CONTENTS

VOLUME III.

“ee”

PARI Lie hS213

. Dytiscide Darwiniane. By C. C. Basineton, Esq., M. A.,

F.LS., &e.

II. Observations on the Phymatites, Laporte, with a Monograph of

Ill

TV.

the Genus Macrocephalus. By J.O. Westrwoop, F.L.S., &e.

. Description of a new Sub-Genus of Exotic Hemiptera. By

J. O. Westwoop, F.L.S., &c. °

Descriptive List of the Species of Popillia in the Collection of

the Rev. F. W. Hors. By Epwarp Newman, Esq,, F.L.S.,

. Description of a new Strepsipterous Insect. By Roserr Tem-

PLETON, Esq., R.A. .

VI. Descriptions of two Hymenopterous Insects from Northern

India. By W. W. Saunprrs, Esq., F.L.S., Pres. E.S., &c. .

. Descriptions of four new Dipterous Insects from India. By

iW: We sSauspers; Esq; ... 1. Fee Mnf eo etive

. Descriptions of some new Lamellicorn Coleoptera from Northern

India. By the Rev. F. W. Horr, F.R.S, &c.

. Notes on a Species of Stylops. By G. H. K. Tawarres, Esq. .

FouralvOl ProcecGMey 5) ce sy ae as ct, ag Mand oil ap ee

PART II. 1842.

X. Descriptions of some new Species of exotic Coleopterous In-

sects. By J. O. Wesrwoop, F.L.S., &c. .

XI. Observations on the (stride. By the late W. Setzs, Esq.

XII

. On several Species of Bolboceras, Kirby, from New Holland,

in the Collection of the Rev. F. W. Hors, F.R.S., &c. By

the late Mr. Wiitiam Barneripce, Assistant Curator to

the Entomological Society of London . . . . ». ws

iv CONTENTS.

Page

XIII, Description of some Hemipterous Insects of the Section Hete-

roptera. By Avam Wuire, Esq., M.E.S., Assistant in the

Zoological Department of the British Museum. . . . . 84

XIV. On the Wings of the pies By R. J. Asnton, Esgq.,

Bap Cee a ace te Ba ee, PRL eee Gone we

XV. Observations on the Destruction of the Apple Crop by Insects.

By We SPENCE; Hse, FAlt5. 510. io) ae, at fs os ie Eo we

XVI. Entomological Notes. By the late W. Setis, Esq., M.E.S. . 101

A Plan for Arranging a Cabinet containing Illustrations

of the Habits and Economy of Insects . . . . . 101

Experiments with portions of old Honeycomb. . . . 103

Note respecting the Egg-cases of Blatte . . . . . 108

XVII. Description of some Insects which inhabit the Tissue of

Spongilla fluviatilis. By J. O. Westwoop, F.L.S. . . . 105

XVIIT. Rough Notes on the Habits, Manners, &c. of some of the

British Brachelytra. By F. Hoime, Esq., M.E.S. . . . 108

XIX. Observations respecting various Insects which at different times

have afforded Food to Man. By the Rev. F. W. Horr,

ESCM cach Ware” id), 5) ok. 1a ae ed at acne ate peas MeO

XX. Notes on the Habits of various Species of British Ants. By

Mr GiREDERICK SMITH |." rt’: igel Vell ie) wl, sys ued i ie CLOR

XXI. Some Remarks on Wireworms which seriously damaged the

Potatoe Crops of Shropshire, Worcestershire, and Hereford-

shire, in 1838. By the Rev. F. W. Hore, F.R.S., &. . . 154

PART III. 1842.

XXII. Note on the Metamorphosis of Caterpillars. By R. J.

ASTER ON 6 uSGey¢ Esse, O0Cs ss tia) ce ae ee ee eee) ae LO

XXIII. Description of a Species of Mygale, from Ionia, with its

Nest. By Sypney Smitu Saunpers, Esq... . - . «= 160

XXIV. Additional Observations on the Habits o Mygale. By S.S.

NAUNDERS) Bisg. Aib.: ie Pete Opens le: ame gota mens! Bt aD

XXV. Observations on the Species of Spiders which inhabit cylin-

drical ‘Tubes covered by a moveable Trapdoor. By J. O.

WESTWOOD dhs Laos, f0uCars veil se lati eicurels ten Mieedimeniiny espe p10)

XXVI.

XXVII.

xooV ITE,

XXIX,

XXX.

XXXI,

XXXII.

MAX.

XXXV.

XXXVI.

XXXVII.

CONTENTS. V

Page

On the Habits and on the Structure of the Nests of Gre-

garious Hymenoptera, particularly those of the Hive

Bee and Hornet. By Grorce Newrort, Esq., V.P.E.S. 188

Observations on some Mummied Beetles taken from the

inside of a Mummied Ibis. By Rev. F. W. Hore,

F.R.S:, &c. . 191

Notice of the occurrence of Hybrid Individuals occurring

in the Genus Smerinthus. By Mr. Henry House. In

a Letter addressed to W. Ravpon, Esq. 193

Description of a Hybrid Smerinthus, with Remarks on Hy-

bridism in general. By J. O. Westrwoop, F.L.S., &e. 195

Description of a Case of Monstrosity occurring in a Speci-

men of Dylicus marginalis, in which a portion of the

external marks of Sexual Distinction are abortive. By

JOP WESTWOOD, HalGsss0cC)) 2) 8 als aha 203

Description of a Sub-Genus of Coleopterous Insects, closely

allied to the Genus Carabus. By G. R. Waveruouse,

Esq., Curator to the Museum and Assistant Secretary

for the Scientific Department of the Zoological Society . 207

Description of a new Genus of Carabideous Insects. By

G. R. Warternouss, Esq. . 210

Observations on Osmoderma and some new Species of

Cetoniade. By the late Mr. Wittiam Bainsripnce,

Curator to the Entomological Society . . . . . . 214

Description of Scolia fulvu. By W. E. Suucxarp, Esq. . 222

Descriptions of some new Species of Exotic Hymenopterous

Insects. By J. O. Westwoop, Esq., F.L.S., &c. 223

Description of a new Genus of Apterous Hexapod Insects

found near London. By J. O. Westwoop, Esq.,

F.L.S., &c. . 231

On two Species of Cremastocheilus from Northern India.

By W. W. Saunpers, Esq., F.L.S., President of the

Entomological Society, &e.. . . 234

vi CONTENTS,

PART IV. (1843.) | 8 47

- Page

XXXVIII. On Evania and some allied Genera of Hymenopterous

Insects. By J. O. Westwoop, F.LS., &. . . . . 2387

XXXIX. On some nondescript Lamellicorn Beetles. By the Rev.

Boao ROPE, LaDy cu spe0Ce, «tee ae Me a oh ie eho

XL. Description of a Species of Moth destructive to the Cotton

Crops in India. By W. W. Saunprrs, Esq., F.L.S., &c. 284

XLI. Monograph on the Genus Campsosternus of Latreille. By

the Rey. E. W-Hork, BUR.S:2&c.50 37. 2 ee 286

XLII. Notes on the Parasites of the Genus Nomada and on other

PHECCIs.7 DY ANLE. ROSE TH: cof Wie Dinu c Sis) age ems eave

XLIII. Contributions towards the Classification of the Chalcidide

By A; Hy Haripar, Esq M.Ao.. aie a. 290

XLIV. Memoir on the Genus Cermatia and some other exotic

Annulosa (in a Letter addressed to the Secretary). By

IG LEMPLETON; Eieq.y FurAe) of). tehch es < Ge BOO

XLV. Descriptions of the Species of the Curculionideous Genus

Pachyrhynchus, Sch., collected by H. Cuming, Esq,,

in the Philippine Islands. By G. R. Wareruovsse,

sas VisP Bibane aca tec ells Wary ues Ope eres OLD

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

—-—

PLATE PAGE

I. Dytiscide Darwinian@..secsrssecereereeeresensececnes Avaoone ld!

1I. Genera of Phymatites ...sseseeececrerrecnssrsececes oun 2)!

II]. Popillia ...+..-eeeee ial stiiaie: Ghole shsTeteveieie's sretereiots aife(esare sfetorey aien (OU)

New Genera of Coleoptera .ssseesscecereeereecces svelaleleslelteresa ite

IV. Xenos Westwoodii...-.- sielclslefars\stere tie) ecote stelereieyerste sg iajot eicusietslefetstece 56

V. Indian Hymenoptera.....+++++0++ a{italorsiwisieis\sievalelena’elfele.s « 6 sieleielensie OG

Indian Diptera ...seeceecsereeeceetrreenseccerrasccceaccans 61

VI. Fungi, &c., parasitic upon Insects... ..-» Journal of Proceedings iv

VII. New Hemiptera... ..sssscccereceeereves = sisiale late sisstelers sie stevefsie 8 04

Wings of Hemiptera......- bieiakatatelelsiey 6/6 e/elsieterate crciavejaleie.elaieie Vote tenn oy

VIII. Spongilla Insect ss sssecseceecececercceceseeeserercsececens 105

Campodea Staphylinus so seeecerecerecceecccererereseceecvens 233

IX. Mygale lonica ........ ig Hetttalae wiso (eine) Mbiaie, 856 Eidaseurede cat LOO

X. Actinopus Cdificatorius sesvessececeversereesserscssescvences 182

XI. Hybrid Smerinthus ....-sceeeeeeceeeeee eustey avai eictel npogaomaue pe Les

Monstrous Dyticus marginalis.....-+++ sialslelsiene ORO Ae asics elec

XII. Aplothoray Burchellit .cccsecscessevcecccreeceerensnseeceers 209

Disphericus Gambianus ..eecseeesees alicia e eis oh eleveveltietelnliarelisienese ve 212

Aphelotoma Tasmanica and Trirogma c@rulea sseereseseeres SGA,

XIII. Indian Cremastocheili .......++. Doles stele olde Se cui stele see stom eeies Looe

New exotic Coleoptera ..... a, Selajeneicllersielsistets AOD COS Soocoud Cope che)

XIV. and XV. Evania and allied Genera ....seeeeeees seen cseeeeee 237

XVI. Lepisma and Scutigera......ceeee sijefel eieisieielolsiele(e\eieHels Saicistelsl elelois@ oe

XVII. Scutigera Pr Cero ree ee erese re eG ores eeeeseeoeroeee 302

ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA.

Page 21, line 24, for ‘’ mirus” read “ miris”

28, line 9, for ‘‘ Hemithyreus”’ read ‘‘ Oxythyreus.”

50, note.—A species of Popillia named P. maculata is described and figured

: by M. Guérin, in the ‘‘ Voyage de Belanger,” Plate II. fig. 3.

62, line 2, dele ‘‘ Northern.”

The species of Rhomborhina and Coryphe described in this paper have

been illustrated in the first volume of the “ Arcana Entomologica,”

225, Figures and descriptions of Trirogma caerulea 9, and of Aphelotoma —

Tasmanica @, will be found in the “ Arcana Entomologica,” No, 17.

231, line 5, for ‘* punctatus” read “ punctatum.”

LIST OF MEMBERS

(LO THE 31sr DECEMBER, 1843.)

Those Persons to whose Names an Asterisk is prefixed are Original

Members.

HONORARY PRESIDENT.

*The Reverend Wittram Kirpy, A.M. F.R.S. LS. Soc. Nat. Scient. Berol.

et Ces. Natur. Mosq. &c, &c.

HONORARY ENGLISH MEMBER.

*WriiraMm Spence, Esq. F.R.S, LS. &c. Upper Seymour street, London.

HONORARY FOREIGN MEMBERS.

Epwarps, H. Milne, Membre de l'Institut and of the Legion d’Honneur, Pro-

fessor, &c. Paris.

Gravennorsr, Professor J. L.C. Phil. D. &c. Breslaw. Silesia.

Haay, W. De, Phil. Doct. Memb. Soc. Nat. List. Regensb. Calvados, Paris, &c.

Conservator of the Museum, Heyden.

Hammerscumrprt, L., Doctor of Laws, Member of various Societies of Natural

History. Vienna.

Ktiuc, Dr. Frederick, Hon. Memb. Ent. Soc. Fiance, Director of the Entomo-

logical Department of the Royal Museum, Berlin.

Koutar, M., Professor and Director of the Royal Museum, Vienna.

Lerrevee, M. Alexandre, Corresp. Memb. of the Mus. d’Hist. Nat. de Paris, of

the Imp. Soc. of Naturalists of Moscow, &c. Paris.

Passprint, Signor Carlo, Memb. of the Entomol. Soc. of France, Director of the

Mus. of Nat. Hist. &c. Florence.

Scuénuern, C. J., Councillor of Commerce, Cheval. of the Order of the Polar

Star, Memb. of the Acad. of Nat. Sciences of Stockholm, Pisa, Moscow,

Berlin, Leipsic. Skara, Sweden.

Werpemann, Dr. Cur. R. W., Professor of Zoology, Keil.

ORDINARY ENGLISH AND FOREIGN MEMBERS.

Agassiz, Louis M. Neufchatel, Switzerland.

Anderson, John, Esq. Richmond.

Ashton, Robert John, Esq. F.L.S. 2, Pelham Crescent, Brompton.

Aubé, M., Memb. Ent. Soc. France. Paris.

*Babington, Charles C., Esq., M.A. F.L.S.G.S. and C.P.S. St. John’s College,

Cambridge.

Bailey, Francis, Esq. L.L.D. V.P.R.S, F.L.S, M.R.LA. Pres. As. Society, &c.

Tavistock place, Tavistock square.

x LIST OF MEMBERS.

*Barker, George, Esq. 17, Aldgate High street.

*Barnes, Joseph S. St. Luke’s Hospital.

Barnes, Wm. George, Esq. 15, Great Russell street, Covent Gayden.

*Bass, Isaac Gray, Esq. Brighton.

Bassi, The Chevalier Carlo. Milan.

Beadnall, John, Esq. Tottenham.

*Bevan, Dr. Edward. Ferryside, near Carmarthen.

Beck, Dr., Conservator of the Museum of the Crown Prince of Denmark. Co-

penhagen.

*Bell, Thomas, Esq. F.R.S. Prof. Zool. King’s Coll, London, &e, New Broad

street

*Bennett, William, Nsq. 48, Cannon street.

Berendt, Dr. Dantzig.

*Blundell, Edward 8., M.D. Lower Seymour street, Portman square.

Bohn, Mr. G. H. 4, York street, Covent Garden.

Boisduval, M. Paris.

* Bowerbank, J. S., Esq. Park street, Islington.

*Broadwood, Henry, Esq. Bryanston square.

Brook, M. Creveld, Bavaria.

Breme, M. le Marquis de. Paris.

Bond, Frederick, Esq. Kingsbury, Middlesex.

Boreham, James Henry, Esq. Kilburn, Middlesex.

Becker, Dr. Wiesbaden.

Boys, Captain. Almorah, East Indies.

*Broome, C. E., Esq. Rudlow, Corsham, Wilts.

*Browne, R. G.S., Esq.

Burlington, The Right Hon. the Earl of. Piccadilly.

Burmeister, Dr. Hermann, Phil. Doct. Prof. of Zool. in University of Halle.

Castelnau, M. Le Comte de. Paris.

Charlesworth, Edward, Esq. F.G.S. 103, Great Russell street, Bloomsbury.

Chaudoir, M. le Baron Maximilian de. Kiew. Dorpat, Livonia.

Chevrolat, M. Augustus. Paris.

“Christy, John Pell. Clapham road.

Cochran, F. Esq.

Cockburn, Sir W. Sarsfield Rossiter, Bart.

Cristofori, Signor. Milan.

*Darwin, Charles, Sec. G.S. &c.

*Davis, A. H., F.L.S. M. Ent. Soc. France. Adelaide, New Holland.

De Jean, The Count. Paris.

*Desvignes, Peter.

*Desvignes, T., Esq. 22, Golden square, St. James’s.

De Wael, M. Emilien. Antwerp.

Doubleday, Edw., Esq. Epping.

*Doubleday, Henry, Esq. Epping.

Ducane, Capt. Southampton.

Dufour, M. Leon. St. Sever, France.

Dupont, M. Paris.

Edwardes, Herbert, Esq. Upper Seymour street, London, and Meole Brae,

Salop.

LIST OF MEMBERS. Xi

Elliott, Walter, Nsq. Madras Civil Service, Oriental Club House.

*Englehart, N., Esq. Park, Blackheath.

Erichson, Dr. Fred. Wm. Berlin.

Esenbeck, Dr. Nees von. Breslau.

Evans, W. F., Esq. Admiralty, and 4, Cavendish place, Wandsworth road.

*Eveleigh, Joseph, Esq. Manchester.

Ewing, The Rev. T. J. Sydney, New South Wales.

*Eyton, Thomas, Esq. Eyton, near Wellington, Shropshire.

Fahreus, M., Chev. Polar Star, Governor of the District of Gottenburg, Sweden.

Fischer, Count Gotthelf, de Walldhein, Moscow.

Fleming, Rev. Dr., Prof. Nat. Phil. Univ. Aberdeen.

Fridvalski von Fridval, M. Pesth, Hungary.

Freehlich, M. Filvagen.

Gory, M. Hippolyte, Memb. Soc, Nat. Hist. et d’Ent. Soc. France, Paris.

*Gould, John, Esq., F.L.S. Z.S. Broad street, Golden square,

Graells, M.P. Barcelona, Spain.

Grant, ——~, Esq., M.D. Richmond.

*Gray, George Robert, Esq., Mem. Soc. d’Ent. Fr. Hampstead Green.

Gray, J. E., Esq. British Museum.

Greenhough, G. B., Esq. F.R.S. L.S. G.S. &c. Grove House, Regent’s Park.

*Griesbach, G. Adolphus, Esq.

*Griesbach, J. Henry, Esq. 3, Carlton Villa, Maida Hill.

*Griesbach, Al. Will. B.A. Rev. Weston, near Whitwell, York.

Guérin, M. F. E., Memb. Soc. Hist. Nat. et d’Ent. france. Paris.

*HAanson, Samuel, Usq. Memb. Ent. Soc. France. Botolph lane.

*Hawkins, ——, Esq. M.D. Hackney road.

*Heales, G. S., Esq. Doctors’ Commons.

Hearne, John, Esq. Port au Prince, Hayti. 59, Montagu square.

Hely, Gorges, Esq. Johnston, Ireland.

*Hennessy, P. H., Esq. London.

Heyden, M. Le Senateur Van. Frankfort on the Main.

Higgins, Rev. Edw. Bosbury, Hereford.

*Hole, Henry. Ebberley house, near Great Torrington, North Devon.

Holme, Fred., Esq., M.A. Corpus Christi Coll. Oxford, and Windham Club,

London.

Hooker, Joseph, Esq. Kew.

“Hope, Rev. Frederick William, M.A. F.R.S. Z.8, L.S. G.S. &c. 56, Upper

Seymour street, Portman square,

Hope, Mrs. Frederick.

Hope, J. T., Esq. Netley, Shropshire.

Hope, Thomas H., Esq. Netley, Shropshire.

Horner, Edw. Esq. Grove hill, Camberwell.

*Horsfield, Thomas, M.D, F.R.S. LS. Z.S. G.S. Acad. Ces. Nat. Cur, Soc. &c.

&e. Myddleton square, Islington.

Horsley, J. W., Rev. Villa of Dunkirk, Faversham, Kent.

*Hoyer, Jacob, Esq. 1, Crown court, Threadneedle street.

Jansen, Edward, Esq. Highgate Common.

Jarman, G., Esq. 21, Upper Berkeley street.

xi LIST OF MEMBERS.

*Jenyns, Leonard, Rev., M.A. F.L.S, C.P.S.&ce. Swaffham, Bulbeck, Cam-

bridge.

*Image, John, Rev. Dulwich College.

Imhoff, M. Louis, Basle, Switzerland.

Ingpen, Abel, Esq. A.L.S. 11, Adam’s place, King’s road, Chelsea.

*Johnson, E. A., Mr. Governor of the Gaol, Ipswich.

Kidd, John, M.D. F.R.S. H.M.C.P.S. Reg. Prof. Med. Oxford.

Knott, William, Esq. Wimborne, Dorsetshire.

Kunze, M. Leipzig.

Kuper, Rev. Charles. The Lodge, South Lambeth.

Lacordaire, Th., Prof. Nat. Hist. Liege.

Lamb, ——, Esq. Beaufort, near Hastings.

*Lees, Edwin, Esq. Worcester.

. Lehmann, Dr., Director of the Botanic Garden, Hamburgh.

*Leigh, H. ‘T., Esq. Turnham Green,

*Letts, Thomas. Cornhill.

*Lewis, R. H. Hobart Town, Van Diemen’s Land.

*Lewis, W. E.* Hobart Town, Van Diemen’s Land.

Lingwood, Rob. Maulkin, Esq. M.A. F.L.S. Christ Coll. Camb. and Hereford.

*Longman, W., Esq. jun. Paternoster row and Hampstead.

Lowe, Charles, Esq.

*Lucas, Geoffroy, Esq. Hitchen, Herts.

Maltby, T. W., Esq. Wyndham Club, St. James’s, and Turnham Green.

Mannerheim, Count C. G. de, Governor of the Province of Wibourg, Finland.

*Marshall, Thomas, Esq. 11, King William street, City, and 23, St. Paul’s

place, Balls’ Pond.

Masters, Mr. William, jun. Canterbury.

*Matthews, Andrew, sq. Weston on the Green, Oxford.

*May, Rev. George. Strode House, Herne, and University Club, Pall Mall.

Mayne, J., Esq. F.R.S. and ZS. F.A.S, 2, Harcourt buildings, Temple, and

Teffont Ewyas House, Wiltshire.

Menetries, M. St. Petersburgh.

Mitford, Rob., Esq.

Mitchell, John, Esq. 35, Leadenhall street.

Munn, William Augustus, Esq. Rose Hill, near Sittingbourne, Kent.

Morris, Edmund, Esq. London.

Newport, Geo., Esq. 10, Upper Southweck street, Oxford terrace.

Norreys, Charles Denham Orlando Jephson, Esq. M.P. F.G.S. Z.S.&c. Mal-

low Castle, Ireland.

*Norris, Thomas, Esq. Red Vales, Bury.

Ocskay von Ocsko, M. le Baron, Priv. Councillor of Emp. Austria, Memb. Nat.

Hist. Soc. of Moscow, and of the Acad. Cesar. Leop. Carol. Natura Cur.

Ogilvy, Wm., Esq. M.A, F.LS. ZS, M.R.A.S. &c. Gower street, Bedford

square.

Olnhausen, Gustav von.

Owen, Richard, Esq. F.R.S. &c. College of Surgeons, London.

LIST OF MEMBERS. X11

Parry, Frederick, Esq. The Cedars, Sunning Hill.

Perty, M. Maximilian, Prof, Nat. Hist. Acad. Berne.

Petit, Louis Hayes, Fsq. M.P. F.R.S. AS. LS. and H.S. 9, New square,

Lincoln’s Inn.

Pettigrew, Thomas Joseph, Esq. F.R.S. A.S. &e. Saville row.

Phillips, Sir Thomas, Bart. Middle Hill.

*Pickering, William B., Esq. Hammersmith.

Pictet, M. Geneva.

Pinkell, Edward, Esq. M.A. Trinity Hall, Cambridge.

*Preston, Rev. J. D. J. Asham Bryant, near York.

Power, John Arthur, Esq. M.A. Clare Hall, Cambridge.

Raddon, William, Esq. Barnstable, Devon.

Reich, Prof., M.D. Berlin.

Roger, M. Bordeaux.

Roser, M. van, Director of the Chancery of the Minister for Foreign Affairs,

Stuttgard. ;

Rucker, Sigismund, Esq. F.L.8. HS, West Hill, Wandsworth.

Sahlberg, M. Finland.

Saunders, Joshua, Esq. East Hill, Wandsworth.

*Saunders, Sidney Smith, Esq. Previsa, Albania.

*Saunders, W. W., F.L.S. &c. East Hill, Wandsworth.

Schuppell, Mons. Berlin.

Schwaegrichen, Professor. Leipzig.

Shipster, G. F., Esq. 25, Great James street, Bedford row.

*Shuckard, William Edward, Esq. 31, Robert street, Chelsea.

Silbermann, M. Gustave. Strasbourg.

*Skrimshire, , Esq. London.

*Slaney, R. A., Esq. M.P. Walford, Shropshire.

*Smee, Capt. Walter, K.I.C. 61, Baker street, Portman square.

Sommer, M. Michael Christian. Altona, near Hamburgh.

“Spence, R. H., Esq. Hull.

*Spence, W. B., Esq. Florence.

Spinola. M. Maximilian. Genoa.

Spry, W., Esq. 76, Portland road, Regen t’s Park.

*Stephens, James F., Esq. Eltham Lodge, Foxley road, Kennington.

Stevens, Samuel, Esq. King’s street, Covent Garden, and Hammersmith.

Strachan, J., Esq. Sierra Leone.

Streatfield, Rev. J., M.A. Margate, Kent.

*Sykes, Lieut. Col., F.R.S. G.S. L.S. M.R.A.S. Albion street, Hyde Park.

Tatum, Thomas, Esq. 7, Berkeley sireet, Piccadilly.

*Taylor, Richard, Esq. F.R.S. L.S. G.S. &c. Red Lion court, Fleet street.

Thompson, Charles J., Msq. f'.L.8. &c, George street, Hanover square.

Thompson, Charles Thurston, Nsq. Bedford place, Kensington.

Thwaites, G. H. R. Esq. 2, Kingsdown Parade, Bristol.

Thrupp, George, Wsq. 1, Hyde Park place, West.

Tulk, Alfred, Esq. 23, Henrietta square, Cavendish square, and East Brook

place, Dover.

Turner, J., Esq. Manchester.

XIV LIST OF MEMBERS.

Villiers, M. Francois de, Cheval. Roy. & Mil. Ord. St. Ferdinand of Spain,

Capt. of Infantry, Member of the Linn. Soc. Paris, of the Ent. Soc. of

France, and Director of the Nat. Hist. Museum at Chartres,

*Wailes, George. Newcastle.

*Walton, John. 9, Barnsbury square.

*Waterhouse, George Robert, Esq. Old Brompton.

Wells, H. B., Esq. Surbiton Lodge, Kingston-upon-Thames.

Westermann, M. Copenhagen.

*Westwood, John O., F.L.S., M. Soc. d’Ent. Fr., Hon. M. Soc. Nat. Hist. Lille,

Lund, Mauritius, Moscow, Quebec, &c. Grove, Hammersmith.

Whithill, Col., Hon. E. Ind. Comp. Serv.

White, Adam, Esq. Assist. Nat. British Museum. (Aug. 1839.)

Willcox, William, Esq. Dulwich Common.

Winthem, M. von. Hamburgh.

Wollaston, Thomas Vernon, Esq. Jesus College, Cambridge.

*Yarrell, William, Esq. F.L.S. Z.S. Amer. Soc. Ryder street, St. James’s.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS.

Cantor, Dr.

Downes, E., Esq. Himalaya.

Fortnum, C. D. E., Esq. Port Adelaide, South Australia.

Fraser, Louis, Esq.

Griffith, William, Esq., Madras Civil Service.

Mac Clelland, John, Esq., Bengal Med. Service.

Mitchell, Sir Livingston.

Porter, Sir Robert Kerr. South America.

Savage, Thos. 8. (U.S.) Cape Palmas, Africa.

Sayers, Lieut. H. R., 31st Regt.

Schomburgh, Dr. Demerara. ,

Stevenson, ——-, Esq. New Zealand.

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LONDON.

I. Dytiscide Darwiniane ; or, Descriptions of the Species

of Dytiscide collected by Cuartes Darwin, Esq., M.A.

Sec. G. S. &c., in South America and Australia, during

his Voyage in H.M.S. Beagle. By Cuaruzs C, Basine-

MON dM Anode Lia iSigilt «Gis ie) Ces

[Read 4th June, 1838.]

AT the request of my friend Mr. C, Darwin, I have examined

the species of Dytiscide collected by him during his voyage with

Captain Fitzroy in the Beagle, and have now the honour of sub-

mitting the following descriptions of them to the Entomological

Society. The specimens described very closely resemble some of

those which are natives of the British isles: but, after a minute

examination, a marked difference is always found to exist between

them and any European insects.

