reddish brown; postnotum black medially.

Thoracie pleura with the cephalic half black, the caudal half reddish

brown. Halteres brown, the base of the stem yellowish. Legs

with the coxae reddish brown; trochanters obscure yellow;

remainder of the legs dark brown, the femoral bases brighter.

Wings yellowish, the stigma elongate, dark brown; conspicuous,

broad, brown seams along the cord, at Sc2, the outer end of cell

lst M2 and at arculus; cell Scl proximad of the cord infuscated,

becoming paler distally; wing-tip faintly darkened; veins brown.

Venation: Scl ending immediately before the origin of Rs, Sc2

far from the tip of Scl, Scl alone about two and one-half times

Rts; Rs arcuated, a little longer than the deflection of R4 + 5;

r elongate, arcuated, at tip of Rl; inner ends of cells #3, R5 and

lst M2 approximately in alignment; cell lst M2 closed; basal

deflection of Cul immediately beyond the fork of M; arculus at

about one-fourth the wing-length; cell 2nd A long and narrow.

Abdomen brown, the caudal margins of the tergites narrowly

obscure yellow; anterior angles of the first abdominal tergite

brighter yellow.

Hab. Venezuela.

Holotype, 2, from the old collection of the Vienna

Museum.

Type in the collection of the Vienna Museum.

Peripheroptera glochinoides, sp. n.

General coloration shiny black; legs with the femora obscure

brownish yellow, the tips brown; wings subhyaline, stigma oval,

dark brown; Sc2 near mid-length of the distance between arculus

and origin of Rs; r nearly twice the length of Rl beyond it, about

equal to m.

Female.—Length 7 mm.; wing 7:1 mm.

Rostrum and palpi dark brownish black. Antennae black; basal

flagellar segments globular, the terminal segments oval. Head black.

Pronotum black, pollinose laterally. Mesonotum shiny black,

New or LInttle-known Exotic Tipulidae. 37

the lateral portions pollinose. Pleura black. Halteres yellow,

knobs brown. Legs with the coxae black, sparsely pollinose ;

trochanters black; femora obscure brownish yellow, the tips passing

into dark brown; tibiae brown, the tips darkened; tarsi brown.

Wings subhyaline; stigma oval, dark brown; narrow, pale brown

seams along the cord and outer end of cell lst M2; cells C and Sc

at the wing-base a little yellowish; veins brown. Venation: Scl

ending opposite the origin of Rs, Sc2 very far from the tip of Scl,

being about mid-distance between arculus and the origin of Rs;

Rs arcuated, nearly four times 7; 7 near extreme tip of RI, on

R2 + 3 about twice its length beyond the fork of Rs; deflection

of R4-+- 5 strongly arcuated; cell lst M2 closed, about as long

as vein Cul beyond it; basal deflection of Cul immediately before

the fork of M; anal angle feeble; basal cells of wing not con-

spicuously developed.

Abdominal tergites dark brownish black, the pleural membranes

paler.

Hab. Venezuela.

Holotype, 2, 1864 (Lindig), “* Novara Reise.”

Type in the collection of the Vienna Museum.

Peripheroptera glochinoides is related to P. teucholaboides

Alexander (Peru), differing in the colour of the legs and

the venational details, such as the position of Sc2 and the

length and position of the radial cross-vein.

Rhamphidia rubicunda, sp. n.

Similar to R. sanguinolenta Alexander ; wings with r—m obliterated

by the contact of R4 + 5 on M1 + 2.

Male.—Length about 5°8 mm.; wing 5°8 mm.

Generally similar to R. sanguinolenta Alexander (Amazonian

Peru), differing as follows :

Thoracic pleura concolorous with the mesonotal praescutum.

Femoral tips very gradually darkened, not abruptly as in sanguino-

lenta. Wings with no brown seam along vein 2nd A or the outer

end of cell 1st M2; seams along the cord less distinct ; r—m obliter-

ated by the punctiform contact of R4-+ 5 on M1 -+ 2, the basal

deflection of R4 + 5 being a little longer, the deflection of M1 + 2

much longer than in sanguinolenta; cell lst M2 large, irregularly

pentagonal; basal deflection of Cul immediately beyond the

fork of M.

Abdomen more uniformly reddish.

Hab. Paraguay.

38 Prof. Charles P. Alexander on

Holotype, 3, San Bernardino (Fiebrig); on leaves in

woods.

Type in the collection of the Vienna Museum.

Erioptera winthemi, sp. n.

General coloration ashy grey, the mesonotal praescutum with

three indistinct brown stripes; wings subhyaline with three broad

cross-bands that appear as pale washes; cell Ist M2 open by the |

atrophy of m.

Female.—Length about 5°3 mm.; wing 5°7 mm.

Rostrum and palpi brown. Antennae with the first scapal

segment dark, the flagellum bright brown. Head ashy grey.

Mesonotal praescutum ashy grey with three more or less con-

fluent, indistinct brown stripes, the broad median stripe evanescent

anteriorly; pseudosutural foveae conspicuous, elongate, black;

remainder of mesonotum light ashy grey. Pleura ashy grey.

Halteres broken. Legs with the coxae brown, pruinose; remainder

of the legs dark brown. Wings subhyaline, with three indistinct,

broad, brown cross-bands that appear as faint washes; the first

of these bands occupies the level of the origin of Rs; the second

lies immediately beyond the cord, beginning at the stigma, fading

out posteriorly; the last band includes the comparatively narrow

wing-tip; these brown washes are produced by the increase in

size and density of the microtrichiae at these points; veins dark

brown. Venation: Sc2 very faint to almost lacking; R2-+ 3 and

deflection of R4-+ 5 subequal; 7 on R2 a little more than its

length beyond the fork; cell 1st M2 open by the atrophy of m;

cell M3 very deep; basal deflection of Cul immediately before the

fork of M; vein 2nd A straight.

Abdomen dark brown, the ovipositor and genital segment reddish

horn-colour. Tergal valves of ovipositor powerful, slightly up-

curved to the acute tips.

Hab. Brazil.

Holotype, 2, Ex the Winthem Collection.

Type in the collection of the Vienna Museum.

Molophilus quadristylus, sp. n.

General coloration dark brown; antennae of the male not elongate ;

wings with a brown tinge; male hypopygium with four apparent

ventral appendages, these elongate, stylet-like, straight or gently

sinuous.

Male.—Length about 3°3 mm.; wing about 4°3 mm.

New or Little-known Exotic Tipulidae. 39

Rostrum and palpi brown. Antennae not elongate, pale brown,

the flagellar segments with long verticils, those of the basal segments

longest. Head brown.

Pronotum brown, the lateral ends of the scutellum obscure yellow.

Mesonotal praescutum dark brown, the humeral region obscure

yellow; remainder of the mesonotum dark brown. Pleura dark

brown, in fresh material probably more or less pruinose. Halteres

light brown, paler basally. Legs with the coxae and trochanters

obscure yellow; remainder of the legs dark brown, the femoral

bases broadly paler. Wings relatively long and narrow, with a

brownish tinge; veins darker brown, clothed with long, dark brown

trichiae. Venation: R2-+ 3 subangulate at 7; deflection of R5

obliterated or nearly so, r—m connecting close to the fork.

Abdominal tergites dark brown, the sternites paler, the penulti-

mate tergite brighter. Male hypopygium with four long, almost

straight, stylet-like rods, pale in colour, the tips blackened, two

on either side of the body together with a third of approximately

one-half the length; the stoutest of the styli bears about six setae

along its inner margin, the apex on the outer margin with a few

appressed teeth; the second stylus is of approximately the same

length but smoother and more slender, gently sinucus; the short

spine is pale, broad-based, tapering gradually to the acute tip.

Penis-guard straight, near the tip bent laterally at a right angle.

Hab. Brazil.

Holotype, 3, Ex the Winthem Collection.

Paratopotypes, 4 3s.

Type in the collection of the Vienna Museum.

Mclophilus remiger, sp. n.

General coloration light brown; antennae of the male not elongate ;

halteres yellow; wings pale yellowish; male hypopygium with the

apparent ventral appendages elongate, the apex dilated into a

fimbriate blade.

Male.—Length about 4 mm.; wing 5'4 mm.

Rostrum and palpi brown. Antennae pale brown; flagellar

segments of the male oval, provided with an erect pale pubescence

and a few verticils. Head pale ochreous brown.

Pronotum whitish, the scutellum reddish brown on the sides.

Mesonotal praescutum light rusty brown, this produced by the

confluence of the usual stripes; lateral margins narrowly whitish ;

pseudosutural foveae elongate, black, margined with pale; remainder

of the mesonotum pale yellowish brown, sparsely pruinose. Pleura

40 Prof. Charles P. Alexander on

largely destroyed in pinning, apparently pale with a sparse pruin-

osity. Halteres yellow. Legs with the coxae, trochanters, femora

and tibiae yellow, the tips of the latter narrowly darkened; meta-

tarsi brownish yellow, the tips and remainder of the tarsi dark

brown. Wings with a yellowish tinge; veins pale brownish yellow,

provided with conspicuous pale brown trichiae. Venation as in the

subgenus.

Abdominal tergites dark brown, the sternites slightly paler.

Male hypopygium with the two apparent ventral appendages of a

length and shape unlike any other species known to the writer,

each appearing as an elongate, gently curved rod that is slightly

expanded into a blade-like portion at its distal end, the proximal

margin provided with a series of peg-like spines and long bristles,

the extreme tip produced into a powerful spine. The appendages

at the tips of the pleurites are powerful, deeply bifid at apex, near

the base with a small appressed spine. Penis-guard an elongate,

straight, pale rod.

Hab. Brazil.

Holotype, 3, Ex the Winthem Collection.

Type in the collection of the Vienna Museum.

Cryptolabis sepulchralis, sp. n.

General coloration brown; wings with a strong brown suffusion ;

Rs elongate, between three and four times #2 + 3; wing-surface,

except the base, provided: with abundant macrotrichiae.

Male.—Length about 3°6 mm.; wing 4°8 mm.

Rostrum and palpi brown. Antennae with the scapal segments

dark brown; flagellum brown, the segments with ‘conspicuous

verticils. Front and anterior part of vertex yellow, the remainder

of the vertex dark brown; vertex between the eyes compressed

and elevated, this condition possibly due to drying.

Pronotum yellow. Mesonotal praescutum dark liver-brown with

a sparse pollen, the lateral margins narrowly yellowish; remainder

of mesonotum dark brown. Pleura dark brown, sparsely pruinose.

Halteres dark brown, the extreme base of the stem yellowish.

Legs with the fore coxae brown, the other coxae obscure yellow;

trochanters testaceous; femora and tibiae brown, the tips dark

brown; tarsi dark brown. Wings with a strong brown suffusion,

the stigmal region a little darker; veins slightly darker brown.

Venation: Sc long, Scl ending about opposite mid-length, or

beyond, of k2-+ 3; Sc2 not apparent; Rs unusually long for a

member of this genus, between three and four times R2+ 3; r

far from the tip of #1, on R2 about its own length beyond the

New or Lattle-known Exotic Tipulidae. 4]

fork of R2 + 3; R2-+ 38a little longer than the deflection of R4 + 5;

r—m slightly longer than the basal deflection of R4-+ 5; basal

deflection of Cul inserted immediately before the fork of M3 and

Cul, the fusion of the latter punctiform. Almost the entire wing-

surface is covered with conspicuous macrotrichiae, this including

all the cells beyond the cord, all of cells R and M except the bases,

the distal fourth of cell Cu and the distal half of the Anal cells.

Abdomen dark brown. Male hypopygium smal! but not con-

cealed within the body as in other species of the genus.

Hab. Paraguay.

Holotype, 3, San Bernardino (Fiebrig).

Paratopotype, 3.

Type in the collection of the Vienna Museum.

Gonomyia (Progonomyia) dolorosa, sp. n.

General coloration black; thoracic pleura with a narrow white

longitudinal stripe; legs brownish black; wings suffused with

brown, the stigma darker brown; Sc long, Sc2 some distance before

the tip of Scl; male hypopygium with three black pleural

appendages.

Male.—Length about 6 mm.; wing 6:2 mm.

Female.—Length about 6°55 mm.; wing 6°3 mm.

Rostrum and palpi black. Antennae black, the distal flagellar

segments elongate. Head dark, grey pruinose.

Pronotum broadly black medially, paler laterally. Mesonotum

black; humeral region and lateral margins narrowly whitish; a

whitish area on the postero-lateral portions of the praescutum ;

median area of scutum and the scutellum suffused with reddish.

Pleura brownish black with a narrow white longitudinal stripe

occupying the dorsal margin of the mesosternum, beginning im-

mediately behind the fore coxae passing above the mid-coxae,

ending at the posterior coxae. Halteres obscure whitish testaceous,

the knobs darker. Legs dark brownish black, the coxae paler

terminally. Wings with a strong brownish suffusion, the stigma

darker brown, oval; veins dark brown. Venation: Sc long, Scl

ending opposite mid-length of Rs, Sc2 some distance from the

tip of Scl, Scl alone a little longer than the basal deflection of

Cul; r faint, inserted at about four-fifths the length of k2-+ 3,

the latter a little shorter than the petiole of cell 2nd M2; basal

deflection of Cul a short distance before the fork of 1.

Abdomen black, the tergites very narrowly margined caudally

with paler. Male hypopygium black; pleurites triangular, the

apex of each produced into a short black point; three dark-coloured

42 Prof. Charles P. Alexander on

pleural appendages; outer appendage broad-based, gradually

narrowed into a eurved apical point or hook; intermediate appen-

dage cylindrical, the terminal two-fifths produced into a slender

Spine that is inserted on the proximal edge of the basal section;

inner appendage dark, subrectangular, provided with numerous

setae. Penis-guard conspicuously trifid at apex.

Hab. Brazil.

Holotype, 3, Young, Iguape (Bras. Exped. Wettstein,

1891).

Allotopotype, ©.

Type in the collection of the Vienna Museum.

Gonomyia (Progonomyia) peruviana, sp. n.

Closely related to G. velutina Alexander; mesonotal praescutum

grey with three brown stripes; pleura striped longitudinally with

yellow ; wings subhyaline, sparsely spotted with brownish grey; Scl

ending opposite mid-length of the long sector; male hypopygium

with the intermediate appendage a long, straight, chitinised rod

that tapers to the acute point, before the middle of its length with

a small, acute, lateral point.

Male.—Length about 5-5 mm.; wing, 6-3 mm.

Rostrum and palpi dark brown. Antennae moderately elongated,

dark brownish black. Head dark coloured, light grey pruinose.

Pronotum grey, dark brown medially. Mesonotal praescutum

light grey with three dark brown stripes, the median stripe broader

than the lateral stripes; pseudosutural foveae large and conspicu-

ous. Pleura brownish grey with a broad, longitudinal, light yellow

ventral stripe, the mesepimeron similarly eccloured. Legs light

brown, the tips of the femora slightly darker. Wings subhyaline;

stigma oval, pale brown; conspicuous brownish grey clouds

arranged as follows: along the cord; at m; at the origin of Rs;

in cell M at two-thirds its length; near the base of cell Cul and

near the end of cell lst A at the end of vein 2nd A; veins dark

brown. Venation: Sc long, Scl ending beyond mid-length of the

long Rs, Sc2 some distance from the tip of Scl, the latter vein

alone being a little longer than the basal deflection of Cul; Rs

long, gently arcuated; R2-+ 3 a little shorter than #2; r near

two-thirds the length of R2-+ 3; #2 less than one-half R3;

deflection of R4 + 5 arcuated; cell lst 1/2 open; basal deflection

of Cul about one-half its length before the fork of M.

Abdomen dark brown. Male hypopygium with the outer pleural

appendage chitinised, curved, the comparatively long apex ending

in an acute point; intermediate pleural appendage a very long,

New or Little-known Exotic Tipulidae. 43

slender, chitinised rod that bears a small, slender spine on the outer

face just before mid-length, the long, acute point slightly curved

near the tip; inner pleural appendage a subflattened lobe that is

slightly arcuate, the proximal face set with setigerous punctures.

Penis-guard sparsely trifid at apex.

Hab. Peru.

Holotype, 3, Matucana, altitude 7788 feet, April 22, 1913

(C. H. T. Townsend).

Type in the collection of the writer.

The type of G. peruviana was formerly included in

the type-material of G. velutina as a paratype; and is the

species that is figured in the original description of the

latter species (Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., vol. 42, pl. 2, fig. 9;

1916; true velutina is shown in fig. 10). The two

species differ in the details of structure of the male

hypopygium.

Gonomyia (Progonomyia) serena, sp. 0.

General coloration yellowish buff; mesonotal praescutum with

three brown stripes; head grey; wings with a faint yellowish tinge,

stigma subcircular, pale brown; Sc2 lying before the origin of Ls;

intermediate pleural appendages of the male hypopygium at near

mid-length dilated into a collar which is produced into a slender,

cylindrical rod.

Male.—Length about 6 mm.; wing 6-6 mm.

Female.—Length about 6-5 mm.; wing 6-8 mm.

Rostrum obscure brownish yellow; palpidark brown. Antennae

dark brown throughout. Head grey.

Mesonotal praescutum yellowish buff with three conspicuous

brown stripes, the median stripe broadest, complete; scutal lobes

brown, median area pale; scutellum obscure yellow with a narrow,

brown, longitudinal line on either side of the median vitta; post-

notum injured in type. Pleura brownish plumbeous with a con-

spicuous, ventral, whitish longitudinal stripe as usual in the sub-

genus. Halteres pale, knobs darker brown. Legs with the coxae

pale, fore and middle coxae slightly infuscated; trochanters pale;

femora, tibiae and metatarsi obscure yellow, the tips narrowly

darkened; remainder of tarsi dark brown. Wings with. a faint

yellowish tinge; stigma subcircular, pale brown; origin of Rs and

_ the cord very indistinctly seamed with brown; veins dark brown.

Venation: Sc short, Scl ending about opposite one-fourth Rs, Sc2

lying proximad of the origin of Rs; Scl alone about one-third longer

than the basal deflection of Cul; Rs angulated and spurred at

44 Prof. Charles P. Alexander on

origin; r at two-thirds the rather long R2+ 3; R2-+ 3 as long

as, or longer than, the petiole of cell 2nd M2, shorter than R2;

basal deflection of R4-+ 5 arcuated; basal deflection of Cul a

short distance before the fork of M.

Abdominal tergites dark brown; sternites pale brownish yellow.

Male hypopygium with three pleural appendages; outer appendage

a short, flattened, curved blade, the apex produced into a blackened

beak; intermediate appendage complex, with a cylindrical base

that is dilated into a collar the outer angle of which is produced

into a short, black, spinous lobe, the proximal angle produced into

a straight, slender rod that is approximately as long as the base

itself but very slender; inner pleural appendage very pale, fleshy,

suboval, the proximal face with abundant stout setae. Penis-

guard conspicuously trifid at apex. Ovipositor with the valves

elongate, horn-coloured.

Hab. South America, without closer determination.

Holotype, 3 (Hx the Winthem Collection).

Allotopotype, 2, pumned with the type.

Type in the collection of the Vienna Museum.

Gonomyia (Leiponeura) subfaleifer, sp. n.

General coloration grey; scapal segments orange; pleura with

two silvery white longitudinal stripes; legs with the femora yellow

with a narrow brown subterminal ring; male hypopygium with the

outer pleural appendage sickle-shaped and with a single chitinised

spine on the proximal face.

Male.—Length about 3-8 mm.; wing 4:3 mm.

Rostrum and palpi dark brown. Antennae with the scapal

segments obscure orange, the anterior face darker; basal flagellar

segments pale, passing into darker brown at the tip of the organ;

flagellar segments with long verticils. Head whitish, the centre

of the vertex dark brown.

Pronotum pale, dark brown medially. Mesonotal praescutum

brown, the median area slightly darker brown, the lateral margins

broadly pruinose; scutum pruinose, the lobes brown; scutellum

pruinose, the caudal margin pale; postnotum light grey pruinose.

Pleura dark brown, grey pruinose, with two conspicuous silvery

white longitudinal stripes, the ventral stripe wider and more clearly

defined than the dorsal stripe, the dark stripe between very narrow

but distinct; dorso-pleural membrane obscure brownish- yellow.

Halteres brownish yellow, the knobs broken. Legs with the

coxae obscure yellow, dark brown basally; trochanters yellow;

only the middle legs remain; femora yellow with a narrow brown

New or Little-known Exotic Tipulidae. 45

subterminal ring; tibiae yellow, the tips conspicuously blackened ;

metatarsi brown, the tips and remainder of the tarsi dark brownish

black. Wings with a greyish yellow tinge; stigma small, circular,

dark brown; veins brown. Venation: Sc short, Scl terminating

a distance before the origin of Rs that is longer than Rs alone;

basal deflection of Cul in alignment with r—m and on M at or

before the fork.

Abdomen dark brown, the caudal margins of the segments

narrowly white, less distinct on the sternites. Male hypopygium

very much as in G. (L.) falcifer Alex. (Amazonian Peru), but the

outer pleural appendage with but a single subbasal spine, this latter

with about four appressed teeth on the proximal face.

Hab. Paraguay.

Holotype, 3, San Bernardino (Fiebrig).

Type in the collection of the Vienna Museum.

Gnophomyia funebris, sp. n.

General coloration black; flagellar segments feebly subserrate ;

legs and halteres black; wings with a strong brown tinge, the median

half slightly paler; abundant macrotrichiae in the cells beyond the

cord; Scl long.

Male.—Length about 9 mm.; wing 8-4 mm.

Rostrum and palpi black. Antennae black; intermediate

flagellar segments narrow at base, the inner face at apex a little

produced to give the organ a subserrate appearance. Head black.

Thorax black. Halteres and legs black. Wings with a strong

brownish tinge, the middle half a little paler, the wing-base and

apex being a little darkened; conspicuous macrotrichiae in cells

Sel, lst and 2nd R1, R2, R3, R5, lst M2, 2nd M2, M3, Cul and the

ends of Cu and lst A. Venation: Scl ending about opposite one-

third the length of R2 + 3, Sc2 some distance from the tip of Scl,

the latter alone about two-thirds the basal deflection of Cul; Rs

elongate, almost straight ; R2 + 3 about equal to the basal deflec-

tion of Cul; r on R2 + 3 immediately before its fork; basal deflec-

tion of R4 + 5 angulate; r—m oblique; proximal end of cell 1st M2

pale; basal deflection of Cul at about one-fifth the length of cell

lst M2.

Abdomen brownish black throughout. Male hypopygium of

the type of G. luctuosa O.S.; pleurites stout, the outer lateral angle

produced caudad and slightly proximad into a conspicuous digiti-

form lobe that is narrowed to the blunt apex. There appears to

be but a single pleural appendage, this a little shorter than the

46 Prof. Charles P. Alexander on

terminal lobe, rather stout, terminating in a short, acute spine that

is placed laterally. Penis-guard rather stout, the extreme tip

decurved into a short point.

Hab. Brazil.

Holotype, 3, Bahia (Fruhstorfer).

Type in the collection of the Vienna Museum.

Gnophomyia melancholica, sp. n.

General coloration black; legs and halteres black; wings with a

pale brown tinge, cells C and Sc slightly darker; stigma small,

dark brown; distal cells of wing with comparatively sparse macro-

trichiae; male hypopygium with a single, very complex pleural

appendage that is divided into three arms.

Male.—Length about 8 mm.; wing 8:5 mm.

Rostrum and palpi black. Antennal scape black, the flagellar

segments broken. Head black. -

Thorax black. Halteres and legs black. Wings with a pale

brownish tinge, cells C and Sc slightly darker brown; stigma com-

paratively small, dark brown; veins dark brown; conspicuous

macrotrichiae in cells Scl, lst and 2nd R1, R2, R3, R5, lst M2,

2nd M2, M3 and the outer end of cell Cul; the macrotrichiae are

confined to the centres and distal ends of the cells; no macrotrichiae

in cells Cu or lst A. Venation: Sc2 close to the tip of Scl, the

latter only a trifle longer than Sc2; Js long, gently arcuated at

origin; R2-+ 3 short, about one-half the basal deflection of Cul;

r on R2 + 3 before the fork; basal deflection of R4 + 5 angulated

near mid-length; basal deflection of Cul a short distance beyond the

fork of M.

Abdomen black. Male hypopygium of the type of G. luctuosa

O.S. Pleurites short and stout, with the single complex pleural

appendage situated on the dorsal-proximal face; apex of each

pleurite produced caudad and slightly proximad into a digitiform

lobe, the extreme apex suddenly narrowed into a chitinised tip

which bears about ten small setae on the proximal or cephalic face.

Pleural appendage very complex, divided into three principal arms ;

dorsal arm appearing as a long, slender, curved spine, directed

caudad and thence laterad, tapering gradually to the acute tip, the

proximal edge delicately fringed with short, pale hairs; inter-

mediate arm fleshy, more slender at base, the distal end dilated,

the apex feebly bifid, the proximal face with abundant, long, yellow,

erect setae; ventral arm a slender chitinised rod that bears a con-

spicuous chitinised spine on the lateral face some distance back

New or. Little-known Exotic Tipulidae. 47

from the apex. Penis-guard comparatively small, triangular in

outline, the small tip decurved.

Hab. Paraguay.

Holotype, 3, San Bernardino (Fiebrig).

Type in the collection of the Vienna Museum.

Gnophomyia pammelas, sp. n.

General coloration deep velvety black; wings black, the centre

of the disc noticeably paler; membrane beyond the cord with

abundant macrotrichiae; Scl longer than the basal deflection of

Cul.

Female.—Length 9 mm.; wing 8-6 mm.

Rostrum and palpi black. Antennae black, the flagellar segments

oval-cylindrical. Head black.

Thorax velvety black. Halteres and legs black. Wings black,

the centre of the disc noticeably paler, this including most of cell

lst R1, the outer halves of cells R and M, the extreme bases of cells

R3 and #5 and most of cell 1st M2; cells Cand Sc black; veins black ;

abundant macrotrichiae in the ceils beyond the cord and the ends of

cells Cu and Ist A. Venation: Scl extending to opposite r; Sc2 far

from the tip of Scl, the latter alone about one-half longer than the

basal deflection of Cul; r on R2 + 3 at about two-thirds the length

of the vein; cell Ist M2 relatively small, pentagonal, slightly

widened distally; basal deflection of Cul immediately beyond the

fork of M.

Abdomen black, including the ovipositor.

Hab. Paraguay.

Holotype, 2, Trinidad, Asuncion, December 1920 (F.

Schade).

Type in the collection of the writer.

Paratropesa amoena, sp. n.

General coloration purplish black; a narrow, transverse, yellow

line on the pleura extending from the wing-root to the middle

coxa; wings subhyaline with three conspicuous, dark brown cross-

bands; cell lst M2 closed, very long and narrow.

Sex ( ?).—Wing 6 mm.

Rostrum and palpi brown. Antennae with the scapal segments

obscure yellow; flagellum broken. Head purplish brown, the front

and inner margin of the eyes yellowish.

Pronotum yellow. Mesonotal praescutum black with purplish

48 Prof. Charles P. Alexander on

reflexions, the humeral region narrowly obscure yellow; a small

yellow spot above the wing-root; scutum destroyed by the pin;

scutellum and postnotum dark. Pleura black with purplish

reflexions; a conspicuous yellow cross-band extending from the

wing-root to the mid-coxa. Halteres broken. Legs with the coxae

and trochanters yellow; remainder of the legs broken. Wings sub-

hyaline with three conspicuous, dark brown cross-bands, arranged

as follows: the first in the bases of cells R, M and Cu and as a

spot in cell 1st 4; second band extending from the tip of R1 along

the cord, this band broadest anteriorly, gradually narrowed pos-

teriorly but wide and conspicuous for its entire length; terminal

band occupying wing-tip, including cell #2, distal half of K3, a

little less than the distal half of R5, most of 2nd M2 and the distal

half of M3; cells C and Sc dark brown; veins dark brown. Vena-

tion: Sc ending a short distance beyond the origin of Rs; Ks

very strongly arcuated; 7 at tip of Rl and on R2 + 3 a short

distance beyond the fork of Rs; R2 + 3 longer than K3; R2 short,

subperpendicular; cells 1st M2 very long and narrow, proximal

end narrow, gradually widening distally, longer than the veins issuing

from it; m about one-third shorter than the outer deflection of

M3; basal deflection of Cul at the fork of M.

Abdomen broken,

Hab. Venezuela.

Holotype, Sex (7), “ Kad.,” August 1857.

Type in the collection of the Vienna Museum.

Paratropesa amoena differs from P. fasciolaris (Wiede-

mann) in the closed cell 1st M2. It is very distinct from

all described species of the genus.

The type bears a label in Osten Sacken’s writing:

“ Fliigelgeiider von Limnobia fasciolaris W. und deshalb

vielleicht nov. gen.”

Toxorhina atripes, sp. n.

General coloration dark brown, the front and thoracic pleura

silvery pruinose; legs brownish black; wings with a faint dusky

tinge, most intense near the wing-apex; Scl ending about opposite

one-fourth the length of Rs; basal deflection of Cul at or just

beyond the fork of M7.

Female.—Length (excluding the rostrum) 4-8 mm.; wing 4 mm.

Rostrum dark brown, if bent backward extending to about

mid-length of the abdomen. Antennae dark brown. Front and

anterior part of vertex silvery grey; remainder of head dark brown.

Mesonotum dark brown, unmarked. Pleura dark brown, con-

New or Inttle-known Exotic Tipulidae. 49

spicuously light grey pruinose. Halteres dark brown. Legs with

the coxae testaceous, the basal half of each brownish grey; trochan-

ters dark brown; remainder of legs brownish black. Wings with

a faint dusky tinge, a little more saturated near the wing-tip;

veins brownish black. Venation: Scl ending about opposite one-

fourth the length of Rs; R1 ending about opposite three-fourths

the length of Rs; Rs long, straight, about two and one-half times

_ the basal deflection of Cul; cell Ist M2 closed; outer deflection of

M3 from one-third to nearly twice the length of m; basal deflection

of Cul at or just beyond the fork of M7; basal approximation of

Ist A and Cw slight.

Abdominal tergites black, the sternites more brownish. Oviposi-

tor with the valves long and slender.

Hab. Colombia.

Holotype, 9, Condoto, June 27, 1913 (Dr. H. G. F.

Spurrell).

Type in the collection of the British Museum (Natural

History).

Ceratocheilus niveitarsis, sp. n.

Head dark brown, the front and anterior part of the vertex silvery

grey; mesonotum dark clove-brown, the humeral regions of the

praescutum abruptly citron-yellow; thoracic pleura yellow, the

mesosternum and mesepisternum with a dark brown blotch; legs

black, the tarsi largely snowy white; wings with a strong brown

tinge; abdomen brown, variegated with obscure yellow; hypo-

pygium yellow. x

Male.—Length (excluding the rostrum) 5-5 mm.; wing 6 mm.;

rostrum alone 3-6 mm.

Rostrum elongate, black, nearly one-half longer than the com-

bined head and thorax. Antennae brownish black throughout,

with twelve segments, the terminal segment minute; all flagellar

segments with verticils, these becoming very long on the four sub-

terminal segments; the second apparent flagellar segment is

indistinctly fused with the first flagellar segment; flagellar segments

three and four are deeply incised beneath to form two apparent

segments, so the antenna may be interpreted as having fifteen

segments, the three basal pairs of flagellar segments being narrowly

connected on the dorsal side only. Front and anterior part of

vertex and a broad margin around the eyes light silvery grey;

remainder of vertex and occiput abruptly dark brown.

Pronotum dark brown above, obscure yellow laterally. Meso-

notal praescutum with three confluent dark clove-brown stripes,

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1922.—PaRTS I, Il. (JULY) E

5O Prof. Charles P. Alexander on

the humeral region and lateral margins broadly and conspicuously

obscure citron-yellow; remainder of the mesonotum dark clove-

brown, the median area of the scutum a little paler. Pleura yellow

with a conspicuous purplish brown blotch occupying the sides of

the mesosternum and the mesepisternum; mid-ventral area of

mesosternum pale. Halteres obscure yellow, the knobs broken.

Legs with the coxae yellow; remainder of the legs dark brownish

black, the tips of the metatarsi and tarsal segments two to four

snowy white, becoming more yellowish apically; terminal tarsal

segment dark brown; setae on legs profoundly bifid as in genus.

Wings with a strong brownish tinge; stigma not darkened; veins

dark brown. Venation: Sc long, Scl ending beyond mid-length

of Rs, the extreme tip atrophied; Rs moderately elongated, arcuated

at origin, in direct alignment with the deflection of R4 + 5; R2+4 3

arising from the end of Fs at an angle, diverging from R4-+ 5

toward the wing-margin; cell lst M2 closed; m short, from one-

third to one-fourth the outer deflection of M3; basal deflection of

Cul a short distance beyond the fork of M, the distance about

equal to m,; Cu2 only a little more than one-half the basal

deflection of Cul.

Abdominal tergites brown, the caudal margins medially and the

basal half of the lateral margins brownish black; posterior half of

lateral margins brightened, sparsely pruinose; on the subterminal

segments the coloration is largely black, producing a subterminal

ring; sternites with the basal half of each segment dark brownish

black, the posterior margins broadly yellowish; hypopygium

yellow. Male hypopygium with the pleural appendages appearing

to arise near the base of the inner face of the pleurite, bent dorsad

and thence caudad, lying parallel, their tips divergent.’

Hab. Colombia.

Holotype, 3, Boca del Condoto, January 20, 1915 (Dr.

H. G. F. Spurrell).

Type in the collection of the British Museum (Natural

History).

Polymera tibialis, sp. n.

General coloration brown; mesonotal praescutum with four

narrow brown stripes; antennae of the male elongate, annulate;

thoracic pleura with a broad, dark brown stripe; legs brown, tips

of the femora and the tibiae and tarsi white; wings yellowish brown,

the cord narrowly seamed with darker brown.

Maie.—-Length 6:3 mm.; wing 7-2 mm.; antenna about 10 mm.

Rostrum and palpi light brown. Antennae of the male very

New or Little-known Exotic Tipulidae. 51

elongate, one-half longer than the body; flagellar segments bi-

nodose, dark brown, the base and apex of the segments white to

give the organ an annulated-appearance; scape and first flagellar

segment pale brown. Head brown.

Mesonotal praescutum light brownish grey with four narrow brown

stripes; scutum light brown, the lobes with a narrow brown line,

converging behind to the scutellum which is dark brown, paler

posteriorly; postnotum brown, sparsely pruinose. Pleura obscure

yellow with a broad, dark brown, pleural stripe, clearly delimited

ventrally, more diffuse dorsally, extending about to the wing-root ;

mesosternum dark brown medially. Halteres obscure yellow, the

knobs dark brown. Legs with the coxae yellowish testaceous, the

fore coxa darkened basally; trochanters testaceous; femora brown,

paler basally, the tips conspicuously white; tibiae white with a

faint tinge of darker; tarsi of middle and hind legs white; fore legs

broken. Wings with a strong yellowish brown tinge; r and the

cord narrowly seamed with darker brown; veins brown. Venation:

r on 1 far from the tip, the distal section of #1 a little longer than

the petiole of cell M3; R2-+ 3 about one-half longer than the

deflection of R4+ 5; cell M1 small.

Abdominal tergites dark brown, the sternites slightly paler.

Hab. Brazil.

Holotype, 3, Espirito Santo (Ex Coll. Fruhstorfer).

Type in the collection of the Vienna Museum.

Polymera tibialis is readily distinguished from all described

species of the genus by the almost uniformly white tibiae.

Atarba fiebrigi, sp. n.

General coloration obscure yellow; antennae of the male moder-

ately long, flagellar segments bicolorous; extreme tips of the

femora darkened; wings with a faint yellowish tinge, the stigma

barely indicated; Sc2 some distance from the tip of Scl.

Male.—Length about 5-8 mm.; wing 6-8 mm.

Female.—Length about 6-4 mm.; wing 7 mm.

Rostrum obscure yellow; palpi yellowish brown. Antennae

of male moderately elongate, if bent backward extending to beyond

the base of the abdomen; scapal segments obscure yellow; basal

flagellar segments bicolorous, the basal half obscure yellow, the

distal half black, the amount of yellow decreasing on the outer

segments, those toward the tip of the organ being uniformly

blackened. Head yellowish grey.

Mesonotum obscure yellow without distinct markings, the base

of the postnotum a little darker. Pleura obscure yellow. Halteres

52 Prof. Charles P. Alexander on

yellow, the knobs brown. Legs obscure yellow, the extreme tips

of the femora and the termina] tarsal segments darkened; tibial

spurs present. Wings with a faint yellowish tinge; stigma barely

indicated; veins pale brownish yellow. Venation: Scl ending

opposite the origin of 2s, Sc2 some distance from the tip of Scl, the

latter alone about one-half longer thanr—m; Rs rather short, gently

arcuated; R2-+ 3 straight; cell lst M2 relatively small; basal

deflection of Cul approximately at the fork of M, in some slightly

basad of, in others slightly beyond this fork.

Abdominal tergites brown, the sternites obscure yellow; a sub-

terminal brownish black ring in the male. Male hypopygium as

in the genus. Penis-guard conspicuous, longer than the pleurites,

moderately stout, the tip curved. Outer pleural appendage with

appressed teeth, the apex produced into a spine. Ninth tergite

small, the margin with a very broad V-shaped notch, the lateral

angles appearing as divergent horns.

Hab. Paraguay.

Holotype, 3, San Bernardino (Fiebriq).

Allotopotype, 2, pinned with the type.

Type in the collection of the Vienna Museum.

Atarba punetiscuta, sp. n.

General coloration shiny yellow; antennae of the male moderately

elongate; antennal flagellum almost uniformly dark brown;

mesonotal praescutum with a narrow, dark brown, median line;

each scutal lobe with two dark brown blotches; femora with a

narrow brown subterminal ring; wings yellow, the cord narrowly

seamed with brown; abdomen obscure yellow with a conspicuous

black subterminal ring.

Male.—Length 5-3 mm.; wing 5°5 mm.

Rostrum obscure yellow; palpi brown. Antennae of moderate

length, if bent backward extending to just beyond the base of the

abdomen; scapal segments yellow, flagellum dark brown, only the

extreme bases of flagellar segments one to three indistinctly

brightened. Head yellow; centre of the vertex slightly darkened.

Mesonotal praescutum shiny yellow with a conspicuous dark-

brown median stripe, broadest anteriorly, becoming obliterated at

the suture; scutum yellow, each lobe with a large, dark-brown

blotch occupying the latero-cephalic third and a smaller similai

area on the proximo-caudal third; the pin passes through this part

of the body and it cannot be determined whether these two latter

areas are confluent across the median line; scutellum testaceous

yellow; postnotum with the median sclerite brown, the lateral

X ice

. New or Little-known Exotic Tipulidae. 53

sclerites yellow. Pleura yellow. Halteres yellow, the knobs>

brown. Legs with the coxae and trochanters yellow; femora

yellow with a narrow brown subterminal ring; tibiae yellow, the

extreme base darkened; terminal tarsal segments dark brown;

tibial spurs present. Wings with a strong yellowish tinge; stigma

darker yellow, oval; very narrow dark brown seams at the origin of

Rs, along the cord and outer end of cell 1st 1/2; veins yellow, dark

brown in the infuscated areas. Venation: Scl ending a short

distance beyond the origin of Rs, Sc2 a short distance before this

origin; Rs short, arcuated at origin, about one-half longer than the

deflection of R4+ 5; R2-+ 3 almost straight; veins R2 + 3 and

R4+ 5 slightly divergent; cell lst M2 closed; m shorter than

7—m; basal deflection of Cul at or immediately before the fork of 27.

Abdomen obscure yellow, the tergites indistinctly marked with

darker; a conspicuous black subterminal ring on segments seven

and eight; hypopygium light yellow. Male hypopygium with the

pleural appendages as in the genus, the teeth of the outer appendage

very leng and outspreading. Gonapophyses appearing as two

elongate, filiform rods, parallel at base, the apices deflexed and

divergent. Ninth tergite appearing as a narrow plate, the apex with

a deep V-shaped notch, the lateral lobes terminating in laterally

directed points. ;

Hab. Paraguay.

Holotype, 3, San Bernardino (Fiebriq).

Type in the collection of the Vienna Museum.

Eriocera caminaria (Wiedemann).

1828. Limnobia caminaria Wiedemann; Aussereur. zweill.

Insvth. Tp. al.

The true status of Hriocera caminaria has been in doubt

since Schiner re-described the species in the “ Reise

Novara,’ p. 42. The holotype of caminaria and the

material discussed by Schiner are before me, and it is

readily apparent that Schiner’s species has little in common

with true caminaria. It is described elsewhere in this

paper as a new species, H#. perlaeta. The following re-

description of Wiedemann’s type is here given to supplement

_ the rather brief origina! description.

The antennae of the type are lacking; a single leg

persists (a fore leg, broken at the metatarsus).

Female.—Length about 10 mm.; wing 10-2 mm.

Fore leg, femur, 5-4 mm.; tibia, 6-3 mm.

Head entirely orange, the ventral surface only a little darker than

54 Prof. Charles P. Alexander on ~ e

the vertex. Vertical tubercle broad and conspicuous but not bifid.

Antennae with the scape obscure yellow; flagellum broken.

The thorax of the century-old type now appears almost uniformly

dark brown but the three praescutal stripes are indicated. Halteres

dark brown. Only the fore-leg remains; this is very short for the

. size of the fly, dark brown throughout, there being no indication of

paler on either segment. Wings brown with a comparatively narrow

white cross-band that lies entirely proximad of the cord, this not

including the costal cell and ending immediately before the posterior

margin at the end of vein lst A; this band occupies the middle fifth

of cell lst R1 and the ends of cells R, M and Cu; the band is of

nearly uniform width for its entire length or slightly narrower in

cell lst R1; in addition to this band there is a conspicuous whitish

blotch in cell & before the origin of Rs; Anal cells slightly paler than

the remainder of the wing-membrane; the costal margin is not

brightened anywhere along its length; veins dark brown, paler in

the white bands. Venation: Scl ending about opposite the fork

of Rs, Sc2 not far from the tip of Sci; r about twice its length from

the tip of R1 and on #2 a short distance beyond the fork of R2-+ 3;

cell M1 lacking; basal deflection of Cul at about one-third the

length of cell lst M2; Cu2 a little shorter than the basal deflection

of Cul.

Abdomen with the basal half of each of the tergites shiny blue-

black, the distal half opaque black. Ovipositor with the genital

segment obscure reddish yellow; valves slender, dark brown, the

tips broken.

Hab. Brazil (Ex the Winthem Collection).

Eriocera perlaeta, sp. n.

Male.—Length 11-8-12 mm.; wing 10-2-10-8 mm.

Female.—Length about 12-5 mm.; wing 10-5 mm.

Eriocera perlaeta is the species discussed by Schiner

(“ Reise Novara,’ p. 42) as #. caminaria (Wiedemann).

The material at hand includes not only the specimens

upon which Schiner based these observations, but also the

type specimen of #. caminaria. From a comparison of

these specimens it is very evident that Schiner’s material

represents an undescribed species of the genus. The

present species differs from caminaria in the following

respects : :

Legs dark brown, the fore femora with an extensive yellowish

area immediately beyond the base; middle and hind femora with a

New or Inttle-known Exotic Tipulidae. 5D

light yellow ring before the broad tips, on the mid-femora this

being very narrow, only about one-third the brown tip; on the

hind femora the yellow ring is much broader and very conspicuous,

being more than one-half the brown tips; tibiae lighter brown than

the femora. Wings very different from those of HZ. caminaria, the

pale band at the cord being narrower, entirely traversing the wing

and including portions of cells lst 1/2 and Cul; in #. caminaria the

band lies entirely before the cord as stated by Wiedemann; an

interrupted subbasal whitish band includes a large area in the basal

cells immediately before the origin of Rs and a larger but less distinct

area occupying the basal two-thirds of cell Ist A; the cephalic

portion of the base of the wing proximad of / and arculus conspicu-

ously light yellow. Abdominal tergites three and four with their

basal halves pearl-grey, a little broader on the fourth segment; on

tergite two this pale coloration is less distinct and occupies only

about the basal third of the segment. Genitalia in both sexes

orange. In the male, the penis is very long and slender as described

by Schiner, a similar condition obtaining in the other members of

this group of species.

Hab. Colombia and Brazil.

Holotype, 3, Colombia.

Allotype, 2, Brazil.

Paratypes, 3 3’s, 1 Sex (?%), Brazil and Colombia.

Type in the collection of the Vienna Museum.

Eriocera latissima, sp. n.

Schiner determined this species as being H. longistyla

Alexander (as erythrocephala Fabricius, preoccupied). The

differences from true longistyla are very considerable as

indicated herewith :

Male.—Length 10 mm.; wing 10-8 mm.

Vertical tubercle higher than usual and with a slight median

notch. Mesonotal praescutum brown, darker than the obscure

yellow remainder of the mesonotum. Pleura brown, the lateral

sclerites of the postnotum conspicuously yellow, this colour en-

croaching slightly on the mesepimeron. Legs dark brown through-

out. Wings dark brown; the wing-band is very broad but incom-

plete, not including cells C, Sc or Cu; this band lies entirely before

the cord and forms a subquadrate area extending from just beyond

the origin of Rs to the general level of the cord and including portions

of cells lst R1, R and M, and the extreme base of cell Cul; the Ist

Anai cell is conspicuously pale, only the apex being darkened. The

56 Prof. Charles P. Alexander on

2nd Anal cell is entirely dark. Venation: Cell 1st 1/2 rectangular ;

basal deflection of Cul a short distance beyond the fork of WM.

Abdomen orange; segments five to seven inclusive black.

What the author considers to be true longistyla (since

it agrees in almost every respect with the brief type

descriptions) has been discussed in another paper (Psyche,

vol. 21, p. 39; 1914).

Hab. Venezuela.

Holotype, 3, 1864 (Lindig), “ Novara Reise.”

Type in the collection of the Vienna Museum.

Erioptera taenioptera (Wiedemann).

1828. Limnebia taenioptera Wiedemann; Aussereur. zweifl.

Ins.,. Th, Lo pp. 2629.

The brief description may be supplemented by the

following notes on Wiedemann’s type.

The ahdomicn of the holotype is entirely gone; antennal

flagellum and all but a single leg lost. ‘This single leg is

glued to the pin.

Sex (?).—Wing 16-4 mm. Tibia 18-8 mm.

The entire frons, vertex and dorsum of the occiput orange, the

ventral surface of the head brown. Antennae with the first scapal

segment orange, the second segment brown; flagellum broken.

Vertical tubercle conspicuous, with a very broad and low V-shaped

notch.

The entire thorax is dark brownish black, no signs of stripes being

apparent in this century-old type. Halteres dark brown. Legs with

the coxae and trochanters dark brown; the single leg that is glued

to the pin is very remarkable for an /riocera, more resembling

certain species of T'rentepohlia and Tanypremna; from its structure,

however, there can be little doubt but that it belongs to the insect as

described ; the femora are apparently yellow with broad black tips;

tibia with the basal three-fifths (11 mm.) black, the apical two-

fifths (7-8 mm.) white; metatarsus with a little more than the basal

half black, the remainder white; second and third tarsal segments

white, the terminal segments a little darkened. Wings dark brown

with a conspicuous yellow cross-band at the level of the cord, this

including the end of cell C, intermediate portion of lst R1, bases of

cells R3, Ist M2 and Cul, and apices of cells Rand M. As stated

by Wiedemann, the Anal cells are a very little paler than the re-

mainder of the wing, but this is not at all conspicuous; veins dark

brown, paler in the yellow cross-band. Venation: Scl alone about

es <

New or Little-known Hxotic Tipulidae. 57

equal to r--m; Rl beyond r only a little shorter than the basal

defiection of Cul; &2 before + about twice this cross-vein; cell

M1 lacking; basal deflection of Cul at about one-third the length

of cell lst 12; Cu2 a little more than one-half of the deflection of

Cul.

Hab. Brazil (Ex the Winthem Collection).

Eriocera nigrochalybea, sp. n.

General coloration black with steel-blue reflexions; vertex fiery

orange; legs black, the femoral bases yellow; wings dark brown; a

conspicuous light yellow cross-band before the cord; base of cell Rh

and most of cell lst A pale; abdomen brownish black, the hypopy-

gium and base of the second sternite brighter.

Male.—Length 12-3 mm.; wing 12 mm.

Rostrum and palpi brown. Antennae short, dark brown, the

scapal segments brighter on their ventral faces. Vertex fiery orange,

the remainder of the head orange; vertical tubercle relatively high,

notched anteriorly.

Mesonotum entirely black with conspicuous steel-blue reflexions.

Pieura concolorous, very sparsely pruinose. Halteres dark brown

throughout. Legs with the coxae and trochanters brownish

black; only a single leg (anterior) remains; this is dark brown with

the basal quarter obscure yellow. Wings dark brown; a conspicuous

arcuated light yellow band before the cord, beyond cell lst M2

swinging distad and including the basal half of cell Cul; this band

extends from cell lst #1 across the wing, reaching the posterior

margin as @ mere point at vein Cu2; ceils R3 and R5 are entirely

dark, cell Ist M2 similar except the extreme proximal angle; cell

Ff is pale basally, this colour narrowly connected with the yellow

band at the cord by a pale streak caudad of the sector; cell Ist A

is largely pale, only the distal end narrowly darkened; veins dark

brown, paler in the yellow areas. Venation: Scl ends just beyond

the fork of Rs, Sc2 rather close to the tip of Scl, the latter alone

shorter than the deflection of R4 ++ 5; r on k2 about its own length

beyond the fork of R2 + 3; basal deflection of Cul immediately

beyond the fork of J.

Abdomen dark brownish black with steel-blue reflexions; second

sternite obscure yellow on basal half. Male hypopygium small,

obscure reddish brown.

The paratype is very similar to the type, but the femoral bases

are not brightened.

Hab. Brazil.

58 Prof. Charles P. Alexander on

Holotype, 3.

Paratype, a broken specimen.

Type in the collection of the Vienna Museum.

Erioptera chrysoptera (Walker).

1856. Limnobia chrysoptera Walker; Ins. Saundersiana,

vol. 1, Dipt., p. 438.

At the request of the author, Mr. Edwards has again

examined the type of this handsome species in the British

Museum collection. The type is now without antennae,

legs and ovipositor. The venation and pattern is carefully

delineated in a camera lucida drawing sent by Mr. Edwards.

This shows Scl ending slightly beyond mid-length of

R2 + 3; cell lst M2 irregularly hexagonal, the proximal

end a little wider than the distal end; basal deflection of

Cul beyond the fork of M, the distance about equal to m.

Mr. Edwards describes the wings as having the basal three-

fourths clear orange-yellow without any dark clouding.

The drawing indicates that the apical infuscation is heavier

in the radial cells, becoming paler posteriorly.

Eriocera chrysopteroides, sp. n.

Generally similar to Z. chrysoptera; size larger; general coloration,

including the legs, black; wings light yellow, the apical quarter

strongly infumed; an ill-defined paler brown cloud in the caudal

cells of the wing.

Female.—Length about 22-23 mm.; wing, 16-18-8 mm.

Eriocera chrysopteroides is apparently closely allied to JE.

chrysoptera (Walker), differing in the following regards :

From Walker’s measurements of his species, the present insect is

considerably larger. General coloration, including the head, thorax

and abdomen, black; the thorax dusted with brown. Legs dark

brownish black throughout. Wings light yellow, the apical quarter

strongly infumed, the proximal end of this band including all but

the extreme base of cell #3, all of cells #5, 1st M2 and Cul; an ill-

defined paler brown cloud in the caudal cells of the wing, centring

at vein Cu, including portions of cells R, M, Cu and Ist A. Inthe

paratype, this infuscation is only a little paler than the dark apex

and is connected with it; the clear yellow colour includes only cells

C, Sc, the proximal three-quarters of lst #1 and the base of Fl.

Valves of the ovipositor dark brown.

The lateral angles of the pronotal scutum project laterad as

conspicuous slender tubercles.

abe

New or Litile-known Exotic Tipulidae. 59

Hab. Brazil.

Holotype, 2.

Paratype, °. |

Type in the collection of the Vienna Museum.

Eriocera pulchripes, sp. n.

1914. Eriocera chrysopiera Alexander; Ent. News, vol. 25,

pp. 214, 215; not #. chrysoptera (Walker).

In an earlier paper cited above, Hriocera pulchripes was

determined by the writer as being EL. chrysoplera (Walker).

Vrom notes on the type of the latter made by Mr. Edwards

and from a comparison with related species, it is evident

that the present form represents a very distinct species of

the genus. The insect is described and figured in the

paper cited above, the description being added here for

completeness.

Female.—Length 18-8 mm.; wing 13-6 mm.

Rostrum, palpi, antennae and head very deep black. Thorax

black. Halteres short, black. Legs with the coxae and trochanters

black; basal portion of femora dark brownish black, this dark base

narrowest on the fore-legs, broadest on the hind-legs where it covers

almost one-third of the segment, tip of femora black, the median

portion bright yellow; tibiae and tarsi very dark brown. Wings

bright golden yellow, the Anal cells grey; tip of wing from the cord

outward dark brown. Abdomen black.

Hab. Bolivia.

Holotype, 2, Coroico.

Paratopotype, Sex (?).

Type in the collection of the Hungarian Museum.

Eriocera tranquilla, sp. n.

Vertex orange; mesonotal praescutum yellowish grey with three

dark brown stripes; thoracic pleura dark brown, this colour in-

cluding the coxae and trochanters of the legs; wings light brown,

sparsely variegated with light yellow, including a narrow transverse

band at the cord; abdomen yellow, the first, fifth and sixth segments

black.

Male.—Length 10-5 mm.; wing 9-8-10-2 mm.

Rostrum and palpi dark brown. Antennae short, light brownish

yellow throughout. Vertex orange, the ventral surface of head

passing into dark brown.

60 Prof. Charles P. Alexander on

Mesonotal praescutum yellowish grey with three dark brown

stripes; remainder of the mesonotum dark brown, the scutal lobes

sparsely pruinose. Pleura dark brown. Halteres dark brown, the

base of the stem narrowly paler. Legs with the coxae and tro-

chanters dark brown; femora yellow, the tips rather broadly and

conspicuously dark brown; the posterior legs show an indication

of a pale brown, post-median band; tibiae obscure yellow, the tips

rather narrcwly darkened; tarsi brown. Wings light brown,

sparsely variegated with light yellow; stigma slightly darker brown ;

a narrow yellow band along the cord, on the cephalic part of the

wing lying mostly proximad of the cord, beyond cell lst M2 lying

a little more on the distal side of the cord in cell Cul; a yellow spot

at origin of Rs; yellowish seams along r and the outer end of cell

lst M2; costal and subcostal cells proximad of h light yellow;

cell Ist A pale, only the distal end darkened; veins light brown,

more flavous in the yellow areas. Venation: Scl ending opposite

the fork of Rs; cell lst M2 comparatively long and narrow, the

proximal end somewhat arcuated; m only about one-half the outer

deflection of M3; basal deflection of Cul at from one-third to one-

fourth the length of cell lst M2.

Abdomen with the first tergite dark brownish black; segment

two yellow, the extreme base and apex ringed with black; segments

three and four yellow, the caudal margins narrowly ringed with

dark brown; segments five and six black, forming a subterminal

ring; remainder of abdomen, including the hypopygium, obscure

orange.

Hab. Brazil.

Holotype, 3. The label reads “ Brazil (Blumenau) Loth.

Hetschko.”

Paratopotype, 3.

Type in the collection of the Vienna Museum.

Eriocera schineri, nom. nov.

1868. Penthoptera fuliginosa Schiner; “ Reise Novara,”

p-. 42; a species of Hreocera, non L. fuliginosa Osten

Sacken (1859).

The type may be re-described. The condition is good

except that there are no posterior and but one middle leg

remaining.

Male.—Length 12-6 mm.; wing 11-2 mm.

Fore-leg, femur, 6-7 mm.; tibia, 8-1 mm.

Middle leg, femur, 7-7 mm.; tibia, 8 mm.

Rostrum and palpi black. Antennae black, if bent backward

New or Lattle-known Exotic Tipulidae. 61

not extending to the wing-basis. Head black; vertical tubercle

very inconspicuous.

Mesonotum black, the praescutum faintly blue-black in certain

lights. Pleura with a shimmering white pruinosity when viewed

obliquely. Halteres dark brown. Legs dark brown; coxae with

a conspicuous white pruinosity; fore femora immediately beyond

the base with a conspicuous obscure yellow ring that is three or four

times as wide as the dark femoral base; on the middle femora this

ring is barely indicated, which would lead to the belief that it

would be quite obliterated on the posterior femora. Wings with a

faint brownish tinge, the costal region more saturated; stigma

brown, very diffuse, including the end of cell Scl, Ist R1, all of R2

and less distinctly the end of cell R3; veins brown. Venation:

Sc long, Scl ending just beyond the fork of Rs, Sc2 about twice its

length from the tip of Scl; Rs long, gently arcuated; ultimate

section of #1 about equal to r — m; basal section of 2 about one-

half longer than +; deflection of R4-+ 5 very short; cell M1

lacking; cell lst M2 rectangular; basal deflection of Cul just

before mid-length of cell lst 1/2; Cu2 and the basal deflection of

Cul subequal.

Abdominal tergites shiny black; second and third sternites

obscure reddish at base; hypopygium black.

The type was collected in Venezuela in 1864 by Lindig.

Type in the collection of the Vienna Museum.

Eriocera nigra (Wiedemann).

1828. Limnobia nigra Wiedemann; Aussereur. zweifl. Ins.,

eh: Pp oi:

The type series is before me. This consists of three

males and two females, one of the males being selected as

lectotype.

Male.—Length 16 mm.; wing 16-5 mm.

Female.—Length 22-24 mm.; wing 16-5—20-8 mm.

Rostrum and palpi brownish black. Antennae short, black, if

bent backward ending far before the origin of the wing. Vertical

tubercle appearing as two, short, slightly diverging cones. Head

brownish black, including the tubercles.

Thorax dark brown, the praescutal stripes faintly indicated in

some specimens. Halteres and legs brownish black. Wings dark

brown, basad of the arculus a very little more yellowish, but this

not at all conspicuous; veins brown. Venation: Sci ending just

62 Prof. Charles P. Alexander on

before mid-length of R2 + 3, Scl about equal to 7 — m; basal de-

flection of Cul at about one-fourth the length of cell Ist M2.

Abdomen dark brownish black.

Hab. Brazil (Kx the Winthem Collection).

The females have the centres of cells R, M, Cu, Anal

cells, R3, R5 and the medial and cubital cells paler brown

and the base of the wing not brightened. I can see no

difference between such specimens and the description of

FE. tenebrosa (Walker), which is probably a synonym of

E. nigra. The pale coloration at the base of the wing is

much less conspicuous than would be expected from the

description of HF. nigra.

Eriocera myrtea, sp. n.

General coloration shiny liver-brown; dorsum of head fiery

orange; femora yellow, the tips and a broad, post-median ring

brown; wings yellow, cell Sc brighter yellow, the veins very broadly

seamed with brown.

Male.—Length about 10-5 mm.; wing 10-3 mm.

Rostrum and palpi dark brown. Antennae short, light brown

throughout. Dorsum of head fiery orange, the genae and ventral

portions of head brown; vertical tubercle rather high, entire.

Pronotum and mesonotum shiny liver-brown, the lateral margins

of the praescutum sparsely pollinose. Pleura brown with a sparse

pruinosity. Halteres obscure yellow, the knobs dark brown. Legs

with the coxae brown, sparsely pruinose; trochanters light brown;

femora yellow, the tips rather narrowly dark brown; a less distinct

brown ring immediately beyond mid-length of the segment, these

two brown rings enclosing a conspicuous yellow, subterminal ring

that is approximately as extensive as the brown tip; tibiae light

brown, the tips dark brown; tarsi dark brown. Wings with the

ground-colour greyish yellow, cell Sc brighter yellow; all the veins

very broadly seamed with brown, restricting the ground-colour to

the comparatively narrow centres of the cells; veins dark brown.

Venation: Scl ending about opposite two-fifths the length of

R2+ 3; Scl about equal to m, Sc2 very short; cell lst M2 com-

paratively small; basal deflection of Cul a short distance beyond

the fork of 2.

Abdomen dark liver-brown, only the hypopygium conspicuously

orange.

Hab. Brazil.

Holotype, 3, Ex the Winthem Collection.

Type in the collection of the Vienna Museum.

New or Lnttle-known Exotic Tvpulidae. 63

Eriocera melina, sp. n.

General coloration yellow; head orange; mesonotal praescutum

and scutum marked with light grey; femora brown with a sub-

terminal yellow ring; wings of a saturated yellow, darker beyond

the cord, the veins narrowly margined with light yellow; abdomen

yellow with a conspicuous brownish black subterminal ring.

Maie.—Length about 14:5 mm.; wing 12:5 mm.

Rostrum and palpi dark brown. Antennae with the scapal

segments fiery orange; flagellum broken. Head entirely orange;

vertical tubercle rather high, scarcely notched.

Pronotum brown. Mesonotal praescutum chestnut-brown with

four light grey stripes; scutum light grey; scutellum and post-

notum obscure yellow. Pleura brownish yellow, the dorsal pleurites

a little darker. Halteres short, yellow, the knobs dark brown.

Legs with the coxae and trochanters obscure brownish yellow;

only the posterior femora and tibiae remain; femora dark brown,

the basal quarter obscure yellow; a conspicuous subterminal yellow

ring before the slightly broader brown tip; tibiae brown, the tips

dark brown; tarsi broken. Wings with a saturated yellow suffusion

that deepens into brownish in the cells beyond the cord and less

distinctly in the anal cells; all the veins are narrowly bordered

by a conspicuous, light yellow margin; veins obscure yellow.

Venation: Sc comparatively short, Scl ending a short distance

beyond the fork of Rs, Sc2 almost exactly opposite this fork; r less

than its length beyond the fork of R2 + 3; cell lst M2 rather small,

pentagonal; basal deflection of Cul at or immediately beyond the

fork of M.

Abdomen shiny honey-yellow with a conspicuous, brownish black

subterminal ring, this latter including the extreme margin of tergite

five, all of tergites six and seven, and more than the basal half of

eight; of the sternites, only sternite six is distinctly included in

this ring; extreme caudal margins of tergites three and four indis-

_tinctly darkened. Hypopygium obscure reddish.

Hab. Paraguay.

Holotype, 3, San Bernardino (Fiebriq).

Type in the collection of the Vienna Museum.

Ozodicera (Dihexaclonus) panamensis, sp. n.

Male.—Length, 23°5 mm.; wing, 20 mm.; abdomen alone,

16°5 mm.

Generally similar to O. (D.) fumipennis Loew, of Brazil,

differing as follows :

64 Prof. Charles P. Alexander on Exotic Tupulidae.

Size larger. Basal segments of the flagellum light brown, the

pectinations dark brownish black. Mesonotal praescutum golden

yellowish with four greyish brown stripes, the intermediate pair

confluent in front, behind separated by a narrow brownish yellow

line. Femora reddish brown, the tips scarcely, if at all darker;

remainder of the legs reddish brown. Wings strongly yellowish

grey, the base and the costal and subcostal cells more saturated ;

stigma yellowish brown; a scarcely apparent darker cloud at

x —m; veins yellowish brown. Abdomen bright brownish yellow,

only the apical segments passing into reddish brown, segments

eight and nine being of this latter colour; a broad brown lateral

line on the tergites, beginning narrowly at the base of segment two,

scarcely interrupted at the incisures; the smooth basal rings of the

tergites slightly brighter in colour. Male hypopygium with the

ninth tergite having a deep and narrow U-shaped median notch,

the sublateral lobes thus formed being slender and with the apices

subacute. Ninth sterno-pleurite produced caudad into a con-

spicuous flattened blade that is almost as wide as long, the caudal

ventral angle running out into a small tooth. Outer pleural appen-

dage appearing as flattened yellowish lobes, the tips ef which are

truncated. Inner pleural appendage heavily chitinised, the caudal

margin with two conspicuous chitinised thorns.

Hab. Panama.

Holotype, 3, Rio Chico, near the mouth of the Rio

Porcona, Dept. of Panama, August 4, 1918 (Azel Olsson).

Type in the collection of the writer.

This is the first record of the genus Ozodicera in North

America. 3

( 65 )

III. Descriptions of South American Micro-Lepidoptera.

By Epwarp Meyrick, B.A., F.R.S.

[Read Dee. 7, 1921.]

A FURTHER contribution is here made to the study of the

Gelechiadae of South America, representing a part of the

collections made for me on the Amazons by Mr. H. 5. Parish,

who spent about a year there, journeying from Para as far

up as Iquitos and the R. Napo in Peru. He succeeded in

obtaining nearly all the species taken by Bates (principally

at Ega, now known as Teffé) nearly 70 years ago, and

subsequently described by Walker. Four genera and

107 species are now described as new.

Empedaula phanerozona, n. sp.

39. 11-12 mm. Head whitish-grey-ochreous, sidetufts mixed

dark fuscous. Palpi stout, dark fuscous, seven whitish rings,

terminal joint strongly tufted posteriorly with light ochreous scales.

Thorax ochreous-whitish, shoulders suffusedly irrorated dark fus-

cous. Forewings elongate-lanceolate; ochreous-whitish, somewhat

sprinkled irregularly light grey; small dots of blackish irroration at

base of costa and dorsum; a transverse brownish stria irrorated

blackish at } more or less expressed; a moderate slightly oblique

brown fascia before middle, darker posteriorly; minute black dots

in dise at middle and ?; costa broadly suffused fuscous on posterior

half, some rosy-whitish irroration crossing wing near apex: cilia

rosy-whitish, on upper part of termen irregularly mixed dark

fuscous irroration, a short blackish subbasal line beneath apex, on

costa blackish forming a projecting apical hook and terminated

anteriorly by a small whitish-spot, on tornus light greyish. Hind-

wings rather dark grey; cilia grey.

Brazit, Obidos, R. Trombetas, in September; two

specimens. I also refer here rhodocosma Meyr., allied to

the above, the palpi being similar but less accentuated ;

I received a fine example from R. Trombetas.

Dissoptila crocodora, n. sp.

$9. 9-10 mm. Head yellow-whitish. Palpi white, a greyish

tinge beneath apex of second joint, a subapical dark fuscous ring on

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1922.—PARTS I, 11 (JULY) F

66 Mr. Edward Meyrick’s Descriptions of

terminal joint. Thorax blackish-grey, posterior margin and apical

half of patagia deep ochreous-yellow. Forewings rather narrow,

apex pointed, termen extremely obliquely rounded; purplish-grey ;

basal fourth deep ochreous-yellow, whence a streak extends along

costa to near apex, marked with a blackish dash on costa in middle,

and a longer one about 2; discal tufts at } blackish-grey: cilia

grey. Hindwings and cilia grey.

Brazin, R. Trombetas, Teffé; Peru, Iquitos; September

to March, six specimens.

Stomopteryx eucharacta, n. sp.

$9. 13-14 mm. Head, thorax dark leaden-fuscous. Palpi

blackish lined white. Forewings slightly dilated, costa faintly

sinuate, posteriorly arched, apex pointed, termen slightly sinuate,

very oblique; bronzy-blackish; markings snow-white; a trans-

verse streak from costa at 4 not reaching dorsum; a dot on costa

before middle, and one on fold nearly beneath this; an inwards-

oblique streak from costa at } reaching half across wing; a short

oblique subdorsal mark beneath this; a fine terminal line enlarged

at apex: cilia dark fuscous, basal half bronzy-blackish, a white

bar at apex. Hindwings termen sinuate; bronzy-blackish; an

irregular-edged white spot beneath middle of disc; a fine inter-

rupted white line along upper part of termen; cilia rather dark

grey, basal third blackish, a white bar at apex.

Brazit, Obidos, Teffé, in September, December, and

January; four specimens.

Anterethista phosphoropa, n. sp.

$9. 7-9 mm. Head, thorax dark grey. Palpi white, second

joint grey except apex, anterior edge of terminal joint dark grey.

Forewings elongate, costa gently arched, apex obtuse-pointed,

termen very obliquely rounded; glossy dark grey, on posterior

half dark fuscous; an oblique iridescent violet-metallic strigula

from costa at 2; similar bright iridescent violet-metallic scattered

scales in dise posteriorly, and a dot on dorsum before tornus: cilia

grey with silvery-blue-metallic gloss, at apex a black basal spot, on

costa a white patch divided into three wedgeshaped spots by

radiating dark fuscous bars. Hindwings and cilia dark fuscous;

in ¢ a slender expansible dark grey hairpencil from costa near base,

and a large dense pencil of blackish hairscales from base lying

along dorsum.

South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 67

Perv, Jurimaguas, in March, ten specimens; BRAzIL,

Para, in July, one 9. Examples of the very similar

heteractis from Parintins, Brazil, and Iquitos, Peru, show

that the 3 has also a costal hairpencil, but no dorsal pencil ;

the costal strigula is always white, not violet-metallic.

CALLIPRORA Meyr.

Both the described species of this elegant genus, penta-

gramma and trigramma, were found commonly from

Parintins and Teffé in Brazil to Iquitos and Jurimaguas

in Peru. I am able to give 7 additional species; the

peculiar wing-form is constant throughout the genus.

Calliprora rhodogramma, Nn. sp.

3. 9-10 mm. Head dark purplish-fuscous, a pale yellowish stripe

on side of crown. Palpi yellow-whitish, anterior edge throughout

and a lateral line on second joint black. Thorax dark purple-

fuscous, three slight lines and a stronger stripe on patagia pale

yellowish. Forewings formed as in penlagramma; dark purple-

fuscous; a pale yellowish median streak from base to 2; a pale

yellowish sinuate transverse streak before middle; an inwards-

oblique pale yellowish subdorsal strigula preceding a dot on dorsum

before tornus, just beyond this a somewhat oblique pale yellowish

streak reaching half across wing and an oblique mark from costa

at 3, the gap between these preceded by a short pale yellowish

longitudinal mark and a faint whitish dash beneath it; a purplish-

leaden angulated transverse streak beyond these, lower portion

thick and resting on termen, upper half margined posteriorly by an

angulated brown streak sending a branch to apex of wing, and angle

connected with tip of preceding yellow costal mark by a brown

mark; two oblique white wedgeshaped marks posteriorly on costa

partly in cilia: cilia dark fuscous, on termen coppery with basal

half crimson, Hindwings and cilia dark grey.

Brazit, Manaos, Teffé, in November and January; two

specimens.

Calliprora ecentrocrossa, n. sp.

3. 6-7 mm. Head ochreous-whitish, anterior edge blackish.

Thorax ochreous- whitish, four dark purple-grey stripes. Forewings

asin pentagramma ; greyish-purple; dorsal and three other ochreous-

68 Mr. Edward Meyrick’s Descriptions of

whitish longitudinal streaks from base to 2, uppermost supramedian ;

a moderate slightly oblique ochreous-whitish fascia from middle of

dorsum reaching # across wing; an ochreous-whitish dot towards

dorsum beyond this; an ochreous-yellow oblique streak from costa

at 2 and less oblique ochreous-whitish streak from dorsum before

tornus almost or quite meeting at an acute angle, angle preceded

by an oblique whitish mark; an ochreous-yellow marginal line

running round posterior part of costa and termen: cilia violet-grey,

on costa with converging white bars near origin of cilia and before

apex, on termen submetallic, with four black basal dots. Hind-

wings and cilia grey.

9.9mm. Head dark fuscous, sides ochreous-whitish. Palpi

white, anterior edge black. Thorax dark fuscous, five whitish stripes.

Forewings dark greyish-purple; a whitish streak on dorsum from

near base and three suffused whitish streaks above it from base to

4, uppermost supramedian; a moderate slightly oblique whitish

fasciate streak from dorsum before middle reaching $ across wing ;

a transverse whitish submedian mark at 2; oblique whitish acute-

pointed fasciate streaks from costa at % and dorsum at #, nearly

forming an angulated fascia but not meeting, in gap between these

two longitudinal whitish marks; a suffused ochreous marginal line

round posterior third of costa and termen: cilia dark grey, on costa

towards apex two converging whitish marks, on termen four basal

black dots separated by whitish spaces. Hindwings and cilia dark

grey.

Brazit, Parintins, in October; eight specimens (7 J,

1 9).

Calliprora tetraplecta, n. sp.

3. 10mm. Head ochreous-whitish, two dark fuscous stripes on

crown. Palpi ochreous-whitish, anterior edge black, a dark fuscous

lateral line on second joint. Thorax dark fuscous, five grey-whitish

lines. Forewings as in penlagramma; dark violet-fuscous; two

closely approximated whitish median lines from base to 3, a similar

dorsal line, and a subdorsal line terminating in an oblique wedge-

shaped mark reaching middle of disc; a transverse band composed

of seven whitish nearly longitudinal lines at #, uppermost sub-

costal, oblique, third converging to second, fourth very short, sixth

oblique, seventh dorsal; an angulated violet-silvery subterminal

line, followed by an angulated ferruginous-brown terminal streak,

with an arm extending along apical prominence: cilia dark glossy

violet-blue-grey, on tornus grey, on costa dark fuscous with two

South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 69

white bars and a dark apical hook. Hindwings dark fuscous,

lighter anteriorly; cilia grey.

Peru, Iquitos, in March; one specimen.

Calliprora platyxipha, n. sp.

39. 10-12 mm. Head ochreous-whitish, two dark fuscous stripes

on crown. Palpi ochreous-whitish, anterior edge black. Thorax

whitish, four dark fuscous stripes. Forewings as in pentagramma;

dark fuscous; a broad ochreous-whitish pointed supramedian streak

from base to near middle, in 9 narrower and with a short whitish

line above its posterior portion; a shorter whitish submedian line

from base, and a much shorter dorsal line towards base; a rather

oblique triangular whitish spot on middle of dorsum reaching half

across wing, in 2 narrower; in ¢ an oblique whitish wedgeshaped

streak from costa about 2, beneath this a longitudinal line, then a

wedgeshaped spot, then two longitudinal lines, and finally one on

dorsum, these markings in 9 smaller and less developed; an angu-

lated purple-grey subterminal line, in 2 whitish at extremities, in

6 stronger and whitish on costal and dorsal thirds; a ferruginous-

brownish streak from costa beyond this running to apex, sometimes

extended by obscure suffusion along termen: cilia coppery-purple,

on tornus grey, on costa dark fuscous with two white bars and a

dark apical hook. Hindwings dark fuscous; cilia grey.

Brazit, Para, Parintins, June to October; PERu,

Jurimaguas, March; six specimens.

Calliprora eurydelta, n. sp.

6. 12mm. Head ochreous-whitish, two dark fuscous stripes on

crown. Palpi ochreous-whitish, anterior edge blackish. Thorax

whitish, a patch of dark grey suffusion occupying anterior half of

dorsum, and small spots on shoulders. Abdomen grey, genital

valves and uncus unusually large. Forewings as in pentagramma ;

dark violet-grey; base narrowly ochreous-whitish, extended as a

dorsal streak to a rather oblique broad-triangular blotch on dorsum

before middle reaching more than half across wing; a band of seven

whitish irregularly longitudinal lines or slender streaks at 3, first

subcostal, oblique, fifth and sixth longest, parallel to fold, seventh

dorsal; a purple-leaden angulated subterminal line, extremities

whitish, some bronzy-ferruginous suffusion before its angle, wing

beyond it wholly bronzy-ferruginous: cilia coppery-purplish, on

70 Mr. Edward Meyrick’s Descriptions of

tornus grey, on costa dark fuscous with two white bars, Hindwings

grey, becoming dark fuscous posteriorly; cilia grey,

Peru, Jurimaguas, in March; one specimen,

Calliprora erethistis, n. sp.

3. 9-10 mm. Head ochreous-whitish, two broad dark fuscous

stripes on crown. Palpi whitish-ochreous, anterior edge black.

Thorax grey, four dark grey stripes, interspaces sometimes tinged

ochreous-whitish anteriorly. Forewings as in pentagramma; dark

violet-grey; a transverse whitish irregularly wedgeshaped spot from

middle of dorsum reaching } across wing; a fascia of about seven

irregwarly longitudinal short fine whitish dashes at $, uppermost

subcostal, lowest forming a small dorsal spot; a purple-silvery

angulated subterminal line; a bronzy-ferruginous streak from costa

beyond this to apex: cilia deep purple, on tornus grey, on costa

dark fuscous with two white bars. Hindwings dark grey; cilia grey,

Peru, Jurimaguas, in March; four specimens.

Calliprora peritura, n. sp.

9. 9mm. Head ochreous-whitish, two broad dark fuscous stripes

on crown. Palpi ochreous-whitish, anterior edge black. Thorax

rather dark grey, four indistinct darker stripes. forewings as in

pentagramma; rather dark grey; an indistinct dark fuscous streak

rising obliquely from middle of dorsum, curved in disc to angle of

subterminal line; an angulated violet-grey subterminal line, whitish

towards extremities, edged dark fuscous suffusion anteriorly, wing

beyond this ferreginous-brown: cilia coppery-purplish, a dark

grey basal line, on tornus grey, on costa grey mixed dark fuscous,

with two white bars. Hindwings dark grey; cilia grey.

Brazit, Para, in July; one specimen.

Hapalonoma argyracta Meyr.

The specific name is superseded by sublustricella Walk. ;

I did not know the variability of the species, which has

commonly a very oblique thick black streak from dorsum

at 1, not developed in my original specimens, occasionally

even the whole wing suffused ferruginous-ochreous mixed

with fuscous suffusion; I am, however, satisfied that these

different-looking forms belong to the same species, which

I have also from Obidos and Teffé in Brazil, Iquitos and

Jurimaguas in Peru.

tod

South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 71

Ethirostoma interpolata, n. sp.

62. 9mm. Head, thorax ochreous-whitish. Palpi whitish, second

joint with whorls of blackish-grey white-tipped scales roughly and

angularly projecting beneath, terminal joint with blackish supra-

median ring. Forewings elongate, costa faintly sinuate, somewhat

bent at 4, apex obtuse, termen obliquely rounded; brownish-

fuscous, tips of scales minutely whitish, forming a very fine trans-

verse striation; dark fuscous dots towards costa near base and at

2 and $, and two above and below fold at }; stigmata dark fuscous,

plical rather obliquely before first discal; a gradually expanded

streak of dark fuscous suffusion along costa from } to subterminal

line, cut by an oblique white strigula from middle of costa; a nearly

straight whitish line from # of costa to tornus, hardly angulated

in middle, beyond angle a short black dash, sometimes a second

more minute indicated beneath it: cilia fuscous speckled whitish,

base whitish within a dark brown line. Hindwings dark grey;

cilia grey.

Brazit, Teffé, in December; Peru, Jurimaguas, in

March; five specimens.

Commatica extremella Walk.

Differs from chionura Meyr. only in possessing two white

dots in cilia of forewings between subterminal line and

praeapical dot, sometimes terminated with greyish-

ochreous beneath. This difference appears to be constant

and localised, exlremella being characteristic of Teffé

(the original locality), whence I have fourteen specimens,

whilst I have a long series of chionura from other Amazon

localities from Para to Iquitos.

Commatica stygia, n. sp.

3.9 mm. Head, palpi, thorax dark fuscous, terminal joint of

palpi whitish posteriorly. Forewings elongate, costa gently arched,

apex cbtuse, termen very obliquely rounded; dark fuscous; a

faint interrupted fine whitish line from ? of costa to tornus, acutely

angulated in middle and very near margins throughout: cilia grey,

two dark fuscous lines. Hindwings dark grey; a grey expansible

hairpencil lying in disc from base to middle; cilia grey.

Brazit, Parintins, in October; one specimen, Next

eremna.

72 Mr. Edward Meyrick’s Descriptions of

Commatica palirrhoa, n. sp.

52. 9-10mm. Head, thorax pale greyish-ochreous. Palpi whitish,

second joint dark grey except apex, anterior edge of terminal joint

dark grey. Forewings elongate, costa gently arched, apex obtuse,

termen obliquely rounded; light greyish-ochreous, on posterior half

irrorated dark grey; a blackish costal streak from before middle

to apex, broad towards 4 but finely attenuated anteriorly and

shortly pointed posteriorly, cut by a very oblique fine white striga

from }; plical stigma sometimes blackish; a streak of whitish

suffusion along termen from tornus, not reaching apex but expanded

into an irregular projection before it; two or three indistinct dark

terminal dots: cilia whitish, on costa fuscous-tinged with dark

fuscous basal line and two others forming apical hooks. Hind-

wings grey; cilia light grey.

Brazit, Teffé, in January ; Perv, Jurimaguas and

R. Napo, March to May; fourteen specimens.

Commatica servula, n. sp.

3g. 9-10mm. Head, thorax light grey. Palpi whitish, second joint

grey except apex. Forewings elongate, slightly dilated, costa gently

arched, apex obtuse, termen obliquely rounded; _ violet-grey,

becoming darker posteriorly; a blackish costal streak from before

middle to apex, broad towards / but finely attenuated anteriorly

and shortly pointed posteriorly, cut by a very oblique fine white

striga from }#; a thick whitish streak along termen from tornus,

not reaching apex but expanded into an irregular projection before

it, including two more or less developed spots of ground-colour :

cilia whitish, on costa with dark fuscous basal line and two others

forming apical hooks. Hindwings grey; a large expansible light

grey hairpencil from base lying in disc; cilia pale greyish,

Peru, Jurimaguas, in March; three specimens.

Commatica phanocrossa, n. sp.

dg. 10mm. Head, thorax ochreous-whitish. Palpi dark fuscous,

terminal joint whitish except base. Forewings elongate, costa gently

arched, somewhat bent at 3, apex obtuse, termen very obliquely

rounded; whitish-ochreous, anterior half of costa suffused white ;

plical and second discal stigmata represented by elongate dark brown

marks, approximated; a dark brown suboblique dash in dise beyond

these; a dark brown streak along costa from middle to apex,

attenuated to extremities, cut by a very oblique fine white striga

South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 73

from 3, and marked with a black spot at apex; a narrow white

terminal streak preceded by a few brownish scales and including

three blackish dots: cilia silvery-metallic, base white, on costa a

dark fuscous basal line and dark brown median line forming apical

hook, tips grey. Hindwings dark grey; cilia light grey, round

apex whitish except towards base.

Brazi, Teffé, in January; one specimen.

Commatica xanthocarpa, n. sp.

39. 8-9 mm. Head violet-grey, face whitish, sides of collar

orange. Palpi white, second joint with violet-grey subapical band,

base and anterior edge of terminal joint dark grey. Thorax dark

violet-grey. Forewings rather narrow, costa gently arched, apex

obtuse, termen very obliquely rounded; dark purple-fuscous

irregularly suffused orange-fulvous, leaving especially an undefined

dark fasciate streak proceeding from dorsum before middle obliquely

across fold, thence longitudinally to join a similar dark fascia from

costa preceding a fine whitish oblique striga from costa at } reach-

ing } across wing, apical area beyond this orange with two white

dots on costa before apex : cilia grey, a black basal line round apex,

base elsewhere orange. Hindwings dark fuscous; cilia grey.

Perv, Jurimaguas, in March; six specimens. Next

acropelta.

Commatica hexacentra, n. sp.

9.9 mm. Head, thorax dark bronzy-grey, face lighter. Palpi

whitish, second joint dark grey except apex, anterior edge of

terminal joint dark grey. Forewings elongate, costa gently arched,

apex obtuse, termen obliquely rounded; dark grey, becoming

dark bronzy-fuscous towards costa posteriorly; a very fine whitish

line from a white mark on costa at % to dorsum before tornus,

acutely angled in middle, both halves straight and very oblique ;

three white dots on termen: cilia dark grey, a blackish basal line,

on costa three white dots. Hindwings dark grey; cilia grey.

Brazit, Teffé, in January; one specimen.

Battaristis syngraphopa, n. sp.

32. 9-10 mm. Head, thorax pale grey. Palpi white, second

joint grey except apex, anterior edge of terminal joint blackish.

Forewings elongate, costa gently arched, more strongly posteriorly,

apex obtuse-pointed, termen rounded, rather strongly oblique;

74 Mr. Edward Meyrick’s Descriptions of

light grey, posteriorly suffused darker grey or sometimes brownish-

tinged; a transverse dark fuscous spot crossing fold at 4; a cloudy

dark fuscous dot towards costa at 4; stigmata cloudy, dark fuscous,

discal approximated, plical rather obliquely before first discal;

a very oblique white strigula from middle of costa, preceded by an

elongate dark fuscous mark, a similar mark preceding subterminal

line; a fine white line from # of costa to tornus, obtusely angulated

in middle, upper half straight, lower slightly sinuate; a small

blackish suboval apical spot and subapical dash, separated by a

white dash, above and beneath these marginal spots of white suffu-

sion: cilia grey suffusedly mixed whitish, a dark fuscous subbasal

line. Hindwings dark grey; cilia grey.

Brazit, Manaos, in November; Peru, Iquitos, in May;

three specimens.

Battaristis coniosema, n. sp.

3. 9-10mm. Head, thorax grey, shoulders narrowly white. Palpi

dark grey. Forewings elongate, costa gently arched, apex pointed,

termen sinuate, oblique; 6 to apex; grey; costal area broadly

suffused white on anterior half; a thick black upcurved streak

from towards dorsum at 4 to disc at 2, posterior half edged above by

a suffused white streak extended nearly to angle of subterminal

line, and marked above by a black dot representing second discal

stigma; a bronzy-blackish streak along costa from ? to apex,

anteriorly acute, cut by very oblique fine white lines at middle and

3, latter (subterminal line) continued to termen where it forms a

very acute angular projection including a black strigula, and thence

towards dorsum before tornus but not reaching it; area between

costal and discal streaks suffused whitish and tinged brown; a

dark grey white-speckled suboblique streak from costa at # to

projection of subterminal line: cilia grey, above apex two blackish

hooks. Hindwings dark fuscous; cilia grey.

Brazit, Para, July; Peru, Jurimaguas, Iquitos, in

March; four specimens.

Battaristis synocha, n. sp.

32. 8-9 mm. Head, thorax light greyish-cchreous. Palpi

whitish, second joint dark ochreous-grey with blackish ring beneath

white apex, base of terminal joint dark fuscous. Forewings elon-

gate, costa gently arched, apex obtuse-pointed, termen obliquely

rounded; light greyish-ochreous, paler towards costa anteriorly ;

South American Micro-Lepidoptera, 75

costal edge anteriorly blackish; an irregular thick upcurved black-

ish-fuscous streak from towards dorsum before middle to disc at

3; a very oblique blackish strigula from costa at 4; a thick bronze-

brown streak irregularly. suffused black towards costa from near

beyond this to apex, anteriorly acute, cut by a very oblique fine

white line from middle of costa, and one less oblique from # making

a very acute angular projection in middle and continued to dorsum

before tornus, both halves sinuate inwards, projection enclosing a

very fine black dash: cilia grey mixed greyish-ochreous on termen,

base dark brown round costa and apex. Hindwings dark fuscous;

cilia grey, darker towards base.

Perv, Iquitos, March to May; eight specimens.

Battaristis sphenodelta, n. sp.

$6.9 mm. Head, thorax whitish-grey-ochreous. Palpi white,

second joint suffused light grey except apex, darker above, terminal

joint dark grey towards apex. Forewings elongate, costa gently

arched, apex obtuse, termen very obliquely rounded; whitish-

ochreous, costa suffused white anteriorly; an elongate-triangular

blackish blotch on middle of costa; a wedgeshaped black costal

blotch from just beyond this to near apex, cut by a fine white

subterminal line from ? of costa to tornus, right-angled in middle

and marked with a black dash on angle; apical area beyond this

brownish-tinged, some whitish suffusion towards apex and along

termen: cilia grey-whitish, on costa greyer with blackish basal

line and two dark fuscous lines towards tips opposite apex. Hind-

wings and cilia grey.

Brazi, Teffé, in January; one specimen.

Alsodryas prasinoptila, n. sp.

6. 15 mm. Head, thorax light green, whitish-sprinkled, face

whitish. Palpi white, second joint dark greenish-grey except

towards base, with rough projecting scales towards apex beneath,

anterior edge of terminal joint blackish except towards base. Fore-

wings elongate, slightly dilated, costa faintly sinuate, somewhat

bent at ?, apex obtuse, termen rather obliquely rounded; green,

tips of scales whitish; large subcostal and subdorsal tufts at 4;

smaller tufts mixed dark grey representing stigmata, plical hardiy

before first discai; a paler shade from ? of costa to dorsum before

tornus, very obtusely angulated in middle, upper half slightly

sinuate, some dark grey irroration beyond angle; cloudy blackish-

76 Mr. Edward Meyrick’s Descriptions of

grey marginal dots round posterior part of costa and termen: cilia

grey. Hindwings dark fuscous; cilia grey.

Brazit, R. Trombetas, in September; one specimen.

Alsodryas deltochlora, n. sp.

5. 16 mm. Head, thorax light green, face whitish. Palpi

second joint green, with rough projecting scales towards apex beneath,

terminal joint yellow, paler basally. Forewings elongate, slightly

dilated, costa somewhat bent at #, apex obtuse, termen rounded,

somewhat oblique; dull green; a small black spot on base of costa ;

small tufts above and below middle at +, and one on costa rather

beyond these; a triangular black blotch on middle of costa, not

reaching half across wing; small tufts representing stigmata,

plical somewhat before first discal, which adjoins apex of costal

blotch, small linear black dots beneath plical and second discal;

an irregular line of faint whitish irroration from } of costa to dorsum

before tornus, rather angulated in middle and somewhat incurved

on both halves, preceded on costa and dorsum by small spots of

blackish suffusion; an interrupted black line along termen: cilia

dark grey, on costa pale greenish-grey. Hindwings dark fuscous;

cilia dark grey.

Brazit, Obidos, in August; one specimen.

Sorotacta bryochlora, n. sp.

9. 15 mm. Head ochreous-whitish, crown slightly mixed olive-

greenish. Palpi whitish, apical band of second joint and broad

median band of terminal irrorated dark greenish-grey. Thorax

ochreous-whitish mixed olive-green. Forewings elongate, costa

gently arched, apex obtuse, termen very obliquely rounded; rather

dark olive-green, tips of scales ochreous-whitish; a small ochreous-

whitish tuft on middle of costa preceded by a spot of darker suffusion ;

stigmata darker, plical beneath first discal; an indistinct shade of

ochreous-whitish irroration from costa at ? to tornus, indented

beneath costa; indistinct darker marginal dots round posterior

part of costa and termen: cilia grey, pale-speckled. Hindwings

dark grey; cilia grey.

Brazit, Parintins, in October; one specimen.

Anacampsis diplodelta, n. sp.

9. 12mm. Head, thorax grey, face and shoulders tinged ochreous

whitish, a black dot on posterior extremity of thorax. Palpi dark

South American Micro-Lepdoptera. Gri

grey, apical edge of second joint whitish, terminal joint whitish-

speckled. Forewings elongate, slightly dilated, costa posteriorly

gently arched, apex rounded-obtuse, termen rounded, rather oblique ;

violet-grey, more purple-tinged posteriorly; costa broadly whitish

from base to first blotch, blackish costal marks at base and }, and a

subcostal dot beyond second; two triangular black costal blotches

almost touching and extending on costa from } to ?, some white

irroration between and beyond these; stigmata obscurely darker,

discal approximated, plical rather before first discal, some white

irroration round these; a transverse mark of whitish irroration

beyond second blotch indicating subterminal line, rest hardly trace-

able; an indistinct dark fuscous marginal streak round apex and

termen: cilia dark grey. Hindwings dark fuscous; cilia grey, a

darker subbasal shade.

Brazit, Parintins, in October; one specimen.

Anacampsis lithodelta, n. sp.

39. 10 mm. Head, thorax whitish-grey-ochreous. Palpi dark

fuscous, apical edge of second joint whitish, terminal joint posteriorly

ochreous-whitish. Abdomen grey, in 3 whitish-ochreous dorsal

patches towards base and apex. Forewings elongate, slightly

dilated, costa somewhat bent at 4, apex obtuse, termen obliquely

rounded; whitish-grey-ochreous; a large blackish triangular

blotch extending over median third of costa and reaching more than

half across wing; undefined slight transverse marks of dark grey

irroration beyond apex of this and above middle of dorsum; a fine

angulated line of dark grey irroration from a blackish dot on costa

at ? to tornus; terminal area beyond this brownish-tinged; a

blackish marginal line round apex and termen: cilia dark grey,

beneath tornus ochreous-whitish. Hindwings dark grey; cilia grey.

PERu, Jurimaguas, Iquitos, in March; two specimens.

Anacampsis poliombra, n. sp.

3g. 10 mm. Head, thorax pale grey suffusedly irrorated white.

Palpi dark fuscous, terminal joint whitish except basal fourth and

supramedian ring. Forewings elongate, costa gently arched, apex

pointed, termen obliquely rounded; grey, sufiusedly irrorated white,

some scattered dark fuscous scales; an oblique mark of dark fuscous

suffusion beneath costa at 4; an oblique suffused dark fuscous

streak from dorsum at } reaching more than half across wing,

containing a subdorsal tuft; stigmata blackish, plical beneath

first discal; a cloudy elongate dark fuscous spot on middle of costa ;

78 Mr. Edward Meyrick’s Descriptions of

an irregular whitish line from ? of costa to tornus, slightly angulated

in middle and somewhat incurved on upper half, preceded by a

fascia of dark fuscous suffusion broader on lower half; an elongate

spot of dark fuscous suffusion following this above angle; dark

fuscous marginal dots round apex: cilia grey, suffusedly irrorated

white, base spotted dark fuscous. Hindwings grey, darker poster-

iorly; cilia light grey.

Braziu, Parintins, in October; two specimens.

-Anacampsis perquisila, n. sp.

39. 8mm. Head, thorax grey sprinkled whitish. Palpi second

joint dark fuscous, apex whitish, terminal whitish with subbasal

and subapical dark fuscous rings. Forewings rather narrow, costa

slightly arched, apex obtuse, termen obliquely rounded; dark grey

irregularly irrorated whitish; blackish spots on costa at base and 7,

on dorsum at base, and crossing fold at }; an elongate blackish

spot on middle of costa; stigmata forming roundish dark fuscous

spots, plical beneath first discal; a sinuate whitish line from ? of

costa to dorsum before tornus, preceded on costa by an elongate

blackish spot; one or two dark fuscous dots on costa beyond this,

and one on termen beneath apex: cilia dark grey, whitish-speckled.

Hindwings dark grey; cilia grey.

Brazit, Para, Teffé, in June, July, and January; three

specimens,

Anacampsis considerata, n. sp.

SQ. 12-15 mm. Head, thorax grey irrorated ochreous-whitish.

Palpi whitish sprinkled grey, second joint with broad dark fuscous

basal and apical bands sometimes confluent, terminal joint with

submedian ring and subapical band. Forewings elongate, costa

gently arched, apex obtuse, termen rounded, somewhat oblique;

grey or fuscous, irregularly irrorated whitish er ochreous-whitish ;

two or three variable small dark fuscous spots at base; a transverse

sometimes interrupted dark fuscous blotch from costa at 3; an

indistinct rather obhque dark streak from dorsum at + more or less

developed; a flattened-triangular dark fuscous median blotch on

costa, and another before subterminal line; stigmata moderate,

raised, dark fuscous, plical rather before first discal, an additional

dot beneath second discal, sometimes confluent with it; an indistinct

pale line from } of costa to dorsum before tornus, hardly angulated

in middle, sinuate inwards on upper half; two cloudy dark fuscous

dots on costa beyond this, and one or two on termen beneath apex :

South American Micro-Lepidopiera. 79

cilia grey, pale-speckled, obscurely barred darker. Hindwings dark

fuscous; cilia grey.

_ Brazi, Parintins, Manaos, Teffé ; PERU,

Jurimaguas, Iquitos; from October to May; fifteen speci-

mens.

Anacampsis petrographa, n. sp.

62. 15-16mm. Head, thorax light greyish-ochreous, face whitish-

tinged. Palpi whitish, second joint dark fuscous except apical edge.

Forewings elongate, slightly dilated, costa faintly sinuate, somewhat

bent at #, apex obtuse, termen obliquely rounded; light greyish-

ochreous or ochreous-grey, sometimes with faint olive-greenish tinge,

some scattered dark fuscous or blackish scales; a black dot on base

of costa and one near base in middle; small blackish spots on costa

and dorsum at }, and three cloudy blackish dots in disc forming

with these an excurved series; a flattened-triangular blackish

blotch on costa before middle reaching + across wing; stigmata

blackish, discal approximated, plical rather obliquely before first

discal; a very indistinct irregular line of whitish irroration from }

of costa to dorsum before tornus, slightly indented beneath costa,

then slightly excurved, preceded on costa and dorsum by- small

spots of blackish suffusion; a marginal series of blackish dots round

posterior part of costa and termen: cilia light violet-grey, basal

third greyish-ochreous. Hindwings dark fuscous; cilia grey.

Brazit, Obidos, in August and September; nine

specimens.

Anacampsis caneodes, n. sp.

3. 9 mm. Head, thorax light ochreous-grey. Palpi whitish,

second joint dark fuscous except apex. Forewings elongate, costa

gently arched, apex obtuse, termen obliquely rounded; _ light

fuscous, tips of scales obscurely whitish, forming a very fine trans-

verse striation; a dark fuscous spot on costa at 3, one beneath fold

at }, and one above fold beyond it; an elongate dark fuscous median

spot on costa, and one before subterminal line; a suffused dark

fuscous spot towards costa at #; stigmata dark fuscous, plical

rather before first discal; an indistinct whitish sinuate line from

? of costa to tornus; a dark fuscous dot beneath apex: cilia greyish.

Hindwings dark grey; cilia grey.

Brazit, Para, in June; one specimen.

80 Mr. Edward Meyrick’s Descriptions of

Anacampsis capyrodes, n. sp.

39. 14-16 mm. Head, thorax pale greyish-ochreous or brownish-

ochreous. Palpi ochreous-whitish, basal 3 of second joint dark

ochreous-grey, terminal joint with grey internal line. Abdomen

dark grey. Forewings elongate, somewhat dilated, costa faintly

sinuate, somewhat arched posteriorly, apex obtuse-pointed, termen

rather obliquely rounded; pale ochreous or brownish-ochreous,

variably tinged grey; stigmata very small, indistinct, dark fuscous,

discal approximated, plical rather obliquely before first discal ;

an indistinct pale shade from ? of costa to dorsum before tornus,

obtusely angulated in middle, upper portion slightly sinuate; very

small dark fuscous marginal dots round apex and termen :; cilia light

ochreous. Hindwings dark grey or dark fuscous; cilia grey, darker

towards base.

Brazit, Obidos, Parintins, Teffé, from September to

January; fourteen specimens.

Anacampsis idiocentra, n. sp.

$9. 10-12 mm. Head, thorax greyish-ochreous. Palpi whitish,

second joint dark fuscous except towards apex, terminal joint with

grey line on each side of anterior edge. Forewings elongate, slightly

dilated, costa faintly sinuate, somewhat arched posteriorly, apex

obtuse-pointed, termen almost straight, oblique; greyish-ochreous ;

plical and second discal stigmata small, indistinct, fuscous; a faint

pale shade from # of costa to tornus, nearly straight, slightly indented

above middle, sometimes hardly perceptible; two cloudy blackish

dots on termen beneath apex, sometimes a third smaller beneath

these: cilia greyish-ochreous. Hindwings dark fuscous; cilia grey,

darker towards base.

Brazit, Santarem, in August; ten specimens. Near

capyrodes, but certainly distinct.

Anacampsis flexiloqua, n. sp.

39. 11 mm. Head, thorax fuscous. Palpi whitish-grey, second

joint grey except towards apex. Forewings elongate, costa slightly _

sinuate, somewhat bent at ?, apex obtuse-pointed, termen faintly

sinuate, rather oblique; fuscous sprinkled ‘brownish; plical and

second discal stigmata obscurely darker; a faint paler shade from

$ of costa to tornus, obtusely angulated in middle, halves straight ;

two or three indistinct dark dots on upper part of termen: cilia

tance

South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 81

pale brownish. Hindwings dark fuscous; cilia grey, a darker

subbasal shade.

Perv, Iquitos, in May; six specimens. Distinguished

from capyrodes and idiocentra by the palpi.

ComPsoLecuia Meyr.

I have succeeded in obtaining all Walker’s species attri-

butable to this genus except suspectella, many of them in

long series; they are confusing owing to their general

similarity and variability, and require close observation.

Following is a list of them, briefly showing the synonymy :

suffectella, stelliferella (= speciosella), perlatella (= smarag-

dulella = secundella), accinctella, versatella, scitella, solidella,

transjectella, subapicalis, trajectella (preoccupied and substi-

tuted by diazeucta Meyr.), swperfusella, abruptella (=sectella),

repandella (= subscriptella = diortha Meyr.), seductella,

tardella (= sublatella = collocatella), cognatella, monochrom-

ella (= displicitella), susceptella, canofusella, suffusella

(preoccupied and substituted by amazonica Meyr.),

secretella (= cistulata Meyr. = trimolybda Meyr.), quadri-

fascia (= superella), binotatella, suspectella.

Compsolechia stelliferella Walk.

Contrary to the statement of Lord Walsingham (Biol.

Centr. Amer., iv, 42) speciosella cannot be maintained as

distinct from this; the apical white blotch in cilia varies

in development (as does also the white colourmg on apex

of antennae, terminal cilia of hindwings towards tornus,

and posterior tarsi); I have an example in which it is

reduced to a slight dash, one in which it appears (very

small) on undersurface only, and one in which it is repre-

sented by a slight whitish gloss. The different forms

occur together in British Guiana, Brazil, and Peru, and the

two supposed species were originally described from the

same locality, Kga (Teffé). The 2 has on undersurface of

hindwings a white fascia from costa beyond middle reaching

half across wing, which is absent in , and in the latter

sex the anal scales are sometimes mixed with yellowish.

Compsolechia pentastra, n. sp,

$9. 12-14mm. Head dark metallic blue, face paler and whitish-

tinged. Palpi light yellowish, terminal joint suffused dark fuscous

TRANS, ENT. SOC. LOND. 1922.—PARTS I, 11 (JULY) G

82 Mr. Edward Meyrick’s Descriptions of

anteriorly. Antennae dark fuscous, in ¢ apical fourth white.

Thorax dark fuscous, patagia dark metallic-blue. Forewings

narrow at base, posteriorly rather dilated, costa faintly sinuate,

apex obtuse, termen obliquely rounded; bronzy-blackish; a small

dark metallic-blue spot at base; a white dot on fold at } of wing,

one beneath costa before middle, one in disc beyond middle and short

opposite transverse marks from costa and dorsum near beyond this :

cilia dark fuscous, a white patch occupying apex and upper part of

termen. Hindwings dark bronzy-fuscous; cilia dark fuscous, a

white apical spot. Both sexes beneath with transverse white mark

in disc of forewings, and rather oblique white fascia from costa of

hindwings beyond middle not reaching termen.

Brazit, Para, R. Trombetas, Parintins; PERv, Iquitos;

from May to October, five specimens. Shorter-winged than

stelliferella, the two posterior white marks of forewings

transverse and much nearer the discal dot (though variable

in position in stellijerella), and white fascia of hindwings

beneath present in both sexes,

Compsolechia chelidonia, n. sp.

3. 17mm. Head glossy deep indigo-blue, face whitish-blue-grey,

supraorbital scales pale yellow-cchreous. Palpi whitish-blue-grey,

terminal joint pale yellowish, anteriorly dark grey. Thorax dark

grey, posterior extremity indigo-blackish. Forewings rather

narrow, costa faintly sinuate, apex obtuse, termen rather obliquely

rounded; dark purple-fuscous, irregularly irrorated whitish; a

triangular blackish blotch extending on costa’ from 7 to 3, apex

reaching fold; a thick blackish streak from disc beyond middle to

apex, above suffused and with two slender interneural streaks,

beneath on posterior half edged with ochreous-whitish suffusion

extending to termen and produced slenderly along lower part of

termen, area between anterior half and dorsum free from whitish

irroration: cilia dark slaty-grey. Hindwings dark fuscous; a

long dark grey erectile hairpencil lying in submedian fold; cilia

pale grey, a darker subbasal shade.

Brazrt, Obidos, in August; one specimen. Nearest

cassidata.

Compsolechia hemileucas, n. sp.

39. 14-15 mm. Head glossy deep indigo-blue, face whitish,

supraorbital scales ochrecus-yellow. Palpi grey-whitish, terminal

joint anteriorly dark grey. Antennae dark grey. Thorax dark

South American Micro-Lepidopiera. 83

grey, posterior extremity blue-tinged. Forewings narrow, costa

slightly sinuate, apex obtuse, termen obliquely rounded; dark

violet-grey; markings suffused, blackish; a narrow basal fascia;

a somewhat curved fascia at }; a rather curved fascia from ? of

costa to middle of dorsum, indistinct towards margins; a broad

streak from disc at 2 to termen beneath apex: cilia bluish-grey.

Hindwings dark fuscous, in ¢ basal half white, edge suffused, irregu-

lar; cilia whitish-blue-grey, a darker basal line.

Brazit, Parintins, in October; three specimens. Very

near cassidata (of which both sexes were obtained at Para),

but in that species the antennae are pale yellow-ochreous

above on basal half, grey-whitish beyond, the posterior

discal streak runs to apex, and the hindwings are not white

in g. .

Compsolechia quadrifascia Walk.

Very similar to ferreata Meyr., but constantly distinguished

by the presence of a patch of white suffusion on lower

surface of hindwings beyond middle of costa.

Compsolechia mesodelta, n. sp.

69. 10-11 mm. Head, thorax grey, eyes crimson. Palpi

whitish, second joint obscurely speckled grey, terminal joint anteriorly

grey. Forewings narrow at base, posteriorly dilated, costa faintly

sinuate, somewhat bent at 4, apex obtuse, termen rounded, rather

oblique; grey with faint greenish tinge, sometimes whitish-sprinkled ;

a triangular blackish blotch on middle of costa reaching half across

wing; a faint pale somewhat irregular line from # of costa to tornus,

costal and terminal area beyond this suffused blackish, in the whitish-

sprinkled example a terminal line of whitish irroration: cilia dark

grey. Hindwings dark fuscous; cilia dark grey.

Brazi., Tefié, in December and January ; two specimens.

Compsolechia argyracma, N. sp.

6. 11 mm. Head, thorax shining dark blue-fuscous. Palpi

ferruginous-ochreous. Abdomen dark fuscous, a silvery spot on

segment 1 and basal bar on 2, ventral surface ochreous-whitish.

Forewings rather narrow, somewhat dilated, apex slightly produced,

obtuse-pointed, somewhat bent down, termen very obliquely rounded ;

dark bronzy-fuscous; base and more than dorsal half suffused

violet-blue, an irregular oblique blue streak from costa at } running

84 Mr. Edward Meyrick’s Descriptions of

into it, edge of blue portion irregularly prominent beyond middle;

a fine angulated blue subterminal line, tinged silvery-whitish on

dorsal area; a shining silvery-whitish apical spot preceded by blue

suffusion: cilia light blue-grey, tips whitish, on costa dark grey

overlaid silvery-whitish towards base. Hindwings dark grey;

cilia grey, tips grey-whitish. Hindwings beneath with white quad-

rate blotch from costa beyond middle.

Brazit, Para, in July; one specimen.

Compsolechia platiastis, n. sp.

3: 14mm. Head, thorax dark grey. Palpi grey, terminal joint

whitish posteriorly. Forewings elongate, somewhat dilated pos-

teriorly, apex obtuse, termen obliquely rounded; dark ashy-grey ;

plical and first discal stigma indistinct, cloudy, dark fuscous, plical

rather anterior; a slender irregular grey line from # of costa to

dorsum before tornus margined anteriorly by a broad dark fuscous

fascia extending from dorsum #$ across wing, and posteriorly by a

narrow entire fascia; two or three cloudy dark fuscous dots on

upper part of termen: cilia grey, tips paler. Hindwings dark

fuscous; cilia light grey, a dark grey subbasal shade.

Brazit, R, Trombetas, in September; one specimen.

Compsolechia petromorpha, n. sp.

3. 12mm., 9. 14mm. Head, thorax purplish-grey, face suffused

ochreous-whitish. Palpi whitish-grey, terminal joint whitish,

anteriorly grey. Forewings rather narrow, somewhat dilated, costa

straight, arched posteriorly, apex obtuse, termen rounded, rather

oblique; uniform rather dark violet-grey: cilia grey. Hindwings

dark grey; in ¢ a long light violet-grey hairpencil lying in median

fold and reaching end of cell, and a shorter but denser light grey

hairpencil in submedian fold; cilia whitish-grey, a grey basal shade.

Perv, Jurimaguas, in March, 1 g; Brazin, Teffé, in

January, 19. Distinct in both sexes from lithomorpha by

forewings more dilated posteriorly with less oblique termen,

the § also by the two hairpencils; lithomorpha also occurs

from Para to Jurimaguas.

Compsolechia sciomima, n. sp.

39. 12-13 mm. Head, thorax glossy dark bluish-grey. Palpi

grey. Forewings rather narrow, rather dilated posteriorly, apex

South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 85

obtuse-pointed, termen obliquely rounded; glossy dark violet-

slaty-grey; an obscure subterminal fascia of dark fuscous suffusion,

broader in 2 and extending suffusedly to termen: cilia violet-grey.

Hindwings dark fuscous; cilia grey.

Brazit, Parintins, in October; Peru, Jurimaguas,

Iquitos, in March; five specimens. Very close to litho-

morpha, but | have seen very large numbers of that species,

of which the forewings are always narrower, without

distinct dilation, and always without any markings;

certainly distinct.

Compsolechia phaeotoxa, n. sp.

39. 13mm. Head, thorax leaden-grey. Palpi pale glossy grey.

Forewings rather narrow, posteriorly dilated, apex obtuse-pointed,

termen obliquely rounded; leaden-grey; stigmata in one example

perceptible, cloudy, darker grey, discal approximated, plical rather

before first discal, but usually wholly obsolete; a dark fuscous

slightly incurved fascia from 3 of costa to tornus, anteriorly suffused,

posteriorly well-defined; two or three cloudy dark fuscous dots on

upper part of termen: cilia grey, tips whitish-grey. Hindwings

dark fuscous; cilia grey.

Brazit, Santarem, Parintins, Tefié, from August to

December; eight specimens.

Compsolechia religata, n. sp.

g- 10 mm. Head, thorax dark grey, face shining ochreous-

whitish. Palpi ochreous-whitish, second joint suffused grey,

terminal joint anteriorly grey. Forewings rather narrow, slightly

dilated, costa straight, arched posteriorly, apex obtuse, termen

obliquely rounded; dark grey, becoming blackish-grey posteriorly ;

an obscure grey-whitish shade from costa at 4 to tornus, obtusely

indented above middle: cilia dark grey. Hindwings dark fuscous;

cilia grey, a darker subbasal line.

Peru, R. Napo, in May; one specimen.

Compsolechia ischnoptera, n. sp.

g- 9-10mm. Head, thorax dark violet-grey. Palpi whitish,

second joint irrorated grey, terminal joint anteriorly dark grey.

Forewings narrow, posteriorly slightly dilated, costa slightly sinuate,

somewhat bent at 4, apex pointed, termen obliquely rounded; dark

violet-grey; a whitish-ochreous apical patch, its edge running from

86 ~ Mr. Edward Meyrick’s Descriptions of

5 of costa to tornus, almost straight, enclosing five irregular dark grey

praemarginal dots : cilia whitish-ochreous, basal half light ochreous.

Hindwings dark fuscous; cilia dark grey.

Brazit, Para, in July; two specimens.

Compsolechia diplolychna, n. sp.

g. 16mm. Head dark indigo-blue, face whitish, postorbital-

scales yellowish. Palpi whitish-grey, anterior edge of terminal joint

dark grey. Thorax dark purple-fuscous, patagia bluish. Forewings

rather narrow, slightly dilated, costa faintly sinuate, apex rounded-

obtuse, termen obliquely rounded; purple-blackish; a broad deep

orange fascia about %, leaving costal edge dark fuscous, deep

metallic-blue pointed streaks from its posterior edge near extremities

rather converging and not reaching anterior edge: cilia dark grey.

Hindwings blackish, a thinly scaled white blotch in disc before

middle; cilia dark grey.

Brazit, Para, in July; one specimen. Allied to scvtella.

Compsolechia crocodilopa, n. sp.

$9. 11-12 mm. Head shining indigo-metallic, orbits yellow-

ochreous. Palpi light yellowish-grey. Thorax shining indigo-

grey, partially ochreous-tinged. Forewings narrow, slightly dilated,

termen slightly rounded, rather oblique; dark fuscous; base

narrowly suffused yellow-ochreous; a moderate fascia of ground

colour at 4 enclosed by two yellow-ochreous lines, anterior edge

subconcave, posterior straight, space between this and base and a

broad fascia beyond it shining leaden-metallic; an 8-shaped

transverse space at 4 mostly occupied by two shining blue-leaden-

metallic spots and enclosed by two irregular transverse yellow-

ochreous suffused streaks, first bearing a dark fuscous transverse

mark in middle, second interrupted in middle, these tending to be

connected on costa by yellow-ochreous suffusion, sometimes cut

by a projection from upper metallic spot towards apex; a blue-

leaden-metallic terminal streak ; cilia whitish, basal third dark grey.

Hindwings dark fuscous; cilia grey, suffused darker towards base.

Brazit, Para, in June; Perv, Iquitos, Jurimaguas, in

March; five specimens. Allied to fasciella Feld.

Compsolechia recta, n. sp.

3S. 10mm. Head, thorax light grey. Palpi stouter than usual,

second joint blackish finely ribbed white, terminal whitish speckled

5 ca aon

- South American Micro-Leyidoptera. 87

blackish. Forewings elongate, costa gently arched, apex obtuse,

termen obliquely rounded; fuscous, tips of scales whitish, forming

a very fine transverse striation; dark brown dots towards costa near

base and at 4, an oblique spot crossing fold at }; stigmata dark

brown, discal approximated, plical obliquely before first discal,

an indistinct dark brown streak from beneath and before middle to

first discal; a gradually broader streak of blackish-brown suffusion

along costa from before middle to subterminal line, cut by an

oblique white strigula from costa beyond middle; a fine almost

straight whitish line from 4 of costa to tornus; two short dark

fuscous praemarginal dashes above and below apex: cilia fuscous,

pale-speckled, round costa and apex base ochreous within a dark

brown line. Hindwings dark fuscous; cilia grey, a darker subbasal

line.

Brazin, Teffé, in January; one specimen.

Compsolechia trapezias, n. sp.

6. 14mm. Head light grey, face suffused whitish. Palpi

second joint blackish finely ribbed white, terminal white, anteriorly

blackish speckled white. Thorax light grey, a black spot at posterior

extremity. Forewings elongate, costa slightly arched, apex rounded-

obtuse, termen obliquely rounded; brownish-ochreous with faint

pinkish tinge, whitish-sprinkled in disc, round subterminal line more

rosy-ochreous; a black median dot at base; an oblique blackish

fasciate streak from dorsum at 3, apex curved over posteriorly and

pointed; costal edge blackish just before subterminal line; a very

oblique white mark on costa at 2 and an interrupted angulated line

on lower 2 of wing to dorsum before tornus, cut by a strong black

dash in middle running to near termen: immediately beyond this a

rhomboidal black costal blotch extending to near apex; some white

praeterminal scales on edges of black dash, a minute white dot above

and another below it: cilia dark grey, base whitish within a dark

brown subbasal line, tornal area whitish. Hindwings dark fuscous ;

cilia grey, a darker subbasal shade.

Brazit, R. Trombetas, in September; one specimen.

Resembles rhombica, but termen of forewings much more

oblique.

Compsolechia ambusta Wals.

Having obtained an extensive series of this very variable

species, | consider that brochospila Meyr. must be merged

88 Mr. Edward Meyrick’s Descriptions of

in it; it occurs all up the Amazons from Santarem to

Jurimaguas.

Compsolechia caryoterma, n. sp.

39. 12mm. Head, thorax leaden-grey, face more or less whitish,

eyes crimson. Palpi whitish, terminal joint anteriorly grey. Fore-

wings rather narrow, slightly dilated, costa faintly sinuate, arched

posteriorly, apex obtuse, termen obliquely rounded; dark violet-

gavey, irregularly sprinkled whitish; a black subcostal streak from

base to }, terminated by a white costal spot and costal area above it

suffused white; an obscure streak of dark fuscous suffusion from

base of dorsum to disc at }; a broad irregular dark fuscous fascia

from before middle of costa to 3 of dorsum, in ¢ partially suffused

brown in disc; in ¢ veins on posterior half purplish, and costa

brown from middle to 3; an irregular variably interrupted white

line from 2 of costa to tornus; a brown marginal streak round

posterior part of costa and termen, tending to be toothed on veins,

and preceded by some whitish interneural dots more developed in

3: cilia grey, a dark fuscous basal line. Hindwings dark fuscous ;

cilia grey, a dark grey basal line.

Brazit, Obidos, Parintins, in September and October;

two specimens. Allied to ambusta.

Compsolechia scholias, n. sp.

9. 14mm. Head, thorax leaden-grey, face whitish-suffused,

eyes crimson. Palpi grey-whitish, terminal joint grey anteriorly.

Forewings rather narrow, slightly dilated, costa faintly sinuate,

somewhat bent at 3, apex obtuse, termen obliquely rounded; dark

grey, posteriorly purple-tinged; a black subcostal streak from base

to 4, terminated by a suffused white spot; an indistinct dark fuscous

streak from dorsum near base to disc at 4, some whitish suffusion

about fold beyond this; a blackish elongate blotch on middle of

costa, whence an oblique blackish streak runs to and surrounds a

white mark in dise at 2; a blackish streak along posterior half of

fold, preceded by a small spot of white suffusion, at tornus meeting

a suberect dark fuscous spot; an irregular white line from # of costa

to tornus, stronger on costa, somewhat interrupted in middle;

several small whitish praemarginal dots round apex: cilia white, a

dark grey basal shade. Hindwings dark fuscous; cilia as in fore-

wings:

Perv, Jurimaguas, in March; one specimen. Allied to

preceding.

South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 89

Compsolechia mniocosma, n. sp.

3. 15mm. Head, thorax pale green, lower part of face suffused

whitish, two small blackish spots on thorax, edge of shoulder black.

Palpi second joint dark fuscous finely ribbed white, terminal white,

anteriorly dark fuscous speckled whitish. Middle tibiae tufted with

rough scales towards apex above. Forewings elongate, costa almost

straight, apex rounded, termen obliquely rounded; moss-green,

whitish-tinged towards base, more bluish-tinged towards dorsum

and termen; a deep green dot near base in middle; a deep green

_ rather oblique fasciate streak from dorsum towards base reaching

more than half across wing, posterior edge forming a triangular

prominence on fold, edged white and continued as a suffused white

line along fold; stigmata obscurely deeper, discal approximated,

plical before first discal; a fine white very oblique strigula from costa

at 3; a streak of irregular white suffusion from disc at } to costa

before apex, beneath this an oval black spot almost at apex; five

white praeterminal dots, between second and third a fine black dash :

cilia dark grey, prominent at apex, base whitish within a dark

fuscous line, tornal area whitish. Hindwings dark fuscous; a

light grey expansible hairpencil lying in submedian groove; cilia

grey, a darker subbasal line.

Peru, Jurimaguas, in March; two specimens.

Compsolechia trachycnemis, n. sp.

$9. 14-16 mm. Head, thorax greyish-ochreous, face suffused

whitish, eyes crimson. Palpi second joint blackish finely ribbed

white, terminal white, anteriorly blackish speckled white. Middle

tibiae tufted with dense rough scales above towards apex, rosy-tinged.

Forewings rather narrow, hardly dilated, costa straight, apex

rounded-obtuse, termen obliquely rounded; ochreous-grey, dorsal

2, a median streak to termen beneath apex with a branch to dorsum

before tornus, a streak beneath costa from middle to apex, and some-

times dorsal area sufiused ochreous-whitish; an irregular blackish

mark from costa at base; a transverse blackish fascia from dorsum

at 1} not reaching costa; an almost blackish praemarginal dot above

apex and two below apex, preceded by whitish linear marks: cilia

ochreous-fuscous, base within a darker line whitish. Hindwings

dark fuscous; in ¢ an expansible greyish hairpencil lying in anterior

half of submedian groove; cilia grey, a dark grey subbasal shade.

Perv, Jurimaguas, Iquitos, in March; fifteen specimens.

90 Mr. Edward Meyrick’s Descriptions of

Compsolechia sesamodes, n. sp.

g. 15mm. Head, thorax dark grey, face whitish. Palpi second

joint blackish finely ribbed white, terminal white, anteriorly blackish

speckled white. Forewings rather narrow, slightly dilated, costa

almost straight, posteriorly arched, apex obtuse, termen rounded,

rather oblique; dark grey; a blackish spot towards costa near base ;

a transverse blackish fascia from dorsum at } not reaching costa,

outer edge angulated on fold; plical and first discal stigmata

indicated by elongate blackish spots, both followed by spots of white

irroration, some white irroration towards costa above these; a

fascia of blackish suffusion preceding subterminal line; a fine

transverse white mark from costa beyond ?, and small groups of

two or three white scales forming a series from this to dorsum before

tornus, angulated in middle of wing, rather incurved on lower half;

apical area suffused dark brown, an oval black spot beneath costa

near apex, an indistinct blackish praeterminal dot beneath apex,

two linear white praeterminal dots above this and four minute ones

below it: cilia fuscous, dark brown basal and dark fuscous apical

lines rather prominent at apex. Hindwings dark fuscous; a long

pale greyish expansible hairpencil lying in submedian fold, longer

than half wing; cilia grey, a dark fuscous basal line.

Peru, Jurimaguas, in March; one specimen.

Compsolechia niphocentra, n. sp.

$9. 12-14mm. Head grey, face ochreous-whitish. Palpi second

joint blackish finely ribbed white, terminal blackish speckled white,

posteriorly white. Thorax grey, sometimes two blackish dorsal

spots. Forewings rather narrow, slightly dilated, costa almost

straight, rather arched posteriorly, apex rounded-obtuse, termen

rather obliquely rounded; dark grey, slightly whitish-speckled; a

small black spot towards costa at base; a round black spot on fold

at 1; stigmata indicated by whitish dots, sometimes little apparent,

plical beneath first discal; an oblique white strigula from costa at

3, whence a fine incomplete line of white scales runs to dorsum before

tornus, acutely angulated in middle, often little marked above this,

rather incurved on lower half; a roundish blackish spot near costa

before apex, usually edged white above, and four white elongate dots

before upper part of termen, between second and third a slight

usually indistinct blackish mark towards termen: cilia dark

fuscous, a pale greyish-ochreous basal line, some whitish suffusion

on tornus. Hindwings dark fuscous; in ¢ a slender ochreous-

1 v

ters

South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 91

whitish hairpencil in subdorsal groove; cilia grey, a darker basal

shade.

Brazit, Teffé, in December and January; PrErv, Iquitos,

March to May; fourteen specimens.

Compsolechia volubilis, n. sp.

of. 11mm. Head grey, face suffused whitish. Palpi second

joint blackish finely ribbed white, terminal white, anteriorly blackish

speckled white. Thorax grey, two black dorsal spots. Forewings

elongate, slightly dilated, costa almost straight, rather bent at 3,

apex obtuse, termen rather obliquely rounded; dark grey, more or

less irregularly irrorated whitish; two small black spots towards

costa near base, and a black mark above base of dorsum; an oblique

black blotch crossing fold at 4; stigmata blackish, discal approxi-

mated, plical rather before first discal; a well-defined whitish line

from } of costa to dorsum before tornus, sinuate inwards on upper

half, preceded by broad blackish suffusion on costa and sometimes

throughout, or in one specimen by a brownish tinge in disc; apical

area irregularly mixed whitish, towards costa tinged brownish, a

wedgeshaped black mark resting on costa near apex, two black

dashes reaching margin beneath apex: cilia dark fuscous, a whitish

basal line and tornal patch. Hindwings dark fuscous; in 3 a rather

short expansible grey hairpencil lying in a grey-whitish patch in

submedian groove; cilia grey, a darker subbasal shade.

Peru, R. Napo, in May; three specimens. The form of

subterminal line is characteristic.

Compsolechia eurygypsa, n. sp.

62. 89mm. Head, thorax grey, face cchreous-whitish. Palpi

second joint blackish finely ribbed white, terminal white, anteriorly

blackish speckled white. Forewings rather narrow, costa almost

straight, posteriorly somewhat arched, apex rounded-obtuse, termen

obliquely rounded; 7 absent; grey; a blackish dot towards costa

at base; a rounded blackish spot on fold at $; stigmata cloudy,

obscurely darker, sometimes with one or two adjacent lateral

whitish scales, plical beneath first discal; a strong irregular white

line from # of costa to tornus, preceded by a broad fascia of dark

fuscous suffusion, in two specimens line less developed and inter-

rupted beneath costa; beyond this a dark fuscous streak or irregular

patch along costa, and three rather large white praeterminal dots,

sometimes absorbed in ochreous-whitish suffusion occupying apical

92 Mr. Edward Meyrick’s Descriptions of

area except margins: cilia fuscous, base whitish. Hindwings

dark fuscous; cilia grey, a darker subbasal shade,

Peru, Jurimaguas, in March; eight specimens. Abnor-

mal in the absence of vein 7 (which is constant, and no

instance has been observed in any other species), but in all

other respects a characteristic Compsolechia,

Compsolechia antiplaca, n. sp.

$9. 12-14mm. Head grey, face sometimes whitish. Palpi

second joint blackish finely ribbed white, terminal white, anteriorly

blackish speckled white. Thorax grey, sometimes two small black

dorsal spots. Forewings elongate, slightly dilated, costa almost

straight, posteriorly arched, apex obtuse, termen obliquely rounded ;

dark grey, slightly whitish-speckled; two small blackish spots

beneath costa towards base and one above fold at +, often obsolete ;

a black spot beneath fold at }, always present but variable in size;

stigmata sometimes blackish, often obsolete, discal approximated,

plical rather before first discal; some dark. fuscous suffusion on

costa before subterminal line; a white line from ? of costa to dorsum

before tornus, very obtusely angulated above middle and somewhat

interrupted above this, beyond interruption a black oblong spot

reaching costa near apex, adjoining line immediately beneath this

an ochreous-white blotch not reaching termen, crossed by two black

dashes, rarely a third indicated above these: cilia dark fuscous, a

fine whitish basal line, tornal area ochreous-whitish. Hindwings

dark fuscous; in ¢ a slender greyish hairpencil in submedian fold ;

cilia grey, a darker subbasal shade. j

Brazit, Teffé; Peru, Jurimaguas, Iquitos; from

December to May, twenty-two specimens.

Compsolechia tetrortha, n. sp.

32. 12mm. Head, thorax grey, face sometimes whitish. Palpi

second joint black finely ribbed white, terminal white, anteriorly

black speckled white. Forewings rather narrow, slightly dilated,

apex obtuse, termen rather obliquely rounded; grey, sometimes

irregularly sprinkled whitish; cloudy blackish dots beneath costa

near base and at }; an oblique blackish streak from near dorsum at

1 crossing fold; stigmata obscure, cloudy, blackish-grey, discal

approximated, plical rather before first discal; a nearly straight

fine whitish line from # of costa to tornus, preceded by a fascia of

brownish suffusion (with slight pinkish tinge) expanded and becoming

South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 93

dark fuscous towards costa; between this and termen ground-

colour more or less ochreous or brownish, with four well-marked

black dashes, uppermost thickest, between and sometimes round

these more or less whitish suffusion: cilia prominent at apex, dark

fuscous or brownish, base ochreous-whitish with a dark shade,

towards tornus more or less suffused whitish. Hindwings dark

fuscous; submedian fold in ¢ filled with long grey hairs; cilia grey,

a dark fuscous subbasal shade.

Brazit, Teffé; Peru, Jurimaguas; from December to

March, twenty-six specimens. Nearly allied to repandella

= diortha (of which I have now received more than 100

specimens, ranging from Para to Iquitos), but I believe it is

distinct; the more prominent apical cilia give a character-

istic aspect, but this is lost if the specimens are not well-

preserved, Examples of this species are included in the

British Museum with subscriptella, but the type of that

species = repandella.

Compsolechia ptochogramma, n. sp.

3. 10mm. Head light grey, face whitish. Palpi second joint

blackish finely ribbed white, terminal white, anteriorly blackish

speckled white. Thorax light grey, two small black dorsal spots.

Forewings rather narrow, costa almost straight, somewhat arched

posteriorly, apex rounded-obtuse, termen very obliquely rounded ;

grey, more or less irrorated whitish on an oblique area from middle of

costa to tornus; black dots towards costa at base and }; a thick very

oblique black streak from dorsum at } crossing more than half wing ;

stigmata small, indistinct, dark fuscous, discal approximated, plical

obliquely before first discal ; a patch of dark fuscous suffusion on costa

preceding subterminal line, this represented by a white dot on costa

at $, and a transverse series of several minute whitish dots beyond

it on lower half of wing; immediately beyond this a triangular

blackish costal blotch, adjoining which beneath is a white blotch

not reaching margin crossed by two black dashes: cilia dark

fuscous, a whitish basal line, towards tornus ochreous-whitish mixed

fuscous. Hindwings dark fuscous; a short slender grey hairpencil

in submedian fold; cilia grey, a darker subbasal shade.

Brazit, Para, in July; four specimens.

Compsolechia stillata, n. sp.

39. 11-12 mm. Head, thorax grey, face suffused whitish.

Palpi second joint blackish finely ribbed white, terminal white,

anteriorly blackish speckled white. Forewings rather narrow, costa

94 Mr. Edward Meyrick’s Descriptions of

faintly sinuate, posteriorly arched, apex rounded-obtuse, termen

obliquely rounded; iridescent light brownish-ochreous, more or less

irregularly mixed or wholly suffused grey except apical area, and

sprinkled dark fuscous; some irregular small spots of dark fuscous

suffusion anteriorly, and stigmata sometimes similarly indicated,

plical somewhat before first discal; costal edge more or less suffused

dark fuscous, sometimes more broadly towards subterminal line ;

an irregular tornal blotch of dark fuscous suffusion; an obtusely

angulated series of small irregular whitish dots from ? of costa to

tornus; a short praemarginal white dash before apex, a black dash

above it and two below it: cilia from brownish-ochreous to grey,

base within a dark grey subbasal line ochrecus-whitish, some

ochreous-whitish suffusion on tornus. Hindwings dark fuscous; in

g a large expansible grey hairpencil lying in submedian groove;

cilia grey, a darker subbasal line.

Brazit, Parintins, in October; PrERu, Jurimaguas,

Iquitos, March to May; seven specimens. Near anthracura.

Compsolechia phepsalitis, n. sp.

S. 10mm. Head, thorax grey, face whitish. Palpi second joint

dark grey finely ribbed white, terminal whitish, anteriorly dark

grey. Forewings rather narrow, costa almost straight, somewhat

arched posteriorly, apex rounded-obtuse, termen obliquely rounded ;

dark purplish-grey, suffused chestnut-brown in dise posteriorly; a

dark fuscous median streak from near base to 2, expanded downwards

into a blotch at }; stigmata cloudy, dark fuscous, plical rather before

first discal, second discal centred chestnut-brown; an oblique white

strigula from costa at 4, and two minute white dots above tornus;

a roundish blackish spot resting on costa near apex, adjacent beneath

this a moderate white dot and then a minute one: cilia dark grey,

base mixed dark fuscous. Hindwings dark fuscous; cilia fuscous,

darker towards base.

Brazit, Teffé, in January; one specimen.

Compsolechia drachmaea, n. sp.

32. 17-18 mm. Head, thorax grey, face whitish-grey. Palpi

second joint blackish finely ribbed white, terminal white, anteriorly

blackish speckled white. Forewings rather narrow, slightly dilated,

costa almost straight, arched posteriorly, apex obtuse, termen

nearly straight, somewhat cblique; rather dark violet-grey,

slightly whitish-speckled; dorsal area suffused blackish from near

base to near tornus; a fine rather irregular hardly curved whitish

line from beyond ? of costa to dorsum before tornus, a minute

tea

South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 95

whitish dash beyond this in middle; apical area dark brown, a

round black spot resting on costa near apex, adjoining this beneath

a large white dot, a blackish praeterminal dot beneath apex with

small adjacent white dots above and beneath and two other white

dots beneath it, but these four white dots sometimes obsolete : cilia

dark ashy-grey, basal and apical dark fuscous shades, at apex rather

prominent, beneath tornus whitish, Hindwings dark fuscous; cilia

grey, a darker subbasal line.

Brazit, Teffé, n January; five specimens,

Compsolechia rhombica, n. sp.

dg. 14mm. Head light grey, face suffused ochreous-whitish.

Palpi second joint blackish finely ribbed white, terminal white,

anteriorly blackish speckled white. Thorax light grey, a black spot

at posterior extremity. Forewings elongate, costa almost straight,

slightly bent at 4, apex obtuse, termen rounded, somewhat oblique ;

grey suffused whitish, beyond a line from before middle of costa to

i of dorsum ochreous-brown, two whitish spots obliquely placed in

dise on division; a black dot on base of costa; a thick blackish very

oblique curved streak from dorsum near base to disc near middle,

apex pointed; costal edge just before subterminal line blackish ;

a fine whitish line from 2 of costa to dorsum before tornus, acutely

angulated in middle, both halves slightly incurved, angle cut by a

fine blackish line from beyond middle of disc to termen; imme-

diately beyond this a rhomboidal blackish spot on costa extending

nearly to apex; short white praeterminal markings edging a black

subapical line, another above this and two below them: cilia

brownish, base white within a dark brown subbasal line, on costa

grey, rather prominent at apex, on tornus whitish. Hindwings dark

fuscous; cilia grey, a darker subbasal line.

Peru, Iquitos, in May; one specimen. Allied to

binotaiella.

Compsolechia pungens, n. sp.

39. 16-18 mm. Head, thorax light bronzy-fuscous, face paler.

Palpi second joint blackish finely ribbed white, terminal whitish,

anteriorly dark fuscous speckled white. Forewings elongate, slightly

dilated, costa slightly arched, somewhat bent at 3, apex obtuse,

termen slightly rounded, somewhat oblique ; fuscous, slightly speckled

whitish; a very oblique thick streak of dark brown suffusion from

dorsum at } reaching more than half across wing, limiting a basal

patch of ochreous-brown suffusion not reaching costa and edged

96 Mr. Edward Meyrick’s Descriptions of

above by a small cloudy spot of dark fuscous suffusion at base, and

an indistinct slender very oblique streak from costa near base to its

posterior extremity; a small obscurely darker spot in middle of disc ;

some brown suffusion along median area cf costa, terminated by a

suffused dark brown spot preceding subterminal line; a fine whitish

line from 3? of costa to dorsum before tornus, angulated in middle,

upper half incurved, lower straight or slightly dentate beneath angle,

a short dash projecting from angle towards a short black praeter-

minal dash; apical area light brownish, a thick ochreous-brown

marginal streak round posterior part of costa and termen, an oval

black spot lying in this above apex: cilia brownish, a dark cchreous-

brown subbasal line, extreme base whitish. Hindwings dark grey;

cilia grey, a darker subbasal shade.

Peru, Iquitos and R. Napo, March to May; three

specimens. Very near incurva (which I have also from

Santarem, Jurimaguas, and Iquitos), but certainly distinct ;

in tncurva the dark streak from dorsum at 1 is little oblique,

the enclosed basal area dark grey, the angle of subterminal

line not produced.

Compsolechia erebodelia, n. sp.

2. 17 mm, Head fuscous, face pale. Palpi whitish, second joint

finely ribbed dark fuscous, basal fourth dark fuscous, terminal joint

anteriorly dark fuscous minutely speckled whitish. Thorax fuscous,

posterior extremity blackish. Forewings elongate, slightly dilated,

costa almost straight, bent at #, apex obtuse, termen rather obliquely

rounded; brownish, slightly speckled whitish; a blackish dot on

base of costa; a rather irregular thick blackish transverse streak

from dorsum at } reaching 3 across wing; costa suffused dark

brown from middle to 2; a fine indistinct ochreous-whitish line

from ? of costa to dorsum before tornus, angulated in middle, both

halves incurved; a subtriangular black spot on costa before apex;

two small black dots before upper part of termen, connected with

subterminal line by very fine ochreous-whitish dashes: cilia whitish-

ochreous, a dark brownish antemedian line, outer half rather dark

brown on costa and upper part of termen. Hindwings dark grey;

cilia grey, a dark grey subbasal shade.

Peru, Jurimaguas, in March; one specimen.

Compsolechia tornoptila, n. sp.

dg. 18 mm. Head, thorax brownish-grey, apical half of patagia

brownish. Palpi dark grey, terminal joint posteriorly whitish.

South American Muicro-Lepidoptera. 97

(Abdomen missing.) Forewings elongate, costa gently arched,

apex obtuse, termen obliquely rounded; grey; an oblique streak

of brown suffusion from dorsum towards base reaching 3 across

wing; discal and dorsal areas suffused brownish from 4 to near

termen, a suffused dark brown streak from disc at } to termen

beneath apex, below this a paler area posteriorly, brown streaks on

veins 8-]] except towards costa: cilia brown. Hindwings dark

grey, paler towards base; cilia light brownish, a grey subbasal

shade, dorsal cilia forming a long expansible hairpencil.

Brazin, Teffé, in December; one specimen. Perhaps

allied to stasigasira; if so, the abdomen may be distinctively

coloured as in that species.

Compsolechia siasigastra, n. sp.

Pp I

6. 12 mm.; 9. 14 mm. Head ¢ whitish-ochreous, 2 greyish-

ochreous, face ochreous-whitish. Palpi ochreous-whitish, terminal

joint greyish anteriorly. Thorax light cchreous-greyish. Abdomen

base light ochreous, segments 2-5 blackish, remainder whitish-

ochreous. Forewings elongate, costa slightly arched, apex cbtuse,

termen slightly rounded, somewhat oblique; greyish-ochreous or

light fuscous, veins 8-11 obscurely darker-streaked; small dark

fuscous almost basal dots in middle and on dorsum; a very oblique

dark fuscous fasciate blotch from dorsum at } reaching more than

half across wing; an ill-defined blotch of fuscous suffusion occupying

dorsal half from near beyond this to tornus, darkest posteriorly ;

a very faint small spot of whitish-ochreous suffusion on costa at 4;

very indistinct small marginal dots of dark fuscous suffusion round

apex and termen: cilia grey, base within a dark fuscous shade

light ochreous. Hindwings ¢ grey, ? dark grey; cilia grey-whitish,

a light greyish subbasal shade becoming thickened and blackish on

lower part of termen towards tornus.

Brazit, Obidos, in August; two specimens.

Compsolechia loxogramma, nN. sp.

g- 12-13 mm. Head grey, face whitish-mixed. Palpi whitish,

second joint with suffused dark grey spot above towards apex,

terminal joint irrorated dark grey anteriorly. Thorax grey, some

variable small blackish spots anteriorly. Abdomen blackish-grey,

a whitish-ochreous praeapical band. Forewings narrow at base,

somewhat dilated, costa faintly sinuate, rather bent at 3, apex

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1922.—PaRTS I, II (JULY) H

98 Mr. Edward Meyrick’s Descriptions of

obtuse-pointed, termen rounded, somewhat oblique; leaden-grey ;

a blackish dot on base of costa; a blackish rather oblique streak

from base of dorsum not reaching costa; an angulated transverse

blackish streak at } sometimes variably interrupted; an ochreous

subcostal streak from near base to middle interrupted by this; a

blackish fascia from middle of costa to before middle of dorsum,

narrowed in dise and preceded by cchreous suffusion, broader to-

wards dorsum and followed on dorsum by a suffused white spot,

sometimes nearly obsolete; beyond this a short dark fuscous mark

in disc and one on fold; a triangular blotch of blackish suffusion

on dorsum about ?; a slightly irregular oblique whitish line from

costa at # to tornus, space between this and preceding forming a

fascia of pale yellow-ochreous suffusion; apical area beyond this

line wholly suffused blackish: cilia ashy-grey, two dark fuscous

shades. Hindwings dark fuscous; cilia grey, a dark fuscous

subbasal shade.

Brazit, Obidos, Parintins, August to October; nine

specimens.

Compsolechia neurophora, n. sp.

32. 18-19 mm. Head shining dark indigo-blue-fuscous, face

sufiused whitish-ochreous, supraorbital scales whitish-yellowish.

Palpi ochreous-whitish, terminal joint grey anteriorly. Thorax

dark purple-grey. Forewings elongate, costa slightly arched, apex

obtuse, termen rounded, rather oblique; deep purple, more or less

sprinkled grey-whitish, on posterior fourth of wing veins 3-7 marked

with light greyish streaks, 2 and 8 slightly indicated: cilia pale

purplish-bronzy, a grey subbasal shade. Hindwings dark fuscous;

cilia grey, a darker basal shade. ’

Brazit, Teflé, in December; four specimens.

Compsolechia dryocrossa, n. sp.

dg. 16-17 mm. Head, palpi, thorax fuscous, pale-speckled,

terminal joint of palpi ochreous-whitish posteriorly. Forewings

elongate, somewhat dilated, costa almost straight, rather bent at

4, apex obtuse, termen rounded, somewhat oblique; ochrecus-

fuscous, irrorated ochreous-whitish; costal edge fuscous from base

to ?; indistinct fuscous dots above fold near base and at }; stig-

mata very indistinct, cloudy, fuscous, discal approximated, plical

slightly before first discal; a very faint paler shade, hardly traceable,

from # of costa to tornus, indented above middle: cilia light

South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 99

ochreous-brown. Hindwings dark grey; cilia grey, a darker

basal line.

Brazit, Para, Parintins, in July and October; two

specimens.

COLEOSTOMA, N. g.

Head with appressed scales, sidetufts somewhat raised; ccelli

small, posterior; tongue developed. Antennae nearly 1, basal

joint moderately elongate, without pecten. Labial palpi very long,

recurved, second joint broadly thickened with dense scales, slightly

expanded at apex above, terminal joint as long as second, thickened

with dense scales roughly projecting posteriorly except at apex,

pointed. Maxillary palpi short, loosely scaled, appressed to tongue.

Posterior tibiae shortly rough-scaled above. Forewings 1b furcate,

2 from towards angle, 3 from before angle, 4 and 5 approximated,

7 and 8 stalked, 7 to costa, 11 from middle. Hindwings somewhat

over 1, trapezoidal-ovate, apex obtuse, termen faintly bisinuate,

cilia $; 3 and 4 connate, 5 approximated, 6 and 7 closely approx-

imated towards base.

Affinity rather uncertain, but perhaps allied to Comp-

soleciia, notwithstanding the different palpi.

Coleostoma entryphopa, n. sp.

9. 15 mm. Head light greyish, sidetufts dark fuscous. Palpi

deep ferruginous, second joint with three indistinct grey-whitish

rings, tip of terminal joint whitish. Thorax dark grey, shoulders

and a posterior spot suffused deep ferruginous. Forewings elongate,

costa gently arched anteriorly, then nearly straight, apex rounded,

termen rounded, somewhat oblique; light brownish-grey; base

narrowly dark ferruginous-fuscous, followed by slight whitish

suffusion ; an irregular ferruginous streak along dorsum; a triangular

ferruginous area, pointed anteriorly, extending along costa from

2 and gradually expanded to cover termen and tornus, marked

with a deeper ferruginous streak from below middle of its lower

edge to apex of wing, a minute white costal dot just before this:

cilia pale greyish-ochreous, basal half ferruginous, somewhat

prominent: at apex, on costa two ferruginous lines towards tips

indicating slight projecting hooks, a fine white strigula on praeapical

dot. Hindwings dark fuscous; cilia grey, a darker subbasal line,

some pale suffusion opposite apex.

Brazit, Obidos, in August; one specimen,

100 Mr. Edward Meyrick’s Descriptions of

STROBISIA Clem.

In the case of this genus, and also in the allied Zaliihia

and Helcystogramma, I find it impossible to rely on the

presence of vein 7 of forewings as a generic or even as a

specific character; in the typical species of Strobisia 7 and

8 are coincident, but in others (which for that reason I had

referred to Zalithia) they are stalked, and again in others

(as in subvectella Walk.) they are stalked or coincident

indiscriminately. A further variation of structure is

found in the palpi, of which the second joint is quite smooth

in typical Strobisia, but in other species (as described

below) loosely rough-scaled above; these species are,

however, so closely allied that they will not bear generic

separation. Hence I am constrained to find a more natural

separation between the genera in the proportional breadth

of the hindwings, which in Strobisia are about equal in

width to the forewings, whilst in Zalithia they are obviously

broader than the forewings; this definition allows all the

species with the characteristic blue-metallic markings of

Strobisia to be classed together. Similarly in Zalithia

walkert Wals. (of which I have a long series), an insect

of very different superficial character to the above, veins

7 and 8 are found either stalked or coincident with nearly

equal frequency.

Strobisia trissoxantha, n. sp.

9. 12-13 mm. Head glossy dark blue-grey. Palpi smooth,

orange-yellow, terminal joint dark grey. Thorax dark purple-

fuscous, with two orange stripes meeting behind. Forewings

elongate, apex obtuse, termen obliquely rounded; 7 absent; dark

purple-fuscous; a rather oblique orange streak from costa near

base not reaching dorsum; three moderate orange transverse

fasciae, first at +, marked with one or two dark dots, second beyond

middle, irregularly obliquely interrupted below middle, third

almost terminal, leaving a slender terminal streak on which are

three orange dots; alternating with these are three broad glossy

dark leaden fasciae occupying whole space except narrow irregular

streaks margining fasciae: cilia violet-grey, on termen outer half

yellow-whitish. Hindwings dark fuscous; cilia grey with darker

basal shade, towards tips whitish-grey on upper part of termen.

Peru, Jurimaguas, in March; Brazi, Teffé, in January ;

three specimens. Of quite peculiar facies, yet structurally

a typical Strobisia.

x |

South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 101

Swobisia helicopis, n. sp.

39. 12-13 mm. Head, thorax grey. Palpi second joint whitish-

grey, towards apex violet-grey, scales somewhat expanded towards

apex above, terminal joint whitish, anterior edge dark grey. Fore-

wings elongate, posteriorly dilated, apex rounded-obtuse, termen

nearly straight, somewhat oblique; blackish; extreme base grey;

a narrow irregular grey subbasal fascia, on costa metallic-blue ;

beyond this an irregular metallic-blue transverse line not reaching

costa; an oblique metallic-blue streak from a white dot on costa

at 2 to middle of wing; an irregular zigzag metallic-blue transverse

line at 2, not reaching costa; a nearly straight grey line from a

white dot on costa at 3 to dorsum at #; a pale iridescent-grey

marginal line round apex and termen, preceded by an irregular-

edged narrow metallic-blue fascia: cilia leaden-grey, at and above

apex with a white basal streak dilated upwards. Hindwings dark

fuscous; cilia white, a dark grey subapical patch, a dark fuscous

basal shade, on dorsum wholiy grey. Hindwings beneath with

white blotch on costa beyond middle.

Brazit, Para, Obidos, in July and August; Prrv,

Jurimaguas, in March; three specimens.

Strobisia spintheropis, n. sp.

39. 10-11 mm. Head, thorax dark bronzy-fuscous, face paler.

Palpi white speckled fuscous, anterior edge dark fuscous, scales of

second joint somewhat expanded above, termmal joint longer.

Forewings elongate, posteriorly dilated, apex obtuse-pointed,

termen sinuate beneath apex, somewhat oblique; dark bronzy-

fuscous; markings bright metallic-blue; discal and subdorsal dots

towards base, an oblique spot beneath costa at }; a dot beyond

apex of this, small subdorsal spots at middle and ?, and one in disc

between these, an oblique streak from costa in middle and a slen-

derer one at 3, and a dot in disc at $; a thick purple-metallic streak

along termen: cilia on costa dark fuscous with apical hook, on

termen white with dark fuscous subbasal line, on tornus grey.

Hindwings dark fuscous; cilia grey, tips whitish. Hindwings

beneath with slight whitish mark on middle of costa only.

Brazit, Parintins, in October; four specimens.

Zalithia caeligena, n. sp.

$9. 12-13 mm. Head, thorax deep blue, lower part of face in

$ ochreous-whitish, in @ bluish-grey. Palpi ochreous-whitish,

102 Mr. Edward Meyrick’s Descriptions of

terminal joint anteriorly suffused dark grey. Antennae deep

purple, a broad white subapical band. Forewings narrow, termen

rounded, rather strongly oblique; fulvous-orange; a deep blue

basal patch, limited by an oblique blackish streak from } of costa

to middle of dorsum, a spot of blackish suffusion on base of costa;

three light silvery-blue longitudinal streaks, first along costa from

before middle to 4, second in disc from about middle to near apex,

partially and variably edged with some blackish marking anteriorly

and in 9 also posteriorly, third beneath fold from basal patch to

tornus, edged blackish suffusion; in g a terminal fascia of deep

brown-reddish suffusion: cilia grey, base in g brown-reddish.

Hindwings dark fuscous; cilia grey, basal third darker.

Brazit, Parintins, Teffé, October to December; five

specimens.

Zalithia sacricola, n. sp.

$9. 12-13 mm. Head, thorax dark indigo-blue-grey, face

whitish. Palpi whitish, anteriorly and at apex of second joint

suffused dark grey. Forewings rather narrow, somewhat dilated,

termen slightly rounded, rather oblique; glossy dark indigo-blue-

leaden; an orange oblong blotch on dorsum beyond middle, upper

angles with rather diverging fasciate lobes not reaching costa,

posterior including a transverse-linear dark fuscous mark; an

angulated orange transverse line at 4, and narrow orange terminal

fascia, these sometimes suffused together or with anterior portion

in dise variably suffused with dark fuscous, sometimes dark fuscous

dots on marginal edge: cilia orange, base sometimes spotted dark

fuscous. Hindwings dark fuscous; cilia grey, a dark grey basal

shade.

Brazit, Teffé; Peru, Iquitos, Jurimaguas; December

to March, five specimens.

Zalithia rhodopetala, n. sp.

3. 15-16 mm. Head, thorax indigo-blue, face greyish. Palpi

grey, terminal joint bluish-tinged. Forewings narrow, slightly

dilated, termen rather obliquely rounded ; blackish; basal 2 suffused

dark blue except on costa; an incomplete narrowly transverse-oval

whitish ring before middle from beneath costa to below fold; a

narrow shining indigo-blue postmedian fascia not quite reaching

margins, expanded posteriorly towards dorsum, and an oval blotch

in disc at # not reaching margins; a triangular whitish spot on costa

at 4 followed by a small blackish spot and in one specimen sending

South American Micro-Leydoptera. 103

a fine whitish transverse line to dorsum before tornus, apical fifth

of wing beyond these markings forming a coppery-red blotch with

violet gloss: cilia grey, a white apical patch. Hindwings dark

fuscous; cilia grey, a dark fuscous subbasal shade.

Brazit, Obidos, Parintins, in September and October;

five specimens.

Zalithia ioploca, n. sp.

9. 15 mm. Head whitish-grey, face whitish. Palpi whitish-

violet, terminal joint longer than second, violet-grey anteriorly.

Thorax violet-grey. Forewings rather narrow, costa faintly sinuate

beyond middle, apex rounded, termen rounded, little oblique ;

violet-grey, on costal half anteriorly suffused sky-blue, extreme

costal edge whitish; subcostal, median, and plical orange lines

from base to near middle, and a line from base of median to apex

of subcostal; these terminated by an angulated dark grey bar in

middle of dise, edged orange and pale ochreous suffusion; posterior

area from near beyond this light ochreous suffused orange in disc,

towards dorsum anteriorly forming streaks on veins and tinged

crimson, including a dark ferruginous dot on end of cell, two short

oblique dark grey marks from costa before and beyond } and one

just above apex, a deep ferruginous transverse line at % edged

anteriorly by white marks below costa and below middle, and

limiting a deep ferruginous blotch extending along termen, becoming

purplish towards its middle (cilia imperfect), Hindwings dark

fuscous; cilia grey, a darker subbasal shade.

Brazit, Parintins, in October; one specimen.

Heleystogramma chalyburga, n. sp.

9.13 mm. Head, thorax fuscous. Palpi pale brownish-

ochreous, anterior edge of terminal joint ochreous-whitish finely

edged blackish. Forewings elongate, apex rounded-obtuse, termen

rounded, little oblique; brown; three shining dark blue-grey

fasciae finely edged blackish, first basal, occupying 4 of wing,

second moderate, rather irregular, from middle of costa to beyond

middle of dorsum, third subterminal, moderate, pointed beneath

and not quite reaching dorsum, costal end marked anteriorly with

a sinall white spot; dorsum between fasciae suffused dark fuscous ;

terminal area dark fuscous, a terminal series of minute blue-grey

dots: cilia grey, a darker basal shade. Hindwings dark fuscous ;

cilia whitish, a dark grey basal shade.

Braz, Para, in June; two specimens.

104 Mr. Edward Meyrick’s Descriptions of

Heleystogramma carycastis, n. sp.

dg. 10-12 mm. Head glossy grey, sidetufts tinged ferrugincus.

Palpi pale bronzy-grey. Thorax greyish-ferruginous, a white stripe

on outer side of patagia. Forewings rather narrow, apex obtuse,

termen slightly sinuate beneath apex, little oblique; deep ferru-

ginous-or red-brown; a white streak along fold from base to near

middle of wing, in one example marked at base with a short dark

grey streak; a streak of dark fusccus suffusion along dorsum

throughout, in one example extending to white streak; two light

metallic-grey fasciae edged blackish, first from middle of costa, at

first very broad and extended as a slender whitish streak to base,

rapidiy narrowed to dorsal suffusion at 2, finely white-edged an-

teriorly except towards costa, and more strongly posteriorly

expanding into a triangular white costal spot, second at 4, narrow,

constricted in middle, irregularly white-edged, forming a white

spot beneath costa posteriorly; costal edge towards apex white;

a light metallic-grey triangular spot on termen below middle, and

a slight mark at apex: cilia glossy grey, a ferruginous subbasal line.

Hindwings dark grey; cilia grey, a darker subbasal shade.

Brazit, R. Trombetas, in September; British Gurana,

Bartica, in February; two specimens. ‘This species shows

some interesting affinity with Australian forms of the genus.

TAPHROSARIS, 0. g.

Head with broad appressed scales; tongue developed. An-

tennae #, in ¢ strongly ciliated, basal joint elongate,-subclavate,

without pecten. Labial palpi very long, recurved, basal joint

enlarged and much thickened with dense scales, second joint very

long, broad, smooth, on inner side hollowed throughout inte a deep

trough filled with a long dense expansible hairpencil, terminal joint

extremely short, filiform. Maxillary palpi very short, filiform,

appressed to tongue. Posterior tibiae rough-scaled above. Fore-

wings 2 and 3 stalked, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to apex, 11 from middle.

Hindwings over 1, trapezoidal-ovate, termen hardly sinuate, cilia

#; 3 and 4 connate, 5 somewhat approximated, 6 and 7 stalked.

Allied to Pachysaris.

Taphrosaris malthaeopa, n. sp.

6: 20 mm. Head grey. Palpi dark purple-grey, expansible

hairpencil whitish. Antennal ciliations 2}. Thorax ashy-grey.

South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 105

Forewings elongate, costa gently arched, apex reunded-obtuse,

termen rounded, somewhat oblique; rather dark violet-ashy-grey ;

an irregular transverse blackish blotch in disc before middle, some-

times divided into two, upper half somewhat mixed brown, lower ~

half occupied except lateral margins by a brownish-cchreous spot ;

two blackish dots transversely placed on end of cell, sometimes some

pale yellowish scales between these: cilia grey. Hindwings rather

dark grey; cilia grey.

Brazit, Teffé, in January; Frencu Guiana, R. Maroni;

two specimens.

Pachysaris contrita, n. sp.

3.19 mm. Head light grey, sidetufts roughly raised, whitish-

ochreous. Palpi dark purple-grey, expanded hairs very dense,

light grey. Thorax dark iron-grey. Forewings elongate, costa

gently arched, apex rounded, termen rounded, rather oblique;

dark iron-grey; stigmata small, dark fuscous, plical beneath first

discal, an additional dot beneath second discal: cilia dark grey. °

Hindwings rather light grey, scales farinose, a darker grey streak

along upper part of termen; a short basal pecten of whitish-

ochreous scales on 1b, and slight one on lower margin of cell; cilia

grey.

Brazit, Para, in July; British Guiana, Mallali, in

March; two specimens.

PROPHORAULA, DN. g.

Head with appressed scales; ccelli small, posterior; tongue

developed. Antennae #, in 3 moderately ciliated, basal joint

elongate, without pecten. Labial palpi extremely long, straight,

porrected, second joint extremely long, rough-scaled above through-

out with scales longer towards base, and beneath on posterior half

with rough projecting scales becoming longer towards apex, ter-

minal joint very short, filiform, pointed, almost concealed in scales

of sccond. Maxillary palpi obsolete. Posterior tibiae rough-

haired above and beneath. Forewings 1b furcate, 2 and 3 stalked

from angle, 7 absent, 8 and 9 stalked, 11 from beyond middle.

Hindwings I, trapezoidal, termen slightly sinuate, cilia 2; 3 and

4 connate, 5 somewhat approximated, 6 and 7 short-stalked.

Probably a development of Noeza,

106 Mr. Edward Meyrick’s Descriptions of

Prophoraula pyrrhopis, n. sp.

52. 12-16 mm. Head, palpi, thorax ferruginous-orange, palpi

in g irrorated dark ferruginous. Forewings elongate, posteriorly

slightly dilated, costa somewhat arched posteriorly, apex rounded-

obtuse, termen rounded, somewhat oblique; ferruginous-orange,

in 3 sprinkled ferruginous and costa suffused ferruginous: cilia

concolorous. Hindwings ¢ dark fuscous, towards base more or

less variably suffused orange, 9 greyish-crange; cilia ¢ grey,

sometimes partially suffused dull orange, 9 light ochreous-orange.

Brazit, Parintins, Teffé, October to December; four

specimens.

Noeza gyralea, n. sp.

2. 10 mm. Head ochreous-whitish, crown sufiused light grey.

Palpi whitish, second joint with dark blue-grey lateral streak, above

with long rough whitish hairs throughout, at apex with ochreous-

yellow tuft, terminal joint with blackish subbasal band and fine

anterior line on upper half. Thorax violet-grey. Forewings

elongate, costa slightly sinuate, apex rounded off, termen rounded,

little oblique; deep purple; two red longitudinal lines beneath

costa from base to $; two pairs of short fine orange-reddish lines

in disc beneath these ; 8-shaped blotches irregularly and interrupted!y

outlined ferruginous-ochreous in dise before and beyond middle,

first connected by suffused marks with costa and dorsum; a curved

ferruginous-ochreous subterminal line traversed by four streaks

on veins; a ferruginous-ochreous marginal streak round posterior

part of costa and termen: cilia ochreous, a deep purple basal shade.

Hindwings blackish-grey; cilia grey, a dark grey basal shade.

Brazit, Manaos, in November; one specimen. Allied

to zachroa.

TRICHOTAPHE, Clem.

Lord Walsingham (Biol. Centr. Amer., iv, 90) unfortun-

ately merged this genus in Dichomeris, on the ground that

the range of variation in the structure of the palpi makes it

impossible (he should have said difficult) to draw any

dividing line. There are, however, other points of struc-

tural difference between ligulella and setosella, the two

generic types, and in particular the former insect has a

strong cubital pecten of hairs in the hindwings, the latter

has none. <A separation by this character appears to give

South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 107

results in accordance with natural relationships, and I

propose to maintain it accordingly.

Trichotaphe semicuprata, n. sp.

gd. 14 mm. Head, thorax leaden-grey, face whitish. Palpi

ochreous-whitish, second joint with scales roughly expanded

towards apex above, mixed dark grey with bluish reflections,

terminal joint with subbasal band and upper part of anterior edge

dark fuscous. Forewings rather narrow, termen rounded, rather

strongly oblique; dark violet-grey; a fine yellowish supramedian

line from base to }, and two slight yellow marks between apex of

this and costa; a moderate blackish fascia before middle not reach-

ing dorsum; a coppery-brown-reddish patch occupying nearly

apical half of wing, edged anteriorly ochreous-whitish towards

costa: cilia fuscous, basal third coppery-reddish, apical third

fuscous-whitish. Hindwings dark fuscous; cilia dark grey, basal

third dark fuscous,

Perv, Jurimaguas, in March; one specimen.

Trichotaphe porphyrogramma Meyr.

of. 11-13 mm. Palpi second joint with whitish lateral streak,

terminal somewhat shorter than second. Forewings pale ochreous,

costa, dorsum, and all veins slenderly streaked deep purple, between

these ground-colour red towards costa on anterior half, suffused

dark ferruginous-brown on posterior third and narrowly along

dorsum; dark ferruginous-fuscous pale-edged rather oblique

transverse blotches in disc before and beyond middle, posterior

narrower: cilia whitish, base within a dark fuscous antemedian

shade suffused ferruginous-ochreous, on costa beyond this grey.

British GUIANA, Bartica, Mallali, December to February ;

Brazit, Para, Obidos, Parintins, July to October; Prru,

Jurimaguas, Iquitos, in March; fourteen specimens.

The original description included examples of other species

confused together, and is therefore corrected as above;

six of the original examples are included in it. The discal

blotches are characteristic and constant.

Trichotaphe habrochitona Wals.

If I have correctly identified this species from the

description and figure, the male has the costa of forewings

108 Mr. Edward Meyrick’s Descriptions of

strongly folded over beneath on anterior half, concealing

a patch of modified ochreous scales; in one specimen

this fold is expanded, curiously modifying the shape of

wing; this structure is not mentioned by the author,

but would be easily overlooked. I have the species from

Teffé and Bartica.

Trichotaphe euparypha, n. sp.

9. 11 mm. Head blue-grey, sidetufts yellowish-tinged. Palpi

second joint pale violet, tip whitish, scales somewhat expanded

above at apex, terminal joint as long as second, dark purple, upper

2 posteriorly whitish, Thorax dark grey. Forewings rather

narrow, termen obliquely rounded; deep blue-purple; basal third

with 3 or 4 light ochreous longitudinal streaks more or less expressed ;

transverse dark fuscous blotches in disc before and beyond middle,

more or less edged orange-yellowish; an orange streak on posterior

part of fold more or less expressed; posterior area from sccond

discal blotch to termen orange, with more or less developed dark

fuscous streaks on veins, and a variable dark fuscous apical blotch

extending over most of termen: cilia white, on costa and tornus

greyish, base orange within a dark fuscous antemedian shade. Hind-

wings dark fuscous; cilia grey, a dark fuscous basal shade.

Peru, Jurimaguas, in March; two specimens.

Trichotaphe aurisuicata, n. sp.

$2. 11-12 mm. Head pale ochreous tinged grey, face more

whitish. Palpi second joint greyish-violet, apex white, scales

somewhat expanded at apex above, ochreous-yellowish, terminal

joint as long as second, white, anterior edge and lower half dark

violet-grey. Thorax dark violet-grey, obscure cchreous streaks

on each side of back. Forewings rather narrow, termen obliquely

rounded; dark violet-fuscous, costa bluer-tinged; variable more or

less expressed ochreous-yellow or orange streaks between veins,

sometimes only slightly indicated, ene along fold sometimes strong ;

a roundish dark fuscous blotch in dise before middle, and sub-

oblique transverse blotch at 2, these sometimes partially edged

orange or in one specimen wholly orange; terminal edge crange :

cilia white, basal third orange, limited by a dark fusccus shade

sometimes obsolete. Hindwings dark fuscous; cilia grey, darker

towards base.

Brazit, Parintins, in October; five specimens.

South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 109

Trichotaphe cyanoneura, nN. sp.

59. 14-15 mm. Head whitish-ochrecus. Palpi second joint

pale violet, apex white, towards apex above with long rough yellow-

ochreous hairs, terminal joint as long as second, white, anterior

edge and a subbasal band deep violet. Thorax pale ochreous

tinged ferruginous, patagia violet. Forewings rather narrow,

termen rather obliquely rounded; dark chocolate-brown; costa

and veins on costal area streaked deep violet-blue, extreme costal

edge whitish; dorsal edge and veins towards dorsum less distinctly

streaked violet-grey; median third from base to termen variably

streaked or suffused light ochreous-yellowish, leaving darker oval

spots of ground colour in disc before and beyond middle : cilia white,

basal third light red-brownish, on costa greyish with dark grey

basal shade. Hindwings rather dark grey; cilia light grey, darker

towards base.

Brazit, Para, Obidos, July to September; Bririsu

Guana, Mallali, in March; eight specimens.

Trichotaphe retracta, n. sp.

69. 13-14 mm. Head, thorax light grey, tips of seales pale

greyish-ochreous. Palpi second joint dark grey speckled whitish,

scales roughly triangularly expanded above towards apex, terminal

joint whitish, anteriorly dark grey. Forewings elongate, costa,

slightly arched, apex obtuse, termen rather obliquely rounded;

rather dark grey, more or less suffusedly irrorated whitish-ochreous ;

a blackish-fuscous flattened-triangular spot above fold towards

base, and a rather oblique rhomboidal blotch in disc before middle

united by a suffused streak along fold; two faint darker dots trans-

versely placed on end of cell; a dark terminal fascia formed by

absence of pale irroration, limited by an obscure pale line from }

of costa to dorsum before tornus, obtusely angulated near costa:

cilia grey, a basal series of whitish-ochreous dots, Hindwings

grey; cilia light grey.

Brazit, Obidos, in August and September; four speci-

mens. Quite close to the North American setosella, but

smaller, discal dots faint (always strong in sefosella), and

subterminal line as it approaches costa bent inwards,

whereas in setosella it slopes outwards.

Trichotaphe fulvicilia, n. sp.

6. 16-17 mm. Head ochreous-whitish tinged grey. Palpi

second joint dark grey slightly speckled whitish, with long rough

110 Mr. Edward Meyrick’s Descriptions of

projecting scales above towards and at apex, terminal joint white,

anterior edge black. Antennal ciliations 2. Thorax whitish-

ochreous more or less tinged grey dorsally. Forewings elongate,

costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen rounded, somewhat

oblique; pale ochreous, thinty speckled dark brown; a rather

broad ill-defined streak of dark brown suffusion beneath middle

from base of dorsum to termen beneath apex; a slender suffused

dark brown streak along costa from middie to near apex; a dark

fuscous terminal interrupted line or series of dots: cilia light fulvous.

Hindwings grey; cilia light grey.

Brazit, Manaos, in November; six specimens.

Trichotaphe formulata, n. sp.

9. 18 mm. Head pale lilac-fuscous, face whitish-tinged. Palpi

second joint dark fuscous, triangularly expanded above and at apex

with long rough scales, apical edge whitish, terminal joint longer,

whitish, anterior edge dark fuscous. Thorax fuscous. Forewings

elongate-oblong, termen rather obliquely rounded; extreme costal

edge ochreous-whitish from + to 2; a blackish dot on base of costa;

stigmata small, dark fuscous, with adjacent whitish dots posteriorly,

plical beneath first discal: cilia fuscous. Hindwings dark fuscous ;

cilia grey, a darker basal shade.

Brazit, Parintins, in October; two specimens.

Dichomeris plexigramma, n. sp.

392. 18-20mm. Head, thorax pale ochreous, sometimes sprinkled

fuscous. Palpi second joint pale ochreous sprinkled dark fuscous,

with loose rough expansible long hairscales above, beneath, and at

apex, terminal joint shorter, ochreous-whitish, anterior edge dark

fuscous. Forewings elongate, costa anteriorly gently arched,

faintly sinuate beyond middle, apex obtuse, termen obliquely

rounded; pale ochreous, variably streaked dark brown suffusion

between veins, more strongly in disc and forming oblique wedge-

shaped streaks in cell; sometimes a pale shade near and parallel to

termen : cilia pale ochreous suffused brownish, round apex suffused

dark brown. Hindwings dark grey; cilia grey.

Brazit, Obidos, Tefié; Peru, Iquitos; Brirish Guiana,

Bartica; FRencn Guiana, R. Maroni; August to March,

eight specimens.

South American Micro-Lepidoptera. EEL

Dichomeris thaipodes, n. sp.

62. 12-13 mm. Head pale ochreous, sides suffused orange.

Palpi orange, second joint with roughly expanded hairs towards

apex above, terminal joint somewhat shorter, tip blackish. Thorax

ferruginous-orange. Forewings elongate, costa anteriorly gently

arched, then nearly straight, apex obtuse, termen rounded, somewhat

oblique; orange, indistinctly and suffusedly streaked ferruginous

on veins, broader streaks of deep ferruginous suffusion along dorsum

and posterior ? of costa, some streaks of deep ferruginous suffusion

in cell; rather irregular dark reddish-fuscous marginal dots round

apex and termen: cilia orange variably mixed ferruginous. Hind-

wings dark grey; cilia grey, round apex suffused light ferruginous-

ochreous.

Brazit, Para; Peru, R. Napo; May to July, four

specimens.

Dichomeris stratigera, n. sp.

6. 14mm. Head whitish-ochreous slightly infuscated on crown,

sides ferruginous. Palpi second joint long, yellow-ochreous,

triangularly expanded above with ferruginous hairscales and with

similar projecting scales at apex, terminal joint much shorter,

whitish, anterior edge irregularly blackish. Thorax dorsally dark

fuscous edged deep ferruginous, patagia lilac, shoulders ferruginous.

Forewings rather narrow, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen

very obliquely rounded; pale purplish-lilac, a streak of ochreous-

yellow suffusion beneath costa from base to near middle; a dark

fuscous streak occupying dorsal 2 of wing throughout, its upper

portion marked with a thick deep ferruginous streak from base

to middle, where it forms a short triangular prominence upwards;

second discal stigma ferrugincus; a faint pale curved subterminal

line edged ferruginous posteriorly: cilia pale ochreous suffusedly

spotted ferruginous, tips pale grey on termen. Hindwings dark

grey; cilia grey. :

Brazit, Parintins, in October; one specimen.

Dichomeris prensans, n. sp.

gf. 12-13 mm. Head, thorax rather dark fuscous. Palpi second

joint long, rather dark fuscous or brownish, somewhat whitish-

speckled, above with long rough hairscales projecting roughly

at apex, terminal joint shorter, whitish, with three obscure blackish-

grey bands. Antennae 3 with strong sinuate notch above basal

112 Mr. Edward Meyrick’s Descriptions of

joint. Forewings rather narrow, costa slightly arched, apex obtuse,

termen obliquely rounded; brownish-ochreous, often violet-tinged,

sometimes obscurely strigulated ferruginous-brown; a streak of

dark brown suffusion along costa from base to 2; dorsal half suffused

dark violet-brownish, variably mixed or strigulated dark ferruginous-

fuscous, stigmata sometimes perceptible as ferruginous-brown spots,

plical beyond first discal; a variable irregular narrow terminal

fascia of dark brown suffusion: cilia ferreginous-ochreous, a darker

subbasal interrupted line. Hindwings dark grey; cilia grey.

Brazit, Para, Parintins, Manaos; Peru, Iquitos;

British Guiana, Bartica; July to March, twenty-six

specimens. Very similar to zomias, but smaller and darker,

and in that species the costa is not broadly suffused dark

brown, and the antennae of male have no basal notch;

when the stigmata are perceptible, the plical is before

first discal, instead of beyond it.

Dichomeris acrolyehna, n. sp.

6. 9-11 mm. Head, thorax rather dark fuscous. Palpi

second joint rather dark fuscous, pale-speckied, above with long

rough hairscales projecting at apex, terminal joint whitish, anterior

edge dark fuscous. Antennae ¢ with sinuate notch just above

basal joint. Forewings rather narrow, costa slightly arched, apex

obtuse, termen rounded, rather oblique; rather dark ashy-fuscous,

obscurely whitish-speckled; stigmata dark fuscous or ferruginous-

brown, plical somewhat beyond first discal; a curved dark ferru-

ginous-brown subterminal shade sometimes perceptible: cilia

grey, round apex and upper part of termen ferruginous-yellowish,

with black basal line. Hindwings dark grey; cilia grey.

Brazit, Para, June, July; nine specimens. Allied to

preceding.

Dichomeris thalamopa, n. sp.

9.10 mm. Head, thorax deep blue-purple. Palpi dark purple-

fuscous, second joint with scales slightly expanded above near

before whitish apex, terminal joint whitish except anterior edge

and a basal band. Forewings elongate, costa gently arched, apex

obtuse, termen obliquely rounded; glossy deep purple; a small

orange mark surrounded with black towards costa near base; a

slightly curved irregular black antemedian fascia edged each side

with orange black-edged lines; apical area wholly blackish beyond

an orange transverse line at 4 making a strong rounded loop inwards

South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 113

in dise, its costal edge whitish: cilia dark purplish-grey. Hind-

wings dark fuscous; cilia grey, a darker basal line.

Braziv, Teffé, in January; one specimen.

Dichomeris ptilocompa, n. sp.

39. 9-11 mm. Head, thorax grey. Palpi second joint dark

grey, in § with very long expansible fringe of hairs above, in 9 scales

triangularly expanded towards apex, terminal joint whitish, anterior

edge and a subbasal band dark fuscous. Antennae ¢ basal joint

with large blackish apical scale-tuft. Forewings elongate, costa

gently arched, apex obtuse, termen obliquely rounded; leaden-grey ;

a moderate slightly oblique blackish fascia before middle, not reach-

ing costa, edged ochreous-yellow; a small round dark fuscous spot

edged ochreous-yellow on end of cell, well separated from following

fascia; a broad blackish fascia from ? of costa to tornus, anteriorly

edged by a rather oblique ochreous-yellow line indented in middle;

subconfluent triangular blackish marginal dots round apex and

termen, separated anteriorly by ochreous-whitish or yellowish dots:

cilia grey, a basal yellowish or ochreous-whitish shade round apex

and upper part of termen. Hindwings dark grey; cilia grey, a

darker subbasal shade.

Braz, Teffé; Peru, Jurimaguas; December to March,

seven specimens. Very like swmpiella, but margins of

markings yellower and discal spot well separated from

posterior fascia; ¢ also immediately recognised by antennal

tuft (not present in swmptella), and much longer hairs of

palpi.

Dichomeris subdentata, n. sp.

3. 10 mm. Head, thorax grey, face whitish-tinged. Palpi

second joint dark grey, with very long expansible fringe of grey

hairs above, terminal joint whitish, anterior edge and a subbasal

band dark fuscous. Antennae basal joint with large blackish

apical scale-tuft and acute horny tooth beneath this. Forewings

elongate, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen obliquely

rounded; leaden-grey; a triangular blackish finely white-edged

blotch from dorsum before middle, nearly reaching costa; a round

blackish finely white-edged spot in dise touching posterior fascia ;

a broad blackish fascia from } of costa to tornus, edged anteriorly

by a fine white hardly oblique line; an irregular blackish marginal

line round apex and termen preceded by a white line: cilia grey,

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1922.—PARTS I, I. (JULY) I

114 Mr. Edward Meyrick’s Descriptions of

base dotted white, a white patch on costa before apex. Hindwings

dark grey; cilia grey, a darker subbasal line.

Brazit, Santarem, in August; one specimen. Allied

to preceding, with similar antennal tuft, but horny tooth

additional ; markings edged white, not yellow, discal

spot adjacent to fascia as in sumptella, pointed anterior

blotch characteristic.

Dichomeris ellipsias, n. sp.

3: 11mm. Head, thorax grey. Palpi second joint dark fuscous,

scales somewhat expanded above near apex, terminal joint rather

shorter, whitish, anterior edge dark fuscous. Forewings elongate,

costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen rounded, rather oblique;

rather dark grey; a rather oblique transverse elliptical blackish

blotch at 4, yellowish-edged, nearly reaching dorsum, not nearly

reaching costa; a round blackish yellowish-edged spot in dise

before 2; a moderately broad blackish fascia from }$ of costa to

tornus, anteriorly edged by a yellow-ochreous line indented in middle ;

triangular blackish marginal dots round apex and termen, separated

anteriorly with ochreous-whitish: cilia light grey mixed whitish-

ochreous. Hindwings dark grey; cilia grey, a darker basal line.

Peru, Iquitos, in May; one specimen.

Dichomeris thesmiopa, n. sp.

3. 12 mm. Head, thorax grey, an ochreous-whitish stripe on

patagia. Palpi second joint grey, strongly thickened with dense

projecting scales above, anterior edge ochreous-whitish, terminal

joint whitish, a dark fuscous line on each side, inner interrupted.

Anal tuft pale yellow-ochreous. Forewings elongate, slightly

dilated, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen rounded, some-

what oblique; violet-grey; a transverse-oval blackish blotch,

finely edged white, resting on middle of dorsum and reaching 3

across wing, anterior edge prominent in middle, lower part of blotch

occupied except margins by a light grey irregular spot; a large

black finely white-edged dot in disc at 2; a fine slightly curved line

of whitish irroration from a wedgekhaped white mark on costa at

+ to dorsum before tornus; a marginal series of white dots edged

blackish terminally round posterior part of costa and termen : cilia

grey. Hindwings rather dark grey; cilia grey.

Braztiu, Obidos, in September; one specimen.

South American Micro-Lepidoptera. BID

Dichomeris procyphodes, n. sp.

32. 15-16 mm. Head, thorax rather dark fuscous, face whitish-

suffused. Palpi second joint rather dark brownish, triangularly

expanded with rough scales above projecting round apex, terminal

joint whitish, anterior edge and a basal band dark fuscous. Fore-

wings elongate, on anterior half much wider and with costa rather

strongly arched, posteriorly narrowed and with costa slightly sinuate,

apex rounded, termen rounded, somewhat oblique; rather dark

purple, paler towards costa anteriorly; a dorsal streak of dark

ferruginous-brown suffusion from near base to beyond middie;

an oblique rather dark brown streak in middle of disc; a dark

ferruginous-brown costal streak from 2 to apex, attenuated anteriorly,

on posterior half suffused beneath and with extreme costal edge

whitish, anteriorly better defined by a streak of whitish-grey-

ochreous suffusion; an indistinct small dark brownish spot on end

of cell, wing beyond this irregularly suffused brownish; a faint

pale curved dentate subterminal line, edged posteriorly darker

suffusion; a dark ferruginous-fuscous marginal line round apex and

termen: cilia short, whitish, barred fuscous. Hindwings grey,

darker posteriorly; cilia whitish-grey, a darker subbasal shade.

Brazin, Parintins, in October; two specimens.

Dichomeris miltephragma, n. sp.

39. 13-16 mm. Head grey, sides suffused ferruginous. Palpi

ferruginous, second joint with expansion of scales above near apex,

terminal joint as long as second, tip whitish, a dark fuscous sub-

apical band. Thorax grey, shoulders narrowly ferruginous.

Forewings broader anteriorly and with costa strongly arched from

base to beyond middle, then narrower with costa nearly straight,

apex rounded-obtuse, termen rounded, little oblique; leaden-grey ;

three oblique vermillion-red blotches edged dark brown-red and

then whitish, first on base of dorsum, second from beneath costa

at 4 to near middle of dorsum, third traversing disc at 3; an irregular-

edged ferruginous line margined pale ochreous running round

posterior 2 of costa and termen: cilia ferruginous. Hindwings

dark grey; cilia grey, a darker basal shade.

BraziL, Para, Obidos, Parintins, July to October; PERu,

Jurimaguas, in March; seven specimens.

LIOCLEPTA, N. g.

Head smooth, sidetufts slightly raised; ocelli posterior; tongue

developed. Antennae 3, in 3 stout, simple, basal joint elongate,

116 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Descriptions of Micro-Lepidoptera.

without pecten. Labial palpi moderately long, recurved, second

joint with scales roughly tufted at apex beneath, terminal joint

somewhat shorter than second, slender, pointed. Maxillary palpi

very short, filiform, appressed to tongue. Posterior tibiae clothed

with long rough hairs above. Forewings 16 short-furecate, 2 from

towards angle, 7 to costa, 8 and 9 out of 7, 11 from beyond middle.

Hindwings somewhat under 1, trapezoidal, termen slightly sinuate,

cilia #; 3 and 4 stalked, 5 absent, 6 and 7 stalked.

Intermediate between Thrypsigenes and Deoclona;

these genera probably belong to the Lecithocera group.

Lioclepta complanata, n. sp.

39. 13-14mm. Head, thorax whitish-ochreous. Palpi cchreous-

whitish, second joint minutely grey-speckled except apex. Fore-

wings elongate, costa gently arched, apex obtuse-pointed, termen

slightly rounded, rather strongly oblique; pale ochreous or whitish-

ochreous, greyish-sprinkled, costa sometimes yellower posteriorly :

cilia whitish-ochreous. Hindwings whitish-yellowish; cilia yellow-

whitish.

Peru, Jurimaguas, in March; two specimens.

Athrinacia cosmophragma, n. sp.

32. 9-10 mm. Head grey, sides ochreous-whitish. Palpi

ochreous-whitish. Thorax grey, more or less developed ochreous-

whitish stripes on sides of back and shoulders. Antennae 1. Fore-

wings elongate, costa slightly arched, apex obtuse, termen obliquely

rounded; 11 from # of cell; lilac-grey; markings strongly outlined

pale yellow edged blackish, and filled in with ground colour speckled

blackish; a slightly curved elongate-oval blotch extending from

base just beneath costa to 1 of dorsum; transverse fasciae slightly

before middle and at 2 (yellow-margined all round); a narrow pale

yellowish fascia, inwards-angulated in middle, from costa towards

apex to tornus ; some blackish marginal marks round apex and termen

surrounded with pale yellowish: cilia light lilac-grey. Hindwings

grey; cilia light grey.

Brazit, Para, June, July; six specimens. This is

certainly referable to Athrinacia Wals., of which it possesses

the characteristic neuration and facies; in the typical

species, however (which I have not seen), the antennae

are described as +, and vein 11 is figured as rising from the

middle. The genus is probably related to the Lecithocera

group.

aah ene

IV. Notes on the Orthoptera in the British Museum.

2. The group of Calliptamini.* By B. P. Uvarov,

FES.

[Read December 7th, 1921.]

PuateE I,

THE re-arranging of the group Calliptamini of the British

Museum collection proved to be a very difficult task,

because the only revision of this group,f though a com-

paratively recent one, 1s In many respects unsatisfactory,

the whole system adopted in it being based on purely

superficial characters, while a number of species are left

out. A more detailed study of morphological characters

and especially of the structure of the external genitalia

enabled me to clear up, to a certain extent, the generic

classification of the group and to establish a system which

seems to be more or less natural. As.this my work, how-

ever, is nothing more than an annotated list of species

contained in the British Museum, and by no means a

revision of the group, I did not try to study all the types

in other Museums, and have left many questions, not

definitely settled, for the future monographer of this

extremely interesting group.

Besides the British Museum materials, I included in this

paper also some species from the Hope Department,

University Museum, Oxford; {am much obliged to Prof,

HK. B. Poulton for the loan of the specimens.

KEY TO THE GENERA.

1, (17) Supra-anal plate of the male elongato-triangulare, much

longer than broad. Male cerci horizontal, much longer

than the supra-anal plate, strongly laminato-compressed,

' incurved, with a rounded apical lobe and 1-2 small teeth

below it.

* See Trans, Ent. Soc. London, 1921, pp. 106-144.

{ Revision y estudio del grupo Calopteni, par A. Martinez y

Fernandez.—Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., xxx, pp. 253-309; 1902.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1922.—PaRTS I, I. (JULY)

118 Mr. B. P. Uvarov’s Notes on

10,

13.

(3) Pronotum strongly constricted before the middle, with the

lateral keels angulato-inflexed. . . . <Acorypha Krauss.

. (2) Pronotum without any constriction before the middle, with

the lateral keels (when developed) more or less parallel

and straight or convex.

. (6) Body strongly depressed and coarsely rugose. Fastigium

of vertex very broad, flat. Pronotum with the metazona

much longer than the prozona, and the hind angle long.

Prosternal tubercle in the shape of a transverse lamina,

truncate at the apex. Hind femora enormously dilated,

with the upper outer field strongly granose, and the

upper carina strongly serrate. Male cerci with one sub-

apical. tooth: i s+).% . . . . Brachyxenia Kirby.

. (5) Body distinctly sapere laterally, smooth or scarcely

rugose. Fastigium of the vertex narrow, more or less

impressed. Pronotum with the metazona subequal to the

prozona, or even shorter; its hind angle not elongate.

Prosternal tubercle not laminate.

. (14) Elytra and wings developed or only shortened.

. (13) Male cerci with only one subapical tooth.

. (10) Pronotum with the disc convex, lateral keels obliterate

and the middle keel scarcely perceptible. Hind femora

very broad and short. . . . . . Sphodromerus Stal.

(9) Pronotum with the disc practically flat, the middle keel

distinct and the lateral keels more or less distinct.

(12) Lateral keels of the pronotum irregular, feebly divergent

backwards. Hind femora distinctly dilated. .Hind tibiae

with inner spurs subequal. . . . . . . Kripa Kirby.

. (11) Lateral keels of pronotum straight, distinctly, or even

strongly divergent backwards. Hind femora not more

dilated than it is normal for the group. Hind tibiae with

the lower inner spur much longer than the upper one.

Caloptenopsis Bal.

(8) Male cerci with two subapical teeth. Disc of the pronotum

practically flat, all three keels distinct, the lateral ones

straight, somewhat divergent backwards. Inner spurs of

the hind tibiae subequal to each other. . Calliptamus Serv.

. (7) Elytra lateral, wings not developed.

. (16) Frontal ridge flat. Pronotum very obtusely emarginate

beltind sis eer. hese . . . . Paracaloptenus Bol.

. (15) Frontal ridge suleate. Prosatun obtusangulate behind.

Peripolus M. Fern.

. (1) Supra-anal plate of the male broad, transverse, or scarcely

longer than broad; its hind margin truncate, or rotundato-

18.

Uis)-

26.

28.

29.

30.

31.

(31)

(30

—

the Orihoptera vn the British Museum. 19

truncate with a small projection in the middle. Male

cerci oblique, or vertical, of very different shape, but never

armed with a tooth near the apex.

Pronotum not constricted before the middle, with the

median keel not or moderately elevated.

Median keel of the pronotum distinct; lateral keels more

or less distinct.

Male cerci oblique or vertical, hook-shaped, or recurved

or foliaceous, always many times as long as broad, never

denticulate on the lower margin.

Elytra and wings developed, or simply shortened; male

cerci not foliaceous.

Male cerci vertical, hook-shaped.

Male supra-anal plate with a transverse row of four

chitinous tubercles about its middle.

Hind femora strongly incrassate, especially in the male;

their lower carina practically straight from the base up

to beyond the middle, where it is obtusangularly bent.

Hind tibiae in the male distinctly curved. Prosternal

tubercle conical or narrowed towards the obtuse apex.

Elytra and wings shortened; the wings coloured.. Male

cerci compressed laterally and dilated towards the apex.

Amblyphymus, gen. nov.

Elytra and wings fully developed; the wings not coloured.

Male cerci not compressed laterally and slightly thickened

atrtheapexte cr 2 os <xiotic«-s | Bhachitopis, gen. nov.

Hind femora not incrassate, even in the male; their lower

carina regularly convex. Hind tibiae in the male straight.

Prosternal tubercle widened towards the emarginate apex.

Male cerci not compressed laterally. Pronotum with at

least one pair of small round tubercles between the trans-

verse) Stet. a5 cpa . . . ». Platyphymus gen. nov.

Male supra-anal aint with only a pair of submedian

tubercles.

Lateral keels of the pronotum straight or practically so,

with the transverse sulci, cutting them, very fine. Hind

angle of the pronotum obtuse, its sides not emarginate.

Prosternal tubercle with the apex truncate, or emarginate.

Male cerci compressed laterally, with the apex obliquely

truncate. Male supra-anal plate transverse, with the

sides bisinuate and the hind angles attenuate. Wings

faintly coloured. . . . . . . Calliptamicus gen. nov.

Male cerci not compressed laterally, with the apex obtusely

conical, thickened basally. Male supra-anal plate quad-

33.

34.

36.

37.

38.

39.

40.

41.

)

39)

. (34):

(36)

(20)

(19)

(18)

Mr. B. P. Uvarov’s Notes on

rangular, with the sides and hind angles perfectly straight.

Wings hyaline. . . . . . . Platacanthoides Kirby.

Lateral keels of the pronotum deeply cut by the trans-

verse sulci and, therefore, sinuate. Hind angle of the

pronotum attenuate, sharp, with the sides emarginate.

Prosternal tubercle with the apex obtusely rounded.

Martinezius, gen. nov.

Male cerci oblique, recurved, but not hook-shaped.

Smooth. Median keel of pronotum linear, in profile

straight, scarcely cut by the transverse sulci. Lateral

keels linear, practically straight, not sinuate. Supra-anal

plate of the male without chitinous tubercles or with but

a pair of scarcely distinct submedian tubercles. Pro-

sternal tubercle obtusely conical. Calliptamulus, gen. nov.

Strongly rugulose and tuberculate (reminding some

members of Oedipodini). Median keel of pronotum raised,

in profile crested, deeply dissected by the transverse

sulci. Lateral keels strongly sinuate, or interrupted.

Prosternal tubercle conical. Lateral keels of pronotum

deeply cut by the transverse sulci and sinuate, but com-

plete. Supra-anal plate of the male with a pair of sub-

median carinulae, instead of tubercles.

Brachyphymus, gen. nov.

Prosternal tubercle quadrate, truncate at the apex. Lateral

keels of pronotum in the shape of a row of interrupted

carinulae and tubercies. Supra-anal plate of the male

with two submedian tubercles. . . . Huryphymus Stal.

Elytra lateral; their pre-radial field strongly dilated and

emarginate behind. Wings not developed. Male cerci

foliaceous. Prosternal tubercle with the apex pointed,

attenuate. . . . - . +. Acrophymus, gen. nov.

Male cerci oblique, Shout twice as long as broad, elongato-

triangular, hollowed out from the inner side, with the

lower margin bearing several teeth. Supra-anal plate of

the male rounded with a pair of fairly large tubercles at

the outer basal angles and a row of four tubercles about

the middle. Prosternal tubercle truncate.

Aneuryphymus, gen. nov.

Median keel of the pronotum very feeble; lateral keels

obliterate. Head and pronotum strongly rugose. Wings

coloured. eet - . . . Plegmapterus M. Fern.

Pronotum eenenriered before the middle and strongly

compressed laterally; median keel very high, tectiform,

bidentate in prozona, convex in metazona, Lateral keels

the Orthoptera in the British Musewm. 12]

faintly indicated in the metazona only. Wings coloured

basally and strongly infumate in the rest. Prosternal

tubercle thick, obtuse. . . . . Pachyphymus, gen. nov.

The genus Acoryphella, Gigho-Tos (with two species in

it, A. zonata G.-T. and A. punctata G.-T.) is not included

in the key, as it has been described by the female sex

only, and its exact relationship is impossible to determine

without studying the types.

Genus BracHyxentA Kirby.

1914. Brachyxenia Karby, Fauna Brit. India, <Acrid.,

pp. 195, 256.

This curious genus reminds us in its habitus of an Hremo-

biin rather than of a member of Calliplaminc; but the

structure of the prosternum and especially that of the

male cerci, which are of the same type as in Caloptenopsis,

leaves no doubt as to its proper systematic position.

1. Brachyxenia scutifera (Walk.).

1870. Caloptenus scutifer Walker, Cat. Derm. Salt. B. M.,

iv, pp. 701, 704, no. 56.

1910. Clallipiamus] (2?) scutifer Kirby, Syn. Cat. Orth.,

il, p. 553, no. 7.

1914. Brachyxenia sculifera Kirby, Fauna Brit. India,

Acrid., p. 256, no. 315, fig. 136.

British Museum specimens: 8. Hindostan, 1 9 (Walker’s

type); S. India, 1 9. In the Hope Museum, Oxford, I

have seen 1 § and | 9 of this species from Madras.

Genus SPHODROMERUS Stil.

This genus is as yet very badly known, and a revision

of its species appears not to be possible until more material

were studied. The majority of the known species are

described by their coloration only, and one may presume

that the coloration in this genus is as inconstant as it is

in Calliptamus. The genus is confined to the Eremian

subregion of the Palaearctic region, and the number of

undescribed species is, probably, not a small one.

122 Mr. B. P. Uvarov’s Notes on

1. Sphodromerus serapis (Serv.).

1839. Calliptamus serapis Serville, Ins. Orth., p. 689,

no. 2.

1870. Caloptenus scriptipennis Walker, Cat. Derm. Salt.

B. M., iv, p. 686, no. 24.

21893. Caloplenus sacer Giglio-Tos, Boll. Mus. Torino,

vill (164), p. 10, no. 52, fig. 1.

1902. S{pkodromerus| seramis Jacobson and Bianchi,

Orth. and Pseudon. Russ. Emp., pp. 204, 316.

1902. S[phodromerus serapis| M. Fernandez, An. Soc.

Esp. Hist. Nat., xxx, p. 280.

1910. S[phodromerus| serajis Warby, Syn. Cat. Orth.,

ili, p. 548, no. 1.