Before proceeding to the descriptions, I propose to make a few

observations ; and in the first place I would draw attention to the

Cybister, which I have named 2-ungulatus. It has been observed

by Erichson, Curtis, Stephens, &c., that this genus has only one

immoveable claw to the posterior tarsi. Here (PI. I. fig. 1a, 1 0)

we find two clearly distinguishable claws both immoveable, and

apparently joined together at their base; or rather perhaps we

ought to consider it as one claw very deeply divided into two

parts. This insect also differs from the usual structure of the

VOL, Il. B

2 Mr. C. C. Babington’s Descriptions

genus in the proportions of the joints of its palpi and antenne,

the structure of its mandibles, and the singularly pitted elytra of

the female. In the first group of the genus Colymbeles (Rantus,

Eschsch.), we have a series of species closely allied to our C. no-

tatus and agilis, but most of them at once distinguished from all

the English species by the form of the apex of their elytra. In

our native insects of this group, that part is uniformly rounded

and obtuse, but in the South American specimens contained in

this collection each elytron is obliquely truncate in such a manner

as to form a sharp point at the suture (PI. 1, fig. 2b). The sin-

gular structure of the anterior claws of the males is worthy of

notice, one of them being much longer than the other, broad, flat-

tened, and fixed at a right angle with the last joint of the tarsi;

the other slender and setaceous, and about a third part shorter

(Pl. 1, fig. 2a). This structure occurs in the claws of C. notatus,

but in no other English species which I have had an opportunity

of examining. In C. angusticollis will be found a form of thorax

which has never before fallen under my notice in this genus. The

species of Hydroporus will be observed to resemble closely some

of those contained in our English cabinets, but yet to be clearly

distinguishable from them.

At the conclusion of the paper, I have characterised three new

generic forms of great interest; and as the species upon which

they are founded are amongst the more minute of those contained

in this family, and are nearly the first small water insects which

have been brought from the tropics, I cannot but consider them

as a proof of the very rich harvest which awaits the active and in-

dustrious collector, who may be induced to turn his attention to

the minuter insects of those countries. The first, which I have

denominated Hydroporomorpha, has the general appearance of an

Hydroporus, closely resembling H. oblongus, Power (Steph. IIl.

(M.) 5, p. 437), but it has a conspicuous scutellum ; the structure

of its labial palpi is quite different, having the three first joints

very short, and the first joint of its internal maxillary palpi is

longer than the second, not very short as in Hydroporus. ‘The

second new generic form (Anodocheilus, Bab.) also closely resem-

bles a minute Hydroporus, from which it differs by the three basal

joints of its external maxillary and labial palpi being transverse,

and the terminal one emarginate, the first joint of the internal

maxillary long and slender, and the second subulate, and by the

want of the least trace of a tooth in the centre of the mentum.

The third new genus (Desmopachria, Bab.) has the outward ap-

pearance of a minute Hygrotus, but is distinguished from that

of Dytiscide Darwiniane. 3

genus by the great thickness and different form of the joints of its

external maxillary and labial palpi, the slender short terminal

joint of the internal maxillary, and its very short thick and cu-

riously jointed antenne.

In conclusion, I beg to express my great obligation to the Rev.

F. W. Hope for the free use of his cabinet and library, and to

J. O. Westwood, Esq., for his kind assistance in making the dis-

sections and drawings for this paper.

DYTISCIDHZ DARWINIAN.

CysistEr, Curt.

1. C. 2-ungulatus, Bab.

Olivaceo-niger, capite antice thoracis elytrorumque lateribus

rufis; elytris postice latioribus impunctatis, sterni laciniis

spathulatis ; pedibus 4 anticis rufis, posticis bruneis, rufo-cili-

atis, omnibus 2-dactylis. (Long. corp. 12-14; lat. 7-84. lin.)

Olive black, ovate. Head olivaceous, with its anterior margin

rufous; two small black fovez in front, and two slender black lines

extending diagonally from the antenne towards the crown; no

frontal lunule; impunctate except when greatly magnified, but

then it is found to be, together with the thorax and elytra, covered

with extremely minute punctures; labrum rufous; palpi and an-

tennz ferruginous. ‘Thorax with an interrupted row of impressed

dots on its anterior margin, an oblique one on both sides, and an

abbreviated longitudinal dorsal channel, the tateral margins broadly

rufous. Scutellum olivaceous ; elytra ovate, posteriorly dilated,

the exterior margin rufous, three rows of distant punctures upon

each, and an irregular row of more minute ones on the exterior

margin. Under side black, with a bright yellow spot at the pos-

terior angles of the hinder sutures. The four anterior legs ru-

fous, very short; posterior short and thick, particularly the tibize,

dark; all the tarsi with two claws, but both those of the hinder

pair appear to be immoveable, fringed internally with long rufous

hairs. (Plate I. fig. 1 a, last joint of hind tarsi seen above;

1 b, ditto seen beneath.)

Hab. Maldonado, on the north coast of the Rio del Plata.

A forma typicali (C. Roeseliz) hujusce generis insecta nostra

differe videntur articuli basalis palporum maxillarium exter-

norum antennarumque longitudine majori, elytris scrobiculatis

foeminee, mandibulis brevibus truncatis et oblique emargina-

tis tarsisque posticis ungulis duobus instructis.

4 Mr. C. C. Babington’s Descriptions

Cotympetes (Rantus). Steph. Brit. Ent. (Mand.) 5, 393.

Rantus, Eschsch.

Cotympetss. Erichs. Dytise. 32.

A. Elytrorum apice oblique truncato, acuminato.

a. Thorace postice multo latiori.

1. (2.) C. reteculatus, Bab.

Oblongo-ovatus, supra flavicans, subtus niger, vertice et tho-

race antice posticeque nigris, elytris crebre nigro-reticulatis

striisque disci punctatis ; antennis pedibusque pallidis, tarsis

posticis nigris exceptis. (L. c. 5, lat. 23 lin.)

Oblong-ovate, yellow above. Head with the vertex broadly

black, antenne yellow. ‘Thorax short, transverse, broadly emar-

ginate in front, with prominent acute angles, the sides oblique and

but slightly rounded, the posterior margin somewhat sinuated, the

angles obtuse and slightly rounded, smooth, with a series of im-

pressed dots on the anterior margin ; disk immaculate, the anterior

margin blackish, the posterior with a broad transverse black spot

attached to its centre. Scutellum triangular, black, with its apex

yellow. Elytra oblong, slightly dilated in the middle, the apex

obliquely truncate so as to form a sharp point at the suture,

slightly convex, with three lines of minute impressed dots upon

each, which are scarcely distinguishable in the female, yellow,

with the suture, apex, and numerous longitudinal lines connected

by reticulations, black, leaving the exterior margin and a slender

nearly continuous line next the suture yellow, the whole surface

minutely strigose in the female. Body beneath black, with the

abdomen somewhat fuscous. Legs yellow, the posterior tarsi

alone excepted, which are black.

Hab. Valparaiso, Chili.

In this species, and all the others included in my Section A.,

the claws of the anterior feet (PI. 1, fig. 2a) are very large and

unequal in the males. One of them is broad and flat, and forming

an angle with the tarsi; the other slender, setaceous, and about

a third part shorter. In the British species this structure occurs

in C. notatus, Fab. and Steph. alone; and even there it is not so

remarkable as in the species described in this paper. In all the

other British species of Rantus, these claws, although very long,

somewhat unequal in length, and forming an angle with the tarsi,

are yet of exactly the same thickness and form. The oblique

truncation of each elytron (PI. 1, fig. 2 6), thereby forming a point

at the suture, is a remarkable difference between these insects,

and the allied European species.

of Dytiscide Darwiniane. 5

2. (3.) C. nigro-rematus, Bab.

Oblongo-ovatus, supra flavicans, subtus niger, abdomine flavo,

vertice nigro, elytris crebre nigro-reticulatis striisque disci

punctatis ; antennis pedibusque pallidis, tarsis posticis nigris

exceptis. (L. c. 43; lat. 23 lin.)

Head, antenne, and thorax as in the preceding insect ; but the

latter is wholly yellow, with the exception of two minute black

spots on the hinder margin. Scutellum as in the last. Elytra the

same, but the yellow outer margin is broader, and the reticula-

tions are less regular, Breast black. Abdomen yellow, with the

centres of the segments rather dusky. Legs pale, with the excep-

tion of the posterior tarsi, which are black.

There are two specimens of this insect in the collection; one

from Port Famine, on the east coast of Patagonia, has smooth

shining elytra, and all the appearance of a male insect, but it has

not dilated tarsi; the other from Port Desire, on the same coast,

has the strigose dull elytra, tarsi, &c, of a female. This species

is closely allied to C. reticulatus, but may be distinguished by its

pale thorax with two minute spots, and the pale abdomen. Can

it be a variety of that insect ?

3. (4.) C. Chiliensis, Laporte ?

Oblongo-ovatus, supra flavicans, subtus niger, capite thorace

antice postice maculaque oblonga transversd disci nigris,

elytris crebrissimé nigro-reticulatis, striisque disci punctatis,

antennis flavis extrorsum fuscis, pedibus fuscis. (L. c. 53 ;

lat. 2# lin.)

C. Chiltensis, Lap. Etud. Ent. 100?

Head black, the anterior margin and labrum flavous. An-

tennz flavous at the base, becoming gradually darker towards the

apex. Structure of the thorax as in the preceding. The ante-

rior and posterior margins black, and a large broad transverse

rectangular black spot on the disk, between which and the base

is a row of minute black dots. Scutellum totally black ; elytra

ovate, very slightly dilated, with the usual striz, formed of few

distant punctures, flavescent, very thickly reticulated with black ;

the lateral margins, and a very narrow line down the suture, im-

maculate. Body beneath wholly black. Legs fuscous, the inter-

mediate femora thickly and coarsely punctured.

Distinguished from the preceding species by its black head,

the spot on the thorax, &c. Found at Valparaiso in Chili, one

of the specimens at an elevation of 5000 feet above the sea.

6 Mr. C. C. Babington’s Descriptions

4. (5.) C. suturalis, Bab.

Oblongo-ovatus, supra flavicans, subtus niger, vertice nigro,

maculis 2 testaceis, elytris crebre nigro-irroratis striisque

disci punctatis, antennis pedibusque flavis. (L.c. 5; lat. 24

lin.)

Head yellow, with the vertex black, inclosing two transverse

yellow spots. Antenne yellow. Structure of the thorax, as in

the preceding species, yellow, with a very narrow black line on

the hinder margin, and a slight cloud on the disk. Scutellum

black. Elytra similar in form to those of its allies, but thickly

covered with minute black spots (not reticulated), less closely

placed near the lateral margins, which, together with a strongly

marked line down the suture, are immaculate, the usual striz

nearly obsolete. Body beneath black, with a pale spot at the

anterior angle of each segment of the abdomen. Legs fuscous

yellow, the hinder pair rather darker.

The irrorated elytra of this insect will distinguish it from all

the preceding.

Hab. Valparaiso.

b. Thorace postice vix latiori, lateribus subparallelis.

‘+ Elytrorum basi thorace latiori.

; 5. (6.) C. angusticollis, Curt.

Oblongus, thorace elytrorum basi multo angustiori, lateribus

parallelis rectis, pallide flavus, diaphanus, vertice oculis pec-

torique nigris; elytris lineis longitudinalibus undulatis sub-

interruptis nigris notatis, striisque disci punctatis obsoletis,

antennis pedibusque pallidé flavis. (L. c. 5; lat. 24 lin.)

C. angusticollis, Curt. in Linn. Trans. xviii. 195. t. xv. f. E.

The whole upper surface pale yellow and diaphanous, except

the vertex, which is, together with the eyes, black. Thorax

short, transverse, narrow, broadly emarginate in front, slightly

produced over the head in the middle, the angles prominent and

acute, sides parallel and depressed, the hinder angles rectangular,

posterior margin sinuated, and produced somewhat over the scu-

tellum ; the centre of the disk depressed ; the usual row of minute

impressed dots near the anterior margin nearly obsolete. Scu-

tellum small, its apex rounded, and a black spot in its centre.

Elytra obovate-oblong, scarcely dilated, very long. The base

much broader than the thorax; with four principal dark wavy

lines upon each, not reaching to the base or apex, the second

of Dytiscide Darwiniane. il

and fourth from the suture longest and most strongly marked ;

between each of these is another irregular wavy line, and about

three externally between them and the margin, the whole anas-

tomosing more or less, so as to present a very irregular and

imperfect system of reticulations; there is an abbreviated black

line upon the truncate apex next to the suture; the lateral mar-

gins are broadly immaculate, and the usual striz scarcely to be

detected. Body beneath dark, the thorax and breast black, the

abdomen fuscous. Legs pale yellow.

The singular thorax of this insect, distinguishes it from all the

other species with which I am acquainted.

Since this paper was communicated to the Society, Mr. Curtis

has published a description and figure of what appears to be the

same insect as that now before us, in the Transactions of the

Linnean Society. I have therefore adopted his name, and omitted

that of C. parallelus, which I had conferred upon it.

Hab. Port St. Julians, 8S. A.

{7}. Elytrorum basi thoracem aquanti.

6. (7.) C. rotundicollis, Bab.

Oblongus, thorace elytrorum basin zquanti, lateribus rotun-

datis, fuscus, subtus niger; elytris crebre nigro-reticulatis

striisque disci punctatis, antennis pedibusque fuscis, (L. ce.

4; lat. 2 lin.)

Whole insect fuscous. Head nearly black on the crown,

minutely punctured, with two deep fovez between the antenne.

Thorax transverse, short, broadly emarginaie in front, with the

angles acute, the sides rounded, depressed, rugose, the hinder

margin sinuated with a small longitudinal impression on each

side, the hinder angles rounded; the anterior margin black, and

several irregular dark clouds upon the disk. Scutellum dark

fuscous, with its acute apex paler. Elytra oblong-ovate, so

thickly covered with dark broad reticulations as to appear nearly

black, the interior margins paler, the usual striz rather strongly

marked. Body beneath black. Legs fuscous.

Hab. Alpine situations in Tierra del Fuego.

B. Elytrorum apice non truncato, sed rotundato.

a. unguiculis anticis magnis.

7. (8.) C. signatus, Bab.

Obovatus, supra fusco-flavicans, subtus niger, vertice nigro,

maculis 2 flavicantibus, thorace macula disci transversa

8 Mr. C. C. Babington’s Descriptions

nigra, elytris crebrissimé nigro-irroratis, striis disci punc-

tatis, antennis pedibusque fusco-flavescentibus. (L. c. 433

lat. 24 lin.)

Ovate, fuscous yellow above. Crown of the head black, in-

closing two transverse fuscous yellow spots. Antenne fuscous

yellow. Thorax transverse, short, broadly emarginate in front,

the angles prominent and acute, margins oblique, slightly rounded,

much broader behind, slightly sinuated, the angles acute, disk

smooth, with a large transverse dark spot, attenuated at both

ends. Scutellum fuscous. Elytra obovate, dilated beyond the

middle, fuscous yellow, very thickly irrorated with black, leaving

the exterior margin and a narrow line down the suture immacu-

late, the usual punctate strize faint. Body beneath black. Legs

fuscous yellow ; the hinder pair rather darker; the anterior claws

large, but yet rather smaller than in the preceding section.

Hab. Monte Video, and Tierra del Fuego.

Unfortunately the only specimens of this insect are females,

and therefore it may be doubted whether it has the curious claws

described above ; it agrees, however, so nearly with our C. no-

tatus, that [ am inclined to refer them to the same group. In

the following species the claws are much smaller, and although

unequal in length, are yet similar in form, neither do they differ

much in the two sexes. Still a slight approach to the unequal -

form may sometimes be detected in the males.

b. unguiculis anticis mediocribus.

8. (9.) C. Darnini, Bab.

Ovatus, supra flavescens vel fusco-flavescens, subtus niger vel

nigro-fuscus, vertice nigro, macula transversa flava, thorace

antice et postice maculaque disci nigris; elytris plus mi-

nusve crebre nigro-irroratis striisque disci punctatis, antennis

flavis, pedibus flavis vel fuscescentibus. (L. c. 5-6, lat. 23-3

lin.)

Ovate, flavescent, fusco-flavescent, or fuscous. Crown of the

head black, with a transverse flavescent spot, which is connected

by its middle with the anterior concolorous part of the head, so

as to form a T shaped mark. Antenne yellow. Thorax of the

same structure as the last, margined before and behind more or

less broadly with black, and an ovate transverse spot of the same

colour on the disk. Scutellum black. Elytra ovate, dilated

slightly beyond the middle, flavescent or fuscous yellow, thickly

irrorated with black, in some specimens so thickly as to make the

of Dytiscide Darwiniane. 9

whole appear fuscous-black; the usual strie rather strongly

marked, and formed of irregular punctures. Body beneath black

or fuscous-black. Legs dark yellow or fuscous.

Extremely variable in colour; some specimens being nearly

black, and others quite pale.

Hab. Tierra del Fuego.

9. (10.) C. calidus, Fab.

Ovatus, capite thoraceque nigris, elytris crebre nigro-irroratis,

maculé magna triangulari dorsali prope basin nigra, linea

interrupta basali transversé, marginibus externis elytrorum

et lateribus thoracis rufis, striis disci punctatis, subtus niger,

antennis pedibusque flavis, posticis fuscis. (L.c. 6; lat. 3

lin.)

C. calidus, Fab. Ent. Syst. 1, 193, 27; Syst. Eleut. 1, 265.

Oval; head black, smooth, with two minute foveze between the

eyes in front. ‘Thorax of the same structure as in the preceding,

black; the lateral margins broadly rufous. Scutellum black.

Elytra slightly dilated beyond the middle, thickly irrorated with

black; that colour becoming so much suffused upon the anterior

part of the disk, as to form a large triangular black patch, nearly

covering the whole width of the base, and extending half the

length of the suture; the lateral margins, and a transverse patch

at the base interrupted at the suture, rufous; there is a narrow

yellow line upon each side of the suture, and three less distinct

ones on the disk, terminated below by the black patch, and ex-

tending to the apex; the usual punctate striz rather strongly

marked. Body beneath black. ‘The four anterior legs yellow,

the posterior fuscous.

This beautiful insect approaches in its appearance to Hydaticus,

but agrees with the present group in its structure. It may be

distinguished by the curious dorsal patch, and the bright red

transverse line at the base of the elytra. In one of our specimens

this line is divided into four distinct spots. It is a native of Rio

de Janeiro.

CorymsBeres (Izystus), Steph. Ill. (M) 5, 394.

InyBius, Erichs. Dytis. 34.

10. (11.) C. Sauleyu, Dufour MSS. in Collect. Dom. Hope.

Ovatus, niger, levis, depressus, maculis 2 frontalibus rufis,

thoracis angulis anticis elytrisque linea apicali macula Jaterali

10 Mr. C. C. Babington’s Descriptions

et puncto apicis castaneis, subtus niger, antennis pedibusque

fuscis, (L. c. 33; lat. 2 lin.)

Ovate, black, shining, smooth, depressed. Head with two

transverse red spots on the crown. Antenne fuscous. Thorax

transverse, very short, broadly emarginate in front; the angles pro-

minent and acute; hinder margin nearly straight, the angles slightly

prominent and acute; the anterior angles broadly castaneous.

Scutellum black. Elytra ovate, black ; a little beyond the mid-

dle, near the outer margin, there is a triangular castaneous spot,

and within the apex another small round one, connected with the

former by a slender castaneous line, which is continued beyond

the apical spot, but interrupted by the suture; the usual punc-

tate lines on the disk but faintly marked. Under side black,

with a small red spot on each side of the segments of the abdomen.

Legs fuscous, the liinder ones darker.

Hab. Callao.

The appearance of this insect is very similar to C. vitreus, but

it differs in shape, colour, and in the marks at the end of the

elytra. It has the structure of Erichson’s genus J/ybius (as indeed

has C. Grapii referred by Mr. Stephens to Agabus), namely, the

unequal posterior claws by which it is at once separated from C.

vitreus. I cannot let this opportunity pass without remarking the

utter uselessness of these generic divisions, since, as sections, they

separate insects so closely allied as C. vitreus and Saulcyz.

11. (12.) C. punctum, Bab.

Ovatus, niger, laevis, depressus, thoracis angulis anticis, ore, an-

tennis lunulis 2 frontalibus pedibusque anticis rufescentibus,

elytris macula parva laterali oblonga fenestrata, subtus niger,

pedibus posticis fuscis. (L. c. 4; lat. 2% lin.)

Ovate black, very minutely reticulate-strigose. Head with two

transverse usually confluent lunules on the crown, and the mouth

and antenne rufescent. Structure of the thorax as in the last,

the anterior angles rufescent, and the posterior not prominent,

and slightly rounded. Scutellum black. Elytra ovate, black; a

little beyond the middle, near the outer margin, is a minute ob-

long fenestrated spot; the usual strize are formed of numerous

punctures, and are strongly marked. Body beneath black. Legs

rufescent, the posterior pair fuscous.

Hab. Valparaiso.

12, (13.) C. magellanicus, Bab.

Ovatus, niger, subdepressus, elytris subcostatis macula parva

of Dytiscide Darwiniane. 1]

laterali oblonga fenestrata, subtus niger, antennis pedibusque

fuscis. (L.c. 3; lat. 13 lin.)

A third part smaller than the preceding, ovate, black, very

minutely reticulate-strigose. Head immaculate. Antenne fus-

cous. Thorax much broader behind than in front, the hinder

angles slightly acute. Scutellum black. Elytra oval, obscurely

ribbed longitudinally, and having at a little beyond the middle,

and near to the outer margin, a minute oblong fenestrated spot ;

the usual strize scarcely distinguishable, and very irregular. Body

beneath black. Legs fuscous.

Hab. Tierra del Fuego,

CotymBetes (CorreLaTus.)

Corgtatus, Erichs. Dytis. 38.

13, (14.) C. elegans, Bab.

Ovato-oblongus, rufo-fuscus, impunctatus, thorace longitudi-

naliter strigoso, elytris striis 10 ornatis, alternis abbreviatis,

apicem acutum non attingentibus, corpore subtus antennis

pedibusque rufo-fuscis. (L.c. 3; lat. 13 lin.)

Ovate-oblong, fuscous red, not punctured. Head short, trans-

verse, with two minute foveze between the eyes. Thorax short,

transverse, broadly emarginate in front; the angles acute and

prominent; margins slightly rounded, broader behind; the margin

nearly straight; the angles rectangular; the disk darker than the

sides and head, covered with minute longitudinal striz, a row of

which occupy the place of the usual series of punctures near to

the anterior margin. Scutellum minute. Elytra oblong, acute,

rufo-fuscous, the base paler, each with ten strong longitudinal

striz, which do not extend to the apex, the second about half as

long, and the other alternate ones not exceeding three-fourths of

the length of the elytra. Body beneath and legs fuscous red.

Hab. Rio de Janeiro.

Hypaticus, Leach.

1. (15.) H. Havaniensis, Laporte.

Obovatus, testaceus, thorace antice posticeque nigro, elytris

nigro-irroratis macula dorsalid transversd nigra lateribus

testaceis, subtus niger, antennis pedibusque 4 anticis testaceis,

femoribus posticis testaceis macula interna basali nigr4; tibiis

nigro-fuscis, tarsis fuscis, (L. c. 5-53; lat. 23-34 lin.)

H. Havaniensis, Laporte, Etud, Ent. 96.

12 Mr. C. C. Babington’s Descriptions

Obovate, testaceous above, impunctate. Crown of the head

inclosing, by a wavy line, a bilobed testaceous spot. Antenne

testaceous. ‘Thorax transverse, short, the anterior angles pro-

minent, acute, testaceous ; on the anterior margin a uniformly

broad black fascia, and on the posterior another, which is broader,

emarginate in the middle, and narrowing off into a slender line as

it approaches the testaceous lateral margins. Scutellum black.

Elytra ovate, thickly covered with rather large black dots, which

become confluent at about the middle, and form a broad irregular

transverse fascia, which is succeeded by a pale spot, variegated

with black clouds and dots, and extending to the apex; on the

disk are three rows of deep punctures. In the female the thorax

and elytra are minutely strigose punctate. Body beneath black,

several segments of the abdomen having a pale spot on each side.

The four anterior legs testaceous, the posterior variegated, the

femora testaceous, with a large black patch on the inner side, ex-

tending from the base to three-fourths of their length; tibise black

or dark fuscous, tarsi fuscous.

This beautiful insect is a native of Rio de Janeiro, and Laporte

has described it from specimens obtained in the island of Cuba.

Hyrurnrvs, Jil. Steph.

1. (16.) H. maculatus, Bab.

Ovatus, brevis, gibbus, fuscus, capite, thoracis lateribus elytro-

rumque maculis testaceis, subtus fuscus, antennis testaceis,

pedibus fuscis. (L. c. 2; lat. 1} lin.)

Short, ovate, gibbous, the whole upper surface coarsely punc-

tate. Head testaceous; in one specimen fuscous. Antenne

testaceous. Thorax transverse, similar to H. ovatus, fuscous.

Elytra ovate, much dilated near the middle, the apex rounded,

fuscous, except a bilobed spot at the base; the humeral angle,

the anterior half of the lateral margin, a longitudinal abbreviated

line near the centre of the suture, one on the middle of the disk

connected with a triangular transverse spot on the margin, and

two small triangular spots connected with this last, and with each

other within the apex, which are testaceous. Body beneath fus-

cous, coarsely punctured, very gibbous. Legs fuscous.

This pretty little insect was obtained at St. Jago.

Erichson and Brullé concur in describing the posterior tarsi of

this genus as possessed of two claws, which are said to be un-

equal, the upper one fixed, and the lower shorter and moveable.

of Dytiscide Darwiniane. 13

After a careful examination of several species, I must agree with

Stephens in considering that there is only one claw, and that

moveable, the apparent upper claw being only a long seta.

Hyproporus, Clairv.

A. Thoracis lateribus rotundatis, elytrorum apice dentato.

1.(17.) H. Darnini, Bab.

Oblongo-ovatus, subdepressus, punctatus, ferrugineus, vertice

nigro, thorace maculis 2 fuscis lineisque 2 abbreviatis im-

pressis, elytris nigris margine externo maculis 2 lateralibus

lineisque interruptis flavis, corpore subtus pedibusque fer-

rugineis. (Li. c. 2; lat. I lin.)

Oblong-ovate, depressed, thickly punctured throughout. Head

rounded, pale testaceous, narrowly black behind. Antenne tes-

taceous, with the terminal joints ringed with black. Thorax pale

testaceous, short, transverse, broadly and deeply emarginate in

front, the angles acute, the sides straight and parallel, except near

to the anterior angles, where they are strongly rounded, posterior

margin nearly straight, produced in the middle, narrowly mar-

gined with fuscous, and two small spots of that colour connected

with it towards its middie; also an abbreviated longitudinal im-

pressed line on each side. Elytra broader than the thorax, ovate,

the apex acute, with a minute tooth upon each side, black; the

anterior margin, two angular marginal spots, a line interrupted

in the middle next the suture, and about four very slender and

much interrupted lines upon each, testaceous. Body beneath

testaceous, the abdomen rather darker. Legs testaceous, the

posterior pair darker.

Hab. King George’s Sound, Australia.

2. (18.) H. undecimlineatus, Bab.

Oblongo- ovatus, subdepressus, punctatus, flavus, elytris sutura

lineis 5 maculisque 2 lateralibus nigris, corpore subtus anten-

nis pedibusque flavis. (L.c. 2; lat. 1 lin.)

Oblong-ovate, depressed, thickly punctured throughout. Head

and thorax as in the last, except that the latter has two faint dark

clouds upon its hinder margin alone, and the sides are uniformly

rounded. Elytra broader than the thorax, ovate, the apex acute,

with a minute tooth upon each side, yellow; with the suture, five

regular lines upon each, two oblong spots between the first and

second, and two spots (one angular, and at about the middle, the

14 Mr. C. C. Babington’s Descriptions

other oblong, and near the apex,) between the fifth and the lateral

margin, black; the space next to the suture and the second and

fourth interstices the most regular, and of a brighter colour. Body

beneath and legs yellow.

Hab. Tierra del Fuego.

B. Thoracis elytrorumque lateribus continuis, elytrorum apice

non truncato.

3. (19.) H. obscurus, Bab.

Oblongo-ovatus, opacus, minutissimé punctatus, supra et subtus

fuscus, thorace, antennis pedibusque flavis. (L. c. #3; lat.

3 lin.)

Minute, oblong-ovate, opaque, fuscous both above and below.

Head large. Antennz yellow. Thorax yellow, transverse, short,

broadly emarginate in front, sides rounded, posterior margins

wavy, the disk slightly elevated transversely, and a deep abbre-

viated impressed line on each side behind. Elytra ovate, fuscous,

the base and suture darkest, the margins and apex reddish, very

minutely punctured, and slightly downy, an impressed line on

each side at the base in continuity with that on the thorax. Body

beneath slightly downy, fuscous, with the abdomen rather paler.

Legs yellow.

Hab. Rio de Janeiro.

4. (20.) H. nitidus, Bab.

Oblongo-ovatus, nitidus, grosse punctatus, supra et subtus

fuscus; capite, thorace (medio excepto), antennis, pedibusque

flavis. (L. c. 2; lat. 2 lin.)

Minute, oblong-ovate, shining, coarsely punctured, fuscous both

above and below. Head and thorax similar to the last, yellow,

the latter with a fuscous spot in the centre, and the lateral im-

pressed lines sinuated, and nearly reaching to the anterior margin.

Elytra ovate, fuscous, coarsely punctured, with a paler patch upon

each, caused by their transparency, and an impressed line upon

each side at the base in continuity with that on the thorax. Body

beneath fuscous. Legs and antennz yellow.

Hab. Rio de Janeiro.

Hyprororomorpna, Bab.*

Corpus elongatum, depressum. Caput oculis non prominulis,

fronte levi. Antenne |1-articulate, infra oculos insert,

articulo primo elongato, 2do quam tertium paulo longiore,

* Derivatio nominis, Hydroporus and prcepn, forma.

of Dytiscide Darwiniane. 15

reliquis inter se aequalibus tertio brevioribus obconicis, ultimo

fusiformi acuminato. Labrum paulo emarginatum. Palpi

maxillares externi articulis 1, 2 et 3 obconicis, subeequalibus,

tertio paulo longiori; 4to maximo, elongato, fusiformi, trun-

cato; p. m. internt 2-articulati, articulis elongatis attenuatis,

Imo subclavato, 2do cylindrico. Mentwm lobo intermedio

dentiformi obtuso. Palpi labiales articulis 1mo et 2do trans-

versis, 3tio quam precedentes longiori, obconico; 4to elon-

gato, ventricoso, truncato. Scutellum breve, latum, triangulare.

Pedes 4 anteriores tarsis 4-articulatis,* postici tarsis 5-articu-

latis unguiculisque 2 zqualibus mobilibus.

[P1. I. fig. 3a, labrum; 36, mandible; 3c, maxilla; 3d, labium; 3e, fore

leg; 3, middle leg.]

Differs from Hydroporus by the structure of the internal max-

illary and labial palpi, and by the presence of a scutellum.

1. (21.) H. parallela, Bab. (PI. 1, fig. 3.)

Oblonga, antice obtusa, postice acuminata, lateribus parallelis,

supra rufa, ‘horace antice et postice elytrisque (apice mar-

ginibusque exceptis) fuscis; corpore subtus, antennis, pedi-

busque fusco-rufis. (L. c. 2; lat. 2 lin.)

Head short, transverse, rounded in front, with two longitudinal

slightly impressed foveze between the eyes. Thorax transverse,

short, broadly emarginate in front; the angles acute; lateral

margins rounded ; posterior margin straight, very slightly pro-

duced in the middle over the scutellum; disk smooth, with a

transverse row of punctures in front, and a similar one behind,

the latter broadly interrupted in the middle; rufous, with the

anterior and posterior margins fuscous. Scutellum small, triangu-

lar, transverse, fuscous. LElytra of the same width as the thorax,

oblong, the sides parallel for three-fourths of their length, then

strongly rounded to the apex, which is acute and prominent ;

disk coarsely punctured, with one central row of more regular

punctures upon each; fuscous, with the exception of the apex

and external margins, which are rufous. Body beneath, legs and

antennee, dull rufous.

Hab. Rio de Janeiro.

AwnopocuEtLus, Bab.

Corpus ovatum, depressum. Caput fronte antice carina trans-

* [It appears to me that the tarsi of this genus are 5-jointed, a minute nodose

joint being placed at the base of the long terminal joint.—J. O. W.]

t Derivatio nominis, 2 non, odwv dens, x&tA0g margo.

16 Mr. C. C. Babington’s Descriptions

versali semicirculari terminata, oculis parum prominulis.

Antenne breves, 11-articulate, infra oculos inserte ; articulis

2 primis crassioribus, elongatis; 3tio elongato, attenuato,

obconico; 4to brevi, transverso; 5to—10mo _ crassiusculis,

moniliformibus, terminali longissimo, acuminato. Palpi max-

illares externi articulis 2 primis brevibus transversis ; 3tio

longiori, obconico, ultimo maximo, elongato, fusiformi, oblique

truncato; p.m interni 2-articulati, articulis elongatis atte-

nuatis, Imo cylindrico, 2do subulato. Mentum lobo inter-

medio nullo, lobis lateralibus rotundatis. Palpi labiales

articulis 1, 2 et 3 brevibus transversis, 4to maximo, ventri-

coso, oblique truncato vel emarginato. Scutellum inconspi-

cuum. Tarsi omnes 5-articulati, unguiculis 2 equalibus.

[Pl. I. fig. 4a, mandible; 45, maxilla; 4c, labium.]

Differs from Hydroporus by the structure of its maxillary and

labial palpi, and by the want of a tooth in the centre of its men-

tum.

1, (22.) A. maculatus, Bab. (PI. 1, fig. 4.)

Late ovatus, flavus, elytris fuscis, maculis 2 transversis apice-

que flavis, grosse punctato-striatis, costatis; subtus fuscus,

grosse punctatus, antennis pedibusque flavis. (L.c. $; lat.

3 lin.)

Broadly ovate, yellow, flat above. Head smooth, broad, rounded

in front. Thorax smooth, broadly emarginate in front ; the an-

gles acute; sides rounded, particularly towards the front, sinuated

behind with a transverse impression; disk transversely elevated,

and a large tubercular elevation on each side behind. Scutellum

wanting. Elytra broad, flat, with numerous lines of very coarse

punctures ; the suture slightly elevated, and an elevated costa on

the disk, in continuity with the tubercle on the thorax ; fuscous,

with the external margin, two transverse patches, and the apex,

yellow. Body beneath fuscous, very coarsely punctured, gibbous.

Legs and antennz yellow.

Hab. Rio de Janeiro.

Desmopacuria, Bab.*

Corpus subglobosum. Caput fronte antice carina semicirculari

terminata, oculis parum prominulis. Antenne breves, 11-

articulatze, infra oculos inserte, articulis 3 basalibus elongatis,

1mo obconico, 2do elliptico crassissimo, 3tio attenuato cla-

vato, 4to minimo transverso, 5to paululum quarto majori

* Derivatio nominis, derpos calena, wayus crassus, axpoy apex.

of Dytiscide Darwiniane. 17

transverso, 6to—10mo transversis quinto majoribus, ultimo

subulato 2 praecedentium longitudinem subequante. Palpi

maxillares externi articulis 1, 2 et 3 breviusculis, transversis,

obconicis ; 4to maximo, elongato, ventricoso, apice attenuato ;

p.m. internt subulati attenuati, articulo primo elongato sub-

cylindrico, 2do dimidio breviori. Mentum lobo intermedio

dentiformi minuto acuto, lobis lateralibus subacutis. Palpi

labiales articulis 1, 2 et 3, brevibus transversis, 4to maximo

ovato obtuso. Scutellum inconspicuum. Pedes abbreviati,

tarsis posticis 4-articulatis.

[Pl. 1, figa, mandible; 56, maxilla; 5c, labium; 5d, antenna; “e, fore

leg; 5/f, hind leg. ]

Closely allied in appearance to Hygrotus, Steph., but distin-

guished by the structure of its antenne and palpi.

1a(235) 0D: mitida; Bab. (Pl. V; fig..5:)

Rotundato-ovata, fusco-flava, elytris obscurioribus, antennis

pedibusque flavis. (L.c. ¢; lat. 3 lin.)

Between orbicular and ovate, dusky yellow, convex above,

smooth and shining. Head smooth. ‘Thorax transverse, short,

broadly emarginate in front; sides rounded, hinder margin sinuated,

disk punctured. Scutellum wanting. Elytra cordate, pointed,

rather deeply punctured. Body beneath dusky yellow, the breast

darker. Legs and antenne yellow.

Hab. Rio de Janeiro.

VOL, III.

is Mr. J. O. Westwood’s Observations

II. Observations upon the Hemipterous Insects composing

the Genus Syttis of Fabricius, or the Family Phymatites

of Laporte, with a Monograph of the Genus Macroce-

phalus. By J. O. Wesrwoop.

[Read October 2, 1837.]

Tue very singular structure of the insects composing this little

group, combined with the very great rarity of the species of which

the genus Macrocephalus is composed, will, I am sure, be deemed

considerations of sufficient interest for bespeaking the attention of

the Entomological Society to a few observations upon the group

itself, and to a description of the species composing the genus

in question; of which I have hitherto seen no specimens except

in the Collections of the Royal Museums of Berlin and Paris,

and those in my own cabinet, all of the latter having evidently,

from their labels, been obtained from Mr. Abbot of Georgia, of

which country they are natives. ;

The earliest notices of this group are to be found in the works

of Linnzus, Geoffroy, Sulzer, De Geer, and Schelienberg, wherein

two of the species were described as species of the genus Cimeax,

and rudely figured. Swederus however first proposed the generic

separation of some of these insects having a very large scutellum

from the great genus Cimex, under the name of Macrocephalus, in

the Swedish Transactions for 1787; having for its type the M.

cimicoides, an inhabitant of the southern states of North America,

and which, together with other insects observed in the cabinets of

Drury and other English Entomologists during a visit to England,

he described on his return to Sweden in 1787. In 1802, Latreille

proposed another genus, Phymata, in the third volume of his

Histoire Naturelle, &c., the type being the European species pre-

viously described by Fabricius as an Acanthia (A. crassipes).

In the following year, 1803, Fabricius, unacquainted with the

establishment of the genera Macrocephalus and Phymata, described

the genus Syrtis in his Systema Rhyngotorum, into which he intro-

duced the species of both genera, Macrocephalus and Phymata.

It is essential, however, to observe the precise manner in which

he treated the species of this new genus, as it affords another

instance of the necessity for the adoption of the principle which I

have elsewhere endeavoured to illustrate, namely, that it is essen-

tial in subdividing any old and extensive genus to retain the old

generic name for that particular species which can be clearly

shown to have been the insect which the author of the old genus

upon the Genus Syrtis of Fabricius. 19

had most particularly in view when he proposed such genus, and

which he consequently regarded as its express type.

The first species of the genus Syrtis was the European dcan-

thia crassipes, which we have already seen Latreille had expressly

given as the type of his genus Phymaia. If therefore there

existed no other means of identifying the Fabrician type of the

genus Syrizs, I maintain that we ought to regard Syrtis as synony-

mous with Phymata, although it may (as indeed in this case it

does) happen, that the genus Syrtis contained species not generi-

cally identical with the first species.

But in this case there is no such uncertainty. The second

Fabrician species of Syrtis was the American Cimea erosus of

Linneeus, and from this insect the characters of the mouth were

expressly drawn by Fabricius : supposing therefore, for a moment,

that every other species placed by Fabricius in the genus Syrtzs,

were now ascertained to be generically distinct from this species

dissected by Fabricius, it must be quite clear that the erosus was

the true type of Syrtis, and the only species which ought to

remain therein; and my opinion upon the matter is, that in case

such typical species had previously received from some other

author a distinct generic appellation, it would not only tend to

confusion, but would be decidedly improper to apply the name

Syrtis to any other insect placed by Fabricius in that genus, which

did not possess the character of such type. Of the impropriety

of such a step this very genus affords an instance ; for the last

three Fabrician species do not correspond with the type, indeed

Fabricius himself says, ‘ Ultimz tres species ab hoc genere dif-

fere videntur—forte proprii generis; ” and yet by adopting the

principle advocated by some authors (viz., that it is proper to

employ a second synonymical generic name for species not ac-

cording with the type of the second genus, although placed

therein), it would be as correct to retain the generic name Syrtis

for these three discrepant species, as to appropriate such generic

name to any other species not agreeing with the type.

It is true that these three species belong to the genus Macro-

cephalus first above-mentioned, but by not attending to the other

species of the Fabrician Syrtzs, there has been additional confusion

introduced even into this little group.

From what has been said it will be seen that the three generic

names thus far introduced into the group are—

1. Macrocephalus Swederus; (true type, MJ. cimicordes.)

2. Phymata Latreille ; (true type, Acanthia crassipes.)

3. Syrtis Fabricius ; (true type, Comex erosus, Linn.)

20 Mr. J. O. Westwood’s Observations

In the Genera Crustaceorum, &c., Latreille however united the

two last named groups into one genus, Phymata, divided into two

sections from the supposed variation in the structure of the an-

tennz ; the first section having Ph. crassjpes and the second Cimex

erosus for the type.

Laporte, however, in his Revision of the Hemiptera, published

in Guérin’s Magazin de Zoologie, has again introduced three

genera into the group, namely,—1. Phymata, having crassipes as

its type; 2. Discomerus, Laporte, having erosus as its type, with

the Latreillian character obtained from the antennze alone, and

the observation ‘‘le génre a tous les autres caractéres des Phy-

mates ;’ and 3. Macrocephalus, with M. cimicoides (or the mani-

cata, Fabr.)

From the review of the genera given above, it will however be

at once perceived that if the Cimex erosus be generically distinct

from the Phymata crassipes, the generic name of Syrits must be

given to it, and that it is improper to apply a new generic name

to it.

The synonymy of these groups would then stand thus :—

§ Typ. M. cimicoides,Sw.

1, Macrocephalus, Sw.

U (Syrtismanicata, Fab.)

1787.

, Phymata, sect. 1, Latreille, 1807. }.p_. Malet ake:

2. eee Latreille,§ Syrtis, pars aberrans, Fab. 1803. Utyp. Sin aE CLG Snes,

a Phymata, Laporte .. .... 1833. ;

3. Syrtis, Fab. pars § Phymata,sect.2,Latreille,1807. 9 Typ. Cimexr erosus,

typica, 1803. Discomerus, Laporte.... .1833. § Linn.

\ Syrtis, pars aberrans, Fab. 1803.

These observations (made with the view of again pointing out

the disadvantages arising to science from the still too prevalent

inattention to generic types), presuppose the generic distinction

of these three groups ; but a careful revision of the insects them-

selves prove most decidedly that Latreille had established his two

sections of Phymata upon sexual characters alone, and that La-

porte, in adopting Latreille’s sectional character as that of his new

genus Discomerus, proposed a group which cannot be maintained.

In this view therefore the synonymy of the groups will run thus :

1. Macrocephalus, Swederus, ut supra.

2. Phymata, Latreille, 1802, (e Syrtide haud genericé dis-

tincta).

Syn. Syrtis, Fabricius, pars typica et (partim) aberrans,

1803.

Phymata, sect. 1 et 2, Latreille, 1807.

Phymata et Discomerus, Laporte, 1833.

Respecting the structural characters of these insects, the most

remarkable, and which exists throughout, and in fact distinguishes

upon the Genus Syrtis of Fabricius. 21

the group, is the singular form of the fore legs, which are raptorial,

the femora being very large and nearly oval, or more properly

compresso-subtrigonate, having the anterior and lower part much

compressed, regularly curved, and armed with very minute and

numerous teeth forming a saw. Latreille describes this part as

channelled for the reception of the curved tibia, but this is not

the case. The tibiae which have a curve equivalent to the curve

of the femoral margin are very acute at the tips, and furnished

within with a series of minute teeth similar to those of the femora.

They are about half the length of the femora, extending to a

strong hook on the under margin of the latter. There is no

trace of a tarsus to be observed in the fore legs. Latreille, how-

ever, says the tarsi are minute and bent back upon the tibia, but

such is certainly not the case. ‘The four hind legs are of the or-

dinary form, the tarsi being apparently only two-jointed, the basal

joint being exceedingly small. Latreille describes them as 3-

jointed, but Leon Dufour says they have only two joints. With

a high-powered lens the posterior tarsus in MW. comicoides exhibited

the appearance represented in Pl. 2, fig. 4.

The basal joint or trochanter, as in all raptorial legs, is greatly

enlarged, so as to give additional motion to the leg.

Of the natural affinities of these insects, Leon Dufour has ob-

served that their internal organization fully confirms the place

assigned to them by Latrielle between Mirus and dAradus. Their

general external structure is however much more analogous to the

latter than to the former group.

The genus Puymara is distinguished by the more elongated

antenne, which are bent back during repose and rest within a

lateral groove of the thorax; the scutellum is of small size, and

the membrane of the hemelytra is considerably reticulated.

In the real type of this genus (P. crassipes\, the antenne of the

male (fig. 2 a@) are terminated by a cylindrical joint, thicker than

the three preceding and rather longer than the three conjointly ;

the female antennz, on the contrary (fig. 2¢), are terminated by

a more clavate joint, scarcely so long as the two preceding joints.

The peculiar character of the neuration of the hemelytra will be

seen in fig. 2 e, and of the extremity of the male abdomen in fig.

2 b, and of that of the female in fig. 2 d.

In Phymata erosa (Discomerus erosus, Laporte), the male antennz

(fig. 3 a) are terminated by a slightly clavate joint, at least as

long as the preceding joints conjointly, whilst the iast joint of the

female antenne is about the length of the two preceding joints

22 Mr. J. O. Westwood’s Observations

(a minute apparent joint at the base of the third joint not being

computed) (fig. 3c). The neuration of the hemelytra (fig. 3 e),

and the male (fig. 3 b) and female abdomen (fig, 3 d), are almost

identical with those of Phymata crassipes.

Thus it will be seen that Latreille characterized his first section

from a male specimen of Phymata crassipes, and his second section

from a female of Phymata erosa.

The following is a description of a new and remarkable species

in this genus which differs in several respects from its generic

characters.

Phymata integra (n.s.) (PI. 2, fig. 1.)

Pallide albido-lutea, thorace elongato, antice attenuato, lateribus

subrectis, capite haud bifido.

Long. corp. lin. 53.

Habitat ? In Mus. Britannic.

Totum corpus pallidé albido-luteum, abdominis marginibus

fusco-maculatis; hemelytrorum corium concolor, membrana

apicalis subhyalina, nubilé fusca versus basin, venis pallidis.

Pedes antici concolores, femora postica fascia centrali apice-

que fuscis, tibiis tarsisque fuscis, illis fascia media luted. Ab-

domen lateribus rotundatis, nec angulatis. ‘Thorax elongatus,

antice attenuatus, in medio transverse sulcatus, portione pos-

tica carinis duabus divergentibus, lateribus fere rectis ; an-

gulis posticis lateralibus margineque postico utrinque versus

basin scutelli tuberculatis. Caput crassissimum, antice haud

bifidum; antennze mutilate, articulo Imo brevissimo, 2do

brevi.

Obs.—E Phymatis reliquis differt thorace elongato lateribus

fere recto, abdomine rotundato capiteque integro. (PI. 2, fig. 1 a.)

The genus Macrocepnatus is distinguished by having the an-

tennze short and thick (fig. 4a), alike in both sexes, inserted at

the front of the head, generally porrected and not reposing in a

lateral groove of the thorax, the head being in fact too long and

cylindrical to admit of it; the scutellum is very large, covering

the entire hemelytra and wings, and extending to the extremity

of the body as in the genus Scutellera, &c., leaving however the

sides of the abdomen exposed: the hemelytra being thus pro-

tected have the leathery part greatly reduced in size, and the mem-

branous ‘part enlarged; the veins are also very few in number

(fig. 4c). The rostrum is about as long as the head (fig. 4 a, 6).

The fore leg is represented in fig. 4d, the hind tarsi in 4 e, the

extremity of the male abdomen in 4 f, and of the female in 4 g.

upon the Genus Syrtis of Fabricius. 23

The species of this genus are exclusively confined to the warmer

regions of America, being found from Carolina to Brazil; they

are of small size, never attaining to the length of half an inch.

Their colours are generally variegated with buff, luteous, reddish,

brown, or black ; the upper surface of the body is generally more

or less rugose, and clothed with minute rigid scales. Nothing is

recorded of their habits: their motions in all probability, judging

from the structure of their legs, are slow and awkward.

Sp. 1. Macrocephalus cimicoides, Swederus. (Pl. 2, fig. 5 and 5a.)

“ Griseo-ferrugineus, scutello cinerascente macula coleoptrata

flava, alis purpurascenti-violaceis, tibiis anticis incrassatis.

** Habitat in Georgia America. Mus. D. Drury.

“ Deser.—Corpus Cim. eroso L. paulo minus, griseo-ferru-

gineum.

“‘Caput longitudine fere thoracis, antice emarginatum, subtus

canaliculatum, pro rostro lateribus inferioribus serrato-cre-

natis. Antennz longitudine capitis, griseo-ferruginee.

Rostrum brunneum, subglabrum, apice subpilosum. Sete fla-

vescentes. Thorax antice angustatus, emarginatus, angulis

subacutis, postice subrotundatus, lateribus spinosus, spina

utrinque obtusa truncata vix bifida. Linez 2 dorsales

elevatze, obsoletiores, sordidé flavescentes. Scutellum apice

rotundatum cinerascens, atomis fuscis adspersum, basi nigro-

ustulatum, macula oblonga postice subtriloba elevato-cole-

optrata, flavissima notatum. Abdomen scutello latius sub-

rhombeum integrum, subtus saturatius ferrugineum. Ale

purpurascente-violaceze, margine exteriori, ut in Cimicibus,

usque ad medium subcoriaceo, griseo-cinereo. Pedes grisel.

Tibize anticee valde incrassate, subtus dente subacuto, apice

ungulo longiori arcuato subulato armate.”’ Swederus, Act.

Holm. 1787, p. 185, pl. 8, fig. 1, with details from which

figures 5 and 5 a are copied.

Obs. 1.—Syrtis manicata Fabr. (Syst. Rhyng. p. 123, No. 7)

a Latreillio (Gen. Crust. vol. 3, p. 138) eadem cum precedente

habetur. In descriptione Fabriciana insectum coloris grisel

CS. grisea, scutello lined dorsali baseos albd.”—‘ Thorax

griseus. ’— “ Scutellum griseum”) describitur, cum patria Caro-

lina.

Obs. 2.—Syrtis manicata, Wolff, (Icon. Cimicum, t. 17, f. 163.

Encycl. Méth. Ins. pl. 374, fig. 7), certe species distincta; forsan

M. affinis, Guér.

94 Mr. J. O. Westwood’s Observations

Obs. 3.—In muszo regio Berolinensi insectum hujus generis

sub nomine M. manicaie asservatur, coloris fuscescenti-ferruginei,

thoracis parte posticd magis grisea lineis duabus elevatis diver-

gentibus, pallidioribus ; antennis pedibusque pallidé fulvescentibus ;

scutello vero ut in M. cimicoide, Swed. Long. corp. 43 lin. An

eadem ?

Obs. 4.—Insectum denique possideo coloris griseo-ferruginei,

cum parte elevatd thoracis squamis griseis pallidioribus obsita,

antennis nigris, articulo ultimo fusco ; corpore subtus pedibusque

griseo-ferrugineis, scutello basi parum obscuriori, colore ferru-

gineo magis intenso, macula pallida basali ut in M. cimicorde, Swed. ;

thorace lineis duabus divergentibus paullo elevatis, at vix palli-

dioribus. Long. corp. lin. 4. Habitat in Georgia Americe. An

varietas M. cimicoides ? vix species distincta.

Sp. 2. Macrocephalus notatus. (n. s.)

M. pallidé fuscus, punctatissimus ; capite cum antennis obscure

fuscis, thoracis parte anticad rufescenti; capitis lateribus

subrufis, pedibus lutescentibus; scutello maculaé magna

subrhombicd, dimidium basale scutelli occupante, albida,

punctisque duobus oblongis subapicalibus nigris.

Long. corp. lin. 33.

Habitat in Colombia. D. Lebas. In Mus. Reg. Parisiis.

Variat macula ad basin scutelli angustiori. Habitat “ Ouest

Capitanerie des Mines.”

Obs.—M. cimicoidi valdé affinis.

Sp. 3. Macrocephalus tuberosus, Klug. (n. s.)

M. fuscus, thorace scutelloque subgranulatis, capite et thoracis

parte antica pallidé ochraceis; antennis pedibusque albido-

luteis ; scutello macula ovato-hastata e basi ultra medium

scutelli extensa, haud elevata, lineisque duabus_basalibus

obscuris notato.

Long. corp. lin, 43.

Habitat Cassapava Brasilia. D.Sello. Mus. Reg. Berol.

Macrocephalus tuberosus, Klug, MSS.

Sp. 4. Macrocephalus obscurus. (n. s.)

M. pallidé griseo-lutescens, capite cum antennis, corpore sub-

tus cum pedibus et thoracis parte antica luteo-fulvescentibus,

hujus parte postica obscuriori, et, quam in M, cimicoide, paullo

upon the Genus Syrtis of Fabricius. 25

longiori; angulis lateralibus magis truncatis subbifidis, lineis-

que duabus paullo elevatis divergentibus; scutello ad basin

obscuriori, macula oblongo-obovata ad dimidium scutelli ex-

tensa, linedque elevata tenuissima ad apicem currente.

Long. corp. lin. 33.

Habitat in America Meridionali. D. D’Orbigny (No. 167).

In Mus. Reg. Parisiis, et nostr.

Obs.—M. tuberoso, Klug, affinis at minor.

Sp. 5. Macrocephalus pulchellus, Klug. (n. s.)

M. ochraceus, capitis disco thoraceque fuscis, hujus margine

tenui maculisque duabus ovalibus disci obliqué positis pal-

lidis; parte posticd. vix elevatd; antennis pedibusque och-

raceis, illarum apicibus paullo obscurioribus, scutello nigro

albido-maculato et fasciato.

Long. corp. lin. 2.

Habitat in Insul4é Cuba. D. Muller. In Mus. Reg. Berol.

Macrocephalus pulchellus, Klug, MSS.

Scutellum nigrum; angulis humeeatas: sires triangulari

basali, lunula parva ante medium, fascia laté media, antice

emarginata, apiceque ipso scutelli albidis.

Sp. 6. Macrocephalus leucographus, Klug. (n. s.)

M.corpore obscuré lutescenti, capite supra nigro, antennis fuscis,

thorace et scutello maculis albidis variis ; abdominis lateribus

detectis fulvis, annulis nigris.

Long. corp. lin. 34.

Habitat in Insula Heyti, Port au Prince. In Mus. Reg. Berol.

M. leucographus, Klug, MSS.

Thorax niger, margine tenuissimo (in medio interne paullo pro-

ducto) maculisque duabus parvis obliquis albidis, disco

parum rufescenti. Scutellum nigrum, macula oblonga basali

poe oblique bifida, alterisque tribus ovalibus posticis

(scil. 2, 1) albis. Pedes pallide albidi, femoribus anticis

nigris, geniculis pallidis.

Var. a. Thorace toto nigro; maculis scutellaribus ut supra de-

scriptis.

Var. 3. Nigricans, squamis perpaucis, fascias duas in | medio

scutelli interruptas formantibus, pedibus nigris, tarsis ob-

scuré albis.

Var. y. Forté immatura. Luteo-fulva, scutello ut in typo, at

multo obscurius, maculato.

26 Mr. J. O. Westwood’s Observations

Sp. 7. Macrocephalus crassimanus, Fabricius.

M. pallidé luteo-flavescens, squamis luteis obsitus ; capite, an-

tennis, et parte posticd thoracis (vix elevatd) ferrugineis ;

thorace postice utrinque subspinoso, scutello concolori, sub-

plano, carina centrali deficienti; pedibus 4 posticis obscuré

ferrugineis, hemelytrorum corio ferrugineo, membrana hya-

lina.

Long. corp. lin. 43.

Habitat in America Meridionali, “ St. Jean.” In Mus. Reg.

Berol.

Fabricius, Syst. Rhyng. p. 123, No, 9. (Syrtis crassimana.)

Sp. 8. Macrocephalus affinis, Guérin.

M. fuscus, aureo-sericeus, thorace postice elevato, rugoso, in

medio tuberculis duobus elevatis instructo ; scutello lutes-

cente, basi obscuriori, carina elevata dorsali ad apicem extensa,

(ante medium paullo latiori et postice attenuata) ; antennis

fuscis, pedibus anticis nigricantibus, 4 posticis Iuteis.

Long. corp. lin. 53.

Habitat in Brasilia. Mus. Reg. Berol., nostr. $ ¢.