1910. S{phodromerus| sacer Kirby, l.c., p. 549, no. 2.

Though the type of C. scriptipennis is lost, its descrip-

tion leaves no doubt that it 1s conspecific with C. serapis,

as is, also, probably C. sacer.

C. serapis seems to be a rather widely distributed species,

occurring all over the Eremian subregion, from Algeria °

to Transcaspia (cf. Uvarov, Horae Soc. Ent. Ross., xl,

no. 3, 1912, p. 31).

British Museum specimen: “ Midian,” 1 9.

2. Sphodromerus pilipes (Jans.).

1891. Caloptenus pilipes Janson, Hart, Fauna and Flora

of Sinai, pp. 183, 185, fig. 4.

1910. S| phodromerus| pilipes Kirby, Syn. Cat. Orth., 11,

p. 549, no. 9.

This species is scarcely distinct, save by the coloration,

from C. serapis, but I prefer to keep it separately until

further materials will be studied.

British Museum specimen: Gh6r-es-Safiah, Palestine

(Janson’s type).

3. Sphodromerus decoloratus (?) Finot.

(1894. Sphodromerus decoloratus Finot, Bull. Soc. Ent.

France, Ixiii, p. xiii, no. 3.

1896. Sphodromerus decoloratus Finot, Ann. Soc. Ent.

France, xliv, p. 548.

1910. S{phodromerus| decoloratus Kirby, Syn. Cat. Orth.,

i, p. 549, no. 4.

ioe

the Orthoptera in the British Museum. 123

This species, again, is very close to S. serapis and may

be conspecific with it. The only specimen in the British

Museum collection is somewhat smaller than it is given in

the original description, and I am, therefore, not quite sure

in my identification.

British Museum specimen: Biskra, Algeria, 7 11. 1895,

4. Sphodromerus sanguiniferus Rehn.

1901. Sphodromerus sanguiniferus, Proc. Acad. Nat.

Scien. Philad., lui, p. 379.

‘1910. S{phodromerus] sanguiniferus Kirby, Syn. Cat.

Orth., 11, p. 549, no. 7.

Though Rehn does not mention in his description the

coloration of the wings, I do not doubt that two females

before me, which have the wings rose with the veins in

the fore part brown, belong to his species. Dimensions of

the female, which has not been known hitherto, are as

follows :—

Length of body : : : . 29 mm.

a ,, pronotum j ‘ : F 9

a , hindfemur . : A - 185

a »» elytra 12-5

British Museum specimens: Somaliland (J. W. Bury),

19; Somali (Miss P. Gillet), 1 9.

To the genus Sphodromerus belong also the following

three species, known to me by their descriptions only :—

5. Sphodromerus cruentatus Krauss.

1902. S[phodromerus| cruentatus Krauss, Verh. zool.-bot.

Ges. Wien, li, p. 247, no. 28

1910. S{phodromerus| cruentatus Kirby, Syn. Cat. Orth.,

iil, p. 549, no. 5.

Described from Oued Nsa, Algerian Sahara.

6. Sphodromerus inconspicuus Schult.

1894. Sph{odromerus] inconspicuus Schulthess-Rechberg,

Zool. Jahrb., Syst., vii, p. 78.

1910. S{ phodromerus] imeonspicuus Kirby, Syn. Cat. Orth.,

il, p. 549, no. 6.

124 Mr. B. P. Uvarov’s Notes on_

I am not quite sure whether this species is not identical

with S. sanguiniferus, Rehn, both having been described

from Somaliland.

7. Sphodromerus pantherinus Krauss.

1902. Sphodromerus pantherinus Krauss, Anz. Akad. Wiss.

Wien, no. vil, p. 3.

1907. Sphlodromerus| pantherinus Krauss, Denkschr. Mat.-

Nat. Kl. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, xxi, p. 13 (of separate

copy), no. 19, pl. 1, fig. 8

This species, described from Makalla, 8. Arabia, is

omitted in Kirby’s Catalogue.

Genus Kripa Kirby.

1914. Arepa Kirby, Fauna Brit. India, Acrid., pp. 195,

DT.

This genus, as yet very insufficiently known, seems to

be most closely related to Sphodromerus, the principal

difference between these two genera being in the grade of

development of the lateral ‘pronotal carinae, which in

Kripa are well indicated, though punctured and irregular,

while in Sphodromerus they are not all or but scarcely

perceptible, and the pronotum is, therefore, rounded.

Some other distinctive features may be, also, looked for

in the male external genitalia, but unfortunately, the male

of the type species of Kripa (that is, K. wndulata Kirby)

is unknown, and, on the other hand, I have no males of

any Sphodromerus before me. In its habitus Aripa is

very like Calliptamus, owing to the developed pronotal

keels and to the hind femora less dilated than in Spho-

dromerus. It differs from Calliptamus, however, by the

irregular pronotal keels and also (if I am correct in placing

C. coelesyriensis in Kripa) by the structure of the male

cerci, which in Calliptamus are armed with two subapical

teeth, while in Avipa by one only, as is the case also with

Caloptenopsis and Brachyxenia.

I refer to the genus Kripa, which seems to be peculiar

to the deserts of S.W. Asia, besides the genotype, also

Caloptenus coelesyriensis, Gig.-Tos; it is possible that

some of Walker’s species described from Sinai and Arabia,

and the types of which are lost, belongs also here; Cal-

the. Orthoptera in the British Museum. 125

liptamus bimaculatus, Krauss (Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien,

1902, no. 7, p. 4) from Sokotra is also likely to be a Aripa.

1. Kripa undulata Kirby.

1914. Kripa undulata Kirby, Fauna Brit. India, Acrid.,

p. 257, no. 316, fig. 137.

British Museum specimen: Campbellpur, Punjab, 1 9

(Kirby's type).

2. Kripa coelesyriensis (Gig.-Tos.).

(Plate I, fig. 2.)

1893. Caloptenus coelesyriensis Giglio-Tos, Boll. Mus.

Torino, vii (164), p. 10, no. 51, fig. 4.

1992. Claioptenus] coelesiriensis M. Fernandez, Anal. Soc.

Esp. Hist. Nat., xxx, p. 296.

1902. C[{alliptamus|>coelosyriensis Jacobson and Bianchi,

Orth. Pseudon. Russ. Empire, pp. 205, 317.

1910. S{phodromerus| coelesyriensis Kirby, Syn. Cat. Orth.,

il, p. 549, no. 3.

1914. Calliptamus italicus L. ab. carbonaria, Uvarov, Rev.

Russe d’Entom, xiv, p. 226.

1921. Sphodromerus coelosyriensis Uvarov, Journ. Bombay

« Nat. Hist. Soc., xxvii (in print).

Both my description of carbonaria and the original one of

coelesyriensis are based upon very dark, almost black

coloured specimens, which is, however, not a specific

character, since I had the opportunity of studying long

series of specimens from Ordubad, Transcaucasia (in the

Caucasian Museum, Tiflis), as well as of making observa-

tions on living insects at the same locality. The general

coloration of insect varies from pitch-black to ochraceous,

and the specimens of the latter coloration are very much

like K. undulata. I should even not hesitate to regard

K. undulata as conspecific with K. coelesyriensis, but the

material on both species now before me is too scanty to

draw a definite conclusion from it, and I should not like

to rely on memory. The only character separating

ochraceous coloured specimens of K. coelesyriensis from

K. undulata is, as far as I can recollect, the coloration of

hind tibiae, which are bright red in wndulata and sanguine-

ous in the other species.

126 Mr. B. P. Uvarov’s Notes on

K. coelesyriensis is known to occur in Syria, Mesopotamia,

Persia and Ferghana in Turkestan; its occurrence in the

northern parts “of Punjab, whence K. undulata is known,

would be only quite natural, which speaks in favour of the

identity of both species.

British Museum specimen: 40 miles around Aleppo,

Syria, iv-vul. 1919 (F. G. Aldous).

Genus CALoprEeNnopsts I. Bol.

The identification of species of this genus is very diffi-

cult and uncertain, since the majority of species have

been based on the colour characters which, in my opinion,

are of but very little use in the whole group Calliptamin.

At the same time, the study of certain species, represented

by more or less extensive series of specimens, enables me

to state definitely that they are not less variable (not in

coloration only, but in certain morphological features, as

well), than the C. ctalicus is. In some cases it is quite

possible to ascertain the conspecifity of two or three

“different” species by descriptions even, while often the

descriptions are so insufficient that the species in question

is simply unrecognisable without a study of the type. As

I do not consider this paper as a complete revision of the

group, I did not attempt a study of the types of all described

species; but even going by descriptions I am able to reduce

the number of species by a not inconsiderable figure,

and I am sure that further studies, based on types and on

long series of specimens, will result in a still more appreci-

able reduction in the number of species, while only few

new ones may be also expected.

1. Caloptenopsis insignis (Walk.).

1870. Caloptenus insignis Walker, Cat. Derm. Salt. B. M.,

iv, p. 701, no. 52.

1870. Caloptenus clarus Walker, l.c., p. 711, no. 70.

1871. Caloptenus spissus Walker, |.c., v, Suppl., p. 70.

1898. Caloptenopsis saussurei M. Fernandez, Act. Soc. Esp.

Hist. Nat., ser. 1, v, p. 11.

1902. Claloptenopsis| saussurei M. Fernandez, Ann. Soc.

lisp. Hist. Nat., xxx, pp. 282, 290.

1910. Claloptenopsis] insignis Kirby, Syn. Cat. Orth., 11,

p- 551, no. 18.

1910. Claloptenopsis| clarus Kirby, |.c., p. 551, no. 20.

the Orthoptera in the British Museum. 127

1914. Caloptenopsis insignis Kirby, Fauna Brit. India,

Acr., p. 258, no. 317.

1918. Caloptenopsis saussurei I. Bolivar, Rev. R. Acad.,

Cien. Madrid, xvi, p. 409, no. 99.

The above synonymy has been established by me by the

comparison of the actual types of three of Walker’s species

with a specimen in the British Museum received from

Saussure under the manuscript name Caloptenus femoratus

Sauss.; as M. Fernandez described his C. saussuret from

the specimen also received from Saussure as C. femoratus

Sauss., the identity of C. insignis-clarus-spissus with

C. saussuret is beyond any doubt.

British Museum specimens : Hindostan (2), 1 2 (Walker s

type of C. insignis); without locality, 2 92 (Walker's types

of C. clarus and C. spissus; Walker eae them in his

descriptions as males, which is wrong); * ee aeons

1 Q (labelled by Saussure as C. femoratus Sauss.); 4 99 from

In‘lia without more precise labels (Mazwell- we

2. Caloptenopsis glaucopsis (Walk.).

1870. Caloptenus glaucopsis Walker, Cat. Derm. Salt.

BoM. iv; p. (02, nooo.

1870. Caloptenus liturifer Walker, l.c., p. 703, no. 54.

1898. Calopienopsis crassiusculus M. Fernandez, Act. Soe.

Ksp. Hist. Nat., ser. 11, v, p. 11.

1902. Claloptenopsis] crassiusculus I. Bolivar, Ann. Soe.

Bint. bes Ix p.628, pl 9; fig. 38.

1902. Claloptenopsis| crassiusculus M. Fernandez, Ann.

Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., xxx, pp. 282, 284-286.

are Eluryphymus| glaucopsis Kirby, Syn. Cat. Orth.,

1, p. 947, no. 28.

1910. C[aloptenopsis] liturifer Kirby, Le., p. 551, no. 17.

1910. Claloptenopsis| crassiusculus Karby, l.e., p. 551,

Nw:

1914. Caloptenopsis glaucopis (sic!) Kirby, Fauna Brit.

India, Acr., pp. 258, 259, no. 318.

1914. Caloptenopsis liturifer Kirby, l|.c., pp. 258, 259,

no. 319.

1918. Caloptenopsis glaucopsis I. Bolivar, Rev. R. Acad.

Cien., xvi, pp. 409, 410, no. 100.

salts: Caloptenopsis liturifer ie Bolivar, “lie.,p. 410,

no. 101.

128 Mr. B. P. Uvarov’s Notes on

The synonymy of the two of Walker’s species is obvious

when the types are compared; all further synonyms are

also beyond doubt and their origin is due entirely to the

fact that descriptions were made without any comparison

with previously known species, as well as to the variability

of the species, which is not quite constant in its characters,

though in a far less degree than C. italicus is.

British Museum specimens : North Hindostan, 1 9 (Walker's

type of C. glaucopsis); South Hindostan, 2 99 (Walker’s

types of C. liturifer); Baltistan, 2 gg, 5 92; Ahmednajar-

bet, India, 1 9; Karachi, 1 9; Koilpati, Madras, 20 vu.

1907, 1 g; Afmea (Dr. #. Ostwald), 1 3, 1 9.

3. Caloptenopsis pallidicornis (Stil.).

1876. Clalliptenus| pallidicornis Stal, Ofv. Vet. Akad.

Forhand., xxxiii, 3, p. 43, no. 1.

1902. C{aloptenopsis| pallidicornis M. Fernandez, Ann. Soc.

Esp. Hist. Nat., xxx, pp. 282, 286.

1902. Caloptenopsis fratercula Kirby, Trans. Ent. Soe.

Lond., p. 111, no. 120.

1902. Caloptenopsis unifornis Karby, Le., p. 112, no. 121.

1910. Claloptenopsis] fratercula Kirby, Syn. Cat. Orth.,

il, p. 550, no. 5.

1910. C{aloptenopsis| uniformis Kirby, |.c., p. 550, no. 6.

This is a species which seems to be pretty constant in

its size and morphological characters, though rather

variable in the coloration. Both Kirby's species. represent

mere colour forms.

British Museum specimens: Cape Colony (Miss J.

Brincker), 1 2°; Pretoria (W. L. Distant), numerous speci-

mens of both sexes (Kirby's types of C. unifornus and C. fra-

tercula); Salisbury, Mashonaland (G@. A. K. Marshall),

3 6d, 4 92; Nyasaland, 1 9; N. Johnston, 1 9; Brit.

Centr. Africa (A. R. Andrew), 1 9.

C. pallidicornis is confined in its distribution to South

Africa.

4. Caloptenopsis meruensis (SjGst.).

1909. Calliptamus meruensis, Sjéstedt, Wiss. Erg. Kilim.-

Meru Exped., 17. Orth., 7. Acrid., pp. 185, 192, pl. 7,

fie ab:

This species is very much alike in its habitus to C. palli-

the Orthoptera in the British Museum. 129

dicornis Stal, but easily separated from it by the broader

fastigrum of the vertex, as well as by the coloration of

wings and hind femora.

British Museum specimens: Kast of Victoria Nyanza,

Africa (Dr. F. Ostwald), 1 3, 1 2 (taken in copila).

5. Caloptenopsis unicarinatus (Krauss).

1877. Claloptenus| unicarinatus Krauss, Sitzb. Akad. Wiss.

Wien., lxxvi (1), p. 37, no. I.

1893. Huryphymus marginipennis Karsch, Berl. Ent.

Ztschr., xxxviul, pp. 103, 104, no. 71.

1902. Euryphymus marginipennis M. Fernandez, An. Soc.

Esp. Hist. Nat., pp. 306, 307.

1902. [Caloplenopsis?| marginipennis M. Fernandez, l.c.,

p. 308, no. 15.

1910. Hluryphymus| unicarinatus Kirby, Syn. Cat. Orth.,

il, p. 547, no. 19.

1910. Hluryphymus| marginipennis Kirby, Le., p. 547,

no. 24.

The species is easily recognised by the lateral carinae

almost obliterate, punctured throughout, even in the

prozona.

British Museum specimens: Amantin, Ashanti, Gold

Coast (J. J. Simpson), 1 3; Sonkonia, Sierra Leone (J. J.

Simpson), 1 3.

6. Caloptenopsis mossambicus (Brancs.).

1893. Calopienus mossambicus Brancsik, Jahresh. Natur-

viss.. Ver. Trencs. Comit., xv—xvi, p. 194, pl. xu,

fig. 4.

1896. Sonne angusticosta Karsch, Stett. Ent. Zeit.

lvl, p. 321, no. 86, fig. 37.

1902. Claloptenopsis| mossambicus M. Fernandez, An. Soc.

Esp. Hist. Nat., xxx, pp. 282, 288.

1902. Claloptenopsis| angusticosta M. Fernandez, l.c., pp.

282, 293.

1902. Calliptamus tibialis Karby, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,

polo; no. 119.

1909. Calopienopsis speciosa Sjéstedt, Wiss. Erg. Kilim.-

Meru Exped., 17. Orth., 7. Acrid., pp. 185, 193, pl. 7,

fig. 17.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1922.—PARTS 1,1. (JULY) K

130 Mr. B. P. Uvarov’s Notes on

1910. Cl[aloptenopsis| tibialis Kirby, Syn. Cat. Orth., ii

p. 550, no. 7 (syn. excl. !).

1910. Cfaloptenopsis] mossambicus Kirby, Le., p. 550,

no. 10.

1910. Claloptenopsis | angusticosta Kirby, l.c., p. 550, no. 13.

Though the above synonymy is based almost entirely

on the descriptions, as I had no types before me besides

the species described by Kirby, I feel quite sure that it

is correct, and the different ‘‘ species’ represent only

colour forms. There are two principal forms, correspond-

ing to those of Calliptamus italicus L.: the one is rather

pale, spotted with grey, and the other is much darker, with

very distinct pale lateral longitudinal fasciae on the upper-

side (angusticosta Karsch, which corresponds to C. dtalicus

var. marginellus Serv.). The hind tibiae in the spotted

form are red or yellowish, in the fasciate form they are

wax-yellow.

British Museum specumens: Pretoria (W. L. Distant),

6 99,1 4; Africa (W. L. Distant), 1 9; Pemba Island, 1 9;

Warm Baths, Waterberg, 1 9; Zomba, Brit. Centr. Afr.

(P. Rendall), 1 9; Zomba, Feb.-March 1896 (A. Whyte) (all

these are Kirby’s types of C. tibialis); Salisbury, Mashona-

jand (G. A. K. Marshall), 1 9; Mt. Chirinda, Gazaland

(G. A. K. Marshall), 2 33,19; Zimbiti, E. Africa (P. A.

Sheppard), 1 3, 1 9.

7. Caloptenopsis ferrifer (Walk.).

1870. Caloptenus ferrifer Walker, Cat. Derm. Salt. B. M.,

iv, pp. 690, 698, no. 46.

1889. Claloptenus] nigrovariegatus 1. Bolivar, Jorn. Sci.

Lisboa, seg. ser., 1, p. 171, no. 174.

1896. Caloptenopsis laticosta Karsch, Stett. Ent. Zeit.,

Ivu, p. 322, no. 87.

1902. Claloptenopsis| nigrovariegatus M. Fernandez, An.

Soc. Esp. Hist. Natur., xxx, pp. 282, 289.

1902. Claloptenopsis | laticosta M. Fernandez, Le., pp. 282,

294.

1902. Caloptenopsis Johnstont Kirby, Proce. Zool. Soe.

London, p. 101, no 23.

1909. Caloptenopsis laticosta Sjostedt, Wiss. Erg. Kilim.-

Meru Exped., 17. Orth., 7. Acrid., pp. 185, 194.

1910. Claloptenopsis| ferrifer Kirby, Syn. Cat. Orth.,

il, p. 549, no. 4 (syn. excl.).

the Orthoptera in the British Museum. 131

1910. Caloptenopsis johnstoni Kirby, l.c., p. 549.

_ 1910. Claloptenopsis| nigrovariegatus Kirliy: Le., p. 550,

no. 12.

1910. C{aloptenopsis| laticosta Kirby, Le., p. 550, no. 14.

This species is very easily recognisable by the peculiar

shape of the frontal ridge and vertex (see Karsch’s de-

scription of C. laticosta), and it is very astonishing that it

has been redescribed so many times under different names.

The species varies considerably in its size, and Kirby’s

types of C. johnstont are rather small, but there is no

doubt that they are conspecific with C. ferrifer Walk., the

type of which is also before me now, as well as with the

fairly well-described C. nigrovariegatus Bol. and C. lati-

costa Karsch. It is very difficult to understand why

Kirby considered C. pallidicornis, which is a quite different

insect, as conspecific with C. ferr ufer.

British Museum specemens: 8. Africa, 1 g (Walker’s

type of C. ferrifer); Baringo, 4000 ft. (H. H. Johnston),

3 9d, 4 2° (Kirby's types of C. gohnstoni); Zomba, 2000-

3000 ft., 5 dg, 1 2; Nyasaland (A. Whyte), 1 2; Zomba

(P. Rendall), 1 9 (named by W. Kirby as C. tebialis Kirby) ;

Mwera, Mabira Forest and Entebbe, Uganda (C. C.

Gowdey), 3 22; Kilimandjaro, 3000-5000 ft., 1 9.

8. Caloptenopsis macracanthus M. Fern.

1889. Claloptenus| calcaratus I. Bolivar, Jorn. Sci.

Lisboa, seg. ser., 1, p. 172, no. 175 (nec Stal, 1876 !).

1902. Claloptenopsis| macracanthus M. Fernandez, An.

Soc. Esp. Hist. Natur., xxx, pp. 282, 287 (published

June, 1902).

1902. Calliptamus tibialis Kirby, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,

p. 110, no. 119 (partim !).

1902. Caloptenopsis femoralis Kirby, Ann. Mag. Nat.

Hist., vol. 10, no. 57, p, 241, no. 5 (published September,

1902).

1910. Claloptenopsis| femoralis Kirby, Syn. Cat. Orth.,

il, p. 550.

1910. Claloptenopsis] macracanthus Kirby, l.c., ii, p. 550,

no. 9.

This species is rather closely related to the C. ferrifer

Walk., but is easily distinguished from it by the much

longer metazona of the pronotum.

132 Mr. B. P. Uvarov’s Notes on

British Museum specimens : Pretoria (W. L. Distant), 2 99.

(Kirby's type of C. femoralis, and one of his types of C._

tibiulis).

9. Caloptenopsis calcaratus (Stiil.).

1876. A ced calcaratus, Stal, Bih. Sven. Vet.-Akad.

HandL., iv (5), p. 13, no. 3.

1898. Sue od orientalis Schulthess, Ann. Mus. Genova

KRKIX) p. Oe eno 1.

1902. C[aloptenopsis] calcaratus M. Fernandez, An. Soc.

Hsp. Hist. Nat., xxx, pp. 282, 287.

1902. Claloptenopsis| orventalis M. Fernandez, |.c., pp. 282,

299,

1902. Calliplamus pachypus Krauss, Anz. Akad. Wiss.

Wien, vii, p. 5, no. 15.

1907. Clalliptamus] pachypus Krauss, Denkschr. Mat.-

Nat. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Ixxi, p. 24 (of a separate

COpY,), pl. 1 Me 7, af A

1910. C{aloptenopsis] calearatus Kirby, Syn. Cat. Orth.,

1, p50; ne:,'s.

1910. Claloptenopsis] orientalis Kirby, Le., p. 550, no. 11.

British Museum specimens : Socotra, 3 gg, 4 29.

10. Caloptenopsis decisus (Wali.).

1870. Caloptenus decisus, Walker, Cat. Derm. Salt. B. M.,

iv, p. 700, no. dl.

1893. Caloptenus baliensis Branesik, Jahresh. Ver. Trencs.

Comit., xv—xvi, p. 195, pl. 12, fig. 5

1902. Claloptenopsis| baliensis M. Fernandez, An. Soc.

Esp. Hist. Nat., xxx, pp. 282, 292.

1910. C[aloptenopsis| baliensis Kirby, Syn. Cat. Orth.,

i, p. 550, no. 16.

1910. Hl wprepocnemis] decisus Kirby, Le., p. 561, no. 13.

1918. Caloptenopsis madagascariensis Sjostedt, Ark. Zool.,

12, no. 1, -p.’ 16;

Walker’s type of C. decisus agrees perfectly well with

the descriptions of both C. baliensis and C. madagas-

cariensis, and there is no doubt in my mind as to their

identity.

British Museum specimen: Madagascar, 1 3° (Walker's

type).

the Orthoptera in the British Museum. 133

The four following species are not represented in the

British Museum collection :—

11. Caloptenopsis vittatus (I. Bol.).

1889. C[aloptenus] vittatus I. Bolivar, Jorn. Sci. Lisboa,

(2), ay 0p. Eris ner 173.

1902. O[aloptenopsis] vittatus M. Fernandez, An. Soc. Esp.

Hist. Nat., xxx, pp. 282, 283.

1910. C[aloptenopsis| vittatus Kirby, Syn. Cat. Orth., 11,

p. 549, no. 2.

It is not impossible that this species is identical with

C. mossambicus Brancs., as its description recalls very

much the colour form described by Karsch as C. angusti-

costa, but I.abstain from synonymising them, because I

have not seen any specimens of C. mossambicus from

West Africa, whence the type of C. vittatus came.

12. Caloptenopsis angusticeps (I. Bol.).

1889. O[alopienus| angusticeps I. Bolivar, Jorn. Sci.

Lisboa, (2), 1, p. 172, no. 176.

1902. Cfaloptenopsis| angusticeps M. Fernandez, An. Soc.

Esp. Hist. Nat., xxx, pp. 282, 283.

1910. Cl{aloptenopsis] angusticeps Kirby, Syn. Cat. Orth.,

ill, p. 549, no. 3.

Seems to be rather like C. pallidicornis Stal, but differs

from it in the undeveloped lateral keels of metazona

of pronotum. Probably a good species.

13. Caloptenopsis karschi M. Fern.

1893. [Huryphymus] calcaratus Karsch (nec Stal), Berl.

Ent. Ztschr., xxxvill, p. 103, no. 70.

1902. Euryphymus karschi (nom. nov.) M. Fern., An. Soc.

Esp. Hist. Nat., xxx, p. 307.

1910. Claloptenopsis| karschi Kirby, Syn. Cat. Orth., 1,

p- 550, no. 15.

I do not think that this insect is conspecific with any

other species, though it is very insufficiently described.

14. Caloptenopsis v-plagiatus (Bruner).

1910. Caloptenus >-plagiatus Bruner, Voeltzk. Reise

Ostafr., 11, p. 642, pl. 27, fig. 16.

134 Mr. B. P. Uvarov’s Notes on

Since the name given to this insect by L. Bruner is not

pronounceable, I propose to alter it to v-plagiatus according

to the description of the species: ‘‘ pronotum marked on

the disk of the hind lobe by a v-shaped black patch the

apex of which points to the rear.”

The species, which has been described from Manda

Island, British East Africa, seems to be very near to, if

not identical with, C. ferrifer Walk., differing only in the

peculiar mark on the pronotum which may be a result of

a reduction of the median fascia usual to C. ferrifer. Its

description and figure are, however, quite insufficient.

The following key to the species of Caloptenopsis known

to me (7. e. except vittatus, angusticeps, karschi and v-

plagiatus) may be useful :

(8) The lower inner spur of the hind tibiae with the apex simply

recurved, without or with but short and not dense hairs.

2. (3) Lateral keels of pronotum almost parallel, hardly divergent

backwards; hind angle obtuse, rounded; metazona

scarcely longer than prozona. Fastigium between the

eyes distinctly broader than the frontal ridge between

antennae. Wings with the base rose.—India.

C. glaucopsis Walk.

3. (2) Lateral keels of pronotum strongly divergent backwards;

hind angle straight, scarcely rounded; metazona much

longer than prozona.

4. (7) Fastigium between the eyes not narrower than the frontal

ridge at ocellum. Hind wings with the base rose.

5. (6) Frontal ridge with the margins somewhat raised. Pro-

notum more elongate and its lateral keels more strongly

divergent. Elytra extending well beyond hind knees,

Wings with the very base tinted with light rose.—N.E,

Atte as: Se Se scan: een ete SC Cale ra maiotalle

6. (5) Frontal ridge with the margins very obtuse. Pronotum

shorter, with the lateral keels less strongly divergent.

Elytra scarcely extending beyond hind knees. Wings

almost wholly bright rose.—E. Africa.

C. meruensis Sjést.

7. (4) Vertex between the eyes narrower than the frontal ridge at

ocellum. Hind wings with the base bluish.

C. pallidicornis Stal.

8. (1) The lower inner spur of the hind tibiae with the apex promi-

nent beyond the base of the claw, in the shape of an

obtuse tubercle bearing dense and long hairs.

the Orthoptera in the British Museum. 135

9. (12) Lateral keels of pronotum well developed, reaching its

hind margin.

10. (11) Prosternal tubercle strongly cylindrical. Wings with the

base rose.—India. . . . . . . . C. insignis Walk.

11. (10) Prosternal tubercle distinctly compressed, with the apex

transverse. Wings hyalinous.—Madagascar.

C. decisus Walk.

12. (9) Lateral keels of pronotum obliterate, at least in the

metazona.

13. (18) Lateral keels of pronotum smooth in the prozona, punc-

tured in the metazona.

14. (15) Prozona scarcely shorter than metazona. Frontal ridge

much broader than the fastigium. Hind tibiae dirty-

violaceous.—S.E. Africa. . . . . . C. ferrifer Walk.

15. (14) Prozona distinctly shorter than metazona.

16. (17) Metazona more than one-half again as long as the prozona.

Hind tibiae dirty-violaceous.—_S.E. Africa.

C. macracanthus M. Fern.

17. (16) Metazona distinctly but not much longer than prozona.

Hind tibiae red or yellowish.—S.E. Africa.

C. mossambicus Brancs.

18. (13) Lateral keels of pronotum punctured throughout, almost

obliterate-—W. Africa. . . . OC. unicarinatus Krauss.

Genus CALLIPTAMUS Serv.

There are seven species of this genus in Kirby’s Cata-

logue (ili, p. 549-551), but three of them (C. marmoratus

F.-W., C. cephalotes ¥.-W. and C. discoidalis Walk.) are

conspecific with C. italicus L.; C. tarsius F.-W. is a syno-

nym of Huprepocnemis plorans Charp.; and C. scutifer

Walk. has been made by Kirby the type of a distinct

genus, Brachyxenia. Thus, only two species remain in

the genus Calliptamus: the common South-Palaearctic

C. italicus L., and the Canarian C. vulcanius Krauss.,

because the two African species described more recently

(C. v-plagiatus Brun. and C. meruensis Sj6st.) belong to

the genus Caloptenopsis, and C. abbreviatus Ikonn. from

Corea is scarcely specifically distinct from C. talicus,

representing the form of the latter species known as var.

icterica Serv. (= wattenwyliana Pant.; see H. Karny in

Wiss. Erg. Exped. Filchner nach China u. Tibet, x, 1,

p. 35, 1908).

The genus has an excellent character in the structure

136 Mr. B. P. Uvarov’s Notes on

of the male cerci, which enables me to separate it from all its

nearest relatives (Caloptenopsis, Paracaloptenus, Brachy-

xenia): the cerci of Caloptenus are armed with two obtuse

subapical teeth, while in other genera the cerci bear only

one rather long and acute subapical spime (Plate I

figs. 1 and 2).

1. Calliptamus italicus (L.)

(Plate I, fig. 1.)

To the numerous synonyms of this species (see Kirby’s

Catalogue, 11, pp. 551-553) six more must be added, as

follows :—

1846. Calliptamus marmoratus Fisch.-Waldh., Orth. Imp.

Ross., p. 242, no. 5.

1846. Calliptamus~ cephalotes Fisch.-Waldh., l.c., p. 245,

‘no. 6 (identical with var. zcterica Serv.).

1870. Caleptenus discoidalis Walk., Cat. Derm. Salt. B. M.,

iv, p. 686, no. 23.

1908. Calliptamus wctericus Karny, Wiss. Erg. Exped.

Filchner, x, 1, p. 35. é

1913. Calliptamus abbreviatus Uxonnikov, Uber die von P.

Schmidt aus Korea mitgebrachten Acridiodeen, p. 21.

1914. Caloptenopsis punctata Kirby, Fauna Brit. India,

Acrid., pp. 258 and 260, no. 320, fig. 138.

The variability of this species is a well-known fact, but

nobody has yet tried to undertake a serious study of its

numerous forms, some of which are very striking and rather

constant. As the species is so extremely common and

numerous all over South Europe, it might present an

excellent object for the experimental study of variations,

which should be of great help to systematists. As the

case stands now, it seems to me quite useless to attempt

a classification of varieties based upon collection specimens

only, and I prefer to take the species in its widest sense,

without any subdivisions.

British Museum specimens: As the distribution of this

species throughout the Mediterranean subregion is well

known, I shall not give here the records of Museum speci-

mens from that subregion. The occurrence of C. ttalicus L.

in Baltistan (Kashmir) is, however, very interesting, and

the more so, as the Museum collection contains several

the Orthoptera in the British Museum. 137

specimens of C. italicus taken there, together with several

specimens of Caloptenopsis glaucopsis Walk., which is

extremely like the former species in its habitus and colora-

tion, but, of course, easily distinguished by the shape of

tibial spurs and other generic characters. One of the

specimens of C. 2talicus from Baltistan is Kirby’s type of

Caloptenopsis punctata.

2. Calliptamus vuleanius (Krauss).

1892. Caloptenus vulcanius Krauss, Zool. Anz., xv, p. 167,

no. 42.

1910. Clalliptamus| vulcanius Karby, Syn. Cat. Orth., ii,

p. 553, no. 3.

British Museum specimen : Teneriffe (Capt. Beechey), 1 9.

According tothe original description, this species differs

from C. italicus by the straight pronotal carinae and the

coloration of wings, which are hyalinous at the base and

infumate apically. The single female specimen in the

Museum collection is very badly preserved, and I am

unable to express any definite opinion as to the systematic

value of the above-mentioned characters; the interrelation

of C. italicus and C. vulcanius must be studied by long

series of specimens.

Genus PARACALOPTENUS Bol.

There are two species included in this genus in Kirby’s

Catalogue, as well as in M. Fernandez’s revision, but I am

rather doubtful whether P. obesus Bol., known by the

female sex only, really belongs here; most probably it

represents a distinct genus. Thus, only one species remains

in the genus, the Mediterranean P. caloptenoides Br. Watt.

1. Paracaloptenus ealoptenoides (Br. Watt.).

I find it unnecessary to repeat the synonymy of this

species, correctly given by Kirby (Syn. Cat. Orth., i,

p- 553).

British Museum specimens: Corfu, 1 3, 1 2 (purchased

from Brunner v. Wattenwyl); Belgrade, Serbia, 1 9;

Anninger Wald, Austria, 1 3.

138 Mr. B. P. Uvarov’s. Notes on

Genus Prrtpotus M. Fern.

1902. Pervpolus M. Fernandez, An. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat.,

pp. 258, 303.

I do not know the male of this genus, but according to

the original description, its cerci and anal plate are not

quite of the same type as in the preceding genera. The

hind femora, also, are rather narrow for a member of the

group Calliptamini. There is only one species known.

1. Peripolus pedarius (Stil).

1878. Clalliptenus| pedarvus Stal, Bih. Sven. Akad. Handl.,

Vv. (4); peoros noe

1902. Pleripolus| pedarius M. Fernandez, An. Soc. Esp.

Hist. Nat., xxx, p. 303.

1910. Pleripolus] pedarius Kirby, Syn. Cat. Orth., 11,

p. 504, no. 1.

1914. Peripolus pedarius Kirby, Fauna Brit. India, Acrid.,

p. 261, no. 321.

British Museum specimen: Darjeeling, 2 99.

AMBLYPHYMUS, gen. nov.

Finely rugose, but not at all tuberculate. Antennae slightly

compressed, very feebly widened beyond the basal third. Face

slightly reclinate; frontal ridge in profile slightly convex; its

margins straight, feebly divergent downwards, smooth; the surface

flat and strongly punctured above the ocellum, impressed below the

latter. Fastigium of vertex sloping, forming an obtuse, rounded

angle with the frontal ridge; elongato-hexagonal, feebly impressed,

Temporal foveolae rather distinct, though imperfectly marginate

from below, small, triangular. Occiput with a feeble and short

median carinula, with more or less developed radial rugosities

behind the eyes. Eyes large, oval, distinctly higher than long and

slightly higher than the subocular sulci; their fore margin slightly

convex. Cheeks rugulose, with oblique sulci feeble. Pronotum

not strongly compressed laterally; disc more or less convex;

median keel low, but well developed, acute, in profile scarcely

convex, feebly cut by the transverse sulci; the hind sulcus dis-

tinctly behind the middle; lateral keels very feeble and obtuse

in the prozona, obliterate in the metazona, deeply cut by the sulci;

fore margin of the disc convex; hind angle obtuse; lateral lobes a

the Orthoptera in the British Museum. 139

little higher than long, with the lower margin rotundato-prominent

in the middle; hind angle obtuse, rounded; fore margin sinuate.

Prosternal tubercle low, conical or narrowed towards the obtuse

apex. Mesosternal interspace trapezoidal, in the male almost as

broad as long, in the female distinctly transverse. Elytra more

or less abbreviated; wings coloured, with the fore margin dark.

Hind femora strongly dilated and distinctly incrassate, especially

in the male; upper carina strongly serrate; lower margin of the

externomedian area straight, or nearly so; lower outer area convex,

widest beyond the middle; lower carina straight from the base

up to the middle or even beyond it, then convex; inner lower area

dilated. Hind tibiae more or less bent.

6. The last tergite dilated and incrassate, with a large rotundato-

trapezoidal emargination. Supra-anal plate trapezoidal with the

hind angles obtuse; a narrow apical lobe; a row of four tubercles

about the middle; median carina low, suleate, narrowly bifurcate

basally. Cerci hook-shaped with the apical (ascending) part longer

than the basal part, laterally compressed and dilated at the apex.

Subgenital plate small, very obtusely conical.

2. Subgenital plate shallowly, but distinctly impressed along its

middle; hind margin very obtusely produced, with two obtuse

lateral emarginations. Lower valves of the ovipositor with broadly

rounded basal teeth; apical parts narrow and small.

Genotype: Amblyphymus nuniatus, sp. n.

In the structure of genitalia, both male and female,

as well as in the shape of the hind legs, this genus is closely

related to Rhachitopis, but differs from it in the far less

rugose head and pronotum, better developed temporal

foveolae, broader and less impressed fastigium of the

vertex, abbreviated elytra, coloured wings, dilated at the

apex male cerci and longitudinally sulcate female subgenital

plate.

I know two species of this genus, both described below,

and it is possible that Huryphymus xanthocnemis Brancs.

also belongs here, but its description is practically worth-

less, being too short and based on the female sex only.

1. Amblyphymus miniatus, sp. n.

(Plate I, fig. 3.)

§. Not large, but rather heavily built. The sides of the frontal

ridge perfectly straight. Head almost smooth, but not at all shining.

Pronotum not coarsely, but distinctly rugulose; disc distinctly

140 Mr. B. P. Uvarov’s Notes on

convex; hind margin very obtusely rotundato-angulate ; lateral keels

scarcely perceptible and interrupted in prozona, undeveloped in meta-

zona; lateral lobes distinctly convex. Prosternal tubercle strongty

conical, with the apex obtuse. Elytra not reaching the apex ci

the abdomen, strongly widened at the end of the basal third, with

the apex narrowly triangular. Wings much shorter than the

elytra. Hind margin of the last tergite strongly chitinised, slightly

incrassate, feebly and irregularly serrulate, with a quite small promi-

nence in the middle. Supra-anal plate broader than long; the

two submedian tubercles in the shape of small, sharp carinulae,

connected with each other; the lateral tubercles rather large,

triangular. Cerci with the basal (descending) part somewhat

thicker and about half as long as the apical part; the apical third

strongly compressed laterally and dilated; the apex obliquely

rotundato-truncate from behind.

General coloration brown. Face paler. Lateral lobes of the

pronotum with a shining black spot, and a small pale spot below

it. Elytra brown, with a few indefinite blackish spots. Wings

bright red, with the fore margin blackish. Hind femora with a

blackish triangular spot in the middle of the upperside, extending

into the upper part of the inside; the latter dirty yellow, somewhat

blackened near the apex; lower inner sulcus dirty yellow. Hind

tibiae dirty yellow; spines with the apices black.

Length of body 22-5 mm.; of pronotum 6 mm.; of elytra 11 mm. ;

of hind femora 13°5 mm.

Dimensions of the paratypic female are as follows: Length of

body 25 mm.; of pronotum 7°5 mm.; of elytra 12 mm.; of hind

femora 15 mm. ‘

The species is rather variable in its general coloration;

thus one of the males from Beira is greyish-brown, with

whitish and blackish spots; the hind femora are often

with three blackish fasciae on the upperside and with black

streaks in the lower outer sulcus. The morphological

characters are, however, quite constant.

British Museum specimens: Mount Chirinda, Gaza

Land, 1 iii. 1907 (David Odendaal), 9 33, 7 22; the-

same locality (G. A. K. Marshall), 1 3, 2 99; Beira, EH.

Africa (G. A. Sheppard), 3 3g, 1 Q (iype and 22 paratypes).

2. Amblyphymus roseus, sp. n.

Differs from A: miniatus by the following characters :—More

compressed laterally; scarcely rugose. Frontal ridge with margins

slightly sinuate below the ocellum. Disc of pronotum less convex ;

rbd

the Orthoptera in the British Museum. 141

hind angle about 90°; lateral carinae in prozona low, but well

distinct, in metazona obliterate; lateral lobes only feebly convex.

Prosternal tubercle narrowed towards the rounded apex, but not

conical. Elytra in the male extending beyond the apex of the

abdomen, but not reaching the hind knee, rather hyalinous, with

the apex rounded. Wings only a little shorter than the elytra.

Hind femora broader, but less incrassate. Male genitalia very

much the same as in A. miniatus, but the emargination of last

tergite is deeper and more rounded; there is no prominence on the

last tergite; submedian tubercles of the supra-anal plate somewhat

oblique, not connected with each other; lateral tubercles in the

shape of small oblique carinulae.

General coloration dark-brown. Pronotum with two pale lateral

fasciae. Elytra reddish-brown, with indefinite dark spots. Wings

bright rose, with the fore margin darkened. Hind femora with

three indefinite dark fasciae on the upperside, extending into the

inside as well, but not reaching the lower half of the latter; the

inner side dirty yellow; lower inner sulcus and the hind tibiae

dirty yellow; the spines of the hind tibiae black.

In the paratypie female the elytra do not reach the apex of the

abdomen.

Dimensions of the male type are as follows: Length of body

(probably shrunk) 19 mm.; of pronotum 5°5 mm.; of elytra 13 mm. ;

of hind femur 12 mm.

Dimensions of the female paratype are: Length of body 27 mm.;

of pronotum 7°5 mm.; of elytra 16 mm.; of hind femur 17 mm,

British Museum specimens: Masil nek (W. L. Distant),

1 3 (type; named by Kirby as Euryphymus erythropus

Thunbg.); Pretoria, 4 1m. 1917, 1 9; Pretoria (W.. L.

Mistant), | 3 (two latter being paratypes).

RHACHITOPIS,* gen. nov.

Moderately rugose. Antennae very feebly compressed and

searcely dilated beyond the middle. Face vertical. Frontal ridge

in profile straight, with the margins parallel, not at all, or but slightly

approximate near the fastigium, with the surface more or less

sulcate. Fastigium of the vertex strongly sloping, in profile convex,

forming with the frontal ridge a widely rounded angle, not separated

from the ridge by a transverse carina; its surface not strongly

impressed; margins subparallel, sinuose before the apex because of

* — rachitic-looking, because of curved hind tibiae. It is a

masculine name.

142 Mr. B. P. Uvarov’s Notes on

temporal foveolae, which are, however, small and very imperfectly

developed and not at all marginate from below. Eyes rather promi-

nent, oval, slightly higher than long, not higher than subocular

distance. Cheeks more or less rugulose, with the oblique sulcus

moderately deep. Pronotum rather compressed laterally, slightly

narrowed anteriorly, more or less rugose; prozona convex; meta-

zona, which is subequal to the prozona in length, flat; median keel

feeble, sometimes scarcely perceptible; transverse sulci deep,

practically straight; lateral keels indicated only by an interrupted

row of feeble tubercles and carinulae, not reaching the hind margin ;

lateral lobes higher than long, with the lower margin straight in the

hind half, rotundato-angulate, but not prominent, in the middle,

and ascending in the fore half; fore angle very obtuse, rounded;

hind angle a little more than 90°, rounded; hind angle of the disc

about 90°, scarcely rounded. Prosternal tubercle not at all or but

slightly longer than broad, more or less distinctly compressed in

transverse direction, obtusely triangular, or with the apex strongly

rounded, not truncate. Mesosternal interspace in the male subequal

to, or slightly more narrow than, one of the lobes; in the female

transverse, distinctly broader than one of the lobes. Elytra with

the fore margin strongly prominent in the basal half, distinctly

narrowed apically, with a rather sparse reticulation. Hind femora

of the male strongly incrassate, with lower margin of the externo-

median area distinctly inwardly bent; the lower outer sulcus

feebly impressed and sometimes even slightly convex; lower carina

from the base (where it is low and in some species even almost

obliterate) up to the middle straight, strongly convex just beyond

the middle, and again straight near the apex; the broadest part of

the lower outer sulcus just beyond the middle; lower inner sulcus

dilated, almost flat, or even slightly convex. Hind femora of the

female less incrassate than those of the male; the lower carina of

the externomedian area straight; lower outer sulcus less dilated,

its broadest part beyond the middle; lower inner sulcus feebly

dilated, scarcely concave. Hind tibiae of the male distinctly, or

even strongly incurved; of the female practically or quite straight.

3g. Two last abdominal segments widened and incrassate; the

hind one with a deep rotundate emargination, with the hind margin

strongly chitinised, depressed. Supra-anal plate transverse; hind

angles straight, or nearly so, not rounded; hind margin truncate,

with a triangular lobe and small emarginations at the base of the

latter; median keel feeble, sulcate throughout and bifurcate basally ;

a transverse row of four chitinous tubercles in the middle, and one

tubercle at the base of the median sulcus. Cerci hook-shaped,

vertical, with the apical (ascending) part longer than the basal one,

the Orthoptera in the British Museum. 143

and prominent above the supra-anal plate, not acuminate apically.

Subgenital plate small, very obtuse.

Q. Subgenital plate with a feeble, but distinct, convex transverse

sulcus beyond the middle; the apex broadly triangular. Lower

valves of the ovipositor with broad rounded teeth and small, narrow

apical parts.

Genotype : Caloptenus crassus Walk.

It is a very well-defined genus, easily recognised by the

hooked male cerci, incrassate hind femora, curved hind

tibiae and the prosternal tubercle not truncate but either

triangular, or with the apex strongly rounded. The

following species, known to me by specimens, belong here :

crassus Walk., ceraseus, sp.n., and nigripes, sp.n. From

the species previously described by different authors under

Caloptenus and Euryphymus the following ones (unknown

to me save by descriptions) should be also included into

Rhachitoys : melanopus Burm., saphiripes Serv., curvipes

Stal, vyldert Stal (2), adspersus Bol., stolidus Bol. As

the majority of species are not known to me, I will not

attempt to draw a key to species, and proceed to describe

those in the British Museum collection.

1. Rhachitopis crassus (Walk.).

1870. Caloptenus crassus Walker, Cat. Derm. Salt. B. M.,

iv, pp. 690, 694, no. 39 (partim !).

1910. Eluryphymus| crassus Kirby, Syn. Cat. Orth., 11,

p. 547, no. 17 (syn. excl. !).

C. ilepidus Walk. (= pinguis Walk.), which has been

regarded by Kirby as conspecific with crassus, is really

not even congeneric with it and belongs to the new genus

Platyphymus (see below). The specimens labelled by

Kirby as the types of C. crassus Walk. belong to two

distinct species, and I have selected one male as the holo-

type of crassus, while the second species is described below

as nigripes, sp.n. A supplementary description of crassus,

should be, I believe, useful; it is as follows :—

Head moderately, pronotum distinctly rugose. Median keel of

pronotum between sulci very low, not higher than the tubercles

on the disc between sulci; lateral keels scarcely distinct in prozona,

none in metazona; metazona longitudinally rugulose. Lateral

lobes with a whitish callous spot in the middle and a shining black

144 Mr. B. P. Uvarov’s Notes on

spot above it. Supra-anal plate of the male with the outer margins

slightly convex, and the hind angles somewhat rounded, with four

tubercles in a transverse row and a tubercle in the basal sulcus.

Male cerci with the ascending part very feebly bent forward, equally

wide all along, obtusely truncate at the apex, a little more than

twice as long as the basal (descending) part.

Dimensions of the type are as follows: Length of body 19 mm. ;

of pronotum 5 mm.; of elytra 145 mm.; of hind femur 12 mm.

Dimensions of one of paratypic females are: Length of body

22°5mm.; of pronotum 55 mm.; of elytra 16 mm.; of hind femur

12°5 mm.

British Museum specimens: South Africa (A. Smith),

2 5d, 4 92 (Walker’s types).

2. Rhachitopis nigripes, sp. n.

1870. Caloplenus crassus Walker, Cat. Derm. Salt. B. M.,

iy, p. 694, no. 39, f.

3. Somewhat larger than R. crassus Walk., moderately rugose.

Frontal ridge parallel-sided, suleate throughout, but obliterate just

before the clypeus. Fastigium of vertex about twice as broad

as the frontal ridge, very feebly impressed. Median keel of pronotum

feeble, especially so between the sulci; lateral keels feeble, but

subobliterate between the sulci only, almost reaching the hind margin

of the pronotum; disc feebly rugose; tubercles between the sulci

small; metazona with but a few small, scattered tubercles. The

last abdominal segment obtusangularly excised, the sides of the

emargination slightly sinuate. Supra-anal plate trapezoidal; outer

margins straight; hind angles a little more than 90°, not rounded ;

median keel low and broad, widely bifurcate in the basal half, narrowly

suleate in the apical part; a chitinous tubercle in the middle of

the basal impression; two tubercles near the median keel, beyond

the middle; two smaller tubercles on the same line with the two

submedian ones, but close to the outer margins. Cerci with the

basal part thick, punctured; the apical (ascending) part not twice”

as long as the basal, slightly bent forwards and outwards; the

apex blunt, but not truncate, projecting only a little above the

supra-anal plate.

General coloration brownish-ochraceous, uniform. Elytra with

a few indistinct darker spots. Hind femora with the indistinct dark

fasciae on the upperside; the whole inner side shining black, with a

very sharp, quite transverse pale ring before the apex; the knee

brown, with the inner lobe pale and with a very narrow black ring

the Orthoptera in the British Museum. 145

all round the base; lower inner sulcus pale with the black colour

from the inner side partly extending into it. Hind tibiae on the

inner side brownish, with a sharp postbasal ring, and another ring,

less distinct, behind the middle, pale. Middle part of the two last

tergites, the whole hind margin of the anal tergite, tubercles of the

supra-anal plate and the end of the cerci, black.

Length of body 21 mm.; of pronotum 5°5 mm.; of elytra 16 mm. ;

of hind femur 13 mm.

Dimensions of a female (paratype) are as follows: Length of

body 25 mm. (somewhat contracted); of pronotum 7°5 mm.; of

elytra 19 mm.; of hind femur 16°5 mm.

British Museum specomens: Cape Colony (Dr. Kraus

col.), | 3 (type; at the same time it is the specimen “ f” of

Caloptenus crassus Walk.); 8. Africa, 2 3g, 1 2 (paratypes).

3. Rhachitopis ceraseus, sp. n.

(Plate I, fig. 4.)

g. Larger and more rugose than any of the two species

described above. Frontal ridge with the margins parallel, but

not quite straight, owing to the rugosities of the face, sulcate

throughout, almost reaching the clypeus. Fastigium of vertex

distinctly impressed. Pronotum strongly rugose; median keel

before the first sulcus almost cristate, though low, between the

sulci low, not higher than the rather large tubercles, in metazona

subcristate in the fore half and gradually lowered towards the

hind angle. Last tergite widely rotundato-emarginate. Supra-

anal plate trapezoidal; outer margins straight; hind angles about

90°, not rounded, even slightly attenuate; median keel low, sulecate

throughout, bifurcate in the basal third; two small submedian

tubercles and two larger submarginal ones; one small tubercle in

the basal impression. Cerci with the basal (descending) part

somewhat incrassate, punctured; the apical (ascending) part

slightly curved outwardly, more than twice as long as the basal

part, with the apex somewhat thickened and rotundato-truncate,

distinctly projecting above the supra-anal plate.

General coloration reddish-brown, with indefinite brownish and

whitish marmoration and spots. Face reddish, with white and

brown marks; cheeks whitish. Lateral lobes of pronotum with

a pale submedian spot and a blackish spot above it. Elytra with

indefinite brownish spots, forming irregular fasciae. Hind femora

with two brown fasciae on the upperside; the lower inner sulcus

dark cherry-red, the same colour extending to the lower part of

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1922.—PARTS 1, Il. (JULY) L

146 Mr. B. P. Uvarov’s Notes on

the inner side, while the rest of the latter is shining black, except

the bright yellow apex. Hind tibiae yellow, with scarcely per-

ceptible brownish rings. Hind margins of all abdominal segments,

almost the whole of the last tergite and the end of the cerci, black.

Length of body 26 mm.; of pronotum 7 mm.; of elytra 23 mm. ;

of hind femora 14:5 mm.

Dimensions of the paratypic female are as follows: Length of

body 29 mm.; of pronotum 9 mm.; of elytra 25 mm.; of hind

femora 18 mm.

British Museum specimens: Herbert, Cape Province,

15 v. 1917, 1 g (type); Stijdenburg, Cape Province,

26 11. 1917, 1 9; Orange Free State, Bloemfontein distr.,

Bethulie, Dealesville to Bloemfontein, Petrusburg, 4 33,

1 Q (all the foregoing specimens collected by Ch. Lounsbury

and J. Faure); Orange River Colony, 8 33, 23 99 (@. EB. H.

B.-Hamilton) (the last 37 specimens are cotypes).

The sculpture of the head and pronotum is somewhat

variable in this species, but other morphological characters

are constant.

PLATYPHYMUS, gen. nov.

Related to Platacanthoides Kirby, but differing from in the

following characters :—

Not smooth, but more or less granulose. Frontal ridge in profile

strongly prominent between the antennae, and therefore decidedly

reclinate, more so in males. Fastigium of vertex in males elongato-

pentagonal, distinctly impressed, in the females rotundato-penta-

gonal, feebly impressed, in both sexes distinctly, though not sharply,

separated from the frontal ridge. Cheeks more or less rugulose

and granulose, with the oblique sulcus distinct. Disc of the pro-

notum with, at least, one pair of small callous tubercles between

the second and the third sulcus, often with additional tubercles

and granules scattered elsewhere.

6. Supra-anal plate distinctly narrowed posteriorly, rotundato-

trapezoidal; a pair of basal chitinous tubercles, one each side of

the basal sulcus; a pair of tubercles close to the median keel beyond

the middle of the plate, and a pair of transverse carinulae sideways

from these latter tubercles; lateral margins with a slight inflexion

opposite these carinulae; hind angles widely rounded. Cerci hook-

shaped, with both basal and apical parts vertical and practically

equally thick; the apical part distinctly longer than the basal,

with the apex obtuse, or somewhat widened.

the Orthoptera in the British Museum. 147

2. Lower valves of the ovipositor with the apical parts narrow,

distinctly denticulate basally.

Genotype: Platyphymus granulatus, sp. n.

Besides the genotype to this genus belong one more

new species, Caloptenus illepidus Walk. and Euryphymus

tricostatus Bol.

1. Platyphymus granulatus, sp. n.

(Plate I, figs. 5 and 6.)

3. Moderately rugose and with numerous callous granules and

tubercles. Antennae somewhat thickened, scarcely compressed.

Frontal ridge between the antennae flat, with a few punctures, at

the ocellum and below narrowly impressed. Cheeks with callous

granules forming oblique rows each side of the oblique sulcus.

Fastigium of the vertex elongato-hexagonal, about twice as long

as broad, with the apex very narrowly truncate; its surface dis-

tinctly impressed. Occiput with a fine carinula and radial post-

ocular callosities. Pronotum rather thick, strongly narrowed

anteriorly ; the dise slightly tectiform; median keel slightly raised,

thick, shining, with a very fine longitudinal furrow, distinctly cut

by the third sulcus only; lateral keels well developed, thick, shining,

irregular, deeply cut by the transverse sulci, distinctly divergent

between the fore margin and the second sulcus, less so from the

second sulcus to the hind margin, the distance between them at

the hind margin being half again as much as the distance at the

fore margin; prozona scarcely longer than metazona, with a pair

of small callous tubercles between the first and the second sulcus,

and two pairs between the second and the third sulcus, the hind-

most tubercles being the largest and very conspicuous; metazona

with scattered small tubercles, especially near to the hind margin;

fore margin distinctly rotundato-prominent; hind angle straight,

not at all rounded, with the sides incrassate and slightly concave ;

lateral lobes with callous tubercles and rugosities. Prosternal

tubercle widened towards the apex which is rotundato-truncate.

Elytra reaching the base of the hind knees. The last tergite with

a small prominent tooth in the middle of the hind margin. Supra-

anal plate broader than long, rotundato-trapezoidal, with the

lateral margins rounded and distinctly incised opposite the trans-

verse carinulae; hind angles widely rounded; hind median projec-

tion rather thick, with a small emargination at each side of its

base; median keel low in the apical half and distinctly raised in

the basal half, where it is bifureate; two large and low chitinous

148 Mr. B. P. Uvarov’s Notes on

tubercles at the very base of the plate; two smaller tubercles close

to the median keel behind its middle; and two transverse carinulae,

almost reaching the lateral margins, sideways from the last-mentioned

tubercles. Cerci hook-shaped, vertical; the basal part a little

thicker than the apical part, with an obtuse upper projection

directed somewhat obliquely upwards; the apical part about twice

as long as the basal, slightly and regularly bent, with the apex

obtuse.

General coloration reddish-brown. Face and cheeks yellowish-

ivory, with brown longitudinal stripes. Occiput behind the eyes

somewhat blackish, with the callosities yellowish. Pronotum with

a blackish fascia in prozona, along the median keel, constricted

before the middle; metazona unicolorous, darker at its fore part;

callous tubercles paler; lateral lobes with an ivory callosity in the

middle, surrounded by an indefinite blackish spot. Elytra with

indistinct brownish spots. Hind femora with the base of the

upperside and two spots on it brown; the outer side with indefinite

oblique dark fasciae; the inner side (possibly bleached) pale with

two indefinite brownish spots along the upper margin; the lower

inner sulcus pale. Hind tibiae pale.

Length of body (somewhat contracted) 18 mm.; of pronotum

5-5 mm.; of elytra 12-5 mm.; of hind femur 11-5 mm.

The paratypic female has more distinct markings on the

pronotum and elytra, but is otherwise very like the male type. Its

dimensions are as follows: Length of body 25 mm.; of pronotum

7-5 mm.; of elytra 14 mm.; of hind femur 13-5 mm.

British Museum specimens: Baringo, 4000 ft., 20 xu.

1912 (Sir H. H. Johnston), 7 33, 7 22 (type and 13 para-

types).

2. Platyphymus bigranosus, sp. n.

g. Less rugulose and granulose than P. granulatus Uvar. and

more compressed laterally. Frontal ridge below the ocellum

distinctly excavate. Fastigium of vertex less than twice as long

as broad, not deeply impressed. Cheeks scarcely granulose;

oblique sulcus distinct. Occiput without radial postocular cal-

losities. Pronotum distinctly compressed laterally, feebly nar-

rowed anteriorly; median keel low, but thick, shining, feebly cut

by the transverse sulci; metazona subequal in length to prozona;

the latter with a pair of distinct callous tubercles close to the third

sulcus and another, scarcely perceptible, pair before the second

sulcus, while the rest of the disc is punctured, more closely so in

metazona, but not granulose; lateral keels low, thick, shining,

“4

the Orthoptera in the British Museum. 149

straight, feebly divergent towards the hind margin, which they do

not reach by a short distance, distinctly cut by the sulci; lateral

lobes rugulose. Prosternal tubercle distinctly widened and emar-

ginate apically. Elytra not reaching the hind knees. Last tergite

with a small tooth in the middle of the hind margin. Supra-anal

plate much the same as in P. granulatus. Cerci with the apical

part distinctly widened towards the obliquely truncate apex.

General coloration brownish-grey (very much bleached by spirit).

Pronotum with the metazona darker than the prozona; the latter

with a median fascia, constricted before the middle. Elytra with

indefinite grey spots. Hind femora with two brown fasciae on the

upperside; the inner side greyish-pale (probably bleached); a

blackish narrow ring at the knee-base. Hind tibiae pale.

Length of body (somewhat contracted) 17-5 mm.; of pronotum

5-5 mm.; of elytra 12 mm.; of hind femora 12 mm.

British Museum specomen: Ngatana, British Hast

Africa (Gregory Coll.), 1 3 (type).

This species is easily separated from P. granulatus by

the shape and sculpture of pronotum, the shape of the

prosternal tubercle and cerci.

3. Platyphymus illepidus (Walk.).

1870. Caloptenus illepidus Walker, Cat. Derm. Sait. B. M.,

iv, pp. 690, 694, no. 40.

1870. Caloptenus pinguis Waiker, l.c., pp. 690, 695,

no. 41.

1910. Caloptenus alepidus Kirby, Syn. Cat. Orth., iii,

p. 547.

1910. Caloptenus pinguis Kirby, l.c., p. 547.

There is no reason whatever to regard C. illepidus as

conspecific with C. crassus Walk., they being not congeneric

even; thus, Kirby is wrong in putting dlepidus and pinguis

(which really are conspecific with each other) as synonyms

of crassus; he has been evidently misled by the somewhat

similar coloration of hind femora in both these species. His

definition of Walker’s types of dlepidus and pinguis in the

British Museum collection is also somewhat dubious:

Walker quotes two specimens (jf and Q) of allepidus, both

from Natal, collected by M. Gueinzius, and only one of

the specimens labelled by Kirby, as Walker’s type, is a

female from Gueinzius’ collection, while another specimen

is not a male, but also a female, from A. Smith’s collection,

150 Mr. B. P. Uvarov’s Notes on

S. Africa. As for C. pinguis, mstead of five specimens of

Smith’s collection, quoted by Walker, there is only one

female from Gueinzius’ collection, labelled by Kirby, as

Walker's type of this species. It is not improbable that

some of the actual Walker’s types of C. pinguis belonged

to C. crassus, but his descriptions of dlepidus and pinguis

leaves no doubt that they are quite different from crassus ;

tubercles on the pronotum supply us with sufficient evidence

in support of this view. I have chosen as the holotype of

C. allepidus the female specimen from Natal, of M. Gueinzius

collection, and have no doubt in my mind that dlepidus

and pinguis are conspecific, the difference in the shape of

prosternal tubercles being imaginary, as it 1s very often

the case with the characters indicated by Walker, and I

include this species provisionally in the genus Platyphymus,

though the discovery of the male may only help to establish

its relationship definitely.

There is nothing important to be added to Walker's

original description of the species, which is easily separated

from the two above described species by the somewhat

larger size, thicker pronotum, with distinctly convex

lateral keels and with only a pair of callous tubercles on

the disc, which is finely punctured in the rest, as well as

by the coloration of the hind-legs. The dimensions of the

female holotype are as follows :—

Length of body 28 mm.; of pronotum about 7 mm. (the

hind angle is broken); of elytra 17 mm.; of hind femora

10 mm.

CALLIPTAMICUS, gen. nov.

Resembling somewhat in the general appearance the genus

Calliptamus, but differing strongly in the structure of genitalia

and other important characters. Frontal ridge in profile feebly

convex, moderately prominent between the antennae, dis-

tinctly reclinate; its surface flat or scarcely convex, indistinctly

impressed below the ocellum in the male; the margins straight,

gradually and feebly divergent downwards. Fastigium of the

vertex sloping, elongato-oval, its surface scarcely impressed

and very indistinctly separated from the frontal ridge. Eyes

strongly prominent sideways, oval, distinctly higher than long

and as long as the subocular sulcus is high. Cheeks smooth,

with the oblique sulcus shallow, but distinct. Pronotum

compressed laterally, distinctly narrowed anteriorly; the disc

the Orthoptera in the British Museum. 151

almost flat; median keel sharp, low, in profile practically straight,

scarcely cut by the transverse sulci; metazona slightly shorter

than the prozona; lateral keels obtuse and low, but distinct,

straight, strongly divergent backwards, cut by narrow sulci; hind

angle of the disc very obtuse, but not at all rounded; lateral lobes

with the lower margin rotundato-angulate in the middle. Pre-

sternal tubercle distinctly longer than broad, slightly widened

towards the apex, which is rotundato-truncate. Mesosternal

interspace in the male not wider than long, in the female sub-

quadrate. Elytra well developed. Wings faintly coloured at the

base, slightly infumate towards the apex. Hind femora not at

all incrassate and scarcely dilated, strongly narrowed and attenuate

apically; the lower carina not at all dilated, regularly convex.

Hind tibiae straight.

6. The last tergite dilated, with the hind margin incrassate and

somewhat recurved and rotundato-emarginate. Supra-anal plate

broader than long, trapezoidal; median sulcus fine, but very

distinct, not widened basally; two big chitinous tubercles sideways

of the sulcus, before the middle of the plate; lateral margins rotun-

dato-sinuate; hind angles slightly attenuate, sharp; hind margin

somewhat concave, with a short median projecting lobe. Cerci

hook-shaped; the basal part a little broader than the apical, which

is strongly laterally compressed; the apex obliquely truncate.

Subgenital plate obtusely conical.

Q. Subgenital plate scarcely longer than broad, with the apex

truncate, and with two small, obtuse Jateral lobes.

Genotype : Calliptamus semiroseus Serv.

It is a very peculiar genus with the hind femora slender

for a member of the group Calliptamini. The shape of

the male genitalia, however, leaves no doubt that it

belongs here.

Only two species are known at present and they both

are represented in the Museum collection.

1. Calliptamicus semiroseus (Serv.).

(Plate I, figs. 7 and 8.)

1839. Calliptamus semiroseus Serville, Ins. Orth., p. 692,

nO“.

1860. Acridium (Calliptamus) hottentotum Stal, Hug. Resa,

Orth., p. 337, no. 90.

1870. Caloptenus semiroseus, var. Walker, Cat. Derm.

Salt. B. M., p. 691, no. 32.

152 Mr. B. P. Uvarov’s Notes on

70. Caloptenus hottentotus Walker, Lc., p. 692, no. 33.

70. Caloptenus plenipennis Walker, lLe., p. 696,

no. 43.

1870. Caloptenus minor Wallk., l.c., p. 699, no. 48.

1873. Clalliptenus| (Calliptenus) hottentotus Stal, Ree.

Orth., i, p. 73, no. 5. ¢

1876. Eluryphymus| hottentotus Stal, Ofv. Vet. Akad.

Forhand., no. 3, p. 48.

1902. Eluryphymus| semiroseus M. Fernandez, An. Soc.

Esp. Hist. Nat., xxx, pp. 262, 276.

1902. Calliptamus minor Kirby, Trans. Ent. Soe. Lond.,

p. 240, no. 1186.

1910. Eluryphymus| semiroseus Kirby, Syn. Cat. Orth.,

il, p. 546, no. 15.

The rosy tinge of the wings is sometimes very faint

and often bleached in the collection specimens, which

caused Walker to separate his C. minor from C. senuroseus,

which are not distinct morphologically.

British Museum specimens: South Africa, 2 $3, 3 29

(Walker's types of C. semiroseus var., C. hottentotus, C.

plenipennis, C. minor); Newlands, Namaqualand (C. D.

Rudd), 3 33, 8 28.

2. Calliptamicus antennatus (Kirby).

1902. Calliptamus antennatus Karby, Trans. Ent. Soc.

Lond., p. 109, no. 118.

1910. Elurypho ymus] antennatus Karby, Syn. Cale Orth.,

ii, p. 547, no. 16.

Undoubtedly very close to the preceding species, with

which it agrees well in all morphological characters, but

differs in somewhat larger size and in the coloration; the

hind wings in the type and another specimen (named by

Kirby as C. izbialis Kirby !) are yellowish, faintly infumate

towards the apex.

As Kirby has not given the dimensions of this species,

J give them here: Length of poe S(t ae 17:5) am, 708

pronotum 5 mim.; of elytra 16-5 mm.; of hind femora

i4 mm.

British Museum specimens: Pretoria (W. LE. Distant),

1 3 (Kirby's type); Johannesburg, 1 g (named by Kirby as

Huryphymus erythropus Thnbg.!); 1 9 (named by Kirby as

Calliptamus tibialis Kirby !); Marico, Transvaal, 1 9.

the Orthoptera in the British Museum. 153

PLATACANTHOIDES Kirby.

1870. Platacanthus Walk., Cat. Derm. Salt. B. M., iv,

p- 714, genus 35 (preoccupied by Fischer in 1850 for

a genus of fish).

1910. Platacanthoides Kirby, Syn. Cat. Orth., i, p. 559.

Of middle size, not rugose. Antennae scarcely flattened. Face

slightly reclinate. Frontal ridge in profile more or less convex,

but only feebly prominent between the antennae, feebly impressed

or flat; lateral margins straight, gradually and feebly divergent

downwards. Fastigium of the vertex distinctly sloping, not separ-

ated from the frontal ridge and forming a widely rounded angle

with it, elongato-hexagonal, or oval, in the females scarcely longer

than broad; its surface almost flat, or slightly impressed. Cheeks

smooth, with the oblique sulcus feeble. Eyes distinctly higher

than long and than the subocular sulcus is high. Pronotum with

the dise almost flat, median keel well developed, in profile straight

or nearly so, feebly cut by the transverse sulci; metazona subequal

to prozona, or shorter; its hind angle obtuse, or straight, not at all,

or but slightly rounded; lateral keels low, but distinct, complete,

more or less convex, distinctly divergent backwards, reaching the

hind margin; lateral lobes slightly convex, higher than long; lower

margin rotundato-angulate in the middle. Prosternal tubercle

widened towards the apex, which is emarginate, on truncate.

Mesosternal interspace in the male slightly, in the female distinctly,

transverse. Elytra and wings developed, but in the females not

reaching the apex of the abdomen. Hind femora dilated, but

scarcely incrassate, with the lower carina regularly convex. Hind

tibiae in both sexes straight.

$. (The description taken not from the genotype, in which the

male is not yet known.) Last tergite dilated, with a deep and broad,

rotundato-quadrangular emargination behind. Supra-anal plate

subquadrate with only a pair of chitinous tubercles, with an obtuse

median carinula, widely bifurcate in the basal half; hind angles

straight; apical lobe small, with two small lateral emarginations

at its base. Cerci strongly sinuate, or hook-shaped, with the basal

part almost horizontal and dilated inwardly, the apical part vertical.

Subgenital plate obtusely conical.

Q. Subgenital plate feebly convex; hind margin with an obtuse

triangular projection and two not deep, rounded emarginations.

Lower valves of the ovipositor short, obtusely dentate basally.

Genotype: Platacanthus morosus Walk.

The above re-description of this (Walker’s) genus is

154 Mr. B. P. Uvarov’s Notes on

based partly on the genotype, partly on another species

of the same genus, described below as new. Walker

originally included in the genus Platacanthus three species,

but he actually indicated morosus, as the genotype; two

other species (cervinus and includens) are Australian and

have been since removed to other genera (Azelota and

Exarna, respectively).

1. Plataeanthoides morosus (Walk.).

1870. Platacanthus morosus Walker, Cat. Derm. Salt. B. M.,

iv, p. 714, no. 1.

1910. Platacanthoides morosus Kirby, Syn. Cat. Orth.,

ill, p. 559, no. 1.

Q. Frontal ridge very feebly convex, scarcely impressed just

below the ocellum, very minutely and indistinctly punctured near

the fastigium, with the margins obtuse and not raised. Fastigium

of the vertex scarcely impressed, oval, slightly longer than broad.

Occiput with a feeble carinula. Pronotum with the median keel

scarcely intersected by the first two sulci; lateral keels feebly

convex, slightly cut by sulci; metazona distinctly shorter than the

prozona, with the hind angle obtuse, rounded. Prosternal tubercle

distinctly widened towards the obtusely emarginate apex.

Length of body 30 mm.; of pronotum 7 mm.; of elytra 16-5 mm. ;

of hind femora 17 mm.

British Museum specimen: 8. Africa (A. Smith), 1 9

(Walker's type). '

2. Platacanthoides bituberculatus, sp. n.

(Plate I, figs. 9 and 10.)

1870. Caloptenus crassus Walker, Cat. Derm. Salt. B. M.,

iv, p. 694, no. 39 (partim).

6. Smooth. Frontal ridge below the ocellum feebly impressed,

above it distinctly punctured, with the margins somewhat raised.

Fastigium of the vertex distinctly impressed, parallel-sided, about

twice as long as broad. Occiput without a carinula. Pronotum

with the median keel distinctly cut by three sulci; lateral keels

practically straight, distinctly intersected by the sulci; metazona

subequal to the prozona; hind angle a little more than 90°, slightly

rounded apically. Elytra reaching the hind knees. Prosternal

tubercle slightly widened towards the apex, which is rotundato-

truncate. Supra-anal plate quadrangular, as broad as_ long;

the Orthoptera in the British Museum. 155

median keel feeble, bifurcate in the basal third; two minute chiti-

nous points close to the keel beyond the middle; the hind median

projection small, decurved, with a rather deep and sharp emargina-

tion at each side of its base. Cerci with the basal part thick, almost

horizontal; the apical part vertical, longer than the basal part,

narrowed towards the obtuse apex, its fore inner margin somewhat

expanded, and the hind margin with a round expansion near the

base. Subgenital plate obtusely conical.

General coloration brownish-grey, with indefinite brownish

markings. Elytra with rather large brownish spots. Wings

hyaline, with the veins in the fore part brownish. Hind femora

with indefinite dark spots on the upperside; the inner side yellowish

(probably bleached) and almost wholly occupied by a black spot;

a narrow black ring on the inner side before the knee. Hind tibiae

yellowish.

Length of body 20 mm.; of pronotum 5-5 mm.; of elytra 16 mm. ;

of hind femora 13 mm.

British Museum specimen: §S. Africa (A. Smith), 1 3

(one of Walker's types of C. crassus).

The species, of course, has nothing to do with the true

C. (Rachitopsis) crassus Walk., and even the coloration of

the hind femora does not agree with the Walker’s description

of that species.

2a. Platacanthoides bituberculatus var. attenuatus, n. var.

3. Differs from the type by the following characters: elytra

broader; prosternal tubercle very slightly emarginate at the apex;

tubercles of the supra-anal plate larger, acute; apical part of the

cerci more attenuate; the inner side of the hind femora black,

margined with red; lower outer sulcus yellow.

Dimensions as in the typical form.

British Museum specimen : Wepenor, Orange Free State

(Division of Entomology, Pretoria), 1 3 (type of the variety).

I do not think that the above-indicated characters are

of a specific value; the difference in the coloration of the

hind femora may depend on the type of the variety being

better preserved than that of the typical form which is

evidently much bleached.

MARTINEZIUS, gen. nov.

Related to Plegmapterus M. Fern., but well distinct from it by

the practically smooth head and pronotum, as well as by the

developed lateral keels of the latter.

156 Mr. B. P. Uvarov’s Notes on

Antennae filiform, not compressed. Face distinctly reclinate.

Frontal ridge in profile convex between fastigium and antennae,

straight in the lower part; its margins obtuse, not raised, somewhat

approximated to each other near the fastigium, very feebly divergent

downwards, strongly divergent in the lowest part, where they are

almost obliterate; surface of the ridge smooth, with a few punctures

in the upper part, and a feeble impression near the ocellum. Eyes

strongly prominent, only slightly higher than long, almost round;

fore margin convex though less so than the hind margin; subocular

distance subequa] to their length. Fastigium of vertex strongly

sloping, forming an obtuse, rounded angle with the frontal ridge,

twice as long as it is broad, somewhat widened forwards and again

narrowed apically; its surface impressed; margins very obtuse,

the apical ones even obliterate. Occiput very short, smooth. Cheeks

practically smooth, with the oblique furrow scarcely developed.

Pronotum compressed laterally, strongly narrowed anteriorly;

dise slightly convex in prozona, flat in metazona; median keel

very low and rather broad, with a scarcely perceptible sulcus all

along, in profile practically straight, feebly interrupted by the first

two sulciand rather deeply so by the hind sulcus, which is placed just

before the middle; lateral keels very obtuse, deeply cut by the

transverse sulci and therefore strongly sinuose, subparallel between

the fore margin and the first sulcus, distinctly divergent between

the first and third sulcus, subparallel in the metazona; fore margin

of the disc practically straight; hind angle near to 90°, scarcely

rounded, with the sides distinctly concave; lateral lobes slightly

higher than long, with the lower margin very feebly rounded and

in the fore third slightly ascending; fore angle obtuse, slightly

rounded; hind angle almost straight but more rounded; hind

margin straight, very oblique. Prosternal tubercle not broader

than long, transversely compressed, almost quadrangular, with

the apical angles rounded. Mesosternal interspace in the male

slightly longer than broad, in the female scarcely transverse, in

both sexes (especially in the male) more narrow than one of the

lobes. Elytra much longer than the hind femora, distinctly nar-

rowed basally, parallel-sided in the rest, with the apex rounded ;

their reticulation thick and dense. Wings coloured, with the apex

infumate. Hind femora rather dilated, but not incrassate; the

upper carina strongly serrulate; the lower carina rather dilated,

but regularly convex. Hind tibiae a little shorter than the femora,

straight.

3. Last two tergites widened and incrassate; the anal segment

deeply rodundate-emarginate, with the margin depressed and

strongly chitinised. Supra-anal plate transverse, rotundato-trape-

the Orthoptera in the British Museum. 157

zoidal, with a prominent apical lobe and low median carina, bifurcate

basally; with two small chitinous tubercles near the carina, before

the middle. Cerci vertical, consisting of a descending, rather thick

basal part, and an ascending, thinner apical part, prominent above

the supra-anal plate. Subgenital plate small, round.

9. Subgenital plate with the apex prominent, with two rounded

apical lateral emarginations.

Genotype: Martinezius fernandez, sp. n.

This new genus is undoubtedly allied to Plegmapterus,

as the reticulation of elytra is practically the same in both

these genera, but it strongly differs from Plegmapterus by

the above-indicated characters. There are, possibly,

some more differentiating characters in the structure of

the male genitalia, but the male of Plegmapterus is, as yet,

unknown.

To the genus Martinezius belongs, probably, besides the

genotype, Huryphymus sinuosus, M. Fern., which is unknown

to me save by description.

I propose to name this beautiful insect after the first

reviser of the group Calliptamini, Mr. Antonio Martinez

y Fernandez-Castillo.

1. Martinezius fernandezi, sp. n.

(Plate I, figs. 11 and 12.)

3. Ochraceous-brown, with brown design and spots; the under

side and legs covered with rather long greyish hairs. Head and

face brown with greyish marmoration. Pronotum very teebly

regulose in the hind part of the metazona; its dise brown, in the

metazona of a lighter shade, with indefinite narrow pale lateral

fasciae; lateral lobes reddish-brown. Elytra greyish-ochraceous,

with numerous small brown spots, rather equally distributed, some-

what confluent in the basal part. Wings golden yellow, with the

veins and veinlets in the apical half brown, and the apex faintly

infumate. Hind femora on the outer side brown, with indefinite

dark fasciae on the somewhat paler-coloured upperside; the inner

lower sulcus shining black, this colour extending partly also on the

lower part of the inner side which is dirty yellow, merging into red

at the apex; the hind knee unicolorous brown all over except the

red inner lobe. Hind tibiae bright red with black tips of the spines.

Hind tarsi orange-red.

Length of body 25-5 mm.; of pronotum 7 mm.; of elytra 23 mm. ;

of hind femur 14-5 mm.

158 Mr. B. P. Uvarov’s Notes on

2 (paratype). Differs from the male by the dise of pronotum

chocolate-brown all over, except the rather well-defined, narrow

greyish lateral fasciae; and by the bright rose-coloured wings.

Length of body 35 mm.; of pronotum 9-5 mm.; of elytra 30 mm. ;

of hind femur 21 mm.

Another paratypic female is with golden-yellow wings, like the

type male, but its hind tibiae are also golden-yellow, instead of

being red,

The species differs from M. sinuosus M. Fern. (see above),

so far as it may be established by the description of the

latter, in the shape of the male cerci which in that species

are dilated apically.

British Museum specimens: Deelfontein (Col. Sloggett),

1 3, 2 28 (type and paratypes).

CALLIPTAMULUS, gen. nov.

Very much alike in its habitus to Calliptamus, but small and

strongly differmg from it in the shape of the prosternal tubercle

and of the male genitalia.

Antennae rather thick, very feebly widened beyond the middle.

Face feebly reclinate, smooth, scarcely punctured. Frontal ridge

in profile practically straight; its margins obtuse, slightly gradually

divergent from fastigium towards the clypeus; the surface flat or

only feebly impressed near the ocellum. Fastigium of vertex

sloping, elongato-pentagonal, with the apex truncate; lateral

carinae near the apex obliterate ; apical transverse carina obliterate ;

surface feebly impressed. No temporal foveolae. Cheeks smooth;

oblique sulcus feeble. Eyes rather large, oval, distinctly longer than

the subocular sulcus is high, and distinctly higher than they are

long. Occiput without a median carinula. Pronotum compressed

laterally, but not constricted anteriorly; its disc almost flat or

feebly convex; median carina in profile straight, low, but sharp, cut

by three transverse sulci; metazona subequal in length to prozona,

slightly rugulose; lateral keels well distinct, though low, straight

or nearly so, gradually and feebly divergent backwards, reaching

the hind margin or subobliterate quite close to it; lateral lobes

scarcely convex, forming an almost straight angle with the disc,

more or less rugulose, distinctly higher than long; their fore margin

vertical, scarcely sinuate; fore angle very obtuse, widely rounded ;

lower margin rotundato-angulate in the middle; hind angle very

obtuse, rounded; hind margin strongly oblique. Prosternal

tubercle subtransverse, obtusely conical. Mesosternal interspace

subquadrate, or slightly transverse in the male and distinctly trans-

the Orthoptera in the British Museum. 159

verse in the female. Elytra developed, parallel-sided, with the

apex rounded. Wings a little shorter than the elytra, hyaline or

coloured. Hind femora short and broad, scarcely incrassate; the

upper carina feebly denticulate; the lower carina regularly convex.

Hind tibiae straight.

3. The last tergite slightly widened on its sides, shallowly rotun-

dato-emarginate on the upperside, with the hind margin somewhat

incrassate. Supra-anal plate about as long as broad, with the

sides widely rounded and with a short median projection behind ;

the median sulcus scarcely perceptible in the basal part only; no

distinct chitinous tubercles, or only a pair of very small ones.

Cerci almost horizontal; the basal part thick and broad; the apical

part thin, gradually recurved; the apex obtuse or pointed. Sub-

genital plate obtusely conical.

2. Subgenital plate with an obtusangular projection behind, and

two shallow angular emarginations sideways from the projection ;

its surface feebly convex. Lower valves of the ovipositor, with

the apical parts short, broad, obtuse, not dentate basally.

Genotype: Calliptamulus sulfurescens, sp. n.

This peculiar genus seems to be represented in South

Africa by many species, since not less than three distinct

new species may be recognised amongst quite a small lot

of specimens now before me. The species are very close

to each other, but still there are quite good characters

which enables us to separate them without any difficulty.

1. Calliptamulus sulfurescens, sp. n.

(Plate I, fig. 20.)

3. Frontal ridge feebly impressed near the ocellum, above it

flat but with the margins somewhat raised. Fastigium of the

vertex at the apex open, forming a widely rounded angle with the

frontal ridge. Lateral keels of pronotum very distinct, but obtuse,

almost straight, scarcely divergent backwards, reaching the hind

margin; hind angle straight, not rounded. Mesosternal interspace

slightly transverse. Elytra extending a little beyond the apex of

the abdomen, but not reaching the hind knees. Supra-anal plate

with two very minute, scarcely perceptible chitinous points before

the middle. Cerci with the basal part a little longer than high;

the apical part somewhat longer than the basal; the lower margin

in the apical third obtusangulate; the upper margin of the apical

part feebly and regularly concave; apex obtuse.

General coloration brownish-ochraceous, with brown markings.

160 Mr. B. P. Uvarov’s Notes on

Face and the whole of the head with brown dots and spots. Occiput

with an ill-defined brown median fascia, widened posteriorly.

Pronotum rather irregularly marmorated with brown; lateral keels

paler and shining. Elytra pale-greyish, with a series of brownish

spots along the middle. Wings feebly sulphurous basally, with

the veins in the anterior part brownish. Hind femora marmorated

and mottled with brown, with three not well-defined blackish spots

and a preapical ring of the same colour, on the upperside; the

inner side black, with the upper margin and the preapical ring

yellow; the lower margin and Jower inner sulcus bright red; inner

knee lobe yellow, somewhat reddish at the base. Hind tibiae

bright red, with brownish spots on the outer side, and with an

inconspicuous yellow postbasal ring.

Length of body 16 mm.; of pronotum 4 mm.; of elytva 12 mm.;

of hind femora 10 mm.

2 (paratype). Differs from the male type by the somewhat

convex lateral keels of the pronotum and by the elytra not

reaching the apex of abdomen. Mesosternal interspace distinctly

transverse.

Length of body 24-5 mm.; of pronotum 6 mm.; of elytra 14:5

mm.; of hind femora 13-5 mm.

British Museum specimens: Orange Free State:

Bloemfontein, 11 11. 1918, 1 (type); 2411. 1918, 1 g, 19;

Tiv. 1918, 1 2; Smithfield distr., 9 v. 1917, 1 ¢; Wepener,

6 vi. 1918, 192 (the fie latter considered paratypes ; all

specimens sent by the Division of Entomology, Pretoria,

and one male and one female returned to the Division).

2. Calliptamulus hyalinus, sp. n.

(Plate I, fig. 21.)

3. Differs from C. sulfurescens Uvar., by the following characters :

Size somewhat larger. Frontal ridge sulcate almost throughout.

Lateral keels of pronotum somewhat convex, obliterate behind the

middle of the metazona. Mesosternal interspace distinctly trans-

verse. Cerci, with the apical part strongly pointed; the lower

margin rather regularly convex; the upper margin of the apical

part beyond its middle straight.

General coloration ochraceous, with very indistinct greyish spots.

Wings whitish basally, with the veins in the fore part brownish. _

Hind femora with three very indefinite brownish spots on the upper-

side; the inner side sulphurous with a series of big blackish spots;

the lower inner sulcus sulphurous. Hind tibiae sulphurous.

the Orthoptera in the British Museum. 161

Length of body 16-5 mm.; of pronotum 4:5 mm.; of elytra 12-5

mm.; of hind femora 11-5 mm.

British Museum specimen: Petrus, Orange Free State,

231.1919 (type; sent by the Division of Entomology,

Pretoria).

3. Cailiptamulus roseipennis, sp. n.

(Plate I, fig. 19.)

g. Size as in C. sulfurescens Uvar. Differs from that species

in the following characters :

Frontal ridge above the ocellum flat, strongly punctured, at the

ocellum impressed. Fastigium of the vertex forming a distinct,

though very obtuse and rounded angle with the frontal ridge. Prono-

tum shorter; lateral keels somewhat convex and distinctly divergent

backwards, almost reaching the hind margin. Prosternal tubercle

not triangular, but slightly narrowed towards the obtusely angulate

apex. Supra-anal plate without any trace of chitinous tubercles,

but with a very fine transverse sulcus, Cerci with the apical part

subequal in length to the basal part; the lower margin convex

from the base up to the apical third, then obtusangulate, and

straight in the rest; upper margin of the apical part regularly

concave; apex less obtuse than in C. sulfurescens.

General coloration brownish-grey, with dark-grey markings.

Hind femora with three rather distinct blackish spots on the upper-

side; the inner side yellowish-red, somewhat blackened along the

upper margin and at the base; lower inner sulcus orange red. Hind

tibiae bright red. Wings rose; the fore part strongly infumate.

Length of body 15 mm.; of pronotum 3-75 mm.; of elytra 12

mm.; of hind femora 10 mm.

Type in the Hope Museum, Oxford ; 1t is from Knysna,

Concordia, Cape Province, 22 11. 1914 (J. B. Longstaff).

BRACHYPHYMUS, gen. nov.

g. Rather closely allied to Huryphymus, but less rugose, though

not at all shining. Antennae filiform, not compressed. Face

vertical suleate throughout, the sulcus not separated from the

impression of the vertex; margins below the ocellum bisinuose.

Eyes strongly prominent, round, a little higher than long and scarcely

higher than the subocular distance. Cheeks without a distinct

oblique impressed furrow. Fastigium of vertex distinctly sloping,

twice as broad as the frontal ridge below the ocellum, concave,

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1922.—PARTS I, I. (JULY) M

162 Mr. B. P. Uvarov’s Notes on

with margins parallel, convergent forwards where they are continuous

with the margins of the frontal ridge, but not backwards. Occiput

without a median carina and postocular radial rugosities. _Pronotum

rather compressed laterally, distinctly narrowed forwards; median

keel well developed, but low, in profile straight, in prozona obtusely

tridentate, in metazona slightly convex; third sulcus in the middle ;

lateral keels rather well developed, though obtuse, reaching the hind

margin, but obliterate close to the fore margin and almost obliterate

between the first and second sulcus, gradually divergent backwards,

deeply cut by transverse sulci; fore margin rotundato-prominent ;

hind angle practically straight, rounded at the apex, with the sides

somewhat concave; lateral lobes slightly higher than long, with

the lower margin straight, fore angle obliquely truncate and rounded,

hind angle straight, scarcely rounded. Prosternal tubercle short,

thick, conical. Mesosternal interspace trapezoidal, a little broader

than long and almost as wide as one of the lobes; metasternal

interspace subquadrate. Elytra extending beyond the hind knees,

with sparse, but thick reticulation. Wings not coloured. Hind

femora short, moderately broad, not at all thickened; upper carina

feebly serrulate; lower carina not dilated, regularly convex. Hind

tibiae very feebly incurved, with 5-6 outer and 8 inner spines. Last

tergite dilated and rotundato-emarginate. Supra-anal plate slightly

broader than long, with the sides rounded and an apical lobe;

median keel low, bifurcate basally; two rather large chitinous

tubercles about the middle, close to the median keel. Cerci with

thick basal part and round, attenuate and recurved apical part,

with the apex rather acute. Subgenital plate small, round.

Genotype: Brachyphymus sulfuripes, sp. n.

This genus is easily separated from Huryphymus, to which

it is rather closely allied, by the shape of the prosternal

tubercle and of the cerci, which are of the same type as in

Calliptamulus.

1. Brachyphymus sulfuripes, sp. n.

(Plate I, fig. 22.)

3g. Ochraceous, with abundant brick-red spots and dots, and

with blackish design. Antennae whitish. Face pale, marmorated

with brown. Cheeks whitish with brick-red marmoration. Fasti-

gium of vertex with the apex brownish, and with a brick-red longi-

tudinal fascia almost reaching the pronotum and including a more

narrow blackish fascia. Pronotum on the upperside reddish-

ochraceous, marmorated with brown, blackish along the lateral

the Orthoptera in the British Museum. 163

keels; lateral lobes in metazona reddish, with large brick-red spots,

in prozona with an ivory white callous spot in the middle and a

blackish spot above it. Elytra with the scapular and radial veins

brick-red, and all the hind half brownish, with a few scattered

brownish spots along the middle and in the anal area. Wings

hyalinous, scarcely infumate in the apical half, with the veins and

veinlets in the fore half brown; the base very faintly yellowish.

Abdomen yellowish, with chocolate spots along the sides and with

the hind margins of sternites brown. Fore and middle femora brick-

red and tibiae yellowish, marmorated with brown. Hind femora

on the outer side ochraceous, with numerous brick-red spots and

two interrupted blackish fasciae on the upperside; the lower outer

sulcus whitish; lower inner sulcus and the inner side black, with the

apex sulphurous; outer knee lobes unicolorous with the rest of the

outer side, with a black point at the base, and the inner knee lobes

sulphurous, also with a black basal point. Hind tibiae sulphurous

with blackish streaks at the base, in the middle and at the apex of

the inner side; the base of the outer side with brick-red spots;

spines in the apical half black.

Length of body 19 mm.; of pronotum 5 mm. ; of elytra 18 mm. ; of

hind femur 12 mm.

Described from a single male sent by the Division of

Entomology, Pretoria, and captured at Strijdenburg, Cape

Province, 26 ii. 1917.

British Museum specimen : the type.

Genus KuryPHYMUS Stal.

1873. Huryphymus Stil, Rec. Orth., i, p. 72 (partim !).

1876. Huryphymus Stil, Ofv. K. Vet.-Akad. Férhandl.,

no. 3, p. 40 (partim !).

1877. Huryphymus Stil, Syst. Acrid., i, p. 30, no. 14

- — (partim }).

1902. Huryphymus M. Fernandez, An. Soc. Esp. Hist.

- Nat., xxx, pp. 258, 259 (partim !).

1907. Phymeurus Giglio-Tos, Boll. Mus. Torino, xxii

(554), p. 27.

1910. Phymeurus Kirby, Syn. Cat. Orth., i, p. 545.

1910. Huryphymus Kirby, l.c., pp. 545-548 (parti !).

When Stil described in 1873 the genus Huryphymus

(which he regarded then as a subgenus of Calliptenus),

he included in it only three species: ferruginosus St.,

haematopus L. and erythropus Thunbg., while he left

164 Mr. B. P. Uvarov’s Notes on

hottentotus St. im the subgenus Calliptenus (i. sp.). Three

years later, in his paper on South African Orthoptera, he

for some unknown reason altered his original conception

of the genus Huryphymus by including in it hottentotus

and two more new species, curvipes St. and vylderi St.,

which rendered the generic diagnosis extremely vague and

indefinite. As a direct sequel of this, the genus Hury-

phymus became a kind of storing place for all African

species of Calliptamini with the inner spurs of the hind

tibiae not elongate (7. e. which could not be put into Calop-

tenopsis), however strikingly different from each other

those species might be. As'this group is very well developed

in South Africa, the number of species described as “ Hury-

phymus”’ speedily increased up to 19, as listed in M.

Fernandez’s revision. This latter author removed, though,

one species—ferruginosus St. from HLuryphymus and made

it the type of a new genus, Plegymapterus M. Fern.; thus

only two possible genotypes, viz. haematopus and ery-

thropus, remained in the genus Huryphymus.

Giglio-Tos described in 1907 the genus Phymeurus with

Ph. pardalis G.-T., as the genotype. It is quite obvious

from the description of Phymeurus that Giglio-Tos com-

pared it neither with haematopus nor with erythropus, but

with some species of what had been at that time called

Euryphymus. Moreover, there is no doubt that Ph.

pardalis is very closely related to haematopus and obviously

congeneric with it. Since Kirby has indicated haematopus

as the genotype of Huryphymus, Phymeurus must be

regarded as a pure synonym of Huryphymus, and the

latter genus must be restricted to haematopus L., eremo-

bioides Bol. and tuberculatus M. Fern., while erythropus

Thunbg. presents a type of a distinct new genus.

The description of Phymeurus, as given by Giglhio-Tos,

may be used as generic diagnosis of Huryphymus in the

restricted sense, with addition of characters of the male

genitalia which are given in my key to the genera (see

p. 120). ' :

All other 35 species included in the genus Huryphymus

in Kirby’s Catalogue belong partly to several new genera

described in this paper, partly to Caloptenopsis (unicarinatus

Krauss, marginipennis Karsch and glaucopsis Walk.;

see pp. 127 and 129 of this paper), while the generic position

of several insufficiently described species of I. Bolivar

and other authors, as well as of eight of Walker’s species

the Orthoptera in the British Museum. 165

(exemptus,* testaceus, concisus, signatus, turbidus, mutator,

cincticollis and reductus) the types of which are lost, cannot

be determined.

1. Euryphymus haematopus (L.).

(Plate I, fig. 13.)

I believe it superfluous to repeat here the synonymy of

this species, quite correctly given by Kirby (Syn. Cat.

Orth., 11, p. 546, no. 14).

The species reminds us very much of the Tmethis muricatus

Pall. and is also extremely variable in the general colora-

tion, as well as to a certain extent in the degree of develop-

ment of rugosities and tubercles on the head and _ pro-

notum. ‘The males are strikingly different from the females

in the size, but there is no doubt as to their identity. The

coloration of the inside of hind femora is, in all specimens

studied by me, black except a narrow stripe along the

upper margin and a preapical ring, which are either bright red

or orange-red, as the hind tibiae also are. The dimensions

of both sexes are as follows :—

od 99

Length of body . : . 18-22 mm. 29-35 mm,

as », pronotum . : 4-5-5 7-8-5

a », elytra : . 16-18 25-30

ss ,, hind femora . 12-14 20-22

British Museum specimens: S. Africa, 2 92; Cape of

Good Hope, 3 99; Stellenbosh, 1 g; Simonstown, 1 3

(Philip de la Garde); Saldanha Bay, 1 g, 12 (Philip de la

Garde).

2. Euryphymus eremobioides (I. Bol.).

1870. Caloptenus haematopus Walker, Cat. Derm. Salt.

B. M., iv, p. 693, no. 35 (partum !).

1889. Hlurypkymus| eremobioides I. Bolivar, Jorn. Sci.

Lisboa, seg. ser., p. 168, no. 168.

1902. Lluryphymus| eremobioides M. Fernandez, An. Soc.

Esp. Hist. Nat., xxx, pp. 260, 262.

1907. Plhymeurus] pardalis Gigho-Tos, Boll. Mus. Torino,

xxii (554), p. 28.

* Kirby (Syn. Cat. Orth., iii, p. 547, no. 27) marked 1. exemptus

Walk. with two asterisks, meaning that its type is in the British

Museum; but the insect under this name is a Caloptenopsis, and

does not agree at all with Walker’s description of Acridiwm exemptum,

166 Mr. B. P. Uvarov’s Notes on

1910. Plhymeurus| pardalis Kirby, Syn. Cat. Orth., in,

p. 045, no. 1.

1910. Plhymeurus] eremobioides Kirby, l.c., p. 545, no. 2.

There is very little doubt in my mind that pardalis

Gigho-Tos is conspecific with eremobioides Bol., the only

difference between them, so far as it may be concluded

from Giglio-Tos’s description, being the absolute size,

which seems to be rather inconstant in all species of the

genus.

British Museum specimen: Congo, 1 2 (this is specimen

“f” of Walker’s Caloptenus haematopus L.).

3. Euryphymus tuberculatus M. Fern.

(Plate I, fig. 14.)

1898. Huryphymus tuberculatus M. Fernandez, Actas Soc.

Esp. Hist. Nat., Feb. 1898, p. 35.

1902. H[uryphymus| tuberculatus M. Fernandez, An. Soc.

Esp. Hist. Nat., xxx, pp. 261, 267.

1910. E[uryphymus] tuberculatus Kirby, Syn. Cat. Orth.,

i, p. 546, no. 12.

It is with a certain hesitation that I refer four specimens

of Huryphymus to this species, described by the female

only. Three specimens before me are males and one is

female; the latter is somewhat larger than the type and

has hind tibiae yellow, instead of red; the same coloration

of hind tibiae is also in one of the males (from 8. Rhodesia),

while two other males are with hind tibiae red, as in the

type. As I, however, do not think the coloration of

tibiae an important specific character in this genus, I feel

sure that all four specimens are conspecific with each other

and, very probably, with LZ. tuberculatus.

British Museum specimen : Bloemfontein distr., Orange

Free State, 8 v. 1917, 1 3 (Division of Entomology, Pretoria).

Hope Museum specumens: The Matopos, 8. Rhodesia,

4500-5500 ft., 10 ix. 1905, 1 g (H. B. Poulton); Warrenton,

Cape Colony, about 3900 ft., 7 ix. 1905, 1 g, 1 9 (E. B.

Poulton).

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF LURYPHYMUS.

1. (2) Male cerci in the apical half distinctly compressed and

dilated, with the apex rounded, obtuse (fig. 13). Male anal

the Orthoptera in the British Museum. 167

plate trapezoidal, broader than long, with the hind angles

obtuse, rounded. Median keel of the pronotum high,

distinctly compressed laterally; lateral keels formed each by

a row of separate, sharp carinulae and tubercles. Hind tibiae

red or orange on bothsides. . . . . . EH. haematopus L.

2. (1) Male cerci in the apical half obtusely conical * (fig. 14).

Male anal plate with the hind angles widely rounded. Lateral

keels of the pronotum more or less continuous, interrupted

only by furrows.

3. (4) Median keel of the pronotum high and thick. Hind tibiae

greyish on the outer side and blackish on the inside, with

the base coral-red. . . . . . . . . 4H. eremobioides Bol.

4. (3) Median keel of the pronotum thin and low. Hind tibiae

of the same colour (red or yellow) on both sides.

EL. tuberculatus M. Fern.

There is one more, probably new, species amongst the

collection sent by the Division of Entomology, Pretoria,

but it is represented by two females only, and I abstain

from describing it.

ACROPHYMUS, gen. nov.

Related to Amblyphymus Uvar., but differing from it in the

shape of pronotum, of prosternal tubercle, of the male genitalia,

as well as by the lateral elytra and undeveloped wings.

Finely ruguloso-punctate, but not at all tuberculate. Antennae

scarcely compressed. Face slightly reclinate, rather rugose, frontal

ridge in profile feebly convex, its surface perfectly flat, rather

densely punctured above the median ocellum and sparsely below

it, with the margins smooth, convex, feebly and gradually divergent

towards the clypeus. Fastigium of the vertex distinctly sloping,

elongato-hexagonal, with the surface scarcely impressed, margins

slightly raised. Temporal foveolae small, very irregular, coarsely

punctured. Occiput with a fine incomplete carinula, reaching the

base of the fastigium. Eyes large, oval, distinctly higher than

long, and slightly higher than the subocular sulcus, with the fore

margin feebly convex. Cheeks scarcely rugulose, sparsely punc-

tured, with the oblique sulcus feeble. Pronotum thick, neither

laterally compressed, nor constricted; its dise distinctly convex;

median keel low, but very distinct, in profile straight or slightly

convex, feebly intersected by the three transverse sulci; prozona

* The male of HL. eremobioides is known to me from Bolivar’s

and M. Fernandez’ descriptions only.

168 Mr. B. P. Uvarov’s Notes on

half again as long as the metazona ; lateral keels feebly developed,

not raised, but perceptible, very slightly divergent from the fore

margin towards the first sulcus, distinctiy divergent and convex

between the first and third sulcus, obliterate in the metazona;

hind margin of the dise very widely rounded; lateral lobes dis-

tinctly convex, with a kind of very obtuse horizontal keel above

the middle of the prozona, coarsely punctured throughout; their

fore margin slightly sinuate; fore angle obtuse, rounded; lower

margin rotundato-angulate before its middle; hind angle obtuse,

rounded; hind margin very oblique, slightly sinuate near the

lower angle. Prosternal tubercle with the basal part thick, trans-

verse, but strongly attenuate and pointed apically. Mesosternal

interspace trapezoidal, in the male about as broad as long, in the

female strongly transverse. LElytra lateral, much shorter than

the pronotum; preradial area strongly dilated and rotundato-

emarginate behind; apex rather acute. Hind femora and tibiae

as in Amblyphymus.

g. The last tergite strongly dilated and incrassate, with a rect-

angular emargination. Supra-anal plate trapezoidal, longer than

broad, with the hind angles obtuse; the apical projection rather

thick and short; median sulcus narrow, with thick raised margins,

not reaching the apex of the plate; a transverse row of four chitinous

tubercles. Cerci directed obliquely backwards, reaching the apex

of the supra-anal plate, with the basal half thick, obtusely pro-

jecting above the base of the apical part; the latter foliaceous, with

the apex broadly rounded and incurved. Subgenital plate obtusely

triangular.

. Subgenital plate widened posteriorly, shallowly rotundato

bi-emarginate apically, with a scarcely perceptible median im-

pression. Lower valves of the ovipositor with the basal parts

broad, rounded, not dentate, and the apical parts small and narrow.

Genotype: Luryphymus squamipennis Brancs.

Euryphymus sigmoidalis Bol. also belongs here.

1. Acrophymus squamipennis (Brancs.).

(Plate I, fig. 15.)

1898. Huryphymus squamipennis Brancsik, Jahresh. Ver.

Trenes. Com., xix—xx, p. 79, pl. 3, fig. 20a-c.

1900. Huryphymus cuspidatus Karsch, Entom. Nachr.,

XXvi, p. 282, fig.

1902. HLuryphymus] squamipennis M. Fernandez, An. Soc.

Esp., Xxx, pp. 262, 277.

the Orthoptera in the British Museum. 169

1910. Eluryphymus| squamipennis Kirby, Syn. Cat. Orth.,

i, p. 545, no. 4

1910. Hluryphymus| cuspidatus Kirby, l.c., p. 545, no. 5.

The synonymy of cuspidatus Karsch and squamipennis

Brancs. is beyond any doubt, though Branesik’s descrip-

tion of the male genitalia is incorrect (he evidently mistook

the last tergite for the supra-anal plate), and Karsch does

not deseribe them at all.

British Museum specimens: Salisbury, Mashonaland,

(G. A. K. Marshall), 1 3, 3 99.

Hope Museum specimens : N.E. Rhodesia, Fort Jameson

to Nyanji, 3000-3500 ft. (S. A. Neave), 1 g; 8. Rhodesia,

6 miles W. of Feira, Mt. Kapsuku (S. A. Neave), 1 g, 1 9,

in copila.

ANEURYPHYMUS, gen. nov.

Moderately rugulose. Antennae somewhat flattened, slightly

dilated beyond the middle. Face vertical, practically smooth;

frontal ridge in profile feebly convex; its margins straight, gradually

divergent towards the clypeus; its surface above the ocellum

nearly flat and punctured, below the ocellum impressed and smooth.

Fastigium of vertex distinctly sloping, separated from the frontal

ridge by a transverse keel, but not forming an angle with it; its

general form is elongato-hexagonal, more than twice as long as

broad and in both sexes slightly broader than the frontal ridge

below the ocellum; its surface strongly impressed; lateral margins

convergent behind. Occiput with a median carinula in its fore

part, extending also on the fastigium; sometimes there are also

two shorter lateral carinulae close to the middle one; postocular

area with radial rugosities. Eyes oval, with the fore margin almost

straight; their height exceeding a little the height of the suboculer

sulcus and subequal to one and a half of their length. Cheeks

practically smooth, but with a deep oblique furrow and obtuse

tubercles behind it. Pronotum strongly narrowed anteriorly

moderately rugulose, with rugosities shining; fore margin very

obtusely prominent; hind angle straight; median keel slightly

raised, in profile practically straight, very feebly, or not all, cut by

the two first sulci; the third sulcus a little more developed, but

narrow, placed slightly before the middle; lateral keels well de-

veloped, though sometimes not reaching the hind margin, shining,

very deeply cut by transverse suici, feebly divergent towards the

first sulcus, more divergent and convex between the first and third

sulcus, subparallel and slightly concave in metazona; lateral lobes

170 Mr. B. P. Uvarov’s Notes on

with an irregular longitudinal ridge in the upper part of prozona;

lower margin rounded and prominent just before the middle. Pro-

sternal tubercle transverse, truncate. Mesosternal interspace

transverse in female, slightly longer than broad in the male; meta-

sternal interspace narrow in the male, and subtransverse in the

female. Elytra developed; wings hyalinous. Hind femora broad

and short, but not incrassate; upper carina denticulate; lower

carina regularly convex. Hind tibiae straight. The two last

tergites of the male dilated; the hind one emarginated, with the

hind margin somewhat incrassate. Male supra-anal plate scarcely

longer than broad, with the sides regularly rounded, and with an

obtuse apical tooth; its median keel rather raised, bifurcate at the

base; two short, oblique chitinous ridges near the basal angles and

a transverse row of 2-4 tubercles about the middle. Male cerci

obliquely ascending, as long as the supra-anal plate, thick, with

blunt apex, convex on the outer side and concave from inside, with

the lower margin obtusely bidentate. Male subgenital plate short,

round. Subgenital plate of the female with two triangular

emarginations at the apex.

Genotype: Gryllus erythropus Thunbg.

1. Aneuryphymus erythropus (Thunbg.).

(Plate I, figs. 16 and 17.)

1815. G{ryllus] erythropus Thunberg, Mém. Acad. Pétersb.,

v, p. 248.

1824. G[ryllus] erythropus Thunberg, |.c., 1x, pp. 399, 426,

no. 94.

1873. Clalliptenus] (Euryphymus) erythropus Stil, Ree.

Orth., 1, p. 73, no. 4. A

1876. [Huryphymus] erythropus Stal, Ofver. K. Vetensk.

Akad. Forhand., 3, p. 43.

1902. E[uryphymus| erythropus M. Fernandez, An. Soc.

Esp. Hist. Nat., xxx, pp. 261, 268.

1910. E[uryphymus]| erythropus Kirby, Syn. Cat. Orth.,

il, p. 546, no. 13.

British Museum specumens: Knysna, 1 9; Pretoria

(W. L. Distant), 4 3, 13 2.

Hope Musewm specimens: Kimberley, Sanatorium

grounds, 5 ix. 1905 (G. L. Parson and E, B. Poulton,)

3 99.

the Orthoptera in the British Museum. 171

2. Aneuryphymus rhodesianus, sp. n.

(Plate I, fig. 18.)

g. Very much like A. erythropus, but differing from it in the

following characters: Shorter and broader, distinctly more rugose.

Pronotum shorter, with the hind angle obtuse, rounded. Elytra

scarcely reaching the hind knees, The last abdominal segment

with an obtuse angular emargination and a small black tooth in

the middle of the hind margin. Supra-anal plate with only one

submedian pair of tubercles and another pair at the basal angles.

Cerci about twice as long as they are broad, with two obtuse teeth

on the lower margin, with the apex obtuse. Coloration of the

same general type as in A. erythropus, but the elytra with smaller,

scattered brownish spots, and the inner side of the hind femora

red, only partly blackened along the upper carina.

2 (paratype). Differs from A. erythropus in the same general

characters as the male, and, besides, in the deeper and more narrow

emarginated subgenital plate, the apex of which is acutangular.

3 (type) 2 (paratype)

Length of body : ; 19 mm. 25 mm.

5 », pronotum SD 6:5

bg », elytra ; 5. alle: 15-5

a , hindfemora . il 15

Type and paratype are in the Hope Department,

University Museum, Oxford; they were both captured by

Dr. G. A. K. Marshall, at Mahakata River, Gazaland,

S.E. Rhodesia, about 5000 ft., 24 ix. 1905.

This new species is not yet represented in the British

Museum, where, however, there is one more, probably

undescribed, species from Barberton, which I abstain from

describing from a single rather unsatisfactorily preserved

male.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF ANEURYPHYMUS.

1. (2) Head, pronotum, pleurae and hind femora distinctly rugose.

Elytra scarcely reaching the hind knees. Hind angle of

pronotum obtuse, rounded. Hind femora on the inner side

red, only partly blackened along the upper margin. dg.

Last abdominal segment with an obtusangular emargination

and a small black tooth in its middle; supra-anal plate with

but two submedian tubercles; cerci less than twice as long

172 Mr. B. P. Uvarov’s Notes on

as broad, with the apex very obtuse. &. Subgenital plate

deeply and acutely emarginated, with the apex acutangular.

A. rhodesianus Uvar.

2. (1) Head, pronotum, pleurae and hind femora less rugose.

Elytra extending beyond the hind knees. Hind angle of

pronotum straight, not rounded. Hind femora on the inner

side black. 3. Last abdominal segment with a round

emargination, without a median tooth; supra-anal plate with

two submedian tubercles and two short lateral carinulae ;

cerci about three times as long as broad, with the apex less

obtuse. 9. Subgenital plate more shallowly and broadiy —

emarginated, with the apex more obtuse.

A. erythropus Thunb.

Genus PLEGMAPTERUS M. Fern.

This genus is undoubtedly very closely related to

Euryphymus, from which it differs only by the obliterate

keels of the pronotum; the male of its single species is,

however, unknown and it prevents me from defining its

relationship more precisely.

1. Plegmapterus irisus (Serv.).

1839. Calliptamus irisus Serville, Ins. Orth., p. 691, no. 6.

nae sera saturatus Walker, Cat. Derm. Salt. B. M.,

p. 690, 692, no. 34.

1873. ’ Ofalliptenus] (Euryphymus) ferruginosus Stil, Ree.

Orth., i, p. 72, no. 2.

1902. Pllegmapterus] ferruginosus M. Fernandez, An. Soc.

Esp. Hist. Nat., xxx, p. 259.

1902. ELuryph ymus] irisus M. Fernandez, l.c., pp. 261,

266.

1910. Pllegmapterus] ferruginosus Kirby, Syn. Cat. Orth.,

il, p. 544, no. 1.

1910. Eluryphymus] wisus Kirby, lLe., p. 545, no. 8.

1910. Eluryphymus| saturatus Kirby, l.c., p. 546, no. 12.

The type of Walker’s C. saturatus agrees with the

description of P. ferruginosus Stal drawn by M. Fernandez

from Stil’s co-type, and there is no doubt that C. irisus

Serv. is also conspecific with both.

British Museum specimen: Zoolu, 1 9 (Walker's type of

C’. saturatus).

the Orthoptera in the British Museum. Bis

PACHYPHYMUS, gen. nov.

Resembling a member of Oedipodini rather than Calliptamint.

Head strongly rugose. Face vertical; frontal ridge between the

fastigium and median ocellum broad, parallel, convex, with the

margins raised; below the ocellum suddenly narrowed, sulcate,

still more narrowed towards the clypeus. Fastigium of vertex

strongly sloping, somewhat concave, slightly broader than long,

and distinctly broader than the frontal ridge between antennae ;

its margins raised and connected with the margins of the frontal

ridge. Occiput with radial postocular ridges. Pronotum rugose,

very much alike in its general shape to that of species of T’methis

of the group 7’. gibber St.; strongly compressed laterally, especially

in prozona, which is distinctly shorter than the metazona; its

upper surface strongly tectiform, with median keel crested, in

prozona dissected in two teeth, in metazona strongly convex and

as high as in prozona; hind angle acute; its lateral margins

concave. Lateral lobes of the pronotum distinctly higher than

long, impressed before the middle; fore margin S-shaped; fore

angle obtuse, rounded; lower margin with a very obtuse and

broadly rounded angle before the middle; hind angle a little more

than 90°, widely rounded; hind margin slightly convex, oblique.

Prosternal tubercle with the base very broad, low (scarcely higher

than broad), slightly transverse, thick, with the apex very obtuse.

Mesosternal lobes twice as broad as they are long; their interspace

subequal to one of them. Metasternal interspace one half again

as broad as long. Elytra coriaceous, scarcely transparent even in

the apical half. Wings strongly infumate, with the inner disc

coloured. Hind femora rather narrow, gradually narrowed apically ;

upper keel in the basal half strongly convex. Hind tibiae with

7 outer and 9 inner spines; no outer subapical spine; all spurs

very feebly bent; the inner spurs scarcely longer than the outer

ones.

Genotype : Calliptamus cristulifer Serv.

C. cristulifer is such a striking insect that it undoubtedly

represents a genus distinct from any one known hitherto,

and somewhat related, probably, to Acorypha Krauss

and Acoryphella G.-Tos. Its proper systematic position

cannot be defined until the male is known.

1. Pachyphymus ecristulifer (Serv.).

1839. Calliptamus cristulifer Serville, Ins. Orth., p. 692,

no. 8.

174 Mr. B. P. Uvarov’s Notes on

1870. Caloptenus cristulifer, var. ?, Walker, Cat. Derm.

Salt, Bi MM.) 1v, p.69L no. 30;

1902. E[uryphymus| cristulifer M. Fernandez, An. Soc.

Esp. Hist. Nat., xxx, pp. 261, 272.

1910. Caloptenus cristulifer, var (%), Kirby, Syn. Cat.

Orth., i, p. 245.

1910. Al[crotylus] cristulifer Kirby, Le., p. 264, no. 4.

Serville’s and Walker’s descriptions of the coloration

of this species, together with the above generic description,

are quite sufficient to identify the species, and I think it

superfluous to give its re-description.

British Museum specimen : §. Africa, 1 &.

Species of Calliptamini, the generic position of which ws

not certam.

There is a number of species described by different

authors under Caloptenus and Euryphymus, the correct

generic position of which cannot be determined by the

descriptions only, and might be cleared up by the study

of the types, in the cases where these are available.

Unfortunately, many of Walker’s types which were in

Mr. Lord’s collection in Egypt are destroyed, and there

is scarcely any hope of clearing up some of his species.

The following species are described by Walker in the

Cat. Derm. Salt. B. M., iv, 1870 :-—

Caloptenus testaceus (l.c., p. 685, no. 22).—Possibly a

Kripa.

» concisus (Le., p. 687, no. 25).—A Caloptenop-

sist,

is signatus (l.c., p. 687, no. 26).—A Caloptenop-

sis %.

, turbidus (l.c., p. 688, no. 27).—Possibly a

Thisoecetrus.

es mutator (l.c., p. 689, no. 28).—Possibly a

Thisoecetrus.

Bs cincticollis (l.c., p. 689, no. 29).—This is a

member of Huprepocnemini and conspecific

with Acridium morbosum Serv., but the

genus is uncertain, the male being un-

known.*

* See my note in the Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 1921

(in print).

the Orthoptera in the British Museum. 175

Caloptenus reductus (l.c., p. 713, no. 74).—Hardly

belongs to Calliptamini.

Several species of Bolivar also cannot be placed in

proper genera without an examination of the types;

they are as follows :—

Caloptenus nigro-punctatus (Journ. Sci. Lisboa, viii,

p- 114, no. 29, 1881)—According to

Bolivar (Mem. Soc. Ent. Belg., xxx, 1911,

p. 95), belongs to the genus Cardenius.

brachypterus (l.c., seg. ser., 1, p. 167,

no. 166, 1889).—Belongs probably to a

new genus close to Platyphymus.

Caloptenus obesus (1.c., p. 170, no. 171).—Probably a new

genus.

y crcatricosus (l.c., p. 170, no. 172).

Euryphymus

One of M. Fernandez’ species, described by the female

only is also difficult to identify :—

Euryphymus ms (Actas Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat.,

Ser 1 tives pe iis 1898; 77An.-‘Sockiy Esp.

Hist, cee xxx, p. 268, 1902).

Giglio-Tos, also, described one species of Huryphymus by

the female sex only, and the genus remains unknown :

Euryphymus nodulus (Boll. Mus. Torino, xxii (554),

p. 26, 1907).

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

All names printed in italics are synonyms. All new genera and

species described in this paper are marked with an asterisk.

abbreviatus, 135, 136

Acorypha, 118, 173

Acoryphella, 173

*Acrophymus, 120, 167

adspersus, 143

*bituberculatus, 154

*Brachyphymus, 120, 161

Brachypterus, 175

Brachyxenia, 118, 124

*Amblyphymus, 119, 138, 167

*Aneuryphymus, 120, 169, 171

angusticeps, 133

angusticosta, 129

antennatus, 152

*attenuatus, 155

baliensis, 132

*bigranosus, 148

bimaculatus, 125

calcaratus (Bol.), 131

calcaratus (Karsch), 133

calcaratus (Stal), 132, 134

*Calliptamicus, 119, 150

*Calliptamulus, 120, 158

Calliptamus, 118, 135, 150, 158

caloptenoides, 137

Caloptenopsis, 118, 126, 164,

174

Caloptenus, 173, 174

176

carbonaria, 125

capensis, 175

cephalotes, 135, 136

*ceraseus, 143, 145

cervinus, 154

cicatricosus, 175

cinclicollis, 165, 174

clarus, 126

coelesyriensis, 125

concisus, 165, 174

crassiusculus, 127

crassus, 148, 145, 150, 154

cristulifer, 173

cruentatus, 123

curvipes, 143, 164

cuspidatus, 168

decisus, 132, 135

decoloratus, 122

discoidalis, 135, 136

eremobioides, 164, 165, 167

erythropus, 141, 152, 163, 170,

172

Euryphymus, 120,

163, 166, 172, 174

exemptus, 165

143, 161,

femoralis, 131

femoratus, 127

*fernandezi, 157

ferrifer, 130, 134, 135

ferruginosus, 163, 172

fratercula, 128

glaucopsis, 127, 134, 137, 164

*oranulatus, 147, 149

haematopus, 163, 165, 166, 167

hottentotum, 151, 164

*hyalinus, 160

icterica, 135, 136

illepidus, 143, 147, 149

includens, 154.

inconspicuus, 123

insignis, 126, 135

irisus, 172

italicus, 135, 136

johnstoni, 130

karshi, 133

Kripa, 118, 124, 125, 174

Index.

laticosia, 130

liturifer, 127

macracanthus, 131, 135

madagascariensis, 152

marginipennis, 129, 164

marmoratus, 135, 136

*Martinezius, 120, 155

melanopus, 143

meruensis, 128, 134, 12

*miniatus, 139

minor, 152

morbosum, 174

morosus, 153, 154

mossambicus, 129, 135

mutator, 165, 174

ind

*nigripes, 143, 144

nigropunctatus, 175

nigrovariegatus, 130

nodulus, 175

obesus, 137, 175

orientalis, 132

*Pachyphymus, 121, 175

pachypus, 132

pallidicornis, 128, 131, 133, 134

pantherinus, 124

Paracaloptenus, 118, 137

pardalis, 164, 165

pedarius, 138

Peripolus, 118, 138

Phymeurus, 163

pilipes, 122

pinguis, 143, 149

Platacanthoides, 120, 146, 153

Platacanthus, 153

*Platyphymus, 119, 143, 146,

175

Plegmapterus, 120, 155,

172

plenipennis, 152

punctata (Kirby), 156

reductus, 165, 175

*Rhachitopis, 119, 139, 141

*rhodesianus, 171, 172

*roseipennis, 161

*roseus, 140

164,

sacer, 122

sanguiniferus, 125

saphiripes, 145

saturatus, 172

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1922, Plate J.

Vaus & Crampton, Ltd.

MALE GENITALIA OF CALLIPTAMINI.

Explanation of Plate. La ey)

saussuret, 126 tibialis, 129, 131, 152

scriptipennis, 122 tricostatus, 147

scutifer, 121, 135 tuberculatus, 164, 166, 167

semiroseus, 151 turbidus, 165, 174

serapis, 122

sigmoidalis, 168 undulata, 125

signatus, 165, 174 unicarinatus, 129, 135, 164

sinuosus, 157 uniformis, 128

speciosa, 129

Ss 2 :

eerie Vy a 2 koe, 2; ibtatns; 138

. : v-plagiatus, 133, 135

aa Cea vulcanius, 135, 137

*sulfurescens, 159, 160, 161 vylderi, 143, 164

*sulfuripes, 162 :

watlenwyliana, 135

tarsius, 135

testaceus, 165, 174 xanthocnemis, 139

EXPLANATION OF PiatE I.

Fie. 1. Calliptamus italicus L., tip of the cercus.

2. Kripa coelesyriensis Gig.-Tos, tip of the cercus.

3. Amblyphymus miniatus, g. and sp. n., cercus.

4, Rhachitopsis ceraseus, g. and sp. n., cercus.

5. Platyphymus granulatus, g. and sp. n.,cercus.

6 a PF i$ supra-anal plate.

7. Calliptamicus semiroseus Serv., cercus.

8 se oe ,, supra-anal plate.

9. Platacanthoides bituberculatus, sp. n., cercus.

10. ws 3 », supra-anal plate.

11. Martinezia fernandezi, g. and sp. n., supra-anal plate.

12. 35 ad A cercus.

13. Euryphymus haematopus L., cercus.

14, 3 tuberculatus Mart., cercus.

15. Acrophymus squamipennis Brancs., cercus.

16. Aneuryphymus erythropus Thunbg., cercus.

WZ: ay 3 35 supra-anal plate.

18. 5 rhodesianus, g. and sp. n., cercus.

19. Calliptamulus rosetpennis, g. and sp. n., cercus.

20. B: sulfurescens, g. and sp. n., cercus.

DAY 5 hyalinus, g. and sp. n., cercus.

22. Brachyphymus sulfurens, g. and sp. n., cercus.

All figures are drawn by the Zeiss camera-lucida, about fifteen

times the natural size.

TRANS, ENT. SOC. LOND. 1922.—PARTSI, 1. (JULY) N

(17859

V. Two new British species of Hydroptila. By Martin

E. Mossty, F.E.S.

[Read February Ist, 1922.

Pratre IT:

In a paper read before this Society in October 1919, I

mentioned that there were in my collection two undescribed

British species of Hydroptila. At the time, lack of material

precluded the exhaustive examination of the scent-organs

which now seems necessary for the satisfactory separation

of the four species which are grouped round and which very

closely resemble H. sparsa Curt.

Last season I was successful in finding three or four

more examples of each of these new species, and with

Dr. H. Eltringham’s kind assistance have ascertained that

the scent-organs furnish abundant characters to prove that

they are distinct.

H. cornuta has no eversible filament at all, and the scent-

organ is reduced to the simplest form so far seen in

Hydroptila. It resembles sparsa in the shape of the lobe

and also in the marginal outline of the dorsal plate, but the

inferior appendages bear a closer resemblance to those of

simulans.

H. angulata closely resembles H. simulans in the shape of

the dorsal plate and the arrangement of the scent-organ.

Dr. Eltringham, however, has ascertained that the scent-

hairs of the brushes are much finer and apparently have no

external structure. A marked difference is shown in the

shape of the lobe or scent-organ cap.

It may be of interest to mention here, that H. simulans

has been found very plentifully in Hampshire; along some

stretches of the R. Test it may be said to be the prevailing

Hydroptila species for a considerable portion of the summer

and autumn. I have now obtained some hundreds of

examples from this district. I have also taken it on the

R. Avon at Ringwood, the R. Torridge at Sheepwash in

N. Devon, the R. Thames at Hampton Court, and Dr. Georg

Ulmer writes that he has found it in his collection mixed

with examples of sparsa from Thiiringen.

H. angulata and H. cornuta seem comparatively rare. Of

angulata I have three examples from the Lambourne, in

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1922.—PaRTS I, I. (JULY)

Mr. M. E. Mosely on British species of Hydroptila. 179

Berkshire; one from the Usk at Senny Bridge, Breconshire ;

five or six from the R. Torridge at Sheepwash; and Mr. K. J.

Morton has some examples which were taken, I believe,

towards the west coast of Ireland.

Of cornuta, I have three examples from the Test; one

from the Thames at Hampton Court, and on examining the

collection at the Natural History Museum, found mixed

with sparsa, five or six examples collected by the Rev.

A. E. Eaton at Ringwood, on the R. Avon. A visit to this

district failed to discover any more.

Basing the sequence on the scent-organ characters, one

would be inclined to arrange this little group in the order

cornuta, sparsa, angulata and simulans.

Hydroptila cornuta, n. sp.

Description of the 3.

Expanse 7} mm. Antennae about 31-jointed, the head furnished

with lobes shaped as in sparsa.

The scent-organs are much simplified in form and appear to

consist merely of two groups of scent-hairs arising from the mem-

branes which line the inner surface of each lobe.

The dorsal plate resembles that of sparsa, but the extreme angles

of the plate are produced to form slight spurs. Towards the base

of the plate there are well-marked projections on each side. The

two side processes arising from the 9th segment are longer and more

slender than those found amongst other members of the group.

The penis is as usual bent round at right angles towards the apex.

The inferior appendages resemble those of simulans, but the dark

warts towards the extremities develop into claw-like spurs.

The ventral plate is deeply excavated in the centre of the upper

margin.

H. angulata, n. sp.

Description of the ¢.

Expanse 6} mm. Antennae about 32-jointed.

The scent-organs closely resemble those of simulans, with the

slight variations mentioned above. The lobe differs considerably.

In simulans it is acorn-shaped with the acorn portion much longer

than the cup. In angulata the areas of the acorn and cup are about

equal and the length and breadth of the lobe are approximately the

same.

The margin of the dorsal plate is difficult to make out. It

closely resembles that of simulans, but the extreme angles of the

180 Mr. M. E. Mosely on British species of Hydroptila.

plate are more rounded and the excision is perhaps a little narrower.

The penis and the side-pieces of the 9th segment are as in sparsa

and simulans. The inferior appendages have large, flattened extremi-

ties turned outward at a sharp angle to the main stem and terminate

in dark, roughened edges.

The upper margin of the ventral plate has a shallow excision and

appears far more strongly chitinised than the rest of the plate.

Both species are described from examples in Canada

balsam and the different aspects are drawn from different

examples.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE II.

Fie. 1. Hydroptila cornuta 3. Genitalia from above.

De an Fe 3s ,, beneath.

3} BS ne oe ,, the side.

4 uA angulata. a 5 Ss

beneath.

o. 99 $9 29 3?

6. Fs : Lobe of the head,

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1922, Plate I.

M. E. Mosely, del. Vaus & Crampton, Ltd.

GENITALIA OF H. CORNUTA and H. ANGULATA.

@i-18175)

VI. On New Genera and Species of Neotropical Curculionidae.

By Guy A. K. Marswatt, 0.M.G., D.Sc.

[Read March Ist, 1922.]

Prares- TST.

LacorpatrE long ago pointed out (Gen. Col. vi, pp. 114,

115) that the genus Cyphus Germ., as defined by himself,

was a composite one and would need subdivision; and

although three or four species have since been removed

from it, the name is still generally used in an erroneous

sense.

Germar (Ins. Spec. Nov. 1824, p. 429) divided his genus

into three sections, the first of which he called ‘‘ Genuini,”’

and this must therefore be regarded as the typical group.

In it he included the following new species: argillaceus

(a synonym of gibber Pall.), inhalatus, chlorostomus, litus

(transferred by Schénherr to Pachnaeus), and albiceris

(the genotype of Hadropus Schh.).

Schénherr (Disp. Meth. 1826, p. 108) included the first

two of these species in his Stirps 1 of Cyphus and cited gibber

as the type of the group, and this species must therefore

be accepted as the genotype of Cyphus. This insect is

clearly not congeneric with the brillant species with which

its generic name has unfortunately become associated,

and the species of Cyphus cited in the Munich Catalogue

will now have to be allocated to six different genera, which

are defined in the following key.

1. (4) Mentum without setae; stria 10 on the elytra broadly

interrupted in the middle for nearly half its length;

metepimeron not exposed.

2. (3) Antennae very slender, the scape exceeding the eye; the

corbel of the hind tibiae not ascending the dorsal edge

of the tibia; joint 2 of the tarsi as long as broad; mes-

episternum Sean the elytron; genotype bituberosus

Gyles . . . Stenocyphus, g.n.

3. (2) Antennae es ie scape nat exceeding the eye; the

corbel of the hind tibiae markedly ascending, its dorsal

row of bristles being much longer than the apical one;

joint 2 of the tarsi strongly transverse; mesepisternum

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1922.—PARTS I, I. (JULY)

182 Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall on

widely separated from the elytron; genotype hancock

Kirby . : Ericydeus Pasce. (1880).

. (1) Mentum setose; stria 10 complete.

. (6) Scape of antennae exceeding the eye; the corbel of the

hind tibiae ascending the dorsal edge of the tibia;

elytra with irregular accessory rows of punctures;

mentum with a transverse row of four setae along

the anterior edge; metepimeron exposed, squamose ;

genotype gibber Pall... . . . . Cyphus Germ. (1824).

6. (5) Scape of antennae not exceeding the eye; corbels of hind

tibiae not ascending; mentum plurisetose.

7. (8) Longitudinal outline of pronotum yery convex, the basal

margin on a much lower level than the apical; scrobe

curving so abruptly downwards that the direction of

the lower part is almost perpendicular to that of the

anterior portion; apical arca of the rostrum separated

off by a transverse carina; metepimeron not exposed;

genotype myrmosarius Perty . . Trichaptus Pasc. (1880).

8. (7) Longitudinal outline of pronotum nearly or quite flat;

scrobe gently curved; rostrum without a transverse

carina.

9.(10) Rostrum with the lateral margin of the dorsum carinate

and with an ante-ocular impression below the carina ;

elytra with a posterior callus; joint 2 of the tarsi strongly

transverse; metepimeron distinct, squamose; genotype

augustus... . 2. . . . . 6 )©6Lamprocyphus, g. n.

10. (9) Rostrum not carinate laterally and with no ante-ocular

impression; elytra without a posterior callus; joint

2 of the tarsi as long as or longer than broad; met-

epimeron concealed; genotype juvencus Oliv.

Germariella Champ. (1911).

The species assigned to the various genera are set forth

in the following list.

STENOCYPHUS, g. n. quadripunctatus Champ.

bituberosus Gyl. rosewentris Champ.

schonherri Perty.

EricyDeus Pase. sedecimpunctatus L.

forrert Champ. viridans Boh.

hancocki Kby. yucatanus Champ.

lautus Lec.

modestus Gyl.

nigropunctatus Chey. Tricwaptus Pasc.

placidus Horn. myrmosarius Perty.

New Genera and Species of Neotropical Curculionidae. 183

Cypuus Germ. germarv Boh.

chevrolatt Boh. margaritaceus Sturm.

gibber Pall. oliverae Roel.

glaucus Bovie. sprxr Perty.

inhalatus Germ. varnhagent Germ.

luridus Boh,

piston Boh. GERMARIELLA Champ.

LAMPROCYPHUS, g. n. chlorostomus Boh. ( 2)

augustus Il. jguvencus Oliv.

consularis Chev. pudens Boh.

elegans Roel. suturalis Fst.

Cyphus cyanipes F. and C. gentilis Oliv. belong to the

genus Compsus; but C. chrysis F. I am unable to place, for

I know of no insect that resembles Olivier’s distinctive

figure of the species; it seems very doubtful whether

the insect really came from the East Indies, as indicated

by Fabricius, and I should prefer to refer it provisionally

to the genus Compsus. C. bispinus Boh. and C. lugubris

Boh. are more nearly related to Nawpactus, and the genus

Canephorus has already been erected for their reception

by Kirsch (1889). C. effusus Pase. and C. sigillatus Pasc.

(1880) are referable to the genus Pseudocyphus Schaeff.

(1905). Finally, C. mucoreus Kirsch (1889), from Peru,

appears to belong to the genus described below under the

name of Xestogaster, g.n., judging by its elongate form,

shiny black underside and tuberculate mesosternum.

Genus STENOCYPHUS, nov.

Head not constricted behind the eyes. Rostrum with the lateral

edge of the dorsal area rounded off and without an ante-ocular

depression; the scrobes very narrow, deep and _ parallel-sided ;

the mentum bare. Antennae very slender; the scape clavate and

exceeding the eye. Prothorax with the bisinuate basal margin

depressed and fitting beneath the base of the elytra. Scutellwm

small, but distinct. Hlytva narrower at the shoulders than in the

immediately allied genera, the basal margins strongly lobate and

overhanging; stria 10 breadly interrupted in the middle. Legs

rather slender; the corbels of the hind tibiae bare (except for a single

row of scales along the apical margin), not ascending the tibiae;

joint 2 of the tarsi as long aw or longer than broad. Sternum with

the mesepisterna mecting the elytra; the mctasternum with the

184 Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall on

antecoxal fold much reduced, and the metepimeron almost com-

pletely concealed.

Genotype, Cyphus bituberosus Gyl.

Genus LAMPROCYPHUS, nov.

Head shallowly constricted behind the eyes. Rostrum with the

edge of the dorsal area carinate and with a distinct ante-ocular

impression; the scrobes broad, evenly curved and gradually widening

behind; the mentum plurisetose. Antennae stout; the scape

strongly clavate, not exceeding the hind margin of the eye, setose,

and without scaling. Prothorax with the strongly bisinuate basal

margin deeply and almost vertically truncate. Elytra with the

shoulders angularly prominent and there twice as broad as the base

of the prothorax; stria 10 complete; the posterior callus well

developed. Legs stout; the front tibiae angulate internally at

the apex, but without a true mucro; the corbels of the hind pair

bare (but sometimes with a single row of scales along the apical

margin) and not. ascending the tibiae; joint 2 of the tarsi strongly

transverse. Sternwm with the mesepisternum well separated from

the elytra; the metepimeron exposed and densely squamose.

renotype, Cyphus augustus Ihg.

Cyphus elegans Roel. (1880) is a rather aberrant species,

having joint 2 of the tarsi as long as or longer than broad,

and the mesepimeron concealed; I am indebted to Mr.

A. Bovie, of Brussels, for the opportunity of examining

a cotype of this species.

Genus GERMARIELLA Champ.

Germariella Champion, Biol. Centr.-Amer. iv, pt. 3, 1911,

p. 234.

Leptostylus Faust (nec Leconte, 1852), Stett. Ent. Zeit.

hin, 1892, p. 8 (new syn.).

Faust’s genus is homotypic with Champion’s. I am not

acquainted with Cyphus chlorostomus Boh., which is

provisionally referred to this genus.

Germariella bovelli, sp. n.

33. Integument black or piceous, fairly closely covered with pale

grey scales and dusted with yellow powder; legs red-brown.

Head with sparse fine shallow punctation and with narrow scales,

which are thin on the disk and dense round the eyes; the forehead

New Genera and Species of Neotropical Curculionidae. 185

almost parallel-sided, with a deep median furrow continuous with

that on the rostrum. Jostrum as long as broad, parallel-sided,

with a deep median furrow in the basal half only and a shallow

longitudinal impression on each side; the interantennal area almost

flat transversely. Protherax transverse, broadest at the base,

gradually narrowed to the apex, with the sides gently rounded;

the disk slightly flattened in the middle, with a shallow median

furrow almost reaching the apex and much deeper at the base;

the median furrow containing a narrow stripe of ovate scales, and

a very dense lateral stripe on each side of similar scales, the inter-

vening space thinly clothed with very narrow elongate scales,

lying transversely and sometimes intermingled with a few broad

ones; the setae erect at the sides, but recumbent on the disk.

Elytra shaped as in G. pudens Boh., the basal margins moderately

rounded; the striae shallow, with large round separated punctures,

the intervals not broader than the striae; the scales short ovate

or circular, not very dense, those on the basal half of intervals 1 to 3

or 4 much narrower, more or less setiform; the numerous shorter

setae strongly curved or subrecumbent, the longer ones more raised

and suberect towards the sides and apex.

Length, 7-5-9 mm.; breadth, 3-5-4 mm.

BarBapos (J. Bovell).

Described from four specimens taken on Chrysobalanus

wcaco.

This species is very closely allied to G. pudens Boh.,

which differs as follows :—The scales on the head are

circular; the lateral impressions on the rostrum are much

deeper; the prothorax is more narrowed in front, not

flattened on the disk and covered throughout with circular

scales, the median furrow is confined to the basal half

or obsolete, and the setae on the disk are quite erect;

on the elytra the intervals are broader than the striae and

covered right up to the suture with circular scales, all the

setae being erect.

Genus Psrupocypuus Schaeff. (1905).

This genus includes those forms of Platyomus which in

many collections stand under the MS. name of Metriomus

Jekel.

Pseudocyphus marmoratus, sp. n. (Plate III, fig. 5.)

32. Integument black, variegated with grey, black and brown

scaling. Typical colouring :—The head fawn-coloured, with a few

186 Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall on

dark scales on the vertex; the pronotum with two pear-shaped

fawn markings outlined in black, the narrow ends meeting at the

apex, the broad ends diverging behind; the elytra with three deeply

denticulate fasciae of fawn scales outlined with black or very dark

brown (see figure): the first starting at the base between striae

1 and 5 and running obliquely just behind the shoulder down to

the lateral margin; the second forming a broad common transverse

band just behind the middle, its outer portion curving forwards

and uniting broadly with the first fascia on the lateral margin—

these two bands enclosing an irregular cross-like area of the grey

ground-colour; the third forms a common subapical dentate band,

which is narrowly produced along the suture and also along the

lateral margin to the apex; the lower surface with whitish scaling

irregularly tinged with buff; the legs anteriorly fawn-coloured,

the posterior pairs of femora becoming much paler on the apical

half, the entire leg being whitish on the posterior face. In some

forms the fawn markings become almost entirely blackish and the

ground-colour white; in others the ground-colour is more or less

invaded by fawn scaling; in others, again, the fawn is entirely

replaced by the grey ground-colour, the bands being merely indicated

by separated black flecks, which are all that remains of the black

borders (var. obsoletus, nov.).

Head very broad, not constricted behind the eyes, which are

almost circular; the forehead with a fine median stria continuous

with and similar to that on the rostrum. Rostrum broader than

long, much narrowed from base to apex, the sides straight; the

dorsum with a broad deep impression in the basal half containing

a median stria and bounded on each side by a short carina that is

parallel with its fellow; the anterior part shallowly impressed in Q,

much more deeply so in 3; the setae short, scale-like and recumbent.

Antennae with the scape reaching the hind margin of the eye, stout,

curved, hardly compressed, gradually widening from base to apex

and with short recumbent setae; the funicle with joint 2 much

longer than 1, 3 not or but little shorter than 1, 4 slightly shorter

than 3, the rest much shorter and about as long as broad. Pro-

thorax much broader than long, a little narrower at the apex than

at the base, the sides gently rounded, broadest before the middle,

with a distinct apical constriction, and the apical dorsal margin

rounded; the dorsum with a broad deep transverse impression

occupying the whole of the basal fourth, the remainder shallowly

rugose, but the sculpture almost entirely hidden by the scaling.

Llytra broadly ovate, the basal lobes very prominent, the shoulders

roundly rectangular and followed by a slight sinuation, the apices

jointly rounded; the shallow striae quite regular and with small

New Genera and Species of Neotropical Curculionidae. 187

deep separated punctures, stria 9 being markedly deeper than the

others; the intervals gently convex and all of equal height and even,

with a well-marked transverse impression on each side before the

apex; the scales broadly ovate or subcircular and overlapping, the

setae short, flattened and recumbent.

Length, 7-12 mm.; breadth, 3-5-5 mm.

Brazit: Obydos (type). British GUIANA.

Described from twenty-one specimens.

This species is easily recognisable by its very characteristic

pattern from its nearest allies Ps. (Cyphus) effusus Pasc.

and Ps. (Platyomus) atrosignatus Lucas (of which Cyphus

sigillatus Pasc. is a synonym), and in conjunction with the

next species they form a small group presenting the following

characters :—Head very broad, forehead steeply sloping;

rostrum short and much narrowed to the apex; prothorax

with a broad transverse depression occupying the posterior

fourth.

I have retained for this species Dejean’s manuscript

name, which has been generally applied to it in collections.

Pseudocyphus sellatus, sp. n. (Plate III, fig. 9.)

39. Integument black, with dense creamy-white scaling, which

is tinged with buff on the forehead, rostrum, antennae and the

apical half of the tibiae; the elytra with a common broad dentate

brown band behind the middle, extending on each side as far as

stria 8, its anterior margin almost on a level transversely on intervals

4, 6, 7, 8, projecting slightly forwards on 3 and 5, and deeply indented

on 1 and 2— the hind margin nearly level on ints. 2, 3, 4, 6, shallowly

indented on 5, 7, 8. and projecting backwards along the suture; a

small brown spot near the base on int. 4, which is sometimes pro-

duced obliquely backwards on to 5, another a little further from the

base on the suture, and a narrow sinuous transverse brown line

between striae 3 and 9 just above the posterior callus.

The structural characters are almost identical with those in Ps.

marmoratus, sp. n., except in the following particulars :—The basal

impression on the prothorax is deeper, the anterior part being more

strongly wrinkled laterally, so that the wrinkles are clearly visible

through the scaling; the elytra have the shoulders more prominent

laterally; and the 7th tergite in the g is broadly truncate at the

apex, whereas in Ps. marmoratus it is evenly curved.

Length, 9-10-5 mm.; breadth, 4-5 mm.

Brazit: Bahia.

188 Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall on

Described from three specimens.

In these two species the median lobe of the male aedoeagus

consists of the usual curved chitinised tube, the apical

spatula, comprising one-fourth of the length, being a simple

trough-like projection ending in a fairly sharp point; the

struts are five-sixths the length of the tube, hinged at the

point of attachment, and rather slender. The uneverted

sac projects backwards for nearly twice the length of the

struts, being a long slender tube with some minute asperities

in the terminal fourth, but without any distinct transfer

apparatus. The tegmen has a complete ring, with two

narrow dorsal lobes, which are united for half their

length, and the stalk is more than twice as long as the

Fic. 1.—Female genitalia of Pseudocyphus sellatus, sp. n., lateral view :

a, vagina; b, ~ bursa copulatrix ; c, chitinous rods in avalls of vagina ;

d, Vv aginal palps; e, strut of 8th ventrite.

lobes. Ventrite 8 consists of two separate subtriangular

plates.

In the 9 the vagina (fig. 1) is a very long, lightly chitinised

tube (in one specimen of Ps. sellatus it measures 5 mm.),

containing two fine chitinous rods that reach from the

base almost to the apex; the terminal palps are reduced

to two minute granules, their tactile function bemg appar-

ently usurped by a number of hairs scattered over the

apex of the vagina, and also by the still more numerous

hairs at the tip of the attached 8th ventrite; the latter

has a very long slender strut, the two together measuring

6 mm. in the specimen referred to. The bursa is pro-

portionately very small, being a simple membranous sac.

The membrane enveloping the vagina 1s nowhere chitinised.

The spermatheca as figured (fig. 2, e).

New Genera and Species of Neotropical Curculionidae. 189

Genus EXOPHTHALMODES Pierce (1917).

The name Exzophthalmodes was proposed by Mr. Pierce

for Exophthalmus Schh., because the latter name had been

preoccupied by Latreille; but he goes on to state that

Schonherr’s genotype quadrivittatus Oliv. cannot be

accepted, because it has postocular vibrissae on the pro-

thorax and therefore belongs to the genus Diaprepes

ce.

Fic. 2.—Spermatheca of females of: (a ) Beophihalmodes parentheticus,

sp. n.; (b) H. consobrinus, sp. n.; (c) H. crassicornis Kirsch; (d)

Exorides wagneri Har.; (e) Pseudocyphus sellatus, sp. n.

Schh., and he consequently selects a new genotype,

opulentus Boh. This selection is unfortunate, because

opulenius was never included in Exophthalmus by Schonherr,

but was erroneously placed in his genus Hustales. However,

the validity of the citation does not arise, because the

primary statement with regard to quadrivitiatus Oliv. is

incorrect; for this species does not possess prothoracic

vibrissae, and being a true Exophthalmodes should be retained

as the type of that genus. I can have little doubt

190 Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall on

that the error has arisen from the fact that Mr. Pierce must

have had before him not quadrivittatus, but sommert Rosen.,

a true Diaprepes that has an extraordinary superficial

resemblance to it.

The attempt to discriminate Diaprepes from Exophthal-

modes by means of the prothoracic vibrissae is not satis-

factory, because these setae are very variable in develop-

ment and in some species are very difficult to detect.

There is a much better character in the antennal funicle,

the second joint being much longer than the first in

Diaprepes and about equal to it in Exophthalmodes.

Exophthalmodes consobrinus, sp. n. (Plate III, fig. 10.)

32. Integument black, covered densely beneath and much more

sparsely above with glistening blue-green scales; the prothorax with

two denser dorsal stripes of similar scaling, which are usually con-

tinued on the head along the inner edge of the eyes to the apex of the

rostrum; the elytra with a broad ring round the shoulder formed

of pale greenish white scales dusted with yellow powdering, and a

broad, slightly curved, transverse band of similar scales across

the top of the declivity, both these markings coalescing laterally

with a pale marginal stripe; the prosternum greenish white with

yellow powdering; the legs with fairly dense green scaling, the

femora with bare black dots round the setae.

Head with sparse shallow punctures and a deep frontal fovea.

Rostrum nearly as long as the pronotum, parallel-sided in the basal

half, thence dilated to the apex; a broad bare median stripe, which

is very shiny and sparsely and minutely punctate, and on each side

a short deep sulcus; the interantennal area rather steeply declivous

and broadly excavated; the genae with a very deep, strongly curved

furrow which extends right up to the lower angle of the eye.

Antennae with fairly dense, narrow, pale green scales, sometimes

mingled with blackish ones; the scape extending beyond the eye,

gradually thickened at the apex, set with short blackish setae which

are erect on the lower anterior face and recumbent elsewhere ;

the joints of the funicle in order of length: (1, 2), 3, 4, (5, 6, 7).

Prothorax a little broader than long, subparallel-sided from the base

to the middle, then roundly narrowed to the apex; the basal margin

shallowly bisinuate, the apex truncate; the dorsum very shiny,

with fine shallow punctures each containing a scale, and a few

larger scattered punctures (from 15 to 20) in the median area between

the two stripes, the lateral areas beyond the stripes being closely

set with coarse punctures, Scutellum trapezoidal, a little longer

New Genera and Species of Neotropical Curculionidae, 191

than broad, densely squamose. LHlytra ovate, much broader in

9, the shoulders moderately prominent and rounded, the sides

subparallel to the middle in 3 and beyond it in Q, the apices separ-

ately pointed; the punctures large and deep as far as the posterior

band, much smaller and substriate beyond it; the intervals finely

alutaceous, with very minute sparse recumbent brown setae (much

smaller than the scales) on the dark areas and with much larger

stout dense setae on the pale bands. Legs with short recumbent

pale setae, those on the lower surface of the femora and tibiae being

rather longer and raised; the tibiae with a very shallow furrow on

the basal third of the inner face.

Length, 15-19-5 mm.; breadth, 6-8-5 mm.

CotomsiA : Andagoya, R. Condoto, Choco (Dr. H. G. F.

Spurrell—type); Buenaventura (Rosenberg).

Described from five specimens. The Buenaventura

examples have the bands somewhat narrower than the

others.

Closely allied to EF. crassicornis Kirsch (1867), but in

that species (Plate III, fig. 11) the elytra have no definite

pale margin, the posterior sector of the circum-humeral

ring has a marked angular projection on its posterior

margin on interval 4, and the post-median band is strongly

bisinuate and shortly produced backwards on the suture;

the lateral furrows on the rostrum are shorter; the scape

is thicker and bears much more numerous black setae;

the median area of the pronotum bears numerous coarse

punctures, and the lateral areas are more rugose. The

aedoeagus of the 3 is extremely similar in the two species,

except in the dorsal lobes of the tegmen, which are narrow

and widely separated in consobrinus, and broadly triangular

and contiguous In crassicornis ; the sac is contained entirely

within the strongly chitinised cylindrical curved median

lobe. The spermatheca of the 9 is differently shaped in

the two species (fig. 2, b, c).

Exophthalmodes parentheticus, sp. n. (Plate III, fig. 12.)

62. Integument black, thinly clothed with greyish green scales

above and with much denser greenish white scaling beneath; the

pronotum with two pale dorsal stripes; the elytra with a greenish

white sutural stripe from the basal margin to a little behind the

scutellum, then turning sharply outwards to form a straight oblique

band, the.apex of which reaches stria 6 well before the middle, and

subtending with its fellow an angle of about 100°; a similar reversed

192 Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall on

marking behind the middle, the apex of the angle being on the suture

at the top of the declivity; the legs as in HZ. consobrinus.

In general form and structure this species is also closely related

to EL. crassicornis Kirsch, but the scape of the antennae is more slender

and less compressed; the larger punctures on the pronotum are

equally numerous, but distinctly less coarse; the punctures on the

elytra are more quadrate, more narrowly separated and consequently

more numerous, those in stria 1 between the two bands numbering

12-15 in the ¢ (crassicornis, 8-9) and 15-17 in the ° (crassicornis,

10-11); and the spermatheca of the ° differs in shape (fig. 2, a).

Length, 15-20 mm.; breadth, 6-5-9 mm.

Ecuapor: S. Javier (type); Paramba, 3500 ft. (Rosen-

berg); Lita, 3000 ft. (Rosenberg).

Described from twenty-two specimens.

Fic. 3.—Fema’e genitalia of Hxophthalmodes parentheticus, sp. n., lateral

view: a, vaginal palps; b, membranous lamina; c, chitinous strips

in walls of vagina.

In all these species of Exophthalmodes the vagina of the

2 is strongly compressed laterally, from 3-5 to 4 mm. long,

and strengthened by several chitinous strips in its walls

(“‘ Seitenstiicke ”’ of Stem), being further supported in

oviposition by the enveloping membrane, which is strongly

chitinised on the appressed sides for from two-thirds to

four-fifths the length of the vagina; and, as is often the

case, this chitinous envelope is divided transversely about

the middle by a transparent bar (fig. 3). In the apical

half of the envelope on its ventral side is a membranous

lamina (with only its lower edge chitinised) which can be

slightly exserted downwards from between the two chitinous

plates, like the partly-opened blade of a pocket-knife.

The terminal palps are well developed, being 0-36 mm. long,

with a number of hairs at the tip.

New Genera and Species of Neotropical Curculionidae. 193

Genus Compsus Schh. (1826).

It may be well to note here that the following species

described by Pascoe (1880) in the genus Hustales must

be referred to Compsus :—E. sejunctus (apparently very near

C. alternans Kirsch), &. comeies (very near C. adamantinus

Kirsch) and £#. coruscus.

Compsus armatissimus, sp. n. (Plate III, fig. 4.)

32. Integument black, densely and uniformly covered with

creamy white or pale buff scaling (usually with a slight brassy or

coppery reflexion), except the tips of the tubercles on the elytra,

which bear brown scaling, and two narrow undulating dorsal brown

stripes on the pronotum, which are continued on to the head behind

each eye.

Head shallowly constricted behind the eyes, the forehead slightly

tumid on each side and with a very deep median fovea, which is

connected with the rostral furrow. Hostrum as long as its apical

width, strongly dilated from base to apex; the basal half with a

broad shallow median furrow, which widens out anteriorly into a

broad triangular impressed space, the apical area being very abruptly

and steeply declivous and deeply excavate; the epistome steeply

sloping, bare, and without any limiting carina; in the basal half

on each side a deep impression in front of each cye and a longer

oblique one beyond that, the scales in this area being very densely

packed and suberect; rather long stout recumbent or subrecumbent

setae along the lateral ridges. Antennae with the scape slightly

exceeding the eye, thick, gradually and regularly widening from

base to apex, densely clothed with overlapping and suberect scales,

and set with stout obliquely raised setae; the funicle with joint 1

slightly shorter than 2, 3 longer than 4, and 4-7 subequal and a

little longer than broad; the club a little longer than the three

preceding joints, dark brown. Proihorax as long or nearly as long

as broad, subecylindrical, but somewhat narrowed in the apical

third; the lateral margins (as seen from above) irregularly sinuous ;

the gular margin shallowly sinuate; the dorsum coarsely plicate,

the median area flattened and bounded on each side by a low sinuous

tidge, the lateral area on each side about as broad as the median

one; the scales rather shiny, flat and broadly overlapping; the

lateral areas with scattered stout subrecumbent setae, but hardly

any on the median area. Scutellum pear-shaped, narrowed in front,

covered with dense erect narrow scales. lytra oblong-ovate,

with a humeral tubercle but without true shoulders, the apices pro-

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1922.—PaRTs I, II. (JULY) )

194 Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall on

duced into two long obtuse subparallel processes; the shallow striae

with large deep regular punctures; intervals 83 and 7 much higher

than the others and each bearing a row of closely-set prominent

tubercles (8—9 in 3, 10-12 in 9), those on interval 3 gradually increas-

ing behind, the last one (at the top of the declivity) being very

long, spine-like and directed backwards; on int. 5 a single tubercle

behind the middle, and sometimes one or two rudimentary ones on

each side of it; int. 9 with a row of small tubercles on the basal

half. Wings not functional, the tips not folded and reaching the

apex of the 4th visible ventrite. Legs with whitish scaling and sub-

erect white setae, the posterior pairs of femora with a faint darker

spot on the thickened part; the anterior tibiae not granulate

internally, the mucros short and hidden by setae; the claws without

a lateral seta.

Length, 14-19 mm.; width, 6-8} mm.

Brazit: Rio de Janeiro; Santa Catharina.

Described from seventeen specimens.

This species stands in collections under the MS. names

of C. armatissimus Chey. and C. serietuberculatus Jek.

Its only very near ally is C. ostracion Pasc., a pale fawn-

coloured insect with a broad median brown stripe extending

from the apex of the thorax to two-thirds the length of

the elytra; further the prothorax is much less strongly

rugose, the elytral tubercles are much smaller, and joints

5 and 6 of the funicle are broader than long. In both

species the wings are reduced and not functional.

Compsus confluens, sp. n.

62. Integument black, densely clothed above and below with

chalky white scaling; the head, rostrum and antennae brown,

and a brown median stripe extending from the apex of the prothorax

on to the elytra a little behind the scutellum, being broadest in front

and gradually narrowing to a point on the elytra; the front tibiae

and tarsi also brownish.

Head strongly constricted behind the eyes, which are very promi-

nent, the forehead with a very deep longitudinal fovea. Rostrum,

about as long as its apical width and very strongly dilated from

base to apex; a very broad deep curved furrow just in front of each

eye, and a short longitudinal one a little above and in front of it,

but these depressions more cr less concealed by the very dense

suberect scaling; the apical area declivous (and thus separated

from the posterior part by a transverse angulated edge) and broadly

New Genera and Species of Neotropical Curculionidae. 195

excavated; the epistome with an angulated margin. Aniennae

with the scape slightly exceeding the hind margin of the eye, stout,

gradually dilated from base to apex, clothed with very dense narrow

overlapping scales, and set with stout suberect setae; the funicle

with joint 2 slightly longer than 1, 3 distinctly longer than 4, and

4-7 subequal and a little longer than broad. Prothorax as long as

broad, widest at the base and slightly narrowing anteriorly, the

sides almost straight; the dorsum very coarsely and remotely

punctate and somewhat, wrinkled, but without any flattening;

the anterior margin sublobate behind the eyes. Scutellwm clongate

pear-shaped, broadest behind the middle, with a deep transverse

impression before the middle, and densely covered with narrow

overlapping scales. Hlylra broadly ovate, the shoulders very

prominent and almost rectangular, the sides not sinuate behind the

shoulders but gradually narrowing posteriorly, the apices each

produced into a long sharp process; the dorsal outline rising for a

very short distance from the base, then flat to the top of the declivity,

which has a slope of 60°; the striae shallow and some of them rather

irregular, the punctures in stria 1 smalier and more numerous than

those in 2, stria 4 strongly sinuate before the middle, two accessory

striae between 3 and 4 behind the middle, and stria 5 irregular

and subinterrupted not far from the base ; interval 3 sharply carinate,

without tubercles and produced at the top of the declivity into a

long sharp horizontal process like that at the apex; ints. 5 and 7

also carinate, the former not reaching the base but curving outwards

to join 7 at some distance behind the shoulder and ending in a small

tubercle on the declivity; the white scales broad and strongly

overlapping, the brown ones narrower; the setae small, irregular

and recumbent, being much longer and slightly raised on the apical

processes. Legs with rather stout raised white setae; the tibiae not

denticulate internally, the apical mucros comparatively short and

concealed; the second joint of the front tarsi a little broader than

long, the claws with a lateral seta.

Length, 15-20 mm.; breadth, 5-6-8 mm.

Brazit: 8. Paulo.

Described from six specimens.

Very similar in both form and colouring to C. niveus F.,

but in that species the head is much less constricted behind

the eyes; the front margin of the prothorax is not lobate

laterally; on the elytra the raised intervals all bear small

tubercles and interval 5 is continued normally to the base,

the striae are all quite regular and there are no accessory

ones, and the setae are distinctly finer and longer.

196 Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall on

Compsus pugionatus, sp. n. (Plate III, fig. 7.)

32. Integument black, covered with scaling which is either

uniformly pale blue-green (type) or uniformly pale coppery; the

scales fairly dense on the head, rostrum, legs and lower surface;

on the pronotum (in unabraded specimens) the elevated parts are

squamose, the hollows of the foveae and sinuous impressions being

bare; the elytra, on the contrary, have the raised parts bare, the

scaling being dense in the foveac, leaving a bare pin-hole in the

centre.

Head coriaceous beneath the scaling, with a small frontal fovea,

and the front margin of the eyes shallowly impressed. Rostrum

longer than the basal width, gradually dilated from base to apex,

and with a few sparse punctures; the interantennal area moderately

excavated and divided by a faint median ridge; the dorsum convex,

with a narrow smooth median line and a very faint small oblique

impression on each side (often obsolete), Antennae with the scape

exceeding the eye, slender, gradually clavate, with recumbent pale

setae and sparse pubescence; the funicular joints in order of length :

2, 1, 3, 4, (5, 6, 7), the terminal ones longer than broad, ovate.

Prothorax as long as broad, widest at the base and graduaily narrow-

ing in front, the sides feebly rounded and with a shallow apical

constriction; the gular margin shallowly sinuate; the dorsum

with a shallow median impression containing twisted impressed

lines and punctures, the lateral areas not impressed and with similar

coarse sculpturings. Scutellwm squamose, narrowly ovate in 4,

broader in 9. JZiyira subtriangular, the shoulders very prominent

and forming an acute angle, the apices separately produced into a

long sharp process; the dorsal outline almost flat from the base

to the top of the declivity, which has a slope of 45°; the dorsum

reticulate, with reenlar rows of large rounded punctures, the intervals

narrow and undulating, interval 3 rather more prominent than the

others owing to the slight flattening of the sutural area; no posterior

callus; the scales small, round and slightly overlapping; the setae

sparse, minute, recumbent and discernible with difficulty, those

on the apical processes longer and raised. Legs with slightly raised

pale setae; the tibiae not denticulate internally, the hind pair with

a short mucro in the 3 only; the second joint of the front tarsi

longer than broad, the claws with a short lateral seta.

Length, 12-25-18-5; breadth, 4-5-6-5 mm.

Described from fifteen specimens.

Readily distinguished by its sharply pointed shoulders.

I have retained for it Klug’s manuscript name, under which

it usually stands in collections.

New Genera and Species of Neotropical Curculionidae. 197

Compsus adonis, sp.n. (Plate IV, fig. 11.)

2. Integument black, completely hidden by dense scaling; the

upper surface of the prothorax and elytra pale sage green, with

most of the more raised portions chalky white, and spangled all

over with minute metallic green scales; the head, front margin of

the prothorax and apex of the elytra covered with iridescent coppery,

golden and green scales; the lower surface pale blue-green through-

out, with scattered metallic green scales; the legs metallic green,

with a golden tinge on the tibiae, and the apices of the femora

brilliant cobalt-blue.

Heal with the forehead slightly depressed transversely and with

a small round fovea; the eyes more obliquely inserted than usual,

so that when viewed from above the inner edge slopes inwards at

an angle of 45°. Rostrum much longer than the basal width and

markedly dilated at the apex; the dorsum convex, without any

furrow, and with a deep oblique impression on each side, the inter-

antennal space deeply excavated, with a broad shiny bare line

down the middle. Antennae with the scape comparatively slender

and gradually clavate, with obliquely raised pale setae; the funicular

joints in order of lencth: 2, 1, 3, 4, (5, 6, 7), the apical joints oblong.

Prothorax as long as broad, parallel-sided from the base for two-

thirds the length, then gently narrowing, with a distinct apical

constriction; the apical margin not sinuate beneath; the dorsum

very coarsely and rugosely penctate and slightly flattened in the

middle. Scwtellum almost an equilateral triangle, broadest behind,

squsmose. Llytra oblong-ovate, the line from the external basal

angle to the shoulder straight and oblique, the shoulder forming

an obtuse angle; the apices each produced into a densely scaly

and setose process about 0-6 mm. long; the longitudinal outline

quite flat, the declivity with a slope of about 60°; the dorsum with

regular rows of large deep foveolae, which are entirely covered with

sealing except for a small hole in the centre; the sutural area

markedly flattened, so that interval 3 appears somewhat prominent,

but is not truly costate; the posterior callus on int. 5 distinct but

obtuse; the scales small, circular and overlapping; the irregular

setae small, sparse and recumbent. Legs slender, with raised pale

setae; the tibiae not denticulate internally; second joint of hind

tarsi slightly longer than broad, the claws with a small! lateral seta.

Length, 14 mm.; breadth, 5 mm.

CotomstaA: Medellin.

Described from one female.

198 Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall on

Compsus iris, sp. n.

g. Integument black, densely clothed throughout with scaling

the upper surface and sides of the rostrum, head and ce

(except a quadrate green patch in the middle of the base of the last),

the apex of the elytra, and a broad stripe approximately between

striae 3 and 7 from base to apex of the elytra, metallic golden

spangled with coppery and purple scales; the sutural area of the

elytra from the base to the top of the declivity dull pale green

sprinkled with metallic green scales; the sides of the elytra, the

whole lower surface, legs and-antennae, similarly pale green but with

the metallic scales much more numerous.

Head not very convex, the forehead nearly flat, with a very faint

short median stria; the anterior margin of the eyes deeply impressed.

Rostrum much longer than the basal width, parallel-sided in the

posterior half and gently widening to the apex; the interantennal

space deeply excavated, the dorsum convex, with an oblique furrow

on each side. Antennae with the scape only just reaching the

hind margin of the eye, rather broad, compressed and gradually

clavate; the funicular joints in order of length: 2, 1, 3, 7, (4, 5), 6

the shortest one about as long as broad. Prothorax a little longer

than broad, gently narrowing from base to apex, the sides slightly

rounded, and with a distinct apical constriction; the gular margin

gently sinuate; the dorsum with a shallow triangular median

impression containing a few coarse punctures and a short median

stria in the apical half, the lateral areas not impressed and

coarsely punctate. Scutellum a little longer than broad, oblong

and densely squamose. lytra elongate, broadest at the shoulders,

which are prominent and nearly rectangular, and gradually narrow-

ing behind, the apices jointly rounded; the dorsal outline quite

flat to the declivity, which has a straight slope of 60°; the large

punctures in regular rows and partly filled with scaling, none of the

intervals being costate, the sutural area being flattened as far as

stria 8; the scales small, circular and overlapping; the setae very

small, recumbent and inconspicuous. Legs slender, with recumbent

pale setae; the tibiae not denticulate internally, the hind. corbels

fully squamose; the second joint of the hind tarsi longer than broad,

the claws without a lateral seta.

Length, 11 mm.; breadth, 4 mm.

CotomBiA: Medellin.

Described from a single specimen.

This beautiful and well-marked species is allied to

C. gemmeus Fst. (1892), but apart from the colouring, it

New Genera and Species of Neotropical Curculionidae. 199

differs in having the elytra subtriangular, being broadest

at the shoulders, and the dorsal flattening is much more

marked; the elytra also are scarcely striate and the punc-

tures larger and more distant, being somewhat like those

of C. adonis, sp. n. (PI. IV, fig. 11).

Compsus zebra, sp.n. (Plate III, fig. 13.)

°. Integument black, densely clothed with chalky white scaling

more or less intermingled with pale green scales, the prothorax and

elytra with narrow stripes that are either bare or clothed with pale

green scales; head and rostrum with a continuous median black

stripe and occasionally a patch of fuscous scaling behind each eye;

the prothorax with five black stripes, usually edged with a line of

green scales; the elytra with intervals 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 (abbreviated)

black, or partly or completely covered with pale green scaling ;

the legs with mingled green and white scales, the white predominating

on the basal half of the femora and the green elsewhere.

Zead not constricted behind the eyes, the forehead gently convex

transversely and with a shallow median fovea. Rostrum much longer

than broad, markedly dilated at the apex, convex dorsally, with a

faint median carina, and a deep oblique furrow on each side, which

is so filled up with scaling that it might easily be overlooked; the

interantennal area broadly and deeply excavated, the median

part bare and shiny. Anilennae with the scape reaching the hind

margin of the eye, slender, rather abruptly clavate, and clothed

with narrow green scales and raised setae; the funicular joints in

order of length: 2, (1, 3), (4, 7), (5, 6), the apical joints pear-shaped.

Prothorax longer than broad, parallel-sided for two-thirds from the

base, then narrowed and with a distinct apical constriction; the

enlar margin feebly sinuate; the dorsum not impressed, but slightly

flattened and with a shallow furrow along the median black stripe

(sometimes interrupted in the middle), and unevenly set with large

shallow punctures, which are only distinct on the bare stripes.

Scutellum quadrate, with dense green scaling. Llytra with the

shoulders slightly sloping and prominent, the sides parallel from there

to beyond the middle, somewhat produced and rather abruptly

acuminate behind, the apices slightly dehiscent; the dorsal outline

slightly rising at the base, then quite flat to the top of the declivity,

which has a slope of 70°; the striae regular and in pairs, containing

rather large round punctures, partly hidden by scaling; the intervals

not costate, but 3 and 5 slightly more convex behind, the white

intervals much broader than the black (or green), the latter finely

coriaceous; the scales smail and closely packed, the setae short

200 Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall on

and quite recumbent. Legs slender, with raised setae; the tibiae

not denticulate; the second tarsal joint a little longer than broad.

Length, 13-5-14-5; breadth, 5-5-5 mm.

Ecuapor: Lita (type). Cotompia: Buenaventura

(Rosenberg).

Described from three specimens. Readily distinguishable

by its characteristic coloration.

Compsus fractilineatus, sp. n. (Plate III, fig. 6.)

39. Integument black, clothed with dark grey or blackish

sealing (often abraded), the elytra with a broad stripe of silvery

green scaling lying in the hollow between intervals 3 and 7 in the

basal half and between ints. 3 and 6 in the apical, the two portions

being broadly interrupted; the prothorax with a few metallic green

scales in the middle of the base, and an irregular narrow lateral

stripe of similar scales, which is continued on the elytra between

striae 8 and 9 in the 3, but not in the 9; the sides of the sternum

and the two basal ventrites more or less densely clothed with metallic

green, which sometimes extends to the lower surface of the head.

Head fairly closely and shallowly punctate, not constricted behind

the eyes, the forehead slightly flattened transversely and with a

small median fovea. ostrwm a little longer than its basal width,

gradually widened from base to apex, the sides straight; the dorsum

with a broad deep triangular median depression and a small oblique

impression on each side ; the interantennal area broadly impressed, the

epistomal bristles longer and more dense than usual. Antennae with the

scape gradually widening from base to apex, exceeding the hind margin

of the eye, and clothed with dark grey scales and subrecumbent pale

setae; the funicle with bluish green hair-like scales, the joints in

order of length: (1, 2), 3, 4, (5, 6, 7), the apical joints nearly as

broad as long. Prothorax as long as the basal width, the sides gently

rounded, broadest a little before the middle, with a distinct apical

constriction; the gular margin not or very feebly sinuate; the

dorsum with a deep conical median depression, divided across the

middle by a transverse ridge, the lateral areas transversely rugose

and shallowly impressed, the intervening ridges broad, smooth

and with fine shallow punctation; no apparent setae. Scutellum

small, trapezoidal, broadest behind, squamose. Jlytra elongate,

the shoulders sloping and obtuse, the sides subparallel from there to

beyond the middle, the apices each produced into a short obtuse

process; the dorsal outline convex, the posterior declivity with a

slope of 50°; the striae regular, and with quadrate closely set

punctures; interval 3 markedly costate throughout, 6 slightly

New Genera and Species of Neotropical Curculionidae. 201

costate in the apical half and 7 in the basal half only, the space

between these two and int. 3 deeply impressed, but interrupted in

the middle by a broad transverse ridge uniting ints. 3 and 6, the

sutural area flattened; the scales subcircular, the green ones larger

and overlapping; the setae minute and inconspicuous, except at

the apex where they form a short tuft, and on the pale dorsal stripe

where they are numerous, very broad, curved and scale-like. Legs

with dense dark grey scales and rather stout subrecumbent pale

setae; the hind tibiae alone denticulate internally; the second tarsal

joint slightly longer than broad.

Length, 10-12 mm.; breadth, 33-4 mm.

VENEZUELA : Escorial, 10,000 ft.

Described from four specimens.

Genus PLOCOCOMPSUS, nov.

This genus is proposed for a small homogeneous group

of species of Compsus that are characterised especially

by the presence of postocular vibrissae on the prothorax.

Other characters are as follows :—Scrobes narrow, curved

downwards, but the upper edge attaining about the middle

of the eye, so that the scape at rest passes across the lower

half of the eye; the bare part of the scrobe not sharply

defined, but gradually clothed with scales behind; epistomal

setae very long and dense; scape not or only shghtly

exceeding the eye, comparatively slender, clavate, squamose,

with the scales not overlapping; mentum with a group

of setae on each side; insects with functional wings.

Genotype, Compsus viridipes Boh.

Other described species referable to the genus are :—

Compsus euchloris Pase. (1880), C. mirandus Pasc. (1880),

and C. croesus Faust (1892), and several apparently

undescribed species are also known to me.

Owing to the presence of prothoracic vibrissae and the

downwardly curved scrobes some authors would place this

genus among the Tanymecides, but its obviously close

relationship to Compsus renders such a course very unsatis-

factory. The difficulty really arises from the inadequate

definition of Lacordaire’s distinction between the Brachy-

derine and Otiorrhynchine types of scrobe. In the Tany-

mecids and other true Brachyderines not only the lower,

but also the upper edge of the scrobe curves more or less

sharply downwards in front of the eye, so that the antenna

when in a position of complete rest within the scrobe passes

202 Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall on

clear beneath the eye, without covering any portion of it.

The adoption of this position of the antenna as the essential

criterion of the Brachyderine scrobe not only simplifies

the interpretation of the character, but also appears to

lead to a more satisfactory grouping of the genera. On

this basis Compsus, Plococompsus and their allies will be

transferred to a more natural position in the Otiorrhynchine

series of Lacordaire, in the vicinity of Hustylus Schh.,

as Mr. G. C. Champion has already suggested (Biol. Cent.-

Amer. Col. iv, pt. 3, p. 282). |

Among the Otiorrhynchines the presence or absence

ef prothoracic vibrissae is clearly of far less taxonomic

importance than in the Brachyderines; and as_ both

Diaprepes and Hxophthalmodes will now fall within the

former group, there is no reason for widely separating these

two very closely allied genera merely because Diaprepes

possesses these vibrissae, as has been done by both Mr.

Champion and Mr. W. Dwight Pierce.

Genus ExoripEs Pasc.

Ezxorides Pascoe, Ann. Mag. N.H. (5) vu, 1881, p. 43.

When describing this genus Pascoe was in doubt con-

cerning its affinities, but there can be no question as to its

close relationship with Compsus; indeed, the genotype,

E. carinatus Pasc., had already been described by von

Harold (1863) under the name of Compsus wagnert, and

there are several other described species attributed to the

latter genus which would be better placed in Hzorides.

Owing, however, to the diversity of the species at present

included in Compsus, it is not easy to give a really satis-

factory definition of Pascoe’s genus, but it is here pro-

visionally regarded as including those forms that present

the following combination of characters :—Wings non-

functional; the elytra narrow at the shoulders, with the

bases more or less truncate obliquely and not separately

rounded so as to project over the base of the prothorax;

the scrobes continued right up to the lower anterior margin

of the eye; and the scape of the antennae comparatively

slender, abruptly clavate, and clothed only with pubescence

or narrow hair-like scales, never with broad overlapping

scales.

In the key given below I have included all the species

known to me which come within this definition, but judging

New Genera and Species of Neotropical Curculionidae. 203

by the descriptions and figures, the two following species

should also almost certainly be referred to Ezortdes :—

Compsus labyrinthicus Karsch (Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1889,

pt. 4, p. 22), from Colombia, and C. whymperi Ollift (Whym-

per’s “ Travels amongst the Great Andes,” Suppl. Append.,

1891, p. 63, fig.), from Ecuador.

As at present known, the genus is confined to the moun-

tainous regions of Ecuador, Colombia and Venezuela, and

it is not improbable that it will prove to be as prolific in

species as is Otvorrhynchus in Europe.

In the two species of which the aedoeagus of the male

has been examined, #. wagnert Har. and EF. praeteritus,

sp. n., the median lobe is very highly chitinised, strongly

curved, and very much flattened dorso-ventrally, the

uneverted sac being completely concealed within it; the

struts are much compressed laterally and bisinuate as

seen from the side. The tegmen forms a complete ring,

the dorsal lobes being broad and united in their basal half,

and slender and divergent distally; the strut is longer than

the lobes and gradually dilated at the apex. The 8th

ventrite is formed of two elongate transverse plates, the

spiculum being very stout, and strongly curved and broadly

laminate at its apex.

In the case of H. wagneri the general form of the genital

tube of the Q is very similar to that of Exophthalmodes

(fig. 3), but it is not so much compressed, and the enveloping

membrane is even more strongly chitinised and lacks the

transparent transverse bar ; probably in consequence of this,

the vagina seems to be less chitinous and there are apparently

no rods; on the ventral surface there is an infolded slit

in the envelope, the edges of which are more chitinised in

the basal half, and at the apex the edges are armed with

about six stout bristles on each side of the sit; the palps

are well developed, but the tips are obliquely truncate, so

that the tactile hairs on them, which are of varying lengths,

project laterally outwards. The accessory gland of the

spermatheca is unusually long, being in one case 1°5 mm.

in length, the spermatheca itself (fig. 2, d) measuring only

0-55 mm. in both directions.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF EXORIDES PASC.

1, (6) Elytra with a prominent tubercle on interval 3 at the top

of the posterior declivity; scaling brown.

2. (3) Rostrum with a very shallow median impression, gradually

204 Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall on

widening to the apex, and with the sides straight;

prothorax a little broader than long, with the sides

rounded; elytra with interval 3 forming a regular broad

smooth costa, interval 4 not raised wagneri Har. (1863).

3. (2) Rostrum parallel-sided in the basal half, broadly dilated at

the apex, and with a broad deep median furrow; pro-

thorax as long as broad, the sides straight from the base

to beyond the middle; elytra with interval 3 narrowly

undulating behind and not well defined, interval 4

shortly and irregularly raised behind middle.

4. (5) Costae on the prothorax straight and smooth; basal margins

of elytra straight, the posterior tubercles comparatively

small and distant, projecting backwards not nearly as

far as the apices; posterior filamentous growth on elytra

TUSt-TO oa ere leas . . praeteritus, sp. n.

(4) Costae on prothorax cur red aml much interrupted; basal

margins of elytra sinuate between interval 3 and the

external angle, the posterior tubercles very large and

subeontiguous, projecting backwards as far as the

apices (when viewed in profile); the posterior growth

blackish brown .. . . . eguicaudatus, sp. n.

6. (1) Elytra without such eticbeiee

7.(20) Apical joints of funicle not longer than broad, bead-like ;

elytra with the apices not, or only very shortly, produced.

8. (19) Elytra not tuberculate at the apex.

9. (12) Sutural area of elytra markedly depressed as far as the

top of the declivity; median furrow on rostrum shallow.

19. (11) Rostrum parallel-sided; scutellum small ‘and narrow,

longer than broad . . . . rugosus Tasch. (1870).

11. (10) Rostrum slightly narrowed from base to apex; scutellum

moderately large, twice as broad as long — obesus, sp. n.

12. (9) Sutural area of elytra not depressed: median furrow on

rostrum broad and deep.

13. (16) Elytra with intervals 3 and 5 strongly and evenly costate ;

colour black, with brown or blackish scaling.

14. (15) Costae on intervals 3 and 5 of the elytra terminating

abruptly before the posterior declivity, intervals 1 and

7 not costate; prothorax narrowly and _ shallowly

impressed, as long as (9) or longer than broad (3);

legs piceous . . . . . abruptecostatus, sp. n.

15. (14) Costae on intervals 3 ands of the elytra complete, intervals

1 and 7 similarly costate; prothorax broadly and deeply

impressed, broader than long (2); legs black.

septemcostatus, Sp. 0.

New Genera and Species of Neotropical Curculionidae. 205

16.

18.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

(13) Elytra without regular even costae.

(18) Prothorax parallel-sided from base to beyond middle, then

narrowed to apex; elytra with no prominence at the

apex of interval 5, and the line between the external

basal and humeral angles straight; rostrum parailel-

sided; upper surface with black or brownish grey

scaling; legs red-brown, knees and tarsi darker; length

SOs maa! See 5h Sah sin «eda arseh (1889),

(17) Prothorax strongly rounded at the sides, broadest at the

middle; elytra with a small prominence at the apex of

interval 5, and the line between the external basal and

humeral angles strongly sinuate; rostrum widened in

front; upper surface with more or less green scaling;

legs black; length 16-17 mm.

marshalli Bovie (1908). (Plate IV, fig. 9.)

(8) Each elytron with an obtuse rounded tubercle at the apex.

espeletiae Kirsch (1889).

(7) Apical joints of funicle clavate or subconical; apices ot

elytra strongly produced (except in pyrzformis).

. (22) Apices of elytra jointly rounded, elytra broadest far behind

Ghe middle (Q) 209. Py Sy a set | pyreformis, sp. 1:

. (21) Apices of elytra each produced into a long process, elytra

broadest at or before the middle.

. (26) Funicle with the two basal joints equal.

. (25) Rostrum parallel-sided, with no median furrow, but with a

low median costa; prothorax distinctly impressed on

the disk and there quite devoid of tubercles; clytra

broadly ovate, the apical processes long and very sharp,

and the humeral angles acute; scaling dense and dull

green allover .. Wika ee IN fLALS, Sp. 1.

. (24) Rostrum gradually eee from base to apex, with a

broad deep median furrow; prothorax scarcely impressed

on the disk and there rugosely tuberculate; elytra

nairowly subcylindrical, the apical processes com-

paratively short and obtuse, and the humeral angles

rounded; scaling brownish grey above and green at

the sides x05 #1. - . ..- cylindricus, sp. n.

) Joint 2 of funicle longer than I

) Interval 5 not carinate.

7) Mandibular scar sessile cr slightly raised.

) Elytra constricted close to the base, without any humeral

angle and with the external basal angle markedly

produced outwards and forwards . . . masoni, sp. n.

(29) Elytra not so constricted, the external basal angle not

206 Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall on

produced and inconspicuous, the humeral] angle distinct

and rounded. ;

31. (36) Elytra not transversely wrinkled throughout, interval 3

costate.

32. (33) Forehead with a transverse depression; elytra constricted

at extreme base, the line between the external and

humeral angles being sinuate, striae 3-6 regular, the

posterior declivity steep (80°) . lajoyei Bovie (1907).

33. (32) Forehead not transversely depressed; elytra constricted

at the base, striae 3-6 irregular, the posterior declivity

much flatter (35°).

o4, (35) Elytra regularly punctate-striate, except in striae-3-6 in

which the punctures are quite irregular; the extreme

lateral margin and the spaces between intervals 3 and 7

covered with metallic green scales, the latter space

interrupted near the middle by a transverse bare costa.

quadrivittatus Kirsch (1889).

395. (34) Elytra rugoseiy and irregularly reticulate, clothed through-

out with submetallic green scaling, but with interval 3

strongly elevated and bare, and interval 7 slightly so in

the‘middle only ..~-300 3). 1 ee caudaius. sp. am

36. (51) Elytra with strongly raised irregular transverse ridges

throughout, interval 3 not costate . corrugatus, sp. n.

37. (28) Mandibular scar placed at the end of a very long peduncle.

pedunculatus, sp. N.

38. (27) Intervals 3, 5 and 7 of the elytra distinctly and evenly

j carinate throughout . . . . . equatorius, sp. n.

Exorides praeteritus, sp. n.

Ezxorides carinatus Ollift (nec Pase.), Whymper’s “ Travels

amongst the Great Andes,” Suppl. App., 1891, p. 65,

fig.

3. Integument black, the pronotum and elytra with grey scaling

in the more depressed areas, the ridges being bare; the elytra with

a moss-hke growth of rust-red filaments around the tubercles at the

top of the declivity, and an elongate patch of the same nature

beneath the shoulder; the legs with dense scaling, and the sides

of the sternum and venter thinly squamose.

Head shiny, with faint minute punctures and a few larger ones,

each containing a short recumbent seta; the forehead broadly

impressed in the middle and with a deep median fovea. Rostrum

about as long as broad, parallel-sided in the basal half, dilated at

New Genera and Species of Neotropical Curculionidae. 207

the apex, with a broad deep median furrow, which is continued on

to the forehead, and a short longitudinal impression on each side ;

the interantennal area broadly excavated. Antennae with the

seape just reaching the hind margin of the eye, rather densely

clothed with narrow grey scales and with subrecumbent setae;

the funicular joints in order of length: 2, 1, 3, 4, (5, 6, 7), the apical

joints nearly as broad as long. Prothorax as long as broad, broadest

at the base, very gradually narrowed in front and with a shallow

apical constriction; the basa! and apical margins gently rounded,

the gular margin rather deeply sinuate; the dorsum with a broad

deep uneven conical median depression, enclosed on each side by a

sparsely punctate broad straight smooth costa, the external areas

less rugose and shallowly impressed in front and behind. Scutellum

oval, longer than broad, finely coriaceous, bare. Llyira oblong

ovate, the basal margins individually truncate and together forming

a gentle curve; the shoulders sloping, the sides paralle! thence to

beyond the middle, the apices jointly rounded; the dorsal outline

almost fiat from the base to the top of the declivity, which has a

slope of 60°; the sutural area flattened, and the punctures very

shallow, large, subconfluent and indistinct; interval 3 rather

strongly costate and curving inwards near the base, then becoming

less pronounced and much more irregular, and terminating at the

top of the declivity in a low rounded backwardly-projecting tubercle ;

int. 4 raised for a short distance behind the middle and connected

with int. 3 by the raised transverse septa; int. 7 costate from the

base to the declivity; the scales small and overlapping; the setae

short and curved, numerous between ints. 3 and 7, and a small

short tuft of them just above the apex. Legs with subrecumbent

setae; the tibiae not denticulate internally, the hind pair shortly

mucronate; joint 2 of the front tarsi longer than broad.

Length, 13-5 mm.; breadth, 5-25 mm.

Kcouapor: lower slopes of Antisana, 13,000 ft. (H.

Whymper).

One of Whymper’s specimens was placed in Pascoe’s

collection with #. wagner, but, apart from the distinctions

given in the key, it differs markedly in the male genitalia,

the median lobe being less curved, much broader and much

less sharply pomted in praeteritus.

Exorides equicaudatus, sp. n. (Text fig. 4.)

3. Integument black, with a few grey scales in the foveae; the

venter bare, with sparse pale short recumbent setae.

Head impunctate, the forehead and vertex somewhat flattened ;

208 Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall on

the ocular margins rather deeply impressed above and in front.

Rosirum longer than the basal width, parallel-sided in the basal

half and strongly dilated at the apex; the dorsum with a very

broad median furrow in the basal half, the ridges on each side of

it bearing a faint longitudinal impression, and the interantennal

space with a transverse arcuate impression within the usual depressed

area, Antennae with the scape exceeding the eye, gradually clavate,

bearing fine recumbent hair-scales and sparse suberect pale setae ;

the joints of the funicle in order of length: 2, 1, 3, 4, (5, 6), 7, the

apical joints pyriform. Prothorax as long as broad, parallel-sided

from the base to beyond the middle and thence gradually narrowed

to the apex; the dorsum occupied by three broad longitudinal

impressions, all rugosely scrobiculate, the median one being broader

than the others, but narrowed in front, which the lateral ones are

not; the carinae dividing these impressions uneven and undulating ;

Fira. 4.—Lxorides equicaudatus, sp. n.

the anterior margin very shallowly trisinuate dorsally, with a small

lateral lobe below the eye, and the gular margin rather deeply

sinuate. Hlytra oblong-ovate, the sides nearly parallel, but shallowly

sinuate just behind the shoulders, the apices jointly rounded, and

the dorsal outline quite flat from the base to the declivity; the

basal margin markedly sinuate between the callus at the base of

interval 3 and the external angle; the whole surface coarsely and

rather irregularly reticulate, interval 3 slightly raised but indefinite,

interval 4 irregularly raised for a short distance behind the middle,

and interval 7 forming a prominent sharp carina; at the summit of

the declivity two large contiguous tubercles, from which in the

type projects horizontally backwards an extraordinary growth

forming a dense tuft of blackish brown filaments like a bushy

horse’s tail. Legs: tibiae not denticulate internally, the hind pair

not mucronate; second joint of front tarsi about as long as broad.

Length, 16 mm.; breadth, 6-5 mm.

Ecuapor: Quito.

Described from a single male.

New Genera and Species of Neotropical Curculionidae. 209

The very remarkable outgrowth from the tubercles on

the elytra looks as though it might possibly be due to a

fungus; but Mr. J. Ramsbottom, of the British Museum,

has kindly examined it and reports that the substance of

which it is composed is certainly not ef fungous origin;

and the same is true of the reddish moss-like filaments

that are to be found in the same ee in £. wagnert

Har. and F. praeteritus, sp. n.

Exorides obesus, sp. n. (Plate IV, fig. 12.)

. Integument black, the upper surface of the thorax and the

elytra covered with greenish grey scaling, the elevated ridges being

bare; the head, rostrum, legs, sternum and venter also bare, except

for a few scales near the eyes and at the sides of the mesosternum.

Head with a few very shallow punctures, a large rounded frontal

fovea and two smaller ones on the vertex; the eye-margins impressed

in front. Rostrum a little shorter than its basal width, gradually nar-

rowed from base to apex, the sides quite straight ; the interantennal

area evenly excavated; the dorsum with a very shallow median im-

pression on the anterior half, a shallow longitudinal furrow on each

side, and a few sparse punctures. Antennae missing. Prothorax

broader than long, parallel-sided for a short distance from the base,

then strongly narrowed, the sides rounded and with a distinct

apical constriction; the gular margin feebly sinuate; the dorsum

with a very deep broad uneven median impression, the adjoining

costae and the lateral areas very rugose, the latter shallowly im-

pressed near the base. Scwtellum strongly transverse, oblong, very

convex longitudinally, and bare. Elytra very broadly ovate,

strongly rounded at the sides and broadest at the middle; the basal

margin jointly sinuate, the shoulders very oblique, followed by a

small sinuation, the apices jointly rounded; the dorsal outline

gently convex, the posterior declivity very steep (80°); the foveae

very irregular, shallow, mostly ill-defined, and often transversely

confluent, the 9th row (beneath the shoulder) deeply impressed for

one-fourth from the base; interval 3 forming a sharp sinuous

carina, the flattened sutural area having several fine transverse

ridges; the outer dorsal areas shallowly impressed and broken hy

two very ill-defined ridges, the front one a little before the middle

and transverse, the other a little behind the middle and oblique;

the suture distinctly elevated at the top of the declivity and the

posterior callus forming a small tubercle; the setae minute and

only discernible with difficulty. Legs with scattered shallow

punctures and sparse oblique pale setae; the tibiae sparsely denti-

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1922.—PARTS I, I. (JULY) P

210 Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall on

culate internally, the hind pair not mucronate; the second joint

of the front tarsi about as long as broad.

Length, 16 mm.; breadth, 8 mm.

CoLoMBIA.

Described from one female.

Allied to E. rugosus Tasch., which 1s however a much

narrower insect, with the sides of the elytra not sinuate

behind the shoulders and bearing recumbent white setae.

Exorides abruptecostatus, sp. n. (Plate IV, fig. 7.)

32. Integument black, the elytra with obscure blackish scaling.

Head with very sparse fine punctures and a large round frontal

fovea; the upper margin of the eyes impressed, the anterior one

more deeply so. Rostrum about as long as its basal width, gradually

dilated from base to apex, the sides straight; the dorsum sparsely

punctate, with a broad median furrow, which narrowly unites with

the frontal fovea, and a shallow stria on each side of it; the inter-

antennal space with a broad shallow curved impression in the usual

depressed area. Antennae with the scape not exceeding the eye,

clothed only with sparse pale recumbent setae; the joints of the

funicle in order of length: 2, 1, 3, (4, 5, 6, 7), the apical joints about

as long as broad, bead-like. Prothorax as long as () or a little

longer than broad (3), parallel-sided from the base to three-fourths

its length in 3, the sides slightly convergent from the base in 9;

the dorsal depression very shallow and comparatively narrow, this

and the lateral ones very coarsely foveolate, the spaces separating

them not carinate, but either smooth or transversely wrinkled and

with sparse small punctures; the apical margin truncate above,

the gular portion very shallowly sinuate. Elytra oblong-ovate in

36, broader and the sides slightly rounded in 9, the apices jointly

rounded; the dorsal outline slightly curved from the base to the

top of the declivity, which has a slope of about 70°; the shoulders

very obliquely rounded and the sides not sinuate behind them;

the shallow striae with regular rows of quadrate punctures, except

between striae 5 and 8 behind the middle where the punctures are

somewhat confused; intervals 3 and 5 raised into smooth costae

which terminate rather abruptly at the top of the declivity, intervals

7 and 9 carinate for a short distance at the base only; the intervals

with irregular dark recumbent setae, which become longer and

suberect towards the apex. Legs piceous, devoid of scaling, with

rather large scattered setigerous punctures, the interspaces smooth

or coriaceous on the femora and closely and finely punctate on the

New Genera and Species of Neotropical Curculionidae. 211

tibiae; the tibiae subdenticulate internally, the hind pair not

mucronate; the second joint of the front tarsi broader than long.

Length, 12-14-75 mm.; breadth, 4-75-6 mm.

Ecuapor: Macas (Buckley).

Described from one pair.

Allied to #. (Compsus) lindigt Kirsch, but in that species

the rostrum is parallel-sided, the thoracic impression is

broader and deeper, the elytra are not costate, and the

second joint of the front tarsi is not broader than long.

Exorides pyriformis, sp.n. (Plate III, fig. 2.)