Macrocephalus affinis, Guérin, Icon. R. An. Ins. pl. 56, fig. 10. .

M. tuberculatus, Klug, MSS.

Caput rugoso-punctatum, lineis duabus impressis ante ocellos.

Antenne fusca, apice articuli quarti rufescenti. Thorax

lateribus valde emarginatis, parte posticd dilataté colore

clariori, abdomen luteum. Scutellum basi subpunctatum,

postice coriaceo-granulatum, corium hemelytrorum luteum.

Tubercula elevata thoracis, antice lunuld fusca plus minusve

conspicua ornantur.

Sp. 9. Macrocephalus prehensilis, Fabricius.

M. pallide griseo-lutescens ; capite et thorace supra (margine

tenuissimo laterali excepto) nigris aut obscuré fuscis, hujus an-

gulis posticis obtusis integris; antennis articulis terminalibus

fuscis, scutello lined dorsali late nigra, carina centrali tenuis-

sima parum elevata, et versus basin coloris albidi; pedibus

lutescentibus, hemelytrorum corio lutescenti, membrana hya-

lina.

Long. corp. lin. 23.

Habitat in Georgia Americe. In Mus. Reg. Berol. et nostro

(e Mus. Haworthii).

upon the Genus Syrtis of Fabricius. 27

Fabricius, Syst. Rhyng. p. 123, No. 8. (Syrtis prehensilis.)

Wolff, Icon. Cimic. t. 17, f. 164. (E Carolina.)

Obs.—Fabricius species duas forsan his verbis confundit :

“Color variat nunc griseus punctis aliquot scutelli nigris,

nunc niger scutello griseo lined dorsali late nigra. Corpus

semper griseum.”

Sp. 10. Macrocephalus pallidus. (n. s.)

M. pallidé luteo-ochraceus, scutello lutescenti, undique punctato,

linea tenui dorsali levi, thorace lateribus subemarginatis

angulis posticis obtusé productis, disco antico lineis tribus

subelevatis punctisque quatuor profundis, transverse positis

ante medium disci; pedibus, antennis et corpore subtus

concoloribus, abdomine magis fulvo; hemelytrorum corio

luteo, membrana hyalina.

Long. corp. lin. 22.

Habitat in Georgia Americe. Mus. nostr.

Obs.—M. prehensili affinis, at major.

Sp. 11. Macrocephalus macilentus. (n.s.) (Tab. 2, fig. 6.)

M. elongatus, angustus, punctatus, squamis minutis albidis ob-

situs; capite supra cum antennis fuscis; thorace antice

luteo-fulvo, parte postica vix elevata fusca, angulis posticis

prominentibus acutis, scutello fusco ad basin subferrugineo,

carina centrali parum elevata.

Long. corp. lin. 33.

Habitat in Colombia. D.Lebas. In Mus. Reg. Parisiis.

Abdomen oblongun, lateribus parallelis, postice rotundatum.

Caput et thorax cum pedibus anticis pallidé luteo-fulvis, pe-

dibus 4 posticis brunneis, femoribus basi lutescentibus. Ab-

domen subtus pallidé luteo-rufescens.

There still remains to be described a remarkable insect which

I have only seen in the collection of the Jardin des Plantes,

which seems intermediate between Macrocephalus and Phymata,

agreeing with the former in its general characters, and with the

latter in the diminished size of the scutellum. The structure of

the antenne and the neuration of the hemelytra however clearly

prove this insect to be nearest to the genus Macrocephalus. It

will be necessary, consequently, to establish a distinct sub-genus

for its reception, which may be termed

Oxytuyrevs, from the acute apex of the scutellum.

Antenne (fig. 7a) capite longiores; articulo 1mo crasso, 2do

et 3tio brevissimis, 4to praecedentibus simul sumtis duplo

28 Mr. J. O. Westwood’s Description of a

longiori subcylindrico, in canali ad Jatera thoracis haud

recepte. Caput brevius, antice bifidum. Thorax angulis

posticis acutis prominulis. Scutellum triangulare, postice

acutum, et ad medium abdominis fere attingens. Hemely-

trorum vene fere ut in Macrocephalis veris disposite (fig.

7 6). Abdomen ovatum, planum, lateribus in medio in angulum

haud productis, thorace multo latius (fig. 7 c, extremity of

the female abdomen).

Sp. 1. (12.) Macrocephalus (Hemithyreus) cylindricornis. (n. s.)

Tab. 2, fig. 7.

Totus pallidé rufescenti-lutescens, punctatus, pedibus nonnihil

pallidioribus, membrana hemelytrorum hyalina, thorace pos-

tice vix elevato, angulis posticis prominulis, acutis.

Long. corp. lin. 53.

Habitat ignotus. In Mus. Reg. Parisiis.

III. Description of a new Sub-Genus of Exotic Hemip-

terous Insects. By J.O. WeEstwoop.

[Read 6 November, 1837.]

Since the last meeting of this Society,—at which I read a mono-

graph on the genus Macrocephalus of Swederus, (a group dis-

tinguished by the large size of the scutellum, which entirely

covers the abdomen), and in which it became necessary to esta-

blish a sub-genus upon an insect in the national museum of

France, having the scutellum only extending half the length of

the abdomen, and very acutely pointed at its tip—I have met

with another singular group belonging to the same genus in the

essential characters of the form of the body, and in the general

disposition of the veins of the apical membrane of the hemelytra ;

but likewise differing in the small size of the scutellum, which is

rounded at its tip, and which cannot be associated with the sub-

genus Oaythyreus above mentioned. From the obtuse form of

the short scutellum, which is its most characteristic distinction, it

may be named subgenerically

AMBLYTHYREUS.

Corpus planum, lateribus valde dilatatum.

Caput angustum, oblongum, apice bifidum, oculis lateralibus,

ocellis 2 posticis.

new Sub-Genus of Exotic Hemipterous Insects. 29

Antenne articulo Imo crassiori, duobus proximis minutis, ul-

timo magno ovali.

Prothorax postice parum elevatus, at multum dilatatus, angulis

posticis acutis porrectis, parum retro directis, dorso tricari-

natus,

Scutellum mediocre, ad medium abdominis attingens, planum,

apice rotundatum.

Hemelytra ad apicem abdominis attingentia, membrana api-

cali maxima venis 5 longitudinalibus, postice obliqué connexis,

duabus internis ad angulum internum areolam rotundatam

efficientibus. (PI. 2, fig. 8a.)

Abdomen planum, latissimum, rhombiforme, thorace duplo la-

tius, lateribus hemelytris haud obtectis.

Pedes antici raptorii ut in Macrocephalo, at magis elongati, pos-

tici 4 breves simplices.

I do not know that any rule has hitherto been proposed for the

regulation of the nomenclature of sub-genera. Is it, for instance,

determined whether, in cutting up a genus into sub-genera, the same

rule should be preserved as in cutting up an old family-genus into

genera, namely, that the old generic name should also be still

employed, subgenerically, for the typical sub-genus? Dr. Hors-

field, in the Lepidoptera Javanica, and other subsequent authors,

have adopted this plan, giving the typical species of Thecla (for

instance) as forming the sub-genus “ Thecla, stricté sic dicta.”

Mr. Robert Brown has pursued a different plan. His rule is to

give to the inferior groups a cognomen, introduced parentheti-

cally between the generic and trivial names. Thus, taking his

own illustration, given in the botanical appendix to the Narra-

tive of Travels and Discoveries in Northern and Central Africa,

Cleome pentaphylla, which is the species on which the genus

was chiefly founded, but which has an estivation so remarkable,

that it might constitute a separate sub-genus, to be named

Gymnogonia, should have its names thus expressed, Cleome (Gym-

nogonia) pentaphylla. By thus employing the sub-generic name,

the principal group would be kept in view, whilst its subdivisions

would be carried to the same extent, and the subordinate groups

as well expressed as if they had been actually separated into

distinct genera.

In this manner of treating the names it will be seen that the

typical species of the old genus receives a subgeneric name dis-

tinct from its generic, And it is in this manner that Mr. M‘Leay

30 Mr. J. O. Westwood’s Description of a

has treated the nomenclature of the subgenera or types of form

of the genus Scarabeus in the Hore Entomologice, as thus ar-

ranged :—

Genus ScARABEUS.

Sub-Genus 1. Scarasmus (Hetiocantuarus) Sacer.

2. ScaraBzus (Mnematium) Ritchie.

3. ScaraBzus (Pacnysoma) Aisculapius.

4, Scarap&us (GymnopLeuRus) pilularius.

It is not for me to decide upon the greater propriety of either

of these plans. If the plan of Dr. Horsfield be adopted, the sub-

genera of Macrocephalus will stand thus :—

Genus MacrocrePuatus.

Sub-Genus 1. MacrocrerHatus (Srrictre sic pictus) Czmicoides.

2. Macrocreruatus (Oxytuyrevs) Cylindricornis.

3. Macrocrruatus (AmpiytuyReEus) Rhombiventris.

If, on the other hand, the plan of Brown and M‘Leay be

retained, they will stand thus :—

Genus MacrocrePrHaLus.

Sub-Genus 1. Macroceruatus (Macroruyrevs) Cimicoides.

2, Macroceruatus (Oxytuyrevus) Cylindricornis.

3. Macrocrruatus (AmBtytTHyREvS) Rhombiventris.

The name Macrothyreus being now first proposed, in allusion

to the large size of the scutellum in the typical species.

Of the third of these sub-genera, I have seen but a single spe-

cies, of which two specimens, in a mutilated state, are preserved in

the collection of the Linnzan Society.

Macrocephalus (Amblythyreus) rhombiventris. (n. s.) (Pl. 2, fig. 8.)

Lete fulvo-luteus, opacus, levis, capite supra postice et tho-

racis parte posticd nigricantibus, angulis lateralibus abdominis

macula fusca maculaque utrinque versus apicem, hemelytro-

rum membrana fuscescenti, abdomine in medio sub alas ru-

fescenti. Corpus totum subtus, cum pedibus, fulvo-luteum.

Long. corp. lin. 6.

Habitat (

In Mus. Soe. Linn. Lond.

new Sub-Genus of Exotic Hemipterous Insecis. 31

Additional species of the last described sub-genus [1841] :—

Macrocephalus (Amblythyreus) quadratus. (n. s.)

Pallidé luteo-fulvus, punctatus, capite et articulis tribus basa-

libus antennarum magis brunneis, concoloribus, pronoti an-

gulis lateralibus acute productis fuscis margineque postico

obscuro, abdomine angustiori quadrato, angulis lateralibus

obscuris.

Long. corp. lin. 5; lat. abdom. lin. 3.

Habitat in India Orientali. In Mus. nostr.

Corpus subtus cum pedibus et rostro pallidé luteum, abdomine

maculis nonnullis mediis carneis. Pronotum marginibus late-

ralibus serrulatum, angulis valde prominentibus ut in preece-

dente, linea impressa longitudinali media, alterisque duabus

elevatis. Abdomen in medio sub tegmina carneum, angulis

lateralibus apiceque fuscatis. Corium hemelytrorum luteum,

venis ad apicem ejus carneis ; membrana parum fuscescenti,

venis obscuris ; alarum vena basali externa crassa carnea.

Macrocephalus (Amblythyreus) angustus. (n. s.)

Niger, thorace abdomineque angustioribus, prothoracis margin-

ibus lateralibus fulvis, disco posticé subrufo, abdomine fulvo

fascia media nigra, scutello angustiori.

Long. corp. lin. 5. Lat. abdom, lin. 23.

Habitat 2? In Mus. Britann.

Pronotum marginibus lateralibus vix emarginatis serrulatis,

fulvis, disco posticé subrufo ; scutellum fulvum, hemelytra

fusca, membrana pallida venis nigris.) Abdomen, quam in

preecentibus duabus speciebus, multo angustius, fulvum, fascia

transversé media nigra; apice rufo.

Corpus subtus fulvum, capite nigro, antennis nigris, basi articuli

ultimi rufescenti. Rostrum fulvum.

J2 Mr. Newman’s Descriptive List

IV. A Descriptive List of the Species of Popillia, in the

Cabinet of the Rev. F. W. Horr, M.A., with one De-

scription added, from a Specimen in the British Museum.

By Epwarp Newman.

[Read May, 1838.]

In offering to the Entomological Society these descriptions of

the species of the lamellicorn genus Popullia, I cannot forego the

opportunity thus afforded me of bearing my testimony to the

liberality with which Mr. Hope’s matchless cabinet is thrown

open to Entomologists. It gives me much pleasure to acknow-

ledge, not only the great advantages I have personally received

from this copious source of information, but also the prompt and

uniform kindness with which my inquiries have been assisted.

I consider Mr. Hope’s liberality, in thus affording free access to

his collections, a general advantage to science, and likely to assist

materially in establishing for the Entomologists of this country a

far higher reputation than they have hitherto enjoyed.

As the species of this genus appear very numerous, I have

preferred confining myself, with a single exception, to those in

Mr. Hope’s cabinet: any attempt to monograph the genus must

at present prove a failure.

With regard to specific names, I have already fully expressed

my views in another place, and it is only necessary in addition

to state, that I consider names, unaccompanied by descriptions,

to be entirely valueless ; and acting on this view of the subject,

I totally disregard those published lists of words, which are de-

signed to impose names on certain species, without the labour of

describing them: so far from believing that such lists will, among

men of science, impose names on the species which they are

supposed to represent, I believe the greater, and by far the

better portion of Entomologists, agree with myself, in considering

them mere trash. Again, the practice of attempting to supersede

a published and received name by an unmeaning word, of which

hundreds of instances occur in two lists published respectively in

London and Paris, bespeaks an egotism almost too ridiculous to

excite our anger, and an ignorance of scientific usages more to be

pitied than censured, It however frequently occurs, that in an

extensive collection, like that of Mr. Hope, manuscript names

are attached to specimens by the owner, and in describing such

species, especially if they are not to be found elsewhere, it

of the Species of Popillia. O83

becomes a matter of courtesy to adopt the names thus proposed,

unless a suitable reason can be given for doing otherwise.

But little appears to be known of the species of Popillia, except

as they exist in collections. There is, however, no doubt of

their subsisting on living vegetables; and from the various close

relations exhibited in their structure with that of the Phyllo-

pertha horticola, 1 am inclined to believe their principal food to

be the petals of flowers.

The generic name Popillia appears to have been proposed by

Dr. Leach, but I cannot find that that learned Entomologist has

ever assigned it characters. The genus has, however, been fre-

quently described under the name, and is therefore fully esta-

blished. Trichius bipunctatus of Fabricius, an insect not unfre-

quent in the neighbourhood of the Cape of Good Hope, appears

to be taken as the type.

Genus Porirua, Leach.*

Head porrected, flat, as far as the eyes immersed in the pro-

thorax ; clypeus separated by a transverse suture; eyes distant,

lateral ; antenne as long as the head, inserted in front of the eyes

and beneath the clypeus, and composed of nine joints, the first

elongate and somewhat club-shaped, the second very short and

nearly globular, the third longer, externally somewhat incras-

sated; the three following are somewhat cup-shaped and much

diminished in length, the remaining three are produced laterally,

lamelliform, and together form an elongate clava: Jabrum con-

cealed beneath the clypeus, slightly emarginate, mandibles in-

curved at the apex and bifid, below the apex furnished with a

* It seems allowable to observe, that an abstract of the following pages, con-

taining descriptions of each species, was published in the ‘“‘ Magazine of Natural

History,” for June, 1838. Iam not aware that any species then characterized

has since been described by any other writer; but as Entomologists have been

manifesting a most wholesome and laudable spirit of activity during the four years

that have elapsed since these memoranda were arranged for publication (vis. in

the winter of 1837-8), I think it but fair to date my names from the day when

they first actually appeared before the public, clothed in the dress which science

prescribes. It may not be amiss also to state, that during this long interval

several new species have come to my knowledge; and I have reason to believe

that many others have reached this country and the continent of Europe. I shall

gladly describe these at any future time, should an opportunity be kindly allowed

me by their various possessors.—E. N. November 15, 1841.

VOL, Ill. D

34 Mr. Newman’s Descriptive List

membranous lobe, which is hirsute in front; below this hirsute

membranous lobe is a broad flat corrugated and corneous surface

presented to a similar part in the opposite mandible, these sur-

faces meet each other in the manner of molar teeth: the maxilla

are of equal length with the mandibles; the galea is incurved, and

divided into five acute teeth; below these a small hirsute lacinia

is visible; the maxipalpi are four-jointed, the second joint is

rather longer than the first and third, the fourth is longer than

the second, and nearly cylindrical: the labium is elongate, its

lateral margins are convex in the middle, but considerably re-

stricted both above and below the middle, the apex is slightly

emarginate ; near its apex, in a lateral cavity on each side, are situ-

ated the labipalpi, these are shorter and three-jointed, the joints

of nearly equal length and bulk: the prothorax is very convex,

nearly thrice as broad as the head, its posterior margin is flexu-

ose; the scutellum is large and triangular; the meso-sternum is

produced in a point, which extends forwards to the insertion of

the fore legs: the elytra are rather wider than the prothorax, dor-

sally they are tolerably flat, and posteriorly they are abbreviated

and truncated, leaving the terminal portion of the abdomen

covered ; the middle and hind tibiz have three transverse series

of acute spines on their exterior surfaces, the apical joint of all

the tarsi is long, nearly equalling the other four united: the un-

guiculi of the fore and middle legs are of unequal size; in each

pair the larger unguiculus is bifid, those of the posterior pair are

nearly equal.* ‘The underside of the abdomen is invariably pilose,

except in the first species, P. regina; this pilosity is often, indeed

mostly, confined to the margins of the segments, and is particu-

larly apparent along the side, giving the appearance of a row of

whitish spots. I have found that these spots vary exceedingly in

the same species, and are not unfrequently different on the two

sides of the same individual; this circumstance has led me to be-

lieve their appearance dependent in a great measure on the recent

or worn state of the specimen, more particularly as they are so

situated as to be constantly exposed to friction from the meta-

femora: being therefore dissatisfied with the variations of this

pilosity as affording specific distinctions, I have in the followmg

descriptions left it entirely unnoticed.

* Plate 3, fig. 1 a—n, represent the generic details from P. bipunctata. 1a,

labrum; 1 b, mandible; 1c, ditto, seen in front; 1 d, maxilla; le, labium ;

1 f, antenna ; | g, front of body seen sideways; 1 h, fore tarsus, male; 1 i, ditto,

female; 1k, middle tarsus, male; 1 /, ditto, female; 1 m, hind tarsus, male ;

1 n, ditto, female.

of the Species of Popillia. 35

The normal form of Popillia, as exhibited in P. bipunctatus, the

Trichius bipunctatus of Fabricius, is peculiar to the old continent,

and seems to be nearly confined to the intertropical regions. ‘The

aberrant form, as exhibited in Popillia sticticollis, appears to be

exclusively Mexican.

I have divided this genus into groups, assigning to each cha-

racters for which I claim no higher importance than that of

convenience ; and I wish it particularly to be understood, that I

attach to these characters no value whatever, for I doubt not

that I may be detected in having dismissed similar ones as of too

little weight, even for the establishment of a species. Still that

they are useful, will not, I think, be disallowed, and any guide

to the ready discrimination of species I have always found

acceptable.

* Asiatic Group.

Striz of the elytra typically 13; four striz on each side of

the suture, are distinct and uninterrupted; the elytra have no

dorsal excavation; terminal segment of the abdomen glabrous

and immaculate ; the legs are comparatively slender.

1. Porr. Recina.

Omnino leie viridi-enea, glabra, splendidissima ; antenne nigre ;

elytra profunde striata, lateribus medio impressis ; striis punctis

1°; 2°, 3°, 4°, T°que integris, ceteris interruptis ; mesosternum

valde productum, curvatum. (Corp. long. *7 unc., lat. +4 unc.)

Colour.—This brilliant insect is entirely of a resplendent green

colour, with black antenne.

Sculpture. —Head thickly punctured anteriorly; the prothorax

has some very minute scattered punctures on its disk, and

others deeper and more conspicuous near its margin: each

elytron has thirteen striz, of these the four nearest to the

suture are uninterrupted ; the fifth is imperfect and inter-

rupted, it occupies the summit of a raised space between the

fourth and sixth, which last is imperfect towards the apex of

the elytron; the seventh is nearly entire; the remainder are

variously interrupted,

Received from the Nilghery Mountains, in the East Indies.

» 2

36 Mr. Newman’s Descriptive List

** African Group.

Striz of the elytra typically eleven; one stria on each side of

the suture distinct; the elytra have no excavation dorsally ; the

terminal segment of the abdomen has constantly two conspicuous

spots, composed of white hairs ; the legs in this group are very

robust.

2, PoPl. DORSIGERA.

Nigro-cenea, elytrorum fascid mediand transversd communi fulvé ;

podex brunneus, pilis albis bisignatus ; elytra striata, striis punc-

tas, et, 1° excepto, abbreviatis. (Corp. long. *75, lat. :4 unc.)

Colour.—Head and prothorax deep metallic green, approaching

to black; elytra nearly black, and having a transverse ful-

vous fascia common to both, and nearly equidistant from

their base and apex; the terminal segment of the abdomen

is brown, with two conspicuous white spots; the legs are

brown, with a metallic tint.

Sculpture.—Head thickly punctured ; prothorax thickly punc-

tured anteriorly and laterally, but somewhat more sparingly

towards the posterior margin; scutellum punctured thickly

at the base, more sparingly towards the apex; the elytra are

striated, but the first or sutural stria is the only one which -

reaches the apex of the elytron; the others cease at about

two-thirds of their length ; the second is composed of scat-

tered punctures.

Inhabits Africa, whence it was brought to England by Captain

Tuckey. I believe this insect to be unique in the cabinet of the

British Museum.

3. Port. BRUNNEA.

Nigra; clypeo, antennis, elytris pedibusque castaneis, metatarsis

pices ; podex pilis albis bisignatus ; elytra striata, striis 1°, 2°,

4°que subintegris. (Corp. long. 65, lat. +4 unc.)

Colour.—Black, with the clypeus brown, and the antennz testa-

ceous ; the elytra are brown, with the suture and margins

nearly black; the legs are brown, but of a lighter shade than

the elytra ; the terminal segment of the abdomen is brown,

with two conspicuous white spots.

Sculpture.— Head thickly punctured ; prothorax thickly punctured

anteriorly and laterally, but perfectly glabrous posteriorly ;

scutellum sparingly punctured; elytra with five tolerably per-

of the Species of Popiliia. o7

fect punctate strize on each, viz. first, third, fourth, fifth and

sixth ; the site of the second stria is occupied by an irregular

series of scattered punctures.

Inhabits Africa. From the cabinet of the late Mr. Haworth.

4, Port. /ENEAsS.

Olivaceo-viridis antennis pedibusque brunneis, metatarsis piceis ;

podex pilis albis bisignatus ; elytra striata, stris P. brunnee.

(Corp. long. °65 une., lat. *375 unc.)

Colour.— Olive green, with the antenne and legs of a clear brown,

approaching testaceous ; the hind tarsi piceous ; the terminal

segment of the abdomen above is deep olive green, with two

conspicuous white spots ; its extreme point is testaceous.

Sculpture.—Head, prothorax and elytra are punctured as in P.

brunnea, but the striae are somewhat deeper and more dis-

tinct.

Inhabits Africa. From the cabinet of the late Mr. Haworth.

5. Port. RUFIPES.

Nigra ; clypeo sordideé, antennis pedibusque late castaneis, metatarsis

piceis ; podex pilis albis bisignatus ; elytra striata, stris fere P.

brunneze. (Corp. long. °55 unc., lat. *35 unc.)

Cetonia rufipes. Fabricius, Syst. Eleu. 11. 139.

Cetonia 4-punctata. Olivier, Vol. i. No. 6, p. 80 and p. 101;

Cetonia, Tab. X. Fig. 93.

Colour.—Black, with the clypeus piceous, the antenne and legs

brown, the hind tarsi piceous ; the terminal segment of the

abdomen above has two conspicuous white spots.

Sculpture. —The head, prothorax, scutellum, and elytra, are

punctured as in P. A’neas, the same distinctions in the strize

of the elytra being observable.

I have no doubt that this is the Cetonia rufipes of Fabricius, and

the Cetonia 4-punctata of Olivier. The description of both authors

agree in every particular with the specimen before me, but Olivier’s

figure is very bad. Should it turn out that I am mistaken in this,

the name will still stand, as there is no other insect described

under the name of Popillia rufipes.

Inhabits Africa. From the cabinet of the late Mr. Haworth.

The close resemblance between the three insects above de-

scribed leads me to fear that they may be varieties of a single

species ; but in the total absence of any evidence on this subject,

and also of all accurate or precise knowledge of their habitat and

38 Mr. Newman’s Descriptive List

geographical range, it would be presuming tvo far to describe

them as such, particularly as their facies is so entirely different.

A difficulty of this kind must always occur in instances like the

present, in which single individuals only are accessible to the de-

scriber.

6. Popr. pipunctata.—Plate 3, fig. 1, and details.

Nigra, nitida, elytris testaceis, pedibus nigris ; podex pilis albis

bisignatus ; elytra striata, striis fere P. brunneee. (Corp. long.

°55 unc., lat. °325 une.

Trichius bipunctatus. Fabricius, Syst. Eleu. ii. 132.

Melolontha bipunctata. Olivier, i. 5. Tab. VI. Icon. 69.

Colour.—Head, prothorax, scutellum, legs and abdomen black,

with an obscure metallic tint; elytra testaceous; terminal

segment of the abdomen above with two conspicuous white

spots.

Sculpture.—Head thickly punctured; prothorax thickly punc-

tured anteriorly and laterally ; elytra with ten striz ; the first

stria is entire ; the second is very obscure, being nothing more

than an irregular series of punctures ; the third to the sixth

are tolerably regular; after that all are more or less inter-

rupted towards the base.

Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope, and appears not to be un-

common.

7. Popi. OLEA.

Olivaria, luce varians ; antennis elytrisque testaccis, fulgore metal-

lico nitidis ; pedes testacei fulgore cupreo nitidi ; podex pilis albis

bisignatus ; elytra 11-striata, striis punctis et (2° interrupto

10°que abbreviato exceptis) integris. (Corp. long. *5 unc., lat.

*3 unc.)

Colour.—Olive green, varying in tint with a varied position of

light ; the antennz and elytra are testaceous, but have a re-

fulgent metallic greenish gloss ; the legs are testaceous, with

a coppery gloss; the terminal segment of the abdomen above

is coppery green, with two conspicuous white spots.

Sculpture.—The head and prothorax are thickly punctured, the

scutellum sparingly so; the elytra have eleven punctate

strie, of which the second from the suture is composed of

scattered punctures, the tenth is abbreviated, the remainder

are nearly entire.

Inhabits Africa.

of the Species of Popillia. 39

*** Asiatic Group.

The striz typically ten; the second stria from the suture differs

but little from the rest ; each elytron has a deep excavation dor-

sally ; the two spots on the terminal segment of the abdomen are

occasionally, not constantly present.

8. Port. MUTANS.

Castanea, fulgore metallico mutanti nitida; antennis pedibusque

concoloribus ; podex haud signatus ; elytra striata, utrinque

prope suturam profunde foveata, (Corp. long. *45 unc., lat. °875

unc.)

Colour.—Brown, but completely covered with a varying bronzy

lustre ; the antenne and legs are concolorous with the other

parts.

Sculpture.—The head is thickly punctured; the prothorax is

punctured anteriorly and laterally ; the scutellum is punctured

sparingly and variously in different specimens; the elytra are

nearly flat; the striae are punctate, the second stria is situ-

ated very near the first, but is scarcely less entire ; on each

side of the suture, just below the scutellum, is a deep and

conspicuous fovea.

Inhabits the East Indies.

9. Pogr. cutorion.

Obscuré viridis, nitida; antenne picee ; pedes chalybeo-ngri ;

podex pilis albis bisignatus ; elytra striata, utrinque prope sutu-

ram profunde foveata ; striis haud punctis. (Corp. long. *4 unc.,

lat. *25 unc.)

Colour.—Dark bottle green, shining; antenne and legs black,

with a steely blue reflection; the terminal segment of the

abdomen above has two white spots.

Sculpture.—The head is thickly punctured; the prothorax is

punctured anteriorly and laterally ; the elytra are striated,

but the striz are not punctured ; on each side of the suture

is a deep transverse fovea, just below the scutellum.

Inhabits the East Indies. Received from Madras.