°. Integument black; the sides of the rostrum, head, prothcrax,

elytra (outwards from interval 5), sternum and venter, clothed with

pale metallic green scaling; the dorsum of the head prothorax

and elytra with grey scales; the femora (except the apex) and the

lower surface of the posterior pairs of tibiae green, the rest grey.

Hlead finely and very closely punctate, with scattered larger

punctures, each containing a short recumbent flattened seta; the

forehead with a faint transverse depression and a round median

fovea; the eye margins scarcely impressed. Rostrum a little longer

than the basal width and somewhat dilated at the apex; the inter-

antennal area broadly and deeply impressed; the dorsum with a

broad triangular impression in the anterior half containing a faint

median costa, and a short oblique sublateral impression on each

side in the basal haif; the sculpture like that of the head. Antennae

with the scape reaching well beyond the eye, with grey scaling and

erect pale setae; the joints of the funicle in order of length: 2, 1,

3, (4, 5, 6, 7), the apical joints much longer than broad, clavate.

Prothorax subcylindrical, longer than broad, widest at the base and

very gradually narrowing anteriorly, the sides almost straight; the

gular margin with no trace of sinuation; the dorsum with the usual

three longitudinal impressions, the outer ones being shallower and

more rugose than the median, the intervening costae broad and

fairly even, with dense minute punctures and a few larger ones.

Scutellum cordate, densely squamose. Llytra pyriform, broadest

far behind the middle, subacuminate behind, with the apices jointly

rounded, the basal margins slightly curved, and the line from the

external basal to the humeral angle straight and sloping; the dorsal

outline markedly convex, the posterior declivity very steep (80°);

the rows of reticulate foveolae fairly regular throughout and trans-

versely subconfluent in pairs; interval 3 forming a strong sinuous

carina from the base to the top of the declivity, int. 7 much less

elevated and twice deeply interrupted near the base; numerous

212 Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall on

irregular short recumbent setae. Legs with pale subrecumbent

setae; the tibiae not denticulate internally; the second joint of

the front tarsi longer than broad.

Length, 14 mm.; breadth, 6 mm.

COLOMBIA.

Described from a single specimen.

Exorides septemeosiatus, sp. n. (Plate IV, fig. 3.)

2. Integument black, with dirty grey scales in the punctures.

Head with uneven fine punctation and scattered larger punctures ;

the fovea small and lying in a shallow depression; the upper and

anterior margins of the eyes deeply impressed. Rostrum as long as

its basal width, the sides subparallel to the middle and then slightly

dilated to the apex; the dorsum with a shallow median furrow

(which is very shallowly united with the frontal depression) and a

deep oval impression on each side of it; the interantennal space

simply depressed; on each side of the median furrow a longitudinal

row of punctures, the rest of the surface more finely and unevenly

punctate. Antennae with the scape rather broad and reaching the

prothorax, gradually widened to the apex, not squamose but with

subrecumbent pale setae; the joints of the funicle in order of length :

(1, 2), 3, 4, (5, 6, 7), the apical joints as long as broad, bead-like.

Prothorax broader than long, gently rounded at the sides, widest a

little behind the middle, and more narrowed in front than behind;

the apical margin truncate, the gular portion not sinuate; the

dorsum with a broad median depression, bounded on each side by

a well-marked and finely punctate costa; the lateral areas narrower

than the median one and all of them rugosely foveolate. Llytra

ovate, very slightly rounded at the sides, a trifle broader at the

middle than at the shoulders, the apices jointly rounded, the

shoulders obtusely prominent; the dorsal outline gently convex,

the declivity with a slope of about 60°; the shallow striae with

large quadrate punctures which are regular throughout; intervals 1,

3, 5and 7 regularly and evenly costate and with dense fine punctures ;

the setae sparse, short and recumbent, not longer or raised behind.

Legs finely and closely punctate, with grey scaling and short sub-

erect setae; the tibiae not denticulate, and the hind pair not

mucronate; the second joint of the front tarsi slightly transverse.

Length, 9 mm.; breadth, 4 mm.

COLOMBIA.

Described from a single female.

In general form this species much resembles EZ. lindigi

mer

ire

New Genera and Species of Neotropical Curculiondae. 213

Kirsch, but apart from the markedly costate elytra, the

rostrum is dilated at the apex, its median sulcus much.

narrower, and the lateral sulci shorter.

Exorides lindigi Kirsch (1889).

There is in the British Museum a single specimen from

Colombia that agrees well with Kairsch’s description, but

accompanying it are examples that present a markedly

different appearance owing to the more elongate prothorax

and the more coarsely sculptured elytra, each of which

bears at the apex a very short sharp process (Plate IV,

fig. 2). As, however, these appear to be linked up with

the typical form by various intermediate specimens, they

are here treated as merely an extreme variation.

Exorides cylindricus, sp. n. (Plate IV, fig. 8.)

3. Integument black, the depressions on the prothorax and

elytra filled with almost circular contiguous scales, which are dirty

grey on the disk and green on the sides; no scales elsewhere, except

a few isolated green ones on the sternum and abdomen.

Head with fairly numevous irregular punctures of varying size;

the frontal fovea deep and elongate, and the ocular margins deeply

impressed. Jtostrum longer than its basal width, gradually widened

from base to apex, with a few scattered large punctures; the median

furrow broad and deep, uniting with the frontal fovea, and with

a deep shorter impression on each side of it. Antennae with the

scape extending slightly beyond the eye and bearing scattered

punctures containing rather long subrecumbent setae and a few

much finer hairs; the funicular joints in order of length: (1, 2),

3, (4, 5), (6, 7), the apical joints much longer than broad, pear-shaped.

Prothorax much longer than broad, almost cylindrical, but slightly

narrowed near the apex, the basal margin truncate and the external

angies right angles; rugosely tuberculate throughout, not impressed

on the disk, but only somewhat flattened, the tubercles each bearing

a few punctures; the front margin truncate above and shallowly

sinuate beneath. Hlytra very narrow and elongate, the shoulders

only slightly projecting and hardly separable from the external

basal angle, the apices each produced into a blunt point, the pro-

cesses, being rather widely separated; the dorsal outline almost

flat, the declivity with a slope of about 45°; the elytra coarsely

and reticulately punctate, the rows of punctures being fairly regular,

but with a tendency to become transversely confluent in the sub-

214 Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall on

lateral area: the intervals narrow, sinuate and indefinite, but 3

- rather more raised than the rest in the basal two-thirds; a very

few, widely scattered punctures on the raised areas; some fairly

long suberect setae about the apex, but none on the disk. Legs

smooth, with scattered setigerous punctures; the tibiae denticuiate

internally, the hind pair with a distinct mucro; the second joint of

the front tarsi longer than broad.

Length, 15 mm.; breadth, 4-5 mm.

CotomBia: San Lorenzo Mt., 8500 ft., Magdalena,

28. vu. 1920 (Frank R. Mason).

Described from a single male, for which I am indebted

to Mr. Mason, who tells me that it was found on an

epiphytic plant i in dense forest.

The very elongate form, tuberculate thorax and mucron-

ate hind tibiae (perhaps only a male character) should

make this species easily recognisable.

Exorides inflatus, sp. n. (Plate IV, fig. 6.)

32. Integument, entirely covered (including even the venter)

with contiguous, small, pale dull green scales, variegated here and

there with bluish ones, especially on the more elevated parts of the

thorax and elytra, on the tibiae and a dark transverse band on the

club of the femora, on the lower surface of the elytral mucros, and

forming a triangular patch in the middle of the base of the second

visible ventrite.

Head with fine shallow punctation and a few scattered deeper

punctures (all hidden by scaling), without any frontal fovea, and

the ocular margins not impressed. oslrwm a trifle longer than its

basal width, parallel-sided; the dorsum with a low median costa

and a shallow impression on each side of it anteriorly, and another

more lateral impression posteriorly; the interantennal hollow

divided in the middle by a low costa. Antennae with the scape

slender and exceeding the eye, thinly clothed with fine bluish hair-

scales and suberect pale setae; funicular joints in order of length :

(1, 2), 3, 4, (5, 6, 7), the apical ones longer than broad, pear-shaped.

Prothorax as long as (2) or slightly longer than broad (¢), parallel-

sided from the base to beyond the middle, then narrowed (with

straight sides) to the apex, without any apical constriction; the

dorsum with a broad deep longitudinal impression, the floor of the

impression and the lateral areas shallowly foveate, the intervening

ridges not costate; the apical margin truncate above and very

shallowly sinuate beneath. lyira broadly ovate, widest at or

before the middle, strongly acuminate behind, the apex of each

New Genera and Species of Neotropical Curculionidae. 215

produced into a fairly long and very sharp process; the shoulders

sharply and rectangularly prominent, the sides being markedly

sinuate behind them; the dorsal outline rising from the base, then

quite flat to the top of the declivity, which has a slope of 45°; the

dorsum unevenly foveolate, the foveolae in fairly regular rows next

the suture and on the inflexed margins, elsewhere quite irregular ;

interval 3 strongly elevated and sinuous, terminating in an obtuse

tubercle at the top of the declivity, and emitting about the middle

an oblique carina which reaches interval 7; the setae irregular,

short and subrecumbent on the disk, longer and more raised towards

the sides and apex; each scale with a central impression. Legs

rather slender, with obliquely raised pale setae; the tibiae not

denticulate internally, the hind pair not mucronate; the second

joint of the front tarsi longer than broad.

Length, 11-13 mm.; breadth, 4—5-25 mm.

VENEZUELA (type). COLOMBIA.

Described from ten specimens.

The relatively broad elytra, sharply angulate shoulders

and very sharp apical processes give this species quite a

distinctive appearance.

Exorides masoni, sp. n. (Plate IV, fig. 4.)

2. Integument black, with rather thin, grey or earth-brown

sealing on the dorsum, intermingled with green scales towards the

dorsal margin; on the inflexed margins of the elytra and on the

sides of the sternum and abdomen the green scales predominate ;

the median portion of the lower surface bare.

Head with very shallow sparse punctation and without any

frontal fovea, the ocular margins not impressed and the eyes rather

less convex than usual. Rostrwm about as long as broad, parallel-

sided; the dorsum with a broad triangular impression on the basal

half, with a short longitudinal furrow on each side of it, and the

interantennal area absolutely flat. Antennae with the scape exceed-

ing the eye, with fine shallow punctures and recumbent pale setae ;

the funicular joints in order of length: 2, 1, 3, (4, 5), (6, 7), the apical

joints longer than broad, pear-shaped. Prothorax as long as broad,

parallel-sided from the base to the middle, then gradually narrowed

to the apex, without any apical constriction; the basal margin

strongly rounded, the external angles obtuse; the front margin

truncate above and not sinuate beneath; the dorsum with a broad

shallow uneven median impression bounded on each side by a low

costa, which is continuous with interval 3 on the elytra; the external

areas very shallowly impressed on the basal half. Scutellum circular.

216 Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall on

Elytra subelliptical, constricted at the base, the basal margin deeply

and jointly sinuate, the basal angles projecting outwards and for-

wards in the form of a blunt tubercle, the sides gently rounded

behind this prominence and without any humeral angle, the apices

jointly produced and each terminating in a short sharp process ;

the first four rows of punctures rather large and shallow, those of

the first two rows more or less confluent transversely in pairs,

those of the outer rows much smaller and rather indistinct on the

posterior half; the suture rather sharply elevated on the declivity,

which has a slope of 70°, interval 3 costate and bare, and a lateral

costa running rather obliquely downwards from the basal angle

almost to the level of the hind coxa; no setae on the disk and-only

a few recumbent ones about the apex. Legs with mingled grey and

green scales and short raised pale setae; the tibiae minutely denti-

culate internally, the hind pair not mucronate; the second joint of

the front tarsi a little longer than broad.

Length, 12 mm.; breadth, 4 mm.

Cotompta: San Lorenzo Mt., 8500 ft., Magdalena,

28. vil. 1920 (Frank R. Mason).

Described from a single female kindly given to me by

Mr. Mason, who found it on an epiphyte in dense forest.

Distinguished from all the known species of the genus by

the projecting basal angles of the elytra and the flat inter-

antennal space on the rostrum. Otherwise in general

facies very similar to 2. quadrivittatus Kirsch, but in that

species the rostrum widens gradually to the apex and bears

a narrow median furrow; the elytra have the apical

processes much longer and blunt, and about the middle

there is a low transverse costa between intervals 3 and 7.

Exorides pedunculatus, sp. n. (Plate IV, fig. 5.)

2. Integument black, with the following areas covered with blue-

green scaling: the sides of the rostrum, head, prothorax, sternum

and venter, the femora, and the elytra between striae 3 and 9; a

fair number of similar scales on the ridges of the pronotum and on

the inner face of the tibiae, and a few on the sutural area of the

elytra; the inner edge of the green stripe on each elytron is trian-

gularly indented a little before the middle owing to the presence

there of a rudimentary transverse ridge.

Head coriaceous, transversely flattened between the eyes and

with a round median fovea; the eye-margins not impressed.

Rostrum, without the mandibles, as long as its basal width and

slightly widened at the apex; the interantennal area shallowly

New Genera and Species of Neotropical Curculionidae. 217

impressed and divided down the middle by a low ridge; the dorsum

with a median furrow that is deepest in front, becoming shallower

behind and not reaching the base, the lateral impressions shallow

or nearly obsolete; the mandibular scar situated at the end of a

long stout triquetrous peduncle which projects 0-7 mm. beyond

the apex of the rostrum. Antennae with the scape exceeding the

eye and with subrecumbent setae; funicular joints in order of

length: 2, 1, 3, 4, (5, 6, 7), the apical joints longer than broad, pear-

shaped. Prothorax as long as broad, parallel-sided from base to

middle, then narrowed to the apex and with a shallow apical con-

striction; the apical margin truncate above and feebly sinuate

beneath; the dorsum with a deep smooth impression forming a

furrow in front and widening out behind, there being a large raised

triangular area in the middle of the base; the lateral areas very

shallowly impressed and almost smooth. Scutellum slightly longer

than broad, ovate, bare. Hlytra ovate, the basal margin jointly

sinuate, the shoulders almost rectangular, the sides gently rounded,

and the apices each produced into a long conical process; the

longitudinal outline distinctly convex, forming a continuous curve

with the posterior declivity, which has a comparatively gentle slope

of about 35° or 40°; the rows of punctures regular but shallow;

the sutural area flattened so that interval 3 forms a low costa and

with a marked depression at the base, the area between ints. 3

and 7 shallowly depressed from the base almost to the middle and

bounded behind by a rudimentary transverse costa. Legs slender;

the tibiae not denticulate internally, the hind pair not mucronate;

the second joint of the front tarsi a little longer than broad.

Length, 15 mm.; breadth, 5-5 mm.

Ecuapor.

Described from three specimens, for which I am indebted

to M. Albert Bovie, of Brussels.

Another member of the quadrwittatus group, but readily

distinguished by its mandibular processes.

Exorides caudatus, sp.n. (Plate IV, fig. 1.)

3. Integument black, not very densely clothed above with pale

metallic green scales, often intermingled with whitish scales on the

middle of the disk, the scales on the more elevated areas and on

the apical processes blue; interval 3 of the elytra more or less bare

(? abraded); the lower surface with similar mingled green and blue

scales.

Head very shiny when the scaling is removed, with very fine

218 . Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall on

shallow punctation and a deep round frontal fovea; the eye margins

not impressed. Rostrum rather longer than its basal width and

eradually widening towards the apex, sculptured like the head,

with a very shallow median longitudinal impression and a short

oblique one on each side of it; the interantennal area shallowly

impressed. Antennae with the scape exceeding the eye, very finely

punctate, with sparse recumbent pubescence and a few erect pale

setae; the funicular joints in order of length: 2, 1, 3, 4, (5, 6, 7),

the apical joints longer than broad and pear-shaped. Prothorax

as long as broad, parallel-sided from the base to the middle, thence

gradually narrowed and with a distinct apical constriction; the

apical margin truncate above and not sinuate beneath; the dorsum

with three broad longitudinal impressions, the lateral ones shallower

and more uneven than the median one. Scutellwm circular, with

dense narrow scales. Llytra elongate oval, in the ¢ sloping from

the basal angle to the shoulder and thence gradually narrowed to

the apex; in the 9, the shoulders nearly rectangular and the sides

subparallel to the middle; the base shallowly and jointly sinuate,

the apices separately produced into a long stout pointed process,

these being rather more divergent in the 9 than in the g; the

dorsal outline almost flat, the declivity with a slope of only 35°;

the dorsum with large shallow foveolae which are for the most part

ill-defined and irregularly confluent; interval 3 costate throughout,

and 7 for a short distance in the middle only; the setae short stout

and recumbent, being most numerous between intervals 3 and 7,

and becoming finer, longer and more erect at the apex, especially

on the processes. Legs slender, densely clothed with blue-black

scaling and with scattered green scales, which form denser patches

at the base of the femora and on the thickened portion; the tibiae

not denticulate and the hind pair not mucronate; the second joint

of the front tarsi much longer than broad.

Length, 13-25-17 mm.; breadth, 3-6-5-5 mm.

CoLomBt1A : Bogota.

Described from five specimens.

Very closely allied to #. quadrivittatus Kirsch, but in

addition to the characters given in the key that species

differs in having the shoulders of the elytra more rounded

and less prominent, and the setae on the disk are much

shorter and finer.

Exorides corrugatus, sp.n. (Plate III, fig. 8.)

$92. Integument black, the prothorax with a more or less inter-

rupted stripe of pale green scaling on each side, the elytra with green

New Genera and Species of Neotropical Curculiondae. 219

scaling in the foveae only, and irregular patches of similar scales

along the sides of the sternum and two basal ventrites.

Head not constricted behind the eyes, finely and closely punctate,

with a transverse depression on the forehead containing a large

median fovea. Rostrum about as long as its apical width, gradually

widening from base to apex, the sides straight; the dorsum finely

and closely punctate, with scattered larger punctures, a deep median

triangular depression and a small longitudinal impression on each

side of it; the interantennal area deeply impressed. Antennae

with the scape exceeding the eye. moderately slender, very finely

and closely punctate and with sparse recumbent setae; funicular

formula: 2, 1, 3, (4, 5, 6, 7), the apical joints being pear-shaped.

Prothorax as long as broad, subcylindrical, the sides very slightly

rounded, with a very shallow constriction near the base and a deep

one near the apex; the apical margin truncate dorsally and shal-

lowly sinuate beneath; the dorsum with a very broad, almost

smooth, deep median depression, the adjoining costae fairly even

and irregularly punctate, the outer areas transversely rugose and

with a deep impression anteriorly. Sculellum small, somewhat

transverse, bare. lytra subelliptical, the humeral angle very small

and obtuse, the lateral margins (as seen from above) much sinuated,

the apices each produced into a short blunt process, usually rather

closely approximated; the dorsal outline very gently curved, and

the declivity with a slope of only 40°; the punctures forming regular

rows only on the inflexed margins, those on the disk large, deep and

transversely confluent, the interspaces forming irregular transverse

corrugations; there are thus no regular intervals or costae, but the

sutural area is slightly flattened as far as the nominal 35rd interval ;

the scales short oval or subcircular, and slightly overlapping; the

irregular short curved setae mostly confined to the depressions, like

the scaling. Legs with fuscous scaling and slightly raised pale

setae; the tibiae not denticulate and the hind pair not mucronate ;

the second joint of the front tarsi as long as broad.

Length, 12-13 mm.; breadth, 4-45 mm.

VENEZUELA: Escorial, 10,000 ft.

Described from thirteen specimens.

The much reduced shoulders and the strong transverse

corrugations on the elytra give this species a distinctive

appearance.

Exorides equatorius, sp. n. (Plate IV, fig. 10.)

2. Integument black, thinly clothed with pale dull greyish green

scaling, which is densest between intervals 3 and 7 on the elytra

220 Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall on

and continued as a broad lateral stripe on the thorax and head;

the sides of the sternum and venter with green scales, the remainder

bare and rather shiny; on the lower surface, sides of prothorax,

head and legs there is an admixture of metallic green scales.

Head shiny, almost impunctate, and with a deep round frontal

fovea; the eye margins not impressed. Rostrum slightly longer

than broad, parallel-sided, shiny, and almost impunctate; the

interantennal space broadly excavated; the dorsum not sulcate,

but with a flattened triangular area on the anterior half and convex

behind, with a short lateral impression on each side. Antennae

with the scape exceeding the eye, scarcely punctate and with fine

recumbent hairs and setae; the funicular joints in order of length :

2, 1, 3, 4, (5, 6, 7), the apical joints much longer thar broad, clavate.

Prothorax a little broader than long, parallel-sided from the base

to beyond the middle, thence narrowed and with a slight apical

constriction; the basal margin slightly rounded, the apex truncate

above and feebly sinuate beneath; the dorsum with a very broad,

almost smooth median impression containing a short sulcus, the

lateral impression much shallower and uneven, and at the base

about half the width of the median one; the two smooth costae

with a few very scattered punctures, Scutellwm very small, rounded

and clothed with minute recumbent hairs. lyira rather broadly

ovate, sloping shortly from the basal to the humeral angle, the sides

slightly sinuate behind the latter and then gently rounded, being

broadest a little before the middle; the base jointly and shallowly

sinuate, the apices jointly produced and each continued separately

as a short obtuse process; the dorsal outline slightly convex, the

declivity with a slope of about 45°; the striae shallow and regular,

containing large shallow punctures that are partly hidden by the

scaling; the suture slightly raised on the declivity, and intervals 3,

5, 7 smoothly costate throughout, the costa on 7 uniting with a

short apical costa on 9 and jointly continuing on to the apical

process; the irregular setae short flattened and recumbent on the

disk, but becoming longer and slightly raised on the apical processes.

Legs rather slender, with short suberect pale setae; the tibiae finely

denticulate internally, the hind pair not mucronate; the second

joint of the front tarsi a little longer than broad.

Length, 19 mm.; breadth, 7 mm.

Ecuapor: Quito.

Described from a single female.

Another member of the quadrivittatus group, but readily

distinguished by its more regular rows of punctures and

the three sharply defined costae on each elytron.

oe ae

New Genera and Species of Neotropical Curculionidae, 221

Genus XESTOGASTER, Nov.

Head with the eyes much less prominent than in Compsus, their

anterior margins deeply impressed. Rostrum with the scrobe not

much curved and running to the middle of the eye; the epistome

steeply excavated and with the hind margin almost semicircular ;

the mandibles densely setose, but without scales, the cutting edge

not toothed; the mentum with a number of setae on each side.

Antennae comparatively slender, not squamose ; the scape exceeding

the eye, gradually clavate; the funicular joints in order of length:

2, 1, 3, 4, (5, 6, 7), all much longer than broad, clavate ; the club

4-jointed. Scutellumsmall. Elytra with the basal margins obliquely

truncate, somewhat raised, and fitting closely to the prothorax ;

the shoulders projecting but little and very sloping; the apices not

produced; stria 10 abbreviated. Wings rudimentary. Legs com-

paratively slender and almost deveid of scaling; the tibiae not

denticulate, the two anterior pairs strongly mucronate, the hind

pair with the corbels broadly enclosed and thinly squamose. Sfer-

num with the anterior margin of the front coxal cavities transversely

impressed, the coxae placed in the middle of the prosternum; the

mesosternum raised into a tubercular prominence between the coxae,

the mesepisternum separated from the elytra; the metasternum at

its shortest not or but little longer than the middle coxae. J’enter

as in Compsus, but bare and very highly polished.

Genotype, Compsus viridilimbatus Bovie (1907).

The members of this genus can be distinguished from

all their allies by the mesosternal tubercle and the highly

polished venter. As indicated above, Compsus mucoreus

Kirsch (1889), from Peru, probably belongs to this genus.

Xestogaster porosa, sp.n. (Plate III, fig. 3.)

$2. Integument black, partly clothed with very pale opalescent

green scaling, which is more or less overlaid (especially in the

hollows) with yellowish powdering or exudation; the prothorax

with scaling in the three longitudinal impressions only; the elytra

with a broad stripe of scaling between intervals 3 and 7, elsewhere

with the scales in the foveae only (perhaps abraded); the rest of

the body and legs bare.

Head with a few very shallow punctures and a small frontal

fovea. Rostrum evidently longer than its basal width, strongly

dilated towards the apex; the interantennal area broadly and

deeply excavated; the dorsum gently convex in the basal half and

222 Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall on

slightly flattened in front, with a few shallow punctures, the lateral

impressions very small and faint or even obsolete. Prothorax about

as long as broad, parallel-sided from the base to beyond the middle,

then rather sharply narrowed and with a shallow subapical con-

striction; the base subtruncate, the gular margin rather deeply

sinuate; the dorsum with a very broad, comparatively even, deep

suboblong median impression, and on each side a much narrower

curved one extending from the subapical constriction to a little

behind the middle, the anterior part being the broadest; the inter-

vening ridges of irregular outline, smooth, and with a few shallow

punctures. Scutellum a little broader than long, ovate, bare.

Elytra elongate, parallel-sided from the shoulders to beyond the

middle in both sexes, scarcely broader in the 9, but the apical area

more produced and less obtusely rounded than in the g; the dorsal

outline almost flat from the base to the top of the declivity, the

latter with a slope of 60°; the deep rounded foveae in fairly regular

rows and becoming much shallower behind, with a tendency to

become partly confluent transversely in twos or threes; the intervals

quite indefinite and none of them elevated; the scales very small

and circular, and no apparent setae except a few at the apex.

Length, 15~17-5 mm.; breadth, 5-25-6 mm.

CotomBiA : Bogota.

Described from three specimens.

A more parallel-sided insect than X. viridilimbata Bovie,

and differing markedly in its deeply pitted elytra and the

absence of definite carinae; the rostrum is much more

dilated at the apex; the prothorax is more abruptly

narrowed in front, the median impression is broader and

the lateral ones much deeper.

Xestogaster squalida, sp. n. (Plate ITI, fig. 1.)

9. Integument black, the elytra alone fairly dense covered with

grey scaling, for the most part concealed by an earth-brown

indumentum; the rest of the body and legs devoid of scaling.

Head very shiny, with minute close shallow punctures and about

a dozen larger ones containing fine recumbent setae; the frontal

fovea deep. Rostrum longer than its basal width, parallel-sided in

its basal half, widened at the apex, and with a few scattered dorsal

punctures; the interantennal area very deeply and evenly excavated ;

the dorsum convex at the base, with a deep triangular median

impression in front, and a shallow longitudinal one on each side.

Prothoraz as long as broad, widest at the base and gradually narrowed

in front, with a distinct subapical constriction; the base gently

Huth coll.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1922, Pt_Iil.

PC ca ete ae

O.F Tassart del.

NEW NEOTROPICAL CURCULIONIDAE.

New Genera and Species of Neotropical Curculionidae. 223

rounded, the gular margin sinuate; the dorsum covered with rugose

wrinkles, the median area shallowly depressed, but not separated

from the lateral ones by definite ridges; the basal and apical margins

very shiny and almost impunctate, the rest of the surface opaque.

Scutellum transverse, néarly semicircular, subtruncate in front, bare,

and with a shallow transverse impression. Hlytra elongate, sub-

elliptical, with the sides gently rounded, broadest at the middle,

and shallowly sinuate behind the very sloping shoulders; the dorsal

outline regularly convex from the base to the top of the declivity,

being deepest before the middle, the declivity with a slope of 70°;

the dorsum shallowly impressed transversely at the base, the punc-

tures on the disk so shallow, confluent and indefinite as to appear

quite irregular and indistinct, the lateral ones small and shallow,

but forming more or less regular rows; interval 3 costate at the

extreme base, but otherwise there are no raised carinae; the scales

very small, elliptical and slightly overlapping; the setae fairly

numerous, short, irregular and somewhat raised.

Length, 20 mm.; breadth, 8 mm.

COLOMBIA.

Described from a single specimen.

Allied to X. viridilimbata, but easily distinguished by

its dull colouring and the absence of smooth costae on the

prothorax and elytra; the general form appears more

narrowly elliptical owing to the much less prominent

shoulders.

EXPLANATION OF Purates III, IV.

PLATE IIT.

Fic. 1. Xestogaster squalida, sp. n.

. Hxorides pyriformis, sp. n.

. Xestogaster porosa, sp. Nn.

. Compsus armatissimus, sp. Nn.

. Compsus fractilineatus, sp. n.

As pugionalus, sp. n.

. Lxorides corrugatus, sp. n.

J. Pseudocyphus sellatus, sp. n.

10, Hxophthalmodes consobrinus, sp. 1.

5. Pseudocyphus marmoratus, sp. 0.

11. PP crassicornis Kirsch.

12. ” parentheticus, sp. n.

13. Compsus zebra, sp. n.

224

Explanation of Plate.

PLATE IV.

Fia. 1. Hxorides caudatus, sp. n.

10.

”

lindigt Kirsch var.

seplemcostatius, sp. Nn.

masoni, Sp. Nn.

pedunculatus, sp. n.

inflatus, sp. n.

abruptecostatus, sp. Nn.

cylindricus, sp. n.

marshalli Bovie.

equatorius, sp. Nn.

i!. Compsus adonis, sp. n.

12. Hxorides obesus, sp. Nn.

Trans -bnt. soc. Lond. 1922,P. IV.

Huth coll.

O.F Tassart del.

CINCO TRO IND ANE

NEOTROPICAL

NEW

VIL. Intersexual forms of Plebeius argus L. (aegon. Schiff.),

By EK. A. Cockayne, D.M., F.R.C.P.

[Read March Ist, 1922.]

Puates V-IX.

In 1916 I published a paper in the Transactions of this

Society on Agriades coridon Poda, ab. roystonensis Pickett.

This year through the kindness of a fellow-entomologist

I was enabled to visit a colony of P. argus in one of the

home counties, where a corresponding gynandromorphous

or intersexual form occurs,

GEOGRAPHICAL RANGE.

Long series of intersexes of aigus of this kind

existed in the Briggs and Sidney Webb collections from

Dover, where it was taken as early as 1864 and as late

as 1889. A specimen was recorded from the New Forest

(Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. xl), and another was

taken in the same district by Clark (Entomologist, 1897,

wx, polii9),

W. Castle-Russell took a considerable number in Surrey

in one small locality (Ent. Record, 1917, xxix, p. 211).

None could be found amongst the argus from neighbouring

heaths, but I have seen one taken in 1921 in another part

of the county.

Max Wiskott figures one from Oberbayern, in which

the wings on the left side with male characters measure

10 mm., and those on the right, which are entirely female,

measure 12 mm. (Lepidopteren-Zwitter meiner Sammlung,

1897, Taf. ii, no. 16). Alexander Heyne gives a full

description of another taken at Wildenhain near Torgau.

The left side, heavily sprinkled with blue and with a

black border and whitish fringe, measured 10-5 mm.,

whereas the right side was brown with a brown fringe,

and measured 13 mm. There were orange lunules on both

hind-wings and the abdomen was female externally. The

left antenna was a little shorter than the right (Rev. Ent.

Soc. Namuroise, 1901, pp. 23-24).

Gillmer figures one splashed with blue on all four wings

taken by Krodel at Wiirzburg, May 1901. He says that

- TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1922.—PARTS I, I. (JULY) Q

226 Dr. #. A. Cockayne on

the penis protruded, but as the abdomen is female it was

probably the ovipositor (Ill. Zeitschr. f. Ent., 1902, vii,

11),

: Oberthiir has figured six with large blue patches, or

with the whole of the wings blue on the right side, and

with a reduction in size of the wings on the same side.

The borders of these wings are very dark and the fringes

white. One is from Pléchatel, and five from Monterfil

both in Ille-et-Vilaine, France (Lep. Comp., 1920, xvu,

PLSDX):

Specimens from all these localities agree in having blue

scales associated with a reduction in the size of the wing,

in most cases confined to the wings of one side. In both

Dover and Surrey specimens androconia are present

amongst the blue scales. Apart from these two species

the same form of intersexuality is found in Agriades thetis

(bellargus).

Oberthiir figures two, which are very blue and much

smaller on the right side than on the left. One is from

Digne, 1907, one from Dompierre-sur-Mer, 1908 (Lep.

Comp., 1909, i, Pl. XIX, figs. 69, 70). He has figured

seven more, three with large blue patches on the wings of

both sides, four with the blue confined to one side. One

is from Auzay, Vendée, and six from Dompierre-sur-Mer,

Charente-Inférieure (Lep. Comp., 1920, xvii, Pl. DX).

In these three species intersexes are found year after

year in certain restricted localities, but I think it will

be discovered that they have a wider range than the

present records indicate.

ASSOCIATION WITH EXCESS OF FEMALES AND AB.

inaequalis.

In the case of A. coridon there is no doubt that where

ab. roystonensis is fairly common, as at Royston and near

Tring, the number of females greatly exceeds that of the

males.

At Alton Barnes, where, so far as I know, only two

ab. roystonensis have been taken, the sexes appear to be

equal in numbers, but a small excess of females would

easily pass unnoticed. Castle Russell states that in his

Surrey locality for intersexes of argus the proportion of

females to males was at least 100 to 1.

In the coiony of argus, which I visited, females did

outnumber males, but not to the same extent as in coridon

Intersexual forms of Plebeius argus L. 227

at Royston, although the percentage of intersexes was

higher. It is possible that the excess of females and the

presence of intersexes may be related phenomena, but

observations from other localities are needed.

At Royston A. coridon ab. inaequalis Tutt is met with

every year, and I have taken it with ab. roystonensis near

Tring. This form has blue streaks or large blue patches

on one or more wings, often in situations where no blue

is found in any female except ab. syngrapha. The blue

scales are serrated like those of the female or rounded

like those of the male, and beneath and around them are

scales so deeply pigmented as to appear black or indigo-blue.

There are no coarse hair scales and no androconia, nor is

there any reduction in size of the wing. In 1920 two or

three were taken with the whole of both wings on one

side blue of a deeper colour than ab. syngrapha Kefers,

and with a very black border. These have no androconia

and no hair scales. I regard them as extremely fine

examples of ab. inaequalis. I am inclined also to think

that a single specimen from Royston, which has all four

wings entirely of this blue, should be regarded as an example

of this condition present on both sides instead of unilateral.

Amongst my argus are two which resemble this form

of coridon. In both of them the wings on the two sides

are equal in size. One has three streaks of serrated blue

scales-and black under scales beneath and around them

along the costa of the right fore-wing, the other has a

short streak of rounded blue scales with many more black

ones near the costa of the right fore-wing; but there are

no androconia in either. For this aberration of argus with

one or more streaks of blue scales, but without androconia

or inequality in the size of the wings, and with the coloration

of the underside, and the abdomen and genitalia like those

of a female, I propose the name ab. inaequalis ab. nov.

It seems to be much scarcer than the other intersexual

form, just as A. coridon ab. inaequalis is scarcer than

ab. roystonensis. Its occurrence in both species in the

colonies which produce the intersexes, suggests that

these forms may be related to one another. On this point,

too, further observation is needed.

In the same place I took a very curious specimen. It is

a female with wings symmetrical in size and shape, but on

the right side the wings are brown except for a few blue

scales at the extreme base, on the left they have a large

228 Dr. E. A. Cockayne on

extent of blue scaling at the base, that on the hind-wing

extending almost to the lunules. The blue scales are

serrated and there are no androconia. It seems to me to

be a true heterochroic specimen like the one from the

New Forest described under the name ab. duplex Cockerell.

This had the wings on the right side brown, those on the

left strongly shaded with blue but not reduced in size.

According to Tutt it showed on each half a different form

of female colouring and was not a gynandromorph (Bond,

Ent. Month. Mag., 1872-73, ix, p. 200; Entomologist,

4889; xexi1; |p: ‘6).

Four or five females of coridon, showing a different

kind of female upperside colouring on the two sides, like

these two females of argus, have been taken at Royston.

It seems to me to be more than a coincidence that all have

come from localities where the intersexes are found.

FREQUENCY OF INTERSEXES.

Although the colony is compact and isolated, it is

difficult to estimate the percentage of intersexes. On

two evenings, when I examined females asleep, I took two

out of 230 and one out of 175. Allowing for the fact that

some intersexes had been captured previously, at least one

per cent. of the total number of females must be intersexes.

During the daytime I took them at about the same rate

as on these two evenings, and I think this estimate is

fairly correct. I am sure the percentage of intersexes of

argus in this colony is much higher than that of coridon

ab. roystonensis at Royston or near Tring.

HABITS.

The flight and general behaviour of the intersexes

resemble those of females. Twice I saw one being pursued

by a male, and it quivered its wings and took up the

attitude of a normal female. I am told that a number

have been found paired, and my dissections show that

this happens frequently. Three of my specimens laid a

few eggs and they were laid singly in the usual way. The

eggs were fertile and one larva has died after eating a

hole in the shell.

EXTERNAL CHARACTERS.

All my 58 specimens have androconia mixed with the

blue scales even where these are few in number. The blue

Intersexual forms of Plebeius argus L. 229

scales are nearly all rounded like those of a male instead

of being serrated, and they are usually grouped in streaks

and patches rather than peppered over the wing as they

are in coridon. In a very large number blue scales are

found in positions where no blue occurs even in the bluest

P. arqus ab. masseyt Tutt.

Blue scales often completely replace the orange of the

Junules in the fore- or hind-wing and extend beyond

the lunules. In some a few blue scales are found amongst

the orange ones, or a thin stripe of blue runs right through

a lunule. This unusual extension of blue outwards was

noted in 46 of my series and probably is present in others.

In intersexes with much blue near the margin the

margin is blackened like that of a male and the fringe is

white, or there are white patches in it. This is clearly

visible in the figures. Thus the following male characters

may be present :—

(1) androconia,

(2) rounded blue scales often situated in places where no

blue is present in the bluest females,

(3) black margin,

(4) white fringe.

The underside is nearly always entirely female in colora-

tion. The reduction in size of the blue-scaled wings is less

than in coridon unless the blue scaling is very extensive. One

specimen, however, has a very small left hind-wing without

any blue scales, and a left fore-wing with a blue streak

and only a small indentation of the margin adjoining it.

In two specimens the antenna on the side with male

characters is smaller than the other. Fifty-four specimens

have blue on one side only; nineteen of them have blue

on one fore-wing only, three on one hind-wing only, and

thirty-two on both wings. Four have blue on the wings

on both sides, two of them on all four wings, one on both

hind-wings and the right fore-wing and one on both fore-

wings. There is a higher proportion of specimens with a

bilateral distribution of blue scales and androconia than

in coridon. I have seen three taken in 1918 with all four

wings nearly blue all over, so that the appearance of the

upperside was much more that of a male than a female.

I have one taken at Dover in 1889 exactly like a male

on the upperside except for small patches of orange

scales representing part of lunules 1, 2 and 4 on the left

230 Dr. EK. A. Cockayne on

hindwing and 2 and 4 on the right. Even the underside

is like that of a male, but the abdomen has no long hairs

and has female genitalia (Pl. VI, fig. 3).

ANATOMY OF INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL GENITALIA.

I dissected 26 intersexes and 29 normal females as

controls, but most of these came from the same colony

and thete may be more than the average amount of

variation amongst them. In every case the external

genitalia, ovipositor and rods were normal and no trace

of any male structure was found. The prop and rein

with the chitinous apparatus for the attachment of the

muscles which extrude them were normal. In these

respects they agree with intersexes of coridon.

The bursa copulatrix with its caput was always present,

but showed remarkable variations in size and shape. The

ductus bursae or seminis was invariably present and

normal. The spermatheca was present in all cases and

had the two dilated portions found in normal females,

but the size and shape of these varied a good deal. The

cement glands showed abnormalities in two examples.

In one, intersex no. 7, of which the abnormal ovaries

are figured, the proximal dilated part of each gland was

very narrow and short, that on the right being half and

that on the left a third the usual size, the distal tubular

part being normal. In another the dilated portion was

rather narrow and tapering. In the majority the ovaries

were large and contained well-developed eggs. Many

showed evidence of having laid eggs and had eggs in the

common oviducts and vagina. The eggs in these situations

lay with their long axes vertical instead of horizontal as

in the egg-tubes. Only three had abnormal ovaries.

In intersex no. 7, a specimen with a moderate

amount of blue scaling on the right fore-wing, there was

a small ill-shaped egg with sculptured shell in the vagina.

In the left ovary the outer tube had a single well-

developed ovum with normal shell, but the younger ova

above were not nearly so far developed as in normal

tubes. In the second tube all the ova were very im-

mature. Such a backward development is not found

even in newly emerged females, which always have at

Jeast two ova in each egg-tube with green contents and

sculptured shell. In the third tube the first ovum was

aborted and represented only by a few granules. The

Intersexual forms of Plebeius argus L. 231

fourth tube had one well-developed ovum, and all the

rest were very immature and apparently abnormal. In

the right ovary in the outermost tube there was not

even a dilatation where the first ovum should have been,

and the ova actually present were all very backward in

development. In the second tube the first ovum was

aborted and the rest very immature, in the third tube

the first ovum was still more obviously aborted. In the

fourth tube the first ovum in the fresh condition was

represented by an oval mass of granular material much

bigger than a full-sized normal ovum. ‘This owing to lack

of density has shrunk in alcohol, and the figure gives a

poor idea of its original bulk. In this ovary there was not

a single ovum which appeared to be normal (PI. IX, fig. 5).

In intersex no. 25, a specimen with only a little

blue on the left side, there were three ova in the vagina,

of which the lowest and highest were normal. The middle

one was very small, with dense homogeneous green contents

like those of a normal ovum, and with a small crinkled

shell with deficient sculpturing. There was a normal ovum

in each common oviduct. In the left ovary the lowest

eggs were normal, but three are depicted end on owing to

twisting of the egg-tube in preparation. They lay with long

axis vertical and were moving down the oviduct. The

smaller ova were very immature, and not all at correspond-

ing stages of development at corresponding points in each

tube, as they are ina normal ovary. In the right ovary in

one tube the lowest ovum was small and misshapen, but

had dense green contents and a shell small but sculptured.

The ovum above it was normal, as were the lowest ova in

the next two tubes. The lowest ovum in the fourth tube

was absent (Pl. [X, fig. 6). The third abnormal specimen

had only three instead of four egg-tubes in each ovary,

but the ova were normal. This specimen laid two eggs in

captivity. The figure of it gives a good idea of the size of

a normal egg-tube for comparison with the small abnormal

tubes of the other two (Pl. IX, fig. 4).

The ova with dense green contents indicating maturity

are unshaded, the less mature witb granular yellowish

contents are shaded in all the diagrams.

Amongst the intersexes of coridon a specimen with

similar ovaries, each with only three egg-tubes, was

discovered. In a hundred normal Lycaenids of various

species every ovary had four egg-tubes.

232 Dr. HE. A. Cockayne on

The normal bursa copulatrix in A. cordon consists of

a tube of uniform width ending in an oval dilatation,

the caput bursae. It arises from a point slightly below

the apex of a rounded chitinous prominence, broader at the

base than the apex and flattened in its antero-posterior

diameter. This is supplied with muscles for extruding

the prop and rein of Chapman. These organs are con-

tinuous with the tubular part of the bursa, and at the

point of junction the ductus bursae arises. The ductus

in argus is double the length of the tubular part of the

bursa. The first half is narrow and the second half which

opens into the vagina is much wider.

In argus bursae like those of coridon were found in 25

out of 29 normal females, 7.e. females with no male

characters, but only in 8 intersexes out of 26. There

were minor variations in the length and width of the

tubular part, and in the size of the caput, in specimens

which I have regarded as normal.

In the intersexes abnormalities of the tubular part

were common. The proximal part of the tube arising

from the basal prominence was frequently more or less

dilated, and the dilatation extended a variable distance

up towards the caput. Then it became suddenly narrower,

forming a tube thinner than the tubular part of a normal

bursa. This thin part was of considerable length in some

and in others formed a mere constriction between the

dilated part and the caput. In one there were two con-

strictions in the tubular part, and in another-one con-

striction in the tube and a second in the caput itself.

In one case the bursa was lying very much twisted and the

tubular part, narrow at its origin, became gradually wider

and then suddenly constricted just below the caput, which

was quite transparent. In one specimen, which dried

after having been in alcohol, the dilatation became full of

air and was seen to have very thin walls. Several appeared

to be like this, but in others a narrow inner tube ran down

the tubular part of the bursa and the dilated part almost

to its point of origin. In a normal bursa this ner tube

can be traced from near the point of origin up the tube

into the caput, where it expands into an oval termination.

In Rumicia phlaeas there is always a short, broad dilata-

tion of the bursa before the narrow tubular part com-

mences, and perhaps this corresponds to the proximal

dilated portion of the bursal tube in these abnormal argus.

Intersexual forms of Plebeius argus I. 233

In two specimens the whole bursa was very small and

narrow, both the tubular part and the caput, and in

another the tube was long and wide and the caput short

and broad (Plate I, fig. 8). One had a constriction of the

caput as well as a dilatation of the proximal part of the

tubular portion.

My figures, which are drawn to scale, show these abnor-

malities and also the great variation in the total length

of the tubular part and in the size of the caput. A

shrunken wrinkled caput is probably normal, and merely

indicates loss of contents and contraction of the muscle

within. The caput has a single layer of cubical epithelium

covering the thick chitin, on the inner side of which

numerous tracheae run. Inside this is a thick layer of

circular muscle fibres.

Four intersexes had a transparent caput and were

probably virgins. In many it contained some opaque

yellow material like that found in worn normal females.

These had probably been impregnated some days before.

In several it was full of dense white and brown contents

such as I have found in argus and coridon taken in cop.

These had been impregnated recently. Amongst the con-

trols two had bursae with a shrivelled, square-ended caput

and a narrow tubular part dilating about half-way down

into a wider tube. ‘Two others with abnormal dilatations

are figured (Plate IX, figs. 1 and 2).

The bursae were examined in most cases immediately

after death, and rough sketches made, which agreed closely

with the more careful drawings made after preservation

in alcohol.

COMPARISON OF THE GENITALIA OF INTERSEXES OF

argus AND coridon.

The intersexes of argus agree with similar specimens

of coridon in having normal female external genitalia.

Amongst the coriden one with small cement glands and

one with a bursa constricted between tube and caput were

found like some of the abnormal argus. In both species

a specimen was met with which had only three egg-tubes

in each ovary instead of four. But no coridon was found

with abnormal ova in the ovaries like the two arqus,

and no argus was found with complete absence of bursa

and ductus bursae, or with a bifid termination to the

spermatheca, which were abnormalities found in cordon.

234 Dr. E. A. Cockayne on

GENERAL REMARKS.

I think these insects must be regarded as intersexes

and not as true gynandromorphs or sex mosaics. Morgan

has proved conclusively that the latter are due nearly

always to the loss of an X-chromosome occurring usually

at the first division of the fertilised ovum. True gynandro-

morphs of both coridon and argus are known, and prove

that the secondary sexual characters in these species are

carried in the X-chromosome. If these insects were due to

an abnormality of the X-chromosome one would expect

to find male structures in their internal and external

genitalia and in their gonads.

True intersexes in Lepidoptera are found in various

primary and secondary hybrids, of which a list is given

in my paper in the Journal of Genetics. All of them

replace females. Nuttall and Keilin have found inter-

sexes replacing females in lice, chiefly im hybrids or crosses

between head and body lice.

Goldschmidt has studied intersexuality in Lymantria

dispar in crosses between strong and weak races. In

the first cross between a male of a strong race and a female

of a weak race he obtained 50% males and 50° inter-

sexes or 100°, males. Half the latter proved to be trans-

formed males and had only one X-chromosome like females

instead of two like normal males. Male intersexes,

individuals with two X-chromosomes but with some

female secondary sexual characters, appeared in later

generations. He considers that the intersexuality is due

to a difference of potency in the factors for maleness and

femaleness in different races of this species.

Sturtevant has found large numbers of sterile inter-

sexes in a race of Drosophila simulans. He has given

convincing proof that they are females modified by a

recessive autosomal mutant gene, which causes them to

show male structures. Their sex glands are absent or

very minute. He has proved that the male parts have

two X-chromosomes in their cells like the female parts.

It is interesting that this gene or factor is carried not in

a sex chromosome but in an autosomal one. He has

shown also that in true gynandromorphs of D. simulans

the cells of the male parts contain only one X-chromosome.

Bridges has found another kind of sterile intersex in

Drosophila melanogaster. In these the gonads are rudi-

Intersexual forms of Plebevus argus L. 235

mentary ovaries, ovotestes or an ovary and a testis. He

has shown by cytological examination that these inter-

sexes all possess the second and third (autosomal) chromo-

somes in triplicate and the X-chromosome in duplicate,

and that some have the fourth chromosome in triplicate

and some in duplicate, and some have a Y-chromosome

and others are without it. He draws the conclusion that

in this species the sex is due to a balance between the

X and the autosomal chromosomes, the fourth chromosome

having genes with a disproportionately large influence

in producing male characters. Of the four kinds of inter-

sex differmg in their chromosome complex, two were

recognisable in their structural characters. Those with

a triploid fourth chromosome were mainly male, those

with a diploid fourth chromosome were mainly female

in structure. Using X for the X or sex chromosome and

A for each set of autosomal chromosomes, individuals

with 2X :2A, 3X:3A and ?1X:1A were all females,

although in normal Drosophila those with 1X are males,

those with 2X : 3A were intersexes and those with 3X :2A

or 1X : 3A were sterile females and sterile males respectively.

The original brood from which he obtained his intersexes

produced 96 females, 9 males and 80 intersexes. Ten per

cent. of the females were structurally unlike the rest and

these produced more intersexes.

It is evident that intersexes in insects may be produced

in different ways and that every case requires special

investigation. The intersexes of Agriades and Plebevus

differ in certain respects from any others, notably in the

unilateral distribution of male characters in the great

majority of them. They appear to have most in common

with Bridges’ Drosophila. In these there was a great

excess of females and intersexes over males, and the

intersexes themselves were of more than one kind. The

Lycaenid intersexes occur in places where females are

in great excess over males, and it is not unlikely that the

intersexes are of two kinds, a commoner one with reduction

of the size of the wings and with blue scales and androconia

scattered over them, and a rarer one with no alteration

in size of wings, with streaks or large patches of blue

scaling but without androconia.

The abnormality of the chromosomes cannot be identical

with that of Bridges’ Drosophila, because in Lepidoptera

the female is the sex with only one X-chromosome and

236 ©Dr. Cockayne on Intersexual forms of Plebeius argus.

therefore heterozygous for sex, whereas in Drosophila

the reverse is the case. In Lepidoptera the male deter-

mining factor is carried by the X-chromosome and the

female determining factor appears to be carried by the

autosomal chromosomes. Nevertheless, it seems to me

likely that these Lycaenid intersexes possess an unusual

number of chromosomes and the number is probably an

uneven one. This would explain the restriction of male

characters to one side, and might also explain the origin

of the females with a different pattern on the two sides.

SUMMARY.

Two kinds of female intersex are found in A. coridon

and P. argus, and in each the male characters are much

more often unilateral than bilateral.

The first kind is much commoner than the second and

has blue scales, androconia, and other male characters.

The wings with male characters are reduced in size. The

bluest bilateral ones look more like males than females.

The gonads and genitalia are female.

The second kind has no androconia and no male

character except blue scales. The blue scales form streaks

or large patches, or may in coridon cover the whole of

both wings on one side except the margins. Very rarely

streaks of blue are found on the wings of both sides. A

specimen of coridon from Royston referred to ab. syngrapha

is more likely to be a completely blue intersex.

Intersexes of the first kind may be fertile. Those of

the second kind have not been tested. There is a great

excess of females where these intersexes are found, and

females with a different upperside pattern on the two

sides have been met with in the same localities. Inter-

sexes in both species occur wild year after year in the

same localities, and the geographical range is wide.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

BripGes, C.B. Science, 1921, liv, p. 252. ;

DE La Vaux, R. Bull. Biol., 1921, lv, pp. 1-86.

Keruin, D., and Nurraut, G. H. F. Parasitology, 1919,

x1, pp. 279—328.

Morean, T. H., and Bripgss, C. B. The Origin of

Gynandromorphs, Carnegie. Inst. of Washington,

1919, Publication No. 278.

STURTEVANT. Science, 1920, lit, pp. 325-327.

Plate V.

O22;

ans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,

INTERSEXES OF PLEBEIUS ARGUS

. Lond

Soc

. Ent

‘ah

Sands a

LO ee eee

INTI

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1922. Plate Vile

INTERSEXES OF PLEBEIUS ARGUS

Explanation of Plates. 237

EXPLANATION OF PLATES V—IX.

PLATE V.

Fias. 1 and 2. Intersexes having the wings on the right side

smaller with numerous blue scales and androconia, a dark border

and a mixture of white and brown scales in the fringes.

Fie. 3. Intersex with the left forewing small and with many

blue scales and androconia, a dark border and partially white

fringe. The left hindwing is only slightly reduced in size and the

blue scales are few in number.

PLATE VI.

Fra. 1. Intersex with blue scales and androconia on the right

forewing and both hindwings.

Fira. 2. Intersex with blue scales and androconia on all four

wings and with white scales in the fringes.

Fria. 3. Intersex. Dover 1889. The shape of the forewing

differs on the two sides. Blue scales and androconia are almost

as numerous as in a male, the border in completely dark and the

fringes white. Traces of some of the orange lunules are present.

The abdomen is female.

PLATE VII.

Fia. 1. Intersex with blue scales on the right forewing, but with

no androconia and no reduction in the size of the wing. ab.

inaequalis, ab. nov.

Fic. 2. Female showing a different kind of female colouring on

each side. The blue scales have the usual female distribution and

there are no androconia. ab. duplex, Cockerell.

238

Fic.

Or bo

Oo os! &

15.

16.

Explanation of Plates.

PLATE VIII.

Bursar OF INTERSEXES OF P. argus.

. Bursa with gradually dilating tube and shrivelled caput.

Intersex no. 16.

. Bursa with two constrictions. Intersex no. 17.

. Bursa with dilated tube and sharp constriction near caput.

Intersex no. 7.

. Bursa with very dilated proximal and very thin distal

part of tube. Intersex no. 14.

. Bursa with dilated proximal part of tube. The prominence

of right side of caput and crinkling of inner lining are

artefacts.

. Very large bursa with two constrictions, one in the caput.

. Very small bursa.

. Bursa with long wide tube and short caput.

. Bursa with dilated tube constricted below caput and small

caput. Intersex no. 9.

. Bursa with proximal part of tube dilated and distal part

constricted. Caput large.

. Bursa with long dilated and short constricted portion.

Intersex no. 18.

. Bursa with short dilated and longer constricted parts of

tube and constricted caput.

. Bursa with very dilated proximal and very narrow

distal part of tube. Recently impregnated specimen.

Intersex no. 14.

. Bursa with shrivelled caput, probably not abnormal.

Intersex no. 4.

Bursa with dilated proximal and very narrow distal part

of tube. Intersex no. 19.

Bursa with dilated proximal part of tube. Intersex

no. 8.

135 Al (Ge (HA Vaus & Crampton, Ltd.

INTERSEXUAL FORMS OE PLEBEIUS ARGUS.

INTERNAL ORGANS.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1922, Plate TX.

Vaus & Crampton, Ltd.

Ex ARG. del:

INTERSEXUAL FORMS OF PLEBEIUS ARGUS.

INTERNAL ORGANS.

HEGeals

Explanation of Plates. 239

PLATE IX.

Bursa of control female with slightly dilated proximal part

of tube.

. Bursa of control with two dilatations and two constrictions

of tube.

. Bursa of control with normal tube and caput.

. Vagina, oviduct and right ovary of intersex with three

egg-tubes instead of four in each ovary.

. Abnormal ovary of intersex no. 7.

. Abnormal ovary of intersex no. 25.

(240-2)

VIII. Butterflies on the Nile. By Hersert Macr. Com-

municated by Dr. G. A. K. Marswatt, F.E.S.

[Read March Ist, 1922.]

Tue river Nile, apart from the human interest attached

to it, because of the plentiful remains of ancient civilisation

found on its banks, is particularly interesting to biologists,

because it forms the only practical link between the

Ethiopian and Palaearctic regions. All the country,

including Lower Egypt, lying to the north of the great

desert, contains a fauna of Palaearctic character, and

there is such a small belt of fertile country bordering the

river as it flows through the desert land that only very

few forms of life belonging to the respective regions can

here intermingle.

Some light is thrown on the manner in which the dis-

tribution of species has been brought about, by a study

of the butterflies which have been taken by various

collectors on the Nile during the last ten or twenty years,

and a collection which I have just received from Mr.

B. W. Whitfeild, a keen collector, who has been stationed

at Khartoum for a year, is of very special interest, chiefly

because, unlike those of other collectors, who have generally

passed up the river and stayed only a brief time at certain

points, the specimens have all been taken within a five-

mile radius of Khartoum itself; and although it may be

poor in comparison with what an even less thorough

entomologist might make in richer parts of the tropics,

the collection is much larger than any previously made

by a single collector at that place.

All former records have been exhaustively summarised

by Dr. Longstaff in a paper published in the Entomological

Society’s Transactions, June 13, 1913, and a comparison

of the insects received from Mr. Whitfeild with those

listed by Dr. Longstaff produces some extremely interesting

results.

Dr. Longstaff divides the area with which he deals into

five parts. Under the first, Lats. 16-14° N., which includes

Khartoum, he enumerates 25 species, and under the other

sections, each of which includes two degrees of latitude

further south, he lists additional species to those in the

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1922.—PARTS I, II. (JULY)

Mr. H. Mace on Butterflies on the Nile. 241

first section, the total number thus recorded on the White

Nile being 75. This arrangement does not show at a

glance the total number of species found in each section,

and I have therefore made a fresh analysis of Dr. Long-

staff's figures, which I tabulate below.

North Latitude.

Nymphalidae. Lycaenidae, Papilionidae, Hesperidae. Total.

South of 8 18 6 25 3 52

8-10 13 6 2] 3 43

10-12 6 8 21 2 37

12-14 5 8 16 0 29

14-16 4 7 12 2 25

This arrangement shows clearly that the number of

butterflies on the White Nile diminishes steadily as the

river runs north, the species found in the highest latitude

being less than half those of the sub-equatorial district.

This is what one would naturally expect, for the upper

portion of the river flows through swampy and more

varied country, capable of supporting numerous plants,

without which insect life cannot be abundant, while the

lower portion is all dry desert, with little vegetation other

than that immediately bordering the stream.

Mr. Whitfeild’s collection comprises a total of 27 species,

which I have listed below.

NYMPHALIDAE. PAPILIONIDAE (continued).

Danaus chrysippus. Teracolus phisadia.

= te var. ot protomedia.

alevppus. es halimede f. acaste.

Pyrameis cardut. 5 eupompe f. pseuda-

Precis cebrene. caste.

Hypolimnas misippus. >» —« evuppe.

5» ephyra.

LYCAENIDAE. a ebarne.

Lampides baeticus. Catopsilia florella.

Tarucus theophrastus.

Catachrysops eleusis.

Zizera lysimon.

PAPILIONIDAE.

Herpaenia eriphia f. lactei-

pennis.

Belenois severina.

» ~omesentina.

Teracolus calais.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1922.—PARTS I, II.

Terias senegalensis.

,, brigitta (wet and dry

season forms).

Colias hyale var. marnoana.

Papilio demodocus.

HESPERIDAE.

Sarungesa eluminata.

Gegenes nostradamus.

Rhopalocampta forestan.

(JULY) R

242 Mr. H. Mace on Butterflies on the Nile.

The determinations have been made or checked by

Captain Riley of the British Museum, whose kindness

I gratefully acknowledge. I also have to thank Professor

Poulton and Dr. Dixey for their services in settling the

identity of a doubtful Teracolus.

A few notes concerning some of the above species may

be worth recording, either as confirming or supplementing

the observations of former collectors.

Danaus chrysippus. Comparatively few of the specimens

collected belong to the typical form. Dr. Longstaff

estimates that about half the individuals met in the

district are of the alcippus form, using that term to describe

all specimens with more or less white hind-wings. At

least 80 per cent. of Mr. Whitfeild’s specimens come under

this head, but the gradation is very gentle and the majority

appear to be about midway between the two extremes.

One or two individuals are remarkable for having only

white rings round the discal spots. It is worth noting

in this connection, that the single female specimen of

Hypolimnas misippus sent by Mr, Whitfeild mimics the

typical chrysippus.

Form dorippus has not been taken by Mr. Whitfeild,

and Dr. Longstaff records only one specimen from the

district, so that it would appear not to be common there.

Lampides boeticus. Taken commonly. One extremely

small male—22 mm.— is worth mentioning.

Colias hyale var. marnoana Rogenh. Found in abund-

ance. Captain Riley tells me these Khartoum specimens

have a very distinctive facies and might well be regarded

as a local race.

Sarangesa eliminata. Dr, Longstaft says the only

record of this species on the White Nile is that of the

Swedish expedition, which took two males. The locality

is not specified, but he places it under the 14-16 area.

Mr. Whitfeild encountered the insect once only, finding

a considerable number resting in a fox earth. This singular

habitat seems to be general in the genus and has not been

explained. I have asked Mr. Whitfeild to make a special

effort to learn something further about them.

Only seven of the species recorded from this section of

the river are missing from the present collection. In

order to make the list complete, I give Dr. Longstaft’s

records for these.

Chilades trochilus Freyer. One at Khartoum, 1909.

use

Mr. H. Mace on Butterflies on the Nile. 243

Lycaenesthes otacilia Trimen. One at Soba (Blue Nile,

ten miles from Khartoum).

Azanus ubaldus Cramer. Fairly common at Khartoum,

1909, 1912.

Calopieris eulimene Klug. One at Burr, Khartoum,

and seven males at Soba, 1909. Six between Soba and

Khartoum, 1912.

Teracolus chrysonome. A female near Mogran, Western

side of Khartoum, 1909.

Teracolus daira. One male at Khartoum, 1909. One

between Soba and Khartoum, 1912.

Teracolus lagore Klug. <A very scarce butterfly. One

at Ad Duwem (Lat. 14° N.), 1909. One at Soba, 1912.

There are nine species in the collection which are quite

new to this district. These are—

H. eriphia, Previously recorded not higher than Lat. 13° 16’ N.

B. severina. ‘5 e # se Fe ele On NE

T. calais. oa pe Me ms $ eo loaehGriNe

T'. phisadia, Bs aa A = rt ead 1B ORIEN

T. evippe. me if is ef ve lL Sw22GNe

T. evarne. a as 5 es Saree nti loekoliae Nis

T’. senegalensis, ,, os “ af 3 Sse reon ING

T’. brigitta. 55 a * a = OO Ne

R. forestan. i 3 ‘ Ff SPER VOLS ONG

It will be seen that there are six species which were

previously known no further north than the 12-14 section,

one from the 10-12 section, and two which have never

previously been taken lower down the river than 10 degrees

N. latitude.

The most striking feature of the collection is the presence

of the two species of Terias, both of which Mr. Whitfeild

has taken quite freely at Khartoum, though the previous

record for senegalensis is four degrees further south, while

the most northerly appearance of brigitta, hitherto, was

9 degrees N. Lat. Both are extremely conspicuous

insects, not likely to be overlooked by former collectors

had they been present. Indeed, Mr. Whitfeild tells me

that they are extremely prominent in the lucerne fields

by the river, which he finds the most favoured place in

the district for butterflies, Pieridae in particular being

almost confined to them. The great skipper R. forestan,

a very typical Ethiopian species, of which Mr. Whitfeild

took only one specimen, had hitherto been found by only

one collector, no less than six degrees further south.

244 Mr. H. Mace on Butterflies on the Nile.

Mr. Whitfeild’s theory is that these new species have

been brought down the river among the fodder which is

constantly being imported. Khartoum is steadily develop-

ing and importations of this kind continually increase.

He thinks that large numbers of insects in all stages come

down the river in this way, and that the increasing area

of cultivation makes it possible for many to establish

themselves.

It seems a very reasonable conclusion, and is certainly

supported by the general distribution of the insects as

shown in the above table. Only 19 of the 75 species are

found outside the Ethiopian Region, and of these only

eight extend into the Palaearctic Region. Of these it

may be said that about half are generally considered

Ethiopian types and the other half Palaearctic, but in

face of the distribution shown by the table, one is led to

believe that the greater probability is that all of them

originated in Africa and passed down the Nile Valley

into the Palaearctic Region. Certainly not more than

eight or ten of the whole number can be regarded as

Palaearctic forms which have gone south, and it seems

to me that the semi-artificial introduction which has

taken place during the last few years is only an extension

of the natural process by which species have been carried

down the Nile and established at favourable points.

IX. Notes on the Types of Oriental Carabidae in the

Steltin Museum. By H. E. ANDREWEs.

[Read March Ist, 1922. ]

On becoming aware last year that the collection of the

late Dr. Dohrn was now in the Stettin Museum, I wrote

to the authorities there to ascertain if they would send

me the types contained in it for examination. This they

agreed to do, and Dr. Schroeder has recently been kind

enough to send them; I take this opportunity of expressing

my thanks both to him and to Dr. Janse, who brought

them from Stettin, for their assistance.

Dohrn himself described, so far as I am aware, only

three Eastern species, but he sent a number of insects to

Putzeys, who described some of them and returned the

types. ‘Two species were also described by Chaudoir. I

think it possible that other types may eventually prove

to be at Stettin, but I have so far only traced twelve.

One of these, Thlibops (Scapterus) dohrni Chaud. (Rev. et

Mag. Zool. 1863, 117), is a little doubtful and cannot at

present be found; Chaudoir does not say whether or not

the type was unique, but Putzeys, in his Révision Générale

des Clivinides (Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. 1867, 10), tells us

that he had seen two examples, one in Dohrn’s collection

and one in Chaudoir’s. Mr. René Oberthiir informs me

that the latter specimen is now in his collection. Either

one of these might be the type. I have examined the

remaining eleven specimens, and, as they do not appear to

be at all well known, I give a list of them below, together

with such comments as appear necessary. As will be seen,

one of these specimens, though labelled as the type, proves

not to be the one on which the description was drawn up.

1. Oxylobus asperulus Chaud. (Bull. Mosc. 1857, i, 58;

id. Mon. des Scaritides (1), 133). A Q specimen from

Colombo. There is no doubt that this example is the

type, for Chaudoir, in his Monograph, says he no longer

has it in his possession. The species is not uncommon

in Ceylon, and occurs also in South India in the Nilgiri

and Palni Hills.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1922.—PARTS I, Il. (JULY)

246 Mr. H. E. Andrewes’ Notes on the

2. Panagaeus sumatranus Dohrn (Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1891,

253). After describing this species, which came from

Sumatra, Dohrn seems to have come to the conclusion

(p. 254) that it was identical with Microcosmus flavopilosus

Laf. This is not the case, indeed it does not belong to

the genus Microcosmus at all, but to the genus Dischissus.

I have compared it with the example of D. notulatus F.

(Syst. Eleuth. i, 1801, 201; Andr., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.

1921, 162), which Mr. Henriksen was kind enough to

compare at Copenhagen with Fabricius’ type, and can

detect no material differences. The last joint of the palpi

is not much dilated, and I conclude therefore that Dohrn’s

type is a 9.

There is another example from Sumatra in the British

Museum, taken at Lampong, and also specimens (not

quite agreeing with the type) from Hongkong and Shanghai.

Most of the examples I have seen came either from N.E.

India, or Burma. The type of D. longicornis Schaum

(Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 1863, 84), which is apparently the

same species, came from the Nilgiri Hills.

3. Orthogonius collaris Dohrn (Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1891,

253; Andr., Trans.-Ent. Soc. 1921, 149). This species is

confined, so far as is known at present, to Borneo. In

my note, quoted above, I identified Dohrn’s species with

O. doriae Putz. (Chaudoir’s Essai monographique sur les

Orthogoniens, 104 (note)). This proves to be correct, but

the type of collaris is evidently a rather undeveloped speci-

men, the elytra being of a light brown colour, whereas

there are normally very dark stripes along the suture,

striae 2 and 7, and intervals 4, 6, and 9. The examples

which I have seen came from Pontianak, Kuching (J. #. A.

Lewis), Quop in West Sarawak (G. #. Bryant), and Moorjawa,

Sanga Sanga (H. D. Jensen).

4. Galerita peregrina Dohrn (Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1880, 291;

Andr., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (9), ii, 1919, 480). The

type came from Hongkong, and judging by the description,

I identified with it G. birmanica Bates (Ann. Mus. Civ.

Gen. 1892, 385). This latter species was taken by Mr.

L. Fea at Bhamo, and has also quite recently been taken

by Mr. R. Vitalis de Salvaza in Tonkin and Annam: I

have been able to compare with Dohrn’s type examples

from these localities. In length there seems to be no

difference, but the specimens from Burma and Indo-

China are a little wider, and the costae on the elytra a

Types of Oriental Carabidae in the Steltin Museum. 247

little more sharply carinate. At most they do not form

more than a local race of the Chinese species.

5. Tachys arcuatus Putz. (Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. 1875,

744). This specimen was taken by Nietner in Ceylon,

and is the only one I have seen. Putzeys’ description is

not a satisfactory one, and he makes no comparison with

any other species.

The colour of the upper surface is dark red, not black,

the elytra piceous towards apex; the front red round

spot, which he mentions, is non-existent, the hind one is

triangular rather than round, and yellow. Joint 2 of

the antennae is practically as long as 3. The eyes are

very moderately prominent. The frontal foveae are very

short and end in a large round puncture a little before

mid-eye level. The prothorax is narrow, but nevertheless

slightly transverse, the sides very little rounded. The

most striking character of the elytra, which Putzeys does

not refer to, is the great depth of the first stria, which—

except near base and apex—is deeper than in any other

species known to me; the arcuate second stria, which

recedes from the first in the middle of the elytron, is also

very characteristic. The length is quite 3-5 mm.

About the size of 7. eueides Bates (Ann. Mag. Nat.

Hist. (5), xvi, 1886, 153), or a shade larger, colour dark

red, not black, jomts 5-11 of the antennae fuscous, the

apical spot on the elytra smaller and lighter in colour.

Head with a wider neck, the frontal foveae punctiform ;

prothorax less rounded at sides and less contracted behind,

the transverse basal sulcus not so deep and formed chiefly

by a series of five large punctures; elytra rather more

convex, the two pores placed a little closer together, the

first stria much more deeply impressed, the second not

parallel with it but noticeably arcuate.

6. Trechus indicus Putz. (Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1870, 175).

Putzeys says at the end of his description, “‘ Mr. de Chaudoir

m’en a communiqué un individu unique ($) comme venant

des Indes Orientales, sans autre désignation.” The speci-

men in question is a g and bears a “type” label: on the

other hand, Chaudoir was not in the habit of giving away

unique examples, there is a locality label ‘‘ Darj.” (Darjiling),

and a comparison of the description with the specimen

makes it quite certain that this is not really the type, which

was no doubt returned to Chaudoir. Mr. René Oberthiir,

however, tells me that he does not think he has it.

248 Mr. H. E. Andrewes’ Notes on the

It does not seem to me quite sure that the Stettin

example belongs to the species in question, but I have

compared it with the description and made one or two

notes. Upperside black, elytra distinctly iridescent, front

of head piceous, neck, base of prothorax in middle, and

scutellary region dark red, antennae and legs testaceous

red, palpi testaceous yellow. The tooth of the mentum

appears to me to be simple, the palpi, which are intact

(deficient in the type), are of the ordinary form, the

mandibles are slightly hooked and very sharp at the

apex, the second joint of the antennae is distinctly shorter

and hardly any thicker than the fourth. According to

Putzeys the second dorsal pore on the elytra is situated

rather behind the middle, but I can see no trace of it,

the only pores present being those near the base and apex

of the third interval.

I have seen one other example of the species, from

Kurseong, differing only in the deeper striation and punc-

turation of the elytra. In this example also the tooth

of the mentum appears simple, and the second. dorsal

pore is wanting.

The only other Indian species known of this genus are

T. fasciatus Motch. (Bull. Mose. 1851, iv, 506), and 7.

championt Jeann. (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (9), v, 1920,

109). Motchulsky’s species, so far as I know, has not

been identified, and it seems doubtful if it belongs to the

genus at all. Of Dr. Jeannel’s species I have cotypes in

my collection. Compared with the Stettin example, these

are a little smaller and darker, the upper surface shining

black, with hardly a trace of iridescence; the head is less

contracted behind, the frontal foveae, instead of being

gently curved, form a distinct angle, and the joints of the

antennae are much shorter; the prothorax is wider, with

a deeper median line, especially behind, the posterior

transverse impression more uneven; the elytra are a little

less convex, narrower, the striae and their punctures less

deeply impressed, the outer ones obsolescent, the recurved

striole at apex much longer. Striae 3 and 4 sometimes

join at apex, but do not joi 2; in the Stettin example

(from Darjiling) they meet, but do not join 2, whereas

in the Kurseong example the three striae run together

rather irregularly at the hind dorsal pore. There are in

T. championi three dorsal pores, all comparatively small

and inconspicuous; in the two other examples the middle

Types of Orrental Carabidae in the Stettin Museum. 249

pore 1s wanting, while the front and hind pores are deeply

impressed.

7. Broscosoma ribbei Putz. (Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1877, 100).

A well-known Sikkim species, which does not eall for any

special comment. The type came from Darjiling.

8. Pristomachaerus quadricolor Putz. (Stett. Ent. Zeit

1877, 101). In a recent paper (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.

1921, 247) on the Oriental Species of the Genus Callis-

tomimus, I identified this species a little doubtfully with

C. eucharis Bates (Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. 1892, 305) from

Burma. A comparison of the type with some cotypes

from the Fea collection enables me to confirm this

identification.

9. Pristomachaerus quadriguttatus Putz. (Stett. Ent

Zeit. 1877, 101). In the paper just referred to I expressed

the opinion (p. 238) that Putzeys’ species would probably

prove to be identical with Callistonimus chalcocephalus

Wied. This proves not to be the case, nor is it the same

as any of the other species referred to or described in that

paper. It is to be noted that, although described from

Darjiling, it bears the label “ Naini Tal.’’ The nearest

and indeed a very close ally is C. gucundus Andr. (p. 239,

Plate I, fig. 2) from the Nilgiri Hills and Kanara. C.

quadriguttatus is of the same size, and coloured in very

nearly the same way. ‘The head differs only in the absence

of the smooth area on the vertex; prothorax distinctly

narrower, the sides less rounded and only slightly sinuate

before base, hind angles less produced, surface a little

less coarsely punctate; elytra more deeply striate, intervals

of equal width, surface more coarsely punctate, yellow

spots larger, the front one extending inwards to stria 6,

the hind one to stria 4. In my “key to the species”

Putzeys’ species will stand next to mine (p. 236).

10. Amara darjelingensis Putz. (Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1877,

102). I do not think any author has commented on this

species. The type is a J, and Putzeys’ description, though

short, seems accurate; he gives the width, however, as

3? mm., whereas the type is barely 31 mm. wide. The

head is wide, the eyes flat, the frontal foveae very small,

but distinctly impressed, continued backwards as a very

shallow groove on each side, so as to form a slight semi-

circular depression on the vertex. The prothorax is con-

vex, transverse, strongly contracted in front, widening

from apex to base, front angles rather sharp, hind angles

250 Mr. Andrewes’ Notes on Types of Oriental Carabidae.

slightly rounded, base bordered, but the border obsolete

for a short distance close to hind angles, foveae punctiform

in front, shallower behind, the outer ones very small, also

punctiform, hind marginal pore close to the angle; elytra

a little dilated behind, widest at about middle, the striae

fine and very finely punctate, slightly deeper towards

apex, scutellary striole elongate, no dorsal pores and none

at base of first stria.

The species has lately been taken by Mr. H. Stevens at

Lachung in Sikkim, the specimens agreeing quite well

with the type, but varying in colour from metallic green

to dull cupreous.

11. Calathus amaroides Putz. (Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1877,

103). The type is a § and measures 9-25 x 3-6 mm.,

though according to the author the measurements are

10:0 x 4:0 mm. This is exactly the size of a 2 specimen

in the British Museum, also from Darjiling, and the only

other example I have seen; it differs from the type only

in its rather larger size, and the finer and less clearly

punctured striae of the elytra, In the type the antennae,

apex of femora, tibiae, and tarsi are brownish red. Putzeys

thought the insect looked like an Amara, but apart from

its colour it appears to me to be of typical Calathus shape.

The hind angles of the prothorax are not obtuse, but

right, though rounded, the basal foveae are very slight;

the elytra widen from base to basal third, and thence

contract to apex. In all other respects Putzeys’ account

of the species appears accurate.

a3 ae

X. On the Mallophaga of the Spitsbergen Expedition.* By

James Waterston, B.D., D.Sc., F.E.S., F.Z5.,

Assistant in the Department of Entomology, British

Museum.

[Read May 3rd, 1922.]

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the

British Museum.)

Tue Mallophaga secured by members of the expedition

are few in number, only 28 examples representing 7 species

and 5 genera having been placed in my hands for report.

The hosts examined were as follows: Hooded Crow,

Barnacle Goose, Pink Footed Goose, Grey Phalarope,

Purple Sandpiper, Fulmar Petrel, and about one-third of

the Maliophaga known from these birds were found.

In the notes given below Harrison’s arrangement (*‘ Para-

sitology,” vol. ix, No. 1, Oct. 1916) of the Mallophaga has

been followed, while for the hosts the names given in the

Rev. F. C. Jourdain’s recent paper (“‘ The Ibis,” ser. xi,

vol. iv, No. 1, p. 159, Jan. 1922) have been adopted.

No sucking lice were, apparently, secured.

MALLOPHAGA.

I. AMBLYCERA.

Family MENOPONIDAE Mjoberg.

Genus MENOPON Nitzsch.

Menopon lutescens Burm.

Menopon lutescens Burmeister. Handbuch der Ento-

mologie, Bd. 2, p. 440 (1838).

Q. Purple Sandpiper. Klaas Billen Bay (C. 8. Elton

leg.), 15. viii. 1921.

I have followed Piaget (“ Les Pédiculines,” p. 447, Leide

1880) in interpreting this species, which has a wide range

of hosts amongst shore- and sea-birds.

* Results of The Oxford University Expedition to Spitsbergen.

Nong:

TRANS. ENT. SOC, LOND, 1922.—PaRTS I, 11. (JULY)

252 Dr. James Waterston on

Genus TRINOTON Nitzsch.

Trinotum anserinum [ab.

Pediculus anserinus Fabricius. Syst. Antl, p. 345

(1805).

(a) 2. Barnacle Goose. Advent Bay (J. D. Brown leq.)

26. vi. 1921. .

(b) 2. Pink Footed Goose. Sassen Bay (G. Binney

leg.), 17. vil. 1921.

leg.), 8. vii. 1921.

(The Trinoton is of course a straggler on the last host.)

T. anserinum occurs commonly on various Palaearctic

Geese, and, it is said, on members of the Genus Cygnus also.

Il. ISCHNOCERA.

Family PHILOPTERIDAE Burmeister.

Genus PHILOPTERUS Nitzsch.

Philopterus corvi Linn.

Pediculus corvi Linné. Syst. Nat., x, p. 612 (1758).

3imm. Head of Hooded Crow. Norway, Tromso (H. L.

Powell leg.), 9. vi. 1921.

Philopterus fusiformis Denny.

Docophorus fusiformis Denny. Mon. Anopl. Brit., p. 84,

Pl. 1, fig. 2 (1842).

(a) 29. Bear Island (T. G. Longstaff leg.), 16. vi. 1921.

(b) 4imm. Klaas Billen Bay (C. 8. Elton leg.), 15. vin.

1921.

In both cases on Purple Sandpiper on which this parasite

regularly occurs.

Genus DEGEERIELLA Neumann.

Degeeriella zonaria Nitzsch.

Nirmus zonarius Nitzsch, in Giebel Zeit. f. ges. Nat.,

xxvill, p. 374 (1866).

(a) 3. Bear Island (T. G. Longstaff leq.).

(b) 4g, 29. Klaas Billen Bay (C. 8. Elton leg.), 15. vin.

1921.

In both cases from Purple Sandpiper.

the Mallophaga of the Spitsbergen Expedition. 253

Degeeriella actophilus Kell. and Chap.

Nirmus actophilus Kellogg and Chapman. New Mallo-

phaga, iii, p. 78, Pl. VI, fig. 4 (28. i. 1899).

(a) 9. Bear Island (T. G. Longstaff leg.), 16. vi. 1921.

(b) 3,29, 1imm. Klaas Billen Bay (C. 8. Elton leg.),

15. vii. 1921.

In both cases from Purple Sandpiper. D. actophilus is

a common parasite of the smaller waders.

Genus ESTHIOPTERUM Harrison.

Esthiopterum nigrolimbatum Gieb.

LTipeurus nigrolimbatus Giebel. Insecta Epizoa, p. 233,

Leipsic (1874).

39. Fulmar Petrel. Bear Island (J. D. Brown leg.),

16. vi. 1921.

An abundant parasite of Fulmars both in the Pacific

and in the Atlantic.

Host List witH PARASITES.

Corvus cornix cornix Linn.

Philopterus corvi.

Branta leucopsis Bechst.

Trinoton anserinum.

Anser brachyrhynchus Baillon.

Trinoton anserinum.

Phalaropus fulicarius jourdaini Iredale.

Trinoton anserinum.

Erolia maritima maritima Briimnich.

Menopon lutescens.

Philopterus fusiformis.

Degeeriella zonaria.

Degeeriella actophilus.

Fulmarus glacialis glacialis Linn.

Esthiopterum nigrolimbatum.

British Museum (Nat. Hist.), Feb. 1921.

( 254 )

XI. On the Species of the Genus Larmopoda Butler. By

H. Exrrineuam, M.A., D.Sce., F.Z.S.

Prates: x, Xi

[Read May 38rd, 1922.]

Tue genus Larinopoda was founded by Butler in 1871

(Trans. Ent. Soc. p. 172, 1871). Doubtless at that time

the classification of the Rhopalocera on the structure of

the feet was not generally understocd. In any case,

Butler seems to have had some difficulty in placing the

genus, and states that though “evidently belonging to the

Pierinae”’ it seems to be intermediate between Hronia

and Deloneura. He states that its “natural position in

the Pierinae is between Nepheronia and Euchloe.”

His description of the genus is as follows :—

“Wings pyriform; front wings with five subcostal branches,

the first emitted at a short distance before the end of the cell, the

second immediately before the end, the third half-way between

the cell and apex; the fourth and fifth at two-thirds the distance

from the cell to the apex; upper discocellular short, slanting

obliquely inwards; lower three times the length of upper, angu-

lated, slanting obliquely outwards; median branches emitted near

together; hind-wings with subcostals emitted close together, so

as to reduce the upper discocellular to a point; lower discocellular

very oblique, about eight times the length of the upper; second and

third median branches emitted at about half the distance from each

other that exists between the second and first; body short, robust ;

abdomen swollen beneath; legs thick, antennae short, slender,

feebly clubbed; palpi long, slender, not hairy.”

The type of the genus is given as Larinopoda lycaenoides,

but the same insect had been described by Hewitson five

years previously as Liptena lircaea. It is rather remarkable

that Hewitson recognised this species as a Lycaenid and

in the same year not only placed the species now known as

Citrinophila erastus amongst the Pierimae, but exhibited

considerable annoyance when its real affinity was pointed

out by the late Roland Trimen. (See Proc. Roy. Soc.

B. vol91, 1920 pp sexi ecxv.,)

Smith and Kirby mention the genus again in 1887 (Rhop.

Exot. Lycaen. vol. 1, Oct. 1887), referring it to the Lycae-

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1922.—PARTS I, II. (JULY)

Dr. H. Eltringham on Species of Genus Larinopoda. 255

nidae, but they immediately proceed to include in the

genus species of Pentila and Liptena, the neuration of which

does not agree with that of Larinopoda. The neuration is

correctly illustrated by Rober (Staud. & Schatz, Exot.

Schmett, pl. 50, 1892) and also in the accompanying text

figure.

Larinopoda belongs to that section of the Lycaeninae in

which there is no precostal nervure in the hind-wing, a

character which distinguishes it from Alaena, Pentila, and

Durbania. Nervures 6 and 7 in the h.-w. do not arise

from a common stalk, thus distinguishing the genus from

io 9 8

1" 7

Ge rape ape &

Mimacraea, Pseuderesia, Citrinophila, Eresina, and

Argyrocheila.

Its further characters as given by Aurivillius (Rhop.

Aeth, p. 253, 1898) are as follows :—

F.-w. nervure 6 arises from the end of cell, the f.-w. has 12 nervules,

the inner margin of the h.-w. is straight or slightly convex. The

cell of both wings is posteriorly sharply edentate so that the posterior

angle is projecting, especially in h.-w. The lower discocellular of

the h.-w. is very long, straight or somewhat bent outwards.

Nervures 3 and 4 of the h.-w. always widely separated at origin.

The two antepenultimate abdominal segments in the female hemi-

spherically swollen.

At present the genus is known to contain only a few

species of small white or cream-coloured butterflies with

256 Dr. H. Eltringham on the

shaded or black markings. They are all found in the

Ethiopian Region and are principally of W. African origin.

Specific diagnosis on the somewhat feeble external charac-

ters is unsatisfactory, and I have therefore endeavoured to

rearrange the known forms in accordance with the structure

of the male armature.

This organ is of a rather complicated type. To give

illustrations of the whole apparatus in each case would be

misleading, since the slightest difference in the point of

view would suggest differences of structure not really

existing. Indeed, a considerable experience of these organs

in different genera convinces me that the person actually

making the preparations is probably the best qualified to

judge of differences and resemblances.

Careful dissection under the stereoscopic microscope

gives a general impression of structure, and above all of

relative position. The ultimate preparations should be

mounted in cells so that they are not distorted by pressure,

and for purposes of illustration good drawings are always

preferable to photographs, since the latter convey littie or

no impression of relative position. At Pl. X, fig. 2, I

have drawn the entire apparatus taken from a form of

Larinopoda aspidos f{. brenda. There are two claspers

the distal ends of which are characteristically lobed, the

uncus is blunt and bifid, and below it there are two hooks

more clearly shown in fig. 3, which is a posterior view of

this part in L. tera. Each clasper, near the proximal end

and on its lower side, has a small chitinous projection

which appears to be attached by strands of rather tough

connective tissue to a ventral projection on the aedeagus.

The latter is a rather unusually shaped organ, the duct

enters it more or less in the middle, and the part more

proximally situated is apparently in the form of a lever.

The uncus and claspers are connected by webs of tough

membrane not shown in the figure.

After some experiment I have decided that the best type

of illustration for exhibiting the specific differences between

the armatures in this genus is a dorsal view of the two

claspers placed as nearly as possible in their natural posi-

tion. For this purpose the rest of the armature is cut away

and the claspers left with their natural membranous con-

nection and mounted in that position in a cell. The

remaining illustrations are all drawings of the claspers

taken from this point of view.

i /

Species of the Genus Larinopoda. 257

On the posterior end of the thorax just above the attach-

ment of the abdomen there appears to be a membrane

divided into two nearly circular tympana. Whether this

is merely the structure of that part of the thorax or is an

organ comparable to the thoracic tympanum in Geome-

tridae, Uranidae and other moths, I am unable to decide

until I can obtain material in a proper condition for

dissection.

KEY TO SPECIES AND FORMS OF LARINOPODA.

H.-w. beneath with a spot in cell. (a).

H.-w. beneath without a spot in cell. (b).

(a) H.-w. beneath with delicate undulating

shading. : : ‘ ;

H.-w. beneath without delicate undu-

lating shading ‘ : :

(6) H.-w. beneath with dark border, broad

and even or broken into more or less

triangular spots, or even merely

suffused. (c).

H.-w. beneath without dark border. (q).

border broken into triangular spots. (d).

Ground-colour chalk white, — h.-w.

border not broken into triangular

spots. (e).

(d) H.-w. beneath with submarginal

spots. é : :

H.-w. beneath without submarginal

spots. : : : : . lircaea f. hermansi.

(e) H.-w. beneath with submarginal spots. — aspidos f.brenda (part).

H.-w. beneath without submarginal

tera.

eurema.

lircaea f. spuma.

spots. (f).

(f) H.-w. above with broad dark border. aspidos aspidos, 3.

H.-w. above without broad dark

border. : . - F . aspidos aspidos, 9.

(g) Ground-colour creamy white : . lircea.

Ground-colour chalky white. (h).

(h) H.-w. with submarginal spots. (2).

H.-w. without submarginal spots. lagyra.*

* Occasional examples of aspidos female have hardly any brown-

ish scaling beneath and are very difficult to distinguish from lagyra.

Generally, however, at least a few such scales can be distinguished.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1922.—PaRTS 1, 11. (JULY) S

258 Dr. H. Eltringham on the

(7). H.-w. beneath with brownish dusting

at inner angle : 3 . aspidos ft. brenda (part).

H.-w. beneath without browaiah dust-

ing at inner angle. B 4 . lagyra f. punctata,

LARINOPODA LIRCAEA. PI. X, fig. 1, Pl. XI, fig. 6.

Hew., Exot Butt. (Pentila and Liptena), pl. 1, f. 10, 11

(1866); Staud., Exot. Schmett., 1, p. 268, pl. 94 (1888);

Smith and Kirby, Rhop. Exot., 24, Lyc. Afr., p. 95, pl. 21,

ft. 101893)" Anwriy.. Bint idskras 46: Spo 1 $9 sga)e

Rhop. Aeth., p. 272 (1898); Strand, Archiv. f. Natursgesch.

Abt., 12, p. 133 (1913); Auriv., in Seitz, Macrolep., p. 329,

pl. 63d (1914-18).

mae ar Butl., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., p. 173, pl. 7,

f. 2-5 (1871).

NIGERIA. GABOON. CAMEROON. Conco. ANGOLA.

BAHR-EL-GHAZAL.

lircaea ab. alaenica. Strand, Archiv. f. Natursgesch. Abt.

A, 12, p. 133 (1913).

SPANISH GUINEA (Alen Benito).

lircaea ab. alenicola. Strand, l.c.

SPANISH GUINEA (Makomo Campo).

lircaea ab. benitonis. Strand, l.c. p. 134.

(Alen Benito).

lircaea ab. makomensis. Strand, l.c.

(Makomo Campo).

lircaea ab. simekoa, Strand, l.c.

CAMEROON (Simekoa).

lircaea ab. bibundica. Strand, l.c.

CamEROON (Bibundi). if

lircaea {. hermansi, Auriv., Ofvers. Vet. Akad. Forhl., 53,

p. 4385 (1896); Rhop. Aeth., p. 273 (1898); in Seitz,

Macrolep., p. 329 (1914-18). Pl. X, fig. 2 (prow.).

Coneo (Uhangi R.).

lircaea f. spuma, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 361

(1910); Auriv., in Seitz, Macrolep., p. 329, pl. 63f.

(1914-18). Pl. X, fig. 3.

CAMEROON (Bitje, Ja River).

lircaea f£. innocentia. Gaede, Int. Ent. Zeit. Guben, 9

Jahrg., No. 21, p. 111 (1916) (as Larynopoda).

CamMEROON (Dengdeng).

lireaea lircaea.

Exp. 40-50 mm. Sexes not specially differentiated in pattern.

Ground-colour creamy white. F.-w. costa slightly blackened at

Species of the Genus Larinopoda. 259

base, the dark scales reduced to a very fine line a little beyond

middle. Apex with sepia scaling forming a border about 1-5 to

2 mm. wide at apex, with a tendency to invasion of the ground-

colour on nervule ends. This apical darkening extends as far as

nervule 3. H.-w. all cream white.

Underside. F.-w. much as above but apical dark colour reduced

to faint subtriangular marginal marks or even to a fine marginal

line. On costa, just above cell end, a well-defined subtriangular,

almost black mark, its base on costa. H.-w. with a rounded sepia

black submarginal spot in 6, and a small similar spot in le opposite

origin of nervule 2.

There is a certain amount of variability in more or less

typical forms of this species, especially in the extent of the

f.-w. apical blackening. The costal black varies in width

and is sometimes rather sharply cut off opposite cell end.

It can be distinguished from other species except tera by

its cream-white ground-colour, and tera has a spot in h.-w.

cell beneath. Strand has described and named several

variations. Whether they all really belong to the present

species it would be impossible to say without examination,

but as the descriptions are published I give a short account

of them here.

lireaea ab. alenica.

F.-w. apical black 3 mm. wide at apex and reaches beyond

nervule 2.

lircaea ab. alenicola.

F.-w. apical black 4 mm. broad at apex but does not reach 2, its

inner edge somewhat dentate. Beneath, apex and margin suffused

with greyish. H.-w. beneath with two black quadrate spots near

anal angle. In female the f.-w. black reaches inner margin, and

in h.-w. underside there is in all areas an obsolescent black sub-

marginal spot. In cell a minute black dot.

I think it extremely improbable that this is a form of

lircaea at all. It is probably a variety of ewrema.

lireaea ab. benitonis.

Apical band as in alenicola. The black marginal band in basal

half of costal area is slightly broader and square cut at end. Under-

side of h.-w. with six distinct black submarginal spots.

260 Dr. H. Eltringham on the

lircaea ab. makomensis.

Apical band 3-5 mm. broad and extending backwards to 2.

H.-w. with black marginal band of -5 mm. but increased to 1 mm.

at apex, and similar on both sides, below with dark grey spots in

Ic, 2,4, and 5. Black marginal band in basal half of f.-w. costa not

square cut at end.

lircaea ab. simekoa.

Resembles Kirby and Smith’s figure of lircaea female, but marginal

band not quite so broad, and more pointed posteriorly. The black

quadrate costal spot merely indicated. Underside differs con-

siderably from the figure alluded to, in that the apical and marginal

border, though nearly as broad as above, is only a little darkened,

without distinct apical spots, whilst in h.-w. submarginal spots are

present in le to 5, in addition to the usual large black spot in 6.

lireaea ab. bibundica.

Both sides pure white. Apical band at apex 3-5 mm. broad,

ending in a line shortly beyond 2. On underside this band shows

through somewhat. A small black spot at apex, and the costal

spot projects sharply. The costa between this and base merely

lined with black. H.-w. below with only the two usual black

spots.

This form is probably a variety of lagyra.

lircaea f. hermansi.

Ground-colour cream white. .-w. costa rather narrowly black,

usually suddenly narrowing to a line opposite anterior angle of cell,

and then widening into a dark apical border, 4-6 mm. wide, which,

gradually diminishing in width, extends round margin to the hind

angle. H.-w. with a marginal black border 2-3 mm. wide, invaded

by the ground-colour at nervule ends so that it has a dentate or

subtriangular appearance in the internervular spaces.

Underside. F.-w. as above but dark markings paler, and a well-

marked black subquadrate spot on costa opposite end of cell. H.-w.

as above but with a large rounded spot in 6, and a spot in le opposite

origin of nervule 2.

lircaea f. spuma.

Resembles f. hermansi, but has a submarginal row of spots on

underside of h.-w.

Species of the Genus Larinopoda. 261

In the Tring Museum there is a remarkable form of

hermansi labelled ‘‘ Tambura, 8. Bahr el Ghazal,” in which

the dark borders, though greyer, are much extended. That

of the costa reaches to the subcostal, and the apical darken-

ing, though barely reaching the hind angle, is 8 mm. wide at

apex. The h.-w. hind-marginal border is 3 mm. wide, and

above shows little indentation. Beneath, the h.-w. shows

no trace of submarginal spots, and the usual rounded spot

in 6 is merged in the dark border. This is the only example

I have seen from this locality, and curiously enough there

is also one example of lircaea lircaea bearing the same

label, and it is quite typical, though if anything with rather

less black at f.-w. apex. It would be interesting to have

more specimens from this locality. The armature of the

hermansi form is the same as in the other examples. The

lircaea form is a female. When Druce described his

Larinopoda spuma he added that it might be a form of

lircaea, though he does not give any reason for the sugges-

tion. I have not found in collections any examples of

lircaea from localities agreeing with those of spuwma and

hermanst except the two specimens from Bahr el Ghazal

above mentioned. The armatures of lircaea and hermansi

are not distinguishable from each other or from that of

spuma, though easily recognised as different from those of

the other described species, and I am satisfied that these

three forms are specifically identical.

lircaea f. innocentia.

Described as resembling Strand’s makomensis, but differing from

all other forms of lircaea in the smallness of f.-w. costal spot and the

spots in h.-w. Ic and 6. All other markings absent.

LARINOPODA EUREMA. Pl. X, fig. 10; Pl. XI, fig. 5.

Plétz, Stett. Ent. Zeit., 41, p. 199 (1880); Smith and

Kirby, Rhop. Exot., 11, p. 38, pl. 9, ff. 7, 8 (1890); Auriv.,

Rhop. Aeth., p. 273 (1898); in Seitz, Macrolep., p. 329,

pl. 63 f. (1914-18).

6 = varipes. Kirby, Ann. Nat. Hist., (5), 19, p. 363

(1887); Smith and Kirby, Rhop. Exot., 2, pl. 2, ff. 5,

6 (1887).

= libussa. Staud., Exot. Schmett., 1, p. 268 (1888).

Arrica, W. Coast. §. Lronr to Frencu Congo.

262 Dr. H. Eltringham on the

Typical examples may be thus described :—

Exp. about 40 mm. 3 chalky white. F.-w. with costa rather

broadly blackened, slightly wider at cell end, then narrower, and

again widening out into apical black which is about 6 mm. wide

at apex, and continues in a gradually narrowing hind-marginal

border to hind angle.

H.-w. with a marginal black line and within this a dusting of

sepia black scales, slight at apex but considerably extended at ends

of areas 3 and 2. Black spots of underside showing through rather

conspicuously.

Underside. F.-w. as above but dark markings paler. <A costal

spot above end of cell at which costal black abruptly terminates.

H.-w. with margin as above. In 6 a sub-marginal rounded dark

spot and often a minute one above it in 7. A small rounded spot

in le opposite origin of nervule 2, and a larger conspicuous black

spot in cell, and sometimes a second minute one above it. @ like

the g but with only a dark marginal line on h.-w., and reduced

dusting of dark scales beneath.

The amount of sepia black scaling in this species varies

in both sexes, and minute additional spots sometimes occur

on the underside. A male example from Kumassi has nearly

as much dark marginal border as aspidos, and on the

underside there is a second small dark spot beneath that

in h.-w. 6.

In some females the dark scaling is reduced to a mere

greyish suffusion, but in all the 44 examples before me the

spot in h.-w. cell beneath is constant, and this serves to

distinguish it from other species except tera, from which

it can be separated by the pure chalky whiteness of the

underside.

The species is very closely allied to aspidos, and there is

but little difference between the male armatures.

LaRINOpODA AspPrpos. PI. X, figs. 7, 8; Pl. XI, fig. 4.

H. H. Druce, Ann. Nat. Hist., (6), 5, p: 25 (1890);

Karsch, Berl. Ent. Zeit., 38, p. 215 (1893); Auriv., Rhop.

Aeth., p. 273 (1898); in Seitz, Macrolep., p. 329 (1914-18).

Togotanp. NicERIA (Lagos, Benin).

f. latamarginata.

Gr. Smith, Novit. Zool., 5, p. 354 (1898); Auriv., Rhop.

Species of the Genus Larinopoda. 263

Aeth, p. 273 (1898); in Seitz, Macrolep., p. 329, pl. 63 f.

(1914-18).

Nigeria (Warri, Lagos).

i brenda. (Pls X* fio, 9% Pl. XT, fig. 2:

H. H. Druce, Ann. Nat. Hist., (7), 11, p. 69 (1903);

Auriv., in Seitz, Macrolep., p. 329 (1914-18).

With type form.

Exp. about 40 mm. 3 chalky white. F.-w. with sepia black on

costa extending rather beyond end of cell, where the dark colour

widens into a black subapical and marginal- border 5-8 mm. wide

at apex, gradually narrowing to hind angle, where it is 2-3 mm.

wide. H.-w. with a dark border of fairly even width (about 2-3 mm.)

extending from apex to anal angle.

Underside with sepia black markings as on upperside. F.-w.

with a black dentate mark about middle of costa and h.-w. with

a round black spot opposite origin of nervule 2, and a larger sub-

marginal spot in 6, often merged into the black border.

with a blackened f.-w. apex, and little or no black beneath except

the f.-w. costal spot and the two spots on h.-w.

f. brenda.

In this form, the type of which is a male, the upperside has the

appearance of the female of the typical form. Beneath, the f.-w.

has the costa rather broadly black as far as end of cell, where the

dark colour is somewhat abruptly terminated by the dentate costal

spot. Apex paler than on upperside. H.-w. with the usual spots

in lc and 6, but with a row of delicate submarginal marks in the

internervular spaces in Ic to 5, that in le doubled. Hind and

inner margins with a fine black line.

f. latimarginata.

Appears to differ from typical aspidos only in that the dark h.-w.

marginal border beneath is continued, though more narrowly,

along the inner margin. Probably Grose Smith had not seen

aspidos when he described this form as a species, but it is difficult

to understand why Prof. Aurivillius keeps it as a separate species

in Seitz’s work. It occurs commonly in long series of the type form

from Lagos.

The Hope Department possesses long series of aspidos

taken near Lagos by Mr. Lamborn. Several pairs were

taken in coitu, and the female is always much less black

264 Dr. H. Eltringham on the

than the male. There is, however, considerable variation,

and some females have the h.-w. underside much darkened

along the margin, especially at anal angle, and where this

marginal darkening is obsolescent a submarginal series of

spots remains. Some females have also a darkened h.-w.

margin on upperside, but apparently never so complete a

border as in the male. There is variation from the typical

male to the brenda form, some males having a reduced

blackening on the h.-w. margin. The brenda form seems

really to be a male with the pattern of the female, the

black h.-w. border being practically absent above and

reduced to submarginal spots beneath. Occasional female

ena are all white above with the f.-w. apices merely

greyish. The species and probably the whole genus would

appear to be very distasteful, as they are very easily caught,

and in fact can be picked up with the fingers.

LARINOPODA TERA. Pl. X, figs. 11, 12; Pl. XI, figs.

is ;

Hew., Ent. Mo. Mag., 10, p. 125 (1873); Auriv., Rhop.

Aeth., p. 273 (1898); Neave, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 43

(1910); Auriv., in Seitz. Macrolep., p. 329, pl. 63 £. (1914—

18).

= soyauati. Dew., Nov. Act. Acad. Nat. Cur., 41, 2, p. 201,

pl. 26, f. 10 (1879); Smith and Kirby, Rhop. Exot.,

15, p. 51 (1891); pl. 12, £9, 10, (as soxawan) (1891);

Auriv., Rhop. Aeth., p. 273 (1898).

CAMEROON to UGANDA.

Exp. 30 to 40 mm. Sexes not markedly different. Typical

examples are white or dusky white. F.-w. dusted with sepia on

costa and with a sepia brown apical patch some 6 mm. wide at costa

and gradually narrowing posteriorly, sometimes reaching hind angle

but generally ending in 2. H.-w. often brownish at inner angle

and the shaded markings of underside produce a faint pattern.

Beneath the f.-w. has a brown triangular mark on costa opposite

end of cell and the apex is shaded with pale brown. The h.-w. has

a spot in cell, sometimes two or three, and there may be a spot in

7 and Ic, and another on discocellulars. The discal and marginal

areas have pale brown undulating markings of a pattern too

inconstant to be usefully described.

The undulating shading of the h.-w. underside suffices

to distinguish this species. Western examples generally

Species of the Genus Larinopoda. 265

have the dusky markings most highly developed, and as we

proceed eastwards these are gradually reduced until

examples from the Toro Forest have a chalky white ground-

colour, a mere suffusion of brownish at f.-w. apex, and only

a trace of the h.-w. markings beneath. As an exception

there are examples from Sesse I., Uganda, as dark as

Western forms.

The claspers show a structure allied to that in aspidos,

but the upper edge is smoother and the spatulate processes

less expanded.

LARINOPODA LAGYRA. PI. X, figs. 4, 5,6; Pl. XI, figs.

Ten9:

Hew., Exot. Butt. (Pentila and Liptena) Pl. 1. f. 4 (1886) ;

Smith and Kirby, Rhop. Exot., 24, p. 93, pl. 21, f. 6 (1893) ;

Auriv., Ofvers, Vet. Akad. Forhandl., DD, Dp: 435 (1896) ;

Rhop. “Aeth. , p. 272 (1898); H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc.

Lond., p. 362 (1910); Auriv., in Seitz. Macrolep., p. 329

(1914-18).

== lara. Staud., Iris, 4, p. 218 (1891); Smith and Kirby,

Rhops Kxot.,.21) p.. 73, ple 18, f. 1, 22(1892).

= lwrcaea. Smith and Kirby, Rhop. Exot., 24, p. 99,

plik. tle 12.1893).

CAMEROON. Conco. Toro.

lagyra f. gyrala.

Suff. Iris, xvii, p. 49 (1904); Auriv., in Seitz, Macrolep.,

p. 329, pl. 63 f. (as gyrula) (1914-18).

With typical forms.

lagyra £. emalia.

Suff. J. c. p. 48 (1904); Auriv., J. c. p. 329 (1914-18).

With typical forms.

lagyra £. punctata.

Druce;, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 361 (1910); Autiv.,

I. c, (1914-18).

The name lagyra is at present applicable to forms of

Larinopoda described below, but it would appear that there

are in fact three species which are not distinguishable on

outward characters.

lagyra lagyra.

Exp. 30 to 50 mm. No constant difference in markings of sexes.

Ground-colour chalky white. F.-w. with sepia black scaling on

266 Dr. H. Eltringham on the

costa from base to about middle, where it may be suddenly narrowed

or may run over into apical black. The latter varies from about

10 to 3 mm. wide at apex, and may extend as a marginal border as

far as 2 or to hind angle. H.-w. chalky white, spots of underside

showing through from beneath.

Underside. F.-w. as above, but apical black paler. Every

gradation from this to a mere black marginal line and a blackish

spot at apex in 7. A subtriangular costal spot opposite end of cell.

H.-w. chalky white with a rounded dark spot in 6, sometimes a

smaller one in 5, or in 5 and 7. A small spot in le opposite origin

of nervule 2. Sometimes a double spot at anal angle.

The lagyra forms are distinguished from eurema by the

absence of a spot in h.-w. cell beneath, and from aspidos

female by the fact that the latter nearly always has at least

a dusting of brownish scales near anal angle of h.-w.

beneath. This character is not, however, quite constant

and there are females of aspidos that cannot with certainty

be distinguished from lagyra.

Suffert’s name gyrala is applicable to forms in which

the f.-w. costal black is rather broad and runs over into

the apical black, whilst there are small spots on h.-w.

underside in 5 and 7. The same author’s emilia is even

less distinctive, merely having the f.-w. apical black

rather broader than in the type. Druce’s punctata has a

submarginal row of spots on the h.-w. underside.

The forms referable to lagyra present considerable

difficulties from a taxonomic point of view. If we deal

with them on the structure of the male armature, then we

must conclude that there are at least three species, one of

them very distinct. On Plate XI are drawings of the

armatures of these three forms. Fig. 9 represents the

claspers of a specimen from the Ja River district in

S. Cameroon. The claspers are bifid, thus differing from

those of other species of the genus. Fig. 8 is taken from

an example from the Upper Kassai district. Here the

claspers are still bifid, but the lower fork is much longer

than the upper. Fig. 7 is from a specimen taken at Port

Victoria, Cameroon, and differs entirely from 9 and 8

and from all other preparations examined. Nearly 60

specimens of the lagyra form are before me, and careful

comparison shows that whilst they vary in the extent of

the f.-w. black, and in the spotting of the h.-w. underside,

there are no constant pattern characteristics correlated

Species of the Genus Larinopoda. 267

to the three forms of genitalia described that would enable

us to separate them into three species. There are examples

from Gaboon, Ituri Forest, and Toro, but unfortunately

most of them are females. One male Toro specimen has

claspers like 8, and an example from Buamba Forest,

Semliki Valley, is somewhat intermediate between 8 and

9, though closer to 8.

In the genus Neptis we have N. swynnertoni and N. neavei

from Mt. Chirinda and Mt. Mlanje respectively, presenting

differences in the claspers without constant differences in

the external characters, but here there is comparative

isolation by separate elevated positions.

Judging from a modelled map of Africa there would seem

to be no insuperable physical barrier to account for an

asyngamic isolation of the Ja River and Port Victoria -

specimens, and yet the difference between these two is very

marked. In the absence of sufficient material from inter-

mediate localities, if indeed the butterfly occurs in such

districts, we can do little more than record the fact that

the name lagyra at present applies to a series of forms

so far outwardly indistinguishable, but including at least

three probably asyngamic communities.

_With the exception of the forms of lagyra the species of

Larinopoda seem well defined and the armatures distinctive

and constant. An incident in the present investigation

supports this view. Amongst the material of lagyra I

found a single example from Sierra Leone. On making a

preparation of the armature I was surprised to find that

the structure was the same as in ewrema, the species which

is distinguished by having a black spot in the h.-w. cell

beneath. There appeared to be no trace of this spot till I

made a microscopical examination, when I found, where the

spot should be, a few grey-black scales. The specimen is,

in fact, an example of ewrema with the spot almost obsolete.

268 Explanation of Plates.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE X.

Kia. 1. Larinopoda lircea lircea Butl. 3, N. Cameroon (Coll.

Joicey).

De lircea 9, near hermansi Auriv. (intermediate between

hermansi and lircea), Ja River, Bitje, Cameroon

(Coll. Joicey).

Shes lircea f. spuma Druce 3, Ja River (Mus. Tring).

AS lagyra Hew. 9, Upper Kassai River (Oxford).

By ieaae » , Ja River (Tring).

6. ” ” , ” ” ”

(This example is figured to show that the shape and extent of

the f.-w. apical black is not constantly different in Ja River

and Kassai River examples.)

7. Larinopoda aspidos Druce 3, Oni, Nigeria (Oxford).

8. : 55 Bie by Sm eA 3 “5

9. a a f. brenda Druce g, Oni, Nigeria (Oxford).

10. s eurema Plotz. 4, 8S. Leone (Tring).

11. 5 tera 9, Ogowe (London).

12: 3 » o; Toro Forest (London).

(Examples from the last locality are whiter, generally ianeen

and have less shading in h.-w. beneath.)

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XI.

Male Armatures.

Fig. 1. Larinopoda tera (claspers).

Z bs aspidos f. brenda.

3 33 tera (girdle).

4 Es aspidos aspidos,

5. rr eurema.

6. a lircea lircea.

We 3 lagyra (Port Victoria).

8. 3 », (Upper Kassai River).

9. 5 » (Ja River, Cameroon).

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1922. Plate XI.

H. Eltringham del.

GENITALIA OF LARINOPODA

a a

( 269 )

XII. A new case of Transformative Deceptive Resemblance

in Long-horned Grasshoppers. By B. P. Uvaroy, FES.

[Read June 7th, 1922

SERVILLE described (1838, p. 409) under the name of

Leptoderes ornatipennis a leaf-like long-horned grasshopper

from Java, characterised by a very peculiarly elongated

pronotum. The same insect—at least, the same genus,

if not species—has been redescribed and figured under the

same name by Charpentier (1841, pl. 12), as well as by

Brunner v. Wattenwyl (1878, p. 143, fig. 35), while Saussure

described it again (1898, pp. 228-229, pl. 9, fig. 9) from

Borneo and named it Hwparthenes gratiosa, though a little

later (l. c., p. 806) he sank the latter name as a synonym

of Leptoderes ornatipennis Serv., on Brunner’s authority.

One more species of the same genus, L. flavipennis, has

been described by Brunner from Ceylon (1891, p. 70).

The genus Leptoderes (or Leptodera, as Brunner incor-

rectly called it, Leptoderes being the first name under which

it is mentioned by Serville) has been included by Brunner

in the special group, Leptoderae, of Phaneropteridae, which

comprises, according to him, only one genus more, T'ro-

chalodera (with a single species, 7. violascens Br. Watt., in

it), the latter having been known to him by a larva only.

The description and figure of Trochalodera, given by Brunner

(1878, p. 143, fig. 36) reminds one strongly of the insect

described and figured long before by Westwood (1840,

pp. 419-420, pl. 28, figs. 7, 7a, 7b, 7c, 7d), under the name

of Condylodera tricondyloides, from Java, which is also,

evidently, a larva, and Dohrn (1892) did not hesitate to

synonymise Brunner’s species with that of Westwood,

while he expressed the opinion that it was a mature insect.

Having recently received two specimens of Condylodera,

taken one in Java and another in Borneo by Mr. G. E.

Bryant who kindly gave them to me to work out, I resolved

to try and find out the interrelations of all the above

given genera and species. This work has been made

possible only by the most obliging assistance of Prof. E. B.

Poulton, who at my request brought me from the Oxford

Museum the actual type of Westwood’s insect together

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1922.—PARTS I, II. (JULY)

270 Mr. B. P. Uvarov on a new case of Transformative

with two more specimens, and of Prof. R. Ebner who sent

me, on behalf of the Wiener Staatsmuseum, the types of

the insects described by Brunner, as well as some addi-

tional specimens of the same, and my best thanks are due

to them both.

The first result I have arrived at, 1s, that both Condy-

lodera and Trochalodera are undoubtedly larvae, with the

wings and elytra developed and placed quite normally for

larvae of corresponding stages of any Tettigoniid, and the

statement of Brunner (1878, p. 144), that Trochalodera has

the elytra not covered by the hind-wings, is due simply

to a misplacement of the elytra in his type, while two other

specimens, also from Brunner’s collection, show a normal

position of elytra under the hind-wings.

At the same time, it is evident that the type of Condy-

lodera is a larva of an earlier stage than T'rochalodera,

judging by the development of elytra and wings, which

gives us an idea in what direction the peculiarly shaped

pronotum of Condylodera changes during the next larval

stages: this direction leads undoubtedly to the more

flattened pronotum of Leploderes, while all other characters,

and especially the shape of the head and eyes, are in

Trochalodera and Leptoderes quite identical. These con-

siderations enable me to state, without hesitation, that

Leptoderes is only the imago of the same insect, of which

Condylodera and Trochalodera represent two different

larval stages.

The material before me now enables me to describe,

briefly, the whole course of transformation which this

wonderful insect undergoes during its individual life.

The larva of the first stage is represented by a specimen

from Brunner’s collection (No. 18,498, “‘ Tengger-Geb.,

Java’); its pronotum is already unusually elongated,

but regularly cylindrical, slightly narrowed anteriorly ;

the coloration is metallic dark-blue, except the reddish

legs with the tibiae brownish and the whole surface of the

body, pronotum and head is perfectly smooth. In this

stage the insect resembles somewhat a Cicindelid beetle

of the genus Collyris, as has been pointed out by Shelford

(1902, p. 234), but this resemblance is much more pronounced

in the larva of the next stage.

The larva of the second stage is in the Oxford Museum

(Java), and it is the same specimen which was put by

Duponchel in his collection of Cicindelidae under the name

Deceptive Resemblance in Long-horned Grasshoppers. 271

of Tricondyla rufipes Dup. (a MS. name). In this stage the

pronotum is already feebly twice constricted, which makes

it very like a Collyris; the coloration is the same as the

first stage, and the surface still smooth.

Of the next (?) stage I have before me a larva taken

by Mr. Bryant (Depok, Java, 18 iv. 1909; now in the

British Museum) together with Collyris tuberculata Mcl.,

and mistaken by him at the time of the capture for that

beetle. It has the pronotum with the two constrictions

very well pronounced, which gives it a really strong resem-

blance to Collyris, which is still heightened by its pro-

notum being distinctly punctured in the middle and in the

hind portion; on the mesopleurae and the metapleurae

are small lobes that represent the developing wings and

elytra.

The type of Westwood’s Condylodera is a larva of the

next stage. Its pronotum undergoes further development

resulting in so complete a likeness to another Cicindelid

beetle, Tricondyla cyanea De}., that Westwood incorporated

it in his collection of Cicindelidae (J. c., p. 419). This resem-

blance is produced by the whole surface of the pronotum

being coarsely punctured throughout, while its middle

swelling becomes somewhat less globose, and the hind

portion slightly flattened. The rudiments of wings and

elytra are already well developed and occupy a dorsal

position, as may be seen in Westwood’s figure, which is

fairly accurate, save two lateral spots on the pronotum

which cannot be seen in the type.

Three larvae from Brunner’s collection (No. 7398, Java,

type of T'rochalodera violascens; Nos. 20;547 and 23,947,

Malang, Java) belong unquestionably to the next (fifth 2)

stage. In this stage the likeness to Tricondyla almost dis-

appears because the pronotum undergoes further changes :

its hind portion is decidedly flattened; the two constric-

tions and the middle swelling included between them are

very feebly expressed; there appears at the base of the

hind third an obtusangulate transverse sulcus, as well as

a faint suggestion of the median longitudinal line; the

surface of the pronotum and of the head is strongly and

densely punctured; rudiments of wings and elytra are

reaching the middle of the abdomen. The coloration is

also not quite like that of a T'ricondyla, being violaceous-

~brown, and varying towards brown in other larvae; the

coloration of the legs remains the same as it was in previous

272 Mr. B. P. Uvarov on a new case of Transformative

stages. This stage is figured by both Brunner (1878,

fig. 36) and Dohrn (1892, fig. on p. 65), though the latter

figure is very unsatisfactory.

It is difficult to say whether the described stage is actually

the last larval one, but it is very likely that it is so, judging

by the dimensions of the head and the length of the

pronotum.

The adult form (Charpentier, 1841, pl. 12; Brunner,

1878, fig. 35; Saussure, 1898, pl. 9, fig. 9) differs from the

last described larval stage, apart from the presence of the

fully developed wings and elytra which are very broad and

leaf-like, by the pronotum being completely flattened on

the upperside, without any constrictions or swelling,

though still slightly thickened anteriorly and posteriorly,

densely punctured throughout, with the angulate trans-

verse sulcus somewhat more distinct; it is quite clear from

the comparison of the last larva ‘and adult that they

represent the same insect.

This latter conclusion is still more strengthened by the

study of a larva of the Ceylon species (Kandy, Ceylon;

Brit. Museum) which belongs to the last stage and in

which the pronotum has only very faint indication of con-

strictions and is practically identical in shape with that

of the adult, the more so, that in this species the pronotum

of the adult is not so strongly flattened as in the Javan one.

This wonderful case of one insect mimicking in different

stages of its postembryonic development two other different

insects (Collyris and Tricondyla) and ultimately assuming

the shape and coloration of a leaf, might seem unbelievable,

if there were not another definitely proved example of the

same phenomenon in the case of the African Tettigoniid

Hurycorypha, which is also leaf-like in the adult stage and

an excellent ant-mimic, described under different generic

name Myrmecophana, in the two first larval stages, while

intermediate stages are also of a transitional character

(Vosseler, 1908). ‘Vosseler (i. ¢.) proposed for the latter case

the term “‘ Transformative Mimicry,” and I think that it

may be very conveniently adopted also for the case of

Condylodera-Trochalodera-Leptoderes, which is still more

striking than that of Myrmecophana-Eurycorypha; it

would be, however, more correct to use the term ‘ De-

ceptive Resemblance ” instead of ‘‘ Mimicry,”’ which does

not cover the phenomenon of leaf-resemblance of the.

adult.

Ed vf

Deceptive Resemblance in Long-horned Grasshoppers. 273

This case*gives also an exceptionally strong support to

the whole theory of deceptive resemblance based on

natural selection. In fact, it is not the likeness itself

between Condylodera and Tricondyla which is most striking,

because it might be regarded as accidental, but the fact

that a metallic coloration of larvae is unknown amongst

Tettigoniidae and is quite exceptional. Moreover, I have

before me a larva of evidently another species of Leptoderes

taken by Mr. G. E. Bryant at Quop, W. Sarawak, Borneo,

together with Tricondyla cyanipes Esch. subsp. cavifrons

Sch., which is black, with the prothorax red, and the larva

of Leptoderes has exactly the same coloration.

Further, the larva of the Ceylon L. flavipennis (though

in the last stage, which is not a good mimic of T’ricondyla)

differs from the Javan larvae, as has been pointed out

above, by the almost not constricted pronotum, and by

the brownish-black, slightly metallic shining, coloration,

and these characters give it an appearance of the common

Ceylon Cicindelid—Tricondyla granulifera Motsch., which

has the same coloration and the pronotum not swollen in

the middle. It is hardly possible, even for an unbeliever

in mimicry, to explain these three cases by a mere

coincidence !

As regards the classification and synonymy of species of

Leptoderes, the material at my disposal is too scanty to

permit of sufficiently definite conclusions. All I can say

is that the Ceylon species, L. flavipennis Br. Watt., is

distinct from the adult specimens from Borneo and Java,

but I hesitate to identify all the latter as the same insect,

especially as there are only two females from Borneo and

two males from Java, which makes the comparison im-

possible. The described differences in larvae, however,

indicate that there are two distinct species of Leptoderes

in Java and in Borneo, which does not exclude the possi-

bility that they are not confined each to one island only,

as I have before me a larva from Borneo (Kuching, 12

xi. 1899, R. Shelford; Oxford Museum) in which the

type of coloration is not the same as in the above described

Bornean larva, but the same as in the Javanese one, with

the only difference that its entire body is black and only

the pronotum shows a faint bluish colour; it may be

either a colour variety of the L. tricondyloides, or a distinct

species, which it seems to me more likely to be.

The purpose of this paper is nothing more than to draw

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1922.—PARTS I, 0. (JULY) T

274 Mr. B. P. Uvarov on Deceptive Resemblance.

once more the attention of entomologists eollecting in

Indo-Malaya, and especially those residing there, to this

quite extraordinary case, in the hope that some of them

will be able to study the whole problem more closely and

to collect more extensive information than that presented

above.

List OF THE LITERATURE CITED.

1838. SeERVILLE, A. Histoire naturelle des _ Insectes.

Orthoptéres.

1840. Westwoop, J. O. Illustrations of the Relationships

existing amongst Natural Objects, usually termed

Affinity and Analogy, selected from the Class of

Insects.—Trans. Lin. Soc. London, xvii, pt. 3, pp.

409-421, pl. xxviii.

1841. CHARPENTIER, T. DE. Orthoptera descripta et

depicta.

1878. BRUNNER von WatTTENWYL, C. Monographie der

Phaneropteriden.

1891. BRUNNER von WatTENWYL, C. Additamenta zur

Monographie der Phaneropteriden.—Verh. zool.-bot.

Ges. Wien, xli, pp. 1-196.

1892. Dourn, H. Neue und ungeniigend bekannte Phan-

eropteriden aus dem malayischen Faunengebiete.—

Stett. Entom. Ztg., lin, pp. 63-74.

1898. SaussuRE, H. per. Analecta entomologica. I.

Orthopterologica. —Rev. Suisse Zool., V, pp. 183-248,

787-809, pl. 9.

1902. SHELFORD, R. Observations on some Mimetic Insects

and Spiders from Borneo and Singapore.—Proc. Zool.

Soc. London, pp. 230-284, pl. xix—xxiil.

1908. VossELER, J. Die Gattung Myrmecophana Brunner.

Eine hypertelische und Ameisen-Nachahmung.—

Zoolog. Jahrb., Abt. Syst., 27, pp. 157-210, pl. i.

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Palin Pye A ee

XU. A Monograph of the genus Catochrysops Boisduval

(Auctorum). By G. T. Brruune-Baxer, F.L.S.,

E.ZS.

Pirates XII—XXXII.

[Read May 5th, 1922.]

Tue genus Catochrysops was vaised by Boisduval in the

“ Voyage Astrolabe,” p. 87, 1832, and in it he placed three

species, cyta, strabo and centaurus—three heterogeneous

species, and in more recent years a large number of

others, chiefly African, have found a_ resting-place

therein.

In 1875 Seudder, in his “ Historical Sketch of the Generic

Names of Butterflies,” selected for the type of the genus

strabo (p. 136), but until this time it appears to have been

quite overlooked; after this Moore used it in his ‘‘ Butter-

flies of Ceylon,” and Distant in his “ Rhop. Malay.” Then

came de Nicéville in his work on the Indian Lycaenidae,

in which he carefully diagnosed it and catalogued the

species of his area. After this Aurivillius, in his ** Rhopa-

locera Aethiopica,” refers to it as a synonym of his

huge genus Cupido, and he places all its species and

others in his fifteenth section—a very heterogeneous

assembly indeed. It has been in general use since that

time.

I wish I was able to follow the distinguished Swedish

author in his usage of the genus Cupido, but, when he says

it is the oldest genus, I am quite unable to follow him, and

in addition he has apparently overlooked the fact that as

long ago as 1870 Kirby had fixed the type of Cupido as

“alsus” (minima). It would also appear from his

(Aurivillius’) remarks on the Lycaenine genera that

structural characters do not carry much weight with him,

because many of the genera he sinks are based on very

definite structural differences.

If I review de Nicéville’s use of the genus it will serve,

I think, for all the Eastern species, whilst a review of

Aurivillius’ use will in like manner serve for the African

species.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1922.—ParTs II, Iv. (FEB. 23) U

276 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker’s

De Nicéville uses the genus for species that possess three

quite distinct types of prehensores—viz. C. strabo Fab.,

and lithargyria Moore; C. cnejus Fab., with its forms

hapalina Butler, theseus Swinhoe, and pandava Horsfield ;

and C. ella Butler and C. contracta Butler. These may be

races of each other, but they belong to a totally different

group; they are essentially Lycaenid in their genitalia (by

‘“ Lycaenid ” I mean they belong to the group of which

Lycaena arion is the type). I am quite unable to judge

why so keen an observer as de Nicéville should consider

that they are forms of C. cnejus. Lastly, we have C. pan-

dava Horsfield and nicola Swinhoe—again with widely

differing genitalia which are essentially Plebeid in their

development. I shall consider these in detail elsewhere,

but I think that each of the latter two sections will require

a generic name; whilst of Catochrysops, as restricted above,

I have no doubt that Butler was correct when he gave

eneyus the new generic name of Huchrysops, and this

genus of the Asiatic group only can be included in this

memoir.

Turning now to Aurivillius we find that in his “ Rhopa-

locera Aethiopica ” he groups a vast assemblage of genera

and species under the omnibus genus Cupido, which he

divides off into sections, calling them first group, second

group, and so on. I can see a reason for using a single

name for a great genus, but if it is necessary to divide it

up into sections or groups I can see no reason for discarding

the names given to those groups, more particularly when

most of those names have been bestowed because of the

structural characters obtaining in the species dealt with.

The fifteenth group contains all the African species of

Catochrysops with which Aurivillius was acquainted, but

he also includes in the same section twenty-two other

species belonging to quite different genera.

I have found one well-marked character in the genitalia

that obtains in all the species I have dealt with, but does

not obtain in any of the twenty-one species included by

Aurivillius in the section, viz. the junction in a most

definite way of the furea and the anellus through which

the aedoeagus invariably passes and in which it rests;

whilst in addition to this character the whole form

and structure of the genitalia differ considerably from

them.

The following is a list of the species which I exclude.

Monograph of the genus Catochrysops Boisduval. 277

Cupido eleusis Demaison. \ Cupido cissus Godart. \

» contractus Butler. | », vobaies Hopfier. |

» lows Butler. - » micyclus Cramer. |

» sancte Thomae K. M. | » togara Plotz. J

Sharpe. ) ,, stellata Trimen.

» scintilla Mabille. ‘} ,, anaiossa Mabille.

5 sanguiguta Mabille. J » gaka Trimen.

» messapus Godart. », lysimon Hiibner.

» mahallakoena Wal- » mylica Guenée.

lengren. ,, lucida Trimen.

», hippocrates Fabricius. » atrigemmata Butler.

» trochilus Preyer. » Uunigemmata Butler.

I have bracketed those that are closely allied. The

first four, eleuszs, conivactus, lois, and sancii Thomae,

belong to an Oriental group of species that have hitherto

been placed in Catochrysops by most recent authors; but

the type of Catochrysops being strabo, it is not possible to

retain them in that genus, because they have genitalia

closely allied to the genus Lycaena, and are therefore

Plebeinae, whilst Catochrysops belongs to the Lampidinae.

Scintilla should also be included among the Lampidinae,

and sanguigulta ; but whilst the pattern of the latter is

closely allied to scintilla, the genitalia are quite different

and are similar to the next group, and thus it links up the

two secticns.

The third group, messapus, mahallakoena and hippo-

crates, form a group of their own with several more recently

described species, and have the furca quite free, that is,

a simple bifurcate organ arising from the harpagines near

the base, but with the tegumen very specialised, and I

think they should be included in the Lampidinae. Trochilus

is a Chilades somewhat allied to the Palaearctic galba and

phiala and the Indian laius.

Cissus and iobates should, I think, be also placed in the

Lampidinae, though the genitalia are somewhat specialised.

Micyclus and togara are allied to the large world-wide

Lycaenopsis section, but it is weil to state that they are

two separate species. Aurivilhus considers them (“ Rhop.

Aethiop.,” p. 377) as the same, but I came to the conclu-

sion after examining a number of each that they must

be distinct, and I therefore dissected out the genitalia and

found they were quite different (see Plate XXV, figs.

64 and 65).

278 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker’s

Anatossa, gaika, lysimon, mylica, lucida, atrigemmata

and unigemmata ali belong to the Zizeeria group, and have

been most ably and effectively dealt with in the Trans-

actions of the Entomological Society of London, 1910,

p. 479, by my esteemed and much-missed friend, the late

Dr. Chapman.

I figure (Plate XXV, fig. 63) the genitalia of Catochrysops

strabo to enable my readers to see the very marked differ-

ence in the whole formation of these organs, and I would

draw attention to the simple furca of this genus compared

with the much more extensive organ obtaiming in Neo-

chrysops and its allies. Lycaenopsis (?%) micyclus and

togara I also figure, to show that these are quite evidently

distinct species (Plate XXV, figs. 64 and 65).

As is usual with this family, we have some range of

colour differences, blues of various shades toning down

almost into white. Browns in both sexes are not uncom-

mon; whilst there is one species, cupreus Neave, which is

a very beautiful and unusual coppery brown with a fine

biue female. Sexual dimorphism is very rare in the group ;

in malathana, in cupreus, in victoriae we find brown or

brownish males with blue females, the same also occurs

in neavei, but these with one or two more are quite

exceptional, the general characteristic being that both sexes

are more or less the same colour, though the area of blue

is less in the female than it is in the male; and we have

no case at all in which the males are blue and the females

brown, a dimorphism that is very common in, the palae-

arctic region and elsewhere. There are, however, several

species in which both sexes are brown.

The androconia or battledore scales are interesting;

for species ranging so large in size as these do they are

very small indeed, there being only one species with these:

scales of any considerable dimension; they are of great

assistance in separating closely allied species. I showed

some years ago (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1913, p. clix)

that androconia were not confined to species with blue

coloration, but that they also obtained in some quite -

brown ones; this is confirmed by this genus, for all the

brown males with two or three exceptions have well-

marked androconia (battledore scales), whilst there is one

blue one that has none of them. These scales, however,

sometimes differ in development, and I have figured several

abnormal examples to show this process (Plate XXXII).

Eni fs

Monograph of the genus Catochrysops Boisduval. 279

The eyes of the majority of the group are hairy, but

there is a small number that have glabrous eyes, several

of these, however, have the clasps of quite a different

shape, and they will probably form new genera; the furca

and anellus are, however, of the specialised structure

already referred to, thus showing that they beleng to this

group im sensu stricto.

The distribution of the group is very limited; the great

majority are confined to the Aethiopian region, and many

appear to have a very restricted range therein. None

whatever obtain in both the Oriental and Aethiopian

regions, though if the pattern alone were considered there

would be little doubt that #. cnejus and E. osiris would

be placed as Indian and African forms of the same species ;

the genitalia are, however, very different, the androconia

likewise differ, thus proving the distinctness of the two.

There are two species common to Africa and Madagascar,

and there is one species peculiar to Madagascar, whilst

there are sixty species peculiar to the African con-

tinent itself. In the Oriental Region I only recognise

two or three species, viz. cnejus with probably the Bali

Island race suffusus Rothschild; whilst luzonicus Rober

may possibly be another species, though from the genitalia

(see Plate XXIII, fig. 50a) I rather doubt even this.

Scudder fixed the type of the genus Catochrysops as

strabo, an oriental species and quite different generically to

all the other species hitherto included in Boisduval’s genus ;

it becomes necessary therefore to erect a new one to con-

tain the large assemblage of African species, and I propose

the name Neochrysops for this purpose.

NEOCHRYSOPS gen. nov.

Head smallish, eyes small, hairy; frons rather broad, central area

filled with loose scales and hairs, margins having closely appressed

scales; antenna with long tapering clubs to beyond the centre of

the costa. Palpi of mederate length, basal segment short, second

segment long, end segment shortish; the two former covered with

closely appressed scales giving a very smooth appearance. Legs,

mid and hind pair, with a pair of short spines on tibiae at tarsal

joint.

Wings. Primaries moderately broad, not long, with straightish

costa, hind margin arched; secondaries, not very ample, evenly

curved from the apex. Neuration. Primaries: vein 2 emitted

280 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker’s

at two-thirds from the base, 3 from before the angle, 5 from about

the centre of the discocellulars, which are rather prominently

V-shaped only in a horizontal position, 7 from behind the upper

angle, 8 from 7 from rather beyond its centre, 9 absent, 10 from

midway between if and the upper angle, 11 from about the middle

of the cell, 12 not reaching to the end of the cell and fairly straight.

Secondaries: vein 2 from beyond the middle of the cell, 3 from

before the lower angle, 5 from about the middle of the Y-shaped

discocellulars, 7 from the cell before the upper angle, 8 highly arched

towards the costa.

Type Neochrysops parsimon Fabricius.

Fabricius’s insect 1s the earliest described species of the

group, and it is essentially typical of the majority of the

African species; I have therefore selected it as the type in

honour of this laborious and voluminous Danish naturalist.

Neochrysops niobe Trimen. Plates XII, fig. 1; XV, fig. 2,

and X XVI, fig. 2.

Lycaena niobe Trimen, Trans. Ent. Soe. Lond., p. 282

(1862); id. idem Rhop. Afr. Austr., p. 253 (in parie),

Pl. 4, fig. 10 (1866); id. idem 8. Afr. Butt., u, p. 36

(in parte) (1887).

Cupido mobe Aurivillius, p. 878 (in parte) (1898).

Catochrysops niobe Butler? ?, P.Z.S. Lond., p. 186 (1898).

3. Upperside, both wings dull cupreous violet with no markings,

no bar at end of cells, with broad brown termen. Underside, both

wings, dark brownish grey with black spots with pale edging, a

pale greyish white postmedian stripe beyond the postmedian series

of spots. Primaries with a spot closing the cell, the postmedian

series composed of six spots, the upper three forming a marked

short curve outwards, whilst the lower three are inverted and are

curved inwards, the third spot is slightly oval and oblique, and the

sixth spot below vein 2 is double; there is a very bare trace of a

submarginal and marginal series of slightly darker dashes. Second-

aries with all the spots reduced to points or dots, the four near the

base just traceable in the position usual to the genus, the post-

median series interrupted below the fourth spot, the last spot

(very small) on the inner margin distinct, practically no trace of

the marginal and submarginal dashes, a subanal small marginal

spot sometimes present.

2. Upperside, both wings, brown with the basal and median

areas violet. Underside as in the male.

xpanse, § 34-38; 9 39-42 mm,

Aileen.

Monograph of the genus Catochrysops Boisduval. 281

Hab. Knysna, CapE CoLony.

Types in the Joicey collection.

An exceedingly rare and local species at present only

recorded from Knysna.

Genitalia very broad and of moderate length, somewhat curved

above and below, at a third from the apex it is reduced and the tip

is folded over into a very broad rounded dentate lobe, knobbed on

its upper margin; the teeth are strong, but are smaller and more

numerous than in lacrimosa; furca broadish, highly curved, with

the anellus but slightly developed; aedoeagus longish tapering

gradually towards the tip; apex hooked with two large strong

teeth at a fifth from the end; cingulum broad, somewhat angled;

tegumen, a very narrow elevated ridge at. the extreme rear, with

the cheeks produced weil forwards, somewhat lobe-shaped, with

numerous longish, straight bristles; falces broad and strong, of

but moderate length.

Androconia slightly variable in size, pyriform, asymmetrical,

subconical distally; footstalk broad and long, asymmetrical proxi-

mally, usually with fourteen rows of reticulations very closely

appressed and irregular, being slightly twisted, and so close vertically

as to almost appear to be ribbed; in the larger sized androconia

there are two or three more reticulated rows.

Neochrysops lacrimosa, sp. n. Plates XII, fig. 2; XV.

fig. 3, and XXVI, fig. 3.

Lycaena niobe Trimen (in parte), Rhop. Afr. Austr., p. 253,

Pl. 4, fig. 10 (1866); id. idem S. Afr. Butt., 1, p. 36

(in parte) (1887).

Catochrysops niobe Butler, P.Z.S. Lond., p. 186 (1898).

Cupido niobe Aurivillius, p. 378 (i parte) (1898).

3g. Upperside, both wings dull violet colour, rather pale and

slightly iridescent, with narrow brown termen and without spots

at the end of the cells. Underside, both wings pale grey, with black

spots edged with white. Primaries with a sublunular dash closing

the cell; the postmedian curved series composed of six spots, the

third placed obliquely, the sixth minute; an indefinite row of sub-

marginal, internervular lunules preceded by a broadish, whitish

area, and a trace of a terminal row of similar half-moons. Second-

aries, all the spots very small, four minute dots near the base, three

below each other and one on the inner margin close to the base,

a fine dash closes the cell; the postmedian series consists of eight

spots, the first below vein 8, the second to the sixth arranged in a

282 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker’s

deep curve, almost a small semicircle, the seventh is shifted far

outwards and the eighth inwards; a broad whitish area follows,

and is edged externally by an indefinite row of internervular lunules,

which is succeeded by a terminal row of semicircular, barely trace-

able marks, a trace of a subanal black spot.

2. Upperside, both wings brown with the basal and the median

areas lustrous blue, with a trace of a spot closing the cells. Under-

side as in the male.

Expanse, 3: 33-38; 2 35-40 mm.

Hab. Neweastle, Natan (KAFFIRLAND, ZULULAND;

TRANSVAAL 2).

Types in my collection.

This species has hitherto been confused with N. niobe

Trimen, that author himself having considered it as merely

an aberration of his insect. The androconia are, however,

very different and quite prove its distinctness.

Neochrysops lacrimosa major var. nov.

6. Upperside, both wings solid violet blue, a full-toned colour,

without the iridescent hue noticeable in the smaller race. Under-

side, both wings similar to the parent form, but with the underside

paler and all the markings well accentuated. A very much larger

race than the other.

Expanse, ¢ 44 mm.

Hab. Newcastle, NaTAt.

Type in my collection.

Trimen refers to the variableness of the species, but does

not mention the difference in size, which with the marked

diversity in colour makes the local form quite worthy of

a name; the genitalia are quite typical.

Genitalia. Harpagines very broad indeed and mcderately long,

upper margin highly arched from the base to beyond the middle,

where it is somewhat excised to the apex, which ascends slightly

into a knobbed extremity; lower margin waved, with the terminal

half expanded into a large rounded dentate lobe whose saw-edged

teeth are large and strong; furca unusually well developed, with

the anellus having a well-curved front margin; aedoeagus of

moderate dimensions with two strong teeth near the extremity,

on the upper edge, the apex itself being expanded into a large

trumpet-mouthed orifice; cingulum broadish, angled forward above

the middle; tegumen a narrow, substantial ridge with rounded

Monograph of the gens Catochrysops Boisduval. 283

cheeks and strong broad falees shorter than usual. Harpagines

and cheeks well supplied with longish bristles.

Androconia conical, but with the distal half tapering rapidly to

an acute apex, stalk long and broadish, twelve rows of reticulations

placed rather close together both laterally and vertically.

Neochrysops ariadne Butler. Plates XV, fig. 4; XXVI,

fig. 4.

Catochrysops ariadne Butler, P.Z.S. Lond., p. 193, PI.

XX, figs. 3, 4 (1898).

Cupido ariadne Aurivillius, Rhop. Aethiop., p. 378 (1898).

3. Upperside, both wings violet blue, rather brighter than in

N. lacrimosa, with broadish brown termen—no mark at the end

of the cells. Underside, both wings brownish grey, very similar

in colour to N. niobe, with black spots encircled with white.

Primaries with a spot closing the cell, postmedian series composed

of five subpyriform spots, well arched and inclined inwards towards

the fold, a trace of a very small spot below the fifth, a series of six

white internervular spots, a row of marginal spots of ground-colour

edged internally with whitish lunules. Secondaries almost pre-

cisely as in N. niobe but all the pattern emphasised, with a black

subanal spot with blue metallic scales,

Q. Upperside, both wings brown with a very restricted dull

violet basal area. Secondaries with an indistinct postmedian row

of pale violet spots. Otherwise as in the niale.

Expanse, g and 9 42 mm.

Hab. NatTat.

Types in the British Museum.

yenitalia. Harpagines rather narrower than in niobe or lacri-

mosa, with the dentate flap having many more teeth of a decidedly

smaller size; the anellus and aedoeagus are very similar to lacrimosa,

the tegumen is decidedly larger, with more ample cheeks, which are

_angulated, not rounded; the faices large and broad, with the hooked

extremity much more pronounced.

Androconia, conical, acute and asymmetrical distally, with a

longish taper proximally into the attachment stalk; eleven rows of

‘reticulations irregular as in N. niobe, but placed further apart as

in N. lacrimosa.

Neochrysops tantalus Trimen. Plates XV, figs. 5, 5a;

XXVI, fig. 5.

Lycaena tantalus Trimen, 8S. Afr. Butt., 11, p. 38 (1887).

284 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker’s

Cupido tantalus Aurivillius, Rhop. Aethiop., p. 376 (1898).

Lycaena tantalus Trimen, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1906,

p. 74, Pl. V, figs. 10, 10a (1906).

3. Upperside, both wings dull soft violet with narrow brown

termen, and a brown dash closing the cell in the primaries only.

Underside, both wings pale whitish grey with darker spots and mark-

ings edged with white. Primaries with a blackish dash closing the

cell followed by the postmedian series of six smallish, blackish

spots which are not curved, the third spot is placed obliquely, the

fifth shifted far inwards, the sixth almost double spot lying below it,

a row of six subsagittate internervular brown dashes, a faint row

of terminal semicircular spots. Secondaries with the usual basal

spots obsolescent and very small, a fine lunular pale brown dash

closing the cell, above which is a blackish spot below vein 8, the

postmedian series of seven pale brownish irregular, the second spot

shifted outwards and forming a curve with spots three, four, and

five, the sixth shifted outwards, and the seventh inwards; area

up to the submarginal lunular series whitish, a terminal row of very

pale indefinite brownish spots, occasionally there is a very small

black anal and subanal spot, but they may be absent.

Q. Upperside, both wings brown with the basal two-thirds up

to vein 5 brightish sublustrous blue. Otherwise like the male,

only the underside pattern may be somewhat accentuated.

Expanse, 3 42-44; 9 41 mm.

Hab. KArFrariA; NATAL.

Type in the Joicey collection.

Genitalia of the type general to the genus, not like the preced-

ing species, which are unique in this group. Harpagines like two long

narrow arms, somewhat wider at the base, highly curved, tapering

off near the extremity into a slightly hooked apex; the arms are

unusually long and strong considering the size of the species, and

are somewhat sparingly furnished with strongish bristles. Anellus

ample front edge gently curved; aedoeagus broadish, of but

moderate length; cingulum of only moderate length; tegumen

very narrow with cheeks of smallish dimensions, curved slightly

forwards into a lobed extremity with long falces that have broad

shoulder pieces; cheeks with longish bristles.

Androconia, tulip-shaped, broad, well arched distally with twelve

or thirteen rows of reticulations, the reticulations being placed well

apart vertically.

Monograph of the genus Catochrysops Boisduval. 285

Neoehrysops igncta Trimen. Plates XVI, fig. 6; XXVI,

fig. 6.

Lycaena ignota Trimen, 8. Afr. Butt., ii, p. 39 (1887).

Cupido ignotus Aurivillius, Rhop. Aethiop., p. 376 (1898).

Catochrysops ignota Butler, P.Z.S. Lond., p. 193 (1898).

Lycaena ignota Trimen. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1906,

Ploe Pl Veetio. 1.

g and 2, Uppers de, both wings pale brownish, with a darker line

closing the cells and a fine dark termen with greyish fringes.

Underside, both wings hoary grey with darker spots, often inclined to

blackish, encircled with whitish. Primaries with a spot closing the cell,

the postmedian series consisting of six spots, the second and third

often placed obliquely to each other, curved cutwards from the first ~

spot, and in a slight curve with the fourth and fifth, the last of

which is shifted somewhat inwards and the sixth slightly outwards ;

an indistinct row of submarginal internervular lunules. Second-

aries with four small black spots near the base, three below each

other, and one smaller close to the base on the inner margin, another

black spot above the lunule closing the cell, the postmedian series

composed of six spots, the upper five in a fairly deep curve, the

sixth shifted slightly outwards, a submarginal row of deepish

internervular lunules.

Expanse, 36-40 mm.

Hab. NatTau; TRANSVAAL.

Types in the Joicey collection.

Genitalia. Harpagines of the usual narrowish arm-like process,

somewhat wider at the base, slightly concave on its lower margin,

almost straight along the upper margin which is suddenly excised

near the tip and bent downwards to form a strong smallish sickle-

like apex, which is sharply dentate, the whole length is furnished

with rather fine bristles; the anellus is small, subconical at its front

margin but with an irregular outline; aedoeagus of moderate length

and width; cingulum shorter and less narrow than usual; tegumen

a very narrow raised ridge at the extreme rear; cheeks projected

well forward bluntly wedge-shaped; falces deeply curved toward

the base, where they are broad, but the apical two-thirds are very

narrow. Cheeks with fine bristles.

Androconia, rather large, oblong, with the corners well-rounded

off, ten rows of reticulations placed rather far apart, sculpturing

large and definite.

286 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker’s

Neochrysops pephredo Trimen. Plates XVI, fig. 7; XXVI,

fig. 7.

Lycaena pephredo Trimen, S. Afr. Butt., 11, p. 389 (1899).

Cupido pephredo Aurivillius, Rhop. Aethiop., p. 378 (1898).

Lycaena pephredo Trimen, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1906,

p. 75, Pl. V, fig. 12 (1906).

3. Upperside, both wings brown of a warm tone with a slight

bronzy tinge, termen finely dark brown, fringes whitish. Under-

side, both wings pale hoary brownish grey, with slightly darker

markings edged with white. Primaries with a spot closing the cell,

followed by the postmedian series composed of five or six spots,

the second spot shifted outwards, the third and fourth in line with

it, fifth shifted inwards, sixth rarely present—in the type male

the three upper spots only are present, the submarginal row of

internervular dashes indefinite. Secondaries, with the usual

black basal spots obsolete in the type male, but generally present

though very small, a fifth quite small black spot placed above the

spot closing the cell; the postmedian series composed of six spots

scarcely darker than the ground colour, the second shifted far

outwards and in a line with the third, fourth and fifth, placed

very obliquely inwards, sixth spot shifted outwards, a broad white

band which is edged with a sharply crenulate, very irregular darkish

brown margin, beyond which in a hoary marginal area is a series of

terminal indefinite pale brownish spots. No tails.

Expanse, 3 40-42; 9° 40 mm.

Hab. NatTat.

Types in the Joicey collection.

Genitalia. Harpagines of but moderate length, somewhat wider

at the base, narrowish, concave at its lower margin, straight on the

upper margin, gradually excised at a third from the apex into a

broad serrated billhook termination; anellus large, excavated above

in front, slightly curved laterally; aedoeagus short and very broad;

cingulum of moderate length and narrow dimensions; tegumen,

a very narrow raised ridge at the rear; cheeks projecting forwards,

unequally wedge-shaped; falces very broad, deeply curved, of

moderate length. Harpagines sparsely furnished with strong

bristles, cheeks of tegumen with fine bristles.

Androconia decidedly large, roughly oblong, with rather squarish

corners distally, but tapering offi to the footstalk proximally, eleven

to twelve rows of reticulations placed well apart, sculpturing

inclined to be obsolescent,

Monograph of the genus Catochrysops Boisduval. 287

Neochrysops methymna Trimen. Plates XII, fig. 3; XVI,

fig. 8; XXVI, fig. 8; XXXII, fig. 64.

Lycaena methymna Trimen, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., p. 280

(1862); ed. adem 8. Afr. Butt., u, p. 27 (1887).

? L. celaeus Trimen, Rhop. Afr. Austr., p. 248 (1866).

Lycaena methymna Holland, P. U.S. Nat. Mus., xvi,

p. 238 (1895).

Cupido methymna Aurivillius, Rhop. Aethiop., p. 373 (1898).

3 and 9. Upperside, both wings uniform palish brown with

tessellated white and brown fringes. In fresh specimens from

Cape Colony, the tone is often warm reddish brown or bronzy

brown, Natal specimens being altogether colder in colour. Under-

side, both wings greyish brown with slightiy darker markings

edged with white. Primaries with a fair-sized spot closing the cell;

postmedian series near this spot composed of three or four increasing

upper spots, the fourth, long, running into the cell spot, and followed

by three lower spots, the first smallish immediately below the

fourth, the second and third of the lower series shifted right inward

below the cell spot; a more or less confluent submarginal series of

dashes; the white edges are generally broad. Secondaries with

the basal black spots very small and obsolescent, the one below

the costa far out and larger; in the 9 these are all sometimes

prominent, the spot closing the cell is quite confluent with the post-

median series, which is composed of six confluent spots or dashes,

the first one a slightly wedge-shaped dash, the second and third

very long dashes, fourth very small, fifth shifted inwards, small,

sixth a longish broad dash; this series is edged externally by a

broad, very irregular white area, a submarginal series of darkish

brown subsagittate marks followed by a row of slightly paler

terminal spots, a trace of a subanal black spot.

Expanse, 3 35-38; 9 42-44 mm.

Hab. Care Cotony; KarrirtAND; Natat; LEHast

AFRICA.

Types in the Joicey collection.

Genitalia of very slight dimensions. Harpagines very narrow,

wider at the base, concave at the lower margin, convex on the

upper margin, terminating in a hooked apex which is bluntly

dentate; they are furnished with long, strong bristles; anellus

with the front edge well curved; aedoeagus largish, slightly waived ;

cingulum very slight, longish, angled forwards; tegumen a narrow

ridge, at the extreme rear; cheeks not large, curved forwards with

- 988 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker’s

long bristles; falces rather large in comparison with the other

parts.

Androconia, a long oval of regular outline, with eight rows,

occasionally nine, of reticulations placed well apart; the sculpturing

itself being also well separated vertically.

Neochrysops puncticilia Trimen. Plate XVI, fig. 9

Lycaena puncticiha Trimen, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,

p. 390 (1883); zd. idem S. Afr. Butt., u, p. 29, Pl. 8,

fig. 4 (1887).

Cupido puncticilia Aurivillius, Rhop. Aethiop., p. 373 (1898).

3g and 9. Upperside, both wings uniform rufous brown, markless,

with brown fringes narrowly tessellated with white. Underside,

both wings uniformly brown with darker spots finely edged with

white. Primaries with the usual spot closing the cell; the post-

median series composed of six spots of nearly equal width, which

are longer than the breadth; the series is unbroken and is slightly

waived; the sixth spot is a twin one, a row of terminal short narrow

dashes broadly (comparatively) encircled with white and edged

internally by a series of subsagittate brown marks with a fine

paler internal margin. Secondaries, with the basal spots, usually

black, dark brown, the postmedian series very irregular and con-

fluent with the spot closing the cell, first spot oval, second and third

very long and confluent with the two spots in the cell, fourth spot

minute, fifth spot very small, shifted inwards, sixth spot very long,

seventh much smaller ; the terminal row precisely as in the IES

Expanse, 3 29-33; 9 35 mm.

Hab. Care Couony.

Types in the Joicey collection.

xenitalia. Harpagines shortish, moderately broad at the base,

tapering rapidly to the centre, where they are narrow, slightly widening

to a quarter from the apex, where they are swollen and suddenly ex-

cised into a hooked apex, sparsely furnished with fine bristles ; anellus

with the front edge subconical and waived; aedoeagus of moderately

large dimensions; cingulum fairly wide, shortish; tegumen, an

exceedingly narrow ridge at the rear (the narrowest in the genus),

with the cheeks extended forwards and downwards into good-sized

lobes with fine long bristles; falces moderately large.

Androconia: in the single male specimen I have examined I

cannot find any of these scales.

Monograph of the genus Catochrysops Boisduval. 289

Neochrysops leuecon Mabille. Plates XV, figs. 1, la;

XXVI, fig. 1.

Lycaena leucon Mabille, Pet. Nouv. Ent., 2, p. 289 (1879,

January); 2d. idem Hist. Mad. Lep., i, p. 226, Pl. 29,

figs. 5 to 6a (1885-7).

Castalius azureus Butler, Ann. and Mag. N.H., iv, p. 230

(1879, September).

Cupido leucon Aurivillius, Rhop. Aethiop., p. 377 (1898).

3. Upperside, both wings brilliant metallic pale silvery blue,

with narrow, black margins. Primaries with a black spot closing

the cell and a broadish black apex. Secondaries with a smallish

black subanal spot and a fairly stout tail. Underside, both wings

pure white with large deep black spots. Primaries with a spot

closing the cell; the postmedian series consisting of three very

oblique spots with a fourth below them, vertically below which

shifted well inwards is a fifth, rather longer spot, a series of six

narrow subterminal dashes and a series of six half-round smallish

terminal spots. Secondaries, with three large subbasal spots below

each other, an inner marginal narrow cone nearer the base, a rectan-

gular one closing the cell; postmedian series irregular; cell spots

large, two below the costa, the second shifted outwards, the third

and fourth shifted far out, the fourth being wedge-shaped, fifth

spot shifted well inwards, sixth long ‘inwards again, seventh well

outwards; subterminal and terminal series as in the primaries,

with the addition of a subanal and anal spot with metallic scales

and a little yellow above the subanal spot.

Q. Upperside. Primaries brown, the basal three-quarters to the

upper margin of the cell white. Secondaries white, costa to vein 8

brownish, a subterminal row of internervular brown dashes followed

by a terminal row of blackish spots, a subanal spot with yellow

internal edging. Underside like the male except that in the

primaries there is no postmedian series of spots, and the spots are

not elongated in the secondaries.

Expanse, 3 20; 92 22-23 mm.

Hab. MADAGASCAR.

Types in Mabille’s collection; Butler’s type azuwreus in

the Brit. Mus.

Genitalia with the harpagines of the longish arm-like shape wide

at the base and tapering rapidly narrow, but widening slightly

again beyond the middle, at a quarter from the apex narrowing and

excised into a sickle-like tip; the sickle being armed with dentations

on the exterior; the bristles are long and strong; the aedoeagus is

290 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker’s

of moderate length and width; cingulum less long than usual and

narrow; tegumen a narrow ridge with projecting lobe-shaped

cheeks well supplied with longish bristles; falces rather stout, but

less long than usual.

Androconia large, of a longish oblong shape, slightly arched distally,

tapering rapidly off into the longish attachment stalk proximally,

ten, or more often eleven, rows of reticulations placed fairly closely

together, whose sculpturing is moderately widely apart vertically.

The androconia are not plentiful.

Neochrysops pampolis H. H. Druce. Plates XVI, fig. 10;

XXVI, fig. 10.

Catochrysops pampolis H. H. Druce, Trans. Ent. Soc.

Lond., p. 258. Pl. 13, fig. 11 (1905); sd. Neave,

P.Z:8, Lond. p.. 98 (1910):

6. Upperside, both wings dull, rather transparent violaceous,

with the veins showing up as fine dark lines. Primaries with a

blackish dash closing the cell; termen finely dark. Secondaries

with a subanal black marginal spot. Underside, both wings whitish

with brown marks and spots. Primaries with a large spot closing

the cell, followed by the postmedian series almost angled at the

second spot, composed of five spots, the second squarish and shifted

outwards, the third similar, shifted inwards, fourth well inwards,

isolated, third inwards again and isolated, small; a series of six

subreniform submarginal spots and a row of rather fine, more or

less confluent marginal internervular dashes ending at vein 2.

Secondaries with four dark spots near the base, not black, three

below each other and one very small nearer the base on the inner

margin, a fifth shifted right out over the postmedian series on vein 8.

Postmedian series very irregular and confluent with the spot closing

the cell, the second and third spots rather confluent, the second

shifted further out than the third, fourth very small, shifted well

inwards, fifth inwards again and smallish, sixth long, extending

beyond the fifth on both sides; a submarginal crenulated series of

lunules; a marginal narrow brown border; a subanal black spot

with blue metallic scales, and a broad chrome-yellow lunular

edging, with a trace of a similar smail anal one.

2. Upperside, both wings scoty brown with large violet blue areas

and whitish postmedian series of internervular spots; cells with

large spots at or near discocellulars. Secondaries with a row of

marginal spots with white internal edging. Otherwise as in the

male.

Expanse, 3 40-42; 9 42 mm.

Monograph of the genus Catochrysops Boisduval. 291

gray g Yso}

Hab. N.W. Ruopesta and NorTHERN RHODESTA.

Type in the Joicey collection.

Genitalia rather small, harpagines oval at the base, tapering

rapidly into a narrow, arm-like process, not very long comparatively,

highly concave at the lower margin and convex at the upper margin,

tapering beyond the centre into a long hooked apex; they are

moderately furnished with long bristles; anellus with front edge

slightly waived, nearly erect; aedoeagus broad, of moderate length ;

cingulum of moderate width and dimensions; tegumen, a narrow

raised ridge at the rear, with oblong cheeks projected far forward

horizontally with longish bristles; falees long narrowish.

Androconia, large oval with a small central depression in the

distal edge, and with ten or eleven rows of reticulations placed fairly

well apart; the sculpturing being aiso well apart vertically.

Whether this species is distinct from retchenowii Dewitz

I am unable to say, not having had the opportunity of

seeing the type of the latter.

The figure shows only a narrow submarginal stripe to

both wings, whereas Druce’s insect has a broad submarginal

and a narrow marginal stripe; it might well be the wet-

season form, and reichenoww (from Angola) a dry-season

form of the same species.

There remains, however, the possibility of the artist’s

delineation being in error, for it would be very easy to

combine the two stripes into one, and the figure has an

unnatural appearance to my eyes.

The synonymy had better, however, remain as it is at

present, leaving the two species distinct for the time being.

Neochrysops reichenowii Dewitz.

Plebeius reichenowit Dewitz, Nov. Act. Cur., 41, 2, p. 203,

Pl. 26, fig. 14 (1879).

Cugndo rechenowii Aurivillius, Rhop. Aethiop., p. 372 (1898).

“ Alae supra cano-violaceae maculis, vittisque paginae inferioris

translucentibus parum; alae posticae ad caudam macula fulva

nigropupillata. Alae subtus albidae maculis fasciisque maculatis

fuscis et nigris; alae posticae ocellis duobus fulvis nigro pupillatis.

Longitudo alae anticae, 0-017 m.

“Oberseite graublau. Flecken und Binden der Unterseite auf

der Oberen wenig sichtbar. Am dem Schwanzchen der Hinterflugel

ein ziegelrother, schwarz gekernte Fleck, ein zweiter dicht daneben

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND, 1922,—PARTS III, IV. (FEB. 23) X

292 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker’s

am Analwinkel nur angedentet. Saum und Vorderrand der Fligel

schwarzlich Schwinzchen schwarz, mit einigen weissen Haaren.

Fransen schwirzlich, mit weissen Haaren durchmischt.

‘“‘ Unterseite weisslich. Au der Schlussader der Discoidalzelle

der Vorderfliigelein schwarzbrauner Fleck; zwischen ihm und

dem Saume verliuft eine aus viereckigen dunkelbraunen Flecken

zusammengesetzte Querbinde, dicht neben dem Saume cine zweite

briunliche, gefleckte, unbestimmte, schmale Querbinde.—Die

Hinterfliigel tragen auf der Wurzelhilfte einige schwarze, zum

Theil abgerundte Flecken, in der Mitte des Discus eine breite,

winkelige und am Saume eine schmilere, braunliche Querbinde.

Der ziegelrothe, schwarz gekernte Augenfleck am Schwanzchen

zeigt sich unterseits noch etwas intensiver; ebensotritt der zweite

am analwinkel gelegene, oberseitz nur angedentete ziegelrothe

Fleck unterseits deutlicher nervor und zeigt au seinem dem Fligel-

rande zugekehrnte Theile eine schwiirzliche Schattirung, bildet

also unterseits bereits den Anfang zu einem Augenfieck. Adern der

Fligel und Saumlinie unterseits briunlich. Fransen wie oben.

“Kopf und Kérper schwarz; Unterscite des letzteren, Beine

und Palpen weiss behaart. Fiuhler Schwarz, au den Gelenken weiss

geringelt.

** Nach einem Stiick (g).” [L.¢.]

I have been unable to see this unique type, and have

therefore given the original description in full, and also

a reproduction of Dewitz’s figure. Druce’s pampolis is

evidently an exceedingly close ally; above the colour is

the same, whilst on the underside the latter has in addition

the usual subterminal series of dashes which is only

represented in reschenoww by the two marks at the anal

angle of the primaries. In the secondaries, pampolis has

the usual terminal row of spots, which is quite lacking in

the original figure. Whether this is a vagary of the artist

IT am quite unable to say, but under any circumstances

pampolis roust, I think, be considered only a local race

of Dewitz’s species.

Neoehrysops asieris Godart. Plates XII, fig. 6; XVI,

fig. 12; XXVII, fig. 12.

Polyommate asteris Godart, Enc. Meth. H. N. Ent., 9,

p. 657 (1824).

Lycaena celaeus Trimen, Rhop. Afr. Austr., p. 247 (1866).

Lycaena caffrariae Trimen, 8. Afr., Butt., 1, p. 23 (1887).

Cupido caffrariae Aurivillius, Rhop. Aethiop., p. 372 (1898).

Catochrysops caffrariae Butier, P.Z.8., Lond., p. 843 (1898).

Monograph of the genus Catochrysops Boisduval. 293

grap g YSO7

3S. Upperside, both wings brilliant pale violaceous lustrous blue

with fine dark termen. Primaries with a linear dash closing the

cell. Secondaries with a subanal black marginal spot with a trace

of orange internal edging; fine blackish tails. Underside, both

wings pale brownish grey with prominent coffee-brown markings

broadly edged with white. Primaries with a reniform spot closing

the cell; the postmedian series nearly erect, slightly irregular and

composed of six broad spots, the lowest one being smallish; this

series is broadly edged externally with white, and is directly followed

by the submarginal row of six reniform spots, a marginal row of

broadish dashes more or less confluent. Secondaries, with five small

black spots near the base, four below each other, the two middle

ones being shifted slightly inwards, and one on the inner margin

nearer the base, a sixth larger black spot is in the middle of the

costa below vein 8; the postmedian very irregular series is con-

fluent with the spot closing the cell, and is composed of six spots

or broad dashes, the second and third very long confluent with

the cell spot, the fourth small narrow wedge-shaped, fifth larger

shifted inwards, seventh irregular shifted slightly outwards; a

broad band of white follows; a series of eight large irregular sub-

marginal spots, the eighth very small on the inner margin between

veins 1 and Ja; a marginal series cf five smallish spots in a white

area; a subanal black spot with blue metallic scales and a trace

of a similar smaller ana! one.

©. Upperside, both wings brown with the basal two-thirds of the

wing up te the upper margin of the cell bright violet blue—otherwise

as in the male.

Expanse, 3 40-45; 2 45 mm.

Hab. Carpe Cotony; Narau; KArFirLAND.

Type Paris Museum ??.

This is the species that Trimen described as caffrariae,

as he considered another closely allied insect to be asters

of Godart. A reference, however, to that author’s descrip-

tion shows quite definitely that Trimen misidentified

Godart’s species. I therefore transcribe the original

description.

“137. Polyommate Asterts.

“ Polyommatus Asteris.

“ Polialis supra argenteo-violaceis, nitidis, limbo fusco: posticis

subtus obscure cinereis, punctis sex baseos ocellaribus nigris,

fascid disci crenata alba ocellisque tribus anguli ani cacruleo-

argenteis.

294 Mr. G. T. Baker-Bethune’s

‘“‘T] a un peu plus d’un fonce et demi d’envergure. Le dessus du

male est d’un violet-argenteis luisant, avec le limbe postérieur brun

et frangé de blanc. Les ailes supérieures ont vers le milieu une

lunule noiratre, et les inférieures offrent vers langle de Vanus

un point noir surmonté d’une lunule fauve.

“Le dessous des premiéres est d’un cendré-clair depuis la base

jusqu’au-dela du milieu, avec un anneau central blanc; ensuite

dun cendré-obscur jusqu’au bout, avec quatre lignes blanches,

transverses et ondulées.

“Le dessous des secondes ailes est enticrement d’un cendré-

obscur, et il présente les caractéres qui voici: A la base sont six

points noires circlés de blane et suives d'une ligne blanche trés-

flexueuse; vient ensuite une bande blanche transverse, crénelée

sur chaque cdté, puis une serie terminale d’annuleto blancs, dont

les trois plus intérieures renfermant chacun un ceil noir sablé de

bleu-argenté. L’oeil qui fait face a la queue est surmont¢, comme

en dessus, d’une lunule fauve.

“La femelle a le dessus plus pale, avec la bordure plus large

et marquetée de blanchatre. Son dessous est comme chez le

male Pris au Cap de Bonne-Esperance prés de la montagne de la

Table, par M. Jules Verreaux, preparateur de Zoologie au Museum

d’Histoire naturelle de Paris.”

It will at once be seen on reading the above description

that the upperside is shining, this is referred to both in

the Latin diagnosis and in the French detailed description ;

whilst in the latter it is said that there is a transverse

band of white on the underside of the secondaries, which

is not the case in the species Trimen identified as asteris ;

neither is it in the least lustrous on the upper surface.

These two important points show conclusively that

caffrariae Trimen must sink as a synonym to asieris

Godart.

Genitalia small for the size of the insect; harpagines generally

asymmetrical, of the usual arm-like form, with the base broader

but tapering rapidly into a thin arm-like process, highly concave

on the lower margin, nearly straight on the upper, terminating in a

hooked apex with longish curved bristles; it will be seen from the

ficure that one harpago is shorter and broader than the other;

anellus with the front edge well arched; aedoeagus broad, of only

moderate length; cingulum fairly ample; tegumen a narrow raised

ridge at the rear with large cheeks curved well forward and having

longish bristles; falees of moderate size.

Monograph of the genus Catochrysops Boisduval. 295

Androconia very numerous, a very long oval with eleven rows of

reticulations placed fairly closely together, the sculpturing of which

is also close vertically.

Neochrysops trimeni sp. n. Plates XII, fig. 7; XVI,

fig, 133 XX VIL ig. 13.

Lycaena asteris Trimen (nee Godart), S. Afr. Butt., ii,

p- 24, Pl. 8, figs. 3, 3a (1887).

Tycaena celaeus Trimen, in parte, Rhop. Afr. Austr.,

p. 247 (1866).

Cupido asteris Aurivillius, Rhop. Aethiop., p. 372 (1898).

Catochrysops asteris Butler, P.Z.S. Lond., p. 192 (1898),

3g. Upperside, both wings dull violet bluish. Primaries with a

broadish brown termen and a brown dash closing the cell. Secon-

daries with a marginal series of five or six brown spots, the subanal

one being blackish edged internally with yellow, with short black

tails. Underside, both wings darkish brown with darker spots and

marks finely and definitely edged with white. Primaries with a

large reniform spot closing the cell, followed closely by the post-

median series of seven spots, the first on the costa very small, the

rest large and oval or suboval, the fourth elongated to touch the

cell spot, the sixth shifted inwards, the seventh directly below it

and sometimes succeeded internally by one or two very smal] dots

(Trimen’s figure shows an internal elongation of this spot), a sub-

marginal series of six large reniform spots followed by a marginal

series of five or six narrow oval marks. Secondaries with five dark

brown spots near the base, four below each other, the two central ones

smaller and oblique, the fifth nearer the base on the inner margin;

a large subreniform spot closes the cell above, which on vein 8 is

a large brown spot, usually black in other species, but brown in this ;

the postmedian series composed of six spots, the second, third and

fourth confluent, the second and third long, touching the cell spot,

the fifth shifted inwards, sixth outwards; a submarginal series of

broad lunules, followed by a marginal series cf spots, the subanal

one black with metallic scales and edged with yellow.

9. Upperside, both wings brown with the basal three-quarters

brightish violet blue, otherwise as in the male.

Expanse, ¢ 41; 92 45-48 mm.

Hab. Care CoLony.

Types in the Joicey collection.

This is the species that has hitherto passed in all col-

lections as asteris Godart.

296 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker’s

Genitalia. Harpagines with oval base tapering into a long arm-

like process concave on the lower margin and slightly convex at

the upper, excised near the tip into a strong sickle-like apex; the

bristles are long and strong; anellus highly arched at the front

edge; aedoeagus short, of moderate width; cingulum narrow and

longish; tegumen a narrow ridge at the rear with lobe-shaped cheeks

produced well forward, having an abundance of long bristles; falces

long, with the apical two-thirds narrow.

Androconia rather large, of a somewhat broad, oval shape, with

the distal extremity slightly conical, ten or eleven rows of reticulations

placed well apart, with the sculpturing fairly close vertically.

Neochrysops grahami Trimen. Plates XVI, fig. 14;

XXVII, fig. 14.

Lycaena grahanu Trimen, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., p. 123,

Pl. 8, figs. 1, 2 (1893).

Cupido grahami Aurivillius, Rhop. Aethiop., p. 373 (1898).

g. Upperside, both wings pale fairly bright (not shining) violet

blue, with the cells closed by a fine brown line and the termen

finely brown. Secondaries with a small black subanal spot, no

tails. Underside, both wings pale dove grey, with darker spots and

marks edged with white. Primaries with a spot closing the cell,

beyond which is the slightly curved postmedian series of six large

spots (a very minute one on the costa might make seven, but it is

not always present) more or less confluent, but with their edges

irregular, followed immediately by the submarginal row of mitre-

shaped spots, the upper three being small; a trace of a terminal

row of spots. Secondaries with five spots near the base, the upper

one dark brown, not black, another dark brown one on the costa

near the apex; postmedian series, confluent with the spot closing

the cell, very irregular, the second spot is long and shifted out-

wards, the third and fourth are smaller and are confluent with the

cell spot, fifth and sixth larger and irregular, the whole of this series

is confluent and is followed by a broad whitish band, which edges

internally the sublunular submarginal series that is barely separated

by a trace of a fine pale line from the terminal row of largish spots ;

a small black subanal black spot with metallic scales.

2. Upperside, both wings brown. Primaries with the violet-blue

area restricted to just over half the area of the wing, with a largish

spot closing the cell. Secondaries with only a few blue scales at

the base, otherwise like the male.

Expanse, 9 40; 9 43 mm.

Hab. Care Cotony; NATAL.

Types in the Joicey collection.

Monograph of the genus Catochrysops Boisduval. 297

Genitalia. Harpagines a narrow arm-like process, wider at the

base, but tapering down rapidly, lower margin coneave, upper

margin convex, tip somewhat excised to form a slightly hooked

apex; the bristles are long and strong but few in number; anellus

with front edge almost erect; aedoeagus long and of a moderate

width; cingulum long, bent forwards, less narrow than usual;

tegumen a narrow ridge at the rear with small lobe-shaped cheeks

produced well forward, having a fair supply of fine bristles; falces

large and broadish.

Androconia of two shapes—one, apple-shaped with the diameter

from side to side much longer than the line of axis, with about

sixteen rows of reticulations fairly close together, with strongly

marked sculpturing placed vertically moderately closely; the other

almost tulip-shaped with twelve or thirteen rows of reticulations

similarly placed and sculptured.

Neochrysops ortygia Trimen. Plates XVII, fig. 15;

XXVII, fig. 15.

Lycaena ortygia Trimen, 8. Afr. Butt., u, p. 26 (1887).

Lycaena asteris Trimen (in parie), Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,

p. 361 (1870).

Cugido ortygia Aurivillius, Rhop. Aethiop., p. 373 (1898).

Lycaena ortygia-Trimen, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1906,

p. 74, Pl. v, figs. 9, 9a (1906).

3. Upperside, both wings pale bright violaceous blue, brighter

than in grahami, with brown lunules closing the cells, fringes

tessellated white and brown. Primaries with termen broadly

brown. Secondaries with the termen having a row of six semi-

lunular spots, the subanal one being black. Underside, both wings

cinder brown, with darker spots definitely edged with white.

Primaries with a spot closing the cell, followed by the postmedian

row of seven spots slightly curved, of which the first below the costa

is very small, the rest large, somewhat oval and rather irregular,

the submarginal row composed of six reniform spots, the terminal

row almost confluent. Secondaries with five prominent blackish

spots near the base, four below each other, the two central ones

oblique, the fifth near the base on the inner margin, a sixth blackish

spot shifted right out nearer the apex; the postmedian series,

touching the spot that closes the cell, composed of six oval spots,

the second and third shifted outwards, the fourth well inwards,

small, the fifth largish, inwards again, the third to the fifth touch

the cell spot, sixth shifted outwards reniform and large; the sub-

marginal row composed of lunular marks edged internally with

298 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker’s

sagittate white marks, a terminal row of spots, a large black sub-

anal spot with metallic blue scales and a fine edging of yellowish.

. Upperside, both wings brown. Primaries with the basal three-

quarters bright violet up to half of the cell. Secondaries with the

basal three-fifths bright violet up to vein 6. Otherwise like the

male.

Expanse, 3 44; 9 50 mm.

Hab. Care Cotony; TRANSVAAL.

Type in the Joicey collection.

Genitalia. Harpagines shortish of the usual shape, tapering very

rapidly from an almost oblong base, highly concave on the lower

margin, almost straight along the upper margin, quite suddenly

excised near the apex into a broad sickle-shaped extremity, long

bristles mostly congregated at the base and apex; anellus with

very slightly curved front edge; aedoeagus short and broad;

cingulum bent forward, of moderate dimensions; tegumen a narrow

ridge at the rear with cheeks, rather small, produced well forward,

with numerous bristles; faleces jong and of moderate width.

Androconia oblong, more broadly curved distally than proximally,

with nine or ten rows of reticulations placed far apart, with the

sculpturing placed vertically far apart also.

Neochrysops lerothodi Trimen. Plate XVII, figs. 16, 16a.

Lycaena lerothodi Trimen, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., p. 242,

Pl. 19, fig. 6 (1904). |

3d and 2. Upperside, both wings uniformly brown with a slight

brassy lustre in certain angles of light, fringes paler with a whitish

patch at the apex of each wing. Underside paler than the upper,

with darker spots palely encircled. Primaries with a spot closing

the cell; the postmedian series consists of six spots, the upper

five being in a slight curve, whilst the two uppermost spots of

these five are smaller than the others, the sixth spot is shifted weil

outwards, the terminal and subterminal rows are very obscure, but

he latter is edged internally by a row of narrow white internervular

dashes. Secondaries with four blackish spots near the base, the

fourth smailer one on the inner margin being nearer the base, a

fifth black spot is beyond the centre below vein 8; the postmedian

series is strongly curved at the second spot, the first spot being

shifted well outwards of the black spot below vein 8, the second

further out, the third slightly inwards, but larger and somewhat

oval, the fourth small and inwards, the fifth well inwards, the sixth

outwards, this row has the inner white edge accentuated, the very

Monograph of the genus Catochrysops Boisduval. 299

indefinite submarginal row of spots is broadly edged internally with

a series of similarly coloured brown crescents, which are broadly

edged with a series of white sagittate marks, the dividing line

between the submarginal row of brown spots and its internal brown

edging is very difficult to discern; the brown termen is finely

edged with white internally.

Expanse, 37 mm.

Hab, Macwacna (Mahiti Range); BasuroLtanp (Craw-

shay).

Type in the British Museum.

Genitalia. Harpagines slightly oval at the base, of nearly even

width from beyond the oval base, moderately long, curved with the

apex suddenly excised into a short sickle-shaped termination,

bristles are evenly distributed up to the origin of sickle; anellus

evenly but slightly rounded on its front line; aedoeagus shortish

and decidedly broad; cingulum of moderately broad dimensions ;

tegumen a narrow collar with projecting cheeks, which are furnished

with fine bristles; falces large and strong and deeply curved.

Androconia. This is one of the few species without any of these

scales,

Neochrysops gigantea Trimen. Plate XIII, fig. 1; XVII,

fig. 17; XXVII, fig. 17.

Lycaena gigantea Trimen, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., p. 4,

Pl. i, figs. 2 and 3 (1898).

Catochrysops hypoleucus Butler, P.Z.S. Lond., p. 907, 1898.

Cupido giganteus Aurivillius, Rhop. Aethiop., p. 377 (1898).

Catachrysops giganteus Neave, P.Z.S. Lond., p. 58 (1910).

3. Upperside delicate pinkish lilac blue with a black dash closing

the cell of the primary, and fine black margins. At the anal angle is

a trace of a twin spot, followed in the next interneural space by a

dark marginal spot with traces of yellow edging above and very

faint metallic scaling. The spots of the underside pattern show

through. Fringes black with greyish extremities, and a black tail

at the end of vein 2. Underside. Primaries white with faint

yellowish tone in the basal area. A large reniform black spot

closes the cell, beyond which is the postmedian series consisting of

seven black spots, the three nearest the costa projected outwards,

followed by a long black dash extending out nearly to the sub-

marginal line, fifth and sixth spots inclined well inwards, seventh

twin spot projected well outwards on the fold; beyond this series

is the submarginal, well-marked suberenulate broadish black line,

300 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker’s

margin finely black. Secondaries yellowish with black markings;

a series of three or four black subbasal spots, the three are largish,

but there is often a small one in the middle just below the cell; a

large reniform spot closes the cell; an irregular and highly curved

postmedian series, the first four projected well outwards, the fourth

being elongated, fifth and sixth inwards, seventh outwards, eighth

inwards; a submarginal somewhat crenulate black line interrupted

between veins 2 and 3 by an orange crescent; anal spots as on

upper surface except that they have an ample sprinkling of bright

blue metallic scales.

Q. Upperside whitish grey fairly well but thinly covered with

violet bluish scales; a very large spot closing the cell of the primaries, ~

and a broadish brown submarginal band, crenulate in the

secondaries, with whitish outer edging. Underside as in the 3.

Expanse, ¢ 54-60; ¢ 58-64 mm.

Hab. MasHoNALAND; VictorrIA Nyanza; NORTHERN

RHODESIA.

This is the largest and one of the most beautiful of the

group, and should be recognised at a glance.

Genitalia. With the harpagines long and narrow, somewhat

concave on the lower margin, with the upper margin excurved

beyond the middle, having irregular tubercles from which arise

fairly strong spines; the apex is suddenly excavated into the shape

of a strong, fairly large, sickle-shaped termination, having a few

minute teeth at the basal section; the spines are not numerous,

and are mostly gathered to the excurved portion. The cingulum

is narrow for its whole length, but expands somewhat ‘as it nears

the tegumen, smallish, excavated almost throughout its dorsal edge»

leaving only a narrow collar at its rear to connect its two cheeks;

the falces are of moderate width, curved, very long, with a small

sharp hook at the extremities; the cheeks are plentifully supplied

with fine hairs or spines; aedoecagus of moderate length, rather

shorter than long, and rather wide; vesica simple, without teeth

or shagreening.

Androconia or battledore scales of only moderate size, oblong,

with an occasional oval one here and there, very finely reticulated

or shagreened, with twelve to fourteen (rarely fourteen) rows of

reticulations.

Reochrysops stormsi Robbe. Plates XIII, fig. 2; XVII,

fig. 18; XXXVI fig. TS.

Lycaena stormsi Robbe, Ann. Ent. Belge., p. 132 (1892).

Monograph of the genus Catochrysops Boisduval. 301

Cupido stormst Aurivillius, Rhop. Aethiop., p. 378, Pl. 6,

Bry I

fig. 5.

Catachrysops stormst Neave, P.Z.8. Lond., p. 58 (1910).

Both sexes of this species are quite similar above to giganteus

Trimen, except that they have no tails at the anal angle of the

secondaries. On the underside of the primaries the spot in the

postmedian series between veins 4 and 5 is round, not elongate,

and is in line with the previous spots, whilst the submarginal dark

line is crenulate, not almost straight as in Trimen’s species. Second-

aries: the spot in the postmedian series between veins 4 and 5 is

not elongated out of line with its predecessors, and the crenulate

submarginal dark line ceases at vein 4, whilst in giganteus it is inter-

mittently continued to the inner margin. In size the two species

are similar.

Hab. Conco; TancanyikA; Wrst LUALABA.

Genitalia with the harpagines rather narrower and the terminal

sickle larger and slenderer than in giganteus ; the aedoeagus is also

rather slenderer, otherwise these organs are closely similar to that

species.

Androconia variable, generally smaller than with the preceding

species, occasionally oblong, sometimes oval, with about twelve

rows of reticulations, the dots (reticulations) being well separated

vertically.

Neochrysops mashuna Trimen. Plates XITI, figs. 3 and 4;

x VEEL, fio. 19: OOXVEL, fig. 29.

Lycaena mashuna Trimen, P.Z.S. Lond., p. 48 note (1894).

Cupido mashuna Aurivillius (as a syn. of stormsi), Rhop.

Aethiop., p. 378 (1898).

3g. Both wings, upperside, slightly iridescent greyish lilac, with

all the veins showing finely blackish and a rather prominent dark

crescent closing each cell. The secondaries have a dark marginal

spot in the interspace of veins 2 and 3, with traces of yellow around.

Underside. Both wings creamy grey, sometimes dirty grey.

Primary with a black spot edged with white closing the cell, followed

by the postmedian series of similarly coloured spots, the three upper

ones in a slight arc, the fourth shifted inwards, fifth inwards again,

below which and slightly outwards is another small spot, sometimes

single, sometimes double and sometimes absent; there is no dark

marginal or submarginal row. Secondaries with a black basal

spot edged with white below vein 1, three subbasal spots below

302 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker’s

each other, a crescentic mark closing the cell, a series of eight

postmedian spots, the first costal spot above that closing the cell,

the second shifted far out, third shifted slightly outwards, fourth

oblique, fifth and sixth each shifted well inwards, seventh lunular

somewhat outwards, eighth on the inner margin well inwards—

a black marginal spot in the interspace of veins 2 and 3 with a trace

of yellow internal edging, a very faint trace of a whitish crenulate

line, followed externally by a second less crenulate.

9. Upperside. Both wings brownish. Primaries with cell and

fold pale iridescent bluish, outer discal area somewhat whitish,

with very broad posterior brown borders. Secondaries with the basal

half of the wings iridescent bluish, the underside marks showing

through prominently except the subbasal spots. Underside as in

the male, but the ground-colour more pronounced in tone.

Expanse, 3 34-38; 9 42 mm.

Hab. MASHONALAND, 4200 to 4300 feet.

Type in the British Museum.

This is a very well-marked species, and it is rather

incomprehensible how Aurivillius can have mixed it up

with sformsi—a species more than twice its size and very

different in many respects.

Genitalia with the harpagines similar to giganteus, but propor-

tionately broader and except at the very base of fairly even width:

the terminal sickle is smaller and shorter and slightly toothed.

They have a fair supply of longish stiff bristles at the base on the

lower edge, and a less supply on the upper surface in front of the

hook; the shape of the anellus that is attached to the furca is more

rounded on its front edge than either giganteus or stormsi, both of

which are somewhat wedge-shaped; aedoeagus of moderate length,

but of rather narrower width; the cingulum and the tegumen do

not call for special remark, but the hook terminating the falces

is quite small.

Androconia of fair size, variable, but the average are slightly

tapered proximally to the broader distal end, which is moderately

arched, whilst the distal end tapers rapidly into the footstalk;

there are about eleven rows of fine reticulations placed rather closely

together.

Neochrysops rhodesensae, sp. n. Plates XIII, fig. 5;

XVIII, fig. 20; XXVII, fig. 20.

3d. Upperside, both wings pale greyish lavender colour, decidedly

less bright than in mashuna, veins finely black, more prominent

Monograph of the genus Catochrysops Boisduval. 303

than in the previous species; a dark rather indefinite lunule closes

each cell. Secondaries with an indefinite dark marginal spot in the

interspace of veins 2 and 3. Underside, both wings white with black

spots, sufficiently white to almost obliterate the usual] white edging

to the black spots. Primaries with a good-sized reniform spot

closing the cell, followed by a short postmedian series of four spots

terminating between veins 3 and 4; the four spots are arranged in

a slight curve, and the third from the costa is placed obliquely; a

submarginal crenulate line, indefinite towards the apex. Secondaries

with a basal spot on the inner margin, two subbasal spots below

each other, a largish lunular spot closing the cell; an irregular

postmedian series of eight spots, the first largish on the costa over

the lunular cell spot, the second shifted far out, being one of three

placed in an are, fifth spot shifted well inwards, sixth inwards again,

seventh largish, sublunular, well outwards, eighth far inwards on

the inner margin—this might be mistaken for a third subbasal spot,

but correctly it forms one of the postmedian series—a submarginal

crenulate-yellowish line, faint towards the apex and edged internally

with dark brown in the anal area, where the yellow is extended, a

small dark marginal spot in the interspace of veins 2 and 3.

Expanse, 42 mm.

Hab. Fort Jamieson, N.E. Ruoprsta (Langshaw).

Type in my collection.

Genitalia with the harpagines slightly hollowed in the centre and

with the sickle termination much move tapered from nearer the base,

whilst the hook itself is also rather larger than in mashuna; the

bristles in the fore part of the clasps are stronger, larger and more

abundant than in that species; the shape of the anellus is more

pointed; the falces somewhat heavier, and the aedoeagus decidedly

narrower than in Trimen’s insect.

Androconia. Broadly oblong, tapering slightly, wider distally,

rather small; the distal edge flatter than the proximal; eleven rows

of reticulations, which are placed well apart; footstalk long.

Neochrysops delicata, sp. n. Plates XIII, figs. 6 and 7;

XVII, fig. 21; XXVII, fig. 21.

3. Upperside. Both wings pale French grey with a delicate

silvery lavender gloss, veins finely blackish, cell closed by a blackish

crescent, prominent in the primaries, fine in the secondaries, no

tails. Primaries with termen broadly and indefinitely brown, in

which is a more or less distinct row of submarginal lunules. Under-

surface. Primaries whitish tinged with yellow on the costa and

304. Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker’s

termen, with black spots whose white edging almost disappears in

the ground-colour; a black sublunular spot closes the cell; the

postmedian series consists of eight spots, two minute ones below

the costa, very occasionally absent, the fourth spot shifted slightly

out from the third, fifth oblique and extended outwards, sixthinwards,

seventh inwards, quite small, eighth also small outwards; a sub-

marginal series of yellowish lunules, the three lowest ones near the

tornus edged internally with blackish, in other specimens the whole

series is edged prominently with blackish internally. Secondaries

whitish tinged with ochre yellow, variable in its depth of colour

with white encircled black spots, a basal spot on the inner margin,

two subbasal spots below each other; cell closed by a prominent

sublunular spot; the postmedian series consists of eight spots, the

first below the costal vein over the sublunular cell spot, second

shifted right outwards, third and fourth well outwards, the latter

placed obliquely, fifth well inwards, sixth inwards, seventh (sub-

lunular) outwards, eighth well inwards; a submarginal row of

yellowish lunules edged internally with blackish crescents, sometimes

very faint as they approach the apex; a black marginal spot between

veins 2 and 3 edged internally with yellowish or orange colour,

above which is a marginal row of yellowish spots or dashes.

Q. Upperside. Primaries like the male, but surrounded by very

broad brown margins. Secondaries almost entirely brownish, with

the marginal series of spots showing through. Underside like the

male. One specimen is entirely brown with only a trace of a pale

discal area.

Expanse, g 40; 9 39-42 mm.

Hab. NyasaLanp, Mlanje; Porrucusse Hast AFRICA.

Ruo and Kola Valleys 1700 to 2000 feet, November and

December.

Types in the British Museum (S. A. Neave).

This species is very nearly related to the previous one,

and that is nearly related to mashuna Trimen; but | have

no doubt that they are all distinct, this being proved both

by the genitalia and the androconia.

Genitalia with harpagines very similar to the previous species,

but with the sickle termination less rugged, decidedly more abrupt,

and the hook smaller; the bristles are less abundant and much

finer. The aedoeagus is rather shorter and not so narrow; the

cingulum, tegumen and falces, are as is usual in this genus so similar

that it is scarcely wise to attempt much differentiation.

Androconia broadly oblong, parallel laterally, distally and

proximally almost similarly arched, perhaps slightiy flatter distally ;

Monograph of the genus Catochrysops Boisduval. 305

foot stalk long and rather fine; ten to twelve rows of fine closely

placed reticulations.

Neochrysops peculiaris Rogenhofer. Plates XIII, fig. 9;

XVIIL, fig. 22; XXVIII, fig. 22.

Chrysophanus (Hb. Polyommatus Auct.) peculiaris Rogen-

hofer in Baumann’s Usambara, p. 331 (1891).

Catochrysops perpulchra Holland, Entomologist, Suppl.,

p- 90 (1892), zd. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., p. 239, t. 7,

fig. 7 (1895), id. Butler, P.Z.S. Lond., p. 828 (1897).

Castalius hypoleucus Butler, P.Z.S. Lond., p. 660 (1894),

ad. l.c., p. 403 (1898).

Lycaena exclusa Trimen, P.Z.S. Lond., p. 47, Pl. vi, fig. 1

(1894).

Catochrysops perpulchra Holland, Butler, P.Z.S. Lond.,

p. 403 (1898).

Caicchrysops hypoleucus Butler, Marshall, P.Z.S. Lond.,

p- 907 (1898).

3. Upperside. Both wings pale brownish grey with a slight

bronzy gloss, spots of underside showing more or less through (less

rather than more). Primaries with a dark dash closing the cell.

Fringes dark edged externally with white. Underside. Both

wings greyish white, in very fresh specimens tinged partially with

yellow, with black spots whose white edging is almost lost in the

vound-colour. Primaries with a spot closing the cell; postmedian

series consisting of six irregular spots, the third placed obliquely,

generally but not always, fourth shifted inwards, fifth inwards,

sixth very small, sometimes double, often absent; a submarginal

greyish irregular line. Secondaries. A largish basal spot on the

inner margin, two subbasal ones below each other, a lunular mark

closing the cell; postmedian series consisting of eight spots, first

below the costal vein, second shifted well outwards, third and fourth

well outwards, fifth well inwards, sixth inwards, seventh linular

_outwards, eighth well inwards on vein 1; a subbasal crenulate

darkish line, sometimes almost absent, a small black spot at anal

angle and between veins 2 and 3, with yellow above them and traces

of metallic scales.

9. Differs from the male in that on the upperside, the cell, the

fold, and the greater part of the radial area are covered with pale

blue superimposed scales; there is also a fairly prominent sub-

marginal crenulate brown streak, which, however, is occasionally

absent, and a spot or spots in the anal area with yellow above. The

underside is like the male.

Expanse, 3 38-48, ° 46-52 mm.

306 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker’s

Hab. Manicaland, Nyasa District, BrrtisH Hast AFRICA ;

Usambara, Kilimanjaro, Victoria Nyanza; Mombasa,

Rabai, Sagalla (St. Aubyn Rogers), Nairobi (Tytler), Fort

Jamieson, N.E. Ruopesta (Langshaw); MASHONALAND.

Genitalia. Harpagines long with a suboval basal area tapering

rapidly off quite narrowly in the centre, when it expands rapidly

again into a short strong hook, the upper part of which is formed by

a sudden and deep excision of the upper edge near the termination ;

the hook itself is toothed both externally and internally. Aedoeagus

long and narrow compared with giganteus; the anellus part of

the furca is cone-shaped; the falces are shorter than usual and

moderately broad. The harpagines are well supplied with long

stiff bristles at the base, but more sparingly in the middle and at the

apex.

Androconia roundish, perhaps more correctly a broad oblong, as

broad as long, with fourteen rows of closely-placed reticulations; the

distal contour a broad arc, the proximal tapering off into the foot

stalk like a pear. The size and shape are somewhat variable, some

few scales are as nearly round as possible, and a few are a longer

oblong.

Neochrysops cupreus Neave. Plates XIII, fig. 11; XVIII,

fig. 23; XXVIII, fig. 23.

Catochrysops cupreus Neave, P.Z.8. Lond., p. 58, Pl. 2,

figs. 93, 102 (1910).

g. Upperside, both wings brown with a curious and: beautiful

coppery bronze lustre, the cells closed by a black dash, fringes

black with grey extremities. Secondaries with two marginal

black spots at the anal angle, edged internally with pale metallic

blue. Underside. Primaries whitish with the costal and terminal

areas yellowish; the spots are black with white edging. Cell

closed by a lunule; postmedian series composed of six internervular

spots, the third placed obliquely outwards, the fourth well inwards,

fifth inwards often oblique, sixth composed of two black points,

which in the female are united and form a fair-sized spot.

Secondaries ochreous, a black basal spot on the inner margin, two

subbasal spots below each other, the lower one as usual in the

middle of the cell; a large sublunular spot closes the cell; post-

median series composed of eight spots, the first below the costal

vein, and the second shifted outwards, largish, third and fourth

shifted outwards, slightly fractured, fifth well inwards, sixth inwards,

seventh angular spot slightly outwards, eighth well inwards on the

Monograph of the genus Catochrysops Boisduval. 307

inner margin; anal spots as on the upperside, but edged in addition

internally with sublustrous orange.

2. Upper side. Both wings lustrous pale blue with very broad

brown costal and terminal margins. Primaries with a prominent

large black spot closing the cell; in the tornal area of the brown

termen are three internervular whitish marks. Secondaries with a

black spot closing the cell, followed by two or three black post-

median spots, above vein 4; terminal area with a series of brown

spots in a whitish setting; anal spots as in the male. Underside as

the male.

Expanse, 9 48-50; 9° 52 mm.

Hab. Mansya River, and Chambezi Valley, N.E.

RuopesiA, 4500 feet, November.

Types in the British Museum.

This species does not appear to have been recorded from

any other source except Mr. Neave’s original captures.

Genitalia. Harpagines shorter than usual, moderately broad

and fairly even in width, apex terminating in an ample simple large

hook, not so sharply excised as the preceding species into the

sickle-shaped extremity, but rather in a billhook shape, with an

abundant supply of long bristles, especially at the base; aedceagus

of moderate length and dimensions, and of even width. Tegumen

small.

Androconia roughly pear-shaped, broad, not symmetrical: distal

extremity more or less evenly arched, with seventeen to eighteen rows

of reticulations in the widest part, the reticulations not placed too

closely vertically.

Neochrysops neavei, sp. n. Plates XIU, figs, 8 and 10;

XVIII, fig. 24; XXVIII, fig. 24.

5. Upperside, both wings greyish brown (much darker thar

peculiaris) with prominent black lunular marks closing the cells.

Fringes black with paler extremities. In the secondaries an in-

conspicuous blackish marginal spot between veins 2 and 3. No

tails. Underside, both wings cream colour with veins somewhat

ochreous, spots black encircled with white. Primaries with a large

spot closing the cell; postmedian series consisting of six spots

generally, but this is variable, the upper four in an even curve,

fifth vertically below the fourth, the sixth a twin spot shifted

outwards; an internervular submarginal row of sublunular marks ;

a trace of a marginal row of subochreous dashes. Secondaries with

a prominent basal spot on the inner margin; a series of two or three

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1922.— PARTS III, IV. (FEB. 23) ¥

308 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker’s

subbasal spots below each other; the spot in the cell is sometimes a

double spot, sometimes a single one, therefore [ describe the number

as two or three; a prominent lunule closes the cell; the postmedian

series consists of eight spots of which the upper six form a deep curve,

the seventh is shifted well outwards, and the eighth well inwards on

vein 1, so as to appear to be part of the series of subbasal spots; a

series of sublunular submarginal marks, that between veins 2 and

3 being orange not black and forming the orange internal edging to

the black marginal spot between those veins; it has a narrow exterior

edging of metallic scales, a trace of a marginal series of ochreous

grey dashes, these are more prominent in the females.

2. Upperside, both wings brownish with the whole of the discal

and three-quarters of the inner marginal areas whitish, having

superimposed pale blue lustrous scales; the cells closed by prominent

black spots, and in the secondaries there is a marginal row of spots

with crenulate brown internal edging—otherwise like the male.

Expanse, 5 48-50; 9 48-52 mm.

Hab. Porrucurese East Arrica, Foothills North of

Mount Chiperone, 2500 feet, November and December;

one Q Mlanje, NyasaLanp, in January. All Neave’s

collecting.

Types in the British Museum, 2 3 and 4 9.

This species is very near in general facies to peculiaris,

but is much darker above and can be recognised at once

by the pattern of the underside, in which the postmedian

series of spots never has the third spot oblique, it being

always round and forming in line part of the curve already

referred to.

I dedicate this species to the discoverer of it (Mr. 8. A.

Neave), whose travels in Africa have done so much to

elucidate its insect fauna.

Genitalia. Harpagines simpler than any of those at present

referred to; they are widest near the base, gently ascending in an

outward arch and tapering off gradually into an upturned fine

point, there being no excavated sickle-shaped extremity, with a

plentiful supply of Jong stiff bristles on the upper side of the terminal

half and a more limited supply at the base; the harpagines are

rather shorter than usual; the aedoeagus is of moderate length,

fairly wide, with the anellus having the front edge less sharply

excurved and with a broadly recessed collar; the tegumen is deeply

excised fore and aft, leaving a high narrow saddle-like ridge; the

cheeks being squarish, of moderate size, with large broadish falces

Monograph of the genus Catochrysops Boisduval. 309

tapering off into quite narrow extremities having a finely hocked

tip.

Androconia rounded, slightly truncated proximally to the stalk,

often slightly flattened at the distal edge, with thirteen somewhat

appressed rows of closely-placed, fair-sized reticulations.

Neochrysops dollmani, sp. n. Plates XIII, fig. 12; XIX,

fig. 25; XXVIII, fig. 25.

3. Upperside, both wings pale greenish subdued electric blue,

with the underside markings showing faintly through, and with

very broad brown margins. Fringes brown with paler extremities.

No tails. Primaries with a dark dash closing the cell. Secondaries

with a marginal row of dark spots in the dark terminal area, a deep

black spot between veins 2 and 3, edged externally with pale metallic

blue and broadly internally with orange, a trace of a smaller double

similar spot at the anal angle. Underside, both wings pale greyisk

with blackish spots encircled with white. Primaries with a dark

dash closing the cell, followed by the postmedian series of six spots,

the sixth very minute and may be a double one, the first five spots

form a fairly even arc, with the fifth shifted slightly inwards; a

marginal and submarginal row of six internervular pale brownish

dashes separated from each other by a white stripe, interrupted

at the veins. Secondaries with a basal spot on the inner margin;

a series of three or four subbasal spots below each other, the

spot just below the cell adjacent to the middle spot may be absent,

when of course there will be three spots, not four; cell closed by

a large angled spot, above which on the costa is another spot;

the postmedian series consists of six prominent blackish spots, the

first shifted well outwards, the second slightly outwards, the third

slightly inwards, fourth small and compressed within the angle of

_veins 3 and 4, fifth well inwards, sixth almost reniform, slightly

outwards; a marginal row of pale brownish spots set in white and

bordered internally with a row of similar coloured lunules; a black

spot, veins 2 and 3 with blue metallic scales and a largish internal

edging of orange; similar small twin spots at the anal angle.

Expanse, 44 mm.

Hab. Solwezi, Ruopesia (H. Dollman).

Type in the British Museum, co-type in my collection.

Two males were brought home by Hereward Dollman,

taken in December 1917. It is a beautiful and quite

unmistakable species, and forms an almost perfect link

between the black spotted and the brown spotted, or

310 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker’s

typical section; the genitalia are allied to the former

group, as would perhaps be expected. The female is as

yet unknown.

Genitalia with the harpagines of moderate length and width,

almost as wide at the sickle excavation as at the base; under edge

concave, upper edge rugged and slightly uneven ; excavation sudden,

with a long hook at the apex. A plentiful supply of longish strong

bristles both at the base and the front where the excavation occurs,

only a few in between; furca of moderate size; anellus with the

front edge nearly straight; aedoeagus not very long, fairly stout;

cingulum angled somewhat forwards; tegumen not large, with cheeks

smaller than usual, not very deeply excised; falces shorter than in

most species.

Androconia not variable oblong, straightish laterally, highly

arched, almost to a central point distally, evenly and well arched

proximally to a central attachment stalk, with nine or ten rows of

reticulations placed well apart both horizontally and vertically.

I have dedicated this beautiful species to my dear friend

Dollman, whose untimely and sad death so many of us

deplore. A brilliant career in life, without doubt, lay

before him, and one sincerely regrets its unusual brevity.

Neochrysops intermedia sp. n. Plates XII, figs. 4 and 5;

XIX, fig. 26; XXVIII, fig. 26; XXXII, fig. 62.

3. Upperside. Both wings golden brown with a subdued lilac

lustre and narrow brown borders; the spots of the underside show

more or less through. Fringes brown with paler extremities.

Primaries with a fair-sized spot closing the cell. Secondaries with

an indistinct marginal spot between veins 2 and 3. Underside.

Both wings pale grey with blackish and brown markings encircled

or edged with white. Primaries with the spot closing the cell and

the postmedian series blackish; of the latter the three upper spots

form a series in which the middle spot is projected somewhat out-

wards, the fourth spot is shifted well inwards, the fifth also well

inwards, the sixth is a double spot placed obliquely outwards; a

series of six submarginal broad internervular brown dashes near the

postmedian series; a marginal, somewhat similar series of five

dashes ending at vein 3. Secondaries with a basal black spot on

the inner margin, followed by a series of three subbasal black

spots, the lowest on vein 1; a black spot below the costal vein

forming the first of the postmedian very irregular series of seven

spots, all of which are brown except the first, second spot shifted

Monograph of the genus Catochrysops Boisduval. 311

outwards, third spot outwards and much elongated, fourth slightly

inwards and more elongated, fifth very small indeed and shifted well

inwards, sixth small and shifted well inwards, seventh spot well

outwards and moderately large; beyond this postmedian series is a

row of subhastate white marks, a marginal row of brown spots, the

fifth between veins 2 and 3 black, with blue metallic scales and having

a bright orange iris, anal spot indistinct with blue metallic scales

and orange internal edging, a fine tail from vein 2.

® Upperside, both wings with a large area of bright violet blue

lustre. Secondaries with a double submarginal row of inter-

nervular whitish spots, and a largish deep black marginal spot

between veins 2 and 3. Underside like the male, only more accen-

tuated.

Expanse, ¢ 40-41; 2 43 mm.

Hab. Portuguese East Arrica, Ruo Valley, 2000 feet,

December; Foothills Mount Chiperone, 2500 feet, end of

November.

Types in the British Museum, 3g and 19 (S. A. Neave).

Genitalia similar in general form to N. neavei, but smaller.

Harpagines with moderately broad subovate bases which rapidly

taper to the extremities, the lower margins being deeply hollowed,

whilst the upper margins somewhat beyond the base are nearly

straight for about half the length, when they are suddenly depressed

and recurved upwards, forming deeply hooked apices; there is a

plentiful supply of long fine bristles on the lower margins of the

base and on the upper margins, excepting the apices themselves ;

the furca is short; the anellus being pronounced and having an

evenly curved front edge; aedoeagus of moderate length and broad ;

the tegumen is very highly excised from the front, with deep cheeks

having straightish front margins; the falces are rather narrow, but

as usual long and deeply curved; the front margins are fairly well

supplied with longish bristles.

Androconia broadly oval; proximal margin often asymmetrical,

owing to attachment stalk not being central; distal margin evenly

and moderately highly arched; nine rows of reticulations placed

well apart both vertically and horizontally.

There is a moderate amount of variation of the shape of

the androconia in this species; generally they are broadly

oval, as | have described, being almost, but shortly, oblong ;

several are quite ovate, several are asymmetrical distaily ;

one is very abnormal, being over double the usual length,

elliptic in shape, long and narrow, nearly straight on one

312 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker’s

side, but well excurved on the other, with five rows of

reticulations visible under the half of the scale, whilst over

the remainder the rows are so closely appressed that it is

not possible to count them accurately, but approximately

there are six or seven. The reticulations are all placed very

closely together vertically.

Neochrysops pterou sp. n. (repov, a feather).

3. Upperside, both wings dull greyish lavender violet. Primaries

with a dark dash closing the cell and a narrow indefinite dark border

to the termen. Secondaries with the dark border quite narrow, but

well defined. Underside, both wings pale grey with slightly darker

spots encircled with white. Primaries with the usual spot closing

the cell; the postmedian line is rather irregular and is composed of

six spots, the third transversely placed and narrowly oval, the

fourth is isolated, fifth shifted inwards, the sixth very slightly

outwards and erect; a series of broad submarginal interneural

dashes palely edged, followed by a similar series of darker interneural

marginal marks. Secondaries rather darker than the primaries,

with three very small subbasal blackish spots, followed halfway along

the costa by a fourth somewhat larger. The cell is closed by an

angled dash; the postmedian line is composed of six spots, the

second shifted well out, the third somewhat oval and placed slightly

transversely, the fourth is shifted inwards, the fifth further inwards,

the sixth reniform and shifted outwards; a submarginal row of

sagittate interneural dashes, broadly palely edged, followed by a

marginal row of large dark spots; between veins 2 and 3 a black

marginal spot with metallic blue external and yellow internal

edging. No tails.

Expanse, 39 mm.

Hab. Kavirnonpo Country (G. #. Feather), January 30,

1918.

Type in my collection.

There is, unfortunately, but one specimen, but it is so

distinctly different from other species that I have no

hesitation in naming it, and I therefore dedicate it to its

captor,

Neochrysops letsea Trimen. Plates XII, fig. 16;

XIX,, fig. 28; XXVIII, fig. 28.

Lycaena letsea Trimen, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., p. 362.

Pl. 6, figs. 3, 4 (1870); ad. 8. Afr. Butt., ii, p. 40 (1887).

Monograph of the genus Catochrysops Boisduval. 313

Cupido letsea Aurivillius, Rhop. Aethiop., 380 (1898).

Catochrysops fumosus Butler, P.Z.S. Lond., p. 762 (1885),

See also James’ Unknown Horn of Afr., p. 239 (1888).

3 and 2. Upperside, both wings pale brown with brown fringes

edged with whitish ; the primaries have the cell closed by an indistinct

fine darker dash, and the secondaries have a subanal marginal

black spot with yellow internal edging. No tails. Underside both

wings pale brownish grey with darker markings edged with white.

Primaries with a spot closing the cell; the postmedian series variable,

in the male type it is composed of four spots, the first below the

costa very minute, the other three almost in line; the submarginal

row is absent, and there is only the faintest trace of the terminal

series. Secondaries with four black spots near the base, three below

each other, and one shifted basewards on the inner margin, a fifth

black spot is below the costa near the apex; a curved mark closes

the cell, and is followed by the postmedian series of six spots, the

upper five being in an irregular curve, the second spot being shifted

outwards, the third and fourth each slightly inwards, the fifth more

inwards, the sixth outwards; a submarginal lunular series of inter-

nervular Iunules edged internally with sub-sagittate white marks,

a terminal series of spots entirely encircled with white, a subanal

black spot with metallic scales edged internally with orange.

The number of spots in the postmedian series of the primaries

varies; in some specimens the number is four, the lowest being

situated above vein 3; in others there are five, the lowest being

above vein 2; the size of these spots likewise differs.

Hab. Cark Cotony (Basutoland); Somat; Hope

Fountain, 8. Ruopesta (Neville Jones).

Types in the Joicey collection. The type fwmosus Butler,

-a synonym of this species, is in the British Museum.

Genitalia. Harpagines oval, tapering into a moderately long

arm-like process, concave on its lower margin, straightish on its

upper margin, excised near the tip into a short sickle-like apex;

anellus with the front edge erect and waived; aedoeagus of moderate

size and width; cingulum bent deeply forward, of moderate width;

tegumen a narrow ridge at the rear with smallish cheeks, lobe-shaped

and drooping downwards with fine bristles; falces long but otherwise

of moderate dimensions.

Androconia somewhat variable in size, of a long oblong shape,

evenly curved distally, tapering to the footstalk proximally, with

nine or ten rows of reticulations, whose sculpturing is placed far

apart vertically,

314 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker’s

This appears to be a rare species. Trimen’s specimens

appear to be but slightly spotted on the underside, whilst |

those in the British Museum (fwmosus) are more heavily

spotted. I have specimens from Hope Fountain, S.

Rhodesia, which are also more heavily spotted, so I have

figured Butler’s type.

Neochrysops cinerea, sp.n. Plates XII, fig. 17; XIX, fig. 29;

XXVIII, fig. 29.

36. Upperside, both wings pale brownish grey, with the markings

of the underside showing through; no spots at all on the upperside

except the marginal blackish spot between veins 2 and 3; the

narrow dash (almost always present) that closes the cell is in this

species only visible as a mark of the underside pattern that shows

through. Underside, both wings pale grey, with markings (except the

usual black ones on the secondaries) scarcely paler than the ground-

colour, encircled with white. Primaries with the spot closing the

cell followed by the postmedian series of six almost reund spots, of

which the sixth is a double one, the upper four spots form a slight

are, the fifth is shifted inwards, and the sixth double one outwards;

a submarginal series of six subhastate marks. Secondaries with

the black spots very small, the basal one on the inner margin minute,

three subbasal ones below each other, and one just below the costal

vein; the postmedian series consists of six spots, the first well away

from the costal black spot, the second to the fourth in a slight curve

touching each other and inclined well inwards, sixth spot shifted

outwards; a row of marginal spots with whitish edging bordered

internally with a row of lunular internervular marks; a black spot

between veins 2 and 3, with metallic scales and an internal edging

of yellowish, which is more prominent on the co-type. No tails.

Expanse, 37-40 mm.

Hab. Solwezi, N.W. Ruopxsta (Dollman), November.

Type in the British Museum; co-type in my collection.

Two males of this interesting species were brought home

by Dollman.

Genitalia with the harpagines of moderate length, broadish at the

base and somewhat ovate, but rapidly reduced, with the lower edge

concave, the top edge nearly straight and suddenly excised at a

quarter from the apex into a broad sickle-shaped extremity; a fair

supply of long bristles at the base and an abundant supply before the

excision, and at the hinder part of the sickle; the furca and anellus

Monograph of the genus Catochrysops Boisduval. 315

grap G Yysop.

call for no remark ; acdoeagus of moderate length, narrow ; cingulum

angled forward; tegumen small, with small cheeks, which have

fairly long and strong falces.

Androconia numerous, large, in shape a long oblong, straightish

laterally: the distal edge but slightly curved, generally asymmetrical

proximally. They are unusually large and very distinctive.

Neochrysops skotios H. H. Druce. Plates XIX, fig. 30;

XXVIII, fig. 830; XXXII, fig. 63.

Catochrysops skotios H. H. Druce, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,

p. 259, Pl. xiii, fig. 12 (1905); 7d. Neave, P.Z.S. Lond.

(1910), p. 57.

§. Upperside, both wings uniform warm slightly lustrous brown,

with no markings whatever except the least trace of the underside

spots closing the cells showing through. Underside, both wings

greyish brown, with spots scarcely darker than the ground-colour,

encircled with creamy white, and the usual black spots on the

secondaries. Primaries, a spot closing the cell, followed by the post-

median series of six spots, the first four touching each other nearly

erect, the fifth and sixth shifted somewhat inwards; a marginal row

of internervular dashes edged internally with fine creamy subhastate

marks, beyond which is a broader row of internervular dashes also

edged internally with aseries of subhastate creamy marks. Second-

aries with a small basal black spot on the inner margin; three sub-

basal spots below each other and a fourth shifted outwards below the

costal vein; a brown spot closes the cell beyond which is the post-

median series of six spots, the first shifted well outwards from the

black costal spot, the second to the fifth form a slightly curved series,

ali touching each other and inclined well inwards, the second of these

four spots is placed obliquely generally, sixth spot shifted somewhat

outwards; a marginal row of spots and a submarginal row of sub-

hastate dashes each edged internally with rather narrow subhastate

internervular creamy marks; a black marginal spot between veins

2 and 3 with blue metaliic scales and orange edging. No tails.

Expanse, 9 40-42; 9 44 mm.

Hab. N.W. Reopesta.

Type in the Joicey collection; other specimens in the

British Museum, Oxford Museum, and in my collection.

Genitalia with the harpagines longish, with base somewhat ovate,

_ rapidly reducing to a narrow arm, concave on the lower edge, straight-

ish on the upper edge; at a full third from the apex curved downwards

(not excised) and shortly recurved into a sort of narrow billhook

316 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker’s

extremity; some longish bristles at the base and a fair number on

the upper margin around the curved section; anellus with a waved

front edge; aedoeagus shortish, rather broad; cingulum long,

strongly angled forwards over the harpagines; tegumen small, with

small cheeks, and long rather narrow falces, which have the extremi-

ties sharply curved. The bristles on the cheeks are very numerous,

fine and longish.

Androconia very numerous, pomegranate-shaped, but not quite

so flat distally, with eleven rows, well apart, of reticulations placed

close together vertically; the shape is very fairly uniform and

distinctive.

Neochrysops plebeja Butler. Plates XII, fig. 18; XIX,

fie. Sls XXVRE fest

Catochrysops plebeia Butler, P.Z.S8. Lond., p. 192, Pl. 20,

fig. 2 (1898).

Lycaena parsimon Trimen (in parie), 8. Afr. Butt., 1, p.

18 (1887).

Cupido celaeus Aurivillius, Rhop. Aethiop., p. 375 (1898)

in parte.

3. Upperside, both wings pale greyish brown, with a few bluish

scales at the extreme base; the scales are very thin in substance

giving the wings a very slightly diaphanous appearance: the under-

side pattern shows through more or less. Fringes brown with paler

extremities. Primaries with an indistinct dash closing the cell.

Secondaries with a black marginal spot between veins 2 and 3

with a trace of blue scales and an orange internal edging. © Underside,

both wings pale brownish grey, more or less warm in tone, with

slightly darker spots and marks broadly edged with white.

Primaries with the cell closed as usual; the postmedian series is

composed of six spots, sometimes five, which are more or less con-

fluent, the upper three nearly in alignment, the middle one being

broken very slightly outwards, the fourth is shifted inwards, the

fifth inwards also, and the sixth (sometimes absent) slightly outwards

and generally is a small double spot; a marginal row of six

lunular spots, preceded by a broad crenulate stripe edged with white

on each side. Secondaries with the basal black spot on the inner

margin, four black sub-basal spots below each other, the two middle

ones being adjacent; a black spot further out below the costal vein ;

a curved dash closes the cell; the postmedian series consists of six

spots or perhaps I should say seven, as there is a fairly visible trace

of a spot above the first oblique oval spot which might be numbered

la—it lies between veins 7 and 8, below the apex of the wing-spots

Monograph of the genus Catochrysops Boisduval. 317

two to four are irregularly in alignment, the fifth spot shifted well

inwards, sixth outwards; a marginal row of semilunular spots,

preceded by a crenulate stripe, which is edged on both sides with

white, the inner edging being broad and sagittate; a black marginal

spot between veins 2 and 3 with metallic-blue scales and a broad

orange internal edging; a fine tail from vein 2.

Expanse, J 48; 92 48-50 mm.

Hab. Natau; MASHONALAND; PONDOLAND; RHODESIA,

South, North-east and West; GazaLaAND; TRANSVAAL.

Type in the British Museum.

Trimen speaks of the insect he calls parsimon (l.c.) as

having tails in both sexes, it is therefore not parsimon

Fabricius. No doubt he had this species before him.

Genitalia with the harpagines fairly wide at the base, tapering

somewhat rapidly into a narrowish arm, concave at its lower margin,

nearly straight at the upper margin, suddenly recessed downwards

near the tip and recurved into a fair-sized hook at the extremity ;

the harpagines are longer and the hook larger than is the case with

the next species, V. parsimon ; anellus withthe front edge cone-shaped ;

aedoeagus fairly long to moderately broad; cingulum longish,

narrow; tegumen small with small cheeks; falces moderately long.

Bristles on the harpagines moderately strong and numerous at the

base, less numerous in the apical area.

Androconia slightly variable, broadly oblong, slightly longer

than broad. Evenly and slightly arched distaily, more strongly

proximally, with twelve fairly closely-placed rows of reticulations.

Neochrysops parsimon Fabricius. Plates XII, fig. 19;

XX, fig. 32; XXIX, fig. 32.

Papilio Plebeius ruralis parsimon Fabricius, Syst. Ent.,

p. 526 (1775); ad. adem Mantiss Class, vi, p. 77 (1787);

ud. idem Ent. Syst., ui, p. 303 (1793).

Papilio celaeus Cramer, Pap. Exot., iv, p. 177, Pl. 379,

figs. k,k (1782).

Lycaena celaeus Trimen var., Rhop. Afr. Austr., p. 247

(1866).

Cupido celaeus Aurivillius (én parte) Rhop. Athiop., p, 375

(1898).

Catochrysops celaeus Neave, P.Z.S. Lond., p. 58 (1910).

o- Upperside, both wings brown, decidedly more solid in texture

than in plebeia, so that the underside pattern does not show through ;

the only mark visible is an indefinite blackish marginal spot on the

318 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker’s

secondaries between veins 2 and 3, with a faint trace of yellow above

it. In seme very fresh specimens from certain localities the colour

approaches very closely to plebeia; this may, however, be only

due to the very fresh condition of the specimens. Underside, both

wings brown or brownish grey with the usual spots, whose white

edging is decidedly narrower than in plebeia ; the spots of the post-

median series are definitely encircled spots adjacent together, but not

confluent. Primaries with the usual spot closing the cell; the

postmedian series consisting of six spots, the upper four almost in

a line, the fifth shifted somewhat inwards, and the sixth sometimes

double, vertical below the outer edge of the fifth; a marginal row of

internervular dashes, preceded by a row of six sublunular marks

edged on each side with white. Secondaries with a black basal

spot on the inner margin, four subbasal ones below each other, the

central two adjacent, and another black spot further out below the

costal vein; the postmedian series composed of six spots, the first

oval, the second to the fourth shifted slightly outwards, all being

in line and inclined inwards, the fifth shifted inwards, sixth slightly

outwards; a marginal row of semilunular marks preceded by a row

of sublunular broadish dashes edged on each side with white; a

black marginal spot between veins 2 and 3, with blue metallic scales

and broad orange internal edging. No tails.

$. Both wings, upperside, brownish with the whole of the area

up to the subterminal brown stripe and up to the costal vein inclined

to whitish suffused entirely with sublustrous violet blue, the blue

scaling at the base being much denser and so doing away with the

whitish appearance. Primaries with a large and prominent spot

closing the cell, a broad brown subterminal stripe separated from the

terminal broad stripe by internervular pale spots. Secondaries

with the blue suffusion up to vein 7 instead of the costal as in the

primaries ; the subterminal stripe is lunular and the terminal brown-

spotted band is somewhat indefinitely edged with whitish.

Expanse, 5 44; 9 46-52 mm.

Type lost, one female in the Banks collection, British

Museum, but not referred to by Fabricius.

Hab. SterrRA LeEone; Lacos; ANncoLa, Coast oF

GuInEA; Entresspe (Ff. J. Jackson); Wrst UGANDA

(Neave); Nartropi; Vicrorta Nyanza (Oxford Mus.);

N.E. Ruopesta (A. A. Langshaw), KrBoriant, KANGWA

KiBara (Trimen).

There has been so much confusion with this species that

it has been necessary to go back over all the old literature

traceable,

Monograph of the genus Catochrysops Boisduval. 319

Fabricius published in 1775 his Systema Entomologiae,

and on page 526 described parsimon as follows :—

** Parsimon. 349. P.P.R. alis integris, aers subtus cinereis,

albo undatis; posticis basi punctis ccellaribus nigris, apice ocello.

‘“* Habitat in Sierra Leon Africae. Mus. Banks.

“Major. Antennae albo-annulatae, clava fulva, Alae omnes

supra fuscae, immaculatae, subtus cinereae, macula media reni-

formi fasciisque posticis lunularibus albidis: posticae ad basin

punctis quinque atris, annulo albo cinctis et ad angulum ani ocellus-

ater, annulo antice rufo, postice aureo cinctus.

“ Variat supra alis anticis macula media nigra et posticis lunulis

apicis albis maculaque rufa.”

In 1787 he (Fabricius) merely catalogues the species in

his Mantissa on p. 77, Clas. vi, giving only the first brief

description word for word, ex cept that he ends it with

apiceque ocello ” instead of “ apice ocello”; but in 1793

(Entomologia Systematica) he repeats his description i in full

on p. 303, with no further amendments.

From this three points come out prominently : first that

the species is without tails, secondly that the upperside is

brown, and thirdly that the underside has five black spots

at the base of the secondaries. This description was there-

fore not taken from the female (a very palpable female) in

the Banks collection at the British Museum, for that speci-

men has such a strong and largish suffusion of blue on the

upperside that it would have been quite impossible not to

notice, whilst it has four basal black spots, not five. This

specimen cannot therefore be taken for a type. In 1782,

however, Stoll published Vol. iv. of Cramers’ Papilio Exoti-

ques, in which he deseribed and figured at p. 177 and Plate

379, figs. k,k, his Papilio celaeus from the coast of Guinea.

Hitherto parsimon has been identified either as a blue or

brown insect either with tails or without, and by some

authors as mere aberrations of one species. My researches

with the genitalia prove, I think, that the tailed and tailless

insects are two species, not one, and also that the blue and

the brown butterflies are likewise two species not one, and

it remains for us to determine which is the insect that

Fabricius described. Aurivillius is evidently unable to

throw any light on the matter as intimated in his Rhopalo-

cera Aethiopica, so that I am thrown entirely on my own

investigations, and I have come to the definite conclusion

320 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker’s

that Fabricius and Stoll described the same species, and in

this I am glad to follow the lead given by Trimen in both

his works (l.c.), for though he confused the species and

thought that parsimon was blue, yet he recognised that the

descriptions of the two early authors referred to the same

species, which no doubt made him (‘Trimen) consider, in

his earlier work, that the brown species was a variety of the

blue, but he never realised that true parsimon had no tails.

{ come therefore to the conclusion that parsimon and ceiaeus

are brown, and that they have five black spots at the base

of the secondaries, and that neither has a tail, and I find

that in recently arranged collections the species has been

named celaeus, though in many the blue and brown have

been mixed together. Stoll’s name will therefore have to

sink to parsimon Fabricius, who has seven years priority ;

therefore the blue species, commonly called parsimon, is

left without a name, for which | suggest synchrematiza

(Greek ouvypnuatifm, mentioned together with).

Genitalia with harpagines subovate at the base, tapering to a

moderately even narrower arm, concave at its lower margin, but

curved downwards suddenly near the tip and shortly recurved into a

small hook at the apex; the bristles are fine and are not very

abundant; anellus bluntly cone-shaped; aedoeagus of moderate

length and width; tegumen smallish, very deeply excised, with

fair-sized cheeks; falces strong of moderate length.

Androconia slightly variable, but the general shape is somewhat

fan-shaped, broader than long, very slightly expanding distally,

with the distal edge moderately arched, with eleven rows of reticu-

lations placed fairly closely together vertically.

Neochrysops vietoriae Karsch. Plates XII, fig. 20; XX,

fig. 33.

Lycaena victoriae Karsch, Ent. Nachr., 21, p. 300 (1895).

Cupido victoriae Aurivillius, Rhop. Ethiop., p. 374 (1898).

Catochrysops acholi Bethune-Baker, Ann. and Mag. N. H.,

xvi, p. 107 (1906).

Cupido victoriae Druce, Illust. Afr. Lyc., p. 19, PL. viii,

figs. 2, 2a (1910).

3. Upperside, both wings uniform darkish brown, quite markless,

with the one exception that in the secondaries between veins 2 and 3

there is a black marginal spot broadly edged internally with deep

yellow. No tails. Underside, both wings ashen grey with spots

Monograph of the genus Catochrysops Boisduval. 321

Vay g Yso}

searcely darker than the ground, encircled with white. Primaries

with a semilunular spot closing the cell; the postmedian series

consisting of six spots usually disconnected, second and third spots

just touching each other and shifted slightly outwards, fourth spot

somewhat inwards, fifth more inwards, sixth vertical below the fifth ;

a series of submarginal subsagittate internervular marks and a

marginal series of internervular dashes each edged with whitish.

Secondaries with the usual black spots, one basal one in inner margin,

three sub-basal below each other, one costal below vein 8 near its

termination; postmedian series consisting of six spots, the first

oval, the second to the fourth touching each other and fairly in line,

all shifted outwards from the first, fifth shifted inwards, sixth shifted

outwards obliquely; a marginal row of four subsagittate spots

preceded by a row of sagittate internervular marks edged with white,

the inner edging being sagittate ; a black marginal spot between veins

2 and 8 with metallic blue scales and broad internal yellow edging.

9. Upperside, both wings whitish with lustrous blue superimposed

scales. Primaries with costa broadly brown, and termen very

broadly brown. Secondaries with a postmedian series of spots,

varying in size and number; a marginal row of large spots with

sagittate white internal edging preceded by a brown subsagittate

series of internervular marks; subanal spot as in the male. Under-

side as in the male, but paler and with broader white edging.

Expanse, 5 48; 2 48-52 mm.

Hab. British East Arrica (Kitoto); UGanpa PRo-

TECTORATE (Patigo).

Types: 2 in the Imperial Zoological. Museum, Berlin ;

¢ in my collection (4 3g and 4 29); ‘other specimens in the

British Museum from the Nandi Plateau (Neave).

Karsch described the female from Kitoto (Ugowe Bay),

and subsequently having a small series of both sexes I

described the male from the Acholi country, having failed

to recognise the previous description of the female. The

species is apparently local and uncommon. The figure

represents my ¢ type.

Genitalia with harpagines long, broadish at the base, narrowing

rapidly and terminating in a sub-sickle-shaped apex; the whole

clasp is covered with long strong bristles, those at the apex being

shorter and finer; anellus with the front apex bluntly cone-shaped:

aedoeagus broad, of moderate length, raised into a knob near

extremity on its upper edge, from whence it is somewhat excised to

the tip; vesica very fine with practically no sculpturing; cingulum

long and very narrow; tegumen but little excised (this is apparently

322 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker’s

variable), with very broad, well-rounded, ample cheeks, with the

falces long, strong, and well curved; the cheeks have a fair supply

of bristles at the margins.

Androconia absent. This is one of the very few species of the

genus that has no androconia.

Neochrysops quassi Karsch. Plates XII, fig. 21; XX,

fig. 34; XXIX, fig. 34.

Lycaena quassi Karsch, Ent. Nachr., 21, p. 305 (1895).

Lycaena negus, B. E. Zeit., 38, p, 226 (1893).

Catochrysops phasma Butler, Ann. and Mag. N. H., vii, p.

290 (1901).

3. Upperside, both wings dull violet with broad blackish posterior

margins, the primaries with a blackish dash closing the cell.

Secondaries with a deep black spot on the termen between veins 2

and 3, which is edged above with orange. Underside, both wings

brownish cream-colour, with darker brown spots and marks edged

with white. Primaries with the usual dash closing the cell; a

postmedian, almost straight row of seven spots, of which the first

below the costa is the smallest; a subterminal row of sublunular

marks, followed by the terminal row of broadish internervular dashes ;

termen finely brown. Secondaries with a black basal spot on the

inner margin, followed by three sub-basal black spots with a fourth

shifted further out below the costal vein; a pale brown crescent closes

the cell; the postmedian row consists of six spots, the first is shifted

outwards from and below the fourth black spot, the second further

out, the third and fourth slightly inwards, fifth more inwards, the

sixth is reniform and is shifted somewhat outwards; a subterminal

lunular row of internervular dashes edged internally broadly with

white subsagittate marks; a terminal row of spots with the usual

subanal black spot, with a fine blue metallic external edge and a broad

internal orange edge; termen finely brown. At the extremity of vein

2 is a fine tail.

9. Upperside, both wings brown, with a lustrous violet blue suffu-

sion over the basal two-thirds of the wings, and a tendency to

whitish in the postmedian area. Primaries with a postmedian row

of dark spots encircled with white—this character is variable, I have

one specimen before me with no spot at all, one with only a trace

of them, another with one definite spot, two specimens with two spots,

and others up to five, but the complete absence of them is rare—a

trace of a subterminal row of largish brown spots edged very finely

with white externally but broadly internally. Secondaries with the

spot closing the cell and the postmedian curved row of spots which is

Monograph of the genus Catechrysops Boisduval. 323

apparently always present, the subterminal row consists of lunules,

otherwise it is as in the primaries. In other particulars the female

is like the male both on its upper- and underside.

Expanse, 3 44-46; 9 45-48 mm.

Hab. Asnanti; Lacos (B. M.); Acrcr (Farquharson),

Oxford Museum.

Type in the Berlin Museum.

Butler compared this species, which he named phasma,

with both celaeus and patricia ; the genitalia show it to be

more nearly related to the former than the latter, whilst

the pattern as well as the genitalia show that it is also

nearly related to victoriae, the pattern of the females having

obvious and rather unusual similarities. I should rather

liken it to a tailed form of synchrematiza B-B., with which

it is in colour and pattern somewhat more similar; the

colour of the male upperside is almost exactly alike. The

prehensores are, however, different.

Genitalia. Harpagines of moderate length, strongly concave

on the lower margin, broader at the base, but gradually diminishing

in width until a third from the apex, where it is suddenly excised

deeply and terminates in a deepish sickle apex; the whole harpago

is generally furnished with a plentiful supply of longish bristles,

which at the base are on the lower margin, but are on the upper

margin at the apex. Anellus with cone-shaped front edge; aedoea-

gus not very stout and shortish; cingulum narrow, of a fair length;

tegumen merely a narrow collar; cheeks of small dimensions, with

the front margin nearly vertical and straight; falces long, decidedly

narrow, and terminating in a fine well-curved hook; cheeks with

plenty of longish strong bristles.

Androconia somewhat variable, the general form is a long oval

which expands slightly distally, which extremity is well and evenly

curved; the proximal extremity is somewhat asymmetrically curved,

the footstalk being very frequently not central; it is not infrequent

for them to assume a shape approaching the spherical when the

proximal end is symmetrical and the footstalk central. There are

generally twelve rows of reticulations, placed well apart. There are

other variations whilst a few scales are narrowly elliptical.

Neochrysops synchrematiza nom. nov. Plates XIV, fig. 1;

XX, fig. 35; XXIX, fig. 35.

Lycaena parsimon auctorem (in parte).

Cupido parsimon Aurivillius, (?) Rhop. Aethiop., p. 375

(1898).

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1922.—PARTS III, IV. (FEB. 23) 4%

324 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker’s

3g. Upperside, both wings duil violet blue with the nervules show-

ing finely black; cells closed by a fine blackish dash, which broadens

after the specimens have flown much; a variable dark subanal

marginal spot, sometimes inconspicuous, sometimes prominent.

No tails. Undersurface brownish grey, with spots scarcely darker

than the ground-colour, edged broadly with white. Primaries with

a large irregular spot closing the cell; postmedian series composed of

six spots, second and third irregular, fifth shifted inwards slightly

obliquely, sixth inclined to be reniform; a submarginal lunulated

series with white sagittate inner edging, and a marginal row of six

spots. Secondaries with four black spots near the base and one

shifted right out above the postmedian series, three below each other

and one close to the base on the inner margin; spot closing the cell

large; postmedian series composed of six spots, the second shifted

well ontwards, third inwards, fourth smaller inwards, fifth more

inwards, and the sixth shifted outwards; submarginal lunular series

edged with white sagittate marks; a marginal row of spots, the

subanal one black with a few metallic blue scales on its outer margin

and a fair-sized orange spot on its inner edge.

®. Both wings brown. The primaries suffused with lustrous

blue scales over the median and postmedian areas; a trace of a sub-

marginal series of spots. Secondaries with the blue almost confined

to the cell, and a distinct marginal row of spots, otherwise like the

male.

Expanse, § 42-46; 9 50-53 mm.

Hab. Sierra LEONE.

Types in my collection.

Genitalia. Harpagines, long narrow arm-like processes, rather

wider at the base and slightly tapering towards the apex, concave

on the lower margin, slightly convex on the upper margin, apex

suddenly excised to form a strong broad hooked termination; the

whole arm is plentifully furnished with long strongish bristles;

anellus with front margin sub-cone-shaped and slightly asymmetrical ;

acdoeagus broad, rather short; cingulum long, of slight dimensions,

but strengthened by the central portion of each side being somewhat

xcised, so as to form an internal sort of collar; tegumen raised into

a narrow high ridge at the rear, almost wholly excavated, so that

the cheeks stand out forwards and are somewhat wedge-shaped ;

the falces are longish and of moderate dimensions; the cheeks are

well supplied with longish bristles.

Androconia moderate size, oblong, with distal apex excurved

asymmetrically as a rule, tapering rapidly distally to the somewhat

Monograph of the genus Catochrysops Boisduval. 325

large footstaik, with twelve rows of reticulations placed well apart,

but the vertical reticulations are generally rather close together.

This species is decidedly rare in collections, and it has

invariably been called parsimon, but, as I have already

shown, it is quite impossible for it to be the insect described

by Fabricius. Ihave been unable to trace it from anywhere

bal Sierra Leone.

Neochrysops soiwezii sp. n. Plates XIV, fig. 2; XX,

fig. 36; XXIX, fig. 36.

3. Upperside, both wings brownish lilae with a pink tinge, in some

lights dull lilac colour, with the dash closing the cells rather obscure;

termen narrowly brown. Secondaries with the subanal spot edged

internally with orange. No tails. Underside, both wings whitish

grey, with darker spots and markings encircled with white. Prim-

aries with the spot ciosing the cell subreniform; the postmedian

series consisting of six spots, the third oblique, the fifth oblique

shifted inwards, sixth largish; the submarginal row of internervular

dashes fairly broad, marginal row more definite, inclined to be sub-

hastate. Secondaries with four black spots near the base, three

below each otker, one shifted inwards on the inner margin, a fifth

black spot below vein 8 at a third from the apex; a largish broad

indented dash closes the cell; postmedian series composed of six

large spots, the third large, ovate, slightly oblique, fourth and fifth

shifted inwards, sixth outwards; submarginal row crenulate almost

hastate; marginal row of spots inclined to have the spots pointed

internally ;- subanal black marginal spot with metallic blue scales

and with a broad internal orange edging, a similar very small spot

at the anal angle.

Q. Upperside, both wings brown, with the basal three- quarters

to the upper margin of the cell lustrous violet blue. Secondaries

with all the underside markings except the black spots showing

through. In the primaries the postmedian series shows through

indistinctly. Underside primaries with an occasional seventh minute

spot below the costa in the postmedian series. Secondaries with an

occasional double black spot in the centre of the three.

Expanse, ¢ 51-56; 9 47-54 mm.

Hab. Solwezi Mwengwa, N.W. Ruopesta (. Dollman)

November and December; Usaneu (Tanganyika District),

November 1910 (S. A. Neave).

Types in the British Museum; co-type in the Oxford

Museum and in my collectior.

326 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker’s

The colour of the male is most difficult to describe; it

seems to be a mixture of heliotrope and brown and lilae

with a certain admixture of pink; in a bright light it is a

delicate and beautiful colour that shows but little of its

delicacy on a dull day.

Genitalia. Harpagines very long of the usual ham-shaped

base with long very narrow arms, slightly excised on their

upper margins before the apex, which is turned up into a strong

hook with a dentate edge; the whole harpago is furnished with long

strong bristles; anellus large with the front margin highly conical;

cingulum strongly built but of narrow dimensions; tegumen merely

a narrow ridge, excised as to its front edge, with cheeks of mederate

size, somewhat conical in the shape of their lower front apices;

falces long and strong with unusually broad basal shoulder pieces ;

cheeks plentifully supplied with long bristles; aedoeagus long, of

but moderate width.

Androconia very variable as between each specimen, large to

very large, roundish or ovate to very large oblong; the two East

African (Tanganyika District is the new name, I believe) specimens

differ from each other, and these differ from the N.W. Rhodesian

specimens; the roundish scales have eleven to twelve rows of reti-

culations placed fairly closely together, with irregular sculpturing ;

the ovate and oblong ones have generally eleven rows placed well

apart horizontally, but vertically the reticulations are moderately

close.

Neochrysops glauca Trimen. Plates XIV, fig. 4; XX,

fio. 315. XXX fie,

Lycaena glauca Trimen, 8S. Af. Butt., p. 21 (1887).

Cupido glawca Aurivillius, Rhop. Aethiop., p. 375 (1898).

Catochrysops glauca Butler, P.Z.S. Lond., p. 193 (1898).

Catochrysops glauca Neave, P.Z.S. Lond., p. 58 (1910).

Lycaena asteris Wallgr., K. Sv. Vet. Akad. Handl., p. 40

(1857). [“ In parte” all authors. |

3g. Upperside, both wings delicate pale silvery blue, with the

termen somewhat broadly brown. Primaries with a blackish-

grey lunule closing the cell, not present in the secondaries, which

have a black subanal spot bordered above with orange. Underside,

both wings whitish grey, with slightly darker spots edged with white.

Primaries with a lunular spot closing the cell, followed by the post-

median series of six spots, the second and third slightly irregularly

placed, the fifth somewhat oblique and shifted inwards, sixth

Eat

Monograph of the genus Catochrysops Boisduval. 327

vertically below the inner margin ot its predecessor; a subterminal

row of subsagittate internervular marks and a terminal row (almost

a continuous stripe) of broad internervular dashes. Secondaries

with four black spots near the base, three below each other, one

smaller, shifted well in on the inner margin, and a fifth shifted right

out a quarter or less from the apex. A lunular spot closes the cell,

followed by the postmedian series of six spots, the first very oblique

and ovate, the second to the fourth adjacent somewhat oval, inclined

slightly inwards, fifth shifted inwards, sixth slightly outwards;

a subterminal row of sharply crenulate internervular marks fol-

lowed by a row of spots; a subanal black spot with bluish metallic

scales and an internal broad orange border with a small similar

anal spot. A very fine short tail.

Q. Upperside, both wings brown with the central area of the

wing from the base to three-quarters of the wing pale lustrous blue,

large spot closing the cell of the primary only, and a trace of yellow

at the tornus of the primary. Secondaries with a submarginal

row of lunular marks followed by a row of spots, a considerable

development of orange in the anal area above the marginal spots;

otherwise like the male.

Expanse, j 44; 948 mm.

Hab. TRANSVAAL (Selous); MasuonaLanpd (Marshall).

Types in Joicey collection.

There is no doubt, I think, that two species have again

been confused together. There is the blue species described

by Trimen, and very accurately described as to colour:

“in tint intermediate between the uppersides of L. corydon

Scop. and daphnis W.V.” (i.e. meleager); he, however,

also says with a slight greenish gloss, and it is because of

this remark, I think, that the confusion has arisen. I

have no doubt that the green and the blue species are dis-

tinct; the former is a rather larger and a more robust

insect than the latter, whilst it appears to obtain further

north and not in the south. Neave (l.c.) briefly draws

attention to this difference in colour between the South

African glauca and those found further north. The andro-

conia show decided differences, as will be seen from the

descriptions and figures.

Genitalia, with the harpagines somewhat elliptical at the base,

tapering gradually into the usual long arm-like sclerite with a shortly

spatulate (almost knob-shaped) tip; the bristles are long but not

very plenteous; the anellus is subconical at the front margin; the

aedoeagus shortish and of medium width; the cingulum is decidedly

328 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker’s

narrow; the tegumen is a narrow ridge at the rear; cheeks produced

well forwards and wedge-shaped, with fine bristles; falces long,

broad at the base, but with the terminal portion narrow.

Androconia somewhat variable, of a long oblong shape, but

variable in size, and with a few scales ovate in form, well arched

distally, tapering off rapidly proximally to the attachment stalk;

ten or eleven rows of reticulations placed somewhat closely together

vertically.

The figure is taken from one of Trimen’s specimens

(Joicey coll.) from the Transvaal.

Neochrysops chioauges sp. n. (yAo-avyys, with a greenish

lustre). Plates XIV, fig.3; XXI, fig. 38; XXIX, fig. 38.

Catochrysops glauca Neave, P.Z.S. Lond., p. 58 (1910).

¢. Upperside, beth wings very pale lustrous yellowish green

with the termen narrowly brown. The green is of a very delicate

hue, almost indescribable in words, with a peculiar iridescent lustre

that changes according to the angle of light on its surface. Pri-

maries with a dark grey bar closing the cell. Secondaries with a

subanal black marginal spot with a yellow internal border. From

the end of vein 2 there is a fine tail. Underside, both wings stone

grey with darker marks broadly edged with white. Primaries

with the usual! spot closing the cell, followed by the postmedian series

consisting generally of seven spots, the first minute (sometimes

absent) below the costa, fourth spot oblique, largish, fracturing

the series internally and externally, sixth shifted inwards, seventh

a twin spot or subreniform; a series of sagittate submarginal

internervular marks, marginal row of spots confluent, inclined

to lose its spotted character. Secondaries with four black spots

near the base, three below each other and cne shifted well towards

the base on the inner margin, a fifth black spot below vein 8 at

a third from the apex; a large spot closes the cell; the postmedian

series consists of six spots, the first isolated and oval, second, third

and fourth adjacent shifted well outwards, fifth shifted inwards,

sixth slightly outwards; submarginal internervular series of marks

lunular rather than sagittate; terminal row of definite spots; the

subanal black spot with greenish metallic scales on its outer margin

and a broad internal edging of orange.

. With the basal median and postmedian areas whitish suffused

with lustrous bluish-green scales; costal and terminal margins

broadly brown, but in the secondaries the termen is spotted with

brown; otherwise as in the male.

Kixpanse, 9 45-46; 9 46-48 mm.

Monograph of the genus Caiochryscps Boisduval. 329

Hab. N.K. and N.W. Ruopesta.

Type in my collection.

This is the species referred to under C. glauca Trimen,

that has always been regarded as a variety of that species;

I have no doubt that they are distinct. The present species,

apart from its colour, which is not caused in relaxing, is

more robust; the primaries are decidedly broader and the

secondaries more ample than in Trimen’s insect. The

genitalia differ slightly, whilst the androconia can be

separated at a glance.

Genitalia with the harpagines very long, narrow and highly arched ;

base unusually narrow, somewhat ham-skaped, very slightly excised

near apex, which terminates in a spatulate, broad, short hook;

base well furnished with long curved bristles, which are much less

plentiful towards the apex; anellus with the front margin but

slightly curved; aedoeagus longer and narrower than usual; tegu-

men merely a very narrow collar, with small cheeks which have

long narrow falces; cheeks with long bristles.

Androconia somewhat pyriform, the expansion distally being

gradual but marked; distal apex broad and well arched; proximal]

apex quite narrow; footstalk strong, tapering; eleven rows of

reticulations lying moderately close to each other. The difference

in shape between this and glauca is observable at once.

Neochrysops polydialeeta sp. n. (7roAis didXextTos, much

discussion). Plates XIV, fig. 5; XXI, fig. 39; XXIX,

fig. 39.

3g. Upperside, both wings pale violet blue with a lilac tinge;

cells closed by a fine dark dash; termen narrowly black. Second-

aries with a black subanal spot with a trace of a few metallic scales

and an orange internal border, the latter often absent. No tails.

Underside, both wings whitish grey with pale brown markings

edged with white. Primaries with the dash closing the cell narrow ;

the postmedian series short, consisting of five small spots whose

white margins touch, third spot oblique, fifth spot isolated shifted

inwards; a broadish submarginal row of internervular marks,

foliowed by a narrow terminal row. Secondaries with four black

spots near the base, three below each other, one shifted well base-

wards on the inner margin, a fifth black spot beyond the centre

of vein 8 just below it; the ususl sublunular mark closing the cell;

the postmedian row consisting of six spots, the first slightly ovate

and slightly oblique, second shifted well outwards, third somewhat

330 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker’s

oblique, fifth shifted inwards, sixth outwards; a submarginal row

of narrow internervular lunules, the upper two of which are shifted

well inwards and are diffused; a terminal row of smallish half

spots; the black subanal spot with bright blue metallic scales with

a broad orange internal edging and a trace of a smajler one at the

anal angle.

9. Upperside, both wings with the basal two-thirds to three-

quarters up to vein 6 whitish with a strong suffusion of violet blue ;

costa and termen broadly brown, with a trace of whitish dashes

separating the submarginal brown border from the marginal border.

Underside like the male, except that in the primaries the postmedian

series consists of six spots.

Expanse, 9 42; 9 44-45 mm.

Hab. Kavucut, Nuba Mountains, May, August and

September (R. S. Wilson); Uniiat, July, all in the Oxford

Museum; and Guiu-Gutu, Kisweazi (I. J. Jackson).

Types in the Oxford Museum.

This is a species that has given Professor Poulton and

me more trouble than any of the group, whether it was

negus Felder, or a paler tailless form of parvsimon auctorem,

it was most difficult to determine, and we came to the con-

clusion that the latter was probably the best solution of

the difficulty; it proves, however, on examination of the

genitalia and the androconia to be without any doubt a

distinct species.

Genitalia. Harpagines longish, ham-shaped atthe base, tapering

into a moderately long arm-like organ, with a short, strongly

hooked apex well supplied with long strong bristles for all its length ;

anellus with the front edge curved; aedoeagus of moderate length

and width; cingulum long, but of slight proportions; tegumen

raised into a very narrow ridge at the extreme rear; cheeks pro-

jected well forwards, of but moderate dimensions, with well-curved

front margins which are well supplied with long bristles; falces very

long and curved highly near the base.

Androconia variable, of two sizes; one being of a long oblong shape

with the distal extremity very slightly curved, and the proximal taper-

ing rapidly off into the long footstalk, and the other much shorter,

almost quadrate; these latter are much the more numerous; the

sculpturing on both is the same, there being twelve rows of reticu-

lations, not very close to each other, with the reticulations far apart

vertically. There is one very interesting aberration which appears

to be an ill-developed androconia; it is most unusually large, and

Monograph of the genus Catochrysops Boisduval. 331

instead of having rows of reticulations it has fifteen rows of fine

ribbing, something between the ribbing of the ordinary scale and

the reticulations of the androconia.

Neochrysops aethiopia sp. n. Plates XIV, fig. 9; XXI,

fig. 40; XXIX, fig. 40.

6. Upperside, both wings pale bluish violet with a tinge of lilac.

Primaries with a deep black dash closing the cell, and broadish

dark termen. Secondaries with a linear black termen preceded

by a row of terminal spots, the subanal spot being deep black with

orange internal edging which extends into the angle; there is a

fine tail from vein 2. Underside, both wings very pale whitish grey

with pale brown markings broadly edged with white. Primaries

with the usual spot closing the cell; the postmedian series consisting

of six spots nearly vertical, the third spot slightly oblique, the

fifth and sixth shifted slightly inwards; there is also a trace

of a minute spot below the costa; the submarginal series consisting

of five almost confluent subhastate internervular marks, together

with a sixth that is shifted somewhat inwards, a terminal somewhat

similar stripe with its cuter margin straight (not hastate). Second-

aries with four black spots near the base, three below each other

well separated, and one near the base on the inner margin; a fifth

black spot below vein 8, at a third from the apex; a fair-sized dash

closes the cell, foliowed by the postmedian series consisting of six

spots, the first isolated and oblique, the second to the fourth touching

each other and inclined inwards in a slight curve, the bottom one

of the curve shifted inwards, the sixth spot shifted outwards; the

internervular marks composing the submarginal row are conical in

shape; a terminal row of four spots followed by the subanal black

spot with blue metallic scales and an internal orange edging, of

which there is a small trace in the anal angle itself.

9. Upperside, both wings brown with the basal three-fifths

suffused with violet-blue scales up to the middle of the cell; other-

wise as in the male.

Expanse, 5 and 2 50 mm.

Hab. 33 Porrucurse East Arrica (Kola Valley and

Mt. Chiperone), 1700 to 2500 feet (Neave); Boma Disrricr,

East Arrica; Q near Weenen, Narat, 2500 feet (Marshall).

Type g in the National Collection (five specimens),

The dates of capture of the four specimens are respectively,

332 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker’s

November 19 and 21, 1913; -the Boma specimen, January

to March 1915, and the Natal one, November 10, 1896.

This species is allied to N. patricia Trimen, but the colour

above and the pattern below are different, whilst it is also

a much larger insect.

yenitalia. Harpagines long and narrow, tapering somewhat

rapidly from a wider base, lower margin concave, upper margin

convex, surface shagreened towards the apex, which forms a spatu-

late hook, numerous bristles along the whole length; anellus with

the front margin conical; aedoeagus longish and narrowish; cingu-

lum of moderate dimensions; tegumen a mere ridge at the rear,

but rather wider than usual, with smallish cheeks produced forwards

with long strong falees; cheeks with a good supply of fine bristles.

Androconia of a long oblong shape with a longish footstalk;

distally the curve is broad and even, proximally it tapers off towards

the attachment stalk; there are ten rows of reticulations placed

rather closely together.

Noochrysops nyasae sp. n. Plate XIV, fig. 10.

9. Upperside, both wings brown with the basal five-sixths up

to the upper margin of the cell sparingly suffused with pale blue

scales; the postmedian area inclined to be whitish. Primaries

with a large irregular spot closing the cell, beyond which is a dis-

connected row of small dots encircled with white, the spot on the

fold being larger. Secondaries with the spot closing the cell obscure,

being the spot on the undersurface showing through; a trace of a

postmedian row of spots; a terminal row of largish spots edged with

white, and an internal lunular dark edging beyond; a subanal black

spot with slight metallic scaling and an internal edging of orange;

a fine tail from vein 2. Underside, both wings whitish with dark

brown spots encircled with pure white. Primaries with a good-sized

spot closing the cell; the postmedian series consisting of seven

spots, all largish except the one directly below the costa, which is

placed inwards, spots one to five are in a slight curve, the fourth

spot being more or less oblique, spots six to seven are shifted inwards ;

the submarginal row consists of subhastate marks, and the marginal

row consists of subhastate spots, more or less confluent. Second-

aries with five black spots near the base, four below each other

and one on the inner margin, a sixth black spot is shifted out beyond

the middle below vein 8; a good-sized spot closes the cell and is

followed by the postmedian series of six spots, the first being oblique

and isolated, spots two to four are in a curve, the fifth is shifted

ate

Monograph of the genus Catochrysops Boisduval. 333

inwards and the sixth, subreniform, is shifted outwards; the sub-

marginal stripe is lunular and is more definite than usual; the

marginal row of spots is very broadly edged with white; the sub-

anal black spot has metallic blue scales and is edged internally

with orange, there being a minute repetition of this in the angle.

Expanse, 2 48-54 mm.

Hab. Nyasavanp, Mlanje and near Lake Chilwa (Neave) ;

both taken in January.

Type in the British Museum. Two specimens.

I was at first unable to satisfy myself whether or not

this was a dimorphic form of the female of the preceding

species aethiopia, but the unusually marked and strongly

contrasted underside, coupled with more knowledge of

the variation of the genus, makes me sure that it is the

female to a new species whose male has yet to be discovered ;

but under any circumstances the form is so well marked

and so unusual on its underside that 1t well deserves to be

named,

Neochrysops patricia Trimen. Plates XIV, fig. 7; XXI,

fig. 42; XXIX, fig. 42.

Lycaena patricia Trimen, 5. Afr. Butt., 11, p. 20 (1887).

LL. asteris (va parte) Wallgr., Rhop. Cafir. , p. 40 i100),

L. celaeus (tn pavie) Trimen, Rhop. Afr. Austr., p. 247 oa

L. parsimon Wallgr., Ofvers. Vet. Akad. Forhandl., 3

p- 88 (1875).

Catochrysops patricia Butler, P.Z.S. Lond., p. 192 (1898) ;

id. Neave, P.Z.S. Lond., p. 58 (1910).

Cupide patricia Aurivillius, Rhop. Aethiop. p., 374 (1898).

g. Upperside, both wings pale violet colour with narrow brown

margins. Primaries with a narrowish dash closing the cell. .Second-

aries with a subanal black spot edged internally with orange, and

a fine tail from vein 2. Underside, both wings pale brownish grey

with somewhat darker spots edged with white. Primaries with

the spot closing the cell; the postmedian series of six spots has

the upper four in a slight curve, whilst the fifth and sixth spots are

shifted inwards; the submarginal row of internervular marks is

broad and more or less confluent; the terminal stripe is a series of

more or less confluent spots. Secondaries with four black spots

near the base, three below each other and one nearer the base cn

the inner margin, a fifth black spot is beyond the middle below

vein 8; an oval spot closes the cell; the postmedian series is com-

334 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Bakev’s

posed of six spots, the first isolated, the second to the fifth somewhat

confluent in a curve with the fifth shifted well inwards, the sixth

spot shifted outwards; the submarginal stripe consisting of lunules ;

the terminal row is spotted, with a subanal black spot having blue

metallic scales and an internal edging of orange colour.

©. Upperside, both wings brown with the basal two-thirds

suffused with bright blue scales; the blue area in the secondaries is

more restricted, otherwise as in the male.

Expanse, j 40-46; 9 44-54 mm.

Hab. Capzm Cotony; KArrirntanp; NataL; ZULULAND;

TRANSVAAL; MasHuNnA; SOMALILAND; NortTHern Ruo-

DESIA; KrBwezi (Jackson); ABySsstNntA (British Museum).

Types in the Joicey collection.

Genitalia. Harpagines long, broadish at the base, tapering

very rapidly into the usual narrow arm-like process, with the lower

margin concave and the upper convex, terminating in a spatulate

apex that is somewhat dentate; there are longish bristles for the

whole length, in some specimens few, and in others very numerous;

anellus with the front edge curved; aedoeagus of moderate length

and width; cingulum rather narrow; tegumen a narrowish ridge

at the rear with small cheeks less projected forward than usual,

with long, strong falees; cheeks with a good-supply of bristles.

Androconia variable. The typical series in the Joicey collection

have them oblong in shape, distally with a very slight curve, proxim-

ally very similar, but tapering off slightly to the attachment stalk ;

seven or eight rows of reticulations placed well apart, whose sculptur-

ing is definite and well apart also.

In other specimens that are quite inseparable super-

ficially, the androconia are rounder and broader, with twelve

rows of reticulations placed closely together, whose sculptur-

ing is also close

I have thought it advisable to figure Trimen’s type again

so as to present to the student the distinctions between

it and its near allies.

Neochrysops carsoni Butler. Plates XIV, fig. 6; X XI,

fig. 43; XXX, fig. 43.

Catochrysops carsoni Butler, Ann, and Mag. N. H., Seventh

Series, 1901, p. 290.

3g. Both wings violet blue with the termen rather broadly brown;

the primaries have the cell closed with a brown dash; the secondaries

. Monograph of the genus Catochrysops Boisduval. 335

have two largish anal yellow spots, the inner one with an internal

black terminal spot; a short tail at the end of vein 2. Underside,

both wings dull brownish grey, rather darker in the secondaries

with brown spots encircled with white. Primaries with the usuai

spot at the end of the cell; the postmedian row consisting of four

spots below each other followed by two spots shifted well inwards ;

a submarginal row of broadish internervular dashes followed by

e terminal row of spots. Secondaries with four subbasal white-

ringed black spots, with a fifth halfway along the costa, below which

is the dash closing the cell; the postmedian series consists of four

spots in a deep curve, the uppermost being isolated, and the lower-

most being followed by two spots shifted well inwards that lie

below each other; a submarginal series of narrow lunules broadly

edged with white internally; a marginal series of spots broadly

edged with white internally; two anal orange spots with two black

spots on their external edge, the anal one being a small twin one,

a little metallic scaling on the larger black spot.

Expanse, 38 min.

Hab. Fwameo.

Type, unique, in the British Museum.

I admit this with some doubt; pairicia is a variable

species, especially as to the form of the postmedian series

of spots, and this insect seems to me to be an aberration of

Trimen’s species, but as the type is unique it is not possible

to decide the question definitely; but the androconia are

certainly different, whilst the genitalia are also slighter

in general build.

Neochrysops negus Felder. -Plates XIV, fig. 12; XXII,

fig. 44; XXX, fig. 44.

Lycaena negus Felder, Reise Nov. Lep., p. 279, Pl. 35,

figs. 1 and 2 (1865); id. Trimen 8. Afr. Butt., n, p. 21

note (1887); 7d. Karsch, Ent. Nachr., xxi, p. 299

(1895); Cupido negus Aurivillius, Rhop. Aethiop., 575

(1898).

3. Upperside, both wings pale violet sublustrous blue with dark

marks closing the cells. Primaries with a row of more or less

semispherical internervular terminal brown spots preceded by a

submarginal series of internervular brown lunules. Secondaries

with similar terminal and submarginal pattern to that in the pri-

maries, but more pronounced; a subanal black marginal spot with

orange internal edging. Underside, both wings greyish white with

336 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker’s

pale brownish spots and markings edged with white. Primaries

with the usual spot closing the cell, narrowish and sublunular;

the postmedian series is composed of five or six spots, the first to

the fourth spots more or less erect, the third spot generally oblique,

the fifth shifted inwards, the sixth, when present, is immediately

below it; the terminal row of internervular dashes is practically

confluent and is preceded by a broad confluent row of submarginal

sublunular marks. Secondaries with four black spots near the base,

three below each other and one on the inner margin nearer the base,

a fifth black spot is shifted outwards below vein 8, above the curved

dash closing the cell; the postmedian series is composed of six

spots, the first isolated and oblique, the second to the fifth adjacent

and placed in a curve so strong as to bring the fifth spot almost

below that closing the cell, sixth spot reniform, shifted somewhat

utwards; the terminal row of almost semispherical spots is pre-

ceded by a definite series of confluent lunules from the apex to

the anal angle; the subanal marginal spot is black with metallic

blue scales edged internally with chrome yellow.

Q. Upperside, both wings brownish with a slight irroraticn cf

blue scales from the basal to the median areas; the cells are closed

by a brown spot. Primaries with a confluent brown broed terminal

stripe, with fine pale internal line separating it from the submarginal

row of broad internervular dashes. Secondaries with a termine]

row of subspherical spots preceded by a row of internervular lunules,

a large black subanal spot with chrome yellow internal edging.

Underside precisely as in the male. This species is not tailed.

Expanse, 3 40; 9 42-45 mm.

Hab. Bocos Hansat; Narropi; Kusu River.

Type in the Tring Museum.

The identity of this species has for long remained uncer-

tain; it is evidently very rare in collections. The type is

a female, and it is without tails. I fortunately possess a

male that I have little doubt is the male of the Tring species,

and my figures of the genitalia and androconia are from

this specimen.

Genitalia with the harpagines very long, widish at the base, the

lower margin tapering graduaily into a narrow arm highly concave

on the lower margin, nearly straight on the upper margin, suddenly

bent downwards at a fifth from the apex, which is spatulate and

recurved upwards into a short hook; the bristles along the whole

length are long and fairly pientiful; anellus with the front edge cone-

shaped; aedoeagus shortish, very slightly curved; anelius shghtly

Monograph of the genus Catechrysops Boisduval. 337

hollowed at the extremity; cingulum very long and narrow;

tegumen a narrowish ridge at the rear, with cheeks projecting well

forwards, sub-wedge-shaped, with very long falces highly hooked

at the tips; the bristles on the cheeks rather fine and moderately

numerous.

The genitalia as a whole are very large for the size of the insect.

Androconia very variable indeed, from a short oval shape or a

long oval through an oblong of various sizes to a quadrangular form

either short or long, with nine rows of reticulations, rarely ten, whose

seulpturing is placed fairly far apart horizontally and decidedly co

vertically.

Necchrysops neonegus sp. n. Plates XIV, fig. 8; XXII,

fiz. 45; XXX, fig. 45.

3. Upperside, both wings sublustrous pale blue, iridescent, pale

violet at one angle of light, almost silvery at another, with very

narrow brown borders. Primaries with a good-sized spot closing

the cell. Secondaries with a black subanal spot edged internally

with orange colour, which latter extends slightly into the anal area.

A fine tail from vein 2. Underside, both wings whitish grey with

brown spots edged with white. Primaries with a spot closing the

cell, and the postmedian series consisting of seven spots, the first

very small between the costa and véin 7, the second to the fifth

in a slight curve, the third and fourth spots being placed somewhat

obliquely to each other, the sixth spot shifted a little inwards, ard

the seventh just below it; the submarginal row is composed of

six almost reniform internervular broadish dashes; the terminal

row is composed of almost oval narrow dashes. Secondaries with

five black spots near the base, four below each other, the two central

ones close together, the fifth nearer the base on the inner margin;

a good-sized black spot is placed far outwards below vein 8. A

large spot closes the cell; the postmedian series is irregular and is

composed of six largish elongated spots, the first oval and cblique,

the second oblong shifted outwards, the third also oblong, larger,

shifted inwards, fourth slightly wedge-shaped shifted inwards, fifth

oblong shifted well inwards, the sixth subreniform shifted slightly

outwards; the termen has a row of spots in a white area which is

edged internally by a series of internervular lunules, beyond which

to the postmedian row the ground-colour is almost entirely white ;

a subanal black spot with bright metallic scales, edged internally

with an orange-chrome lunule that extends somewhat into the

anal area.

Q. Upperside, both wings brownish, with the basal four-fifths pale

338 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker’s

lustrous blue; a series of four small postmedian spots that are

larger in the secondaries and are inclined to be obsolescent (I have

one specimen in which all these spots are absent). In the secondaries

the terminal area is whitish with a terminal row of brown spots.

Underside like the male, but with the pattern accentuated.

Expanse, g 38-40; 9° 4244 mm.

Hab. Natrrosi District, February, May and June;

Larroxrrok (Jackson), May.

Types in my collection. A long series.

N. negus Felder has no tails; il regard this species as

the tailed form of that insect, though the pattern below

is much larger and not exactly similar: the two species

are nevertheless nearly allied. The great majority of my

specimens have five black spots below in the basal area

of the secondaries; a few have only four, as in negus,

but otherwise the pattern is like the species just described.

Genitalia. Harpagines very long and narrow, wider at the base,

tapering slowly into a long narrow arm-like process with a shortly

spatulate extremity [in the type specimen the extremities are

asymmetrical, the one apex ending in a point, the other bein

spatulate; this asymmetry is frequent, almost totalling to 50%

of the specimens mounted. I have dissected eighteen examples,

but several had the apices broken off, so it is difficult to give the

exact percentage]; the bristles are long and fine; the anellus has

a roughly cone-shaped front margin; the aedoeagus is narrow and

moderately long; the cingulum is of moderate length and rather

narrow; the tegumen being merely a narrow raised ridge at the

rear of the cheeks, which are of small dimensions, being almost

wedge-shaped and projected well forward, with longish fine bristles

and long falces of moderate width terminating in a short strong

hooked apex.

Androconia variable, oblong to roundish, attachment stalk long,

placed centrally, oblong scales with the distal extremity on a very

slight curve, roundish scales well curved distally; proximally the

oblong scales are slightly truncate, but the round ones keep their

rotundity; nine to ten rows of reticulations placed fairly closely,

the sculpturing vertically being moderately close also.

Neochrysops variegata sp. n. Plates XII, fig. 8; XXII,

fio. 46; XXX, fig. 46.

3. Upperside, both wings sublustrous violet blue. Primaries :

termen rather narrowly brown, a largish spot closes the cell. Second-

aries with the termen narrowly brown, a subterminal row of spots

Monograph of the genus Catochrysops Boisduval. 339

showing through from the underside, as also does the curved dash

at the end of the cell. A fine tail from vein 2. Underside, both

wings whitish grey, with darker brownish-grey spots edged with

white. Primaries whiter than the secondaries; largish spot closes

the cell; the postmedian series of spots having the upper four

spots in a slight arc, the third spot being often irregular, fifth and

sixth spot shifted inwards; a terminal row of subelliptical spots,

preceded by a row of six internervular dashes, the apical three being

lunular, Secondaries with four black spots in the basal area, the

fourth one very small, shifted well basewards on the inner margin;

the black spot in the cell is sometimes a double spot; another black

spot is on vein 8 above and beyond the hastate spot closing the cell;

the postmedian series is composed of six spots, the first isolated oval

and somewhat oblique, the four following spots in a strong curve

inclined inwards, the fifth being shifted well inwards, sixth spot

shifted outwards, a row of marginal spots edged internally by a row

of lunules, between which and the postmedian series is a row of

almost hastate, broad white marks; a subanal black spot with

bright metallic green scales and edged inwardly with orange.

2 Upperside, both wings brownish becoming paler exteriorly,

with a sparse irroration of sublustrous blue scales over the lower

parts of the wings, inclined to be whitish in the postmedian areas.

Primaries with the addition of a postmedian series of five spots,

which are liable to radiation.

Expanse, ¢ and 2 34 to 39 mm.

Hab. Natroevt District, 6090 feet; Tonerpo, 4500 feet,

February, May and June.

Types in my collection.

Genitalia. Harpagines very long and very narrow, especially

so considering the small size of the species; the base wider, though

narrow, tapering fairly rapidly into the usual long arm-like process

terminating in a subspatulate apex, really being more a short heavy

slightly hooked extremity than spatulate; the bristles are not

numerous, they are long and fairly stout; anellus cone-shaped;

aedoeagus shortish and of moderate width ; cingulum long and narrow ;

tegumen a very narrow well-raised ridge at the rear of the cheeks,

which are more quadrate, with a waived front margin; the bristles

are very fine and longish, with the falees long and rather narrow ;

terminating as usual in a fine slight hook.

Androconia almost round with nine rows of reticulations placed

widely apart, the sculpturing being also widely apart vertically;

the sculpturing is rather small.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1922.—PARTS III, IV. (FEB. 23) AA

340 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker’s

Neochrysops nevillei, sp. n. Plates XII, fig. 9; XXII,

fig. 47; XXX, fig. 47.

3. Upperside, both wings a peculiar greyish lilac with an unusual

leaden lustre, the cells closed by a narrow dash. Secondaries with

a sukanal black spot internally edged with orange. No tails.

Underside, both wings dull pale grey with spots scarcely different

from the ground-colour, but edged broadly with white. Primaries

with the cell closed by a spot; the postmedian series composed of

six spots, the upper four in a slight curve, the third placed obliquely,

the fifth shifted inwards with the smaller sixth below it; a sub-

terminal row of almost confluent subtriangular internervular dashes,

followed almost directly by the row of terminal spots. Secondaries

without the usual black spots in the basal area, except that there is

a minute one in the middle of the inner margin; a very small black

spot is below vein 8 near the middle of the costa; a subtriangular

dash closes the cell; the postmedian series is composed of six smallish

spots, the upper five in a good curve, the third spot being placed

obliquely, and the fifth shifted well inwards, thus making the

strong curve, the sixth spot is shifted outwards; a subterminal row

of triangular dashes followed by the terminal row of subtriangular

spots; a black subanal spot with metallic blue scales internally

edged with chrome yellow.

. Upperside, both wings bright lustrous violet blue, with the

cells closed by the usual spot. Primaries with costa and termen

broadly dark brown, secondaries with a postmedian series of five

spots, beyond which the ground-colour is inclined to be whitish ;

a subterminal row of subtriangular dashes, followed by a terminal

row of smallish spots; otherwise like the male. Underside like the

male, only all the spots are larger and more of the basal black spots

are present though very small, the basal one below vein 8 and the

two on the inner margin are present, the one in the cell is little more

than indicated.

Expanse, 3 38; 92 39 mm.

Hab. Hope Fountain, 8. Ruopusta.

Types in my collection.

This is a peculiar and pretty little species captured by

my friend, the Rev. Neville Jones, to whom I have

dedicated it. It should be readily identified when found,

but the type pair are the only specimens I have yet come

across, and I am very grateful to my friend for his kind

gift of them.

Monograph of the genus Catochrysops Boisduval. 341

Genitalia. Harpagines very long, especially so considering the

size of the species, with base broadly ovate, tapering rapidly into

the long arm-like sclerite, suddenly excised near the apex into a flat -

tened sickle-shaped extremity, which is sharply serrate; the bristles

are long and fairly numerous ; anellus with a broadly cone-shaped front

margin; aedoeagus moderately long and broadish; cingulum broad ;

tegumen narrowly ridge-shaped, with rather small cheeks having

fine curved bristles and very long fine falces.

Androconia oval, moderately large, generally tapering wider

distally so as to be almost fan-shaped, eleven rows of reticulations

whose vertical sculpturing is fairly close together.

Neochrysops naidina Butler.

Catochrysops naidina Butler, P.Z.S. Lond. p. 762, Pl. 47,

fig. 2 (1885).

dg. Upperside, both wings pale silvery French grey blue with

narrow brown margins; an indistinct anal spot to the posteriors.

Underside, pale clear stone grey with dark spots encircled with white.

Primaries with a blackish spot closing the cell; the postmedian

series of blackish spots consisting of the upper four in a slight even

curve, the third being oblique, the fifth spot shifted inwards, the

sixth rather outwards; two indefinite marginal rows of dashes, the

inner one being sublunular. Secondaries with five black subbasal

spots, four somewhat below each other and the fifth, on the costa,

seeming to form the first spot of the postmedian series, including

which this series consists of seven spots, the six lower ones being

liver brown in colour, the second to the fifth spots form an irregular

curve, the second and fourth of these are obliquely placed, the

sixth spot is shifted inwards, and the seventh very slightly outwards ;

the spot closing the cell is liver brown; a submarginal row of pale

brown spots in a white area edged inwardly with a lunular brown

stripe, which is edged internally with a more or less sagittate white

area; two black anal spots, the lower one small, and indefinitely

edged above with orange and with iridescent scales.

Hab. SOMALILAND.

Type in the British Museum (unique).

This is a very distinct little species.

Neochrysops procera Trimen. Plates XXII, fig. 48;

XXX, fig. 48.

Lycaena procera Trimen, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., p. 125,

Plate. 8, figs 3 and 4 (1893).

342 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker’s

Cupido procerus Aurivillius, Rhop. Aethiop., p. 574 (1898).

Catochrysops procera Butler, P.Z.S. Lond., p. 842 (18987).

Catochrysops procerus Neave, P.Z.S. Lond., p. 57 (1910).

3. Upperside, both wings dull violet blue with broadish brown

borders. Primaries with a dark lunuie at the end of the cell.

Secondaries with a trace of a terminal row of spots. No tails.

Underside, both wings clear ash grey with slightly darker spots

sharply edged with whitish. Primaries with the cell closed by a

lunule; the postmedian series composed of five smallish spots with

a dot below the fifth, the five spots are irregular in a slight curve

with the third placed obliquely; an ill-defined subterminal series

of internervular lunules followed by a similar terminal series of

oval spots. Secondaries with four black spots near the base, three

below each other and one on the inner margin near the base, a fifth

black spot below the costa above the lunule closing the cell; post-

median series composed of six spots, the first isolated, the second to

the fifth in a slight curve inclined basewards, sixth shifted outwards ;

a subterminal row of defined internervular lunules preceded by short

sagittate white marks and followed by a row of terminal spots; a

subbasal small black spot with metallic scales and a faint yellow

internal edging.

Expanse, 20 mm.

Hab. NATAL.

Type in the Joicey collection.

The female of this species appears to be unknown.

Genitalia. Harpagines of the long arm-shaped formation, the

base being very little wider than the rest of the harpago, which is

decidedly wider than usual and is somewhat uneven in outline, at

a third from the tip it rapidly tapers down narrowly into a bluntly

pointed curved apex; bristles very long and fairly strong along the

whole length; anellus produced forward in an irregular front edge;

aedoeagus of a fair length, not very broad; cingulum long and of

moderate dimensions; tegumen narrowly ridge-shaped with cheeks

bluntly wedge-shaped produced well forwards with plenty of bristles ;

falces long, broad at the base, highly curved.

Androconia very large, of a long oblong shape with a slight

depression in the centre of the distal edge, tapering off proximally

into the attachment stalk, which is long, with thirteen rows of

reticulations whose sculpturing is small and rather far apart

vertically,

Monograph of the genus Catochrysops Boisduval. 343

Neochryseps hypopolia Trimen. Plates XIV, fig. 11;

XXIII, fig. 49; XXX, fig. 49.

Lycaena hypopolia Trimen, 8. Afr. Butt., u, p. 30 (1887).

Cupido hypopolia Aurivilleus, Rhop. Aethiop., p. 373 (1898).

3g. Upperside, both wings of a peculiar dull plumbeous violet

with a broadish brown termen, cell closed by a faint dark dash in

the primaries only. Secondaries with a subanal yellow spot pupilled

with black. Underside, both wings whitish grey with pale brown

marks edged with whitish. Primaries with a spot closing the cell;

postmedian series consisting of five spots very evenly placed in a

slight curve; a trace of a subterminal internervular row of marks,

followed by a much fainter trace of a terminal row. Secondaries

with four minute black spots near the base, the fourth shifted in-

wards on the margin; the cell is closed by a fair-sized dash ; the post-

median series consisting of six spots, the first isolated below, but

shifted outwards from, a small black spot below the costa, the

second and third large, shifted outwards, forming with the smalier

fourth and fifth a series inclined sharply inwards, sixth shifted

outwards; a subterminal row of Junular (almost crenulate) interner-

vular marks, followed by a faint trace of terminal small spots; a

minute black subanal spot with metallic scales and edged inwarcly

with yellow.

Expanse, 45-48 mm,

Hab. Navan; TrANsvAAL; MasHonatanp, Unmtali,

(Dobbie) [B. M.].

Types in the Joicey collection.

There are specimens from the Transvaal in the Joicey

collection that Trimen himself refers to that are brown

below with the spots of the same colour, but encircled with

white; I have no doubt they are the same species, but they

are not as fresh as the type, and it may well be that the

whitish scales have rubbed off, as they have every appear-

ance in the type specimen of being rather loosely super-

imposed scales.

Gentalia. Harpagines of the long arm-like type, with the base

but little wider, tapering gradually towards the apex, which is

excised into a broad strong-hooked extremity; the whole length

is plentifully supplied with strong bristles; anellus broadly cone-

shaped, aedoeagus short and broad; cingulum long and very narrow ;

tegumen a narrowish ridge with lobe-shaped cheeks projecting well

forwards, having fine bristles, with the falces long and broadish

at the base,

344 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker’s

Androconia variable from oval to oblong, all highly arched distally ;

a fair number of the scales being unusually long, all of which are

straight laterally, with ten rows of reticulations placed well apart,

whose sculpturing is placed vertically very close together.

Euchrysops Butler.

Euchrysops Butler, Entomologist, 33, p. 1 (1900); 2d.

Swinhoe, Lep. Ind., p. 40 (1910); 2d. Rothschild,

Nov. Zool., 22, p. 137 (1915).

Catochrysops Boisduval, Voy. Astrol. Lep. i, p. 87 (1882);

id. Moore, Lep. Cey., p. 90 (1881); ad. Distant, Rhop.

Malay., p. 223 (1884); ad. de Nicéville, Butt. Ind., in,

p. 175 (1890); id. Bingham, Fauna Brit. Ind. Butt., 11,

p. 410 (1907); zd. Seitz, Gross. Schm. Erde, i, p. 292

(1909).

For detailed synonymy see under Huchrysops cnejus.

Neuration. Primaries, cell half the length of the wing, vein 1

waived terminating almost in the tornus, vein 2 commencing from

beyond the middle of the cell, 3 from well behind the lower angle,

4 from the lower angle, 5 from the middle of the discocellulars, 6 from

the upper angle, 7 from well behind the angle, 8 stalked from 7

shortly in front of the costa, 9 absent, 10 and 11 from the cell, the

latter from about the middle thereof, 12 waived reaching the costa

a little before the middle. Secondaries, with cell not half the length

of the wing, fairly broad, vein 1b longish, la to above the tornus,

vein 2 long commencing before the middle of the cell, 3 from well

behind the lower angle, 4 from the lower angle, 5 from the middle

of the discocellulars, 6 from the upper angle, 7 from near the centre

of the cell, 8 long. A short fine tail from the end of vein 2. Eyes

glabrous in the type, hairy in LZ. barkeri. Antennae with a longish

club, deeply grooved. Palpi upturned, not exactly porrect, second

segment long roughly scaled, third segment slender slightly scaled.

Legs slender and short.

Type, Huchrysops cnejus Fabricius.

Euchrysops enejus Fabricius. Plates XXIII, fig. 50;

XXX, fig. 50.

Hesperia cnejus Fabricius, Ent. Syst. Suppl., p. 430 (1798).

Polyommatus cnejus Godart, Ene. Méth., 1x, p. 657 (1823).

Lycaena cnejus Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E.T.C., p. 83 (1829).

Lycaena pandia Kollar,Hiigels Kaschmir, iv, pt. 2 (1848).

en i

Monograph of the genus Catochrysops Boisduval. 345

Lycaena patala, id. 1.c., p. 419 (1848).

Lycaena cnejus Moore, P.Z.S. Lond., p. 773 (1865); ad.

Herrich-Schiaffer, Ex. Schm., u1, fig. 120 Q (1869).

Lycaena samoa Herrich-Schiffer, Stett. Ent. Zeit, xxx, p. 37

and 138, PI. iv, fig. 180 (1869).

Lampides cnejus Butler, Cat. Fab. Lep. B.M., p. 165 (1869).

Cupido cnejus Druce, P.Z.S. Lond., p. 348 (1873).

Lampides patala Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., Zool.

Second Series, 1, p. 547 (1877).

Lampides cnejus Semper, J. Mus. Godef. xiv, p. 158 (1879).

Catochrysops cnejus Moore, Lep. Cey., p. 92 (1881); ad.

Butler, P.Z.S. Lond., p. 605 (1881); id. Moore, P.Z.S.

Lond., p. 246 (1882); id. Doherty, J.A.S.B., lvi,

p- 62 (1882).

Catochrysops patala Butler, P.Z.S. Lond., p. 148 (1883).

Catochrysops cnejus Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 225 (1884).

Catochrysops patala Swinhoe, P.Z.S. Lond., p. 131 (1885);

id. idem, p. 426 (1886).

Catochrysops cnejus Semper, Schm. Philip, i, p. 185 (1886).

Catochrysops cneius Doherty, J.A.S.B., lv, p. 183 (1886).

Catochrysops cnejus Distant, Rhop Malay., p. 456 (1886) ;

id. de Nicéville, Butt. Ind., in, p. 177 (1890); ad

Grose Smith, Nov. Zool. i, p. 578 (1894); ad.

Leech, Butt. China, ii, p. 335 (1894); ad. Doherty

J.A.S.B., Ixvi, p. 181 (1897); cd. Watson, J.A.S.B.,

Ixvi, p. 608 (1897); 1d. de Nicéville, l.c., p. 698

(1897) ; id. Bingham, Fauna. Brit. Ind. Butt., u, p. 411

and p. 415 (1907); 7d. Kershaw, Butt. Hongkong, p. 74

(1907); 2d. Lefroy, Ind. Ins. Life, p. 427 (1909); ad.

Pagenstechen, Geog. Ver. Schmett, p. 248 (1909);

id. Seitz, Gros. Schm. Erde, i, p. 292 (1909); ed. Swin-

hoe, Lep. Ind., viii, p. 40 (1910); 7d. Vrehmeyer, Phil.

J. Se. Vol. V.D., p. 69 (1910); id. Green, Mem. Dep.

Agr. Ind. Ent., Ser. V, No. 1, (1913); ad. Waterhouse

and Lyell, Butl. Austr., p. 100 (1914); ad. Fletcher,

S. Ind. Ins. ete., p. 414, Pl. 26 (1914).

Euchrysops cnejus Butler, Entomologist, xxxiui, p. 1 (1900),

Description.

3g. Upperside, both wings pale lilac violet with narrowish brown

termen. Secondaries with an anal and subanal black spot, edged

internally with yellow in some specimens but not in others. Under-

side, both wings pale clear whitish grey with darker spots edged with

white. Primaries with a narrow dash closing the cell; the post-

346 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker’s

median series composed of six narrowly oval spots, almost erect in

line, the lowest spot sometimes absent; the submarginal row of six

internervular lunules is followed by a terminal similar row of dashes,

which is often indistinct. Secondaries with four small black spots

near the base, three below each other and one nearer the base on the

inner margin, a fifth black spot just below the costa beyond the

middle; the postmedian series is composed of six spots, the first

almost isolated, the second to the fifth shifted slightly outwards in

an irregular curve inclined inwards, sixth spot subreniform and

shifted slightly outwards; a subterminal row of well-marked inter-

nervular lunules preceded by white sagittate marks and succeeded

by a row of defined terminal spots; two black anal spots with

metallic scales and edged internally with yellow.

2. Upperside, both wings brown covered with silvery-blue scales

for the basal three-quarters up to the upper margin of the cell; the

secondaries with a row of terminal spots.

Expanse, 3 33-35; 2 32-38 mm.

Hab. Inpia; Cryton; Burma; Matay PENINSULA;

Nias; ANDAMAN; NicoBpar ISLANDS; SUMATRA; JAVA;

BorNEO; CELEBES; PHILIPPINES; CHINA; AUSTRALIA;

New Gurnea; SoutH SEA ISLANDS.

Genitalia. Harpagines longish arm-like processes, the basal half

of a long subovate shape, tapering more narrowly in the centre and

then expanding to the apex, so as to form a sort of spatulate jaw,

deeply excised at the tip into a broad hook toothed on the inner

upper margin; the bristles are at the base confined to the lower

margin and are numerous, long and strong, in the apical area they

are not so confined ; anellus weakly developed, with the front margin

broadly cone-shaped; aedoeagus shortish, of moderate width;

cingulum narrow at the base, expanding decidedly as it approaches

the cheeks of the tezumen; tegumen ridge-shaped with lobed-shaped

cheeks not produced far forward with fair-sized bristles; falces long

and of moderate dimensions.

Androconia, roughly pomegranate-shaped, but without a central

depression, with twelve to fourteen rows of reticulations whose

sculpturing is generally close together.

Euchrysops suffusus Rothschild.

Euchrysops suffusus Rothschild, Nov. Zool., 22, p. 137

(1915).

Differs from cnejus only in that the markings are inclined to

obsolescence and that the underside is paler.

It is no doubt a local race of #. cnejus.

Monograph of the genus Catochrysops Boisduval, 347

Hab. Baut.

Type in the Tring Museum.

Euehrysops luzonica Rober. Plate XXII, fig. 50a.

Plebeius luzonicus Rober, Gesellsch. Iris, p. 60, Pl. v, fig. 22

(1886).

I have not seen this species, and the description is so

short that (with species so difficult to separate as these are)

I am unable to give any opinion about it.

Hab. Luzon (Philippine Islands).

Euchrysops barkeri Trimen. Plates XXIII, fig. 51;

XXX, fig. 51.

Lycaena barkeri Trimen, Trans. Ent. Soe. Lond., p. 129,

Pl. 8, figs. 5, 6 (1893).

Lycaena osiris 2 Trimen (nec Hopf.), 8. Afr. Butt., u, p. 15

(1887).

Lycaena asteris Snellen, Tijd. v. Ent., u, 7, p. 18, Pl. 1,

figs. 4, 5 (1872).

Lycaena tiressa Karsch, Ent. Nachn., 21, p. 298, note 55

(1895).

Catochrysops barkert Butler, P.Z.S. Lond., p. 192 (1898).

Calochrysops barkert Neave, P.Z.8. Lond., p. 57 (1910).

3. Upperside, both wings pale lilaceous violet (with less pink in

than is the case with F. cnejus), with the termen dark and rather

broad. Primaries with the cell closed by a fine dash. Secondaries

with a subanal black spot always edged with bright crange. A

fair-sized tail from the end of vein 2. Underside, both wings pale

stone grey with pale brownish markings edged with white. Primaries

with a narrow dash closing the cell; the postmedian series composed

of six spots, quite irregular so that no spot is in a line with its neigh-

bour, the third to the sixth are very generally oblique, the fifth and

sixth being each shifted inwards; the subterminal row of interner-

vular dashes is moderately broad and is followed by the terminal

row of more or less oval dashes. Secondaries with three subbasal

small black spots below each other, a small black spot nearer the base

on the inner margin is often absent, a fifth black spot is situated

below the costa well beyond the middle, a curved dash closes the

cell; the postmedian series is composed of six spots, the first oblique

and narrowly ovate, the second and third shifted outwards, the

fourth is small and shifted inwards, the fifth well inwards, the sixth

angled and shifted slightly outwards; a row of subterminal lunules

348 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker’s

followed by a terminal row of spots, of which the subanal one is

black with metallic scales, and a broad internal orange lunule,

some orange being also present in the angle itself.

Q. Upperside, both wings brownish grey with the basal two-thirds

irrorated with lustrous azure-blue scales, less prominent in the

secondaries, in which there is a row of dark subterminal lunules

with whitish sagittate inner edging, and followed by a terminal row

of dark spots; otherwise like the male.

Expanse, g. 34-36; 2 36-40 mm.

Hab. Natau; ZULULAND; TRANSVAAL; SWAZILAND;

RuopeEsiA; EASTERN EQUATORIAL AFRICA; CONGO; SIERRA

Leone; (Coll. Bethune-Baker) ANncoua (Coll. B.-B. and

Kenrick).

Type in the Joicey collection.

[have a fair series from Angola, and they are of a decidedly

greyer shade of colour than those from the eastern and

southern localities.

Genitalia. Harpagines very long and very narrow, the base being

rather wider than the long arm and tapering down rapidly, the

apical extremity for a fifth slightly reduced in width and very

slightly excavated, terminating in a fair-sized knob; a plentiful

supply of bristles at the apical end, reducing rapidly in number

towards the middle, where they almost cease ; anellus hood-shaped,

very weakly developed; aedoeagus narrow, very long and simple,

with a small vesica well shagreened and armed with fine teeth;

this is the only instance where the vesica shows any armature,

ordinarily it is of the simplest possible structure; cingulum angled

near the base, of moderate length and dimensions; tegumen ridge-

shaped, with smallish cheeks having fine bristles; falees short (for

the genus) and thick.

Androconia very broad, pomegranate-shaped, but raised in the

centre distally (not depressed), with a strong broad attachment stalk,

there are fourteen to fifteen rows of reticulations placed moderately

well apart, whose sculpturing is close together.

Euchrysops dolorosa Trimen. Plates XXIII, figs. 52

and 52a; XXXI, fig. 52.

Lycaena dolorosa Trimen. 8. Afr. Butt., p. 41 (1887).

Catochrysops dolorosa Butler, P.Z.S8. Lond., 1897, p. 843.

Cupido dolorosus Aurivillius, Rhop. Aethiop., p. 373 (1898),

Lycaena dolerosa Trimen (in parte), p. 76, Pl. 5, fig. 13 3 (nee

13a 2), 1906.

Catochrysops dolerosus Neave, P.Z.S. Lond.,, p. 57 (1910),

Monograph of the genus Catochrysops Boisduval. 349

3. Upperside, both wings very dull violaceous with somewhat

narrow brown borders. Secondaries with a black subanal spot and

a trace of a terminal row of spots. Underside warm brown with very

slightly darker spots somewhat palely encircled. Primaries with

a spot closing the cell; the postmedian series composed of six spots

not fractured, the upper four in a slight curve, the third being placed

obliquely, the fifth and sixth below each other and shifted somewhat

inwards; a faint trace of asubterminal series of internervular dashes

and of a terminal row of spots. Secondaries with four brown (not

black) inconspicuous spots near the base, three below each other

and one nearer the base on the inner margin, a darker one beyond the

centre of the costa below vein 8; a curved spot closes the cell; the

postmedian series is composed of six spots, the first almost isolated,

the second shifted well outwards and forming, with the third, fourth

and fifth, each of which is shifted inwards, a row of spots inclined

strongly basewards, sixth spot shifted outwards, an inconspicuous

row of terminal spots with the faintest trace of sagittate slightly

paler internal edging, a subanal black spot with metallic-blue scales.

No tails.

Q. Upperside, both wings brown with a central patch of violaceous

blue scales; otherwise precisely like the male.

These descriptions are taken from the specimens from

Natal that are marked “ type ” in Trimen’s writing. They

are the dullest and most obscure of the whole group. The

colour of the male, however, in other localities is much

brighter violet blue, but the underside is unmistakable.

In Trimen’s plate referred to above the artist has empha-

sised the whole of the markings, and especially the white

edges, much too strongly; I have seen no Natal specimen

with such definite markings. Trimen, in our Transactions,

l.c., refers to his figure of the female as a variety that he

received from Mr. Feltham from Delagoa Bay; this figure

is not, however, dolorosa, but is, I have no doubt, my sub-

pallida major.

Expanse, ¢ and 9, 30-32 mm.

Hab. Natat; Transvaat (Crawshay), 1 the Brit.

Mus.; Usaneu Recton, Tanganyika District (Neave).

Types in the Joicey collection.

Genitalia. Harpagines rather broad (more so at the base),

tapering slowly to beyond the middle, where there is a sudden deep

curve downwards, from whence they taper very rapidly into a bold

sickle-shaped apex; a fair supply of long bristles for most of the

350 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker’s

length; anellus bluntly cone-shaped; aedoeagus of but moderate

length and width; cingulum angled in the middle and bent well

forwards; tegumen a high narrow ridge-shaped collar, with lobe-

shaped cheeks with plenty of bristles; falees moderate length and

width.

Androconia broadly ovate, tapering somewhat proximally to

the attachment stalk, with ten rows of well-marked reticulations

placed vertically close together.

Euchrysops subpallida, sp. n. Plates XII, fig. 15; XXIV,

fig. 53; XXXII, fig. 53.

3. Upperside, both wings pale violet colour with broadish brown

borders to the primaries, and in the secondaries with linear borders,

but with a somewhat indefinite marginal row of spots, and with a

subanal black spot. Underside, both wings pale stone grey with

decidedly darker spots sharply encircled with white. The arrange-

ment of spots is so similar to that of mauensis that it would be

difficult to differentiate it, except that in the postmedian series of

the primaries spots two and three are placed at an angle to each

other, thus interrupting the even curve. The subterminal row of

internervular dashes is decidedly narrower and more definite, and

in the secondaries the basal spots are black. No tails.

2. Upperside, both wings brown, with the basal and median

areas brightish violet blue; otherwise like the male.

Expanse, f 29-31; 9 30-32 mm.

Hab. Sacaua, B.E.A. (St. Aubyn Rogers); Nyusoro and

Natrosi (F. J. Jackson); Tonatno (H. C. Tytler); Fort

Jamieson, Ruopresta; Hope Fountain, Butawayo (Neville

Jones).

Types in my collection.

I have found it very difficult to decide whether + we have

two closely allied species or not in mavensis and this

insect. The look of the underside is quite distinctive ;

mauensis is obscure and dark in its pattern below, whilst

this is pale and very definite. I have a long series of this

latter, and they seem to be readily separated from my

other species.

Again, the scales of mauensis are very broad and squarish

in shape, but the scales of subpallida are very variable

indeed, variable in the specimen itself and more variable

when comparing the specimens among each other.

Taking all the points into consideration, I think it is

uel

Monograph of the genus Catochrysops Boisduval. 351

advisable to treat them as two species, more especially as

the genitalia differ also.

Genitalia. Harpagines short, with the base broad from where it

gradually tapers to the middie, where it is suddenly depressed at

almost right angles and rapidly tapers to a fine apex, which is

turned into a short somewhat sickle-shaped termination; fine bristles

occupy most of the length; anellus smallish with a curved front

edge; aedoeagus longish, somewhat narrow; cingulum bent forward

in the middle; tegumen a high collar-like ridge rather wider than

in mauensis, with small lobe-shaped cheeks that have long strong

falces.

Androconia of a longish oblong shape, well arched distally and

tapering off but little proximally, with nine to twelve rows of

reticulations moderately separated horizontally and rather closely

approximated vertically. In different specimens the androconia

are often of different lengths and may be so even from the same

wing; the difference, however, except for length, is more apparent

than real.

Euchrysops subpallida major, var, nov.

3. Upperside, both wings of a richer tone of violet than in

subpallida, much larger in size. Underside with the ground-colovr

warmer in tone than in subpallida, with the encircling cream-colour

not white; whilst in the secondaries the area between the sub-

terminal and the postmedian series is not white but merely a row of

subsagittate white marks, so that the whole underside looks much

less white.

2. Upperside, both wings brown with the basal and median

areas violet blue.

Expanse, ¢ and 9 34-36 mm.

Hab. Natrost pistrict, Larroxrrox, Kpwerzi, N.W.

RHODESIA; BEDEGA.

Type in my collection.

In the Transactions of the Ent. Soc. London for 1906 at

p. 76 Trimen refers to what he considers to be a female

variety of dolorosa, which he figures on Pl. v, fig. 13a.

This is without doubt a female of this form. I have put

this down as a large form of subpallida from its close

resemblance superficially; the androconia, however, are

very different to typical subpallida, these being a very long

oblong shape, but in the race major they are much shorter

352 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker’s

and approach very nearly to some of the more variable

examples of the previous species, whilst the genitalia are

also similar to it.

Androconia: pyriform, rather small and short, with twelve rows

of reticulations, closely approximated vertically. The scales vary

somewhat in each specimen and also on the same specimens, some

almost approach the smaller scales in subpallida, but I have seen

no pyriform scales in true subpallida ; the insects are, however, so

close superficially that it seems better to treat them as races rather

than species,

Euchrysops mauensis, sp.n. Plates XII, fig. 13; XXIV,

fig. 54; XXXI, fig. 54.

3. Upperside, both wings violet blue with narrowish brown

borders. Secondaries with a black subanal spot with narrow orange

internal edge; a row of distinct terminal dark spots. Underside,

both wings brownish grey with darker spots having whitish edges.

Primaries with a spot closing the cell; the postmedian series com-

posed of six roundish spots, the upper four in an even curve, the

fifth shifted inwards, the sixth inclined obliquely outwards; a

subterminal row of broadish internervular dashes, increasing in

width towards the anal angle; a terminal row of small spots.

Secondaries with four small dark spots at the base as usual, a fifth

dark spot in the middle of the costa below vein 8; a spot closes

the cell; postmedian series composed of six spots, the second

shifted outwards, the third, fourth and fifth each inwards, sixth

outwards; a terminal row of spots preceded by a subterminal row

of brown lunules, between which and the postmedian series the

ground is whitish; a deep black subanal spot with metallic blue

scales and an internal orange lunule.

2 Upperside, both wings brown with the basal and median areas

violet. Secondaries with the terminal row accentuated; otherwise

as in the male.

Expanse, 3 30; 9 31 mm.

Hab. The Mav Escarpment, B.H.A.

Type in my collection.

Genitalia. Harpagines short, broad for the basal two-thirds, but

slightly wider at the base, at a third from the apex suddenly excised

into a deep sickle-shaped termination, with long strong bristles in

the central and upper portion of the harpago; anellus small and of

slight dimensions; aedoeagus rather long considering the size of

Monograph of the genus Catochrysops Boisduval. 353

the insect, and of but moderate width; cingulum angled in the

middle, of moderate dimensions; tegumen merely a very highly-

raised very narrow-ridged half collar, with small wedge-shaped

cheeks which have long strong falees; cheeks with plenty of long

bristles.

Androconia of a short squarish broadly oblong shape, almost

straight distally, often with a slight central depression, with twelve

or thirteen rows of heavily accentuated reticulations somewhat

closely approximated horizontally and very closely vertically.

Euchrysops albistriatus Capronnier. Plates XII, fig. 12;

XXIV, fig. 55; XXXI, fig. 55.

Lycaena albistriatus Capronnier, Bull. Ent. Soc. Belg., 33,

p. 121 (1889).

Cupido albistriatus Aurivillins, Rhop. Aithiop., p. 373, Pl. 6,

fig. 4 (1898).

Catochrysops albistriatus Neave, P.Z.S. Lond., p. 57 (1910).

3. Upperside, both wings pale lavender blue with very broad

brown borders. Primaries with a dash closing the cell. Secondaries

with a black subanal spot edged internally by orange, and with a

trace of a terminal row of dark spots. Underside, both wings pale

stone grey with somewhat darker markings edged sharply with

white. Primaries with a spot closing the cell; postmedian series

composed of an unbroken row of six spots, the four upper spots in

a slight curve, the two lower slightly oblique; a subterminal row of

broadish internervular dashes, and a terminal row of oval spots.

Secondaries with the usual four basal black spots which are small,

and a fifth small black spot almost at the apex of the wing; the

cell is closed by a curved spot; the postmedian series of six spots

is unusually even, the second spot is shifted somewhat outwards,

the third to the fifth each slightly inwards, and the sixth slightly

outwards; a subterminal row of internervular lunules edged broadly

with subsagittate white marks; a terminal row of small spots; a

black subanal spot with broad orange internal edging. No tails.

Expanse, 32-34 mm.

Hab. Conco; Srerra Leone (Skinner); Ucanpa (Neave).

Type in the Brussels Museum.

Genitalia. Harpagines short, broadish at the base, somewhat

ham-shaped, tapering rapidly to a fine point at the apex, which is

well turned upwards; the lower edge is concave and the upper

slightly convex longish bristles occupy the basal two-thirds; anellus

354. Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker’s

of slight dimensions; aedoeages very short and rather broad;

cingulum short of moderate width; tegumen a very narrow high

ridge tapering rapidly into the well-developed cheeks, which have

fine bristles; the falces are of moderate length.

Androconia : pomegranate-shaped with long attachment stalks,

with thirteen rows of reticulations placed moderately apart, whose

sculpturing is deep and placed fairly close together vertically.

Euehrysops katangae, sp. n. Plates XII, fig. 11; XXIV,

figs. 56 and 56a; XXXI, figs. 56 and 56a.

g. Upperside, both wings dull violaceous. Primaries with a broad

dash closing the cells, and with very broad dark brown well-defined

borders. Secondaries with a black subanal spot surrounded

copiously with orange, a trace of a terminal spotted border. Under-

side, both wings warm ash grey with darker spots definitely encircled

with white. Primaries with a spot closing the cell; the postmedian

series almost erect, the wpper three spots in a very slight curve, the

fourth slightly oblique and so slightly shifted inwards, fifth more

oblique, sixth oblique again and smaller; a row of subterminal

internervular dashes, followed by a terminal similar row of narrow

oval spots. Secondaries with the usual four black spots near the

base, and a fifth one beyond the middle just below vein 8. Cell

closed by an angled spot; postmedian series of six spots scarcely

fractured, the second spot is shifted somewhat outwards, third,

fourth and fifth each slightly inwards, sixth slightly outwards; a

subterminal row of small lunules edged by-a row of small white

sagittate marks and followed by the terminal row of spots, a black

subanal spot almost surrounded by a large orange patch.

2. Upperside, both wings with the basal two-thirds whitish tinged

with blue to about the middle of the cell. Underside with the

ground-colour browner and the spots larger and rounder; otherwise

like the male.

Expanse, 3 35; 92 38 mm.

Hab. KampBove (Neave).

Types in the British Museum.

Genitalia. Harpagines short and broad, the basal two-thirds

almost wedge-shaped; from the base the harpago tapers rapidly

above and below to about two-thirds, where it is suddenly upturned

and tapers more rapidly into a strong sharp hooked apex; a fair

supply of long strong bristles; anellus of rather small dimensions ;

aedoeagus short and very broad; cingulum of very moderate length,

22 Plate XII.

Soc. Lond., 1922.

Ent.

Trans.

Crampion.

(ox

V aus

UCHRYSOPRS:

NEOCHRYSOPS

ORMS

Plate XIII.

Ent. Soc. Lond..,

Lvans.

1922.

Vaus & Crampton.

NE OCHRYSORS:

FORMS

3 : j

u 4

ar |

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1922. Plate XIV.

Vaus & Cranplon.

FORMS OF NEOCHRYSOPS.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1922. Plate XV.

Vaus & Crampton Fowler, imp.

GENITALIA OF NEOCHRYSOPS

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1922. Plate XVI.

Vaus & Crampton Fowler, imp.

GENITALIA OF NEOCHRYSOPS

Baas: Ent. Soc. Lond., 1922. _ Plate XVII.

Vaus & Crampton Fowler, imp.

GENITALIA OF NEOCHRYSOPS

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1922. Plate XVIII.

Vaus & Crampton Fowler, imp.

GENITALIA OF NEOCHRYSOPS

Vaus & Crampton

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1922. Plate XIX.

Fowler, tmp,

GENITALIA OF NEOCHRYSOPS

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1922. Plate XX.

Vaus & Crampton Fowler, imp.

GENITALIA OF NEOCHRYSOPS

—

“Gut 4a]

MOT

SdOSAYHOOUN HO

"IXX Id ‘2261 “puoT ‘009 "4uq *supsy

VIIVLINAD

UOJGUDAD FY SNVA

SdOSAUNHOOAN AO VITIVLINAS

ca (er Ao e/g aa ats a aaa

° Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1922. Plate XXIII.

Vaus & Crampton Fowler, imp.

GENITALIA OF NEOCHRYSOPS

and EUCHRYSOPS

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1922. Plate XXIV.

Vaus & Crampton Fowler, tmp.

GENITALIA OF EUCHRYSOPS

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1922. Plate XXV.

Vaus & Crampton Fowler, imp.

GENITALIA OF EUCHRYSOPS, CATOCHRYSOPS

and LYCAENOPSIS

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1922. Plate XXVI.

ANDROCONIA OF NEOCHRYSOPS

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1922. Plate XXVII.

Vaus & Crampton Fowler, ump.

ANDROCONIA OF NEOCHRYSOPS

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1922. Plate XXVIII.

} a}

a - ’

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ali? sl on.

“

x a

}

Vaus & Crampton Fowler, ump.

ANDROCONIA OF NEOCHRYSOPS

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1922. Plate XXIX.

Vaus & Crampton Fowler, imp.

ANDROCONIA OF NEOCHRYSOPS

Plate XXX.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1922.

Me pe Rae oa) j

QAP DO

: Pero

ANDROCONIA OF NEOCHRYSOPS and EUCHRYSOPS

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1922. Plate XXXI.

rae oes ba 9043

rem & | » ma BK

artes (iiss Ra)

bo pet te gti: Hon ed zie

Ls ’

fe beetetyy O43 ble

: ra 2

Nk Mess Mat E Cot am 4

‘tod hs hy Battie,

Xx . ’ weary oo! -

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52 \ 54 \

Vaus & Crampton Fowler, intp.

ANDROCONIA OF EUCHRYSOPS

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 71922. Plate XXXII.

aes

——

Slee hee

odd

Seema g

Fowler, imp.

& Crampton

Vaus

ANDROCONIA OF EUCHRYSOPS and

ABNORMAL ANDROCONIA OF NEOCHRYSOPS

Monograph of the genus Catochrysops Boisduval. 355

fairly broad, with a high ridged tegumen and fairly ample rounded

cheeks well supplied with bristles; falces fairly long.

Androconia very small, almost round, slightly pyriform, with

very long fine attachment stalks, with ten rows of reticulations,

closely appressed vertically.

Euehrysops eyelopteris Butler. Plates XII, fig. 10; XXIV,

fig, Diy XX hee D7.

Lampides cyclopteris Butler, Ann. and Mag. N.H., p. 483

(1876).

Cupido cyclopteris Aurivillius, Rhop. Aethiop., p. 374 (1898).

3g. Upperside, both wings pale lavender violaceous, with the

termen very broad and in the primaries, increasing in width towards

the tornus, also with a spot closing the cell; in the secondaries

there is a black subanal spot with a small internal edging of orange,

and a terminal row of spots. A fine longish tail. Underside, both

wings very pale grey, with slightly darker spots edged with white ;

a spot closes the cell in both wings also. Primaries with the post-

median series composed of six rather small spots, the upper four

not quite regular, the fifth obliquely shifted inwards, the sixth

again oblique; a subterminal series of internervular crenulations

and a terminal row of semilunular spots. Secondaries with the

usual four black spots near the base and the fifth beyond the centre

below vein 8; in the postmedian series of six spots, the second is

shifted outwards and the third, fourth and fifth is each shifted

slightly inwards, the sixth very slightly outwards; the subterminal

row of internervular crenulations is edged internally by sagittate

white marks, and is followed by the terminal row of largish spots

in a white ground; the black subanal spot has metallic scales and

is edged internally by a largish orange patch. |

Expanse, 3 34-36 mm.

Hab. ApysstntA; NIGERIA.

Type in the British Museum.

A well-marked species.

Genitalia. Harpagines short, very broad indeed at the base,

most irregular on the upper margin and waved evenly on the lower

margin, tapering fairly rapidly to a third from the apex, where they are

suddenly reduced and upturned into longish moderately fine, sharply

toothed hooks; there is a moderate supply of longish bristles ;

anellus moderately broad; aedoeagus short and broad; cingulum

of moderate length, and fairly broad; tegumen a high narrow

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1922,—PARTS III, IV. (FEB. °23) BB

356 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker’s

ridge, with cheeks curved upwards into an elongated squarish apex

with the front edge erect and very long fine falces; the cheeks are

very sparingly furnished with fine hairs.

Androconia broad, ovate, with distal and proximal margins broad,

attachment stalk fairly strong; eighteen rows of reticulations whose

sculpturing is very fine; the reticulations are fairly closely placed

both horizontally and vertically.

Euchrysops nandensis Neave. Plates XXIV, fig. 58;

XXXL, fig. 58.

Catochrysops nandensis Neave, Nov. Zool., xi, p. 340, Pl. 1,

fig. 11 (1904).

§. Upperside, both wings dark brown with the basal three-quarters

of the wing to about the middle (horizontally) of the cell dull violet

biue. Primaries with the cell closed by a dark dash. *Secondarics

with a black subanal spot plentifully edged internally with deep

orange, and with a terminal row of dusky spots. Underside, both

wings warm greyish brown with definite darker markings sharply

edged with white. Primaries: a subreniform spot closes the cell;

the postmedian series is composed of six spots, the upper four very

generally in an even curve, the fifth placed obliquely, below which

is the sixth; the subterminal series of internervular lunules edged

internally with white, slightly inclined to sagittation; terminal row

composed of small oval spots. Secondaries with four small black

basal spots placed as usual, and a fifth almost before the centre of

the costa below vein 8; cell closed by an angled dash; postmedian

series is irregular and composed of six spots, the uppermost isolated,

the second shifted well outwards, the third inwards, fourth inwards

and very small, fifth well inwards, sixth outwards; a subterminal

row of internervular lunules, edged internally with broad subsagittate

white dashes almost filling the area between them and the postmedian

series; a terminal row of spots with a subanal black spot edged

plentifully with deep orange. No tails.

Expanse, 29-32 mm.

Hab. Wyancort (Kisumu), N’sorno, Natrost, B.E.A.

Type in the Oxford Museum.

This is a very well-marked species.

Genitalia. Harpagines short, of moderate width, ham-shaped at

the base, tapering slowly to a very blunt apex, slightly hooked

upwards at the extreme tip; the lower edge is well hollowed out,

and the upper edge is but slightly curved; there is a plentiful

Monograph of the genus Catochrysops Boisduval. 357

supply of bristles both fore and aft; anellus a simple ring; aedoeagus

short, moderately broad; cingulum curved forwards, rather short

and of moderate width; tegumen a high narrow-ridged collar with

ample cheeks well supplied with bristles, and with long falces.

Androconia small, variable, mostly roundish with long attachment

stalks, but many varying almost to oblong; eight or nine rows of

reticulations whose sculpturing is deep and strongly accentuated ;

the rows are placed well apart, but the reticulations are fairly close

vertically.

Euchrysops kabrosae B.-B. Plates XII, fig. 14; XXIV,

fig. 59.

Calochrysops kabrosae Bethune-Baker, Ann. and Mag. N.H.,

p. 107 (1906).

3g. Upperside, both wings cigar brown with greyish fringes.

Primaries with a trace of a dash closing the cell. Secondaries with

a large crange patch occupying a considerable area in the anal

area, in which there is a small black subanal spot. Underside,

both wings brownish grey with black and brown spots and marks

edged with white. Primaries with a black spot closing the cell;

the postmedian series of five black spots is arranged in an even

curve inclined more basewards at the lower spots; an obscure

subterminal row of internervular dashes followed by a similar

terminal row of spots. Secondaries with the usual four basal black

spots, which are very smail, and a fifth black spot beyond the

middle below vein 8; the postmedian series of six spots the same

colour as the ground, has the second spot shifted outwards, the

third larger, shifted inwards, the fourth very small, inwards again,

and the fifth yet further inwards, sixth slightly outwards; a sub-

terminal row of lunules edged internally by sagittate white marks

and foliowed by the terminal row of spots; a subanal black spot

almost surrounded with orange.

9. Like the male in all respects above and below.

The type female described from a unique specimen taken

at Kabros has the underside decidedly paler than the

N’joro specimens and is larger in size, otherwise it is

precisely like the male now described for the first time.

Expanse, ¢ 26-28; 9 26-30 mm.

Hab. Kapros, N’soro, B.H.A. (Jackson).

Types in my collection, three 3 and 2 9.

358 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker’s

This is a quite unmistakable little species, and from the

genitalia should be placed in this section.

Genitalia. Harpagines with broad spatulate base, suddenly

reduced about the middle on the upper and lower margin into a

long tongue-like extremity; the bristles are rather stout and are

confined to the broad basal portion; anellus well developed with a

waived-front margin; aedoeagus shert and fairly broad; cingulum

short, curved forward, fairly broad; tegumen a very narrow well-

raised ridge at the rear, with ample lobe-shaped cheeks having

fairly stout and longish faleces; the bristles on the cheeks are fine

and not abundant. There are no androconia.

Euchrysops malathana Boisduval. Plates X XV, fig. 60;

XXX, fig. 59.

Lycaena malathana Boisduval, Faun. Madag., p. 25 (1833).

Lycaena asopus Hopfier, Monats. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p. 642

(1855); ad. Peters, Reise. Mosamb. Ins., p. 410;

Pl. 26, figs. 13-15 (1862).

Lycaena kama Trimen, Trans. Ent. Soe. Lond., p. 403

(1862).

Lycaena asopus Trimen, Rhop. Afr. Austr., p. a nae

Lycaena conguensis Mabille, Bull. Sce. Zool. Fr., 1, p. 218

(1877).

Lycaena asopus Trimen, 8. Afr. Butt., 11, p. 16 (1887).

Catochrysops asopus Butler, P.Z.S. sTotds p. 183 (1884) ;

id. idem, p. 756 (1885).

Catochrysops conguensis Butler, P.Z.S. Lond., p. ce (1885).

Lycaena malathana Mabille, Hist. Mad. Lep., fae) On erslis)

Pl. 28, figs. 5-10 (1885-86).

Catochrysops asopus Butler, P.Z.S. Lond., p. 68 (1888);

id. Karsch, Berlin Ent. Zeit., 38, p. 225 (1893); ed.

Butler, P.Z.S. Lond., p. 842 (1897); ad. adem P.Z.S.

Lond., p. 192 (1898).

Cupido malathana Aurivillius, Rhop. Aethiop., p. 373 (1898).

Catochrysops malathana Neavye, p. 58 (1910); zd. Longstaft,

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., p. 277 (1916).

3. Upperside, both wings a peculiar sublustrous shade of brownish

grey with the finest black linear termen. Primaries with a dark

dash closing the cell and an obscure terminal row of internervular

dashes. Secondaries with a terminal row of spots palely encircled

and preceded by a subterminal row of lunules, which are edged |

internally with small white sagittate marks; a deep black subanal _

Monograph of the genus Catochrysops Boisduval. 359

spot edged internally with orange. Underside, both wings pale

grey with markings very slightly darker encircled with white.

Primaries with a spot closing the cell; the postmedian series of six

oval spots very regular and somewhat waived situated close to the

subterminal row of internervular lunules, which is followed by the

terminal row of dashes. Secondaries with four subbasal spots below

each other, of these the uppermost is generally black, the two in the

middle close together, and the lowest, on the inner margin, appearing

to belong to the postmedian series are scarcely darker than the

ground-colour; a small spot on the inner margin near the base,

and a black spot beyond the centre of the costa below vein 8; cell

closed by a spot; postmedian series with the upper spot isolated,

the second shifted outwards, the third, fourth and fifth each shifted

slightly inwards, but in a slightly oblique alignment, fifth reniform,

shifted outwards; a terminal row of spots preceded by a subterminal

row of internervular lunules, these being edged by a series of white

sagittate marks, a subanal black spot with bright metallic scaling

and edged internally with orange. No tails.

2 Upperside, both wings lustrous pale blue, quite dull at certain

angles of light, but bright lustrous at others, with very broad

borders all round; otherwise quite like the male.

Expanse, 3 and ° 34-36 mm.

Hab, Avrica, generally distributed ; Mapacascar, Aden,

Type in the Oberthiir collection.

Genitalia. Harpagines broad and short sub-wedge-shaped, ter-

minating in a shortish sharp upturned hook; lower margin with a

dense covering of bristles, becoming more dense at the apex; upper

margin with a few long strong bristles; anellus well developed,

with a conical front margin; aedoeagus short and of moderate

width; cingulum of but moderate length and of narrow width;

tegumen a narrow ridge at the rear with moderately ample cheeks

somewhat lobe-shaped, which are very poorly furnished with bristles ;

falces of moderate size; broadly curved.

Androconia battledore-shaped, with nine rows of reticulations,

widely separated, especially so horizontally.

Euchrysops osiris Hopfier. Plates XXV, fig. 61; XXXII,

fig. 60.

Lycaena osiris Hopfter, Monats. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p. 642

(1855); ad. Peters, Reise. Mosamb. Ins., p. 409, Pl. 26,

figs. 11, 12 (1862).

360 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker’s

Lycaena anubis Snellen, Ent. Tids., p. 21, Pl. 1, figs. 6-9

(1872).

Lycaena phoa Snellen, l.c., p. 22 (1872).

Lycaena pyrrhops Mabille, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr., ii, p. 217

(1877).

Lycaena osiris Trimen, §. Afr. Butt., 11, p. 15 (1887).

Catochrysops osiris Butler, P.Z.S. Lond., p. 68 (1888).

Lycaena osiris Trimen, Trans. Tint. Soc. Lond., p. 127

(1893); id. Karsch, Berlin Ent. Zeit., 38, p. 225 (1893).

Catochrysops osiris Butler, P.Z.S. Lond., p. 692 (1897).

Cupido osiris Aurivillius, Rhop. Aethiop., p. 374 (1898).

Catochrysops osiris Neave, P.Z.S. Lond., p. 58 (1910).

Catochrysops cuprescens Hi. M. Sharpe, in Neumann,

Elephant Hunting, p. 442, Pl. figs. 3, 3a (1898).

gd. Upperside, both wings pinkish violaceous lilac colour—some-

times pale violet with very narrow brown borders. Primaries with

an obscure grey dash closing the cell. Secondaries with anal and

subanal black spots, each having an internal orange edging. With

fine tails. Underside, both wings very pale whitish grey with

rather darker spots encircled with white. Primaries with a narrow

dash closing the cell; the postmedian series of six narrow spots

fairly regular, the spots increasing in length towards the tornus, a

narrow terminal continuous row of dashes so as to appear a line,

preceded by a broader row of subterminal internervular dashes.

Secondaries with three small black spots and a fourth beyond the

middle of the costa below vein 8; a narrow curved dash closes the

cell; the postmedian series of seven spots is fairly even, the second

spot is shifted somewhat outwards and forms with spots three, four

and five a slightly irregular inward curve, sixth spot shifted well

outwards, the seventh (usually the lowermost black spot, but not

black in this species) is shifted inwards; the terminal row of narrow

oval spots is preceded by a row of internervular lunules that are

broadly edged with white, anal and subanal black spots with metallic

scaling and internal edgings of orange.

9. Variable. Upperside, both wings dark brown with a smaller

or larger patch of violet colour, sometimes, however, it is rather

lustrous blue, and occasionally very pale. Underside like the male,

but with the pattern more strongly accentuated,

Expanse, 3 34-38; 9 34-39 mm.

Hab. Arrica, very widely spread; MapaGascar.

Type in the British Museum.

I fortunately had the loan of Mabille’s type of C. pyrrhops

some time ago, and it is only a female of this species.

Monograph of the genus Catochrysops Boisduval. 361

Genitalia. Harpagines short, broadish, somewhat constricted at

about two-thirds the length, then expanding somewhat into a

rounded apex shortly and strongly dentate all round the curve; an

abundant supply of long strong bristles; anellus with the front

edge rounded; the aedoeagus is short and broad; cingulum shortish,

rather narrow angled forward at a third from the base; tegumen a

narrow raised ridge at the rear, with lobe-shaped cheeks of but

moderate size having a small supply of fine bristles; falces long

and strong.

Androconia very plentiful, slightly variable in size, pomegranate-

shaped with longish attachment stalk; thirteen rows of reticulations

fairly well separated, whose sculpturing is deep and placed moder-

ately near together.

The androconia of brunneus differ from those of osiris ;

they are far from plentiful, of an oblong shape tapering

off to the attachment stalk, whose stem is not long,

with eleven or twelve rows of reticulations fairly close

together, and whose deep sculpturing is also close together.

Euchrysops brunneus, sp. n. Plates XXV, fig. 62; XXXII,

fig. 61.

3 Upperside, both wings brown with a slight reddish tinge and

a slight bronze lustre; a large orange anal patch, in which are two

well-defined black terminal spots. Underside not so pale as in

osiris and with the pattern darker also; otherwise like osiris.

9. Like osiris.

This is a very well-marked race obtaining in the moun-

tains around Nairobi. I have a long series, and they are

all quite uniform; it appears to be a more robust insect

than osiris, the average of both sexes being larger.

Hab. Natrost District, B.1.A.

Types in my collection.

At first I thought this species was merely a local race of

E. osiris, but the androconia are so markedly different, as

detailed under the previous species, that I feel compelled

to separate them. The genitalia are also slightly different ;

the shape of the harpagines is not the same, both in the

curves and in the apices, whilst the aedoeagus and the

anellus are also slightly different.

In closing this monograph it will be well to again draw

attention to the figure of the genitalia of Catochrysops

362 Explanation of Plates.

strabo (Plate XXV, fig. 63), and also to the figures of the

same organs of Lycaenopsis micyclus (Plate XXV, fig. 64)

and of L. togara (Plate XXV, fig. 65).

I must not, however, end without tendering my warmest

thanks to Prof. Poulton for very much critical help, and

for the free use of the specimens in the Hope Museum, and

also to the officials of the British Museum for their unfailing

courtesy and aid, whilst [ am much indebted to Mr. J. J.

Joicey for the loan of all Trimen’s types, and to the late

Mr. H. H. Druce for enabling me to refer to his collection.

EXPLANATION OF Piates XII-XXXII.

PLATE XII.

Fie. 1. Neochrysops niobe, p. 280.

53 lacrimosa, p. 281.

3 a methymna, p. 287.

4 ui intermedia, 3, p. 310.

Ds > 5 Q, p. 310.

6. - asteris, p. 292.

7 5 triment, p. 295.

8 sy variegata, p. 338.

9. nevillei, p. 340.

10. Euchrysops cyclopteris, p. 355.

11. a katangae, p. 354.

11, ne albistriatus, p. 353.

13: = mauensis, p. 352.

14, oP kabrosae p. 357.

11/3); =p subpallida, p. 350.

16. Neochrysops letsea (fumosus type), p. 312.

ike ie cinerea, p. 314.

18. 3 plebeja, p. 316.

19. $5 parsimon, p. 317.

20. ~ victoriae, p. 320,

21, BS quassi, p. 322

PLATE XIII.

Fia. 1. Neochrysops gigantea, p. 299.

Di Bf stormsi, p. 800.

3 FB mashuna, 3, p. 301.

4 Be ‘ 2, p. 301.

5 ee rhodesensae, p. 302.

6. 35 delicata, 3, p. 308.

Te S5 a Q, p. 303.

8 55 neaver, d, p. 307.

9 7 peculiaris, p. 305,

10. 2 neavei, 2, p. 307.

ale a6 cupreus, p. 306.4

12. 3 dollmani, p. 309.

Explanation of Plates. 363

PLATE XIV.

Fic. He Neochrysops synchrematiza, p. 323.

2. 5 solwezii, p. 325.

3: 5 chloauges, p. 328.

4, a glauca, p. 326.

5. is polydialecta, p. 329.

6. 25 carsoni, p. d34.

ile = patricia, p. 333.

8. _ neonegus, Pp. 337.

9. * aethopia, p. 331.

10. nyassde, p. 332.

lat le - hypopolia, p. 343.

}2. ap negus, p. 335.

PLATE XV.

All genitalia are magnified 25 diameters and then reduced fully a

third to bring them down to the necessary size of plate.

Fie. 1. Genitalia, vertical position of Neochrysops leucon, p. 289.

la. Aedoeagus of Neochrysops leucon, p. 289.

2. Genitalia, profile position of Neochrysops niobe, p. 281.

5 - me ma 3 lacrimosa, p. 282.

4. 2 * 3 - a ariadne, p. 283.

5. 59 - “3 5 ss tantalus, p. 284.

5a. - vertical ,, <i > = p. 284.

PLATE XVI.

Fie. 6. Genitalia, profile position of Neochrysops ignota, p. 285.

7. 9» 25 “ % i pephredo, p. 286.

8. » » » » >» methymna, p. 287.

9 > ” > * 9 puncticilia, p. 288.

10. ” . 9: 5 5 pampolis, p. 291.

12. ” » » ” ” asteris, p. 294.

13. % 2» 95 4 » trimeni, p. 296.

14. 5 vertical ,, a ss grahami, p. 297.

PLATE XVII.

Fie. 15. Genitalia, profile a of pth Coes orlygia, p. 298.

16. o <p 3 lerothodi, p. 299.

Gas = vertical = a # lerothodi, p. 299.

ie Ny profile = a = gigantea, p. 300.

18. AS 55 5 os a stormsi, p. 801,

PLATE XVIII.

Fie. 19. Genitalia, profile position of Neochrysops mashuna, p. 302.

20. ee +5 ae es ee rhodesensae, p.303.

Palle o Le 4s os - delicata, p. 304.

22. aa ‘ a ra = peculiaris, p. 506.

BS 3 - x5 as - cupreus, p. 307.

24. x5 es “ ae es neavei, p. 308,

364

Fia.

Fic.

Fia.

Fic.

PLATE XIX.

Explanation of Plates.

25. Genitalia, profile position of Neochrysops dollmani, p. 310.

26. 39 > bd 99

28. a : ” ”

29. ” 29 ” ’

30. 39 5 33 ’ ’

3l. 99 99 39 3)

PLATE XX.

32. Genitalia, profile position of Neochrysops parsimon, p. 320.

33. Bs vertical Ky 35

34. < profile a oe x

35. 9 29 ch} ’ ’

36. 33 99 39 3°

37. 99 ” 33 59

PLATE. XXI.

intermedia, p. 311.

letsea, p. 313.

cinerea, p. 314.

skolios, p. 315.

plebeja, p. 317.

victoriae, p. 321.

quasst, p. 323.

synchrematiza, p. 324.

solwezti, p. 326.

glauca, p. 327.

38. Genitalia, profile position of Neochrysops chloauges, p. 329.

39. 39

40. Y

42. as

43. 5

” 39 59 29

929

3° 3° $9 39

92 39 ” 29

PLATE XXII.

polydialecta, p. 330.

aethiopia, p. 332.

patricia, p. 384,

carsoni, p. 334.

44. Genitalia, profile position of Neochrysops negus, p. 336.

45. x

46. -

47. c¢

48. %

39 29 9° 99

99 9? 9°

iwisted or) ” ”

profile ME hte 9

PLATE XXIII.

neonegus, p. 338.

variegata, p. 339.

nevillei, p. 341.

procera, p. 342.

49. Genitalia, profile ees of Neochrysops hypopolia, p. 343.

iy ., Huchrysops cnejus, p. 346.

50. >

Dota

OW. $5

52. s

BAT = ae

3° 3° s9 $9

39 aa °°

9 99 39 9

vertical i -

PLATE XXIV.

luzonicus, p. 347.

barkeri, p. 348.

dolorosa, p. 349.

55 p- 349.

53. Genitalia, twisted position of Huchrysops subpallida, p. 351.

54. 29

55. Ss

56. <3

DOG wes

57. i

58. oe

59. Me

profile 9 Seely

39 by) 2” 39

> ” ’

29 2” oe)

bee 73

mauensis, p. 352.

albistriatus, p. 353.

katangae, 3, p. 354.

2, p. 354.

c yclopteris, p. 355.

nandensis, p. 356.

kabrosae, p. 358.

Fia. 60. Genitalia, profile position of Zuchrysops malathana,

- 3 osiris, p. 361.

Fic.

Fia.

61.

62.

63.

64.

65.

9°

Explanation of Plates.

’

”

PLATE XXV.,

365

p. 359.

brunneus, p- 361.

,, Catochra ysops strabo, p. 362.

., Lycaenopsis micyclus, p. 277.

. es togara, p. 277.

PLATE XXVI.

All androconial scales are magnified 600 diameters.

1. Androconia of Neochrysops leucon, p. 290.

—

13.

14.

1b:

18.

19.

20.

PALE

22.

Ne i EAS Med)

niobe, p. 281.

lacrimosa, p. 283.

ariadne, p. 283.

tantalus, p. 284.

ignota, p. 285.

pephredo, p. 286.

methymna, p. 288.

pampolis, p. 291.

PLATE XXVII.

Androconia of Neochrysops asteris, p. 295.

triment, p. 296.

grahami, p. 297.

ortygia, p. 298.

gigantea, p. 300.

stormsi, p. 301.

mashuna, p. 302.

rhodesensae, p. 303.

delicata, p. 304.

PLATE XXVIII.

Androconia of Neochrysops peculiaris, p. 306.

””

cupreus, p. 307.

neavei, p. 309.

dollmani, p. 310.

intermedia, p. 311.

letsea, p. 313.

cinerea, p. 315.

skotios, p. 316.

plebeja, p. 317.

366 Explanation of Plates.

PLATE XXIX.

Fra. 32. Androconia of Neochrysops parsimon, p. 320.

34. ss fe es quassi, p. 329.

35. = - By synchrematiza, p. 320.

36. ie rs nf solwezii, p. 326.

37. fs Re . glauca, p. 327.

38. ‘ y, o chloauges, p. 329.

39. sf S ‘3 polydialecta, p. 330.

“40. _ $5 = aethiopia, p. 332.

42. a ; patricia, p. 334.

PLATE XXX.

Vic. 43. Androconia of Neochrysops carsoni, p. 335.

44. an 56 53 negus, p. 337.

45. = “ o, neonegus, Pp. 338.

46. - ns a variegata, p. 339.

ane ee S a nevillei, p. 341.

48, ae be ie procera, p. 342.

49, - es hypopolia, p. 3: 43.

50. ii os Euchrysops cnejus p. 346.

Pill Ng “A ee barkeri, p. 348.

PLATE XXXI.

Fra. 52. Androconia of Huchrysops dolorosa, p. 350.

53. x s a5 subpallida, p. 351.

54. s 5 a mauensis, p. 35d.

55. 35 *s ue albistriatus, p. 354.

56. if * a hatangae, p. 355.

56a. Ss s es katangae, abnormal scale, p, 355.

oie =A 5 cyclopteris, p. 356.

58. e. ” 3 nandensis, p. 357.

59. A io malathana, p. 359,

PLATE XXXII.

Fic. 60. Androconia of Huchrysops osiris, p. 361.

61. is brunneus, p. 361.

62, Abnormal androconia of Neochr ysops intermedia.

(Compare with scale No. 26.)

63. Abnormal androconia of Neochrysops skotios, abnormal

scale. (Compare with scale

No. 30.)

64. Abnormal androconia of Neochrysops methymna, abnormal

scale. (Compare with scale

No. 8.)

( 367 )

XIV. The Dasytinae of South Africa tCrnecisictl By

G. ©. Campion, A.L.S., F.Z.S.

[Read April 5th, 1922.]

Tus paper is based upon a study of the comparatively few

known 8. African Dasytinae, two allied If. African insects

being included for comparison. More than half of the

former are referred to the genus Pagurodactylus Gorh.,

some of the species of which have the general facies of

various Malachiids, thus forming a sort of connecting link

between the last-named group and the Dasytids. The

extensible lateral vesicles of the body are wanting’ in

all the Dasytinae, and the males never have a claw-like

superior prolongation of the second joint of the anterior

tarsi such as is to be found in certain genera of Malachiids,

e.g. Altalus, Hbaeus, etc. One new genus, Dasytophasis

(Péring. in litt. ) has peculiarly formed antennae in the J,

and another, Aplerodasytes, resembles a Staphylinid. The

presence of the cosmopolitan genus Acanthocnemus Perris

in Rhodesia, has been recorded by me in Ent. Mo. Mag.,

1922, pp. 77-79.

The material examined includes that contained in the

British Museum in London, and in the Museums at Cape

Town and Durban, the Cape specimens having been kindly

lent by Dr. Péringuey. ‘The examples in our National

Collection were mostly collected by Dr. G. A. K. Marshall,

the late H. C. Dollman, and Mr. R. E. Turner, some of the

last-named gentleman’s captures having been received

during the preparation of this paper.

The types of the 8. African species named by Gorham,

as well as those of a few others described by Boheman

and Redtenbacher, have been examined. Three Dasz ue

diagnosed by Thunberg in 182] remain unidentified,

well as the following insects described by Pic: Paelihes

teropus, type P. nigerrimus Pic (L’Hchange, xix, p. 178,

1903), Cape Colony (this probably belongs to the Das ytinae) ;

P. pallidonotatus Pic (op. cit. xxii, p. 132, 1907), Dunbrody

(this seems to be a Pagurodactylus, with a longitudinal

black streak on each elytron); Pagurodactylus donceeli Pic

(op. cit. xxii, p. 132 eh Port Elizabeth; and Xamerpus

obscurus Pie (op. cit. xx , p. 28, 1904), Zululand. — Aficro-

julistus subconverus, var. “ nigricolor Pic: (op. ett. xix, p. 179;

1903), Dunbrody, is represented by a single example im

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1922.—PARTS III, IV. (FEB. ’23)

368 Mr. G. C. Champion on

Dr. Marshall’s collection, and two others found by Mr.

R. E. Turner at Mossel Bay y in September 1921.

PAGURODACTYLUS.

Pagurodactylus Gorham, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) v,

78 (1900).

This genus, type P. vitticeps from Natal, its Dasytiform

facies notwithstandmg, was referred by Gorkam to the

Malachiidae, and he called attention to the unequal anterior

tarsal claws of the ¢ as a character not hitherto known in

that group. Pagurodactylis, however, wants the extensible

lateral vesicles of the prothorax and abdomen, and must

therefore be removed to the Dasytinae, one well-known

European genus at least, Danacaea, having unequal tarsal

claws in the two sexes. The male only of P. vitliceps was

known to Gorham; the 9 has slender, basally-subangulate,

equal tarsal claws, very ‘similar to the lower one of the

anterior pair in 3. In this sex, moreover, the anterior

tarsi are more or less thickened, with jomts 1-3 obliquely

produced at the apex (2 sometimes dentiform) in the

typical forms, and 5, at least, nigro-setulose beneath, these

short spinules or setae forming a sort of brush. The

S. African forms here placed under Pagurodactyius difier

greatly inter se in their general facies, the shape of the head,

etc.; but they all possess the above-mentioned 5 tarsal

characters, which are sufficient to separate them from

Dasytes, even in the wide sense adopted by European

writers. Most of these insects have a short epipleural fold

to the elytra, this being elongated in P. anguslissimus Pic,

but the dividing ridge is sometimes obsolete. The denti-

form second tarsal joint and the elongated upper anterior

tarsal claw together form a powerful grasping-organ in

the §¢ of P. fibulatus, etc.

The terminal jomt of the maxillary palpi is narrow,

rather short, pointed at the tip.

The following table, based upon the 3¢ only, will serve ih

most cases to identify the 29 also.*

33d

1 (18). Head not or moderately rostrate.

2 (13). Upper surface pilose or with intermixed

longer hairs or setae.

* 0° only known of P. lugens (No. 6) and flavocinctus (No. 11).

3 (10)

4 (5)

5 (4)

6 (9)

7 (8)

8 (7)

9 (6)

10 (3)

11 (12)

12 (11)

13 (2)

14 (15)

15 (14

16 (17)

17 (16)

Te 1(8Y:

pubescence intermixed with long,

the Dasytinae of South Africa.

. Body in part or wholly black or

metallic.

. Prothorax, outer margin of elytra, and

legs testaceous; antennae elongate ;

upper claw of anterior tarsi greatly

elongated

. Prothorax and legs in vient Boat or

wholly infuscate.

. Elytra not fasciate, immaculate or with

margins testaceous.

. Hlytra infuscate or black ;

. Elytra with one or both margins

testaccous .

. Elytra flavo- ears: legs in part or

wholly infuscate

. Body in part and legs ies tresniiae

elytra usually maculate or fasciate,

rarely immaculate (sometimes

piceous with the margins and apex

testaceous in 99).

. Antennae short, serrate, or subserrate;

head enormously developed or large

. Antennae relatively longer and more

slender; head smaller: species

small

. Upper surface finely pubese a aiehout

intermixed longer hairs; elytral

sculpture very fine, sericeous.

. Body uniformly caeruleous

). Body black or piceous.

. Elytra with apex testaceous; head

shorter

. Elytra with both margins fastens:

head Jonger and narrower, sub-

rostrate ; prothorax _ trisulcate,

elongate . :

Head strongly rostrate, narrow, “the

post-ocular portion elongate; body

metallic, the elytra testaceous at

tip .

369

Species 1.

Species 2-6.

Species 7, 8.

Species 9-12.

Species 13-17.

Species 18.

Species 19.

Species 20.

Species 21.

Species 22, 23.

1, Pagurodactyius fibulatus, n. sp.

©. Elongate, narrow, shining, clothed with decumbent. pallid

erect, bristly hairs; black, the

370 Mr. G. C. Champion on

head in front and at the sides behind the eyes, the basal joints of

the antennae, the prothorax, the outer margins of the elytra, and the

legs (the bases of the posterior femora excepted) testaceous or rufo-

testaceous. Head rather small, much narrower than the prothorax,

closely, finely punctate, the eyes small; antennae short, slender,

subserrate. Prothorax convex, nearly as long as bread, narrowed

anteriorly and also narrowed towards the base, very sparsely,

minutely punctate, the lateral margins explanate in their basal half.

Elytra much wider than the prothorax, widened posteriorly, rounded

at the tip; densely, rather coarsely punctured. Anterior tarsi

slender, simple.

3. Head larger, longer, and more convex, nearly as wide as the

prothorax, the eyes larger, prominent; antennae stouter, elongate,

joints 14 and the extreme bases of the others testaceous, 5-10

elongate triangular; anterior tarsi (fig. 1) thickened, sparsely nigro-

setulose beneath, joint 2 produced into a strong tooth at the apex

within, the upper claw extremely long and stout, the lower one much

shorter and slender.

Length 3-3) mm.

Hab. 8. ae Frere and Estcourt, Natal (Dr. Marshall:

7 1898 Sait ; Haviland, in Mus. Cape Town).

Ten ai seen, including four Gg. Separable from

P. vilticeps, Gorh., by the rufo-testaceous elytral margins,

prothorax, legs, and basal joints of the antennae; the

longer, smoother, convex prothorax; the 3 with a larger

head, long antennae, and the upper claw of the front tarsi

extr emely long and stout.

2. Pagurodactylus vitticeps.

3S. Paguredactylus vitticeps Gorh., Ann and Mag. Nat. Hist.

(iD) sveip. Go! (L300):

3g. Anterior tarsi thickened, joints 2 and 5 sparsely nigro-setulose

beneath, the upper claw very long, longer and stouter than the lower

one; antennae long, joints 4-10 elongate triangular.

Q. Anterior tarsi slender, the claws shorter, equal, similar to the

others; antennae short, more slender, joints 4-10 about as long as

broad.

Hab. 8. Arrica, Estcourt, Natal (Mus. Brit., Mus. Cape

Town).

The twelve Specimens of this species before me include

three 99, the 3 only having been known to Gorham. An

alengate! narrow, shining, brassy- black, hirsute insect, with

the Dasytinae of South Africa. 371

the basal joints of the antennae in part, the head in front

and along the middle, and the tibiae and tarsi testaceous ;

the upper surface rather coarsely punctured; the antennae

elongate in 3’; the prothorax broader than long; the elytra

narrowly margined,

3. Pagurodactylus cribrosus, n. sp.

2. Moderately elongate, narrow, subparallel, shining; the entire

upper surface coarsely, closely punctate (the punctures on the head

very coarse and umbilicate), and clothed with long, fine, erect hairs;

nigro-piceous, the anterior portion of the head and the basa! joints

of the antennae in part, and the basal margin of the prothorax,

testaceous. Head rather short, somewhat convex; antennae very

short. Prothorax about as long as broad, a little wider than the head,

much narrowed anteriorly. Elytra moderately long, much wider

than the prothorax, narrowly margined, the spaces between the

coarse punctures smooth. Anterior tarsi slender.

3g. Narrower, the front of the head, the antennae, and tarsi paler,

the legs a little stouter; antennae longer; eyes more convex;

anterior tarsi thickened, joint 2 distinctly produced at the apex

within, 5 sparsely nigro-setulose beneath, the upper claw longer

than the lower one.

Length 22-3 mm.

Hab. Natat, Malvern [3] and Umgeni [9] (Dr. Marshall :

vl, vil, 1897).

One pair. Separable from P. circumcinctus Redt. and

other allied forms by the coarse puncturing of the upper

surface, particularly of the head, and the subparallel shape

in the two sexes, the elytra entirely infuscate.

4, Pagurodactylus angustulus, n. sp.

3. Elongate, narrow, slightly widened posteriorly, shining, clothed

with fine pubescence intermixed with long, soft, erect hairs; aeneo-

piceous or brassy-black, the basal joints of the antennae, tibiae, and

tarsi sometimes in part, testaceous; the head and prothorax some-

what coarsely and rather closely (except a narrow smooth space

down the middle of the disc of the latter in some specimens), the

elytra densely, rugosely, punctured. Head about as wide as the

prothorax, moderately long, bi-impressed in front and foveate on

the vertex; antennae moderately long, rather slender. Prothorax

convex, longer than broad, narrowed in front and behind, the lateral

margins not prominent. Elytra wider than the prothorax, elongate.

Anterior tarsi slightly thickened, joints 3 and 4 (as seen in profile)

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1922.—PARTS I, IV. (FEB. 23) CC

372 Mr. G. C. Champion on

acutely produced at the inner apical angle, 5 nigro-setulose beneath,

the upper claw longer and a little stouter than the lower one.

9°. Antennae shorter; elytra more widened postericrly.

Length 23-3 mm.

Hab. 8. Arrica, Table Mountain (Dr. Marshall), Con-

stantia Nek and Rondebosch (#. B. Poulton).

Found in abundance by Dr. Marshall and Prof. Poulton

in August 1905. This insect agrees in some respects with

the description of P. donceeli Pic (1907), type from Port

Elizabeth; but the latter is said to have the head long and

narrow, the prothorax smooth on the disc, and the body

broader than in P. angustissimus, a definition that will not

apply to P. angusiulus. P. donceelt, moreover, is stated to

have the facies of certain species of Altalus near Pecteropus,

instead of that of a narrow Dasytes, for which P. angustulus

might easily be mistaken.

5. Pagurodactylus funereus, n. sp.

g. Elongate, narrow, shining, clothed with fine greyish pubescence

intermixed with long, erect, blackish, bristly hairs; black, the basal

joints of the antennae (except joint 1 above) testaceous, the legs

piceous; the head and prothorax sparsely, finely, the elytra densely,

rugulosely punctate. Head oblong, rather convex, narrower than

the prothorax, triangularly depressed between the eyes and bisulcate

in front, the eyes somewhat prominent; antennae short, moderately

slender. Prothorax as long as broad, convex, narrowed anteriorly,

transversely grooved behind the anterior margin, suleate along the

sides posteriorly, and foveate in the centre at the base, the lateral

margins reflexed. Elytra long, much broader than the prothorax,

a little widened posteriorly, narrowly margined. Anterior tarsi

thickened, nigro-setulose beneath, the upper claw long and rather

stout, the lower one short, slender, toothed near the base beneath.

©, Head narrow, the eyes not prominent; elytra longer and more

rounded at the sides beyond the middle.

Length (with head) 24-35 mm.

Hab. 8S. Arrica, Malvern, Natal (Dr. Marshall, Mus.

Cape Town and Mus. Durban: iv, 1897; iv, v, 1898).

Two gg and one 9. This insect has the general facies

of a small narrow Dasytes ; but no Dasytes has the anterior

tarsal claws of 3 formed as in P. funereus, which is certainly

congeneric with P. vitticeps Gorh., the latter having a shorter

prothorax, long antennae in g, ete. -P. circumcinctus has

the antennae formed as in P. funereus. Compared with

the Dasytinae of South Africa. 373

P, (Aitalus) lugens Gorh. the present species is larger, the

margins of the prothorax are more reflexed towards the

base, and the setae are longer.

6. Pagurodactylus lugens.

©. Attalus (2) lugens Gorh., Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7),

vu, p. 857 (1901).

Hab. 8. Arrica, Salisbury, Rhodesia.

Four specimens seen. A small, narrow, elongate, shining

black insect, sparsely clothed with rather long, semierect

greyish hairs intermixed with the scattered pubescence ;

head long, narrow, hollowed down the middle; prothorax

longer than broad, very sparsely punctulate ; elytra long,

narrowly margined, rugulosely punctured; legs and

antennae slender. P. lugens has somewhat the facies of

P. metallicus (No. 19), and the anterior tarsi of the g are

probably similarly formed.

7. Pagurodactylus cireumcinetus.

Dasytes circumcinctus Redt., Reise Novara, uu, p. 107 (1867).

g. Anterior tarsi slightly thickened, sparsely nigro-setulose

beneath, the claws unequal in length, the upper one longer than the

other; antennae short; eyes convex.

®. Anterior tarsi slender, the claws smaller, equal; eyes less

prominent; body more elongate, the prothorax less transverse,

the elytra much longer and widened to beyond the middle.

Hab. §. Arrica, Cape of Good Hope (type), Cape Town and

Stellenbosch (dus. Cape Town), Wynberg (Dr. Mie)

Lion’s Head, and Camps Bay (R&R. HL. Turner: vii, ix,

1920), Mossel Bay, Table Mountain (W. Bevins).

A shining black, nigro-hirsute form, with the mouth-

parts, the expanded margins of the elytra, the anterior and

intermediate tibiae in part, and sometimes the antennae

to near the tip, testaceous; the head and prothorax very

sparsely, finely, the elytra rather coarsely, closely punctate.

Less elongate and much more shining than P. angustissimus

Pic, and clothed with intermixed long, black, bristly hairs;

the head and prothorax shorter and broader, very sparsely

punctate, and not sulcate; the elytra coarsely punctured,

and with the expanded outer margin only testaceous.

Redtenbacher describes the antennae as testaceous. The

type, Dr. Holdhaus informs me, cannot now be found in the

Vienna Museum. Found in plenty on Table Mountain by

Mr. Bevins,

374 Mr. G. C. Champion on

8. Pagurodactylus suturellus, n. sp.

Attalus suturellus Gorh. in litt.

9. Elongate, narrow, depressed, shining, sparsely, finely pubescent,

the elytra with intermixed, long, semierect, pallid, bristly hairs;

nigro-piceous or piceous, the basal joints of the antennae in part,

the basal margin or hind angles of the prothorax, and sometimes

the lateral margins also, and the sutural and outer margins of the

elytra, testaceous or pale testaceous; the head and prothorax

sparsely, finely, the elytra rugulosely, punctate. Head narrower

than the prothorax, triangularly depressed anteriorly; antennae

short; prothorax about as long as broad, narrowed towards the

base and apex, hollowed along the sides posteriorly. Elytra elongate,

much wider than the prothorax, somewhat rounded at the sides,

from a little below the base, depressed along the suture, the margins

prominent.

¢. Narrower and less elongate, the eyes a little more convex;

anterior tarsi thickened, the upper claw much longer than the lower

one; elytra relatively shorter.

Length 2-2+ mm.

Hab. 8. Arrica, Salisbury and Sebakwe, Rhodesia,

Malvern and Verulam, Natal (Dr. Marshall: vi, 1897;

vill, 1900, vi, 1910; Mus. Cape Town ; Mus. Durban).

A common insect in Natal, and apparently undescribed.

A very small, narrow, immature-looking form, resembling

P. angustissimus Pic in colour, with a less elongate, smoother

head, a shorter, non-sulcate, smoother prothorax, and more

shining, hirsute elytra. The pale sutural stripe is somewhat

evanescent. The head is shorter and broader than in

P. lugens Gorh., which has the entire upper surface black.

P. suturellus does not belong to Attalus, as shown by the

anterior tarsal structure of the ¢.

9. Pagurodactylus coronatus.

Anthocomus coronatus Boh., Ins. Caffraria, 1, 2, p. 470

(1851).

g. Anterior tarsi rather slender, joint 5 closely nigro-setulose

beneath, the claws subequal in length, slightly longer than those of

the other tarsi, the upper claw a little stouter than the lower one;

antennae long, slender, filiform.

©. Anterior tarsi more slender, the claws smaller, equal; antennae

short, slightly thickened towards the tip.

Length (including head when extended) 3 mm.

the Dasytinae of South Africa. 375

Hab. S. Arrica, Limpopo River (type of Boheman),

mouth of Umkomaas River, Natal (Dr. Marshall : 1x,

1897).

Three §g and one 2 captured by Dr. Marshall agree with

Boheman’s description. A narrow, shining, piceous, hirsute

insect, with an oblong-oval, rather convex, deflexed,

testaceo-bivittate head; prominent eyes; pallid, slender

antennae; a long, rather narrow prothorax; rugose,

flavo-bifasciate elytra (the second fascia apical); and

testaceous tarsi. Boheman compares P. coronatus with

Anthocomus fasciatus L., which difiers greatly in structure

from the present species.

10. Pagurodactylus translucidus, n. sp.

6. Elongate, narrow, depressed, slightly widened posteriorly,

shining, somewhat thickly clothed with long, erect hairs; brassy

black, the basal margin of the prothorax, and the lateral margin\

thence to the middle, a transverse, translucid ante-median fascia on

the elytra (not reaching the suture), the basal joints of the antennae

beneath, and the extreme bases of the tibiae, flavous or testaceous ;

the entire upper surface coarsely, rather closely punctured. Head

narrow, somewhat elongate, flattened anteriorly, the sides of the

front raised and cariniform, the eyes prominent; antennae pilose,

long, slender, joints 3-6 gradually increasing in length, 6-11 very

elongate. Prothorax narrow, longer than broad, greoved along the

sides posteriorly. Elytra elongate, much wider than the prothorax.

Legs slender, clothed with long hairs; anterior tarsi with joint 5

nigro-setulose and thickened at the tip beneath; claws long, slightly

widened in their basal half, those of the anterior pair subequal.

°. Antennae much shorter; clytra more widened posteriorly, the

fascia almost obsolete; anterior tarsal joint 5 slender to tip, the

claws smaller, equal.

Length 34-33 mm.

Hab. 8. Arrica, Mossel Bay, Cape Province (R. E.

Turner: vii, 1921; iti, 1922).

One pair. Larger than Dasytophasis (Attalus) albo-

fasciatus Gorh. (infra), the entire upper surface coarsely

punctured, the head and prothorax broader, the apices of

the elytra immaculate. The simple, elongate antennae,

the apically-thickened, nigro-setulose terminal joint of the

anterior tarsi, and the longer tarsal claws, separate P.

transluculus, 3, from the same sex of Dasylophasis capicola

and D, albofasciatus. The anterior tarsal claws are almost

376 Mr. G. C. Champion on

equal in length in the g of the present species, which

differs in this respect from the typical members of the

genus.

11. Pagurodactylus flavocinetus, n. sp.

©. Moderately elongate, widened posteriorly, shining, somewhat

thickly clothed with long decumbent pubescence, intermixed on the

head and prothorax with erect hairs, and on the elytra with short

adpressed pubescence; brassy-black, the antennal joints 14, the

basal, apical, and lateral margins (except towards the anterior

angles) of the prothorax, knees, and bases of the tarsi testaceous,

the elytra with a sharply defined, curved, transverse, ante-median

fascia (not reaching the suture, but extending to the outer margin);

the head and prothorax closely, conspicuously, the elytra coarsely,

rugosely punctured. Head much narrower than the prothorax ;

antennae short, joints 8-10 transverse. Prothorax nearly as long

as broad, very convex, narrowed towards the base and apex. Elytra

moderately long, much broader than the prothorax, rounded at the

sides posteriorly. Legs hairy.

Length 23-22 mm.

Hab. 8. Arrica, Mossel Bay, Cape Province (R. E.

Turner: ii, 1922).

Two 99, recently sent with a 2 of P. translucidus from

the same locality. Smaller and less elongate than the

last-named insect; the head and prothorax more finely

punctured, the latter shorter and more convex; the elytra

not so long, more closely, rugosely punctured, and with

a sharply defined, non-evanescent flavous fascia.

12. Pagurodactylus flavesignatus, n. sp.

g. Elongate, narrow, depressed, slightly widened posteriorly,

shining, sparsely clothed with pallid pubescence intermixed with long,

erect, blackish, bristly hairs; black, the labrum, oral organs, basal

joints of the antennae, basal margin of the prothorax, tip of the

abdomen, tarsi, and tibiae in part, testaceous, the elytra with a

common, transverse fascia below the base (interrupted at the suture)

and a transverse spot on the dise of each towards the apex, flavous ;

the head and prothcrax sparsely, rather strongly punctured, the

elytra with scattered, intermixed coarse and fine punctures, the

latter becoming crowded on the pallid markings. Head rather long,

nearly as wide as the prothorax, canaliculate on the vertex, the

eyes prominent; antennae long, rather stout, joints 4-10 triangular,

the Dasytinae of South Africa. 377

longer than broad. Prothorax longer than broad, narrowed towards

base and apex. Elytra long, much wider then the prothorax,

depressed below the base, rounded at the apex, the humeri swollen,

Anterior tarsi moderately thickened, joints 1 and 2 subequal in

length, 4 and 5 nigro-setulose beneath, the upper claw eae and

stouter than the lower one.

Length (with head extended) 3} mm.

Hab. 8. Arrica, Cape Town (Mus. Cape Town: xii,

1887).

Two males. Larger and more robust than Dasytophasis

(Attalus) albofasciatus Gorh.; the head less elongate, and

strongly punctured; the antennae long and rather stout;

the ante-median fascia of the elytra interrupted at the

suture, the apical fascia replaced by a transverse subapical

spot. The present species has the general facies of an

elongate, spotted Anthicus.

13. Paguredactylus cephalotes, n. sp. (Fig. 2.)

g. Elongate, shining, clothed with pallid decumbent pubescence

intermixed with very long, black, erect, bristly hairs; testaceous

or rufo-testaceous, the head (except at the base and in front), the

outer joints of the antennae, the elytra with a basal and a post-

median fascia, connected along the suture, and sometimes asmall spot

on the disc near the apex, and the metasternum, to a variable extent,

black, the elytral markings in some specimens evanescent. Head

extremely large and broad, nearly twice the length cf the prothorax,

arcuately swollen on each side behind the eyes and obliquely

narrowed thence to the base, transversely bi-impressed in front

and longitudinally excavate at the middle of the vertex, coarsely,

rugosely punctured, smoother in front and at the base; eyes convex ;

antennae short, stout, the joints comparatively broad, 6—10 strongly

transverse. Prothorax small, strongly transverse, much narrower

than the head or elytra, obliquely narrowed behind, very sparsely,

minutely punctate, grooved behind the anterior margin, the lateral

margins reflexed. Elytra long, subparallel in their basal half,

rounded at the tip; closely, rather coarsely punctate, with coarser

setigerous punctures intermixed. Anterior tarsi stout, sparsely

nigro-setulose beneath, joint 2 produced into a strong tooth at the

apex within; the upper claw long, simple, the lower one shorter and

more slender, angulate near the base, similar to those of the other

tarsi.

9. Head entirely or to near apex, the antennae (except the basal

joints beneath), the prothorax with an interrupted transverse space

378 Mr. G. C. Champion on

before the middle in one specimen, the elytra (except at the tip),

and the bases of the femora, black; head short, small, coarsely,

rugosely punctured, bi-impressed in front; antennae much more

slender; elytra widened posteriorly; legs more slender, anterior

tarsi simple, the claws equal.

Length 3-3} mm.

Hab. S. Arrica, Salisbury (Dr. Marshall: 99; J.

O'Neil, in Mus. Cape Town: 3) and Hope Fountain,

Rhodesia (Neville Jones: 3); Estcourt, Natal (Dr.

Marshall: $9).

Seven go and two 99, the former varying in the develop-

ment of the black markings on the head and elytra, the

2 with a small head and the elytra black to near the tip.

This is one of several closely ailied S. African forms, the

females of which are scarcely separable one from another.

14. Pagurodactylus marginipennis.

?Attalus marginipennis Ab. de Perrin, Rev. d’Ent., xix,

pp. 164, 175 (2) (1900).

Type, 9. Prothorax with an oblong black streak on the disc

anteriorly; elytra black, the outer margins narrowly, and the apex

broadly, testaceous.

Var. 3. Very like P. cephalotes, more thickly pubescent, the inter-

mixed blackish hairs shorter, softer, and more numerous; the elytra

with a common, bread nigro-piceous patch extending from the base

to far beyond the middle, the dark space hollowed at the sides

anteriorly (appearing dilated at the base and apex). Head less

developed, about as wide as the prothorax, densely, moderately

coarsely punctate, unimpressed on the vertex; antennae short,

rather slender, as in P. cephalotes, 2. Prothorax relatively broader,

somewhat closely punctured. Elytra more densely and not so

coarsely punctate. Anterior tarsi and claws as in P. cephalotes.

©. Head small; antennae shorter; anterior tarsi slender, simple.

Length 23-33 mm.

Hab. 8. Arrica, Makapan, N.E. Transvaal (type of

Abeille de Perrin: 2), Bothaville, Orange Free State (Dr.

Brauns, in Mus. Cape Town: 1, 11, 1899: ¢ ).

The description of the sexual characters, ete., is taken

from two gg and one Q from Bothaville; the latter differs

from the type of P. (Altalus) marginipennis, Ab. (lent me

by Dr. Péringuey), in having the infuscate portion of the

elytra less extended and the median streak on the prothorax

the Dasytinae of South Africa. 379

obsolete. Another 9, from Pretoria (Bucknill), with the

dark markings on the elytra reduced to a small humeral

spot and an incomplete post-median fascia, may belong

to the same species (?). Till males of P. marginipennis

are obtained from the type-locality, the identification of

that sex of the species must remain in doubt. A Bothaville

3 has been retained for the British Museum collection.

15. Pagurodactylus nigrosetosus, n. sp.

g. Very like P. cephalotes; the elytra testaceous, the puncturing

sparser and a little stronger, the black setae very long; the head not

wider than the prothorax, obliquely narrowed from the eyes back-

ward, the cavity on the vertex broad and very deep, the punctur-

ing not so coarse; the antennae slender (as in 9 P. cephalotes); the

elytral puncturing coarse and rather diffuse; the anterior tarsi

similarly formed.

Length 23-3} mm.

Hab. 8. Arrica, Frere, Natal (Dr.Marshall: ii, 1896).

Four males, varying in the development of the head,

the latter without trace of the rounded tumid space behind

each eye, and the cavity on the vertex broader and deeper.

16. Pagurodactylus debilis, n. sp.

3. Moderately elongate, shining, clothed with fine pubescence

intermixed with erect, black, bristly hairs; testaceous, the head in

part, the outer joints of the antennae, a patch on the prothorax, a

narrow, basally-widened, sutural stripe on the elytra extending from

the base to near the apex (sometimes dilated posteriorly into a large

patch or entirely obsolete), and metasternum, black or piceous; the

head and elytra closely, the prothorax very sparsely, minutely,

punctate. Head barely as wide as the prothorax, smoother in

front, feebly foveate on the vertex; antennae a little longer and

stouter than in 9. Prothorax transverse, rounded at the sides.

Elytra subparallel. Anterior tarsi thickened, joint 2 dentate at the

tip within, the upper claw longer and stouter than the lower one.

®. Head small; antennal joints 6-10 transverse; elytra widened

posteriorly; anterior tarsi slender.

Var. Elytra piceous, with the sides and apex only testaceous (9).

Length 23—nearly 3 mm.

Hab. 8S. Arrica, Howick, Natal (J. P. Cregoe, in Mus.

Brit. and Mus. Cape Town).

Hight gd, eight 99. Whether this form should be

considered more than a race of P. nigrosetosus 1s doubtful :

380 Mr. G. C. Champion on

the puncturing of the elytra is closer and not so coarse;

the setae are finer; and the g wants the very deep excava-

tions on the vertex; The prothorax and elytral markings

are more or less evanescent or variable; the dark variety

(2) from the same locality has the elytra coloured as in

the same sex of P. cephalotes and P. marginipennis, from

which it is separable by its smaller size and shorter antennae.

17. Pagurodactylus angulatus, n. sp.

3. Elongate, narrow, shining, clothed with fine pubescence inter-

mixed with long erect hairs; the head (except in front), prothorax

(the basa] margin, and the lateral margins thence to the middle

excepted), two fasciae on the elytra (basal and post-median), which

are connected along the suture, a transverse subapical spot, and the

metasternum, piceous, the rest of the body, antennae (except joint

1 above), and legs testaceous; the prothorax densely, finely, the

head and elytra more coarsely, punctured. Head rather large and

convex, as wide as the prothorax, obliquely narrowed behind the

eyes, the latter prominent; antennae short, rather stout. Pro-

thorax nearly as long as broad, angularly dilated at a little before

the middle. Eiytra wider than the prothorax, subparaliel. Anterior

tarsi thickened, joints 2 and 5 nigro-setulose beneath, the upper

claw a little longer and stouter than the lower one.

©. Head smaller, short; antennae shorter, darker and more

slender; elytra widened posteriorly, testaceous, with a_ broad,

basally and apically dilated, piceous sutural stripe extending from

the base to near the tip, the dilated apical portion rhombiform.

Length 2} mm.

Hab. 8S. Arrica, Piquetberg (vi, 1886: 3), Strand (vu,

1887: 9) (Mus. Cape Town).

One pair. A diminutive form of P. cephalotes, with a

laterally-angulate, densely punctured, testaceo-marginate,

piceous prothorax; the elytra fusco-bifasciate in g, and

with a basally and apically dilated dark sutural stripe

in 9. The @ has been placed in the British Museum,

18. Pagurodaetylus fenestratus, n. sp.

3. Moderately elongate, narrow, shining, clothed with scattered

pallid pubescence intermixed with long, erect, blackish, bristly

hairs; testaceous, the antennae usually with joints 7-9, 1 at the

base above, and 11 at the tip, a transverse patch on the vertex,

a spot on the prothorax, two fasciae on the elytra (basal and sub-

median, the latter broad, neither reaching the lower outer margin),

. the Dasytinae of South Africa. 381

and a transverse curved subapical spot (sometimes wanting), these

markings connected along the suture, infuscate or black; the head

and prothorax sparsely, finely, the elytra closely, strongly, rugulosely

punctate. Head (with the convex eyes) about as wide as the

prothorax, canaliculate on the vertex; antennae moderately long,

slender. Prothorax convex, nearly as long as broad, narrowed in

front and behind, sharply margined. Elytra broader than the

prothorax, somewhat rounded at the sides from a little below the

base and feebly dilated posteriorly, the margins prominent. Anterior

tarsi slightly thickened, joint 5 nigro-setulose beneath, the upper

claw a little longer and stouter than the lower one.

, Head narrower than the prothorax, the antennae shorter and

paler; clytra much widened posteriorly.

Var. Elytra infuscate, the lateral margins and apex only testa-

ceous (3).

Length 2-3} mm.

Hab. S. Arrica, Mossel Bay, Cape Province (R. E.

Turner: iv, 1921, ii, 1922).

Seventeen examples, including eight gg. A small,

shining, setose, testaceous insect, the elytra with dark

fasciae, which are coalescent along the suture and some-

times united into a large patch, leaving the margins and

apex only pale. The Q is extremely lke a small Aftalus ;

the ¢ has the anterior tarsal structure of Pagurodactylus.

19. Pagurodactylus metallicus, n. sp.

Q. Elongate, narrow, slender, widened posteriorly, subopaque,

very finely, sparsely pubescent ; caeruleous, the antennae (the partly

testaceous basal joints excepted) and legs piceous; the entire upper

- surface extremely finely alutaceous (appearing dull and sericeous),

the elytra with very fine scattered punctures. Head oblong, rather

narrow, triangularly depressed anteriorly, the eyes not prominent ;

antennae rather short, slender. Prothorax much longer than

broad, a little narrowed anteriorly, hollowed along the sides pos-

teriorly and also in the middle at the base. Elytra elongate, wider

than the prothorax, narrowly margined, rounded and convex at the

tip. Legs long and slender; anterior tarsi not thickened; tarsal

claws small, equal.

g. Anterior tarsi somewhat thickened, the upper claw longer and

stouter than the lower one; head broader, the eyes convex ; antennae

slightly longer.

Length 23-3 mm.

382 Mr. G. C. Champion on 4

Hab. 8. Arrica, Malvern, Natal (Mus. Brit.; Mus.

Durban: viii, 1897, vu, 1901), Sebakwe, Rhodesia (Mus.

Cape Town).

Nine specimens seen, including four §¢ and a pair “in

copula.’ A slender, caeruleous, rather smooth, subopaque

insect, not unlike P. lugens Gorh. in size and shape, with

inconspicuously punctured longer elytra, the head similarly

triangularly hollowed anteriorly. There are various

similarly coloured Dasytids in Japan and New Zealand.

20. Pagurodactylus disjunctus.

Anthocomus disjunctus Boh., Ins. Caffraria, i, 2, p. 471 (Q)

(1851).

Pagurodactylus apicalis Pic, L’Echange, xx, p. 66 (§)

(1904).

g. Anterior tarsi thickened, sparsely nigro-setulose beneath, the

upper claw very long, much longer and stouter than the lower one,

which is subdentate near the base; antennae moderately long,

rather slender.

9. Anterior tarsi slender, the claws small, equal, similar to the

others; elytra more widened posteriorly; antennae a little shorter.

Hab. S. Arrica, River Limpopo (type of Boheman),

Mouth of Umkomaas River and Malvern, Natal (type of

Pic; Dr. Marshall: ix, x, 1897), Zululand (ex coll. Pry).

Not rare in Natal. An elongate, subopaque, nigro-

piceous insect, with the head in front, and along the middle,

and an apical patch on the elytra (extending a short dis-

tance forward along the suture), rufotestaceous; the

antennae and the anterior legs in part testaceous; the

puncturing of the upper surface extremely fine and close ;

the vestiture fine and sericeous, without longer hairs inter-

mixed; the prothorax as long as broad, feebly canaliculate

anteriorly; the elytra narrowly margined. Boheman,

whose type has been lent me by Dr. Sjéstedt, does not allude

to the structure of the tarsal claws, which are described by

Pic. The antennae are comparatively short and slender,

and very ditferent from those of P. vitticeps Gorh.

21. Pagurodactylus angustissimus.

2. Pagurodactylus (7%) angustissimus. Pic, L’Echange, xxii,

p. 131 (1907).

the Dasytinae of South Africa. 383

3. Anterior tarsi rather stout, nigro-setulose beneath, the claws

Jong, unequal in length, the upper one longer and stouter than the

lower one; antennae very little longer than in 9.

9. Anterior tarsi slender, the claws shorter, equal, similar to

those of the other tarsi. yi

Hab. 8. Arrica, Cape Town (/. Purcell), Port Elizabeth

(Mus. Cape Town and type of Pic), Lion’s Head, Rapen-

burg, and Camps Bay (R. #. Turner: vii-x, 1920), Table

Mountain (W. Bevins).

A very elongate, narrow, posteriorly-widened, depressed,

sparsely pubescent, subopaque insect; black, with the

sutural and outer margins of the elytra, the basal joints

of the antennae in part, the anterior and intermediate

tibiae, and sometimes the basal margin or hind angles of

the prothorax, testaceous; the head long, narrow, sub-

rostrate, suleate down the middle, and finely punctured ;

the prothorax long, narrow, deeply trisulcate, closely

punctate; the elytra densely, finely punctulate, with

prominent outer margins, and the epipleura reaching to

the base of the abdomen. Apparently a common species

at the Cape.

22. Pagurodactylus rostralis, n. sp.

9. Very elongate, depressed, narrow, widening to near the apex,

shining, finely pubescent, with longer bristly hairs intermixed ;

black with a bluish or green lustre in certain lights, the mandibles

and a patch at the apex of the elytra testaceous; the head and

prothorax very sparsely, finely, the elytra rugulosely punctured.

Head strongly deflexed, very long and narrow, rostrate, sulcate

between the eyes, the latter rather small and inserted at about the

middle of the sides; antennae short, joints 1 and 2 short, equal.

Prothorax longer than broad, narrowed anteriorly, suleate down

the middle (the groove terminating in a transverse depression before

the base) and with a deep marginal furrow extending down the

basal half. Elytra elongate, much wider than the prothorax,

arcuately dilated posteriorly and with the margins explanate from

about the middle to near the apex, the epipleura short.

3g. Anterior tarsi simple, slightly thickened, joints 3 and 4 short,

the upper claw very long, the lower claw shorter and more slender

and with a narrow free membranous lobe beneath; terminal ventral

segment with a very deep fovea in the middle behind.

Length (excl. head) 24-3 mm.

Hab. S. Arrica, Howick, Natal (J. T. Cregoe; Mus.

Cape Town), Pretoria (L. M. Bucknill).

384 Mr. G. ©. Champion on

Nine examples seen. This species, owing to its long,

narrow, rostrate head (suggestive of that of the American

genus Tanaops), should perhaps be removed to a separate

genus; but it is connected with the typical forms by P.

angustissimus and P. metallicus. The present insect has

the general facies of a Malachi.

23, Pagurodactylus masaicus, n. sp.

3. More elongate and larger than P. rostralis; nigro-aencous or

black, the testaceous apical spot on the elytra extending forward at

the sides to about the middle and also for a short distance up the

suture; the head and prothorax less shining, densely alutaceous, and

sparsely, minutely punctate, the head equally elongate, the prothorax

relatively longer, the elytral margins in 2 more broadly explanate

in their apical half, the anterior tarsi of 3 as in P. rostralis.

Length (with head raised and extended forward) 3$—4 mm. (3).

Hab. E. Arrica, Mau, Masai Reserve (Capt. A. O.

Iuckman: 7.1 and 4. ui, 1914).

One 3g, two 99. A form of P. rostralis requiring a

distinctive name.

DASYTOPHASIS, n. gen.

Dasytophasis Péringuey, in litt.

Very near Pagurodactylus Gorh. (lugens, angustulus, etc.) ; anterior

tarsi slender in both sexes, narrow, joints 1.-and 2 longer than 3, the

claws small, not elongated or unequal in 3g, feebly subangularly

widened near the base; antennal joints 5 and 6 er 5 only dentiform

in 3, simple in 2; elytral sculpture unequal; lateral vesicles wanting.

Type, D. capicola.

This genus was named long ago by Dr. Péringuey, but

not described, though both sexes were found by Raffray

near Cape Town, and specimens given by him to the Cape

Town Museum. It cannot be included under Paguro-

dactylus as defined by Gorham.

The ¢ of D. capicola has joints 7-11 of the antennae

elongated, and 5 and 6 together forming a grasping-organ ;

that of D. (Altalus) albofasccatus Gorh., which must be

included in the same genus, has these organs short in both

sexes, and the fifth only dentiform.

the Dasytinae of South Africa. 385

1. Dasytophasis capieccla, n. sp.

Dasytophasis capicola Péringuey, in litt.

gd. Elongate, very narrow, slightly widened posteriorly, clothed

with fine scattered pubescence intermixed with very long erect

hairs, these latter extending to the tibiae also, the antennae (in

fresh specimens) pilose; brilliant brassy-black or aeneo-piceous,

joints 1-5 (or 1 and 2 only) in part testaceous, the legs sometimes

fuscous; the head and prothorax very sparsely punctured, the

latter rugulose at the sides; the elytra very coarsely closely punctate

from a little below the base to just beyond the middle, the rest of

their surface much smoother. Head about as long as the prothorax

and (with the eyes) of the same width, foveate or canaliculate on

the vertex; antennae (fig. 3) very long, slender, joint 2 small,

short, 3 and 4 a little longer, 5 crescentiform, the inner horn of tke

crescent produced into a long curved tooth, 6 at the apex angularly

extended inwards into a still longer, almost straight tooth, 7-11

very elongate. Prothorax as long as or a little longer than broad,

narrowed towards the base and apex, convex, the basal margin

reflexed. Elytra very long, much wider than the prothorax,

rounded at the apex; epipleura very short, without dividing ridge.

Terminal ventral segment excavate down the middle.

9. Antennae short, slender, joints 6-10 subequal in length.

Length 2-3 mm.

Hab, 8. Arrica, Cape Town and Stellenbosch (Raffray

and Purcell, in Mus. Cape Town), Camps Bay [type]

(Dr. Marshall: vii, 1905; R. #. Turner: ix, x, 1920),

Lion’s Head, Ceres (&. £. Turner: vi, x, 1920).

Numerous examples seen, including six males varying

considerably in size. The 9 is extremely like the same sex

of Pagurodactylus (Attalus) lugens Gorh., from which it

_ may be separated by the unequally punctured elytra and

the relatively longer basal joint of the anterior tarsi.

2. Dasytophasis albofasciatus.

2. Attalus (?) albofasciatus Gorh., Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.

(5) vii, p. 356 (1901).

¢g. Antennae moderately long, slender, joint 5 produced into a

curved tooth at the apex within; anterior tarsi slender, simple, the

claws small, equal.

9. Antennae shorter, simple.

Hab. 8. Arrica, Malvern, Natal.

386 Mr. G. C. Champion on

One 3g, three 92 seen. The ¢ is labelled A. albofasciatus

in Gorham’s handwriting, and he evidently did not observe

the dentiform fifth antennal joint, this joint bemg quite

simple in 2. This species has the elytra fasciate as in

Paguyrodactylus (Anthocomus) coronatus Boh., differmg from

that insect in its more slender build and smaller size, the

narrow, sulcate, less convex head, the peculiar form of the

G-antennae, the smoother prothorax, and the shining,

strongly punctured elytra, the apical portion of which is

much smoother. The tarsal claws are small in the two

sexes. The head is long and narrow, as in P. angustissimus

Pic. The upper surface of the body and the outer edges

of the tibiae are set with very long, erect or projecting

hairs. ;

DASYTES.

Dasytes Paykull, Fauna Suecica, ui, p. 156 (1798).

The 8. African “ Dasyles ”’ before me include representa-

tives of three or four genera or subgenera, of two of which

one sex only is at present available for examination. It is

therefore advisable to leave the thirteen species here

enumerated under the one genus Dasytes till more material

is obtained of some of them.* D. oneili Pic, and its allies

have the anterior tibiae denticulate externally, much as in

the American genus Z'richochrous Motsch. (== Pristoscelis

Lec.), these insects having a hairy body like that of

Henicopus Steph.; D. costatipennis Pic, and D. cribricollis,

have the facies of a Psilothrix Redt., and D. luteopubens

Pic, that of an American Listrus Lec. D. stellatus will

have to be removed to a separate genus when the two

sexes are found. JD. caeruleus, viridis, and rufipes Thunb.

(1821), cannot be identified from the imperfect diagnoses.

1 (10). Tarsal claws with a membranous ex-

pansion or appendage reaching to

near the apex of the claws.

2 (3). Anterior tibiae more or less denticulate

towards the apex externally; body

black or submetallic, hirsute, the legs

and antennae in part testaceous . Species 1+,

3 (2). Anterior tibiae narrow, not denticulate.

* It may be noted here that most of, if not all, the numerous

described Australian insects referred to Dasytes do not belong to

the genus, even in the wide sense adopted by European writers.

the Dasytinae of South Africa. 387

4 (9). Upper surface with intermixed long,

erect or suberect hairs.

5 (8). Elytra with intermixed seriately-ar-

ranged smooth tubercles or granules.

6 (7). Species large, brilliantly metallic, re-

sembling Psilothrix; legs and an-

tennae metallic or black . . . . Species 5-8.

7 (6). Species small, brassy, legs and antennae

in great part testaceous . . . . Species 9,

8 (5). Elytra uniformly rugulose; species

smail, narrow. . Species 10-12.

9 (4). Upper surface fecal sipevecnt:

opaque; sculpture very fine, aluta-

ceous; species small, narrow, resem-

bling (Seager oS oe =. Species 14,

10 (1). Tarsal claws without encode ap-

pendage; species very smal], convex,

black, shining, elytra bifasciate and

stellato-punctate . . . . . . Species 15.

1. Dasytes oneili.

Dasyltes oneili Pic, L’Echange, xxvu, p. 151 (1907).

¢g. Antennae short, very little longer than in 9, the elytra narrower

than in that sex and subparallel in their basal third.

Hab. 8. Arrica, Bulawayo (type of Pic; Mus. Cape

Town), Salisbury, $8. Rhodesia (Dr. Marshall: iv, 1896;

iv, 1906); Pretoria (H. P. Thomasset) and Sterkfontein,

Transvaal (L. M. Bucknall).

Found in abundance by Dr. Marshall at Salisbury, on

heads of grass, This is one of four extremely closely allied

hairy African forms superficially resembling a small

Henicopus, and mainly distinguishable from the rest by its

rather strongly punctured elytra and shining surface. The

punctures on the prothorax are coarse and widely scattered.

The tibiae and tarsi, and the antennae in great part, are

testaceous in all these insects,

2. Dasytes rhodesianus, n. sp.

Moderately elongate, shining, clothed with fine cinereous pubes-

cence intermixed with long, erect, blackish bristly hairs; brassy-

black, the elytra with a greenish tinge, the antennae (except at the

tip), the femora in part, tibiae, and tarsi rufo-testaceous. Head

narrower than the prothorax, very sparsely, finely punctate, deeply

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND, 1922.— PARTS III, IV. (FEB. 23) DD

388 Mr. G. C. Champion on

bisulcate anteriorly ; antennae short in J, still shorter in 9, thickened

outwards, joints 7-10: transverse. Prothorax transverse, convex,

rounded at the sides, more or less depressed or sulcate down the

middle; sparsely, coarsely punctate, with finer punctures intermixed,

the interspaces polished. Elytra not or very little broader than

the prothorax, slightly widened posteriorly, conjointly rounded at

the apex; densely, very finely punctate, and with scattered,

seriately-arranged, smooth granules extending throughout their

length, the granules more distinct in some specimens than in others.

Anterior tibiae sharply denticulate towards the apex externally.

Length 3,443 mm. (¢9.)

Hab. 5. Arrica, Mwengwa, N.W. Rhodesia (H. #. Doll-

man : 2 j IV, 1914); Pretoria, Transvaal (Z. MW. Bucknill).

Found in plenty at Mwengwa, and sent singly from

Pretoria with a specimen of D. oneili Pic, compared with

which it is a smaller and narrower insect, and has the

elytra densely, very finely punctured and pubescent, thus

appearing subopaque. Compared with D. coriaceus Gorh.,

the Rhodesian insect is a little narrower, and has less

acuminate more densely punctured elytra.

3. Dasytes nyassanus.

Dasytes nyassanus Pic, L’Echange, xxvu, p. 151 (1911).

Hab. Hi. Arrica, Nyasa (ex coll. Fry: $9).

Four specimens from Nyasa, the g imperfect, are probably

referable to this species. They are a little smaller and

narrower than D, oneili, and have the prothorax not quite

so sparsely punctured.

4, Dasytes coriaceus.

9. Anthocomus (?) coriaceus Gorh., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.

1905, u, p. 275.

Hab. 8. ArricaA, Bothaville, Orange Free State (Dr.

Brauns, in Mus. Cape Town).

The type of A. corraceus Gorh., 9, labelled by the author,

has been lent me for examination by Dr. Péringuey. It is

obvious that the generic name “ Anthocomus ””’ must have

been ased in mistake for Dasytes, as no Anthocomus has

the body clothed with very long hairs, or possesses a long

membranous appendage to the tarsal claws, as described

by Gorham. He omitted, however, to note the asperate,

externally denticulate tibiae, this being particularly con-

spicuous on the anterior pair, the denticles at the apex of

the Dasytinae of South Africa. 389

which are clustered together and form an angular pro-

minence at the outer angle. The puncturing of the pro-

thorax is very sparse and coarse, that of the elytra close

and fine, with scattered, seriately-arranged, smooth granules

intermixed. The tibiae and tarsi, and the antennae, except

towards the apex and at the base, are rufo-testaceous.

D. coriaceus is a small form of D. oneili Pic, with the

elytra more finely punctured, and in the 9 more acuminate

(or less rounded) at the apex:

5. Dasytes costatipennis.

Q. Dasytes costatipennis Pic, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1910,

pp. 53, 54.

“ Latus, deplanatus, paulo nitidus, viridescens, supra viridis aut

caeruleo viridescens; thorace alutaceo, mediocriter punctato;

elytra costatis, rugulose punctatis, late explanatis.—Long. 4°5—

55 mm.” [Pic.]

gj. Antennae slender, rather long, extending beyond the hind

angles of the prothorax; anterior and intermediate tibiae hollowed

towards the apex within, and slightly widened thence to the apex;

posterior femora strongly, the other femora more feebly, incrassate.

9. Antennae shorter; tibiae simple; femora more slender.

Hab. 8. Arrica (type of Pic), Clanwilliam, Mooresburg

(Mus. Cape Town), Malmesbury (ex coll. Fry).

Six specimens (4 ¢g, 2 99) before me agree fairly well

with Pic’s diagnosis. They have broadly explanate,

feebly costate elytra, the costae each bearing a row of

scattered, smooth granules; the prothorax alutaceous

and sparsely punctured; the body clothed with long

blackish hairs. This species or the following may be

synonymous with the 8. African D. caeruleus or D. viridis

Thunb. (1821), the diagnoses of which are useless for the

purposes of identification. The latter are not referred to

by Pic and are both omitted from the “‘ Munich Catalogue.”

6. Dasytes eribricollis, n. sp.

3g. Elongate, rather broad, a little widened posteriorly, moderately

shining, clothed with a fine scattered greyish pubescence abundantly

intermixed with long, blackish, erect, bristly hairs; bluish-green,

the antennae and tarsi black; the head and prothorax alutaceous,

and closely, strongly punctured, the elytra densely, rather strongly,

rugulosely punctate, and with a few, scattered, subseriately-arranged,

smooth granules. Head short, longitudinally impressed on each

390 Mr. G. C. Champion on

side anteriorly; antennae short, not reaching beyond the hind

angles of the prothorax, slender, subserrate, the apical joint

acuminate. Prothorax convex, strongly transverse, rounded at

the sides, the margins rather prominent. Elytra wider than the

prothorax, subparallel at the base, the margins moderately expanded

thence to near the apex. Tibiae straight. Posterior femora very

little thicker than the others. Tarsal claws equal, the membranous

expansion beneath reaching to near the tip.

Length 44 mm.

Hab. 8. Arrica, Oudtshoorn, Cape Colony (Dr. Brauns,

mm Mus. Cape Town).

One male. Smaller and less elongate than D. costate-

pennis Pic, the elytra with less expanded margins, the

costae scarcely traceable and the smooth granules almost

obsolete, the prothorax closely, coarsely punctate, the Jj

with much shorter antennae, straight tibiae, and feebly

incrassate posterior femora. This insect has the general

facies of a Psilothria.

7. Dasytes rubrocupreus.

Dasytes rubrocupreus Pic, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1910, pp. 53,

54,

“Satis latus, subdepressus, nitidus, nigro-viridescens, supra plus

minusve rubro-cupreus; thorace alutaceo, sparse punctato; elytria

ruguloso-punctatis, granulatis, satis explanatis.—Long. 4-5 mm.”

[ Pic. ] :

g. Antennae short, scarcely longer than in 2; posterior femora

moderately incrassate.

Hab. S. Arrica, Caledon (Dr. Péringuey, in Mus. Cape

Town), Cafiraria (type of Pic).

Dr. Péringuey has sent me a long series of this species

for examination. The colour is somewhat variable,

especially of the under surface, but most of the specimens

are brilliant cupreous above. Compared with D. costati-

pennis, it is a shorter and more convex insect ; the antennae

are short in both sexes; the prothorax is more narrowly

margined; the elytra have less prominent humeri, the

costae almost obsolete, and the margins much less dilated ;

and the tibiae are simple in both sexes,

8. Dasytes coriaceipennis.

Dasyles coriacevpennis Pic, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1910,

pp. 53, 54.

the Dasytinae of South Africa. 391

“‘ Klongatus, subdepressus, nigro-caeruleus, supra caerulescens ;

thorace crebre punctato; elytris coriaceis, mediocre explanatis.—

Long. 6-6°3 mm.” [Pic.]

6. Antennae a little longer and legs stouter than in 9, the femora

subequal.

Hab. 8. Arica, Stellenbosch and Tulbagh (Mus. Cape

Town), Ceres, Cape Province (R. EF. Turner: xi, 19260),

Cape of Good Hope (type of Pic).

Narrower and more rugose than D. costatipennis ; the

interspaces on the disc of the prothorax smooth and

shining; the elytra parallel, depressed along the suture,

the seriately-arranged tubercles more prominent and more

numerous. The six specimens in the Cape Town Museum

are nigro-caeruleous above, those from Ceres brassy. The

anterior tibiae and tarsi are sometimes wholly or in part

testaceous.

9, Dasytes capensis.

Dasyles capensis Pic, L’Echange, xxii, p. 133 (1907).

Hab. 8. Arrica, Dunbrody (Mus. Cape Town).

A specimen from Dunbrody in the Cape Town Museum

is perhaps referable to this species. It is less elongate and

much smaller (length 24 mm.) than D. oneili Pic, brassy

in colour, with the legs and antennae more slender and

almost entirely testaceous, the elytra with scattered,

smooth, seriately-arranged granules intermixed with the

rugulose sculpture, the erect hairs very long. D. rufipes

Thunb. may be an ally of this insect; the diagnosis is as

follows—‘‘ Caeruleo-aeneus pedibus rufis. Magnitudine

D. nigri hirtus, violaceo-viridis, pedibus omnibus et totis

rufis.””

10. Dasytes parailelus, n. sp.

g. Elongate, somewhat robust, shining, clothed with greyish

pubescence intermixed with erect, darker, bristly hairs; brassy-

black, the tibiae and tarsi in great part testaceous, the antennae

and palpi black; the entire upper surface densely, finely punctured.

Head narrower than the prothorax, bisulcate anteriorly, the eyes

rather large; antennae moderately long, comparatively stout, a

little thickened outwards, joints 7-10 longer than broad. Pro-

thorax broader than long, sinuously narrowed anteriorly, constricted

before the apex, and shallowly sulcate down the middle. Elytra

long, broader than the prothorax, parallel, with indications of

shallow impressed lines on the disc. Legs long, not very slender,

Length 4 mm,

392 Mr. G. C. Champion on

Hab. 8. Arrica, Table Mountain (W. Bevins).

One example. Larger and more robust than D. opacus

and its allies, the tibiae and tarsi in part testaceous, the

elytra parallel. Not unlike the European D. flavipes

Oliv. This is one of three Dasytes found by Mr. Bevins

on Table Mountain, and sent to the British Museum in 1906.

11. Dasytes turneri, n. sp.

Elongate, narrow, moderately shining, clothed with fine pubescence

intermixed with long, semierect, soft hairs; brassy-black, sometimes

with a faint cupreous tinge, the antennae, palpi, and legs black;

alutaceous, the head and prothorax extremely finely, closely

punctate, the elytra densely, transversely, rugulosely punctured.

Head narrower than the prothorax; antennae (3) elongate, rather

stout, joints 3 and 4 longer than 2, 6-10 much longer than broad, (9)

shorter and less thickened, joints 3 and 4 slender. Prothorax

slightly broader than long, subquadrate, narrowed anteriorly.

Elytra elongate, much wider than the prothorax, parallel to beyond

the middle, somewhat acuminate at the apex, more strongly so in

9, the epipleura wanting. Legs slender; tarsal claws with a

membranous expansion beneath extending to beyond the middle.

Length 2}-3 mm.

Hab. 8. Arrica, Ceres [type] (R. Turner: xi, 1920: $9),

Cape Town (Mus. Cape Town), Wynberg (Dr. Marshall :

x1, 1904: 9).

Seven specimens, the $3 somewhat. injured, the two 99

from Wynberg apparently belonging to the same species.

12. Dasytes thunbergi, n. sp.

Extremely like D. turneri, but with the upper surface a little

smoother and more shining, black, with a greenish lustre; the

prothorax rather uneven, somewhat constricted before the apex,

thus appearing more narrowed anteriorly; the antennae of ¢ rather

stout, shorter, and with joints 6-10 as broad as long, those of 2

still shorter, and with joints 6-10 transverse; the elytra parailel

in g, widening to near the apex in 9.

Length 23-3? mm.

Hab. 5. Arrica, Cape Town, Stellenbosch, and Grahams-

town (Mus. Cape Town), Table Mountain (W. Bevins).

A long series, 92 predominating. More shining than

the insect here referred to D. opacus Thunb., the antennae

of the g shorter and stouter.

the Dasytinae of South Africa. 393

13. Dasytes opacus.

? Dasytes opacus Thunb., Nova Acta Soc. Sci. Upsal.,

vill, p. 174 (1821).

‘“ D. opacus: cinereo-olivaceus, subtus niger. Pediculi magni-

tudine; supra obscurus, olivaceus seu cinereo-virescens; subtus

ater, nitidus. Elytra flexilia.” [Thunberg. ]

3g. Elongate, narrow, depressed, subopaque, thickly clothed with

fine greyish pubescence intermixed with rather long, semierect

hairs; brassy-black, the head and prothorax dull, alutaceous,

densely, finely punctured, the elytra finely rugulosely punctate.