10. Porr. cyANEA.

Leté chalybeo-cyanea, pedibus concoloribus ; antenne nigre ; podex

nullo modo signatus ; elytra striata, prope suturam utrinque pro-

40 Mr. Newman’s Descriptive List

Junde foveata, strus punctis. (Corp. long. ‘4 une., lat. 25

unc.)

a Popi. cyanea. Hope, Zoological Miscellany, p. 23.

5 Popi. beryllina. Hope, Preecedenti affinis; supra tota viridi-

cyanea. Sine dubio eadem species.

y Popi. somnulosa. Obscurior, latior ; elytrorum fovee minores at

profundiores cetera P, cyanee@ a.

Received from the Himalaya Mountains in Thibet by Mr.

Spencer, and presented to me by that gentleman.

Colour.— Uniform beautiful dark blue, the legs being of the

same colour, and the antenne black; the terminal segment

of the abdomen is without spots.

Sculpture.— The head and prothorax are punctured, but on the

latter the punctures are very sparingly scattered posteriorly ;

the scutellum is sparingly punctured; the elytra are striated,

and the strize deeply punctured; on each side of the suture

is a deep transverse fovea, just below the scutellum.

Inhabits the East Indies. Communicated by the late General

Hardwick.

11, Porr. ADAMAs.

Nigro-cyanea, nitida, pedibus concoloribus ; antenne nigre ; podex

pilis niveis bisignatus ; elytra striata, utrinque prope suturam

profunde foveata, stris punctis. (Corp. long. *45 unce., lat. +25

unc.) .

Colour.—Dark shining indigo colour, with black antenne and

legs, the latter exhibiting blue reflections; the prothorax has

a margin of white hairs, and the terminal segment of the ab-

domen has two conspicuous white spots.

Sculpture.—The anterior part of the head is thickly punctured ;

the prothorax is very sparingly punctured, particularly near

the centre and posterior margin; the scutellum has about

thirty punctures ; the elytra are striated, and the striz are

punctured, but not very deeply; on each side of the suture

is a deep fovea, just below the scutellum.

Inhabits the East Indies.

12. Port. comMPLANATA.

Caput, prothorax et scutellum viridi-enea ; clypeus castaneus, an-

tenne castunee, capitulo mgro; elytra testacea, complanaia,

puncto-slriata, utrinque prope suturam vage foveata ; pedes castanet,

of the Species of Popillia. - 41

fulgore metallico nitidi ; podex nigro-eneus, pilis albis bisigna-

tus. (Corp. long. *45 unc., lat. *275 une.)

Colour.—Head metallic green, with the clypeus brown; prothorax

and scutellum metallic green, the lateral margins of the for-

mer clothed with grey hairs ; elytra testaceous ; the terminal

segment of the abdomen is black, with a cupreous metallic

tint, and has two white spots ; the legs are brown, with me-

tallic tints ; the tarsi piceous.

Sculpture—Head thickly punctured, especially between the eyes ;

the disk of the prothorax sparingly and slightly punctured,

the lateral margins punctured more coarsely ; the elytra are

very flat, they have punctured striz, between the first and

second is a series of punctures extending from the base

nearly half the length of the elytra, on each side of the

suture is a very evident but not deep fovea, just below the

scutellum.

Inhabits the East Indies.

13. Pori. Lucipa.

Chalybeo-cenea ; antenne picee ; elytra testacea; pedes castanei,

fulgore metallico nitidi; podex pilis niveis bisignatus ; elytra

striata, utrinque prope suturam profunde foveata, striis punctis.

(Corp. long. *3 unc., lat. *2 unc.)

Colour.— Dark chalybeous blue, or metallic green, with piceous

antenne ; the prothorax has a margin of white hairs, and the

terminal segment of the abdomen has two white spots.

Sculpture.—The head is thickly punctured, especially between

the eyes; the prothorax is deeply punctured, with the exception

of its posterior margin, and the punctures are more profound

than in the preceding species ; the scutellum is very shining,

and sparingly punctured ; the elytra are striated, and the

striz punctured ; between the first and the second striz are a

few scattered punctures near the scutellum.

Inkabits the East Indies.

14. Port. minuta.

Sordidée enea; antenne nigre; pedes ngro-cenei; elytra testacea,

marginibus suturaque nigro-eneis ; podex pilis albidis bisignatus ;

elytra striata, prope suturam utrinque profunde foveata ; strus

punctis. (Long. corp. *3 unc., lat. *2 unc.)

Popi. minuta. Hope, Zoological Miscellany, p. 23.

Colour.—Head, prothorax and scutellum metallic green, with a

42 Mr. Newman’s Descriptive List

coppery or rosy tinge; antenne and legs nearly black, with

a varying metallic lustre ; elytra testaceous, with the suture

and margins nearly black, but tinged with a metallic lustre ;

the terminal segment of the abdomen above has two whitish

spots. ;

Sculpture.—The head and prothorax are deeply and coarsely

punctured, much more so than in any previously described

species of this group; the elytra are striated, the striae regu-

larly punctured ; between the first and second striae, near the

base, are twelve or fourteen scattered punctures; on each

elytron near the suture is a deep transverse fovea, just below

the scutellum.

Inhabits the East Indies.

eee “Asiatic Group,

The striz typically 10; the second stria from the suture inter-

rupted or wanting; the elytra have no dorsal excavation; the

terminal segment of the abdomen above has constantly two con-

spicuous spots composed of white hairs.

15. Popi. cupRico.tis.

Cupreo-cenea ; antenne nigre ; pedes nigro-enei ; tarsis aterrimis ;

elytra testacea, fulgore metallico nitida ; podex pilis albis bisig-

natus ; elytra striata, strus punctis. (Corp. long. *425 unc.,

lat. *325 unc.)

a P. cupricollis. Hope, Zoological Miscellany, p. 23, vide supra.

PB P. suturata. Elytra testacea sutura wnea ; cetera P. cupricollis.

y P. formosa. Hope, Zoological Miscellany, p. 23. Elytra

purpurea, fulgore metallico nitida; ceetera P. cupricollis.

0 P. smaragdula. Hope, Zoological Miscellany, p. 23. Elytra

viridi-eenea, fulgore metallico nitida.

Colour.—a P. cupricollis, the normal appearance. Head, pro-

thorax and scutellum golden green; antennee black;

elytra testaceous ; legs bronzed ; tarsi very black ;

the terminal segment of the abdomen above is golden

green, with two conspicuous white spots.

B P. suturata differs only in having the region of the

suture of the elytra of a bright golden green.

y P. formosa differs only in having the elytra purple,

with a beautiful metallic lustre.

of the Species of Popillia. 43

Sculpture.—Head_ thickly punctured ; prothorax punctured

throughout, but the punctures smaller and more distant near

the posterior margin; the prothorax moreover has in some

specimens two deep discoidal fovez ; these vary in each in-

dividual, but their site is always observable ; the scutellum

is punctured anteriorly, but smooth posteriorly ; the elytra

are striated, and the striz punctured; the first stria is very

distinct, the second and third are composed of scattered

punctures, and unite before reaching the apex of the elytron ;

the other dorsal strize are tolerably distinct, the lateral ones

are more interrupted.

Inhabits the East Indies. Communicated from Nepaul, by the

late General Hardwick.

In this species the impressions on the prothorax would appear

to indicate a higher distinction than a mere variety ; but on look-

ing over a series of Anisoplia, a closely allied genus, I find in the

same species individuals not only possessing prothoracic fovee,

while others are entirely without them, but some have a deep

longitudinal sulcus on the prothorax, while in others not a trace

of this sulcus can be found.

16. Porr. Jaronica.

Cupreo-enea ; anlenne picee, capitulo nigro; pedes viridi aut

cupreo-cenei, tarsis nigris ; elytra testacea, suturd marginibusque

nigro-eneis ; podex pilis albis bisignatus ; elytra striata, striis

punctis. (Corp. long. *45 unc., lat. *275 unc.)

Colour.—Coppery-golden green ; antennze piceous, with black

lamellz; elytra testaceous, with black suture and margin;

the legs are of a dark metallic coppery or green colour, vary-

ing in tint in different positions; the tarsi are extremely

black; the terminal segment of the abdomen is more elon-

gate and pointed than in the preceding species, and is marked

with two white spots.

Sculpture-—The head is thickly and coarsely punctured; the

prothorax is coarsely punctured throughout, but rather more

sparingly posteriorly; the scutellum is punctured except at

the apex ; the strize of the elytra are deeply punctured; the

second stria is imperfect, terminating considerably before the

apex of the elytra.

Inhabits Japan.

44 Mr. Newman’s Descriptive List

17. Port. virEscEns.

Lete enea, mtidissima ; elytra testacea, fulgore metallico nitida ;

antenne testacee, capitulo mgro; pedes brunnei, fulgore cupreo

micantes, metatarsis piceis ; podex ceneus, pilis albis bisignatus.

(Long. corp. °45 unc., lat. 3 unc.)

Popi. virescens. Hope, Zoological Miscellany, p. 23.

Colour.—Golden green, very brilliant ; antennz testaceous, with

black lamelle ; the elytra are testaceous, with a beautiful

metallic splendour ; the legs are brown, with splendid metal-

lic tints, the hind tarsi are piceous ; the terminal segment of

the abdomen above is golden green, with two white spots.

Sculpture.—T he head is thickly punctured ; the punctures of the

prothorax are scattered and very minute ; the scutellum is

nearly impunctate ; the strize of the elytra are punctured, the

punctures are distant and irregular.

Inhabits the East Indies. Communicated from Nepaul, by the

late General Hardwick.

18. Port. MARGINICOLLIS.

Late enea nitidissima ; clypeo, antennis, prothoracisque marginibus

testaceis ; elytra testacea, suturad ened ; pedibus testaceis, fulgore

metallico nitidis ; elytra striata, strus punctis; podex @NCUS,

pilis albis bisignatus. (Corp. long. *45 unc., lat. 275 unc.)

Popi. marginicollis, Hope, Zoological Miscellany, p. 23.

Colour.—Bright golden green, with the clypeus, antennze and

margins of the prothorax testaceous ; elytra testaceous, with

a green suture; legs testaceous, with a metallic tint; the

terminal segment of the abdomen above golden green, with

two conspicuous white spots.

Sculpture—Head thickly punctured ; prothorax thickly punc-

tured, but the punctures so minute as only to be visible

under a lens of high power ; scutellum with a few scattered

punctures; the striz are much more regular than in the pre-

ceding species of this group.

Inhabits the East Indies. Communicated from Nepaul, by the

late General Hardwick.

19. Popi. BIGUTTATA.

Lele enea; antenne nigre ; elytra testacea, sulurd ened, apice

late nigro ; pedes enei, tarsis nigris ; podex eneus, pilis albis

bisignatus ; elytra striata, striis punctis. (Corp. long. *35 unc.

lat. ‘2 unc.)

of the Species of Popiliia, 45

Melolontha biguttata. Wiedemann, in Germar’s Magasin der

Entomologie, tom. iv. p. 136.

Colour.—Bright golden green ; the antennz are black; the elytra

are testaceous, with a golden green suture and a black band

at the apex, which is prolonged nearly half the length of each

exterior margin; the legs are golden green, and the tarsi

black ; the terminal segment of the abdomen is golden green,

with two white spots; the legs are golden green, and the

tarsi black.

Sculpture.— Head anteriorly thickly punctured, posteriorly nearly

smooth; prothorax punctured, but the punctures are exces-

sively minute, and only visible under a lens of high power ;

the scutellum has numerous large scattered punctures: the

punctures of the striaz are deep and distant, the second stria

terminates considerably before the apex of the wing.

Inhabits the Island of Java.

20. Pop, DIFFICILIS.

Lele enea; antenne testacee, capitulo nigro; elytra testacea ;

pedes castanei, fulgore metallico nitidi ; podex ceneus, pilis albis

obscure bisignatus ; elytra striata, strus punctis. (Corp. long.

*325 unc., lat. °175 unc.)

Colour.—Bright golden green ; the antenne are testaceous, with

black lamellee; the elytra are testaceous, with a metallic

splendour ; the legs are brown, with a metallic splendour ;

the terminal segment of the abdomen is golden green, with

two somewhat obscure grey spots.

Sculpture.—The head and prothorax are regularly and rather

deeply punctured; the scutellum is very sparingly punc-

tured; the elytra are striated, and the stria are nearly entire

and coarsely punctured.

Inhabits the East Indies.

eats “Asiatic Group.

The strize are typically 11; the second stria from the suture is

not different from the others; the elytra have no dorsal excava-

tion ; the terminal segment of the abdomen is immaculate.

21. Port. NITIDA.

Late anea; antenne, elytra, pedesque testacea, fulgore metallico

46 Mr. Newman’s Descriptive List

nitida; podex pilis cinereis tectus, nullo modo signatus ; elytra

striata, stris dorsalibus punctis integris. (Corp. long. *475 unc.,

lat. *25 unc.)

Popi. nitida. Hope, Zoological Miscellany, p. 23.

Colour.—Golden green, shining, with the antennz, elytra and

legs testaceous, and tinged with a metallic splendour ; the ter-

minal segment of the abdomen is golden green, and clothed

with grey hair. ;

Sculpture.—The head is thickly punctured, except posteriorly ;

the prothorax is thickly punctured on the sides only; the

scutellum has a few minute scattered punctures; the striz of

the elytra are very regular, and deeply punctured.

Inhabits the East Indies. Communicated from Nepaul, by the

late General Hardwick.

22. Popl. NASUTA.

Cuprea ; antenne picee ; clypeus elongatus, recurvus, haud acutus ;

elytra testacea; pedes nigro-cenei, cupreo-varii, tarsis nigris ;

podex eneus, nullo modo signatus; elytra striata, striis dorsa-

libus punctis integris, mter 1° et 24 stria abbreviata puncta.

(Corp. long. °45 unc., lat. °275 unc.)

Colour.—Bright copper colour, with piceous antenne and testa-

ceous elytra, the latter having a fine coppery refulgence ;

the terminal segment of the abdomen is bright golden green,

and perfectly immaculate ; the legs are nearly black, with a

varied coppery refulgence.

Sculpture.—The clypeus is prolonged, and slightly recurved, its

anterior margin is much narrower than in any preceding spe-

cies; together with the head, it is coarsely punctured; the

prothorax is very finely punctured; the striz of the elytra

are punctured, regular, and entire; between the first and

second, at the base, is an abbreviated stria, or rather an ab-

breviated series of scattered punctures.

Inhabits the East Indies.

23, Port. ACUTA.

Lete cupreo-enea ; antenne castanee ; clypeus elongatus, recurvus,

acutus ; elytra pedesque testacea, fulgore metallico nitida ; podex

eneus, nullo modo signatus; elytra striata, striis dorsalibus

punctis integris. (Corp. long. *45 une., lat. *275 une.)

Colour.— Bright coppery green, with brown antenne and testa-

ceous elytra and legs, both of which have a brilliant metallic

of the Species of Popiltia. 47

splendour; the terminal segment of the abdomen is golden

green, and immaculate.

Sculpture.—The clypeus is elongated, slightly recurved, and very

acute, and, together with the head, is thickly and uniformly

punctured; the punctures of the prothorax are very minute;

those of the scutellum larger, but very few in number; the

elytra are precisely as in P. nasuta, to which species it very

closely approaches.

Inhabits the East Indies.

24, Popt, RUGICOLLIS.

Caput viride, clypeo antennisque testaceis ; prothorax rugosus viridis,

marginibus testaceis ; pedes testacei ; elytra testacea sulcata, sul-

cis punctis; podex nigro-eneus, pilosus, nullo modo signatus.

(Corp. long. *375 unc., lat. *2 unc.)

Colour.—Head green, with testaceous clypeus and antenne; pro-

thorax green, with the lateral and posterior margins testaceous;

scutellum green; elytra and legs pale brown; abdomen nearly

black, the terminal segment above is clothed with grey hairs,

and is perfectly immaculate.

Sculpture.—Head coarsely punctured ; prothorax very rugose ;

scutellum irregularly but deeply punctured; elytra sulcated,

sulci 11, punctured.

Inhabits the East Indies.

95. Pori. FIMBRIATA.

Nigra; antenne testacee, capitulo nigro; caput et prothorax

obscure virescentia ; elytra chalybea, vage puncto-striata ; podex

pilis albis transverse manifeste 1-lineatus. (Corp. long. *3 unc.,

Jat. °175 unc.)

Colour. —Nearly black ; antenne testaceous, with the lamellz

black ; head and prothorax dark green; elytra dark indigo blue;

legs nearly black, with green and blue shades; the terminal

segment of the abdomen has a distinct linear fringe of white

hair on its upper margin at its junction with the apex of the

elytra.

Sculpture.—Head thickly punctured, prothorax punctured not so

thickly as the head, but more deeply, and very regularly ;

elytra with eleven interrupted series of punctures.

Inhabits the East Indies.

48 Mr. Newman’s Descriptive List

FKKKEK Mexican Group.

The elytra are without either impressed striae, or dorsal exca-

vations, but have series of punctures generally arranged in lines;

the terminal segment of the abdomen is immaculate.

26. Port. sTICTICOLLIS.

Testacea ; capitis macule duce postice, prothoracis macule dis-

coidales 2, marginesque anticus et posticus, scutelli margo, elytro-

rum sutura margoque lateralis versus apicem mgra. (Corp. long.

*45 unc., lat. *25 unc.)

Colour.—Testaceous, with the posterior part of the head where

received into the prothorax black. This colour extends for-

wards near each eye, beyond the anterior margin of the

prothorax, thus looking like two detached spots. On the

prothorax are two detached spots, elongate longitudinally ;

the anterior and posterior margins are also black: the scu-

tellum has a black margin ; the suture of the elytra, and the

posterior half of the external margin uniting with the su-

ture, are also black ; the entire sternum is black, the femora

piceous and the tarsi black. The terminal segment of the

abdomen above is perfectly immaculate.

Sculpture.—The head is punctured with tolerable regularity ; the

punctures are large, but not deep ; the prothorax is punc-

tured rather more sparingly than the head; the elytra have

no impressed striz, but have twelve series of punctures, at

nearly regular intervals ; of these, the second is very diffuse

and ill-defined, and seems to be composed of two series of

punctures intermixed.

Inhabits Mexico.

27. Port. VIDUA.

Nigra, glabra ; antenne testacee, capitulo nigro. (Corp. long.

*425 unc., lat. °25 une.

Colour.—Black and shining ; the antennz are testaceous, with

the lamellae black; the terminal segment of the abdomen

above is perfectly immaculate.

Sculpture.—As in the last.

Inhabits Mexico.

of the Species of Popillia. 49

28. Popi. SEMIRUFA.

Ferruginea ; antennarum capitulus, capitis vertex, prothoracis discus,

elytra tota, protibie omnino, metatibiarum apices, tarsique

undique omnes nigra. (Corp. long. °425 unc., lat. -25 unc.)

Colour. —Clypeus ferruginous, crown of the head black; antennz

ferruginous, with the lamella black; prothorax black in the

centre; the lateral margins broadly ferruginous; elytra

entirely black; the under side is entirely ferruginous; the

legs also are ferruginous ; the fore tibiz, the apex of the

hind tibize, and all the tarsi, being black. The terminal seg-

ment of the abdomen above is perfectly immaculate.

Sculpture.—As in P, sticticollis, and P. vidua.

Inhabits Mexico.

The extreme similarity in the sculpture of these three species

leads me to suspect the invalidity of the distinctions, which I have

derived from colour only.

eeereee Mexican Group.

Strie of the elytra 9, very deep, sulciform, the two nearest the

external margin sesquialterous ; the terminal segment of the ab-

domen above is pilose, but perfectly immaculate.

29. Pops. Castor.

Castanea; prothoracis discus rugosus, margines ochracei; elytra

; mi . 5 5 y “2 ; y

sulcata, sulci profundé puncti, elytrorum humeri nigri. (Corp.

long. °28 unc., lat. :175 unc.)

Colour.—Head and antennz brown; the prothorax brown, with

a slender margin of pale yellow completely surrounding it ;

the scutellum-is brown, with a green margin; elytra pale

ochraceous, with the shoulders black; at the suture, and

also towards the apex of each, is a darker shade; the under

side is piceous, and very hairy; the legs are brown, with

piceous tarsi.

Sculpture.—Head thickly and regularly punctured; prothorax

completely rugose, with large, deep and confluent punctures ;

scutellum with deep, but not crowded punctures; elytra

with nine deep punctured sulci, the two on each side nearest

the margin being sesquialterous,

Inhabits Mexico.

VOL. Ill, E

50 Mr. Newman’s Descriptive List of Popillia.

30. Pori. Pottux.

Nigro-cenea; prothoracis marginibus elytrisque totis testaceis ;

pedes brunnei, tarsis piceis ; elytra sulcata, sulcis profunde punc-

tatis. (Corp. long. ‘27 unc., lat. +16 unc.)

Colour.—Head nearly black, with a metallic tinge; prothorax

golden green, with a slender margin of pale yellow com-

pletely surrounding it; scutellum golden green; elytra pale

testaceous, with the shoulders concolorous, and the suture

brown: the legs are brown, and somewhat metallic; the

tarsi dark.

Sculpture.—Head thickly punctured; prothorax deeply and re-

gularly, but not very thickly punctured ; scutellum with deep

but not crowded punctures; elytra with nine deep punc-

tured sulci, the three on each side nearest the margin being

sesquialterous.

Inhabits Mexico.

[Descriptions of two additional Assamese species have been pub-

lished by Mr. Newman in the Magazine of Natural History for

July, 1839, under the names of P. varia and P. gemma. A

figure of the latter species has since been published in the

Linnean Transactions, vol. 18, pl. 40, fig. 4. ‘Three other spe- -

cies, from the Philippine islands, have also been described by

Mr. Newman in the * Entomologist” for December, 1841 ; and

another, from the Nielgherries, by M. Guérin Méneville, in

the Revue Zoologique for February, 1840.—Serc. E. S.]

Description of a new Strepsipterous Insect. 51

V. Description of a new Strepsipterous Insect. By Robert

Templeton, Esq., R.A.

{Read 5th March, 1838.]

Havine, whilst at Rio Janeiro, caught a Sphex in whose abdo-

men was inserted the full grown pupa of a Xenos, I placed it in

spirits with the intention of examining it on my arrival at Colombo.

Many things combined to make me regard this little treasure with

peculiar interest. I heretofore had only met with an Llenchus

found in Ireland, and with that which I discovered in the island of

Mauritius, described in a former volume of these Transactions,

and its minute size threw a veil over many interesting particulars,

but I had now hopes of clearing these up to my satisfaction, from

the large dimensions, comparatively speaking, of the present spe-

cimen; and as the genus was as yet meagre in species, though its

congeners, thanks to British industry, were now including very

respectable numbers, I was pleased at the prospect of adding an-

other. Besides, Latreille had grounded his change of the name

of the order on the details of this very genus, and most possibly

some peculiarity of form, some development which we had not

found to pertain to Stylops or Elenchus, might have appeared to

sanction it, or at least account for the difference of opinion. I

need not say how much I was gratified in perceiving that there

was no grounds whatever for the alleged anterior origin of the

elytra, even with the latitude which Kirby himself admitted;

and in fact, instead of even an approximation to the assigned

position, that a wide membranous space intervened, cutting off

all immediate connection with the anterior coxz, so that their

origin as elytra must be considered perfectly normal: one thing

I was struck with in my contemplation of these little rudimentary

bodies, how singularly happy was Kirby’s name of the order, as

expressive of the appearance they present in this genus, the

twisting being in fact their most peculiar character. They are

not so broadly spatulate, in proportion to the stipes, as in our

English genera, but each appears like a short ribbon, the one end

of which was twisted over at right angles to the other. I remem-

ber when I first saw them in Elenchus, being puzzled to conceive

how the twisting could have been selected by Kirby as a dominant

quality sufficient to fix the name of the order, but here it is re-

markably apparent and expressive; and as every one must be

satisfied that the prior name was on the continent too hastily re-

52 Mr. R. Templeton’s Description

jected, its restoration may be confidently expected with the first

good monograph which appears from our foreign fellow-labourers

in this branch of scientific research.

I found nothing among the oral appendages which bore the

slightest resemblance to a lip, but near the rostrated part beneath

is obviously the opening into the pharynx; when the Xenos lay

upon its back I saw plainly down into it, parts of the interior

rising into view as I elevated the platform of the microscope; the

edges were corrugated, as if the orifice was capable of considera-

ble change of size and form, and resembled much the mouth of

the polypi. I was much struck with the thinness and lancet-like

appearance of the mandibles, and with their peculiar articulation,

with the lateral plate descending from the ocular pedicle. The

whole inferior surface of the head, from the rostrum to the fore

legs, was found to be membranous, and to be thrown into folds in

various motions of the head.

An error seems to have arisen and been repeated by every one

who regarded these little creatures through Mr. Bauer’s eyes and a

compound microscope ;—it consists in supposed vesicles cushion-

ing the tarsus, or a ‘ vesicular membrane capable of being in-

flated,” and the quaint appendix of Kirby, of “ the fact of their

inflatibility not being ascertained,” appears likely to rank some

time longer among desiderata. ‘The fact is, all the joints, but

especially the terminal, are lobed; and when seen from above, a

membrane is observed to extend itself some way in advance of

the lobated extremities, and being thin and transparent, suggested,

when the outlines became mellowed in the field of a compound

microscope, the idea of a vesicle ; but when viewed laterally, the

truth becomes at once apparent ; besides being lobed, the joints

are arched transversely; and from within the concavity, and I do

believe from an articulation, an appendage of very similar form,

not however lobed, passes in advance of the joints; it is very thin,

its edges carrying strong spinelike hairs, which also cross the

hollow inferior surface in rows, and it is on these the animal is

sustained in the quiescent state.

There appeared to me no sufficient reason for the division of

the antitrunk into distinct collars or rings, which I think I re-

member to have seen in sketches from dead specimens; the plates

are not continuous round the trunk, but are separate, and united

by a tough leathery-looking membrane, in many places thrown

into folds, which are not permanent, but made to disappear on

moving the head or adjoining plates.

When I proceeded to the examination of the pupa, I disen-

of a new Strepsipterous Insect. oo

gaged with a little force the case from between the abdominal

rings, a very soft but intimate union having subsisted between it

and the sheath in which it was placed; when removed, it was

about 23 tenths of an inch in length, almost exactly cylindrical,

the inserted extremity rounded, flocculent, and pale yellowish,

that exterior, reddish brown, and slightly corrugated, as if from

desiccation; when torn asunder, I found the little creature’s head

occupying this portion, the abdomen having been inserted in the

sphex, and the whole body enveloped in a fine transparent mem-

brane, which was closely attached to the thorax and abdomen,

and sent off loose processes to give covering to each of the legs,

antenne, palpi and trophi. This membrane exteriorly was rough,

as if papillated, but did not seem to lie in immediate contact with

the case ; and I ain led to believe that it contained an albuminous

fluid, in which the animal was swimming, for on opening it a slight

coagulation ensued when the contents came in contact with the

weak spirits. The animal was now exposed, and seemed in ex-

cellent condition, and from its appearance gave me no reason to

infer that any difference could exist between it in its then state

and the perfect insect, with the exception of the undeveloped

state of the wings. As you will, from my sketches, at once ob-

serve, it has little specifically in common with Xenos Pechkii, which

is the only one with which I can here compare it, and must be

still less closely allied to Xenos Rossii, if what Dr. Leach states in

the Zoological Miscellany be correct, since the abdomen in my

insect is not pedunculate, though sensibly lessened in diameter at

the base, and most assuredly there are not five joints to the

tarsus. I have therefore little hesitation in believing that I have

hit upon an undescribed species. In the hope that it may prove

so, I take the opportunity of testifying my regard for my learned

and indefatigable friend, the Secretary to the Entomological So-

ciety, and of ushering into the world my little Xenos with a name

which will ensure it consideration and respect. I have named it

Xenos Westwoontt.