Head bisulcate anteriorly and also with a short groove on the vertex,

the supra-orbital ridges rather prominent; antennae moderately

long, rather stout, joints 5-10 very gradually increasing in length,

all longer than broad. Prothorax transverse, narrowed anteriorly.

Elytra long, much wider than the prothorax, gradually narrowed

from a little below the base.

Length 24-3 mm.

Hab. S. Arrica, Table Mountain (W. Bevins), Cape

Town (Ff. Purcell, in Mus. Cape Town), Cape of Good

Hope (type of Thunberg).

Described from three precisely similar males which are

provisionally referred to D. opacus Thunb. The females

may be mixed with those of the variable D. thunbergi.

This is one of three extremely closely allied 8. African

Dasytes that seem to require distinctive names. The

present insect is distinguishable from D. thunbergi, 3, by

the longer and less thickened antennae, and the densely

punctulate, dull upper surfaces; and from D. turneri by

the opaque head and prothorax, and the finer and denser

sculpure. :

14. Dasytes luteopubens.

@ Dasytes luteopubens Pic, L’Echange, xxvii, p. 151 (1911).

9. Elongate, narrow, black, opaque, thickly clothed with fine,

adpressed, brownish-cinereous pubescence, without longer hairs

intermixed; the entire upper surface alutaceous and densely,

extremely finely punctured. Head much narrower than the

prothorax, subtriangular; antennae rather slender, very short,

thickened towards the apex, subserrate, joints 6-10 transverse.

Prothorax broader than long, rounded at the sides, narrowed

anteriorly and less strongly so towards the base. Elytra very long,

much wider than the prothorax, a little widened posteriorly and

394 Mr. G. C. Champion on

acuminate at the apex, without definite epipleura. Legs slender;

tarsal claws small, equal, each with a membranous expansion

beneath extending to near the tip.

Length 33 mm.

Hab. S. Arrica (type of Pic), Grahamstown (ez coll. Fry).

The above description is taken from two 99 in the Fry

collection. According to Pic, D. luteopubens should have

a subquadrate prothorax and the pubescence on the disc

arranged in a transverse V-shaped line; otherwise the

brief diagnosis given by him accords with the insect before

me. The small prothorax, long elytra, fine pubescence,

and slender legs give it the facies of a Dasytiscus, Listrus,

or Danacaea.

15. Dasytes stellatus, n. sp.

Rather convex, short, widened posteriorly, shining, clothed with

long, fine, erect or semierect hairs; nigro-piceous, the labrum,

basal joints of the antennae (1 excepted), basal margin of the pro-

thorax in one specimen, and two transverse fasciae on the elytra

(one before the middle and the other subapical, neither reaching

the suture or outer margin), testaceous, the tarsi obscure testaceous ;

the head and prothorax very sparsely, finely, the elytra more

closely, coarsely, punctate, the punctures on the latter angulate

or stellate and in one specimen subseriately arranged anteriorly, the

interspaces almost smooth. Head shert, much narrower than the

prothorax, the eyes rather prominent; antennae rather short,

joint 3 narrow, 4-11 widened, 4 and 5 triangular, 6-10 strongly

transverse, 11 ovate. Prothorax convex, broad, transverse,

rounded at the sides, narrowed anteriorly, the basal margin raised.

Elytra at the base slightly wider than the prothorax, widening to

near the apex, the apex itself rounded. Legs slender; tarsi simple,

the claws equal, without appendages beneath, a little widened at

the base.

Length 2 mm. (@ ?).

Hab. 8. Arrica, Malvern, Natal (Mus. Durban and Mus.

Cape Town: 15, vin, 1902).

Three specimens. A very small, shining, hairy, rather

convex, black insect, with bifasciate, rather coarsely

stellato-punctate elytra, a short prothorax, slender legs,

and non-appendiculate tarsal claws. The apical joint of

the maxillary palpi is slender, fusiform. ‘Tull the sexes

are identified, it must remain under Dasytes, a genus at

present including many heterogeneous forms.

the Dasytinae of South Africa. 395

CALOSOTIS.

Calosotis Redtenbacher, Reise Novara, ui, p. 106 (1867).

Dr. Holdhaus has been kind enough to present a co-type

of the 8. African C. setulosa Redt., the type of the genus,

to the British Museum. It is nearly related to Dasytiscus

Kies., differing therefrom in having the antennae very

short and obliquely serrate; the anterior and intermediate

tibiae armed with a rather long, stout spur at the inner

apical angle (somewhat incorrectly described as “ calcare

cochlaeaformi”’ by Redtenbacher); the tarsal joints 1-4

simple, short, and equal in width (1-3 are widened and

4 small in Dasytiscus) ; the claws small, equal, and furnished

with a connate membranous appendage beneath; the

upper surface of the body clothed with numerous, erect

bristly hairs intermixed with the fine greyish pubescence.

Length 24 mm.

No such insect has been found in the Cape Town Museum

or in the extensive collections recently made in the same

region by Mr. R. E. Turner; and it is probable that some

mistake was made regarding the locality given, “ Vorge-

birge.” The stout tibial spurs may be peculiar to the ¢?.

C. barkeri Pic (1904), from Natal, has been referred by me

to Hapalochrus.

APTERODASYTES, n. gen.

Antennae inserted at some distance before the eyes, 11-jointed,

slender; terminal joint of the maxillary and labial palpi narrow,

subfusiform; mandibles stout, acute at tip, toothed at the apex

beneath; labrum small; head simple, not wider than the prothorax,

the epistoma confused with the front; prothorax subcylindrical ;

scutellum very small; elytra extremely short, not longer than the

pronotum, leaving six abdominal segments exposed; tibiae narrow;

tarsi clearly 5-jointed, simple, the claws short, small, equal, fur-

nished with a membranous appendage beneath which nearly reaches

the apex of the claw; wings wanting; body elongate, narrow,

hairy, staphyliniform.

Type, A. staphylinoides.

The single species referred to Aplerodasytes bears a

remarkable resemblance to the Omaliid-genera Arpedium

and Micralymma. The two sexes have not been identified ;

but as there is some variation in the length of the antennae

in the specimens before me, it is possible that both g and @

are represented. The elytra are not longer than the

396 Mr. G. C. Champion on

prothorax, and are much shorter than in any described

species of the Malachid genera Carphurus and Helcogaster.

1. Apterodasytes staphylinoides, n. sp. (Fig. 4.)

Black, shining, the antennae in part or almost wholly, tibiae,

and tarsi testaceous or obscure testaceous; sparsely clothed with

long, erect, blackish hairs which on the elytra and abdomen are

intermixed with an abundant, adpressed, rather long, cinereous

pubescence; the head and prothorax very sparsely, the elytra

and abdomen densely, rugulosely punctate, the punctures on the

elytra rather coarse. Head moderately long, deeply longitudinally

suleate on each side anteriorly; antennae rather short, jomts 9-11

perceptibly wider than those preceding, 9 and 10 about as long as

broad, 11 ovate. Prothorax convex, as long as broad, narrowed

towards the base and apex and deeply, transversely furrowed behind

the anterior margin. Elytra at the base narrower than the pro-

thorax, rapidly widening to the apex, obliquely truncate behind.

Abdomen as long as or longer than the rest of the body, widening

to beyond the middle, somewhat pointed at the tip. Legs moder-

ately slender.

Length 2}-3} mm.

Hab. 8. Arrica, Prince Albert (Dr. Purcell, Mus. Cape

Town).

Six specimens,

ALPHABETICAL NUMBERED LIST OF SPECIES ENUMERATED

IN THIS PAPER. °

The generic names in brackets abbreviated thus: P.=Paquro-

dactylus, Dasytoph.= Dasytophasis, D.= Dasytes, A.= Apterodasytes ;

those marked with an asterisk are described as new.

albofasciatus (Dasytoph.), 2. *cribrosus (P.), 3.

*angulatus (P.), 17. *debilis (P.), 16.

angustissimus (P.), 21. disjunctus (P.), 20.

*angustulus (P.), 4. * fenestratus (P.), 18.

capensis (D.), 9. * fibulatus (P.), 1.

*capicola (Dasytoph.), 1. * flavocinctus (P.), 11.

*cephalotes (P.), 13. * flavosignatus (P.), 12.

circumeinctus (P.), 7. *funereus (P.), 5.

coriaceipennis (D.), 8. lugens (P.), 6.

coriaceus (D.), 4. luleopubens (D.), 14.

coronatus (P.), 9. marginipennis (P.), 14.

costatipennis (D.), 5. *masaicus (P.), 23.

*cribricollis (D.), 6. *metallicus (P.), 19.

the Dasytinae of South Africa. 397

*nigrosetosus (P.), 15. * staphylinoides (A.), 1.

nyassanus (D.), 3. *stellatus (D.), 15.

oneili (D.), 1. *suturellus (P.), 8.

opacus (D.), 13. *thunbergt (D.), 12.

*parallelus (D.), 10. *translucidus (P.), 10.

*rhodesianus (D.), 2. *turnert (D.), 11.

*rostralis (P.), 22. vitticeps (P.), 2.

rubrocupreus (D.), 7.

SYNONYM.

apicalis (P.), 20.

SPECIES NOT IDENTIFIED OR NOT SEPARATELY ENUMERATED.

caeruleus (Dasytes), p. 386.

donceelt (Pagurodactylus), p. 367.

nigerrimus (Pseudopecteropus), p. 367.

obscurus (Xamerpus), p. 367.

pallidonotatus (Pseudopecteropus), p. 367.

rufipes (Dasyltes), p. 386.

setulosa (Calosotis), p. 395.

subconverus v. nigricolor (Microjulistus), p. 367.

viridis (Dasytes), p. 386.

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES.

Fia. 1. Pagurodaciylus fibulatus, 3, anterior tarsus and claws.

2. . cephalotes, 3.

3. Dasytophasis capicola 3, antenna.

4, Apterodasytes staphylinoides,

(7388)

XV. Coleoptera: Melasidae et Elateridae des Séchelles et

des tles voisines.* Par HK. FLEUTIAUX.

[Read June 7th, 1922.]

(Puate XXXITI.)

La faune entomologique des Séchelles était jusqu’a

présent bien peu connue. Aucun Melasidae n’y avait été

signalé encore. On trouvera plus loin, l’énumération de

7 espéces se répartissant en 6 genres différents (dont un

nouveau); 3 sont déja citées de la faune indo-malaise et les

4 autres sont nouvelles.

Quant aux Elateridae, la liste n’en était pas longue,

leur nombre s’élevait seulement & 8 espéces, appartenant a

6 genres, auxquelles on en peut ajouter une 9e, d’Aldabra.

*{ This work forms part of the results of the Percy Sladen Trust

Expedition to the Western Indian Ocean under the leadership of

Prof. J. Stanley Gardiner, F.R.S., in 1905 and 1908-9. I am much

indebted to the Entomological Society for accepting it for publica-

tion, since it has not proved possible to include all the reports on

insects in the special series of volumes devoted to the Expedition

(Trans. Linn. Soc. London, ser. 2, Zool., xii—xviii, from 1907 onwards),

and a number of them have had to be published elsewhere. The

majority of the specimens on which the present report is based were

collected by myself in the Seychelles proper, and very largely in the

endemic forests at high elevations. I am responsible for the portions

of the locality-lists given in English and in inverted commas, these

data being compiled from my notes and journal. The names of

other collectors who formed part of, or assisted, the Expedition in

the Seychelles or other islands in the same region are given in

brackets in the locality-lists. A first set of the insects, including

the TyPEs of all new forms, will be placed in the British Museum,

and a second series will be kept in the Cambridge University Museum,

while Monsieur Fleutiaux has retained certain examples for his

collection. Exigencies of space have necessitated the arrangement

of the bibliographical references in a somewhat shorter form than

that used by the author in his manuscript, but nothing material has

been omitted.—Hucu Scort. ]

+ Kolbe, Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin, v, 1910, p. 25: Agrypnus

aequalis Candéze; A. fuscipes Fabricius; Adelocera modesta

Boisduval; Aléus mahenus Fairmaire; Psephus alluaudi Fleutiaux ;

Melanoxanthus melanocephalus Fabricius; M. cribricollis Fleutiaux

(= puerulus Cand. var.); Cardiophorus submaculatus Kolbe (=

lutosus Cand.)

t Kolbe, Abhandl. Senckenb. Nat. Ges. xxvi, 1902, p. 575:

Heteroderes senex Candéze (= complanatus Kolbe).

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1922.—PARTS II, 1V. (FEB. °23)

a ee al

K. Fleutiaux. Coleoptera :

MELASIDAE,

Xylobius mahenus,n. sp. . .

Prolycaon (n.g.) longicornis, 1. sp. .

Potergus filiformis Bonv. .

Arganus distinctus Bonv.

(OG RAIS COT 14 OH Sloe ee

Fornax sternalis Bonv. . ..

Bsreh BUIIGRCEDS, (Ma SP. 8,

ELATERIDAE.

Agrypnus fuscipes Fabr. .

5 aequalis Cand. . . .

Adelocera modesta Boisd. .

Alaus mahenus Fairm. . . .

PM ERSCOLLI INASP sm ateh recon | con 6

Cardiophorus lutosus Cand.

Cardiotarsus vitellinus Klug.

3 brunneicollis Kr. .

= Gardinent; Dasp. st

Aeoloides senex Cand. . . . .

Trelasus (n.g.) antennalis,n. sp. .

Elastrus aldabrensis, 0. sp... .

Megapenthes curtus Cand. . .

5 difformis,n.sp. . .

Melanoxanthusmelanocephalus ¥abr,

5 insularis, DR. sp...

* frivolus Cand...

x puerulus Cand. 3

Psephus alluaudi Fleut. warhead 3

Gonodyrus (n.g.) tarsalis,n. sp. .

Dactylosimus (n.g.) dorsalis, n. sp. .

Porthmidius flavescens,n.sp. . .

a5 solitarius, Nn. Sp. . .

Conoderus gracilipes, n. sp. Static

A dimidiaticoilis, n. sp. ,

Melasidae et Hlateridae.

Séchelles.

Amirantes.

Aldabra.

Farquhar.

Cargados.

Rodrigue.

Chagos.

Comores.

Mascareignes.

Madagascar.

Indo-Malaisie.

399

Régions tropicales

universelles

400 EK. Fleutiaux. Coleoptera :

Aujourd’hui, l’on en compte 19 aux Séchelles seulement.

En comprenant dans le cadre de cette étude les Iles et

groupes d’lles de ?Océan Indien explorés par la “ Percy

Sladen Trust Expedition,’ nous arrivons au chiffre de

25 espéces (dont 12 nouvelles) réparties en 15 genres (dont

3 nouveaux). Voici la distribution géographique des

deux familles :

TABLEAU DES FAMILLES.

Epistome continuant la courbure du front,

échancré de chaque cdté a la base. Labre

invisible. Antennes séparées des yeux, insérées

dans le fond de l’échancrure de l’épistome.

. Thorax fortement articulé . . . . . Melasidae, p. 400.

pistome transversal, sur un plan inférieur, ne

continuant pas Ja courbure du front, séparé de

celui-ci par un rebord (épistome nul au milieu :

Adelocera). Labre découvert. Antennes in-

sérées en avant et contre les yeux. Thorax

librement articulé. . . . . . . . Elateridae, p. 406.

MELASIDAE.

TABLEAU DES SOUS-FAMILLES.

1. Propectus avec des _ sillons antennaires

marginaux ou submarginaux . . . . 2

Propectus sans sillons antennaires . . 1, Melasinae, p. 400.

2. Sillons pour les tarses sur le métasternum et

abdomen, correspondant aux intermédi-

aires et aux postérieurs. Sillons antennaires

submarginaux . . . . . II. Gastraulacinae, p. 402.

— Pas de sillons tarsaux. Sillons antennaires

marginaux . . . . ... III, Eueneminae, p. 403.

I. MELASINAE

TABLEAU DES GENRES.

Hanches_ postérieures subparalléles. Antennes

n’atteignant pas la moitié ducorps . XyYLoBIvs Latr., p. 401.

Hanches postérieures élargies en dedans. An-

tennes dépassant la moitié du corps PRoLycaon, n. g., p. 401.

Melasidae et Elateridae des Séchelles et des tles voisines. 401

XyLosius Latr.

Xyuosius Latreille, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1834, p. 124

(posthume) ; Lacordaire, Gen. Col. iv, 1857, pp. 102,

119; J. Duval, Gen. Col. Kur., i, 1859-1863, pp. 119,

122: Bonvouloir, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1871 et

1875, Mon. Elat., pp. 75, 761; Fleutiaux, Ann. Soc.

Ent. Belg., 1921, pp. 229, 295. ;

Genre fondé sur une vieille espéce européenne; Hlater

corticalis Paykull, 1800 (alma Fabricius, 1801). Il ne com-

prenait jusqu’a maintenant que 8 espéces, dont 3 propres

a la faune orientale.

Les larves de deux d’entre elles ont été décrites et figurées.

Ce sont: X. panceens Dufour, in Bonvouloir, Mon. Kucn.,

1871, p. 53, S 2, fig. 3, 3a, b; X. corticalis Reitter, Fauna

Germ., Kaf., “1911, p. 206 fig, 66.

1. Xylobius mahenus, n. sp.

Long., 2 millim. }. Oblong, convexe, subcylindrique; noir brillant,

épistome eon nene, base des élytres jaune, pubescence jaune

légére. Téte convexe, a ponctuation nette et peu serrée. Antennes

noires, robustes : articles 2° et 3° petits, moins épais que les autres.

Pronotum aussi long que large, arrondi en avant, vaguement roux

sur les bords antérieur et postérieur; ponctuation fine, peu serrée,

surtout en arriére. Elytres non striés, finement et éparsement

ponctués. Dessous noir. Pattes jaunes.

Loc. “‘ SkrYCHELLES: Mahé, high forest of Morne Pilot,

1500-2000 feet, xi. 1908”; 1 exemplaire.

A tout a fait Vapparence de X. humeralis Dufour,

d’Kurope; mais de taille beaucoup moindre et de ponctua-

tion plus fine. La partie jaune de la base des élytres est

moins étendue.

PROLYCAON, N. g.

Corps oblong, peu convexe. Téte large et convexe. Epistome

rétréci a la base. Antennes filiformes, longues et robustes: 2°

article trés petit; 3° plus long que le suivant; 4° et 5

égaux; les autres progressivement allongés. _Pronotum moins

long que large a la base, graduellement rétréci en avant, peu con-

vexe, déprimé a la base. Elytres faiblement atténués, arrondis au

sommet. Propleures triangulaires, sans impression antennaire.

Prosternum convexe; sutures obliques; saillie large, courte. Epi-

402 E. Fleutiaux. Coleopiera :

sternes métathoraciques paralléles. Epipleures des élytres rétrécis

en arrisre. Hanches postérieures assez fortement élargies en

dedans. Dernier arceau ventral arrondi. Pattes gréles: 4°

article des tarses creusé en dessus pour recevoir le suivant, et

dilaté en dessous.

A Vaspect de certains Hemiopsida (Lycaon), notamment

de H. nigricans Bonvouloir, d’Australie. Mais la forme

du 4e article des tarses le rapproche de Pseudomenes et de

Curticephalus Fleutiaux.

2. Prolyeaon longicornis, n. sp. (Pl. XXXII, fig. 1.)

Long., 3 a 4 miilim. 3. Brun rougeatre plus ou moins clair

sur les élytres; pubescence gris-jaundtre peu abondante. Téte a

ponctuation ombiliquée serrée. KEpistome un peu moins large a

la base que l’espace compris entre le fond de son échancrure et TP oeil.

Antennes brwnes, presque aussi longues que le corps. Pronotum

& ponctuation dense, rugueuse, ombiliquée; angles postérieurs

aigus, non divergents. Elytres rugueux, faiblement striés. Dessous

de méme couleur, ponctuation non rugueuse, plus grosse sur le

propectus. Pattes jaunatres; fémurs obscurcis.

aa pesca ee igs

Fic. 1.—Prolycaon longicornis, tarse postérieur vu du dessus.

Loc. ‘‘ SEYCHELLES: Praslin, from forest of Coco-de-

mer palms (Lodoicea), Cotes d’Or Estate, xi. 1908”;

3 exemplaires.

Il. GASTRAULACINAE.

PoterGus Bonv.

Porereus Bonvouloir, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1871,

Mon. Eucen., pp. 64, 110; Fleutiaux, Ann. Soc. Ent.

Belg., 1920, pp. 100, 101.

Ne comporte que la seule espéce suivante :

3. Potergus filiformis Bonv.

Potergus filiformis Bonvouloir, op. cit., p. 111; Fleutiaux,

Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen., 1896, p. 556; ad., Ann. Soc. Ent.

Belg., 1899, p. 220.

ab ys

Melasidae et Elateridae des Séchelles et des tles voisines. 403

Longtemps trés rare et décrit sur un unique exemplaire

rapporté de Nouvelle-Guinée par Wallace. Son habitat

actuellement connu s’étend sur la ligne équatoriale

jusqu’aux Séchelles, en remontant au nord a Himalaya.

Loc. “‘ SEYCHELLES : Mahé, from the forests of the Mare aux

Cochons district, 1500-2000 feet, 26.1.2. 1. 1909; 6 speci-

mens found sitting on the upper sides of the leaves of

endemic palms.” Nouvelle-Guinée. Philippines. Bornéo.

Malacca. Andaman. Assam. Cote occidentale indienne.

Queensland. Forme typique primitive : Nouvelle-Guinée.

Ill. HUCNEMINAE.

TABLEAU DES GENRES.

1. Propleures n’atteignant pas le sommet du

prosternum, trés petits et excavés . ARrGaANUS Bony., p. 403.

— Propleures atteignant le sommet du_pro-

sternum, grands, nonexcavés . . .. 2.

2. Deuxiéme et troisiéme articles des antennes

petits, égaux «i. . . . Crratus Bonv., p. 403.

— Troisiéme article des enteanes plus long que

le deuxiéme =. 3. . 4. 60. 0 FORNa® Cast., p. 404.

ARGANUS Bonv.

Arganus Bonvouloir, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1871, Mon.

Euen., pp. 67, 158; Fleutiaux, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg.,

1921, pp. 34, 94.

Ce genre ne compte qu'une seule espéce :

4. Arganus distinetus Bonv.

Arganus distinctus Bonvouloir, op. cit., p. 159; Fleutiaux,

Term. Fiizetek, 1898, p. 232.

L’insecte des Séchelles présente les particularités sui-

vants: antennes un peu moins épaisses; ponctuation du

pronotum nettement ombiliquée.

Loc. ‘“‘ SEYCHELLES: Mahé, Cascade Estate, about 1000

feet, ii-iii. 1909”; 1 exemplaire. Céram et Mysol.

Nouvelle-Guinée. Philippines. Forme typique primitive :

Céram.

Creratus Bonv.

Ceratus Bonvouloir, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1871 et 1872,

Mon. Euen,. pp. 69 et 292; Fleutiaux, Ann. Soc, Ent.

Belg., 1921, pp. 35, 95.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1922.—PaRTs III, IV. (FEB. 23) EE

404 K. Fleutiaux. Coleoptera :

Genre exclustvement indo-malais qui comprend une

douzaine d’espéces.

5. Ceratus seoiti, n. sp.

Long., 4 millim. $ a 8 millim. Allongé, convexe; brun plus

ou moins rougeadtre, pubescence jaune assez longue. ‘Téte a ponctu-

ation ombiliquée serrée. Antennes ferrugineuses, filiformes, at-

teignant la moitié ‘du corps chez le male, plus courtes chez la femelle:

2° et 3° articles petits, subégaux; les suivants beaucoup plus longs et

plus épais. Pronotum aussi Jong que large, droit sur les cotés,

largement arrondi en avant, convexe, fortement et rugueusement

ptt << ame <O0G us ee cates aes os

Vic. 2.—Ceratus scotti, 3, antenne.

ponctué. Elytres subparalléles jusqu’au dela de la moitié, rétrécis

ensuite et terminés en pointe obtuse, convexes, rugueux a la base,

finement pointillés en arriére, légérement striés. Dessous rougeatre.

Propectus densement ponctué. Sillons antennaires larges et peu pro-

fonds, ponctués, nettement limités en dedans par une caréne, Saillie

prosternale courte, graduellement terminée en pointe. Métasternum

finement ponctué. Hanches postérieures obliques, trés élargies en

dedans, anguleuses. Abdomen superficiellement ponctué; dernier

arceau ventral arrondi. Pattes ferrugineuses.

Le male est de taille plus petite que la femelle, son corps moins

robuste, ses antennes plus longues, son pronotum plus allongé, le

dernier arceau ventral moins largement arrondi.

A rapprocher de C. insoliius Bonvouloir, de Java.

Loc. ““ Seycuettes: Mahé; high forest of Morne Pilot;

Cascade Estate, forest above 1000 feet”; 7 exemplaires.

Fornax Cast.

Fornax Castelnau, in Silbermann, Rev. Ent., ii, 1835,

pp. 167, 172; Lacordaire, Gen. Col., iv, 1857, pp. 102,

110, pars; Bonvouloir, Ann. Soc. Ent. France,

1871 et 1872, Mon. Euen., pp. 69, 295; Fleutiaux,

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., 1921, pp. 38, 124.

Décrit sur une espéce de la Guyane frangaise : ruficollis,

le genre Fornax s'est rapidement accru, au point de

compter aujourd’hui environ 200 espéces réparties dans les

Melasidae et Elateridae des Séchelles et des tles voisines. 405

régions intertropicales et plus particuliérement dans les

contrées de VIndo-Malaisie. Quelques-unes seulement

habitent Afrique et & peu prés une douzaine se rencontrent

a Madagascar et dans les archipels voisins.

Plusieurs larves sont connues, entre autres celle du F.

madagascariensis Castelnau, longuement décrite et figurée

par Coquerel, dans les Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1856, p. 511,

t. 15, fig. 37. Elle vit dans le bois pourri.

ESPECES.

Pointe prosternale paralléle, carrément rétrécie au

sommet et terminée au milieu par une courte

PERL eee de wats, oh te lernae Bon. p, 40a;

Pointe prosternale graduellement rétrécie puncticeps, n. sp., p.406.

6. Fornax sternalis Bonv.

Fornax sternalis Bonvouloir, op. cit. 1872, pp. 305, 368,

Tp fe oT

Kspéce décrite de Batchian sur un exemplaire unique

rapporté par Wallace; le type est passé avec toute la col-

lection de Bonvouloir, en la possession de M. René Oberthur.

Les individus des Séchelles ont un épistome plus étroit

a la base, les propleures alutacés et parsemés de gros points

peu profonds, le prosternum finement et peu densement

ponctué.

Loc. “SeYCHELLES: Silhouette; forest near Mont

Pot-a-eau, about 1500 feet, vill. 1908; Mare aux Cochons,

over 1000 feet, ix. 1908’; 4 exemplaires. Forme typique

primitive: Batchian.

(@)

Fic. 3.—Pointe prosternale (a) du Fornax sternalis Bonv. ;

(6) du Fornax puncticeps, n. sp.

* FP. sternalis {| Fleutiaux, Mém. Soc. Zool. France, 1896, p. 286

(non Bonvouloir, 1872), de Nouvelle-Guinée, est une espéce différente,

probablement déja décrite sous un autre nom.

t Voir Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1888, p. 159.

406 KE. Fleutiaux. Coleoptera :

7. Fornax puneticeps, n. sp.

Long., 5 millim. 3. Allongé, peu convexe; brun, un peu rougeatre

vers lextrémité des élytres, peu brillant, pubescence jaune. Téte

convexe, & ponctuation assez serrée. Epistome plus étroit a la

base que l’espace compris entre le fond de son échancrure et l’oeil.

Antennes brunes, filiformes : 4° article plus long que le 2°; 3° en-

viron aussi long que les 4° et 5° réunis; ces derniers égaux. Pro-

notum aussi long que large a la base, peu convexe, peu rétréci

en avant; ponctuation peu serrée. LElytres graduellement rétrécis

et terminés en pointe obtuse, finement et éparsement ponctués,

trés légérement striés dans la région suturale, indistinctement sur

les cOtés. Dessous de méme couleur. Ponctuation des propleures

un peu plus forte que celle du prosternum. Saillie prosternale

graduellement rétrécie et terminée en pointe obtuse. Métasternum

et abdomen finement ponctués. Hanches postérieures trés élargies

en dedans, anguleuses. Dernier arceau ventral en pointe arrondie

au sommet. Pattes ferrugineux-obscur. .

En suivant le tableau de Bonvouloir, on arrive a

rapprocher cette espece de F. dohrni, dont la provenance

est Inconnue.

Loc. ““ SEYCHELLES and CuHacos IsLanps. Seychelles :

Mahé, near Morne Blanc, about 1000 feet, xi. 1908, 1

specimen. Chagos: Egmont Atoll, 1905 (Gardiner), 1

specimen.”

ELATERIDAE.

TABLEAU DES SOUS-FAMILLES.

1. Sutures prosternales ouvertes pour recevoir

lesantennes . . . . . +. :. J. Agrypninae, p. 407.

— Sutures prosternales fermées ou simplement

sillonnées . . . ere ha To ec 2.

2. Corps recouvert d’une pubescence squameuse

épaisse masquant complétement le fond

II. Hemirhipinae, p. 411.

— Pubescence légére, ne cachant pas les tégu-

HICNUS RS iy ca, Bee lee OL eC Pe ae 3.

3. Prothorax globuleux . . . . III. Esthesopinae, p. 413.

— Prothorax plus ou moins convexe, mais rétréci

Cnavant scan See tee, Sue ie eamre 4.

Melasidae et Elateridae des Séchelles et des tiles voisines. 407

4, Tarses simples . . . > » « LV. Elaterinae, p: 418.

— Tarses avec un ou deux mela creusés en

dessus et dilatés en dessous .. 5.

5. Tarses avec les 2¢ et 3¢ articles lamellés Vv. Dicrepidiinae, p. 428.

— Tarses avec le 3° article dilaté et le 4° lamellé

VI. Pachyderinae p. 429.

— Tarses avec le 3° article seul lamellé

VII. Physorhininae, p. 431.

— Tarses avec le 4° article seul dilaté-lamellé

VIII. Conoderinae, p. 434.

I. AGRYPNINAE.

TABLEAU DES GENRES.

Taille grande (27 a 35 millim.). Propleures

nullement sillonnés en travers pour les tarses

antérieurs ar - 3... AGrypnus’ Eschseh.; p: 407.

Taille beaucoup inbindre (10° a 12 millim.).

Propleures fortement sillonnés en travers

pour les tarses antérieurs . . . ADELOCERA Germar, p. 409.

AGRYPNuS Eschsch.

Aarypnus' Eschscholtz, in Thon, Ent. Archiv., ii, 1,

1829, p. 32, pars; Latreille, Ann. Soc. Ent. France,

1834, p. 143; Lacordaire, Gen. Col., iv, 1857, pp. 138,

139; Candéze, Mon. Elat., 1, 1857, pp. 19, 20; Schwarz,

in Wytsman, Gen. Ins., Elat., 1906, pp. 5, 7.

Amaurus Castelnau, Hist. Nat. Col., 1, 1840, p. 237.

Genre renfermant environ 70 espéces homogénes, habi-

tant presque toutes les régions tropicales, sauf toutefois

Amérique du Sud. Ses représentants sont trés abondants

dans les contrées indo-malaises et en Afrique. Deux

seulement, propres au continent indien et 4 l’Archipel

aslatique, se retrouvent & Madagascar et dans les iles

voisines.

ESPECES.

Noir brillant; pubescence peu apparente,

presque nulle 5 0.45... w«.,.. fuserpes Fabr., p..408.

Noir presque mat; pubescence jaune assez

fournie, tres apparente . . . . . «aequalis Cand., p. 409.

408 K. Fleutiaux. Coleoptera :

8. Agrypnus fuscipes (Fabr.),

Elater fuscipes Fabricius, Syst. Ent. 1775, p. 211; d.,

Spec. Ins., i, 1781, p. 226; Fuessly, Arch. Ins., v,

1784, p. 110, t. 27, fig. 4; Fabricius, Mant. Ins., i,

1787, p.. 172; td.,- Ent. Syst.1, 2, 1792, p.. 218; <d.,

Syst. Eleuth. 1, 1801, p. 224.

Agrypnus fuscipes Germar, Zeitschr. Ent., 1, 1840, p. 253;

Candéze, Mon. Elat., 1, 1857, pp. 23, 24; id., Révis.

Mon. Elat. 1874, pp. 3, 7; 7d., C.R. Soc. Ent. Belg.,

1890, p. 148; zd., Cat. Méth. Elat., 1891, p. 10;

Fairmaire, Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 1893, p. 323;

Fleutiaux, Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 1893, p. 329;

Candéze, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., 1895, p. 52; Alluaud,

in Grandidier, Hist. Madag. xxi, 1900, p. 204; Fleu-

tiaux, Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 1903, p. 13; Schwarz,

in Wytsman, Gen. Ins., Elat., 1906, p. 8, no. 26;

Kolbe, Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin, v, 1910, p. 25; Fleu-

tiaux, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1911, p. 474; ad.,

op. cit. 1918, p. 182.

Amaurus fuscipes Castelnau, Hist. Nat. Col., i, 1840, p. 237.

Morurs: Lequien, Mag. Zool., 1831, t. 41 *; Audouin

et Brullé, Hist. Nat. Col., 1, 1834, p. 268, t. 9, fig. 2b *;

Westwood, Introd., i, 1839, p. 67, fig. 2*; Chapuis et

Candéze, Cat. Larv. Col., 1853, p. 482; Xambeu, Ann.

Soe. Linn. Lyon, 1912, p. 120.

Trés ancienne et commune espéce répandue dans les

collections. lle a été prise comme co-type du genre

par Latreille, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1834, p. 143

(posthume).

On sait que Hlater fuscipes ~ Olivier, 1790, se rapporte a

Elater notodonta Latreille, 1823, d’Afrique; il est probable

qu'il en est de méme de Hlater fuscipes Herbst, 1801.

Loc. ‘‘StycHELLES: Mahé; Port Victoria, 1908-9

(R. P. Dupont); 1905 (Gardiner); 6 examples:” Mahé,

“auf Kulturboden ” (Brauer): Mahé et La Digue, 1892

(Alluaud). Indes orientales. Bengale. Cochinchine?.

Ceylan. Madagascar, nord de Vile. “Comores. Mas-

careignes. Forme typique primitive: Indes orientales.

* Larve attribuée a un Carabide: Anthia sexguttata Fabr.

Melasidae et Hlateridae des Sécheiles et des @les voisines. 409

9. Agrypnus aequalis Cand.

Agrypnus aequalis Candéze, Mon. Elat., i, 1857, pp. 23,

25; w., Révis. Mon. Elat., 1874, pp. 3, 9; zd., Ann.

Mus. Genova, 1878, p. 99; Fleutiaux, Ann. Soc.

Ent. France, 1889, p. 138; Candéze, Cat. Méth. Elat.,

1891, p. 10; Fleutiaux, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1902,

p. 571; @., Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 1903, p. 13;

Schwarz, in Wytsman, Gen. Ins., Elat., 1906, p. 8,

no. 30; Kolbe, Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin, v, 1910,

. 25; Fleutiaux, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1918,

p. 182; 2d., Bull. Mus. Paris, 1918, p. 205.

Agrypnus punctatus Candéze, Mon. Elat., i, 1857, pp. 22,

20; id, Révis. Mon.” Hlat.; 1874, pp.3, “103° ads,

C.R. Soc. Ent. Belg., 1890, p. 148; 2zd., Cat. Méth.

Elat., 1891, p. 11; 7dd., Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., 1892,

p. 483; 2d., Ann. Mus. Genova, 1892, p. 801; Alluaud,

in Grandidier, Hist. Madag., xxi, 1900, p. 204;

Schwarz, in Wytsman, Gen. Ins., Elat., 1906, p. 8,

GOs.

Agrypnus sondaicus Candéze, Mon. Elat., i, 1857, pp. 23,

33; 2d., Cat. Méth. EHlat., 1891, p. 10.

Agrypnus insularis Fairmaire, Bull. Soc. Ent. France,

1891, p. 70; Fleutiaux, Bull Soc. Ent. France, 1894,

p. 252; Candéze, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., 1895, p. 69;

Linell, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xix, 1897, p. 696.

A recu plusieurs noms. La forme originelle, aequalis,

est décrite des Indes orientales; puictatus et sondaicus,

de Java; et isularis des Séchelles. Les exemplaires de

cette derniére provenance se distinguent par le tubercule

du milieu de la base du pronotum moins saillant. Le

type de imsularis Fairmaire, Séchelles (R. P. Philibert),

est au Musée de Bruxelles, dans la derniére collection

Candéze.

Toc. ““SkycHEettes: Mahé, 1905 and 1908-9 (Port

Victoria, etc.): Long Island, vu. 1908; 8 examples”:

Mahé, Mamelles (Brauer): Mahé et La Digue, 1892

(Alluaud). Indes orientales. Ceylan. Birmanie. Ben-

gale. Indochine. Archipel asiatique. Forme typique

primitive : Indes orientales.

ADELOCERA Germ.

ApDELOCERA Germar, Zeitschr. Ent., 1, 1840, pp. 251,

255; Lacordaire, Gen. Col., iv, 1857, pp. 138, 140;

410 K. Fleutiaux. Coleoptera :

Candéze, Mon. Elat., i, 1857, pp. 19, 47; J. Duval,

Gen. Col. Eur., iii, 1860, pp. 125, 142; Schwarz, in

Wytsman, Gen. Ins., Elat., 1906, pp. 6, 10.

On connait une centaine d’espéces disséminées sur toute

la surface du globe; le quart a peu prés appartiennent a

la faune indo-malaise et une dizaine a la faune malgache.

La seule espéce rencontrée aux Séchelles et aux Mascareignes

est cosmopolite tropicale.

10. Adelocera modesta (Boisd.).

Agrypnus modestus Boisduval, Voy. Astrol., Ent., 1835,

Col., p. 108.

Adelocera modesta Candéze, Mon. Elat., 1, 1857, pp. 51,

71; 2d.,, Révis. Mon. Elat.,- 1874, pp. 6; 27; 2d:,

C.R. Soc. Ent. Belg., 1875, p. 118;. G. Horn, Trans.

Amer. Ent. Soc., vil, 1878-9, pp. 14, 15; C. O. Water-

house, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc., clxvii, 1879, p. 525;

Blackburn and Sharp, Trans. R. Dublin Soe. (2), 111,

1885, p. 240; Fleutiaux, Ann. Soc. Ent. France,

1889, p. 139; 2d., op. cit. 1891, p. 387; Candéze, Cat.

Méth. Elat., 1891, p. 14; 2d., Ann. Mus. Genova,

1892, p. 796; Champion, Biol. Centr.-Am., Col., iu,

1, 1894, p. 258, note; Alluaud, in Grandidier, Hist.

Madag., xxi, 1900, p. 205; Fauvel, Rev. d’Ent.,

1904, p. 124; Fleutiaux, Ann. Soc. Ent. France,

1905, p. 319; Schwarz, m Wytsman, Gen. Ins., Elat.,

1906, p. 13, no. 86; Kolbe, Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin,

v, 1910, p. 26; Stebbing, Indian Forest Insects,

1914, p. 224, fig. 145; Fleutiaux, Ann. Soc. Ent.

Franee,; 1918; p. 186) 2d., Bull’ Mus.” Paris tole,

p. 207; 2d., Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 1920, pp. 112, 113.

Adelocera modesta var. gquadulpensis Fleutiaux et Sallé,

Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1889, p. 407; Fleutiaux, op.

ev. 1911, p. 246.

Agrypnus pruinosus Fairmaire, Rev. et. Mag. Zool., 1849,

p. 35; Adelocera pruinosa, id., t. ¢. p. 359.

Agrypnus squalidus Fairmaire, t.c. p. 35; Adelocera squa-

da de tC, DeVoe:

Agrypnus nigroplagiatus KE. Blanchard, Voy. Péle Sud.

iv, 1853, p./85, t. 6, fig: ¥,

Adelocera vicina Candéze, Ann. Mus. Genova, 1891, p. 772.

Adelocera tessellata Candéze, Elat. Nouv., v, 1893, p. 6.

Morurs: EK. P. Stebbing, Indian Forest Insects (London,

1914), p. 224.

Melasidae et Elateridae des Séchelles et des 7les voisines. 411

Espéce bien souvent décrite, sous des noms différents,

de tous les pays de la zone tropicale. D’aprés Fairmaire,

elle aurait été prise a Taiti, par Vesco, sous les écorces et

dans le bois carié d’Erythrina indica, et aussi dans un fruit

pourri d’Inocarpus edulis. Blackburn et Sharp la signalent

dans les vieux troncs de cactus aux Iles Hawai. Enfin

Stebbing l’a observée dans les foréts de teck (T'ectona

grandis) de Haute-Birmanie.

Loc. “ SEYCHELLES and Ropricurz. Seychelles; Long

Island, ete. Rodriguez (Thomasset and Snell, 1918);

6 examples.” Mahé, “auf Kulturboden ” (Brauer). Ré-

gions tropicales universelles. Mascareignes. Forme typique

primitive : Nouvelle-Hollande.

Il. HEMIRHIPINAE.

Ataus. Eschsch.

Auaus Eschscholtz, in Thon, Ent. Archiv, u, 1, 1829,

p. 33; Lacordaire, Gen. Col., iv, 1857, pp. 148, 151;

Candéze, Mon. Elat., 1, 1857, pp. 201, 211; J. Duval,

Gen. Col. Eur., ui, 1860, pp. 126, 142; Schwarz, in

Wytsman, Gen. Ins., Elat., 1906, pp. 32, 35

Les insectes qui entrent dans ce genre sont de grande

taille et généralement parés @une vestiture épaisse plus ou

moins mouchetée et variée en couleurs. later oculatus

Linné, 1758, et later myops Fabricius, 1801, de PAmérique

du Nord ont servi & son établissement.

Sur 180 espéces environ qui sont connues, plus d’une

centaine sont répandues dans la zone indienne, l’Archipel

asiatique et !Océanie; une cinquantaine habitent Afrique ;

une quinzaine l’ Amérique ine seule fait partir de la faune

paléarctique. I] n’ena pas encore été signalé & Madagascar,

mais une espéce est originaire des Comores, et les deux

suivantes se rencontrent aux Séchelles. Les premiers états

de 6 seulement d’entre elles ont été mentionnés a ce jour,

ESPECES.

Troisiéme article des antennes 4 peine plus long que

le deuxiéme. Interstries des élytres alternative-

ment costiformes . . . . . . mahenus Fairm., p, 412.

Troisiéme article des antennes une fois et demie

plus long que le deuxiéme. Interstries des

élytres non costiformes . . . . - . scott, n.sp., p. 412,

412 K. Fleutiaux. Coleoptera :

il. Alaus mahenus Fairm.

Alaus mahenus Fairmaire, Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 1892,

p. 151; Candéze, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., 1895, p. 69;

Alluaud, in Grandidier, Hist. Madag., xxi, 1900, p. 212;

Fleutiaux, Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 1903, p. 13; Schwarz,

in Wytsman, Gen. Ins., Elat., 1906, p. 36, no. 18;

Kolbe, Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berl., v, 1910, p. 25.

3: Antennes n’atteignant pas tout a fait la base du pronotum;

2e article trés petit, globuleux; 3° a peine plus long, denté; les

suivants beaucoup plus longs, fortement comprimés et dentés.

Pronotum & bords latéraux redressés, sinueux. Sommet des élytres

tronqué en cercle et bidenté. Dernier arceau ventral arrondi, frangé

de poils raides trés courts, blanchatres, semblable 4 ceux de la

pubescence.

2: Antennes plus courtes, moins fortement comprimées et dentées.

Pronotum plus arrondi sur les cdiés. Sommet des élytres moins

nettement tronqué. Dernier arceau ventral largement et carré-

ment tronqué, bordé en poils bruns plus longs que ceux de la

pubescence.

Loc. “SEYCHELLES: Mahé; 1 9, 1905 (Gardiner); 1 3, Port

Victoria (Dupont). Mahé, Mamelles, vi-vu, “in alten

Baumstimmen ” (Brauer). Mahé et La Digue, 1892

(Alluaud). Forme typique primitive : Séchelles.

ly LD, WD i By EP BD oe 5

Fie. 4.—Antenne (a) du Alaus mahenus Fairm., 9;

(6) du Alaus scolti, n. sp., &.

12. Alaus scotti, n. sp.

Long., 16 millim. 9. Oblong, convexe; noir, rougedtre par

places; entiérement couvert d’un pelage serré dun gris blanchatre

masquant le fond; orné de deux taches rondes noires sur le

disque du pronotum, et de quelques autres formant des hachures

irrégulicres vers le tiers postérieur des élytres et avant l’extrémité.

Téte déprimée au milieu. Antennes noires, avec le premier article

ferrugineux; dépassant la moitié du pronotum: 2° article petit;

3e une fois et demie plus long; suivants comprimés et dentés.

Melasidae et Elateridae des Séchelles et des tles voisines. 413

Pronotum plus long que large, arrondi et sinué sur les cétés, trés

bombé, irréguliérement ponctué; bords latéraux étroitement dé-

primés; angles postérieurs aigus et divergents, non distinctement

carénés. Ecusson ovale, en plan incliné. Elytres de la largeur du

pronotum, subparalléles jusqu’au tiers postérieur, puis rétrécis,

tronqués en cercle au sommet et bidentés; ponctués-striés; inter-

stries presque plans, trés finement pointillés. Dernier arceau

ventral largement tronqué, bordé de poils noirs. Pattes d’un jaune

flave, & courte pubescence blanchatre; tarses obscurs.

Trés voism de A. mahenus Fairmaire. Pubescence

moins épaisse, moins blanche, plutot grise. Premier

article des antennes ferrugineux; 3¢ proportionneilement

plus long par rapport au 2e. Cdtés du pronotum plus

arrondis; angles postérieurs non distinctement carénés.

Ecusson ovale. Interstries des élytres nullement convexes

et ne formant pas de c6tes. Pattes jaunes, avec les tarses

noiratres.

Loc. ‘‘ SkycHELLES : Silhouette, Mare aux Cochons, over

1000 feet, ix. 1908; 1 specimen.”

Ill. ESTHESOPINAE.

Le nom de Cardiophorinae, généralement employé, doit

céder la place a celui de Esthesopinae; le genre Hsthesopus

étant le premier décrit.

TABLEAU DES GENRES.

Quatriéme article des tarses normal CarpiopHorvs Eschsch., p. 413.

Quatriéme article des tarses dilaté . CarpioTarsus Cast., p. 415.

CarRDIoPHoRUS Eschsch.

CarpiopHorus Eschscholtz, in Thon, Ent. Archiv, i, 1,

1829, p. 34; Lacordaire, Gen. Col. iv, 1857, pp. 168,

193; Candéze, Mon. Elat., 11, 1860, pp. 104, 106;

J. Duval, Gen. Col. Eur., i, 1860, pp. 141, 144;

Schwarz, in Wytsman, Gen. Ins., Elat., 1906, pp. 160,

162.

Le genre Cardiophorus est mondial; il est basé sur des

espéces de l’Ancien-Monde antérieurement décrites. C’est

lun des plus nombreux puisqu’il renferme plus de 500

représentants trés homogénes; et c’est a peine si l’on con-

nait quelques larves européennes. Sur ce nombre considé-

414 EK. Fleutiaux. Coleoptera :

rable, une vingtaine d’espéces se trouvent a Madagascar et

dans les archipels voisins.

13. Cardiophorus lutosus Cand.

Cardiopherus lutosus Candéze, Elat. Nouv., vi, 1896, p. 57;

id., Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., 1895, p. 69; Alluaud, in

Grandidier, Hist. Madag., xxi, 1900, p. 219; Schwarz,

in Wytsman, Gen. Ins., Elat., 1906, p. 170, no. 105;

Fleutiaux, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1911, p. 478.

Cardiophorus hedenborgi { Fairmaire, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg.,

1893, p. 523 (non Candéze, 1860).

Cardiophorus submaculatus ~ Kolbe, Mitt. Zool. Mus.

Berlin, v, 1910, p. 26 (non Candéze, 1878).

J’ai toutes les raisons de penser que C. hedenborgi Fair-

maire (1893), de Grande-Comore, se rapporte a C. lutosus

Candéze (1896). Et cela parce que dans la lste donnée

par celui-ci en 1895 des Elatérides des Comores, Séchelles et

Mascareignes, il n’est pas question de cette espéce, qu il

neut pas manqué de citer, puisque la collection Fairmaire

était entre ses mains depuis 1894.

Quant au C. submaculatus Kolbe, jen posséde un indi-

vidu que j’ai recu sous le nom erroné de C. raffrayi Schwarz,

espéce de l’Est-Africain. H] provient des chasses de Brauer

aux Séchelles, parconséquent il n’y a aucun doute a son

sujet.

C. lutosus est trés proche parent de-C. decretus Candéze,

de Madagascar. Cette espéce a été récoltée en grand

nombre. Le plus souvent elle est noire avec quatre taches

jaunes sur les élytres qui s’étalent au poimt de se réunir

le long des bords latéraux. Kn dehors de ces variations

dont il est difficile, pour ne pas dire impossible, de saisir

les limites, trois formes se distinguent suffsamment, ce

sont :

(a) variété thoracicus. Brun noiratre; élytres jaunes avec

seulement un tache obscure sur la suture avant Pextrémité. Loc.

Amirantes (Eagle I., 1905).

(6) variété trimaculatus. Pronotum enticrement roux; élytres

avec une petite tache obscure 4 la moitié, de chaque cdté de la

suture et une autre prés du bout, sur la suture elle-méme. Loc.

Coetivy (1905).

Melasidae et Elateridae des Séchelles et des tles voisines. 415

Le pronotum n’est pas “ aequaliter punctulato,” comme

il est dit dans la description; la ponctuation, trés fine

et trés dense, est parsemée de points un peu plus gros.

Environ 90 exemplaires.

Loc. SEYCHELLES, AMIRANTES, CortTiIvy, FARQUHAR,

ALDABRA, COMORES.

“ Seychelles : Silhouette (over 1000 feet, viliix. 1908,

3 examples); Praslin (1905, 1 example); Dennis I. (1 ex-

ample, viii. 1908, Fryer); Long I. (12 examples, vii. 1908) ;

Mahé (25 examples, 1905, 1908-9); Anonyme I. (1 example,

i. 1909). Nearly all the specimens were taken near the

coast, the species being found abundantly among the foliage

of certain wild dicotyledonous trees which fringe the coasts

of islands in this region (Scoft).”” Mahé et Praslin (Brauer).

Amirantes: Eagle I., 1905. Coetivy: 18 exemplaires,

1905. Aldabra: Takamaka, x.—xi. 1908 (Fryer), 23 ex-

emplaires. Farquhar : (Daruty, Muséum Paris). Comores :

Mayotte (forme typique primitive).

CARDIOTARSUS Cast.

CaRDIOTARSUS Castelnau, in Silbermann, Rev. Ent., iv,

1836, p. 4; Lacordaire, Gen. Col., iv, 1857, pp. 168,

192; Candéze, Mon. Elat., ui, 1860, pp. 104, 223;

Schwarz, in Wytsman, Gen. Ins., Elat., 1906, pp. 160,

174.

Les Cardiotarsus ne diflérent guére des Cardiophorus

que par le 4e article des tarses dilaté. Une trentaine d’es-

Fie. 5.—Tarse postérieur, vu du dessus, (a) du Cardiophorus

lutosus Cand.; (b) du Cardiotarsus gardineri, n. sp.

péces sont décrites, dont le tiers & peu prés appartiennent

a la faune de Madagascar et iles avoisinantes, les deux

autres tiers sont partagés en parties & peu prés égales entre

Afrique et ?Indo-Malaisie. Ni Castelnau, ni Lacordaire

416 K. Fleutiaux. Coleoptera :

n’ont désigné l’espéce génotype; c'est seulement Candéze

. 5 . 5 Y . . eel®

qui, en premier rang place Cardiophorus acuminatus Guérin,

1847.

ESPECES.

(a) Ongles simples. Elytres jaunes ou avec une

tachesuturale obscure. . . . . vitellinus Klug, p. 416.

(b) Ongles simples. Elytres @une brun uniforme

gardineri, n. sp. p. 417.

tache humérale plus claire . brunneicollis Erichs., p. 417.

14. Cardiotarsus vitellinus (Klug).

Cardiophorus vitelinus Klug, Abh. Akad. Berlin, 1833,

p. 67; Erichson, in Germar, Zeitschr. Ent., 11, 1840, p.

334; Brancksik, Jahr. Ver. Trencs., xvi, 1893, p. 235.

Cardiotarsus vwitellinus Candéze, Mon. Elat., in, 1860,

p. 228; zd., Cat. Méth. Elat., 1891, p. 134; 2d., Ann.

Soc. Ent. Belg., 1895, p. 66; Alluaud, in Grandidier,

Hist. Madag., xxi, 1900, p. 220; Schwarz, in Wyts-

man, Gen. Ins., Elat., 1906, p. 174, no. 8.

Cardiophorus dispilus Klug, op. cit., p. 68; Erichson,

op. cit., p. 335; Alluaud, op. ci., p. 218.

Cardiophorus tabidus Krichson, op. cit., p. 334.

Cardiotarsus tabidus Candéze, Mon. Elat., i, 1860, pp.

224, 227.

Coloration assez variable. Tantd6t la téte et le pronotum

sont brun noiratre et la suture des élytres obscurcie. Tantot

le corps tout entier est jaune; c’est avec cette derniére forme

que Candéze a établi sa variété a. Tant6t enfin le pro-

notum est marqué de deux bandes noiratres dans le sens

de la longueur; c’est trés certainement C. dispilus Klug,

omis par Candéze et par Schwarz.

9 exemplaires.

Loc. AtpaBRA; FarquHarR Group. Aldabra: x.—xi.

1908 (Fryer); 1907 (Thomasset). Farquhar: Providence,

Cerf I., 3. x. 1905 (1 exemplaire, Gardiner) ; (Daruty, Muséum

Paris). Madagascar, toute la partie septentrionale de I’He,

au nord de Tananarive. Forme typique primitive:

Madagascar.

Melasidae et Elaieridae des Séchelles et des tles voisines. 417

15. Cardiotarsus gardineri, n. sp.

Long., 8 2 9 millim. Allongé, convexe; brun plus ou moins

foncé ou noiratre, généralement plus clair sur les élytres, peu bril-

lant; pubescence jaune. Téte petite, arrondie et rebordée en avant,

subdéprimée, trés finement ect densement ponctuée. Antennes

jaunes, fines, amincies vers ’extrémité, ne dépassant pas la base du

pronotum; articles légérement et graduellement épaissis vers le

bout. Pronotum globuleux, aussi long que large, arrondi en avant,

rétréci en arriére; ponctuation double, irrégulicrement serrée ;

angles postérieurs courts. Elytres & peu prés de la largeur du pro-

notum, en ovale allongé, atténués vers le bout, convexes, fortement

ponctués-striés; interstries convexes et trés finement rugueux.

Dessous de méme couleur. Propectus 4 ponctuation extreémement

fine et serrée; limites latérales inféricures et abrégées en avant.

Prosternum étroit et paralléle. Métasternum et abdomen a

ponctuation double. Episternes métathoraciques paralléles, aussi

larges que les épipleures des élytres & la moitié de leur longueur.

Hanches postérieures normalement élargies en dedans. Derniers

arceaux ventraux plus fortement ponctués que les autres de larges

points superficiels ponctués eux-mémes A Vintérieur. Pattes jaunes,

fémurs plus pales; tarses postérieurs plus courts que le tibia corre-

spondant, leur 4° article nettement cordiforme et dilaté, griffes

simples,

Ressemble beaucoup a C. plebejus Candéze, de Mada-

gascar. Ponctuation du pronotum moins fine et moins

réguliére, formée de points de deux grosseurs; élytres

moins noirs.

Loc. ALDABRA: 5 exemplaires, xii. 1908 (Fryer).

Farquuar AtoLi: 9 exemplaires, 1905 (Gardiner).

16. Cardiotarsus brunneicollis (Hrichs.).

Cardiophorus brunneicollis Krichson, in Germar, Zeitschr.

Ent. i, 1840, p. 334.

Cardiotarsus brunneicollis Candéze, Mon. Elat., 11, 1860,

pp. 224, 229; id., Cat. Méth. Hlat., 1891, p. 134;

id., Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., 1895, p. 66; Alluaud, in

Grandidier, Hist. Madag., xxi, 1900, p. 219; Schwarz,

in Wytsman, Gen. Ins., Elat., 1906, p. 174, no. 12.

Normalement linsecte est brun foncé, les épaules sont

jaunatres. La variété a, Candéze, |. ¢., est entiérement

brun jaunatre, plus clair sur les élytres.

418 E. Fleutiaux. Coleoptera :

Loc. Carcanos Is.: Establishment I., 28. vin. 1905, 4 ex-

emplaires. Mascareignes. Madagascar. Sainte-Marie-de-

Madagascar. Forme typique primitive : Maurice.

IV. ELATERINAE.

TABLEAU DES GENRES.

1. Ponctuation du pronotum sur un fond alutacé

AEOLOIDES Schwarz, p. 418.

— Ponctuation du pronotum sur un fond lisse. 2.

2. Troisiéme article des antennes plus long que le

quatriéme . . . 21) Ge) eo ER ELASUS; Ds G.5 redo.

— Troisiéme article des onienne moins Tie que

le quatriéme . . . 3.

3. Quatriéme article des fareen! notatlement

moins épais que les précédents . ELastrus Cand., p. 421.

— Quatriéme article des tarses aussi épais ou a

peu prés que les précédents Mrcarentues Kiesenw., p. 422.

MELANOXANTHUS Cast., p. 424

AEOLOIDES Schwarz.

AEOLOIDES Schwarz, in Wytsman, Gen. Ins., Elat., 1906,

p. 109.

Créé comme sous-genre de Heteroderes Latreille, 1854

(posthume), avec les espéces & quatriéme article des tarses

non lamellé, qui y avaient jusque la été introduites. Le

genre Heteroderes (génotype: fuscus Latreille, d'Afrique

occidentale) a le quatriéme article de tous les tarses

nettement lamellé et, parconséquent, appartient a la

sous-famille des Conoderinae (Monocrepidiinae). Malgré

Paffinité, VPhomogénéité des Aeoloides et des Heteroderes, il

nest pas possible de ne pas tenir compte du caractére

tarsal sur quoi repose précisément tout le systéme de

classification adopté encore aujourd’hui. Pour s’y con-

former, il faut done transporter les Aeoloides dans la sous-

famille des Hlaterinae (tarses simples).

17. Aeoloides senex (Candéze).

Heteroderes senex Candéze, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., 1895,

p. 60; Kolbe, Abh. Senckenb. Nat. Ges., xxvi, 1902,

p. 575; Alluaud, in Grandidier, Hist. Madag., xxi,

Melasidae et Elateridae des Séchelles et des iles voisines. 419

1900, p. 215; Schwarz, in Wytsman, Gen. Ins., Elat.,

1906, p. 108, no. 37.

Heteroderes complanatus t Fairmaire, Bull. Soc. Ent. France,

1896, p.. 222 (non Klug, 1833 *); Kolbe, op. cit.,

p. 576; Alluaud, op. cit., p. 214, pars.

Heteroderes alluaudi Fleutiaux, in Alluaud et Jeannel,

Voy. Afr. orient., Elat., 1919, p. 65.

Pour dissiper le doute qui planait sur Videntité du

H. complanatus signalé par Fairmaire a Aldabra, je me suis

adressé au Professeur Bergroth, qui Je Inui avait commu-

niqué. Il a bien vouiu nv offrir V exemplaire revenu en 83

possession et c’est avec surprise que j’al constaté quwil

porte une étiquette de ma main. Kn rassemblant mes

souvenirs, je me suis rappelé que Fairmaire m’a fréquem-

ment autrefois confié la détermination d’Hlatérides, pius

particuliérement de la faune malgache. Je suis donc

vraisemblablement la cause de Verreur dont il a endossé la

responsabilité en publiant cette provenance pour la vieille

espéce de Klug. C’est a peu prés vers la méme époque que

Candéze a décrit Heteroderes senex, si peu ditlérent en

apparence du H. complanatus par la description, que je

n'ai pas eu la pensée de l’en séparer. L’examen des deux

types du H. senex, dont l'un est dans la Collection Candéze,

au Musée de Bruxelles, et Vautre dans la Collection

Alluaud, au Museum de Paris, m’a permis d identifier

Vexemplaire d’Aldabra cité par Fairmaire. C’est la méme

espéce que plus récemment j’ai décrite de [He Pamanzi

(Mayotte) sous le nom de Heteroderes alluaudi, en le

comparant a H. waltli Candéze, d’Obock, & cause de sa

rotondité et de la sailhe épincuse du milieu de la base du

pronotum.

Kn somme, Aeoloides senex Candéze (4¢ article des tarses

normal, obliquement tronqué, surtout les antérieurs, mais

non lamellé) ressemble assez a Heteroderes complanatus

Klug (4e article des tarses lamellé, les postérieurs faible-

ment). Sa forme générale est plus convexe, les taches

rougeatres des élytres analogues, aussi variables, moins

visibles. Pronotum plus grand et beaucoup moins rétréci

en avant; tubercule de la base plus saillant.

Loc. ALDABRA : 4 exemplaires, 1907 (Thomasset); Picard

* Heleroderes complanatus Klug, 1833, est a rayer de la faune qui

nous occupe ici. I] est abondamment répandu a Madagascar, dans

toute I'Ile, et y parait localisé.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1922.—PARTS II, IV. (FEB. ’23)

420 KE. Fleutiaux. Coleoptera :

I., i. 1909, 2 exemplaires (fryer); 1895 (Veeltzkow).

Farquuar AToLL: 4 exemplaires, 1905 (Gardiner) ; (Varuty,

Muséum Paris). Madagascar, nerd de Ve. Comores.

Forme typique primitive: Madagascar, Diégo—Suarez.

TRELASUS, N. g.

Oblong, peu convexe. Téte déprimée en avant; bord antéricur

arrondi et tranchant. Antennes courtes, dépassant peu la moitié

du pronotum, comprimées et dentées, élargies vers le bout, parcourues

dans la longueur par une caréne obtuse : 2° article trés petit, globu-

leux ; 3° plus long que le 4°; dernier ovale. Pronotum aussi long

que large a la base, graduellement rétréci et arrondi en avant,

brusquement et fortement déprimé a la base; angles postérieurs

longs, aigus, non divergents, bicarénés. Ecusson ovale. lytres

atténués et arrondis 4 lexirémité. Sutures prosternales sinuerses

et dédoublées. Saillie longue et effilée. Episternes métathoraciques

paralléles, de méme largeur que les épipleures des élytres. Hanches

postéricures peu ¢largies en dedans et subdentées. Dernier arceau

ventral atténué et arrondi au scmmet. Tarses plus courts que le

tibia correspondant et presque de la méme grosseur, subcylindriques,

garnis en dessous de poils raides serrés en brosse; griffes simples.

Voisin de #lastrus Candéze. Antexnes plus courtes,

carénées dans la longueur; 3¢ article be ucouD plus long

que le 2e; tarses sub ICY lindriques ; 4e article aussi €pais

que les autres. Ressemble aussi & certains Megapenthes

comme : epitrotus Candéze, de Singapour; angulosus et

emconditus Candéze, des Philippines, desquels il différe

Ee son front déprimé en avant et tranchant; ses antennes

a 3¢ article plus long que le 4e; ses tarses plus courts et

ciliés en dessous.

18. Trelasus antennalis, n. sp.

Long, 9 millim $. Brun rougedtre un peu ombré; pubescence

jaune, courte, peu apparente. Téte 4 ponctuation serrée, un peu

Fic. 6.—TZ'relasus antennalis, antenne.

rugueuse, Pronotum trés densement et profondément ponctué,

plus fortement sur le milieu. Elytres finement et légérement

pointillés, nettement et fortement ponctués-striés; interstries tout

Melasidae et Elateridae des Séchelles et des tiles voisines. 421

a fait plans. Dessous noiratre, & ponctuation forte et écartée sur

le propectus, plus fine et plus légére sur le métasternum et abdomen.

Pattes ferrugineuses; fémurs obscurs.

Loc, “SEYCHELLES: Praslin, found between the leaf-

bases ‘of a growing Coco-de- ae ene (Lodoicea) in the

Vallée de Mai, Cotes d’Or Estate, 28. xi. 1908; 1 specimen.”

Kvastrus Cand.

Evastrus Candéze, Mon. Elat., 11, 1859, pp. 416, 433;

Schwarz, in Wytsman, Gen. Ins., Elat., 1906, pp. 110,

P13.

Genre malgache établi sur 3 espéces: anchastinus,

tepidus et sardioderus; depuis 5 nouvelles de méme

provenance ont été décrites. Trois autres y ont été

lntroduites, mais il n’est pas certain qu’elles puissent y

rester, ce sont : dolosus Crotch, 1867, des Agores; flavipes

MacLeay, 1872, d’Australie; senegalensis Candéze, 1881,

du Sénégal.

19. Elastrus aldabrensis, n. sp.

Leng., 11 millim. Oblong, peu convexe; brun foncé assez

brillant, pubescence fauve. Téte large, arrondie en avant;

ponctuation peu serrée. Antennes brun clair, subcomprimées,

légérement dentées a partir du 4¢ article; 2¢ et 3° petits, subégaux.

Pronotum a peu prés aussi long que large, peu rétréci en avant, peu

convexe, déprimé a la base; ponctuation plus écartée que sur la

téte; angles postérieurs subaigus, non divergents, unicarénés.

Ecusson oblong, rétréci en arri¢re, ponctué. Elytres de la largeur

du pronotum, rétrécis et arrondis seulement au sommet, legérement

pointillés, ponctués-striés, plus fortement 4 la base. Dessous de

méme couleur, ponctué, plus légérement sur abdomen. Proster-

num étroit, subparalléle; saillie longue, étroite et effilée, sillonnée

sur les bords. Sutures prosternales canaliculées en avant. Epi-

sternes métathoraciques paralléles, un peu moins larges que les

épipleures des élytves. Hanches postérieures nulles en dehors,

brusquement et notablement élargies en dedans a angle droit.

Dernier arceau ventral arrondi. Pattes brun clair; tarses plus

minces au sommet.

Voism de LH. anchastinus Candéze; de Madagascar.

Forme plus courte, couleur plus foncée, aspect plus

brillant; hanches postérieures plus brusquement élargies.

Loc. ALDABRA : Takamaka, xii. 1908, 1 exemplaire (Fryer).

422 EK. Fleutiaux. Coleoptera :

MEGAPENTHES Kiesenw.

MEGAPENTHES Kiesenwetter, Nat. Ins. Deutschl. iv, 1858-

1863, pp. 229, 253; Candéze, Mon. Elat., 1, 1859,

pp. 416, 491; J. Duval, Gen. Col. Eur., im, 1859-

1863, pp. 138, 144; Schwarz, in Wytsman, Gen. Ins.,

Elat., 1906, pp. 110, 122.

Trichophorus | Mulsant et Godard, Opuse. Ent., 11, 1853,

p. 181 (non Serville, 1834) ; J. Duval, op. cit., pp. 136, 144.

Ce genre est actuellement un vaste magasin ot sont

entassées prés de 200 espéces originaires de tous les points

du globe, et dont beaucoup n’y sont pas a leur place.

fl a été fondé sur deux espéces européennes: later

lugens W. Redtenbacher, 1842, et Hlater tialis Boisduval

et Lacordaire, 1835.

La premiére, sans aucun doute, serait tout aussi bien,

sinon mieux, dans le genre TZrichophorus Mulsant et

Godard, 1853, avee T. gwillebeaw, dA Hurope méridionale,

génotype,* ainsi que quelques espéces américaines du nord,

qui ont également le front nettement séparé du labre par

le rebord antérieur de la téte entier, et les antennes com-

primées et dentées, avec les 2e et 3e articles petits, sub-

globuleux, subégaux.

La deuxiéme, M. tibialis, a un front tout différent;

terminé en pointe en avant au dessus d’un épistome large,

traversé au milieu par une cote caréniforme obtuse.

Antennes subcomprimées, presque filiformes, & 2e et de

articles petits, subégaux. Les hanches postérieures sont

semblables : élargies en dedans et anguleuses. Les tarses

également gréles et simples.

Les larves de ces deux espéces sont connues.

ESPECES.

Angles postérieurs du pronotum bicarénés — curtus Cand., p. 422.

Angles postérieurs du pronotum unicarénés difformis, n. sp., p. 423.

20. Megapenthes eurtus Cand.

Megapenihes curtus Candéze, C.R. Soc. Ent. Belg., 1878

(Elat. Nouv. ii), p. 186; Fleutiaux, Ann. Soc. Ent.

France, 1889, p. 142; Candéze, Cat. Méth. Elat.,

roots (pe Ole

* Considéré par Candéze, Mon. Elat., iv, 1863, p. 305, comme

Iudius Latreille, 1825 et 1834, génotype: Hlater ferrugineus Linné,

1758. Bord antérieur de la téte effacé au milieu.

Melasidae et Elateridae des Séchelles et des tles voisines. 423

Je n’ai pas vu dindividus du Siam, d’ott l’espéce a été

décrite, mais }’en connais de Cochinchine, de Poulo-Pinang,

de Pérak, de Singapour, de Bornéo, de Sumatra. Les

exemplaires des Séchelles sont plus noiratres. Schwarz

a omis de la mentionner dans le catalogue qui accompagne

son ‘‘ Genera” (Wytsman, Gen. Ins., Elat., 1906, p. 123).

Loc, ““ SEYCHELLES : Praslin, 1905, 1 specimen (Gardiner) ;

Mahé, low country, | specimen (Scott).”” Indochine, Malacea.

Sumatra. Bornéo. Forme typique primitive: Siam.

21. Megapenthes difformis, n. sp. (Pl. XX XIIT, figs. 2, 3,

3 et &.)

6. Long., 6 & 6 millim. 3. Allongé, convexe; brun-jaunatre

mat, avec la téte souvent et quelquefois le pronotum (sauf a ia base)

ou les élytres plus ou moins obscurcis; pubescence jaune peu serrée.

Téte large, convexe, fortement ponctuée; bord antérieur arrondi et

rebordé. Antennes minces, subfiliformes, atteignant la moitié

du corps; jaundtres; articles & peine épaissis au sommet: 2¢ trés

petit; 38° beaucoup plus long que le précédent, mais plus court que

le 4c. Pronotum une fois et demie plus long que large, graduclle-

ment et faiblement rétréci en avant, brusquement déprimé a la base;

ponctuation moins forte que sur la téte, bien nette, moins serrée,

presque effacée sur la partie déclive en arritre; angles postérieurs

non divergents, aigus, unicarénés. Kcusson acuminé. Elytres

insensiblement rétrécis en arri¢ére, arrondis au sommet, super-

ficiellement rugueux, fortement ponctués-striés. Dessous de méme

couleur, fortement ponctué. Episternes métathoraciques paralléles,

plus étroits que les épipleures des élytres. Hanches postérieures

peu élargies en dedans, dentées. Dernicr arceau ventral arrondi.

Pattez asses longues, jaune pale.

. Long.,74$49millim. Forme générale moins ¢troite. Antennes

et pattes plus courtes et plus minces.

Remarquable par la longueur du pronctum. Peut se

comparer a certaines formes de Madagascar, conime

M. flavescens Candéze, par exemple. Ou a des espéces

indiennes: M. lugubris Candéze, et M. crassus Fleutiaux,

pour les différences sexuelles; il est de couleur claire,

dune taille plus petite, et beaucoup moins rugueux. Sa

couleur jaunatre ou brunatre rappelle MV. éetricus Candéze,

d’Indochine, mais sa forme est plus étroite et surtout son

pronotum beaucoup plus allongé.

Loc. ALDABRA: Takamaka, x.—xi. 1908, 11 exemplaires

(Fryer).

424 i. Fleutianx. Coleoptera :

MELANOXANTHUS Cast.

MELANOXANTHUS Castelnau, in Silbermann, Rev. Ent.,

iv, 1836, tabl. p. 4; Candéze, Mon. Hlat., ii, 1859, pp.

416, 510; Schwarz, in Wytsman, Gen. Ins., Elat., 1906,

pp. 110, 126.

Elater { Lacordaire, Gen. Col., iv, 1857, p. 187, pars, note 1

(non Linné, 1758).

Il est difficile de trouver une démarcation précise entre

les Melanoxanthus et les Megapenthes. Candéze lui-

méme traduit son embarras & ce sujet dans le 3e fascicule

des “ Elatérides nouveaux,” 1881, p. 70 (Observation).

Tlena été décrit un nombre égal d’éspéces, toutes tropicales,

aussi disparates que celles du genre A/egapenthes.

Génotype : Hlater melanocephalus, Kabricius.

ESPECES.

Taille moyenne (7 millimétres environ) :

Couleur jaune dominante. Elytres tronqués

au sommet . . . . « ~~ melanocephalus Fabr., p. 424.

Couleur noire dominante. Elytres entiers

AUSOMMED py Pe ee ei sy ede Aber, SRSUIATIS OED. Dep:

Taille petite (4 millimétres environ) :

Ponctuation du pronotum ronde, ombiliquée,

trés, serrée, j./ 02 yie Viet ses fe 58), frmolus Cand.. py 426;

Ponctuation du pronotum non ombiliquée,

assez écarhée.. cys 2. 0s). say oo np Spverulus Cand.,.p.421,

22. Melanoxanthus melanocephalus (Fabr.).

Elater melanocephalus Fabricius, Spec. Ins., i, 1781, p.

272; Thunberg, Nov. Ins. Sp., i, 1784, p. 63; Fabricius,

Mant. Ins., 1, 1787, p. 174; Olivier, Ent., Col., ii, 1790,

no. 31, p. 41, t. 4, fig. 36a, b; Fabricius, Ent. Syst., i, 2,

1792, p. 229; ad., Syst. Eleuth., ii, 1801, p. 239; Herbst,

Kaf., x, 1806, p. 111, t. 168, fig. 10, 100.

Melanoxanthus melanocephalus Germar, Zeitschr. Ent., v,

1844, p. 191; Candéze, Mon. Elat., ii, 1859, p. 512,

t. 7, fig. 12, 12a; Gerstaecker, Arch. Nat., 1871, p. 54;

id., Glied. Fauna Sansib., 1873, p. 148; Candéze, C.R.

Soc. Ent. Belg., 1875, p. 123; 2ad., Ann. Mus. Genova,

1878, p. 125; ad., op. cit., 1880, p. 194; Fleutiaux, Ann.

Soc, Ent, France, 1889, p. 143; Kiinckel d’Herculais,

Melasidae et Elateridae des Séchelles et des tles voisines. 425

in Grandidier, Hist. Madag., xxii, Col. ii, Atlas (1887)

1891, t. 36, fig. 6; Candéze, Ann. Mus. Genova, 1891,

p. 777; 2d., Cat. Méth. Elat., 1891, p. 99; sd., Ann.

Soc. Ent. Belg., 1895, p. 64; Alluaud, in Grandidier,

Hist. Madag., xxi, 1900, p. 217; Fleutiaux, Bull.

Soc. Hint. France, 1903, p. 13; Schwarz, in Wytsman,

Gen. Ins., Elat., 1906, p. 127, no. 1; Kolbe, Mitt.

Zool. Mus. Berlin, v, 1910, p. 26; Fleutiaux, Ann.

Soc. Ent. France, 1911, p. 476; ad., op. cit. 1918, p.

221; ad., Bull. Mus. Paris, 1918, p. 217; 2d., in Alluaud

et Jeannel, Voy. Afr. orient., Elat., 1919, p. 69.

Cette espéce, trés commune partout sous les tropiques,

n’a pas été recueillie par la Percy Sladen Trust Expedition,

Loc. Toutes les régions tropicales universelles.. Zanzi-

bar. Madagascar. Mascareignes. Comores. Séchelles

(Mahé, 1892, Alluaud). Forme typique primitive ; Indes

orientales,

23. Melanoxanthus insuiaris, n. sp.

Long., 7 millim. +. Allongé, atténué, peu convexe; noir brillant,

avec l’extréme base du pronotum et des élytres jaune, pubescence

obscure. Téte abaissée en pointe vers le labre, non rebordée en

avant, densement ponctuée. Epistome transversal, rétréci au

milieu par la pointe avancée du bord antérieur de la téte. Labre

arrondi, ferrugineux, ponctué. Antennes ne dépassant pas la base

du prothorax, d’un brun noiratre, avec les trois premiers articles

ferrugineux, peu comprimées et légérement dentées a partir du 4°

article; 2¢ trés petit; 3° plus long que le 2° et plus court que le 4°.

Pronotum plus long que large, peu rétréci en avant, sinué sur les

cétés, peu convexe, fortement et brusquement déprimé & la base,

sillonné au milieu postéricurement; ponctuation plus grosse et

moins serrée gue sur la téte, plus forte en arri¢re; angles postéricurs

longs, aigus, non divergents, unicarénés. Ecusson cblong, ponctué.

Elytres plus étroits que le pronotum, atténués en arricre, arrondis

au sommet, un peu rugueux a la base, ponctués-striés, plus légére-

ment vers lextrémité. Dessous noir avec le bord antérieur du

propectus et ses angles postérieurs rougedtres. Prosternum

étroit, rétréci en arriére, 4 ponctuation peu serrée; saillie longue,

trés étroite et paralléle. Propleures 4 ponctuation plus grosse,

plus écartée, s’eflagant en arriére. Episternes métathoraciques

paralléles, moins larges que les épipleures des élytres. Métasternum

et abdomen & ponctuation peu serrée. Hanches postérieures

élargies en dedans, subanguleuses. Abdomen atténué; dernier

426 H, Fleutiaux. Coleoptera :

arceau ventral arrondi, Pattes jaune clair; tarses minces, les

postérieurs plus longs que le tibia correspondant.

Par sa forme allongée et atténuée, il rappelle MW. cuneolus

Schwarz, de Sumatra et de Bornéo. Sa taille est plus

grande, son pronotum sinué latéralement, ses élytres

rougeatres seulement a leur extréme base.

foc, “SEYCHELLES: Silhouette, Mare aux Cochons

plateau or forest immediately above, over 1000 feet,

1908, 1 specimen.”

24. Melanoxanthus frivolus Cand.

Melanoxanthus frivolus Candéze, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg.,

1900 (Elat. Nouv., vii), p. 90 (posthume).

Le type de Candéze, que j’ai pu examiner grace & Vobli-

geance de M. Severin, Conservateur du Musée de Bruxelles,

a les élytres presque entiérement jaunatres; probablement

est-ce un cas dimmaturité? La description quil en

donne est sommaire; je la compléte sur les exemplaires

des Séchelles qui lui sont absolument conformes, a cela

prés qu’en général les élytres sont noirs, excepté & langle

humeéral.® ‘ Tls me paraissent représenter la forme définitive.*

Long., 4 4 4 millim. 3; larg.,1 41 millim }. Téte noire, un peu

rougeatre en avant; ponctuation ombiliquée serrée. Antennes

avec les trois premiers articles ferrugineux, les autres noirs. Pro.

notum noir, plus long que large, peu rétréci en avant, convexe,

déprimé a la base; ponctuation ombiliquée serrée; angles pos-

térieurs jaune pale, aigus, non divergents, unicarénés. Elytres

noirs avec une tache jaune pale aux épaules, rugueux a la base,

finement pointillés au dela, fortement ponctués-striés. Dessous

noir, sauf aux angles postérieurs des propleures. Pattes jaune flave.

Quelquefois les élytres sont presque entiérement jaunitres

(forme typique de Candéze), mais c’est l'exception.

Kspéce omise par Schwarz dans le catalogue de son

“Genera.”

* Je posscde, également de Timor, un individu que je considére

comme un co-type; @autant quwil porte une étiquette de la main

de Candéze: “* Melanox. frivolus, n. sp., Cdz.” Ses élytres sont

noiratres d’une teinte enfumée intermédiaire. Cet insecte lui a été

communiqué par moi pendant la derniére année de sa vie, en 1898,

en’méme temps que d’autres Hlatérides.

Melasidae et Elateridae des Séchelles et des @les voisines. 427

Loc. “SrYcHELLES: Silhouette, Mahé, Praslin. Sil-

houette: Mare aux Cochons plateau or forest 1mmedi-

ately above, ix. 1908. Mahé: Cascade Kstate, about

1000 feet, x. 1908-iii. 1909. Praslin: Cétes d’Or Estate,

xi. 1908; Il specimen. 24 examples in all.” Form typique

primitive : Timor.

25. Melanoxanthus puerulus Cand.

Melanoxanthus puerulus Candéze, Notes Leyd. Mus., xx,

1898, p. 64; Schwarz, in Wytsman, Gen. Ins., Elat.,

1906, p. 129, no. 125.

Décrit des Iles de Lutungan et de Lombok (Archipel

asiatique). Je le posséde également de Célébes. Peut-

étre faut-il le rapporter a M. flavidus Candéze, 1878, de

Malacca, plus anciennement connu? Comme le dit

Pauteur, ’espéce varie en ce sens que la couleur flave des

taches des élytres envahit plus au moins leur surface qui

devient parfois entiérement jaune. Cette derni¢re forme

constitue la variété suivante.

Var. eribricollis Fleut.

Melanoxanthus cribricollis Fleutiaux, Bull. Soc. Ent.

France, 1903, p. 14; Schwarz, in Wytsman, Gen.

Ins., Hlat., 1906, p. 129, no. 6; Kolbe, Mitt. Zool.

Mus. Berlin, v, 1910, p. 26.

Décrit comme espéce sur un unique individu pris aux

Séchelles (La Digue) par Alluaud (Type : Museum Paris).

Loc, SEYCHELLES, AMIRANTES, CHAGOS.

“Seychelles : Silhouette, Mahé, Long I., Anonyme I., La _

Digue. Silhouette : low country, including some specimens

beaten from flowers of Tournefortia argentea on the beach

at Grande Barbe, viii. 1908. Mahé: low country near

Port Glaud, xi. 1908, ete. Long I, vii. 1908. Anonyme L.,

1. 1909. Like Cardiophorus lutosus (see p. 415) this is one

of the species found among the flowers and foliage of the

wild trees (e. g. Scaevola, Tournefortia, Calophyllum, etc.)

which fringe the coasts in many places.” La Digue : 1892

(Alluaud). Amirantes: Poivre f., 10. x. 1905, 2 exemplaires

(Gardiner). Chagos: Peros Banhos Atoll, 25. vii. 1905, 1

exemplaire (Gardiner). Forme typique primitive: Iles de

Lutungan et de Lombok.

428 K. Fleutiaux. Coleoptera :

V. DICREPIDINAE.

PsepHus Cand.

Psephus * Candéze, Mon, Elat., 11, 1859, pp. 9 , 19; Schwarz,

in Wytsman, Gen. Ins., Elat., 1906, pp. GL, 79.

Le genre est composé de 172 espéces environ, presque

toutes africaines; quelques-unes seulement habitent

V’Indo-Malaisie. Une seule se rencontre & la fois sur le

continent Africain, & Nossi-Bé et aux Comores.} Enfin

la suivante est propre aux Séchelles.

26. Psephus alluaudi Fleut.

Psephus alluaudi Weutiaux, Buil. Soc. Ent. France, 1903,

p. 13; Kolbe, Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin, v, 1910, p. 26.

Espéce décrite sur un unique exemplaire pris par Alluaud

a Mahé des Séchelles (Type : Museum Paris).

Long., 94 & 13 millim. Bord antérieur de la téte saillant, peu

éloigné du labre. Sutures prosternales canaliculées tout a fait

enavant. Hanches postérieures sinueuses. Deuxiéme et troisiéme

articles des tarses longuement et largement lamellés.

Dans la description originale, je lai comparé enw a

ineptus Candéze, Wd’ Afrique orientale, Depuis, j’ai recu

die philippinensis Candéze, anquel ; il ressemble davantage.

Il en différe cependant par le 3e article des antennes

subégal au suivant; le pronotum un peu moins long,

moins convexe, ses angles postérieurs non divergents.

Omis par Schwarz dans le catalogue de son “‘ Genera.”

Loc. “ StycHELLEs : Mahé, Praslin. Mahé, 4 specimens ;

near Morne Blane, about 1000 feet, x.—x1. 1908, mn Caseade

Kstate, about 1000 feet, 1.1969. Prasln: 1905, 5 examples

(Gardiner): xi, 1908, Cotes d’Or Kstate, 1 ‘specimen.’

Mahé, “ auf Kulturboden ” (Brauer). Mahé, 1892 (Alluaud).

Forme typique primitive: Mahé des Séchelles.

* Le nom de Psephus (MacLeay) employé par Kirby et Spence,

Introd. Knt., ii, 1826, p. 678, comme s’appliquant & un coléoptere-

lamellicorne (Melolontha chrysomeloides Schrank), nea pas été

décrit. Quoiqwil en soit, il est synonyme d’Ochodacus, genre

fondé antérieurement par Serville, Encycl. Mé ihbal, Ims'.) x. all§2h,

p- 360, pour Ja méme espéce (chr ysomelinus Fabr icius),

t Psephus bucculatus Candéze, 1859,

ine

Melasidae et Elateridae des Séchelles et des tles voisines. 429

VI. PACHYDERINAE.

Le nom de Pachyderinae doit remplacer celui de Eudac-

tylinae employé jusqu’a présent: Hudactylus Sallé, 1855 *

étant primé par Pachyderes Guérin, 1829.

TABLEAU DES GENRES.

Taille moyenne (14 millimétres). Antennes com-

primées. Angles postérieurs du pronotum

divergents. Premier article des tarses postérieurs

moins long que les autres ensemble . GONODYRUS, nN. g., p.

Taille petite (4 millimétres). Antennes filiformes.

Angies postérieurs du pronotum non divergents.

Premier article des tarses postérieurs aussi long

que les autres réunis . . . . DACTYLOSIMUS, n. g., p. 430.

GONODYRUS, Nn. g.

Allongé, subparalléle, peu convexe. Téte petite, arrondie en

avant; bord antérieur tranchant; épistome horizontal, paralléle.

Labre petit. Mandibules courtes et robustes. Antennes ne

dépassant pas la base du prothorax, trés comprimées et élargies

vers le bout: 2° article petit; suivants beaucoup plus longs et

graduellement élargis; dernier oblong. Pronotum aussi long que

large, convexe au milieu, sinué sur les cdtés; angles postérieurs

courts, aigus, trés divergents, subcarénés au milieu. Ecusson

oblong. Elytres relativement longs, arrondis a l’extrémité, profon-

dément ponctués-striés. Prosternum paralléle, de la méme largeur

que les propleures a la moitié de leur longueur ; saillie longue, paralléle.

Sutures droites, sillonnées dans toute leur longueur. Episternes

métathoraciques paralléles, un peu moins larges que les épipleures

des élytres. Hanches postérieures trés peu et graduellement élargies

en dedans. Dernier arceau ventral triangulaire, terminé en pointe

arrondie, Pattes minces; premier article des tarses postérieurs

aussi long que les trois suivants réunis; 2e et 3¢ triangulaires,

fendus au milieu au sommet, le 3° un peu plus large; 4° également

large, triangulaire, largement évidé en dessus dans toute sa longueur

pour recevoir le suivant; 5° mince, épaissi au sommet, dépassant

le précédent de la moitié de sa longueur; grifies simples.

* Kn outre, je propose de changer en Tyleudacus, le nom de;

Eudactylus { Sallé (non Fitzinger, Reptile),

430 EK. Fieutiaux. Coleoptera :

Se rapproche de Melanthoides Candéze, par la confor-

mation des tarses; if s’en distingue toutefois par le bord

antérieur de la téte moins saillant, les antennes comprimées,

les sutures prosternales paralléles et sillonnées, la saillie

également paralléle, les hanches postérieures graduelle-

ment et faiblement élargies en dedans. A un peu laspect

extérieur de certains Dorygonus Candéze.

27. Gonodyrus tarsalis, n. sp.

Long., 14 millim. 3. Enticrement noir peu brillant. Téte peu

convexe, densement et fortement ponctuée, rugueuse en avant.

CN a ee ee

Fia. 7.—Gonodyrus tarsalis, antenne.

Pronotum fortement et densement ponctué. Elytres rugueux, pro-

fondément ponctués-striés. Dessous plus finement ponctué, trés

légérement sur le métasternum et surtout sur abdomen.

Loc. ‘‘ StyCHELLES: Silhouette, Mare aux Cochons, ix.

1908; 1 specimen (Gardiner).”

DACTYLOSIMUS, N. g.

Oblong, elliptique. Téte peu convexe en avant, arrondie et

rebordée. Antennes filiformes, dépassant la base du prothorax (3),

ou plus courtes (2); 3° article plus long que le 2° et moins long que

le 4%. Pronotum plus long que large, peu rétréci en avant, peu

convexe, déprimé en arricre; angles postéricurs non divergents,

non carénés. Ecusson oblong. Elytres ovales, convexes, atténués

et séparément arrondis au sommet. Sutures prosternales trés fine-

ment rebordées. Saillie longue et effilée, abaissée au dela des hanches

antérieures. Cavité mésosternale horizontale, 4 bords simples.

Kpisternes métathoraciques parallcles, plus étroits que les épipleures

des ¢lytres. Hanches postérieures obliques, graduellement rétrécies

en dehors, contigués au milieu sur toute leur largeur. Abdomen

atténué, légérement comprimé; dernier arceau arrondi. Pattes

minces; premicr article des tarses postérieurs aussi long que tous

les autres ensemble; 2° de la longueur des deux suivants réunis;

3° triangulaire, creusé en dessus; 4° court, également creusé en

dessus et dilaté en dessous; ongles petits,

Melasidae et Elateridae des Séchelles et des les voisines. 431

Par la conformations les tarses, ce genre se rapproche de

Melanthoides et Simodactylus Candéze.

23. Dastylosimus dorsalis, n. sp. (PL XXXII, fig. 4.)

Long., 4 4 4 millim. }. Noir varié de jaune; pubescence jaune

assez longue. Téte plus ou moins jaune sur la partie antérieure;

ponctuation large trés superficielle, nettement ombiliquée. An-

tennes plus ou moins obscures, jaundtres a la base. Pronctum

jaunatre aux angles antérieurs et postcrieurs sur une étendue variable

couvrant quelquefois les bords latéraux; ponctué comme la téte et

terne comme elle. Elytres peu brillants, jaunes a la base, largement

bordés latéralement d’une bande de méme couleur parfois inter-

rompue dans la moitié postérieure; fortement ponctués-striés ;

interstries pointillés. Dessous également noir varié de jaune.

Pattes jaune pale.

Récolté en abondance.

Loc. SEYCHELLES: Silhouette, Mahé.

“ Silhouette : Mare aux Cochons or forest immediately

above, over 1000 feet, 2 specimens, ix. 1908. Mahé: high

forests of Morne Blanc and Morne Pilot, a long series,

including a number from the damp forest at the summit

of the latter mountain, over 2000 feet, xi. 1908; country

above Port Glaud, 500-1000 feet, 5. xi. 1908, 1 example;

forest between Trois Fréres and Morne Seychellois, 1500-

2000 feet, x1. 1908; slopes of Morne Seychellois, about

2000 feet, i. 1909; forest above Cascade, 1000-2000 feet;

Mare aux Cochons district, 1500-2000 feet, iii. 1909.

There are 58 examples in all, collected exclusively in the

forests at high altitudes, up to the highest and dampest

zones of forest : only two specimens were got in Silhouette

in August and September, but from October to February

the insect was abundant in the high forests of Mahé.

Dacetylosimus dorsalis, Conoderus gracilipes, and C. dim-

diaticollis, were all obtained in large numbers in the endemic

mountain-forests by beating and sweeping feliage of low

trees and bushes.”

VII. PHYSORHININAE.

PoRTHMIDIUS Germ.

Portumipius Germar, Fauna Ins. Hur., xxiv, 1848, p. 7;

Candéze, Mon. rete i. 1859, pp. 387, 395; J. Duval,

Gen. Col. Hur., , 1859- 1863, pp. 138, 144: Schwarz,

in Wytsman, icok Ins., Elat., 1905, pp. 131, 132.

432 K. Fleutiaux. Coleoptera :

Anchastus Leconte, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., x, 1853,

pp. 422, 459; Lacordaire, Gen. Col., iv, 1857, pp. 167,

176.

Crepidotritus Leconte, Classif. Col. N. Am., 1861, p. 167.

Eiater Lacordaire, op. cit., p. 171, pars.

Bord antérieur de la téte caréné, éloigné du labre. Epistome

assez large. Antennes subfiliformes; 3° article plus court que le 4°.

Hanches postérieures brusquement et notablement élargies en

dedans. 'Troisiéme article des tarses lamellé; 4° trés petit.

Parmi les 130 espéces placés dans le genre Anchastus par

Candéze, par Schwarz et par moi-méme, un certain nombre

devront faire partir du genre Porthnudius. D’autres a

commencer par l’espéce européenne aculicornis Germar,*

correspondent au genre Brachycrepis Leconte, 1853 (An-

tennes dentées; 3e¢ article égal ou plus long que le 4e),

Champion déja en a distrait quelques espéces de petite

taille de ’ Amérique intertropicale, qui sont entrées dans

son genre Anchastomorphus, 1895. Candezella Szombathy,

1910, est, je pense, une forme sous-générique de Porthmidius,

particuliére & la Nouvelle-Guinée.

ESPECES.

Ponctuation du pronotum trés superficielle et

CCArbEC. Rsk a is i, Seay ci LOVESCE MS ln Sone on hate

Ponctuation du pronotum assez profonde et

BS80Z BEIT6G .). 4, s) 2, 2, «= ~ SOllATIUS, N.Sp.,.p.400.

29. Porthmidius flaveseens, n. sp.

Long., 35 a 5 millim. 3. Oblong, peu convexe; brun-jaunatre

plus ou moins clair, parfois obscurci sur les élytres, sauf & l’extréme

base ; peu brillant ; pubescence jaune pale assez longue. Téte étroite,

arrondie et rebordée en avant; ponctuation trés superficielle, om-

biliquée, peu serrée. Epistome moins long que le labre. Antennes

atteignant la moitié du corps,.ou plus courtes (2), fines, subfiliformes,

enti¢rement jaune pale ou enfumées a partir du 4° article; 3¢ plus

long que le 2¢ et plus court que le 4%. Pronotum aussi long que

large, peu rétréci en avant, légérement arrondi sur Jes cétés, peu

convexe, déprimé a la base, marqué de deux impressions légéres sur

le bord postérieur, prés des angles; ponctuation large et trés super-

ficielle, peu serrée, ombiliquée sur la partie antéricure, simple et

écartée vers la base; angles postérieurs aigus, non divergents,

* Kiesenwetter, Nat. Ins. Deutschl., 1858-1863, p. 350; J. Duval,

Gen. Col. Hur., iii, 1859-1863, p. 137.

Melasidae et Elateridae des Séchelles et des tles voisines. 433

unicarénés tout prés du bord latéral; bord externe entierement

caréné. Ecusson oblong, subarrondi, ponctué. Elytres peu con-

vexes, de la largeur du pronotum a la base, arrondis et rétrécis

dans la partie postérieure, fortement ponctués-striés; interstries

pointillés. Dessous de méme couleur. Propectus éparsement

ponectué. Prosternum trés peu rétréci 4 la base; sutures simples,

Iégérement arquées. Métasternum et abdomen éparsement ponctués.

Episternes métathoraciques paralléles, aussi larges que les épipleures

des élytres. Hanches postérieures trés fortement élargies en dedans,

nulles en dehors. Dernier arceau ventral triangulaire, arrondi au

sommet. Pattes enticrement jaune pale.

Peut se comparer & P. (Anchastus) sericeus Candéze,

répandu dans toute la région indo-malaise. Mais la

ponctuation variolée de la téte et du pronotum est trés

particuliére; les angles postérieurs du pronotum sont

unicarénés, tandis qu ils sont bicarénés dans Vespéce de

Candéze.

Loc. SEYCHELLES: Mahé, Félicité, Marie Anne.

“Mahé: forest at summit of Morne Blanc, nearly 2000

feet, 24. x. 1908, 1 example; Mare aux Cochons district,

1500-2000 feet, i... 1909; forest above Cascade, 1000-2000

feet, ii. 1909. Félicité: from forest, xu. 1908, 1 speci-

men. Marie Anne: from forest, 3. xu. 1908, 3 examples.

There are 14 specimens in all; as the records show, this

species occurred not only in the high, damp, endemic

forests of Mahé, but also in the much drier type of forest,

composed largely of different species of trees, near sea-level

on Félicité and Marie Anne.”

20. Porthmidius solitarius, n. sp.

Long., 7 millim. Oblong, peu convexe; brunatre, pubescence

jaune pale, assez Jongue. 'Téte arrondie et rebordée en avant, peu

convexe; ponctuation ombiliquée, nette, assez serrée. Antennes

subfiliformes, dun brun jaunatre. Pronotum a peu prés aussi long

que large, arrondi sur les cOtés, rétréci en avant, peu convexe,

déprimé a la base; ponctuation ombiliquée bien marquée et assez

serrée en avant, simple et plus écartée en arricre; angles postéricurs

aigus, non divergents, unicarénés tout pres du bord latéral; bord

externe entiérement caréné. Ecusson oblong, finement ponctué.

Klytres peu convexes, de la méme largeur que le pronotum a la

base, arrondis et rétrécis dans la partie postérieure, fortement

ponctués-striés; interstries pointillés. Dessous de méme couleur,

Pattes jaune pale; tarses un peu rougeatres.

43.4 HK. Fleutiaux. Coleoptera :

Méme forme et méme coloration que le précédent; plus

grand; ponctuation de la téte mieux marquée; celle du

pronotum plus profonde et plus serrée; stries des élytres

plus profondes.

Loc. ‘‘ SEYCHELLES : Silhouette, Mare aux Cochons, ix.

1908; 1 example.”

VIII. CONODERINAE.

Le nom de Conoderinae doit étre substitué a celui de

Monocrepidiinae; le genre Conoderus ayant été décrit avant

Monocrepidius.

Conoprrus Eschsch.

ConopeERus Eschscholtz, in Thon, Ent. Archiv., 11, 1, 1829,

p. 3l.

Monocrepipius Eschscholtz, op. cit., p. 31, pars ; Lacordaire,

Gen. Col., iv, 1857, pp. 167, 177, pars; Candéze, Mon.

Hlat., 1, 1859, pp. 180, 187; Schwarz, in Wytsman,

Gen. Ins., Elat., 1906, pp. 89, 93.

Ce genre nombreux comprend prés de 350 espéces

répandues dans les pays chauds, principalement dans

VPAmérique du Sud et dans lAustralie. Il est de ceux qui

appellent une révision nécessitée par la grande diversité de

formes qu'il contient & Vheure actuelle. Les genres Dory-

gonus Candéze, 1859, et Phedomenus Candéze, 1889, tous

deux particuliers & Madagascar, apparaissent comme une

subdivision locale du genre Conoderus.

ESPECES.

Ponctuation du pronotum assez forte, nette et

profonde (5.00 38 ae ee COTeetl pes, mi Spams

Ponctuation du pronotwm extrémement fine, a

peine distincte, et écartée . . . dimidiaticollis, n. sp., p. 435.

31. Conoderus gracilipes, n. sp. (Pl. XX XIII, fig. 5.)

Long., 444 5 millim. ?. Allongé et convexe; jaune maculé de

noir, pubescence jaune. ‘Téte variant du jaune au noir, peu convexe,

densement ponctué; bord antérieur arrondi, rebordé et saillant.

Epistome assez large. Labre noir, transverse, arrondi, bombé,

ponctué. Antennes ne dépassant pas la base du prothorax, fili-

formes, jaunes & la base, plus ou moins noirdtres au dela du 4:

article; 2° petit; 3° un peu plus long; 4° aussi long que les

deux précédents réunis; suivants subégaux. Pronotum plus long

que large, convexe, subparalléle, trés peu rétréci en avant; noiratre

Melasidae et Elateridae des Séchelles et des tiles voisines. 435

ou noir, plus ou moins jaune sur les bords, sillonné au milieu en

arriére; ponctuation moins grosse et moins serrée que sur la téte;

angles postérieurs aigus, non divergents, carénés. Ecusson triangu-

laire, noir ou jaunatre, finement ponctué. Elytres allongés, a peine

aussi larges que le pronotum, convexes, conjointement arrondis au

sommet, finement rugueux, fortement ponctués-striés ; normalement

jaunes, avec la suture en partie, une tache subhumérale, une autre

au dessous de la moitié et une derniére avant lextrémité, noires;

ces taches disparaissent parfois partiellement ou s’étendent plus ou

moins, au point de couvrir presque toute la surface. Dessous

jaune ou noiradtre. Prosternum étroit, paralléle, légérement ponctueé ;

sailliie longue et effilée. Sutures fines. Propleures parsemés de

gros points. Métasternum a ponctuation fine et serrée au milieu,

plus grosse et moins dense sur les cétés. Episternes rétrécis en

arricre. Epipleures des élytres paralléles, plus larges que les

épisternes. Hanches postérieures étroites, peu élargies en dedans,

légérement anguleuses. Abdomen 4 ponctuation fine au milieu, un

peu plus grosse sur les c6tés; dernier arceau ventral triangulaire,

arrondi au sommet. Pattes fines, d’un jaune trés pale; 4° article

des tarses prolongé en dessous; ongles petits et simples.

Ressemble a C. (Monocrepidius) minusculus Schwarz, de

Sumatra, Bornéo, Philippines. Taille plus grande; prono-

tum plus convexe, moins rétréci en avant, sans tache sur

le disque; taches des élytres mreux marquées, celle du

milieu placée plus bas.

Tl en a été recueilli de nombreux exemplaires.

Loc. SEYCHELLES : Silhouette, Mahé.

“Silhouette: near Mont Pot-a-eau, about 1500 feet,

vill, 1908; Mare aux Cochons and forest above, over 1000

feet, ix. 1908. Mahé: found between October 1908 and

February 1909 fairly generally distributed in the forests

between 1000 and 2000 feet; Morne Blanc, Mare aux

Cochons district, and Cascade. Forty examples in all, ex-

clusively from the endemic forests at high altitudes (see note

under Dactylosumus dorsalis, p. 431). One specimen, from

the forest above the Silhouette Mare aux Cochons, was

bred from a stick of an endemic tree, the ‘ Bilimbi marron’

(Colea pedunculata).”

32. Conoderus dimidiaticollis, n. sp. (Pl. XX XIII, fig. 6.)

Long., 3 4 4 millim. Allongé, atténué en arriére; peu brillant.

Téte noiratre, convexe, sinuée ct rebordée en avant, trés finement

et éparsement pointillée. Epistome jaune, plus étroit que le labre.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1922.—PaRTs III, IV. (FEB. 23) GG

436 EK. Fleutiaux. Coleoptera: Melasidae et Elateridae.

Celui-ci également jaune, arrondi. Antennes atteignant a peu

prés la base du prothorax, moniliformes, noiratres au milieu, jaunes

a la base et au sommet; 3¢ article plus long que le 2¢ et plus court

que le 4°. Pronotum assez grand, plus long que large, a peine

rétréci en avant, légérement sinué sur les cétés, peu convexe, déprimé

en arri¢re; noir dans la partie antérieure, jaune a la base, sillonné

au milieu en arricre; ponctuation trés fine et écartée; angles

postérieurs déprimés, non divergents, aigus, non carénés. Ecusson

subtriangulaire. Elytres peu convexes, brusquement déprimés a la

base, aussi larges en avant que le pronotum, atténués en arri€re,

arrondis au sommet, jaunes, noiratres aux épaules et a lextrémité,

ponctués-striés; interstries finement pointillés. Dessous jaune

maculé de noir sur la partie antéricure des propleures et le pourtour

de labdomen. Propectus presque lisse ou légérement pointillé.

Prosternum rétréci en arriére; saillie longue et effilée. Sutures

fines, sinuées. Propleures sillonnées au milieu en avant. Episternes

métathoraciques faiblement rétrécis en arricre. Epipleures des

élytres paralléles, plus larges que les épisternes. Hanches pos-

térieures sinuées, rétrécies en dehors. Métasternum et abdomen

convexes, éparsement pointillés. Dernier arceau ventral arrondi.

Pattes fines, jaune pale.

La femelle est plus robuste.

Kspece de coloration assez variable: tantot entiérement

jaune pale; tant6t avec la téte, la suture des élytres dans

la premiére moitié et leurs bords externes en arriére, ainsi

que leur extrémité, noiratres.

Récolté en grand nombre.

Loc. SEYCHELLES : Silhouette, Mahé.

‘Silhouette : high forest above Mare aux Cochons, about

1500-2000 feet, ix. 1908, 5 specimens. Mahé: found

between October 1908 and March 1909 abundantly in the

forests, between about 1000 and 2000 feet: Morne Blanc

and Morne Pilot; behind Trois Fréres; above Cascade;

and Mare aux Cochons district, where a particularly long

series (about 56 specimens) was collected, 26. 1-2. 11. 1909.

Kighty-one examples ‘in all, exclusively from the damp

endemic forests at high elevations (see note under Dactylo-

simus dorsalis, p. 431).”

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXIII.

[See Explanation facing the PLaTE.}

Fic.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXIII.

Prolycaon lengicornis, gen. et sp. nov. (Seychelles), x 13.

. Megapenthes difformis, sp. nov. (Aldabra) 3g, x 9.

39 bed 29 29 2. x 9.

. Dactylosimus dorsalis, gen. et sp. nov. (Seychelles) g, x 11.

. Conoderus gracilipes, sp. nov. (Seychelles), < 10.

. Conoderus dimidiaticollis, sp. nov. (Seychelles) J, x 14.

Trans. Fint. Soc. Lond., 7922. Plate XXXIII.

itiss OF Tassart, del. Revd, Litho. Edin.

MELASID AND ELATERIDA! FROM THE SEYCHELLES AND ALDABRA.

(4373

» XVI. On the Larva and Pupa of the Genus Sabatinca

(Order Lepidoptera, Family Micropterygidae). By

R. J. Trttyarp, M.A., Sc.D.(Cantab.), D.Sc.(Sydney),

C.M.Z.S., F.L.S., F.E.S., Entomologist and Chief of

the Biological Department, Cawthron Institute,

Nelson, N.Z.

(Read October 18th, 1922.)

(PLATE XXXIV, TExtT-Ficures 1-4).

Tue Lepidoptera Homoneura at the present time contain

no less than seven families, divisible into two superfamilies

as follows :—

Superfamily MICROPTERYGOIDEA :—Microptery-

gidae, Eriocraniidae and Mnesarchaeidae.

Superfamily HEPIALOIDEA :—Hepialidae, — Proto-

theroidae, Anomosetidae and Palaeosetidae.

Of these, the life-histories of only the Eriocraniidae and

Hepialidae are known at all fully. The late Dr. T. A.

Chapman, F.R.S., repeatedly reared the larvae of Micro-

pteryx, but never succeeded in getting them to pupate, so

that the pupa of this family remains unknown to the present

day. (See these Transactions, 1894, pp. 335-344 and

pl. vi.)

While working on the Micropterygoidea in 1918, I got

into touch with Mr. Alfred Philpott, F.K.S., then living at

Invercargill, N. Z., and told him that it was probable that

the larvae of Sabatinca were moss-feeders, as Dr. Chapman

had succeeded in getting species of Micropteryx to oviposit

on moss, and the larvae evidently fed on it. Mr. Philpott

had been studying the habits of a species of Sabatinca near

his home (S. barbarica Philp.), and at once became interested

in this question. He sent me a large consignment of damp

moss collected from the place where the adults had been

observed resting. This was searched through most care-

fully, but no larvae were found init. About the same time,

Mr. Philpott wrote to me as follows :—

“Last year, while examining moss for early stages of

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1922.—-PARTS III, IV. (FEB. 23)

438 Dr. R. J. Tillyard on

Sabatinca, I found what I supposed to be a beetle larva. I

put it aside and had almost forgotten it when, on re-reading

one of your letters, I noticed your remark that the

Palaeontinidae (Jurassic fossil Lepidoptera) were supposed

to be closely related to the Limacodidae. Now the little

larva referred to is somewhat of the Limacodid type. It

has the characteristic spines which some of that family

have; the prolegs are absent or vestigial; the thoracic

legs feeble, and the head (apparently) retractile. We have

no Limacodidae in N. Z.; therefore the larva may possibly

be that of Sabatinca. I am sending it to you, and expect

you will tell me it is the larva of a Malacoderm beetle or

some other common thing.”

The larva (in spirit) duly came to hand, and I recognised

it at once as a Micropterygid larva about half-grown, by

comparison with Dr. Chapman’s well-known description

and also with first instar larvae of Micropteryx which he

had kindly sent me. The only species of the family occur-

ring in Mr. Philpott’s immediate neighbourhood being

Sabatinca barbarica Philp., it was a reasonable supposition

that the larva belonged to that species.

In December 1919 I met Mr. Philpott at Queenstown,

Lake Wakatipu, and together we climbed Ben Lomond

and searched in moss for larvae of. Sabatinca, without

success. Later on, in February 1920, while I was in

Dunedin, Mr. Philpott sent me two well-grown larvae of

S. barbarica, which he had found in moss brought from

Seaward Bush in Southland on February 10. One of these

was dead, but the other was alive, and was kept alive for

some time, finally dying from the heat of the Tropics while

I was on my way to England via Suez, in May 1920. A

third specimen found by Mr. Philpott at the same time was

kept alive by him for nearly two months. Although care-

fully watched, it was never seen to feed, and for the most

part remained quite inactive. This larva was unfortunately

lost on April 1, 1920, during Mr. Philpott’s removal to

Nelson, where he had accepted the post of Assistant Entom-

ologist at the Cawthron Institute, shortly after my own

appointment to the Biological Department of the same

Institute.

Mr. Philpott says of this larva: “ Its appearance is pro-

tective. To the naked eye the dark lateral margin looks

like the midrib of a leaf, and makes the larva easy to be

passed over; also the lateral corrugations help to give

the Larva and Pupa of the Genus Sabatinca. 439

it a moss-leaf effect. The spines are similar to the spine-

like projections on the edges of the moss-leaves.”’

It should be noted here that the supposed “ moss” on

which this larva was found proved on closer examination

to be a kind of liverwort. Unfortunately we have not

succeeded in getting any one to name it for us, though it

belongs to a type of liverwort not at all uncommon in N. Z.

Later on, cocoons of Sabatinca incongruella Walk. were

found on a closely related species of liverwort near Nelson.

It would thus appear that the larvae of the genus Sabatinca

are in reality lverwort-feeders, not moss-feeders. It is

possible that the larvae of Micropteryx also feed upon liver-

wort, and that Dr. Chapman’s inability to rear them com-

pletely on moss was due to his failing to discover this fact.

Two of the larvae sent to me by Mr. Philpott were

exhibited by me at the meeting of the Entomological Society

of London, together with two slides prepared from the

third specimen (these Proceedings, p. liv, 1920). They

were also exhibited later in the year at an entomological

meeting in Honolulu, T. H. (Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc., IV,

No. 3, Sept. 1921).

While I was away from Nelson during the spring of 1920

(Sept. to Dec.) Mr. Philpott was in charge of the entomo-

logical work there. During a series of trips to the Dun

Mountain he found, at about 2500 feet elevation, several

species of Sabatinca, and collected from time to time

considerable amounts of moss and liverwort, some of which

was carefully examined for larvae, without success, and

some was kept moist in a series of glass lamp-chimneys, in

the hope that something of interest might be bred from it.

I returned to Nelson on December 11, 1920. On December

30 we observed a freshly emerged female of Sabatinca

incongruella Walk. in one of these jars which contained

liverwort. An examination of the liverwort disclosed the

empty cocoon attached low down at the side of a stem of

liverwort in a very moist position, and the pupal skin was

found also, half-way or more out of the cocoon. This skin

was treated with 10 per cent. KOH, and expanded enough to

allow of careful drawings of the head to be made, as well

as giving a fairly clear idea of what the living pupa must

have been like.

- Publication of these results was delayed from time to

time, in the hope that further discoveries might enable us

to complete the life-history and present it as a complete

440 Dr. R. J. Tillyard on

study. So far, however, nothing more has been added to

our knowledge of these wonderful little moths. I have,

therefore, decided to publish the results to date, and hope

that the life-history may be completed later by the dis-

covery of the eggs, early larval stages, and living pupa.

Description of the Larva of Sabatinea barbariea Philp.

(Plate XXXIV, Text-figure 1.)

Total length of the well-grown larva (probably full-fed) with head

retracted, 4:0 mm. Greatest breadth, across 4th and 5th abdominal

- segments, 2-0 mm. Width of transverse pouch into which head is

retracted, 0-4 mm.

veneral shape broadly oval, widest at 4th and 5th abdominal

segments. In transverse section across any body segment, the

shape is hexagonal (Text-fig. 1, g), the six sides of the hexagon being

of approximately equal length. The ventral side is flattened, the

two latero-ventral sides slightly convex, but the two latero-dorsal

sides and the dorsal side itself are all definitely concave, the large

specialised macrotrichia (dolichasters) projecting from their angles.

The dorsal part of the 4th abdominal segment is narrowed and

darkened, so that the larva appears to be divided by this con-

striction into two approximately equal and similar halves fore and

aft from this segment, and it is not easy to tell the head end from

the anal end when the head is retracted. The back of the larva

is raised up as a high convex ridge on either side, so that the lateral

view is greatly arched, as shown in Plate XXXIV, fig. 3.

General colour creamy whitish, with very complicated markings

of pale and dark greenish brown. The dark markings are confined

for the most part to the latero-dorsal sides of the abdominal segments

and across the dorsal side of the 4th abdominal segment. The

concave dorsal side, between the two high ridges, is for the most

part (except on segment 4) irregularly mottled with paler olive

green, as shown in Plate XXXIV, fig. 1. The latero-dorsal sides cf

abdominal segments 2—7 show a delicate whitish line dividing the

dark area on each, with signs of very fine transverse whitish ribs

projecting from it on either side. The latero-ventral and ventral

sides are pale creamy, except on the thorax, which is slightly .

darkened.

Heap very small, completely retractile into a pouch or pocket

of the prothorax. When everted, it is pale in colour, except the

mandibles and maxillae, which are dark brownish. The tentorial

the Larva and Pupa of the Genus Satatinca. 44]

Fic. 1.—Sabatinca barbarica Philp., last larval instar, 10 per cent.

KOH preparations cleared and mounted in Canada Balsam (except

g). a.*Head, showing antennae and five-faceted compound eyes

(xX 87); the left antenna is pushed up out of its socket basally,

giving almost the appearance of an extra basalsegment. 6. Labrum-

epipharynx (x 167). c. Mandibles, viewed from inner or ventral

side (x 167). d. Maxilla (x 167). e. Labium (x 167). f. A

single specialised macrotrichion (dolichaster) from Ist abdominal

segment (x 87). g. Diagrammatic transverse section through an

abdominal segment of the larva: d, dorsal, Jd, latero-dorsal, lv,

latero-ventral and v, ventral sides: m, macrotrichia, p, position

of abdominal walking leg. h. Dorsal comb with five teeth, from

4th abdominal segment (x 167).

449 : Dr. R. J. Tillyard on

structures can be seen through the pale skin by transmitted light in

the dead larva. General shape oval, with projecting labrum and

clypeus, fairly broad frons, epicranium and occiput. Antennae

(Text-fig. 1, a) placed very wide apart, slender, 0-3 mm. long, com-

posed of three segments, of which the Ist is short and stout, the 2nd

long and slender, the 3rd short and very slender, ending in a terminal

sensory hair. Compound eyes (Text-fig. 1, a) present, situated just

exteriorly to the antennae. Each compound eye consists of five

facets, of which the four posterior are placed very close together to

form four-fifths of a complete circle, each facet being in the shape

of a sector of that circle, while the anterior one is much larger, circular

in form, and projects outwards as a larger hemispherical lens, so as

to break the completeness of the contour of the circle. There is no

sign of the sixth or ventral eye-element of other Lepidopterous

caterpillars. True ocelli are altogether absent, as in almost all

insect larvae.

Mourtu-parts :—Leabrum epipharynex (Text-fig. 1, b) broad, excised

in the middle of its anterior margin, well rounded on either side of

the excision; it carries eight strong sensory setae and some finer

hairs. Mandibles (Text-fig. 1, c) asymmetrical, stout, fairly short,

the right mandible with two double teeth separated by a deep

incision, the left mandible with three single teeth, of which the

apical one is the largest, the middle one slightly smaller, and the

third very much smaller; each mandible also carries, below the

toothed area, a longish edge armed with short, stiff bristles. Mazillae

(Text-fig. 1, d) with short cardo, large, swollen stipes, prominent

three-segmented palp, slender sharply pointed galea, and broader,

rounded lacinia; the galea carries a few prominent hairs. Labiwm

(Text-fig. 1, e) consisting of a broad basal portion (either the mentum

or perhaps the fused submentum and mentum), from which projects

a broadly rounded inner lobe and two small palps ; these latter appear

at first sight to be only two-segmented, but closer examination

shows a very small ring-like basal segment in addition; the rather

slender terminal segment ends in a short sensory seta. No definite

spinneret apparatus could be discovered.

THORAX :—Prothorax narrower than the other segments, but

longer than the two following thoracic segments. It carries a sharply

defined anterior ridge, which marks off an anterior declivity carrying ~

the head-pouch, from a posterior portion of normal form, which carries

the spiracles. Jesoihorax shorter and somewhat wider than pro-

thorax, its posterior border strongly convex dorsally. Metathorax

again somewhat shorter and wider than mesothorax. Legs very

short and small, showing only two definite segments and a terminal

claw; in correlation with the widening of the thoracic segments from

the Larva and Pupa of the Genus Sabatinea. 443

before backward, the three successive pairs of legs are placed slightly

further apart from before backwards.

ABDOMEN with only nine definitely marked segments, the two

last (9th and 10th) being completely fused together. First abdominal

segment very short ventrally, but slightly longer than the meta-

thorax dorsally. The succeeding segments rapidly lengthen and

widen up to the 4th, which is about equal to the 5th, but differs from

it in the narrowing of the dorsai portion, which is also more darkly

coloured, as described above. From the 5th segment backwards,

each segment becomes slightly narrower than the one preceding it,

their lengths remaining about the same, the 5th segment being about

4} times as wide as long. The last segment is well rounded posteriorly,

and carries the anal opening at its extremity. Abdominal legs of

small size, finely shagreened and strongly pointed, though not

definitely segmented: they are clearly to be seen in the half-grown

larva, but in the full-fed larva are retracted and invisible when

at rest, though they can just be seen when the larva is walking.

Spiracles present on abdominal segments 1-8 inclusive, making,

with the prothoracic spiracles, a total of nine pairs. Each spiracle

is a small circular orifice surrounded by a broad supporting rim about

thrice the diameter of the opening, which shows no signs of any

sculpturing. The abdominal spiracles are placed slightly above and

anterior to the lateral row of macrotrichia, and lie at the level of the

lower edge of the dark colouring already described, but separated

from it, in the case of segments 2-4, by a small circlet of cream colour.

CHAETOTAXY :—Referring again to the shape of the larva in trans-

verse section, which is hexagonal, it will be seen that, owing to the

concavity of the dorsal and two lJatero-dorsal sides, there are four

strongly-developed ridges running almost the whole length of the

larva (Piate XXXIV, fig. a); two of these may be called dorsal ridges,

the other two lateral ridges. Each segment from the metathorax

to the 8th abdominal carries four large, specialised macrotrichia, one

projecting from each of these ridges, as shown in Plate XXXIV. In

addition te these four macrotrichia, the mesothorax possesses another

pair, situated on two small pale areas between the dorsal and lateral

ridges on each side, but closer to the former than to the latter.

The prothorax carries no less than six pairs of these macrotrichia,

four pairs being arranged around or very close to the anterior ridge

and two pairs dorsally behind it. The head is devoid of macrotrichia,

as would be expected owing to its retractile nature. The last

abdominal segment, consisting of the fused 9th and 10th, carries

four pairs of macrotrichia.

Each of the macrotrichia (Text-fig. 1. f) is set in a small but definite

base, and is of the form which I have already named dolichaster (Greek

444 Dr. R. J. Tillyard on

SoArxds, long, and aorhp, star) in connection with the chaetotaxy

of the larva of Psychopsis elegans (Order Planipennia); that is to

say, it is a slender elongated pyramid with its apex at the point of

insertion, and ending distally in a smaller or larger number of slightly

projecting angles, so as to resemble a small star when viewed end-on.

The star-like appearance of the end view is, however, less noticeable

in the present larva than in Psychopsis, partly owing to the angles

being little prominent, and partly because the pyramids are mostly

only four- or five-sided. Some of the macrotrichia, on the abdomen

especially, are almost as thick basally as distally, and the terminal

angles do not project more than as shown in Text-fig. 1, These

macrotrichia are evidently closely related in form to those of the larva

of Micropteryx, which have been called by Dr. Chapman bullae, and

differ from them chiefly in not being inflated into more or less bladder-

like bodies. Both are to be regarded as stages in the evolution

of scales, the flattening of a dolichaster producing a narrow scale

with longitudinal striae, and the flattening of a bulla producing a

broader, oval scale, with similar but more numerous striae. It

should also be noted that the larva of Micropteryx carries eight rows

of bullae, whereas the larva of Sabatinca has only four rows of doli-

chasters.

There does not appear to be any clear connection between the

chaetotaxal arrangement in the larvae of Micropterygidae and that

found in other Lepidopterous larvae, inclusive of the Hepialidae.

Bearing in mind the close comparison which can be made between

the typical chaetotaxy of a Lepidopterous larva and that to be

found in certain Planipennian and Mecopterous larvae, one would

be justified in assuming that, in this character, as in the general

shape and coloration of the larva, the Micropterygidae are highly

specialised in correlation with their mode of life as dwellers in masses

of moss or liverwort. The macrotrichia of the Sabatinca larva are

closely similar to the processes or spines observable on the liverworts

on which they feed, as Mr. Philpott observed when watching the

living larva, Consequently it may be suggested that the right

food-plant for the larvae of Micropteryx will be found to be a species

of liverwort in which the processes more resemble the bullae of the

larva (although I do not know whether such species of liverwort do

actually occur in England).

As in the case of the macrotrichia, the microtrichia of the larva are

highly specialised, being no longer visible as distinct microscopic

hairs, but having become completely flattened down on to the

cuticle, like some of the micrasters in Psychopsis larvae, and all more

or less conjoined together, so as to produce a fine polygonal ridging

of the cuticle. Towards the posterior margin of each segment, this

the Larva and Pupa of the Genus Sabatinca. 445

ridging is changed into a series of reniform marks of very minute

size, arranged in a more definite order parallel to the margin of the

segment.

On the first six abdominal segments, arranged close together on

either side of the mid-dorsal line, there are to be seen a pair of small,

hard ridges of a very dark colour, each ridge carrying four or five

short blunt teeth (Text-fig. 1, h). These I propose to call the dorsal

combs. They are arranged longitudinally, and each pair lies close

to the posterior end of its segment. Thus they occupy much the

same position as the paired annulated dorsal tubercles in the larvae

of Mecoptera.

Description of the Pupa and Cocoon of Sabatinea incongruella

Walk.

(Text-figs. 2—4)

Cocoon :—The cocoon of Sabatinca incongruella is of a broadly

oval shape (Text-fig. 2), 3-0 mm. long, with a transverse diameter,

across the middle, of 2-3 mm. The posterior end is very slightly

pointed. In colour it is a medium brown. It is formed of rather

coarse silk, and has a somewhat leathery appearance. It was

found attached by its slightly pcinted posterior end to the stem of

a piece of liverwort, the cocoon itself projecting nearly at right

angles, but slightly inclined downwards from the stem. The pupa

had cut open the anterior end somewhat roughly, and the pupal

skin was found projecting more than half-way out of the cocoon.

Pupa :—A careful examination of the macerated pupal skin shows

that the pupa must be rather stout, not much elongated, with a

general shape very closely resembling that of the Hemerobiidae and

other small Lacewings.

The abdomen is broadly oval in shape, convex dorsally, with the

last two segments somewhat bent under ventrally and the thorax

also curved forward somewhat ventrally. The head is bent forward

ventrally, so that the whole pupa has a strongly curved position

within the cocoon.

Heap (Text-fig. 3, a) fairly broad, with convex epicranium.

Antennae with very large basal segment; second segment about

three-fifths as long, narrower; remaining segments narrower still

and very short, all closely similar; total number of segments

thirty-seven. Compound eyes large, separated by a space some-

what wider than their diameter. Epicranium, frons and clypeus

carrying a few very long, slender hairs; a set of three such hairs:

stands behind each eye.

446 Dr. R. J. Tillyard on

Movutnu-Parts :—Labrum apparently with the outer margin entire,

slightly convex. M andibles of normal size, not hypertrophied as in

Eriocrania and a number of Trichoptera; in shape somewhat

triangular, with a broad base carrying the condyle at its outer angle

and with a very strongly-formed apical tooth, sharply pointed.

The inner edge of this tooth, from base almost to apex, is excessively

finely crenulated. The two mandibles are not symmetrical, the

Fic. 2.—Sabatinca incongruella Walk. Cocoon, attached to stem

of liverwort. (x 10-7.)

right one carrying, about half-way from base to apex on its inner

margin, a much smaller tooth, between which and the large tooth

a small notch is formed. Correlated with this formation, there is

on the left mandible a slightly projecting, sharp, smooth edge,

which evidently works in the notch cf the right mandible. By.

this means, after the sharp teeth of the two mandibles have pierced

the pupal skin, it may be supposed that a kind of scissor-like action

is brought into play, so that the cocoon can be gradually cut or

torn.more or less transversely to its main axis. This type of

the Larva and Pupa of the Genus Sabatinca. 447

mandible is quite generally met with in pupae of the Orders Plani-

pennia and Mecoptera. Mazillae with short, broad base, prominent

palpus formed of five nearly equal segments, and short galea and

Fie. 3.—Sabatinca incongruella Walk. Pupal skin, macerated in

10 per cent. KOH. a. Head, showing ant, antenna, with most of

the distal segments omitted, e, compound eye, lm, labium, md,

mandible, mz, maxilla and mxp, maxillary palp. (x 40). 6.

Mandibles, viewed from inner or ventral side, showing condyle

im situ in ginglymous joint. (x 87.)

lacinia. Labiwm with three short, rounded lobes, of which the middle

one lies above the other two and probably represents the hypo-

pharynx; the palpi are not visible in the macerated pupal skin, and

have probably become detached and lost, as they would in any case

be exceedingly small.

448 Dr. R. J. Tillyard on

THORAX considerably broader than head; wing-cases folded down

along the sides of the abdomen in the usual manner, but very long

for the size of the pupa; their tips only appear to be slightly glued

together. Legs folded down ventrally along the abdomen; the

tibiae and tarsi of the hind legs, at any rate, if not of the other two

pairs, somewhat glued together.

ABDOMEN slightly narrowed at base, broadly oval, well rounded

posteriorly. Segments 1-2 very short, 3-8 considerably longer,

each about four times as wide as long in the macerated specimen ;

9-10 very short, ring-like, but quite distinct from one another

(Text-fig. 4). Anal opening clearly visible on the soft terminal

membrane beyond the chitinous ring of segment 10. In the narrow

zone of soft membrane forming the suture between segments 9 and

Fie. 4.—Sabatinca incongruella Walk. Pupal skin, macerated in 10

per cent. KOH. End of abdomen, showing segments 8—10, the two

last appearing as narrow transverse bands (xX 40): an, anus, gp, sup-

posed indication of vestigial gonopore, sp, spiracles of segment 8.

10 there is a very slight appearance of a pale mid-ventral circular

area with somewhat darkened circumference, which might indicate

the position of a vestigial gonopore; but I cannot be certain of this.

The imago which emerged from this pupal skin was a female. There-

fore, if this appearance really represents the position of an original

genital orifice, it would indicate that the present terminal position

of the genital opening in the females of Micropterygidae is a secondary

specialisation, and of no account whatever as a character to be used

in an argument for forming a new Order for these insects. The

eight pairs of spiracles on segments 1-8 are all clearly visible.

Phylogenetic Conclusions from a Study of the Larva and

Pupa.

The form of the larva shows that the genus Sabatinca is

closely related to Micropteryx, as a study of the imago also

the Larva and Pupa of the Genus Sabatinca. 449

shows. The two genera are therefore rightly placed

together in the same family Micropterygidae (s. sér.).

Their larval type has nothing at all in common with that

of the Eriocrantidae, whose larvae are leaf-miners, devoid

of both thoracic and abdominal legs, and with an entirely

different chaetotaxy. The larva of Sabatinca (and _pre-

sumably also the full-grown larva of Micropteryx *) differs

from all other Lepidopterous larvae in having the compound

eyes still present in their normal form, instead of in the

degenerate form found in other Lepidopterous caterpillars,

where the separate eye-elements have become divided from

one another and are often incorrectly termed ocelli. Yet

other Lepidopterous larvae possess normally six of these

eye-elements, whereas Sabatinca has only five, the ventral

one being absent. This indicates that the Micropterygid

larval type branched off along a line of its own, from the

very base of the Order. We may assume that the original

Lepidopterous larva possessed a compound eye with at

least six facets, in its last instar, and that the Micropterygid

type specialised by losing the most ventral facet and en-

larging the most anterior one, without any separation of

the six elements, whereas the remainder of the Lepidoptera

kept the six elements intact, but gradually distintegrated

the original compound eye into six tiny separate elements.

In the same way, the highly specialised form of the larva

of Sabatinca, its feeding habits, and its remarkable chaeto-

taxy all point to its representing an exceedingly early

side-line of specialisation within the Order.

Quite different is probably the meaning of the small

retractile head with its three-segmented antennae, and the

presence of definite walking-legs of small size on all the

abdominal segments. All these characters are to be found

in the more primitive larval forms within the Order

Mecoptera (Chorista and Panorpa), though it should be

noted that the Mecopterous larvae keep the normal cater-

pillar form and have a chaetotaxy of normal macrotrichia

arranged in a manner fairly closely corresponding to the

typical Lepidopterous arrangement, but with certain

small differences. In the Mecopterous larvae, also, the

second segment of the antenna, instead of being long and

slender, is large and dome-like, filled internally with an

* The compound eyes of Micropteryx larvae are not mentioned in

Dr. Chapman’s description (l.c., pp. 342-4), but are indicated in

their correct positions in his figures on PI. V1).

450 Dr. R. J. Tillyard on

enormous mass of nerve-cells forming a large Johnston’s

organ. Young Mecopterous larvae also have the abdominal

walking-legs distinctly segmented, like thoracie legs, and

the same appears to be true of the first instar of the larva

of Micropteryx. As the larva grows older, the abdominal

legs become smaller in comparison and lose their segmenta-

tion, the larva progressing more and more by means of the

wave-like motion of the segments from before backwards,

without any actual gripping of the surface by means of the

legs. It would seem probable, therefore, that, in the normal

Lepidopterous larva we have in the so-called “ prolegs,”

with their circlets of hooks, a specialisation of the basal

segment or coxa of the original abdominal walking-leg

(or segmented endopodite), homologous with the thoracic

leg, but already reduced in the larval forms of the first

Pterygota.

While we see, therefore, a definite relationship indicated

by the larval type of Sabatinca with that of the Order

Mecoptera, we are unable to indicate any such relationship

between this same larval type and that of the Trichoptera.

The latter has a prominent head, long, cylindrical body,

strongly formed thoracie legs, and no abdominal legs at

all except the anal pair, which are specialised as gripping-

claws or hooks. It is specialised for an aquatic existence,

as is also the pupa, with its swimming-hairs and other

specialised structures. We can only conclude that Sabatinca

exhibits a larval type which is in most points much more

archaic than that of the Trichoptera, and one which it

would be impossible to derive from any larval type known

within that Order.

Turning next to the pupa, we may note first of all the

very general resemblance in the shape of the cocoon and

the form of the pupa to those found in the more archaic

types within the Order Planipennia; with this difference,

that whereas the cocoon of the Planipennia is spun from

the anus, it seems practically certain (though not actually

observed) that the cocoon of Sabatinca is spun from the

salivary glands, though without the aid of a true spinneret. —

This would account for its coarse, somewhat leathery

texture; for the silk would be exuded rather as a stream

of glue than as a fine thread. The general form of the

pupa is that of the primitive pupa libera found throughout

the Orders Mecoptera, Megaloptera and Planipennia, and

also, with certain specialisations, in the Trichoptera. The

mar.

the Larva and Pupa of the Genus Sabatinca, 451

amount of fusion or soldering of external’ parts is very

slight, being confined to the tips of the wings and the.

distal portions of the hind-legs, with possibly a slight fusion

of the other legs, though these were free in the macerated

specimen. This is about the amount of fusion noticeable

in Mecopterous and Planipennian pupae. Judging from

the macerated specimen, all the segments of the abdomen

of the pupa are freely movable in Sabatinca, as in the case

of the pupae of the other Orders just mentioned.

Much has been made by various authors of the remark-

able mandibles found in the pupa of Hriocrania, and their

resemblance to similar hypertrophied mandibles found in

certain Trichopterous pupae. A wider knowledge of the

more archaic types of pupae within the Helometabolous

Orders would surely have convinced these authors that it

is a very far-fetched argument to try to draw from this any

grounds for assuming that the Lepidoptera are descended

from the Trichoptera. It is only certain specialised pupal

types within the Trichoptera which have the mandibles thus

hypertrophied and crossed, and such a development is

only a secondary one, correlated with some special diffi-

culty in cutting a way out of a particularly tough cocoon.

In the case of Hriocrania, the cocoon 1s placed underground,

and is made of silk with particles of sandy soil closely

interwoven. Pupal mandibles of the normal type would

not open such a cocoon; and hence, undoubtedly, occurred

the evolution of the hypertrophied form found in that

genus. The pupa of Sabatinca lives in a softer cocoon, and

exhibits a normal archaic type of mandible, very similar to

the mandibles found in the pupae of Mecoptera, most

Planipennia and a fair number of Trichoptera also. They

help to prove its relationship, undoubtedly, to all of these

Orders, but not its descent from any single one of them. In

the same way, the complete form of the pupal maxilla,

with its separate galea and lacinia, and five-segmented palp,

does not help to prove descent from any one of these Orders,

but only shows that this little Lepidopteron has kept the

original archaic form of pupal mandible common to all

Panorpoid Orders, and is closely related to all of them.

Taking the total evidence of the larva, cocoon and pupa,

we may reasonably conclude that Sabatinca is, on the whole,

more archaic in its early stages than any existing Panorpoid

insects excepting only the Mecoptera. The larva shows on

the whole a preponderance of Mecopterous characters, but

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1922.—PaRTS Il, IV. (FEB. 23) HH

452 Dr. R. J. Tillyard on

is more highly specialised than the typical Mecopterous

larva in all points, except only in the form of the antennae.

The Mecopterous larvae of the genera Chorista and Panorpa

have a more generalised form, and chaetotaxy, a head

which, while definitely retractile, is not so reduced or so

regularly concealed ‘as in Sabatinca, compound eyes with

from forty to more than fifty facets, and much more

general ground-feeding habits. Also these larvae do not

form cocoons, but pupate free in the earth, or in a hardened

earthen cell, the result being that the pupa is more normally

elongate, and not so much curved round upon itself. The

general characters of the pupa are, apart from this, almost

entirely archaic, and indicate that it has persisted un-

changed, except for inclusion within the cocoon, from the

earliest times in which Holometabola existed.

The above conclusions agree well with what we know at

the present time of the ancestry of the Lepidoptera from

palaeontology. The fossil Belmontia, from the Upper

Permian of Belmont, N.S.W., has been claimed by me to

represent the ancestral type from which both Trichoptera

and Lepidoptera were derived.* Recently a related fossil,

Parabelmontia, has been discovered in the same beds, and

differs chiefly from Belmontia in having the first cubitus of

the wing simple instead of forked.t This new fossil,

therefore, completes the record of the ancestry of the

Diptera, through the Triassic Paratrichoptera backwards,

until it merges into the same fossil Order Paramecoptera

in which the common ancestor of the Trichoptera and

Lepidoptera is to be found. In forming the new Order

Paramecoptera for the fossil Belmontia, I pointed out

how this type was closely similar to the older Mecopterous

type of wing, but differed from it in important respects,

which showed that it was not a direct offshoot of the Order

Mecoptera as it existed in the Upper Permian, and as it

still exists almost unchanged at the present day. Thus we

now see that the common stem of the three closely related

Orders Trichoptera, Lepidoptera and Diptera is to be found

in the Upper Permian within the Order Paramecoptera,

the Diptera lying closer to the Mecoptera than do the other

two. If these conclusions be correct, we should not be

surprised to meet with some existing archaic Lepidopteron

which showed distinct Mecopterous affinities in its larva and

* Proc. Linn. Soc: N.S.W., 1919, xliv, pt. 2, pp. 231-256.

t Ibid., 1922, xlvii, pt. 3, pp. 284-287, pl. xxxiii, f. 2, text f. 3.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1922. Plate XXXIV.

Rese. ae Fowler, imp.

Vaus & Crampton

LARVA OF SABATINCA BARBARICA

the Larva and Pupa of the Genus Sabatinca. 453

pupa. Such an archaic type is Sabatinca, a Lepidopteron

whose life-history shows us that it may well have been

evolved long before the Flowering Plants came on the scene,

and has probably kept unchanged, through millions of years,

its diet of lowly liverwort.

In concluding this paper, [ desire to thank my wife for

the execution of the wash drawings in Plate XXXIV; these

were done with the help of my own camera lucida drawings

of the larva. I also wish toe thank Mr. Philpott for so

kindly sending his material to study and describe. To

him belongs the sole credit for the actual discovery of this

wonderful little larval type, and he is greatly to be con-

gratulated on the results of his long and patient searching

for it.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXIV.

Last larval instar of Sabatinca barbarica Philp.

Fia. a.—Dorsal view (x 27).

b.—Ventral view (x 27).

c.—Lateral view (x 27).

( 454 .)

XVII. On the occurrence, near London, of the Fiea Cera-

tophyllus vagabundus Boh. wnder unusual cireum-

stances. By James Waterston, B.D., D.8Sc.,

F.Z.8., Assistant Keeper in the Department of

Entomology, British Museum (Nat. Hist.).

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the

British Museum.)

[Read June 7th, 1922.]

PLATE XXXV.

AtonG with samples, which included both imagines and

larvae, of the coleopteron Xestobiwm rufovillosum De

Geer (= tesselatum Oliv.), found to be damaging trusses

in the Great Hall, Hampton Court, several small rounded

objects were recently forwarded to the Department of

Entomology, British Museum.

These have been studied by Dr. C. J. Gahan, Messrs.

M. A..C. Hinton, A. J. Willmott and myself, and our

unanimous opinion is that they are hawthorn (Crataegus

sp.) stones brought to the place of their discovery and there

devoured by mice.

The cup-shaped appearance, to which attention is drawn

by the sender, Sir Frank Baines, H.M. Office of Works,

is due to the fact that one of the ends of the stone had

usually been bitten off by the mouse in getting at the

kernel. The truss, in fact, had been used as a winter

storehouse, and, besides the stones, yielded two shells of

the molluse Candidula caperata Mntg. (det. G. C. Robson),

which may also have been brought m by mice.

These hawthorn stones, brown and discoloured, especially

on the outside, must be of considerable age, though it is

impossible on the evidence available to say exactly how

old they are. On none of them is there any trace either

of the calyx of the flower or of the mealy pericarp. In

some the micropyle is large and obvious, and all are prob-

ably a trifle smaller than samples of stones prepared by

removing the pericarp mechanically. (In the latter case,

too, the micropyle is small and imconspicuous, and it is

only by excising some tissue that a passage to the seed

cavity can be demonstrated.) In one or two examples

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1922.—PARTS III, IV. (FEB. 723)

Dr. J. Waterston on Ceratophyllus vagabundus. 455

fragments of insect remains are fixed to the surface of the

stone, and in one case two small fragments of flint (Hig. 1)

are firmly embedded in the outer wall.

Something more than nibbling of the haw by a mouse

must have been required to produce such conditions, and

a probable cause is not far to seek. Field-mice are known

to frequent the defecating places of thrushes, to feed on

fruit-stones found there, and it is from such a source, I

believe, that the present sample originally came.

The seed of the hawthorn is frequently destroyed by a

Phytophagous Chaleid (Syntomaspis druparum ‘Boh.), a

species which also attacks apples, sometimes to a serious

extent, and is, in fact, known to economic entomologists as

Fria. 1.—Hawthorn stone, showing end bitten off, and two

fragments of flint, embedded in outer wall presumably in passing

through the alimentary tract of a bird. jl. flint, h. hilum, m.

micropyle.

“The Apple Seed Chalcis.” The Chalcid has in this country

been bred from hawthorn stones known to have passed

through blackbirds, and hatching may take place even

so late as the second spring from the falling of the fruit

to the ground. The pupal envelopes of the Syntomaspis

(especially of the Q) are rather distinctive structures, and,

though I had no expectation of discovering a living speci-

men, it seemed worth while to examine the interior of

some of these stones on the chance that recognisable

fragments either of the Syntomaspis or its pupa might be

found.

Several of the stones were plainly empty, but one seemed

to be a more promising subject for investigation. The

stone selected for opening (Fig. 2) was apparently com-

plete, but showed a large micropylar perforation (m).

456 Dr. J. Waterston on the occurrence, near London,

On closer examination, however, it became apparent that

the upper end had been shortly bitten off, the piece removed

having been partially replaced by some extraneous matter.

When this had been cleared away sharp teeth marks were

plainly visible. It was also evident that the space within

the seed walls was fully occupied.

A needle was inserted at the pomt c¢ (upper figure) and

pushed down towards the riiendpyle, keeping close to the

Kia. 2.—Hawthorn stone in which a ¢ of Gondiostna lias vaga-

bundus Boh. occurred. The upper figure “shows the upper end ie

the stone with marks of incisor teeth. left, 6. right half,

micropyle, c. needle cut, /. fractured Gasente, 8, portion of ae

skin.

inner wall of the right-hand side (6) of the stone. About

two-thirds on the way to the micropyle, the needle point,

released by the curvature of the surface traversed, im-

pinged suddenly on the opposite side (a), from which a

fragment (f) shot off and was lost. The stone at the same

time fell apart in two halves, the left (a) being clean, while

a large composite mass filled the right side (6).

The occlusion, where the needle had been inserted, was

now seen to consist of a brown-papery layer.

of the Flea Ceratophyllus vagabundus. 457

The whole mass was next cut round with a sharpened

needle point and successfully transferred to a 10 per cent,

KOH-solution, only a small fragment (s) adhering to the

inner stone wall. In potash considerable swelling took

place, and the following points were noted.

(a) The bull of the mass consisted of a fully formed

flea, a g Ceralophyllus.

(6) The paper-lke plug at the cut end of the stone was

evidently part of a cocoon wall.

(s) had adhered to the inner surface of (b) as noted above,

(d) A fragment of the seed and seed-coat persisted.

(ec) The presence of numerous black hollow globules.

(f) The whole was woven together by a mass of fungus

mycelium,

We are now in a position, I think, to reconstruct with

some degree of probability the story of the vicissitudes of

this hawthorn stone and its contents.

The haw was eaten in the autumn by one of our thrushes,

probably a blackbird (Turdus merula L.), and the stone duly

evacuated. Seized on by a mouse (Mus sp.) it was next

carried to the little rodent’s winter storehouse high up on

the truss beneath the roof.

Some time later the seed was devoured, but, as the hole

made in the stone by the preliminary biting of the mouse

was somewhat smaller than usual, the seed contents were

not completely removed.

Meanwhile, somewhere near the mouse store a passerine

bird, perhaps a starling (Sturnus vulgaris L.) or a jackdaw

(Corvus monedula L.), had either nested or roosted long

enough to disseminate its fleas. One of these may have

laid its eggs in the rubbish and dust of the mouse store,

or it may have reached there as a larva seeking safe

quarters for pupation. In any case, a flea larva ultimately

squeezed its way into the empty stone, spun up and went

through its transformations. On its emerging as an adult,

the cocoon was ruptured on the side towards the micropyle

and the flea ultimately died of starvation. It had

previously evacuated its gut of the accumulated waste

products of the pupal stage “in the form of the characteristic

black globules already referred to.

The last chapter of the story records the entrance of a

fungus which destroyed all the soft parts of the dead

insect, down even to the membranes between the sclerites,

458 Dr. J. Waterston on Ceratophytlus vagabundus. .

These sclerites were still held in position in potash, but on

transferring to glacial acetic acid complete disintegration

ensued.

A point of minor interest may be referred to in passing.

The flea on breaking from its cocoon raust have been

closely confined. Escape by the micropyle was im-

possible, and it is not certain that an exit could have been

effected through the aperture made by the mouse’s bite.

Unfortunately, no measurements of this hole were made

before breaking up the stone, and afterwards they would

not have been reliable. In any case, the imago pierced

the cocoon on the side remote from the larger aperture,

and the cocoon wall there remained intact, possibly because

the inseet was unable to turn round, possibly from the

failure of an instinctive reaction to repeat itself.

The disintegrated fiea on being mounted presented all

the characters of Ceratophyllus vagabundus Boh., a deter-

mination in which Dr. K. Jordan thoroughly concurs.

As this is one of the rarest of bird fleas I have thought

it well to bring together the scattered notices of its occur-

rence. In the list of references I have mentioned mainly

papers containing definite records. A few additional

references will be found in Mr. Rothschild’s “ Synopsis of

the British Siphonaptera,’ Ent. Mo. Mag., 3rd Series,

Vol. I, pp. 96-97, London, March 1915.

Boheman does not state on what material his description

was based. Later his types were discovered in the Riks-

museets, Stockholm, without a name (but otherwise with

fuil date), by Wahigren, who, misled by Taschenberg

(1880) and in ignorance of Boheman’s paper, in 1903

redescribed the species as Ceratophyllus digitalis. Wahl-

gren correctly recognised the affinity of C. digitalis with

“Pulex avium Auctt.” He also, almost immediately,

realised his mistake in having redescribed Boheman’s

species, and published a corrective note. The only other

synonym is Ceratophyllus insularis Roths. (1906). As

will be seen, there are two records from Spitsbergen, one

from Switzerland, two from England (Thames Valley),

and six, more widely scattered, from Scotland. Some

specimens from E. Turkestan (2 records q.v. list) are also,

Dr. Jordan tells me, to be referred meanwhile to C. vaga-

bundus. The species may have been overlooked elsewhere.

We have no certain indication up to the present as to its

normal host attachment or whether, indeed, it has any.

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460 Dr. J. Waterston on Ceratophyilus vagabundus.

REFERENCES.

Boneman, C. H. Spetsbergens Insekt fauna in Ofvers

Vetensk.-Akad. Férh., Bd. 22, Jahrg. 1865, p. 576,

t. 35, f. 1, la, Stockholm, 1866.

TASCHENBERG, O. Die Flohe, p. 70, Halle, 1880.

Wantcren, EK. Aphanopterologische Notizen nebst Bes-

chreibung neuer Arten, in Arkiv. for Zoologi, Bd. 1,

p. 1845 6. 7; £3) > July, 1903:

WAHLGREN, KE. Dee Pulex vagabunda Bohem., in Entom.

Tidskr., Bd. 24, p. 219. July 1903.

Roruscnit, N. C. A new British Flea: Ceratophyllus

insularis spec. nov., Ent. Mo. Mag., 2nd Series, Vol.

VILE 59; London, Feb. 1906.

Warrrston, J. On some Scottish Siphonaptera, Ann.

Scot. Nat. Hist. , p. 212, Edinburgh, Oct. 1906.

WATERSTON, J. On some Habits and Hosts of Bird

Ceratophylli taken in Scotland in 1909: with de-

scription of a new species (C. rothschildi) and records

of various Siphpnepier, Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc.

Edin., Vol. XVIII, No. 2, p. 89, Edinburgh, Mar. 6,

1910.

Damper, A. In A. Koenig’s “ Avifauna Spitzbergensis, ’

Aphaniptera, p. 276, Bonn, 1911.

Warerston, J. Some Records of Scottish Siphonaptera,

Hat. Mo. Mag., 2nd Series, Vol. XXV, p. 162, London,

July 1914. :

JorDAN, K., and Roruscuitp, N.C. A Preliminary Cata-

logue of the Siphonaptera of Switzerland. Mctopara-

sites, Vol. I, p. 86, Jan. 1920.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE.

Plate XXXV.—Hawthorn stones, magnified, from truss below

roof of the Great Hall, Hampton Court. The six shown natural size

(bottom row) are those of the mid-longitudinal row (except the top

one) and the second from the top of the left row. Marks of teeth

discernible on a, 6, and c.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1922. Plate XXXV.

Vaus & Crampton Fowler, imp.

ERODED SEEDS FROM HAMPTON COURT

PRE

-( 461 )

XVIII. The Rhopalocera of the Mt. Everest 1921 Expedition.

By N. D. Rimey.

[Read October 18th, 1922.]

Puates XXXVI, XXXVII.

Tue following list is in some respects disappointing, a

number of species, such as Parnassius imperator augustus,

Polygonia interposita agnicula, ete., which one would

expect to find, not being represented in the collection at

all. On the other hand, the seven (possibly eight) new

species and forms collected represent a very fair percentage

on a total of only thirty-three (or possibly thirty-four)

species obtained altogether by the Expedition. Nearly

all the new forms are from the comparatively lower regions

—such as Kharta, Nyenyam and the Rongshar Valley,

the upper ends of deep gorges which cut through the

Himalayas from Nepal. It would be difficult to explain

the presence, within a few miles of Mt. Everest, of such

species as Catopsilia crocale and Colias jfieldi were it not

for the existence of these valleys.

The highest altitude at which Rhopalocera were collected

was at 18,500 ft., at the camp on the moraine shelf above

the Rongbuk Glacier a short distance N.N.W. of Mt.

Everest. Here Parnassius acco and epaphus and Vanessa

caschmirensis and ladakensis were met with, but no other

species. Above it Rhopalocera do not seem to exist

anywhere in the Indo-Tibetan frontier region.

The specimens collected by Mr. A. I’. R. Wollaston are

indicated by (W.); these have become the property of the

British Museum (Nat. Hist.). Those collected by Mr. Bul-

lock and presented by him to the Hope Department,

Oxford University Museum, are indicated by (B.). The

third collection, made by Major Morshead, who was attached

to the Expedition, is in the possession of Colonel Evans,

~ who has very kindly sent me a list of it, which is appended.

My thanks are due to Prof. Poulton for allowing me to

work out Mr. Bullock’s collection, and for duplicates,

and also to Mr. Wollaston for the following note on the

localities. Further details on this last point can be found

in the Journal of the Royal Geographical Society.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1922.—-PARTS III, IV. (FEB. ’23)

462 Mr. N. D. Riley on

“Specimens taken before June 25th and all those

labelled ‘ Tingri’ came from open stony plains at an

altitude of between 13,000 and 15,000 ft. Weather

bright and rainless. Vegetation very scanty. Dwarf

plants only found.

“* Rongbuk Glacier’ and ‘ Hast Rongbuk Glacier” On

the north side of Everest; rounded stony mountains bare

of snow up to about 19,000 ft. in July. Vegetation very

sparse. Hog and snow in latter part of month.

“*Thung La’ Similar to Rongbuk.

“* Nyenyam, ‘Lapch’ and ‘ Rongshar. Between

12,000 ft. and 13,000 ft., west of Mt. Everest. These

places are in the upper parts of deep gorges which cut

through the main range of the Himalaya, and are within

a mile or two of the upper limit of subtropical vegetation

of a Nepalese character.

“* Kharta’ is similar to ‘ Nyenyam,’ etc., and is situated

about twenty-four miles due east of Mt. Everest. Vege-

tation partly Tibetan, partly subtropical, in character.

Weather mostly wet in August and September.’—A. F. R.

WOLLASTON.

PAPILIONIDAE.

1. Papilio machaon sikkimensis Moore.

1903. Papilio sikkimensis Moore, Lep. Ind., vi, p. 44.

1907. P. machaon race sikkimensis Bing., Fauna Br. Ind.

Butt., u, p. 36.

1909. P. machaon sikkimensis Jordan, in Seitz Macro-Lep.,

ibceay eres

1912. Pp machaon sikkimensis Evans, List Ind. Butt.,

Journ. Bombay N. H. Soc., xxi, p. 971.

Tibet Road, between Gautsa and Phari, 13,500 ft.,

29/5/21 (Bullock).

1 3, 1 9, both very battered.

2. Parnassius acco gemmifer Friihst.

1961. Tadumia acco Moore, l.c., v, p. 116. (part).

1907. Parnassius acco Bing., l.c., 1, p. 129. (part).

1909. P. acco gemmifer Frithst., in Seitz, 1x, p. 110.

1912. P. (Ladumia) acco gemmifer Evans, l.c., p. 974.

1 J, above Rongbuk Glacier, 17,460 ft., 6/7/21 (Bullock).

2g, 6 9, Thung La, 16,000 ft., 14/7/21 (Wollaston).

4 g, 2 9, Thung La, 14,000 ft., 15/7/21 (Wollaston).

the Rhopalocera of the Mt. Everest 1921 Expedition. 463

3. Parnassius epaphus Oberthiir.

1909. Parnassius epaphus Bing., l.c., p. 120.

1912. Parnassius epaphus Evans, l.c., p. 974.

(a) P. epaphus everesti, ssp. nov.

(Pl. XXXVI, fig. 7 3, fig. 8 9).

Py O06 /21 Fang, ie Os Qe) Qikese Argo 7/21 = 2 gy. Q,

UfT/2l, 17,400 ft.; 3.3, 5 9, 14/7/21; 1 8, 2.9, 18/7/21,

18,500 ft. All “at camp N.N.W. of Mt. Everest on

-moraine shelf above Rongbuk Glacier ” (Bulloch).

A small but very well-defined local race. About the

same size as sikkimensis Klwes and phariensis Avinoft, but

differmg from both of these, more particularly from the

latter, in the greater opacity of the white ground-cclour

and the marked reduction of the black marginal markings

of both wings. In the ¢ the submarginal lunules on the

hind-wing are almost absent and in the 2 only very slight,

and the same applies to the submarginal series of the fore-

wing, but to a lesser extent. The red markings are large

and conspicuous on both surfaces, much as in phariensis.

The race shows a very distinct approach to the more

northerly forms altynensis Staud. and nanchanica Aust.

(b) Parnassius epaphus himalayanus, ssp. nov.

(Pl. XXXVI, fig. 6 J).

2 g, 17,000 ft., 8/8/21; 1 g, 16,700 ft., 6/8/21, Camp 9

miles K. of Everest, (B.).

1 g, Chog La, between Kharta Valley and Karna Valley,

8/8/21 (W.).

1 9, Rongshar Valley, 14,000 ft., 28/7/21 (W.).

3g. Approaches sikkimensis in general appearance very much

more than does the preceding form, being more transparent and

greyer. The submarginal band on the fore-wing is the most charac-

teristic feature, the black lunules of which it is composed being so

much increased in size as to form a continuous only slightly dentate

band equal in width to the marginal band. The corresponding

band on the hind-wing is similarly very conspicuous, and formed

of very well-defined large wedge-shaped black marks. The fore-

wing is devoid of red markings; the hind-wing has only the costal

and discal spots red-centred.

464 Mr. N. D. Riley on

In the 2 the ground-colour is rather more opaque, but there is

no black suffusion. The upper costal spet on fore-wing is red-

centred, and, on the hind-wing, the basal spot as well.

The range of this subspecies 1s most probably east and

west along the Himalayas; that of the preceding subspecies

northward through Tibet.

4. Parnassius hardwiekii Gray.

1901. Parnassius hardwicki Moore, l.c., v, 2 P. hig’

1907. Parnassius hardwicker Bing., Le., u, p. 121.

1909. P. hardwicki Friihst., in Seitz, ix, 5 igs

1912. P. hardwicku Evans, l.c., p. 974.

1 g, Nyenyam, W. of Everest, 12,500 ft., 17/7/21 (W.).

1 9,Rongshar Valley, W. of Everest, 14,000 ft., 28/7/21.

(W.)

Both in excellent condition.

5. Parnassius delphius lampidius Friihst.

1903. Parnassius delphius lampidius Frihst., Iris, p. 44.

1907. Parnassius delphius race whiter Bing., l.c., 11, p. 125.

1912. Parnassius lampidius Frithst., in Seitz, ix, p. 110.

1 g, Thung La, 14,000 it., 15/7/21 (W.)

PIERIDAE.

6. Pieris brassicae nepalensis Doubl.

1904. Danaus brassicae Moore, l.c., vi, p. 127.

1907. Prerts brassicae Bing., l.c., 11, p. 170.

1910. P. brassicae nepalensis Friihst., in Seitz, 1x, p. 139.

1912. P. brassicae Evans, l.c., p. 976.

1 g, Kharta, 12,000 ft., 2/9/21 CW):

7. Pieris chumbiensis de N.

1904. Parapierts chumbiensis Moore, l.c., vi, p. 148.

1907. Pieris chumbiensis Bing., l.e., u, p. 174.

1910. Parayierts chumbiensis Frithst., in Seitz, 1x, p. 140.

1912. Preris (Parameris) chumbiensis Evans, l.c., p. 976.

1 g, between Gautsa and Phari, 13,500 ft., 29/5/21 (B

8. Baltia butieri sikkima H'riihst.

1910. Baltia sikkima Frithst., m Seitz, ix, p. 138.

1912. Paltia butlert sikkima Kivans, l.c., p. 975.

the Rhopalocera of the Mt. Everest 1921 Expedition. 465

1 J, 10 miles E. of Tatzang, 17,000 ft., 4/6/21 (B

Only very doubtfully separable from B. butleri wee

from Ladak and Cashmere.

9. Colias cocandica tibetana, ssp. nov.

(Pl. XXXVI, fig. 9.)

1915. Colas cocandica Evans, J. Bombay N. H. Soc.,

Kxill, p. 534.

2 g, Nyenyam, 13,000 ft., 19/7/21

gj. Upperside, fore-wing: pale grey with only a very slight

greenish suffusion. The light internervular spots in the broad

marginal black band produced as fine rays which reach the margin.

Hind-wing darker grey and rather greener, internervular pale spots

not so well defined, a large pale area at cell end. Cilia white.

Underside : the hind-wing and the apical area of fore-wing a beautitul

deep green, the submarginal spots of both wings rather ill-defined,

rust-coloured except in 16 and 2 of fore-wing where they are black.

Discocellular spot on fore-wing small, white centred; on hind-wing

larger, pure white, nearly surrounded by a rusty area which is

produced towards margin in area 4.

This race is a great deal more like typical cocandica than

is the Ladak representative (C. thrasibulus Friih.), but

readily separable by its very grey appearance, which

contrasts strongly with the markedly green upperside of

cocandica. It is an approach to nebulosa Ob. from W.

China, and probably is the same race of cocandica as that

referred to and figured by Evans (l.c.) from the Tsang-Po,

K. Tibet, at an altitude of 14,000 ft., collected by Capt.

Bailey.

10. Colias fieldi edusina Felder.

1907. Colas croceus race fieldi Bing., lc., ii, p. 248. (part).

1909. Hurymus fieldi Swinhoe, in Moore, l.c., vii, p. 171.

1910. Colias fieldi edusina Friihst., in Seitz, ix, p. 165.

1912. Colas field edusina Kivans, l.c., p. 979.

2 3, 2 9, between Kharta and Chung Pu, 13,000 ft.,

oe Ay QM SOEAUVS IGE Ost F/21; Kharta, 12 000

ft. (B.

9, 7/8/21; 1 g,'14/8/21; 5 g, 19/8/21; 5 3g, 20/8/21;

2 z 21/8/21, Kharta, 12,000 ft.; 3 3, 17/7/21, Nyenyam,

12,500 ft.; 1g 3, 28/7/21, Rongshar Valley, 14,000 it. (W.).

466 Mr. N. D. Riley on

A very constant series except as to size; 14,000 ft.

seems to be about the highest point this species reaches

in any part of its distribution.

11. Colias berylla Fawcett.

1907. Colas ladakensis race berylla Bing., l.c., ii, p. 236.

1909. Hurymus berylla Swinhoe, l.c., vii, p. 169.

1910. Colas berylla Friihst., l.c., ix, p. 165.

1912. Colas ladakensis berylla Evans, L.c., p. 979.

2. 6 20/6/21 5 1,3). T//2), diner, 1.000% CW).

All three absolutely typical.

12. Colias dubia Elwes.

(Pl. XXXVI, figs. 1-5.)

1907. Colias dubia Bing., l.c., p. 239.

1909. Hurymus dubia Swinhoe, l.c., vil, p. 167.

1910. Colas dubia Frihst., l.c., ix, p. 165.

1912. Cohkas dubia Evans, l.c., p. 979.

1 9, N.E. of Mt. Everest, HE. of Deva La, 27/7/21,

16,000 ft.

Upperside, fore-wing : clear orange, paler below costa, apex and

margin broadly black, the enclosed light markings paler orange,

not at all uniform as to size, 7. e. that in area 2 by far the largest,

those in areas la, 4.and 5 equal and about half the size, the remainder

very narrow; hind-wing, similar in ground-colour, largely suffused

with blackish especially towards costa, but by no means entirely

black; marginal markings in areas 5, 4 and 3 large and conspicuous,

the remainder indistinct, merged into the smoky orange of the

disc of the wing; discocellular spot bright orange, large. Under-

side: costa, apex, and outer margin of fore-wing and whcle of

hind-wing bluish green, not yellowish, central and basal areas of

fore-wing as above, discocellular spot of hind-wing small, white,

situated on the inner edge of a small diffuse purple patch, sub-

marginal series very indistinct, brownish grey except in areas

la-3 of fore-wing in which they are very conspicuous and black.

This female agrees much better in all respects with the

3 type of C. dubia Elwes (P.Z.8., p. 481, 1906) than does

the 2 which Elwes then associated with his g, and can

safely be assumed to be the true 9 of that species. With

it, as C. dubia, should be associated the Colias figured by

the Rhopalocera of the Mt. Everest 1921 Expedition. 467

Fawcett (P.Z.S., 1904 (2), Pl. 9, fig. 10a, 2) as Colias eogene

var. leecht Gr.-Gr., &.

The female described by Elwes—which is in the B.M.—

as his 2 type of dubia is really a 2 of C. miranda Friihst.,

and it agrees with the types of that form which are also in

the B.M. For the sake of comparison the actual type

specimens of C. dubia and C. miranda are here figured.

What is really the status of each of these forms it is

difficult to say. The most likely hypothesis seems to be

that C. miranda is the Himalayan, C. dubia the more truly

Tibetan representative of C. eogene, to the Ladak form of

which (stoliczkana) they show most resemblance.

13. Catepsilia crocaie Cramer.

1907. C. crocale Bing., l.c., p. 219.

1909. C. crocale Swinhoe, l.c., vii, p. 88.

1910. C. crocale Friihst., l.c., ix, p. 162.

1912. C. crocale Evans, l.c., p. 979.

19, Lapchi, 12,500 ft., 22/7/21 (W.).

Rarely seen above 12,000 ft., on the southern slopes of

the Himalayas only. (Lapchi is just at the upper limit of

subtropical Nepalese vegetation.—A.F.R.W.)

NYMPHALIDAE.

14. Argynnis lathonia issaea Moore.

1900. Rathora issaea Moore, l.c., iv, p. 241.

1905. A. lathonia race issaea Bing., l.c., i, p. 441.

1912. A. lathoma issaea Friihst., l.c., 1x, p. 514.

1912. A. (Rathora) lathonia issaea Evans, l.c., p. 582.

1 g, Nyenyam, 12,500 ft., 17/7/21 (W.)

15. Argynnis pales eupales Friihst.

1905. Argynnis pales Bing, Lc., i., p. 447. (part).

1912. Boloria pales ewpales Friihst., l.c., ix, p. 512.

1g, Nyenyam, 13,000 ft., 19/7/21 (W

16. Argynnis eugenia rhea Gr.-Gr.

1908. A. eugenia rhea Seitz, 1, (Pal.), p. 233.

2 3, 1 9, BE. of Doya ha, 16,000 ft, | 27/7/21 (8.).

1 9, Doya La, 16,700 ft.,. 1/8/21; 1 3, ae oh 000 fie.

1/8/21; 23, 1 9, Kharta, 14,500 ft., 5/8/21 (

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1922.—PARTS III, IV. an 720), El

468 Mr. N. D. Riley on

1 9, Valley bottom 10 miles E. of Everest, 14,000 ft.,

9/8/21 (B.).

Specimens taken at 16,000 ft. and above are much the

smallest.

17. Argynnis clara manis Friihst.

1900. Boloria clara Moore (part), l.c., iv, p. 253.

1905. A. clara race manis Bing., l.c., 1, p. 443.

1912. A. clara manis Friihst., l.c., ix, p. 514.

1912. A. (Boloria) clara manis Kvans, l.c., p. 582.

1 g, E. of Doya La, 16,000 ft., 27/7/21, (B.).

18. Melitaea sindura tibetana Fawcett.

1905. M. sindura race sikkimensis f. tibetana Bing., L.c.,

1, p. 453.

1912. M. sindura tibetana Friihst., l.c., ix, p. 511.

1 3, E. of Doya La, 16,000 ft., 27/7/21 (B.).

19. Vanessa chinensis Leech.

1908. V. urticae chinensis Stichel, in Seitz, 1, p. 203.

1 9, Tibet Plateau, between Kishong and Shigar Jong,

14,000 ft., 16/6/21 (B.).

20. Vanessa ecaschmirensis aésis Friihst.

1899. Aglais kaschmirensis Moore, l.c., 1v, p. 87.

1905. Vanessa caschmirensis Bing., l.c., 1, p. 367.

1912. V. caschmirensis aésis Friihst., l.c., ix, p. 527.

1912. Vanessa (Aglais) cashmirensis Evans, l.c., p. 579.

1 9, 30/6/21, 17,400 ft.; 1 3, 16/7/21, 18,000 ft., N.N.W.

of Everest, above Rongbuk Glacier; 2 3, Kharta, 12,000 ft.,

30/7/21 (B.).

21. Vanessa ladakensis Moore.

1899, Aglais ladakensis Moore, l.c., iv, p. 90.

1905. Vanessa ladakensis Bing., l.c., 1, p. 368.

1912. V. urticae ladakensis Friihst., l.c., ix, p. 527.

1912. V. (Aglais) ladakensis Evans, l.c., p. 579.

1 3, 25 miles N. of Phari, 14,800 ft., 1/6/21; 3 8, 7 9,

15 miles K. of Tatzang, 15,700 ft., 3/6/21; 1 3, above Rong-

buk Glacier, 17,400 ft., 30/6/21 (B.).

With regard to the last three species, these records are

additional proof that the three are not all forms of JV.

urticae. Ladakensis and caschmirensis occur throughout

the area traversed by the expedition, and dated speci-

Gas,

the Rhopalocera of the Mt. Everest 1921 Expedition. 469

mens, including some from other sources in the B.M., show

them to be on the wing in that area throughout June and

July. Chinensis seems only to have been taken in June,

the above locality being the most western so far recorded.

It was also taken at Gyangtse by the Tibet Exp. (1903),

so its range well overlaps that of the other two.

SATY RIDAE.

ARGESTINA, gen. Nov.

Closely related to Hrebia and Callerebia, having some of the

characters of both. In appearance resembling more the former

than the latter.

Antennae 2 the length of costa, delicate, the club very broad

and spatulate, short, arising rather abruptly. Palpi large, very

hairy, as usual in this group. Tibiae and tarsal joints all

spiny, but not conspicuously, the last tibial spine the most

prominent on each leg. Wings, in shape, resembling more Hrebia.

Fore-wing costa arched, but not nearly so much as in Callerebia,

hind margin conspicuously straight in g, more rounded in 9:

Subcostal vein very much swollen at base, median hardly at

all. Vein 5, at origin, about equidistant from 4 and 6; 10 invari-

ably arising out of stalk of 7, 8, and 9 well beyond cell end. Of

the discocellular veins, the lowest is straight, the middle one very

much bowed in, the upper extremely short. Hind-wing very little

broader than fore-wing, the anal angle slightly produced towards

median line, not extending far beyond extremity of abdomen, the

outer margin evenly rounded. In the 3 the central third of tho

fore-wing, except anteriorly, is occupied, in all except one species,

by an area of very dark brown modified scales, transversely crossed

by a number of fine ridges producing the appearance of ripples—

a feature also present in some species of Callerebia.*

* The following short key seems to separate the Himalayan species

of this Hrebia-like group into fairly natural genera :—

1 (2). Fore-wing MDC straight, considerably less than

4 as long as LDC. St eects Berets

(1). MDC strongly incurved, as long (or nearly so)

as LDC.

). Club of antennae short, stout, arising abruptly.

). Vein 10 free or connate with stalk of 7,8,and9 . Paralasa.

). Vein 10 out of 7, 8, and 9 well beyond cellend . Argestina.

). Club of antenna Jong, narrow and arising

pradually 500 ye es i ee deen. Callerebia:

The generic names Dallacha and Hemadara, proposed by Moore

for his species hyagriva and narasingha respectively, scarcely seem

Erebia.

470 Mr. N. D. Riley on

Type: Argestina, walton. Elwes. (Callerebia waltona

Elwes, P.Z.S., p. 482, Pl. 36, f. 14 (3), f. 15 (), 1906.

22. Argestina karta, sp. nov.

(PL RORY Eig 1 oi 2.)

1 3, 2 9, 30/7/21; 1 3, 31/7/21, Kharta, 12,000 ft. (B.).

3. Upperside, both wings: very dark brown, almost black, the

cilia paler, greyish. Fore-wing with the marginal area slightly

lighter, a minute white-pupilled ocellus in area 5 and a very indis-

tinct submarginal dark line from costa to about vein 3, the ripples

on the area of modified scales very inconspicuous. Underside, fore-

wing: warm chestnut brown, with a darker transverse shade just

beyond the cell, the costa, apex, hind margin and tornus darker,

grey brown, the apex, as far as ocellus, irrorated with dark ochreous ;

the ocellus black, reaching from vein 4 almost to vein 7, white

pupiled, ringed with pale yellowish. Hind-wing: dark greyish,

crossed by a basal, a discal and a submarginal very wavy darker

line, and with a postdiscal series of 5 white points, the area from

base to discal transverse line darker than the discal area, the whole

wing densely sprinkled with very dark brown, and with ochreous,

the latter more particularly just beyond discal transverse line.

Q. Upperside, both wings: auch lighter brown than in the 3.

Fore-wings : the greater part of the wing, except the margins (more

particularly inner margin), suffused warm chestnut brown, which

renders the rather larger ocellus and the submarginal line very

much more conspicuous. Underside: as in the 3, except that the

whole tone of the markings is rather lighter.

Length of fore-wing, ¢ 23 mm.; 2 22 mm.

Besides the type species (waltont Elwes) and the species

described above, the genus includes inconstans South, with

its subspecies gyala Evans, and a fourth species obtained

with waltont by the Tibet Expedition in 1904.*

to be justifiable. Although very aberrant in /acies these do not

seem structurally separable from Callerebia.

* Argestina nitida, sp. nov. See Appendix IT.

the Rhopalocera of the Mt. Everest 1921 Expedition. 471

23. Paroeneis grandis, sp. nov.

(PL. XXXVI, fig. 10.)

2 g, Kharta, W. of Mt. Everest, 12,000 ft., 30/7/21 (B.).

3. Upperside, both wings: rich bright fulvous, the hind margin

(broadly), and the veins black; cilia light ochreous, broadly flecked

with black at the extremities of the veins. Fore-wing: costal

area suffused blackish, a black spot in area 5 centrally in the centre

of a paler ochreous field, which is continued in a paler band inter-

rupted at the veins, to inner margin. Hind-wing: a narrow

transverse paler band crosses wing just within the black marginal

border, the dark spots on cilia much smaller than on fore-wing.

Underside : fore-wing pale ochreous, the broad discal band paler,

not interrupted at the veins in one specimen, costal, apical, and

hind marginal areas grey with numerous short darker striations (the

type), interrupted at 2, 3, and 4 in the others. On the hind-wing

the outer edge of the black basal area is extremely sinuous through-

out its length and bordered by a narrow pale band (1-1°5 mm.),.

Beyond this, the whole wing surface heavily mottled with black,

dark grey, and brown, through which and midway between hind

margin and the pale transverse band, runs a very sinuous, inter-

rupted broad black discal line; veins blue grey.

Length of fore-wing, 26-27 mm.

Nearest P. bicolor, but readily separated from all other

members of the genus by the richness and uniformity of

the fulvous coloration of upperside, the blackness of the

margins, its size, and the width of the pale band of the

underside of the hind-wing, which approaches that of, but

remains narrower than in P. bicolor Staud.

24. Paroeneis bicolor Staud.

1911. Oeneis punutus bicolor Friihst., l.e., 1x, p. 311.

1912. Satyrus (Paraeneis) pumilus bicolor Evans, L.e.,

p. 562.

1 9, Nyenyam, 13,000 ft., 19/7/21; 1 g, 27/7/21; 1 3,

2/8/21, Rongshar Valley, 14,000 ft. (W.).

25. Paroeneis sikkimensis Staud.

1893. Paroeneis sikkimensis Moore, l.c., i, p. 38.

1905. Oeners pumilus race sikkimensis Bing., l.c., 1. p. 129.

472 Mr. N. D. Riley on

1911. Oeneis palearcticus sikkimensis Friihst., l.c., ix, p. 311.

1912. Satyrus (Paraeneis) palearcticus sikh kimensis Evans,

lc... p. 562.

3 g, 22, 3/8/21, 17,000 ft.; 3 g, 5/8/21, 16,000 tt.,

S. of Kharta (W.).

3g, 5 9, 6/8/21; 44,1 9, 8/8/21, 5 miles EH. of Everest,

16,700 ft. (B.).

Darker and very much smaller than either of the

preceding species.

The specific limits in this genus are rather difficult of

definition. The three species mentioned above show an

interesting transition in size and coloration as the elevation

increases. At Kharta, 12,000 ft., the largest and most

richly coloured species in the genus is found (P. grandis) ;

in the same region, but at 13,000-14,000 ft., a smaller form

scarcely separable from P. bicolor, but yet rather larger and

more darkly marked than that species, is to be found, con-

siderably smaller than P. grandis, but with the same rich

fulvous ground-colour, much more suffused with blackish.

Higher still, at 16,000-17,000 ft., P. sekkimensis is met with ;

a still smaller insect, having barely two-thirds the wing span

of P. grandis and much greyer above and below.

The genitalia show corresponding differences. In all

the forms examined, the extremity of the clasper in the

3S consists of a pair of lobes, an upper and a lower, and

the tegumen, just below the uncus, bears a pair of large

chitinous processes sometimes almost as long as the uncus

itself. In P. grandis the upper lobe of the clasper is large,

blunt and slightly longer than the smaller and much more

pointed lower lobe. In P. bicolor and P. sikkimensis, how-

ever, the lower pointed lobe is by far the larger, and the

upper blunt lobe, though retaining the outline of that of

P. grandis, is very much shrunken in size, more particularly

in sikkimensis, which thus approaches P. pumilus (from

N.W. Himalayas), in which the upper lobe has entirely dis-

appeared, the upper angle of the extremity of the clasp

being merely bluntly rectangular.

P. grandis seems sufficiently distinct to be given specific

rank, and the same may be said of P. pumilus. The form

described by Staudinger as P. pumilus f. bicolor, however,

has much more in common with sikkimensis than with

pumilus, so much so, in fact, that it is extremely difficult,

in a long series, to separate them off.

the Rhopalocera of the Mt, Everest 1921 Expedition, 473

LYCAENIDAE.

26. Polyommatus arene Fawcett.

1909. Lycaena stoliczkana arena Seitz, 1, p. 311.

1910. Polyommatus arvana (part) Swinhoe, l.c., vili, p. 26.

1 3, between Kishong and Shekar Jong, 14,000 ft.,

16/6/21; 2 J, 1 9, Shekar Jong 14,000 ft., 17/6/21 (B.).

173, 7 2, Tingri, 14,000 ft., 26/6/21; 1g, 1 9, Nyenyam,

12,500 ft., 17/7/21 (W.).

Fresh and very worn specimens were taken together on

17/6/21; fresh specimens again on 17/7/21, whilst all the

series from Tingri were taken in beautifully fresh condition.

This seems to contradict rather flatly the statement in

Lep. Ind., 8, p. 27, that arene is the dry-season form of

arvana, as all the specimens are referable to arene and

show very little variation indeed. None of the females

exhibit more than a trace of blue suffusion on the upperside.

The large white wedge-shaped mark arising from the orange

lunules of the underside of the hind-wing in areas 3 and 4,

and directed basad, as well as the pale ground-colour,

separate this species at once from the next.

27. Polyommatus everesti, sp. nov.

(Pl. XXXVI, fig. 1 g, 2, and 3 9.)

1 g, 1 9, 27/7/21; 1 g, 28/7/21, Rongshar, 13,000 ft. ;

2°36, 1° Rebu, 14,000 ft., 31/7/21; 5 3g, L 9, Kharta,

ROCOM Wof2k; 2 oe lL VOSA yl oy 2 Sy 20/8/a0:

1 9, 21/8/21, Kharta, 12,500 ft. (W.).

14 3, 3 9, between Kharta and Chung Lung Pu, 13,000

ft., 28/7/21; 2 g, 1 9, 30/7/21; 3 g, 2 9, 31/7/21, Kharta,

12,000 ft. (B.).

3. Upperside, both wings: brilliant azure blue, the margins

narrowly black, inwardly crenulate, cilia long, silvery-white, darker

proximally. Underside, jfore-wing: ground-colour sooty grey,

slightly green tinged at the base, the ocelli black with very broad

and well-defined white rings, viz. one in cell, just before origin of

vein 3, and a discal series of six, the first and the last the smallest ;

a dark oval broadly white-ringed mark at cell end, the outer white

edging produced to form a white cone or ¥-shaped mark; a sub-

marginal series of subcrescentic pale grey marks, followed by. a

474. Mr. N. D. Riley on

marginal diffuse white line, interrupted by the rather prominent

veins; and a dark anteciliary line, cilia as above. Hind-wing :

ground-colour rather darker than on fore-wings, more brownish,

the basal area suffused metallic greenish, a faint white spot in cell

followed by a large white broadly wedged-shaped mark, the basis of

which is the spot on the discccellulars—no similar submarginal

white mark. Beyond this a series of 9 ocelli similar to those on

fore-wing, the first, in area 1b indistinct, the remainder prominent,

the last two both in area 7, the series sinuous from 1 to 6, then bent

at right angles, 6, 7, and 8 being in line, 9 towards the base of area 7.

Marginal area whitish, well separated from the ocellar series, in-

wardly diffuse, enclosing a double series of fine black crescents

except in area 7, each pair enclosing a faint orange spot. Cilia as

above, preceded by a fine dark anteciliary line. The veins promin-

ently paler than the ground-colour.

Q. Upperside, both wings : brilliant blue, of a deeper shade than

in gj, the margins and costal areas, especially of fore-wing, broadly

and diffusely black, enclosing scattered blue scales. Cilia as in 3.

Underside, both wings: as in the 3, but with no spot in cell on fore-

wing, and the marginal pale markings much broader and more

diffuse. On the hind-wing the inner series of crescentic marks almost

obsolete, the outer prominent, the two series more widely separated,

the orange more conspicuous. ,

Length of fore-wing, 3 15-19 mm.; 92 14-18 mm.

The series exhibits considerable variation. On the

upperside in the 3 the black margins vary in width and as

to the definition of the inner edge, especially on the fore-

wing; in the @ the blue suffusion is in some specimens

confined to the base of the wings with only a few scattered

scales on the disc, and in these specimens the hind-wing

bears a submarginal series of diffuse bluish lunules, which

in one specimen are distinctly marked with orange. On

the underside, the veins, usually very prominent, do not

stand out in all specimens, the ocellus in the cell of the

fore-wing is as frequently absent as present, the relative

prominence of the ocelli as between each other varies

considerably, as also does their size; but their heavy white

ringing and the extraordinary dark smoky ground-colour

are very constant. The orange submarginal markings of

the hind-wing, always very pale, in some specimens are

barely traceable, in others almost as large as in P. arene.

The genitalia exhibit marked differences from those of

P. arene.

the Rhopalocera of the Mt. Everest 1921 Expedition. 475

28. Lycaena pheretes pharis Fawcett.

1910. Plebeius pharis Swinhoe, l.c., vii, p. 17.

1 g,. Thung ha, 14,500 ff... 15/7/21; 1 3,.1 9, Rebu,

14,000 ft., 31/7/21 (W.).

29. Lyeaena asiatica Elwes.

1907. Lycaena pheretes race asiatica Bing., l.c., , p. 352.

1910. Plebeius asiatica Swinhoe, l.c., viii, p. 17.

1912. Lycaena (Albulina) asiatica Evans, /.c., p. 983.

1 9, EK. of Everest, 14,000 ft., 9/8/21 (B.).

Evans and Swinhoe are perfectly correct in treating this

as a species distinct from pheretes. It is confusingly like

that species, but has nothing to do with it in reality.

30. Lyeaena janigena, sp. nov.

(Pl. XXXVI, fig. 4 J, fig. 5 2.)

1 9, 18/7/21; 1 3, 19/6/21, Nyenyam, 13,000 ft. (W.).

6. Upperside, both wings: deep purplish blue, with a roughish

appearance, an even black marginal border, | mm. wide or slightly

more, cilia white. Underside, fore-wing: dull grey brown, the

basal area pure grey, an angular, white-ringed, dark mark at cell

end followed by a discal series of five broadly white-ringed darker

spots, those in areas 4 and 5 much displaced outwardly, the upper-

most elongate, shifted inwards slightly, a very faint paler submarginal

area, no marginal markings, a fine dark anteciliary line, the pure

white fringes deeply but narrowly blackened at the ends of the veins,

no markings in the cell. Hind-wing: ground-colour much darker

and browner than fore-wing, basal area greyer, a basal series of four

large white spots, in 7, the cell (double and nearly filling the cell), le

and 16, a similar very large spot at cell end, and a discal series of

7 the same but oval in shape, contiguous, those in areas le to 5 ina

straight row towards apex, those in areas 6 and 7 in line with spot

in 5 and forming an angle of about 70° to the others, marginal area,

except for a small area close to the discal spots diffusely pale grey,

cilia as on fore-wing.

2. Upperside, both wings: uniformly sooty brown, with a few

scattered blue scales, cilia darker than in g. Fore-wing: with a

small, faint, grey-ringed spot at cell end. Underside, both wings :

exactly like the 3, except for a more ochreous genera! tone, the

presence of a sixth spot (in area 1a) in the discal series, and traces of

darker marginal markings on the fore-wing.

476 Mr. N. D. Riley on

Eyes smooth; palpi very hairy, moderately long; antennae

prominently white-ringed, the club unusually stout, arising rather

abruptly. Fore-wing costa and inner margin very straight (as

in L. asiatica), hind margin very convex especially posteriorly.

Hind-wing evenly rounded. Palpi, thorax, and abdomen below,

and legs, light grey.

Length of fore-wing, ¢ 12°5 mm.; 2 11°5 mm.

A very distinct little species unlike anything else known

to me, but reminiscent of LZ. dis. Gr.-Gr. and L. luana Evans

on the underside, except for the fore-wing markings and

the pheretes-like arrangement of the spots on the underside

of hind-wing. The blue coloration of the upperside of

the 3 separates it at once from either.

See also supplementary list from Col. Evans (below).

31. Heodes phiaeas Linn.

1909. Chrysophanus phlaeas Seitz, 1, p. 285.

1910. Chrysophanus phlaeas Swinhoe, /.c., vii, p. 91.

1912. Chrysophanus phlaeas Kivans, l.c., p. 989.

2g, 20/7/21; 1 9, 7/8/21, Kharta, 12,500 ft. (W.).

Very large and of the elews form—not f. stygianus Butler.

APPENDIX I.

Whilst the above specimens were being dealt with,

Col. Evans very kindly sent me a list, which I append, of

the collection he had received from Major Morshead of

the Indian Survey Department, who was attached to the

Expedition.

This list increases the total number of species recorded

from the area by two for certain (Argynnis gemmata gema

Friihst. and Lycaena younghusbandi Elwes), and adds

further localities for most of those already recorded.

The species Col. Evans refers to as L. sloliczkana is probably

what I have recorded as L. arene. Felder’s figures and

description of L. stoliczkana are so unlike any form of

ariana or arene, that it seems at present better not to employ

the name for the icarus-like form with the very bright blue

upperside.

The other doubtful species is L. morsheadi Evans. The de-

scription of the underside of the hind-wing of this fits exactly

a ae

the Rhopalocera of the Mt. Everest 1921 Expedition. 477

the species described above as L. yanigena, but the underside

of the fore-wing (with a large spot in the cell and a broad

white submarginal fascia, etc.), and the coloration of the

upperside in the male, are so very different that it does

not seem justifiable to unite them at present.

A List or BUTTERFLIES CAUGHT By Magsor H. T. Morsurap

DURING THE Mount Everest EXPEDITION 1921.

By Col. W. H. Evans.

1. Oeneis punuilus bicolor. Nyenyam, July 18; Tasam,

July 27; Phuse La, July 28; Ratsal, July 31; Chodzong,

July 31; Kharta Chu, Aug. 13. Apparently common at

elevations of 11,500—16,500 ft.

2. Vanessa cashmirensis. Nyenyam, July 16; two of the

three specimens obtained were strongly melanitic; at

13,000 ft.

3. Vanessa ladakensis. 'Tingri, June 19; Dokcho, June

26; all three specimens very worn; at 14,000 ft.

4, Argynnis lathonia issaea. Nyenyam, July 17, at

12,500 ft.

5. Argynnis clara mans. Thong La, July 14; Ratsal,

July 31; Doya La, Aug. 1; five specimens at 16,000 ft.

6. Argynnis pales eupales. Nyenyam, July 18; one male

at 13,500. ft.

7. Argynnis gemmata gena. Kang Chu, July 23; a few

specimens at 14,000 ft.

8. Argynnis eugenia rhea, Tulung, July 15; Nyenyam,

July 18; Kang Chu, July 23; Doya La, Aug. 1; a few

specimens at 13,500—16,000 ft.

9. Pieris brassicae nepalensis. Chuphar, July 27 at

11,000 ft.

10. Colas field. Tingri July 10; Nyenyam, July 17;

Chuphar, July 27; Tasam, July 27; at 11,000—14,000 ft.

11. Colas berylla. Tingri, July 12 at 14,000 ft.

12. Parnassius epaphus sikkimensis. A single specimen,

Kharta Chu, July 14 at 17,000 ft.

13. Parnassius acco gemmifer. Menkhap To, June 28;

Lungchen La, June 29; Thong La, July 14; Yalep and

Tulung, July 15; Tingri, June 25; at 14,000-17,500 ft.

14. Lycaena stoliczkana. Common from June 18 to

August 12 at from 13,000—15,000 ft.

15. Lycaena pheretes asiatica. Ratsal and Chodzong,

July 31, at 15,000 ft.

478 Mr. N. D. Riley on

16. Lycaena younghusbandi. Menkhap To, June 28;

Dokcho, June 26; Ratsal and Chodzong, July 31; a few

from 15,000—16,000 ft.

17. Lycaena imorsheadi, new species. One male, Tasam,

15,500 ft., and one female, Phuse La, 16,000 ft., both on

July 28.

Description.

Male, above dark brown, loosely powdered dull blue scales, giving

a frosted appearance; a diffused white spot at the end of each cell;

border dark brown, } millimetre wide; cilia long and white. Female,

above, blue scales, very sparse dark border and white cell spots

absent. Below fore-wing lead: grey, a large white diffused spot in

the cell, and, at the end, a contiguous row of large, dark-centred,

white spots in 1-6, the last spot being shifted in, a post-discal broad

white fascia, submarginal diffused black spots in each space; cilia

white prominently chequered with brown at the end of each vein.

Below hind-wing dark chocolate brown, but is so covered with very

large white spots that the ground-colour can hardly be seen ; four

basal spots, in 7, double-sized in cell ccc URyene two-thirds of it, in 1

and la; discal row of 7 spots, those in 1-5 in a straight line pointing

to the apex, 6 and 7 shifted right in; post discal, etc., markings as

on the fore-wing. Antennae prominently ringed white and with

an unusually large club. Eyes smooth. Palpi unusually long.

Apex of fore-wing sharp pointed, but not produced; termen highly

convex especially near dorsum ; hind-wing evenly rounded. Expanse

of male 23 and of female 19 millimetres. The nearest ally to this

very distinct little species is the Lycaena luana I described from

S. E. Thibet in J.B.N.H.S., vol. xxiii; the general appearance below

is similar and the hind-wings are much the same; but the chequered

cilia, the markings on the fore-wing and the blue colouring above

render it easily recognisable.

18. Chrysophanus phloeas. Kharta district, Aug. 12,

at 13,500 ft.

W. H. Evans.

APPENDIX Il.

922, COLLECTION.

The following ee of the Rhopalocera taken ae Dr.

Longstaff and Major Norton on the 1922 Mt. Everest

Expedition adds several species to the previous list—but

the Rhopalocera of the Mt. Everest 1921 Expedition. 479

nothing new—and some further localities. The start was

made much earlier than in 1921, which accounts for the

interesting capture of Parnassius hunnyngtoni again, at

the end of April; but only a single specimen was obtained,

unfortunately. The bulk of the collection comes from the

comparatively low-lying valley of the Arun River, at

altitudes of 11,000-12,000 ft.; nothing was taken above

17,000 ft. on this occasion.

The species have been numbered as in the List of the

1921 Collection. An asterisk indicates that the species

was not obtained in 1921. The letters (N.) and (L.)

indicate the captures made by Major Norton and Dr.

Longstaff respectively.

1. Papilio machaon sikkimensis Moore.

1g, Samchun La, Kharta, 15,500 ft., 20/6/22 (Major

Norton).

1 3, Base Camp, 16,500 ft., 19/5/22 (Dr. Longstaff).

2. Parnassius aceo gemmifer Friihst.

1 §, Dongka La, 17,000 ft., 18/7/22 (N

2 3, 12, Dongka La, 16,600 ft., 19/7/22 (N

* 2a. Parnassius hunnyngtoni Avinoff.

1916. Parnassius hunnyngtoni Avinofi, Trans. Ent. Soc.,

» London, 1915, p. 351.

19, Pang La, 17,000 ft., 28/4/22 (L

4. Parnassius hardwiekii Grey.

53, 19, Samchu La, Kharta, 16,000 ft., za /22 (N.).

1g, Samchu La, Kharta, 14, 500 ft. 3/7/22 (N a

8. Baltia butleri sikkima Friihst.

1 9, Phung Chu, Arun Valley, 11,000 ft., 9/6/22 (N

* 6a. Pieris canidia Spar.

1904. Danaus canidia Moore, l.c., vi, p. 133.

1907. Pieris canidia Bing., l.c., 4, p. 172.

1910. Pieris canidia Friihst., l.c., ix, p. 139.

1912. Prerrs (Pieris) canidia Evans, l.c., p. 976.

1 9, Phung Chu, Arun Valley, 11,000 ft., 19/6/22 (N

480 Mr. N. D. Riley on

* 6b. Pieris melete melaina Bober.

1904. Danaus ajaka Moore, l.c., vi, p. 132 (part).

1907. Preris napr melete Bing., le., ul, p. 173 (part).

1910. Pieris melete melaina Friihst., in Seitz, ix, p. 140.

1912. Pieris melete melaina Evans, C5 Ds 976.

2 g, 1 9, Phung Chu, Arun Valley, 11,000 ft., 19/6/22 (NV

10. Colias fieldi edusina Felder.

2 9, Arun Valley, 11,000 ft., 9/6/22 (N.)

1 g, Arun Valley, 11,000 ft., 14/6/22 (NV

1 9, Karma Valley, 12,000 ft., 22/6/22 (NV

* 10a. Colias nina Fawcett.

1904. Colas nina Fawcett, Proc. Zool. Soc., London,

roe os Fa ed Wien

1907. Colias ladakensis x. berylla Bing., l.c., 1, p. 236

(part).

1907. Colias berylla Rober, in Seitz, 1, p. 66 (part).

1909. Hurymus berylla var. nina Switthoe, in Moore, vil,

pelG9:

i911. Colias nina Verity, Rhop. Pal., p. 350.

BGs vane Chu Valley, below Shekar Djong, 14,000 ft.,

10/7/22 (N

14. Argynnis lathonia issaea Moore.

1 9, Kharta, 12,000 ft., 11/6/22 (N.).

2 9, Phung Chu, Arun Valley, 11,000 ft., Fe (N

1 9, Karma Valley, 12,000 ft., 23,/6/22 (N

17. Argynnis clara manis Friihst.

2 g, Dongka La, 16,000 ft., 18/7/22 (NV

18. Melitaea sindura reo Faweett.

2 3, Tinki, 13,500 ft., 15/7/22 (NV

1 g, Dongka La, 16,000 ft. ear

1 Q, above Phari, 15,000 ft., HE) (N

* 18a. Pyrameis eardui L.

1905. Vanessa card Bing., l.c., 1, p. 365.

1 g, Trangsar Chumbab, 13,000 ft., 23/4/22 (N.).

1 g, Phung Chu, Arun Valley, 11,000 ft., 17/6/22 (N.).

the Rhopalocera of the Mt. Everest 1921 Expedition, 481

20. Vanessa easchinirensis aésis Hriihst.

] 9, Arun Valley, 11,000 ft., 9/6/22 (N.).

21. Vanessa ladakensis rae

1 J, Base Camp, 16,500 ft., a

1 g, Pang La, 15 000 ft. , 8/6/22

1 9, Kharta Chu, 13,000 “ft. (Meee ai

1 3, Phung Chu, 11 ,000 ft., 15/6/22 (N

* 21a. Polygonia interposita agnicula Moore.

1899. Polygonia agnicula Moore, l.c., iv, p. 99.

1905. Vanessa c-album rv. agnicula Bing., l.c., 1, p. 372.

1912. V. (Polygonia) c-album agnicula Evans, List, L.c.,

p. 580.

1921. P. interposita agnicula Riley, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.

(9), vii, p. 596.

1 9, Arun Valley, 11,000 ft., 9/6/22 (N

1 g, Arun Valley, 11,000 ft., 14/6/22

22. Argestina karta Riley.

2 4, 1 9, Pang La, 15,000-16,000 ft., me i

3 og, Arun Valley, i 000 tts, oa

1 9, Chushar, 14,500 ft. , 13/6/22 (L 4)

* 22a. Argestina nitida sp. nov.

(Pl. XXXVII, figs. 6-8)

1 9, Pang La, 15,000-16,000 ft., 8/6/22 (L

3: Upperside, both wings: uniformly dark i brown with

greenish and purplish reflections in certain lights, the cilia ight grey

with darker markings at the extremities of the veins. Fore-wing : no

trace of any area of modified scales, or submarginal line, the ocellus

present in area 5 but minute. Underside: markings arranged as

in waltoni and karta, but the warm chestnut brown of underside of

fore-wing is replaced by dull coppery, and the irrorated appearance

of the apical area is continued the whole length of the costa, and

the yellowish ring of the ocellus is barely discernible: on the hind-

wing, the three transverse wavy lines are completely lost in the

mottled dark brown and ochreous, and the postdiscal row of white

points is increased to six in number by the addition of a point in

area lc.

9. Exactly resembles the g both above and below, except for the

482 Mr. N. D. Riley on

greater size and the increased prominence of the ocellus, which,

in the only specimen of this sex obtained, has two white pupils,

and for the suffusion of the greater part of the fore-wing with

coppery.

Length of fore-wing, ¢ 20 mm.; 2 19 mm.

Between Phari and Gyangtse, 13,000-15,000 ft., June 1804

(H. T. Walton), 3 g, 1 9.

Types gf? in B.M.

The genitalia of this species give ample proof of its specific

difference from the others placed in Argestina. It is the only cne

of the four completely to lack the area of modified scales on the

fore-wing of the 3, but, as to the rest of its generic characters, agrees

exactly with waltoni and karta.

25. Paroeneis sikkimensis Staud.

1 3, Tinki, 13,500 ft., 15/7/22 (N

26. Lyeaena arene eee

1 g, Dzaka Chu, 14,000 ft., 6/7/22 (N

1 3, Dzaka Chu, 14,000 ft. ee ‘

1 3, Tink, 13,500 ft., 15/7/22 ( N.).

28. Lyeaena pheretes pharis Fawcett.

2 3, near Phari, 15,000 ft., 19/7/22 (NV

29. Lycaena asiatica Hlwes.

1 g, 1 2, Karma Valley, 12,000 ft., ae

2 3, Karma Valley, 12,000 ft., 22 2/6 ae

¢, Sakithung, 12,000 ft. , 22/6/22 (N

hod

30. Lyeaena janigena ake

1 9, above Phari, 15,000 ft., 19/7/22 (N

30a. Lycaena younghusbandi Elwes.

1907. Lycaena younghusbandi Bing., l.c., 1, p. 338. _

1910. Lycaena younghusbandi Swinhoe, in Moore, vii, p. 9.

1912. Lycaena younghusbandi Evans, List, l.c., p. 983.

1 3, Dzaka Chu, 14,000 it., 7/7/22 (N.).

31. Heodes phiaeas L.

2 9, Arun Valley, 11,000 ft., 9/6/22 (N.).

1 g, 1 9, Kharta, 12,000 ft, 12/6/22 (N.).

Westwood Bequest. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1922. Plate XXXVI.

OFT.

O. F. Tassart, del.

Vaus & Crampton.

BUTTERFLIES OF THE EVEREST EXPEDITION

NOTIOE TO BINDER.

ERRATA.

PLATE XXXVI.

Figs. 4 to 6 should be as follows :— -

Fig. 4 should be Fig. 6.

apy i Fig. 4.

6 fe Fig. 5.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond, 922. Plate XXXVII.

H.G. Herring, photo. Bale,S.& Danielsson Lt?

BUTTERFLIES OF EVEREST EXPEDITION.

the Rhopalocera of the Mt. Everest 1921 Haxpedition. 483

EXPLANATION OF PLhatTe XXXVI.

vhopalocera of the Mt. Everest Expedition.

Fic. 1g. Polyommatus everesti Riley.

2-399. = < Riley.

43. Lycaena jenigena Riley. (Type).

59. 5S j Riley. (Type).

63. Parnassius epaphus himalayanus Riley. (Type).

Thee 55 Bs everesti Riley. (Type).

89. = e a: Xiley. (Type).

93. Colvas cocandica tibetara Riley. (Type).

10g. Paroeneis grandis Riley. (Type).

113. Argestina karta Riley. (Type).

129. “F 95». dley,. (ype).

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XX XVII.

Rhopalecera of the Mt. Everest Expedition.

Fic. 19. Colias dubia Elwes. (Type).

29, ,, 4, E. of Deva La, 16,000 ft. 2777221,

32. 4, miranda (C. dubia Elwes 2 Type).

AEs So » Frihst. (Type), Adams Coll. (B.M.).

BORer S » » (Type), Adams Coll. (B.M.).

63. Argestina nilida Riley. Underside.

7d. 5s 4) auiley.. (Type):

89. 3s » Riley.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1922.—ParRTs I, IV. (FEB. 23) KK

XIX. Notes on Endomychid Coleoptera and descriptions of

new species in the British Museum. By GitBert J.

Arrow, F.E.S., F.Z.S.

[Read October 18th, 1922.]

Havine had the opportunity of examining the collection

of Endomychidae, formed by H. 8. Gorham between the

years 1888 and 1901, and recently acquired by M. René

Oberthiir, I have made a few synonymical notes, which are

here published. The first collection, contaming the species

described by Gorham previous to 1888, and including types

of Guérin and many described by Gerstaecker from the

Deyrolle collection, has long been incorporated in the

British Museum.

In the deplorable ‘“ scraps” so fittingly called by him

Mélanges Exotico-Entomologiques, M. Pic has lately

bestowed names in his characteristic manner upon some

of the most familiar representatives of this family. I have

therefore indicated here the species to which these names

are to be relegated. It seems to me very desirable that

some representative body should give formal expression

to the censure universally felt to be merited by this

writer, who hinders the advancement and degrades the

standards of Entomology by the wholesale introduction

of names accompanied only by remarks indicating the

most impudently superficial study.

Finally descriptions of various new species supplement-

ing those described by me in Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,

1920 (p. 1) are included here. When engaged upon that

paper I deferred dealing with the genus Saula, the minute

species composing it bearing so close a general resemblance

that satisfactory conclusions could not be arrived at with-

out a study of considerable series. I have since succeeded

in bringing together more than one hundred and fifty

specimens of the genus, a large part of them collected

by Prof. C. F. Baker, and this fine series has enabled the

distribution and characteristics of a previously little-known

genus to be elucidated and the number of its species is

now more than trebled.

Amplhisternus papulatus Gorh., is A. bellicosus Gerst.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1922.—PARTs III, IV. (FEB. 723)

Mr. G. J. Arrow’s Notes on Endomychid Coleoptera. 485

A. cultratus Gorh. is based upon a specimen of A. mu-

cronatus Gerst., in which, owing to its dirty condition, only

one subapical spot is distinctly visible.

Trycherus lateralis Pic seems to be T. longanimis Thoms.

Ancylopus lineatus Pic is Indalmus biwittatus Perch.

A grandis Pic is I. ephippratus Gerst.

A. atricormis Pic is I. kirbyanus Latr.

The Burmese specimens referred to Indalmus angusticollis

Gerst., by Gorham in Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, xxxvi, 1896,

p. 295, belong to another species, which I describe later as

I. distinctus.

Pedanus Gerstaeckert Gorh. 1s P. quadrilunatus Gerst.

The type of Mycetina erubescens Gorh. from Borneo

(described in 1901, not 1902, as stated in Cziki’s Catalogue),

proves to be Dryadites borneensis Friv., as I anticipated

in my paper just referred to.

M. brevicollis Gorh. was described from examples of two

species mounted on a single card. The one Gorham men-

tioned as perhaps the female is quite distinct.

Trochoideus rouyeri Pic is the very common and variable

T. Desjardins: Guer., and T. particularis Pic is evidently

a female specimen of the same insect.

The generic name Lycoperdimella introduced in my paper

having been previously used by Mr. Champion, | propose

to substitute Lycoperdinodes in its stead.

Stenotarsoides alfiert is “described” by M. Pic from

“ Indes ” and compared with “ medianus”’ Gorh. As there

is no medianus, he probably means Stenotarsus indranus

Gorh., a very widely-distributed species, of which the type

is in the British Museum. I have little doubt that this is

M. Pic’s Stenotarserdes alfiert.

Indaimus distinetus, sp. n.

Black and shining, each elytron decorated with two bright yellow

patches of rather indefinite and irregular outline, the first subquad-

rate, placed just behind the base and touching the lateral margin,

with its outer edge excised by a small black spot at the humeral

angle, the second transversely oval, placed before the apex and

equidistant from the inner and outer margins.

It is rather narrowly oblong in shape. The head is finely punce-

tured, the pronotum more strongly, its sides bisinuate, the front and

hind angles rather acutely produced, the base deeply margined and

the lateral foveae not quite reaching the middle. The scutellum

is short and very transverse. The elytra are fairly closely and

486 Mr. G. J. Arrow’s Notes on Endomychid Coleoplera

strongly punctured, with the shoulders not prominent and the sides

narrowly margined. The prosternum is very narrow between the

coxae, the mesosternum bears a carina shaped like an inverted Y,

enciosing a rounded tubercle between its arms, and the metasternum

is smooth and shining. The abdomen is finely punctured. The

antennae are rather slender, the first and third joints as long as the

fourth and fifth together and the last three forming a narrow club,

the ninth a little longer and the tenth a little shorter than wide, the

last obliquely truncate.

6. The front tibia is armed with a very strong oblique tooth

at the middle of its inner edge, the middle tibia has a short tooth

just before the middle and is strongly curved from there to the

extremity. The fifth ventralsegment has a curvilinear emargination.

2. The front tibiae are straight, the middle ones distinctly and

the hind ones feebly, curved in their posterior half.

Length 7-8 mm.; breadth 3-4 mm.

Burma: Toungoo (&. Q. Corbett), Karen Hills, Cheba,

27,000-33,000 ft. (LZ. Fea). Assam: Khasi Hills, Nong-

pow, Silhet, Chandkhira.

Type in the British Museum; co-types in the Genoa

Museum and in Mr. O. EK. Janson’s collection.

Gorham confused this species with I. angusticollis Gerst.,

the males of which have a long slender tooth upon the

niddle tibia, placed at a third of its length. In the present

insect the tooth is very snort, though obvious, and is placed

near the middle. The emargination of the end of the abdo-

men in the same sex is not angular, as in Gerstaecker’s

species.

Pseudindaimus malayensis, sp. n.

Obscure rufus, elytris nigris, singulo rufo-bimaculato, maculis

sat magnis, anteriori paulo pone basin sita, ad humerum et marginem

externum attingenti, posteriori anteapicali, subtriangulari.

Ovalis, parum convexus, nitidus, corpore supra perspicue sat

aequaliter punctato, oculis prominentibus, remotis, pronoto later-

aliter intra margines paulo excavato, his antice fortiter arcuatis,

posticis fere rectis, basi recto, sulco profundo, medio fossulato, foveis

basalibus profundis, rectis, fere ad medium attingentibus, scutello

semicirculari; elytrorum lateribus perspicue deplanatis; antennis

brevibus, articulo tertio quam secundo perpaulo longiori; pro- et

meso-sterno angustis :

3d; antennarum articulo 9° valde inflato, tibia intermedia

laevissime incurvata.

Long. 5 mm.; lat. 3 mm.

and descriptions of new species in the British Museum, 487

Matay PENINSULA: Singapore (C. J. Saunders).

In size and general appearance this species and P.

borneensis Arrow are almost identical. The coloration is

the same, except that the legs and c'ub of the antenna are

red and the anterior elytral patch extends to the outer

margin and reaches the shoulder. The pronotum and elytra

are much more distinctly punctured, the eyes are smaller

and farther apart, the base of the pronotum is rectilinear,

the sides more strongly excavated within the lateral

margins, the basal foveae very deep and the basal groove

has a round impression in the middle. The flattened outer

margins of the elytra are a little wider than in the allied

form.

The type of P. borneensis is not, as I supposed, a male.

Mr. Saunders has taken a male specimen in Singapore

which I believe to be that of this species and which has the

ninth joint of the antenna much swollen and the hind

tibia dilated posteriorly. The latter forms the best-marked

distinction between the two species.

Becearia 12-punctata, sp. n.

Nigra, parum nitida, pronoti angulis anticis elytrique singuli

punctis rotundatis 12 rufis, quarum una basali, duo medianis, et

duo subapicalibus, antennis flavis, clava nigra; fere hemisphaerica,

convexa, pronoto haud Jatissimo, minute et crebre punctato, lateri-

bus arcuatis, angulis omnibus fere rectis, basi trisinuato, anguste

marginato, foveis basalibus minutis; scutello triangulari, fere laevi;

elytris fortiter aequaliter sat crebre punctatis; metasterni medio

fortiter haud crebre punctato; antennarum articulis basalibus

parvis, 4-7 brevissimis, tribus ultimis sat magnis.

Long 5-5 mm.; lat, 4:5 mm.

Borneo (Prof. A. C. Haddon).

The unique type specimen has been surrendered by the

Cambridge University Museum to the British Museum.

It is a species easily distinguished from all others by the

close puncturation of the upper surface and the more

numerous red spots with which it is decorated. It most

resembles B. philippinica. Arrow, but the elytra have ten

round spots instead of seven. It is a little larger, the

prenotum is relatively narrower and the antennae are less

slender, the club larger and almost equal in length to the

footstalk, of which joints four to seven are extremely short.

488 Mr. G. J. Arrow’s Notes on Endomychid Coleoptera

Beecaria eruciata, sp. n.

Fulva, antennarum clava elytrorumque margine toto, sutura et

linea mediana recta nigris: fere hemisphaerica, nitida, sat convexa,

pronoto laevissime et disperse punctato, parum convexo, margi-

nibus lateralibus fere rectis, antice leviter arcuatis, angulis anticis

rotundatis, basi trisinuato, subtiliter marginato, elytris fortiter haud

crebre aut regulariter punctatis; metasterni medio abdominisque

basi grosse haud dense punctato; antennis gracilibus, articulis 1-8

elongatis.

Long. 4 mm.; lat. 3 mm.

PHILIPPINE Is., Mindanao: Surigao (Prof. C. F. Baker).

This is very similar to the Bornean B. coccinella Arrow,

but the colouring is much brighter, and the four elytral

patches are enlarged so that the interposed black areas

appear to form a narrow black cross. The pronotum and

scutellum are entirely pale and the elytral patches roughly

triangular in shape, the anterior one very feebly indented

at the shoulder. The pronotum is rather more finely

punctured than that of B. coccinella, its front angles are

blunter and the base is finely margined, the elytra are less

highly convex and the antennae are longer, the first eight

joints being distinctly elongate and the total length greater

than the width of the pronotum at its base.

Beccaria pallida, sp. n.

Pallide testacea, antennarum clava ‘elytrorumque margine

angusto nigris, hujus parte posticali paulo dilatata, angulis extremis

pallidis; fere hemispherica, supra nitida, pronoto lato, laevis-

sime punctato, angulis anticis productis, haud acutis, posticis

acutis; elytris distincte sed disperse punctatis; antennis brevissi-

mis, gracilibus, articulo tertio longo,

Long. 5-5 mm.; lat. 4-5 mm.

N. Marapar: Taliparamba (P. S. Nathan, July—Aug.).

This is also unique, the type having been received from

Mr. K. Ballard.

Pale testaceous yellow, with the last four or five joints

of the antennae and a narrow border encircling the con-

jomed elytra black. This border does not include the

scutellum, but extends a little way down the suture behind

it, and at the posterior end of the elytra it dilates into a

broad subapical patch, the extreme apices being pale.

The body is very broadly oval, almost hemispherical,

and descriptions of new species in the British Museum. 489

and very smooth and shining above, the puncturation

being fine and sparse. The head is finely pubescent, the

pronotum very broad, lightly punctured, with its sides

straight and very divergent behind, feebly rounded in front,

the front angles produced but not very sharp, the hind

angles rather acute, the base feebly trisinuated, not dis-

tinctly margined, the lateral foveae well marked. The

elytra are distinctly but sparmgly and unevenly punctured.

The lower surface is clothed with fine silky hair, and the

metasternum has in the middle a large cluster of coarse,

evenly distributed punctures. The antennae are very

slender but relatively very short, the length being con-

siderably less than the width of the pronotum at the base,

The third joint is decidedly longer than the rest.

Becearia ovata, sp. n.

Nigra, nitida, singulo elytro lunula humerali punctaque sub-

apicali flavis ornato; ovata, convexa, pronoto parvo, sat crebre

punctato, utrinque bifossulato, lateribus arcuatis, medio laevissime

excisis, angulis posticis paulo productis, foveis basalibus linearibus,

basi trisinuato, anguste marginato; elytris punctis magnis et parvis

intermixtis inaequaliter sparsis, lateribus pone humeros leviter

angulatis, apicibus paulo productis; pedibus modice longibus,

antennis gracilibus, articulis 1-8 elongatis, 9 triangulari, 10 brevi,

lato, 11 subquadrato.

Long. 8 mm.; lat. 6 mm.

PuiuipPIne Is., Mindanao: Iligan (Prof. C. F. Baker).

A single male specimen has been kindly presented to the

British Museum by Prof. Baker.

A pecuhar and isolated species in which the regularly

rounded outline, producing in most of the forms so close a

resemblance to Coccinellidae, is absent. The oval shape,

with the slender antennae and legs (especially the hind ig,

prevent such a resemblance in the present case. It is

shining black insect, with an orange half-ring upon at

elytron, enclosing a black shoulder-spot, and a round orange

spot before the apex. The abdomen is also pale except the

basal segment. The pronotum is relatively small and much

narrower than the conjoined elytra, finely margined all

round, with the rounded outer margins a little interrupted

in the middle and the lateral foveae linear. The curvature

of the sides of the elytra is also a little irregular, a slight

490 Mr. G. J. Arrow’s Notes on Endomychid Coleoptera

angle being formed at the widest pot; the puncturation

is very irregular and the apices are produced.

This is the largest species of Beccaria known.

Cyclotoma monticola, sp. n.

Bright red, with the club of the antenna and seven nearly equal

and equidistant black spots upon each elytron black, three of the

latter near the suture and four near the lateral margin.

Hemispherical in shape and extremely smooth and glossy. The

clypeus is rather closely punctured, the forehead scantily, with a

very thin, scarcely perceptible clothing of minute setae. The

pronotum is very broad, the breadth equal to three times its length,

finely punctured, with the lateral margins feebly rounded and all

the angles obtuse. The elytra are finely and evenly punctured,

with rather broad flattened lateral margins, broadly conjointly

rounded behind and not at all produced. The metasternum is

strongly punctured and the abdomen rather finely. The basal

joint of the antenna is long, the second globular, the third and fourth

slender, the fifth to eighth very short, the ninth to eleventh together

as long as the seven preceding.

Length 6-5-7-5 mm.; breadth 6-7 mm.

S. Inpra: Nilgiri Hills, Anamalai Hills (Andrewes),

Kanara (7. R. D. Bell). Type in the British Museum.

This species has a much richer colour than its Indian

congeners, and is also differently spotted and of more

exactly hemispherical shape. It more closely resembles the

Philippine C. coccinellina Gerst., from which it differs in

its deeper colouring, broader prothorax (that of C. cocci-

neliina is only two and a half times its length), less closely

punctured and pubescent head and the longer first and

third joints to the antenna.

Stenotarsus perforatus, sp. n.

Flavus, antennarum articulis 7-10 nigris: ovalis, convexus,

nitidus, ubique dense fulvo-setosus, pronoto brevi, lateribus antice

valde arcuatis, postice fere parallelis, marginibus latis, basi fortiter

marginato, utrinque intra marginem exciso, sulcis lateralibus valde

obliquis, antice vix perspicue productis, scutello late transverso ;

elytris grosse seriatim punctatis, punctis post medium evanescenti-

bus : antennis longitudine ad corporis dimidium aequalibus, articulis

2-8 brevissimis, 9-11 magnis, laxe connexis, 10 transverso, ultimo

ovali, ad duos precedentes conjunctim vix aequali.

Long. 3-5 mm.; lat. 2 mm,

(ueire.

and descriptions of new species in the British Museum. 491.

PHILIPPINE Is.

The unique specimen has been in the British Museum

since 1845. It was probably captured by Cuming, like the

three other species already recorded from the Philippine

Islands. It is a smaller insect, of a bright yellow colour,

except for the black intermediate joints of the antennae,

probably varying in number, but leaving the terminal one

pale, except at the base. It is more narrowly oval than the

majority of Oriental Stenotarsi, and the elytra are very

coarsely punctured in rows which disappear a little beyond

the middle. The broad elevated margins of the pronotum

project behind owing to the deep notching of the base at

the end of the lateral grooves, which produces the effect of

a perforation on each side when the thorax and elytra are

closely applied.

Chondria longicornis, sp. n.

Ferruginea, antennis nigris, articulis duobus basalibus ferrugineis

ultimoque laete flavo; late ovalis, modice convexa, parum dense

aut longe pubescens, antennis pedibusque gracilibus, pronoto haud

lato, nitido, lateribus antice leviter arcuatis, postice fere parallelis,

marginibus latissimis, postice attenuatis, basi fortiter marginato,

utrinque profunde excavato, elytris sat grosse seriato-punctatis,

interstitiis minutissime parce punctatis; antennis quam corporem

vix brevioribus, articulis 2-8 compactis, brevibus, tertio perpaulo

longiori, tribus ultimis elongatis, laxe articulatis, ultimo longissimo.

Long. 3 mm.; lat. 2 mm.

Puruippine is., Mindanao: Surigao.

The unique type has been presented to the British Museum

by C. F. Baker.

It is reddish-chestnut coloured, with the antennae black,

except the two basal joints, which are red, and the last,

which is bright yellow. Rather broadly oval, with very |

slender legs and antennae, and clothed with fine pubes-

cence. The pronotum is rather feebly rounded in front,

the lateral margins are broad, narrowed and very promi-

nent behind, the base strongly margined and very deeply

excavated at each end just within the raised margins, with

the foveae situated within the basal groove and not pro-

duced forwards. The elytra bear longitudinal rows of

large, not closely-set punctures. The antennae are little

shorter than the body, joints two to eight very short and

compact and the three last elongated, not flattened, very

loosely articulated and equal in length to the preceding

492 Mr. G. J. Arrow’s Notes on Endomychid Coleoptera

seven, the yellow terminal joint three times as long as it

is wide.

Chondria apicalis, sp. n.

Testacea, fulvo-pubescens, pronoto medio paulo infuscato,

antennis nigris, articulis basalibus 4 vel 5 rufescentibus ultimoque

pallide flavo; pedibus antennisque modice longis, pronoto brevi,

subtiliter punctato, lateribus fortiter arcuatis, marginibus latis-

simis, basi fortiter sat anguste marginato, utrinque profunde fossu-

lato, foveis basalibus valde obliquis, antice leviter productis, scu-

tello lato, triangulari; elytris seriato-punctatis, interstitiis sat crebre

punctulatis; antennarum articulis 2-8 brevibus, compactis, 9-11

laxissime connexis, paulo dilatatis, 9 et 10 transversis, 11 ad eos

conjunctos longitudine aequali.

‘Long. 4 mm.; lat. 3 mm.

ParirerIne Is., Mindanao: Butuan (C. IP. Baker).

Like all its eight congeners, this is known from a single

specimen only. This has been kindly presented to the

British Museum by Prof. Baker. It resembles C. ovalis

Arrow, but is rather larger, with longer antennae, the

interstices of the elytra more finely punctured and the large

serial punctures more distinct. The elevated margins of

the pronotum are wider, the basal groove more deeply

impressed and less close to the edge. The deep pits pass-

ing under the raised margins at each end of the base form

a remarkable feature, but they are a little less conspicuous

than in C, longicornis.

The two Philippine species are peculiar for the pale

terminal joint of the antenna. This is an interesting

characteristic of the Endomychidae of several genera in

the island of Mindanao. Gorham has described two species

of Stenotarsus in which this curious feature occurs, viz.

S. tabidus and leoninus. In the latter the last two joints are

said to be pale, but in fully mature specimens the terminal

one only seems to retain its yellow colour. I have here

described a third Philippine Stenotarsus with the same

characteristic, and it appears again in Milichius ampliatus,

an Endomychid superficially like but not very nearly re-

lated to Stenotarsus and Chondria. It is evidently a case

of a mimetic association, and the bright-tipped antenna

may be assumed to be a warning mark.

Stenotarsus tabidus and leoninus, of Gorham, just re-

ferred to, are described as uniformly coloured, with the

exception of the antennae, but a black-spotted form of each

and descriptions of new species in the British Museum. 493

occurs. In the former a black patch may appear in the

middle of the pronotum and another in the middle of each

elytron; in the latter a spot appears at the base and another

near the middle of the outer margin of each elytron.

Genus SAULA.

The genus Saula seems to be the counterpart in the

Oriental Region, to which it is confined, of the mainly

African genus Danae, the species of which are closely

similar, but have invariably a broader thorax, with wide

raised margins. The two genera agree in exhibiting

remarkable sexual differences in the legs and antennae.

With the exception of these sexual features, there is a very

close uniformity in size, colour and general appearance, in

all the species of Saula.

A careful study of the considerable series I have suc-

ceeded in bringing together reveals that the genus is a very

large one and that ‘the most important and distinctive

characters of the species are peculiar to the males. Five

species have been named up to the present time, and in

none of these has any sexual character been referred to.

Although in some of the forms the two sexes are practic-

ally identical, in most the antennae of the males are longer

or more massive and the tibiae of one or more pairs of legs

are bent or dilated in various ways according to the species.

Saula occidentalis, sp. n.

Pallide testacea, antennis (basi excepto) infuscatis; robusta,

parum convexa, griseo-pubescens, pronoto brevi, lato, plano,

lateribus bisinuatis, angulis anticis paulo productis, obtusis, posti-

cis acutis; elytrorum humeris prominentibus; antennis tenuibus,

haud valde elongatis, articulo tertio longo, ultimo duplo longiori

quam latiori.

Long. 4 mm.; lat. 2-5 mm.

Bompay: Bandra (Dr. A. S. G. Jayakar).

So far as known this species reuiebedtts the farthest west-

ward range of this Oriental genus.

It is straw-coloured, with the antennae (except the basal

part) dark and the extremities of the femora and bases of

the tibiae light brown.

The body is rather broad and not very convex, with a

fairly close clothing of pale hair. The eyes are not large,

separated by twice their radius. The pronotum is nearly

494 Mr. G. J. Arrow’s Noles on Endomychid Coleoptera

twice as wide as it is long and quite as wide in front as at

the base. ‘The front angles area little produced as rounded

lobes and have broad elevated margins which become very

narrow at the sides. The lateral margins are gently bisinu-

ated and the hind angles acute. The elytra are not very

convex, broad at the base and not much dilated beyond it.

The legs are long and slender and the tibiae straight and

simple in both sexes. The antennae are slender but not

very long, the third jot is distinctly longer than the

second or fourth, and the terminal joint is nearly as long

as the two preceding ones together.

The male has the antennae a little more slender than those

of the female, and the last ventral segment (5th) is shghtly

pointed behind.

The female has the last ventral segment broader and not

pointed,

Saula oculata, sp. n.

Testacea, antennis (basi excepto) nigris tibiisque plus minusve

infuscatis: elongato-ovalis, griseo-pubescens, pronoto transverso,

plano, angulis anticis obtusis, basi dilatato, angulis acutis; elytris

convexis, postice attenuatis; antennis gracilibus, articulis 1-7

paulo elongatis, ultimo duplo longiori quam latiori, oculis magnis,

haud late separatis :

g, antennis gracilioribus, articulo uitimo quam latitudine plus-

quam duplo longiori, tibiis posticis apice leviter attenuatis.

Long. 3-5-4 mm.; lat. 2 mm.

Brit. N. Borneo: Sandakan (C.S. Baker). Sarawak:

Mt. Matang, Quop (G. #. Bryant, Dec.—April).

This is a larger species than S. tebealis and has markedly

Jarger eyes, the interval separating the latter being little

more than the diameter of the eye as seen from above.

The pronotum is relatively broader at the base, and the

elytra have the shoulders rather less rounded. The

antennae are similar, but have usually only three instead of

five basal joints pale, and the tibiae are more or less dark

(although never black) except at the base. Pale specimens

are found, however, in which no darkening is perceptible.

The male has very slender antennae (Fig. 3), and the gradual

increase 1n width of the hind tibia ceases at two-thirds of

its length and a very slight diminution occurs.

Saula tibialis, sp. n.

Ferruginea, pedibus concoloribus, antennarum dimidio apicali-

higro; elongato-ovalis, breviter grisec-pubescens, pronoto trans-

and descriptions of new species in the British Museum. 495

verso, minute sat crebre punctato, angulis haud productis, post-

_ icis acutis; elytris convexissimis, humeris parum prominentibus ;

antennis gracilibus, articulis 3—7 elongatis, ultimo quam precedenti

duplo longiori :

6, antennis gracilissimis, articulo ultimo duplo longiori quam

latiori, pedum 4 anteriorum tibiis arcuatis.

Long. 3 mm.; lat. 2 mm.

Brit. N. Borneo: Sandakan (C. #. Baker). SARAWAK :

Mt. Matang (G. #. Bryant, Dec.), Kuching (J. H. A. Lewis).

7 | 8 ae

: Ape!

Fig. 1.—Front tibia of Saula tibialis,sp.n., male. 2. Front tibia of

S. curvipes, sp.n., male. 38. Antenna of S. oculata, sp. n., male.

4, Antenna of S. filicornis, sp. n., male. 5. Front tibia of S.

crassicornis, sp. n., male. 6, Hind tibia of S. posticalis, sp. n.,

male. 7. Hind tibia of S. excisipes, sp. n., male. 8. Hind

tibia of S. clavipes, sp. n., male. 9. Antenna of S. malleicornis,

sp. n., male. 10. Antenna of S. crassicornis, sp. n., male.

A small species closely resembling S. curvipes and _fili-

cornis, but with the legs and the basal half of the antennae

pale. The elytra are rather shorter and more strongly

narrowed behind. In the male the antennae are very

slender, and the front tibiae are rather strongly, and the

middle ones more gently, curved (Fig. 1).

Saula filicornis, sp. n.

Testacea, tibiis infuscatis (basi excepto) antennisque nigris (basi

pallidiore); haud robusta, elongata, sat longe griseo-pubescens,

496 Mr. G. J. Arrow’s Notes on Endomychid Coleoptera

oculis magnis; pronoto paulo transverso, plano, minute sat

crebre punctato, lateribus postice parum sinuatis, margine antico-

fere recto, angulis anticis obtusis, haud productis; posticis acutis ;

elytrorum humeris parum prominentibus ; pedibus modice gracilibus,

antennis gracilissimis, articulis omnibus elongatis, clava laxe articu-

lata, articulo ultimo quam precedenti plusquam duplo longiori,

leviter arcuato :

3g, tibia antica valde, intermedia leviter, arcuata.

Long. 3-5 mm.; lat. 2 mm.

PHILIPPINE Is., Luzon: Los Banos; Mindanao: Surigao

(C. F. Baker).

A small rather narrowly elongate species, with the eyes

large and separated by less than twice their radius, the

pronotum narrow, closely punctured, nearly straight at the

front margin, the front angles biunt and not at all pro-

duced, the hind angles a little acute, the elytra highly

convex, rather narrow at the shoulders and attenuated

behind. The antennae are very long and slender, and the

terminal joint is more than twice as long as it is wide

(Fig. 4). In the male the front tibia is strongly curved.

Saula curvipes, sp. n.

Omnino testacea, antennis (basi excepto) nigris; elongato-

ovata, griseo-pubescens, pedibus antennisque sat longis, oculis

parvis, late separatis; pronoto late transverso, subtiliter punctato,

lateribus bisinuatis, angulis anticis parum productis, obtusis, posticis

leviter acutis; elytris valde convexis, humeris parum prominentibus ;

antennarum articulis 1-8 (tertio excepto) sat brevibus, compactis,

tribus ultimis laxe articulatis, clongatis, ultimo quam precedente

fere duplo longiori :

3, tibiis anticis arcuatis, intus medio et apice paulo dilatatis,

trochanteribusque one spinosis.

Long. 3-5 mm.; lat. 2 mm.

PaLAwAN I.: P. Princesa (C. F. Baker).

This closely resembles S. filicornis, but 1t is a little more

stoutly built, with the legs entirely pale and rather less

slender, and the antennae shorter. The pronotum is more

transverse and less closely punctured, the three club-joints

of the antenna are equally loosely conjoined, but rather

less elongate and those of the footstalk are much stouter,

the third alone being slightly elongate.

and descriptions of new species in the British Museum. 497

The front tibia of the male (Fig. 2) 1s rather strongly

curved, dilated a little at the middle of its inner edge and

again at the extremity, and the trochanter of the same

leg is produced into a sharp point beneath.

Saula clavipes, sp. n.

Testacea, femorum apicibus, tibiis antennisque (basi excepto)

nigris; elongata, modice nitida, griseo-pubescens, pronoto transverso,

minute sat crebre punctato, basi lato, angulis posticis acutis;

elytrorum humeris parum prominentibus; antennis gracilissimis,

articulis omnibus elongatis, ultimo quam precedente duplo Jongiori:

6, femoribus posticis incrassatis, clavatis, leviter arcuatis,

subtus antice apicem paulo excisis, tibiarum posticarum dimidio

antico tenui, leviter sinuato, dimidio postico fortiter laminato-

dilatato, abdominis segmento primo lato, 5 haud angusto. utrinque

lobato, 6 fortiter lobato,

Long. 3-5 mm.; lat. 2 mm.

PurLipPIne Is., N. Luzon: Baguio, Benguet (C. F. Baker).

Except in the features distinctive of the male, the

resemblance between this and S. filicornis is extremely

close. The antennae are very long and slender, all the

jomts elongate, the last three very loosely articulated and

the terminal one twice as long as its predecessor. The

thickened hind femora of the male, a little excised at the

posterior edge, and the remarkable almost semicircular

flange at the extremity of the tibia (Fig. 8) render the identi-

fication of that sex easy. The structure of the abdomen in

the male is also remarkable. The fifth segment is broad

and deeply excised in the middle, and the sixth consists of

two lobes fringed with hair.

S. excisipes, sp. n.

Testacea, antennis (basi excepto) femorum dimidio apicali, tibi-

isque (basi excepto) nigris: elongata, sat dense griseo-pubes-

cens, oculis magnis, approximatis; pronoto transverso, parum

convexo, angulis anticis obtusis, posticis fere rectis; elytris con-

vexis, humeris parum prominentibus; antennis gracilibus, articulo

ultimo quam precedenti duplo longiori :

g, antennis gracilissimis, articulo ultimo quam latiori fere

triplo longiori, tibia postica a basi ad post medium gradatim

dilatata, deinde intus arcuatim angustata.

Long. 3-5 mm.; lat. 2 mm.

498 Mr. G. J. Arrow’s Notes on Endomychid Coleoptera

Matay Penrnsuta: Penang (G. #. Bryant, Oct.).

A single pair was taken by Mr. Bryant and presented by

him to the British Museum.

This is a rather small species, with convex oval elytra

and dark antennae and legs. It closely resembles 5S.

oculata Arrow, and, like it, has large prominent eyes, but

it is a little smaller, the pronotum is not quite so broad at

the base, and the shoulders of the elytra are more rounded.

The antennae are very slender, especially in the male, and

the hind tibia of the male has a very peculiar form. It is

straight, gradually increases in width from the base to two-

thirds of its length and is then abruptly narrowed in a curve

to the apex, appearing as though cut away at the inner edge

(Fig. 7).

This or the next species may possibly be the S. Burov

of Csiki (from Malacca). Owing to an unfortunate accident

having befallen the Latin phrase in which the coloration of

the legs is referred to, it 1s impossible to determine what

that coloration is, and nothing remains by which the

identity of the insect may be guessed at.

S. variipes, sp. n.

Flava, antennis (basi excepto) femorum apicibus tibiarumque

dimidio apicali nigris; elongato-ovalis, griseo-pubescens, pronoto

transverso, plano, lateribus leviter bisinuatis, angulis anticis obtusis,

posticis paulo acutis, elytris convexis, haud abbreviatis, antennis

sat gracilibus, articulo ultimo elongato, quam duobus praecedentibus

conjunctim breviori :

gd, antennis paulo longioribus.

Long. 3-5-4 mm.; lat. 2 mm.

Brit. N. Borneo: Sandakan (C. S. Baker). SARAWAK:

Quop, Lundu (G. #. Bryant, Jan., March). Matay

PENINSULA: Singapore (C. S. Baker).

This is distinguishable from all other known species by

the coloration of the legs, both the femora and tibiae being

yellow, with the terminal part black. The antennae are

black, with the two basal joints pale. The eyes are rather

smaller than those of S. oculata, the antennae not quite

so slender, with a distinctly shorter terminal joint, the pro-

thorax is shorter and broader, and the elytra are a little

longer and less convex. The legs are similar in both sexes,

but the antennae of the male are a little longer than those

of the female and the fifth ventral segment is rather

narrower.

and descriptions of new species in the British Museum. 499

S. posticalis, sp. n.

Testacea, pedibus concoloribus, antennis (basi excepto) nigris;

elongata, griseo-pubescens, pronoto transverso, haud dense punc-

tato, angulis anticis paulo productis, posticis acutis, haud productis ;

elytris parum elongatis, humeris modice prominentibus; antennis

gracilibus, articulis omnibus elongatis, ultimo quam latiori dimidio

longiori :

¢, tibiis posticis arcuatis, postice paulo dilatatis.

Long. 3-5 mm.; lat. 2 mm.

Tonkin: Hoabinh (R. Vitalis de Salvaza, Aug.).

I have seen only a single male specimen of this insect,

which resembles S. tibialis, but the antennae are black,

with the exception of the two basal jcints, the anterior

angles of the pronotum are a litile produced and rather

broadly margined, and the elytra are a little less oval and

convex. The antennae of the male are still more slender

than in that sex of S. tibialis, all the joits being distinctly

elongate, but the terminal joint is shorter and only half as

long again as it is wide. The hind tibia in the same sex

is curved and a little dilated posteriorly, instead of the front

and middle tibiae, as in S. tidialzs (Fig. 6).

S. erassicornis, sp. n.

Rufo-testacea, antennis (basi excepto) nigris; elongato-ovalis,

griseo-pubescens, pronoto transverso, convexo, minute sat crebre

punctato, angulis posticis acutis, haud productis; elytrorum humeris

parum prominentibus; antennis crassis, haud brevibus, articulo

basali ovali, inflato, tertio et ultimo paulo elongatis, ceteris brevibus,

8-10 transversis :

g, antennis crassioribus, planatis, tibiis anticis imtus (basi

excepto) fortiter deplanatis, tortis, margine interno apice valde

reflexo, tibiis intermediis pone basin arcuatis.

Long. 3-5 mm.; lat. 2 mm.

Puitierine Is., Bukidnon, Tangeolan (C. F. Baker).

Prof, Baker has sent a single specimen of each sex.

The whole of the legs and the two basal joints of the

antenna are of the same pale colour as the body, the

remaining part of the antenna alone being black. The

general form differs little from that of Be curvipes, but

the pronotum is rather more convex. The antennae are

very distinctive. They are rather stout and long, with the

first, third and last joints only distinctly el tongate, and

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1922.—PARTS II, IV. (FEB. 23) LL

500 Mr. G. J. Arrow’s Notes on Endomychid Coleoptera.

the eighth, ninth and tenth rather transverse. The ter-

minal joint is pear-shaped. The antennae of the male are

more massive than those of the female, and the front tibiae

of the same sex are still more curiously formed (Figs. 5, 10).

They are dilated internally from a little beyond the base

and the broad flange strongly reflexed in its terminal

part. The middle and hind tibiae are slender and the

former rather strongly curved beyond the base.

S. malleicornis, sp. n.

Testacea, tibiis tarsisque fuscis, antennis nigris, articulis duabus

basalibus pallidis exceptis; robusta, nitida, subtiliter haud dense

pubescens, pedibus longissimis, antennis parum longis, articulo

ultimo fortiter transverso, praecedenti paulo transverso, 8° haud

longiori quam latiori; pronoto modice lato, crebre et minute punc-

tato, lateribus ante basin sinuatis, angulis posticis acutis; elytrorum

humeris prominentibus ; abdomine subtus 6-segmentato :

3, pedibus longioribus antennarumque articulo ultimo latis-

simo; segmento ventrali tertio postice leviter bilobato, 4 et 5

abbreviatis :

9, segmento ventrali 4 abbreviato, 5 paulo producto.

Long. 4 mm.; lat. 2-5 mm.

PuiLiePIne Is., Mindanao: Surigao, Kolambugan, Davao,

Butuan, Iligan (C. S. Baker).

This is a relatively large and solidly-built insect, the

elytra being broad at the shoulders and dilating distinctly

to beyond the middle. The legs are very slender and the

antennae of an entirely peculiar form. The first three

joints are elongate (especially the third), the succeeding

six about as long as they are broad, and the last two

strongly transverse, the terminal one produced internally,

especially in the male (Fig. 9). In the latter sex the third

ventral segment is emarginate in the middle and a little

produced on each side, and the last three segments are

very short. The eyes are also larger and closer together

than in the female.

XX. Notes on the Biology of some British Neuroptera

(Planipenma). By C. L. WitaHycomse.

[Read October 18th, 1922.]

Puates XXXVITI-XLITI.

THE present account is offered as a small contribution to

our knowledge of the earlier stages of British Neuroptera.

The writer is only too conscious of its incompleteness, but it

is to be hoped that further work will supply the omissions.

The Megaloptera, including Sialidae and Raphidiidae, also

the Mecoptera or scorpion-flies, must be treated of later

and separately. Excluding these two last-mentioned orders

from the Neuroptera, we have a very uniform grouping of

insects, although the Coniopterygidae stand somewhat

apart.

As regards anatomy, this note is little more than a pre-

liminary one, being merely a summary of the more striking

characteristics of the order. External structure of imagines

has been almost entirely omitted, as this is generally better

known.

To avoid repetition, it is assumed when describing

individual larvae, that the general characters of larvae of

the family are known. Each description is therefore more

or less comparative, and points not mentioned are typical

of the family as a whole. It is to be hoped that, with such

brief descriptions, the drawings will facilitate identafi-

cation of the various species. With the exception of

Hemerobiid larvae, every species should be fairly easily

determined. Larvae of Hemerobius are very difficult to

identify. I have thoroughly compared the chaetotaxy of

every part of the body. It is constant in general plan

throughout all the species and where variable is not specific.

Pigmentation, arrangement of sclerites, etc., are likewise

useless characters. While, with a knowledge of habitat,

one may, after some experience, fairly certainly determine

a larva, the position is none the less very unsatisfactory, and

I regret that | am unable further to elucidate matters.

Tables illustrating life-cycles have only been employed

to illustrate points of interest, or where such are considered

TRANS. ENT. SOC, LOND. 1922.-—PARTS II, IV. (FEB. '23)

502 Mr. C. L. Withycombe’s Notes on

desirable. They are selected from a large number of

similar examples.

At the commencement of the account of each species,

a short summary of salient features is given. This is not

intended to be a description of the species, but merely an

enumeration of certain characters which appear to me to be

typical and useful.

I am indebted to several gentlemen for their kind assist-

ance, and would now express my sincere thanks to Prof.

H. M. Lefroy for having afforded me every facility for the

carrying out of this work, and for help in many ways;

to Dr. J. Waterston and Dr. A. Roman for the identifi-

cation of all parasitic Hymenoptera; to Mr. F. Laing, who

has named for me a large number of aphids, psyllids and

coccids, on which Neuropterous larvae have been found

preying unfortunately the complete list cannot be in-

cluded; to Mr. W. EK. Chma, without whose help in

obtaining the necessary material, the life-histories of

Synvpherobius pygmaeus and Micromus paganus would not

have appeared.

JENERAL FEATURES AND LIFE-CYCLE OF NEUROPTERA.

The egg is of oval shape, sometimes flattened. It is

laid on its side or stalked at the anti-micropylar pole. The

chorion may be smooth or pitted from the impressions of

the follicle cells previous to laying. Ornamentation cannot

always be ascribed simply to this cause, e. g. the projections

on the chorion of the egg of Boriomyia concinna, Which

occur in the place of pits. “The micropylar apparatus often

takes the form ofa knob. This may be slightly stalked or

flattened and inconspicuous.

The embryology will not be described here, but the

hatching is of particular importance (Piate XX XIX, figs.

2-4). There is always a saw-like egg-breaker, and a com-

plete skin, sheathing all the appendages, is cast before

leaving the eggshell. While referring to this skin as

the amnion, I do so believing it to be the correct desig-

nation, although [I have as yet not definitely proved this to

be the case. The embryo, thea, when about to hatch is

enveloped in the amnion, and, as part of this amnion, lying

with its anterior third over the labrum- clypeus of the future

larva, is the saw-like egg-breaker. This saw hes in the

mirdalle line, mainly over the mouth-parts, but, as stated,

aia

the Biology of some British Neuroptera. 503

its anterior portion reaches as far as the clypeus. Since

the embryo rests with head and abdomen bent ventrally,

the anterior extremity of the egg-breaker will be situated

a little posteriorly to the micropyle.

The hatching of Nothochrysa capitata 1s quite typical

and as follows. When hatching is due, blood is forced to

the labrum-clypeus, which swells under the pressure and so

presses against the anterior portion of the egg-breaker.

In ali Chrysopids this bears a projecting tooth, which

quickly penetrates the chorion. Now the entire fore part

of the body presses outwards and the saw slits the egg still

further down. The head gradually protrudes and then the

prothorax. Now it may be seen that the labrum-clypeus

is considerably ballooned owt and puisates at ninety or one

hundred to the minute. It projects in a semicircle from a

line drawn between the mandible bases. Behind this, an

almost transverse segment includes the bases of theantennae. »

Later, these transverse divisions become drawn backwards

in the middle, as will be seen.

Five minutes after hatching commenced, the amnion

skin splits at the back of the head. Now the escape of the

larva is rapid. Antennae and jaws are drawn out of their

sheathes and the egg-breaker is left behind. Finally the

young larva frees itself entirely and stands out from the

eggshell, supported only by the tip of the abdomen, which is

still within. It is now only ten minutes since hatching

commenced.

Examining the larva at this stage, the head is wholly

soft, enclosed in a thin skin which will shortly harden. The

soft integument of the head is now seen to be continuous,

from the dorsal to the ventral surface anteriorly between

the jaws. Thus the position which should reveal a mouth

opening is covered by membrane. This is important, as it

shows how the mouth is at first closed. Now a process of

retraction of the central part of the head is going on.

Gradually the labrum-clypeus, once swollen with blood,

shrinks and is drawn back until it no longer projects, but

forms a triangular piece with a slightly curved anterior

margin between the Jaws (Plate XX XIX, fig. 1). A groove

now marks the division between labrum and clypeus. The

labrum is the anterior margin of the clypeus. The antenna

bases now lie at the extremities of another V-shaped groove,

(frontal suture) almost parallel to the clypeus boundary, and

once nearly transverse as previously noted. The membrane

504 Mr. C. L. Withycombe’s Notes on

closing the mouth opening is gradually drawn out of sight,

within the mouth cleft, as the head capsule hardens. The

mandibles and maxillae at first le parallel, but after

hardening they engage with one another to form the sucking

aws.

Now the larva grasps the eggshell and withdraws the

anal extremity. Larvae sometimes rest on the empty egg-

shell for one hour, but others have remained as long as thirty

hours before wandering away in search of food.

The first instar differs from the second or third-instar

larva in many respects besides size. Two may be mentioned.

The empodium between the tarsal claws is better developed.

In first-instar Hemerobids and Chrysopids it 1s trumpet-

shaped. In the second and third-instar Hemerobiid the

trumpet form is lost and the empodium is small, but in

Chrysopidae this trumpet shape persists. The empodium

is both an adhaesive and tactile organ. When at rest it is

often not applied to the surface. Should an aphid brush

this empodium, the larva at once responds, but often an

aphid may brush the body or even the eyes without the

shghtest notice being taken. Chrysopid and Hemerobuid

larvae have very poor vision and detect food mainly by the

sense of touch, the tips of the maxillae being extremely

sensitive.

Returning to the first-instar larva, the second noteworthy

point of difference is in the number of setae and their

form. In Chrysopids the setae of young larvae are usually

curled at their tips or hooked, and most larvae at first

carry some debris on these. Later, hooked hairs are only

found on those forms which habitually carry debris. From

a single lateral wart, in first-instar Chrysopids, there

generally proceed only two setae. In the later instars, of

course, there isa brush of setae. All first-instar larvae have

fewer body setae than in later life.

There appear constantly to be only three larval instars.

I have found no more in any case.

The body of the second and third-instar larva is more

or less fusiform, slightly flattened dorso-ventrally. The head

is flat, encased in chitin which shows few sutures, though

such sutures are less pigmented asarule. With its base as

the anterior margin of the head, between the jaws, is a tri-

angular plate of chitin, of which the apex is approximately

in the middle of the dorsal surface of the head. This is the

fused frons, clypeus and labrum. The labrum is often very

the Biology of some British Neuroptera. 505

indistinct, but sometimes marked off as the anterior margin

of the clypeus. In the larva of the Australian Psychopsis

elegans (12) the labrum projects as a distinct lobe, and this

is also the case in Coniopterygidae, where it roofs the sucking

spears. The mandibles are almost straight, or curved,

often serrate at their apices. They are grooved ventrally,

and the edges of this groove are generally further grooved or

keeled to engage with complementary grooves in the maxillae.

The mandibles and maxillae when fitted together leave a

central channel along which the blood of victims can flow.

The two appendages are not fixed, but are free to move

upon one another longitudinally, in fact such movement

always occurs when an insect is being sucked. Probably

movement prevents particles from clogging the extremity

of the lumen. When this play of maxilla against mandible

occurs, the hinge joint between stipes and cardo of the

maxilla bulges out each time the latter is pulled back.

The extremity of the maxilla is generally blunt (not in

Coniopterygidae) and bears sense hairs. Since the larvae

have but poor vision, the sensitive tips of the maxillae are

used to search out food. The larva walks with a side-to-

side motion of the head, especially noticeable in Hemero-

bids, and thus brushes against aphids, etc., lying in its

path, with the sensitive ends of the maxillae. These aphids

are then sucked. The labium is always reduced, but is

provided with palpi, except in Sisyra. The eyes are

generally of six ocelli, but not always. Antennae are simple,

but vary in the number of joints.

The body is soft. Terga may be complete (Sisyra) or

reduced to small sclerites, as muscle attachments (Hemero-

bius, etc.). The prothorax is of three more or less distinct

parts: (1) a small fore part rarely extended in life; (2) a

large middle portion bearing legs below and the main

sclerites, whatever they may be, above; (3) a small hind

division with a pair of spiracles laterally.

The legs have a full complement of jomts, but there is

a tendency to fusion of tibia and tarsus, complete in the hind

legs of Myrmeleonidae. The tarsus consists of only one

joint. There are two tarsal claws, one in Sisyra. No clue

is given by the first-instar Szsyra as to how this reduction

has taken place, but if evidence from the examination

of ant-lions can be accepted here, then the reduction has

been by fusion of two claws laterally rather than by loss of

one, Sisyra has no empodium, but in the other genera

506 Mr. C. L. Withycombe’s Notes on

various forms occur. The trumpet-shaped empodium is

probably a primitive, rather than a highly specialised organ,

since it occurs only in the first instar of the Hemerobuidae

and also in the archaic Psychopsidae (12).

The abdomen is of ten segments, if we include the anal

papilla as a segment. This latter, bears two more or less

evaginable appendages, covered with hairs and best

developed in Osmylus. Tt is used as an additional leg, and

also occasionally as a brush to clean the body immediately

on hatching. When a moult is about to take place, the

larva attaches itself by this papilla, at the same time

secreting a yellowish sticky fluid, undoubtedly excretory

and from the Malpighian tubes. The abdomen is without

appendages except in Sesyra, which has ventral tracheal

gills. The first eight abdominal segments are provided

with spiracles, the only other spiracles being a pair on the

prothorax. Chaetotaxy is very similar throughout the

order, and, I think, important, but it can hardly be dealt

with here.

After two moults, in each of which the skin splits along

the thorax and posterior part of the head, the larva becomes

full fed and spins a cocoon of whitish silk, using the anus as

a spinneret. The cocoon is generally remarkably small as

compared with the size of the larva and of the emerging

adult. There is often a tendency to double structure.

The pupa is a pupa libera, but the appendages are not

movable until just before emergence. The pupa exhibits

all the characters of the adult, but the appendages and

abdomen are shorter, especially 1s this true of the wings.

The bead is furnished with strongly chitinised pupal man-

dibles, with which a hole is cut in the cocoon at the end of

pupal life. ‘The antennae lie over the wing rudiments at the

sides, the legs ventrally. Spies are often present on the

back of some of the segments, which aid in escape from the

cocoon.

In due course the pupa bites a hole in the cocoon, and

generally crawls out of 1t completely on to a suitable

support. Here the pupal skin splits along the dorsum of

the thorax, the imago withdraws itself and may walk an

inch or so before the wings commence to expand. Wing

extension occurs basally at first, the tips of the wings

extending last of all. The whole process is very rapid.

Before taking to flight, a black or dark brown pellet of larval

excrement is deposited. This is hard and shining, enclosed

the Biology of some British Neuroptera. 507

in peritrophic membrane. In Coniopterygidae the excre-

ment is deposited in several black viscous masses.

The adult will not be described here, as its form is generally

well known, but the following point appears of interest.

On the lateral valves or paraprocts at the extremity of

the abdomen in both sexes is a pair of circular, dome-

shaped, unpigmented spots. These are covered with small

sensory hairs and are evidently of use in pairing, clearly

so in Osmylus. I consider that these spots are possibly

reduced cerci.

The eggs in the ovaries of the female are at first not fully

developed, but mature in afew days. Animal food hastens

maturation more than does sugar. Sometimes insects will

not lay eggs if only supplied with sweet food, though the

latter will always attract imagines, even from a distance.

All the British forms are mainly crepuscular or nocturnal

in habits and are attracted to light.

Winter may be passed in any stage, with the apparent

exception of the egg, but ? Boriomyia concinna.

The length of life of a male imago is generally only a few

weeks; of a female, up to three months.

INTERNAL ANATOMY.

Larva (Plate XX XIX, fig. 5).—The mouth is closed at first

by membrane, as described in the account of the hatching

larva ; later, the mouth opening appears to be closed by close

application of roof and floor, the one being moulded to fit

the other by ridge and groove. The channels from each

jaw unite in a Y-shaped joint, and then the common

channel (pharynx) takes an oblique course dorsalwards.

The oblique part of the channel has its walls a little more

strongly chitinised than the rest of the pharynx, and attached

before and behind are muscles, which by their contraction

serve to widen the lumen. Thus we have a pharyngeal

pump formed, supplying the necessary suction for feeding.

Now the alimentary canal once more runs horizontally.

The oesophagus dilates behind into a crop. After a slight

constriction the gut continues as mesenteron or stomach,

which normally would not be lined with chitin, but from the

hind part of the oesophagus there is secreted a delicate

chitinous cylinder, the peritrophic membrane, which hangs

free the entire length of the stomach and thus protects the

gastric epithelium from actual contact with the stomach

508 Mr. C. L. Withycombe’s Notes on

contents. At the pyloric end of the stomach the alimentary

canal is suddenly constricted, and the hind-gut becomes in

fact a solid cord of degenerate cells. Thus there is no

connection with the anus. At the same point of constriction

eight colourless Malpighian tubes are given off radially.

Two of these are free distally, but the remaining six once

more join the alimentary canal lower down and run in con-

tact with it for a short distance. Then there is a swelling,

formed by forward growth of epithelial cells over the ends

of the Malpighian tubes. Continuous with this swelling isa

reservoir, which gradually tapers and is continuous with the

rectum. Contrary to common statements on Neuropterous

larvae the six attached Malpighian tubes are functional

throughout life and secrete a yellowish-brown viscous

fluid, which is probably waste, though it serves a useful

purpose. It stands to reason that with all the fluid nutri-

ment taken during life, some must be excreted, even though

that food is so digestible that the entire solid waste can be

stored. The attached Malpighian tubes possibly serve as

drains to the mid-gut. When the larva wishes to attach

itself, as for ecdysis, the anal papilla is furnished with a drop

of the viscous adhaesive fluid. The reservoir serves to store

the fluid temporarily, and if a larva be suddenly shaken off

a leaf, in its endeavours to secure a hold at once, quite a

quantity of this excretion may be poured out. In the

third instar, the cells in the middle and partly posterior

of the Malpighian tubes swell, and the nucleus of each cell

in this region becomes ramified as in true silk glands; in

fact, these cells secrete silk instead of the previous gummy

fluid. The ramification of the nucleus is not at all well

marked in our British forms, and degenerates shortly after

spinning has commenced. In Myrmeleonidae, however, it

is very distinct and apparently of longer duration. The

silk secreted collects in the reservoir and is later spun out

through the anus. Coniopterygidae (Plate XLIII, fig. 5)

differ in having only six Malpighian tubes, four of which

are attached and secrete silk. I have never seen a ramified

nucleus here, though curious changes take place. In the

Megaloptera, Raphidiidae, the larva has also six Malpighian

tubes, and four of these are looped, but no silk appears to

be secreted.

Salivary glands consist of a pair of simple tubular glands

lying mainly within the head, and running one to the base

of each maxilla. There appears to be another small gland

the Biology of some British Neuroptera. 509

in the swollen base of the maxilla. The salivary glands

furnish a secretion which probably serves for extra-oral

digestion and also is poisonous (vide Osmylus). A hungry

Chrysopa larva once pierced the skin between my fingers

and left a small white pimple, very irritating for two hours,

so that, together with noted effects on insect victims, I

think we may say that the secretion is decidedly poisonous.

The nervous system of the larva consists of brain, sub-

oesophageal ganglion, three thoracic and eight abdominal

ganglia. In Coniopterygids (Plate XLIII, fig. 6) there is

marked concentration and reduction in size of abdominal

ganglia, there being only three in Conwentzia. Wing buds

and reproductive organs are first visible in the third-instar

larva.

Pupa.—tThe anatomy varies with the age of the pupa.

Needless to say great changes take place in this short time.

A food reservoir to the oesophagus is present. The gizzard

is more distinct, as also are the developing reproductive

organs.

Imago (Plate XX XIX, figs. 6-17).—The internal anatomy

of the imago differs from that of the larva mainly as follows.

There is a median dorsal food reservoir running back from

the oesophagus. This, on first emergence, is filled with air,

and is possibly filled up to increase the pressure within the

pupal skin previous to emergence. It is supphed by rami-

fications of two large tracheae from the second abdominal

spiracles. Often the food reservoir is laterally placed, and

one example has been seen in which a complete reservoir

was present on one side and a rudimentary one on the other.

There is a gizzard with longitudinal rows of chitinous teeth

within. A peritrophic membrane is, as before, always

present. The lumen of the hind-gut is now open for the

passage of excrement, but six of the eight Malpighian tubes

are still looped and loosely united distally to the hind-gut.

Malpighian tubes are colourless, except in imagines of

Osmylus and Sisyra. There are six globular rectal glands

which probably secrete a lubricant fluid, especially when the

larval excrement is passed.

The salivary glands are of filamentous general type, but

may branch distally. They lead to the hypopharynx by

a short common duct, but posteriorly are doubled along the

sides of the oesophagus in the prothorax, being recurrent to

just behind the head. Also there is a thin walled gland,

often bilobed, to each maxilla.

510 Mr. C. L. Withycombe’s Notes on

The testes lie dorsally in the hind part of the abdomen.

They may be separate, or enveloped in a common yellow

serotum. Vasa efferentia lead ventrally, one on each side

of the alimentary canal to the vesiculae seminales, which

are large. Ventrally a ductus ejaculatorius leaves these

and runs to the “ penis.”

Ovaries are meroistic (polytrophic), each of eight to twelve

egg-tubes, the tubes being attached longitudinally in pairs.

Accessory glands are present at the base of each oviduct,

large in Nothochrysa. Cement glands are paired in the

female, but generally only one is fully developed, the other

being small. They run into the vagina, and may secrete

silk in Sisyra, cement in Osmylus and Hemerobius, and egg-

stalks (== cement) in Chrysopa.

In working out the anatomy, resort has been had largely

to micro-dissections under water, in addition to microtome

sections. The most careful work from sections alone has

in the past led to misinterpretations, and especially is this

so upon such points as the number of Malpighian tubes.

Many contradictory statements have been made. Anthony

(1) in some excellent work on Sisyra states that the number

of Malpighian tubes is five, of which three are attached

distally and two are free. My dissections have generally

revealed eight Malpighian tubes in Sisyra, six being looped

as usual, but it must be said that sometimes no more than

seven have been definitely found. Hagen (5) gives seven

as the number of tubes in Osmylus. Here I have always

found eight. In Chrysopa, where the common number is

also eight, I have two cases in which there were quite defin-

ately only six tubes. Evidently there is occasionally some

variation.

CoLouR AND MARKINGS.

Colour is produced in several ways. The metallic lustre

of the eyes is a diffraction effect, since pigment here is

always dark crimson or black. Chitin pigmentation is

always brown, varying in intensity. It is fairly constant

in distribution for a given species. The head markings of

larvae are due to pigmentation of chitin. Hypodermal

pigment is common and fairly constant for a species. The

body markings of Chrysopid larvae and green colour of

adults, latero-dorsal bands of Hemerobiids, etc., are due

to this form of pigmentation. Colours produced by body

contents, alimentary canal, fat body, etc., are not so reliable

the Biclogy of some British Newroptera. 511

as specific characters and vary somewhat. The markings

of Coniopterygid larvae are almost entirely of this nature,

but the black markings of Semidalis larvae are due to hypo-

dermal pigment. In most larvae there is a dark median

longitudinal Ime which pulsates usually in a wave forwards,

but appearing to reverse once or twice every few minutes,

This is produced as follows. The dorsal vessel lies immedi-

ately under the skin, and is of transparent colourless

contents (blood). It is bounded laterally by opaque fat

body. Thus we have a transparent longitudinal window

through which the gut contents are visible in varying

shades of brown. The pulsation of the dorsal vessel accounts

for the occasional disappearance of this dorsal line.

It is remarkable that a colour pattern will persist more

or less from larva, through pupa to imago, and that green

and red appear to be interchangeable pigments. This is

always more or less true, but strikingly illustrated in

Chrysopa vulgaris. The larva has a dark crimson line on

either side of the central yellow area. The pupa has a

pink line on either side of a yetlow dorsal vitta. Later

pink turns to green. Now the imago has a yellow dorsal

vitta bounded by darker green. Some forms in winter

become reddish, thus reverting to early pupal coloration.

Other examples could be given in Hemerobiidae, ete.

The Larvae of Neuropterous families known to occur in

Britain may be briefiy tabulated as follows:

A. Tarsus with one claw. . . . . . . Sisyridae.

(Entirely aquatic.)

AA. Tarsus with two claws.

B. Empodium trumpet-shaped, conspicuous. Chrysopidae,

and Ist-instar Hemerobudae.

(Terrestrial.)

BB. Empodium not trumpet-shaped.

C. Jaws short and inconspicuous, covered

above by labrum. . . . . . . Coniopterygidae.

Coniopteryginae.

(Terrestria!.)

CC. Jaws easily visible.

D. Jaws inwardly curved. . . . . Hemerobiidae.

(Terrestrial.)

DD. Jaws not inwardly curved, straight

or almost so.

K. Jaws elongate, slightly curved

outwards. Larva amphibious. . Osmylidae.

EE. Jaws straight, needle-like. Larva

terrestrial, . . . . . . . Coniopterygidae.

Aleuropteryginae.

512 Mr. C. L. Withycombe’s Notes on

Family I. OSMYLIDAE.

We have one British species, Osmylus chrysops L. The

structural characters of this are typical of the family.

Larva amphibious.

Osmylus chrysops Linnaeus.

Wing expanse 44-47 mm. Colour dark fuscous, wings hyaline

with blackish-brown spots.

The head is of an orange colour in life, with three ocelli on the

vertex, in addition to the usual pair of compound eyes. Thorax

and abdomen dark brown, the latter with one more or less distinct

white spot on either side of each segment. Wings ample, densely

reticulate. In fore-wings the humeral cross-vein is not markedly

recurrent. Costal field broad. Subcosta and radius are confluent

in region of pterostigma. But one sector to the radius.

This large and beautiful insect cannot be mistaken for

any other of the British Neuroptera. It is slow on the

wing, and rather reminds one of an ant-lion in appearance.

Its favourite haunts are streamsides in wooded districts.

Here, within a radius of ten to twenty yards, a few dozen

specimens may occur and often no more for miles. This

local occurrence is no doubt correlated with the feeble

flight and sluggish habits of the species. Time of appear-

ance from May to July.

Two or three days after pairing, eggs are laid (Plate

XXXVIII, fig. 6). These are firmly attached by their flat

sides to a surface, not on moss, etc. The eggs are placed

closely in contact, side by side, in a straight or slightly

curved row of from two to twelve in number. It is not

often that eggs are laid singly. The egg is 1°8 mm. in

length, of long oval shape but rather flattened. The chorion

is reticulated, and there isa white micropylar knob. At the

micropylar pole the egg is somewhat drawn out, giving the

knob a slight pedicel ; the opposite pole of the egg is rounded.

The colour is at first whitish, slightly yellow. In five or six

days it has darkened to brown, and later, especially just

before hatching, the colour is ashen. After an incubation

period of twenty-two days, with an average temperature of

69° or 70° F., the larva escapes by a slit in the eggshell

extending from just behind the micropylar knob on the upper

the Biology of some British Neuroptera. 513

side of the egg. This slit is made by a very long, saw-like

egg-breaker (Plate XX XVIII, fig. 7). As previously de-

scribed, the first change of skin takes place when only head

and part of thorax are free from the eggshell.

At first the chitin covering of the body is soft, and the

colour of the larva is pale brown, but, after resting by the

side of the egg-cluster for an hour or so, the colour darkens

and the integument hardens. Many larvae remained

clustering round their empty eggshells for a day or two before

dispersing.

The first-instar larva is fusiform, about 4 mm. long, and

dark fuscous in colour. At first only the tips of the jaws

are castaneous, but later they are wholly so. The anterior

part of the prothorax is whiter than the rest of the body.

The early larva differs very little from the full-fed larva,

except in the following minor points. The number of

setae per segment is less. Thus each dorsal transverse

row, of which there are two to each segment, is composed

of only about four setae. The empodium between the

two tarsal claws is more tapered and longer, ending in a

short, curled lash. With these exceptions: the description

of the full-fed larva will apply equal: well to the first

instar.

On first hatching, the fore part of the alimentary canal

contains a bubble or two of air, as in Sisyra, and possibly

this prevents the larva from sinking out of its depth in

water.

The second-instar larva has an increased number of

setae, and the empodium is quite as in the third-instar

larva.

Description of Full-fed Larva (third instar).

(Plate XX XVIII, fig. 4.)

Length about 15 mm. from tips of jaws to anal extremity. Head

and jaws dark castaneous; thorax and abdomen dark fuscous ;

legs paler, somewhat whitish. Body covered with strong blackish

setae.

The head is rounded, slightly shorter than broad, strongly

chitinised and dark castaneous in colour, but with a fine median

lighter line posteriorly. The eyes are each composed of six ocelli.

Antennae are three-jointed; in colour, fuscous. The first joint is

large, about twice as long as broad. The second is slender, about

six times the length of the first. Except at each end, the second

514 Mr. C. L. Withycombe’s Notes on

joint has a number of transversely placed sclerites on the dorsal

side, giving a false impression of segmentation. At the distal end

of the second joint is a small process, placed externally. The third

joint of the antenna is approximately the same length as the first,

but is very slender and tapers to end in a long bristle. The jaws

are almost straight, long and tapering. They are curved slightly

upwards and outwards. Both mandibles and maxillae are serrate

internally near their extremities, the barbs being more numerous than

usual. The mandible is grooved ventrally, and a sucking tube is

completed by each maxilla being applied to the mandible. The

maxilia is blunt and sensory at its apex, basally it is swollen. Stipes

and cardo are clearly represented (Plate XX XVITTI, fig. 5), and may be

seen in motion when the larva is feeding, since in this species there is

far more piay between mandible and maxilla than I have noticed in

any other form. The labium is reduced, narrow and triangular,

clearly divided longitudinally into two. Each half bears a single

bristle and also a five-jointed palpus. These labial palpi are slender,

the terminal joint tapering. The middle joint is the shortest.

Regularly spaced over the head are a few stout, blackish setae.

The prothorax has a large dorsal tergum, this not being divided

into two sclerites, as is more usual in Neuropterous larvae. Upon

it are three transverse rows of blackish setae. Anteriorly the

prothorax appears whitish, but even here there is a small dorsal

sclerite. WVentro-laterally, in front of the coxae of the first pair of

legs, are two sclerites on each side. The hind portion of the pro-

thorax bears laterally a pair of projecting spiracles. The surrounds

of all spiracles are orange in colour. Meso- and metathorax have

each on the dorsum a pair of sclerites, these not meeting in the

middle line, as is the case in the prothorax. There are two transverse

rows of setae to each of these segments, the rows terminating in a

prominence on each side bearing two setae.

The legs are well developed with distinct coxa, trochanter, femur,

tibia and tarsus with two simple tarsal claws. Between the claws

is a tapering empodium, covered at the tip with fine hairs.

The abdomen is wholly of leathery texture. There is one trans-

verse row of setae per segment, the anterior row being only repre-

sented by a pair of setae, placed lJatero-dorsally. The first eight

abdominal segments bear spiracles, each being raised on an orange-

coloured prominence. Behind each spiracle is a larger prominence,

bearing a pair of strong bristles. Ventrally the abdomen is lighter

in colour in the middle line and setae are fewer and smaller. The

10th abdominal segment, or anal papilla, is naked and smooth,

with a pair of eversible processes armed with recurved, chitinous

hooks.

the Biology of some British Neuroplera. 515

Although all Neuropterous larvae have, to some extent,

similar eversible processes, these appear to be best developed

in Osmylus. After stabbing a large Chironomus larva, or

other prey, with its Jaws, the anal processes are everted to

obtain a firm hold.

The larva lives on the wet mossy margins of streams,

etc., and is amphibious in habits. It is generally sluggish,

but if the surface film of water in contact with it is disturbed,

even some millimetres away, attention is at once actively

directed to that spot. From various experiments, con-

ducted with larvae in small depths of water, I think the

sensitive parts are situated at the tips of the maxillae and

in the empodia, as in Chrysopa. Structure would tend to

confirm this. Hf a movement is detected in the moss, or

wet substratum on which the larva is walking, at once

there is a stabbing downward of the sucking spears, until

these strike a living object. A Chzronomus larva, larger

than the Osmylus larva, is quickly paralysed and then

leisurely sucked of its juices. At first young larvae were

offered aphids, but although these were hampered by their

wet surroundings, the Osmylus larvae appeared to find

them difficult to manage. An aphid, about the same bulk

as a newly hatched Osmylus larva, continued to walk for

two minutes after being stabbed by the latter. With

Chironomus the poisonous action of the Osmylus’ saliva

appears to be more rapid, and with a large Osmylus a

full-grown Chironomus riparius larva dies often in ten

seconds. As mentioned, at first young Osmylus were fed

upon aphids, under the impression that a normal-sized

Chironomus larva would be too large for them to manage,

but such is not the case. Hf the Osmylus larvae be supplied

from the first, with mud containing Chironomus, thev will

probe this effectively and quickly feed up. From. the

fauna of places where I have taken Osmylus larvae, I am

quite sure that the natural food is Dipterous larvae.

The length of each instar depends on food supply and

temperature. Larvae well supplied with food first moulted

at the end of fourteen days. Other larvae have been

retarded by lack of food. Winter is passed as a larva in

the second or third instar, generally the second.

At the end of April or beginning of May a cocoon is

spun, still among the damp moss, in nature. This is of

thin, but closely woven yellowish-white silk, irregularly

oval in form, usually 1 em. ee by -8 cm. broad. Moss is

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1922.—PaRTS UI, IV. (FEB. ’23) MM

516 Mr. C. L. Withyeombe’s Notes on

incorporated with the silk, but more for support than for

concealment. Now the larva rests within, the head and

tip of abdomen being bent ventrally. At some time the

jaws are broken off to short stumps (Plate XX XVIII, fig. 5),

and then the pupa is disclosed. This breaking of the jaws,

in one case observed, could not have occurred earlier than

one day before pupation.

The pupa is of quite normal form; all the appendages

are free, though not movable until just before the escape

of the imago. A pair of well-developed pupal mandibles

are present. These are symmetrical and have each a deep

notch internally. Dorsally, on each of abdominal segments

3, 4 and 5, is a transverse ridge of strong, hooked spines,

no doubt of assistance in escaping from the cocoon.

With a temperature averaging 70° F. the pupal stage

lasts from ten to twelve days. Thus one example spun up

1/5/22, pupated 17/5/22 and emerged 28/5/22; another

spun up 5/5/22, pupated 21/5/22 and emerged 2/6/22.

Kmergence takes place in morning or evening. The pupa

bites an irregular slit in the cocoon with its mandibles and

walks to the nearest support free of damp moss. The

pupal skin splits along the back of the thorax and the

imago escapes. Later, an elongated, dark brown, shiny

pellet of excrement 1s deposited, as usual.

Pairing is most peculiar and has never, to my knowledge,

been observed before. Certainly Hagen (5) missed the

curious courtship. The main fact is that the male calls

and attracts the female, not vice versa. Tuillyard (12)

mentions a single case of a male of Psychopsis attracting a

female, but no details are given. Otherwise I think we

may say that in Osmylus alone among Neuroptera has this

strange phenomenon been observed.

It will be noticed that, in life, the apex of the abdomen

of the male is much swollen and the 8th tergite is enlarged

and rounded. If this tergite is carefully dissected off, one

may see lying just below it, on each side, a sac pigmented

blackish within and well supplied with tracheal branches

(Plate XX XVIIT, fig. 9, sg). These sacs open immediately

behind the 8th tergite on each side and are eversible to a

length of about 4mm. They are, in fact, eversible scent

glands. On the second day after emergence, as twilight is

setting in, the male crawls to a position in which it can freely

hang down and display the tip of its abdomen. The wings

are raised away from the body and the eversible glands are

the Biology of some British Neuroptera. 517

extruded to their full extent (Plate XX XVIII, fig.8). They

are white and translucent, curved slightly outwards. Thus

the male rests the whole night through, It rarely flies

and is less active than the female. The first male I observed

“calling,” continued to repeat the performance every night

for a week and hardly moved its position at all during

that period, but I had no females then. Later I secured

both males and females and witnessed the entire pairing.

The male everts his scent glands, and almost immediately

females within a foot or two become agitated and wave

their antennae vigorously. Next, they walk or fly towards

the male and commence caressing the scent. glands with

their antennae and palpi. The male withdraws the glands

and turns round to meet the female. Male and female

caress with antennae waving, and may thus walk round

each other for a minute or so. At last the male carefully

bites hold of one of the fore coxae of the female, on which-

ever side of her he may be, and both insects bend the tips

of their abdomens to meet each other. The female’s

abdomen passes over that of the male and then completely

over the apex of the male's abdomen. The female’s

abdomen bears ventrally at its apex two flattened rod-like

valves. These pass under the end of the male’s abdomen.

Thus the tip of the female’s abdomen completely grasps

that of the male, passing over and below. Now, the rod-

like valves of the female are levered forward and anteriorly

upward to seize the “ penis” of the male as with forceps.

Thus the pair rest, and the male now relinquishes his hold

of the female’s fore leg. The whole performance of pairing

is very leisurely, and occupies several minutes. From time

to time, peristaltic contractions of the male’s abdomen may

be noticed, and the female levers with the rod-hke valves

as though to extract something from the male’s abdomen.

This indeed is the case, for in from ten minutes to an hour

a large white spermatophore 1s withdrawn and remains pro-

jecting forward from the tip of the abdomen of the female,

the rod-like valves lying just below it (Plate XX XVIII,

fig. 11). So large indeed is this spermatophore, that having

previously dissected a male, I thought that the whole of

the vesiculae seminales had been accidentally withdrawn

and that consequently the male would not pair again.

Not so, however; I have seen eight pairings all precisely

and in detail the same, and, moreover, one male may pair

two or three times. Hagen (5) mistook the spermatophore

518 Mr. ©. L. Withycombe’s Notes on

for the everted vagina of the female, but he certainly

would not have made this mistake had he seen its possessor

later devouring it, as often happens.

The spermatophore is about 4 mm. long, white in colour,

but yellowish in the centre. It consists of four rounded

lobes and a short attaching stem. Within a few minutes

of parting from the male, the female bends her head under

the body and commences to devour the nearest lobe of the

spermatophore. When this lobe has been devoured, her

appetite is for a time satiated, but if not, the male usually

interferes and caresses her. Then he waits and watches

for an hour or more, and generally the spermatophore is

not further mutilated in that time. When finally the

female walks away, the spermatophore constantly impedes

her progress, and it either hitches in some object and is

pulled away, or is completely devoured, or may remain

dried up and still attached for a day or so. Generally no

sign of it is visible the morning after.

“A female may pair two or three times during life, but

once is sufficient for all the eggs laid to be fertile. About

thirty eggs were laid by each female. Food taken as

imagines was Jam, aphids, ete. They will also often devour

one another when no other food is provided.

The internal anatomy does not materially differ from

that of other Neuroptera. In the larva, the salivary

secretion is undoubtedly more poisonous and rapid in its

action than in any other species observed. The greater

part of the oesophagus and stomach in early larval life

contains, mixed with the fluid food, a large number of air

bubbles. These are small and of fairly uniform size. I

imagine they are mainly of use in decreasing the specific

gravity of the larva, but the possibility of respiration by

this means should not be overlooked. If a young larva is

watched while walking in water which just covers the

back, it will be seen to halt once or twice and thrust its

sucking spears up through the surface film for a second or

two. This 1 believe it does to draw air into the gut, and,

seeing that the spiracles cannot function under water,

possibly the action is respiratory. Personally I regard

these bubbles of air in the gut as a reserve supply for use

when the larva is submerged, since tracheal gills, similar to

those of Sisyra, are absent.

There are eight colourless Malpighian tubes, six of which

function in the greater part of their posterior two-thirds as

the Biology of some British Neuroptera. 519

silk glands, in the last instar. Hagen gives seven as the

number of Malpighian tubes, but I have never seen this

number in Osmylus.

The adult gut is of usual pattern, with a large food

reservoir (Plate XX XVIII, fig. 9). The six silk secreting

tubes are still slightly attached dis tally to the hind-gut. As

in the larva, they first run forward from their point of origin

and are then recurrent to where the ends are attached to

the hind-gut. The first portion of the Malpighian tubes is

colourless, but the recurrent portion, approximately coin-

ciding with the previous silk secreting part of the larva, is

pigmented with dark brown. This also occurs in Sis yra.

In the male the testes are united and covered by

common yellow scrotum (Plate XXXVIIL, fig. 10). This hes

under tergites 7 and 8, mainly the latter. Posteriorly, two

distinct vasa efferentia run back. These are yellowish until

they become convoluted into a small knot. Thence they

are dark crimson-brown in colour and pass ventrally one on

each side of the hind-gut to enter the vesiculae seminales

from below. Vesiculae seminales are large whitish struc-

tures, yellow centrally, with two anterior recurrent lobes

and on each side with a small, somewhat coiled accessory

diverticulum. The ductus ejaculatorius runs off from

below, and its extremity can be seen externally as a small

white ‘papilla between the claspers. It is not a true penis.

How such a large spermatophore can pass through such a

small duet ! cannot say.

he anatomy of the female does not call for special

comment in the present paper.

Family I. SISYRIDAE.

Small insects of dark colour. The genus Sisyra is typical

of the family. Larva aquatic, feeding within or upon

freshwater sponges.

There are three British species, Sisyra fuscata, S. terma-

nalis, and S. dalei. I have seen all stages of the first two

species, and they are hardly dis pingmeha bia, The following

account refers mainly, however, to Sisyra fuscata, which is

the commoner of the two.

Sisyra fuseata Fabricius and S. terminalis Curtis.

Wing expanse 12-14 mm. Colour wholly dark fuscous. Wings

unmarked. There are no ocelli.. In the fore-wings there is no

520 Mr. C. L. Withycombe’s Notes on

recurrent humeral vein. The costal field is narrow. Se and R,

coalesce near the apex of the wing. Only one sector leaves the

radius.

Likely to be confused with Sympherobius elegans or

inconspicuus, but the venation is quite different. Szsyra

terminalis differs from S. fuscata in the tips of the antennae

being whitish.

Sisyra occurs as the imago throughout the summer, but

most abundantly in May and June along the banks of

rivers and canals, or lakes. It is rather sluggish, and may

be beaten from shrubs and trees, especially alders, over-

hanging the water.

Eggs: are laid in depressions of leaves, 7. e. along the

veins, ete., also on wood piles and other objects standing

in, or overhanging the water. They are placed in clusters

of from one to twelve, often quite irregularly. Over the

batch the female then spins a white silk web, very hke

that of the Psocoptera. The silk strands are drawn across

in parallel lines; then changing her position slightly, the

female cross-hatches the first strands with another layer at

a different angle. Generally there are three or four layers

of silk, so that the eggs are barely visible. In Psocids, of

course, the eggs can usually be plainly seen through the

silk covering.

Each egg is -35 mm. long, of elongate oval shape and

pale yellow colour. In form it resembles the egg of

Hemerobius, but the micropylar knob is somewhat more

flattened and the chorion is not markedly reticulate. At

the end of a week no appreciable change in colour has taken

place, but the eyes are visible as reddish spots. These

then darken and the head also becomes slightly darker,

but until just before hatching the egg is still mainly yellow.

In fourteen days at 63° I*., eggs hatched. The larva saws

a slit in the chorion with its egg-breaker (Plate XX XVIII,

fig. 1) and often also cuts through the silk covering of the

eggs by the same means. Then the amnion skin is cast,

before completely leaving the egg, and the young larva

drops on to the water. ‘Bending the tip of the abdomen

up to the back of the head, the larva then slowly squirms

over and forces itself below the surface film. When sub-

merged, the larva floats midway in the water with head,

legs, and tip of abdomen bent under itself ventrally. It

will be seen that in the thoracic region the gut contains a

the Biology of some British Neuroptera. 521

bubble of gas, and this is of such size as to render the

larva of the same specific gravity as the water. For a

time it drifts aimlessly, but if the water be disturbed, it

swims by jerkily straightening the abdomen two or three

times, at the same time using the legs. This swimming is

not very effective and after three strokes the larva rests

for a time, to make another attempt after an interval.

What does the larva do under natural conditions? I have

tried it in the presence of a freshwater sponge, Hphydatia

fluviatilis. It floats about until a current of water from

the sponge is felt, then it becomes active and strikes out

towards the sponge. Little progress is made, however,

and I am quite sure that in nature the larva drifts rather

than swims into contact with the sponge. Having now

gained a foothold, the larva does not hesitate to probe

into the sponge body with its sucking spears, and soon the

gut is seen to contain food. Thus the true food of the

larva is from the sponge itself, and does not consist of

insect larvae, etc., living within the sponge.

The newly hatched larva (Plate XXXVIII, fig. 3) is

about -5 mm. long, exclusive of jaws. The head is dark

blackish and rounded, and is the broadest part of the body

at first. The body is almost as broad as the head in the

thoracic region, but tapers gradually to the tip of the

abdomen, where there are a number of long black setae.

Apart from the matter of size and general proportions, the

following differences are noticeable from the full-fed larva.

Antennae are five-jointed, the terminal joint being small

and narrow, terminated by a bristle. The jaws are short

and fairly stout, being only about twice the length of the

head. The proximal half is thicker, becoming narrower

distally. Palpi are absent throughout the whole of larval

life. The thorax bears two blackish sclerites to each

segment, those of the prothorax closely approximating in

the middle line (? fused). Internally, but visible through

the chitin body walls may be seen the bubble of gas in the

anterior part of the alimentary canal and also some

yellowish-white fat body lying under the hypodermis. The

only other patch of this is at the apex of the abdomen;

otherwise the body is transparent. The legs have only

one tarsal claw. The tergites of the abdomen are less

distinct than in the later larva. I have been unable as

yet to find any trace of abdominal gills in the first-instar

larva.

522 Mr. C. L. Withycombe’s Notes on

Description of Fuil-fed Larva. (Plate XX XVIII, fig. 2.)

Length about 5 mm. Hairy, and somewhat oval in shape when

resting. Colour pale olive green or brownish, the gut contents

showing through in the mid-body, resy or orange.

The head is small and rounded, pale in colour. Projecting

laterally are the black eyes, each composed of six ocelli. Antennae

are fifteen- to sixteen-jointed, long and slender. The thirteenth

joint bears a long bristle externally. The fourteenth is rather

spindle-shaped and more blackish than the rest. The terminal

joints aresmall. The jaws are extremely long and slender, composed

of closely applied mandibles and maxillae as usual. ‘They are very

flexible and in life can be curled up or down, especially at the apices,

reminding one in their movements of the proboscis of a Lepido-

pteron, though, of course, not quite so flexible as this. As generally

carried, however, they are almost straight, curved at the tips

slightly outwards and downwards. Labial palpi are entirely absent.

The body is provided dorsally with a complete chitinous tergum

per segment. _ These dorsal shields are of a brownish colour, with a

pale median line running through each. Latero-dorsally there is a

pair of bristle tufts per segment, each arising from a wart-like

projection, and having two or three lighter spots on the chitin

round it. There is also one prominence, bearing a tuft of setae, on

each side of all the segments. On the 8th abdominal segment the

prominences and bristles are considerably longer. The 10th

abdominal segment, or anal papilla has a pair of eversible appen-

dages, but these are rarely used. Ventrally the body is paler in

colour and soft, but with several sclerites in the thoracic region.

The legs are remarkable in that there is only one tarsal claw. From

each of the first seven abdominal segments, ventral to the spiracles,

arises a pair of jointed, leg-like tracheal gills, each with two tracheae.

These He near the venter, but not touching it. The first gill is

largest, but only two-jointed and with a recurrent projection near

its base. The succeeding appendages are three-jointed and the

projection is progressively less marked on each, from second to last.

In life these gills are kept in exceedingly rapid vibration, so that

the ventral side of the body appears hazy below. This vibration is

far more rapid than in the gills of Cloéon larva, for instance.

Intermittentiy vibration ceases.

I think we may safely say that the larva of Sisyra has

been derived from an earlier form with shorter jaws, as in

Osmylus. This suggestion is supported by the fact that

the young Stsyra has short and rigid jaws. J must confess

the Biology of some British Neuroptera. 523

myself very disappointed to find that the first-instar larva

has no trace of two tarsal claws, or apparently of palp1,

though further work may reveal s something. A forerunner

of Sis syra probing mud for Dipterous larvae, as does Osmylus,

might well have discovered in the sponge (which usually

tee such larvae) an easier method of obtaining food.

Larvae live on the outside of the sponge and probe it at

intervals, or they may enter the canals. The long setae

covering the body often entangle debris which serves for

concealment. Full-fed larvae may be found all the year

round, and circumstantial evidence points to several broods

in the year, the main one being in May and June. This

year, when eggs were just hatching, in early August, full-

and half- -grown larvae were also found in the same locality.

Nevertheless it should be stated that no pupae have been

taken later than July.

When full fed, the larva leaves the water and spins a

small yellowish-white cocoon 4 mm. by 3-5 mm. of oval

shape. This consists of an outer, coarse, yellowish silk

network, and inside, a finer white cocoon. On the walls

of a bridge crossing a river or canal, cocoons may often be

found in great numbers. In one locality the larvae

regularly cross a tow-path ten feet to a bridge wall and

then ascend this to under the eaves of the bridge, twelve

feet from the ground, before spinning up. There is a

great mortality in the cocoon, in nature. About one-third

die as larvae and are found covered with white mould.

Some die as pupae, and yet others are parasitised by a

Hymenopteron which lays an egg beside the resting larva.

The pupa is not peculiar and is at first of the same

colour as the larva, later darkening and apparently emerging

in about two weeks. The pupa often leaves the cocoon

completely before disclosing the adult, but sometimes

remains within, after having as usual bitten a hole for its

escape.

More evidence is necessary on several pomts. Larvae

may be found in winter, and probably hibernation is

normally as such, but I hope to make further observations.

The difficulty of breeding Sisyra is only that of keeping

the sponge alive, which so far has proved impossible for

more than a week or so. The larva feeds upon both

Spongilla lacustris and Hphydata fiuvratilis.

The imagines pair readily in captivity, shortly after

emergence, at dusk. here is no previous ceremony. ‘The

524 Mr. C. L. Withycombe’s Notes on

male pairs laterally with the female exactly as in most

moths. After about three to five minutes the female is

left with a small white spermatophore attached to the tip

of the abdomen. This she immediately devours, so that

in no case have I secured one perfect for examination. It

is apparently spherical, but shghtly lobate. Eggs are laid

at night, often only a few hours after pairing.

Of the internal anatomy it may be noted that in the

imago the food reservoir is connected to the cesophagus by

a rather long, narrow duct. The Malpighian tubes, eight

in number (? sometimes seven), are colourless in the larva,

but pigmented brown, except anteriorly, in the adult, as in

Osmylus. Salivary glands are simple and recurrent as in

Hemerobius, but at their ends, just behind the head, have two

short branches. The cement gland (Plate XX XIX, fig. 16),

developed in the female, is of long oval form, with a short,

shghtly swollen duct. It probably serves in Szsyra as the

silk gland. In the male, the testes are enclosed in one

yellow oval scrotum, as with Osmylus, but the two vasa

eflerentia come off from this ventrally about the middle,

or somewhat posteriorly. Vesiculae seminales are large

and much lobate, but of slightly different form from those

of Osmylus. With the exception of these points, the

anatomy follows the general Neuropterous type.

Family I]. HEMEROBIIDAE.

There are twenty-five British species.

Psectra diptera, exceedingly rare.

Sympherobius, four species. Three noted here.

Hemerobius, ten species. Five noted, others not

common in the south of England.

Boriomyia, five species. Four noted.

Muicromus, three species. M. paganus described.

Megalomus hirtus, very rare.

Drepanopteryx phalaenoides, very rare. Life-history

yiven by Morton and Standfuss (7).

Small insects, generally of brown colour. The eggs

(Plate XL, figs. 12-14) are sessile, laid on their sides.

They are whitish in colour and of long oval shape. The

chorion is often pitted, and there is a knob-like micropylar

apparatus. A saw-edged egg-breaker is developed (Plate

XL, figs. 9-11).

the Biology of some British Neuroptera. 525

The larva (Plate XL, figs. 1-8) is fusiform, somewhat

flattened dorso-ventrally. The body is smooth except, for

two or more transverse rows of fine hairs per segment.

The head is small and rounded; general markings consist

of a wedge-shaped central mark and the sides of head also

darker. Head pigmentation is of little use in separating

the species. Hach eye consists of a group of six ocelli.

The antennae arise each from a prominence between the

eye and base of-mandible. They are three-jointed, the

first joint being small, the second and third about equal in

length, narrow and tapering to appear almost as one joint.

They are transversely marked with many small blackish

thickenings. In Sympherobius the constriction between

joints two and three is more marked than in other Heme-

robiuds. The third antennal joint terminates in a bristle.

The sucking jaws are inwardly curved, fairly short and

stout, composed of mandibles and maxillae as usual. The

mandible is acute, grooved ventrally, with three or four

barb-like serrations near the apex internally and other

serrations of a different character less apically. The maxilla

is grooved dorsally, blunt ended, with sense organs. The

labium is reduced, with two labial palpi, each four- -jointed.

The terminal joint is longer than the others and rather

fusiform, banded transversely with blackish markings, as

are the antennae. Sometimes the terminal jomt shows

signs of subdivision into two near its base.

The prothorax is divided into three, as usual. The middle

division bears the semilunar sclerites, the posterior sub-

segment laterally the spiracles. Meso- and metathorax

are rather similar to each other and bear each a pair of

smaller sclerites serially homologous with those of the

prothorax. There are also, in various parts of the body,

less noticeable sclerites, lying in folds of the integument.

The legs are well developed, with a full complement of

jomts. Above each joint is a chitimous thickening or rim,

which is very distinct in Hemerobid larvae, especially at

the knees, appearing as a black ring. Tibia and tarsus

are not very freely movable. There are two tarsal claws,

simple, but more or less dilated basally. The empodium

of the first-instar larva is trumpet-shaped and is used as

an adhaesive organ. In the second and third instars the

empodium is reduced and pad-like.

The abdomen consists of ten segments tapering to the

last. The first eight bear each a pair of spiracles laterally

526 Mr. C. L. Withycombe’s Notes on

and have a soft integument. Segment 9 is more strongly

chitinised though small. The 10th segment, or anal

papilla, has a triangular sclerite on each side, and between

these, more posteriorly, one similar but vevemed sclerite

dorsally, and one ventrally. The anal papilla bears also

a two- or four-lobed eversible pad which serves to retain

hold on a surface.

No absolutely reliable characters have been found

for distinction between different species of Hemerobius

larvae.

For pupation, a loose elliptical cocoon of more or less

double structure is spun, with silk from the anus.

The pupa has all the appendages free, but does not move

them until just before the appearance of the imago. The

wings are held at the sides, the antennae lie curled slightly

upon these and the legs close together ventrally. There

is a pair oi strongly chitinised pupal mandibles with which

a hole is cut in the cocoon, for emergence. The back is

often provided with special short bristles to aid in escape

from the cocoon.

The pupa makes its way out in due course and climbs

on to a suitable support. Here, the skin splits along the

dorsum of the thorax, the imago appears and assumes the

adult form. An hour or two after, the larval excrement

is deposite ed as a a cylindrical, shiny, black pellet.

Pairing takes place laterally, as in most Lepidoptera,

and at night, If there is a spermatophore, which | suspect

is actually the case, it is devoured rapidly by the female.

i have never seen one.

The internal anatomy of Hemerobuds (Plate XX XIX,

fig. 6) difiers from other Neuroptera mainly in the follow-

ing points. The salivary glands of the imago are simple,

recurrent and tubular. Of the female cement glands, or

homologues of those of Chrysopids, ete., one is tubular

with a tuft of diverticula at its distal extremity. The

other is simple though more or less dilated, longer than

the first mentioned in Hemerobius, shorter in Micromus

(Plate XX XIX, fig.17). There are two globular accessory

glands at the posterior end of each ovary, and ducts from

these run into the oviducts. The testes of the male are

separate, each enclosed in a yellow globular or kidney-

shaped scrotum. They have, of course, separate vasa

efferentia. The larval anatomy is typical.

we)

the Biology of some British Neuroptera.

Sympherobius pygmaeus Rambur.

Wing expanse 8-l10mm. Our smajlest British Hemerobiid.

The wings are dark brown in colour, but lighter than those of S.

elegans. There are two radial sectors in the fore-wings. Veins

dark brown with whitish interruptions. At base of fore-wings, veins

are paler in colour. Hind-wings wholly pale. The small size,

but two radial sectors, and white dotted veins, render this quite

distinct from al]! other species of British Hemerobiidae.

As far as my observation goes, this species is confined

to oaks. Asa rule it is decidedly uncommon, but occasion-

ally appears, locally, in abundance. The insects may be

beaten from oak, from June until September, although

there does not appear to be more than a single brood.

Tiggs are laid on oak leaves in similar positions to those

chosen by the Coniopterygidae, 7.e., at the extreme margin

of the leaf, on the under surface. At other times they may

be found alongside the main veins, on the underside.

Rarely two or three eggs are deposited in one leaf margin,

but generally they are placed singly. The egg is -42 mm.

long, oval, with bluntly rounded ends and a very small,

inconspicuous micropylar knob. It is of general Hemero-

bud pattern, with a granular pitted chorion, the ends of

the egg are, however, more rounded, and the micropylar

knob is relatively smaller than in Hemerobius. At first

the colour is white and translucent, later darkening shghtly

to greyish. Hatching takes place in ten to twelve days,

and just before this happens the brown segmentation and

eyes of the embryo are visible from without.

The newly hatched larva is approximately +6 mm. long,

pale brown in colour, with a blackish head. It much

resembles a larva of Hemerobivs and moves with a rapid

side-to-side motion of the head. The main differ-

ence from a Hemerobius larva now is in the distinct

segmentation of the antennae into three joints; Hemerobius

having the second and third joints similar, appearing con-

tinuous as one. Also the palpi are relatively thicker-and

swollen distally. The second-instar larva is very similar

to that of the third instar.

Description of Third-instar Larva. (Plate XU, fig. 1.)

Length when full fed about 4-5 mm. Body smocth, fusiform,

and relatively slightly broader than that of Hemerobius. Colour

creamy-white with dark brown latero-dorsal longitudinal bands.

528 Mr. C. L. Withycombe’s Notes on

Head small, wholly dark fuscous, but with a narrow V-shaped,

lighter mark in the centre. Antennae short, about the same length

as the head, dark fuscous. The terminal joint is smaller and narrower

than the previous joint. Jaws shorter than the head, fuscous,

but castaneous at apices. Palpi thicker than antennae. Basal

half of palpus white, banded with dark fuscous. Terminal joint

wholly pale fuscous. Below, the head is white.

Body creamy-white, with dark brown latero-dorsal bands, most

marked in thorax. Prothorax with a pair of latero-dorsal brown

bands, in which are imbedded two clongate, dark brown sclerites.

Meso- and metathorax with latero-dorsal bands represented by a

pair of large spots per segment, in which are a pair of small dark

sclerites.

In the abdomen the latero-dorsal bands continue, but are less

distinct and more broken. In the anterior part of each segment a

brown mark from these extends laterally. A dark median dorsal

line runs from the hind part of the thorax along the abdomen.

Underside of body mainly white. Legs short, fuscous.

The larva of Sympherobius can at once be distinguished

from that of Hemerobius, by the short antennae and jaws,

and the stout palpi.

Winter is passed as a free larva under bark, etc., not

within a cocoon.

Cocoon.

Nggs laid. | Hatched. Temp. | 1st moult.

2nd moult.

8/3/22 | 20/8/22 |? in spring

19/7/22 | 31/7/22 | 64° B. |

3/8/22 | 14/8/22 62°R, 20/8/22 26/8/22 | =

Larvae were fed upon Phylloxera punctata Licht., and

Chionaspis salicis LL. wpon oak, and probably this is similar

to their natural food. The imagines feed greedily upon any

aphids, and have thus been kept alive for over two months,

during which period many eggs were laid, all fertile.

Sympherobius elegans Stephens (= striatellus Klap.).

Wing expanse 10-12mm. A small dark species with two radial

sectors in the fore-wings and venation wholly dark fuscous. Some-

what resembles Sisyra fuscata and Sympherobius inconspicuus,

from both of which it can be separated in possessing two radial

sectors.

ihe Biology of some British Neuroptera. 529

The species occurs on beeches generally, as far as I have

seen, but never commonly. My only locality is Eppimg

Forest, where a few are taken every year from June to

August.

One egg has been obtained. It was laid on the underside

of an oak Teaf, alongside a vein, and was of a general Hemero-

bid form. Length -51 mm., colour white, slightly yellowish.

The young larva much resembled that of S. pygmaeus,

but was darker in colour. In the second instar it died,

being then almost uniformly blackish-brown, though

slightly lighter at the sides of the thorax.

Sympherobius inconspicuus MacLachlan.

Wing expanse 10-12 mm. A dark brown or blackish species. Fore-

wings with three radial sectors, venation uniformly dark fuscous.

Likely to be confounded with the last or with Sisyra, but the number

of sectors in the fore-wings will at once distinguish.

The species has been taken on furze by the late Mr. Dale.

Personally, I have found it locally common on Weymouth

pine, Pinus strobus, in June and July. In a pine plantation,

only certain trees are selected, the great majority failing

to yield any specimens. Pinus 1 ylvestris 18 not a favoured

tree as a rule, but Pinus strobus, infected with Chermes

strobi Htg. Chermes has been found on all trees on which

S. inconspicuus has occurred, but I am not sure that this

aphid was the main attraction.

Eggs are laid on the insides of the meh eer scales at

the base of a bundle of five needles. They are deposited

singly, or sometimes two together. Hach egg is -53 mm.

long, of elongate oval shape, yellowish-white in colour,

with a pitted chorion and small micropylar knob. In general

form it does not differ from the egg of Hemerobius. The

micropylar knob is relatively larger than that of S. pygmaeus.

In a few days the colour darkens to yellow and then to

orange, and just before hatching, the eyes of the embryo

are visible from without, also the segmentation, as brown

transverse lines. In thirteen days with an average tem-

perature of 62° F., hatching takes place.

The larva is at first about -7 mm. long. The head is

fuscous, rest of body fulvous. The head hardly tapers at

all posteriorly and is uniformly dark brown. Antennae

short, and as in other species of Sympherobius, distinctly

divided into three joints, the terminal one narrowest and

530 Mr. C. L. Withycombe’s Notes on

ending in a bristle. Jaws are rather shorter and steuter

than in Hemerobws. Palpi three-jointed, the terminal

joint swollen, and longer than the terminal joint of antennae.

No larvae lived more than a few days. They refused

all aphids offered, and Chermes could not then be obtained.

Hemerotius nitidulus Fabricius.

Wing expanse 14-i16mm. General colour castaneous; wings

unmarked, uniformly brown in colour. There is no distinct black

spot in the basal third of fore-wings. Each of the macrotrichia

on the veins arises from a dark brown spot, hence the venation is

closely dotted with darker. Three radial sectors. Pterostigma

reddish brown.

A common species on Scots fir, at least within a forty-

mile radius of London. Generally associated with H.

sigma and somewhat resembling it in colour, but the

unmarked wings will at once separate the present species.

The earliest notes I have of the capture of H. nitidulus

are in April; from then onwards it is to be taken until

late autumn. ‘There are several broods in a year, but

apparently it does not continue throughout the winter as

does H. stigma.

Kegs are laid, as a rule, under the scaly ensheathing base

of a pair of pine needles, singly, but occasionally in pairs.

Sometimes they may be found laid on the needles near the

tips, as in H. stigma, or less often on twigs. The egg is

from -65 to -7 mm. long, of long oval shape, with pitted

chorion and micropylar knob. Colour is at first os

white, later darkening to orange-brown. Hatching takes

place in six days (70° F.) or nine days (60° F.). The young

larva is wholly pale yellow, after feeding, becoming some-

what brownish.

In the second instar the body colour is yellowish-white

with brownish longitudinal lines latero-dorsally. The head

markings are the same as 1n the third instar.

Description of Third-cnstar Larva. (Plate XL, fig. 3.)

Length when full fed about 7mm. Body white, with pale brown

latero-dorsal longitudinal lines.

The head is pale yellow in colour, with a pale brown, central

wedge-shaped mark, expanding anteriorly. Sides of head pale

brown. Eyes black; antennae smoky, the basal joint much darker

— )

the Biology of some British Neuroptera. 531

and almost black. Jaws castaneous. Palpi pale brown, terminal

joint smoky.

The body markings are really quite characteristic, though fre-

quently obscured by the colour of internal organs. Larvae bred

in captivity are always typical, it is only wild larvae which occasion-

ally lack markings.

The body is white, or creamy-white in colour, with two pale

chestnut-coloured longitudinal bands on either side of the white

central area. This white, central, longitudinal area is remarkably

even throughout its entire length and the inner margins of the

latero-dorsal longitudinal bands are almost parallel to each other.

The sides of the body are white.

Contrasting this with the larva of H. stigma, which,

also occurring on pine is most likely to be confused with

the present species, it should be noted that in stigma the

colour of the latero-dorsal bands has always more crimson

in its composition, and is, in consequence, chocolate-

coloured, not castaneous. Also, the latero-dorsal bands are

really composed of separate, somewhat triangular marks

on each segment, and though they tend to become confluent,

they are not so continuous and even as in mtidulus. The

white central area in stigma is consequently less regular

and parallel sided.

Returning to H. nitidulus, the prothorax is whitish, the latero-

dorsal longitudinal bands start immediately behind the head. In

these bands are embedded two crescentic, almost colourless

sclerites, each margined with brown. Between the two main

sclerites is a smaller rounded sclerite, usually blackish in colour,

lying in the median white area. From this the pulsating dorsal

vessel can be traced back. Meso- and metathcrax have similar

markings to the prothorax and possess a pair of small rounded

sclerites each, besides other chitinous thickenings in the transverse

folds.

In the abdomen the brown latero-dorsal bands and white median

area continue, together with the dark line of the dorsal vessel.

Below, the abdomen is brownish-white and laterally, more especially

in the hind abdomen, is a narrow brown line on each side. Legs

are whitish translucent.

For pupation, an elliptical, loosely woven cocoon is

spun, through which the larva is distinctly visible. The

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1922.—PARTs III, IV. (FEB. 723) NN

532 Mr. C. L. Withycombe’s Notes on

cocoon consists, as in all species of Hemerobius, of a central

main-cocoon, 4-5 mm. long, of elongate-oval shape, sur-

rounded by a more or less well-defined outer envelope.

This outer envelope is frequently represented by little

more than floss silk. After a week or two the pupa is

disclosed and the emergence of the imago normally follows

in from ten to fourteen days in summer. The pupa is

not remarkable; at first pale brown in colour, it later

darkens just before emergence. Winter is passed as a

brown pupa which does not emerge until the following

spring. ‘There are several broods in the year.

Ay.

Eggs ratened Av. Ist 2nd ane

‘| Temp. | moult. | moult. Pupated.|Emerged

Cocoon.

Av.

Temp.

28/5/22 | 2/6/22 | 67° F..| 8/6/22 | 16/6/22 | 27/6/22 | 65° F. | 12/7/22 | 29/7/22

29/5/22 | 3/6/22 | 67° F. | 9/6/22 | 14/6/22 | 27/6/22 | 65° F. | 12/7/22 | 28/7/22 | 63° I.

26/8/20 | 5/9/20 | 61° F. | 9/9/20 | 13/9/20 | 22/9/20 | 63° F. | 3/10/20 | 27/4/21 |wintered |

Larvae have been found feeding on Lachnus pind L., L.

tomentosus De G., and Hulachnus agilus Kalt. Doubtless

no small insects would come amiss as food.

Hemerobius micans Olivier.

Wing expanse 12-16mm. Colour yellow. Wings yellowish,

hyaline. The fore-wing venation is spotted with blackish, but these

spots are more widely spaced apart and larger than in nitidulus.

They also continue as short streaks on the membrane. The bases

of the macrotrichia are not the centres of the spottings, and are

mainly yellow. No distinct black spot in basal third of fore-wings.

Three radial sectors.

This species is not likely to be confused with any other

British form on the above characters, its yellow colour and

almost uniformly coloured wings without cloudings or

conspicuous marks of any kind being very typical. The

spotting of the wings is quite distinctly different from that

of nitidulus, and, moreover, it is decidedly rare to find

micans on conifers, which tidus frequents. Deciduous

woods are its favourite haunts, especially on beeches,

hornbeam, hazel and oak, as far as I have seen. The time

of first appearance is early April, when imagines may often

be taken on the wing before the buds of the beeches have

e.|

the Biology of some British Neuroptera. 533

commenced bursting. From then it continues until

October.

Higgs are laid singly, on the brown, dry bud scales, and

on the undersides of leaves alongside the veins, etc. It

is not common to find as many as three or four eggs to-

gether. The length of the egg is -7 mm. and colour yellow-

ish-white. In shape quite typical of Hemerobius, long

oval, with white micropylar knob and_ pitted chorion.

Colour becomes yellow, and the egg hatches in eight to

eleven days at 63° F.

The larva is pale yellowish in colour, slightly brownish

at the posterior extremity. The head bears no markings.

In the second instar there are often indications of latero-

dorsal longitudinal brown lines. The head is immaculate,

somewhat smoky at the sides.

Description of Third-instar Larva. (Plate XL, fig. 2.)

Length when full grown about 7mm. Head hardly marked.

Body colour white, or more frequently yellow, with more or less

well-defined brown latero-dorsal lines, often lacking.

The head differs from that of most Hemerobiids in being almost

free from darker markings. It is yellowish-white in colour, slightly

blackish at the sides. There may be a faint indication of a central

wedge-shaped mark, but this is not usually very noticeable. Eyes

black; antennae decidedly blackish, except basal joint which is

paler. Jaws and palpi greyish.

Prothorax with two brown latero-dorsal bands, in which are

situated a pair of elongate, pale-coloured sclerites. In the mese-

and metathorax the laterc-dorsal bands continue, and there is a

pair of small sunken sclerites per segment, joined transversely by

a blackish furrow.

The abdomen is generally pale in colour, but latero-dorsal bands

may run the length of the body, fading, however, towards the

posterior extremity. There are one or two transverse dark furrows

per segment. A dark median line runs from the posterior third

of the prothorax almost to the extremity of the abdomen. Under-

side of body uniformly yellowish. Legs translucent whitish.

This description is taken from a fully-marked specimen.

It is very common, however, to find larvae almost devoid

of markings, and, indeed, the commonest form on beech is

briefly as follows.

Head immaculate, pale yellow, slightly blackish at the sides.

Antennae decidedly blackish, basal joint pale. Jaws and palpi

534 Mr. C. L. Withycombe’s Notes on

slightly greyish. Body primrose yellow, the posterior extremity

rather more orange in colour. In the prothorax only are there

indications of latero-dorsal bands, these being pa'e castaneous.

Rest of body uniformly pale, except for a median longitudinal

darker line and one or two transverse sunken lines per segment.

A small, loosely woven cocoon, 4-5mm. long x 2mm.

broad, is spun in a curled leaf, in a crevice, or in moss at

the foot of the tree. The majority of cocoons found in

winter have been in the last situation, often as deep as one

inch below the surface. The pupa is lemon-yellow in colour.

As emergence approaches, the dorsum becomes edged with

brown. Winter is passed as a pale yellow pupa, which

remains pale in colour throughout the whole of the cold

weather. In early spring darkening takes place, and the

imago appears shortly afterwards.

mys eae

Ist | 2nd ae Pupated*

moult. | moult. |Emerged

Beggs ake AV.

laid. Hatched | Temp. |

| | |

Av.

‘| Temp.

20/8/20 | 31/8/2 0)

| 61° r. | 7/9/20 | 11/9/20 | 13/9/20 |

23/8/20 | 31/8/20 | 61°F. | 24/9/20 | 8/9/20 | | 14/9/20 25/9/20

° | P,

62°F, | 5/4/21

The two examples given are from eggs of one female.

J have no complete records of from egg to imago emerging

the same year, but many bred from captured larvae. The

length of the pupal stage is ten days (65° F.) to two weeks

(60° F.) In one case a larva spinning on the 17th July,

1921, emerged on the 14th October, 1921. The average

temperature here was over 70° F. during July, more than

65° F. throughout August, and about 65° F. for the

remaining period. Such variants are very puzzling.

The food of H. micans as a larva is varied, all small

insects and mites being accepted. On beech, larvae have

been observed feeding upon Phyllaphis fagi L., which, of

course, is a wax-secreting form. Often this aphid must be

the principal food. Hymenopterous parasites have been

bred from wild caught larvae. In one case (1921) 25 per

cent. were parasitised.

Hemerobius humuli Linnzeus.

Wing expanse 14-16mm. Colour yellow with some fuscous.

- Antennae annulated with fuscous. Fore-wings pale yellow, vena-

tion spotted with black, the spots being continued on the membrane

28/9/20 62m, | 1/4/2 1| 54°F.

53°F.

Temp. on

emerging.

the Biology of some British Neuroptera. 535

as pale sagittate markings. In the basal third of fore-wing, a

distinct black spot at the cross-vein connecting M3,4 and Cu,

where the two latter closely approach one another.

This species is likely to be confused with the next. The

male genitalia are very distinct, and there is no difficulty

in separating males, but with females determination is

often less easy. Generally the wings of humuli appear

more peppered with black and the membrane less clouded

with grey, than is the case with lutescens, but this is not

always so.

H. humuli occurs abundantly in deciduous woods from

May until October, frequently in company with H. lutescens.

Hazel appears to be a favourite tree.

Kggs are generally laid singly, rather indiscriminately

on leaves. <A preference is shown for the vein groves on

the upper surface of a leaf, also many eggs are laid on the

under surface alongside projecting veins. Both in captivity

and in nature, however, it is common to find them any-

where on upper- or under-side of the leaf, sometimes on

the petiole. The egg is ‘7mm. long, yellowish-white in

colour, of typical elongate-oval shape with pitted chorion and

micropylar knob. Very little darkening is noticeable as

hatching approaches, but the embryonal eyes can be seen

through the eggshell two or three days before the larva

escapes, and also the latero-dorsal lines are visible as a

double row of dots.

At first the larva is white with a row of pale brown spots

on each side of the dorsum, but next day it has become

more yellow, especially in the abdominal region. In the

second instar the head bears the characteristic markings,

and the body is also very like that of the later larva, but

lacks some brillancy.

Description of Third-instar Larva. (Plate XL, fig. 4.)

Length about 7mm., when full fed. Body colour white or

creamy-white with two interrupted, brown, latero-dorsal bands.

Head translucent whitish; markings brown, consist of a central

mark running from base of head forwards, but ending after having

traversed one-half or two-thirds the length of the head. Sides of head,

as far forward as the eyes, brown. The markings on each side really

consist of two brown lines, but these tend to diffuse into one another.

Eyes dark brown, antennae and palpi slightly fuscous, as also jaws,

which are more castaneous at their apices.

536 Mr. C. L. Withycombe’s Noles on

Body white with two latero-dorsal, longitudinal, brown bands

interrupted inter-segmentally. These latero-dorsal bands commence

at once in the prothorax. Prothoracic sclerites pale in colour or

blackish, crescent-shaped, imbedded in the brown, latero-dorsal

lines. Between them the median dorsal dark line terminates.

Meso- and metathorax each with a pair of brown, somewhat

triangular blotches, forming part of the latero-dorsal bands. The

sclerites of these two segments are shortly crescentic, but the cres-

cents turn inwards instead of, as in the prothorax, outwards.

In the abdomen the latero-dorsal brown bands continue as tri-

angular spots on each segment. Pesteriorly these spots run into

one another, tending to form continuous bands. The middle area

between the two bands is white, with a bluish tinge anteriorly.

The median dorsal line is blackish anteriorly and more brown in

the last few abdominal segments, depending, of course, for its

colour, purely on the gut contents. Laterally the abdomen is white,

sometimes with a trace of a lateral, sunken, blackish line, but this

is more noticeable in meso- and metathorax. Underside ef body

greyish-white, often mottled with brown.

The larva of H. humula is very similar to that of H.

lutescens and it is frequently almost impossible to distin-

guish between the two. It can only be said that most

humuli larvae are more brilliant in ST as a rule.

The central mark of the head does not usually continue so far

forward as it does in lutescens.

For pupation a loose cocoon of white silk, 4-5 mm. long,

is spun among dead leaves or moss, etc. The pupa is

yellow in colour, with eyes dark brown. Later it becomes

brown on the sides of the dorsum. Wings also darken

just before emergence, which occurs in from one to two

weeks after pupation, in summer. Winter is passed as a

pale yellow larva, curled up within the cocoon and pupating

in March or April, prior to the appearance of the imago.

Hatched. Ast and

Tene. moult, | moult.

Av,

Temp.

Ay.

| Bggs eee

lak Cocoon, Pupated. Wmerged; Temp.

30/5/21 7/6/21 | 63° P. 9/6/21 | 11/6/21 | 18/6/21 | 65° F, | 24/6/21 | 5/7/21 | 65°F,

9/6/21 | 10/6/21 | 63° F. | 12/6/21 | 15/6/21 | 20/6/21 | 65° F. | 25/6/21 | 5/7/21 | 66°F.

29/8/21 | 6/9/21 | 65°F 9/9/21 | 13/9/21 | 19/9/21 | 66° F. | 24/3/22 | 17/4/22 \wintered

The first two examples in the table are from eggs of one

female, and give a very average summer life-cycle. The

Gus +

the Biology of some British Neuroptera. 537

third gives the time taken by a larva which passed the

winter. There are several broods in the year, one follow-

ing immediately upon the other. The food of H. humuli

larvae on hazel has been seen to be Myzocallis coryli Gtze.

and Macrosiphum avellanae Schr., besides Psyllid nymphs.

As, however, the larva in captivity is not at all fastidious,

the exact species of aphid matters little.

Hemerobius Iutescens Fabricius.

Wing expanse 14-16 mm. Colour pale yellow marked with

fuscous. Antennae yellowish, hardly annulated. Fore-wings with

a distinct black spot in basal third, between M, 44 and Cu.

Venation pale, more or less spotted with blackish. The inner

(dorsal) margin of the fore-wing is clouded with brown or greyish,

extending into the membrane. The wing is also clouded in the

region of the gradate veinlets.

It is often difficult in the case of females to distinguish

this species from Aumuli. The fore-wings are, however,

less distinctly spotted and more clouded with greyish than

in humuli, as a rule.

H. lutescens 1s common from April until October in

deciduous woods. It appears to be more common than

humuli on beeches.

Higgs are laid singly im the curled dead margins of leaves,

and on the upper or lower faces of living leaves, in the

vicinity of aphids. ‘There is no difference observable from

the eggs of H. humuli. As hatching approaches, signs of

the embryo within are visible. The larva escapes and

commences feeding almost immediately on unhatched eggs

or aphids. It is at first about 1 mm. long and pale yellow

in colour.

In the second instar, the head and body markings are

more easily visible and are the same as in the later larva.

To give a description of the third-instar larva would

be to repeat, to a great extent, that of H. humuli, since

lutescens is very similar. The following trivial differences

are noticeable in a typical larva of lutescens. The central

mark of the head extends almost to the anterior margin,

and much farther forward than is the case in humuli. The

body coloration is less briliant as a rule, and the white

parts more often have a yellowish or brownish tinge.

Nevertheless, it is commonly quite impossible to distin-

538 Mr. C. L. Withycombe’s Notes on

guish between larvae of hwmuli and lutescens. No constant

specific characters have been found.

The pupal stage lasts one or two weeks, in summer.

Winter is passed as a larva within the cocoon. One record

has been obtained of a specimen attempting to hibernate

as a pupa, but it did not survive the winter. There is a

succession of broods in the year.

AY. | Ist 2nd te AEVe 2} E |

; Temp. moult. | moult, | CC°Cn. Temp. er bc eee

| |

pees |Hatched

12/9/20 | 23/9/20 61° F. | 28/9/20 | 4/10/20 | 8/10/20 | 63° F. | 19/3/21 | 12/4/21 | 53° F.

13/9/20 | 25/9/20 | 61° F. | 1/10/20 | 6/10/20 13/10/20 | 63° F. | 19/3/21 | 13/4/21 | 53° F.

“14/9/20 | 26/9/20 60°F. 1/10/20 | 6/10/20 11/10/20| 63° F.| diced | — ue

14/9/20 | 26/9/20 | 60° F. : 1/10/20 | 7/10/20 16/10/20 | 62° F. | 20/3/21 | 14/4/21 53°F.

| 15/9/20 | 27/9/20 | 60° F. | 1/10/20 | 5/10/20 | 9/10/20 | 63° F. | 19/3/21 | 12/4/21 53°F.

| 16/9/20 27/9/20 | 61° F. | 30/9/20 | 7/10/20 10/10/20 | 68° F. | died | — ad

All the above examples were from the eggs of one female,

and show the amount of variation in time, which often

occurs, even when, as far as possible, all are under the

same conditions. The temperature was almost the same

in each case, and food was supplied in excess of daily

requirements. Larvae of #7. lutescens will accept any aphids

as food. On beech, Phyllaphis fagi L., together with

various stages of Psocids, etc., form their principal diet,

but other trees with other aphids are equally suitable.

Hemerobius stigma Stephens.

Wing expanse 14-16 mm. Colour reddish- or blackish-brown.

Venation of fore-wings dotted with dark fuscous. Black spot in

basal third of fore-wings, so characteristic of humuli and lutescens,

is here less marked. Membrane clouded with blackish, especially

about gradate veinlets.

This species is very common on conifers, throughout the

whole year, except in very cold weather. In winter only

dark greyish forms are met with; in summer a reddish-

brown colour is more usual. Apparently deciduous trees

are never visited, although the larvae will, in captivity,

eat any species of aphis, and the majority bred have been

reared on Aphis rumicis L.

the Biology of some British Neuroptera. 539

The life-history has already received attention else-

where (13). Eggs are laid mainly in two positions; either

a quarter of an inch from the tip of a pine needle on its

inner flat face, or under the scaly wrapping at the base

of a pair of needles. They are laid singly, sometimes two

or three together. In form the egg is quite typical of

Hemerobius, oval, ‘7 mm. long x :3 mm. broad, with a

small micropylar knob and pitted chorion. At first the

colour is yellowish-white, but later becomes brownish,

and signs of the developing embryo are visible from out-

side. Hatching takes place in nine days at 60° F., or

twenty-seven to thirty-six days at 45° F., in winter.

The young larva is at first brownish-white in colour,

but next day dark markings on the head are visible. In

the second instar, the markings on the head and body are

the same as in the third instar, sometimes a little less

definite.

Description of Third-instar Larva. (Plate XL, fig. 5.)

Length when full fed about 7 mm. Colour creamy- to brownish-

white, with two latero-dorsal chocolate-coloured bands running the

length of the body. These vary in intensity.

Head greyish-white, translucent. In the middle line is a wedge-

shaped, brown central mark, running from behind forward to the

anterior margin, where it is widest. Laterally the head is brown.

Eyes dark brown or black; antennae and palpi blackish. Jaws

greyish, becoming more brown at their apices.

Body creamy-white sometimes tinged with brown or pink; in

winter, greyish. In the prothorax, just behind the head, the latero-

dorsal bands commence and run the length of the body. On all

the segments, except prothorax, these bands are formed by some-

what triangular dark-brown spots, which often become confluent.

In the prothorax the bands are narrower, and imbedded in them

are a pair of crescentic, greyish sclerites. Meso- and metathorax

have each, as usual, a pair of smaller sclerites.

In the abdomen, the latero-dorsal bands continue, tapering to

the extremity. On each side of the body is a brown line, more or

less distinct. Ventrally the colour is uniformly greyish- or brown-

ish-white. Legs smoky-white, with darker knees and tarsi.

It will be seen from the description that there is very

little difference between this larva and that of other species

of Hemerobius. Since, however, H. stigma only occurs on

540 Mr. C. L. Withycombe’s Notes on

conifers, one need not expect to find these larvae associated

with H: humuli and lutescens. The larva of H. natidulus

is most likely to be confused with stagma, since it also occurs

on pines. Most probably larvae of H. orotypus, limbatellsu

pim, and atrifrons are all similar to stigma.

The larvae are very active, but, when at rest, often stretch

themselves out along a pine needle, with the head towards

the base.

For pupation, a loose cocoon of white silk is spun between

two or three needles, or in a crevice of the tree bark, and

in about a week the pupa is disclosed. The pupal stage

is short in summer, but may last through the whole winter,

since in this stage the insect hibernates when the weather

is too severe for active life. At first the colour of the

pupa is yellow, with the eyes black and sides of the dorsum

brown. Later, in from one and a half to three weeks, it

becomes uniformly dark brown, and now the imago can

emerge almost immediately, during any warm spell. H

cold weather persists, the entire winter may be passed in

this state of readiness.

Eggs ee | Av. Ist 2nd

Hatched. Temp. | moult. | moult.

= Cocoon. |Pupated.

laid.

* |Emerged

Tmerg, |

Temp.

24/8/20 | 2/9/20} 61°F. | 6/9/20 | 9/9/20 | 15/9/20 | 24/9/20 | 62° F. | 25/2/21 | 48°F.

24/8/20 | 2/9/20 | 61°F. | 6/9/20 | 9/9/20 | 15/9/20 | 24/9/20 | 62° F. | 28/2/21 | 45° F.

25/8/20 | 4/9/20 | 61°F. | 8/9/20 | 11/9/20 | 17/9/20 | 27/9/20 | 62° F. | 25/2/21 | 48° F.

“26/8/20 | 5/9/20 | 62° F. | 9/9/20 | 13/9/20 | 22/9/20 | 3/10/20 | 62° F. | 30/2/21 | 45° F.

1/2/21 | 9/3/21 | 45° F, | 12/3/21 | 21/3/21 | 9/4/21 | 24/4/21 | 51°F, | 12/5/21 | 54° F.

2/2/21 | 10/3/21 | 46° F. | 14/3/21 | 20/3/21 | 9/4/21

24/4/21 | 51° B. | 13/5/21

The first four cases above give times taken by larvae

which wintered as pupae. The two last give a winter life-

cycle with a very long period of incubation. While the

development of the pupa is arrested, in some cases as early

as September, and emergence does not take place until the

following year, it is clear that this is not always so, since

in December both larvae and imagines have been taken.

The winter larvae are generally quite dark grey in colour,

and show very few markings on the body.

Boriomyia subnebulosa Stephens.

Wing expanse 14-18 mm. Prevailing colour dark grey or fuscous.

Fore-wings with three sectors to the radius; Cu, is strongly mottled

| 54° Rr,

the Biology of some British Neuroptera. 541

with dark fuscous about the middle of its length. This appearance

is very characteristic, but nervosa is similarly marked. In nervosa

the wings usually appear more variegated than is the case with

subnebulosa. Hind-wings unmarked, uniformly paler. The male

genitalia are very distinct.

As a rule, one of the most abundant of all the Hemero-

budae, even in the Metropolis, frequently being attracted

to lights.

It occurs from early February until November. One

specimen was taken, newly emerged, in January 1921.

Ail kinds of plants are frequented, from small herbs to

trees.

Figgs are about -7 mm. long, of quite general Hemerobiid

form, oval, with a small white micropylar knob and pitted

chorion. They are usually laid singly, on leaves near

Plone veins, or at the leaf margin. Sometimes on the

petiole and along the stipular bases of rose leaves, inside, a

row of six or seven eggs may be found. The colour of the

egg is at first white, later darkening to brownish. In from

six (70° IF.) to ten or eleven days (60° F.) hatching takes

place.

The newly-hatched larva is brownish-white in colour,

without any distinct markmgs. The head is blackish.

The second and third instars are very similar, except, of

course, i size.

Description of Third-instar Larva. (Plate XU, fig. 6.)

Length about 7 mi. as a rule, but sometimes as much as 9 mm.

Colour uniformly dusky, head blackish, body dove-grey to brown.

In the early part of each instar it is much darker than later.

Head uniformly dark, a central wedge-shaped portion may be

delimitated by a lighter line running on each side of it. Also there

is sometimes a lighter line above each eye and another at the same

level as the eye. Eyes black. Antennae and palpi blackish. Jaws

lighter, but becoming darker at the tips.

Body uniformly brownish-grey. There are sometimes indications

of a pair of darker latero-dorsal lines, but as a rule these are hardly

visible, except on the prothcrax. There are two semi-lunar, shining

blackish sclerites on the prothorax, and smaller, more rounded ones

on meso- and metathorax. The abdomen has, as usual, traces of

similar sclerites. Legs are blackish, darker at the joints, and

extremities of the tarsi. Below, the body is uniformly brownish-

542 Mr. C. L. Withycombe’s Notes on

grey. A faint darker lateral line may be present. It should be

noted that while a newly-moulted larva may be very dark in colour,

a full-fed one is often of pale dove-grey.

As will be seen, this larva is very distinct from all those

previously mentioned, and can easily be identified. How-

ever, nervosa has probably a similar larva.

For pupation an elongate, loosely woven cocoon of white

silk is spun. One noticed was 6-5 mm. long x 2-5 mm,

broad, but this is rather large. In summer the larva

pupates and emerges in two or three weeks after spinning,

but later in the year it remains curled up within the cocoon

and winters as a larva. A warm spell occasions the change

to pupa, and the imago follows in due course. Once the

pupa is disclosed, the imago appears in a few weeks. Thus,

one pupated 25/2/21 and emerged 31/3/21 = 34 days at

an average temperature 50° F., a second pupated 20/3/21

and emerged 12/4/21 = 23 days at an average temperature

52° ¥., and a third pupated 4/3/21 and emerged 4/4/21 =

31 days at an average temperature 52° F.

AY.

Eggs Hatched. Av. ist |), 2nd a

emp.

laid. Temp. | moult. | moult, eocOOn- Pupated. Emerged

10/7/20 | 16/7/20 | 66° F. | 19/7/20 | 21/7/20 | 29/7/20 | 5/8/20 | 16/8/20 | 67° F.

| 17/7/20 | 23/7/20 | 68° F. | 28/7/20 | 1/8/20 | 5/8/20 | 10/8/20 | 24/8/20 | 64° F.

| 13/5/21 | 23/5/21 | 63°F. | 26/6/21 | 29/5/21 | 2/6/21 | 8/6/21 | 18/6/21) 64° F.

Little need be said of the habits of the larva except that

it is very voracious, and will take any species of aphid.

Commonly it may be found on beans preying upon the black

Aphis rumicis L. Others have been found feeding upon

coccids, Pulvinaria betulae L.., on vie, ete. All stages of

Aleurodids and Psyllids, besides various mites, are taken

as food.

Boriomyia nervosa Fabricius.

Wing expanse 14-18 mm. Very like B. subnebulosa, but as a rule

of a more variegated appearance. Males are easily determined by

the genitalia, but females are frequently indistinguishable from

subnebulosa. A venational difference was indicated by Brauer (3),

but this is not constant.

One larva has been seen, taken by sweeping among

nettles. It was considered at the time to be subnebulosa,

the Biology of some British Neuropiera. 543

and the description made was inadequate. A slight differ-

ence in the head markings was noticed, but until further

material has been examined it would be useless to describe

these. The pupa and cocoon were similar to suwbnebulosa.

Boriomyia coneinna Stephens.*

Wing expanse 18-23 mm. Colour ochreous-brown. Fore-wings

marked with dark fuscous, the veins regularly dotted with blackish.

As a rule, four radial sectors. Female with a conspicuous upturned

ovipositor.

This species and B. quadrifasciata are the largest of our

British Hemerobiids, and of very distinct appearance.

Both are pine- frequenting forms; concinna is abundant

near London, quadrifasciata usually less so. The large

excess of females is most noticeable later in the season,

especially after June, when a male is often a rarity. On

the 8th July, 1922, some thirty or forty concinna were

taken, in the hopes of obtaining a male, but not one was

seen. This probably accounts for the large proportion of

‘infertile eggs laid by wild caught females. Imagines of

B. concinna may be taken from early May until August,

always on conifers, in my experience.

The life-history is still somewhat of an enigma to me.

Larvae first appear in April, and may be taken, full fed,

in numbers during May. These then spin up and emerge

in May and June. Males die off and females persist

throughout July. The eggs which I believe to be fertile,

darken but do not hatch in summer. Sterile eggs remain

white and then shrivel in a few weeks.

Kggs are laid singly, inserted into crevices, and well

hidden from view, the ovipositor being used to full advan-

tage. A favourite position is under the scaly wrapping

of the needle bases. The egg (Plate XL, fig. 13) 1s exactly

1 mm. long, of elongate oval shape, slightly broader at the

pole opposite to the micropyle. The chorion is not pitted,

but is covered with minute, glassy papillae, giving the egg

* Structural differences in both concinna and quadrifasciata, seen

even in the egg, appear to indicate that concinna is distinct

generically from the ‘* subnebulosa group,” which latter is far more

closely allied to Hemerobius, but after examination of some exotic

species, including a few Nearetic forms kindly sent me by Dr.

N. Banks, the ‘‘concinna genus’’ appears less well defined and

more difficult of diagnosis. Rather than complicate matters I

therefore leave the genus Boriomyia as an unnatural grouping.

544 Mr. C. L. Withycombe’s Notes on

a frosted appearance. These projections always remain

colourless. The micropylar knob is large, smooth and chalky

white. Relatively it is three or four times the diameter of the

same structure on the egg of Hemerobius. At first the egg

is yellowish-white in colour, but begins to darken in a few

days, and after about a week it is dark brown, especially

so at the micropylar pole. The micropylar knob remains

conspicuously white. Sterile eggs do not darken at all,

but become gradually shrunken. Last year £ kept the

eggs which had darkened, for some months, then, con-

sidering them Lifeless, put them in spirit. This year again

the same thing has happened with a large number of eggs

from wild caught females. The eyes of the embryo are

not visible, but I am convinced that these must be fertile

and shall await events.

Young larvae I have not seen. The second and third

instars are similar.

Description of Third-instar Larva. (Plate XL, fig. 7.)

Length when full fed about 9mm. Body-colour opaque creamy-

white, with interrupted, broad, checolate-coloured, latero-dorsal

bands.

Head whitish with fuscous markings. These markings are

characteristic. The general plan is as in larvae of Hemerobius, i. e.

there is a central wedge-shaped brown mark, fading at the anterior

margin. Laterally the head is brown, with a lighter line at the

same level as the eye on each side. Between central and lateral

marks are two smaller marks, one running towards the base of each

antenna, but fading before reaching it. These two marks are distinct

for concinna, though anteriorly they may tend to merge into the

lateral marks, near the eyes. Eyes black; antennae blackish;

palpi also blackish, but more especially the last joint cf same. The

jaws are dark fuscous, with the apical fifth distinctly castaneous.

Body creamy-white, with two rows of chocolate-coloured blotches

latero-dorsally. These blotches are breadest antcriorly on each

segment and pass well down the sides. Pesteriorly they narrow and

are interrupted from one another. The prothorax has a pair of

latcro-dorsal brown lines extending throughout the first two divisions

of that segment. The posterior division, which bears the spiracies,

is immaculate and wholly white. Imbedded in the latero-dorsal

bands is a pair of semi-lunar blackish sclerites. The latero-dorsal

bands of meso- and metathorax are similar to those of the abdominaj

segments. They are composed of one pair of chocolate-coloured

aie

the Biology of some British Neuroptera. 545

blotches per segment, each blotch is anteriorly broad, extending down

the sides, posteriorly narrowing and interrupted from the correspond-

ing blotch of the next segment. The sclerites of meso- and meta-

thorax are small, rounded and blackish. The abdomen is similarly

marked to the meso- and metathorax, but has, in addition, a lateral

brown, sunken line below the spiracles. Anteriorly in each segment

the latero-dorsal blotch extends down to this line. There is also

a dark median dorsal line running the greater part of the length

of the body. Ventrally the colour is brownish-white. The legs

are dark fuscous.

There should be no difficulty in identifying a larva of

B. concinna since, although variable, both head and body

markings are peculiar to. this species (? also to quadri-

fasciata).

For pupation a very coarsely reticulate, distinctly yellow-

ish cocoon, about 6 mm. long, is spun between pine needles,

or in erevices of the bark. The cocoon is quite different

from that of any other of our British Hemerobiids, being

coarse and stiff to the touch. Five or six days after spin-

ning (65°—70° F.), the pupa is disclosed. This is brown

im colour, the back yellow, with transverse brown bands.

Wings and body darken, and emergence takes place im

from eleven (70° F.) to fourteen (63° F.) days. Such is the

case in May and June.

The imagines are carnivorous, and in captivity will

sometimes devour one another if other food is lacking. In

no case has a pairing been obtained in cages, the final result

alter some days often being the destruction of the male

by the female. The larvae feed on aphids, ete., on pines,

but will always accept other aphids in the place of their

natural food.

Boriomyia quadrifasciata Reuter.

Wing expanse 18-23 mm. Very like concinna in venation and

general facies, but the colour is grey as against the ochreous-brown

of concinna. The fore-wings are more peppered with blackish,

and there are four more or less distinct dark fuscous, transverse

fasciae.

Once thought to be a variety of concinna, this form

occurs together with the latter on conifers, but is generally

not so abundant in the south of Hingland. In appearance

the majority of quadrifasciata are ‘totally difierent from

546 Mr. C. L. Withycombe’s Notes on

concinna, but I have three specimens of the last which are

intermediate to quadrifasciata. The only way to settle the

question of specific rank is by breeding from the egg, and

this I have failed to do, as no eggs have been obtained

from the several females captured.

The time of appearance of this species is the same as

for concinna.

In May 1921, under bark, a cocoon with pupa enclosed

was found, which did not differ materially from that of

concinna. The imago appeared a day or two after and

proved to be quadr ifasciata. I fear that at present I can

give no further facts in regard to the life-history.

Micromus paganus Linnaeus.

Wing expanse 14-20 mm. General colour greyish or pale testaceous.

Wings sub-hyaline, pale, with two fuscous lines on each fore-wing

following the gradate veinlets, intersected by two or three longi-

tudinal ones running into outer and inner margins. The humeral

cross-vein is not recurrent; radius with about five sectors.

Considered by MacLachlan (9) as a common species,

I have only taken it singly, in gardens, and until this year

had been unable to obtain eggs. Mr. W. E. China, who has

captured it freely this year at Oxshott, very kindly came

to my assistance and supplied me with several living females,

from which fertile eggs were duly obtained; a very 7 welcome

addition to these notes. The Oxshott specimens were

taken by sweeping herbage, in May and June. Apparently

few survive until July.

Kggs (Plate XL, fig. 14) are laid singly, attached by their

sides, or, in four cases, by their anti-micropylar poles.

They are nearly 1 mm. long, of elongate-oval shape, and

creamy-white in colour. The chorion is smooth and not

pitted, except around the micropyle, which area, by reason

of much fine pitting, appears whiter. The micropylar

apparatus is reduced to a small, disc-like, white knob.

Taking it as a whole, the egg bears some resemblance to

that of a Chrysopid, except, of course, for the fact that a

stalk is absent. Hatching takes place in twelve days, with

an average temperature of 70° F. Previously to this the

egg becomes brownish-white, and, as usual, the eyes are

visible through the eggshell.

The first-instar larva is about 1-4 mm. long, pale brown-

the Biology of some British Neuroptera. DAT

ish in colour, with faint indications of a pair of latero-

dorsal lines. The head markings are practically the same

as in the full-grown larva. In the second instar the body

markings are more distinct, but their full depth of colour

is reached in the third instar.

Description of Third-Instar Larva. (Plate XL, fig. 8.)

Length from 8-9 mm. Body elongated, smooth. General

colour varies from creamy-white to orange or pale reddish-brown,

with two, rather indistinct, latero-dorsal lines, madder brown.’

The head is shorter and broader than that cf Hemerobius, the

greatest breadth being between the eyes. The upper surface is

greyish or light fuscous, with a darker central portion, not so sharply

wedge-shaped as in Hemerobius, but somewhat rounded behind. This

is separated from the dark shaded sides by a lighter, Y-shaped

sunken line (frontal suture). At the level of the eye, laterally, the

head is lighter, and the lower surface is greyish-white. | Eyes black.

Antennae long, with palpi and jaws, blackish. The jaws become -

darker distally, but for the last eighth are castanecus.

The body is very elongate. It often has a decidedly reddish tinge

and is not conspicuously marked, except in examples with a lighter

ground-colour. In one pinkish-white specimen the latero-dorsal

brown bands are far more noticeable than is usual. The thorax is

of the same rosy hue as the rest of the body, except that the slight

lateral prominences of meso- and metathorax are often more

creamy-white and conspicuous. In the prothorax there is a pair

of scarcely pigmented, semi-lunar sclerites, lying on the outer

margins of the latero-dorsal bands. Meso- and metathorax have

each a pair of smaller, more rounded, shiny sclerites. A pair of

madder brown, ill-defined, latero-dorsal bands run the length of

the body, and between them, commencing in the hind part of the

prothorax, is a median blackish line. Laterally a pale brownish

line follows the spiracles, but this is not always very clearly marked.

Tip of abdomen blackish. Ventrally the body is uniformly reddish-

white. Legs smoky-white, blackish at the joints and extremities

The entire build of the larva is more slender than that

of Hemerobius, the legs also appear longer. In some

respects it is similar to a Chrysopid larva such as C. flava,

especially in the outline of the head and thorax. The

trumpet-shaped empodium, so characteristic of Chrysopa

in all instars is, however, here present only in the first

instar, as usual for Hemerobids.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1922.—PARTS III, 1V. (FEB. 23) 00

548 Mr. C. L. Withycombe’s Notes on

It is very common to see larvae, when at rest, with the

abdomen stretched out and raised in the air almost to a

right angle with the thorax. What may be the signifi-

cance of such an attitude is difficult to imagine.

When full fed, a loose, oval cocoon of white silk, 5mm. x

2 or 3 mm. is spun, and within this the larva hes, with head

and end of abdomen bent ventrally. Thus the winter is

about to be passed. Presumably pupation and emergence

will not take place until spring, as is the case with most

species of Chrysopa and some Hemerobiids.

E | | ]

Eggs | f At) Tet) al) 22nd | ‘ | Ay. | Pupation and)

14/6/22 | 26/6/22 | 62°F | 30/6/22 | 4/7/22 | 11/7/22 | 62°F. | ? in spring |

14/6/22 | 26/6/22 | 62°F. | 30/6/22 | 98/7/22 | 12/7/22 62°F. re |

| 18/6/22 | 30/8/22 | 62°F. | 5/7/22 | 9/7/22 | 19/7/22 62°F. | #3 |

The three examples given in table are typical of twelve

larvae observed.

Family IV. CHRYSOPIDAE.

There are two British genera, Chrysopa and Nothochrysa.

Ot Chrysopa we have thirteen species, and of these I shall

give details of ten. Of the three remaining, I have not

yet seen larvae. There are two species of Nothochrysa, an

account will be given of N. capntaia.

Insects of medium size, green colour and golden or

bronze-coloured eyes. Wings hyaline, densely reticulate.

Nothochrysa is brown.

The eggs are raised on stalks (Plate X LIL, figs. 6-8). About

one hundred may be laid by a single female. Some authors

say several hundred. They are of oval shape, generally

greenish, with a smooth chorion and a flat, dise-like micro-

pylar apparatus. The hatching larva has a characteristic

egg-breaker.

Larvae (Plates XLI and XLII) are rather broader than

those of Hemerobiidae and generally more hirsute. The head

is broad. Eyes of six ocelli, blackish. Antennae fairly long,

slender and three-jointed, the second and third joints

hardly distinguishable, form together the slender tapering

portion. The basal joint is short. It is quite possible

that the antennae are really four-jomted, as the basal

the Biology of some British Neuwroptera. 549

prominence may be a true joint, and, indeed, often appears .

to be such, but since in the Hemerobiidae it has not been

counted as a joimt, the same system is followed here.

Sucking jaws caliper-like, longer and more slender than

those of Hemerobius, formed quite typically of combined

mandibles and maxillae. Labium small, with a pair of

slender, four-jointed palpi which often appear to be still

further subdivided.

Body almost smooth with only small hairs (C. flava), or

very hirsute and tuberculate, with bristle tufts. The long

setae of these latter may be serrate or hooked. Debris-

carrying forms have the abdomen covered above with small

hooked setae and the first instars of nearly all tuberculate

forms have, at this stage, all the body bristles mere or less

hooked and carry some debris. Besides the above-

mentioned setae, the whole surface of the body is covered

with microtrichia. To each segment of the thorax there

is at least one pair of dorsal sclerites, those of the prothorax

being the largest. Generally there is also a median sclerite

in the prothorax. The legs are well developed, but the

articulation of tibia and tarsus is, as in Hemerobiidae,

not very free. There are two simple tarsal claws and a

trumpet-shaped empodium throughout life. This is used

as an organ of adhaesion, but is apparently also tactile,

frequently, not being applied to the surface on which the

larva is walking. The abdomen tapers to the extremity

and is soft, though often with dorsal and lateral tubercles.

From the 5th abdominal segment to the last, sclerites may

appear again, increasing in relative size to the extremity.

The anal papilla is adhaesive and used as an additional

leg. The two eversible pads are not greatly developed.

The larva is active and predacious.

A closely woven, parchment-like, short oval cocoon of

white silk is spun for pupation. The pupa is at first

yellowish, or palely the colour of the larva, later it becomes

green and assumes the imaginal markings. The head is

furnished with strong pupal mandibles. Wings lie at the

sides, and closely applied to these the antennae are curled.

The legs are held ventrally. When due to emerge, the

pupa cuts a circular lid in the wall of the cocoon, and

pushing this open, escapes. The cocoon, owing to the

method of spinning, easily splits along lines parallel to its

equator, and therefore probably very little actual cutting

is necessary, to make this lid. Now the pupa crawls to a

550 Mr. C. L. Withycombe’s Notes on

suitable support, often some feet up, and the imago 1s

disclosed. After shedding the pupal skin, the wings are

fully expanded in from ten to twenty minutes, and the insect

is ready for flight in considerably less than an hour after

leaving the cocoon. Emergence takes place in morning

or evening. If the temperature is less than 60° F.,

emergence is often delayed for some days, though the

pupa is quite ready for emergence. A shiny black pellet

of larval excrement is deposited soon aiter the sect is

mature.

The imagines are largely crepuscular or nocturnal in

habits. I have seen no spermatophore after pairing.

A female may live two or three months, if fed upon aphids.

Winter is passed generally as a larva within the cocoon,

as a free larva in C. prasina, ventralis and flavifrons, and as

an imago in C. vulgaris.

Internal anatomy :—That of the larva calls for no special

comment. In the imago several points are of interest.

Stink glands he on each side of the prothorax, opening

just behind the head dorsally. These are green in life,

but when killed or exposed to air they become decidedly

bluish. The malodorous fluid secreted is pale yellow.

The salivary glands, passing back along the sides of the

oesophagus to the hind part. of the prothorax, are then

recurrent, and just behind the head, branch into tuits of

diverticula which intertwine with diverticula of the opposite

side, over the dorsal part of the oesophagus. The simplest

form of tuft is seen in C. septenmpunctata and vulgaris

(Plate XX XIX, fig. 10). At the extremity of each salivary

gland are two main branches, and each of these subdivides

into three short diverticula. In C. alba, tenella, prasina

and ventralis the glands are of the same pattern, but

the diverticula are longer. In the remaining forms

(Plate XXXIX, fig. 11) the diverticula are very long, and

often branched,—C. flava, flavifrons, perla, and N. capitata.

The testes are always separate and each enveloped in a

yellow scrotum. The general outline is elliptical, pointed

somewhat at each end. The following modifications eccur.

C. flava (Plate XX XIX, fig. 12), testis elliptical, slightly

pointed; vas efferens leaves from posterior end. C. alba

and perla (Piate XX XIX, fig. 13), testis as in flava, but

vas efferens leaves from anterior extremity. NW. capitata

(Plate XX XIX, fig. 14), testis elongate with one twisted

lobe posteriorly ; anterior vas efferens. C. vulgaris, testis

the Biology of some British Neuroptera. 551

twisted in a dextra! spiral of three to four turns; vas

efferens anterior. C. tenella, as last, but spiral of four

to five whorls. C. flavifrons, prasina and_ ventralis

(Plate XX XIX, fig. 15), as in vulgaris, but of five to six

whorls. It will be seen that a series taken from salivary

gland, or testis characters, does not place together the

apparently nearly related species.

Of the cement glands, in the female, only one is

fully developed, the other, as usual, being rudimentary

(Plate XX XIX, fig. 7, cg). Generally that of the right

side is developed. In C. vulgaris this is a simple sac. In

most other species of Chrysopa it is fringed with simple

diverticula, as also in Nothochrysa, where it is very large

(Plate XX XIX, fig. 8, eg). Again in Nothochrysa the two

accessory glands running into the oviducts are exceptionally

large, spindle-shaped, with a terminal flagellum-like diverti-

culum (Plate XXXIX, fig. 8, ag). These glands contain a

viscous, colourless fluid.

Chrysopa flava Scopoli.

Wing expanse 34-48 mm.

This is one of our largest species of Chrysopa. One

character separating it from C. vittata, with which latter it

is often confused, is the emarginate costa in the fore-

wings. About one-third of its length from the base, the

costal margin of the wing gives a distinct dip. This is

sometimes obscure, and one has then to take into considera-

tion the fact that in vittata the basal joints of the antennae

are longer than in flava, also the palpi of vittata are often

more or less fuscous, whereas in flava they are green. When

living, the colour of flava is yellowish-green, quite distinct

from that of vittata, which is rather a full green. C. flava

has the dorsal surface of thorax and abdomen broadly

yellow. In both species the head is immaculate. Males

of flava are easily separated by the incrassate costal veinlets,

and genitalia.

Chrysopa flava is to be taken in deciduous woods and

gardens in May and June. A few are still to be found in

July. I have no definite evidence of a second brood, but

having found eggs and imagines in late August I suspect

the occasional existence of such,

The eggs are very characteristic (Plate XLII, fig. 6). In

laying, the female attaches the footstalk of each egg very

552 Mr. C. L. Withycombe’s Notes on

close to that of the others, and the stalk, as drawn out,

becomes attached to its neighbours. Thus a common

stalk composed of several strands is formed, from the top

of which the eggs radiate, brush-like. From three to forty

eggs may be laid in one group. The only other species

laying thus is C. flavifrons. Length of egg, -9 mm; of

stalk, 8-9 mm. Colour when first laid pearly greenish-

white, becoming yellowish at the ends after a day or two,

and then hghter each day until just before hatching the

colour is wholly white, with the eyes of the embryo visible

at the micropylar end as black dots. Hatching takes

place about eight days after oviposition, the young larva

being almost entirely white.

After resting a short time on the empty eggshell,. the

larva tests the neighbouring eggs and makes a meal of any

of his less fortunate brethren as yet unhatched. This habit

of the young larvae would seem to be a very serious objection

to the method of egg-laying practised by C. flava, since often

considerably more than half the brood is destroyed in this

way. On the other hand, weaklings may be thus eliminated .

from the first.

In the second instar the larva is yellow with reddish

or orange latero-dorsal longitudinal bands, as in the third

instar. 'The head markings are even now quite typical.

Description of Third-instar Larva. (Plate XUI, fig. 1.)

Length 12-13 mm. Body devoid of setigerous warts or with same

strongly reduced, so that the general appearance is less hairy than

that of other Chrysopids and somewhat similar to that of a Hemero-

biid larva. Colour pale yellow, with two latero-dorsal longitudinal

brick-red bands, sharply marked off and darker on their outer

margins, but internally diffusing into the central area.

Head whitish, markings red-brown. These consist of two parallel

lines running from the posterior part of the head forwards. About

the middle they diverge and become less distinct, often broken or

dotted, but run towards the bases of the jaws. Laterally, there is a

line running from behind forward to the eyes. Eyes black. Antennae

and palpi greyish or pale castaneous. Jaws castaneous, darker at

tips.

Thorax yellow at the sides and in the central area. A latero-dorsal

orange or brick-red band runs longitudinally on each side of the

back, and pigment of the same colour is diffused into the central area.

This varies somewhat, so that sometimes the central area may be

the Biology of some British Neuroptera. 553

yellow, and in other cases orange or reddish, On the prothorax are

a pair of sunken, somewhat ovoid, black sclerites and between these

another sclerite of the same colour. Meso- and metathorax have

each one pair of small black sclerites,

The abdomen is yellow laterally, with the central area continuing

from the thorax, orange. The red pigmentation is always most dense

in the meso- and metathorax. Underside of body wholly pale

yellow. Legs yellowish-white in colour, blackish at the knees and

tarsi,

The larvae are very active and among the most voracious

of our British species. The cocoon is rather larger than

that of other species of Chrysopa, being on the average

5mm. long. A more transparent equatorial band is often

very evident.

The two following examples represent typical life-cycles.

| , EB

,| Av. |. Ist | 2nd

Hatched.,| Temp. | moult. | moult.

| 30/8/20 | 6/9/20 | 62° F. | 11/9/20 | 18/9/20 | 29/9/20 62°F. | 24/4/21 | 12/5/21 58°F |

Regs

1 } 5 Av.

jaid. Cocoon. Pupated. Emerged Temp. |

Temp.

| 5/8/21 | 12/3/21 | 69° F. | 17/8/21 | 22/8/21 | 2/9/21 67°F. | 6/5/22 | 26/5/22 63°F |

The insect hibernates as a larva within the cocoon.

Chrysopa flava appears especially to favour oaks, where the

larva has been seen feeding upon Jassids, once on a small

beetle, and once on a spider. In captivity, larvae will

accept any species of aphid except the woolly forms. It is

therefore to be assumed that the natural food does not

include such.

Chrysopa vulgaris Schneider.

Wing expanse 26-30 mm.

In spite of its specific name, this species is not one of

the commonest in Britain, although at the time of

MacLachlan’s monograph it was apparently abundant.

It is a small species with a yellow dorsal vitta running the

entire length of the body, very like C. tenella. It can at once

be separated from any other British species by the vena-

tional character given by MacLachlan (9). The head is

unspotted, but the sides of genae and ciypeus are suffused

with deep orange colour.

Larvae and adults have been found in coniferous and

554 Mr. C. L. Withycombe’s Notes on

deciduous forests, also in gardens even on small plants.

Imagines may be taken all the year round, since it is in

the adult state that winter is passed. There are at least

two broods each year.

Eggs are laid in May, June and July, and again in July

and August constituting the second brood. The egg is very

like that of C. tenella, and, except for the manner of laying,

might be mistaken for that species. It is °8--9 mm. long,

pale green in colour, and borne at the extremity of a short

stalk 3-3-5mm. long. Asa rule it is attached to the under-

side of a leaf, and not, as in tenella, at the edge. I have,

however, only seen eggs laid in captivity, under as natural

conditions as could be given. The eggs were laid singly,

or in well-spaced clusters of three or four. In a few days

they became greyish, and just before hatching, pale biscuit-

coloured.

The young larva is at first about 1-3 mm. long, white,

with ill-defined, pale buff-coloured transverse lines on the

body. Ina few hours the head exhibits two fine diverging

lines running from behind forward to the points of insertion

of the antennae.

In the second instar the head markings have assumed

their fmal pattern. The body is cream-coloured, with a

pair of latero-dorsal chocolate-coloured bands running its

entire length, as in the third instar-larva. Laterally there

are two faint longitudinal chocolate-coloured lines on each

side. On the whole there is very little difference between

second- and third-instar larvae.

Description of Third-instar Larva. (Plate XLI, fig. 2.)

Length about 7 mm. when full grown. Colour, cream or yellow,

with a pair of latero-dorsal chocolate-coloured bands running the

whole length of the body. Setigerous warts not much developed.

In form and coloration intermediate between flava and tenella.

Head white or pale yellow, with dark brown markings, consisting

of two diverging lines running from the base forward to the points

of insertion of the antennae and jaws. Posteriorly these are broader

and tend to spread laterally. In the middle of anterior margin of

head are two dots, and about the centre of the dorsal surface two

more dots. These are evidently traces of the parallel lines, which

in most Chrysopids run from the middle to the anterior margin of

the head. Lateraily, the head is fusccus, sometimes as two faint

lines above and below each eye. Eyes black; antennae and palpi

dark brown; jaws castaneous, darker at tips.

the Biology of some British Neuroptera. 55D

The kody colour is creamy-white or often bright yellow, with a

latero-dorsal band, dark brown or crimson, running on each side of

the more yellow central area.

The prothorax has two elongate, dark brown, shiny sclerites

imbedded in the longitudinal brown bands. Mese- and meta-

thorax have each a smaller pair. The lateral prominences of these

two last segments are more conspicuous than any others of the body,

and are yellow in colour. Central area of thorax, yellow.

In the abdomen, the latero-dorsal chocolate-coloured bands are

more broken up, diffusing into the central area and also sending

laterally a small process forward, in each segment, enclosing a yellow

spot. A median brown line runs the greater part of the body length.

Laterally there is a dark brown line, often two, on each side. As

previously mentioned, the warts and lateral segmental prominences

are less pronounced in this than in other species. Legs white,

semitransparent, joints and tips of tarsi blackish.

A small white cocoon, 3-4 mm. long, is spun for pupation,

and, in a week or so after spinning, the pupa is disclosed,

followed by the appearance of the imago in the space of

another two to three weeks. The pupa is at first of a pink

colour with longitudinal pale crimson bands in the position

of the larval dorso-lateral bands, and on each side of the

future imaginal dorsal vitta. In a few days the pink

colour is replaced by green, the eyes become golden, and

general colour is that of the imago.

| | |

| Cocoon. eg re wen

29/5/22 | 6/6/22 G2 | 12/6/22 | 18/6/22 | 29/6/22 6/7/22 | 23/8/22 | 68°F.

{ i}

PAN. BlppeiSboes [ian

rake aa Temp. | moult. | moult.

| |

| 1/8/21 8/8/21 | 70° F. | 13/8/21 | 20/8/21 | 30/8/21 | 5/9/21 | 16/9/21 | 66°F, |

Eggs in the first case above were obtained from a hiber-

nated female. The second example is that of the second

brood. Both sexes of the second brood hibernate in out-

houses, thatch, piled wood and other shelter, and may be

brought out in mid-winter by a warm spell. A male and

female were thus found in a greenhouse on the roof of the

Royal College of Science, London, on the 7th December, 1921,

artificial heating having been commenced the day previous.

On emergence, the specimens which are to hibernate are

green in colour, but in time some assume a reddish hue

(carnea Stephens). This red form is not confined to either

sex, but appears quite at random, In the case of the pair

556 Mr. C. L. Withycombe’s Notes on

just mentioned the male was of the form carnea, and the

female normal green. Late in autumn of the same year a

green male was captured and a red female. Examples

taken in spring show the same diversity of colour, some

being green and others red. Whether the insects can

reassume their green colour in spring I cannot say, but eggs

have only been obtained from green females.

Throughout the whole winter the sexual organs remain

immature and the body cavity is filled with fat-body.

Also it is interesting to note that the spermathecae of females

are empty during the winter, so that it is clear that pairing

does not take place until the spring. Thus Chrysopa

vulgaris is a very interesting exception to all the rest of

our British species.

Chrysopa tenella Schneider.

Wing expanse 22-30 mm. A delicate little species, with a pale

yellow dorsal vitta. Somewhat similar to C. vulgaris in appearance,

but venation as in ail the other species of Chrysopa. The head has

a black spot on each side, on the genae, and also on the sides of the

clypeus. Palpi annulated with blackish. Pronotum immaculate.

Forty or fifty years ago this species was apparently

exceedingly rare in Britain, and was not included by

MacLachlan in his monograph of 1868. Now it is one of

the commonest species of Chrysopa in suburban gardens

and elsewhere. In 1878 MacLachlan (10) recorded the

species as British, and remarked that it was apparently

inodorous. This is certainly not the case, a very powerful

odour having been observed on several occasions.

C. tenella first makes its appearance about the middle

of May, and continues on the wing througheut June and

July. A single specimen has been observed to emerge in

August, from eggs laid the same year, but otherwise there

is no evidence of a second brood.

The egg (Plate XLII, fig. 8) is very characteristic and can

be confused with no other mpecies that { know of, with the

possible exception of C. vulgaris. Ht is -8—9 mm. long, pale

green, and borne upon a very short, rigid stalk only 2-3 mm.

long. The stalk is fixed to the edge of a leaf, and projects

outwards from it, in the same planeas that of the leaf. The

point of fixation is generally the apex of a tooth of the leaf

margin. Occasionally an egg may be found projecting into

the space eaten from a leaf by a caterpillar, but always the

the Biology of some British Neuroptera. 5DT

egg and its stalk lie in the leaf plane. This renders the egg,

always laid singly, almost invisible. Less frequently a foot-

stalk may be found attached to a projecting point anywhere

on a tree. In four to five days after laying, the colour is

greyish, this then begins to lighten, and just before hatching

is whitish-buff. Young larvae escape in from ten to twelve

days after oviposition (65° F.).

Within a few hours of hatching, the head markings are

visible. These generally are quite as in the full-grown

larva. The body is pale brownish or grey. The second-

instar larva appears much as does that of the third instar

in markings and general colour of the body.

Description of Third-instar Larva. (Plate XLI, fig. 3.)

Length 6-7 mm. Body laterally with conspicuous setigerous

warts. Colour usually dirty white, with grey, or other dark mark-

ings. Meso- and metathoracic warts and prominences conspicu-

ously white, marked off by short, dark, oblique fasciae.*

Head whitish, markings dark brown, consist of two pairs of

diverging lines from the base running forwards. Between these,

starting from the middle of the head, is another pair of diverging

lines reaching to the base of the mandibles, and in the middle of

anterior margin, often two small dashes which may fuse with the

last, or may be small or absent. Laterally is a faint line passing

through the eyes. Eyes black; antennae blackish or fuscous, as

also palpi; jaws castaneous, dark at tips.

Anterior portion of prothorax white, including warts; sclerites

greyish, margined with darker. Laterally to these, body is white,

between them, the dorsal surface is greyish, but lighter in the middle

line. Meso- and metathorax wirh lateral prominences and warts

conspicuously white, sharply marked off by an oblique, latero-

dorsal mark of dark colour on each segment. Warts are sometimes

pink. Between the two oblique markings the median area is lighter

greyish.

Abdomen greyish above, due to mottling, often with dark crimson.

Lateral warts whitish, less developed than on the thorax. No

definite latero-dorsal longitudinal bands. Ventrally the body is

whitish. Legs translucent greyish or greenish-white; ungues, and

near same darker.

* In some larvae the ground-colour is reddish instead of white,

but the darker markings will always be found fairly constant, so

that there is no difficulty in identification.

558 Mr. C. L. Withycombe’s Notes on

In all stages larvae of C. tenella may be found carrying

debris on their backs. In some examples a considerable

coat is carried, in others little or none.

A very small cocoon, 3 mm. long, is spun for pupation.

The pupal stage is of from two to three weeks’ duration.

Winter is passed as a larva within the cocoon.

{ | |

AY 1st 2nd

Eggs

Temp. | moult. | moult.

aid |Hatched. Cocoon. |Pupated. Emerged}

Temp. | Temp.

| 31/7/20 | 11/8/20 | 65° F. | 17/8/20 | 26/8/20 | 12/9/20 | 64° F. | 14/5/21 | 26/5/21 | 64° F.

31/7/20 | 11/8/20 | 65° F. | 17/8/20 | 28/2/20 | 24/9/20 | 63° F. | 14/5/21 | 1/6/21 | 63°F.

15/6/21 | 26/6/21 | 66° F. | 2/7/21 | 6/7/21 | 16/7/21 | 72° F. | 28/7/21 | 16/8/21 | 70°F.

In the table, the first and second each give a fairly typical

life-history, showing variation in length of stages in larvae

from one batch of eggs. The third case gives the time

aken by the only example | have known to emerge the

same’ year.

Chrysopa tenella has been found as a larva feeding upon

aphids on low plants, as dock, also on trees. Frequently

eggs are laid upon apple, the larvae preying easily upon

woolly aphis, since their long setae ward off the woolly

wax, which would otherwise clog the spiracles. Larvae

have been found feeding on the following, which are selected

from a far larger lst.

Dock, Aphis rumicis L.

yrape vine, Pulvinaria betulae L.

Apple, Eriosoma lanigerum, Hausm.

Pear, Bryobia praetiosa K., and Huthrips pyri Dan.

The pear mentioned was one on which Conwentza

psociformis had been successfully introduced, and almost

the entire colony was wiped out by Chrysopa tenella, which

preyed upon both larvae and pupae of the Coniopterygid.

Chrysopa alba L.

Wing expanse 22-30 mm.

C. alba is well named, being generally of a pale whitish-

green colour, though sometimes of a richer green in life.

The eyes are darker than those of other species of Chrysopa,

and though also relatively smaller, are very conspicuous.

the Biology of some British Neuroptera. 559

The head and its appendages are, as a rule, unmarked,

but in some examples, especially those of a fuller green

colour, the palpi may be banded with blackish. Thus

such examples approach very nearly to C. flavifrons, and

this resemblance is sometimes increased by the head being

entirely yellow in colour. The head itself, however, and

the pronotum are always immaculate. The characters

which I have found most useful in separating alba from

similar species, are firstly the strongly ciliated costa, and

secondly the long subgenital plate of the male. In other

British Chrysopids the costal cilia are not so long and do

not stand out so straightly from the margin, but rather

tend to lie down along the costa. I am, nevertheless,

strongly of the opinion that we have here two forms which

are at least to be regarded as subspecies, and which are

quite as distinct as C. prasina and ventralis are from one

another. ‘This difference is also observable in the larva.

Typical alba larvae have very long thoracic warts, as figured,

while in the form of which the imago has black marked palpi

the larval warts are much shorter and more like those of

C. flavifrons. C. alba is one of the most difficult species

to breed that I have as yet encountered, usually dying in

the second or early third instar, or in winter when within

the cocoon.

The favourite haunts of this species are shady deciduous

woods, where it is often extremely abundant in June and

July. There appears to be no second brood.

Kegs are laid singly or in very well-spaced clusters

of three or four on the undersides of leaves. This apples

to beth forms. The egg is -8 mm. long, pale green in colour

and borne by a stalk about 5 mm. in length. As hatching

approaches the colour becomes whiter, and the eyes of

the embryo, also brown transverse lines indicating the

segments of the abdomen, appear.

The young larva is about 1-3 mm. long, white in colour,

later with a tinge of brown or grey. The head markings

appear after some hours, but are variable and not generally

as in the older larva. Sometimes there 1s a black patch on

the posterior part of the head, from which two diverging

lines extend forward in the direction of the bases of the

jaws. In other examples only the two diverging lines are

present. Skins are placed on the back with the jaws,

later the load increases, and the cast skin at each moult is

added to the coat. The larvae are sluggish, and at first

have a habit of resting with the abdomen raised. In the

second instar the head markings are fairly typical, the

warts not quite as elongate as in the full-grown larva. The

colour of the body is wholly white.

Description of Third-instar Larva. (Plate XLI, fig. 4.)

Length of full-grown larva 6-7 mm. Body white, almost devoid

of markings, with very long thoracic warts.

Head greyish-white, markings blackish, consisting of two lines,

bread posteriorly, narrowing and diverging as they run forwards

in the direction of the antennae, at the bases of which they generally

terminate. Between these, two parallel lines start close together just

in front of the middle and run to the anterior margin of the head,

where they expand laterally. Such markings are always present.

The following are often found, but sometimes indistinct or diffuse :

outside the two first-mentioned diverging lines, running from the

base of the head to the eyes on cach side, is a diffuse line, and the

sides of the head are greyish as far forward as the eyes. Insome cases

these two last markings run into one another. Eyes black; antennae

smoky-white; jaws castaneous, especially at the tips; palpi pale

castaneous.

Thorax white, with very long warts. These warts are white and

opaque, as the rest of the body, except for one-third of their length

from the apex, which is transparent. At the apex of each wart is a

tuft of bristles. Usually on the prothorax three of these bristles are

black, the rest colourless; on the meso- and metatborax apparently

only one bristle in each tuft is black. The two prothoracic sclerites

are somewhat triangular, shining blackish. Meso- and meta-

thoracie sclerites smaller and blackish. Between each pair is a

sunken line. On the mesothorax, anterior to the afore-mentioned

sclerites are two more pairs of small black sclerites.

Abdomen white, with segmental prominences less distinct and

warts not elongated. A median dorsal blackish line runs the greater

part of the length of the abdomen, but is less distinct in the thorax.

Underside wholly white. Legs translucent and colourless, except

the tarsi, which are darkened.

A very compact coat of skims and other debris is carried

on the back, with the hooked body setae firmly holding it

in position. The larva uses the coat as a shield, and can

move it forward or from side to side when attacked. Often

webs are found interwoven with the skins, but I do not think

the Biology of some British N. europlera. 561

these are spun by the larva, since the silk glands would not

be so early functional.

There is, to my mind, not. the slightest doubt that this

species 1S the larva figured in the “Cambridge Natural

History,” p. 467 (11), as that of Hemerobius. The long

warts are well causa

A smali cocoon, 2-5-3 mm. long, is spun for pupation

under the larval coat How this is done is difficult to-

imagine. The larvae are always very siuggish, and one

day, on touching the apparent larva, it is found to be

immovable, the "ibs only forming the covering of the

cocoon. Many examples have been seen in which the

cocoon has been spun on the flat underside of a leaf, and

not, as is more often the custom with Chrysopa, in a curled-

up leaf, or among other supports.

Ay. Ist

‘| Temp. moult.

| l l

Ay. >. yD ny

- Temp. i Ponalaeh ae

2nd

moult.

Av.

Cocoon

Temp.

tgs Hatched

20/5/22 | 3/6/22 | 70°F.

15/7/21 | 21/7/21 | 75°F. | 30/7/21 | 11/8/21 | 26/8/21 | 69° F. |

16/7/21 23/7/21

76° F, | 30/7/21 | 10/8/21 | 27/8/21 | 69° F. eee 5/6/22 | =

Larvae of C. alba are of sluggish habits, but can run

fairly rapidly. In feeding they are timid, and if the

intended prey moves too much, the larva retracts its head

for protection wunder the carapace-like coat. Food consists

naturally of the woolly Ph: yllaphis j fagi L., on beech, and

also, I should expect, Cryptococcus Fagi Baer. Larvae are

also found commonly on oak; of their food I have no

definite observations, but many aphids, etc., were present.

Tn captivity the larvae show a decided preference for less

active aphids, such as the woolly species and Phyllozera.

The woolly wax does not in any way inconvenience C. alba,

owing to its body being entirely protected.

Chrysspa flavifrons Brauer.

Wing expanse 24-31 mm. Head yellow, rest of body green, but

slightly yellow on the dorsum of thorax. Palpi annulated with

black, the terminal joint being wholly blackish. This species can

at once be distinguished in life by the head being yellow except for

the eyes, mouth-parts, and an orange line one each side.

The species appears to prefer pine woods, but has also

been taken from deciduous trees. The time of appearance

562 Mr. C. L. Withycombe’s Notes on

is from June until August, sometimes later in autumn,

which is rather a long period on the wing for a Chrysopa,

and suggests the possibility of two broods.

The eggs are laid in a similar way to C. flava, the stalks

being united in a bundle. Hach egg is -8 mm. long, pearly

white in colour when first laid, sometimes with a tinge of

green. As hatching approaches, the colour changes first

to pale buff, then brown, and then greyish-brown. The

stalks are 6-7 mm. long, fixed to the undersides of leaves,

close together in a bundle. These eggs may be distin-

guished from those of C. flava by their slightly smaller size,

by the more flimsy stalks, and consequent closer hanging

together of the eggs in a terminal cluster.

The young larva is white with a dusky head, the blackish

markings almost covering it. The body bears well-

developed setigerous warts, and the general facies is much

like that of C. prasina. The second-instar larva is similar

to that of the third, but the head markings may be a little

less separated. A coat of debris is carried throughout life.

Description of Third-instar Larva. (Plate XUI, fig. 5.)

Length 6-7 mm. Head markings similar to those of C. tenella,

body white, with setigerous warts as in C. prasina.

The head is whitish with dark brown markings. These are of

the same pattern as those of C. tenella, but usually bolder. There

is a pair of diverging lines from the middle of dorsal surface to the

anterior margin. From base of head a pair of lines runs forward

diverging to the antenna bases, outside these, and parallel to them,

another line on each side runs towards the eyes. On either side of

the head is a broad black line. Eyes black; antennae and palpi

grey; jaws castaneous.

Body white, best contrasted with C. prasina, from which it

differs as follows. The thoracic warts are larger. The setae from

these are spread more laterally and fan-like from each wart. Pro-

thoracic sclerites grey, consist of two outer large sclerites and 4

trace of a median sclerite, not, as in prasina, large. Meso- and

metathorax have each a pair of grey sclerites.

Abdomen with smaller warts and also hooked setae for carrying

debris. The contents of the stomach often show through the skin,

blackish. A dark median dorsal line runs the greater part of the

body length. Underside whitish. Legs grey or fuscous.

Likely to be confused with either C. prasina or the

the Biology of some British. Neuroptera. 563

short warted form of C. alba. The head markings and

prothoracic sclerites are the most reliable distinctive

characters.

This is a difficult species to breed, and I have reared

none completely from the egg. This year promises ees

and some two or three dozen larvae are now (Sept.

1922) fully fed for the second instar. These tetehed

17/8/22 and 20/8/22 from eggs laid 1/8/22 and 4/8/22

respectively. It appears that the larva hibernates when

in this stage, though sometimes in the third instar. More

evidence is necessary, however.

Chrysopa prasina Burmeister (— aspersa Wesmael.).

Wing expanse 24-34 mm, This species and the next are very

closely allied, although in appearance quite distinct. The colour

is bright green. Head with a biack spot between the bases of

the antennae, and other spots on the front. Palpi annulated with

black. The pronotum has black or brown spots on each side,

tending to for longitudinal lines. Wings with a black spot at

the extreme base cf the costa. On each side of the abdomen a

black line frequently appears. Sometimes this is indicated by

little more than a few faint dots, but other specimens show quite

distinct black lines. Variations of this and a more pronounced

character caused MacLachlan (9) to suggest that C. prasina and

ventralis might very possibly be varietal forms of one another.

After giving much attention to this matter I am inclined

to consider both distinct, although further work is desirable.

Breeding is difficult to carry out, owing to the fact that

the larva hibernates in the second or third instar and is

then particularly lable to attack by a fungoid disease.

All of both species which have successfully passed the

winter in captivity have emerged true to their parentage.

The larvae of both are very similar, but can as a rule be

distinguished. The imagines are often found together, but

equally often in separate localities. Two examples from

the current year will illustrate. On the 17th June, 1922,

twelve specimens of ventralis were beaten from oak at

Oxshott, but not a single specimen of prasina was taken.

The following Saturday (24th) large numbers of prasina

were beaten from pine and birch, within a mile of the

previous locality, but not one example of ventralis was

taken.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1922.—PARTS III, IV. (FEB. '23) PP

564 Mr. C. L. Withycombe’s Notes on

Chrysopa prasina is a woodland species giving preference

to pine woods. The duration of imaginal life is from the

beginning of June to the end of July, sometimes later.

Kges are laid on pine needles or on the undersides of

leaves, etc., being generally deposited singly, or at most

six together, well spaced apart. The egg is bright green

in colour, -8--9 mm. long, and attached at the end of a

stalk of about 6 mm. in length. After two to three days

a yellow patch appears on one side, later the green turns

to grey, and just before hatching the segmentation of the

embryo is discernible from outside. The larva escapes in

from seven to eleven days after oviposition.

The first-instar larva is white in colour, the head being

also white with black markings. These markings are of

the same pattern as in the later larva. The three distinct

black sclerites on the prothorax are very typical of this

species. Skins and other debris are placed at once on

the back, on hatching, and a fairly dense coat is carried

throughout the whole of larval life. The larva is thus

similar to alba and flavifrons. Larvae found on pines

infested with Chermes add to their coats some waxy wool

of the aphids.

In the second instar the larva is similar to the full-

grown larva, except in size.

Description of Third-instar Larva. - (Plate XLI, fig. 6.)

Length when fuil fed 6-7 mm. Body white, with setigerous

warts. Markings few, blackish. Three large black prothoracic

sclerites.

Head smoky with blackish markings which often almost cover it.

Two broad black lines run forward from the base of the head,

giving off a branch to each eye and then diverging from each other

to the bases of the antennae. A triangular black mark is enclosed

in the middle of the anterior margin. These markings tend to

spread entirely over the head. Eyes black; antennae and palpi

blackish; jaws castaneous, distally darker.

Thorax white, with conspicuous warts bearing long setae. On

the prothorax are three shining blackish sclerites, the two outer

ones slightly larger than the median one. In both prasina and

ventralis these three sclerites are highly characteristic, and though

a median sclerite is found in many other Chrysopids it is generally

small or but slightly pigmented. The meso- and metathorax have

Fubar.

}

the Biology of some British Neuroptera. 565

each at least one pair of blackish sclerites, those of the mesothorax

being the larger.

The abdomen is white, with smaller warts bearing long setae.

A median dark longitudinal line may be present, and along each

side of the body, rather ventrally, there is often a black line, varying

in intensity. In dark examples a small black spot or two may be

found at the base of each wart. Legs blackish.

Shortly after spinning the cocoon in spring, the pupa is

disclosed, followed by the appearance of the imago in

about two weeks.

Eggs

laid.

Ay. 1h) ieAwss | Qnde te Ay.

Temp. | moult. | Temp. moult. | Temp. Cocoon. |Pupated./Emerged

Hatched.

| 6/7/21 | 13/7/21 | 74° F. | 18/7/21 | 75° F. | 7/8/21 | 72° F. | 20/5/22 | 26/5/22 | 11/6/22 | 69° F.

“ef7/2 | 13/7/21 74° BF. | 18/7/21 | 75°F. | 4/5/22 | winter 22/5/22 | 28/5/22 | 9/6/22 | 69° F.

Av.

Temp.

The first example above is that of a larva which wintered

in the third instar, the second hibernated in its second

instar. Both are selected from the same brood of eggs.

The larvae as a rule feed ravenously until, apparently

awaiting a second moult, they become sluggish and will

not feed. This is often in quite hot weather, as seen

above. An aphid may be accepted occasionally, and the

larva must be provided with food always. At last the

second moult occurs, or the larva may hibernate while still

in the second instar. In the third instar the same falling

off of appetite is observed when apparently full fed, and

so the winter is passed. With the warmth of spring or

even in warm spells during the winter, food is taken, and

the second moult, if necessary, occurs some time in April

or May. Now feeding is recommenced in earnest, and the

larva feeds well until spinning. The pupal stage is short.

In young pine plantations, infested with Chermes,

larvae may be found during winter and spring, probing the

woolly masses of aphids and sucking out nutriment. I

believe that, owing to its frequent abundance, C. prasina

is a real check on this difficult pest to forestry. In a

similar way the larva has been found feeding on Crypto-

coccus fagi Baer. on beech, also on aphids on oak. In the

single instance of a larva bemg found in Epping Forest

on a heath, the only evident Gaod was a small Jassid,

566 Mr. C. L. Withyeombe’s Notes on

Ulopa reticulata Fab., present in numbers at the base of

the heather, where the larva must have hibernated, since

no trees were near.

Chrysopa ventralis Curtis.

Wing expanse, 24-34 mm.

The remarks made upon C. prasina may be repeated for

this species, with the exception that the ventral surface

of the abdomen is black. This is a very constant feature,

and variations in the direction of prasina are not common.

Habitat and time of appearance are the same as for prasina.

Kegs and first-instar larva not distinguishable from

C. prasina. It may be only accidental that all eggs under

observation took longer in hatching (eleven to fourteen

days) than do those of prasina. The difference cannot be

accounted for entirely by temperature, apparently. In

the second instar the larva is quite distinct from C. prasina,

and a miniature of the third-instar larva. A coat of

debris is carried.

Description of Third-instar Larva. (Plate XLII, fig. 1.)

Length 6-7 mm. Body white and as prasina, but with more

black markings.

Head blackish, markings are of little value and can often not be

distinguished from those of prasina, but the following differences

are sometimes present. The triangular black area on the anterior

margin of the head of prasina is, in ventralis, often lighter in the

middle and thus Y-shaped. The line running to the base of each

antenna is darkest near the antenna base. Eyes black; antennae

and palpi blackish; jaws brown.

The shape and general colour of the body are as in prasina. The

middle one of the three prothoracic sclerites is often, though not

always, unpigmented and apparently absent. In front of and

behind the two lateral sclerites, which are always blackish, is an

area of black hypodermal pigment, thus making with the sclerites

a black latero-dorsal band on each side of the prothorax. Meso-

and metathorax are less marked with black, though on the former

are a few small spots. At the base of each wart, however, on the

upperside, is a distinct black spot and a smaller one behind each

wart.

The abdomen is covered with the usual hooked hairs of a debris-

carrying form, but is practically immaculate. The ventral surface

the Biology of some British Neuroptera. 567

of the body is quite characteristic and much marked with black

or very dark brown.

The head below is uniformly dark brown. Legs blackish. In

the mid-ventral line, between each pair of coxae, are two blackish

spots, tending to fuse as one. These are often continued on the

abdominal segments, though less distinctly.

On the abdomen, ventrally, running the length of each side, i

a broad blackish band, and nearer the mid-ventral line another

similar band. The entire-under surface tends to become black, as

in the imago. While all the differences here indicated are generally

present, larvae sometimes so closely resemble os na as to ce hardly

distinguishable.

There is no object in giving further particulars of the

life-history, which has only been observed to differ from

that of prasina in the longer incubation period of the egg,

and this may not be normal.

Chrysopa septempunctata Wesmael.

Wing expanse 28-40 mm. Body uniformly full green in life.

A black spot between the basal joints of the antennae; front

spotted with black.

C. septempunctata can only be confounded with C. prasina,

which latter has, however, a black spot at the extreme

base of the costa, absent in septempunctata.

In gardens and orchards, even in towns, this species is

one of the commonest and incidentally also one of the

most matodorous of the species of Chrysopa. 1t occurs

from the end of May until early July. In August a second

and smaller brood may occur, and individuals of these

have lived until mid-October (1920).

Eggs are laid singly, or more often in fairly close clusters

of up to about twenty, on the undersides of leaves or

sometimes on tree-trunks and twigs, in the vicinity of

aphids. The species appears to have a penchant for beans

(attacked by Aphis rumicis L.), rose and apple trees.

The egg is about -9 mm. long, green when laid, supported

on a footstalk of from 7-8 mm. length. In four or five

days it assumes a greyish tint, ee until hatching,

which takes place in from six (70° F.) to nine (60° F.) days.

The young larvae rest for a time on the empty eggshell,

then descend to the attaching surface and often reascend

other egg-stalks to suck out the juices of their, as yet

568 Mr. C. L. Withycombe’s Notes on

unhatched, brothers. The first-instar larva is light

greyish-brown in colour, with the head almost entirely

black. Generally the body is devoid of markings. In

the second instar some differentiation of head pigmentation

occurs, and in a few cases the larva is very similar to the

third-instar larva. Most, however, at this stage, are not

so brightly coloured as when full grown, although the

body frequently has indications of later markings. It is

rare to find a larva in its second instar with the very

characteristic red central dorsal area of the older larva.

Description of Third-instar Larva. (Plate XLII, fig. 2.)

Length when full fed about 8 or 9 mm. Body covered with

setigerous warts. General colour greyish-brown, with a more or

less bright brick-red central dorsal area in the meso- and meta-

thorax. The first two lateral abdominal prominences and warts

are also red.

Head white with a black central mark extending from the middle

to the anterior margin. Two larger patches of black diverge from

the base of the head almost to the eyes. Occasionally there is a

variation of head markings in the direction of C. perla, but I have

never seen a form which could be confused with perla. Antennae

greyish; palpi white at bases, becoming grey distally; jaws

castaneous, darker at tips.

Prothorax whitish anteriorly; between and behind warts, dark

brown. Sides whitish. Sclerites shining black, somewhat trape-

zoidal in shape. Meso- and metathorax dorsally dark brown,

with a median area of bright brick-red colour. The dorsal surfaces

of the mesothoracic lateral prominences are much lighter in colour

than the metathoracie prominences, which are, including warts,

almost black above. Sclerites are small, rounded, and shiny black.

The smaller warts lying within the red central area are whitish.

Abdomen mottled with greyish-brown above, laterally between

the segments whitish. There is little indication of a lighter median

area, though often there is a slight continuation of the central red

area from the thorax into the anterior segments of the abdomen.

The first two lateral abdominal prominences, with their warts, are

usually red in colour, the remaining abdominal prominences being

brown, sometimes with a flush of red. A median dark brown line

runs the whole length of the body. Underside, greenish-white

with indications of brown longitudinal lines on each side, latero-

ventrally. Legs translucent greenish-white, smoky just below the

knees and also at the tips of the tarsi. *

the Biology of some British Newroptera. 569

These larvae, and also those of some other species,

e.g. perla and dorsalis have a curious attitude of resting

on a surface, especially when a firm grip is desirable, as

when feeding on a large aphid. The abdomen is extended

and fixed by the anal papilla. The legs having obtained

a firm hold, the abdomen is now arched, so that considerable

tension exists between the two regions of fixation and a

very firm grip is obtained.

The pupal stage lasts from two to three weeks.

Eggs | ? Ay. Ist 2nd ia loka ASV, Te ae Av.

laid. Hatched. Temp. | moult. | moult. Cpeneres Temp. Pupated./Emerged Temp.

20/6/20 | 27/6/20 | 68° F. | 2/7/20 | 8/7/20 | 18/7/20 | 64° F. | 13/5/21 | 26/5/21 | 64° F.

65° I’

27/6/20 | 4/7/20 | 66° F. 10/7/20 | 14/7/20 20/7/20 | 66° F. | 1/8/20 | 18/8/20

(

The two above examples give a fair idea of the times

taken in each stage. ‘The first was fed entirely on apple

woolly aphis. The second lived from the time of emergence

8/8/20 until 9/10/20, and was then only killed by accident.

It laid, in this time, ninety-four eggs.

Chrysopa septempunctata is one of the few insects which

naturally feed upon woolly aphis, Hriosoma lanigerum

Hausm. I have frequently found larvae thus engaged.

No debris is carried by the grown larva, but at first there

is a tendency to do so.

Chrysopa perla Linnaeus.

Wing expanse 24-30 mm.

C. perla is one of the two British blue-green Chrysopids

and can be confused with no other except perhaps C. dor-

salis, which is also blue-green in colour. Both species are

conspicuously marked with black and the abdomen is far

more black than green, as a rule. C. perla differs from

dorsalis in its more bluntly rounded wings, green subcosta,

and tarsal claws dilated at the base internally.

This is one of the most abundant of British Chrysopids

in deciduous woods, but not often seen in gardens. The

type of woodland preferred is one of hazel and hawthorn

undergrowth, although the species also frequents lanes

and hedgerows. In old oak or beech woods with little

undergrowth,.as in some parts of Epping Forest, it is

570 Mr. C. L. Withycombe’s Notes on

uncommon. Frequently C. perla is to be met with in

pine woods. The first brood appears about the middle

of May, and by the end of June has generally died out,

stragglers may be found, however. The second brood,

which is always small, occurs from the end of July through-

out August. The majority of the insects do not emerge

as a second brood, but pass the winter as larvae within

the cocoon.

Higgs are laid on the undersides of leaves, being mainly

found on hawthorn, hazel and field maple. They are

laid singly, or in well-spaced clusters of not more than six,

under natural conditions, but larger clusters have been

obtained in captivity. The egg is -9 mm. long, colour pale

green when first laid. The stalk averages 6 mm. in length.

in a day or so, patches of yellow appear through the egg-

shell, especially at the micropylar end, and in three or

four days the general colour is greyish. Finally, brown

lines indicating the segmentation of the embryo within

appear, and about eight or nine days after oviposition

hatching takes place.

The newly-hatched larva is nearly 2 mm. long, body

colour pale greyish-brown. The head is dark brown or

blackish, dorsally the black colour may be divided into

three main areas. In the second instar the head may

exhibit the characteristic markings, but this is not always

the case, and one must often wait until the third instar

before a larva can be definitely distinguished from that

of C. septempunctata. The colour of abdomen and thorax

is now brownish-white with vaguely defined darker brown

latero-dorsal bands, leaving the sides and central dorsal

area lighter in colour. The metathoracic lateral promin-

ences are always darker than those of any of the other

segments. Sometimes larvae in their second instar are

almost exactly as in the third, and can then, of course,

be identified at once.

Description of Third-instar Larva. (Plate XLII, fig. 3.)

Length about 8 mm. when full fed. Body covered with con-

spicuous warts bearing tufts of setae. General colour dark brown

on 2 creamy-yellow or greenish-white ground.

Head whitish, markings black. A central, elongate-oval spot

extending from the middle almost to front margin of head. Two

the Biology of some British Neuroptera. 571

latero-dorsal larger splashes, incomplete anteriorly, leaving a bay

into which a small projection passes. Running forward along the

sides of the head are two faint lines reaching almost to the eyes.

The underside has two diverging grey marks and between these a

smoky patch. Eyes black; antennae and palpi greyish; jaws

greyish or castaneous, darker towards the tips.

Prothorax, in front of a line drawn between the two warts,

whitish; behind this line the central area is dark brown, sides

yellowish-white. Prothoracic sclerites black and shining, triangular

or somewhat trapezoidal, anteriorly slightly emarginate. Meso-

thorax with sides and median dorsal area of ground colour, vellowish-

white; latero-dorsally dark brown. Sclerites small, blackish and

oval. Metathorax, central area yellowish-white, lateral prominences

and warts of same, very dark brown above. Below, and to a

small extent posteriorly, the prominences are of ground-colour,

yellowish-white. Dark brown metathoracic lateral prominences

are characteristic of perla and septempunctata, and are often very

noticeable. No other lateral prominences of the body are of such

a dark brown.

Abdomen with sides yellowish-white. The latero-dorsal brown

bands running longitudinally spread well toward the central area,

so that the yellowish ground-colour is not always apparent here,

although the brown pigmentation is always less dense in the middle

line. Besides the warts on the lateral segmental proeminences

there is also another pair of conspicuous warts nearer the middie

line of each segment. All these are yellowish-white. Other

smaller warts occur on the body. The median dorsal longitudinal

line appears dark brown, and dilates in the posterior third of each

segment ss usual. The underside of the body is yellowish- or

greenish-white, with indications of two lines latero-ventrally. Legs

translucent whitish, tarsi blacker at tips.

In the first instar, the instinctive action of the larva on

‘hatching is to cover itself with refuse. Later there is

rarely any such coat carried. Often when disturbed, the

larva, in its second or third instar, immediately rolls

itself up into a ball and drops to the ground, remain-

ing motionless for some minutes. This habit is not

found in other Chrysopids, except seplempunctata and

dorsalis.

A cocoon, about 3-5 mm. long, of ordinary form, is

spun for pupation, The pupal stage lasts two to three

weeks.

Eggs | | oeAsvs Ist 2nd ay Nien ims Av.

laid Hatched. Temp. | ssavpiii(ie | Omaversi ke Cocoon. oe emp. oe ne Temp.

26/6/21 | 5/7/21 | 67° F.| 7/7/21| 9/7/21 | 15/7/21 ql 74° B. | 21/7/21 ee 74° F

| 26/6/21 | 5/7/21 | 67°F. | 7/7/21 | 9/7/21 | 15/7/21 | 74° F. | 24/5/22 | 9 62°F

30/6/21 | 9/7/21 | 69° F. | 11/7/21 | 14/7/21 | 21/7/21 | 76°F. | 2 a 31/7/21 | 73° F.

| 30/6/21 | 9/7/21 | 69° F. | 11/7/21 | 14/7/2 al 20/7/21 | 76° F. | 10/5/22 | 26/5/22 | 58° F

572 Me c@i ges eras Notes on

In the above table I have selected examples from the

hot season of 1921, because they give periods occupied

when a second brood appears. The great majority do

not emerge the same year, but winter as larvae within the

cocoon, pupation and emergence occurring the next year.

Others, however, showing no special promise as larvae,

pupate almost at once and emerge the same year. The

larvae feed upon all small insects, ete., and are not at all

particular as to species, although in nature they do not

apparently prey upon woolly aphids of any kind.

Chrysopa dorsalis Burmeister.

Wing expanse 28-30 mm.

This species much resembles C. perla in colour, from

which it can at once be separated by the more narrow

and acute wings,—in C. perla the wings are broadly rounded

—hby the black subcosta, and by the simple and undilated

tarsal claws.

C. dorsalis is of very local occurrence in Britain. First

discovered in 1900 at Oxshott, it was not found there

again until 1921, by myself. Mr. KE. A. Atmore has taken

the species with fair regularity near King’s Lynn, and

Mr. B. S. Harwood in 1917 near Colchester. I have also

found it at Bagshot (1922), and it is probably to be taken

throughout the whole of the Surrey coniferous area. It is ~

entirely confined to pine woods.

The only example which I have bred from the larva

emerged on the first of June, 1922, under outdoor conditions,

but the normal season of appearance is July with a slight

overlapping of June and August. C. dorsalis is much

more active and rapid in flight than its relative perla.

Eggs I have not seen. “Miss Alderson (2) deseribes

them as -8 mm. long, oval in shape and rich green in colour.