The head is small, and carries anteriorly two cupped tuber-

cles (C,o), separated by a small interval, from whence arise the

antenne, which are rather stout, in proportion to their other

dimension. The first joint (C,p) is short, subcylindric, a little con-

tracted immediately beyond the base, but dilating towards its

articulation with the succeeding joint, beyond which it extends

internally, so that when seen from beneath it presents a some-

what triangular appearance. The second joint (7) is very minute,

54 Mr. R. Templeton’s Description

a little longer than broad, and constricted in the middle, beneath

appearing as a little cup, from the concavity of which arises the

third joint. These two joints are thickly covered with short rigid

hairs, in this particular differing essentially from the two suc-

ceeding (rs), whose entire surface is tessellated, in tolerably regu-

lar transverse rows, the tessera (C ¢! and C¢) preserving nearly the

same size and form, about 7-12 in each cross row, the intervals

filled with minute, scarcely elevated, rigid hairs. In form, the

third joint (rv) is flat, elongate, dilated in the middle, rounded at

the apex, and at the base turned suddenly off at right angles,

forming a little cup, the convexity of which rests in the hollow of

the second joint, and the concavity supports the fourth joint (s),

which lies behind and above the prolonged part of the third joint,

exceeding it in length about one-fourth part, and, like it, dilated in

the middle, and a little at the base posteriorly.

The eyes (Ba) are supported on short thick tubercles, are

hemispheric and compound, the facets, ten or twelve, in the

longest row, subpentagonal, amount to about seventy, certainly

not less than that number, and are separated by narrow spaces,

filled with dense, minute, black cillee.

Beneath the head presents anteriorly a rounded orifice (b)

leading into the pharynx, the margin slightly corrugated, and on.

each side of it lie the inner edges of the elongate, narrow, slightly

arched mandibles (e), which arise on each side beneath the irre-

gular elevated edge of a horny plate (d), that stretches inwards

from the root of the ocular peduncle; they pass inwards and for-

wards, and end with an extremely sharp incurved apex. Imme-

diately behind the mandible, and from beneath the same plate,

which curves a little inwards, in forming the articulating surface,

is found the root of the triarticulate palpus (f); the first joint

minute, the second large, tumid, and a little curved backwards ;

the apical small, cylindric, and densely covered with minute

hairs.

The adjoining part of the neck (g) is membranous, and thrown

into folds, in the motions of the head. Posterior to this part, we

find the antipectus (A), a transverse horny plate, elevated in the

middle, from behind which originate the coxa (7) of the forelegs.

This plate, like all the succeeding, does not form a ring, encircling

the trunk, but terminates at the side, where it has merely a mem-

branous connection, with the posterior division of the prothorax,

an arched plate seen from above immediately behind the ocular

peduncles. Between the antipectus and the medipectus (n’), to

which on each side the coxa (k) of the second pair of legs is

of a new Strepsipterous Insect. 55

attached, the body (/) is again membranous, and transversely

plicated, preserving this character externally until it meets with

the mesothorax, the narrow dorsal plate next in succession, and

a cordiform one (m) placed obliquely, the apex resting in a hollow

of the anterior margin of the medipectus, and the rounded

anterior lobe concealing and articulated with the base of the

elytron (n): a small interval exists between the base of the elytron

and the mesothorax, which is quite membranous and plicated.

The postpectus is a single shield, with a narrow dark line dividing

it posteriorly into two parts,

The metathorax is as enormously developed as the prothorax

and mesothorax are contracted in dimensions; it is divided into

two parts by a narrow transverse plate, the anterior subpenta-

gonal, and subdivided dorsally into four smaller parts, of which that

in the middle line and farthest forward is the smallest, and five-

sided ; that resting against the narrow transverse plate, triangular ;

the lateral trapeziform, and beneath the outer angle of them the

wings arise. The posterior of the two parts of the metathorax

is triangular, the base in contact with the narrow transverse plate ;

the apex rounded, and extending over the dorsal parts of the first

four abdominal rings: similarly formed plates cover the lateral

portions of the first two rings.

The legs are not cylindric, varying very much in appearance

according to the position from whence they are viewed; the fore-

legs shortest and most slender; the coxa is short, tumid, and

curved; the femur rather longer and subtriangular; the tibia

elongate, clavate (wu); the tarsus (v!, v', vil, viv) composed of four

joints, of which the first (v') is longest, the remainder diminishing

successively in size, all bilobed, and transversely curved, send-

ing off from the concavity a thin transparent appendage, re-

sembling the joint itself, but unlobed, the inferior surface having

rows of strong hairs, which also crown the margins. There are

no vesicles.

The elytron arises, as we have shown, from the anterior lobe of

a cordiform plate, which joins the medipectus, and which is ele-

vated and rounded to admit of the articulation. The base of the

elytron is a little bulb or ball, a neck very apparent anteriorly

joining it to the thin elongate ribbon-like part, which curved

backwards and upwards on itself, forms the exposed part of the

elytron viewed from above ; the anterior edge is thickened.

The abdomen is soft, sessile, incrassate, of nine segments,

56 Description of a new Strepsipterous Insect.

whose distinction is in some places very obscure, at the sides

tolerably strongly marked: the last segment is excavated, with

two segments of an anal apparatus protruding, but not capable of

greater exsertion than is represented in the drawing.

Not being able in this place (Colombo in Ceylon) to determine

whether the Sphex in which the Xenos was detected be previously

described or not, I subjoin the following short description and

provisional specific name.

SPHEX AUROCAPILLUS.

Body black, covered with golden hair, especially at the margins

of the thoracic plates and of the forehead; antennz black; wings

pale brown; the posterior margin of each wing with a broad

dark band; legs ferruginous ; abdomen rufous, with the apex

darkish.

At Rio Janeiro, the fourth segment distorted by the insertion

of the pupa of Xenos Westwood.

Plate IV. fig. A. Xenos Westwoodii.

B. Portion of the head and anterior segments of the thorax be-

neath. :

C. Antenna. C tand C?!. Portions of ditto more highly magni-

fied.

D. Foreleg from above. viii and viv two of the tarsal joints.

E. Sphex aurocapillus, and details. Eb. Spatulate hairs.

Descriptions of two Hymenopterous Insects. 57

VI. Descriptions of two H: ymenopterous Insects from North-

ern India. By W. W. Saunders, Esq., F.L.S. &e.

[Read 7 January, 1839.]

Tue two insects which J am at present about to describe were

collected in the northern provinces of India by Lieut. J. Camp-

bell of the Bengal Artillery, and form part of a small collection

sent by him a short time since to this country. The first is a

very interesting insect allied to Myrmica, but from which it ap-

pears to differ in the neuration of the wings, the two-jointed

pedicel to the abdomen, and in the articulations of the antenne,

and I therefore propose forming a new sub-genus for it which I

shall term “ Myrmicaria,” and thus characterize.

Myrmicaria.

Head transverse, with the ocelli placed in a triangle on the

vertex. Hyes lateral, small, oval and prominent. Antenne fili-

form, inserted in the front of the head in a line drawn between

the eyes, rather longer than the thorax, distinctly thirteen-

jointed ; the first joint as long as the second and third ; the second

very small; the fourth to the thirteenth smaller than the third,

and gradually decreasing in length to the terminal joint, which is

nearly as long as the third. Mandibles small, almost concealed.

Thorax ovate, very convex, prominent in front. Scutellum semi-

ovate, prominent, forming, with the metathorax, an abruptly in-

clined plane. The superior wings with the stigma strongly

marked, one cubital and one discoidal cell complete, and three

cells on the apical margin sub-complete ; the radial, discoidal, and

sub-discoidal nervures nearly reaching the apical margin. Legs

long and slender, with the posterior tarsi elongate. dbdomen

subcordate, petiolate ; the two first joints inversely clavate and

forming the petiole ; the terminal or seventh joint minute, and

provided with two projecting valves.

M. Brunnea. (Plate V. fig. 2.)

Shining chesnut brown, hairy ; eyes black ; posterior margins

of the five terminal segments of the abdomen dark brown ; wings

lightly tinged with brown, the nervures and stigma the same co-

lour as the body ; femora and tibia somewhat darker.

Length -° inch, width ;8, inch,

58 Descriptions of two Hymenopterous Insects.

From the collection of Mrs. T. Prinsep.

[Fig. 2a, head seen from above; 2b, antenna; 2c, fore wing; 2d, hind wing ;

2e, apex of abdomen. ]

The second insect is a new species of the Fabrician Genus

Proneus, the description of which is as follows.

Proneus Campbell. (Plate V. fig. 1.)

Light reddish brown; shining eyes; ocelli and apical joints

of the palpi dark brown; tips of the mandibles black; wings of

a light burnt-sienna colour, with a broad dark band on the apical

margins, reaching nearly to the internal angle in the under wings

and gradually running to a point; nervures of the same red-

brown as the body; abdomen dark chalybeous purple, very po-

lished, the pedicel red-brown.

In the collection of Mrs. T. Prinsep, and in my own.

Length 1-2, inch, width 1-8, inch.

I have named this magnificent species after Lieut. Campbell an

active Indian Entomologist.

[Fig. 1a, head seen from the front; 16, antenna; 1c, apex of fore wing; 1d,

foot.]

Descriptions of four new Dipterous Insects. 59

VII. Descriptions of four new Dipterous Insects from Cen-

tral and Northern India. By W. W.Saunvers, Esq.,

Bela. 9.ccC.

[Read 2 December, 1839.]

Family TABANID.

New Genus. GAsTRoxIDEs.

Head transverse, with three ocelli placed in an equilateral tri-

angle on the vertex ; proboscis straight, inclined downwards, about

as long as the head. Antenne rather longer than the head, three-

jointed —first joint cylindrical, twice as long as the second, which

is longer than broad—third joint a little longer than the two

first, with four distinct rings dividing the joint into five divi-

sions, the first of which is as long as the four following, and pro-

duced at the base on the superior part into an acute spine point-

ing forwards—the four last divisions equal in length. Thorax

oval, rather broader than the head. dbdomen seven-jointed, ovato-

conical, terminating in an acute point. Legs long and slender.

Gastroxides ater, mihi. (Plate V. fig. 4.)

Coal black, hairy ; the wings of a black-brown, with a yellow-

ish irregularly oval spot crossing the middle of the disk, and a

smaller spot of the same nature towards the ape Expansion

one inch, length 3 inch.

From centr fal dia In my own collection.

Obs.—This genus approaches nearest to Tabanus, but differs

in having geels a in the antennz, and in the shape of the abdomen.

Its approach to other genera of the family Tabanide is also evi-

dent, but it differs from all the genera that I am acquainted with,

and therefere I have made it the type of a new sub-genus under

the name of Gastroxides, in allusion to the shape of the abdomen,

which is unusual in the family to which the insect belongs.

[Fig. 4a, head sideways ; 4b, antenna; 4c, wing. ]

Family ANTHRACIDA.

Anthrax ruficollis, mihi. (Plate V. fig. 5.)

Dull black, hairy, with a rufous margin of hairs on the anterior

part of the thorax, and two large round pure white spots, one on

either side of the third joint of the abdomen; wings hyaline, with

the base black, and a broad black band running nearly across the

middle of the disk, which on the anterior margin is produced into

60 Mr. W. W. Saunders’s Descriptions

a point towards the apex, and joins posteriorly with the black

colouring of the base, the intervening part of the costa being also

black.

Expansion 1-9, inch, length +, inch.

From central India. In my own cabinet and that of the Rev.

F. W. Hope.

I am indebted to my friend J. Prinsep, Esq., Secretary to the

Asiatic Society, for this beautiful Anthrax, as well as for the

Gastroxides just described.

Obs.—This may be the Anthrax collaris of Wiedemann (Ex.

Dip. vol. 1, page 271), but he gives that species as much smaller

and as probably coming from the Cape. He describes the wings

as ‘“alis nigris, guttula, excisura, apiceque limpidis,” which I

cannot reconcile with the wings before described, and therefore I

have made a new species of it.

Family SYRPHIDE.

CerIA EUMENIOIDES, mihi. (Plate V. fig. 6.)

Head transverse, as broad as the thorax, yellow, with the eyes

black, and the antenne and ocelli of a light reddish-brown.

Thorax reddish-brown, with a yellow spot on either side on the

anterior margin above, a yellow transverse line just before the

insertion of the wings, terminated by yellow spots, below which,

down the sides, is a broad vertical yellow band. Scutellum black,

broadly margined with yellow. Abdomen petiolated, somewhat

broader than the thorax, the petiole of a single joint ; first joint

very attenuated in the middle and enlarged at both ends, as long

as the head and thorax, reddish-brown, margined behind and be-

fore with yellow ; second joint rich dark-brown, broadly mar-

gined with yellow; third joint dusky brown, black at the base and

with a yellow margin, which enlarges along the sides, and forms

two large oval spots—apical joint yellowish brown.

Expansion one 1 -3, inch, length -8, inch.

From northern India. In a collection sent to this country by

Lieut. J. Campbell of the Bengal Artillery, and now in my cus-

tody.

[Fig. 6a, antenne ; 6b, wing; 6c. leg; 6d, extremity of tarsus.]

Family MUSCID.

New Genus. Dasynerura.

Head transversely ovate, nearly as broad as the thorax, with

three ocelli placed in a broadly based triangle on the vertex, and

of four new Dipterous Insects. 61

three shallow cavities on the interior margin of the eyes, from

which arise single bristles. Antenne placed in front, approximat-

ing at the base, three-jointed, the two first joints inversely conical,

short, the third long, declining, ovato-conical, with a plain seta

arising from the base, which is rather longer than the joint.

Thorax broadly ovate, obtuse in front, with the scutellum consi-

derably produced. Abdomen subrotund, about the length of and

a little broader than the thorax. Legs moderate. Wings, with

the anal nervure very much incrassated.

[Fig. 3a, head in front; 36, antenna; 3c. foot; 3d, wing.]

Dasyneura zonaTa, mihi. (Plate V. fig. 3.)

Reddish-brown. Head yellowish-brown, with the eyes darker,

and having four long upright bristles on the hinder margin.

Thorax bristly, with a spot on either side in front, two longitudi-

nal streaks on the upper surface, a vertical band down each side

just before the insertion of the wings; the scutedlum, and another

vertical streak just below the scutellum, yellow. dbdomen with

the first segment margined with yellow, and the base of the se-

cond dark brown; the fourth segment lighter, with a dark line

down the centre of the upper surface, and a dark spot on each

side.

From central India. Expansion 3 inch, length } inch.

For this insect I am again indebted to my friend J. Prinsep,

Esq.

Obs.—This interesting little insect does not enter into any of

the present established genera of Tephritides, as far as I am ac-

quainted, and I have therefore formed it into a new sub-genus

under the name of Dasyneura, in allusion to the thick nerve at

the base of the wings, a character which will at once distinguish

it. This thick nerve seems to be the result of the soldering to-

gether, as it were, of two nerves, which in several genera of

Tephritides closely approach each other, but here they are so

close to each other as to form one thick broad nervure.

62 The Rev. F. W. Hope’s Description

VIII. Description of some new Lamellicorn Coleoptera

from Northern India. By the Rey, F.W. Horg, F.R.S.

&c.

[Read 1 July, 1839.]

Evcirrvus, Dupont.

Eucerrus Griffithu, Hope.

Obscuré testaceus, thorace cinereo, elytris fere glabris; sub

lente forte sparsim punctulatis. Corpus pedesque albo-squa-

mosa.

Caput fuscum, postice auratis capillis obsitum; clypeo subre-

flexo, subemarginato. Thorax obscurus, cinereo-squamosus,

lateribus ovatis. Elytra obscuré testacea, sub Jente sparsim

punctulata, albis capillis e medio punctorum surgentibus.

Nodus albidus pilorum, fere apicalis, in singulo positus.

Anus fere trigonus cinereo-squamosus. Corpus infra fuscum,

pedibus concoloribus, albo-squamosis.

Long. lin. 24, lat. lin. 12.

Habitat in Assam.

This is the largest Melolonthideous insect which has fallen under

my notice, being two inches in length. The type of the genus is

Eucirrus Melli, the characters of which will be found detailed in

Guérin’s Magasin de Zoologie, published in 1832.

It must be remarked that the third joint of the palpi is not so

long as in the typical species. Instead of forming a sub-genus,

I retain Guérin’s original name, as it cannot be ranged with Mr.

Kirby’s genera Lepidiota or Holotrichia, both of them covered

with granulated scales. In the form and smoothness of its elytra,

and in the prominent tubercle of white hair placed near the apex

of the elytra, the above insect agrees with Lepidiota. I have

named it in honour of Mr. Griffith, an indefatigable Botanist, who

captured it with other specimens in the Assamese territories. It

is, I believe, only the second species of Eucirrus yet described ;

a third, if I am not mistaken, is in the Vigorsian collection, now

in the possession of the Zoological Society.

Ruomporuina, Hope.

Rhomb? Cantori, Hope.

Affinis Rhomb. Hardwicki, Hope, at latior.

Nigra, clypeo cornuto, femoribus tibiisque miniatis, anticis uni-

of some new Lamellicorn Coleoptera. 63

dentatis. Totum corpus supra atro-violaceum, subtus nigrum.

Clypeus antice excavatus, postice cornutus, cornu elongato ;

posteriori parte capitis protenso, antice abrupte truncato.

Thorax elytris latior, sub lente subtilissimé punctatus. Elytra

glabra, nitida, vix striato-punctata. Corpus infra nigrum,

femoribus et tibiis miniatis, tarsis geniculisque nigris.

Long. lin. 13, lat. lin. 7.

This insect I lately received from my friend Dr. Cantor. It

was taken in the territories of Assam. It approaches in its cha-

racters 7'rig. Hardmicku. ‘The clypeus has only one horn. It is

considerably broader, and probably might by some be thought to

~ be a female of the above species. It is, however, quite distinct.

Many specimens are in the collection made by Mr. Griffiths.

Rh, Hyacinthina, Hope.

Corpus supra nigrum, clypeo purpurascenti; infra atrum; pec-

tore, femoribus et tibiis violaceis seu hyacinthinis, tarsisque

atro-piceis.

Clypeus violaceus, antennis piceis, lamellis externis pallidioribus.

Thorax sparsim punctatus. Scutellum fere glabrum. Ely-

tra crebrissimé punctulata. Corpus infra nigrum, nitidum ;

femoribus et tibiis hyacinthinis, punctatis et pilosis.

Long. lin. 13, lat. lin. 63.

It inhabits Assam. It is difficult to describe accurately the

colour of the above insect, which is a blue, evidently inclining to

a purple or violet. I have consequently called it Hyacinthina.

The spines on the posterior tibiz are unusually small, when

compared with other species belonging to this genus.

Rh. distincta, Hope.

Affinis R. Mell, at minor. Corpus supra viride, subtus con-

color, segmentis abdominis postice nigricantibus, femoribus

et tibiis lete viridibus tarsisque nigris. Caput viride, oculis

nigris. Thorax sparsim et subtilissimé punctulatus. Scu-

tellum glabrum, impunctatum. Elytra crebrissime punctu-

lata. Corpus infra viride, nitidum, pectore opalino colore

tincto. Femora cum tibiis late virescentia tarsisque atris,

Long. lin. 14, lat. lin. 63.

Habitat in Assam.

The above insect is closely allied to AR. Mell in size, form,

64 The Rev. F. W. Hope’s Description

sculpture, and in colour. It differs considerably from it however,

and appears to have been unknown to the continental authors.

Rhomborhina Japonica, Siebold.

Opalino-viridis, pedibus obscure virescentibus. 'Totum corpus

supra opalino colore tinctum, subtus concolor. Clypeus

quadratus, subreflexus, antennis palpisque piceis, maxillis

apice fulvo-penicillatis. Thorax punctulatus. Scutellum gla-

brum, nitidum. LElytra crebrissimé punctulata. Pectus

infra flavo colore tinctum, quatuor segmentis basi abdominis

obscuré violaceis, penultimo aurato et ultimo virescenti.

Pedes supra nigro-virides, infra femoribus_ pallidioribus

tarsisque piceis.

Long. lin. 13, lat. lin. 6.

This beautiful opaline insect was sent to me by Professor De

Haan, of Leyden. It was obtained from Japan by the celebrated

Siebold, and is here described, as it appears to have been un-

known to the monographers of the Cetoniade.

CoryrHeE, Gory.

Cor. jucunda, Hope.

Affinis Cetonie lete, Fab., at major. Viridis, nitida, thorace

punctato; elytris punctis nigris striatis. Clypeus antice sub-

cornutus, viridis, sparsim punctatus; oculis nigris antennisque

piceis. ‘Totum corpus supra et infra viride, nigro puncta-

to-striatum, segmentis abdominis antice violaceis. Femora

cum tibiis fere rectis, externe unidentatis, interne fasci-

culatis. ‘Tarsi nigri et picei.

Long. lin. 12, lat. lin. 53.

This species inhabits Assam. It is allied to Cetona leta of

Fabricius, but is evidently distinct. No author seems to have

remarked the peculiarity of C. leta having curved femora and

tibize, especially in the males. In many other points, in sculp-

ture, &c., C. jucunda differs from the Fabrician species.

Cor. amena, Hope.

Flavescens, thorace viridi, punctato; elytris flavis, punctis nigris

striatis; tibiis czeruleis tarsisque nigro piceis. Clypeus subre-

flexus, emarginatus, cornu medio apice acuto. Thorax viridis,

sparsim punctatus. Elytra flava, striato-punctata, punctis

of some new Lamellicorn Coleoptera. 65

obscuré brunneis. Corpus infra viride, numerosis punctis

atris notatum; femoribus et tibiis ceeruleis tarsisque nigri-

cantibus.

Long. lin. 8, lat. lin. 33.

Habitat in Assam.

Described from Mr. R. Horsman Solly’s collection.

Campsiura, Hope.

Campsiura nigripennis, Hope.

Nigra, clypeo et marginibus thoracis flavis, pectore utrinque

flavo-maculato, abdomine pedibusque nigris.

Clypeus flavus, angulis lateralibus postice nigris, puncto atro

utrinque conspicuo.

Thorax sparsim subtilissime punctatus, flavus, macula magna

media binisque aliis utrinque ad margines impositis.

Elytra nigra, nitida, substriato-punctata, apicibus vermiculatis.

Anus fere transverse ovalis, niger, linea longitudinali elevata

binisque tuberculis notatus.

Corpus infra nigrum, pectore flava macula utrinque posita

Pedes atri.

Captured in the territories of Assam by Mr. Griffiths. Messrs

Perchéron and Gory, in their monograph of Cetoniade, have

classed the typical species of this genus (which was named by me

C. xanthorhina) under the genus Macroma of Mr. Kirby, not

aware that Macroma is a division of Schizorhina. They have

also changed the specific name which I originally gave the latter

insect, in describing General Hardwick’s insects. The genus was

named by me Campsiura, from the Greek.

The drawing of the typical species, which they call C. bi-

color, in the above quoted monograph, is wretchedly bad, and

does not give an idea of the insect. The description is meagre,

and cannot convey to the Entomologist any thing like its real

form. Campsiura scutellata, VYab., and confusa, Hope, both of

them belonging to Africa, are represented in the East Indies, by

C. Xanthorhina and Nigripennis. It is probable that Macroma

Javanica, G. and P. may belong to the same genus.

Mimeta, Kirby.

Mimela Princeps, Hope.

Tota supra viridis, aurata, nitida, lateribus thoracis foveis notatis,

femoribus et tibiis luteo-brunneis tarsisque bronzeis.

VOL, Il, E

The Rev. F. W. Hope’s Description

Caput clypeo viride pallidiore colore.

Thorax sparsim punctatus, lateribus utrinque puncto fere medio,

fossula obliqua impressis.

Elytra nitida, punctato-striata, punctis inter strias sparsim punc-

tulata. Pygidium glabrumn, nitidum, fossula utrinque fortiter

impressum.

Corpus infra nigro-viride, femoribus et tibiis luteo-brunneis

tarsisque cupreo-eeneis.

Long. lin. 10, lat. lin. 6.

It inhabits Siam, and is in the collection of Mr. Horsman

Solly.

Mimela decipiens, Hope.

Totum corpus supra opalino-viride; subtus smaragdinum,

nitidum, pedibus concoloribus. Clypeus integer, capite sub-

tilissime punctulato. Thorax fovea utrinque impressus,

marginibus lateralibus elevatis. Elytra viridia, fulvo-trans-

lucentia, lateribus undique elevatis.

Long. lin. 104, lat. lin. 5.

Inhabits Assam. Sent to me by Lady Jones, with other insects

from that country.

Mimela Pyroscelis, Hope.

Affinis M. splendenti, Hope, at minor; nitida, femoribus et

tibiis igne micantibus, antennis piceis tarsisque nigricantibus.

Caput sparsim punctatum. Thorax nitidus, glaber, sub

lente subtilissimé punctulatus. Elytra viridia, inaurata,

subrugoso-punctata, sulcis versus apicem fortiter impressis.

Corpus infra nigro-azneum, segmentis abdominis testaceo

colore variegatis. Femora cum tibiis roseo colore nitida,

tarsisque cum unguiculis nigro-piceis.

Long. lin. 63, lat. lin. 34,

Habitat in agro Assamense.

This elegant species was given to me by Dr. Cantor, who ob-

tained it from Assam. As Ihave previously written a monograph

on Mimela, and have already described two other species from

the same locality, I take the opportunity of introducing another

nondescript.

of some new Lamellicorn Coleoptera. 67

Mimela glabra, Hope.

Glabra, supra viridis obscura, subtus eneo-viridis aurata et

nitida, pedibus virescentibus. Caput cum antennis viride,

capitulo nigricanti. Thorax utrinque binis punctis im-

pressis. Scutellum subauratum. Elytra viridia; pygidium

zeneo-viride, nitidum, pectus auratum punctatum griseisque

capillis obsitum. Segmenta abdominis purpurascentia, trans-

versa serie punctorum impressa. Pedes cum tarsis vires-

centes, femoribus et tibiis fortiter punctatis.

Long. lin. 7, lat. lin. 33.

This insect, at first sight, might be considered as a small speci-

men of Euchlora bicolor. On examination it turns out to be a

Mimela. It is the only species of my acquaintance that is without

the punctures, so remarkable in the genera Mimela and Euchlora.

It was given to me by Dr. Cantor, who obtained it from the

territory of Assam.

IX. Notes on a Species of Stylops. By G. H. K.

Tuwairtes, Esq.

[Referred to in the Journal of Proceedings, 4 June, 1838.]

On the 3rd of May, 1838, one of my brothers brought me two

specimens of Andrena convexiuscula, from both of which I ob-

tained a Stylops, which circumstance induced me to make imme-

diate search for more of these bees, and I succeeded in capturing

several, almost all either containing the larva of Stylops, or

showing evident signs of a Stylops having escaped from them,

but none with the perfect insect. However, on May Cth, I had

the good fortune to capture a Stylops flying; and on the Tues-

day following saw at least twenty flying about in a garden at

Kingsdown, near Bristol, but so high from the ground that I

could capture only about half a dozen. Since that time they

have become gradually more scarce, and to-day (May 12th) I have

not been able to see one.

The little animals are exceedingly graceful in their flight,

taking long sweeps, as if carried along by a gentle breeze, and

68 Notes on a Species of Stylops.

occasionally (which, however, I have only observed in the first

I caught) hovering at a few inches distant from the ground.*

When captured they are exceedingly active, running up and

down the sides of the bottle in which they are confined, moving

their wings and antenne very rapidly. Their term of life seems

to be very short, none of those I have captured living above five

hours; and one I extracted from a bee in the afternoon, was

dead the next morning.

All the stylopized bees, both ¢ and @, I have taken, have

manifested it by having underneath the fourth (invariably) upper

seoment of the abdomen a protuberance, which is scale-like,

when the Stylops is in the larva state, but which is much larger

and more rounded when the Stylops is ready to emerge. A bee

gives nourishment generally to but one Stylops ; but I have occa-

sionally found two, and once three! larvee in one bee.

* Their expanse of wing and mode of flight give them a very different appear-

ance to any other insect on the wing.

New Species of exotic Coleopterous Insects. 69

X. Descriptions of some new Species of exotic Coleopterous

Insects. By J. O. Westwoop, F. L.S., Sc.

{Read 5 June, 1837. ]

Section HETEROMERA.

Genus. Birrusa, Westw. (Bdéreca, aspiciens.) Plate IIT. fig. 3.

Genus singulare. Cistelides cum Conopalpo, &c. conjungere

videtur.

Corpus oblongum, postice attenuatum, rigidum.

Caput (fig. 3a) mediocre, postice in collum contractum. Oculi

maximi, capitis partem majorem occupantes, supra fere con-

nexi, et anticé convergentes. Labrum (fig. 3 b) transverso-

quadratum, angulis anticis rotundatis, et in medio subemar-

ginato; margine subsetoso. Mazille (fig. 3c) lobis duobus,

externo majori quasi articulato, apice rotundato piloso,

interno tenui apice setoso. Palpi maxillares 4-articulati, arti-

culis Imo et 3tio brevibus, 2do longiori ad apicem paullo

crassiori, 4to maximo transverso securiformi. Mentum

(fig. 3d) parvum urniforme, angulis lateralibus acutis. Labium

menti fere magnitudine, lateribus rotundatis et ciliatis. Palpi

labiales breves 3-articulati, articulo ultimo magno securiformi.