The footstalk is about 3-5 mm. long. They are laid singly

the Biology of some British Neuroptera. 573

on pine needles. The egg darkens to greyish just before

hatching, which takes place on the eighth to tenth day.

The larva recalls that of C. perla in the colour and

markings of the body, but in build it is a little more

slender. The head markings are distinctive, and also

there is a dark madder subspiracular line which is more

distinct and less interrupted than in perla. The latter

is, however, probably not a reliable character. The

second-instar larva does not differ materially from that

of the third instar,

Description of Third-instar Larva. (Plate XLIT, fig. 4.)

Length when full fed 8 mm. approximately. General facies as

in C. perla.

Head greyish-white, markings on dorsal surface dark brown to

black. Two dark lines run forward from the base, diverging from

one another about mid-way of their course to enclose a triangular

space in which are two parallel dashes which broaden slightly

towards the anterior margin of head. From the bases of the two

diverging lines first mentioned, on each side, is a short line running

more laterally and ending just about the level of the eyes. Laterally,

there are two almost parallel, ill-defined lines running from the

base of the head, and ending at the ey®on each side. Eyes black;

jaws pale castaneous, darker at tips; other appendages greyish.

The body and its markings are similar to C. perla,

and undoubtedly vary somewhat, so that no useful purpose

would be served by giving a detailed description. My

description of the larva and figure of head pigmentation

do not agree with the figure given by Miss Alderson of the

head markings, and the difference is so considerable that

I would refer to her paper for comparison. H the head

markings vary to such an extent in this species they can

be of little specific value.. I have myself only seen one

larva from which the above description was made. Further

observations would be most valuable.

Winter is passed as a larva within the cocoon. Pupation

occurs in spring, and shortly afterwards the imago appears.

Kmergence was observed to take place at 6-5 p.m. (Green-

wich time) on the Ist June, 1922. This example was a

male. Being supplied with sweet food it lived for twenty

days after emergence.

574 Mr, C. L. Withycombe’s Notes on

Nothochrysa capitata Fabricius.

Wing expanse 30-36 mm. Colour dark brown with head orange-

brown. Nothochrysa is of very distinct appearance from Chrysopa,

its colour being brown instead of green. There is also a venational

character, vide MacLachlan (9).

The species appears to be confined to conifers, from which

it may be beaten during July and August. Its flight is

very pecuhar, fairly rapid and direct. Impregnated

females may be noticed in flight by the conspicuous white

mass on the dorsal surface of the hind abdomen. It is

not a common species.

Hegs (Plate XLII, fig. 10) are laid on pine needles;

commencing at the tip of a needle they are deposited radi-

ally. From two to thirty-eight have been observed in a

single cluster. The egg is oval, shghtly more than 1 mm.

long, and broader than the egg of Chri ysopa. tis supported

by a very stout and rigid omialk about 7 mm. long. In

the case of all eggs from. vigorous temales the stalk 1s knotted

at regular intervals, or moniliform, as though it had been

drawn out in a succession of jerks. This and its rigidity

are very characteristic of Nothochrysa. Yn colour the egg

is at first green, but later darkens to grey. Hatching

takes place in from eleven to twelve days at 63° F.

The first-instar larva is bufi- coloured, with the thorax

slightly greenish. The head is dark. Legs translucent,

colourless, tarsal claws and empodium black. All the

setae on the dorsal surface of the body are hooked at their

extremities and curl over the back. Some debris is carried

throughout life. The second-instar larva resembles that

of the third instar.

Description of Third-instar Larva. (Plate XLII, fig. 5.)

Length when full fed 9-10 mm. Colour dark brown with meso-

and metathoracic prominences orange-brown, but not well developed.

Head above almost entirely fuscous or blackish, markings obscure,

but there are two very distinct black spots about the middle, on

border of frontal suture, always present. Frem the base cf the

head forward to frontal suture are two fuscous patches covering the

hind portion of the dorsal surface. It is on the anterior margins of

these patches that the conspicuous black spots are placed.

Anteriorly to these, near the middle line are two or three more

pairs of blackish spots, but often less conspicuous. Laterally the

eye

the Biology of some British Neuroplera. 575

head has a fuscous band, ventrally it is whitish. Eyes black;

antennae and palpi fuscous or castaneous, the terminal joints of the

latter darker; jaws castaneous.

Prothorax with very small warts, each cf which supports but a

single bristle. Anteriorly the prothorax is white, but the rest is

dark brown mottled with chestnut cr orange-brown. Sclerites

blackish, consist of two latero-dorsally and two cr four, generally

less distinct and closely approximated, in the middle line. Meso-

and metathorax dark brown with orange-brown lateral prominences

bearing very small warts. Each wart supports only two or three

weak bristles, frequently bent. Below the wart is a small dark

brown spot. The middle part of the dorsum is dark brown with a

few small whitish warts. There is a pair of blackish sclerites to

each segment.

Abdomen dark brown above, but darkest at the sides, below and

in the region of the lateral warts. Each wart supports several

stiff bristles. The dorsal surface of the abdomen is covered with

hooked setae. A whitish median line runs the length of the body,

within which is the usual dark median line. Underside of body

wholly yellowish-white. Legs translucent whitish to just above

the knees, whence to the tarsi they are fuscous. In pale specimens

this is not very noticeable.

N. capitata larvae can at once be identified by the ill-

developed thoracic warts, the prominences bearing which

are orange-brown, and by the two black spots in the middle

of the dark-coloured head. Larvae carry debris on the

hooked abdominal setae, but prefer few and large particles,

not a dense coat of small particles. For pupation a small

white cocoon, 4-5 mm. long, of Chrysopid form is spun,

covered with debris. Winter is passed as a larva within

the cocoon, pupation and emergence presumably occurring

in spring.

Kegs | ae? cera st | 2nd Av.

ao y Tst ie | Cocoon.

laid. | >| Temp. moult. | moult. | Temp.

| |

18/7/22 | 30/7/22 | 64°F. 11/8/22 | 21/8/22 | 15/9/22 | 60°F.

7/8/22 | 63°F, | 17/8/22 | 29/8/22 | “20/9/22 ‘| ‘60°F.

27/7/22 | - 7/8/22 | 63°F. | 19/8/22 2/9/22 | 6/10/22 | 60°F.

Nothochrysa should be placed in quite a distinct sub-

family from the rest of the Chrysopidae, for reasons

which, however, cannot be entered into here. The main

576 Mr. C. L. Withycombe’s Notes on

biological interest in this genus will be the manner of pairing,

which I have not yet seen. After pairing the female carries

permanently a large, white body on abdominal tergites

and 7. These tergites are thin and nct so strongly

chitinised as the rest of phe abdominal plates. The white

mass is often distinctly divided longitudinally into two

halves, and is decidedly hard as a rule. Its internal

structure suggests a disorganised spermatophore, but I

have reason to doubt this. After pairing, the spermatheca

of the female is found to contain spermatozoa as usual.

How the white mass is placed in this curious position and

what is its function, are questions which future work

must answer.

Family V. CONIOPTERYGIDAE.

This family comprises seven British species.

Conwentzia, two species,

Coniopteryx, two species.

Semidalis, one species.

Parasemidalis, one species.

Helicoconis, one species.

Minute insects, with reduced wing venation and covered

with a white waxy powder.

Eggs (Plate XLII, figs. 9, 10, and-13) are laid singly on

the edges of leaves, etc. These are oval, flattened dorso-

ventrally and pointed at the micropylar pole. The chorion

is beautifully honeycombed, reticulate. Colour white,

yellow or orange.

The larva (Plate XLII, figs. 1-4) is shortly spindle-

shaped, slightly flattened dorso-ventrally, smooth but for

two or three transverse rows of fine hairs per segment. The

head is small and rounded, partly retracted into prothorax

in life. Eyes each of five ocelli. Antennae two- jointed, with

a short basal joint and a long distal portion plumose with

fine hairs. The labrum covers the conical mouth-parts

above. Sucking spears are short and of simple form.

The mandible is sharply pointed and slightly grooved

ventrally. The maxilla is also pointed and with three

barbs externally. It is not provided with sense organs as

in other Neuroptera, but such sense hairs probably occur

on the labrum. The labium is reduced, with a pair of

the Biology of some British Neuroptera. 577

three-jointed palpi, the terminal joints of which are club-

shaped.

The thorax is large and constitutes about half the body

length. The three segments are nearly equal, but the

prothorax is always the largest. There are several small

sunken sclerites, serving as musele attachments, in all the

segments. Legs are well developed and relatively long.

Tibia and tarsus are not very freely articulated. There

are two simple tarsal claws and between these is a small,

pad-like empodium. In the first instar the empodium

is more pointed. The abdomen is small, but consists

of ten segments, although these rapidly taper. The 10th

abdominal segment, bearing the anus, is as usual, adhaesive.

Larvae run rapidly and continuously, preying upon small

forms of life.

For pupation a flat circular cocoon of white silk is

spun, consisting of two envelopes, an outer and an inner,

more or less separated from one another. The pupa

(Plate XLII, fig. 12) is short and somewhat square from

thorax to head in profile, otherwise it is of typical Neurop-

terous form. Just before emergence it bites a semicircular

slit in both envelopes with its pupal mandibles and then

discloses the adult. The pupal skin is often shed while

still within the cocoon, or when half-way out, or more

rarely the pupa may first crawl right out of the cocoon.

When the wings have been completely expanded, the insect

presses them together several times in succession with its

hind legs, apparently to rectify any tendency to buckle.

The imago is at first pale in colour and without waxy

covering, but in half an hour or so the wax glands commence

to secrete and continue to do so throughout the greater

part of life. The insect scrapes the abdomen with its

hind legs to remove some of the waxy powder, then these

are rubbed rapidly over and between the wings.

Pairing is peculiar in Parasemidalis. The male passes

his head under the wings of the female and seizes her hind

coxae with his jaws. Then grasping her hind legs with his

fore legs, pairing is effected by bending up the - tip of the

abdomen. Thus the pair crawl about, separating in from

five to ten minutes. I have reason to believe that there

is no spermatophore in the Coniopterygidae.

The anatomy cannot be adequately dealt with here,

as in many respects it differs in detail from general Neurop-

terous type.

578 Mr. C. L. Withycombe’s Notes on

In the larva, of the six Malpighian tubes, four are

attached distally and two are free (Plate XLII, fig. 5).

The silk secreting cells swell, but apparently do not exhibit

aramified nucleus. Another feature of the Coniopterygidae

is the great reduction in size and number of the abdominal

nerve ganglia by concentration. Frequently there are no

more than three, of which the last consists of several fused

ganglia (Plate SUL, fig. 6).

The wax glands of the imago must be noticed

(Plate XLII, fig. 11). These are unicellular dermal

glands, arranged in definite areas of the body. Their

presence is revealed externally by small perforations in

the integument. Through the perforations wax is forced

and takes the form of circles or short spirals. Wax-gland

areas are mainly situated on the abdomen, there being

here a pair dorso-laterally and another pair ventro-

laterally. Other areas occur on the dorsal surface of

head atid thorax, besides minor patches occasionally at

the base of the wings and elsewhere.

One more peculiarity of the Coniopterygidae is the

marked development and dark pigmentation of chitinous

sclerites. The tentorium of the head, thoracic sclerites

and genitalia are all well marked and often specific in form.

The position here assigned to the Coniopterygidae is

not to be taken as in any way indicating the true affinities

of the family. The Coniopterygidae represent a very

early offshoot from the Neuropterous stock, which have

specialised early. The present existing forms, while

resembling the Megaloptera in some respects, in others

stand quite apart; an isolated family.

Conwentzia psociformis Curtis.

Wing expanse 7-8 mm, This species may be recognised by the

strongly reduced hind-wings, common to the genus, by the cross-

vein from R, to radial sector in fore-wings being between R, and

R,,,, and by the number of antennal joints, 38—43.

It is an exceedingly common species, being found often

in abundance on oaks and many plane trees in the heart

of London. Other trees are often selected, e.g. cherry,

pear, sallow and holly. Less commonly I have found it

on pines.

The first brood emerges from the cocoons in late April

the Biology of some British Neuroptera. 579

(1921), May and June. The second brood appears in July

and August. In nature both broods are liable to overlap,

and some stragglers of the first spin up late and do not

emerge until the following year. Stray imagines have been

found even at the end of September.

Higgs are laid on leaves or bark. When on leaves, the

usual position is at the edge, on the underside, sometimes

at the side of a projecting vein. An oak leaf has the

extreme margin slightly curled under, and it is in this

curled margin that eggs are most frequently deposited.

On holly and other leaves eggs are also laid at the margin.

Placed singly, rarely two or three together, the egg 1s about

‘5 mm. long, of elongate oval shape, somewhat flattened,

and yellowish-white in colour. The chorion is beautifully

reticulated, and at the micropylar end there is a small

conical projection. The attached side of the egg is flattened.

Very little change in colour is noticed, and in from one and

a half to two and a half weeks hatching takes place.

The young larva is white, with the eyes blackish and

mouth-parts also somewhat darker. The legs appear

long and hairy. As food is taken, a brown central spot

appears and the larva approaches the typical form.

Description of Third-instar Larva. (Plate XLIII, fig. 1.)

Length when full fed 3-3-5 mm. Body smooth but for fine hairs,

swollen anteriorly and tapering to the anal extremity. General

colour white with a large median brown spot (the colour of food in

the alimentary canal), more or Jess broken up by white (fat body).

Head small, whitish and partly retracted into prothorax, in life.

Antennae about :75 mm. long, having a broad basal joint and a

longer, rather narrower distal portion, plumose with fine hairs.

The ratio of basal to distal portion varies in this species between

1:10 and 1:6-6. Eyes dark crimson, appearing black. Jaws

castaneous. Palpi three-jointed, the terminal joint largest and

swollen. On the sides of the head, the tentorium is visible through

the skin as blackish lines.

Thorax broad, composed of three nearly equal segments. Pro-

thorax white anteriorly and laterally, appearing dark brown in

the centre. Mesothorax white laterally, the middle area of the

anterior half, brown. In the middle of posterior half are two white

spots, sometimes forming a complete white band across. The meta-

thorax is similar to the mesothorax, but the posterior half often

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1922.—PARTS III, IV. (FEB. '23) QQ

580 Mr. C. L. Withycombe’s Notes on

forms a complete white band across the middle, and two white

spots may extend forward from this.

The abdomen is about one end a half times the length of the thorax,

and tapers to the posterior extremity. It is white laterally, brown

in the middle, becoming paler and move yellow in the terminal

segments. The first, and two of the middle segments of the abdo-

men, are usually white entirely, thus making gaps in the brown

colour. Underside of body wholly white or greyish, darker in the

middle line, due to gut contents being visible. The legs are long,

hairy and whitish.

The markings here given are for a typical larva. There

is much variation, however, and a series of sketches shows

all stages in the encroaching of the white fat body on the

middle darker area.

When about to spin up, the larva, if of the first brood,

selects a site on the flat surface of a leaf, or on the bark of

the tree. If of the second brood, spinning takes place

always on the tree bark, preferably in a crevice, but often

on a flat surface. The larva moves the anal spinneret to

and fro over its back, thus forming a circular outer envelope

of white silk. Inside this, a smaller flat envelope is spun,

this time above and below the body of the larva. The

outer envelope is from 5-8 mm. diameter; the inner,

about 3 mm. Within this double cocoon the change

to pupa takes place, and the adult escapes by a semi-

circular slit in both envelopes.

| |

Eggs | Ay.

laid. eter Temp. |

Ist | 2nd | v.

clean

riayarike, || anyone) | Pupated.| Emerged

AY.

Cococn. Temp.

14/5/21 | 27/5/21 | 65° F. | 30/5/21 | 6/6/21 | 16/6/21 | 63° F. | 20/6/21 30/6/21 | | 66° F,

28/7/20 | 10/8/20 | 65° F. | 13/8/20 19/8/20 | 30/8/20 cue | 4/4/21 | 27/4/2

| | |

Above are typical life-histories. In the case of the

second brood, the cocoon is spun in August or Septem-

ber, sometimes as early as July. The larva does not

pupate, but remains in the cocoon throughout the whole

winter. When warmer weather arrives the change to

pupa takes place, followed by the appearance of the imago

in about ten days to three weeks.

The principal food of C. psociforms on oak is Phylloxera

punetata Licht., Chionaspis salicis L., and various mites,

of which may be mentioned Tetranychus quercinus Berl.

the Biology of some British Neuroptera. 581

On other trees it has been found preying upon Oribatids

and Bryobia praeiiosa K., and it was introduced to one pear

tree, infected with the latter, with great success. Two

species of Hymenopterous parasites have been bred from

C. psociformis.

Conwentzia pineticola Enderlein.

Wing expanse 7-8 mm. This species is very similar to the last,

though the pigmentation of the wing membrane is sometimes a

little darker. It is distinguished from psociformis by the cross-vein

in the fore-wings, from R, to Rs, striking the latter on the stem

before the fork point. Also the antennae are shorter, averaging

thirty joints.

I am extremely doubtful whether this is a good species,

but up to the present have been unable to prove definitely

to the contrary. The venational character is very variable ;

the number of antennal joints varies, and Enderlein

himself quotes one example as having thirty- seven to thirty-

eight jomts. The male genitalia of the two forms appear

to be identical. My own belief is that pineticola is a bio-

logical race, or at most a subspecies of C. psociformis. It is

not my intention, in the present paper, to deal with the

systematic side of the Neuroptera, but the following more

striking intermediates between psociformis and pineticola

are submitted in support of my contention that both are

really one. The specimens cited are a few of several in

my own collection.

(i) Wings typically psociformis, antennae 34-jointed, 7. e.

as pinelicola. 1 3, cocoon taken, London, 30/10/20.

(2) Wings as psociforms, antennae 32- -jointed, 7. e.

pineticola, ? sex, cocoon taken, Walthamstow, 9/10/20.

(3) Left wing as psociformis, right wing intermediate,

antennae 34-jointed, a. €. as pineticola, ? sex, data as (2).

(4) Wings intermediate, antennae 35- jointed, ? Sex,

cocoon taken, London, 30/10/20, same tree as (1).

(5) Wings intermediate, antennae 37-jointed, 2 99 and

1 g, Heston Hounslow, 2/7/21

Conwentzia pineticola occurs fairly commonly on plane

trees in London. It has also been found on almond,

cherry, plum, pear and conifers near London.

The early stages, eggs and larvae, are not distinguishable

582 Mr. C. L. Withycombe’s Notes on

from those of C. psociformis. The antennae of the larva

are, however, shorter, being on the average -4 mm. long.

The ratio of basal joint to terminal portion is about 1: 5.

I am quite sure that this will not prove a reliable distinc-

tion, having already seen one larva of undoubted psoci-

formis, which had been bred, with antennae no longer

than as now given for pineticola.

The two forms of Conwentzia usually occur in separate

localities, but their habits are in every way the same.

Coniopteryx pygmaea Enderlein.

Wing expanse about 5:5 mm.

Coniopteryx possesses an unbranched media in the

hind-wings, and can thus be separated from all other

British Coniopterygidae with subequal wings. In C.

pygmaea the cross-veins between subcosta and radius, and

radius and radial sector, in both wings, run in one straight

line or almost so. While in pygmaca this venational

character is remarkably constant and variations are few,

yet C. tineiformis frequently has a very similar venation

and might be confused with pygmaea. Other characters

are given by Enderlein to separate the two species, but they

are not as constant as one would wish, and I therefore

omit them at present. C. pygmaca can best be determined

by the male genitalia, which are very distinct. In the

field, pygmaea may, after some experience, be identified

with tolerable certainty by its smaller size and bright

orange-pink colour of the abdomen, especially in the female.

In tineiformis the abdomen is yellow in life.

A common little species in the south of England, where

it is usually more abundant than C. tinevfornis on conifers,

to which it appears to be entirely confined. Ina pine wood,

year after year the species will abound on a particular

tree or section of trees. Why, is a mystery, since the trees

in question do not appear to possess food suitable for

Comopteryx which is absent from other trees. The first

brood occurs in May and June, the second in July and August.

Stragglers, both imagines and larvae, have been found

as late as December.

Eggs are laid singly, rarely two or three together, on

pine needles, on the inner flat face of same, sometimes at

the base and but occasionally on twigs. They are -4 mm.

the Biology of some British Neuroptera. 583

long, of flattened oval shape, somewhat broader at the

micropylar end, with a pointed micropylar cone. The

colour is pinkish-orange when first laid, darkening slightly

to brown at the end of a week. Hatching takes place

in from one and a half to two weeks.

The young larva is -6 mm. long, orange in colour, and

but for the absence of food in the alimentary canal, which

gives the darker central spot to the later larva, does not

differ materially from the form of the third-instar larva.

Owing probably to some peculiarity of diet, it has been

found impossible to breed this species, but I do not think

it can differ much from other Coniopterygidae. Full-fed

larvae can be obtained by beating pines, throughout the

summer.

Description of Third-instar Larva. (Plate XLIII, fig. 2.)

Length about 2 mm., shortly fusiform. Colour orange-brown

with lateral white spots and a dark brown central spot, due to the

contents of alimentary canal.

Head small and rounded, colour yellowish. “Eyes reddish.

Antennae colourless, short and two-jointed, the second joint about

twice the length of the first. Palpi colourless, club-shaped.

Body colour orange-brown. Extending generally from the hind

part of the prothorax to about the 2nd abdominal segment is a

dark brown spot, varying somewhat in colour with the contents

of the crop. The anterior part of the thorax is white, and there are

two pairs of large white spots laterally in the thoracic region. The

hind pair of these continues into the lst abdominal segment. Two

more white spots usually occur on each side of the mid-abdomen.

It will be seen that all these markings are dependent on the colour

of internal organs, and hardly, if at all, due to pigment in hypodermis

or chitin, consequently they are liable to vary considerably, and it is

therefore useful to find a structural character, which, so far, appears

fairly constant for the genus Coniopteryx. At the extremity of the

tarsus, projecting dorsally over the tarsal claws, are a pair of setae,

conspicuously stronger than any others, curved slightly and ending

bluntly, almost in a knob. In Semidalis, these setae are fine and

curved, but not blunt ended, while in Conwentzia they are long and

tapering. The legs are yellowish and translucent.

When full fed the larva spins a small, flat, white cocoon,

of 2-3 mm. diameter, on the inner flat face of a pine

needle, in the sheathing base of two needles, or anywhere

584. Mr. C. L. Withycombe’s Notes on

on the twigs and trunk. Eleven or twelve days after

spinning, in a temperature of 70°—75° F., the imago appears.

It has been asserted that larvae of Coniopteryx found

on conifers feed on Chermes laricis. Although I have

found this aphid often present on the same tree as larvae

of Coniopteryx 1 do not think the latter feed on Chermes,

since, when ofiered this as food, the Coniopteryx larvae

appear unable to deai with the waxy wool of the aphia,

and often take little notice of Chermes unless denuded of

wax. I can offer no definite alternative suggestion except

that the many mites, eggs and young stages of Psocids,

etc., found on conifers would probably form a more suitable

food.

Coniopteryx tineiformis Curtis.

Wing expanse 6—7 mm.

Of larger size than C. pygmaea and more likely to be

mistaken for Semidalis in the field, as the abdomen is

generally more vellow and less red than that of pygmaed.

The cross-veins from subcosta to radius and radius to

radial sector are usually apart in both pairs of wings, and

thus differ from these of pygmaea. Unfortunately this

character is not always reliable, so that several other

features have also to be taken into consideration with

doubtful examples. If a male has been captured, there

can be no doubt as to the specific. determination, since

the genitalia are most distinct.

Near London, tineiformis appears to be less common

than pygmaeca, and until this year I had taken very few on

pine. More often the species occurs on oak and beech,

also sallow, but never commonly, in my experience.

Examples of the first brood may be found from the middle

of May until early July, and of the second brood from

mid-J uly until the end of August.

The eggs are yellowish-white in colour, -45 mm. long,

of flattened oval shape, with the usual pointed micropylar

cone and reticulate chorion. They darken shghtly as

hatching approaches, which takes place in from one and a

half to two weeks with a temperature averaging 65° F.

When laid on leaves, such as those of oak, the position

chosen is generally the edge of the leaf.

The young larva is -7 mm. long, approximately, and

pale yellow or whitish in colour. It will feed on the oak

the Biology of some British Neuroptera. 585

Phylloxera in captivity and grows well at first, but in no

case have I a complete record of the life-history. For some

reason, feeding ceases before arriving at maturity and death

ensues. This may be due to a ‘fungoid disease which

has been observed to attack larvae of Conwentzia. Larvae

have been beaten from oak, beech and pine.

Description of Third-instar Larva. (Plate XLII, fig. 3.)

Length when full fed 2-5 mm. Colour yellow, orange, or almost

pale crimson. More elongate as a rule than pygmaea and approach-

ing the form of a Conwenizia larva.

Head whitish; eyes dark crimson; antennae translucent and

colourless, the distal portion three or four times the length of the

basal joint. Palpi colourless.

Body somewhat fusiform, but broader anteriorly and tapering

gradually to the anal extremity. Colour uniformly yellow, orange,

or orange-crimson,—no markings. Legs pale yellowish, translucent.

The above description answers well for examples of

C. tineiformis found on deciduous trees such as oak and

beech. In the summer of this year, however, some larvae

were taken on conifers, under the impression that they

were fairly large specimens of C. pygmaea. These have

since turned out to be C. tinetformis, and consequently

the larvae of these two species of Coniopteryx (on pine) are

not so distinct as I once thought. This is probably due to

the difference in nature of the food, but it emphasises the

desirability of finding structural characters on which to

separate the larvae.

A small, flat, circular cocoon of white silk is spun for

pupation, on the bark of trees, etc. The outer envelope

is of about 3 mm. diameter and is attached to the inner

envelope. Double structure is not marked. In about

two weeks after spmning (65° F.) the imago appears.

Winter is passed as a larva within the cocoon.

The food of this species, when on oak and other deciduous

trees, probably does not differ from that of Conwentzia

psociformis.

Semidalis aleurodiformis Stephens.

Wing expanse about 8mm. The wings of Semidalis are subequal,

the media in hind-wings is forked, which character separates from

586 Mr. C. L. Withycombe’s Notes on

Coniopterux, In both pairs of wings the cross-vein between fore

cubitus Cu, and media strikes the latter on the lower arm M,", of

fork. The abdomen in life is yellowish, often grey, due to scanty

black pigment.

A common species in the south of England, but apparently

rare in the north. Near London it is often abundant on

oaks. The typical form and its variety curtisiana End.

occur in about equal numbers. Less often it may be found

on the following trees: hawthorn, crab-apple, pear, birch,

alder, holly and rarely on pine. The first brood appears in

May and June, and usually there is a second in July and

August, though some of the progeny of the first brood often

fail to emerge the same year, but pass the winter in the

cocoon, appearing in May of the following year.

The eggs (Plate XLIII, fig. 13) are laid singly on the edges

of leaves, as in the case of Conwentzia. They are ‘> mm.

long, white in colour, with a reticulate chorion pointed at

the micropylar end. Sometimes they are a little more

elongate than are the eggs of Conwentzia, but otherwise it

is difficult to draw any distinction. Ini about a week the

egg becomes slightly greyish, and just before hatching the

black patches on the embryo are distinctly visible through

the chorion. In all cases observed, eggs hatched in about

two or three weeks after oviposition. This appears to be

an excessive length of time, but frequently with an average

temperature of 60°-65° F., the incubation period has been

three weeks. Another record gives twelve days at 70° F.

The young larva, length -7--8 mm., is marked in black

~and white on the body in exactly the same way as the later

larva, so that identification is easy in all stages, The head

at first is larger, and the legs longer in proportion to the

body than is the case after some days of feeding.

Description of Third-instar Larva. (Plate XLIII, fig. 4.)

Length 2-2-5 mm. when full fed. Short spindle-shaped, con-

spicuously marked in black and white. Head small, colour dark

grey, projecting cone of mouth-parts almost black at apex. Eyes

bright red or crimson. Antennae fairly short, greyish. Palpi

greyish, translucent.

The body is most easily described as a whole, but it is difficult

to give in a description an adequate idea of the real appearance.

The ground-colour is white. There are two black, diamond-shaped

markings, one mainly on the thorax, the other abdominal and some-

the Biology of some British Neuroptera. 587

what smaller. The vicinity of the middle line is white. The two

black, diamond marks are in contact and so leave laterally, in pro-

and mesothorax, also in fore and hind abdomen, white patches.

The remaining few small hind segments of the abdomen are whitish,

with central blackish markings. 'The last two segments are colour-

less and transparent. There is a median longitudinal dark crimson

line, starting about the mesothorax and running almost to the tip

of the abdomen, The underside of the body is greyish-white marked

with black, and where the dorsal markings reach well down the

sides they generally continue partly across the venter. Legs greyish,

translucent.

Ali black markings mentioned above are due to hypo-

dermal blue-black pigment, which appears as such in the

early part of each instar, but later in the instar tends to

become dark brown.

For pupation a small flat cocoon of white s#k is spun,

on a twig or in a crevice. The cocoon does not show the

double structure as well as does that of Conwentzia, and is

not truly double. The larva first spins above and below

itself a silken covering of 3-4 mm. diameter. Then a ring

of silk, 2 mm. diameter, is spun connecting together the

upper and lower silk surfaces. The change to pupa takes

place in about four days, and a week later the imago

appears, after biting a semicircular slit in the silken envelope

with its pupal mandibles. In the case of larvae from the

second brood, the winter is passed as a larva within the

cocoon and pupation occurs in spring.

| | | |

Eges mil pec Aave Est p= 2nd ye Ay. | he

jaid, Hatched. Temp. | moult. | moult. | Cocoon. Temp. Pupated. | Emerged,

| | | |

| ;

20/6/22 | 8/7/22 | 62° F. | 13/7/22 | 20/7/22 |. 8/8/22 | 63° F. | 12/8/22 | 20/8/22

| 8

21/6/22 | 12/7/22 | 62° F, | 15/7/22 | 21/7/22 | 10/8/22 | 63° F. | Will emerge next year.

| |

The two examples in the table have been selected, as

they give a variation in life-cycle of two specimens from

eggs laid almost simultaneously. The backward season

and cold weather probably account for the second case of

a first-brood larva hibernating.

The food of Semdalis, larvae and adults on oak, appears

to be often Phylloxera punctata Licht., and this is the

easiest food on which to breed them in captivity as they

do not take kindly to aphids, as a rule. Also on oak they

588 Mr. C. L. Withycombe’s Notes on

have been seen feeding on Chionaspis salicis L. They can

be fed on red spider, and on pear trees larvae have been

found preying upon Bryobia praetiosa K., once on goose-

berry on the same mite.

Enderlein (4) describes S. curtisiana Knd. as a species

distinct from S. aleurodiformis Steph., but I have already

shown this to be merely a variety (14). S. alewrediformis

and curtisiana have both been bred, together with inter-

mediate forms, from the eggs of one female. In nature

both forms occur together in approximately equal numbers.

Parasemidalis annae Hnderlein.

Wing expanse 5-6 mm.

This species was first taken in June, 1922, at Oxshott

(14), it then being new to Britain. It somewhat resembles

Coniopteryx in size and form, but is decidedly blackish,

with a very sparse waxy coating. The media in hind-

wings 1s forked. Cross-vein from Cu, to media strikes the

latter on the stem before fork point in both wings.

The species occurs on conifers sparsely with C. pyymaea.

Kges (Plate XLIII, figs. 9 and 10) are laid attached by

their flat sides. They are of typical Coniopterygid pattern,

but rather short and broad. The micropylar cone 1s drawn

shghtly upwards. Length -4 mm., colour white when laid.

I have failed to rear, or even to find the larvae after

hatching. Fresh opportunities are hoped for next year.

Helicoconis lutea Wallengren.

Wing expanse 8 mm.

Although I have not taken this species personally, for

the sake of greater completeness a brief notice of the type

of larva may be of interest.

The imago differs from all our other Coniopterygidae in

that it possesses paired eversible ventral sacs on abdominal

segments 1-5, there being also a rudimentary pair on

segment 6; the external lobe of the maxilla is three-jointed

(one joint in Coniopteryginae) ; and the wing venation differs

in many respects.

The species was first discovered in Britain in July 1915,

by J. W. H. Harrison (6), several specimens having been

taken on larch and birch at Wolsingham, Co. Durham,

the Biology of some British Neuroptera. 589

The larva of Aleuropteryx loewi Klap. was described by

Léw in 1885 (8). This is very nearly allied to the present

species, and will no doubt be found similar, if indeed

A. loewi does not also occur in Britain. The body is of

usual Coniopterygid shape, white, with two dark violet

bands running latero-dorsally.. The jaws are relatively

much longer than those of Coniopteryginae, being needle-

shaped and not covered by the upper lip. The terminal

joint of the labial palpus is not club-shaped, but longer and

cylindrical. Larvae were found on Pinus mughus in

Vienna feeding upon Aspidiotis abietis Schrk, and Leucaspis

pin Htg.

Foop or NEUROPTERA.

Imagines feed on any sweet matter, honeydew, etc., and

also on aphids or similar small insects. Some are suffi-

ciently carnivorous to devour one another, when hungry.

The larvae of terrestrial forms feed upon plant lice, etc.,

but few small insects come amiss, except In some cases

where waxy aphids are not taken, due to the fact that the

wax clogs the spiracles of the larva and in other ways

inconveniences it. The waxy resin poured out from the

cornicles of an aphid when seized does not appear to be of

avail against a Chrysopa larva, the head of which is often

found to be smothered with this substance.

The larvae feed continuously during warm weather, the

amount of food taken per diem depending on the tempera-

ture and the state of the larva. Food is taken increasingly

until, a day or so before moulting, the larva rests without

feeding. Some hours after the moult, feeding is recom-

menced and again reaches a maximum, then dropping just

before the next moult or before spinning, as the case may

be. Such is the result from the observation of larvae

supplied daily with an excess of standard-size aphid. The

size chosen was that of a full-grown stem mother of Aphis

rumicis L. To demonstrate the results properly would

require a graph for each specimen, giving temperature as

well as the number of aphids eaten. As this would perhaps

be out of place here, it may be best to give only some totals.

A larva of H. nitidulus from hatching until spinning its

cocoon 23 days after, in June, consumed 79 aphids. Six

larvae of C. vulgaris during active life of 23 to 25 days, in

June, consumed from 111 to 142 aphids each. On the

590 Mr. C. L. Withycombe’s Notes on

other hand, larvae of C. septempunctata also supplied with

excess of food, have been observed to pupate on as few as

71 and 91 aphids respectively. A fair average in the case

of Chrysopa is 100. With Coniopterygids the amount of

food taken is not so easy to determine, and the larva when

feeding often does not suck its prey at all completely.

Oak leaves covered with ova, and newly-hatched Phylloxera

punctata Licht., were given to Conwentzia and Semidalis

larvae. The number of both ova and young destroyed

during the life of the larva, about three weeks, must have

been between 150 and 300.

CHECKS AND PARASITES.

A gram-positive Micrococcus, of about lw diameter,

causes a disease in larvae similar to flacherie. The bacterium

obtains entry to the body via the anus, which, as has been

previously noted, often exudes a drop of viscous adhaesive

fluid. The larva turns black and dies. This disease is

very infectious and boxes have to be sterilised before use

for another larva. The disease is rarely met with in

nature.

Larvae of Chrysopa prasina and ventralis, and some

larvae wintering in the cocoon, die, and later give rise to

a growth of Penicillium sp. I have not yet proved that

the fungus is the cause of death or whether it is only

saprophytic.

Imagines of H. stagma, especially lhe in the season, may

be infested with a cephaline gregarine parasite, in the

mid- and hind-gut. Uninfected imagines placed in a box

in which infected specimens have lived become also infected,

and | have good reason to believe that this is by eating the

infected excreta, since Imagines have often been observed

to eat each other’s excrement. Infection in wild caught

insects in autumn is often as high as 50 per cent. in some

districts. Little harm appears to be done by the parasite,

infected females continue to lay fertile eggs.

Hymenopterous parasites attack all stages except the

imago. Sisyra and Conwentzia are attacked while as

larvae awaiting pupation within the cocoon. Thus Lygo-

cerus sp. bites a hole in the cocoon of C. psociformis, with

its mandibles, then often bites or bruises the Conwentzia

larva on the thorax, probably to prevent pupation, and

finally lays an egg beside the larva. The parasitic larva

the Biology of some British Neuroptera. 591

devours its host, and later emerges, or, 1f in autumn, it

winters as a larva, pupating and emerging in spring. The

following Hymenopterous parasites have been found.

Hemerobius micans

Anacharis typica Wk.

H. lutescens

Anacharis typica Wlk.

H. stigma

Anacharis ensifer Wk.

From cocoon of H. stigma

Gelis ruficornis Thbg.

Chrysopa flava

Helorus coruscus Halid.

Hemiteles aestivalis Grav.

C. alba

Helorus coruscus Halid.

C. septempunctata

Helorus rugosus Thoms. (C. G.)

From Chrysopid cocoons under oak bark

Mesochorus pectoralis Ratz.

Conwentzia psociformis

Lygocerus sp.

Calliceras (Ceraphron) sp.

From Conwentzia cocoon

Rhizarcha senilis Nees.

More details of the parasites bred out must appear later,

as many require separate treatment.

Neuropterous larvae are preyed upon by many predacious

insects. Conwentzia larvae, as they swarm on the tree-

trunks previous to spinning, are killed in large numbers by

Chrysopid and Coccinellid larvae, and even when within

the cocoon, a Chrysopa larva will often suck the resting

larva or pupa.

LITERATURE CITED.

1, AntHony, H. M., 1902. Biology and Anatomy of

Sisyra. Amer. Nat., xxxvi, p. 615.

2. ALpERSON, H. M., 1911. Notes on Chrysopa dorsalis

Burm. Ent. Mo. Mag., xlvii, pp. 49-56.

3. Braugr, F., 1857. Neuwroptera Austriaca Wien.

4. ENDERLEIN, G., 1906. Monographie der Conioptery-

giden. Zool. Jahrb., xxiii, Abt. f. Syst., pp. 173-

242.

592 Explanation of Plates.

5. Hagen, H. A., 1852. Osmylus chrysops L. Linnaea,

entomologica, p. 368.

6. Harrison, J. W. H., 1916. Alewropteryx lutea Wall.

Naturalist, pp. 97-98.

7. Morton, K. J., and Stanpruss, M., 1910. Life-

history of Drepanepteryx phalaenoides L. Ent.

Mo. Mag., xlvi, p. 54.

8. Low, F., 1885. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Coniop-

10.

LL,

13.

14,

terygiden. SB. Akad. Wiss. Wien, math-nat. CL,

xcl, Abt. 1, pp. 73-88.

. MacLacuian, R., 1868. Monograph of the British

Neuroptera—Planipennia. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,

pp. 145-224.

, 1878. Chrysopa tenella Schn. Ent. Mo. Mag.,

XVE ED: als

SHarp, D., 1895. Camb: Nat, Hist.,: v.. Insects:

Pt. I, pp. 465-472.

. Trntyarp, R. J., 1918. Life-history of Psychopsis

elegans Guer. Proc. Linn. Soc. N:S8.W., xlin, Pt. 4,

pp. 787-818.

stigma Steph., Entomologist, lv, pp. 97-99.

—, Ihbid., Parasemidalis annae End., pp. 169-172.

EXPLANATION OF PLaTEs XXXVITI-XLIII.

PLATE XXXVIII.

SISYRIDAE AND OSMYLIDAE.

Fia. 1. Egg-breaker of Sisyra fuscata x 400.

. Sisyra fuscaia larva full fed.

es os » hewly hatched x 48.

. Osmylus chrysops larva full fed.

. Head of same, underside, to show jaws as broken before

pupation.

i Oo

6. Eggs of Osmylus « 7-2.

7. Egg-breaker of Csmylus « 166.

8. Osmylus 3, “* calling.”

9. a dg, viscera from side. Six Malpighian tubes

omitted.

10. ve testis and vesiculae seminales.

11. Osmylus 2, apex of abdomen, with spermatophore, from

side.

inadnastedisciaili

——————_

Fia.

Ot 22 1D pew

—

ee Rededels

er)

. Testis of C. flava.

—

yo tem ras eerste ae De

Explanation of Plates. 593

PLATE XXXIX.

NEUROPTERA (ANATOMY, ETC.)

. Head of Nothochrysa capitata larva, immediately after

breaking of amnion skin, in hatching.

. NV. capitata, egg about to hatch x 15.

Es later, just before splitting of amnion.

ss; larva nearly free.

. Chrysopa septempunctaia larva, alimentary canal. Four of

six looped Malpighian tubes omitted.

. Hemerobius humuli 2, alimentary canal. . Four of six looped

Malpighian tubes omitted.

. Chrysopa perla 9, alimentary canal, etc. Four of six looped

Malpighian tubes omitted.

. N. capitata 2, reproductive organs.

L ke)

. Salivary glands of Sisyra fuscata 9.

Ss » OC. septempunciata.

Sa DCT:

2 C. verla.

ra NV. capitata.

BS C. prasina.

. Cement gland of Sisyra fuscata 9.

ef, 35 Micromus paganus 9.

PLATE XL.

HEMEROBIIDAE.

. Third-instar larva of Sympherobius pygmaeus.

Hemerobius micans.

> 93 99

2 9 H. nitidulus.

3 »9 “9 FH. humuli.

» 9 5 HH. stigma.

Boriomyia subnebulosa,

9? bed 99

% - an B. concinna.

a 53 - Micromus paganus.

. Egg-breaker of S. pygmaeus x 166.

9 33 Hi. lutescens * 166.

Si s M. paganus x 166.

. Egg of Hemerobius x 28.

» -B. concinna XX 23.

» MM. paganus x 25.

PLATE XLII.

CHRYSOPIDAE.

. Third-instar larva of Chrysopa flava.

C. vulgaris.

29 99 °°

% =p < C. tenella.

2 = Ae CO. alba.

” ” ” (Ef flavifrons.

» SS C. prasina.

594 Explanation of Plates.

PLATE XLII.

CHRYSOPIDAE.

Fie. 1. Third-instar larva of Chrysopa ventralis.

7. os a C. septempunctata.

3 a * 5 C. perla,

4. Head of third-instar larva of C. dorsalis.

5. Third-instar larva of Nothochrysa capitata.

6. Eggs of C. flava.

de » CC. prasina (rather closely laid).

8. Egg of C. tenella.

9. Egg-breaker of C. flavifrons x 166.

0. Egg of N. capitata. ;

1. Egg-breaker of NV. capitata x 166.

PLATE XLII.

CoNIOPTERYGIDAE.

Fia.

1. Third-instar larva of Conwentzia psociformis.

2 os a i Coniopteryx pygmaed.

3 = . ns C. tinetformis.

4 = = PS Semidalis aleurodiformis.

5. Alimentary canal of C. psociformis larva.

6. Nerve chain of ae 3 iy

7. Head of C. psociformis larva from below.

8. Egg-breaker of Semidalis aleurodiformis x 400.

9. Egg of Parasemidalis, (dorsal) x 36.

0 2 5 es (lateral) x 36.

1. Imago (9) of C. psociformis to show sclerites and wax-

gland areas.

12. Pupa of C. psociformis.

13. Egg of Semidalis « 45.

LETTERING.

a, anus; abg, abdominal ganglia; ag, accessory gland; ant,

antenna; br, brain; c, cardo; cg, cement gland; cl, clypeus; de,

ductus ejaculatorius ; ebr, egg-breaker ; fi, fore intestine (stomodeum) ;

Jr, food reservoir; g, gizzard; hi, hind intestine (proctodeum) ;

lbr, labrum; Ip, labial palpus; md, mandible; ms, mid intestine

(mesenteron); mt, Malpighian tubes; mx, maxilla; oe, oesophagus ;

ov, ovary; pm, peritrophic membrane; 7g, rectal glands; sq,

scent gland; slg, salivary gland; sog, sub-oesophageal ganglion ;

sp, spermatheca; sr, silk reservoir; st, stipes; ¢, testis; hg,

thoracic ganglia; ve, vas efferens; vs, vesiculae seminales; wg,

wax-glands.

FEBRUARY 17th, 1923.

a te

Trans, Ent. Soc. Lond., 1922, Plate XXX VIII,

C. L. W. del. Vaus & Crampton.

SISYRIDAE and OSMYLIDAE.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1922, Plate XXXIX.

IZ 1d 14 lo

Vaus & Crampton.

NEUROPTERA (Anatomy, etc.).

‘

’

‘

* -

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1922, Plate XL.

Vaus & Crampton.

C. L. W. del.

HEMEROBIIDAE.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1922, Plate XLI.

Vaus & Crampton.

C. L. W. del.

CHRYSOPIDAE.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1922, Plate XL11.

CE. W. del. Vaus & Crampton.

CHRYSOPIDAE.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1922, Plate X LIT.

Vaus & Crampton.

Cy ies Wedel.

CONIOPTERYGIDAE.

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ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

LONDON

E.OR. THEY eee. 1922)

Wednesday, February Ist, 1922.

The Rt. Hon. Lord Rotuscuitp, F.R.S., etc., President,

in the Chair.

Vice-Presidents.

The PRESIDENT announced the Vice-Presidents for the

ensuing year to be Mr. R. Apxin, Mr. E. C. BEpDWELL, and

Prof. E. B. Poutton, D.Sc., F.R.S., ete.

Obituary.

The TREASURER read a letter from the Hon. N. C. Rorus-

CHILD announcing the death of Mr. W. Purpry of Thanet

Gardens, Folkestone, and a vote of condolence was passed to

his relatives.

The Rev. F. D. Morice also gave a short account of the life

of the late Mr. F. W. L. SiapENn.

Election of Fellows.

The following were elected Fellows of the Society :—Dr.

R. E. McConnE Lt, Arua, Uganda; Dr. H. T. Fernaxp, Ph.D.,

Professor of Entomology, Massachusetts Agricultural College,

Amherst, Mass., U.S.A.; and Dr. AtFrrep Moors, M.D.,

31, Alfred Place, South Kensington.

PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., V, 1922. A

Exhibits.

The PResIDENT, Mr. SHEtpon, and Mr. ApkKIn all brought

for exhibition some remarkable series of Cidaria truncata,

C. citrata and C. concinnata.

A British Sawrty.—The Rev. F. D. Morice made the

following communication.

On July 21, 1921 I received from Miss E. Chawner, F.E.S.,

some cocoons formed by larvae of Pristiphora pallipes Lep.,

one of several sawflies which are specially attached to the

gooseberry. She had obtained them from eggs laid in captivity

on leaves of the food-plant by an unfertilised 9, so that the

whole brood was “parthenogenetic.” From some of these

cocoons imagines—all 2 9—emerged during their journey from

Lyndhurst to Woking. I placed them at once with some

cuttings from my own gooseberry bushes in a glass-covered

tin, and very soon saw them beginning to lay eggs. Six days

later (July 27) the eggs had produced young larvae, which fed

up very rapidly, and by Aug. 7 had almost all spun up either

at the bottom of the tin or between leaves of the food-plant.

In 6 more days, viz. on Aug. 13, imagines (again all 99) began

to issue from the cocoons, and lay eggs, from which I obtained

another lot of larvae, which may or may not produce imagines

next spring.

Hartig has estimated the average duration of a sawfly’s life

from leaving the egg to emergence as an imago as follows :—

1} to 2 months from leaving the egg to forming the cocoon,

10 days to 5 years from forming the cocoon to pupation,

8 to 14 days from pupation to emergence.

I cannot find that he gives any figures about the time spent

in the egg-stage. But leaving this out of account, it would

seem that on his estimate the minimum time which the develop-

ment of my insects from egg to imago ought to have occupied

would be 63 days and the mazimum 1,169 days. The time

which it actually took, exclusive of 6 days spent by them as

eggs, was 11 days as larvae feeding, and 6 in the cocoon—

17 days in all!

I suppose that this extraordinary hastening of the process was

connected in some way with the exceptional heat and drought

of last summer. But I do not think that these conditions can

ill

have been favourable to the development of sawflies generally~

Out of doors, in their natural habitats, it has seemed to me

that all through last year both larvae and imagines of sawflies:

were very much less abundant than usual. I often walked.

many miles without finding a single specimen on plants which:

usually produce them in quantities.

It would interest me to know whether Fellows who have

been rearing larvae of the same or other Orders have had any

experiences at all similar to my own.

ABERRATIONS OF BritisH LepipoprerA.—Mr. H. J. TURNER

exhibited on behalf of Mr. Toos. Grrerr, of Stewartstown, Co.

Tyrone, the following series of aberrations of British Lepidoptera.

Euchloé cardamines. (1) 3 ab. marginata. (2) 3 With the

orange blotch streaked with black scaling. (3) ¢ Small form.

(4) 3 Large form. (5) Q ab. radiata. (6) 2 With slight orange:

streaks on the R. fore-wing above and below.

Melitaea aurinia. 2 Dull obscure form.

Pararge megera. (1) 3 With apical ocellus reduced to a

small dot. (2) ¢ With ocellus of fore-wing apex duplicated,

and with the four fascia of the costa reduced to two.

Polyommatus icarus. (1) Gynandromorph: R. side 9,

L. side g. (2) 3 With faint red marginal markings on hind-

wings above, ab. icarinus below. (3) 9 With marginal red.

spots extended and band-like.

All the specimens were from Co. Tyrone.

Mr. Asusy exhibited some butterflies from Piedmont and

said that he considered the Val di Bartelemi, close to Nus, to:

be one of the best collecting-grounds in Northern Italy.

Mr. J. H. Durrant, on behalf of Dr. Ganan, exhibited some:

living examples of the Cassid beetle, Aspidomorpha sanctae-

crucis, from India; the causes of the brilliant metallic colora-

tion of this beetle were discussed by Mr. Arrow and by Mr.

Wittoucusy Exus, and Dr. NEAVE commented on the habits

of similar species in Africa.

Paper.

The following paper was read :

“ Two new British species of Hydroptila,’ by Martin E.

MosELy.

Wednesday, March Ist, 1922.

The Rt. Hon. Lord Roruscuitp, F.R.S., etc., President, 1

the Chair.

Election of Fellows.

The following were elected Fellows of the Society :—Mrs.

MarGaretT Rag, Courthill, Birkenhead; Dr. A. F. Rosa, M.D.,

28, Pitt St., Edinburgh; Mr. Frank Russs.u, F.G.8S., Auldam

House, Worksop; and Captain Francis Moysry, Suffolk

Regiment, attached Soudanese Battalion (Egyptian Army),

Talodi, Nuba Mountains, Sudan.

Wicken Fen Fund.

The TREASURER made a statement on the Wicken Fen

Fund. He called attention to the valuable work that is being

done on this nature reserve, and made an appeal for contri-

butions towards its maintenance.

Bequest to the Society.

The TREASURER announced that the late Mr. G. A. J.

Roruney had bequeathed the sum of £150 to the Society.

Obituary.

The PRESIDENT announced the death of Professor GELDART,

and a vote of condolence with his relatives was passed.

Exhibits.

An ImporteD Bee Nn Briratn.—Dr. J. WarTerston

exhibited an example of Melipona scutellaris Latr., taken on

a flower head on Black Cliffs, Brighton, in July 1921, by Mr.

Brazenor, and said that this bee, which in the present instance

could only be a casual immigrant, is a native of Brazil.

Dr. Waterston also exhibited a portion of a reed stem of

Arundo phragmites in which a Lepidopterous larvae, Nonagria

dissoluta, had been burrowing. This stem (fig. 1) presented a

curious tuberculate appearance caused by the emergence at

numerous points of the pupae of a Chaleid, Geniocerus flavimanus

Thoms.

BuTTERFLIES FROM THE Nive.—Mr. H. Mace exhibited a

number of species of butterflies from the neighbourhood of

Khartoum in illustration of his paper in the Transactions.

A NEW Variety oF DiapHorA MENDICA.—Mr. RoBERT

ADKIN exhibited specimens of Diaphora mendica from Co.

Tyrone, Ireland, for which he proposed the varietal name

venosa. This local race most nearly approaches that known as

rustica (of which a series of Co. Cork specimens was exhibited

for comparison) of all the known forms of the species, but

differs from it in the whitish-grey colour of the wings in both

sexes and the darker grey of the veins, which in many of the

specimens is very distinct. In the darker males (for as in

var. rustica they vary in depth of colour) the tone is of a grey-

brown as compared with the yellowish-brown of the latter form.

Insects From PrepMont.—Mr. E. B. Asupy brought for

exhibition numerous insects of various Orders taken in

Piedmont, Italy, from July 25 to August 16, 1921.

THE UTILISATION OF DERIVED PLANT-PIGMENTS IN THE

ito a paper on “ Blue-Green Caterpillars,’ published November

1921, in the “ Journal of Experimental Zoology” (Vol. 34,

No. 3, p. 385), by John H. Gerould, Dartmouth College, New

Hampshire. In the course of the author’s breeding experi-

ments, on Colias philodice Godt. about 45 blue-green cater-

pillars * appeared among about three times as many of the

usual yellowish grass-green colour. Corresponding differences

were seen in the pupae and in the eyes of the imago. The

eggs laid by a female with blue-green blood (haemolymph)

and eyes were pure white as compared with the normal cream-

white. The empty pupal shell was pure white as compared

with golden yellow. The cocoons of a Braconid parasite

(Apanteles flaviconchae Riley) were pure white when the host

was blue-green, bright yellow when it was yellow-green.

The interpretation was found in the fact that the blue-

green caterpillars were unable to utilise the yellow constituent

(xanthophyll) of the green colouring-matter of their food-

plant (clover), but utilised the blue-green constituent (chloro-

phyll), while normal caterpillars utilised both. These derived

pigments, present in a modified state in the blood or in the

tissues or in both, accounted for the above-mentioned colours

in the different stages, the yellow constituent being especially

penetrating and especially persistent, for it alone reached the

cuticle and it alone appeared in the Braconid cocoons.

The author also proved that the bluish tint is a Mendelian

recessive and the yellowish dominant, but for the convincing

evidence and many interesting details the paper must be con-

sulted. A copy, by the author’s kindness, has been presented

to the Society.

In a later paper, read at the recent meeting of the American

Assoc. for the Adv. of Sci. at Toronto, and kindly sent to Prof.

Poulton in typescript, Mr. Gerould described an olive-green form

of the same larva, recessive, like the blue-green, to the yellow-

green. The olive-green effect was due to the pigment in the hypo-

dermal cells, the blood being indistinguishable from that of the

* The blue-green caterpillars were also entirely without the pink

line running along the centre of the spiracular white band,

Vii

yellowish larvae. The imaginal eye was also olive-green but

of a paler shade than that of the larva. Although the blood

appeared similar to that of the yellowish-green larvae, physico-

chemical differences were probable—accounting for the

changed colour of the hypodermis and the orange-yellow hue

of the scale pigments on the under surface of the H.W. and

tip of F.W.—parts most exposed during pupal development

to the action of the blood.

The utilisation of derived plant-pigments in different ways

by different individuals had been proved, not only in species

like the above in which the power and its manifestation were

hereditary and doubtless germinal in origin, but in species in

which it was called forth as a response to stimulus. And in

the latter the persistence of the pigments was as great as in

the former. Indeed, in an example demonstrated 35 years

ago the derived colour of a caterpillar, determined by the tint

of the leaves of its food-plant, passed on into the young

caterpillars of the next generation. As the record of this

result is brief and not very accessible to Entomologists, it has

been thought well to reprint it from the Proceedings of the

Physiological Society at Oxford on July 2, 1887 (‘“ Journ.

Physiol.,” VIII, pp.-xxv, xxvi) :—

“3. Mr. E. B. Poulton exhibited some ova of Smerinthus

ocellatus and of S. populi, and some young larvae of the

former species.

“ The colour of the ova in both species was shown to corre-

spond with that of the larval stage of the female moth which

laid the eggs; and the young larvae are also similarly tinged

immediately after hatching, although their subsequent

appearance is known to be determined by their coloured

surroundings. The colour of the eggs and newly-hatched

larvae appears to strictly follow that of the female parent,

and a similar correspondence was witnessed in the unfertile

ova laid by unimpregnated females.

“These observations render it probable that the chloro-

phylloid pigments persist throughout all the stages of one

ontogeny and are then handed down to the earliest stage of

the inextoeh. a5" beci?

Now that this interesting subject was again being studied it

vill

might be worth while to call attention to a note in our Trans-

actions for 1886 (pp. 168-70) which, intermingled with notes on

various other subjects, was likely to be overlooked. It was there

shown that the opaque green colour of the larva of Smerinthus

ocellatus was entirely due to the derived pigments stored in the

hypodermis cells, the blood being only very faintly tinged.

“ Before pupation the pigments are withdrawn from the cells,

and are dissolved in the (pupal) blood, which therefore possesses

a concentrated solution of all the pigments that have passed

through this medium during the whole of larval life. . . .”

Prof. Poulton took the opportunity of bringing before the

Society Mr. Gerould’s kind offer to give the benefit of his

experience to English entomologists. He wrote on Jan. 21,

1922 :—

“ Colias is very favourable for a physiological analysis

of heredity because we know already something about its

pigments and can study them spectroscopically and experi-

mentally.

“Tt is a curious thing regarding melanism in Colias that,

while the chemical reaction that produces it is subject to

seasonal control and appears in all winter individuals, certain

members of the summer brood (cf. ‘ mutations’ of betularia)

show it, from one of which I now have a few descendants in

hibernation. I take it that the chemical-reaction is identical,

whether brought out by cold or by chromosomal action.

“If any English entomologist will undertake to breed

C. edusa helice 1 shall be glad to give him the advantage of my

experience during the last dozen years with our white variety.

Lethal factors or some disturbing causes have given me some

interesting though puzzling data, upon which I am now

working. Helice, I imagine, from what Harrison and Main

published, may be more orthodox.”

THe LATE Dr. T. A. CHAPMAN ON GERMINAL “ FACTORS ”

AND THEIR INDEPENDENT EXISTENCE AND DEVELOPMENT.—

Prof. Poutton said that Mr. J. H. Gerould in the paper

referred to above spoke of the sudden appearance of the blue-

green caterpillars as a “ new mutation,” at once recalling to

his mind the opinion he had heard expressed at our meetings

by the late Dr. T. A. Chapman, F.R.S., that such sudden

‘

appearances are not really new, but due to the reappearance

of extremely ancient and, as it were, “ buried” characters.

This was also Mr. Gerould’s opinion, for he wrote in the

letter of which part has been already quoted :—

“*New’ mutations in my dialect are merely inheritable

discontinuous variations, new to science. I agree with you

entirely as regarding the two (blue-green and_ olive-green)

as ‘ buried recessive characters ’ brought to light by inbreeding.

Many of the mutants of Drosophila are of this sort. Geneticists,

it seems to me, are coming to use the term mutation withcut

reference to the time when the process behind it first occurred,

and in a sense quite different from that used by De Vries. I

believe that such intensive inbreeding of almost any insect

as has been employed with Drosophila will bring out a similar °

array of ‘ mutations.’

“ My olive-green strain probably came from a male imported

from N.Y., close to the range of eurytheme [Boisd.]. It may

well be the ‘ revival of an ancient character,’ of which you speak,

derived from that wide-spread species from which philodice,

I think, has sprung.”’

On Nov. 29, 1921, shortly before his death, Dr. Chapman

wrote to Prof. Poulton on the same subject, enclosing a

statement of his views on “ factors,” thus referred to in the

accompanying letter :—

“T have been turning over in my mind for some years an

idea concerning ‘ factors,’ that Iam afraid I shall never have

time or energy to follow up more fully. I have tried to describe

it briefly, and enclose the results for your consideration. In

looking it over I fear brevity means obscurity. Ido not know

whether any one has elaborated the same idea.

“Tt is, that any particular factor in any particular species

(plant or animal) has a quasi-independent existence, and can

vary and be selected, etc., apart from all the other factors, of

which the germplasm consists. That Mendelian factors arise

in this way ;—as a subsidiary point, that when any factor is

divided into two races (Mendelian or still miscible) one of

these (either?) may recede much deeper than a Mendelian

recessive, but still exist and be capable of declaring itself on

occasion.”

The note enclosed in Dr. Chapman’s letter is printed

below :—

‘““Many names have been given to the representatives in

the germplasm of the various characters of the adult organism,

genes, biophores, etc. : it will be simplest to call them “ factors,’

as that is a term with which we are perhaps most familiar and

with which there has been more elaboration of hypotheses

than with almost any other.

“The hypothesis that I wish to suggest with regard to

factors is not concerned with what they actually are. My own

belief is that a factor is represented in the germplasm by a

differentiation in the structure (chemical, organic or what not)

of every molecule of the plasm; that it is present in every

portion of the plasm. The hypothesis would perhaps be

more easily seized and discussed if we accepted the view that

a factor is something that could be separated from the rest

of the germplasm, and the factor present in any zygote could

be extracted and exhibited on the point of a needle.

“Tet it be admitted that in talking of a factor we are

talking of something that actually exists and may be discussed

in very similar terms, whether it be merely a variation in struc-

ture of the whole protoplasm, or as a distinct and separable item.

“In defining a species, the most distinct character deter-

mining that two species are two species and not forms of one,

is, that they are not syngamic. We meet, however, with

abundant cases where this test gives a doubtful result. The

two forms may be more or less fertile together, and the question

whether they are two or one species has to be decided on other

grounds, or left undecided, except in the opinions of individuals

according to their idiosyncrasies.

“Tt is suggested as a hypothesis that bone act towards

each other on the same principles, whatever they are, on which

species act. ‘To be a little more definite, the factors for some

particular character, in two portions of germplasm of two

different individuals, may combine freely, or may refuse to

combine, or may present relations to each other that are

intermediate in different degrees between these two extreme

attitudes.

“ The factors that refuse to combine and so produce inter-

mediate forms are those that form the subjects of Mendelian

research.

“How do they acquire this antagonistic position to each

other? The answer must be in the same way that species

acquire immiscibility, viz. by natural selection acting on

variation during periods of segregation.

“Thus the factor for height in peas becomes in one race a

factor for tallness, in another a factor for shortness, which

prove to be immiscible. On the other hand, the factor for

human skin colour, that one would expect to be more immis-

cible than that for height in peas, proves to be (invariably ?)

quite miscible.

“To account for such differences, we may appropriate any

available explanations from the cases of possible species being

more or less fertile inter se. In the case of Mendelian factors

we may suppose that the selection has gone on long enough to

give the two forms of a factor specific rank as against each

other, just as it does in the case of any plant or animal. Where

miscibility exists we may suppose the necessary selection has

not continued long enough to secure fixity. We must probably

call in another element about which, however, little is

known. The two factors may be chemically (or otherwise)

incapable of combining together. One would suppose this

capable of arising more easily where the new variety arose by

mutation, more difficult to picture as a result of gradual

change by selection.

“The broad view would be that each species has a germ-

plasm consisting of an enormous number of factors, each of

which can act on its own part and without similar action on

the part of other factors, as if it were a species liable to variation

and selection. When the plasm of any two races (of plant or

animal) presents a sufficient number of differentiated factors,

or, more probably, when some important factors are sufficiently

differentiated, the two races become distinct species.

“ One may regard Mendel as having been especially fortunate

in selecting for experiment the garden pea, which has an

unusual number of easily recognised differentiated factors.

It might be supposed that the garden pea has not been in

culture long enough for such differentiation to gccur: it is,

however, very possible that such differentiation was already

established before the pea was taken into cultivation, and, in

any case, the pea obtains very complete segregation by its

method of fertilisation, so that segregation easily takes place

without any geographical separation or any special care, and

its results may appear more quickly than in forms that tend

to continual crossing.

“ There is a series of facts that are connected with this view

of factors, but do not necessarily support or weaken it. These

depend on what may be described as factors that are not

recessive in the Mendelian sense, but in a much wider and

deeper manner. The facts of melanism in Lepidoptera may

be used to illustrate this.

‘“ Karly in the evolution of the Lepidoptera dark coloration

would be very useful as assisting inconspicuousness, either on

dark surfaces or amongst unlighted surroundings, and con-

sequently many species no doubt acquired factors for melanism

of one sort or another. When no longer useful the melanic

factor must often have died out, and one cannot guess how

often it may have been acquired and lost in any one Lepido-

pterous stirps. Melanism, however, crops up so often in

individuals, sporadically, and is usually heritable, that it

seems necessary to suppose that the factor for melanism has

been present for many generations, or possibly ages, without

declaring itself. Probably, however, sporadic examples have

occurred, unobserved and unrecorded, throughout the whole

period. Many other variations in Lepidoptera that are found

at rare intervals are due to similarly receded factors —

‘buried ’ might describe them, perhaps, better than receded.

“The Tephrosiae and allied Boarmiinae, which have, in so

many species, developed melanism in our manufacturing

districts, have given rise to an idea that must be erroneous—

viz. that melanism has under our eyes originated de novo in

each of these species. It is much more probable that these

species have assumed and dropped the melanic facies many

times, back perhaps to the time of their common ancestor, who

possibly did so. They are a group that have the habit of

resting on tree-trunks and rocks, and the wetness or dryness

xiil

of the local climate made them less or more conspicuous

according as they happened to be dark in a wet climate, pale

in a dry one, or vice versa, the eclipsed factor being for the time

buried deeper than is implied in ‘ recessive ’ as used Mendelially.

It is generally (always?) the ease that the species exhibiting

this resuscitated melanism presents it as a Mendelian alternative

to what we regard as the normal form, which it would not do

were it recently acquired by selection.”

Prof. Poulton said that the chief difficulty he felt on reading

carefully this most interesting and suggestive note was in Dr.

Chapman’s “ belief that a factor is represented in the germplasm

by a differentiation in the structure . . . of every molecule of

the plasm; that it is present in every portion of the plasm ”

(p. x)—words that were somewhat difficult to reconcile with

those that immediately followed them; as also with the

hypothesis that “the factors for some particular character,

in two portions of germplasm of two different individuals, may

combine freely,” etc. (p. x); and especially with the “‘ broad

view . . . that each species has a germplasm consisting of an

enormous number of factors” (p. xi). To suppose that every

one of this enormous number was represented in every mole

cule of the plasm called up a vision of bewildering complexity.

To refer to one other conclusion (p. xu)—a Mendelian

recessive, if present in a sufficiently small proportion of the

population would seem to provide a burial so deep that a

character might he hidden for ages. On the other hand,

hidden characters, like the melanism of betularia, were often

Mendelian dominants and would appear when heterozygotes

no less than when pure, so that here some form of deeper than

Mendelian burial might be a necessary hypothesis.

As regards the suggestion that factors “ acquire immisci-

bility . .. by natural selection” (p. xi), he had always

believed that the growth of a complex mimetic pattern had

been along these lines—viz. at first small variations—non-

' Mendelian; then, as by selection these became larger and

larger, a point was reached when they followed the Mendelian

rules. This could probably be tested in the primitive female

forms of Papilio dardanus Brown, at Nairobi.

xiv

He had hoped for Dr. Chapman’s opinion upon some of these

comments, but the letter containing them was too late for

a reply.

NoTES ON THE METAMORPHOSES OF ONTHOPHAGUS TAURUS

L.—Mr. Hues Mary, whose remarks were illustrated with

some very striking lantern slides said :—

Fabre devoted a good deal of attention to the genus Ontho-

phagus and particularly to O. taurus. When rearing this

species at home from specimens taken last May at La Sainte

Baume, in Provence, I found various divergencies from the

details given in the “ Souvenirs Entomologiques ’’ which it

might be of interest to put on record. Whether some of these

are entirely due to the change of climate or not requires

further investigation.

Fabre gives May as the nesting month, but mine did not

start work till July. The insects were reared, some in flower-

pots, others in subterraria such as I have previously described

in our Proceedings. No special observations as to the forma-

tion of the food-masses and oviposition were made, but on

examination of a cell on July 30, the egg was seen fixed at

one end to the top of the hatching cavity, and projecting

downwards (Fig. 1). In his earlier work Fabre says the nest

has the food-mass occupying the base, and the cell containing

the egg at the top. Later he describes the “ birth chamber ”

as being at the bottom with the egg fixed on the wall, some-

times at the bottom of the cell and sometimes on the side,

standing on its hinder end and projecting into space.

The egg when photographed was nearly ready for hatching,

the dark jaws of the larva being visible through the transparent.

covering near the free end. The food-mass had been formed

at the bottom of a flower-pot beneath the earth and built

against a stone, as described by Fabre. By August 15 some

larvae were nearly full-grown. They showed the large hump

on the back which Fabre described as a “ store-house of

cement ” (Fig. 2). He says: ‘‘ The larva growing plumper

and plumper and more and more humpbacked withdraws to

one end of the cell which has become a crumbling ruin. Here

it builds a casket in which the transformation will take place.

Its materials are the digestive residuum converted into

mortar and heaped up in the hump.’’ A large cavity has been

made by the larva consuming its provisions, and this has to

be reduced to small dimensions so as just to hold the pupa

comfortably.

The wall of the cell was removed on one side for the purpose

of photographing the larva which then began at once to

rebuild the wall from its stercoral cement, which it discharged

and moulded into position with the assistance of its mandibles.

It soon closed itself in, and was allowed to rest quietly for a

few days (Fig. 3). On again opening up the cell, the larva,

of a beautiful clear white, “with its body emptied of all

dross”’ is seen to occupy nearly the whole of the reduced

interior whose smooth plastered wall was formed from the

balance of the mortar (Fig. 4).

The first pupa was noticed on Aug. 27, “ half-transparent

and as it were carved out of crystal ” (Fig. 5). Fabre gives

the first week of July as the date for observing the “ nymph ”’

as he calls it. Unfortunately all my pupae except one were

those of females. Both sexes have, however, certain structures

which gave Fabre occasion for much speculation as to their

use.

He says: “‘ On the front edge of the corselet, a single horn

arises, shaped like a cylinder ending in a conical knob. It

points forward and is fixed in the middle of the frontal crescent,

projecting a little beyond it. To right and left the abdomen

is armed on either side with four little horns resembling

crystal spikes. What does the insect propose to do with

these excrescences? Nothing at all. They are passing

fancies, jewels of early youth; the adult insect will not retain

the least trace of them. When the nymph sheds its covering

and the delicate tunic of the adult form is rent, these strange

horns crumble into fragments with the rest of the cast clothing.

In the hope of finding at least a trace of the vanished things

the lens vainly explores the bases but lately occupied. There

is nothing appreciable left; the nymph is now smooth; the

real has given place to the non-existent.”

Fabre follows this account with speculations as to the

“motive of this horned magnificence,” and advances various

surmises on the subject. He says that none of the Onthophagi

XV1

has succeeded in hardening the nymphal thoracic prominence

into a permanent horn, but, as pointed out by Mr. G. J. Arrow,

some tropical species certainly possess a horn on the thorax.

Fabre concludes his chapter with the following words.

“Then what is the meaning of these horny preparations

which are always blighted before they come to anything?

With no great shame I confess I have not the slightest idea.

My reply may not be couched in learned phraseology, but it

has one merit, that of absolute sincerity.”

Examination of a cell which has been kept in the position in

which it was formed by the parent, and in which the pupa has

been formed undisturbed, discloses the solution of the problem

that puzzled Fabre. He had dug up cells from his breeding

cages and opened them without taking note of their proper

orientation. He thus missed seeing the pupa in its normal

vertical resting position, supported on the extremity of the

projecting horn, with all the remainder of its delicate body free

from contact with the surrounding wall. Only the tip of the

tail assists in balancing it on its support (Fig. 6).

There is no doubt that the horn is similar in function to the

various spines and bristles that appear on various parts of the

pupae of other Coleoptera, viz. to keep the delicate organs out

of contact with their surroundings while they are being fully

developed.

Insects reared in subterraria allow of easy observation of

their various stages exactly as they appear in nature. Clues

are thus obtained to the meaning of structures, which otherwise

might be missed.

The perfect insects were produced during the month of

September.

Papers.

The following papers were read :

‘“Gynandromorphous Plebeius argus L.,” by Dr. HE. A.

COCKAYNE.

“ Butterflies from the Nile,” by Mr. H. Mace.

“ Types of Oriental Carabidae,” by Mr. H. E. ANDREWEs.

“New Genera and Species of Neotropical Curculionidae,”

by Dr. G. A. K. MarsHatt.

EXPLANATION OF PuaTE A.

Metamorphoses of Onthophagus taurus lL.

I. Ovum in hatching chamber.

2. Larva, full-fed, seen in opened cavity in food-mass.

3. Same food-mass after larva had repaired wall.

Larva awaiting pupation.

. Pupa, showing anterior and lateral prominences.

. Pupa in normel resting position, vertical in cell, resting

on thoracic prominence.

All x 2 diams

Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1922, Plate A

Hugh Main, photo.

Metamorphoses of ONTHOPHAGUS TAURUS L.

XVil

Wednesday, March 15th, 1922.

Prof. E. B. Pouttron, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S., etc., Vice-

President, in the Chair.

Election of Fellows.

The following were elected Fellows of the Society :—

Mr. RecinaLp CHARLES TREHERNE, Department of Agri-

culture, Ottawa, Canada; Mr. T. G. Stoane, Moorilla, Young,

New South Wales, Australia; Mr. Wit~t1am Monop Craw-

FORD, B.A., Orissa, Marlborough Park, Belfast; Mr. LEonarp

CHARLES BusuBy, 11, Park Grove, Bromley, Kent; Mr.

ArTHUR Moret Massiz, Park Place, The Common, Seven-

oaks, Kent; Mr. Linnarus GREENING, Fairlight, Grappen-

hall, Cheshire; Dr. Francis Artuur, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P.,

395, Bethnal Green Rd., E.2; Dr. H. Sitvester Evans,

M.R.CS., L.R.C.P., Lomaloma, Fiji; Mr. Jonn Witson

Moors, 151, Middleton Hall Rd., King’s Norton, Birmingham ;

and Mr. Joun Epmunp Eastwoop, Wade Court, Havant,

Hants.

Exhibits.

Insects FRoM Mount Everest.—Mr. W. H. Tams exhibited

and made remarks on a selection of insects, chiefly Lepidoptera,

taken on the Mt. Everest expedition.

A New BEeETLE AND Rare Moto From MapaGascaR.—

Mr. O. E. Janson exhibited specimens of a new and very

distinct species of Huchroea recently received from Mada-

gascar, and also from the same country a bred female of the

rare, giant Saturniud moth, Argema mittrei, with the cocoon

from which it emerged.

REGENERATION OF Limes In CaRAuUsIUS MOROSUS.—Dr.

C. J. Gauan exhibited a dead specimen of the well-known

Indian Phasmid Carausius morosus in which homoeotic re-

generation had taken place, an amputated antenna having

been replaced by a tarsus. The specimen was one of a series

on which the late Dr. T. A. Chapman had been experimenting

some time before his death. So far as he could gather from

some rough notes made by Dr. Chapman, which had been

PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., V, 1922. B

xvii

handed over to him, along with the specimens, by Mr. T. H.

Grosvenor, the antenna of the specimen shown had been

amputated near the base when the insect was in its first or

second instar. In a second specimen of the same series,

which is still alive in the Natural History Museum, regenera-

tion of exactly the same kind had taken place. In each case

two or three tarsal joints, including the claw-joint, with its

claws and pulvillus, are quite distinct, and their character is

unmistakable.

THE CHALCID SYNTOMASPIS DRUPARUM DALM., BRED BY

Mr. HaMM, FROM HAWTHORN SEEDS IN BIRDS’ DROPPINGS.—

Prof. Poutron, exhibiting the seeds and Chalcids (Tory-

midae) which had emerged from them, said that Mr. A. H.

Hamm ’s observations recorded below were prompted by

Dr. J. Waterston, who had kindly determined the species

referred to in this and the following note :—

“Between November 17 and December 16, 1919, over

2000 hawthorn seeds from birds’ droppings were collected from

under hawthorn trees in the grounds of the Oxford University

Museum. The seeds had almost certainly come from black-

birds, which were constantly seen picking and eating the

fruit. By December 17 nearly all the berries had been

stripped and the trees were deserted.

“ The seeds, separated from extraneous matter, were looked

at from time to time up to the present date (March, 1922), and

on August 26, 1921, a single female Chalcid had emerged and

was found dead. It could only recently have died, as I was

enabled to set it with scarcely any relaxing.

“A number of uneaten berries accidentally dropped by

the birds in plucking from the trees, were also collected.

These have been looked at from time to time, but nothing

has so far emerged from them.

“In the course of a walk near Old Hincksey, Oxford, on

December 13, 1919, a number of birds’ droppings containing

hawthorn seeds were picked up, several missel-thrushes

being disturbed feeding during the search. Looked at

occasionally since December 1919 a single female Chalcid

was found alive on June 15, 1921.

‘“T have since separated the seeds from the other matter

X1x

with which they were mixed, and found the number to

be 112.

“T also noticed large numbers of seed-coverings, nibbled

and split, apparently by field-mice, which had extracted them

from the birds’ droppings. These small rodents had evidently

taken advantage of the fact that the pulp had been removed,

and no doubt many seeds were taken away and stored for

future use.”

CHALCIDIDAE BRED BY Mr. J. COLLINS FROM BEETLES IN

DOG-BISCUITS AND PLUM-BRANCHES.—Prof. Pouuton exhibited

two 9 specimens of Lariophaqus distinguendus Forst. (Ptero-

malidae), found alive by Mr. Collins among living Ptinus

tectus Boield., in broken-up dog-biscuits from Mr. Best’s house

—The Firs, Summertown, near Oxford (September 26, 1921).

The beetles, also exhibited, were in far larger numbers than

their parasites.

Also two 2 Elachertus (Entedon) leucogramma Ratz. (Eulo-

phidae, Entedoninae), and three Scolytus rugulosus Ratz.,

bred in June 1921 by Mr. Collins from a plum-branch received

from Mr. Ashe of Hartlebury, near Worcester. The propor-

tions of host and parasite were as in the preceding examples.

A NEW POINT IN THE PROCRYPTIC RESTING ATTITUDE OF

PotyeoniA (GRAPTA) C-ALBUM L.—Prof. Poutron said Dr.

R. C. L. Perkins, F.R.S., had written to him on January 8,

1922, from Newton Abbot :—

“My youngest boy, who has become a very keen Lepido-

pterist, and I were breeding some Comma butterflies this

year, and I made the enclosed rough outline drawing of one

in the resting position. Later I was reminded of this on

reading your remarks about the white C [Trans. 8.E. Union

Sci. Societies, 1921, p. 8; also Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., May 6,

1903], and I have just come across the sketch. You will see

that if the edge of the closed wings, instead of the broad

surface is looked at, a most wonderfully vegetable-like growth

is represented, owing to all those lobes on the wing not meet-

ing flatly, but being turned outwards. The appearance is

that of numbers of little leaflets rising up from a stem beneath

them. The outline of this specimen I made with camera

lucida, and it only feebly shows the plant-like appearance of

the edge. No doubt our other Vanessas show this to a greater

or less extent. I suppose it would have been classed by

Brunner as ‘ hypertely.’ ”

A few days later Dr. Perkins wrote :—

“T cannot describe the curious way in which the leaflet-

like projections appear, as if they might arise on more or

less erect stalks. The appearance to me was not that of

dead leaves at all.

“| think the commoner Vanessas will nearly all reproduce

this appearance to a conspicuous extent, as I particularly

noticed it in the case of a resting specimen of one of these—

probably either wrticae or atalanta, after seeing the Commas.

“The specimen I sketched was drawn, I believe, on the

morning after the day it emerged, but I looked at all the 8

or 9 we bred, and the appearance was much the same in each.

“T fear I did not look at the Commas obliquely, so that the

margin as well as the dead-leaf surface could be seen. I was

so astonished at seeing the strange appearance of what is

usually a thin edge, as such an edge would appear sufficiently

invisible.’

Dr. Perkins’ drawing was exhibited to the meeting together

with a male specimen of c-album which had been found

hibernating in a shed at Oxford and had died in the position

of rest, showing the appearance described above. The wing-

edges of a second male, found a few weeks later on the railings

of the Oxford University Parks, by Commander J. J. Walker,

were bent outwards to a far less extent than in the exhibited

individual.

The main significance of Dr. Perkins’ extremely interesting

observation—also made last year by Commander Walker—

was, Prof. Poulton believed, to be found in the oblique views

of the insect, and the view from the side, rather than in that

from the edge. Inspection of the exhibited specimen showed

that the jagged-leaf appearance was greatly enhanced by the

out-turned edges when seen obliquely from the side, the

number of visible projections being doubled and the effect

further increased by the bending in two different directions

instead of the maintenance of the plane of the wings. The

effect was, of course, less marked from the direct side-view,

Xxi

but even here when a nearer projection exactly covered a

more distant one, the other pairs would be more or less “ out

of register.”

It was obvious that in all these side views more or less of

the upper surface of the more distant wings was visible, over-

lapping the edges of the nearer under surface. It was probable

that we found here the interpretation of the broad dark

margin cf the upper surface in all the jagged ‘“‘ Commas ”’

of the Palaearctic and Nearctic Regions—a modification of

pattern which results in a dark upper surface being seen

beside a dark under surface in side views of the position of

rest. Looking at the patterns of closely related Vanessidae

from this point of view it appeared probable that edges

markedly out-turned like those of the Commas would only

be found in polychloros and its allies.

The feature observed by Dr. Perkins was presumably a

permanent character of the hardened wing-membrane, but

it would be interesting to confirm this by looking at the

expanded wings of the living butterfly. The drying of the

wings and mode of appearance of the feature would also be

well worth investigation.

It was extraordinarily interesting to find new observations,

like these of Dr. Perkins, made upon one of our best and

oldest known species.

Dr. 8. A. Neave read a letter from Mr. W. J. Harding

regarding the capture of Polygonia (Grapta) c-album at

Holcombe in Devonshire, and some discussion took place

as to the distribution and recent spread of this Beene in

the south of England.

Wednesday, April 5th, 1922.

The Rt. Hon. Lord Rotuscuitp, F.R.S., ete., President,

in the Chair.

Election of Fellows.

The following were elected Fellows of the Society :—

Messrs. WILLIAM GEORGE CLUTTEN, 136, Coal Clough Lane

Burnley; Epmunp JAMES Perarce, The Lodge, Corpus

Christi College, Cambridge; Grorcre HE. Hurcurnson, Ays-

thorpe, Newton Rd., Cambridge; CHArtes H. LANKESTER,

Cartago, Costa Rica; ArtHurR D. R. Baccuus, 29, Abbotsford

Rd., Redland, Bristol; and Captain Doue.as 8. WILKINSON,

Kennington Vicarage, Ashford, Kent.

Exhibits.

Mruetic Insrects.—Lord Roruscuitp exhibited a group

of mimetic Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera and made the

following remarks :—

“The insects I exhibit—3 species of Amatidae (Synto-

midae) of 2 genera and 1 species of Aegeriidae of the order

Lepidoptera, a species of Braconidae (parasitic Hymenoptera)

and a species of Vespidae of the order Hymenoptera—all

show the same colour pattern, viz. black or brown with the

apex of the fore-wings white. In addition to those exhibited

there are 4 other Hymenopterous insects showing the same

colour pattern, viz. Monobia apicaliformis Sauss. (Eumenidae)

and Iphiaulax (Ipobracon) semialbus Szep., Ipobracon sp.

and Microdus simulatric Cam. (Braconidae). In the case

of the Lepidoptera, the resemblance to the wasp is apparently

protective, but the examples of the Braconid parasites are

more obscure, though the resemblance to the wasp with its

formidable sting is also probably protective.

“The species exhibited are Amatidae: Pompyliodes albo-

marginata Druce, Pompyliodes aliena Wlk., and Amycles

anthracina Wlk. Aegeriidae: Aegeria sp. (Lepidoptera).

Vespidae: Parachartergus apicalis Fabr. Braconidae: Ipo-

bracon sp. (Hymenoptera).”’

Xxiii

BUTTERFLIES FROM Co. Tyrone.—Mr. W, G, SHELDON

exhibited on behalf of Mr. T. Grexr a series of Hpinephile

jurtina approaching the South European form, hispulla Hb.,

and a series of Pieris napi, spring and summer broods, both

of which showed much dark suffusion on the uppersides. In

both generations forms occurred with ochreous ground-colour

to the wings, and in which the veins on the undersides were

almost equally coated with fuscous scaling.

ZELLER’S TYPES OF CrRamBips.—Mr. A. W. PrcKaRp-

CAMBRIDGE brought for exhibition Zeller’s types of a number

of moths, mainly Crambids, from Egypt and Palestine. He

also exhibited aberrations of Argynnis cydippe and of Zygaena

2 transalpina.

COLAENIS TELESIPHE.—Mr. W. F. H. RosenBere ex-

hibited a specimen of Colaenis telesiphe tithraustes Salv., in

which the band of the hind-wing is white as in C. ¢. telesiphe

Hew. This specimen was taken at Rio Pastaza, Eastern

Keuador, in company with typical yellow-banded specimens

of C. t. tithraustes. The band on the hind-wing is broader

than in Peruvian specimens of the white-banded C. telesiphe.

Peruvian and Bolivian specimens of C. telesiphe have hitherto

been generally considered as C. telesiphe telesipie, as distinct

from the yellow-banded C. telesiphe tithraustes of Ecuador.

But Hewitson’s type of C. ¢. telesiphe in the B.M. is from

Ecuador, unfortunately without exact locality. The narrow-

banded form from Peru and Bolivia, therefore, appears to

require a new name, as pointed out to the exhibitor by Captain

RILEY.

LEPIDOPTERA FROM FLORENCE.—Mr. BeTHUNE-BakER ex-

hibited a series of the fifth generation of Heodes phlacas from

Florence which began to emerge on October 21, 1921. The

specimens were of the typical spring emergence, but were

unusually small.

He also showed from the same district a specimen of

Zygaena transalpina ab. elongata and another very beautiful,

suffused specimen of the same species, the red suffusion being

confined to the left wing. In addition a specimen of Z.

angelicae v. ochsenheimert was exhibited and was a very

pretty pale yellow form.

XX1V

Mimetic GRASSHOPPERS.—Dr. G. A. K. MARSHALL, on

behalf of Mr. B. P. Uvarov, exhibited some remarkable

mimetic long-horned grasshoppers with their Cicindelid

models from Java and Celebes, pointing out that the mimetic

resemblance is present in the larval stages only.

A Moth with a Srriputatory AppaRATus.—Dr. K.

JoRDAN exhibited a pair of the Agaristid moth, Aegocera

mahdi Pagenst. (1903), from East Africa and drew attention

to the hitherto unknown 3g. This sex has a stridulating organ

in which the hind-wings and hind-legs participate. The

wing-portion of the organ consists of an elongate semivitreous

stripe occupying the greater part of the cell of the hind-

wing; on the underside the subcostal vein is swollen and

non-scaled, projecting much more than in the 9 and being

slightly curved. In the hind-leg the first tarsal segment is

likewise swollen and bears on the upperside a naked stripe

on which a number of very shallow transverse grooves are

visible. The structure renders it evident that during flight

this tarsal segment plays across the inflated subcostal of the

hind-wing. No observations on the sound produced have as

yet been made by the collector of the specimen (W. Feather).

Dr. Jordan added that last summer he had had an oppor-

tunity of examining Pemphigostola synemonistis Strand (1909)

placed by Strand in the Castniidae as a‘new sub-family and

referred to in our Proceedings of 1921, p. xxxiv, as probably

being an Agaristid. This opinion proves to be correct.

Pemphigostola is a genus of Agaristidae belonging near Aegocera.

Dr. Jordan further exhibited a number of specimens of the

interesting Lycaenid, Liphyra brassolis Westw. (1864), from

various localities and a 3 of the second species of the genus,

L. castnia Strand (1911), obtained in the Hydrographer Mts.,

British South-East New Guinea. J. castnia is distinguished,

inter alia, by its more rounded hind-wing, very short palpi

and the transverse position of the black patch on the underside

of the fore-wing.

Dr. 8. A. NEAVE gave an account of the fauna of Mt. Mlanje,

Nyasaland, and illustrated his remarks with lantern slides

and with an exhibition of some typical insects from that

locality.

XXV

Wednesday, May Srd, 1922.

The Rt. Hon. Lord Roruscuitp, F.R.S., etc., President, in

the Chair.

Obituary.

The PRESIDENT announced the death of Mr. A. W. Bacot,

while engaged on typhus research in Egypt, and also of Mr.

Gilbert Storey, of the Department of Agriculture, Cairo,

Egypt, and a vote of condolence to their relatives was passed.

Election of Fellows.

The following were elected Fellows of the Society :—Mr.

C. L. CoLtLENetTE, c/o Messrs. Barker & Co., Singapore; and

Mr. Micuarnt G. L. Perkins, 4, Dean’s Yard, Westminster

Abbey, S.W. 1, and Trinity College, Cambridge.

The Collection of Portraits.

The TREASURER called attention to additions to the col-

lection of portraits in the meeting room, and especially to a

beautiful pencil drawing from a photograph of the late Dr.

Longstaff.

Exhibits.

BuTTERFLIES FROM RumaniA.—Mr. W. G. SHELDON

exhibited a series of Pararge roxelana from Herculesbad, and

of P. climene from Sarepta, and noted the segregation of the

sexes in these species in a state of nature.

Comments on this exhibit were made by Comm. WALKER

and by Miss Founrarne, who described some of her personal

experiences of capturing P. climene.

THE LIFE-HISTORY OF CATOCHRYSOPS PHASMA BUTL., etc.,—

Prot. PouLToN said that he had received a letter, dated March

14, 1922, from Dr. A. Connal referring to the note on p. 401

of Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1921. The following passage

shows that the failure to receive a reply was in no way due to

Dr. Connal, but must be attributed to the post :—

XXV1

“T can assure you that I answered your letter and now

repeat the gist of what I wrote. As you will see irom Farquhar-

son’s letter, which I enclose, he made very complete arrange-

ments. But what happened was that Farquharson himself

on the day before he sailed left three small tins of larvae with

me. His boy, Joe, brought neither larvae nor food, nor did

any come by train, with the result that all the larvae died

without having shown signs of pupation.”’

The letter from Farquharson, dated August 28, 1918,

contains the following passage—somewhat shortened—

together with two other references to observations published

in the 1921 Transactions :—

““T wished to give you some insects in the hopes that some

of them will complete their life-histories in a few days after

I leave. In any case I'll trust to your good nature and send

them to you by Joe, and have arranged for tins of the chop

plant to be sent you by every down train till they are fully

fed. Asa matter of fact the expectation is that they will die,

for it is possible that they cannot complete their life-histories

without passing a part of their lives chez the ant Camponotus

maculatus. If they pupate the imagos will emerge ten days

later.”

The letter also referred to the Dermestes larvae he

intended to leave (p. 436), adding that “ one or two Diptera

may also breed out’; and in conclusion he promised to send

Mrs. Connal a box of chocolates for Christmas “if that beast

is a Ceratopogon and not a Cecidomyiid ” (p. 441).

NOTES ON THE LIFE-HISTORY OF A BETHYLID (HYMENOPTERA)

OF THE GENUS CEPHALONOMIA WESTW., OBSERVED AT OXFORD

py Mr. A. H. Hamm. Tue BETHYLIDAE ARE FOSSORIAL

AcuLEATA.—Prof. Pouuron gave an account of the following

remarkable observations by Mr. Hamm and exhibited the

specimens referred to together with the type material of

Cephalonomia formiciformis Westw. :—

“ The minute female Hymenopteron (Bethylidae) exhibited

to the meeting was captured on August 4, 1918, in my garden,

22, Southfield Road, Oxford. She was walking on an old post

a few inches from the ground, carrying in her mandibles a

Coleopterous larva (? Cis) at least six times her size and

XXVil

probably more than that number of times her weight. The

captor and prey were placed in a small glass-bottomed box

and looked at from time to time during the following two days.

On each occasion she was seen to be carrying the larva just

as when first captured, holding it with her mandibles by the

posterior end near the anus, so that it projected well in front

of her head. In spite of the apparently cumbrous burden

carried high in the air, she moved about with the greatest

facility. Although the larva was alive its movements were

extremely feeble, in fact more liké those of one that had been

stung by a Fossorial wasp.

“ Late on August 6 I was reluctantly obliged to kill her, as

I was leaving home for a fortnight. She was still carrying the

larva when I stifled her with a drop of benzine, but this did

not injure the prey. I thought I could see several ova attached,

but these, when examined under a 34-inch objective, turned

out to be four larvae symmetrically placed one on each side

of the second and third thoracic segments of the victim. It

therefore became clear that the mother had been carrying

about the larva with her offspring attached and feeding.

“On my return home on August 20 they were still attached

to their host and had evidently been feeding throughout in

the same position. On the following day the larvae had left

their host and had spun small white silken cocoons in a cluster

on the edge of the box. The cocoons were examined at

frequent intervals, and on October 4 imagines were found to

have emerged from all four, and were quite active.

“The Bethylid almost certainly belongs to the genus

Cephalonomia, described by Westwood in Loudon’s Mag. Nat.

Hist., vol. vi, 1833, p. 420, but it is doubtful whether the

species is Westwood’s formiciformis, loc. cit.”

Mr. Hamm’s doubts as to the specific identification of the

insects were confirmed by Dr. J. Waterston, to whom I sub-

mitted the specimens together with Westwood’s type material.

He kindly wrote on April 10, 1922 :—

“Hamm’s Cephalonomia runs down, according to Kieffer’s

tables (Tierreich, 41, p. 242), to C. mycetophila Kieff., a French

species with which I am not acquainted.

“The differences between mycetophila and formiciformis,

XXVIi1

according to Kieffer, are mainly in the neuration. Hamm’s

specimens show a distinct median vein as well as a basal.

These are said to be absent in formiciformis, but Westwood’s

type is too clogged up with gum to permit the wings to be seen

distinctly. Still I thik Kieffer is probably right in what he

says. On the other hand, he declares in his key that the

scutellum of formiciformis is ‘without a cross furrow,’

which in my opinion would be remarkable. I find, however,

that Westwood’s type has the cross furrow, so that in one

point at least Kieffer is inaccurate. How far one can trust

him in other respects I don’t know. And there is, of course,

the further question of the value to be attached to such differ-

ences as he has noted. I hope later to take up the genus

Cephalonomia when completing my work on grain pest

parasites. I shall then be glad to go most fully into Hamm’s

interesting material. Meantime I can only say that I do not

feel justified in referring these specimens to Westwood’s

genotype.”

The habits described by Mr. Hamm confirmed the account

given by A. H. Haliday in the Ent. Mag. II, pp. 219-221

(1835). He here stated that on the 5th of “last” June,

presumably in the year 1833 (for his paper appeared in the

number published April 1834), he observed a female Bethylid

carrying a full-fed Tineid larva at the sand-cliffs, doubtless

in the neighbourhood of Dublin. The Bethylid had seized

its victim by the underside of the mouth so that it was dragged

along on its back, and on one occasion when a different hold

had been taken and the larva’s ventral surface was under-

most, inconvenience was caused by the feet grasping objects

on the ground. But the Bethyld quickly discovered its

mistake and took a new hold in the usual position. The larva

was, Haliday believed, about six times the weight of its captor,

and it was being carried up the sliding sides of a pit in the sand.

The efforts of the Bethylid and the use it made of grass, twigs,

etc., to ald its ascent are described in much detail. When it

had climbed up about two feet it came to a piece of reed

partly buried in the sand and open at its lower end. Here it

fixed its prey between two shreds of leaf, explored the bank,

descended the reed, entered the hollow stem from below,

XX1X

came out again, seized the larva in the usual place and began

to carry it down the reed. Then once more it fixed the larva,

examined the hollow, returned and dragged the larva to the

opening, again left it and “ plunged in itself, but immediately

reappearing, drew in the larva head foremost, speedily disap-

pearing in the interior.” At this point Haliday left the insect,

but records the conclusion that in all probability “ the bore of

the reed was employed instead of an artificial funnel, for the

cells which should benian the progeny of the Baiylus, with

its store of provision.”

It was possible that Mr. Hamm’s Bethylid was engaged,

just like Haliday’s, in seeking for a hole, but being confined

in a box and unable to follow the normal instincts, it laid eggs

onthe prey and continued to carry it about after they had

hatched. It was to be hoped that the observation might be

repeated under conditions which would permit of the prey

being stored.

Dr. David Sharp, F.R.S. (“ Insecta,” I, pp. 535-6), had

doubtfully placed the Bethylids among the Proctotrupidae,

pointing out that Haliday’s observation was unconfirmed.

Complete confirmation was now forthcoming, not only by

Mr. Hamm’s record but by many others published in recent

years in the Proc. Hawaiian Ent. Soc. The facts there made

known by Mr. J. C. Bridwell and others conclusively showed

that the habits of these remarkable insects are those of

Fossorial Aculeates.

Dr. R. C. L. Perkins, F.R.S., had very kindly drawn up an.

abstract of the chief results which have been arranged as

in the classification of the species according to their habits

adopted by Bridwell, and here quoted in a condensed form

on p. xxxi. The years and pages quoted refer to the Proc.

Hawaiian Ent. Soc.

(1) Epyris extraneus Bridwell.—Francis X. Williams

describes this species (1918, pp. 55-63) as stinging a Tene-

brionid larva twice her length, carrying the heavy load off on

her back, and wedging it between pieces of earth while she

finds a suitable nesting-place, the procedure thus resembling

that described by Haliday. The life-history of H#. extraneus

is given in great detail and fully illustrated.

Xxx

Holepyris hawaiensis Ashm., is stated by Bridwell (1919, p.

311) to sting small Lepidopterous larvae.

(2) Perisierola emigrata Rohwer, and Sierola sp. attack

various Lepidopterous larvae in pods of Acacia (Bridwell :

1918, pp. 21 et seq.), the former species stinging in three places

ventrally—throat, middle and anal extremity—ovipositing

(usually 2-8 eggs) an hour or two later. In captivity Perisierola

attacked almost any larva supplied, sometimes ovipositing,

but sucking the juices of beetle larvae. The 5-7 larvae of

Sierola will completely destroy a caterpillar of Cryptophlebia

vulpes W1sm.

(3) Sclerodermus immagrans Bridwell—aA captured female

attacked (1918, pp. 21 et seq.) a Bruchid larva (Caryoborus)

with its mandibles, and fed on juices. Two days later and

subsequently she laid eggs on the larva. The use of the prey

as food for both Bethylid and its offspring may throw light on

Mr. Hamm’s observation.

In a later paper (1919, pp. 291-305) Bridwell described the

life-history of this species in great detail. The natural prey

observed consisted of beetle larvae of six species—one a

Bruchid, two Bostrichids, and three Cerambycids. The

Bethylid was bred [in captivity as Dr. -Perkins states] on

these and many other beetle larvae, the larvae of bees of

the genus Nesoprosopis, larvae of Fossors, ants, Bracons ae

Chalcids, also on a Termite.

More than one female was found in the field associated with

a single host larva. They “ lived in harmony on the paralyzed

prey, oviposited, and the progeny of the different females

reached maturity without interference from the others.”

“This tolerance extended even to the grubs of other species

of Sclerodermus.”

S. immigrans is an immigrant from the Philippines (1919,

p 305), but several endemic (viz. Hawaiian) species of

Sclerodermus were obtained from various Microlepidopterous

larvae feeding in dead wood and some from beetle larvae.

Cephalonomia sp.—Three females from cocoons found by

Bridwell (1919, pp. 305-809) in the tunnels of the Scolytid

XXX1

larva Hypothenemus were used for breeding, being placed in

tubes with short pieces of twig containing the beetle larvae.

In one tube, after three or four days, two larvae bore each a

single egg on the ventral surface and in two weeks a female

Cephalonomia was bred out. Later examination of the same

tube revealed beetle larvae bearing one to two eggs or larvae,

and a fair proportion of these spun cocoons.

One of the remaining Bethylid females died without oviposi-

tion and the other was less fruitful than that described above.

When pressed for food the parent Cephalonomia will itself

feed on the juices of the prey, also on the pupal and adult

beetle. ,

Using fine glass tubes rather larger than the burrow and adding

débris from the burrows, Bridwell was able to see that the

Cephalonomia, when she encountered a larva, stung it in the

head, and a pupa in the tail. In a few minutes the six larvae

and pupae were paralyzed but no eggs had been laid in two days.

After about twenty adults had been reared the colony died

out, owing to the difficulty in finding minute beetle larvae.

In the course of the investigation it was found that

Cephalonomia would oviposit on other minute beetle larvae

as well as on Hypothenemus.

Bridwell considers that Cephalonomia resembles Sclero-

dermus in its habits.

Cephalonomia gallicola Ashm.—This species attacked but

did not oviposit on beetle larvae in imported Californian barley

on which the Bethylid was found.

The habits of the Bethylidae are thus classified by Bridwell :

(1) The E£pyris group with the adult markedly fossorial in

habits, feeding on sweets as well as juices of prey, and laying a

single egg on each host.

(2) The Goniozus group attacking concealed Lepidopterous

larvae and laying several eggs upon them without moving

them. Goniozus, Perisierola and Sierola are known to attack

thus, and Laelius apparently belongs here.

(3) The Sclerodermus group in wnich adults feed exclusively

on juices of prey which they attack in hiding and do not move.

Several eggs may be laid on the prey.

XXX

Dr. Perkins, referring to these fine observations, had written

with natural gratification :—

“Tt is remarkable that the biology of Bethylidae should

have been so much elucidated in little Hawaii, with its meagre

fauna! The biological work on the allied Dryinidae was also

published there, being the result of observations of Hawaiian

entomologists. So also that on the Pipunculus flies and on the

Stylopidae. There is no doubt that Hawaii can congratulate

itself on the work of its band of entomologists ! ”

Fellows of the Entomological Society would also wish to add

their congratulations.

Mr. A. LovERIDGE’S NOTES ON THE DrivER-ANnT DoryLus

NIGRICANS Iuuic:, AT Kitosa, TANGANYIKA TERRITORY.—

Prof. PouLrton gave an account of the following notes and

exhibited the specimens referred to by the author. In the

determination of the species he had received the kind help

of Dr. G. A. K. Marshall and Mr. W. C. Crawley. - A few

additional facts recorded below were quoted from letters

written between July 11, 1921, and March 1, 1922.

“ Kalosa is now spelt with one ‘s —Roy. Geogr. Soc. ruling.”

It was spelt “ Kilossa ”’ in Proc. Ent. Soc., 1921, pp. Lxu, xci.

The “ Marmalade Ant” (Camponotus maculatus F.) was

described as “ harassed by Driver-Ants,” the “ Cocktail Ant ”’

(Cremastogaster castanea Sm., r. tricolor Gerst.) and the “‘ Small

Ant ” (Pheidele sp.) as “left in peace.” The “ Lesser Stink-

Ant ’’—‘‘ a match for the Driver-Ants,’—was so called “ as

we have an outsize in these creatures here.”

The “ Green Bug,” Platacantha lutea Westw., “ which came

to light in great numbers during the rains, was comparatively

scarce at the time of the invasion, but was eaten by the

Drivers.” The “ Brown Bug,” Nezara chloris Westw., also eaten,

“began coming to light in great numbers during the rains.”

From a later letter—‘‘ I have only recently read Carpenter’s

notes on the Uganda Driver-Ants [Proc. Ent. Soc., 1914,

p. cix] in which he says that they approached but retreated

from a bug, and he suggests that the peculiar odour of the bug

may have protected it. The reverse happened here, Drivers

swarming to the spot where a bug was and the whole house

reeking of the smell.”

XXXIl1

Account of an Invasion of “ Siafu” or Red Driver-Ants—

Dorylus (Anomma) nigricans Illig., by Arthur Loveridge.

Kilosa,

Tang. Territ.,

July 3, 1921.

At 8 a.m. I discovered we were being invaded by Siafu,

who were entering the stonework base of the house at half-a-

dozen different points, and were already up the door plinth

and under the roof at one spot. Beeties, whose presence we

were unaware of before, were flying in numbers before the

advancing host, frequently with one or more of the red furies

attached to their hind legs. Wretched crickets and small

grasshoppers were being dragged off, feebly waving the one or

two legs that remained to them. The “ Marmalade Ants,”

[Camponotus maculatus F., % race], such a pest in the safe,

were driven from their hiding-place and sought refuge amongst

books and papers on the table, thereby hoping to evade the

flanking scouts seeking hither and thither along the lines of

march for fresh supplies for the columns. My pet jumping

spiders cleared for their lives with prodigious leaps; one

black Carabid beetle clung to the table-cloth whilst a column

of invaders streamed past within six inches of him, yet found

him not. As is well known, these Driver-Ants, being blind,

find their prey by scent.

Soldier-sentries were stationed at intervals of two inches

along the lines of the column, waiting with fore-part of the

body raised and widely-open jaws for any disturbers. A

match-stick being presented to three of these in turn, they

readily seized it and were transported eighteen inches away

from a hole into which a stream was disappearing. They ran

hither and thither and could not find their friends for some

time; the first succeeded in doing so after an interval of three

minutes, a second following his tracks a little later.

The holes into which they were entering and from which

they were issuing formed a regular warren owned and occupied

by an inch-long black ant which I have christened the “ Lesser

Stink-Ant ” [Paltothyreus tarsatus F.]. From time to time

one of these would hurry from an exit as if puzzled and be-

wildered, and then bolt down another hole. Several of them

were attacked by workers of the Siafu, but they readily rid

PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., v, 1922. Cc

XXX1V

themselves of one such aggressor: their body was curled

under—but I could see no sting—and their jaws came into

play with great rapidity. Three Siafu were about a match

for one Stink-Ant and I watched one such struggle through a

high-power glass. Generally speaking, the Siafu, which were

attacking every other creature I could see, left the Stink-

Ants alone.

In the afternoon I witnessed an interesting sight. Two

holes, one leading into the wall, the other into the ground, had

a common opening. Siafu were streaming into the wall,

and had a strong barrier or cordon of soldiers thrown across

the aperture of the second hole. I was just in time to see a

Stink-Ant come from the interior of this second hole very

softly, seize a soldier by his jaws and, hauling him from his

comtades, drag him into the hole. I settled down to watch

and saw this little passage of arms occur a number of times.

The way the Stink-Ant would appear and disappear, lurking

in the entrance, was very sinister: then, approaching the

wall of Siafu gently, he would pause; the soldiery would

quiver with excitement and reach forward toward him, but

discipline or good sense forbad them to break their line.

Suddenly one would be seized, although occasionally the

Stink-Ant would fail, and if several soldiers caught him, as

happened twice, another Stink-Ant would come to the rescue

and a mélée would follow in which the line would get broken.

All around the walls of the house are many of the inverted

cone-shaped pits of the Ant-lons, and it was a common thing

for the Siafu workers to tumble into these and be caught. I

wondered what the Ant-lion could do against the more for-

midable soldier Siafu, and so dropped five of them into five

pits. The question was obviously mecorrect and should have

been “ What could the Siafu do?”

The soldier would be seized by the Ant-lion by one of the

middle pair of legs, and, struggle as he might, he could get no

purchase on the shifting sand. There was nothing else for

him to do but struggle, nothing of the unseen foe to attack,

nothing but shifting sand for his formidable jaws to bite. As

he weakened the abdomen was drawn down, and in one

instance I saw it nipped by the jaws of the Ant-lion, which

XXXV

then released the soldier, leaving him quite limp and I fancied

at first poisoned, though knowing no instance of Neuropterous

insects secreting poison. However, the other four soldiers

struggled till the last vestige of their champing jaws dis-

appeared from view in the sand-pit. What a wretched death

for the Siafu, worse than being engulfed in a quagmire, but

not worse than those of the thousands of small insects which

were even now being torn from their retreats in crack and

cranny by the moving host.

I presently observed a second species of ant, hereinafter

called the ‘ Cocktail” [Cremastogaster castanea Sm., vr. tri-

color Gerst.], which was also immune from attack by the

Siafu. These Cocktail ants have long dwelt in a corner of

the verandah, and at first greatly plagued me by eating

insects left on the table or setting-boards, until I found how

to turn them to good account as the preparers of bat and

rodent skulls—work which they do delicately and beautifully

in forty-eight hours when the skulls are small. These Cock~

tails have regular runs and never invade the inner rooms, so

setting-boards were kept in an inner room and there was no

more trouble. The Cocktails ran about where the Siafu

were, but when baits were laid down the Siafu did not feed

at the bait used by Cocktails nor the Cocktails at that eaten

by the Siafu. Hn passant, I might say that the Cocktails

differ from the Siafu in that they like jam, sugar and sweet-

stuffs generally, while the Siafu are out for blood and fresh

meat only. Some species of Cocktails are very fierce, but this

species never bites when handled, and the only reason for:

their not being molested by the Siafu, as far as I can see, is:

that they are not juicy enough to be worth molesting. Another

small ant was also left in peace by the Drivers. [The examples:

sent were Pheidole sp., and among them a single Tetramorium

blochmanni For., vr. continentis For.]

Whilst fully appreciating the Siafu as a family friend

assisting at a sort of spring-cleaning and ridding my residence

of insects of all kinds, I did not desire that they should take

up permanent residence should they find it a land of plenty,

and I was also in some trepidation as to their attitude towards

preserved specimens and entomological collections. There-

XXXVI

fore I stuffed paper soaked in prussic acid into the holes they

were entering, swept back the columns into heaps and cremated

them with paraffin and grass—a dreadful but natural death,

as a grass-fire, many miles in length, was even at that moment

sweeping across the plains below, destroying all life that failed

to escape in time. In a quarter of an hour of all that ordered

host only a few score individuals were visible and these were

wandering aimlessly hither and thither. I congratulated

myself on having punished them so severely that the survivors

would leave such an unhealthy locality.

About 9 p.m., as I was reading, I became gradually conscious

of many small noises, making altogether quite a volume of

suppressed sound. Some time later on taking up the light

and going to my bedroom the reason was obvious. The white-

washed walls were a moving mass of Siafu; they swarmed

upon the books in the bookcase, over-ran other shelving,

chest of drawers, etc. The sound was made by the feet of

the countless multitude. Almost every minute some insect

fell from the ceiling with several Siafu clinging to it, only to

be set upon by the ants which were crossing the floor in lines

in every direction. In nine out of ten cases the prey was a

brown or green plant-bug [brown = Nezara chloris Westw. ;

green = Platacantha lutea Westw.: (Pentatomidae)], which,

since the cessation of the rains three weeks ago, has been

coming in to the house. They fly with a short buzz like a

bee, collide with some object and fall upon their backs, where,

on a cement floor, they are more helpless than a tortoise.

Till this evening I was quite unaware of the huge numbers of

them which had taken refuge in the house, hiding in cracks,

under boxes, amongst clothes, etc. When molested they

give forth the familiar and powerful odour of bugs, and this

instead of repelling seemed to excite the Siafu, which hastened

to the spot from all directions. Soon the struggling bug was

lost to sight in a heap of Siafu which, having nipped off its

legs, would drag it along one of their lines of march. Although

the bugs were treated in this way, but few were taken to their

holes, and we swept up a hundred or so the following morning.

The atmosphere of the room reeked with their defensive ( ?)

odour.

XXXVili

It was necessary to mark time rapidly or else the ants

would soon have swarmed on the feet, and, when once climbed

up, it was necessary to run out on to the verandah and pull

off the biting fury, for if you paused for just the moment

necessary to remove one, half-a-dozen others would have

gained a foothold on your slippers. Keeping both feet on

the move therefore I procured wash-basin, soap-dish, etc.,

and placed them beneath the four feet of the bed, which was

as yet untouched. These I hurriedly filled with water from

the jug, raised the mosquito net and jumped in to accomplish

disrobing in some degree of comfort. I was much disturbed

by the squeaking of bats (Chaerophon limbatus, probably) in

the roof, the occasional rush of a rat, and the continual falling

of particles of whitewash or grit from the ceiling, dislodged

by the myriad ants working along the spaces between the

ceiling-boards like so many ferrets searching for rabbits.

July 4.—At daybreak the Siafu were still on the move,

though those on the walls had all descended and were forming

up into regular moving lines on the floor. Finding that fire

affected but a small number, the rest escaping quickly, my

boys and I swept up the columns and dropped shovelful after

shovelful into two basins of water with the surface oiled by a

film of paraffin. This killed them more rapidly than any-

thing, and in a minute or two they would cease to struggle.

After an hour-and-a-half’s hard work scarce a Siafu was to be

seen.

Towards sunset (6 p.m.) small lines issued from a hole at

the base of the wall (outside) and entered another hole; a

second line was going in the reverse direction. Neither

company bore any spoils, and their procedure seemed aimless

and foolish unless, indeed, we suppose it was a practice route

march for two companies to pass through each other without

confusion. I have noticed this with Siafu many scores of

times.

At 8 p.m. a living stream, six or eight ants wide, was going

straight up the verandah wall, and into, or rather beneath,

the roof, and, next day, their track was visible as a brown

streak on the wall.

At 10 p.m., on entering my bedroom, I was met with the

XXXVI

same sight and smell as on the previous evening. 1 was just

about to get into bed when a few Siafu on the net caused me

to climb on a chair from whence I could inspect the top of

the net and the sight of a couple of hundred Drivers there

(which I then imagined had fallen from the ceiling, as the

bed-feet had been left standing in basins of water) caused me

to modify my arrangements. Accordingly I took up my

pillows and blankets and sought refuge in an unoccupied

building some three hundred yards away, where I fared little

better than at home, as I was awakened at 2 a.m. and pestered

by fleas till daybreak at 6 a.m.

July 5.—Returning home, the boys assisted us to carry on

similar operations of wholesale destruction as on the pre-

ceding day with the additional precaution of putting down

hot ashes at their holes. By 9 a.m. they had all retired.

The columns had commenced to move again just before dusk;

I think it was shortly after 5 p.m. when I first observed them.

At dusk therefore I laid down ten baits consisting of large

lumps of eagle flesh. At 10 p.m. I visited these, and five,

which were quite hidden beneath a host of Siafu, I picked up

hurriedly with a pair of entomological forceps and dropped

into a basin of water filmed as on the preceding day with oil.

We thus destroyed several thousand in a few minutes with

the greatest ease.

I then retired to bed, having had a new mosquito net put

up with a much finer mesh in case any of the ants should fall

from the ceiling. Despite the fact that the walls and floor

were a crawling mass of live ants, I slept in confident security

until 2.30 a.m., when I was awakened by the splashing of a

crocodile in its pan. Most of my creatures I had moved

outside the previous day, but thought that the young croco-

diles in their tank could defy Siafu; the tortoises had also

been left in their pen, as it was outside, though against, the

house. Heroically I decided to rise and go to the rescue

despite the ants on the floor. Untucking the net, therefore

I stretched forth a hand to turn up the lamp, and encountered

an ant on the handle; then I saw a few ants on my pillow and

beheld two single lines moving up the net, one inside and the

other outside the net. By turning up the mattress and

XXX1X

giving the net a more generous tuck-in I stopped the inside

stream; then jumping up I got out on to my slippers, around

which ants were swarming. First I examined the pans of

water in which the bed-legs were standing: across one of

these at the head of the bed a company of sappers had thrown

a bridge composed of living ants upon which their comrades

were crossing and so up the net. Unscrewing the cap of the

lamp container I hurriedly splashed out enough oil on the

bridge to cause its collapse, and also to form a film of oil on

the water beneath, in which many a gallant Horatius Siafu-

soldier lost his life.

The other pans being similarly treated to an accompani-

ment of rapidly moving feet, as if I were smitten with St.

Vitus’s Dance, I went out to the crocodiles’ cage. One poor

beast about 15 inches in length was revolving round and round

in the water, belly and back being alternately uppermost,

while all the time he threshed the water with his tail in an

effort to rid himself of his inexorable assailants. The edges of

the rectangular pan (2 ft. x 1 ft. 6 in.) were lined several

deep with a throng of onlookers, which hurled themselves

upon the croc. whenever his struggles brought him near

the side. Pulling up the glass door and getting a shower of

Siafu on my arm in so doing, I pulled the croc. out by his

tail and threw him ten feet away, where unfortunately there

was a very big swarm of ants. Running to the spot I tossed

him outside another ten feet or so; here we were free from

ants, and I leisurely picked him up with a pair of forceps and

dropped him into the drinking-pan in a case containing half-

a-dozen Puff Adders. In the morning he had freed himself of

all his foes save one Siafu on either eyelid; these I picked

off with a forceps and got bitten in thanks. He felt very

seedy for a day or two, but survived his ordeal.

Returning to the house I looked for the other crocodile,

but it had sought refuge beneath the hay, and as there was

no motion or struggle going on I| correctly concluded that it

was dead. I had had it for more than four months. The

tortoises were making such a commotion in their enclosure

that I started in that direction, giving the bushes a wide

berth as nearly every leaf was crawling with ants; the

ground was, of course, teeming with them. One heap of

ants being particularly dense, I turned it over and found they

had killed a chameleon (C. d. dilepis), which had doubtless

fallen from the bush, beneath which it now lay. Nothing

but bones were left in the morning; the ground that lay

between me and the tortoises was so alive with Siafu that I

very regretfully turned back. Many of the tortoises would

be under their rockeries, from which it would be impossible

to get so many of them in a hurry.

Once more, therefore, I sought the shelter of my mosquito

net, cast the blankets which might be harbouring foes into

one corner, killed a few ants on the pillows, and then sat

upon these in the centre of the bed and reviewed the situation.

The enemy column that had entered the net was wandering

to and fro on the ceiling of it, whilst a score or more of in-

dividuals were frantically rushing about on the sheet or sides

of the net. Armed with my entomological forceps I picked

these off one by one, killing them as I did so. The column

on the ceiling of the net was similarly disposed of—a hundred

or so. On the outside of the net there were still approxim-

ately two hundred which had been cut off from retreat by

the collapse of the bridge. These I dislodged by striking the

net sharply on the inside so that most of them fell to the floor :

some clung on, however, and to my disgust the workers made

their way through the mesh of the net—TI killed one in the

very act of struggling through, and half-a-dozen that had

already done so. The big-jawed soldiers stayed without. I

killed the others, one by one, as they got in till I was left in

comparative peace, speculating whether the Psalmist had a

visitation of Siafu in mind when he referred to “ the terror

by night.”

My own immediate troubles being ended I listened to the

sounds in the roof, which were easy of interpretation. A rat,

attacked, ran for its life, then paused to rid itself of its aggres-

sors, but the pause only gave opportunity for reinforcements

of the foe; with a frightened squeak it ran on, escaped to the

outer roof, where it lost its foothold on the galvanised iron,

and rolled down, landing with a thump on the ground outside ;

presumably it escaped, for morning revealed no heap of bones

xli

or mass of ants at the spot. Not so fortunate were the nestling

rats—at least, so I judged them to be by a series of small

squeaks which gradually grew fainter. It made one shudder

to think of the awful death scores of small creatures were

dying. The bats had left on the first day, though I found one

dead clinging to the mosquito gauze of the window. Perhaps

it died of fright, for, had the ants attacked it, they would not

have left one bone uncleaned. Several geckos (Hemidactylus

mabouia) gave the ants a good run; some were killed, some

escaped and were running about next day as if nothing had

happened.

July 6—From 2.30 a.m. to 5.30 a.m., therefore, I lay

awake, sleep being out of the question. At 5.30 I called the

boys that we might harass the ants before they gained cover

in their holes at daybreak. We first collected the ten meat-

baits—each a mass of ants. It is difficult for one who has

never seen Siafu to conceive of the way in which they pile

themselves, one upon another. When the baits had been

dropped into the basins we fired the hay in the crocodiles’

cage, which as already stated was a seething mass of moving

ants: the body of the crocodile was recovered, or rather the

skin and bones. With handfuls of blazing grass we swept up

the lines of ants proceeding to the tortoise enclosure, and then

went in to effect their release, continuously moving our feet

to frustrate attack.

To my relief all were alive. Bell’s Box Tortoises (Cinnixys

belliana) had practically defied attack, and only one or two

Siafu were hanging on to each individual. Their armour-

plated fore-legs, when drawn in, protect the head in a most

wonderful fashion; they had had such a fright that not one

of them extruded its head whilst I was there. The Soft-

shelled Land Tortoises (Testudo loveridgiz), on the other hand,

had fared badly. Many had a score of Siafu attached to them,

one had its eyelids badly eaten. I dropped all these into a

drum of water, and then set a native to work picking off the

remaining Siafu with a pair of forceps.

On entering a room where sundry specimens are kept I

found it still, at 7 a.m., swarming with Siafu, and from the

drying-safe came the rasping of their feet on the gauze mesh.

xlil

The previous evening I had taken the special precaution of

having raw cotton (kapok) stuffed all round the door to

prevent entry to the safe. In spite of this they had got in,

but did not seem able to get out. I expected the fifty odd

butterflies that were drying would all have perished, but was

agreeably surprised to find that only those caught within the

past two days had been touched.

These included Salamis anacardii nebulosa Trim., Neptis

saclava Bd., Huphaedra eleus orientis Rothsch., Cymothoe, and

two fine females of Huxanthe tiberius Gr.-Sm., and Papilio

dardanus Brown, ° f. lamborni Poult., respectively. The bodies

and antennae only were eaten.* The only others injured

were a mantis and the head of another mantis that had

been captured a week before but was not yet dry.

Some fifty bird-skins taken during the previous week were

untouched, but one, which the native skinner had insufficiently

poisoned on June 26, appeared to be attacked. This was a

Guinea Fowl (N. mitrata), but, after the swarming ants had

been shaken off it, I found that they had not touched the

skin but were removing some maggots from the wings. Some

500 skins were in boxes which were not ant-proof, and these

had not been molested at all.

Later in the day I saw a pleasing sequel to the affray

between the Lesser Stink-Ants and Siafu; beneath the door-

step at the opposite end of the house from that where the

affray had taken place, a little heap of dirt and Siafu heads

caught my eye. I therefore watched the entrance to the

hole outside which it had accumulated, and presently a Stink-

Ant came to the opening and dropped a Siafu head, presently

another came with a bit of grit, then one with another head

and soon. I took the liberty of removing this dump and found

that it was only the Siafu soldiers that had been beheaded; the

* The remains of the above butterflies, except the Cymothoe and

Euxanthe, were received—also the Hesperid Tagiades flesus F., referred

to as eaten by the Siafu in a letter of 11. vii. 21. All bore the date

4, vii. 21. Both antennae of the Salamis and Huphaedra were present

and one of the Neptis. The shrivelled eyes probably showed that the

heads had been eaten out. The thorax (the only part of the body) of

Tagiades, but not of the three with heads, appeared to be empty. The

Papilio dardanus (left wings only) extended the range of the female f.

lamborni over 100 miles southward (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1917,

p. 335).—E.B.P.

workers’ bodies were intact. I counted out a hundred corpses

and estimated the remainder at seven hundred, which repre-

sented one day-and-night’s work, as the Siafu had not reached

the western end of the house forty-eight hours ago. Bravo

the Stink-Ants! A society should be formed without delay

for the “ Preservation of the Stink-Ant in our East African

Protectorates.” At present their sole protection from evilly-

disposed persons is the bad odour emanating from a trodden-

on ant.

We were fully prepared for the 5 p.m. parade, and, as soon

as it was going sufficiently strong, annihilated the line all

along the wall with hot ashes, causing complete desertion of

that track. On their issuing from a hole on the verandah

floor, a charge of cyanide powder was put in and hot ashes

heaped over it. Ashes and meat-bait were used freely

between 8 and 11 p.m. whenever any ants appeared. Columns

were smothered in cold ashes, although this is somewhat of a

failure unless it is heaped too high for them to surmount; for

though they will generally desert an ash-strewn track, they

will nevertheless walk a clean path through the ashes if they

very much wish to proceed that way.

July 7.—During the night the meat-baits were untouched

in all rooms save one, where some three or four thousand

were destroyed on the single bait. Whether my efforts had

had anything to do with their desertion of the other rooms is

open to doubt, as they had consistently worked through the

house from east to west, taking the five rooms with their

respective ceilings in order, except the enclosed verandah

(on to which all rooms led) which they visited every night.

Whilst the interior of the house was refreshingly free from

the foe, the immediate surroundings were little short of

horrifying. On the north and west only a few thousand

ants, perhaps 20,000, were entering their holes in the base

of the house-wall. These belonged to the original force that

arrived four days before. Within five feet of the house on

the east (my attention being first attracted by the smell of

dying bugs), thousands were on a Sisal (Aloe) plant, which

harbours many creatures round its spear-protected base,

and these refugees were now being murdered wholesale. We

xliv

heaped grass around and fired it. The sound of sizzling

Siafu no longer moves me, and I can leok upon a dying soldier

ant with perfect equanimity.

Then came the shock. In every direction from east and

south ants were arriving in countless thousands; they travel

a great deal underground, passing from one hole over a couple

of yards of surface and then down another hole, each entrance

guarded by a massed ring of soldiers. Quite thirty of these

steady streams were moving in the direction of the house.

We fired the grass extensively wherever they happened

to be passing through it, heaped dried grass on all exposed

lines and set fire to it, so that they all hastened below ground.

At 10 p.m. I searched the house but could not find a single

Siafu, but whilst standing on the extreme east end of the

verandah I could hear thousands of them in some dry grass

thirty feet away. Taking an acetylene lamp I examined the

broad path, but there were no visible tracks across it such

as they usually leave, and I am convinced that they had

reached their present position entirely by underground runs.

As for the grass and bush, every blade and leaf was being

systematically searched for prey; presumably the united

forces of all the Siafu were in this tinder-dry vegetation.

My enemy now lay entirely at my mercy, but, as it is easier

to light a fire in Africa than to put it out, I had to let them

go; for the belt of dry bush extended right away to some

dry standing crops two miles off, and though there was no

wind one might spring up at any minute.

One of the most striking things was the entire absence of

Siafu from the house; not a single company had come for

the abundant meat-baits which had been left for them; the

discipline and organisation of the army were beyond reproach.

The effect of the search in the grass was to send a large

number of plant-bugs flying to the light, so I am inclined to

doubt whether the house was very much freer of them after

a couple of days than it was before their visit. Geckos

returned to their accustomed haunts, and their numbers do not

seem to have suffered appreciably. I heard one or two bats

in the roof reconnoitring, but do not know whether they have

yet returned to roost.

xlv

July 8—The Cocktail ants [Cremastogaster castanea, vr.

tricolor] have been unusually active the last three days and

their numbers seem to have received reinforcements. Instead

of solitary individuals going to the safe there is a regular

procession coming and going as if they had learnt something

from the Siafu.

Termites came up through the floor in an old place. I

was hoping that they would have been wiped out by the

Siafu, as the latter must have been in extensive occupation

of their passages. I think that the effect of the invasion has

been to keep them quiescent.

Summary.

Whilst Siafu undoubtedly do a lot of good in a house by

ridding one of unwelcome insects, at the same time they

drive off other insectivorous creatures—bats, geckos, jumping

spiders, etc. If they continue to operate in the neighbourhood

they may undo the good accomplished, by driving in fresh

hosts of insects. Apart from this they might aptly be com-

pared to a purging fire which without discrimination destroys

foe and friend, and is on the whole too dangerous a remedy

to call in.

The best method to combat them is to lay down hot ashes

around the building before they enter, provided that there

are no underground tunnels leading into the house, which,

however, is generally the case in the tropics. Meat-baits

undoubtedly destroy incredible numbers. The baits should

be taken up every few hours and dropped into a bucket or

basin containing water with a film of paraffin on the surface.

If water only is used many will crawl out, and apparently

drowned ants, left in for twelve hours, will come round in

another twenty-four.

- Paraffin poured on a cement floor kills all that happen to

be covered by it, but in an hour or two it will have sufficiently

evaporated for them to recommence their peregrinations over

the spot so treated.

A formalin solution (6 °% was used) poured on a column

passing along the base of a wall threw them into great confusion

xlvi

and killed a few, but had no lasting effect, for they returned

in a few hours.

I have been informed that sheep dip is most efficacious in

keeping the Siafu away from a house.

HARLY STAGES OF OsMyLUS cHRysops.—Mr. C. L. Wituy-

COMBE brought for exhibition a larva and adult of Osmylus

chrysops L., with some enlarged photographs illustrating

them, and made the following comments.

“ Several larvae of this Neuropteron were taken a few weeks

ago, at Sevenoaks, in moss on the margins of a small stream,

They are amphibious in habits, living in wet situations and

feeding mainly on Dipterous larvae. They are rather sluggish,

but can walk quite rapidly. The mouth-parts are remark-

able, being much elongated and almost straight. Hach

mandible is grooved internally, and against this the maxilla

is pressed to form a sucking tube. The main difference of

these mouth-parts from those of most other Neuroptera is

that these sucking spears are curved slightly outwards instead

of being caliper-shaped, and consequently cannot seize and

hold a struggling insect. A small Chironomid larva ({ inch

long) was offered to one specimen, which at once became very

active and stabbed viciously downwards with its spears

several times. After some misses it succeeded in piercing

the Chironomid, and within fifteen seconds the latter, which

had previously been very active, ceased to show any signs of

hfe, although no appreciable amount of its blood had been

extracted. It is therefore to be supposed that some very

poisonous salivary fluid had been secreted by the Osmylus.

“A closely woven pale yellow cocoon is spun for pupation,

of silk secreted from the anus.”

Larvae of Taeniorhynchus richiardit Ficalbi, taken in Epping

Forest on roots of Typha ensifolia in December 1921, were

also exhibited.

The larva of this Culicid has the siphon modified for piercing

the roots of aquatic plants from which it obtains its air supply.

A normal Culicine larva (Finlaya geniculata) was also shown

for comparison, with a series of photographs showing the larva

attached to aquatic roots and one illustrating the method of

penetrating a root.

xlvii

Papers.

The following papers were read :—

“The Mallophaga of the Oxford University Expedition to

Spitsbergen,” by Dr. J. Waterston, D.Sc., B.D.

“The Dasytinae of South Africa,” by Mr. G. C. Cuampion,

F.Z.8., A.LS.

“A Monograph of the genus Catochrysops,” by Mr. G. T.

BetTHUNE-Baker, F.L.S., F.Z.S.

“The Species of the Genus Larinopoda,” by Dr. H.

E.trincuaM, M.A., D.Sc., F.Z.S.

Wednesday, June 7th, 1922.

The Rt. Hon. Lord Roruscuitp, F.R.S., President, in the

Chair.

Obituary.

The PRESIDENT announced the death of Mr. H. Row.anp-

Brown, M.A., formerly Secretary of the Society, and a vote

of condolence with his relatives was passed.

New Member of Council.

The PRESIDENT announced that Mr. H. WitLtoucuHsBy ELLIs,

F.Z.8., had been co-opted on the Council in the place of the

late Mr. RowLanp-Brown.

Election of Fellows.

The following were elected Fellows of the Society :—

Messrs. B. A. R. GatTER, B.A., F.R.M.S., 13, Arundel Mansions,

Kelvedon Road, 8.W.6; LioneL Lacry, Churchfield, Rod-

borough, Stroud, Glos.; HERBrert Maceg, Faircotes, Harlow,

Essex; Wiiiiam H. Jackson, 14, Woodcote Valley Road,

Purley; and Miss A. B. Fiower, Eastbury, Surrey Road,

Bournemouth West.

Exhibitions.

TRANSFORMATIONAL DECEPTIVE RESEMBLANCE IN INSECTS.

—Prof. Pouuron, referrmg to Mr. Uvarov’s extremely

interesting paper on the transition from Mimetic to Protective

xlvili

Resemblance in certain Long-horned Grasshoppers (Trans.

Ent. Soc., 1922, p. 269), said that the word “ Transforma-

tional ”’ expressed the author’s meaning better than “ Trans-

formative ”’—the word actually used; inasmuch as the

latter implied something preparatory or leading up to trans-

formation rather than transformation itself. Such transitions

have been known for a long time in those Mantidae which

are at first ant-like and later on come to resemble leaves,

ete.; also in ant-like and Sawfly-larva-like caterpillars

becoming procryptic when older, such as Stauropus fagi and

Endromis versicolor, and in caterpillars bearing terrifying

eye-spots suggesting a Cobra-like snake, yet developing into

well-concealed moths. Such well-known examples lead to

the conclusion that the passage from Mimicry to Protective

Resemblance in a_ single life-history was by no means

uncommon.

H. W. Bates in his classical memoir on Mimicry did not

separate these two categories, but, although they had much

in common, it was inconvenient to treat them as one. By

Mimicry an animal resembled another with Warning Colours,

and in resembling it, became conspicuous (in Miillerian

Mimicry better known by adopting Warning Colours in common

with others in place of an independent advertisement);

appearing to be something well known and disliked by its

enemies: by Protective Resemblance an animal became

concealed, appearing to be something passed by as of no

interest to its enemies. The two categories had been grouped

together as “‘ Apatetic Resemblance ” (with the substantive

form ‘“‘ Apaté’’), from dmarytids deceitful, and defined as

follows :—‘‘ Colours [including shape and attitude] which

cause an animal to resemble some part of its usual environ-

ment, or which cause it to be mistaken for an animal of

another species.” *

Now that attention had been directed to these interesting

examples of passage by a single individual from one category

to the other, it was convenient to modify the terminology

in order to include them. With the kind help of Prof.

* <¢ Colours of Animals,’’ Poulton, Internat. Sci. Ser., London, 1890,

Table following p. 339.

xlix

eA. C. Clark the terms ‘“‘ Metamorph-apatetic Resemblance ”

and “Metamorphic Apate” were now suggested as the

technical equivalents of ‘‘ Transformational Deceptive Re-

semblance.” Just as ‘‘ Metamorphosis’ had been long

used to express a well-known transformation of form and

structure becoming visible at a change of skin, so here the

same word was adopted to express a transformation with a

special significance, also apparent at a change of skin.

COCCINELLA SEPTEMPUNCTATA L., AS THE PREY OF THE

ASILIp FLY Lapuria FriravA L.—Prof. Poutton exhibited a

female Laphria flava with its Coccinellid prey captured by

Dr. Karl Jordan in the Harz Mountains, between Goslar and

Hahnenklee (July, 1921),—one of many seen by him devouring

the same species, at the time particularly common and con-

spicuous. A male Laphria flava with Ichneumonid prey

—a male Meniscus impressor Gray (Lissonotus group of

Pimplinae)—captured by Dr. Jordan at the same time was

also exhibited.

These constant attacks on a conspicuous Coccinellid were

an interesting addition to the evidence that Asilidae aze

some of the principal enemies of specially protected insects.

Kind help in the determinations had been given by Mr.

G. J. Arrow, Major Austen, Mr. J. E. Collin and Mr. R. E.

Turner.

RECENT OBSERVATIONS ON THE “FALSE HEAD” OF

LYCAENIDAE IN RELATION TO THE ATTACKS OF ENEMIES.—

Prof. PoutTon called attention to Dr. V. G. L. Van Someren’s

interesting observations recorded in Journ. E. Afr. and

Uganda Nat. Hist. Soc., No. 17, Mar. 1922, p. 18. The

appearance of a “false head” at the anal angle of the

hind-wing of Lycaenidae had been recognised not by “one

authority,” as the author supposed, but by many, and

independently of each other. A list up to 1906 is recorded

in Proc. Ent. Soc. for that year (p. lii); and to this must be

added T. R. Bell in Ent. Mo. Mag., 1906, p. 128, and J. Sibree

in “ Naturalist in Madagascar”? (London, 1915, p. 254),

quoted in Proc. Ent. Soc., 1917, p. xv. And later still there

are the important observations of Dr. Th. Mortensen in

Taboga Island, Panama (abstract and reference in Proc.

PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., V, 1922. D

Ent. Soc., 1918, p. xliv; see also Proc., 1919, p. xi). It is®

improbable that all the naturalists mentioned in the pages

referred to were mistaken in the conclusion they arrived at

independently. Furthermore, a lizard has been seen to be

obviously attracted by the eye-spot near the apex of the

fore-wing under surface of Coenonympha pamphilus L.

(‘‘ Colours of Animals,’ London, 1890, pp. 206, 207; see also

Trans. Ent. Soc., 1902, pp. 440, 441.)

Dr. Van Someren was inclined to reject the theory of the

“false head’? in favour of one which assumes simple con-

spicuousness and attractiveness in the colours and structures

at the anal angle of the hind-wing under surface. This

latter explanation has already been suggested for numerous

Lycaenidae with tails ‘ too large and conspicuous to resemble

antennae ’’—species in which “the appearance of a ‘ false

head’ seems to have been to a large extent lost in the pro-

motion of excessive conspicuousness ” (Proc. 1918, p. xlviii).

In other Lycaenidae, however, the fine hair-like tails made

to pass and repass each other by the eccentric movements,

the associated eye-spots, and the outwardly bent lobe of

many species, giving, as Dr. Mortensen wrote, “the most

wonderful likeness to a real broad head,” have, without doubt,

been correctly interpreted as a head-like appearance, render-

ing a non-vital part especially attractive to vertebrate

enemies. The difference between this and Van Someren’s

view is not great, fox he also considers this part of the wing

to be an area “ ofs mhost attractability,” although not head-

hiker”. "Fhe divergence i is perhaps to be explained by the fact

that he observed in the field and figured, in the plate facing

p. 18 of his-paper, many species with the “ excessive con-

spicuousness ”’ referred to above.

The existence of two or more eye-spots and tails in so many

species, also well illustrated in Van Someren’s plate, has for

long been a puzzle, now for the first time explained by the

author’s observation that lizards, invariably approaching

from behind, attacked sometimes from above, seizing the

upper eye-spot and tail, sometimes from below, seizing the

lower, sometimes directly from behind, removing part of both

eye-spots. Attacks from all three directions were con-

vincingly illustrated on p. 20 of his paper. Another ad-

vantage appears to follow from the author’s observation of

repeated attacks on the same butterfly, viz. the existence of

a second eye-spot and tail to direct a later attack when the

first have been removed by an earlier one.

Lycaenidae that have been presumably seized by an enemy

are often found to be more extensively injured on one side

than the other, and this the author explains by an attack

from behind and one side upon a butterfly with partially

opened wings.

[Sinte the meeting on June 7, the specimens represented

on his plate have been kindly forwarded by Dr. Van

Someren. Prof. Poulton hoped to exhibit them to the Society

at an early meeting in the autumn session. July 5, 1922.]

SYMMETRICAL INJURIES TO THE WINGS OF A BUTTERFLY

BRED IN CONFINEMENT.—Prof. PouLTon exhibited a specimen

of Papilio machaon L., bred at the Zoological Museum, Tring,

May 22, 1922, from one of many pupae collected by Mr.

J. Foster at Ranworth near Norwich. A symmetrical notch,

like that produced by a bird’s beak, had removed half the

anal eye-spot of both hind-wings. The injury was probably

inflicted upon the closed wings, when soft, by one of the

other butterflies crowded in the breeding cage, perhaps by

the hard costal margin of the fore-wing, and it was unlikely

that such a cause would operate commonly in nature.

Prof. PouLton also exhibited an example of Heodes phlaeas

L., with an unusually severe injury to all four wings. The

butterfly had been taken, June 4, 1922, at Hogley Bog,

Oxford, by Mr. A. H. Hamm, who observed the injury before

effecting the capture. It was probable that the insect, at

rest with wings upright, had been attacked, from behind

and the left side, by a bird whose bill had cut a deep notch

passing upwards through the anterior: half of the hind-

wings and invading with its apex the inner margin of the fore-

wings.

THe ETHIOPIAN RACES OF HEODES PHLAEAS L.—Prof.

PouULTON said that, since his communication of October 15

last year (Proceedings, p. Ixxxi), he had been afforded the

opportunity of studying an Abyssinian series in the British

Museum collection, and three specimens forming the type

material of H. pseudophlaeas Lucas (1866) in the Paris

Museum, kindly sent by M. le Cerf; also the complete series

of H. phlaeas ethiopica Poult., kindly lent by Mr. J. J. Joicey.

H. phlaeas pseudophlaeas—The Paris material included

two males and one female. The only locality was “ Abys-

sinia”’ on one male. The specimens are in good condition,

but, compared with the more recent examples in the British

Museum, are distinctly paler, a result probably due at least

in part to fading.

The British Museum series, evidently of the same race as

the above, consists of 6 males and 8 females with the following

data :—

1902. Harrer (“‘ Degen” on one example, “ N. Deggen ”

on the other): January 3—2 9.

1904. Managasha (these and the remaining Abyssinian

specimens captured by Ph. C. Zaphiro): October 24—1 3;

October 26—2 3.

1905. Charada Forest, Kaffa (6000 ft.): May 21—1 3;

June 4—1 3; June 6—2 2; June 9—1 ¢.

1905. Codjeb River, Kaffa: May 26—2 9.

1905. Ella Couta (5000 ft.): June 14—1 9.

1905. Totcha Kullo (8000 ft.) : June 18—1 9.

H. phlaeas ethiopica.—The Hill Museum series includes a

specimen without locality labelled “* Ex. Coll. Suffert 1912:

¢?H. abbott: *new: O. H. Schwarz’’; also the following,

all collected by Mr. T. A. Barns in the country to the N. and

N.E. of Lake Tanganyika and around Lake Kivu :—

East of the north end of Lake Tanganyika, Urundi District,

Upper Ruvubu River: July and August, 1919—1 3 1 9.

The same district, Upper Akanjaru Valley (1400 m.):

August, 1919—2 3 2 9.

North of Lake Tanganyika, Ruanda District, Lake Tshohoa :

August, 1919—1 g.

North of Lake Tanganyika, Lake Kivu, Kissenji: Sep-

tember and October, 1919—2 g 1 9.

N.W. Kivu, Lake Mokoto District (5000-7500 ft.): Sep-

tember, 1921—2 ¢.

The data of the 11 specimens taken by Dr. G. D. H.

be)

hin

Carpenter to the north of the above-mentioned localities have

already been recorded (Proc., 1921, p. lxxxi).

H. phlaeas eihiopica is therefore, so far as its distribution

is known to us, an insect of high ground in and especially

along the E. border of the southern section of the Western

Rift Valley—the valley containing the Albert Nyanza,

Tanganyika, and the lakes that le between.

Comparison of pseudophlaeas and ethiopica with each other

and with H. phlaeas phlaeas L.—These two African geographical

races are very closely allied to each other and to H. phlaeas

phlaeas L. Before comparing them it will be convenient to

quote the brief description of pseudophlaeas by H. Lucas in

Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1865, pp. 499-500, and contained in the

following Note (2) :—

“ Cette variété, par la teinte pale constante de ses ailes,

par l’échancrure du bord terminal qui est & peine marquée et

par l’angle anal qui est terminé en une queue assez prolongé,

doit former une espéce nouvelle... .”

Furthermore it is stated on p. 499 that the Abyssinian

examples ‘‘ sont tres-remarquables par la teinte pale de leurs

ailes en dessus et en dessous.”’

As regards the under surface this statement is incorrect;

for the pale grey ground-colour in a large proportion of the

individuals of phlacas is much lighter than the reddish ground

of pseudophlaeas and further still from the deeper tint of

ethiopica. There are, of course, dark grey examples of

phlaeas for which Lucas’ comparison would hold.

On both upper and under surfaces efhiopica is a darker

insect than pseudophlaeas. This is true of the black as well

as the red. In addition to this general distinction there are

certain differences in details, some of which appear to be

constant while others only hold for the majority of the known

individuals of each race.

Fore-wing Upper Surface—The black spot near the anal

angle, and extending, when well developed, from vein 1 to 2,

is inwardly concave (viz. towards the base of the wing),

outwardly convex, in all known examples of ethiopica, the

character being generally strongly although sometimes very

slightly marked. In pseudophlaeas the outer margin of the

hiv

spot is concave or straight, the inner convex or straight.

Not one of the specimens resembled ethiopica in this respect.

The shape of this spot shows great variation in phlaeas

of the Northern Belt, but the concavity is more generally

outward than inward and therefore more often like pseudo-

phlaeas than ethiopica. The spot is often rectangular,

rhomboidal, or more or less deformed; frequently shows a

tendency, generally more strongly marked on the under

surface, to become double; sometimes completely splits

into two. The form of the spot could probably be shown to

vary geographically if sufficient material were available.

Thus an interesting form with radiately drawn out F.W.

spots, occurring year after year (Strecker) in a limited area

in Massachusetts, has the spot double in four out of five

examples in the British Museum. Indications of division

are also distinet in radiate forms from Maine, and in two out

of four of the form americanus D’ Urban, in the same collection.

Out of eighteen examples collected in the Chusan Islands,

E. China, by Commander Walker (11 in British Museum,

7 in Hope Dept.) the great majority have the spot curved

inwards as in ethiopica; in one it is very large and rhomboidal,

in four hourglass-shaped, a distinct indication of its double

nature still more clearly expressed on the under surface of

these and others of the series.

As regards this character H. abboti is nearer pseudophlaeas,

10 out of 48 in the Hope collection having an outwardly

curved spot, 6 an inwardly. Generally the spot is long and

narrow with straightish sides and often more or less con-

stricted, sometimes actually divided. It is also often

relatively small, thus approaching the S. African H. orus

Cram., in which it is often absent and always small as com-

pared with the rest of the series, although, in spite of this

reduction, it is divided in 5 out of the 34 specimens in the

Hope Department. The 19 examples of abboti in the British

Museum resemble the Oxford series in this character.

The Form of the Hind-wing—The almost complete dis-

appearance of the “ échancrure,” or bay between the anal

angle, often becoming an anal tail, and the small “ tail”

commonly present in phlaeas (the tail into which vein 2 is

prolonged), is caused by absence of this latter feature in

pseudophlaeas. The second tail is also generally wanting in

ethiopica, although a vestige exists in some few individuals,

as also in a few abbotv. In phlaeas this tail is an extremely

variable feature, which, strangely enough, is_ especially

strongly developed in many examples from localities near

Africa, viz. Asia Minor and Cyprus. The prolongation of

the anal angle of the hind-wing, described by Lucas, also

occurs, although to a less extent, in ethiopica and abboti.

The Hind-wing ,.Upper Surface-—The scalloping of the

inner border of the marginal band, due to the prolongation

of the red inwards along the veins, is more strongly marked

in ethiopica, although in a single example from Kigezi the

border is as plain as in any pseudophlaeas.

The coppery lustre of the black surface within the band is,

on the average, more strongly developed in pseudophlaeas

which to this extent approaches abboti more nearly than

ethiopica.

_ The relative degree of development of the well-known

inter-nervular blue spots, along the inner border of the

marginal band, is perhaps the most interesting difference

between ethiopica and pseudophlaeas. At first sight, this

feature seemed to be entirely wanting from the Abyssinian

series, but careful examination with a lens showed that the

largest spot was represented by 6 or 7 scales in one male, by

3 or 4 in a second, and the only spot by a single scale in a

third. No trace was found in the Paris specimens nor in

any Abyssinian female.

Ethiopica, on the contrary, always possessed the feature,

generally strongly developed. The single male, formerly

supposed to be without it (Proc., 1921, p. Ixxxii), was found

to possess 5 blue scales in one space on the right side. In

the southern examples from the Hill Museum this feature

was on the whole more strongly developed than in those

from 8.W. Uganda, although strongest of all in one of Dr.

Carpenter’s males from Kigezi.

A study of phlaeas would probably show that this character

also varies in development in different parts of the Northern

Belt.

lvi

The Hind-wing Under Surface-—Ethiopica is, on the

average, of a darker reddish colour than pseudophlaeas and

has darker and more pronounced dusky internervular mark-

ings just inside the marginal red band. The more basal dark

spots vary greatly in both races, being sometimes distinct,

sometimes evanescent in both. In the tint of the under surface

abbott appears to be somewhat nearer to pseudophlaeas.

The fine central line of a deeper red which traverses the

marginal band and is composed of a curved section, out-

wardly concave, in each space, is far more distinct in most

examples of ethiopica than in any of pseudophlaeas, in which

indeed it is generally very indistinct. The band itself is

also less strongly marked in pseudophlaeas—especially so in

the two Paris males—thus giving to the under surface a more

uniform appearance than that of ethiopica.

The Under Surface of the Abdomen.—This surface varies

greatly in tint, but it is, on the average, paler in pseudophlaeas,

and, in a larger proportion of individuals, white, than in

ethiopica.

Comparison between the Northern and Southern ethiopica.—

The differences were extremely slight and only recognisable

by the study and comparison of the whole series from each

area. On the average the red marginal band of the hind-

wing was slightly broader in the south, and, on the under

surface, the fine central deep red line traversing this band

was brighter and more sharply defined. The under surface

as a whole was very similar but slightly brighter in the south.

There was no perceptible difference in the shade of red in

the fore-wing or in the basal iridescence, sometimes spreading

over the whole of the black area, in the hind.

PSEUDOPONTIA PARADOXA FELD.; ITS BIONOMICS, GEO-

GRAPHICAL RACES, AND AFFINITY.—Prof. PouLTON ‘said that

he had recently received a collection of Lepidoptera made in

July 1921 in the Semliki Valley by his friends Mr. C. A.

Wiggins, P.M.O. Uganda Prot., and Dr. G. D. H. Carpenter,

D.M. The precise locality was the Buamba Forest in that

part of the Semliki Valley which lies west of the north end

of Ruwenzori and in British territory, viz. Toro, Uganda.

The elevation was about 3000 ft. and the position about

lvii

30° 5’ E. and 0° 45’ N. The forest was the extreme eastern

edge of the great Congo Forest which stretches westward to the

sea, and was of much interest in that it afforded the passage

between the typical conditions in that great Sub-region (the

2nd or West African of Wallace) and the open country and

scattered forests of Uganda.

A collection made by Dr. 8. A. Neave in this locality,

November 3-7 (Dry Season), 1911, showed that there was

a most interesting transition between some of the West

African butterflies and their Uganda races, and it was con-

fidently believed that the locality would well repay further

study, especially if undertaken in the Wet Season. The

weather on the selected dates—July 21 to 3l—was un-

fortunately too wet and collecting was much hindered by

rain and clouds. The expenses were defrayed from a fund

for the study of evolution presented to the University of

Oxford in Prof. Poulton’s name by his friend Prof. James

Mark Baldwin.

1. Pseudopontia and the Pierines associated with it in the

Semliki Valley—tThe collection contained 39 examples of

Pseudopontia, while Mr. Wiggins’s and Dr. Carpenter’s letters

told something of its habits and appearance in life.

Bearing in mind the wide differences of opinion concerning

this remarkable insect—formerly considered by British

entomologists to be a moth, by certain authorities to be

altogether outside the Lepidoptera, and by Aurivillius to

belong to “ the most peculiar of all known genera of butter-

flies’ (Seitz’s “‘ Macrolepidoptera,” xiii, p. 30)—it seemed

well to publish these recent observations as soon as possible,

together with any further results which might be yielded by

the study of the specimens.

Dr. 8. A. Neave, Dr. R. J. Tillyard (who, on his visit to

this country in 1920, had been persuaded to take material

for examination), Dr. F. A. Dixey, F.R.S., and Dr. H.

Eltringham have kindly contributed the sections which

follow their names, and the results entirely support the con-

clusions of those naturalists who have maintained that

Pseudopontia is an aberrant Pierine butterfly.

The following observations recorded in the letters referred

Iviii

to above, and the collection itself, strongly confirm Dr. Dixey’s

hypothesis (Proc. Ent. Soc., 1906, pp. Ixix, lxx), brought

forward many years ago, of mimetic association between

Pseudopontia and Nychitona medusa, as also Dr. Neave’s

previously published observations (Proc. Ent. Soc., 1908,

p- xii), amplified in his section of this communication.

From Mr. C. A. Wiggins, November 27, 1921.—‘‘ Pseudo-

pontia [described as common in a letter of July 31] certainly

occurred with other Pierines and especially N. medusa. The

flight is very slow and very like N. medusa. I don’t think

I saw it settled. It was a perfect nuisance in the net as it

bent its wings over so, bending them in the middle as I’ve

never seen any other butterfly do, thus “a

The accompanying sketch showed the wings bent over

ventrally so far as to be nearly parallel, the bend or false

hinge being near the base but separated by a considerable

interval from the true hinge.

From Dr. G. D. H. Carpenter, July 30, 1921.—‘ Pierines

also seem scarce. The commonest is Belenois solilucis Butl.,

next Leuceronia thalassina Boisd., of the large ones, but

Nychitona medusa Cr., and Pseudopontia are fairly abundant.

The latter I had not met before, and quite overlooked it

(probably not distinguishing it from medusa), until I found one

in one of the boy’s papers and was at once struck by the

transparent appearance and curious venation. I have soon

learnt to distinguish it from medusa, but its manner of flight

closely resembles that of the other. It iooks, however,

much more transparent and slightly green. Leuceronia pharis

Boisd., and a few Pinacopteryx and Phrissura also occur.”

November 6, 1921.—‘‘ Pseudopontia in every way was much

like Nychitona. It flies with it and settles with wings

apposed. I don’t think I have found it in position of per-

manent rest.”

[Received from Dr. Carpenter since the meeting. ]

June 10, 1922.—‘‘I do not think that anyone who had

often seen Pseudopontia alive could have much doubt as

to its butterfly nature.”

The table on p. Ix, recording all the examples of the three

species of this association, contained in the collection, proved

lix

their occurrence and flight together on several days. It is

probable, however, that Nychitona, with which both natur-

alists were very familiar, was proportionately commoner than

the captures indicate.

The 26 examples of Nychitona were somewhat sharply

separable into a larger form with an expanse of 14 to 1? in.,

and a smaller form of about 1} in. Both lacked the spot

in the fore-wing. The larger appeared to be a small variety

of N. medusa f. immaculata Auriv., and, from the form of

the apical black margin to the fore-wing, five males of the

smaller form (taken July 23, 27 and 28) also appeared to be

immaculata. Judging from the same feature, the two

remaining males resembled NV. alcesta Cr., f. nuptilla Auriv.,

but were smaller, while the two females, entirely without

the black apical margin, appeared to belong to them. These

females resembled nupia Butl., as figured by Aurivillius

(Seitz’s “‘ Macrolepidoptera,” xiii, pl. 106), but were smaller.

The two males, coming from the locality of nuptilla (Ruwen-

zori), are almost certainly this form, and the two females

may be the same, or the form described by Butler, although

here the locality was Angola. Aurivillius, on p. 31 of the

above-mentioned work, speaks of nwpta as entirely white,

but Butler (Cist. Ent., Vol. i, p. 175) describes the apical

edge of the fore-wing as “ slightly dusky,” and, this being so,

it does not seem to be distinguishable from a pale-edged

nuptilla. The distinction between medusa and alcesta, or

between any other different species that may be supposed

to exist in the varied African forms of Nychitona, requires

for its establishment a structural or genetic foundation, and,

until this is supplied, the extent of variation and transition

suggests that they should all be regarded as forms of Cramer’s

medusa.

As regards the mimetic association, the larger forms in

the following table would resemble in size the majority of

Pseudopontia, while the black apical margin, invisible in

flight and merely causing the insect to appear somewhat

smaller, would not become a distinguishing feature. The

smaller forms of Pseudopontia would similarly resemble the

smaller ones of Nychitona.

It should be mentioned that the collection also contained

an association of white, black-tipped, day-flying moths

grouped round an abundant Lymantrid model. This associa-

tion probably entered into mimetic relationship with that

centred by Nychitona.

Nychitona medusa.

Dates tlds ASR GG eae Eee

in Larger form. Smaller form.

192

Male. | Female.| Male. | Female.} Male. |Female.| Male. Female.

July 21 1 2 1

gs ead 2 eae Bee & 1

opie var} 1 1 ta We 5 ca

» 24 1 1 ery eae 1 peers

Pe eee ae value 1

oy HY 2 2 boa, 10 rs 1

yn 28 Rei ae 2 2 3 rere nies He

Hig FT ialine 1 5

sees Reina 1 3

POL Fee, 1 Bere ae Sp 1 6

Totals |) 7 10 sree] aaa 6 3 32 +17 /14+ 3F

2. The Distribution and Occurrence together of Pseudopontia

and its Pierine Associates, by Dr. 8S. A. Neave.

As regards my own personal experience of the three butter-

flies in question, perhaps the most interesting points con-

nected with them are their distribution and relative abundance.

Leptosia (Nychitona) medusa is, of course, very common and

widely distributed in Africa. It is by no means confined to

* The total captured was 39 of which one has been mislaid, one

taken July 25 is without abdomen, while of four dissected specimens

taken July 28 (1), July 29 (2), and July 31 (1), three are females and

one a male. These latter four are therefore added to the totals in the

table.

Tt See the above note.

lxi

forest, and may occur in comparatively thin bush. Pseudo-

pontia paradoxa seems to be limited to the Western Equatorial

faunistic region of Africa though it occurs nearly up to the

extreme edges of it. I have taken it in South-west Katanga

not very far from the Congo-Zambesi watershed, and in

Uganda it is not uncommon in forested country as far east

as the forests at the western and southern foot of Mt. Elgon.

Though a forest species, it is not rigidly restricted to dense

forest and deep shade. Leuceronia pharis is a typically

dense forest insect and never occurs outside such a habitat.

It has a relatively short season on the wing, and is usually

fairly abundant where it occurs. It is found in dense forest

areas across Uganda into Kenya Colony as far east as the

foot of the Nandi Escarpment. Both P. paradora and L.

pharis have the same sluggish, floating flight as L. medusa.

This is particularly striking in the case of LZ. pharis, in view

of the active and vigorous flight of its allies.

3. Pseudopontia paradoxa ; its Affinities, Mimetic Relations,

and Geographical Races —Dr. F. A. Dixty said that he had

been asked to supplement Prof. Poulton’s communication

with some remarks on the structure and probable affinities

of this curious and isolated form. It was first described by

Felder (Pet. Nouv. Ent., i, No. 8 (1869), p. 30) in the year

1869, from a specimen captured at Calabar. He considered

it to be a Pierine allied to Pontea (Nychitona Butl.). His

name for it was Globiceps paradoxa.

In 1870 Plotz (Stett. Ent. Zeit. (1870), pp. 348, 9, Taf. III

(sic), fig. 1 af. N.B. The plate itself is numbered Taf. II)

described and figured Pseudopontia calabarica, which Hewitson

(Pet. Nouv. Ent., No. 15 bis and No. 23, 1870) rightly poimted

out to be the same insect as Felder’s Globiceps paradoxa.

Hewitson went on to say that the insect was evidently a

moth, and to criticise Plétz’s figure on the ground that the

artist had represented the antennae as knobbed, thus giving

it the deceptive appearance of a butterfly. In his opinion

that it was a moth, he was followed by Butler (Cist. Entom.

i (1870), p. 57). R. Felder (Pet. Nouv. Ent., No. 24, 1870)

replied to Hewitson’s strictures by publishing an accurate

figure with the antennae knobless, as in nature. He gave

lxii

reasons for considering it to be a butterfly, and maintained

that all its characters approximated it to the group of Pieridae,

especially mentioning its bifid claws, a well-known Pierid

character.

The venation, palpi, claw and scales were figured by Schatz

(Exotische Schmetterlinge, 1 (1885-6), p. 65; Taf. 4, a-e),

who had no doubt that Pseudopontia is a true Pierine;

placing it between Pontia and Leucidea. Speaking of the

venation of the hind-wing he says that “the costal and

subcostal apparently cross one another.” This condition is

represented in his figure, as it was still more distinctly in

the original figure of Plétz. What the real condition is

will be shown later.

Aurivillius (Rhop. Aethiop. (1898), p. 386) considered it

to be unquestionably a butterfly, and in his book on African

Rhopalocera includes it among the Pierines, putting it just

before Leptosia (Nychitona Butl.).

Pseudopontia was submitted to a careful examination by

Enzio Reuter (Ueber d. Palpen d. Rhopal. (1896), p. 228).

He pointed out that the palpi are quite different from those

of all other Pierines, recalling those of Hepialus and in his

opinion probably representative of a very old type. On

the other hand, he says, the “ basalfleck ” corresponds

fairly well with that of some genuine Pierines, but it again

is of very primitive development. The isolation of Pseudo-

pontia is shown also by its neuration and its moniliform,

clubless antennae. He sees no intimate relation between

Pseudopontia and other Pierines; but, on the other hand, he

finds no specific Heterocerous character. The antennae are

Rhopalocerous. On the whole, especially as the venation

does not absolutely defy comparison with that of some genuine

Pierines, Reuter inclines to consider it as a subfamily of

equivalent rank to the “ Pieridinae,” believing it to be

probably a survival of an ancient, long-extinct stem.

Grote (Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., Vol. xxxvui (1898), pp. 40,

41; Entom. Rece., x (1898), pp. 213-215) began by acquiescing

in the view that it was a Pierine, but afterwards placed it

among the Hesperids, adding that it had “nothing to do

with Papiliones.”’

Ixiii

Dr. Jordan has shown that the antennae, in spite of their

clubless condition, are certainly Pierine (Nov. Zool., v, 1898,

pp. 376, 382, Pl. xiv, f. 28).

A curious point remains. Aurivillius, both in his own

book and in Seitz’s ‘‘ Macrolepidoptera,” has included in the

genus Pseudopontia a second supposed species, Pseudopontia -

cepheus Khrm., but in each case with a caution that it may

not belong to this genus. The original description by

Ehrmann leaves little doubt that his insect, which came

from Grand Sess in Liberia, is a Nychitona, and not a Pseudo-

pontia at all.* In our Proceedings for 1906, pp. lxix, Ixx,

speaking of Pseudopontia paradoxa and Nychitona medusa,

I said, “It may well be anticipated that future observation

will show their likeness in appearance to have a mimetic

significance.” From what has been said, it seems likely

that the deception has at any rate been successfully exercised

upon a human expert. Another confirmation came from

Dr. Neave’s observations in the field. In 1907 he wrote,

“the two forms inhabit exactly the same localities and are

barely distinguishable from each other on the wing” (Proc.

Ent. Soc. Lond., 1908, p. xiii). It may be worth mentioning

that Dr. G. D. H. Carpenter, writing in 1915, speaks as

follows concerning Leuceronia pharis, a butterfly which I con-

sidered (loc. cit.) to belong to the same mimetic combination :

“ L. thalassina (both 3 and Q) frequently assembles to drink

at moist spots, often almost entirely by itself, but sometimes

mingled with others, whereas pharis is purely a flower-

frequenter. In my own mind I had put it with Nychitona

medusa; its whole appearance and feeble build and manner

of flying suggested close relationship to medusa” (Proc.

Ent. Soc. Lond., 1915, p. xevi). Dr. Neave’s and Dr. Car-

penter’s conclusions are confirmed and Pseudopontia shown

* Ehrmann’s description is as follows: ‘* Male—Upperside of all the

wings pure white; apex of primaries has a sharp cut square black spot,

and in the sub-apical space there is a medium-size black triangulate

spot. Underside of primaries, the ground-colour is the same as above

with the markings on the apical and sub-apical space faintly repro-

duced; the basal space is slightly shaded with pale green, marbled with

faint black striae. LExpanse, i? inch. Types from Grand Sess, West

Africa.” Journal of New York Ent. Soc., vol. ii, No. 2, June, 1894,

195 WU

lxiv

to be a member of the same association by the table of captures

printed on p. lx.

For the reasons already stated, it seems improbable that

Ehrmann’s cepheus is a second species of Pseudopontia. It

is nevertheless the case that there are two geographical forms

of P. paradoxa, which may perhaps deserve to rank as sub-

species. These two forms, so far as I have observed, show a

constant though slight difference in venation. In all the

specimens that I have examined from Sierra Leone and

Nigeria, the costal and subcostal veins of the hind-wing are

united either by direct contact, or by a connecting bar

(Plate B, fig. 7). The same condition obtains in all Dr.

Carpenter’s specimens from Uganda. But in every example

from the Luebo district (Kassai river) in the southern Congo,

the two veins are separated by a distinct interval, running

parallel with each other for a short distance, but never joining

(Plate B, fig. 6). My friend Dr. Eltringham has kindly

mounted for me a hind-wing of each kind, with the veins

stained to show the difference; these will be thrown on the

screen.

On the whole, we seem to be justified in saying that Pseudo-

pontia, though clearly an isolated form, shows more corre-

spondence with the Pierinae than with any other subfamily.

The discovery of its immature stages, which are at present

unknown, would no doubt settle at once the question of

its affinities.

Pseudopontia paradoxa australis subsp. nov.—Diflers from

typical P. paradoza Feld., only in the fact that the costal

and subcostal veins in the hind-wing are separated by a

’ distinct interval, running parallel with each other for a short

distance, but never joining. The same two veins in typical

P. paradoxa are united, either by direct contact, or by a

connecting bar.

Southern Congo, Kassai River, Luebo district.* Types,

3 and 9, in Hope Collection, Oxford.

* A single specimen in the Hope Collection bears the label ‘‘ Cam-

aroons; Rutherford. Hewitson 1874.’ The data require confirmation

before they can be accepted as beyond doubt.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE B.

Pseudopontia paradoxa.

Fig. 1. Extremity of 3g abdomen (semidiagrammatic) showing

armature im siti.

. Armature dissected out, side view.

i Be » ventral view.

4, fs a ,, dorsal view, showing the lobe-like

: expansions above the claspers.

5. Egg, drawn from examples removed from bodies of dried

wo bo

specimens.

6. Neuration of hind-wing of Southern Congo examples.

Mie FA s es , examples from other localities.

8. ES », fore-wing (not differing in different localities).

(Note the swollen condition of the basal part of median nervure,

in both fore- and hind-wings.)

Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1922. Plate B.

H, ELTRINGHAM del

PSEUDOPONTIA PARADOXA

lxv

4. Is Pseudopontia a Pierid, or What? by Dr. R. J.

Tillyard. .

[I’rom the letter accompanying Dr. Tillyard’s note. ]

Cawthron Institute,

Nelson, N.Z.

March 6, 1922.

After recovering from my accident, I went for a trip to

Australia last October, and took two specimens of Pseudo-

pontia with me for my friend Mr. G. A. Waterhouse. He

examined them and declared at once that they were certainly

not Pieridae, but he would not give detailed reasons; only

said that they were extraordinary beasts, not belonging to

any known family. I concurred at the time, thinking he

must surely be right, but before writing to you, I set down

carefully the best definition of a Pierid I could find, and

tested Pseudopontia by that definition. I was surprised,

and rather pleased, to find that this careful test shows your

butterfly to be in every respect what it looks, viz. a true

Pierid. The argument is set forth fully in another sheet

enclosed herewith [printed below].

I would say that this butterfly is the most highly specialised

Pierid I have yet set eyes on, and I anticipate that its larva

and pupa will show true Pierid characters.

[In the account printed below Dr. Tillyard uses his new

notation developed from that of Comstock and Needham.

By means of the numbers in parentheses his terms can be

followed on figs. 7 and 8 of Plate B.]

To answer the question “Is Pseudopontia a Pierid?”’, we

have first of all to ask: What constitutes a Pierid? Leaving

out of account the early stages, which are unknown, but

which, if known, would certainly solve the problem, we may

define a Pierid by the following characters :—

Antennae close together at bases. Front pair of legs

perfect in both sexes. Hind tibiae with terminal pair of

spurs only. Fore-wing with one or more branches of Ks

(7-9) stalked beyond the cell. Hind-wing with precostal

spur present, but no closed precostal cell; also with vein

3A (1a) present.

Applying these tests, we find that Pseudopontia possesses

PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., V, 1922. E

lxvi

every single one of the above characters exactly. Therefore

ut is a true Pierid. Its peculiarities are all of less than family

value, and suggest at the most that it might form a separate

subfamily Pseudopontiinae [as adopted by Prof. Aurivillius

in Seitz]. It is remarkable for the following characters :—

(a) The strong curving of R, (9 in F.W., 7 in H.W.) in

both wings, and, in the hind-wing, the failure of R, (7) to

continue coalesced with Se (8) distally. A parallel to this

can be found in some male Psychidae. Normally, Se (8)

and R, (7) are fused distally in all Heteroneurous hind-wings.

Separation is not an ancestral character here, but is due to

enlargement of the area of the wing served by these two

veins.

(b) The smallness and narrowness of the cell in both

wings.

the wing-margin (most Pieridae have it stopping short of

the margin).

(d) The extraordinary manner of forking of the branches

of Rs (7-9) in fore-wing, together with loss of two branches.

(Delias and other genera have lost two branches, but the

manner of branching is altogether peculiar).

(ec) Most of the wing-scales are very highly specialised, of

a deeply bifid type, with normal scales interspersed.

I think the characters (a)-(d) indicate descent from a

smaller-winged form with normal-sized cell for such form,

with sudden evolution of a larger and more rounded wing

by expansion of the area beyond the cell. I anticipate that

ne larva and pupa will show normal Pierid characters.

. On the Male Armature and the Egq of Bg eee

ae by Dr. Harry Eltringham.

The armature of P. paradoxa is of a peculiar structure

unlike that of any other species known to me. Plate B, fig. 1,

shows the apparatus im situ, whilst figs. 2, 5, and 4 show

different aspects of the organs dissected out from another

specimen.

The uncus is short, broad and slightly bifid. The claspers

are of characteristic shape, and just below the point where

the oedeagus is extruded they are heavily chitinised and

xvii

slightly dentate, whilst anteriorly to this dentate portion 1s

a flat brush of modified scales.

Internally and on the dorsal side of each clasper is a delicate

membrane swollen out into a kind of lobe. The saccus or

vinculum is slender and unusually long, as is also the oedeagus

shown in all the figures. <

The whole structure of these organs gives no clue to the

systematic position of the species. In my opinion the structure

of the male armature is rarely to be relied on as an indication

of more than specific affinity. Reference to the figures of the

male armatures of the Genus Acraea (Trans. Ent. Soc., 1912,

Plates VII to XV) will show that so great is the variety of

structure, it would be impossible to describe a typically

Acraeine form of genitalia.

The Egg—By softening bodies of female examples in

caustic potash, it was found possible to dissect out a few eggs

in various stages. None of these seemed to be quite mature.

The shape of the most advanced could be more or less restored

by mounting in fluid, whilst the external structure could most

easily be seen in dried examples, though these were, of course,

much shrivelled.

Fig. 5 is a drawing made up from both moist and dried

examples and probably gives an approximate idea of the shape

and appearance of an almost mature egg. It has nine longi-

tudinal ribs ending in slight projections at the narrow or

upper end, whilst there are faint indications of horizontal

lines between the longitudinal elevations. Though not

typically Pierine in form it at least resembles the eggs of that

family more than those of others so far as they are known

to me, and to that extent supports the view that P. paradoxa

is an aberrant Pierine species.

New Anp Rare Lepipoprera.—Mr. G. Tarsor exhibited

the following Lepidoptera on behalf of Mr. J. J. Joicry.

Arrica.—A new species of Charaxes from W. Kivu, col-

lected by T. A. Barns at 8500 feet; allied to lasti Smith.

A new subspecies of Pieris brassicoides Lucas, collected by

T. A. Barns, in the highlands of the Great Craters, Tan-

ganyika Territory, between 7500 and 8800 feet. The species

was hitherto known only from Abyssinia.

Ixviil

New Guinka.—Collected by Messrs. Pratt, in the Weyland

Mountains.

Panacra eacellens Roths., a very distinct species, obtained

at 2000 feet.

Eucocytia meeki Roths. A 3 obtained at 6000 feet. Sir

G. Hampson created the family Eucocytiadae, for this and

Cocytia, but there is strong reason for thinking that these

insects are Noctuids or Agaristids. A detail not referred to

in the original description of Hucocytia is that of the posses-

sion of a thick tuft of androconia-like scales below the anus

on the ventral surface. Also the valves are furnished with

hair of a carmine colour on the outer side.

Lord Rothschild has suggested that this subfamily should

really come after the Mominae in the Noctuidae.

Among Zygaenids, three new species of seme haat and one

of Pidorus were obtained.

S.W. Sumatra.—Taken by Messrs. Pratt on Mount

Korintji.

Papilio payeni ciminius Fruhst., 3 at 5000 feet, 2 at 2000

feet. The female was previously unknown. This race is

nearest the Java form.

Pyrameis samani Hag. Obtained at 7300 feet. Until the

expedition of Robinson and Kloss this species was only known

by two specimens. That expedition obtained a series, as

also did Messrs. Pratt.

A species of Psaphis that may be a new form. These

Zygaenids strongly resemble Geometrids of the genus

Dysphania. Obtained at 7300 feet.

CeNnTRAL CERAM.—A new race of the Zygaenid, Aglaope

hemileuca Roths. This species was only known hitherto

from New Guinea. A specimen is shown illustrating a black

aberration. This race differs in the position of the black

discal band and in the position of vein 7 of the fore-wing.

Obtained at 3000-6000 feet.

Sumpawa. A new Charazes allied to C. nitebis from

Celebes, but very distinct. One 2 specimen which was taken

by W. Doherty and has remained many years in Mr. Elwes’

collection.

lxix

Papers.

The following papers were read :—

“ Elateridae of Seychelles Expedition,’ by M. FLruriavux,

communicated by Dr. H. Scort.

“Transformative Deceptive Resemblance in Long-horned

Grasshoppers,” by Mr. B. P. Uvarov.

Wednesday, October 4th, 1922.

Mr. Ropert ADKIN, Vice-President, in the Chair.

Obituary.

The deaths of the following Fellows were announced, and

a vote of condolence with their relatives was passed: Dr.

Davip SHarp, F.R.S., one of the Special Life Fellows of the

Society, Mr. Hamirron H. Druce, Mr. Arruur Horne,

Mr. Frank M. Lirtrier, and Mr. G. O. SLoPErR.

The Collection of Portraits.

The TREASURER made a statement as to four new portraits

that had recently been hung in the Meeting-room, and a por-

trait of the late Dr. Sharp presented by Mr. W. J. Lucas,

for addition to the collection, was gratefully accepted.

Election of Fellows.

The following were elected Fellows of the Society :—Messrs.

Guy Baxsautt, 10, Rue Camille-Perier, Chaton, Seine-et-Oise,

France; Apert E. Watcut, Brunleigh, Kent Bank Road,

Grange-over-Sands.

Exhibitions.

INSECTS FROM THE Farn CoLitEction.—Mr. W. G. SHELDON

exhibited an example, taken in the New Forest, of the very

rare type form of Sarrothripus revayana Scopoli, or very near

it, with an example of S. ab. ramosana Hb., for comparison;

also an example of the very rare (in Britain) ab. degenerana Hb.,

of the same species. Of this ferm he knew of three examples

lxx

purporting to be of British origin: the one exhibited, labelled

‘“ Chattenden,” one reported to have been taken in the New

Forest by the late E. Morris, which is presumably now in

the collection of Lord Rothschild, and one originally in the

Howard Vaughan Collection, later in that of 8. Webb, disposed

of at the sale of his collection, and the present location of which

is not known.

Mr. Sheldon also exhibited five examples of Acrobasis

tumidana Schiff., from Darenth Wood, 1873-5, with the nearest

related British species, A. zelleri Rag. = A. tumidella Zk., for

comparison.

THE PROCRYPTIC RESTING ATTITUDE OF POLYGONIA c-ALBUM

L. AND CERTAIN ALLIED SPECIES.—Prof. Poutton exhibited

a living specimen of P. c-album captured by Commander Walker

at Oxford a few weeks earlier. He called attention to the

out-turned edges of the wings in the resting position, as

described in Proc. Ent. Soc., 1922, p. xix. The exhibited

individual had been watched daily by Mr. A. H. Hamm, who

observed that in darkness the fore- and hind-wings were only

separated by a narrow chink passing inwards from the strongly

marked bay formed by the hollowing of both approximated

angles. When exposed to diffused daylight the fore-wings

were very slowly moved forward until the narrow chink became

a wide gap. In direct sunlight, or as the result of a shake or

jar, the change of attitude was made comparatively rapidly.

Dr. R. C. L. Perkins, F.R.S., wrote on September 29 that

he too had “ noticed that raising or separation of the front

from the hind-wing in c-album, and not only in this but in the

‘ Tortoiseshells ’ and I think in other Vanessas. They also

do this when disturbed during hibernation.”

In the latter Vanessids it was probable that the change of

attitude was a preparation for flight—impossible when the

costal margins of hind- and fore-wings lay one over the other,

as in the resting position for which the under surface pattern

was adapted. In such species the change of attitude necessary

for flight detracted from the procryptic significance by exposing

the part of the fore-wing covered by the hind when the resting

butterfly was undisturbed.

C-album offered an interesting contrast in this respect,

lxxi

for the changed attitude tended rather to enhance the effect

by increasing the resemblance to a tattered and weather-

beaten fragment of dead leaf. The exposed parts of the

advanced fore-wings harmonised with the rest of the pattern,

while the wider gap apparently added to the procryptic effect

of the jagged margin. It was likely that change of attitude

in c-album was originally a preparation for flight now utilised

in an exaggerated form as aid to concealment.

[Note. October 18 :—Since the last meeting the exhibited

butterfly had been placed in a dark cellar. When examined

on October 17 it was observed that the fore-wings were drawn

back so far as to close the narrow chink altogether. The

butterfly was undisturbed, but the light or perhaps heat of

the candle, held at six or eight inches distance, at once caused

a very gradual movement forward of the fore-wings and the

formation of a narrow cleft. The observation was only con-

tinued for a short time, but it was hoped that future investiga-

tions would determine whether there was normally a diurnal

change of attitude in these butterflies when exposed to normal

daylight and darkness during hibernation. ]

Concerning the interpretation of the movement in V. wurticae,

as a preparation for flight, Dr. Perkins wrote on October 2 :—-

“It may be, as you say, with regard to wrticae. I think

they often raise the front wings without actual flight taking

place in the circumstances I have mentioned, but it may be

done with a view to flight, as sometimes it is a preliminary to

the wings being spread open. These may then be closed

again without flight taking place.

“ Of course ‘ Meadow browns’ and such-like raise or depress

the fore-wings to hide or expose the ocellus.” *

During the- past season living Pyrameis atalanta and V.

urticae had been observed in the resting attitude, and it was

found that in these also the edges of the wings were slightly

out-turned, especially at the prominent angles, but to a far

less extent than in c-album. The observations were made

upon captured specimens at St. Helens, Isle of Wight, and bred

urticae at Oxford.

* For a discussion of these movements see Trans. Ent. Soc, Lond.,

1902, pp. 371-2, 440-1.

Ixxi

Mr. E. EK. Green said that during the past summer he had

bred Vanessa antiopa and had observed that the wing-edges

were out-turned, especially at the marginal prominences, in

the resting position.

Rare Ecuapor Burrerriies.—Mr. Artruur DICKSEE

exhibited Morpho fruhstorferi, drawing attention to the

wonderful opalescence of fresh specimens, in contradiction

of Fruhstorfer’s statement that they are chalk white.

Morpho sulkowskyi sirene, 2, with much stronger and blacker

markings than the type form and with the margin of the hind-

wings somewhat serrated.

A new race of Morpho didius, ¢ 3 and 9, more intense blue

than didius above and a black brown underneath instead of

red brown, with very much stronger markings.

Coenophlebia archidona, 2, of which, after inquiry, he could

only find one other specimen. With it was a normal male

from Colombia and a normal male’from Ecuador, and also a

very dark male. From its appearances it would seem as if

this female, which was lighter than any, had come from

Colombia. The great distinguishing point of the female

is the complete absence of the triangular silver mark on the

middle of the costa of the underside of the fore-wing.

Scents OF ButTrerRFLIES.—Dr. F. A. Drxery said that,

so far as he was aware, no record existed-of the scent of Synchloe

daplidice, 3. He had lately had an opportunity of testing

it for scent at Lisbon, where it was abundant in August of

this year. Of three males examined, one had no perceptible

odour, but each of the others had a distinct flowery scent,

suggesting that of the sweet-pea. It was noticeable that the

scentless male was in fresh condition, while one of the males

which gave a distinct scent was rather worn.

Another species not previously examined for scent was

Argynnis lathoma. A fresh male specimen captured in

Madeira emitted a distinct fragrance, like that of the garden

flower known as “ heliotrope.”

The scent of British specimens of Ganoris rapae had been

compared by Prof. Image to that of sweetbriar, in which

comparison both Dr. Longstaff and the present speaker

agreed. But according to the experience of the latter in

ixxil

this country, the scent in G. rapae, 3, was often faint, and not

seldom absent altogether. It was therefore worthy of remark

that of ten male specimens from Lisbon and Tenerife respec-

tively, not one gave a negative result when examined for scent.

All had a strong, distinct odour of sweetbriar, In one case

with an added pungency like peppermint. In another one

it was observed that the scent was still perceptible some hours

after death. Females from Lisbon, Madeira and Tenerife

were tested, but in no case was any odour detected in individuals

of that sex.

Two BrrrLes NEW TO Britrarn.—Mr. DONISTHORPE

exhibited specimens of Aulonium ruficorne Ol., and Hypophloeus

frazini Kug., two species of Coleoptera new to the British

list, together with their respective hosts Tomicus laricis F.,

and Tomicus sexdentatus Boern., taken by Prof. Beare and

himself in Scots pine in the Forest of Dean, August 3 and 4,

1922.

Wednesday, October 18th, 1922.

Prof. E. B. Poutton,. D.Sc., M.A., F.R.S., etc.,. Vice-

President, in the Chair.

Election of Fellows.

The following were elected Fellows of the Society :—Messrs.

S. Stuart Licur, Redcot, Linton Road, Hastings; G. H. E.

Horxins, Downing College, Cambridge; V. G. L. van

SomEREN, C.M.Z.8., M.B.O.V., Nairobi, Kenya Colony.

Exhibitions.

LEPTURA RUBRA FROM NorroLtk.—Mr. DONISTHORPE ex-

hibited a number of specimens (3g and 99) of Leptura rubra L.,

that he had taken at Horsford in Norfolk in August last. He

pointed out that this beetle was first taken in Britain by

Mr. Thouless, who captured a specimen on the wing at Horsford

on August 6, 1918, and each year since he had taken a small

number of specimens. This year the exhibitor had observed

lxxiv

it in considerable numbers over a wide area, and he expressed

his opinion that it had been present in this district for many

years past.

A PECULIAR ORGAN OF THE NoTopoNntTIpAE.—Dr. JoRDAN

showed some Notodontidae and said that in a large number

of exotic species of this family the males have on the sides of

the abdomen a peculiar organ not met with outside the

Notodontids. It is particularly frequent in American genera

(Heterocampa, Salluca, Hapigia, etc.). In the species in

question the upper margin of the sternite of the fourth segment

is widened into a lobe of varying size, the lobe bearing a spine

or a bunch of spines at the apex or a regular comb of many

spines at the posterior margin. The lobe partly covers a

deep cavity, in which evidently opens a gland. The organ is

present in all the species in which the scaling on the underside

of the hind-wing is modified in some way, but is also found in

a number of species with normal scaling. The function of the

organ seems to be that of a transmitter of scent from the

abdomen to the hairy hind-tibia and hind-wing. An illustrated

account of the organ will appear in another place.

SEASONAL CHANGES IN THE COLOURS OF THE FEMALE

BELLARGUS.—Prof. PouLTon said that he had received the

following interesting communication from Dr. R. C. L. Perkins,

F.R.S. :— :

“September 27, 1922.—I collected a fine series of @ A.

bellargus (adonis) in the exact spot where we obtained them

last year, i.e. from the same restricted colony (on the

Cotswolds) which extends over a few acres of hillside. It

was very interesting. Not a single blue Q in last year’s lot,

but many almost like astrarche (agestis) in colour: this year’s

females for the most part highly suffused with blue. Owing

to the season being later this year, I only had a few hours on

two of the last days of our stay, or perhaps I should have

taken some like the glorious blue specimens I sent to C. G.

Barrett in the excessively wet summer of 1888 or 1889, when

the species was only coming out fresh in late September or

October.”

Dr. E. A. Cockayne had kindly directed his attention to

two papers by Dr. G. G. C. Hodgson, who had also observed

lIxxv

the effect of cold wet summers in producing blue females of

Lycaenidae :—

“Notes on the effect of Climatic Conditions on Sexual

Dimorphism ” (Trans. City of London Ent. Soc., 1908, xvii,

pp. 23-32).

“Some notes on A. bellargus with references to allied

species” (Ibid., 1907, xvii, p. 43).

THE SUDDEN APPEARANCE OF THE WESTERN HIND-WING

PATTERN IN MALES OF PAPILIO DARDANUS Brown, AT KIBWEZI,

Kenya Cotony.—Prof. Poutton exhibited the male specimen

referred to by Mr. W. Feather in the following letter, dated

August 27, 1922. Males from the West Coast (Lagos), W.

and K. Uganda, Nairobi, and Mombasa were also shown,

together with one possessing the tibullus Kirb. pattern,

collected by Dr. 8. A. Neave at Kibwezi (about 3000 ft.),

April 2-4, 1911.

‘““T am sending you a specimen of Papilio dardanus tibullus

which has the black band on hind-wing broken through by

yellow. Previous to 1922 I have never seen a specimen here

with the band thus interrupted. This year during the dry

season (from early May to the last week in October—if the

season is a normal one) all the specimens I have examined up

to the present date have had a most unusual amount of

yellow on the outer margin of the hind-wing. Now, the

place where tzbullus occurs is ground that is covered by lava

rocks with underground water; consequently, the bush and

trees are in leaf all the year. So it is rather hard to see why

the dry season should affect this insect. I very seldom see a

specimen far from this lava-covered ground.”

Prof. Poulton said that it was difficult to believe that the

sudden appearance of these males at Kibwezi was due to the

dry season. East Africa with the most heavily marked males

(tibullus) was drier than West Africa with the less black

dardanus. The pattern of the latter form extended from the

West Coast to the high Kikuyu Escarpment in Kenya Colony,

where it appeared in the small mountain form polytrophus

Jord., possessing a male armature similar to that of the East

Coast tebullus. Transition between this and the dardanus

Ixxvi

armature was found in Uganda, especially towards its eastern

border, although the pattern was always that of the less

heavily marked western dardanus. At Nairobi, near the

Kikuyu Escarpment but at a lower level (about 5500 ft.), the

males were larger and their patterns transitional between

polytrophus and tibullus, comparatively few retaining the

reduced hind-wing band of the Western form.

Dr. Jorpawn considered that the structural differences in

the male armature were not such as to prevent interbreeding,

and it was probable that the whole community from the

West to the East Coast was syngamic. In these circumstances

a fluctuation in the lie of demarcation between adjacent

areas with different patterns was by no means improbable

and afforded the most likely interpretation of the appearance

of males, only differing from those of polytrophus by their

greater size, at Kibwezi, over a third of the distance between

Nairobi and the Kast Coast. It would be of the highest

interest to continue the observations in future seasons and

also to determine whether the same change has occurred in

localities between Kibwezi and Nairobi and also in those still

nearer to the East Coast.

DELAYED DEVELOPMENT A RESULT OF THE IN-BREEDING OF

ABRAXAS GROSSULARIATA.—Prof. PouLTon said that since

the summer of 1917 he had, with the kind help of Miss Balfour,

been breeding families which had all sprung from the eggs

laid by a female taken in the garden of St. Helens Cottage,

St. Helens, Isle of Wight. No fresh blood had been introduced

at any time, but apart from this no attempt was made to

keep the different strains separate. One of the earliest effects

observed was the delaying of development which had reached

its climax in a larva of the fifth generation exhibited to the

meeting. This caterpillar, the only survivor of its family

(although one other family produced several imagines during

the past summer), and now about half grown, had been

sleeved out upon Prunus pissardi on July 21, 1921! It was

apparently healthy, and had been observed freely feeding on

the morning of that day (October 18).

The results were so extraordinary that it might be

supposed that a larva hatched in 1922 had been accidentally

Ixxvii

included in a sleeve containing those of the previous year.

This interpretation was excluded by the fact that the larva

had reached by last July a much larger size than that

attained even so late as October, by any of those hatched in

1922.

Papers.

The following papers were read :—

“On Schmit-Goebel’s Types of Carabidae,” by Mr. H. E.

ANDREWES.

“On the Larva and Pupa of Sabatinca,” by Dr. R. J.

TILLYARD.

“On Endomychid Coleoptera,” by Mr. G. J. Arrow.

“ On the Biology of some British Neuroptera,” by Mr. C. L.

WITHYCOMBE.

“On the Rhopalocera of the 1921 Mt. Everest Expedition,”

by Mr. N. D. Ritey.

Wednesday, November 1st, 1922.

Prof. EK. B. Poutron, M.A., F.R.S., etc., Vice-President,

in the Chair.

Election of Fellows.

The following were elected Fellows of the Society :—

Messrs. A. N. Burns, Salisbury Road, Rose Bay, Sydney,

New South Wales; R. T. Dausenry, B.A., Herne Vicarage,

Herne, Kent; C. C. Guosu, B.A., Agricultural College, Man-

dalay, Burma; L. G. Hicerns, M.A., F.R.C.S., Heatherside,

Woking, Surrey; J. F. Marsuaut, M.A., Seacourt, Hayling

Island; A. E. Moorn, Brookside, Brent Mead Avenue, Golder’s

Green, N.W.; A. Muscrave, Australian Museum, Sydney,

New South Wales; Miss E. K. Pearce, Kempston, Bourne-

mouth West; Messrs. H. Piazza, 4734, 48th St., San Diego,

California, U.S.A.; J. Pricr, 165, Corporation Street, Stafford ;

the Rev. W. H. Ricuarpson, 2, Wanderers Avenue, Wolver-

hampton; Messrs. A. H. Rusron, Aylesbury House, Chatteris,

Ixxvili

Cambs.; F. E. Wruson, Jacana, Darling Road, East Malvern,

Melbourne; and H. EK. WInsErR, 2, Mead Road, Cranleigh,

Surrey.

Gift to the Society.

The TREASURER announced that he had received £500

towards the Housing Fund from the Misses Chapman on

behalf of their brother, the late Dr. T. A. Chapman, F.R.S.

Exhibitions.

A Nore on BELENois cipica Gopr.—Dr. F. A. Dixry

exhibited specimens and drawings of the genitalia and scent-

scales of Belenois gidica Godt., with those of some other species

of Belenois for comparison. He said :—

“The old-world Pierine group to which the well-known

forms B. calypso Drury, B. zochalia Boisd., and B. mesentina

Cram., belong, may be treated either as a section of Pieris

(Trimen, Aurivillius) or as a separate genus under the name

Belenois or Anaphaeis (Butler, Fruhstorfer). Though capable

of some subdivision, it constitutes in most respects a natural

assemblage; but the divergence in some structural points

shown by one group of subspecies seems sufficient to raise a

doubt whether it is properly included in the same genus

or section with the other species just referred to. The group

of subspecies in question is that included under the general

head of Belenovs gidica Godt.

“A structural feature common to all the ordinary forms

of Belenois is the prolongation of the clasper in the male into

a long posterior spine directed backwards. There is no

posterior spine on the clasper of gidica, but only a slight

convexity in the corresponding situation. Another point

is the structure of the scent-scale. In all the other species of

Belenois the sides of the lamina are nearly parallel or slightly

sinuous, the apex is comparatively sharp, the distal border is

furnished with an array of well-developed fimbriae, and the

accessory disc is large, rounded, oval or chestnut-shaped.

In gidica the lamina is slug-shaped, dilated towards the base;

there are no fimbriae, their place being taken by a few minute

tubercular processes of the blunt distal border. The accessory

lxxix

disc is almost non-existent, being reduced to a hardly per-

ceptible dilatation of the proximal end of the footstalk.

“ These points are all easily visible in the drawings exhibited,

which represent the clasper and scent-scale of the male B.

gidica, compared with the corresponding structures in other

species of Belenovs.

“So far, however, as neuration goes, gidica might well be a

Belenois. It is also worth noticing that its larva, like that

of at least one other species of Belenois, is stated to feed on

Capparis.”

In the course of the discussion that followed Dr. Dixey’s

remarks, Commander WALKER said that Belenois teutonia

feeds on Capparis, and Dr. MArsHAtt said that B. mesentina

has the same food-plant in South Africa.

THE TYMPANAL ORGAN OF SPEIREDONIA (NOCTUIDAE).—

After having described the special abdominal tympanal

organ which characterises the noctuiform families of moths,

and drawn attention to the great diversity obtaining in the

development of this organ within the families, Dr. JorpAN

said that in those Noctuid genera in which the first abdominal

pleurum forms a large lobe or dome over a deep tympanal

cavity the first stigma is found within the cavity, while in

the species of the allied families with a similarly large dome

(often resembling a bladder in dorsal aspect) the stigma is

placed on the outer surface of the pleurum, visible in a lateral

view of the abdomen. In Spevredonia and some allied Noctuids

a specialisation obtains that is worth recording. As a rule

the Noctuids have, in the cavity, a vertical ridge in front of

the stigma, the ridge being often a mere line, but sometimes

enlarged into a long lobe. In Speiredonia the ridge is moder-

ately raised, and its edge is drawn out into a row of hair-like,

branched processes which project forward over the inner

portion of the tympanal cavity and almost touch the thorax.

These false hairs are fairly stiff and end in very thin points.

The hedge thus formed may possibly serve as a guard against

the penetration of foreign bodies into the deep recesses of

the cavity where the delicate tympanal membranes are found ;

but it appears more likely that the filaments are a means of

increasing by their vibration the strength of the sound-waves.

lxxx

Dr. ELTRINGHAM gave some account of similar organs in

Geometrids. Mr. SwyNNERTON said that in the course of

some experiments on the food preferences of birds, he had

been unable to detect that Noctuid moths have the power of

appreciating sound at all in the ordinary sense of the word.

The vibrations caused by the fluttering of another individual

are, however, detected instantly.

Dr. ELTRINGHAM said that he thought that hearing in insects,

like scent, is probably selective.

Homogrosis IN COENONYMPHA PAMPHILUS.—Dr. E. A.

CockAYNE exhibited a @ of C. pamphilus L., in which a large

area on the underside of the right hind-wing has the colour,

pattern and scaling of the homologous area of the underside

of the right fore-wing. The wing is a little smaller than the

other, but the shape and neuration are normal. It is the

fifth example recorded in this species, and it was taken by

Mr. F. J. Coutson at Walton Heath on July 3, 1922.

AN INTERSEX OF Mypaga pupiicata.—Mr. J. E. Conti

exhibited an “intersex” of Mydaea duplicata Mg. (Diptera),

captured by Prof. J. W. Carr in Sherwood Forest on July

6, 1919, apparently exactly similar to the two specimens

described by Schnabl (W.E.Z. 1890, pp. 177-181). This

“intersex ’’ was described as a new species by Zetterstedt in

1860 under the name of Anthomyza flavogrisea. Prof. Carr’s

specimen makes the fourth known example. The exhibitor

called attention to the work that had been done recently in

America by Sturtevant and others in the production of inter-

sexes in breeding experiments with Drosophila melanogaster and

D. simulans.

LIVING LARVAE OF A NEMOPTERID FROM THE HGyYPTIAN

DESERT.—Prof. PouLTon exhibited, on behalf of Mr. E. N.

Wiilmer, three living Nemopterid larvae and an imago taken

in the Wadi Digla, near Cairo, in September, 1922. The latter,

which might not be the same species as the larvae, was identi-

fied by Mr. H. Campion as probably Klugina arisiata Klug.

The larvae, kept with some of the blown desert dust in a glass-

topped pill-box, and for exhibition in a glass tube, seemed to

be quite healthy after many weeks without food. Quite

recently insect food had been offered to them, but it was

lxxxi

uncertain whether they availed themselves of it. It was

certain that they are not cannibals, for all were kept in

the same small tube and one was much smaller than the

others.* The remarkable jerky movements of the long “ neck”

probably enabled the larva to pick up living food in a wide

circle round its body, which was itself invisible against the dust.

Mr. Willmer had written the following interesting account

of the habits of these insects and the conditions in which they

are found :—

“Three larvae found in caves in the steep banks of the

‘ wadis ’ or desert valleys. The larvae are to be found walking

over the surface of a fine dust which covers all the rock ledges

in the caves. They are rendered conspicuous by blowing on

the dust and causing them to move.

“The larvae can sometimes be found under shelves of rock

in the open, but they only appear to live where there is that

fine dust which is so characteristic of the caves. Their food

probably consists of other small insects and mites.

“The adult insect flies in the entrances to the caves just

before sunset, and with its long hind-wings much resembles

the spiders’ webs which drape the walls of all the caves.

They appear to be most common during August, but a few

may be obtained in September. The larvae appeared to be

in all stages of growth, but probably all were young.

“Tt is interesting to note that they appear to be far more

common in the desert caves than in the Pyramids, where they

were apparently first discovered; in fact, a search in the

Pyramids proved entirely unproductive.”

Mr. K. E. Green and Dr. [ums gave some account of the

habits of a somewhat similar species found in India and Ceylon,

and Mr. Barr said that he had received the same or an allied

species from Palestine.

* The above sentence was premature. About the middle of

November the small larva was sucked dry by one of the others. The

empty skin remained in a perfect condition.—E. B. P., November 28th,

1922.

PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., v, 1922. F

lxxxil

Wednesday, November 15th, 1922.

The Rt. Hon. Lord Roruscuizp, M.A., F.R.S., etc., Presi-

dent, in the Chair.

The SECRETARY announced that the Council had nominated

the following Officers and Council for 1923 :—

Officers.

President. HK. KE. Green, F.Z.S.

Treasurer. W.G. SHeLpon, F.Z.S.

fS. A. Neave, M.A., D.Sc., F.Z8.

\H. Evrrincuam, M.A., D.Sc., F.Z.S.

Tabrarian. H. J. Turner.

Secretaries.

Council.

Rospert ADKIN, E. C. BEDWELL, J. E. Couuin, F.ZS.,

J. Davipson, D.Sc., F.L.S., J. J. Jowcey, F.L.S., F.Z.S., ete:,

F. Laine, R. W. Lioyp, W. G. F. Neutson, N. D. Rinzy,

Prof. EK. B. Poutton, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S., etc., Lord Rotus-

cHILD, M.A., F.R.S., etc., and H. WitLoucHByY-E1is, F.Z.8.

Election of Fellows.

The following were elected Fellows of the Society :—

Messrs. A. HK. Butter, The Nook, Cleveden, Somerset;

G. W. Hottoway, The Hill, Amberley, Glos.; the Rev. J. F.

Perry, St. Anne’s Priory, Edgehill, Liverpool; G. B. Ryze,

Pangbourne, Berks; B. Srewart, Lovell House, Leeds,

Yorkshire. *

Gifts to the Society.

The TREASURER announced the bequest of £1,000 by the

late Mr. Hamilton Druce, the income from which is to be

devoted to the Library. He also stated that Mrs. Newman

had presented to the Society a portrait of the late Edward

Newman, who was President of the Society in 1853-4.

Exhibitions.

A CECIDOMYIID NEW TO Briratn.—Mr. C. L. WrraycomMBeE

gpl =

“In May of this year I found under the bark of a felled

birch tree in Epping Forest large numbers of larvae of a

lxxxill

Cecidomyid. The main interest at the time was in the fact

that the larvae grouped themselves in star-shaped clusters of

from six to forty individuals (photograph exhibited) with

their anterior extremities directed inwards to a point. In

this way they were evidently feeding. About one hundred

clusters were seen along two feet of the birch trunk, after

stripping. A few clusters were secured, and these emerged

as flies late in June.

“Mr. F. W. Edwards of the British Museum (Natural

Histery). has very kindly identified the insect for me and

reports as follows :—‘ The Cecidomyid is apparently Miastor

hastatus Kieffer, which was reared from larvae found under

hornbeam bark in Lorraine. This species differs from M.

metroloas Meinert, as figured by Kahle (Zoologica, Heft 55,

1908), in having larger eyes and a much more curved radial

sector. M. hastatus is quite possibly identical with the

earlier but insufficiently described M. hospes Winn.’

‘Mr. Edwards informs me that adults of the genus Miastor

have not previously been recorded as British, although larvae,

possibly of this genus, are recorded by Bagnall (Lancs. &

Ches. Nat., 1918).

‘“ Miastor is, of course, the classical example of paedo-

genesis in insects, several larvae being produced in the interior

of a single parent larva by internal budding. These then

escape by rupture of the parent body wall and commence

independent existence. It would be interesting to know

whether each star-shaped colony is the produce of a single

paedogenetic larva.”

This exhibit gave rise to a discussion on the phenomenon

of paedogenesis in which Messrs. Cottin and Brair and

Dr. Imms took part.

THE SHREW-LIKE APPEARANCE OF A LASIOCAMPID MOTH

FROM JAVA.—Prof. Poutron exhibited a photograph just

received from Dr. Th. Mortensen, of the moth Swana concolor

WIk., in the attitude of rest. In this position the resemblance,

both in size and shape, to a shrew was very striking, but

inasmuch as Dr. Mortensen proposed to figure and describe

this example himself the discussion of detail was postponed

until after the appearance of his paper.

Ixxxlv

Mimicry 1n N. RuopEstan LEPIDOPTERA: OBSERVATIONS

NOTED ON THE spoT.—Prof. PouLton said that he had recently

come across the following passage in a letter written to him

on January 28, 1907, by Dr. 8. A. Neave from Kansanshi,

N.W. Rhodesia :— .

‘“‘T have taken one specimen of a most remarkable diurnal

moth which, especially on the wing, is a very perfect mimic

of a large Teracolus or Belenois. In fact I took it at first

for a2 T. regina. I have also seen two specimens (which I

did not have a chance of taking), of an astonishingly good

chrysippus mimic, which would appear to be some species

of Euryphene or some allied genus. The resemblance both

in coloration and flight is wonderful. It occurs in the thickly

wooded type of country which we get here.”’

Dr. Neave had informed him that the moth was the

Saturnid, Pseudaphelia apollinaris Boisd., and that its

Pierine-like flight differed widely from that of its allies. He

also said that the butterfly was the female of Diestogyna wis

Auriv. This species is referred to in the following passage

from Dr. Neave’s paper in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1910,

p. 30 :—

‘* Very common throughout Katanga and the northern portion

of N.E. Rhodesia, west of the Mchinga escarpment. .. . It

would seem to be a true Batesian mimic of Limnas chrysippus.

It usually settles on the ground, and when doing so, tem-

porarily sits with expanded wings showing its chrysippus-like

coloration. When going to rest, however, it settles with

closed wings among dry leaves, and then, owing to its cryptic

underside, is extremely inconspicuous.”

In view of the natural and proper desire for complete

evidence that model and mimic fly together and resemble

each other in life, it was right that these observations, noted

on the spot when the insects were seen for the first time

and would attract the keenest attention, should be recorded

in a permanent form.

NOTES ON INSECTS VISITING THE COMMON PRIMROSE.—Prof.

Povuton said that Mr. W. H. T. Tams’ interesting paper in

“The Journal of Botany” (Vol. 60, July 1922, p. 203) had

reminded him of some observations made in the spring of

Ixxxv

1893 by his dear friend Prof. Raphael Meldola and himself,

in the neighbourhood of Peasenhall, Suffolk. The insects

observed are well known to visit the primrose: a list of

records with full references will be found in Mr. Miller Christy’s

paper in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot., xlvi (1922), pp. 105-39.

There is, however, so much doubt about the adequacy of

these visits to effect sufficient cross-fertilisation that it seems

worth while to add a few further observations which were

noted down at the time.

“ April 8, 1893—Meldola and I saw a Humble-bee-fly

(Bombylius) * visiting the primrose on the edge of Coo Wood,

near Peasenhall. It visited the flowers one after the other

most systematically, plunging its tongue in up to the very

base. We watched it closely and carefully. It went from

one flower to the other on each plant it visited, and then

on to the next plant, etc. We saw it suck quite a dozen

‘flowers, and it only sought the primrose.

“ April 15, 1893—With Meldola saw another Bombyiius

visiting the blue flowers of * ground-ivy, Nepeta glechoma

Benth. (Glechoma hederacea L.). It went to two or three

successively and then disappeared. Near Heaveningham :

roadside bank.

‘“ Saw also on the same day on a roadside bank, near Lodge

Wood entrance, a female G. rhamni L., visiting once or twice

the flowers of primrose, and the male of P. napz L., also visiting

them once or twice. |

“The rhamni was persistently chased by a Pierid (almost

certainly a male P. napz) for a long time (probably a minute).

Then they separated, but twice or three times afterwards

when the same two butterflies happened to meet they flew

round each other for a second or two only and then separated.

It seemed in fact that they recognised each other.”

Prof. Poulton said that he had also often seen Bombylius

visiting the primroses in his garden at St. Helens, Isle of

Wight.

Mr. A. H. Hamm had written the following account of his

experiences.

* Almost certainly B. discolor Mik., possibly B, major L.

Ixxxvi

“For many years past I have frequently observed Bom-

bylius discolor and major hovering over the flowers of the

primrose in the woods near Oxford. Though the latter

species is the commoner of the two, the former is more

frequently seen visiting this plant. In the University Parks

in the spring, B. major is often seen, with an occasional

B. discolor, hovering over the polyanthus blooms. The only

definite date I have for B. discolor at primrose is April 14,

1906, when I took about a dozen nearly all at the flowers

of the primrose in Tubney Wood, near Oxford. I have

often seen other small Diptera in the corolla, but have kept

no record of the species or group.

‘ Other insects often seen when the flowers are picked or

shaken are Meligethes and another small beetle, and sometimes

a species of thrips.”

Mr. Collins’ experience is as follows :—

“T have often seen Bombylius discolor Mik., visiting prim-

roses in spring and have noticed that they are fond of resting

on dry oak-leaves on the ground when not at the flowers.

I have often seen it on Boar’s Hill, Tubney, Cothill and other

places near Oxford, but always in woods where primroses

were plentiful and in flower.

“T have also found the Staphylinid beetle Husphalerum

primulae Steph., abundant in primrose flowers, near Oxford.

They occur as late as June at Tubney, Wytham and Stowe

Wood. The Nitidulid beetle Meligethes picipes Sturm., is

also plentiful in primrose flowers in spring. I have seen

them covered with yellow pollen coming out of the corolla

of the flower when it was picked.”

Mr. Hamm and Mr. Collins agreed with him in the belief

that Bombylius, although a visitor to other flowers, sought

the primrose far more commonly than any other.

Mr. Miller Christy, in the paper quoted on p. Ixxxv,

considers the visits of these insects and certain others are

insufficient to account for cross-fertilisation, and _ believes

that moths are the probable main agents. It is, however,

of importance to inquire how far the primrose is crossed

legitimately. The late Prof. Weldon, F.R.S., had told him

that when he was teaching at Cooper’s Hill and wanted to

Ixxxvil

show the different forms of flowers to his class he began to

collect m the neighbourhood, but could only find primroses

of one form.

Is it not probable that fertilisation was often effected

locally and illegitimately by means of small beetles, thrips,

etc., with limited powers of ranging, and that sufficient legiti-

mate crossing to maintain the strength of the stock is carried

on by Bombylius and the Lepidoptera with tongues of

sufficient length which have been observed to visit the flowers ?

In the discussion Mr. A. E. Tones recorded the fact that

he had netted Cucullia verbasci L., at primrose bloom when

collecting at dusk in April near Chichester.

ABERRATIONS IN PAPILIOS FROM FormMosa.—Mr. ARTHUR

DicKsEE exhibited :—

(1) An example of homoeosis in Papilio horishanus, male,

from Central Formosa. On the underside of the left fore-wing is

an oblong patch, 5 mm. x 2:5 mm., of the colour and with

the rough scales of the underside of the hind-wing. It les

along the middle of nervure 4, and projects forwards half-way

across cell 4. It is bright red with a semicircle of black,

which is broad internally and anteriorly and becomes very

narrow where it touches the nervure on either side. The

black part represents the posterior part of the black spot in

the middle of cell 4 of the hind-wing, but is not identical in

shape with it: in the hind-wing the black does not touch the

nervure and is slightly convex posteriorly. The abnormal

wing is fully developed, shows no reduction in size, and has

a normal upper side and neuration. Similar examples have

been described in Papilio bianor (Proc. South Lond. Ent.

and N.H. Soc., 1888, pp. 39-40), and P. glaucolaus (Berl.

Ent. Zeitschr., 1908, liii, pp. 199-201).

(2) An aberration of the male of P. thaiwanus from Formosa,

together with a normal male and female. Instead of the

hind-wing being rounded it is of the somewhat square shape

of the female, but even more pronounced, and it shows a

greater development of a tail.

(3) Twelve specimens of the females of Agrias amydon and

A. muzoensis from Colombia, correcting the statement of

Fruhstorfer in Seitz that the female never has any blue mark

Ixxxvill

on the hind-wing. In the three examples the blue mark is

very pronounced; in one it is distinct; in five others it can

be seen with the naked eye; in two a magnifying glass is

required to detect the blue scales; and only one specimen

is without them. Fruhstorfer is also incorrect in stating that

the female from Brazil is the only one that has red marks

on the hind-wing. In one example there is a very pronounced

red mark in the cell, and it can be distinguished in five others.

Papers.

The following papers were read :—

“* A revision of the Australian species of the Genus Melobasis,

Fam. Buprestidae, Order Coleoptera, with notes on allied

genera,” by Mr. H. J. Carter, B.A.

* Description of the pupal shell of Lachnoenema bibulus,”

by Mr. G. T. BeTHune-BakeEr.

Wednesday, December 6th, 1922.

The Rt. Hon. Lord Roruscuttp, F.R.S., etc., President,

in the Chair. ;

Obituary.

The PRESIDENT announced the death of Mr. H. J. ELwes,

F.R.S., a former President, and a vote of condolence with his

relatives was passed.

Nominations for 1923.

The Secretary again read the list of nominations of Officers

and Council for the ensuing year, and said that he had not

received any alternative names.

Election of Fellows.

The following were elected Fellows of the Society :—Mr.

Donatp ALLEN, 21, All Saints Road, King’s Heath, Birming-

ham; Mr. H. L. ANpREWwEs, c/o John Heelas, Esq., Queen

Anne’s Mansions, London, 8.W.

Ixxxix

Gifts to the Society.

The TREASURER called attention to two new portraits in

the Meeting Room, and also exhibited the plans for the new

Meeting Room which it was proposed to erect at the back

of the present building at some future date. These had been

drawn up by Mr. W. Rait-Smira and presented to the Society.

A vote of thanks to him for his generosity in the matter was

passed unanimously.

Exhibitions.

A DIpTERON ASSOCIATED witH ANTS.—Mr. DOoNISTHORPE

exhibited a larva and pupa cases of a species of Microdon

(either WM. latifrons Lw., or near to it) which he had found in

the galleries of Acanthomyops (Donisthorpea) niger L., in

stumps of Scots pine in the New Forest on May 6 and 11,

1922; also a pupa case of true Microdon latifrons from Woking,

larvae and pupa case of M. mutabilis from Porlock, and an

imago of M. devius from near Oxford. He mentioned the

_ British distribution of M. latifrons, and also said that Father

Wasmann had told him that the pupa cases he had sent to

the latter from the New Forest were M. rhenanus Andries, a

species new to Britain.

A RARE British Tortrix.—Mr. W. G. SuHeipon exhibited

three specimens of a rare British Tortrix, Hedya simplana

F. von R., from Kent. These were the only examples taken

or seen by him in a fortnight spent in the locality.

Homoeosis 1N Butrerruies.—Dr. E. A. CocKAYNE ex-

hibited :—

(1) Two examples of homoeosis in Coenonympha pamphilus

L., taken by Mr. H. A. Leeds in 1922. The first, a male from

Kent, has a number of patches of the tawny colour of the

underside of the fore-wing on the underside of the right hind-

wing. ‘These patches have scales like those of the fore-wing,

and are devoid of hairs. The second, a male from Monk’s

Wood, Hunts, has areas with the colour, and with the scales

and hairs of the underside of the hind-wing on the underside

of the right fore-wing. Both have the upperside and neuration

normal, and show no sign of injury.

(2) Homoeosis in Lygris (Cidaria) prunata L. This is a

male taken at Malvern in 1904 by the Rev. A. Day. On the

upperside of the right fore-wing there is a narrow whitish

stripe with scales of the same structure and colour of those

of the anterior part of the upperside of the hind-wing. It

runs through the outer part of the dark basal area, and right

across the dark central area of the wing lying in the anterior

part of the discoidal cell and along both sides of nervure 6.

The underside and neuration are normal, and there is no sign

of injury.

(3) Zygaena trifolii, male, with symmetrical absence of

scales in the interneural spaces of both fore-wings, which

gives it a radiated appearance. The red scales of the outer

two spots on the fore-wings are deficient in pigment and

curled up.

LIMENITIS SIBILLA L., FROM THE NEw Forest.—Capt.

K. J. Haywarp exhibited an example of Limenitis sibilla L.,

taken by himself in the New Forest, July 11, 1922, having

four symmetrical scaleless patches—one on each wing above,

at the interior and anal angles respectively.

STRUCTURE OF THE TYMPANIC ORGAN IN Noctuip Motus.—

Dr. H. Evrrinenam recalled the exhibit by Dr. K. Jordan

at a previous meeting of some preparations showing part

of the structure of the tympanic organ in Noctuid moths.

In these moths the organ was situated in the thorax, but in

the Geometers and some other families it was in the abdomen.

As the structure was of considerable complication, and difficult

to describe at all briefly, he had made a wax model of it,

which, though rather roughly constructed, would probably

serve to illustrate the structure fairly distinctly to those

who cared to examine it. He had not written anything about

it at present, as he was hoping to receive from Madagascar

some large Uranid moths from which he expected to obtain

fuller information in regard to the nerve structure and dis-

tribution. Meanwhile he would urge Fellows, when the

opportunity occurred, to make a note of any observations

that might indicate a sense of hearing in moths.

Dr. JoRDAN called attention to the great importance from

a systematic point of view of Dr Eltringham’s investigation.

XCl

THE SCENT-ORGAN OF CERTAIN MIMETIC CASTNITDAE.—

Dr. K. Jorpan exhibited some species of Castniidae which

resemble butterflies, and said that these mimetic Castniids

fall into two groups, each characterised by certain details

in the neuration and the colouring of both sexes, and by very

conspicuous differences in the development of secondary

sexual organsinthe gg. Inthe one group (C. linus, C. zagraea,

C. carilla, ete.) the paronychium of the midtarsus of the 3

is enormously enlarged, and there is no abdominal scent-

organ. In the other group (C. melessus, C. amazonca, C.

cycna, etc.) the first two abdominal sterna of the $ have a

large scent-organ on each side, which he described in detail.

The organ produces a substance which (in the dry specimens)

looks like grey or blackish mud and forms a thick coating

nearly over the whole ventral and ventrolateral surfaces of

the abdomen. The scaling on the innerside of the hindtibia

and hindtarsus of these 33 has developed into a pale brush,

The paronychium of the midtarsus is not enlarged.

SExuAL DimorPHISM AND MIMICRY IN GEOMETRIDS OF THE

GeNus Borpeta WaLtx.—Mr. Louis B. Prout, on behalf

of Mr. J. J. Jorcny, exhibited species of the Bordeta lemnia

group, together with their supposed 99, and specimens of

Eucharidema for comparison, and read the following notes :—

Recent careful examination has convinced me that there

is extraordinary sexual dimorphism in the group of “ Bordeta,”

of which lemnia Bdv. (“ Voy. Astrolabe, Fn. Ent. Pacif.” i,

207, t. 5, f. 7, 1832) is the longest-known species. This form,

not very rare on Amboina, and recently collected (two 33)

by the Pratt brothers in Central Ceram at about 3000 ft.

altitude, is invariably g. A very different-looking insect

from the same localities and always 2, “ Craspedosis (%)”

bicolorata Warr. (Nov. Zool. ili, 398), was collected by the

Pratts in three examples. The more blurred white markings

(as compared with the allies) is a feature common to the two,

while “ bicolorata’’ retains an orange, black-belted posterior

half of the abdomen beneath as a further indication of its

ancestry, and close investigation reveals other points of

contact with lemnia.

B. posticigutta Prout (Bull. Hill Mus. i, (2), 291), from higher

Xcii

altitudes in Central Ceram (4600-6000 ft.) is evidently a nearly

related species to lemnia, and is again invariably 3; the insect,

taken at the same altitudes, which (loc. cit. 292) I thought

must “surely belong” to Hucharidema apora Prout, “in

spite of remarkable differences in venation,” bears so closely

the same relation to posticiguita as does bicolorata to lemnia

that I have now no hesitation whatever in associating the

two pairs, the more so as an aberrant 2 of posticigutta, which

I am exhibiting, retains a vestige of the white cell-spot on the

fore-wing above and beneath, and some slight suffusion of

orange scales on hind-wing beneath.

Further confirmation is just to hand in the arrival of a good

series of a new race of posticigutta collected by the Pratts

on Buru, both sexes differmg from the name-type in quite

similar directions—reduction or suppression of the white,

yellow or orange markings.

Finally, B. anisochrysa Prout (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8),

xx, 127, pl. 7, £. 7, Biak, the type unique) shows on the upper-

side some general resemblance to the other 99 of the group, .

while the hind-wing beneath conserves quite the typical

colour-scheme of the B. tricolor (Warr.) group, being orange

with irregular black band and black border.

How, then, did the remarkable sexual dimorphism arise ?

I do not think it can be doubted that the occurrence of postici-

guita together with Hucharidema apora—which deceived me

into taking them for sexes of a single species—furnishes at least

a part of the explanation.

In the type of Hucharidema trichroa Rothsch. and Jord.

(Deutsch. Ent. Zeit. 1907, p. 197, British New Guinea) the

sexes are quite alike. Of apora, a race or close ally with

greatly reduced red area on hind-wing, the Pratts unfortunately

took 33 only (11 in all). The very wide divergence of the 99

above considered from the normal Bordeta pattern (which

is retained by the 3, as also on the underside of 2 anisochrysa)

and their schematic resemblance to Hucharidema points to

a very fine case of mimicry between diurnal Geometridae,

though the nucleus of the mimetic association may have to

be sought in some commoner species outside this family.

Of posticigutta 18 33 and 18 29 have been taken.

Xelll

APPENDIX: DerscripTION oF A New Race oF Bordeta

posticiguita Prout.

B. posticigutta decocta, subsp. nov.

3, 46-48 mm. Abdomen dorsally black or at least (perhaps

in one-third of the examples) with the black belts considerably

broadened. Fore-wing almost as variable as in p. posticigutta,

but with the spots—especially the proximal and the subtornal

—on an average reduced, the minute one on SM? only present

in one example. Hind-wing with the black border somewhat

narrowed, entirely without the subtornal yellow spot. Under-

side the same, but the hind-wing showing, in the broadest-

bordered aberration, a minute yellow dot close to termen

just behind M?.

2, 48-53 mm. Fore-wing with the band yellowish-buff

in all the known examples (sometimes almost orange, at least

beneath), on an average narrower than in the other race,

the fork to hind margin always obsolete or greatly reduced

and broken—often indicated by a small dot on SM?, similar

to that of the g-ab. mentioned above. Hind-wing with the

orange subtornal band generally reduced, though variable.

Buru: Gamoe ’Mrapat, Central West Buru, 5000 ft.,

April-May 1922 (C., F. and J. Pratt), a good series in coll.

Joicey. Also several from Kako Tagalago, Central Buru,

2700 ft., May 1922.

In connection with this exhibit Mr. Tatsor made the

following remarks :—

Certain forms of Agaristidae may serve as models or con-

stitute the centre of an orange-and-white association. In

Dutch New Guinea the Eucharidema trichroa has somewhat

similar markings to a form of the commoner Agaristid, Imme-

talia saturata longipalpis Kirsch. In Ceram the Eucharidema

follows Immetalia saturata Walk., form leucomelas Jord., which,

however, is less common than Ophthalmis privata Walk., a

species in which the white band is more distal. In Buru

the Bordeta has a pale orange band and may be associated with

Immetalia saiurata Walk., in which the has a pale orange band.

Eucharidema, with its sharply defined bands, is perhaps

the older mimic of the Agaristid and the Bordeta 2, with its

dyslegnic bands, a more recent development in association

with the Hucharidema. The two allied Geometrid genera

X¢lv

have most likely similar habits, and resemblances would more

easily be developed between them than between either of

them and an Agaristid. The production of a dimorphic 9

in the Bordeta seems to indicate long and close association

with the form (Hucharidema) which we see resembles it. If

the mimetic interpretation is In any way correct, we can

prophesy that an Hucharidema with an orange band on the

fore-wing will be discovered in Buru.

Rare British Leprpoprera.—Mr. J. H. Durrant ex-

hibited :-—

Eucosma (Crocidosema) plebeiana Z., (Tortricidae), Street,

S. Devon, 10. x. 1900 (Z. R. Bankes)—New to Britain.

Cataplectica farrent Wlsm., Ashton Wold, Oundle, Northants,

11. vu. 1922 (Hon. N. C. Rothschild)—a new locality—hitherto

only taken at Cambridge and King’s Lynn.

Hipocrita jacobaeae L., var., Woodchester, E. Gloster,

15. v. 1920 (L. Lacey)—a curious pale, slate-grey specimen.

Plusia pulchrina Hw., ab., Rodborough, Gloster, 1. vii.

1919 (L. Lacey)—with a large triangular space on both fore-

wings devoid of scales.

Sterrha dimidiata Hfn., var., Rodborough, Gloster, 20.

vil. 1922 (LZ. Lacey).

FURTHER EXAMPLES OF HEODES PHLAEAS ETHIOPICA FROM

S.W. Ucanpa.—Dr. Etrrincuam showed eleven specimens,

all males, of this geographical race of H. phlaeas L., recently

sent to Prof. Poulton by Dr. G. D. H. Carpenter. All had

been taken at 6000-7000 ft., in Rukiga County, Kigezi District,

in the extreme 8.W. corner of Uganda, on the floor or along

the E. border of the Western Rift Valley. Dr. Carpenter

had visited this area in 1916, and his description of it was

published in Proc. Ent. Soc. for that year, pp. exv—cxxi.

The exhibited specimens were taken as follows :-—

August 22, 1922.—Near Kabale, about 6000 ft.—2.

August 30, 1922.—Lake Bunyoni, about 6600 ft.—1.

September 7, 1922.—Chahafi: a marsh on the E. side of

the floor of the Western Rift Valley, about 6500 ft.—1.

September 8, 1922.—At the foot of the E. escarpment of the

Rift Valley, near Chahafi: “ very localised in one patch ”—.

All the specimens resembled those previously taken by Dr.

XCV

Carpenter and Mr. T. A. Barns, the black spot at the anal

angle of the fore-wing being concave towards the base of the

wing; the blue spots distinct on the hind-wing except in

one much-worn example; the inner border of the red mar-

ginal band of the hind-wing scalloped. The left fore-wing

was pale in one of the seven specimens taken on September

8, an appearance well known in phlaeas phlaeas L., of the

Northern Belt, and, whether due to inherent variation or

to a response to external conditions, emphasising the close

affinity between these two geographical races.

DELAYED DEVELOPMENT IN AN INBRED LARVA OF ABRAXAS

GROSSULARIATA.—Dr. ELTRINGHAM communicated for Prof.

Poulton the information that the larva exhibited on October

18, 1922, was alive on November 18, but dead a week later.

Prof. Poulton wished to correct an unfortunate error in his

previous account. This caterpillar did not belong to the

Isle of Wight stock, but was descended, inbred, from a wild

pair taken in covtu at Oxford in 1920 by Mr. A. H. Hamm.

HE. ArricAN LyCAENIDAE SHOWING THE ATTACKS OF LIZARDS.

—Dr. Exrrincuam showed the specimens figured by Dr.

V.G. L. van Someren in his paper in Journ. KE. Afr. and Uganda

Nat. Hist. Soc., No. 17, Mar. 1922, p. 18, and referred to by

Prof. Poulton in Proc. Ent. Soc., 1922, pp. xlix—h, and said that

the material exhibited can be studied by naturalists in the

Hope Department, Oxford University Museum.

Dr. vAN SOMEREN made some remarks on the significance

of the above specimens, captured by him.

BUTTERFLIES FROM VENEZUELA.—Mr. W. J. Kaye exhibited

a large number of specimens representing the members of the

principal Miillerian (Ithomiine, Heliconine, Nymphaline) group

from the San Esteban Valley near Puerto Cabello, N.W.

Venezuela. The whole of the specimens had been taken by

the exhibitor between December 19 and 27, 1920. “* The path

along which they were found flying or settled runs alongside a

broad rocky stream. The San Esteban Valley varies greatly

in width, but on either side the slopes rise to about 2000 ft.

They are wooded to their summits, but there is some cultiva-

tion with clearances near to the village of San Esteban, but as

one goes further up the valley cultivation disappears. Practi-

X¢vi

cally all the specimens shown were taken along a two-mile

stretch of path, and about half of them in one particular

favourite haunt. Practically all were caught flying, there

being little or no plants in flower except for a plant or two

of Hupatorium odoratum (Christmas Bush) near some habita-

tions. These plants were evidently past their full attractive-

ness, as the only butterflies on them were two 3 Perrhybris

malenka.” The species represented were :—

DANAIDAE. (5) Hueides vibilia.

LYCOREINAR. (2) Huerdes isabella hubneri.

(1) Lycorea ceres atergatis. Nene

ITHOMIINAE. (1) Eresia eunice.

(10) Hirsutis furia. (5) Eresia CL a

(20) Mechanitis polymnia (4) P LOLOGOTU NS hippona

doryssus. lilops.

(16) Ceratinia fraterna Pee

(7) Ceratinia euclea.

(6) Ithomia iphianassa. (9) D ismorphia amphione

(15) Epithomia alpho. astynomides.

(2) Hypoleria ocalea. (ire Dismorphia theucharila.

(1) Athesis clearista. (2) $ Mylothris malenka.

HELICONIDAE. . HypsIpAk.

(14) Heliconius aulicus. (3) Pericopis angulosa.

(1) Heliconius anderida (1) Pericopis —_phalithomaa,

estebana. sp. n.

‘“ The numbers in brackets are the numbers actually caught.

In some cases many more specimens might have been taken.

Mechamtis polymnia doryssus, Epithomia alpho, Ceratinia

euclea and C. fraterna were all common, and it is significant that

all these are of the unpalatable subfamily Ithomiinae.

‘ Most curiously only one specimen of Lycorea ceres atergatis

was seen or taken. No doubt H. anderida estebana would

accompany the Lycorea, as in appearance these two would be

the closest in pattern and colouring, while the Protogonius

would certainly be the next closest. The Lycorea and Pro-

togonius fly in much the same way, and when fluttering near

xevil

a flowering bush, as I found at Caracas, are very difficult to

determine at a short distance away. In flight the tails of the

Protogonius are only noticeable when it is sailing along with

outstretched wings above one’s head. When fiuttering near

the ground the resemblance to Lycorea is remarkable.

“It is difficult to know where to say the group as a whole

ends and what species to include. Objection might be taken

to including Hypoleria ocalea, but it can easily be mistaken for

Epithomia alpho on the wing. While in the other direction it

links up the more transparent smaller Ithomiine species such as

Pteronymia agalla, of which four were taken, Heterosais giulia,

one only of which was taken, and HLpiscada sylpha, which as

usual was quite common. These three last species are really

properly speaking mountain butterflies, occurring much more

commonly at 3000 ft. At 500 ft., the elevation at which the

specimens exhibited were caught, many really mountain

species occasionally put in an appearance. It is possible,

for instance, to take Olyras crathis where I was collecting, as

I saw a pinned specimen in the hut of an old man who years

ago collected for Staudinger. Most probably also Hutresis

hypereia can also be taken occasionally.

“The total absence of any Melinaea was noteworthy as it

left Heliconius aulicus without any very close mimetic con-

nection. Melinaea lilis is found at Caracas at 3000 ft., and

it was specially noted at San Esteban that there were no

Melinaea species to be obtained. Heliconius aulicus never

flew before i] a.m., and only if there was strong sunshine. Its

flight was usually in long sweeps, and occasionally it would

ascend quite fifty feet in height. The actual numbers taken

must be looked upon as rather out of proportion to all the other

species of the group, as a special effort was made to secure a

series of this exceedingly local and usually rare insect. A

second Heliconius species that occurs on the same ground and

which also belongs to the large association is Heliconius

anderida estebana. The species was apparently only just

beginning to appear, as two fine specimens were seen but not

taken. A very old and worn specimen was, however, secured,

making the identification certain. The race estebana varies

to the race clara, and a most varied series was obtained by

PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., V, 1922. G

xevill

Mr. Klages a number of years ago, a series of which is here

shown. No doubt H. a. estebana greatly resembles Protogonius

hippona lilops on the wing, as I noted in Trinidad that the

Heliconius there, H. numata ethilla, flew with and greatly

resembled while in flight Protogonius hippona ochraceus.

While watching these flights a most interesting fact was

noted. The Protogonius was observed, while sailing along

overhead, to present the upperside colouring. Larlier in

Venezuela I noted the same phenomenon with lilops at San

Esteban, and have since proved that how this happens is that

the cryptic colouring of the underside is composed of partly

transparent scaling which is also set more openly instead of

very closely as on the upperside. The result is that the

colouring of the upperside against the light shows through,

and thus on the wing the Ithomiine appearance is complete

when viewed from above or beneath. .

“The story of how I discovered that Protogonius was trans-

parent is as follows. In November 1920 I was in Trinidad,

and while collecting on one of the hillsides above St. Ann’s

Valley, I saw Protogonius ochraceus below me sailing about

with outstretched wings. The inference was then made that

if one was below instead of above one would see the dead

leaf-like underside. In December I visited Venezuela and in

the San Esteban Valley I noted that Protogonius lilops flying

along in front of me exhibited the upper side. Several speci-

mens of this species were subsequently caught but always

fluttering near the ground and no more was thought of the

incident. In late December a return was made to Trinidad’

and on January Ist, 1921, when walking along the Ariapita

Road in St. Ann’s Valley a number of Protogonius ochraceus

were observed from below while floating around a tall bush

of from 12-15 ft. These specimens very clearly showed the

upperside colouring, and the thought came that these butter-

flles were flying upside-down. At the end of the month I

left for England and forgot the incident of the upside-down

Protogonius until just recently, when I was arranging the

mimetic groups for exhibition, the recollection of the Proto-

gonius again came to mind. I then held specimens over my

head to try and understand how it was I saw the uppersides

XCix

from below. The problem was solved immediately as it was

at once plain that the upperside colouring showed through

the underside.

“ Of the other two Nymphalines Lresia eunice and Hresia

carme, the former, flying with Ithomia iphianassa and Ceratinia

euclea, was entirely unsuspected of its identity till in the net;

while H. carme 2 was suspected of being a Hueides vibilia &.

It is curious there is nearly always an Hresia or two present

in these mimetic associations, but they are usually very

imperfectly protected as the resemblance is more often only

of a general nature.

“The Pierines protected in the association consisted of two

Dismorphia and a Perrhybris. The mimicry of the 2 Dismorphia

anvphione astynomides to Mechanitis polymnia doryssus was

of the closest. Of nine specimens of the Dismorphia taken,

only one was a male while eight were females. The male is

not nearly so good a mimic as the female, as besides a

slightly different colour its shape does not harmonise with the

narrow-winged Mechanitis. In every case D. astynomides was

taken amongst Mechanitis. I well remember a bank where

Mechanitis doryssus was flying and where nothing else was

detected but four female Dismorphia astynomides flying amongst

them. The single Dismorphia theucharila 9 was noticed at.

once as being something fresh. It was flying slowly alone, but

close to where Ceratinia euclea had been observed and taken.

Perrhybris malenka was only secured in the male sex. Two

females were also seen, but as has been observed by Bates and

others their fondness for the underwood prevented captures

being made. Both sexes, however, come freely out in the

open to Christmas Bush (Hupatoriwm odoratum) as I found in

Trinidad, but the attractiveness of the plant at Esteban was

passing. Both the males were taken off this plant, however. Off

another Hupatoriwm bush some distance away three Pericopis

angulosa were observed and taken at different times. These

Hypsid moths were all sitting with wings erect over the back

in true butterfly fashion. The general resemblance to a

Heliconius species when in this position is striking. No

other species of any kind was ever seen sitting with these

P. angulosa. Half a mile away a second species of Pericopis

(which turns out to be new and is described below) was

observed. It was at rest on the upperside of a leaf with wings

flat and partly drawn back. It was beaten into the net, and

was sluggish as the weather was dull. No other specimen was

seen, and neither P. angulosa nor the present species was seen

on the wing.

“ The whole set of insects taken during the week is especially

interesting from its rather unusual composition, Heliconius

aulicus being present in some numbers, and having no very

real support from any very similar Ithomine. Hirsutis furia

certainly never gave a suggestion that it might be a Heliconius

aulicus. Probably at different periods of the year the com-

position of the group varies greatly, as I found it did over a

long series of collections made in central British Guiana. But

the Ithomiine models of the Heliconines were there never

absent. In the case of Heliconius anderida estebana, which

was practically absent at San Esteban, it was interesting that

Lycorea ceres atergatis was also practically absent contem-

poraneously, as these two are probably in close association

with the Protogonius. The most perfectly protected mimic

was undoubtedly the Pierine, Dismorphia a. astynomides,

as its associated Ithomiine models outnumbered it by at least

ten and perhaps twenty times, while the detailed resemblance

to two of the models, Ceratinia fraterna and Mechanitis p.

doryssus, made detection on the wing only possible with close

serutiny.

“Tt remains to be said that lizards were observed in the

greatest abundance, especially on the bank before mentioned,

where the Ithomiines were mixed up with Dismorphia a.

astynomides.”’

Pericopis philithomea, n. sp.

Intermediate between Pericopis isse and Pericopis ithomia.

Fore-wing very dark greyish brown with a slightly paler

longitudinal shade below the median nervure. A pale yellow

transverse median band from costa to tornus, and a parallel

broad pale yellow subapical band. A marginal series of whitish

spots from apex to tornus. Hind-wing pale reddish orange,

with the discocellulars heavily marked. A broad marginal

band composed of oblong black spots or wedge-shaped marks.

Just before the margin the ground-colour of the wing shows

through the intervening spaces. Tore-wing below as above

except that the basal area is orange, a patch of the same colour

entering the cell. Inner margin greyish black. Hind-wing

below as above except that the marginal interspaces are

whitish and not orange. Exp. 65 mm.

Hab. VENEZUELA: San Esteban Valley, 23.xii.20(W.J. Kaye).

THE Foop PREFERENCES OF VESPA VULGARIS.—Mr. W. J.

Lucas said :—

‘*On November 13, 1922, my attention was taken by a

large number of flies sunning themselves on an oak fence

facing south along the boundary of Esher Common in Surrey.

Most were large—blow-flies or their like—but some were

smaller. While watching I noticed a wasp hunting on the

wing over the surface of the fence, evidently in pursuit of the

flies, which it often approached (though it sometimes made

for the nails in mistake!). At length the wasp pounced on

one of the smaller flies—a metallic blue-green one—and went

down to the ground with it, where I sought and found it at

once. It had, however, released the fly and caught a small

spider, having made a very rapid change. Both victims

were paralysed, but the fly was not quite dead though the

spider appeared to be so. The three specimens were given to

Prof. Poulton for the Predaceous Insect Series he is forming in

Oxford. He considers this to be a very pretty case of prefer-

ence in the matter of prey. Such things are rarely met with,

although they must always be occurring in Nature. A. H.

Hamm identifies the wasp as a worker of Vespa vulgaris L.

and the fly as amale of Huphoria cornicina F.; Dr. A. Randell

Jackson says the spider is a 2 of Meta segmentata Clerck, an

orb-weaver, probably not quite mature.’

VARIETIES OF British Leprpoprera.—Mr. L. W. NEwMAN

exhibited a long and very varied series of Lycaena thetis both

upper and undersides including fine striated and obsoleta forms

and colour variations in the male, all taken at Folkestone Sep-

tember and October 1922. Also for comparison a series of

1921 specimens, the undersides of which instead of being the

usual steel-grey have all a distinct reddish colour, which clearly

points to the fact that weather conditions have a considerable

effect upon the undersides of this species, Also long and varied

cll

series of Melitaea athalia from Kent, being picked specimens

to show range of variation from extremely light to dark forms ;

a series of Melitaea aurinia from English, Irish and Welsh

localities; and a series of bred Zylina semibrunnea, from

Oundle, Northants.

NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN BUTTERFLIES FROM THE ISLAND

or Buru.—Mr. G. Taxsot, on behalf of Mr. J. J. Jorcry, said

that the brothers Pratt had collected on Buru for Mr. Joicey

from January to May 1922, and had succeeded in making a very

fine collection of Lepidoptera. Collections were made on the

south coast at Lek Soela and in the mountains in the south-

west district at elevations of from 2700-6000 ft.

The principal discovery was a new Troides, which has been

described in the “ Bulletin of The Hill Museum,” vol. 1, pt. 2,

under the name of 7. prattorum J. & T. Its habitat was found

to be very limited in extent, and perhaps for this reason the

species remained undiscovered by Dutch collectors who have

been all over the Island.

A remarkable aberration of the ¢ of prattorum was obtained

at the coast between February and March, but there is some

doubt as to this locality. This specimen presents some of the

characters of 7’. helena bouruensis Wall., with a preponderance

of the characters of 7. prattorum. The fore-wing is shaped like

prattorum, but with faint vein stripes. The hind-wing is more

like bowruensis, especially in the form of the cell and in general

markings; there is, however, a distinct but slight opalescence

on both sides. Whether we have to do with an aberration

showing reversion to a primitive type or with a hybrid, is a

question we cannot answer. Aberrations are more numerous

than hybrids, and it may be more reasonable to suppose that

this specimen represents some ancestral type.

Troides helena bouruensis Wall—tThree pairs are exhibited to

show the variation in both sexes.

Papilio ulysses ampelius Roths.—The most westerly race

of this species, hitherto only known by one g. The 3 and 2

are shown. Found at the coast and in Central Buru.

Dichorrhagia ninus, subsp. nov.—This form is shown in

comparison with typical ninus Feld., from Ceram, Obtained

up to 2700 ft.

cll

D. ninus Feld.—From Ceram, with the hitherto unknown

pupa. This pupa shows the Apaturid affinity of the genus,

but is remarkable for the possession of three lobes on the

back of the thoracic area.

Charaxes madensis Roths.—A few specimens of this species

were obtained, including the unknown 3. This species, on

account of the 9 markings presenting a resemblance to the 9

of C. mars, has been associated with that species. Now that

the 3 is known, it is seen that the relationship to mars is only

a remote one, and this species must still be said to be confined

to Celebes. We believe that madensis is more nearly related to

C. euryalus Cram., from Ceram, an opinion formed by a close

comparison of the markings and from the general prevalence of

Ceram forms in Buru. This is the only Charazes in which,

the sexes being dimorphic, the female possesses a white band

which also occurs in the male. The species was obtained at

from 2000-3500 ft., both at the coast and in the central part

of the island.

Mynes doherty: Holl. 39.

Delias—Messrs. Pratt collected five new species of this

genus. One example proved to be the 3 of D. vidua J. & T.,

already described in the “ Bulletin of The Hill Museum,”

vol. 1, pt. 2. The species bears a remarkable resemblance to

D. isse echo Wall., also from Buru, and of which a series was

obtained. Whilst D. echo has Moluccan affinities, D. vidua has

much in common with D. caliban Sm., from British New Guinea.

We exhibit two other parallel cases of resemblance between

species of this genus :—

(a) D. subviridis J. &. T., and D. echidna Hew., from Ceram.

These belong to different groups.

(b) D. rothschildi Holl., and a new species, both from Buru.

The new form is wonderfully like D. rothschildi on both sur-

faces. It appears to have affinity with D. doherty: Roths.,

from Timor; this name must, however, sink to D. dohertyi

Ob., for another species. The Timor form is associated with a

similarly coloured Huphina as pointed out by Dr. Dixey in

Trans. Ent. Soc. 1920, p. 208. A similar Huphina has not

been found on Buru as yet. Both Delias were obtained at the

same elevation.

civ

A third new form from Buru is related to D. joiceyi Talb.,

from Ceram. It occurs at 5000 ft., a higher elevation than

most of the others.

A fourth novelty represents the Ceram D. manuselensis Talb.,

and the fifth represents the Ceram D. stresemanni Roths. All

these are quite distinct from their Ceram relatives.

D. funerea buruana Roths., is shown. This species recalls

D. duris Hew., from Ceram and is doubtless related to it. The

female of D. burwana presents a close resemblance on the upper-

side to both sexes, especially to the female, of Mynes dohertyt.

On the underside the red basal streak of the hind-wing is

common to both. These mimics occurred at the same place.

The exhibitor said that descriptions of the new forms

exhibited were being prepared for early publication.

Curious NEMoPTERID LARVA.—Dr. H. ELTRincHam

showed on the screen a drawing of the curious Nemopterid

larva which had been brought to the Hope Department by Mr.

Willmer and exhibited alive by Prof. Poulton at a previous

meeting. He gave some account of its structure, and said

that a fuller description with notes thereon kindly supplied by

Mr. C. L. Withycombe was in course of preparation.

Mr. C. L. WiraycomBE made some remarks on the anatomy

of Nemopterid larvae and said that he thought the one in

question was possibly a species of Nemopiera.

Mr. E. N. WiLuMer said the insects were quite common in

Egypt in the desert oases and regretted that he had not collected

more of them, but he had not at the time realised their rarity.

SCENT-ORGANS IN New ZEALAND TRICHOPTERA.—Mr.

Martin HK. Mosery, who illustrated his remarks with lantern

slides, said :—

Amongst a small collection of Trichoptera, sent to me by an

angling friend from New Zealand, I noticed in two genera

unusual characters which suggested the presence of scent-

organs. ‘

Both these genera, Pycnocentria and Olinga, belong to the

Sericostomatidae, a family in which the maxillary palpi of the

male are noted for extreme variation from the typical form.

They were beth described as early as 1860-70, and have been

figured by MacLachlan, Ulmer and others. As, however,

these special characters appear to have escaped notice entirely,

it is desirable to record them now.

Of the genus Pycnocentria there were two species, P. evecta

MclL., and P. aureola McL., in the collection, and scent-fila-

ments are present in each. In P. aureola the form of the fila-

ments is somewhat obscure, and in no examples were they

sufficiently extended to enable me to take a satisfactory photo-

graph. Treatment with caustic potash rendered the filaments

invisible. I have been unable with the limited amount of

material at my disposal to obtain any very clear idea as to

their form and origin. In appearance they are small, somewhat

shapeless and white, and protrude from each side of the

maxillary palpi.

In P. evecta the filaments which have a slight purple tinge

are more decided in their outline, and the containing walls

are hard enough to withstand the action of potash. They seem

to originate between and level with the centre of the oculi.

When not in use they are retracted and lie across the face

inclining towards each other, and are then covered not only by

the upturned maxillary palpi, but also by a special quadrangular

plate, which is hinged along the lower edge and is lined with

stout hairs. There is a short branch towards the base of each

filament, and still further towards the base is a group of stout

hairs.

The filaments are elastic even after death. They can be

extended to a considerable length with the point of a needle,

contracting again when the needle is removed, and, although

they show a certain resemblance to the filaments in Hydroptila

sparsa Curt., they are clearly extensile and not eversile as in

this species.

In addition to these two filaments another filament is found

at the base of each anterior wing, and in contrast to the head

filaments is covered all over with fine hairs. It is withdrawn

when not in use into a sheath, formed by a fold in the wing

membrane. Similar filaments occur in P. aureola.

No trace of androconia could be found on the head, though

there are scale-like hairs on portions of the anterior wings.

The filaments occur in the male sex only, and in the females

the hairs of the wings are normal.

evi

The other insect calling for notice is Olinga feredayi McL.

In this species the supposed scent-organ consists of thickly

clustering and specialised hairs arising from membranous

processes which form two rosettes in front of the face. These

processes can be detached easily with a needle, and do not

form part of the containing walls of the head. It is not

impossible that they may be capable of extension into hair-

covered filaments, but no example received showed this

extension. The rosettes occur in the male sex only, and in

this sex also there are scale-like hairs on particular areas of

the wings.

evil

ANNUAL MEETING.

Wednesday, January 17th, 1923.

Professor E. B. Poutton, M.A., D.Sc., F.RB.S., etc., Vice-

President, in the Chair.

Dr. 8. A. Neave, one of the Secretaries, read the following

Report of the Council.

It is with great satisfaction that the Council is able to

report a steady and most satisfactory progress in all phases

of the Society’s activities during the year under review.

The highly satisfactory financial position will be explained

to you in detail by the TREASURER, to whom the thanks both

of the Council and of the Society as a whole are due for his

unremitting care of its interests.

The losses in Fellows by death have again been heavy, the

number being 16, one less than last year, but there have

been only 15 resignations, as compared with 20, and an even

larger numbers of new Fellows, 54, as compared with 51, has

been elected. The Society now consists of 12 Honorary,

1 Special Life, and 688 Ordinary Fellows, making a total of

701, the largest number in its history.

The Society’s Transactions and Proceedings will be of about

the same bulk as last year, but are much more fully illustrated.

The volume of Transactions will consists of 594 pages, and

comprises 20 papers by the following authors :—

C. P. ALEXANDER; H. E. ANDREWES; G. J. Arrow; G. T.

BETHUNE-BAKER; G. C. CHamprion; EK. A. Cockayne, M.A.,

M.D., F.R.C.P.; H. Exrrincuam, M.A., D.Sc; E. Freutravux;

A. J. T. Janse; H. Mace; G. A. K. Marswatt, C.M.G., D.Sc. ;

K. Meyrick, F.R.S.; M. E. Mosety; N. D. Ritzy; R. J.

TitLtyaRD, M.A., D.Sc.; B. P. Uvarov (2); J. WATERSTON,

D.Sc. (2); and C. L. WirnycomBe. Of these, 8 deal with

evill

Lepidoptera, 5 with Coleoptera, 2 with Orthoptera, and 1 each

with Diptera, Siphonaptera, Trichoptera, Neuroptera and

Mallophaga.

The volume is illustrated by 43 plates, of which 4 are in

colour, 26 half-tone, 10 line-block, 2 collotype and 1 lithograph.

The originals have in all cases been provided by the authors,

and substantial contributions toward the cost of the plates

in their papers have been made by Mr. Bethune-Baker, Dr.

Cockayne, Mr. Meyrick and Mr. Withycombe.

The Proceedings will consist of about 100 pages and are

illustrated by 2 half-tone plates.

The meetings have been very well attended, and numerous

exhibits of great interest have been made. At the last meeting

on December 6th no less than 15, all of a high standard, were

shown.

The detailed work of the business of the Society has been

carried on by the Finance and House Committee, the Publica-

tion Committee and the Library Committee, and the thanks of

the Council are due to the Fellows serving on them for the

assistance they have rendered. It has recently been decided

that two members of each of these Committees shall retire

annually, and not be eligible for re-election for one year, with

the proviso that in the case of the Finance Committee, technical

members, such as the Society’s Solicitor and Surveyor, shall

be immediately eligible for re-election.

The LrBraRiAN reports that increasing use has been made

of the Library for reference, and that a greater number of

books and separata has been borrowed during the year.

Several hundred volumes including journals not hitherto in

the Library have been purchased, and there have been con-

siderable donations of separata from the late Mr. Rowland-

Brown, the late Mr. Hamilton Druce, Mr. H. Donisthorpe,

Dr. Imms, the Rev. F. D. Morice and others, besides the

normal current periodicals received by exchange and purchase.

An important purchase of valuable books from the Library

of the late Dr. Chapman was made during the year, and an

endeavour is beg made to obtain complete sets of journals

in which the Library is deficient.

The Bookcases generously presented by the Misses Chapman

c1x

have been placed in the Council Room, and will be most useful

for storing some of the more valuable books.

On the unanimous recommendation of the Library Committee

the Council has decided that the preparation of a new

Catalogue of the Library, which has been urgently required

for some time, shall be undertaken almost immediately. This

will take the form of a Card Index Catalogue, and a sum of £50

will be allocated for the purpose during the year 1923.

The Lisprartan wishes to call the attention of Fellows to

the Suggestion Book lying on the Library Table, and also to

a note-book in the office, which he has compiled, containing a

reference summary of the contents of “ Genera Insectorum,”’

and of Oberthiir’s “‘ Lepidoptéres comparée ” and “ Etudes.”

The Council desires to draw the attention of Fellows to the

great benefit that would be conferred on the Society by

the creation of a Special Fund, by bequest or otherwise, the

interest from which would provide a medal in the gift of the

Council. Such a medal could be awarded for distinguished

services to Entomology or to some special branch thereof,

according to the wish of the donor.

The Report was adopted on the motion of Mr. G. T. BerHUNE-

Baker, seconded by Commander J. J. WALKER.

The Treasurer’s Report.

The TREASURER then read the following Report :—

It is with much pleasure that I am able to report to the

Society that the prosperity, which was apparent a year ago,

has been sustained, and indeed substantially increased, during

1922.

The finances affecting the Society’s “Home” being at

present perhaps of the most interest, I will deal with these

first.

The Housing Fund was increased during the year by no

less than £1272 7s. ld. The amounts available for this fund

during the past year include a splendid gift of £500 from the

Misses CHAPMAN in memory of their brother, the late Dr. T. A.

CuHapMAN, F.R.S. A bequest was made by the late Mr. G. A. J.

Rotuney of £150; Mr. R. Apxin again very generously

cancelled his Debentures amounting to £70 drawn for repay-

ment in September last, and Mr. W. H. B. FLETCHER gave a

donation of £25. The Society has been able to contribute to

this fund from its General Fund the large sum of £333. This

was made up of £200 to be allotted annually for this purpose,

and the surplus of the amount received for rents in 1921 over

the interest paid on Debentures, which, after allowing an

amount to provide for the cost of repairs to the premises,

amounted to £133.

The amount of Debentures outstanding at the end of 1921

was £4640. Of this £100 was repaid on February Ist last, and

a further sum of £815 on September 30th last, making a reduc-

tion during the year of £915, and leaving the outstanding

amount of £3725. Moreover, as the amount to the credit of

the Housing Fund on December 31st was £695 18s. 8d., this

sum with amounts to be allotted from the Society’s General

Fund in 1923 make it apparent that I shall be able to repay

Debentures of at least the value of £1000 during the present

year.

The income arising out of rents received has exceeded the

Debenture Interest and the cost of repairs to premises during

the year by £152 14s. 7d.

As the periodical decorative repairs to 41, Queen’s Gate

will only require to be carried out at intervals of several years,

it has been necessary to accumulate a fund to pay for them

as and when they occur. The sum of £50 has been taken from

the 1921 surplus, and £70 has been allotted for 1922, making

the amount standing at present to this fund £120, less the sum

of £29 8s. ld. spent on repairs in 1922.

In addition to the Bequest alluded to from the late Mr.

Rotuney, the Society has received an announcement that a

very handsome Bequest of £1000 has been made by the late

Mr. Hamitton H. C. Druce. ‘The income arising out of this

bequest is to be applied to the purchase of books for the

Library. Two handsome bookcases have been given to the

Society by the Misses Chapman.

Turning now to the General Income of the Society, I am

able to report that it is satisfactory in all respects, and in

some most satisfactory.

cxi

The most startling increase arises out of the sale of the

Publications. For many years previous to the Society enter-

ing into its new “Home” the amount received from this

source ranged from £120 to £150 per annum. In 1921, the

first year under the new conditions, it reached £181 11s. 3d.

Last year the sales of Publications amounted to no less than

£335 17s. 8d., more than double the amount received under the

old conditions.

It will be asked how this really wonderful result has been

obtained; no doubt from several causes, amongst which I

should place the following :—

(1) The undoubted increased prestige the Society has

attained. I feel sure that this is the main cause; the world

judges a Society just as 1t judges an individual, by its prosperity,

its enterprise, and its methods of carrying out the purposes

for which it exists.

(2) The Society has now for the first time a staff and

organisation competent to deal with the distribution of its

Publications.

(3) Until recently we employed a firm of publishers to sell

the greater part of our Publications, paying them a large

commission for their services; moreover we allowed publishers

and booksellers who purchased our Publications, for sale from

us direct, a discount considerably more than was usual. The

Council now realises that as it is its own Publisher, it does

not require an agent to sell its Publications, because anyone

desiring to purchase them must come to it. The discounts

now given to the “ Trade ” are those that are usually allowed,

and not the previous too generous allowance.

The amount received for subscriptions for 1922 increased

by £22 Os. 6d. and reached the large sum of £1169 8s. Od.

Admission fees increased by £32 11s. Od.

One result in connection with the subscriptions was particu-

larly gratifying to myself, and I am sure equally so to the

Council. It is the unfortunate duty of the Council to have

to remove at the end of each year in accordance with the Bye-

laws those Fellows who have defaulted in the payment of their

subscriptions. In the last ten years the average annual

number of these unfortunates has been six. This year I am

exll

glad to say it has not been necessary to remove a single

Fellow.

Dealing now with the Society’s payments. The Publications

have cost £741 1s. 10d., an increase of over £200 on the expendi-

ture during the previous year, and the largest amount ever

devoted to this purpose. The expenditure on the Library

has been £184 1s. 11d. as against £95 Os. 9d. in 1921.

In spite of these increases and the amount transferred to

the Housing Fund, and after making a liberal allowance for

outstanding liabilities, the income has exceeded the expendi-

ture by the sum of £138 3s. 8d.

The net assets of the Society exclusive of the Library (which

is valued by me at £5000) has increased from £3563 12s. 2d.

to £5136 14s. ld., an increase of £1573 ls. 11d.

The amount of Donations in aid of the Publications was

£35 11s. 8d. I am glad to be able to report a considerable

reduction in the cost of Publishing during the past year, and

that further reductions are probable.during 1923.

In furtherance of the idea embodied in my report a year ago—

that the Society should carefully consider its requirements

well ahead of the present time—it was decided by the Council

that plans should be prepared showing the possible extra

accommodation obtainable by developing the rear portion

of 41, Queen’s Gate, and the area embodied in the present

garage at No. 15, Elvaston Mews. Our Fellow Mr. W. Rarr-

SmiTH has very generously placed his services at the disposal

of the Society, and has prepared plans which are at this moment

hung on the walls of the Hall. A study of these will show that

a very good Meeting Room, about 45 feet long, 25 feet wide,

and 17 feet high, can be obtained, capable of seating about

200 persons; in addition this room would provide wall space

for a very large number of books. Ample cloak room and

lavatory accommodation can also be obtained, whilst the

present rooms over the garage would be available and would

furnish much more convenient accommodation for the care-

taker than that at present available for him on the fifth floor

of the house.

This additional accommodation can be obtained with com-

paratively little structural alteration to the premises, and

eXlll

moreover it would not involve any infringement of the light

and air of the adjoining property.

An estimate of the cost has not been obtained, but it would

not be heavy, and the advantages accruing would be great.

I feel very strongly that the Society should make every possible

effort to be in a position to make these extensions to its

premises when the period of the lease of No. 15, Elvaston

Mews expires in 1928.

We are all deeply indebted to Mr. Rart-Smirn for the

services he has so generously given and for the skilful way

in which he has developed his plans.

Portraits of the following distinguished Fellows have been

procured and hung in the Meeting Room :—Lord AveBurRy,

Dr. T. A. CoapMAn, J. W. Dunning, F. D. Gopman, Dr. G. B.

Lonestarr, RoLtanp TRIMEN, G. R. WatTERHOUSE, Professor

J. O. Westwoop and G. H. VERRALL; others will be added

to the Portrait Gallery during the present year.

There are quite a number of distinguished Fellows who are

no longer with us whose portraits we unfortunately do not

possess, including the followmg:—J. G. CHILpREN, R.

McLacuuan, F. P. Pascor and J. F. Steruens. I should be

greatly obliged to any Fellow who can inform me how a portrait

of any of them can be obtained, or the names and addresses

of the living representatives of their families.

The foregoing facts and figures will I trust be held to justify

the optimistic forecast | made a year ago as to the Society’s

prospects and prosperity. I trust, and I am confident,

that a year hence, if I am here, it will be my privilege and

pleasure to report that the advance in our prosperity has been

at least as great during the present year as it has been in

1922.

The TREASURER also read a few extracts from the Financial

Statement, and both Report and Accounts were adopted

unanimously on the motion of Dr. C. J. GAHAN seconded by

Mr. W. Ratt-Smiru.

It was announced from the Chair that the Fellows nominated

as Officers and Council for the ensuing year had been duly

elected in accordance with the Bye-laws.

In the absence of the PresipENT, owing to illness, his Address

PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., Vv, 1922. H

CXiv

was read by Dr. 8S. A. Neave. At its conclusion a vote of

thanks to the PRESIDENT, coupled with the request that it

might be printed in the Proceedings was moved by Mr. EH. E.

GREEN, seconded by Mr. G. T. BerHune-Baker and carried

unanimously.

A vote of thanks to the Officers for their services was then

passed on the motion of Professor E. B. Poutton, seconded

by Mr. F. D. Moricr, and Mr. W. G. SHetpon, Dr. S. A.

Neave and Mr. H. J. Turner briefly replied.

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C@Xix

THE PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS

LADIES AND GENTLEMEN,

The Reports of the Council to which we ie been listen-

ing confirm our expectation that the new chapter in the history

of the Society, inaugurated by the acquisition of premises of its

own, would be the beginning of a period of increasing activity

and prosperity. It is very satisfactory to hear from the

Treasurer and Secretary of the sound state of our finances and

of the large number of new Fellows who have joined the Society

in the course of the year, and it is most gratifying that, in

spite of the great cost of printing, we have been able to keep

up the standard of our publications without undue strain on

our resources. I need not comment further on the Reports

presented to you, except that I should like to give renewed

expression of our gratitude to all who have assisted the

Society by donations, and in particular to the Misses Chapman

for their generous gifts.

There is every year one point in the Council’s Report which

fills us with regret, the list of Fellows who have died in the

course of the year. In 1922 death has again taken its heavy

toll, and we have lost friends and fellow-workers whom we

shall miss very much.

A.W. Bacot, the Entomologist of the Lister Institute,

frequently exhibited at our meetings parasitic msects which

he studied in connection with the transmission of diseases.

His devotion to this humanitarian subject has cost him his

life. While on a mission to Egypt in order to ascertain more

fully the bionomics of the parasites which transmit typhus

and kindred diseases, he contracted typhus and fell a victim

to it. His contributions to his particular branch of applied

Entomology are not only numerous, but in consequence of

CxXxX

the great pains he took in this delicate work, also of great

value to medical Entomology.

H. Rowland-Brown, barrister, journalist, poet and entomol-

ogist, who died in May 1922, a few weeks short of 57, was a

very familiar figure at the gatherings of Entomologists. He

was best known to us as a very efficient secretary to our

Society, devoting much time and energy to this office. When

his final breakdown early in 1922 compelled him to give up

his active connection with the Society, we lost in him a most

genial companion and colleague. He was most interested in

European butterflies, on which he has published a number of

articles in various magazines.

With W. L. Distant, who died on February 4th, 1922, our

foremost authority on Rhynchota has passed away. To the

younger Entomologists who knew him as a famous Rhynchotist

it generally comes somewhat as a surprise to learn that he

was also the author of the splendid volume ‘‘ Rhopalocera

Malayana,” a book still indispensable to everyone who is

interested in Malayan butterflies. Lepidoptera were his early

love, but he soon left them in order to devote himself mainly

to Rhynchota. His contributions to the study of this order

of insects are so extensive that it is impossible to give an

adequate idea of them in a short notice. Foremost among his

publications are the seven volumes on Heteroptera and

Homoptera in the Fauna of British India, some volumes in

the ‘‘ Biologia Centrali-Americana,” and the ‘ Insecta Trans-

vaalensia.”

Hamilton H. Druce was only 54 when he died in June last,

Many of us have profited by his knowledge of the Lycaenidae

and Hesperiidae, in which families he was a specialist. His

publications referred almost exclusively to these families, of

which he had a fine collection, now in Mr. J. J. Joicey’s

possession.

H. J. Elwes, president of this Society in 1893-4, took a

wide interest in many branches of natural sciences, in botany

no less than in zoology. Circumstances permitted him to

follow his temperament and devote much time to travelling

in foreign countries, where he employed to great advantage

the opportunities he had in unexplored fields. His interest in

OXX1

Entomology was almost restricted to Lepidoptera, of which

he had an extensive collection. His works on Parnassius,

Erebia and on Oriental Hesperiidae are among the best

known publications on these subjects. Some of his botanical

works, such as the “Monograph of the Lilies’? and “ The

Trees of Great Britain and Ireland,” are magnificent pro-

ductions.

G. A. Rothney, well known as a student of Hymenoptera,

particularly of the Oriental fauna, died on January 31st at

the age of 72. His valuable collection and books relating to

the subject were presented by him to the Hope Department

at Oxford.

Much useful work in the exploration of local faunae has been

_ accomplished by our lamented colleagues W. M. Geldart, the

Coleopterist, and Lachlan Gibb, A. Horne, A. Marshall, and

R. H. Moore, whose contributions to the knowledge of British

Lepidoptera are found in the Entomologist and other

magazines.

From the colonies the news has reached us of the death of

our Fellows R. M. Lightfoot, at the Cape of Good Hope,

F. M. Littler, in Tasmania, G. Storey, in Cairo and J. Winter-

scale, in Perak.

On August 27th passed away one of the most distinguished

Coleopterists of our time, Dr. David Sharp, president of this

Society in 1887-8, special Life Fellow since 1921, and corre-

sponding and honorary member of many foreign societies.

His works on various groups of British Coleoptera, on the

Dytiscidae of the glebe, on the beetles of New Zealand, Japan,

and Central America, and especially the volumes on Insects in

the Cambridge Natural History series, to mention only a few

of his more important contributions to our science, are known

and used all through the entomological world. He-died at the

ripe age of nearly 82, after a life full of devotion to the work he

loved.

W. Purdey, who died on the Ist of February, was well

known to most British Lepidopterists as a very successful

collector of Microlepidoptera in the neighbourhood of Folke-

stone, where he lived. Many of us have corresponded with

him and have in our collections specimens obtained by him.

CXXi

The death is also announced of L. Bedel, of Paris, one of the

best contemporary French Coleopterists, and of two very

successful collectors of Lepidoptera in the tropics, H. Fruh-

storfer, who died at Munich, and A. H. Fassl, who has been

carried away by the vicissitudes of the climate of the Amazons.

I will now address you

ON SOME ASPECTS OF VARIATION IN LEPIDOPTERA.

Looking back in mind on the exhibits and discussions during

the two years I have had the honour of occupying the presi-

dential chair of the Entomological Society of London, I think

I am right in saying that two subjects have claimed much of

our attention and interest: (1) the dissimilarity among the

individuals of Lepidoptera which constitute a species—or

variation, and (2) the similarity obtaining between many

different species—or mimetic resemblance. The two subjects

are so closely interwoven that one cannot deal with the one

without touching upon the other. We are all familiar with

the fact that the variation of a species is a two-fold one : we

observe on the one hand the differences between the individuals

of a species within a faunistic district—or synpatric variation,

and on the other hand the differences which are perceived if

the whole range of the species is taken into account—or

dyspatric variation. Although for you, who have studied

variation in one group of insects or the other and have seen

at the meetings the exhibits bearing on the subject, there will

hardly be anything new in what I have to say on the variation

of Lepidoptera, the two-fold aspect of variation is very little

understood outside the circle of active systematists and field-

biologists. While the publications on systematics consist to

a large extent of the differentiation between the geographically

separated races of species, in the works of philosophers explain-

ing the world to us scarcely any notice is taken of this side of

variation—or it is impatiently waved aside, as for instance by

the famous philosopher Nietzsche, who, in a chapter against the

Darwinian explanation of evolution, says about the modi-

fications through the influence of food and climate that “ they

are in reality absolutely negligible.” You will agree with me,

I know, that in these circumstances it is a duty of biologists to

CXXili

counteract such one-sidedness by emphatically stating again

and again that the variation of the species from district to

district is the rule and not the exception, and it appears to me

appropriate that a protest should be uttered from this place,

because Entomology plays such an important part in the

elucidation of the problems of life.

Every Entomologist with a little experience is aware that

in any district where there is no physiographical barrier

preventing a promiscuous interbreeding of the specimens of a

species, the community of individuals may be practically

uniform or may be variable, there being a gradation from

uniformity as the lower extreme to polymorphism as the upper

extreme. The diversity between the groups of individuals

of polymorphic species is frequently so great, and the differences

are often so sharply defined, that in many instances the

varieties have been mistaken for species until their true status

was discovered. The variation is either independent of sex,

or is sexual or partly sexual. Papilio clytia from India with

a striped and a brown form in both sexes may be taken as

an example of non-sexual dimorphism; Hypolimnas dubius

wahlbergi from South Africa is sharply dimorphic; and

Papilio lysithous is trimorphic in Rio Grande do Sul and other

parts of South-east Brazil. Sexual dimorphism goes often

very far in Lepidoptera. The wingless females of Psychidae

and some other Heterocera may be mentioned as one extreme

development, but equally striking are the differences in the

shape and colouring of the wings in numerous other Lepido-

ptera, of which some species of Troides, Papilio, Planema and

Argema here shown may serve as examples. Very often each

seX appears in one form only; in many instances, however,

one sex or both are split up into two or more forms; this is

frequently the case among Papilionidae and Nymphalidae

(Papilio memnon, P. polytes, P. rumanzova, P. androgeus,

etc.; Hypolimnas, Hestina, Charazes, etc.). Common as the

phenomena of di- and polymorphism are in Lepidoptera the

distribution of the different kinds of variation among the

various families is by no means uniform, there being several

points in its occurrence that appear to me of some interest.

The strong reduction or loss of the wings occurs only among

CXXi1V

Heterocera, being sporadically found among Geometridae,

Arctiidae, Lymantriidae, Lasiocampidae, Hepialidae, and

obtaining in all species of Psychidae, Heterogynidae and

Somabrachidae; in Noctuids this line of development is fairly

advanced in certain Alpine species, the females of which seek

safety in crawling into the ground or the herbage like a Carabid

beetle rather than trusting to the shortened wings, while in

some other Noctuids the wings are quite reduced. As a rule

the females of Heterocera are larger than the males, the

difference frequently being so great that one would hardly

believe in the specimens being the sexes of the same species, as

for instance in some Lasiocampidae and Saturniidae. On the

other hand, it happens also that the male is rather larger than

the female and, moreover, has acquired a modified contour

of the wings, as for instance in some species of the Saturnian

genus Oxytenis, of which the males have been placed in one

genus and the females in another far removed from the former.

The differences in the colouring and pattern of the sexes are

likewise often very striking in Heterocera. All this shows that

the Heterocera have the faculty of acquiring a great sexual

diversity. That being so, is it not remarkable that there is

among night-flyig moths no such clear-cut polymorphism as we

so frequently observe among butterflies? I said night-flying

moths, because there is sharply marked polymorphism also

among Heterocera, for instance among Arctiidae, Agaristidae,

and Zygaenidae, but—and this is an important point—the

species in which this obtains are day-fliers like the butterflies. I

mention as an illustration the Agaristid Jmmetalia saturata, a

day-flying moth to which I shall refer again later on. Here

sunshine and polymorphism are coincident, and does it not

look as if sunshine was a condition for the development of

polymorphism? But that is not all. In the majority of

polymorphic day-fliers and in numerous sexually dimorphic

species the pattern and colour are more or less the same as

those of other species occurring along with them. The

various forms of Papilio lysithous, from 8. EK. Brazil, fly in the

same localities as the various distinct species of Aristolochia

Papilios which they resemble. The numerous forms of

Pseudacraea eurytus are repetitions of the colouring and pattern

CXXV

of a number of distinct species of Planema. The two forms of

Hypolimnas dubius look like the two distinct species of Amauris,

which are shown along with them on the slide. The females of

the Chalcosiinae often bear a close resemblance to butterflies,

while the males are quite different, for instance the female of

Cyclosia hecabe might easily be mistaken for the Pierine Terias

hecabe, and the female of Cyclosia papilionaris for a Danaine

butterfly. Many other instances of such resemblances between

synpatric species have been exhibited at our meetings. If we

compare this kind of daylight di- and polymorphism with the

kind of differences obtaining in night-flyimg Lepidoptera, in

which evolution tends to produce a resemblance to dead leaves,

lichens, twigs, pebbles, etc., the three-fold coimcidence of (1)

daylight, 2. e. visibility, (2) sharply marked and conspicuous

di- and polymorphism, and (5) resemblance to synpatric

species, forms such a striking contrast that nobody can

seriously maintain it to be due to pure accident. There must

be some connection between the three concurrences; we

require an explanation; we cannot look upon these facts as

merely curious; and the* explanation most satisfactory and

which faces the facts squarely is that given by Natural Selection

acting on the varieties produced by the influence of the physical

conditions (in the widest sense) of the environment, however

strong the modern and popular tendency may be to decry

Natural Selection as a factor in Evolution.

We now come to the second kind of variation which no

field-entomologist can have failed to observe who has ever

collected in two different faunistic districts, such as Scotland

and the South of England, or Central Europe and the Medi-

terranean countries. We have seen here exhibited many

illustrations of geographical variation, with regards to tropical

countries particularly from the collections of Mr. Joicey and

Mr. Kaye. A collector passing from one district into the

geographically nearest but faunistically different country,

will meet with many familiar species which, however, to him

as an expert have an unfamiliar appearance; they are the old

friends, but with a difference. Let us take as an example the

Lepidoptera of Great Britain and Ireland. We read in

Wallace’s “ Distribution of Animais,” in the chapter on the

CXXVi

British Islands, that “ their animal productions are so uniformly

identical with Continental specimens as to require no special

mention,” only “some few British species differing slightly

from their continental allies.” This opinion no longer holds

good, a rather large proportion of the resident species of these

islands being now known to differ in some way or another from

Continental or at least Central-European specimens. That

is not due to a change in the animals since Wallace’s time, but

to a difference in the method of working on the part of the

systematist. As in everything, there are also two sides to

systematics: similarity and dissimilarity. If one of the two

sides is emphasised to the detriment of the other, a wrong

picture is presented of the actual state of things, and those

who rely for general conclusions on the work of the systematist

are bound to arrive at an erroneous conception of nature.

In Wallace’s time the tendency was in the direction of appre-

ciating the similarity of the specimens from different countries

rather than the differences, which appeared superficial and

unimportant. For the Ornithologists of that time a Robin

from England, Germany or Madeira was a Robin; they were

quite right inasmuch as these countries each have a Robin,

but were wrong in implying that these Robins were identical.

And that applies equally to a multitude of other species in all

orders of animals. We now speak of Scotch forms of

Lepidoptera, of British and Irish forms, and it is common

knowledge among British Lepidopterists that in a number of

instances the species are not identical even in different districts

of England. The Oak-egger from the shingle beach of Sheer-

ness is very different from the form found inland; the

Ruby Tiger (Phragmatobia fuliginosa) from the mountains of

Scotland is very distinct from more southern specimens;

Coenonympha davus from Scotland and Northern England are

by no means alike; and Melitaea artemis from Kent, Cornwall

and Ireland show considerable differences. The Irish Satyrus

semele and Spilosoma mendica contrast strongly with British

specimens; and the Hepialus humuli from the Shetlands in

which the sexes are practically alike in markings, while in other

countries the species is sexually dimorphic, is one of the well-

known classical examples of geographical variation.

CXXVil

From the examples mentioned we must not draw the con-

clusion that local forms always exhibit some conspicuous

distinction. On the contrary, a large proportion are but

slightly different, or their differences are inconstant. Our

knowledge of this side of the variation of British Lepidoptera

is still far from being complete. It will require a great deal

more collecting and patient study before we have.a satis-

factory survey of the variation of the Lepidoptera within the

British Isles, and particularly before the differences between

our insular fauna and that of the Continent can be clearly

demonstrated in all its aspects. Here is a field for the younger

Entomologists, and I should recommend the thorough study of

a few species throughout the British Islands and at least

Western and Central Europe as a task well within the capacity

of any enthusiast. The results of such research, for instance

upon species like Pieris napi and some of the commoner

Satyrinae, would be most valuable, especially if the distinc-

tions observed were tested by experiments in breeding.

Among the Continental Lepidoptera the species of which

the geographical variation has attracted most attention in

recent years, is Parnassius apollo, which extends from the

Sierra Nevada in the south of Spain over the mountainous

countries of Central Europe southward to Sicily and eastward

to Central Asia, reappearing in the north in the Baltic countries.

The local races described of P. apollo are now almost innu-

merable. The species varies so much locally that every

mountain stock and every isolated range has its own race,

some easily distinguished, others overlapping in characters,

and others evidently bearing a different name because they

are from another valley. I will not multiply the illustrations

of geographical variation in European Lepidoptera, many of

you knowing as much about it as I do, or more, but will

proceed to show some examples from the tropics.

As you know, the phenomenon of geographical variation was

first clearly perceived and stated by Bates. The observations

upon which this explorer based his opinion were made in the

tropics, and scientists at home were long under the impression

that this kind of modification of a species in different districts

obtained in tropical countries rather than in the temperate

CXXViill

zone. That was a misconception, but an excusable one.

In the tropics there are so many more brightly coloured and

large species than in the temperate countries, and the differ-

ences in large and gaily coloured specimens appear so much

more pronounced for our eyes than those obtaining in small

and sombre-coloured species that, with this reservation, the

tropical. species may be said to exhibit the various kinds

of variation in a more intense form, but the geographical

variation is just as regular a phenomenon in the temperate

zones as in the tropics. The classical countries where Bates

and Wallace made their discoveries are the Amazons and

the Malay Archipelago. Considermg the continuity of the

Amazon, basin from the Andes to the Atlantic, and the slight

rise in height from sea-level at Para to little over 300 ft. at the

foot of the Andes, a distance of nearly 2000 miles, Bates must

have been fairly startled by the modifications within the

species collected by him at Para on the Lower Amazons,

Obidos and Mandos on the Middle Amazons, and Ega on the

Upper Amazons. We take it now as a matter of course that

we receive different species or different geographical races from

these three Amazonian districts. After a fact of this kind has

been clearly pointed out, it is easy to follow the lead and apply

that knowledge also elsewhere. The geographical variation

discovered by Bates on the Amazons we now know to obtain

in a no less marked degree on both American continents in the

direction from east to west as well as from north to south. A

tropical species which has spread north and south into the

temperate countries is usually represented by a different

geographical race in the east of the U.S.A. and in the Western

States, in Hast Mexico and in West Mexico, the eastern Mexican

race extending as a rule south into Honduras and even

Nicaragua, another race again in Costa Rica and Panama,

West, Central, and East Colombia, and so on.

Experience has taught us that in Africa, south of the Sahara,

the chief taunistic provinces as regards Lepidoptera are like-

wise well marked. Without going into detail I mention that

the West African forest region has two major provinces, the

one extending from Senegambia to the Niger, and the second

from the Niger to the Congo basin; South Africa has generally

CXR1X

its own races, and the East African coast districts are faun-

istically different from Somaliland and Abyssinia as well as

from the districts of the lakes in the interior. I show you as

illustration of this division of African species into geographical

varieties Papilio menestheus from Sierra Leone, the Congo and

South Africa, and along with it Charaxes brutus, which varies

in a similar way. These two species have been chosen because

they illustrate another interesting phenomenon: Congolese

varieties of many species are larger and have the markings

reduced, the South and East African varieties have larger

markings and usually have distinct submarginal spots on

the hind-wing, while these spots are often missing or reduced

in the West African forms. This by the way.

In the Indo-Australian countries geographical variation is

equally pronounced. Ceylon, South India, North-west India,

Sikkim and Bhutan, the Assamese Hills south of the Brahma-

putra, Burma, Tenasserim, the Malay Peninsula and nearly

all the islands or groups of islands of the Indian and Pacific

oceans have each its special local races. For instance, Papilio

sarpedon, extends from Ceylon to Japan and eastwards to the

Solomon Islands; it is broken up into a multitude of geo-

graphical forms, some of which we show on the slide. I draw

your attention to the seasonal difference in North Indian

specimens, further to the dimorphism in the Chinese summer

specimens, and to the large size and strongly falcate fore-

wing of the specimens from the lowlands of Celebes and the

Sulla Islands; the slide, further, illustrates a variation I have

as yet not mentioned, that is the difference frequently found

in specimens from different altitudes. On Celebes as well as

Ceram there exists a lowland race and a mountain race of

P. sarpedon, very unlike each other, and undoubtedly derived

from different sources, the lowland race of Celebes being of

Moluccan origin and the mountain race of Malayan derivation,

while in Ceram the one is truly a Moluccan race and the other

has its affinitive in New Guinea. On the whole P. sarpedon

has a limited individual variation, the specimens, apart

from Central and West China, being practically uniform in

each locality. The problem is much more complicated and

also much more interesting and instructive in the case of

PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., v, 1922. I

CXXX

synpatrically polymorphic species. Larlier in this address

I have mentioned the Agaristid Immetalia saturata as a day-

flying polymorphic species. This moth occurs in Southern

New Guinea in three individual forms, both sexes being either

white-banded on both wings, or white-banded on the fore-wing

and orange-banded on the hind-wing, or orange-banded on

both wings, a sharply marked trichromatism, a fourth form,

with the band of the hind-wing replaced by a few white scales,

being represented by a single female in my collection. In

Northern New Guinea, at a low altitude, the 3 is always

white, but the 92 is either white-banded like the 3, or white-

banded on the fore-wing and orange-banded on the hind-wing,

or orange-banded on both wings. In Eastern New Guinea

(in the district around the Huon Gulf), and on the islands off

the north-east coast, both sexes are always orange-banded.

On the Southern Moluccas—we have only a few specimens

from Aru and Key, and do not know the extent of variation

on these islands—the band of the hind-wing is always missing,

at least in the lowlands, the band of the fore-wing being white

in the Ceram ¢ and either white or orange in the Ceram 9,

white in both sexes on Amboina, and orange in both sexes

on Buru. In the Northern Moluccas both wings have a band,

which is always orange in both sexes. That is to say: a

species tetramorphic in one district appears in another district

monomorphic in the 3, trimorphic in the 9, in other places

sexually dimorphic, or entirely monomorphic. A somewhat

similar case is that of Papilio clytia. In India and Indo-

China it occurs in two main forms, each individually variable,

a streaked form and a brown one; in North India occasionally

intermediates appear which are not known from any other

district. In the Andamans occurs only a streaked race, on

Palawan a monomorphic brown race or, if you lke, species,

and on Timor and neighbouring islands the species is repre-

sented by a streaked Papilio, the islands in between and

Malacca being inhabited by the specifically distinct, though

closely allied, Papilio paradoxus, the mimic of various Kuploeas.

As a third example of polymorphism I mention Papilio

memnon. In this species the 9 is of particular interest, though

the 3 also varies geographically. The point to which I wish

CXxXxXi

to draw your attention is this: while in Java, Sumatra, the

Malay Peninsula, India, etc., one of the several females is

tailed, there is no tailed memnon-2 on Borneo; the Bornean

form which corresponds to the tailed one of Sumatra has

preserved the pattern distinctive of the tailed 9, but the tail

has been lost entirely.

Now let us for a moment consider geographically separated

varieties of Lepidoptera from quite a different point of view.

Along the west coast of Sumatra there is a chain of islands

each of which has its own, numerous, races of Lepidoptera,

many of the races being markedly different from those found

on Sumatra. On the other hand, the Natuna Islands between

Borneo and the Malay Peninsula are farther from Borneo

than, for instance, Nias is from Sumatra, yet their Lepidoptera

do not exhibit such conspicuous modifications as do those of

Engano, Mentawei, Nias, etc. What is the reason for this

difference in the degree of variation? The insects in question

being the same species, the cause of their greater modification

on the one group of islands than on the other must be sought

for in the nature of the islands, using the word nature in the

widest sense, including the age of the islands. Entomologists

know very well that a geographically old district separated

by sea or low lands from the nearest geologically old district

has its own geographical races. The modifications in the

species may refer either to colour, size, shape, or structure, or

to all, the species not reacting all inthe same way. That is to

say, geographical variation also depends on the nature of the

insect. If we see it stated that a certain species has a very

wide distribution, but does not exhibit any geographical

variation, at once the explanation forms itself in our mind

either that the species is carried frequently from place to

place by the power of its wings or some other means, or that

the species has not been carefully studied. And in most

instances we find that nature has not made an exception, but

that the systematist has made a mistake.

We have briefly considered first variation in one and the

same locality and then variation in different localities, and

now this question presents itself: are the varieties, whether

local or geographical, all of the same value as regards evolution ?

CXXXll

For instance, are a dark and a light form which occur together

the same as a dark and a light form which are geographically

separate? Staudinger and many other Lepidopterists have

given an affirmative answer. In Staudinger’s Catalogue of

Palaearctic Lepidoptera many forms are designated as “ var.

et ab.,” 2. e. they are considered to be individual aberrations

in one place which have developed into geographical varieties

in another. Leoking superficially at collections it appears

indeed to be so. But appearances are frequently misleading.

The true bearing of a problem, whether in science, politics,

economics or ethics, is more easily perceived, if the problem

is pursued to its logical extreme. I will give some instances

by way of illustration. The two specimens of the Geometrid

Triphosa dubitata, both from Tring, differ in the one being

paler than the other. If this difference became so normal in

British dubitata that we had only dark specimens and pale

specimens, development progressing in the same direction

would result in well-marked dimorphism and no more; the

dark form and the pale one would contrast strongly, but would

nevertheless still form an interbreeding community. Compare

now a Chinese specimen with the European ones. The Chinese

examples are so similar to them that they have not received a

name; they are, however, characterised by some slight

structural difference in the genitalia. The geographical

separation is here accompanied by a structural separation.

What would be the result if this line of development was

carried on? The other Lepidoptera on the slide will give the

answer. They are both from the Oriental Region and taken

quite at random from my collection, being selected for no

other reason but the wide distribution assigned to them and,

as we thought, the absence of any conspicuous geographical

distinctions. As it happens, the outward appearance has

proved deceptive. The Geometrid Nobilia turbata is said

to occur from India to New Guinea; the three specimens

figured show some very slight differences, but these are so

fluctuating in a series that all the specimens stand in collections

under one name. An examination of the structure, however,

‘proves that there are an Indian, a Malayan and a Papuan

form, so different that interbreeding would be difficult. The

CXXXill

other insect is a Noctuid, Oxyodes scrobiculata, a very common

species throughout the Oriental Region, a distribution from

Ceylon to New Caledonia being assigned to this moth. The

differences in colouring are slight and so unstable that nobody

seems to have suspected this O. scrobiculata to be composed of

a number of forms. A study of the structure upsets the

notion of uniformity altogether. What we call O. scrobiculata

comprises the following forms: (1) the first figure represents

a Ceylonese specimen; all Ceylonese and South Indian

examples are sharply defined by the structure of the tail-ends,

and this form extends into North India, where it occurs

together with the next one, the differences being such that

interbreeding would be interfered with; (2) from North

India over Indo-China to Sumatra and Borneo a second form

is found; (3) from Palawan and Java to Timor and New

Caledonia occurs a somewhat brighter yellow insect with

widely different tail-ends, and (4) in Queensland we find again

a form structurally similar to the Indo-Malayan one, but

different in some detail. There can be no doubt that both in

the Geometrid Nodilia and the Noctuid Oxyodes the various

forms are modifications derived from the same original stock.

Their distribution proves that each form attained its high

degree of diversity in an area geographically separate from

the countries inhabited by the sister forms. That is to say,

geographical segregation has here led to structural segregation

and finally to such great diversity that the resulting varieties

are as distinct as species. This conclusion based mainly on

the morphology of the insects is corroborated by other observa-

tions on geographical varieties. It was Standfuss, I think,

who first noticed that varieties from the same or similar

locality were much easier to cross than geographically separate

varieties, the aversion existing between species being already

present to some extent in geographical varieties. Moreover,

the fertility of such crosses was found to be impaired, and the

offspring to be intermediate between the parents, as in the case

of crosses between species. Further, according to observations

on the fertilisation of the egg-cell and the subsequent fate of

the g and @ nuclei, the number of particles into which the

nucleus of the fertilised egg breaks up in the process known as

CXXXI1V

karyokinesis varies but slightly within each species, no matter

whether the synpatric specimens crossed are externally

similar or dissimilar, and differs from the number observed

in allied species. If, however, two species are crossed, the

number of particles is very much lower, while an intermediate

number results in the case of the crossing of two geographical

races of a species. That is a most interesting confirmation of

the conclusion drawn from the morphology of the imagines

that geographical races are of a different standing in evolution

than individual varieties.

However, in practice it is not always easy to decide whether

a variety is really geographical. We have seen here exhibited

more than once a certain class of variety which appears in

years with an abnormal season. An excessive and prolonged

rainfall or continued drought has a marked influence on the

size and colouring of the Lepidoptera. Such wet or dry forms

would disappear with the return of the climate to normal

conditions. The material in our collections from tropical

countries is frequently collected in one season only, or even in a

few weeks, and in such circumstances we may easily take the

product of an abnormal spell of weather for a geographical

variety. The documentation in our collections unfortunately

is limited, and therefore the work based on them remains

always open to correction.

I thank you for the attention with which you have listened

to this Address. Before leaving the Chair I should like to

give expression to my gratitude to the Officers and Council

for their untiring assistance extended to me during my term

of office, and to the Society for having honoured me by the

election as its President. The two years were full of interest-

ing experience, and they will always remain as a very pleasant

memory.

CXXXV

GENERAL INDEX.

The Aralie figures refer to the pages of the ‘ Transactions’; the Roman

numerals to the pages of the ‘ Proceedings.’

The President’s Address is not separately indexed.

GENERAL SUBJECTS.

Aberrations, of British Lepidoptera, exhibited, iii; of Argynnis cydippe

and Zygaena transalpina, exhibited, xxiii; in Papilios from Formosa,

exhibited, ]xxxvii.

Abrazxas grossulariata, delayed development a result of in-breeding of, Ixxvi,

xcv.

Africa, the Dasytinae of South, xlvii, 367; new and rare Lepidoptera from,

exhibited, Ixvii; showing the attacks of lizards, Lycaenidae from East,

exhibited, xcvy; some apparently new genera and species of family

Pyralidae from South, 1.

Aglaope hemileuca from Central Ceram, new race of, exhibited, Ixviii.

America, descriptions of Micro-Lepidoptera from South, 65.

Ants, Dipteron associated with, exhibited, Ixxxix.

Argynnis cydippe, aberration of, exhibited, xxiii.

Asilid fly, Laphria flava, Coccinella septempunctata as prey of, exhibited,

xlix,

Aspidomorpha sanctae-crucis from India, examples of Cassid beetle, exhibited,

ili.

Australian species of genus JJelobasis, Fam. Buprestidae, Order Coleoptera,

with notes on allied genera, revision of, Ixxxviii.

Bacot, A. W., notice of death of, xxv.

Bee in Britain, imported, exhibited, iv.

Beetle, Aspidomorpha sanctae-crucis from India, examples of Cassid, exhibited,

iii; from Madagascar, new, exhibited, xvii; in dog-biscuits and plum-

branches, Chalcididae bred from, exhibited, xix; two, new to Britain,

exhibited, Ixxiii.

Belenotis gidica, note on, with exhibits, ]xxviii.

Bellargus, seasonal changes in colours of female, Ixxiv.

Bequest to Society announced, iv.

Bethylid (Hymenoptera) of the genus Cephalonomia observed at Oxford,

notes on the life-history of a, exhibited, xxvi.

Birds’ droppings, Chaleid Syntomaspis druparum bred from hawthorn seeds

in, exhibited, xviii.

Bordeta, sexual dimorphism and mimicry in Geometrids of genus, exhibited,

xcl.

Britain, imported bee in, exhibited, iv; two beetles new to, exhibited,

Ixxiii; Cecidomyiid new to, exhibited, lxxxii.

British, sawfly, communication as to rearing of, ii; Lepidoptera, aberrations

of, exhibited, iii; species of Hydropti/a, two new, ili, 178; Neuroptera,

CXXXV1

on the biology of some, Ixxvii, 501; Tortrix, rare, exhibited, Ixxxix ;

Lepidoptera, rare, exhibited, xciv; Lepidoptera, varieties of, exhibited, ci.

British Museum, notes on the Orthoptera in the. Group Calliptamini, 117 ;

notes on Endomychid Coleoptera and descriptions of new species in the,

484,

Buprestidae, Order Coleoptera, with notes on allied genera, revision of

Australian species of genus JMJelobasis, Fam., 1xxxviil,

Buru, new and little-known butterflies from Island of, exhibited, cii.

Butterflies, from Piedmont, exhibited, iii; from the Nile, exhibited, v, xvi,

240; from Co. Tyrone, exhibited, xxiii; from Rumania, exhibited, xxv;

bred in confinement, symmetrical injuries to wings of, exhibited, li:

from Ecuador, rare, exhibited, Ixxii; scents of, ]xxii; homoeosis in,

exhibited, Ixxxix; from Venezuela, exhibited, xcv; from Island of

Buru, new and little-known, exhibited, cii.

Calliptamini. Notes on Orthoptera in the British Museum, Group, 117.

Jarabidae, types of oriental, xvi, 245; on Schmit-Goebel’s types of, Ixxvil.

Carausius morosus, regeneration of limbs in, exhibited, xvii.

Castniidae, scent-organ of certain mimetic, exhibited, xci.

Catochrysops phasma, life-history of, xxv; monograph of genus Catochrysops,

xvii, 275.

Cecidomyiid new to Britain, exhibited, Ixxxii.

Cephalonomia observed at Oxford, notes on the life-history of a Bethylid

(Hymenoptera) of the genus, exhibited, xxvi.

Ceram, new race of Aglaope hemileuca from Central, exhibited, lxviii.

Ceratophyllus vayabundus under unusual circumstances, on occurrence, near

London, of flea, 454.

Chaleid, Geniocerus flavimanus, emerging from reed, Arundo phragmites,

pupae of, exhibited, iv; Syntomaspis druparum bred from hawthorn

seeds in birds’ droppings, exhibited, xviii.

Chalcididae bred from beetles in deg-biscuits and plum-branches, exhibited,

Charaves from Sumbawa, new, exhibited, xviii.

Cidaria truncata, C. citrata, and C. concinnata, series of, exhibited, ii.

Coccinella septempunctata as prey of Asilid fly, Laphria flava, exhibited, xlix.

Coenonympha pamphilus, homoeosis in, exhibited, Ixxx.

Colaenis telesiphe, exhibited, xxiii.

Coleoptera, on Endomychid, lxxvii, 484; with notes on allied genera, revision

of Australian species of genus J/elobasis, Fam. Buprestidae, Order,

Ixxxviii; the Dasytinae of South Africa, 367; Melasidae and Elateridae

of the Seychelles and neighbouring islands, 398.

Colouring of Lepidoptera, utilisation of derived plant-pigments in the, vi.

Council, announcement as to new member of, xlvii; nomination of, lxxxii,

Ixxxviii.

Crambids, Zeller’s types of, exhibited, xxiii.

Curculionidae, new genera and species of neotropical, xvi, 181.

Dasytinae of South Africa, the, xlvii, 367.

Devonshire, Polygonia (Grapta) c-album captured in, xxi.

Diaphora mendica, new variety of, exhibited, v.

Dimorphism and mimicry in Geometrids of genus Bordeta, sexual, exhibited,

xci,

CXXXVII1

Diptera, new or little-known exotic Tipulidae, 34.

Dipteron associated with ants, exhibited, lxxxix.

Dorylus nigricans at Kilosa, Tanganyika Territory, notes on the Driver Aut,

exhibited, xxxii.

Driver-Ant Dorylus niyricans at Kilosa, Tanganyika Territory, notes on

the, exhibited, xxxii.

Druce, Hamilton H., notice of death of, Ixix.

Ecuador, rare butterflies from, exhibited, lxxii.

HKgyptian desert, living larvae of Nemopterid from, exhibited, Ixxx, civ.

Elateridae of Seychelles Expedition, ]xix, 398.

Elwes, H. J., notice of death of, Ixxxviii.

Endomychid Coleoptera and descriptions of new species in the British

Museum, notes on, Ixxvii, 484.

Ethiopian races of Heodes phlueas, the, li, xciv.

Eugonia c-album and certain allied species, procryptie resting attitude of,

exhibited, Ixx.

“False head’ of Lycaenidae in relation to the attacks of enemies, recent

observations on the, xlix.

Farn collection, insects from, exhibited, Ixix.

Fellows, election of, i, iv, xvii, xxii, xxv, xlvii, lxix, xxiii, xxvii, lxxxii, Ixxxvili.

Flea Ceratophyllus vagabundus under unusual circumstances, on the oceur-

rence, near London, of the, 454.

Florence, Lepidoptera from, exhibited, xxiii.

Food preferences of Vespa vulgaris, ci.

Formosa, aberrations in Papilios from, exhibited, Ixxxvii.

Geldart, Professor W. M., notice of death of, iv.

Geniocerus flavimanus, emerging from reed, Arundo phragmites, pupae of

Chaleid, exhibited, iv.

Geometrids of genus Bordeta, sexual dimorphism and mimicry in, exhibited,

xcl.

Germinal ‘‘ factors” and their independent existence and development, the

late Dr. T. A. Chapman on, viii.

Gift to the Society, announced, Ixxviii, 1xxxii, lxxxix,

Grasshoppers, mimetic, exhibited, xxiv; transformative deceptive resem-

blance in long-horned, Ixix, 269.

Gynandromorphous Plehetus argus, Vi.

Heodes phlaeas, the Ethiopian races of, li, xciv.

Hind-wing pattern in males of Papilio dardanus at Kibwezi, Kenya Colony,

sudden appearance of western, exhibited, Ixxv.

Homoeosis, in Coenonympha pamphilus, exhibited, lxxx, Ixxxix ; in butterflies,

exhibited, Ixxxix.

Horne, Arthur, notice of death of, Ixix,

Hydroptila, two new British species of, iii, 178.

Hymenoptera of the genus Cephalonomia observed at Oxford, notes on the

life-history of a Bethylid, exhibited, xxvi.

Imported bee in Britain, exhibited, iv.

In-breeding of Abraxas grossulariata, delayed development a result of,

Ixxvi, xcv.

Iudia, examples of Cassid beetle, Aspidomorpha sanctae-crucis from, ex-

hibited, iii.

CXXXVill

Injuries to wings of butterfly bred in confinement, symmetrical, exhibited, li.

Insects, from Piedmont, exhibited, v; from Mount Everest, exhibited, xvii;

mimetic, exhibited, xxii; transformational deceptive resemblance in,

xlvii; from Farn collection, exhibited, ]xix; visiting the common

primrose, notes on, Ixxxiv.

Intersex of JMJydaea duplicata, exhibited, lxxx; intersexual forms of

Plebeius argus (aegon), 225.

Java, shrew-like appearance of Lasiocampid moth from, exhibited, Ixxxiii.

Kenya Colony, sudden appearance of western hind-wing pattern in males of

Papilio dardanus at Kibwezi, exhibited, Ixxv.

Lachnocnema bibulus, description of pupal shell of, Ixxxviii.

Laphria flava, Coccinella septempunctata as prey of Asilid fly, exhibited,

ad bbe

Larinopoda, the species of the genus, xlvii, 254.

Larvae, of Taentorhynchus richiardii, exhibited, xlvi; of Nemopterid from

Egyptian desert, living, exhibited, Ixxx, civ; delayed development in

inbred larva of Abraxas grossulariata, xcv; on larva and pupa of genus

Sabatinca, 437.

L»siocampid moth from Java, shrew-like appearance of, exhibited, ]xxxiii.

Lepidoptera, aberrations of British, exhibited, iii; utilisation of derived

plant-pigments in the colouring of, vi; from Florence, exhibited, xxiii;

new and rare, exhibited, lxvii; mimicry in N. Rhodesian, lxxxiv; rare

British, exhibited, xciv; varieties of British, exhibited, ci; Fam.

Micropterygidae, on larva and pupa of genus Sabatinca, Order, 437.

Leptura rubra from Norfolk, exhibited, lxxiii.

Limenttis sibilla from the New Forest, exhibited, xc.

Liphyra brassolis and L. castnia, exhibited, xxiv.

Littler, Frank M., notice of death of, xix.

London of the flea Ceratophyllus vayabindus under unusval circumstances,

on the occurrence near, 454.

Lycaenidae, in relation to the attacks of enemies, recent observations on the

“false head” of, xlix; showing the attacks of lizards, Hast African,

exhibited, xcv.

Madagascar, new beetle and rare moth from, exhibited, xvii.

Mallophaga of the Oxford University Expedition to Spitzbergen, the, xlvii.

Meeting Room, plans for new, exhibited, Ixxxix.

Melasidae and Elateridae of the Seychelles and neighbouring islands, 398.

Melobasis, Fam. Buprestidae, Order Coleoptera, with notes on allied genera,

revision of Australian species of genus, lxxxviii.

Metamorphoses of Onthophayus taurus, notes on the, exhibited, xiv.

Micro-Lepidoptera, descriptions of South American, 65.

Micropterygidae, on the larva and pupa of genus Sabatinca, Order Lepidoptera,

Fam., 437.

Mimetic, insects, exhibited, xxii; grasshoppers, exhibited, xxiv; trans-

formational deceptive resemblance in insects, xlvii; transformative

deceptive resemblance in long-horned grasshoppers, lxix; Castniidae,

scent-organ of certain, exhibited, xci.

Mimicry in N. Rhodesian Lepidoptera: observations noted on the spot,

Ixxxiv; in Geometrids of genus Zordeta, sexual dimorphism and,

exhibited, xci,

CXXX1X

Moth, from Madagascar, rare, exhibited, xvii; with stridulatory apparatus,

exhibited, xxiv.

Mount Everest, insects from, exhibited, xvii; expedition, on the Rhopalocera

of the 1921, Ixxvii, 461.

Mydaea duplicata, intersex of, exhibited, Ixxx.

Nemopterid from Egyptian desert, living larvae of, exhibited, Ixxx, civ.

Neotropical Curculionidae, new genera and species of, xvi, 181.

Neuroptera, on the biology of some British, Ixxvii, 501.

New Forest, Limenttzs sibilla from the, exhibited, xe.

New Guinea, new and rare Lepidoptera from, exhibited, lxviii.

New Zealand Trichoptera, scent-organs in, exhibited, civ.

Nile, butterflies from the, exhibited, v, xvi, 240.

Noctuidae, the tympanal organ of Spetredonia, 1xxix, xc.

Norfolk, Leptura rubra from, exhibited, lxxiii.

Notodontidae, peculiar organ of the, exhibited, lxxiv.

Nyasaland, fauna of Mt. Mlanje, illustrated, xxiv.

Obituary. W. Purdey, F. W, L. Sladen,i; Prof. W. M. Geldart, C.B.E.,

iv; A. W. Bacot, G. Storey, xxv; H. Rowland-Brown, xlvii; Dr. David

Sharp, F.R.S., Hamilton H. Druce, Arthur Horne, Frank M. Littler,

G. O. Sloper, lxix; H. J. Elwes, F.R.S., Ixxxviii.

Officers, nomination of, ]xxxii, lxxxviii.

Onthophagus taurus, notes on the metamorphoses of, exhibited, xiv.

Organ, of the Notodontidae, peculiar, exhibited, Ixxiv; of Speiredonia

(Noctuidae), the tympanal, xxix.

Oriental Carabidae, types of, xvi, 245.

Orthoptera in the British Museum, notes on the. Group Calliptamini,

Osmylus chrysops, early stages of, exhibited, xlvi.

Oxford, notes on the life-history of a Bethylid (Hymenoptera) of the genus

Cephalonomia observed at, exhibited, xxvi.

Oxford University Expedition to Spitzbergen, the Mallophaga of the, xlvi.

Papilio dardanus at Kibwezi, Kenya Colony, sudden appearance of western

hind-wing pattern in males of, exhibited, Ixxv.

Papilios from Formosa, aberrations in, exhibited, Ixxxvii.

Piedmont, butterflies from, exhibited, iii; insects from, exhibited, v.

Planipennia, notes on the biology of some British Neuroptera, 501.

Plans for new Meeting Room, exhibited, Ixxxix.

Plant-pigments in the colouring of Lepidoptera, utilisation of derived, vi.

Plebeius argus, gynandromorpheus, xvi, 225,

Polyygonia (Grapta) c-album, new point in procryptic resting attitude of

xix; captured in Devonshire, xxi.

Portraits, additions to collection of, xxv, lxix, Ixxxii.

Primrose, notes on insects visiting common, |xxxiy.

Pseudopontia paradoxa, its bionomics, geographical races and affinity, lvii.

Pupal shell of Lachnocnema bibulus, description of, Ixxxviii; on larva and

pupa of genus Sabatinca, 437.

Purdey, W., notice of death of, i.

Pyralidae, some apparently new South African genera and species of

faniily, 1.

Regeneration of limbs in Carausius morosus, exhibited, xvii,

cxl

Resting attitude, of Polygonia (Grapta) c-album, new point in procryptic,

xix; of Polygonia (Eugonia) c-album and certain allied species, pro-

cryptic, exhibited, Ixx.

Rowland-Brown, H., notice of death of, xlvii.

Rhodesian Lepidoptera, mimicry in N., lxxxiv.

Rhopalocera of the 1921 Mount Everest Expedition, on the, Ixxvii, 461.

Rumania, butterflies from, exhibited, xxv.

Sabatinca, on the larva and pupa of genus, Ixxvii, 437.

Sawfly, communication as to rearing of British, ii.

Scents of butterflies, Ixxii; scent-organ of certain mimetic Castniidae,

exhibited, xci; scent-organs in New Zealand Trichoptera, exhibited,

civ.

Seasonal changes in colours of female bellargus, xxiv.

Seeds in birds’ droppings, Chalcid Syntomaspis druparum bred from hawthorn,

exhibited, xviii.

Seychelles and neighbouring islands, Melasidae and Elateridae of the, lxix,

398.

Sharp, Dr. David, notice of death of, lxix.

Sladen, F. W, L., notice of death of, i.

Sloper, G. O., notice of death of, Ixix.

Speiredonia (Noctuidae), the tympanal organ of, xxix.

Spitzbergen, the Mallophaga of the Oxford University Expedition to, xlvii.

Stettin Museum, notes on types of oriental Carabidae in the, 245.

Storey, G., notice of death of, xxv.

Stridulatory apparatus, moth with, exhibited, xxiv.

Sumatra, new and rare Lepidoptera from 8.W., exhibited, lxviii.

Sumbawa, new Charaves from, exhibited, lxviii.

Syntomaspis druparum bred from hawthorn seeds in birds’ droppings, Chalcid,

exhibited, xviii. ‘

Taentorhynchus richiardii, larvae of, exhibited, xlvi.

Tanganyika Territory, notes on the Driver-Ant Dory/lus nigricans at Kilosa,

exhibited, xxxii.

Tipulidae (Diptera), new or little-known exotic, 34.

Tortrix, rare British, exhibited, Ixxxix.

Transformational deceptive resemblance in insects, xlvii, lxix, 269.

Trichoptera, scent-organs in New Zealand, exhibited, civ

Tympanal organ of Spezredonia (Noctuidae), Ixxix, xe.

Tyrone, butterflies from Co., exhibited, xxiii.

Uganda, further examples of /Heodes phlaeas ethiopica from 8.W., exhibited,

xciv.

Variety of Diaphora mendica, new, exhibited, v; varieties of British

Lepidoptera, exhibited, ci.

Venezuela, butterflies from, exhibited, xcv.

Vespa vulgaris, food preferences of, ci.

Vice-Presidents, nomination of, i. .

Wicken Fen fund, statement by Treasurer, iv.

Zeller’s types of Crambids, exhibited, xxiii.

Zygaena transalpina, aberration of, exhibited, xxiii.

exli

SPECIAL INDEX.

The Arabic figures refer to the pages of the ‘ Transactions’ ; the Roman numerals

to the pages of the ‘ Proceedings,

abboti (Heodes), lii, liv, lv, lvi

abbreviatus (Calliptamus), 135, 136

abietis (Aspidiotus), 589

abruptecostatus (Exorides), 204, 210,

224

abruptella (Compsolechia), 81

Acanthocnemus, 367

accinctella (Compsolechia), 81

acco (Parnassius), 461, 462

», gemmifer (Parnassius), 462, 477,

479

», (Tadumia), 462

», gemmifer (Tadumia), 462

acheli (Catochrysops), 320

Acorypha, 118, 173

Acoryphella, 121, 173

Acraea, xvii

acrolychna (Dichomeris), 112

acropelta (Commatica), 73

Acrophymus, 120, 167

actophilus (Degeeriella), 253

os (Nirmus), 253

acuminatus (Cardiophorus), 416

acuticornis (Brachycrepis), 432 .

adamantinus (Compsus), 193

Adelocera, 400, 407, 409

adonis (Agriades), xxiv

», (Compsus), 197, 199, 224

adspersus (Rhachitopis), 143

Aegeria, Xxil

Aegeriidae, xxii

Aegocera, XXiv

Acoloides, 418

aequalis (Agrypnus), 398, 399, 407,

409

aestivalis (Hemiteles), 591

aethiopia (Neochrysops), 331, 333, 363,

364, 366

agalla (Pteronymia), xcvii

Agaristidae, xcili :

agestis (Aricia), xxiv

agilus (Eulachnus), 532

agnicula (Polygonia), 481.

Agriades, 235

Agrypninae, 406, 407

Agrypnus, 407

ajaka (Danaus), 480

Alaena, 255

Alaus, 411

alba (Chrysopa), 550, 558, 559, 561,

563, 564, 591, 593

albiceris (Cyphus), 181

,, (Hadropus), 181

albicostella (Saluria), 10

albistria (Commotria), 14

albistriatus (Catochrysops), 353

. (Cupido), 353

EB (Euchrysops),

364, 366

r (Lycaena), 353

albivenella (Statina), 17

albofasciatus (Attalus), 375, 377, 384,

385, 386

Bs (Dasytophasis), 375, 377,

384, 385, 396

albomarginata (Pompyliodes), xxii

alcesta (Nychitona), ix

,, f. nupta (Nychitona), lix

», f. nuptilla (Nychitona), lix

aldabrensis (Elastrus), 399, 421

aleurodiformis (Semidalis), 585, 588,

594

353, 362,

me var. curtisiana (Semi-

dalis), 586

Aleuropteryginae, 511

alfieri (Stenotarsoides), 485

aliena (Pompyliodes), xxii

alluaudi (Heteroderes), 419

ia (Psephus), 398, 899, 428

alni (Elater), 401

alpho (Epithomia), xevi, xevii

alsus (Cupido), 275

alternans (Compsus), 193

Amara, 250

exlii

amaroides (Calathus), 250

Amatidae, xxii

Amaurus, 407

amazonica (Castnia), xci

wa (Compsolechia), 81

Amblycera, 251

Amblyphymus, 119, 188, 167, 168

ambusta (Compsolechia), 87, 88

amoena (Paratropesa), 47, 48

amphione astynomides (Dismorphia),

xevi, xcix, ¢

ampliatus (Milichius), 492

amy don (Agrias), 1xxxvii

anacardii nebulosa (Salamis), xlii

Anaphaeis, ]xxviil

anatossa (Cupido), 277, 278

anchastinus (Elastrus), 421

Anchastomorphus, 432

Anchastus, 432

anderida clara (Heliconius), xcvii

estebana (Heliconius), xcvi,

XCVil, xevlil, ¢

Aneuryphymus, 120, 169, 171

angelicae var. oclisenheimeri (Zygaena),

angulata (Hydroptila), 178, 179, 180

angulatus (Pagurodactylus), 380, 396

angulosa (Pericopis), xcvi, xcix, ¢

angulosus (Megapenthes), 420

angusticeps (Caloptenopsis), 1338, 134

as (Caloptenus), 133

angusticollis (Indalmus), 484, 486

angusticosta (Caloptenopsis) 129, 130,

133

angustifasciata (Peripheroptera), 35

angustissimus (Pagurodactylus), 368,

372, 378, 374, 382, 384, 386, 396

angustulus (Pagurodactylus), 371, 372,

384, 396

anisochrysa (Bordeta), xcii

annae (Parasemidalis), 588, 592

anomalella (Polyocha), 19

Anomosetidae, 437

anserinum (Trinotum), 252, 253

anserinus (Pediculus), 252

antennalis (Trelasus), 399, 420

antennatus (Calliptamicus), 152

ap (Calliptamus), 152

ss (Euryphymus), 152

Anthicus, 377

Anthocomus, 388

anthracina (Amycles), xxii

anthracura (Compsolechia), 94

antiopa (Vanessa), ]xxii

antiplaca (Compsolechia), 92

anubis (Lycaena), 360

apicaliformis (Monobia), xxii

apicalis (Chondria), 492

”

apicalis (Pagurodactylus), 382, 397

,, (Parachartergus), xxii

apollinaris (Pseudaphelia), 1xxxiv

apora (Eucharidema), xcii

Apterodasytes, 367, 395

archidona (Coenophlebia), Ixxii

arcuatus (Tachys), 247

arene (Lycaena), 476, 482

,, (Polyommatus), 473, 474

Arganus, 403

argentisparsalis (Diatraea), 6

fe var. fuscata (Diatraea),

5, 6

7 var. pallidifascia (Dia-

traea), 6

Argestina, 469, 482

argillaceus (Cyphus), 181

argus (Plebeius), xvi, 225, 226, 227,

228, 232, 233, 234, 236, 238

», ab. duplex (Plebeius), 237

», ab. inaequalis (Plebeius), 227,

237

», ab. masseyi (Plebeius), 229

argyracma (Compsolechia), 83

argyracta (Hapalonoma), 70

Argyrocheila, 255

ariadne (Catochrysops), 283

5, (Cupido), 283

5, (Neochrysops), 283, 363, 365

ariana (Polyommatus), 473, 476

arion (Lycaena), 276

aristata (Klugina), lxxx

armatissimus (Compsus), 193, 194, 223

Arnatula, 20

Arpedium, 395

asiatica (Albulina), 475

», (Lycaena), 475, 476, 482

», (Plebeius), 475

asopus (Catochrysops), 358

», (Lycaena), 358

aspersa (Chrysopa), 563

asperulus (Oxylobus), 245

aspidos (Larinopoda), 262, 263, 265,

266, 268

», aspidos (Larinopoda), 257,

268

» f. brenda (Larinopoda), 256,

257, 258, 263, 264, 268

,, f. latimarginata (Larinopoda),

262, 263

asteris (Catochrysops), 295

yy (Cupido), 295

», (Lycaena), 295, 297, 326, 333,

347

», (Neochrysops), 292, 362, 363,

365

», (Polyommate), 292, 293, 294,

295

exlili

asteris (Polyommatus), 293

astrarche (Aricia), [xxiv

astynomides (Dismorphia), xcix

atalanta (Pyrameis), xx, 1xxi

athalia (Melitaea), cii

Athrinacia, 116

atricornis (Ancylopus), 484

atrifrons (Hemerobius), 540

atrigemmata (Cupido), 277, 278

atripes (Toxorhina), 48

atrosignatus (Platyomus), 187

(Pseudocyphus), 187

Attalus, 367, 372, oes 381

augustus (Cyphus), | , 184

a Ha niearohte): 183

aulicus (Heliconius), xcvi, xcvii, ¢

aureola (Pycnocentria), cv

aurinia (Melitaea), iii, cli

aurisulcata (Trichctaphe), 108

avellanae (Macrosiphum), 537

avium (Pulex), 458

Azelota, 154

azureus (Castalius), 289

baliensis (Caloptenopsis), 132

As (Caloptenus), 132

barbarica (Sabatinva), 437, 438, 440,

441, 453

_ barkeri (Calosotis), 395

5, (Catochrysops), 347

,, (Euchrysops),

366

», (Lycaena), 347

basalis (Delopterus), 27, 28

Beccaria, 489

Belenois, xxviii, xxix, lxxxiv

bellargus (Agriades), Ixxiv, Ixxv, 226

bellicosus (Amphisternus), 484

berylla (Colias), 466, 477, 480

», (Eurymus), 466

», var. nina (Eurymus), 489

Bethylidae, xxvi

Bethylus, xxix

betulae (Pulvinaria), 542, 558

betularia (Colias), vill, xiii

bianor (l’apilio), Ixxxvii

bibulus (Lachnocnema), ]xxxviii

bicolor (Paroeneis), 471, 472

bicolorata (Craspedosis), xci, xcii

bigranosus (Platyphymus), 148

bimaculatus (Calliptamus), 124

binotatella (Compsolechia), 81, 95

birmanica (Galerita), 246

Biroi :Saula), 498

bispinus (Cyphus), 183

bituberculatus SERIO TESS 154,

177

on var. attenuatus (Plat-

acanthoides), 155

344, 347, 364,

bituberosus (Cyphus), 181, 184

*s (Stenocyphus), 182

bivittatus (Indalmus), 484

blochmanni r. continentis (Tetramor-

ium), XXxV

boeticus (Lampides), 241, 242

Bombylius, Ixxxv, Ixxxvi, lxxxvii

Bordeta, xci, xcii, xcili, xciv

Boriomyia, 524, 543

borneensis (Dryadites), 485

(Pseudindalmus), 486, 487

bovelli (Germariella), 184

Brachycrepis, 432

Brachyphymus, 120, 161

brachypterus (Euryphymus), 175

Brachyxenia, 118, 121, 124, 135, 136

Braconidae, xxii

brassicae (Danaus), 464

“! (Pieris), 464

ae nepalensis (Pieris), 464, 477

brassicoides (Pieris), xvii

brassolis (Liphyra), xxiv

brevicollis (Mycetina), 485

brigitta (Terias), 241, 243

brochospila (Compsolechia), 87

brunneicollis (Cardiophorus), 417

3 (Cardiotarsus), 399, 416,

417

brunneus (Euchrysops), 361, 365, 366

bryochlora (Sorotacta), 7

bueculatus (Psephus), 428

Buprestidae, Ixxxvili

buruana (Delias), civ

butleri butleri (Baltia), 465

., sikkima (Baltia), 464, 479

caeligena (Zalithia), 101

caeruleus (Dasytes), 386, 389, 397

caftrariae (Catochrysops), 292

an (Cupido), 292

ie (Lycaena), 292, 293, 294

ealabarica (Pseudopontia), lxi

calais (Teracolus), 241, 243

Calamotropa. 18

Calamotropodus, 18

Calathus, 250

c-album (Eugonia), Ixx, Ixxi

3 (Grapta), xix, Xx, xxi

aS (Polygonia), xix, xx, xxi

3 agnicula (Polygonia), 481

+ (Vanessa), 481

calearatus (Calliptenus), 132

oF (Caloptenopsis), 132, 184

3 (Caloptenus), 131

% (Euryphymus), 133

caliban (Delias), ciii

Callerebia, 469, 470

Calliceras, 591

Calliprora, 67

cxliv

Calliptamicus, 119, 150

Calliptamini, 117, 121, 126, 138, 151,

157, 164; 1738, 174,175

Calliptamulus, 120, 158, 162

Calliptamus, 118, 121, 124, 135, 150,

158

Calliptenus, 163

Callistomimus, 249

caloptenoides (Paracaloptenus), 137

Caloptenopsis, 118, 121, 124, 126, 134,

135, 136, 164, 165, 174

Caloptenus, 117, 136, 143, 174

Calosotis, 395

calypso (Belenois), Ixxvili

caminaria (Eriocera), 53, 54, 55

Pe (Limnobia), 53

Candezella, 432

caneodes (Anacampsis), 79

Canephorus, 183

canidia (Danaus), 479

3, (Pieris), 479

canofusella (Compsolechia), 81

capensis (Dasytes), 391, 396

rs (EKuryphymus), 175

capicola (Dasytophasis), 275, 384, 385,

396, 397

capitata (Nothochrysa), 503, 548, 550,

574, 575, 593, 594

capyrodes (Anacampsis), 80, 81

Carabidae, xvi, ]xxvii

cardamines (Euchloé), iii

ab. marginata (Euchloé),

iii

3 ab. radiata (Euchloé), iii

Cardenius, 175

Cardiophorus, 413, 415

Cardictarsus, 415

cardui (Pyrameis), 241, 480

», (Vanessa), 480

carilla (Castnia), xci

carinatus (Exorides), 202, 206

carme (Eresia), xevi, xcix

Carphurus, 396

carsonl (Catochrysops), 334

(Neochrysops), 334, 863, 364,

366

”)

carycastis (Heleystogramma), 104

Caryoborus, xxx

caryoterma (Compsolechia), 88

caschmirensis (Vanessa), 461, 468

f aésis (Vanessa), 468, 481

cashmirensis (Aglais), 468

53 (Vanessa), 468, 477

cassidata (Compsolechia), 82, 83

castanea r. tricolor (Cremastogaster),

XXxii, xxxv, xlv

castnia (Liphyra), xxiv

Castniidae, xxiv, xci

Catochrysops, xlvii, 275, 276, 277, 279,

344

caudatus (Exorides), 206, 217, 224

cebrene (Precis), 241

celaeus (Catochrysops), 317

5, (Cupido), 316, 317

», (lycaena), 287, 292, 295, 317,

323, 333

», (Papilio), 317, 319, 320

centaurus (Catochrysops), 275

centrocrossa (Calliprora), 67

Cephalonomia, xxvi, XXVil, XXVill, Xxx,

206d! -

cephalotes (Calliptamus), 135, 136

(Pagurodactylus), 377, 378,

379, 380, 396, 397

cepheus (Pseudopontia), lxiii, Lxiv

Ceraphron, 591

ceraseus (Rhachitopis), 143, 145, 177

Ceratophyllus, 457, 460

Ceratopogon, xxvi

Ceratus, 403

ceres atergatis (Lycorea), xcvi, ¢

cervinus (Azelota), 154

Chalcididae, xix

chaleimerus (Crambus), 3

chalcocephalus (Callistomimus), 249

chalyburga (Heleystogramma), 103

championi (Trechus), 248

Charaxes, Ixvil, ]xviil, ciii

chelidonia (Compsolechia), 82

Chermes, 529, 530, 564, 565, 584

chevrolati (Cyphus), 183

Chilades, 277

chinensis ( Vanessa), 468, 469

chionura (Commatica), 71

Chironomus, 515

chloauges (Neochrysops), 328, 363,

364, 366

chloris (Nezara), xxxili, Xxxvi

chlorostomus (Cyphus), 181, 184

4 (Germariella), 183

Chondria, 492

Chorista, 449, 452

chrysippus (Danais), 241, 242

var. alcippus (Danais), 241,

oi)

242

sf var. dorippus (Danais),

242

a (Limnas), Ixxxiv

chrysis (Cyphus), 183

chrysomelinus (Ochodaens), 428

chrysomeloides (Melolontha), 428

chrysonome (Teracolus), 243

Chrysopa, 509, 510, 515, 547, 548, 551,

553, 556, 558, 561, 562, 567, 574,

589, 590, 591

Chrysopidae, 504, 511, 575, 598, 594

;

}

’

exlv

chrysops (Osmylus), xlvi, 512, 592

chrysoptera (Eriocera), 59

(Erioptera), 58, 59

5 (Limnobia), 58

chrysopteroides (Eriocera), 58

chumbiensis (Parapieris), 464

nS (Pieris), 464

cicatricosus (Caloptenus), 175

cincticollis (Caloptenus), 165, 174

cinerea (Neochrysops), 314, 362, 364,

365

circumcinctus (Dasytes), 373

”

(Pagurodactylus), 371,

372, 373, 396

cissus (Cupido), 277

cistulata (Compsolechia), 81

citrata (Cidaria)s ii

Citrinophila, 255

clara manis (Argynnis), 468, 477, 480

(Boloria), 468

», Manis (Boloria), 468

clarus (Caloptenopsis), 126

», (Caloptenus), 126, 127

clavipes (Saula), 495, 497

clearista (Athesis), xevi

climene (Pararge), xxv

Cloéon, 522

eneius (Catochrysops), 345

cnejus (Catochrysops), 276, 345

(Cupido), 345

(Euchrysops), 276, 279, 344,

346, 347, 364, 366

(Hesperia), 344

(Lampides), 345

(Lycaena), 344, 345

», (Polyommatus), 344

cocandica (Colias), 465

a tibetana (Colias), 465, 483

coccinella (Keccaria), 488

Coccinellidae, 489

coccinellina (Cyclotoma), 490

Cocytia, Ixviii

coelesiriensis (Caloptenus), 125

coelesyriensis (Calliptamus), 124, 125

(Caloptenus), 124, 125

(Kripa), 124, 125, 126,

177

”

ish (Sphodromerus), 125

coelosyriensis (( alliptamus), 125

ae (Sphodromerus), 125

cognatella (Compsolechia), 81

Coleoptera, Ixxvii, Ixxxviii

Coleostoma, 99

Colias, viii, 466

collaris (Orthogonius), 246

collocatella (Compsolechia), 81

Collyris, 270, 271, 272

cometes (Eustales), 193

PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., v, 1922.

complanata (Lioclepta), 116

complanatus (Heteroderes), 398, 419

Compsolechia, 81, 92, 99

Compsus, 183, 193, 201, 202

concinna (Boriomyia), 502, 507, 543,

544, 545, 546, 593

concinnata (Cidaria), ii

concisus (Caloptenus), 165, 174

concolor (Suana), 1xxxiii

Condylodera, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273

confluens (Compsus), 194

confusa (Macalla), 25, 26

conguensis (Catochrysops), 358

$3 (Lycaena), 358

Coniopterygidae, 501, 505, 507,

5115 527, 576, 577, 578; 583,

592, 594

Coniopteryginae, 511, 588, 589

Coniopteryx, 576, 582, 583, 584,

586, 588

coniosema (Battaristis), 74

Conoderinae, 407, 434

Conoderus, 434

considerata (Anacampsis), 78

consobrinus (Exophthalmodes),

190, 191, 192, 223

consularis (Lamprocyphus), 183

contracta (Catochrysops), 276

contractus (Cupido), 277

contrita (Pachysaris), 105

Conwentzia, 509, 576, 582, 583,

586, 587, 590, 591

coriaceipennis (Dasytes), 390, 396

coriaceus (Anthocomus), 388

sf (Dasytes), 388, 389, 396

coridon (Agriades), 226, 227, 228, 229,

230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 236

ab. duplex (Agriades), 228

ab. inaequalis (Agriades), 226,

227

ab. roystonensis (Agriades),

225, 226, 227, 228

ab. syngrapha (Agriades), 227,

236

cornicina (Euphoria), ci

cornuta (Hydroptila), 178, 179, 180

coronatus (Anthocomus), 374, 386

(Pagurodactylus), 374, 375,

386, 396

corrugatus (Exorides), 206, 218, 223

corticalis (Elater), 401

6 (Xylobius), 401

coruscus (Eustales), 193

os (Helorus), 591

corvi (Pediculus), 251

», (Philopterus), 252, 253

corydon (Lycaena), 327

coryli (Myzocallis), 537

508,

588,

585,

exlvi

cosmophragma (Athrinacia), 116

costatipennis (Dasytes), 386, 389, 390,

391, 396

Crambus, 5

crassicornis (Exophthalmodes), 189,

191, 192, 228

An (Saula), 495, 499

crassiusculus (Caloptenopsis), 127

crassus (Caloptenus), 148, 144, 145,

149, 150, 154, 155

- (Euryphymus), 143

5 (Megapenthes), 423

- (Rhachitopis), 143, 144, 155

crathis (Olyras), xevii

Crepidotritus, 432

cribricollis (Dasytes), 386, 389, 396

ey (Melanoxanthus), 398, 427

cribrosus (Pagurodactylus), 371, 396

eristulifer (Acrotylus), 174

$5 (Calliptamus), 173

e (Caloptenus), 174

(Euryphymus), 174

5 (Pachyphymus), 173

crocale (Catopsilia), 461, 467

croceus r. fieldi (Colias), 465

crocodilopa (Compsolechia), 86

crocodora (Dissoptila), 65

croesus (Compsus), 201

cruciata (Beccaria), 487

eruentatus (Sphodromerus), 123

cultratus (Amphisternus), 484

cuneolus (Melanoxantlius), 426

Cupido, 275, 276

cupreotincta (Mavalla), 25

cuprescens (Catochrysops), 360

cupreus (Catochrysops), 278, 806

» (Neochrysops), 306, 362, 363,

365

Curculionidae, xvi

Curticephalus, 402

curtisiana (Semidalis), 588

curtus (Megapenthes), 399, 422

curvipes (Euryphymus), 164

*5 (Rhachitopis), 143

3 (Saula), 495, 496, 499

cuspidatus (Euryphymus), 168, 169

cyanea (Tricondyla), 271

eyanipes (Cyphus), 183

a subsp. cavifrons (Tricondyla),

273

ceyanoneura (Trichotaphe), 109

cyclopteris (Cupido), 355

9 (Euchrysoys), 355, 362, 364,

386

. (Lampides), 355

eyena (Castnia) xci

eydippe (Argynnis), xxiii

cylindricus (Exorides), 205, 218, 224

Cymothoe, xlii

Cyphus, 181, 182, 183

eyta (Catochrysops), 275

Dactyl..simus, 429, 430

daira (Teracolus), 248

dalei (Sisyra), 519

Dallacha, 469

Danacaea, 368, 394

Danae, 493 ~

Danaidae, xevi

da; hnis (Lycaena), 327

daplidice (Synchloe), 1xxii

dardanus (Vapilio), xiii, xlii, Ixxy,

Ixxvi

3 f. lamborni (Papilio), xlii

sa f. polytrophus (Papilio),

Ixxy, lxxvi

Bi tibullus (Papilio), Ixxv,

Ixxvi

darjelingensis (Amara), 249

Dasytes, 367, 368, 372, 386, 388, 392,

393, 394

Dasytinae, xlvii

Dasytiscus, 387, 394, 395

Dasytophasis, 347, 384

debilis (Pagurodactylus), 379, 396

decisus (Caloptenopsis), 182, 135

,, (Caloptenus), 132

», (Euprepocnemis), 132

decoloratus (Sphodromerus), 122

decreti:s (Cardiophorus), 414

Degeeriella, 252

degenerana (Sarrothripus), lxix

delatalis (Crambus), 4

Delias, xvi, ciii

delicata (Neochrysops), 303, 362, 363,

365

Deloneura, 254

Delopterus, 27

delphius lampidius (Parnassius), 464

A race whitei (Parnassius), 464

deltochlora (Alsodryas), 76

demodocus (Papilio), 241

Deoclona, 116

Dermestes, xxvi

Desjardinsi (Trochoideus), 485

devius (Microdon), ]xxxix

Diaprepes, 189, 190, 202

diazeucta (Compsolechia), 81

Dichomeris, 106

Dicrepidiinae. 407, 428

didius (Morpho), xxii

difformis (Megapenthes), 399, 422, 423

divitalis (Ceratophyllus), 458

dimidiata (Sterrha), xciv

dimidiaticollis (Conoderus), 399, 431,

434, 435

diortha (Compsolechia), 81, 93

Mba

exlvii

- diplodelta (Anacampsis), 76

diplolychna (Compsolechia), 86

Diptera, xxx, Ixxxvi, 452

diptera (Psectra), 524

dis (Lycaena), 476

Dischissus, 246

discoidalis (Calliptamus), 135, 186

discolor (Bombylius), Ixxxy, Ixxxvi

Discordia, 28

disjunctus (Anthocomus), 382

7 (Pagurodactylus), 382, 396

Dismorphia, xcix

dispar (Lymantria), 234

dispilus (Cardiophorus), 416

displicitella (Compsolechia), 81

dissoluta (Nonagria), iv

distinctus (Arganus), 399, 403

is. (Indalmus), 485

distinguendus (Lariophagus), xix

dohertyi (Delias), ciii

5 (Mynes), ciii, civ

dohrni (Fornax), 406

», (Scapterus), 245

», (Thlibops), 245

dolerosa (Lycaena), 348

dolerosus (Catochrysops), 348

dollmani (Neochrysops), 309, 362, 364,

365

dolorosa (Catochrysops), 348

" (Euchrysops), 348, 349, 364,

366

as (Gonomyia), 41

», (Lycaena), 348, 351

Ss (Progonomyia), 41

dolorosus (Cupido), 348

dolosus (Elastrus), 421

donceeli (Pagurodactylus), 367, 372,

397

doriae (Orthogonius), 246

dorsalis (Chrysopa), 569, 571, 572, 591,

594

», (Dactylosimus), 399, 431, 435,

4356

Dorygonus, 430, 434

doryssus. (Mechanitis), xcix

drachmaea (Compsolechia), 94

Drosophila, viii, 235, 236

druparum (Syntomaspis), xvili, 455

dryocrossa (Compsolechia), 98

dubia (Colias), 466, 467, 483

., (Kurymus), 466

duodecempunctata (Beccaria), 487

duplicata (Mydaea), Ixxx

D’urbania, 255

duris (Delias), civ

Dysphania, Ixviii

Ebaeus, 367

echidna (Delias), citi

echo (Delias), cii

edusa helice (Colias), vili

effusus (Cyphus). 183, 187

,, _ (Pseudocyphus), 187

Elastrus, 418, 420, 421

Elater, 424, 432

Elateridae, ]xix, 398, 399, 400, 406

Elaterinae, 407, 418

elegans (Cyphus), 184

», (Lamprocyphus), 183

», (Psychopsis), 444. 505, 592

», (Sympherobius), 520, 527, 528

eleus orientis (Euphaedra), xlii

eleusis (Catochrysops), 241

», (Cupido), 277

eliminata (Sarangesa), 241, 242

ella (Catochrysops), 276

ellipsias (Dichomeris), 114

ellipticellus (Crambus), 4

emigrata (Perisierola), xxx

Emmalocera, 19

Endomychidae, 484

ensifer (Anacharis), 591

entryphoja (Coleostoma), 99

eogene (Colias), 467

», var. leechi (Colias), 467

», stoliezkana (Colias), 467

epaphus (Parnassius), 461, 463

* attynensis (Parnassius), 463

i everesti (Parnassius), 463, 483

ie himalayanus (Parnassius), 463,

483

a nanchanica (Parnassius), 463

a phariensis (Parna-sius), 463

5 sikkimensis (Parnassius), 463,

477

ephippiatus (Indalmus), 484

ephyia (Teracolus), 241

Epipaschianae, 20

epitrotus (Megapenthes), 420

Epyris, xxxi

equatorius (Exorides), 206, 219, 224

equicaudatus (Exorides), 204, 207, 208

erastus (Citrinophila), 254

Erebia, 469

erebodelta (Compsolechia), 96

eremna (Commatica), 71

Kremobiin, 121

eremobioides (Euryphymus), 164, 165,

167

Ae (Phymeurus), 166

Eresia, xcix

Eresina, 255

erethistis (Calliprora), 70

Ericydeus 182

Eriocera, 34, 56, 60

Eriocrania, 446, 451

Eriocraniidae, 437, 449

exlviil

eriphia (Herpaenia), 243

,, f. lacteipennis (Herpaenia), 241

Eronia, 254

erubescens (Mycetina), 485

erythrocephala (Eriocera), 55

erythropus Seen Opals

172,

us (Calliptenas), 170

i (Euryphymus), 141,

163, 164, 170

a (Gryllus), 170

espeletiae (Exorides), 205

Esthesopinae, 406, 413

Esthesopus, 413

Esthiopterum, 253

eucharacta (Stomopteryx), 66

Eucharidema, xci, xcii, xcili, xciv

eucharis (Callistomimus), 249

Enchloe, 254

euchloris (Compsus), 201

Euchroea, xvii

Euchrysops, 276, 344

euclea (Ceratinia), xevi, xcix

Eucneminae, 400, 403

Eucocytia, Ixviii

Eucocytiadae, lxvili

Eudactylinae, 429

Eudactylus, 429

eueides (Tachys), 247

eugenia rhea (Argynnis), 467, 477

eulimene (Calopieris), 243

Eumenidae, xxi

eunice (Eresia), xevi, xcix

euparypha (Trichotaphe), 108

Euphaedra, xlii

eupompe f. pseudacaste

241

Euprepocnemini, 174

152,

(Teracolus),

eurema (Larivopoda), 257, 259, 261,

266, 267, 268

euryalus (Charaxes), ciii

Euryeorypha, 272

eurydelta (Calliprora), 69

eurygypsa (Compsolechia), 91

Euryphene, lxxxiv

Euryphymus, 120, 143, 161, 162, 163,

164, 166, 172, 174, 175

eurytheme (Colias), ix

Eusphalera, Ixviii

Eustales, 189, 193

Eustylus, 202

Euxanthe, xlii

evarne (Teracolus), 241, 243

evecta (Pycnocentria), cv

everesti (Polyommatus), 473, 483

evippe (Teracolus), 241, 243

Exarna, 154

excellens (Panacra), xviii

excisipes (Saula), 495, 497

exclusa (Lycaena), 305

exemptum (Acridium), 165

exemptus (Caloptenus), 165

Exophthalmodes, 189, 190, 192,

203

Exophthalnus, 189

Exorides, 202, 203

extraneus (Epyris), xxix

extremella (Commatica), 71

fagi (Cryptococcus), 561, 565

, (Phyllaphis), 534, 538, 561

,, (Stauropus), xl viii

falcifer (Gonomyia), 45

», (Leiponeura), 45

farreni (Cataplectica), xciv

fasciatus (Anthocomus), 375

3 (Trechus), 248

fasciella (Compsolechia), 86

fasciolaris (Limnobia), 48

33 (Paratropesa), 48

femoralis (Caloptenopsis), 131, 132

femoratus (Caloptenus), 127

fenestratus (Pagurodactylus), 380, 396

feredayi (Olinga), evi

fernandezi (Martinezius), Loti

ferreata (Compsolechia), 83

ferrifer (Caloptenopsis), 130, 135

,, (Caloptenus), 130, 131, 134

ferrugineus (Elater), 422

ferruginosus (Calliptenus), 172

ae (Hurypymue), 163, 164,

172

202,

(Plegmapterus), 164, 172

fibulatus (Pagurodactylus), 368, 369,

396, 397

fiebrigi (Atarba), 51

fieldi (Colias), 461

», edusina (Colias), 465, 480

», (Eurymus), 465

fieldii (Colias), 477

s, edusina (Colias), 465

filicornis (Saula), 495, 496, 497

filiformis (Potergus) 3899, 402

flava (Chrysopa), 547, 549, 550, 551,

552, 553, 554, 562, 591, 593,

594

», (Laphria), xlix

flavescens (Megapenthes), 423

= (Porthmidius), 399, 432

flaviconchae (Apanteles), vi

flavidus (Melanoxanthus), 427

flavifrons (Chrysopa), 550, 551,

559, 661, 564, 593, 594

flavimanus (Geniocerus), iv

flavipennis (Leptoderes), 269, 273

flavipes (Dasytes), 392

» (Elastrus), 421

552,

a2 bi

exlix

flavociliata (Neopaschia), 20

flavocinctus (Pagurodactylus),

376, 396.

flavodorsalis (Rhinaphe), 9

flavogrisea (Anthomyza), lxxx

flavopilosus (Microcosmus), 246

flavosignatus (Pagurodactylus), 376,

396

flesus (Tagiades), xlii

flexilogua (Anacampsis), 80

florella (Catopsilia), 241

forestan (Rhopalocampta), 241, 243

formiciformis (Cephalonomia), xxvi,

XXVH, XXvili

formulata (Trichotaphe), 110

Fornax, 4038, 404

forreri (Ericydeus), 182

fractilineatus (Compsus), 200. 228

fratercula (Caloptenopsis), 128

fraterna (Ceratinia), xvvi, ¢

fraxini (Hypophloeus), ]xxiii

frivolus (Melanoxanthus), 399, 424, 426

fruhstorferi (Morpho), Ixxii

fuliginosa (Eriozera), 60

ae (Per thoptera), 60

fulvicilia (Trichotaphe), 109

fumipennis (Dihexaclonns), 63

3 (Ozodicera), 63

fumosus (Catochrysops), 313, 314, 362

funebris (Gnophomyia), 45

funerea buruana (Delias), civ

funereus (Pagurodactylus), 372, 396

furia (Hirsutis), xevi, ¢

fuscata (Sisyra), 519, 520, 528, 592,

593

fuscipes (Agrypnus), 398, 399, 407, 408

3 (Amaurus), 408

», (Elater), 408

fuscus (Heteroderes), 418

fusiformis {Docophorus), 252

a (Philopterus), 252, 253

gaika (Cupido), 277, 278

galba (Chilades), 277

gallicola (Cephalonomia), xxxi

gardineri (Cardiotarsus), 399, 415, 416,

417

Gastraulacinae, 400, 402

Gelechiadae, 65

gemmata genia (Argynnis), 476, 477

gemmeus (Compsus), 198

geniculata (Finlaya), xlvi

gentilis (Cyphus), 183

Geometridae, xcii

germari (Lamprocyphus), 183

Germariella, 182, 183, 184

Gerstaeckeri (Pedanus), 485

gibber (Cyphus), 181, 182, 183

», (Tmethis), 173

368,

gidica (Belenois), Ixxviii, xxix

gigantea (Lycaena), 299

», (Neochrysops), 299, 362, 3638,

365

giganteus (Catochrysops), 299, 3801,

302, 306

oh (Cupido), 299

giulia (Heterosais), xcvii

glauca (Catochrysops), 326, 328, 329

», (Cupido), 326

», (Lycaena), 326, 327

5 even) 326, 363, 364,

366

glaucolaus (Papilio), Ixxxvii

glaucopis (Caloptenopsis), 127

glaucopsis (Caloptenopsis), 127, 134,

137, 164

F (Caloptenus), 127, 128

re (Euryphymus), 127

glaucus (Cyphus), 183

glochinoides (Peripheroptera), 36, 37

Goniozus, xxXxi

Gonodyrus, 429

gracilipes (Conoderus), 399, 431, 484

grahami (Cupido), 296

rf (Lycaena), 296

», (Neochrysops), 296, 363, 365

grandis (Ancylopus), 484

5 (Paroeneis), 471, 472, 483

granulatus (Platyphymus), 147, 148,

149, 177

granulifera (Tricondyla), 273

gratiosa (Euparthenes), 269

grisella (Calamotropodes), 18

grossulariata (Abraxas), Ixxvi, xev

guillebeaui (Trichophorus), 422

gyralea (Noeza), 106

habrochitona (Trichotaphe), 107

Hadropus, 181

haematopus (Caloptenus), 165, 166,

167

5p (Euryphymus), 163, 164,

165, 177

halimede f. acaste (Teracolus), 241

hancocki (Cyphus), 182

oy (Ericydeus), 182

hapalina (Catochrysops), 276

Hapalochrus, 395

Hapigia, lxxiv

hardwickei (Parnassius), 464

hardwicki (Parnassius), 464

hardwickii (Parnassius), 464, 479

hastatus (Miastor), Ixxxiii

hawaiensis (Holepyris), xxx

hedenborgi (Cardiophorus), 414

Helcogaster, 396

Heleystogramma, 100

helena bouruensis (Troides), cii

Helicoconis, 576

Heliconidae, xevi

Heliconius, xevii, xeviii, xcix

helicopis (Strobisia), 101

Hemadara, 469

Hemerobiidae, 445, 506, 511, 524, 527,

548, 549, 593

Hemerobius, 501, 505, 510, 520, 524,

526, 527, 528, 529, 630, 532, 533,

539, 648, 544, 547, 549, 561, 593

hemileuea (Aglaope), Ixviii

hemileucas (Compsolechia), 82

Hemiopsida, 402

Hemirhipinae, 406, 411

Henicopus, 386, 387

Heosphora, 13

Hepialidae. 437

Hepialoidea, 437

Hepialus, lxii

Hesperidae, 241

heteractis (Anterethista), 67

Heterocampa, xxiv

Heteroderes, 418

hexacentra (Commatica), 73

hippocrates (Cupido), 277

hippona lilops (Protogonius), xcvi,

xeviii

535 ochraceus (Protogonius),

xeviii

hirtus (Megalomus), 524

hispulla (Epinephile), xxiii

horishanus (Papilio), lxxxvii

hospes (Miastor), 1xxxiii

hottentotum (Acridium), 151

(Calliptamus), 151

hottentotus (Calliptenus), 152, 164

(Caloptenus), 152

(Euryphymus), 152, 164

humeralis (Xylobius), 401

humuli (Hemerobius), 534,

537, 538, 540, 593

hunnyngtoni (i arnassius), 479

Huphina, ciii

hyagriva (Dallacha), 469

hyale var. marnoana (Colias), 241, 242

hyalinus (Calliptamulus), 160, 177

Hydroptila, iii, 178

Hymenoptera, xxii, 502

hypereia (Eutresis), xevii

hypoleucus (Castalius), 305

nA (Catochrysops), 299, 305

hypopolia (Cupido), 343

(Lycaena), 343

(Neochrysops), 343, 363, 364,

366

Hypothenemus, xxxi

Hypsidae, xcvi

Hypsotropinae, 8

”

535, 536,

)

icarus (Polyommatus), iii, 476 -

5, ab. icarinus (Polyommatus), iii

ictericus (Calliptamus), 136

idiocentra (Anacampsis), 80, 81

ignota (Catochrysops), 285

(Lycaena), 285

», (Neochrysops), 285, 363, 365

ignotus (Cupido), 285

illepidus (Platyphymus), 149

(Caloptenus), 148, 147, 149,

150

immigrans (Sclerodermus), xxx

imperator augustusa (Parnassius), 461

impressor (Meniscus), xlix

includens (Eixarna), 154

inconditus (Megapenthes), 420

incongruella (Sabatincea), 439, 445, 446,

447, 448

inconspicuus (Sphodromerus), 123

(Sympherobius), 528, 529

inconstans (Argestina), 470

subsp. gyala (Argestina),

470

”

)

bed

incurva (Compsolechia), 96

indianus (Stenotarsus), 485

indicus (Trechus), 247

ineptus (Psephus), 428

inflatus (Exorides), 205, 214, 224

inhalatus (Cyphus), 181, 183

insignis (Caloptenopsis), 126, 127, 135

3 (Caloptenus), 126, 127

insolitus (Ceratus), 404

insularis (Agrypnus), 409

(Ceratophyllus), 458, 459, 460

(Melanoxanthus), 399, 424,

425

intermedia (Neochrysops), 310, 362,

364, 365, 366

interpolata (Hthirostoma), 71

interposita agnicula (Polygonia), 461,

481

iobates (Cupido), 277

ioploca (Zalithia), 103

iphianassa (Ithomia), xevi, xcix

Ipobracon, xxii

iris (Compsus), 198

,, (Diestogyna), lxxxiv

irisus (Calliptamus), 172

(Euryphymus), 172

», (Plegmapterus), 172

isabella hubneri (Eueides), xevi

Ischnocera, 252

ischnoptera (Compsolechia), 85

issaea (Rathora), 467

isse echo (Delias), ciii

5, (Pericopis), ¢

italicus (Calliptamus), 126, 128, 130,

135, 136) U37,or7 ¢

”

cli

italicus ab. carbonaria (Calliptamius),

re var. icterica (Calliptamus),

135, 136

», Var. marginellus(Calliptamus),

130

ithomia (Pericopis), ¢

Ithomiinae, xevi

jacobaeae (Hipocrita), xciv

janigena (Lycaena), 475, 477, 482,

483

johnstoni (Caloptenopsis), 130, 131

joiceyi (Delias), civ

jucundus (Callistomimus), 249

jurtina (Epinephile), xxii

juvencus (Cyphus), 182

(Germariella), 183

kabrosae (Catochrysops), 357

3 (Kuchrysops), 357, 362, 364

kama (Lycaena), 358

karschi (Caloptenopsis), 133, 134

(Euryphymus), 133

470,

LB)

karta (Argestina),

483

kaschmirensis (Aglais), 468 ~

katangae (Euchrysops), 354, 362, 364,

366

481, 482,

kirbyanus (Indalmus), 484

Kripa, 118, 124, 125, 174

labyrinthicus (Compsus), 203

lacrimosa (Neochrysops), 281, 288, 362,

363, 365

er major (Neochtysops), 282

lacteella (Crambus), 5

lacteitarsis (Geranomyia), 34

ladakensis (Aglais), 468

berylla (Colias), 466, 480

461, 468, 477,

a (Vanessa),

481

Laelius, xxxi

lagyra (Larinopoda), 257, 260, 265,

266, 267, 268

f. emilia (Larinopoda), 265,

266

gyrala (Larinopoda), 265,

+B)

” f.

f. gyrula (Larinopoda), 265

lagyra (Larinopoda), 265

f. punctata (Larinopoda), 258,

265, 266

laius (Chilades), 277

lajoyei (Exorides), 206

Lampidinae, 277

lampidius (Parnassius), 464

Lamprocyphus, 181, 182, 183, 184

lanigerum (Eriosoma), 558, 569

lara (Larinopoda), 265

laricis (Chermes), 584

laricis (Tomicus), Ixxiii

Larinopoda, xlvii, 254, 255, 258, 265,

267

lasti (Charaxes), Ixvii

lateralis (Trycherus), 484

lathonia (Argynnis), 1xxii

issaea (Argynnis), 467, 477,

480

Ar issaea (Rathora), 467

laticosta (Caloptenopsis), 130, 131

latifrons (Microdon), Ixxxix

latissima (Eriocera), 55

lautus (Ericydeus), 182

Lecithocera, 116

lemnia (Bordeta), xci, xcii

leoninus (Stenotarsus), 492

Lepidoptera, xxii, Ixxxvii, xciv, 451,

452

Leptodera, 269

Leptoderes, 269, 270, 272, 273

Leptosia, Lxii

Le tostylus, 184

lerothodi (Lycaena), 298

a (Neochrysops), 298, 363

letsea (Cupido), 313

(Lycaena), 312

(Neochrysops), 312, 862, 364,

365

+P)

Leucidea, ]xii

leucofascialis (Crambus), 2

leucogramma (Elachertus), xix

+5 (Kntedon), xix

leucon (Cupido), 289

(Lycaena), 289

» (Neochrysops), 289, 363, 365

leucosparsalis (Commotria), 16

liagore (Teracolus), 243

libussa (Larinopoda), 261

ligulella (Trichotaphe), 106

lilis (Melinaea), xevii

lilops (Protogonius), xeviil

Limacodidae. 438

limbatellus (Hemerobius), 540

lindigi (Compsus), 211

(Exorides), 205, 211, 212, 213,

224

lineatus (Ancylopus), 484

linus (Castnia), xci

Lioclepta, 115

Liptena, 255, 258, 265

lireaea (Larinopoda), 25/7,, 208, 259,

260, 261, 265, 268

ab. alaenica (Larinopoda), 258,

”

259

i ab. alenicola (Larinopoda),

258; 259

5 ab. benitonis (Larinopoda),

258, 259

eli

lircaea ab. bibundica (Larinopoda),

258, 260 -

», .f. hermansi (Larinopoda), 257,

258, 260, 261, 268

3 f. innocentia (Larinopoda),

258, 261

se lireaea (Larinopoda), 258, 261,

268

*f ab. makomensis (Larinopoda),

258, 260, 261

KA ab. simekoa (Larinopoda), 258,

260

as f. spuma (Larinopoda), 257,

258, 260, 261, 268

“i (Liptena), 254

Lissonotus. xlix

Listrus, 386, 394

lithargyria (Catochrysops), 276

lithodelta (Anacampsis), 77

lithomorpha (\‘ompsolechia), 84, 85

liturifer (Caloptenoy sis), 127

A (Caloptenus), 127, 128

litus (Cyphus), 181

,, (Pachnaeus), 181

loewi (Aleuro;teryx), 589

lois (Cupido), 277

longanimis (Trycherus), 484

longicornis (Chondria), 491, 492

9 (Dischissus), 246

a (Pr: lycaon), 399, 402

longistyla (Eriocera), 55, 56

loxogramma (Compsolechia), 97

luana (Lycaena), 476, 478

lucida ((‘upido), 277, 278

luctuosa (Gnophomyia), 45, 46

Ludius, 422

lugens (Attalus), 373, 385

», (Klater), 422

», (Pagurodactylus), 368, 373, 374,

382, 384, 385, 396

lugubris (Cyphus), 183

,, (Megapenthes), 423

luridus (Cyphus), 183

lutea (Aleuropteryx), 592

», (Helicoconis), 588

», (Platacantha), xxxii, xxxvi

luteopubens (Dasytes), 386, 398, 394,

396

lutescens (Hemerobius), 535, 5386, 537,

538, 540, 491, 593

aS (Menopon), 251, 253

lutosa (Rhinaphe), 8

lutosus (Cardiophorus), 398, 399, 414,

415, 427

» var. immaculatus

phorus), 414

», var. thoracicus (Cardiophorus),

414

(Cardio-

lutosus var. trimaculatus

phorus), 414

luzonica (Huchrysops). 847

luzonicus (Euchrysops), 364

aa (Plebeius), 279, 347

Lycaena, 277

Lycaenidae, xlix, ], li, Ixxv, xcv, 241,

275, 473

lycaenoides (Larinopoda), 254, 258

Lycaenopsis, 277

Lycaon, 402

Lycoperdinella, 485

Lycoperdinodes, 485

Lycorea, xevi, xevii

Lycoreinae, xcevi

Lygocerus, 590, 591

lysimon (Cupido), 277, 278

», (Zizera), 241

machaon (Papilio), li

3 sikkimensis (Papilio),

479

macracanthus (Caloptenopsis), 131, 135

maculatus (Camponotus), xxvi, xxxii,

XXX1l |

madagascariensis (Caloptenopsis), 132

“a (Fornax), 405

madensis (Charaxes), ciii

mahallakoena (Cupido), 277

mahdi (Aegocera), xxiv

maheuus (Alaus), 398, 399, 411, 412,

413

Ms (Xylobius), 399, 401

major (Bombylius), lxxxv, lxxxvi

malathana (Catochrysops), 278, 358

s (Oupido), 358

o (Euchrysops), 358, 365, 366

a3 (Lycaena), 358

malayensis (Pseudindalmus), 486

malenka (Mylothris), xevi

5, (Perrhybris), xevi, xcix

malleicornis (Saula), 495, 500

Mallophaga, xlvii, 251

malthacopa (Taphrosaris), 104

manuselensis (Delias), civ

margaritaceus (Lamprocyphus), 183

marginipennis (Attalus), 378

(Cardio-

462,

me (Caloptenopsis), 129,

164

53 (Euryphymus), 129

a (Pagurodactylus), 378,

; 379, 380, 396

marmoratus (Calliptamus), 135, 186

Ae (Pseudocyphus), 185, 187,

223

ay var. obsoletus (Pseudocy-

phus), 186

mars (Charaxes), ciii

marshalli (Exorides), 205, 224

clili

Martinezius, 120, 155, 157

masaicus (Pagurodactylus), 384, 396

mashuna (Cupido), 301

a (Lycaena), 301, 304

55 (Neochrysops), 301, 302, 303,

362, 363, 365

masoni (Exorides), 205, 215, 224

mauensis (Huchrysops), 350, 351, 352,

362, 364, 366

Mechanitis, xcix

Mecoptera, 445, 447, 449, 450, 451,

452, 501

medianus (Stenotarsus), 485

medusa (Leptosia), 1x, xi

», (Nychitona), lviii, lix, lx, lxi,

lxiii

», f. immaculata (Nychitona), lix

meeki (Kucocytia), xviii

Megaloptera, 450, 501, 508, 578

Megapenthes, 418, 420, 422, 424

megera (Pararge), ii

melancholica (Gnophomyia), 46

melanobasis (Macalla), 23

melanobrunnea ( Macalla), 21

melanocephalus (Elater), 424

Fe (Melanoxanthus), 398,

399, 424

melanogaster (Drosophila), Ixxx, 234

melanopus (Rhachito;:is), 143

melanosparsalis (Macalla), 24, 25, 27

Melanoxanthus, 418, 424

Melanthoides, 4380, 431

Melasidae, 398, 399, 400

Melasinae, 400

meleager (Lycaena), 327

melessus (Castnia), xci

melete melaina (Pieris), 480

Meligethes, Ixxxvi

melina (Eriocera), 63

Melinaea, xevii

Melobasis, Ixxxviii

mendica (Diaphora), v

», var. rustica (Diaphora), v

», var, venosa (Diaphora), v

Menopon, 251

Menoponidae, 251

meruensis (Calliptamus), 128

aa (Caloptenopsis), 128,

185

mesentina (Belenois), Ixxvili, ]xxix,

241

mesiella (Commotria), 16

mesodelta (Compsolechia), 83

Mesolia, 7

mesombrellus (Crambus), 5

messapus (Cupido), 277

metallicus (Pagurodactylus), 373, 381,

384, 396

134,

methymna (Cupido), 287

- (Lycaena), 287

5 (Neochrysops),

3638, 365, 366

Metriomus, 185

metroloas (Miastor), Ixxxiii

Miastor, Ixxxiii

micans (Hemerobius), 532, 534, 591,

593

Micralymma, 395

Microcosmus, 246

Microdon, ]xxxix

Micromus, 524, 526

Micropterygidae, 437, 448, 449

Micropterygoidea, 437

Micropteryx, 437, 438, 489, 444, 448,

449, 450

micyclus (Cupido), 277

287, 362,

(Lycaenopsis), 278, 362, 365

miltophragma (Dichomeris), ie

Mimacraea, 255

miniatus (Amblyphymus), 139, 140,

141, 177

minima (Cupido), 275

minor (Calliptamus), 152

», (Caloptenus), 152

minuscnlus (Conoderus), 435

a (Monoerepidius), 435

miranda (Colias), 467, 483

mirandus (Compsus), 201

misippus (Hypolimnas), 241, 242

mittrei (Argema), xvii

Mnesarchaeidae, 437

mniocosma (Compsolechia), 89

modesta (Adelocera), 398, 399, 410

- var. guadulpensis(Adelocera),

410

inodestus (Agrypnus), 410

is (Ericydeus), 182

Mominae, Ixvili

monochromella (Compsolechia), 81

Monocrepidiinae, 434

Monocrepidius, 434

monticola (Cyclotoma), 490

morbosum (Acridium), 174

morosus (Carausius), xvii

»» (Platacanthoides), 154

»,» (Platacanthus), 153, 154

morsheadi (Lycaena), 476, 478

mossambicus (Caloptenopsis), 129,130,

135

fs (Caloptenus), 129, 133

mucoreus (Cyphus), 183, 221

mucronatus (Amphisternus), 484

muricatus (Tmethis), 165

mutabilis (Microdon), Ixxxix

mutator (Caloptenus), 165, 174

muzoensis (Agrias), 1xxxvii

cliv

mycetophila (Cephalonomia), xxvii

mylica (Cupido), 277, 278

myops (Hiater), 411

Myrmecophana, 272, 274

Myrmeleonidae, 508

myrmosarius (Cyphus), 182

Bs (Trichaptus), 182

myrtea (Kriocera), 62

naidina (Catochrysops), 341

», (Neochrysops), 341

nandensis (Catochrysops), 356

(Euchrysops), 356, 364, 366

napi (Pieris), xxiii, 1xxxv

,, melete (Pieris), 480

narasinvha (Hemadara), 469

natalensis (Dattinia), 29

Naupactus, 183

neavei (Neochrysops), 278, 307, 311,

362, 363. 365

», (Neptis), 267

nebulosa (Colias), 465

negus (Cupido), 335

(Lycaena), 322, 330, 335

(Neochrysops), 335, 338, 368,

364, 366

Nemoptera, civ

Neochrysops, 278, 279

neonegus (Neochrysops), 337, 363, 364,

366

Neopaschia, 20

Nepheronia, 254

Neptis, xlii, 267

nervosa (Boriomyia), 541, 542

Nesoprosopis, xxx

neurophora (Compsolechia), 98

Neuroptera, Ixxvii, 501, 502. 512, 518,

526, 576, 581, 589, 591, 592

nevillei (Neochrysops), 340, 362, 364,

366

nicola (Catochrysops), 276

niger (Acanthomyops), Ixxxix

,, (Donisthorpea), ]xxxix

nigerrimus (Pseudopecteropus), 367,

397

nigra (Eriocera), 61, 62

,, (Limnobia), 61

nigri (Dasytes), 391

nigricans (Anomma), xxxiii

(Dorylus), xxxii, xxxiil

rt (Hemiopsida), 402

nigripes (Rhachitopis), 148, 144

nigrochalybea (Eriocera), 57

nigrolimbatum (Esthiopterum), 253

nigrolimbatus (Lipeurus), 253

nigroplagiatus (Agrypnus), 410

nigropunctatus (Caloptenus), 175

.. (Ericydeus), 182

nigrosetosus (Pagurodactylus), 379, 397

”

nigrovariegatus (Caloptenopsis), 130,

131

a (Caloptenus), 130, 131

nina (Colias), 480

ninus (Dichorrhagia), cii, ciii

niobe (Catochrysops), 280, 281

», (Cupido), 280, 281

,, (Lycaena), 280, 281

», (Neochrysops), 280, 282, 283,

362, 363, 365

niphocentra (Compsolechia), 90

nitebis (Charaxes), ]xviii

nitida (Argestina), 470, 481, 483

nitidulus (Hemerobius), 530, 531, 532,

540, 589, 593

niveitarsis (Ceratocheilus), 49

niveus (Compsus), 195

Noctuidae, lxvili, 1xxix

nodulus (Kuryphymus), 175

Noeza, 105

nostradamus (Gegenes), 241

Nothochrysa, 510, 548, 551, 574, 575

notodonta (Elater), 408

Notodontidae, Ixxiv

notulatus (Dischissus), 246

numata ethilla (Heliconius), xeyiii

nyasae (Neochrysops), 332, 363

nyassanus (Dasytes), 388, 397

Nychitona, lviii, lix, 1x, ]xi, lxii, xiii

Nymphalidae, xevi, 241, 467

obesus (Caloptenus), 175

», (Exorides), 204, 209, 224

», (Paracaloptenus), 137

obscurus (Xamerpus), 367, 397

ocalea (Hypoleria), xevi, xcevii

occidentalis (Saula), 493

ocellatus (Smerinthus), vii, vill

Ochodaeus, 428

ochraceus ( Protogonius), xeviil

oculata (Saula), 494, 495, 498

oculatus (Elater), 411

Oedipodini, 120, 173

Olinga, civ

olivierae (Lamprocyphus), 183

oneili (Dasytes), 386, 387, 388, 389, 391,

397

Onthophagus, xiv

opacus (Dasytes), 392, 393, 397

opulentus (Eustales), 189

orientalis (‘ aloptenopsis), 132

is (Caloptenus), 132

ornatipennis (Leptoderes), 269

orotypus (Hemerobius), 540

ortygia (Cupido), 297

», (Lycaena), 297

», ~(Neochrysops), 297, 363, 865

orus (Heodes)., liv

osiris (Catochrysops), 360

‘

el acti is

cly

osiris (Cupido), 360

», (Euchrysops), 279, 359, 361, 365,

366

», (Lycaena), 347, 359, 360

Osmylidae, 511, 512, 592

Osmylus, xlvi, 506, 507, 509,510, 515,

516, 519, 522, 523, 524, 592

ostracion (Compsus), 194

otacilia (Lycaenesthes), 243

Otiorrhynchus, 203

ovalis (Chondria), 492

ovata (Beccaria), 489

Ozodicera, 64

Pachnaeus, 181

Pachyderes, 429

Pachyderinae, 407, 429

Pachyphymus, 121, 173

pachyyus (Calliptamus), 132

Pachysaris, 104

paganus (Micromus), 502, 524, 546,

593

Pagurodactylus, 367, 368, 381, 384

Palaeontinidae, 438

Palaeosetidae, 437

palearcticus sikkimensis (Oeneis), 472

- ie (Paraenis), 472

<6 Pe (Satyrus), 472

pales (Argynnis), 467

», eupales (Argynnis), 467, 477

: ,, (Boloria), 467

palirrhoa (Commatica), 72

pallida (Beccaria), 488

pallidicornis (Calliptenus), 128, 131,

133

ne (Caloptenopsis), 128, 134

pallidonotatus (Pseudopecteropus),

367, 397

pallipes (Pristiphora), ii

pammelas (Gnophomyia), 47

pamphilus (Coenonympha), 1, Ixxx,

lxxxix

pampolis (Catochrysops), 290

z (Neochrysops), 290, 292, 363,

365

panamensis (Dihexaclonus), 63

ts (Ozodicera), 63

pandava (Catochrysops), 276

pandia (Lycaena), 345

Panorpa, 449, 452

pantherinus (Sphodromerus), 124

Papilionidae, 241, 462

papulatus (Amphisternus), 484

Paracaloptenus, 118, 136, 137

paradoxa (Globiceps), Lxi

= (Pseudopontia), lvi, lx, Ixi,

Ixiii, lxiv, Ixvi, xvii

53 australis (Pseudopontia), lxiv

Paralasa, 469

parallelus (Dasytes), 391, 397

Parasemidalis, 576, 577, 594

pardalis (Phymeurus), 164, 165, 166

parentheticus (Exophthalmodes), 189,

191, 192, 223

parsimon (Catochrysops), 317

% (Cupido), 323

NA (Lycaena), 316,

323, 330, 333

~ (Neochrysops), 280, 317, 319,

320, 325, 362, 364, 366

ss (Papilio Plebeius ruralis), 317

particularis (Trochoideus), 485

patala (Catochrysops), 345

», (Lampides), 345

» (Lycaena), 345

patricia (Catochrysops), 333

», aurivillius (Cupido), 333

» (Lycaena), 323, 333

» (Neochrysops), 332, 333, 335,

363, 364, 366

payeni ciminius (Papilio), lxviii

Pecteropus, 372

pectoralis (Mesochorus), 591

peculiaris (Chrysophanus), 305

fs (Neochrysops), 305, 307, 308,

362, 363, 365

es (Polyommatus), 305

pedarius (Calliptenus), 138

», (Peripolus), 138

pedunculatus (Exorides), 206, 216, 224

Pemphigostola, xxiv

pentagramma (Calliprora), 67, 68, 69,

317, 320,

pentastra (Compsolechia), 81

Pentatomidae, xxxvi

Pentila, 255, 258, 265

pephredo (Cupido), 286

is (Lycaena), 286

ae (Neochrysops), 286, 363, 365

peregrina (Galerita), 246

perforatus (Stenotarsus), 490

Pericopis, xcix

Peripolus, 118, 138

Perisierola, xxx, XXXl

peritura (Calliprora), 70

perla (Chrysopa), 550, 568, 569, 570,

571, 572, 573, 593, 594

perlaeta (Eriocera), 53, 54

perlatella (Compsolechia), 81

perpulchra (Catochrysops), 305

perquisita (Anacampsis), 78

Perrhybris, xcix

perstrigata (Dattinia), 30

peruviana (Gonomyia), 42, 43

Me (Progonomyia), 42

petrographa (Anacampsis), 79

petromorpha (Compsolechia), 84

elvi

phaeotoxa (Compsolechia), 85

phalaenoides (Drepanopteryx), 524,

492

phanerozona (Empedaula), 65

phanocrossa (Commatica), 72

pharis (Leuceronia), lviii, 1x, lxi, xiii

,, (Plebeius), 475

phasma (Catochrysops), xxv, 322, 323

Phedomenus, 434

Pheidole, xxxiil, Xxxv

phepsalitis (Compsolechia), 94

pheretes (Lycaena), 475, 476

# race asiatica (Lycaena), 475,

477

= pharis (Lycaena), 475, 482

phiala (Chilades), 277

philippinensis (Psephus), 428

philipp:nica (Beccaria), 487

phi ithomia (Pericop's), xevi, c

philodice (Colias), vi, ix

Philopteridae, 252

Philopterus, 252

phisad.a (Teracolus), 241, 243

phlaeas (Chryso;hanus), 476, 478

f. eleus (Chrysophanus), 276

f. stygianus (Chrysophanus),

276

(Heodes). xxiii, li, liii, liv, lv,

xciv, 476, 482

f. americanus (Heodes), liv

», ethiopiea (Heodes), lii, lili, liv,

lv, lvi, xciv

phlaeas (Heodes), liii, xev

pseudophlaeas (Heodes), ii

., (Rumicia), 232

phoa (Lycaena), 350

phosphoropa (Anterethista), 66

Phrissura, lviii

phycitimorpha (Poliostola), 31, 32

Phylloxera, 561, 585

Phymeurus. 163 164

Physorhininae, 407. 431

picipes ( Meligethes), Ixxxvi

Pidorus, ]xviii

Pieridae, Ixv, Ixvi, xevi, 243, 464

Pieridinae, |xii

Pieris, xxviii

pilipes (Caloptenus), 122

», (Sphodromerus), 122

Pimplinae, xlix

Pinacopteryx, lviii

pineticola (Conwentzia), 581, 582

pinguis (Caloptenus), 143, 149, 150

pini (Hemerobius), 540

,, (Lachnus), 532

,, (Leueaspis), 589

Pipunculus, xxxii

pistor (Cyphus), 183

”

placidus (Ericydeus), 182

Planipennia, 444, 447, 450, 501

Platacanthoides, 120, 146, 153

Platacanthus, 153, 154

platiastis (Compsolechia), 84

Piatyomus, 185

Platyphymus, 119, 143, 146, 150, 175

platyxipha (Calliprora), 69

plebeia (Catochrysops), 316, 317, 318

plebeiana (Crocidosema), xciv

FA (Eucosma), xciv

Plebeinae, 277

Plebeius, 235

plebeja (Neochrysops), 316, 362, 364,

365

plebejus (Cardiotarsus), 417

Plegmapterus, 120, 155, 157, 164, 172

plenipennis (Caloptenus), 152

plexigramma (Dichomeris), 110

Plococompsus, 201, 202

plorans (Kuprepocnemis), 135

poliombra (Anacampsis, 77

Poliostola, 31

poly: hloros (Vanessa), xxi

polydialecta (Neoehrysops), 329, 363,

364, 366

polymnia doryssus (Mechanitis), xevi,

RCLKSaC

Pontia, |xi, Lxii

populi (Smerinthus), vii

porosa (Xestogaster), 221, 223

porphyrogramma (Trichotaphe), 107

Porthmidius, 431, 432

posticalis (Saula), 495, 499

posticigutta (Bordeta), xci, xcii, xciii

a decocta (Bordeta), xciil

Potergus, 402

praeteritus (Exorides), 203, 204, 206,

207, 209

praetiosa (Bryobia), 558, 581, 588

prasina (Chrysopa), 550, 551, 559, 562,

563, 564, 565, 566, 567, 590, 5938,

594

prasinoptila (Alsodryas), 75

prattorum (‘Troides), cii

prensans (Dichomeris), 111

pretoriae (Saluria), 12

primulae (Eusphalerum), lxxxvi

Prionapteryx, 7

Pristoscelis, 386

privata (Ophthalmis), xciii

procera (Catochrysops), 342

», (Lycaena), 341

», (Neochrysops), 341, 364, 366

procerus (Catochrysops), 342

a (Cupido), 342

Proctotrupidae, xxix

procyphodes (Dichomeris), 115

clvii

Prolycaon, 400, 401

Prophoraula, 105

Proteinia, 28

Protogonius, xevi, xevii, xevill, ¢

protomedia (Teracolus), 241

Prototheroidae, 437

pruinosa (Adelocera), 410

pruinosus (Agrypnus), 410

prunata (Cidaria), xe

Fy! (Lygris), xe

Psaphis, |x viii

Psephus, 428

Pseuderesia, 255

Pseudocyphus, 183, 185

Pseudomenes, 402

Pseudopecteropus, 367

pseudophlaeas (Heodes), li, liii, liv, lv,

lvi

Pseudopontia, lvii, lviii, lix, lx, 1xii,

lxili, lxiv, Ixv

Pseudopontiinae, lxvi

Psilothrix, 386, 387, 390

psociformis (Conwentzia), 558, 578,

580, 581, 582, 585, 590, 591, 594

Psocoptera, 520

Psychidae, Ixvi

Psychopsidae, 506

Psychopsis, 444, 516

pterou (Neochrysops), 312

ptilocompa (Dichomeris), 113

ptochogramma (Compsolechia), 93

pudens (Germariella), 183, 185

puerulus (Melanoxanthus), 398, 399,

424, 427

pugionatus (Compsus), 196, 223

pulchrina (Plusia), xciv

pulchripes (Eviocera), 59

pulverata (Saluria), 11

pumilus (Paroeneis), 472

a bicolor (Oeneis), 471, 477

(Paraeneis), 471

29 >

or »» (Paroeneis), 472

” » (Satyrus), 471

be race sikkimensis (Oeneis), 471

punctata (Acoryphella), 121

Fr (Caloptenopsis), 136, 137

* (Phylloxera), 528, 580, 587,

590

punctatus (Agrypnus), 409

puncticeps (Fornax), 399, 405, 406

puncticilia (Cupido), 288

5 (Lycaena), 288

ie (Neochrysops), 288, 363

punctiscuta (Atarba), 52

pungens (Compsolechia), 94

Pyenocentria, civ, cv

pygmaea (Coniopteryx), 582, 584, 585,

588, 594

pygmaeus (Sympherobius), 502, 527,

529, 593

Pyralinae, 27

Pyralis, 31

pyri (Euthrips), 558

pyriformis (Exorides), 205, 211, 223

pyrrhopis (Prophoraula), 106

pyzrhops (Catochrysops), 360

A (Lycaena), 360

quadricolor (Pristomachaerus, 249

quadrifascia (Compsolechia), 81, 83

quadrifasciata (Boriomyia), 548, 545,

546

quadriguttatus (Callistomimus), 249

5 (Pristomachaerus), 249

quadrilunatus (Pedanus), 485

quadripunctatus (Ericydeus), 182

quadristylus (Molophilus), 38

quadrivittatus (Cyphus), 189, 190

fy (Exorides), 206,

217, 218, 220

quassi (Lycacna), 322, 362

5, (Neochrysops), 822, 364, 366

quercinus (Tetranychus), 580

raffrayi (Cardiophorus), 414

ramosana (Sarrothripus), ]xix

rapae (Ganoris), xxii, 1xxiii

Raphidiidae, 501, 508

recta (Compsolechia), 86

reducta (Crambus), 4

reductus (Caloptenus), 165, 175

regina (Teracolus), Ixxxiv

reichenowii (Cupido), 291

(Neochrysops), 291, 292

= (Plebeius), 291

religata (Compsolechia), 85

remiger (Molophilus), 39

repandella (Compsolechia), 81, 93

reticulata (Ulopa), 566

retracta (Trichotaphe), 109

revayana (Sarrothripus), lxix

Rhachitopis, 119, 139, 141, 143

rhamni (Gonepteryx), Ixxxv

rhenanus (Microdon), Ixxxix

Khinaphe, 9

rhodesensae (Neochrysops), 302, 362,

363, 365

rhodesiana (Mesodiphlebia), 8

rhodesianus (Aneuryphymus, 171, 172

177

216,

ns (Dasytes), 387, 397

rhodocosma (Empedaula), 65

rhodogramma (Calliprora), 67

rhodopetala (Zalithia), 102

rhombica (Compsolechia), 87, 95

Rhopalocera, 461, 478

ribbei (Broscosoma), 249

richiardii (Taeniorhyncus), xlvi

clviil

riparius (Chironomus), 515

roseipennis (Calliptamulus), 161, 177

roseiventris (Ericydeus), 182

roseotincta (Hypsotropa), 13

roseus (Amblyphymus), 140

rostralis (Pagurodactylus), 383, 384,

397

rothschildi (Ceratophyllus), 460

e (Delias), ciii

rouyeri (Tr ochoideus), 485

roxelana (Pararge), xxv

rubicunda (Rhamphidia), 37

rubra (Leptura), Ixxili

rubrocupreus (Dasytes), 390, 397

ruficollis (Fornax), 404

ruficolor (Commotria), 15

ruticorne (Aulonium), Ixxiii

ruficornis (Gelis), 591

rufipes (Dasytes), 386, 391, 397

», (Tricondyla}, 271

rufovillosum (Xestobium), 454

rugosus (Exorides), 204, 210

% (Helorus), 591

rugulosus (Scolytus), xix

rumicis (Aphis), 538, 542,558, 567, 589

Sabatinea, Ixxvii, 437, 438, 439, 444,

448, 449, 450, 451, 452, 453

sacer (Caloptenus), 122

,, (Sphodromerus), 122

saclava (Neptis), xlti

sacricola (Zalithia), 102

Salamis, xlii

salicis (Chionaspis), 528, 580, 588

Salluca, Ixxiv

Saluria, 12

samant (Pyrameis), lxviii

samoa (Lycaena), 345

sanctaecrucis (Aspidomorpha), iii

sancti Thomae (Cupido), 277

singuigutta (Cupido), 277

sanguiniferus (Sphodromerus), 123, 124

sanguinolenta (Rhamphidia), 37

saphiripes (Rhachitopis), 143

sardioderus (Elastrus), 421

saturata (Immetalia), xciii

- form leucomelas (Immetalia),

xclli ‘

», longipalpis (Immetalia), xcili

saturatus (Caloptenus), 172

5, (Euryphymus), 172

Satyridae, 469

Saula, 484, 493

saussurei (Caloptenopsis), 126, 127

schineri (Eriocera), 60

scholias (Compsolechia), 88

schonherri (Ericydeus), 182

scintilla (Cupido), 277

sciomima (Compsolechia), 84

scitella (Compsolechia), 81, 86

Sclerodermus, xxx, xxxi

scotti (Alaus), 399, 411, 412

,, (Ceratus), 399, 404

scriptipennis (Caloptenus), 122

scutellaris (Melipona), iv

scutifer (Calliptamus), 121, 135

», (Caloptenus), 121

scutifera (Brachyxenia), 121

secretella (Compsolechia), 81

sectella (Compsolechia), 81

sectitermina (Crambus), 4, 5

secundella (Compsolechia), 81

sedecimpunctatus (Ericydeus), 182

seductella (Compsolechia), 81

sejunctus (Eustales), 193

sellatus (Pseudocyphus), 187, 188, 189,

223

semialbus (Iphiaulax), xxii

ny (Ipobracon), xxii

semibrunnea (Zylina), cii

semicuprata (Trichotaphe), 107

Semidalis, 511,

587, 590, 594

semiroseus (Calliptamicus), 151, 177

. (Calliptamus), 151

Ee (Caloptenus), 151

5p (Euryphymus), 152

senegalensis (Elastrus), 421

(Terias), 241, 243

senex ’(Acoloides), 399, 418, 419

», (Heteroderes), 398, 418, 419

senilis (Rhizarcha), 591

septemcostatus (Exorides),

224

septempunctata (Chrysopa), 555, 587,

570, 571, 590,

569,

591, 543, 594

(Coccinella), xlix

sepulchralis (Cryptolabis), 40

serapis (Calliptamus), 122

», (Sphodromerus), 122, 123

serena (Gonomyia), 43

3, (Progonomyia), 43

sericeus (Anchastus), 433

1» (Porthmidins), 433

Sericostomatidae, civ

serietuberculatus (Compsus), 194

servula (Commatica), 72

sesamodes (Compsolechia), 90

setosella (Trichotaphe), 106, 109

setulosa (Calosotis), 395, 397

severina (Belenois), 241, 243

sexdentatus (Tomicus), ]xxiii

sexguttata (Anthia), 408

Sialidae, 501

sibilla (Limenitis), xe

Sierola, xxx, Xxxi

576, 583, 584, 585,

204, 212,

clix

sigillatus (Cyphus), 183, 187

sigmoidalis (Euryphymus), 168

signatus (Caloptenus) 165, 174

sikkima (Baltia), 464

sikkimensis (Papilio), 462

i (Paroeneis), 471, 472, 482

Simodactylus, 431

simplana (Hedya), Ixxxix

simplex (Commotria), 14

simulans (Drosophila), Ixxx, 234

7 (Hydroptila), 178, 179, 180

simulatrix (Microdus), xxii

Sindris, 28

sindura race sikkimensis f. tibetana

(Melitaea), 468

5p tibetana (Melitaea),

480

sinuosus (Euryphymus), 157

Pe (Martinezius), 158

Siphonaptera, 458, 460

Sisyra, 505, 506, 509, 510, 5138, 518,

519, §20, 522, 523, 524, 529, 590

Sisyridae, 511, 519, 592

sjostedti (Crambus), 3

skotios (Catochrysops), 315

», (Neovhrysops), 315, 364, 365,

366

468,

smaragdulella (Compsolechia), 81

solidella (Compsolechia), 81

solilucis (Belenois), lviii

solitarius (Portlimidius), 399, 432, 433

solwezii (Neochrysops), 325, 363, 364,

366

sommeri (Diaprepes), 190

sondaicus (Agry} nus), 409

soxauxii (Larinopoda), 264

soyauxii (Larinopoda), 264

sparsa (Hydroptila), cv, 178, 179, 180

speciosa (Caloptenopsis), 129

speciosella (Compsolechia), 81

Speiredonia, 1xxix

sphenodelta (Battaristis), 75

Sphodromerus, 118, 121, 123, 124

spintheropis (Strobisia), 101

spissus (Caloptenus), 126, 127

spixi (Lamprocyphus), 183

spuma (Larinopoda), 261

squalida (Adelocera), 410

Be (Xestogaster), 222,

squalidus (Agrypnus), 410

squamipennis (Acrophymus), 168, 177

An (Euryphymus), 168, 169

staphylinoides (Apterodasytes), 395,

396, 397

stasigastra (Compsolechia), 97

Statina, 18

stellata (Cupido), 277

stellatus (Dasytes), 386, 394, 397

223

stelliferella (Compsolechia), 81, 82

Stenocyphus, 181, 182, 183

Stenotarsus, 492

sternalis (Fornax), 399, 405

stigma (Hemerobius), 530, 531, 538,

539, 540, 590, 591, 592, 593

stillata (Compsolechia), 93

stoliczkana (Lycaena), 476, 477

oy arena (Lycaena), 473

stolidus (Rhachitopis) 143

stormsi (Catochrysops), 301

», (Cupido), 301, 302

Ac (Lycaena), 300

», (Neochrysops), 300, 362, 363,

365

strabo (Catochrysops), 275, 276, 277,

278, 279, 361, 365

stratigera (Dichomeris), 111

stresemanni (Delias), civ

striatellus (Sympherobius), 528

strobi (hermes), 529

Strobisia, 100

stygia (Commatica), 71

subapicalis (Compsolechia), 81

subeonvexus var. nigricolor (Micro-

julistus), 367, 397

subdentata (Dichomeris), 113

subfaleifer (Gouomyia), 44

(Leiponeura), 44

sublatella (Compsolechia), 81

sublustricella (Hapalonoma), 70

submaculatus (Cardiophorus), 398, 414

subnebulosa (Boriomyia), 540, 541,

542, 543, 593

subpallida (Euchrysops), 350, 351, 352,

362, 364, 366

‘ major (KEuchrysops), 349,

351

subscriptella (Compsolechia), 81, 93

subvectella (Strobisia), 100

subviridis (Delias), ciii

snffectella (Compsolechia), 81

suffusella (Compsolechia), 81

suffusus (Euchrysops), 279, 346

sulfurescens (Calliptamulus), 159, 160,

161, 177

sulfuripes (Brachyphymus), 162, 177

sulkowskyi sirene (Morpho), Ixxii

sumatranus (Panagaeus), 246

sumptella (Dichomeris) 113, 114

superella (Compsolechia), 81

superfusella (Compsolechia), 81

susceptella (Compsolechia), 81

suspectella ((‘ompsolechia), 81

suturalis (Germariella), 183

suturellus (Attalus), 374

a (Pagurodactylus), 374, 397

swynnertoni (Neptis), 267

sylpha (Episcada), xevii

Sympherobius, 524, 525, 528, 529

synchrematiza (Neochrysops), 320, 328,

363, 364, 366

synemonistis (Pemphigostola), xxiv

synocha (Battaristis), 74

syneraphopa (Battaristis), 73

Syntomaspis, 455

tabidus (Cardiophorus), 416

», (Cardiotarsus), 416

», (Stenotarsus), 492

taenioptera (Erioptera), 56

= (Limnobia), 56

Tagiades, xlii

Tanaops, 384

tantalus (Cupido), 284

F (Lycaena), 283, 284

“ (Neochrysops), 283, 363, 365

Tanymecides, 201

Tanypremna, 56

Taphrosaris, 104

tardella (Compsolechia), 81

tarsalis (Gonodyrus), 399, 430

tarsatus (Paltothyreus), xxxiii

tarsius (Calliptamus), 135

taurus (Onthopbagus), xiv

tectus (Ptinus), xix

telesiphe (Colaenis), xxiii

af telesijhe (Colaenis), xxiii

a tithraustes (Colaenis), xxiii

tenebrosa (Eriocera), 62

tenella (Chrysopa), 550, 551, 553,

B54 WG, MODs O2, | Doe) smb oS.

594

tepidus (Elastrus), 421

tera (Larinopoda), 256, 257, 259, 264,

268

Teracolus, 1xxxiv, 242

Terias, 243

terminalis (Sisyra), 519, 520

tesselatum (Xestobium), 454

tessellata (Adelocera), 410

testaceus (Caloptenus) 165, 174

tetraplecta (Calliprora), 68

tetricus (Megapenthes), 423

tetrortha (Compsolechia), 92

teucholaboides (Peripheroptera), 37

teutonia (Belenois), 1xxix

thaiwanus (Papilio), 1xxxvii

thalamopa (Dichomeris), 112

thalassina (Leuceronia), lviii, 1xiii

thalpodes (Dichomeris), 111

theophrastus (Tarucus), 241

theseus (Catochrysops), 276

thesmiopa (Dichomeris), 114

thetis (Agriades), 226

», (ycaena), ci

», f. obsoleta (Lycaena), ci

clx

theucharila (Dismorphia), xevi, xcix

Thisoecetrus, 174

thrasibulus (Colias), 465

Thrypsigenes, 116

thunbergi (Dasytes), 392, 393, 397

tiberius (Euxanthe), xlii

tibialis (Calliptamus), 129, 131, 132,

152

», (Caloptenopsis), 130°

» ~(Elater), 422

», (Megapenthes), 422

ne (Polymera), 50, 51

(Saula), 494, 496, 499

tineiformis (Goniopteryx), 582, 584,

585, 594

tiressa (Lycaena), 347

Tmethis, 173

togara (Cupido), 277

,, (Lycaenopsis), 278, 362, 365

tomentosus (Lachnus), 532

tornoptila (Com) )solechia), 96

Tortricidae, xciv

trachycnemis (Compsolechia), 89

trajectella (Compsolechia), 81

tranquilla (Eriocera), 59

transalpina (Zygaena), xxiii

5 ab. elongata (Zygaena),

xxiii

transjectella (Compsolechia), 81

translucidus (Pagurodactylus), 375,

376, 397

trapezias (Compsolechia), 87

Trelasus, 418, 420

Trentepohlia, 56

Trichaptus, 182

Trichochrous, 386

Trichophorus, 422

Trichoptera, civ, 446, 450, 451, 452

Trichotaphe, 106

trichroa (Eucharidema), xcii, xciii

tricolor (Bordeta), xcii

Tricondyla, 271, 272, 273

tricondyloides (Condylodera), 269

(Leptoderes), 273

tricostatus (Euryphymus), 147

trifolii (Zygaena), xc

trigramma (Calliprora), 67

trimeni (Neochrysops), 295, 362, 363,

trimolybda (Compsolechia), 81

Trinoton, 252

trissoxantha (Strobisia), 100

Trochalodera, 269, 270, 272

trochilus (Chilades), 242

uN] (Cupido), 277

Troides, cil

truncata (Cidaria), li

tuberculata (Collyris), 271

elxi

tuberculatus (Euryphymus), 164, 166,

Gee Lideds

tumidana (Acrobasis), ]xx

tumidella (Acrobasis), xx

turbidus (Caloptenus), 165, 174

turneri (Dasytes), 392, 398, 397

Tyleudacus, 429

typica (Anacharis), 591

ubaldus (Azanus), 243

ulysses ampelius (Papilio), cii

undulata (Kripa), 124, 125, 126

unicarinatus (Caloptenopsis), 129, 135,

164

» (Caloptenus), 129

i (Euryphymus), 129

uniformella (Crambus), 3

i (Mesolia), 6

uniformis (Caloptenopsis), 128

unigemmata (Cupido), 277, 278

urticae (Vanessa), xx, Ixxi, 468

,, chinensis (Vanessa), 468

,, ladakensis (Vanessa), 468

vagabunda (Pulex), 459, 460

vagabundus (Ceratophyllus) 454, 456,

458, 459

variegata (Neochrysops),

364, 366

variipes (Saula), 498

varipes (Larinopoda), 261

varnhageni (Lamprocyphus), 183

velutina (Gonomyia), 42, 43

ventralis (Chrysopa), 550, 551, 559,

563, 564, 566, 590, 594

verbasci (Cucullia), Ixxxvii

versatella (Compsolechia), 81

versicolor (Endromis), xlviii

Vespidae, xxii

vibilia (Eueides), xevi, xcix

vicina (Adelocera), 410

victoriae (Cupido), 320

», (Lycaena), 278, 320, 323

so (Neochrysops), 320,

364

333, 362,

362,

vidua (Delias), citi

violascens (Trochalodera), 269, 271

viridans (Ericydeus), 182

viridilimbata (Xestogaster), 222, 223

viridilimbatus (Compsus), 221

viridipes (Compsus), 201

viridis (Dasytes), 386, 389, 397

vitellinus (Cardiophorus), 416

oP (Cardiotarsus), 399, 416

vittata (Chrysopa), 551

vittatus (Caloptenopsis), 1383, 134

- (Caloptenus), 133

vitticeps (Pagurodactylus), 368, 370,

372, 382, 397

volubilis (Compsolechia), 91

v-plagiatus (Caloptenopsis), 133, 134,

135

on (Caloptenus), 133

vuleanius (Calliptamus), 185, 137

a (Caloptenus), 137

vulgaris (Chrysopa), 511, 550, 551,

553, 556, 589, 593

5 f. carnea (Chrysopa),

33 (Vespa), ci

vulpes (Cryptophlebia), xxx

vylderi (Euryphymus), 164

», (Rhachitopis), 143

wagneri (Compsus), 202

», (Exorides), 189, 203, 204, 207,

209

walkeri (Zalithia), 100

waltli (Heteroderes), 419

waltoni (Argestina), 470, 481, 482

5, (Callerebia), 470

wattenwyliana (Calliptamus), 135

whymperi (Compsus), 203

winthemi (Erioptera), 38

xanthocarpa-(Commatica), 73

xanthocnemis (Euryphymus), 139

Xestogaster, 183, 221

Xylobius, 400, 401

younghusbandi (Lycaena),

482

yucatanus (Ericydeus), 182

zachroa (Noeza), 106

zagraea (Castnia), xci

Zalithia, 100

zebra (Compsus), 199, 223

zelleri (Acrobasis), 1xx

Zizeria, 278

zochalia (Belenois), Ixxviii

zomias (Dichomeris), 112

zonaria (Degeeriella), 252, 253

zonarius (Nirmus), 252

zonata (Acoryphella), 121

555, 556

476, 478,

PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., v, 1922. L

elxil

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TRANSACTIONS.

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