Antenne graciles filiformes, sub latera producta capitis, prope

oculos, inserte ; articulo Imo brevi, 2do minutissimo, 3tio

reliquis parum longiori.

Thorax transversus, capite fere duplo latior, lateribus irregulariter

rotundatis, margine postico in medio rotundato producto,

dorso subdepresso. Scutellum parvum. Llytra oblonga,

postice attenuata, basi thorace paullo latiora, costata. Pedes

robusti, femoribus crassis, tibize longiores, tarsi 4 antici 5-arti-

culati, articulis intermediis subtus membranaceo-productis,

integris. Ungues basi subtus dilatati, dentibus 4 vel 5 armati

(fig. 3e).

This singular genus serves to connect in a very interesting

manner some of the tribes of which Latreille has composed his

division of the Heteromerous Coleoptera named Stenelytra. It

agrees with some of the Cistelid@ in the serrated structure of the

ungues, whilst the singular form of the palpi serves to show a

much nearer relation with Conopalpus, Nothus, §c. It appears

nearly allied to Allecula, and especially to Lobopoda of Solier.

(Ann. Soc. Ent. d. France, 1835, p. 233.)

VOL. Ul. G

70 Mr. J. O. Westwood’s Description of

Sp. 1. Blepusa costata, Westw.

Nigra, nitida, thoracis margine postico punctato, elytris striato-

punctatis et costatis, tarsis pices.

Long. corp. lin. 6.

Habitat in Mexico? D. Cuming.

In Mus. Dom. Norris, M. E. 8S.

Caput nigrum, leve, nitidum, oculis pallidis lutescentibus ;

palpis, labro et antennarum articulorum apicibus piceis.

Thorax levis, nitidus, subconvexus, lined impressa longi-

tudinali, lateribus margineque postico tenue marginatis, hoc

foveis duobus intra angulos posticos margineque ipso punc-

tato. Pedes nigri, tibiarum apicibus tarsisque piceis. Elytra

nigra, nitida, in singulo striae 9 punctorum impressorum, cos-

tisque elevatis tribus (sc. inter strias 2 et 3, 4 et 5 et 6 et 7,

e sutura); strid altera abbreviatd versus scutellum.

This interesting insect is from the rich collection of T. Norris,

Esq., of Redvales, Lancashire, to whom I am indebted for an

opportunity of examining and describing it. He obtained it from

Mr. Cuming, but is not aware of its precise locality. It is, how-

ever, most probably from Mexico, or some adjacent part of South

America, from which other allied species described by M. Solier

have been received.

Section TetramMeERA, Latreille.

Sub-Section Lonaicornes, Latreille.

Genus. Ruipipocerus, Wesiw. (‘Puric, flabellum, et xepac, cornu.)

Plate IIT. fig. 2.

Genus singulare, inter genera Phenicocerum et Polyozam,* quasi

intermedium.

Corpus oblongum, depressum.

Caput (fig. 2a, e latere, 2, subtus visum) thorace minus, facie

depressa. Mandibule (fig. 2d, 2e) parve, cornee, subtri-

angulares, interdum dente minuto ante medium armate,

denteque altero laterali. Labrum (fig. 2¢) parvum, trans-

verso-triangulare, ciliatum. Maxille (fig. 2) parve, mem-

branacez ; lobo interno fere obliterato, lobo externo elongato,

curvato, ad apicem longe setoso. Palpi maxillares brevissimi,

4-articulati, articulis 1 et 3, 2 et 4 aqualibus. Mentum (fig. 2 ¢)

parvum, transversum, antice angustatum, truncatum. Labium

* Phenicocerus Dejeanii, Latr=Psygmatocerus Wagleri, Perty ; but the insect

figured in Griffith’s Animal Kingdom, under the former name, is the Polyoza La-

cordairei, Serville.

some new Species of exotic Coleopterous Insects. 71

membranaceum, emarginatum, ciliatum. Palpi labiales bre-

vissimi, 3-articulati, articulo basali minuto. Antenne in

utroque sexu corporis longitudine, 11-articulate, articulo

basali reliquis crassiori, 2ndo minuto, 8 proximis in mare,

postice longé flabellatis, striatis, ultimo longo, flabellum ter-

minante; in foemina vero simplicibus, 8vo, 9no, et 10mo,

antice paullo productis, (fig. 2, caput et pronotum 9.)

Thorax transversus spina laterali utrinque armatus. Elytra sub-

depressa, sericeo-punctata, apicibus integris. Pedes mediocres,

simplices.

This genus is not only interesting on account of the beautiful

structure of the antennze of the males, of which the genera Psyg-

matocerus and Pheenicocerus, alone* in the vast tribes of the Lin-

nean Cerambyces, offer any analogous instance, but also from the

geographical situation which it occupies, being an inhabitant of

New Holland, whereas the two genera above mentioned are from

Brazil. In the structure of the mouth it approaches nearest to

Anacolus, In some respects, however, it seems allied to Lamia,

whilst the peculiar appearance of the very minutely punctured

elytra most nearly resemble some of the Cerambyces and Stenocori.

Sp. 1. Rhipidocerus Australasia, Westw.

Obscuré viridis punctatissimus, luteo-subsericeus, antennis mascu-

linis brunneis, foemininis fulvis apicibus articulorum nigris,

pedibus brunneo-fulvis, femorum apicibus obscurioribus.

Long. corp. 6 lin. 8; g lin. 15.

Habitat. in Australasia.

In Mus. Soc. Linn., Lond., et P. Walker, Eq. [nunc Hope. ]

* Mr. Newman has recently described another Jongicorn genus with flabellate

antenne, also from New Holland, under the name of Petalodes laminosus.—

Entomologist, p. 9. Still more recently (June, 1842) I have seen in the col-

lection of M. Reich, at Paris, another flabellated species from New Holland,

which may be thus concisely characterized :—

Piesarthrius? Hope, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1840, p. 55.

P. Reichii, Westw. PP. capite et pronoto obscure fuscis, varioloso-punctatis et

fulvo-pilosis ; elytris piceo-rufis, macula magna discoidali communi ante medium,

antice bifida, strigisque duabus posticis luteis ; pronoto subquadrato ; antennis fla-

bellatis, articulis longitudine crescentibus ; elytris apice rotundatis et ad sutura

breviter aculeatis.

Long. corp. lin. 10.

Habitat Sydney, Nov. Holl.

Mus. D. Reich, Parisiis.

72 Mr. W. Sells’ Observations

XJ. Observations on the GEstride. By the late

W. Sexts, Esq.

Part I.—[ Read October, 1837.]

Ir having appeared to me desirable to extend the observations,

and to verify the facts which are detailed in Mr. Bracy Clark’s

valuable Essay on the Bots of Horses and other Animals, which

was published in 1815, I took steps, in the spring of this year,

for procuring larva of the Gasterophili from a horse-slaughterer

and several horse-keepers who live in my neighbourhood ; and as

my applications to them have not been altogether unprofitable, I

beg leave to submit to the notice of the Society these first results

of my pursuit of this interesting department of Entomology.

It being of considerable importance that in all inquiries into

the economy of insects, respecting which our present state of

knowledge is imperfect, we should, as much as possible, give the

precise dates connected with the periods of their transformations,

both as useful facts in themselves, and as guides to those who are

led to take up the same course of observation, I will first give a

copy of the entries in my journal which have reference to this

subject.

May 12, 1837.—Received a specimen of a nearly full grown

larva of Gasterophilus hemorrhoidalis, or red-tailed Bot fly ;

it was found in recently dropt dung, was active and lively,

showing no little muscular power by making a considerable

spring from the desk on which it was placed for the purpose

of being drawn while in a living state.

May 16.—Received three dozen of apparently full grown larvee

of Gasterophilus equi; but it is probable they are all dead,

in consequence of their close stowage in the pill-box provided

for their reception (as afterwards proved to be the case):

also one larva of hemorrhoidalis, which had been plucked

from the verge of the anal passage.

June 25.—Received three larvae of hemorrhoidalis which appear

full grown, and will most likely go into pupa; the man who

sent them said there were two more adhering to the horse’s

rectum, which he had tried carefully to pull off, but their

heads were separated in the attempt, the others had dropped

in the dung.

June 27.—Received a larva which I considered at the time to

be one of G. equi, but it turned out afterwards to be G. vete-

rinus, and a female.

on the Qtstride. 73

June 29.—Received two larvee of hemorrhoidalis and one of

equi: after this date I did not obtain any further contribu-

tions of larve which had traversed the intestines of the

horse. The whole of them were placed in some damp mould

in a garden pot, which was tied over with gauze, and on

August 3rd two females of hemorrhoidalis came out of pupe,

and also a beautiful female of G. veterinus.

August 13.—Two male flies of hemorrhoidalis appeared.

August 14.—One more specimen of hemorrhoidalis came out,

being a very fine male, and the valvular openings of its pupa

case are not detached, as generally happens with one or both

of them.

As the number of larvee which completed their transformations

corresponds with that of those which were received upon, and

after, the 25th of June, and which were all, except two, of G.

hemorrhoidalis, 1 conclude that those brought on May 12th and

16th, and which were nearly all presumed to be G. equi, might,

in addition to injury from pressure, have passed prematurely from

the stomach of the horse, owing to some accidentally disturbing

cause ; therefore, the time of these creatures quitting their seat of

nurture is about the last week of June, and as they appeared in

the fly state from the 3rd to the 14th August, the intervening

period was about seven weeks.

The following entry appears in my journal under date of

June 1:—“ Received from Mr. H. two pieces of the stomach of

an old horse, which he killed to-day by order of the owner, as,

notwithstanding it had been turned out at pasture for some time,

it was unable to perform any work.” One of the portions, which

is entirely of the villous structure of the stomach, contains a

cluster of forty-eight larvae of Gast. hemorrhoidalis, and the other

portion, which is half cuticular and the remainder villous, has six

larvee attached to the former and twenty-four upon the latter sur-

face, in all thirty, of the larger kind of Gast. equc; the whole are

nearly full grown and all alive, upon detaching one of them it

speedily refixed itself.* The villous portions of the stomach to

which the bots fixed themselves are much altered in organization,

being generally thickened, somewhat inflamed, and discoloured in

patches with blood, several spots are ulcerated, forming cavities

* In order to keep the parts sweet, and cleanse them from some particles of

vegetable matter and a gocd deal of mucous, they were, in the first instance, and

that immediately, put into strong salt and water for a day or two, when it was

found that even this pickling had induced but very few of them to relinquish their

hold.

74 Mr. W. Sells’ Observations

dipping into the muscular tissue, with raised callous edges, con-

taining a kind of lardaceous matter; at most of the points where

the insect has imbedded its head and part of its body, a circular

warty enlargement appears, and upon squeezing the surrounding

hardened portion where a larva is deeply lodged, some of the

thick white substance alluded to was forced out, but without

compelling the bot to quit its hold: on the other hand, the cuti-

cular portion which had been attacked exhibits but slight com-

parative injury. The preceding observations, in connexion with

the physiological views which could hardly fail to present them-

selves, have led me to a conclusion quite at variance with the

opinions of Mr. B. Clark as to the mode in which the bot is

nourished, but which it may not unfairly be presumed has been

long since modified by that gentleman’s further consideration and

enlarged experience.

The horse’s stomach is a large macerating bag for the vast

quantities of vegetable food of which it is the recipient, and where

its digestion is but partially accomplished, that process being com-

pleted in the expanded head of the colon. Now Mr. Clark’s idea

of the bots feeding either upon the gross vegetable substances, or

the watery juices obtained from them in union with the secretions

of the stomach, (and which, when in a state to be allowed to pass

out of it by the pylorus, is called chyme,) is, to my mind, entirely

erroneous. The bot, when once fixed by the peculiar cross-locking

of its tentacles, rarely quits its hold until full grown and ready to

pass into pupa, and no doubt is mainly supported by sucking

fluids from the vascular structure of the horse’s stomach, and im-

bibing matters secreted in consequence of the wound it inflicts

upon the coats of that organ, and where, as a foreign body, it

proves a constant irritant; this will account for the common

failure of attempts made for the removal of bots by the adminis-

tration of large doses of opium, tobacco, aloes, calomel, or castor

oil, as these several substances do not in that case become mixed

with the proper food of the insect.

As regards the probable effects of the Gasterophili upon the

health of the animals which they inhabit, the opinion which I

shall venture to advance on this matter will tend to prove that I

have not been able to take quite so favourable a view of the inno-

cence, and, indeed, positive salubrity, of these inmates of the

digestive apparatus of the horse, as we find in Mr. Clark’s Essay ;

where, in addition to many sensible and scientific remarks, the

author gives some interesting illustrations of the importance of

counter-irritants, as the happily provided means of preventing

on the Gistride. 10

some diseases, and of retarding the progress of others ; of the

former, he gives us an example from Linnzas, “ that the gnaw-

ings of lice in the head prevent coughs, wheezings, blindness, &c.,”

and of the latter he instances ‘ the benefit derived from a copious

breeding of worms in children of cachectic habits.’ Mr. Clark

appears to include bots in the above class of remedies, and con-

siders that they are not only not injurious in themselves, but that,

through the stimulus they impart to the stomach in the discharge

of its function, they prove really salutary—as the harmless sub-

stitutes for actual disease. I have no doubt that where bots are

in moderate numbers, and attached to the cuticular coat of the

stomach, they interfere little or nothing with the digestive process,

or in any way affect the health or vigour of the horse, as, after a

certain time, they take their departure, when the self-adjusting

vital powers of the organ will speedily restore to a perfectly sound

state the parts of it to which these parasites had so long been

living appendages. On the other hand, when large quantities of

them are found congregated upon the villous coat, especially if

located near the distal or pyloric opening of the stomach, which

is the most sensible and irritable part of it, and there produce

such effects as have been described in a former part of this paper,

it becomes impossible to consider them otherwise than injurious,

and that they must, under such circumstances, impair materially

the health and condition of the animal whose organ of nutrition

is thus formidably attacked. Mr. H., an old veterinarian, an in-

telligent man and of very extensive experience in the diseases of

horses, assures me that in two instances where he had opened the

bodies of horses which had died from internal causes, he found

the coats of the stomach perforated by bots, so that he could pass

the tip of his little finger through the opening, and through which

a portion of its contents had escaped into the cavity of the abdo-

men. Bots were present in great numbers, and must in these

cases (if his statement be true) have, most undoubtedly, been the

immediate cause of death; at the same time, it must be remem-

bered, that such a fact is not in accordance with the usual pro-

cesses of nature during the progress of disease affecting internal

organs.

76 Mr. W. Sells’ Observations

Part I11.—[Read 1 October, 1838.]

Wiru the return of the proper season this year, I resumed my

attention to the economy of the Gasterophili, and extended my

observations to the proceedings of Gstrus bovis, the only species

of that genus respecting which I was at all likely to be successful,

as all my inquiries concerning Wstrus ovis, among intelligent

butchers, were answered by saying that since the very general

preference of the breed of polled sheep, the maggot formerly

found internally near the origin of the horn had become very un-

common.

The Entomological campaign of the current year, as respects

the insects under consideration, having now nearly terminated, I

beg leave to submit such results of the same, in that department,

as are in my hands, to the notice of the Society.

As regards the Gasterophili, between the middle of May and

the end of July, I received many specimens of Hemorrhoidalis,

which made their appearance in the fly state at corresponding dates

up to the end of August. ‘These larvee were chiefly removed by

the finger of the collectors from the verge of the anus of the

horse, and may thus be easily ob‘ained, while those of G. equi

are far more difficult to procure, as they drop with the dung, and

are frequently picked up by poultry. I received one specimen of

the latter as late as August 8th, which buried itself in the mould

nearly two inches, but not having come out has most likely

perished.

On August 27th a fine specimen of G. salutiferus (var. 3 Clk.)

came forth, but owing to the vessel which contained it being incau-

tiously exposed to a powerful sun before the wings were quite

dry, the insect, being very vigorous and active, damaged them

considerably during my absence from home.

I will now give my observations upon @strus bovis in a con-

densed form, according to the order in which they appear in my

journal.

May 4.—Early in this month I commenced my walks among

the farms in my neighbourhood, and visited several dairy

establishments, and lost no time in selecting the more promis-

ing cases for practising the method recommended by the able

author of the Essay on Bots, for the capture of the full

grown larva. I had the cestral tumours, at various periods,

on several cows, carefully shaved and dressed in the most

approved Clarkyan mode, but, although the operation was

performed “ secundum artem”’ with great care, and the plaster

on the Qistride. rar

was powerfully adhesive, it did not, in any instance, prove

successful; owing, chiefly, to the cows being turned out at

night, when, from some disturbing cause or other, the plastered

leather became gradually detached, and I failed to bag my

game in the little muslin pouch provided for its reception.

Having foreseen that the chances of failure in this way were

very great, and as it was evident that the vulgar mode of

squeezing or popping out the larva through the small opening

in the hide, by which the insect obtains air for respiration,

must prove fatal to it, I determined to enlarge the orifice very

freely by means of a director and probe-pointed bistoury,

and then pressing the sides of the sac firmly and carefully

the safe delivery of the insect was easily effected: by this

plan I have been fortunate enough to obtain, as will appear

in the sequel, seven specimens of the fly. ’

May 11.—The larve removed to-day were most of them of

premature growth, being of a beautiful pearly white, and

others of a very pale tawny colour with darker patches.

May 24.—Several specimens of full growth were removed

during the last fortnight, and I noticed for the first time, the

collapsed state of the swellings from which the insects had

taken their departure.

June 7.—The preceding two weeks have procured me many

specimens, some quite white and others dark tawny.

July 23.—Continued procuring larve up to this day; with the

exception of a few remaining in two or three cows, they have

all quitted their snug warm quarters in the midst of plenty,

to hazard the many casualties of a new state of existence.

The greatest number I noticed in any one animal was about

100; they were in a heifer which had been much turned out ;

I succeeded but in one instance to obtain a specimen, which

had come out spontaneously ; the larve were placed on fine

mould, kept slightly damp, in a garden flower-pot, and

covered with gauze, the perfect insects appeared at the fol-

lowing dates :—

July 10.—A male, the shell from which it came forth contained

a good sized drop of a limpid, brownish, purulent fluid.

July 16.—A very fine male.

July 25.—A female.

August 2.—A female.

August 20.—A female, the larva of which having been put

aside by itself on July 11 proves the intermediate stage to

have been exactly forty days.

78 Mr. W. Sells’ Observations on the Gistride.

August 27.—A fine male.

And same day raised the operculum of another, and found

the imago perfect, and shrouded within a very delicate

thin membranous pellicle, interposed between itself and

the inside of the strong shell which is formed by the desic-

cation and hardening of the thick cutis of the larva.

The resemblance of the front or face of the head of Zstrus

bovis, particularly in the female, to the countenance of the monkey

tribe, is very curious and striking; the short setaceous antenne

proceed from two hemispherical naked shining bodies, whose

lighter colour in the circumference, and darker hue in the middle,

completely simulate a pair of eyes, placed in hollows not unlike

sockets ; immediately below these prominences the face is denuded

of hair, and has the appearance of a monkey’s skin; then there

is a naked ridge which rises in the medial line proportionally

higher than the upper part of the nose in the monkey; all the

lower part of the face is very hairy.

The telescopic structure of the ovipositor in the female was

beautifully distinct, especially in a recent state; it consists of two

highly polished cylindrical joints, of an osseous structure, con-

nected one with the other, and the larger to the apex of the

abdomen by a strong ligamentous tissue: at the aperture of the

tube there protruded a soft papilla, being the termination of the

muscular and membranous apparatus enclosed within the horny

tube, and through which the ova pass securely to the destined

place of deposit, which is doubtless, by the infliction of a wound,

in the skin of the animal.

My specimens confirm the correctness of Dr. Leach’s conjecture

that the insect he took on the heath near Plymouth, and first

named @strus ericetorum, is, as he afterwards believed it to be,

the male of @strus bovis.

Mr. W. Bainbridge on the Bolboceras. 79

XII. On several Species of Bolboceras, Kirby, from New

Hlolland, in the Collection of the Rev. F. W. Hope,

F.R.S., &. By the late Mr. Witt1am BaineripGe,

Assistant Curator to the Entomological Sociely of London.

[Read 3 June, 1839.]

M. le Comte Laporte de Castelnau, in the third volume of the

‘* Histoire Naturelle des Animaux Articulés,” makes mention

of about twenty species of Bolboceras, a genus of lamellicorn

beetles allied to Geotrupes. It is remarkable that only one of

them is described as occurring in New Holland, namely the Bol-

boceras Australasia. Observing in the collection of the Rev.

F. W. Hope several new, large, and singular species, I solicited

his permission to describe them, and now offer them to the En-

tomological Society of London.

Sp. 1. Bolboceras Kirbii, Bainbridge.

Testaceus, thorace nigricante, punctatissimo seu varioloso-punc-

tulato, antice fortiter retuso, capite obtuse carinato ¢.

Long. corp. lin. 103, lat. lin. 6.

Corpus subrotundatum, totum supra testaceum, subtus pubescens.

Caput medio cornutum, apice inciso, antice truncatum, angulis

externis fortiter interne incisis; margine inflexo, Thorax

antice retusus, postice rotundatus et punctulatus. -EFytra

striato-punctata. Corpus subtus concolor, pubescens ; tibize

anticee dentatee, ultimo minuto, serraturis nigris; calearia

tibiarum longissima.

This species was received from Melville Island.

I add to the short Latin description a more detailed one in

English.

Entirely of a castaneous brown, the head and punctulated part

of the thorax and scutellum of a darker colour. Head elongate-

quadrate, in the middle is an elevated carina, with the anterior

angles circularly recurved, and descending to the margin; from

whence arises another keel, ascending higher than the first, with

the apex furcate, the intermediate spaces being closely rugulose-

punctate. Thorax convex, very broad behind, anteriorly trun-

cate, roughly punctate in the middle, and very glossy in front,

with two circular perforations near the anterior margin; in the

80 Mr. W. Bainbridge on

centre is a deep, broad, coarsely punctate channel, with a smooth

shining space on each side, the hinder part smooth and shining,

with a line of punctures along the posterior margin. Elytra

convex, glabrous, punctato-striate, shoulders elevated. Body

beneath paler than above, and beset with tawny hairs.

The female of this species is shorter and more convex than the

male, in other points they are very much alike.

Sp. 2. B. latus, Bainbridge.

Castaneus, thorace punctatissimo, antice retuso, capite externe

denticulato.

Long. lin. 9, lat. lin. 55.

Corpus rotundatum, totum supra castaneum, subtus pubescens.

Clypeus irregulariter truncatus, medio incisus. Caput late-

ribus utrinque denticulatis. Thorax sparsim punctulatus,

antice lined transversa elevata irregulari notata, marginibus

serratis. Elytra striato-punctata. Corpus subtus pubescens,

rufo-testaceum, capitulo antennarum flavo.

This species was received from Captain Roe, of the New Set-

tlement of Swan River in Australia.

Entirely of a castaneous brown colour. Clypeus and head

closely punctured, the latter with an undulated carina, with the

ends produced into short horns ; a luniform impression behind.

Thorax broad, retuse, and very much punciate in the front; with

an undulated carina and two punctate impressions at the posterior

angles: smooth and glossy at the base. Scutellum convex,

smooth. Elytra punctato-striate. Legs and body beneath pale

castaneous, beset with tawny hairs.

This species appears to be a female, the male of which is not

known.

Sp. 3. BL. serricollis, Bainbridge ¢.

Castaneus, capite antice dentato; thorace antice retuso, bicornuto,

nigro.

Long. lin. 83, lat. lin. 5.

Totum corpus supra castaneum, infra piceum. Clypeus lune-

formis, angulis externis antice subcornutis. ‘Thorax antice

retusus, In medio prominentia elevata insignis, lateribus

externis serratis, sparsim punctulatis. Elytra striato-punc-

several Species of Bolboceras. 81

tata. Corpus subtus rubro-piceum, pubescens; femoribus

pallidioribus.

Received from Captain Roe, from the Swan River.

Castaneous brown. Head elongate, quadrate, with two lunu-

lated horns, and a lunate impression behind. Thorax very broad,

punctate in the middle, with an elevated carina having an angular

notch in the centre, and .a very large and deep fovea near each

anterior angle, very glossy at the base. Elytra punctate-striate,

shoulders prominent. Body beneath dark castaneous, beset with

tawny hairs. Anterior tibize with five teeth.

The female of this species is very like the male, but is smaller,

and the thorax more truncate anteriorly, which is generally the

case with the females of this genus. ‘The fovea at the anterior

angles of the thorax, so remarkable in the male, are much less

distinct in this sex.

Sp. 4. B. hastifer, Bainbridge.

Piceus, thorace retuso cornuto, elytris nigricantibus; corpore

subtus flavo et tomentoso.

Long. lin. 8, lat. lin. 44.

Clypeus antice emarginatus, capite in medio cornu suberecto ;

binis dentibus utrinque armatus, postice levis. Thorax

antice retusus, postice carinatus, cornu erecto e medio disci

thoracis surgente, apice incrassato. Elytra striato-punctata,

nigricantia. Corpus infra flavum, tomentosum ; oculis atris

nitidis ; tibiis anticis sex-dentatis, serraturis nigris.

This insect was sent to England by Captain Roe, from the Swan

River in New Holland.

Head and thorax castaneous brown. Clypeus broad emarginate.

Head smooth behind, punctate in front, with a short horn at the

apex, and two elevated tubercles on each side near the eyes.

Thorax broad, sparingly punctate, with an upright horn in

the centre with the apex dilated, and surrounded by a nearly

semicircular carina, behind the horn is a deep fovea; the scutellum

is punctate, the disc smooth. Elytra dark brown, deeply punc-

tate-striate; body beneath and legs pale castaneous, clothed with

coarse hairs, Anterior tibize with six teeth.

Sp. 5. B, 7-tuberculatus, Bainbridge.

Totum corpus supra castaneum, infra testaceum et tomentosum,

capite tuberculato.

Long. lin. 8, lat. lin. 43.

82 Mr. W. Bainbridge on

Clypeus emarginatus, capite 5-tuberculato seu dentibus quinque

armato, dente antico robusto, quatuor aliis fere equalibus,

binis lateralibus minutis. Thorax retusus, in medio fovea

fortiter impressus. Elytra striato-punctata. Corpus infra

flavum et tomentosum ; tibiis anticis 6-dentatis, serraturis

nigris.

This insect is also from the Swan River, New Holland.

Castaneous brown. Clypeus with five elevated tubercles, four

at the base and one at the apex. Thorax punctate, with a nearly

semicircular carina, and a large, deep, smooth fovea in the front,

also with a short tubercle in the centre. Scutellum punctate, de-

pressed and anteriorly rugose. Elytra shining, punctate-striate.

Body beneath, and legs, pale castaneous, and clothed with coarse

hairs. Anterior tibize armed with six teeth.

Sp. 6. B. fissicornis, Bainbridge.

Castaneus, capite quinque-dentato, thorace cornuto medio inciso,

corpore subtus flavescenti tomentoso.

Long. lin. 7, lat. lin. 4.

Clypeus subemarginatus, quinque dentibus armatus, dente antico

majori robusto, apice nigro; binis aliis utrinque minoribus.

Thorax retusus, medio cornutus, apice fortiter inciso, seu

melius dentibus binis armatus. Elytra striato-punctata,

nigricantia, humeris pallidioribus. Corpus infra flavum,

valdé tomentosum, femoribus testaceis; oculisque atris et

nitidis.

From the Swan River Settlement.

Castaneus brown. Clypeus punctate, with a short horn at the

apex, and two tubercles on each side at the base. Head smooth

and glossy. Thorax very short, shining, punctate, with a bifid

horn in front, behind which is a deep fovea surrounded by a semi-

circular carina. Elytra pitchy brown, punctate-striate, with the

scutellum, suture, and basal angles, of a paler colour, Body

beneath pale castaneous, and clothed with yellow hairs. Ante-

terior tibiae with six teeth.

Sp. 7. B. trituberculatus, Bainbridge.

Casianeus, capite quinque-dentato, thorace subretuso trituber-

culato.

Long. lin. 7, lat. lin. 45.

Corpus subtus flavo-tomentosum. Clypeus quadridentatus, medio

several Species of Bolboceras. 83

emarginatus. Caput quinque-denticulatum, dentibus fere

zequalibus. Thorax subretusus, medio ternis tuberculis

armatus, interno minori. Elytra striato-punctata, corpus

infra flavum et valdé tomentosum.

From the Swan River.

Castaneous brown. Clypeus quadridentate. Head punctate

in front, smooth behind, with five nearly equal tubercles. Thorax

very shining, sparingly punctate, with three horns in the centre,

the middle one shortest, the lateral ones recurved, behind there is

an oblique glossy space, encircled with an irregular carina. Scu-

tellum glossy, punctate. Elytra pitchy brown, punctate-striate.

Anterior tibize with five teeth.

Mr. Kirby’s species, B. Australasia, described in the Trans-

actions of the Linnean Society (Vol. XII.), is a female, and from

its pale chesnut colour I should consider it as immature. The

male does not appear to be known.

Note.—M. Guérin Meneville has published the descriptions

of two species of this genus, from Swan River, in the

Magasin de Zoologie. (Insectes du Voyage de la

Favorite, p. 50, 51.)—Sec. E. S.

84 Mr. Adam White’s Description

XIII. Description of some Hemipterous Insects of the Sec-

tion Heteroptera. By Apam Wuire, Esq., M.E.S. As-

sistant in the Zoological Department of the British

Museum.

[Read 3 December, 1838.]

Fam. SCUTELLERIDA, Leach. Scutati p. Burm.

Augocoris olivaceus.

A. nitidissimus, fusco-olivaceus, maculis septem cerulescenti-nigris

thorace antice, scutello macula magna basali, miniaceis.

Hab. in America meridionali (Buenos Ayres).

I am indebted to Edward Newman, Esq. F.L.S. for an oppor-

tunity of describing this fine species, as well as Callidea bifasciata,

noticed below.

The next species I shall describe is the tthe

Tectocoris (Pecilochroma*) Childrenit. White, in Charlesworth’s

Mag. of Nat. Hist. Nov. 1839, p. 542. (Plate VII. fig. 1).

T. luteo-fulvus ; thorace antice maculisque 4, ‘scutello maculis 11,

atris ; subtus nigrescenti-purpureus ; pedibus viridibus.

Long. 84 lin., lat. tho. 54 lin.

Hab. in Nepalid. In Mus. Brit.

Head (including eyes, antennz and beak) black, distinctly mar-

gined, ocelli yellow. Thorax yellowish fulvous, in front black,

the black colour extending in a narrow line along the slightly

raised lateral margin; with four transverse black spots, the two

dorsal ones larger and rather square. Legs green. Scutellum

obtuse, of same colour as thorax, with eleven black spots, three

at the base, the central one triangular and largest, two behind

these, four in the middle (the two inner largest), and two near

the tip. Hemelytra black, somewhat shining. Body beneath

purplish black, sides of abdomen with four transverse yellow

lines, sometimes confluent at the base and forming a yellow patch,

end of abdomen green.

Note.—The scutellum in front of the third range of spots is

depressed, but whether this be constant or accidental cannot be

determined.

* I would suggest the separation of this division from the group containing

cyanipes and Banksii, retaining Hahn’s name, Tectocoris, for the latter, and giving

the name of Pecilochroma to the genus of which Cimea Drur@i was the first

described species.

of some Hemipterous Insects. 85

It is of the same formas 7’. Drurei (L.) Hardnickii, affinis,

&c. of Hope, which differ from 7’. Banksit and cyanipes, in hav-

ing the head shorter and squarer in front, the joints of antennze

are also broader and more compressed ; by H. Scheffer it would

be regarded as a Pachycoris. Named in honour of John George

Children, Esq. F.R.S. &c., late president of this society, to whom

I am indebted for innumerable acts of kindness.

Callidea (Calliphara Germ.) bifasciata.

C. luteo-aurantiaca, antennis, capite, thoracis fascid posticd trans-

versd, scutelli maculd dorsali, fascidque subapicali transversd

tabisque cerulescenti-viridibus.

Long. lin. 7. (?)

Hab. in Insulé Maris Pacifici. Dom. D. Wheeler. In Mus.

Dom. Eduardi Newman.

Callidea (Calliphara) parentum, White, |. c. p. 542.

C. supra ochracea, maculis 12 nigris ; pectore, abdominis maculis

lateralibus, pedibusque nitidis, nigro-violaceis.

Long. lin. 83, lat. thor. lin. 43.

Hab. in Australasid? In Mus. Brit.

Head dark shining violet, with two rather long triangular red

marks in front of the eyes; ocelli reddish (antennz wanting in

the Museum specimen). ‘Thorax unarmed, dark ochraceous,

with two dorsal black spots, having each a small black one in

front and towards the side. Legs deep shining purple. Scutellum

ochraceous, the edges tile red; with eight black spots, five at

base, two behind the middle, and one near the tip. Breast dark

shining violet, posterior margin of prothorax beneath red, abdo-

men red, at the end green, sides with dark shining violet spots.

Of the same elongated form as C. dispar.

Note.—It would perhaps be advisable to change the name of

this genus, which comes too near Callidium, not only in sound,

but in signification. Hahn's name, Chrysocoris, might perhaps

be used.

Callidea examinans. (Scutellera examinans, Burchell MSS.)

C. thorace scutelloque testaceo-purpurascentibus, lined dorsali, ma-

culisque utrinque 6, hoc insuper lined tenui laterali, apiceque

cerulescenti-nigris.

Long. lin. 5—6}.

Hab. in Africa austr. (Dom. Burchell). In Mus. Brit.

VOL. III. H

86 Mr, Adam White’s Description

Of the same form as C. 12-punctata, from which it may be at

once known by the slender black margin of the scutellum.

In some specimens the head is entirely of a blueish black, the

basal joints of antenne testaceous, the beak is black, at base red.

In some specimens the three lateral spots on each side of the

dorsal thoracic line are confluent, and in one small sized specimen

(a g ?) the spots and dorsal line are connected in front. ‘Thorax

beneath cobalt blue, lateral margin (above and beneath) and

middle red. Femora red and ciliated, as are the blueish black

tibiz and tarsi. Body beneath testaceous.

Callidea fascialis.

C. punctatissima (leviuscula) lutea, maculis fascidque scutelli trans-

versd, nigris ; abdominis lateribus subtus coccineo-tinctis ac

viridi-maculatis.

Long. lin. 5.

Hab. in Ind. Orient.? In Mus. Brit.

Head short, in front rather blunt, with a large pinkish violet

spot on the side of the two impressed preocular lines, the space

between these being green. Antenne, first joint, testaceous at

base, green at tip. Beak reaches to base of hind legs, black at

tip, at base yellow. Thorax with seven black spots ; two distant

anterior ones in front connected by a narrow slightly curved

black line ; five posterior ones, the central largest and square, ap-

parently connected together at base by an obscure band, which

has a slight pinkish hue on the posterior blunt angle of the thorax.

Legs yellow, femora at tip blueish green, tibize rufescent ciliated.

Scutellum convex, posteriorly bent down, blunt at apex, with a

semicircular impression at base, deepest on the back; at base

there is a narrow transverse black band, sinuated on the posterior

margin; a little before the middle there is another transverse black

band, broadest in the centre, beyond which are three spots, one

of them subapical. Abdomen beneath yellow, sides tinged with

pink, each segment being marked laterally with a black spot, the

inner sides of which are tinged with green.

Callidea Morgani, White, in Charlesw. Mag. u. s., p. 542.

C. pilosiuscula ; cerulescenti-viridis ; thorace maculis 6, scutello 7,

linedque abbreviatd dorsal, atris ; subtus cerulea, plagd medid

luted,

Long. lin. 9, lat. thor. lin. 4.

Hab. in Afric. trop. (Fantee, Sierra Leone), in Mus. Brit.

of some Hemipterous Insects. 87

Head blueish green, throat yellow, ocelli rufous, having a small

spot in front black, as is the space between the impressed lines

on crown of head. Beak and antenne black. Thorax in front

with a slight transverse groove, blueish green, with six black

spots, the posterior three largest; there is also a small one on

the obtuse posterior angle. Legs blueish green, femora, except

at tips, coxee and trochanters orange. Wings black, hemelytra

shining. Scutellum golden green, with seven black spots, (2, 2, 2, 1,)

and a black dorsal line extending longitudinally from the base to

beyond the second pair of spots. Abdomen beneath blue, with a

large yellow space in middle, sides with two ranges of black

spots, the inner ones largest, penultimate segment beneath green,

with a large three-lobed mark at base. ‘Two specimens of this

species, along with a large and fine collection of Sierra Leone

insects, were presented to the British Museum by the Rev. D. F.

Morgan, to whom this beautiful species is dedicated,

Note on the genus Petroruora.

In 1826, I believe, M. Guérin published, in the Entomological

part of the “ Voyage de la Coquille” (Insectes, Pl. XI. fig. 7), a

figure of one of the Scutelleride, remarkable for its antennee having

an elongated and slightly curved second joint, the third being minute

and punctiform; he named it Scutiphora rubro-maculata. In 1828,

the Rev. Wm. Kirby, in the third volume of his joint-work with

Mr. Spence (p. 516), apparently alludes to this species, when he

refers to a Scutellera from New Holland, in which the second joint

of the antennz “ is nearly as long as all the rest of the joints

taken together ;” from this circumstance he gives it the name of

Sc. pedicellata. M. Laporte, in his ‘“ Essai,” &c., published in the

volume of Guérin’s Magasin de Zoologie for 1832, characterizes

Guérin’s genus Scutiphora (p. 71), adding, that one species only

is known, anative of New Guinea. Dr. Burmeister, in the second

volume of his Handbuch, published in 1835, perhaps not impro-

perly alters Scutiphora to Peltophora, and tells us, that the third

joint of the antennz is one-third or one-twelfth shorter than the

second. He describes two species from New Holland, existing in

the Berlin collection, the last described of which is also found in

New Guinea: the first he characterizes as having the third joint

of the antennz eleven times less than the second—this is the Pelt.

rubromaculata figured by Guérin, as mentioned above ; the second

species is described as having the third joint of the antenne three

times less than the second. ‘This latter species of Burmeister,

H 2

88 Mr. Adam White’s Description

from analogy and examination of many specimens, I believe to

be the female of the other. Dr. Burmeister, on the authority of a

letter, quotes the Scutellera corallifera of Macleay as synonymous

with the rubro-maculata. In the Appendix to King’s Voyage,

vol. 11. p. 466, this species is described ; and if not the same as

the Scutellera dux, Kirby (Linn. Trans. xii. p. 474), and Se.

basalis, G. R. Gray, (Griff. A. K. Ins. ii. p. 233, pl. 92), it is a

very closely allied species. Had Dr. Burmeister ever seen Mr.

Macleay’s description, he would not have been led into this mis-

application of the synonyme.

Cotzoticuus, White, in Mag. Nat. Hist. u.s. p. 541.

Tetyra costata of Fabricius seems to me to have characters

entitling it to the rank of a genus, which might be placed between

Tetyra as restricted by Burmeister (EKurygaster, Laporte) and

Pachychoris, to a species of which it has a considerable degree of

resemblance. If no name has been previously assigned it, I

would suggest that of Coleotichus. Its characters are as follows:

Head somewhat square, in front triangular, eyes prominent.

Beak four-jointed, reaching to base of hind pair of legs, joints

neatly of equal length, the second the most slender, received in a

sternal groove, the walls of which project between first pair of

legs, behind which they gradually diminish in height, increasing

in thickness as they approach the second pair, beyond this they are

very broad, and in front surround the trochanter of hind pair of

legs. (Pl. VIL. fig. 2.) Antenne rather short (situated on underside

of head about midway between eye and beak, the base concealed

from view by the projecting flap of underside of prothorax), five-

jointed, first, third and fifth nearly equal in length, second shortest,

and fourth rather the longest, all the joints cylindrical. Thorax

nearly as long as broad, much rounded posteriorly. Scutellum

as long as abdomen (which it entirely covers), with a slightly

raised dorsal line. Body above depressed, beneath considerably

flattened.

Coleotichus costatus was first described from a specimen in the

Banksian Cabinet, and is still preserved there. Donovan figured

this specimen, but his figure is bad. This species does not seem

to be common in collections, and is apparently unknown on the

continent.* The British Museum collection contains two muti-

lated individuals from New Holland.

* T have just seen Germar’s Monograph of the Scutelleride, published in his

‘« Zeitschrift fiir die Entomologie;” he arranges this insect in the genus Tetyra,

as restricted by some authors, but he has evidently not seen the species, as his

of some Hemipterous Insects. 89

The next species to be described comes near the beautiful Scu-

tellera lineata, by far the most beautiful of all the European

Scutelleride. It may be characterized as follows.

Scutellera (Trigonosoma, Burm.) interrupta,

Gaphosoma interruptum, White, |. c., p. 41.

S. migra, thorace lineis tribus, dorsali solum elongatd, parlisque

posterioris arcubus ochraceis ; scutello lineis tribus margineque

tenui ochraceis, capite acuminato.

Long. lin. 6}.

Hab. in Ins. Teneriffe. In Mus. Brit.

This differs from the Sc. lineata in having a more pointed head,

with a dorsal red line ; and instead of the thorax having, as in that

species, five distinct and continuous longitudinal lines, it has only

three, an elongated dorsal, and two abbreviated yellowish red

ones, reaching from the anterior margin to beyond the middle.

On each side near the posterior angle of thorax is an incurved

elongated spot, the anterior lateral margin slightly, and the pos-

terior more broadly, edged with yellowish red as in lineata. The

scutellum has three red lines, the central one not reaching the

apex, the lateral ones gradually diminish in thickness as they

approach the middle, where they become very obscure, but at

length dilate on the margin, and reach almost to the apex; the

side of scutellum is slightly margined with the same colour. The

upper projecting part of abdomen is black, and not spotted with

red as in lineata; the sides beneath are also very obscurely spotted

with black. Legs yellow, with a black ring in front of the apex

of femora. Note.—The yellowish red colour may in life be as

bright as in the corresponding Sc. lineata and semipunctata.

(Since this paper was read I have described another allied species,

brought from Persia by Sir John Mc Neill, under the name of

S. (G.) Wilsont, Mag. of Nat. Hist., Nov. 1839, p. 540.)

The Rev. Mr. Hope’s Podops spinifera seems to be syno-

nymous with the Telyra spinosa of Fabricius, who described it

twice under different names, in the Supplement to his Ent. Syst.

M. Laporte’s generic name Oxynotus has been pre-occupied by

Mr. Swainson in Ornithology, and must consequently be altered ;

Cyrtocoris might not improperly be applied to it.

description is merely a translation of that of Fabricius. In my opinion it comes

close to the genus Sulenosthedium of Spinola (Essai, &c. p. 360; 1837), with

which Celoglossa of Germar (Zeitsch. Xc. p. 130; 1839) is synonymous. (1840,)

90 Mr. Adam White’s Description

The Plataspis punctatus of Westwood, Canopus punctatus of

Leach, described and figured by Mr. G. R. Gray in Griffith’s

Animal Kingdom, was first described by the late Dr. Leach, in

the Appendix to Bowdich’s Travels. (In “The Entomologist” for

July, 1841, I described a species sent from W. Africa by the

late Mr. Ridley, under the name of P. Bucephalus; from an

oversight of my own, the subgeneric name of CERatocoris was

omitted, which I now apply to it, the type being C. Bucephalus

(Entomologist, p. 136), in the Museum Collection. July, 1842.)

CoripLatus, White.

The next insect described seems to me to belong to a genus

distinct from any yet characterized, though possibly it might be

placed by some authors in Sciocoris, by others in Empicoris, Dini-

dor, or Dryptocephalus. 1 propose for it the generic name above

mentioned.

Head very flat, oblong, in front emarginate, eyes slightly pe-

dunculated, having a spine in front, ocelli distant. Beak long,

second joint longest. Antenne five-jointed, situated on the

underside of head, close to the margin at the base of the spine

joints nearly equal in length, first thickest. Thorax broader than

long, highest behind, on the forepart in the middle rounded for

reception of head, lateral margin with three lobes, the central

thickest and rounded at tip, the other two sharp. Scutellum -

nearly if not as long as abdomen, not covering hemelytra, at base

broad, lateral margins angulato-sinuate, rounded at tip, membra-

naceous part of hemelytra apparently with six somewhat forked

veins. Abdomen serrated, scarcely broader than hemelytra, much

depressed. I only know of one species from South America,

which I call

C’. depressus. (Plate VII. fig. 3.)

C. flavus, mgro-punctatus, antennis pedibusque nigro-variis.

Long. lin. 53.

Hab. in Demerara. In Mus. Brit.

Yellow, with many impressed black dots, in some places grouped

together, giving the insect a greyish appearance. Antenne an-

nulated and spotted with black, legs spotted with black, femora

at base beneath yellow.

Dryptocephalus ? (Cephaloplatus,) Pertyi.

D. punctalissimus, ferrugineo-luteus, capite bilobo, hemelytrorum

parte membranaced, venis maculisque nigris.

1 jal

Long. lin. 54.

Hab. in Brasilia. In Mus. Brit.

of some Hemipterous Insects. 91

This differs from the Dryptocephale Brullec (Storthia livida

Perty), asperula and cydnoides (Storthia) Perty, in having the head

only two-lobed; the eyes are much larger than in D. Brullei. I

have given it the subgeneric name of CEPHALOPLATUS.

A mutilated insect, from the Congo expedition, in some re-

spects coming near the description of the lie lanceolata and

hastata of Fabr, and Megarhynchus acanthurus Hope, has the long

rostrum of Atelocera, but, instead of an oblong second joint to

the antenna, has it cylindrical. I describe it under the name of

Asha? gracilis.

A. punctatissima, pallide virescens, capitis margine, thoracis parte

anticd linedque submarginal abbreviatd nigris.

Long. lin. 7, lat. 24.

Hab. Congo. In Mus. Brit.

Head much acuminated, indistinctly cloven for nearly half its

length, beak pale green, four-jointed, reaching to base of hind

pair of legs, second joint longest, the fourth black, antennz (mu-

tilated). ‘Therax widest behind, in front with two abbreviated

submarginal black lines, and a small smooth space on each side

of them, having a black spot on the inner angle. Scutellum

somewhat pointed, half the length of abdomen. Hemelytra

(membranaceous part) with seven rather straight veins, and indis-

tinct ones between them. Abdomen somewhat serrated on the

margin, gradually narrowing towards the tip, palest beneath in

the middle and on the margin, which has also five black spots.

Legs pale yellow, the tibize slightly ciliated.

Ailia (Megarhynchus, Laporte) c@nosa.

AEl. sordidé brunnea, scutello subtusque pallidioribus, capite fisso,

acuminato, thoracis parte posticd in spinam validam porrecta ;

antennarum apicibus fulvis.

Long. lin. 8-83.

Hab. Gambia. In Mus. Brit.

Head cloven, black. Antenne black, five-jointed, first short,

second, third and fourth nearly equal, fifth rather longer, fulvous

at tip. Thorax in front slightly serrated, punctato-rugose be-

neath, with an interrupted lateral palish line. Scutellum rounded

at end, pale brown, with three longitudinal rows of unequal ele-

vated points. Membranaceous part of hemelytra with black spots

on the sides of the seven rather straight nerves.

This insect is not uncommon in collections from the Gambia,

and may prove a dark coloured variety of Megarhynchus mar-

ginellus, Hope.

92 Mr, Adam White’s Description

Spartocerus ? erythromelas.

S. pilosiusculus, aterrimus, thoracis lunuld, hemelytrorum basi, ma-

culdque medid, miniaceis.

Long. 10 lin., lat. thor. 43 lin., abd. 53.

Hab. Brasilia. In Mus. Brit.

Beak reaches to base of hind legs. Head cloven, black, cheeks

and line over eye red, beak and antenne black, ocelli rather dis-

tant, clear. Thorax black, with a semicircular red line, exteriorly

notched behind, beneath red, with a broad black band in centre,

reaching the sides in front. Scutellum small, black. Hemelytra

black, base of coriaceous part, as well as a spot near the internal

margin, red, Sides of abdomen projecting above, red spotted

with black.

Spartocerus dorsalis.

S. ochraceo-ruber, antennis, thoracis maculd, scutello, hemelytrorum

parte membranaced, pedibusque nigris.

Long. lin, 8-10.

Hab. Mexico. Dom Taylor. In Mus. Brit.

Derepteryx, White, Mag. Nat. Hist. Nov. 1839, p. 542.

The genus Cerbus of Habn, appearing susceptible of division,

one of its sections may be characterized under the above

name, as follows:—Abdomen in both sexes extending beyond

hemelytra, the posterior part of thorax very much dilated, the

dilated portion extending forwards beyond head, first joint of the

antennz longest, second rather longer than third, and the fourth,

which is slightly curved, being rather shorter than third. Beak

reaches beyond base of first pair of legs. Hemelytra with four

principal veins, which are much forked. Tarsi three-jointed, first

joint strong, longer than second and third put together, hairy,

under side densely clothed with short hair.

Cerbus (Derepteryx) Grayii. (Plate VII. fig. 4.)

C. (D.) fuscus, thorace supra verrucoso, marginibus serratis, tibiis

omnibus compressis membranaceis. & femoribus valde incrassatis,

subtus spinosis, tibiis posticis ad apicem interne dente valido

mstructis.

@ femoribus paulo incrassatis, tibiis posticis basi lobo rotundato.

Long. lin. 134, lat. thor. lin. 7.

Hab. in Nepalid. In Mus. Brit. Named after J. E. Gray, Esq.

F.R.S. Keeper of the Zoological Collections of the British

Museum,

of some Hemipterous Insects. 93

Cerbus (Derepteryx) Hardnickii.

C. (D.) thorace serrato, dorso satis levi, transverseque rugoso, tibiis

(in femina saltem) simplicibus.

Long. lin. 12, lat. thor. lin. 62.

Hab. in Nepalia. In Mus. Brit.

This handsome insect is dedicated to the late indefatigable

General Hardwicke, who bequeathed his valuable collection of

Natural History and Drawings to the British Museum.*

In both species there is a compound tooth at the apex of all

the femora.

Cauuiprerss, White, Mag. of Nat. Hist. Nov. 1839, p. 543.

The species here to be described seems to form a distinct

genus among the Capsini, and has some interesting points of ana-

logy with some of the other families. It is of an oblong elliptical

form. Head small, with a distinct neck, in front slightly three-

lobed, Antennze (mutilated) situated on a slightly projecting

lobe’ on the upper side of head, in front of the eyes, which are

very prominent, first joint not so long as head and thorax, ciliated,

cylindrical, rather thickest at tip. There is a depression between

the eyes, which narrows and is continued to the back part of

head, the narrowed part being impressed on the sides, no ocelli.

Beak short, not reaching far beyond first pair of legs, apparently

three-jointed, second joint longer than first and third. Thorax

semicircular, not so broad as hemelytra, somewhat truncated be-

hind, in front emarginate, and margined as are the slightly sinu-

ated distinctly ciliated sides. Scutellum as long as head and

thorax together, pointed. Hemelytra large, reaching beyond ab-

domen, the membranaceous part seven-veined, the two interior

almost united at base, the two exterior united at tip. Legs

slender, hairy. Tarsi three-jointed, first joint as long as second

* In 1814 Dr. Leach described in the Zoological Miscellany, vol. i. tab. 40, a

New Holland species of Coreide, under the name of Mictis crucifera. It seems

to be identical with the Lygeus profanus, Fabr. Syst. Rhyng, 211.33. Anisoscelis

profanus, Guérin, Iconographie, pl. 55, fig.9. Burmeister regards it as synonymous

with the Lygeus sanctus of Fabricius, and places it in his genus Crinocerus, the

name he applies to that division of insects, separated from Lygeus of authors by

Palisot de Beauvois, (and described by him in his ‘ Insectes recueillis,’ &c. p.204,)

under the name of Acanthocerus. Mr. Macleay subsequently applied the name

to a genus of Trogide (Hore Ent. i. p. 136), so that the name of the latter

must be altered, and if no other has been given it, | would propose that of Cera-

TOCANTHUS, the type being the North American C, eneus (Macl. 1. c. p. 137.)

94 Mr. Adam White’s Description.

and third together, claws furnished with pads. Abdomen flat

above, slightly convex below, margined.

For this I propose the name Calliprepes. The species comes

from Nepaul, and is named after George Robert Gray, Esq.

C. Grayii.

C. virescenti-luteus ; thorace maculis 2 dorsalibus deltoideis rubris,

scutello maculis 2 basalibus rubris ; hemelytrorum parte mem-

branaced lined basali obscurd, coriaced, apice lined viridi

transversd.

Long. lin. 7, lat. thor. 23.

Hab. in Nepaliaé. Mus. Brit.

I may perhaps add, that the beautiful genus Eucerocoris of Mr.

Westwood, the locality of which at its publication was unknown

to its author, (Ent. Trans. ii. p. 22,) comes from Sierra Leone,

and that a second species exists in the Museum collection, which

appears to be distinct from the mgriceps. Should it prove a

distinct species, I propose for it the name of

Eucerocoris Westwoodii.

E. flavido-testaceus, capite, thoracis lobo postico supra, scutelloque

nigerrimis, thoracis parte antica abdomineque flavido-testaceis,

hemelytris fuscescentibus lucidis ; antennis, rostro pedibusque

obscure ochraceis.

Long. lin. 34.

Hab. in Sierra Leone Africae, Dom. Morgan. In Mus. Brit.

On the Wings of the Hemiptera. 95

XIV. On the Wings of the Hemiptera. By R.J. Asuton,

TO Ry sins DOSEN

[Read 6th November, 1837.]

At a meeting of this Society, some months ago, I exhibited an

insect (Centrotus cornutus) as affording an instance of the con-

nection of the anterior and posterior wings during flight, in an

order (Hemiptera) in which I believed it was not known to exist.

I was not, at that time, aware of the fact which I have since

ascertained, viz. that the possession of a connecting apparatus

in the wings is not peculiar to the insect adduced, but is common

(I believe without exception) to the whole order of Hemiptera,

or to the allied orders of Hemiptera and Homoptera, of some ento-

mologists. This has struck me as involving a somewhat curious

circumstance, inasmuch as one of the orders of insects is founded

principally on this character, and derives its name (//ymenoptera)

(see Note 1) therefrom; it is not a little strange, therefore, that

its occurrence throughout another order should not have been

long ago noticed, as it renders the name Hymenoptera inappro-

priate as the designation of the order so named.

The existence of a peculiar uniting apparatus in some of the

nocturnal Lepidoptera is indeed an old observation, but there it is

not an universal, nor indeed an usual character, being found in

very few instances.

As I believe that the structure by which this union of the

wings is effected in the Hemiptera has never been described, I

may perhaps be excused for offering a description of it.

I have discovered two distinct organizations whereby the wings

are united in the majority of instances, and I conceive that what-

ever variations may exist in the structure in particular insects

from the types I am about to describe, are merely modifications

of one or the other of these forms.

In Notonecta Glauca there is found, at the hinder margin of

the under side of the anterior wing, two small corneous projec-

tions, curved and inclined at the top towards each other, leaving

merely a small slit or opening between them above, and forming

together a short cylindrical groove or socket parallel to the hinder

edge of the wing. (See Plate VII. fig.5 a,b.) At the point which

answers to this in the posterior wing (fig. 6 z), the membrane at

the anterior margin is turned up and slightly backwards, and the

edge is thickened so as to form a prominent and moderately

96 Mr. R. J. Ashton on the

thick rib. This rib, when the insect unites its wings, passes

through the narrow slit above mentioned, and thus catches and

is retained in the groove during the insect’s flight. Of the efficacy

of this simple contrivance for the purpose in question, any one

may satisfy himself by the difficulty experienced in disengaging

the wings of one of these insects when united. I must not omit

in this place to mention the instance exhibited here of the perfec-

tion usque ad imum with which all the creations of Omnipotence

are endowed; for although the apparatus I have thus endeavoured

to describe is so minute as to require an exceedingly high micro-

scopic power to examine it, yet is the interior of the groove dis-

covered to be lined with a pubescence apparently similar to that

beneath the tarsi of many insects, doubtless principally for the

purpose of protecting the membrane of the wing from abrasion or

injury by friction whilst inclosed in it.

The other form of the structure to which I have above alluded

is the following. In the insects so constituted, a small portion of

the anterior edge of the hinder wing is turned upwards, and from

it a simple corneous process projects backwards, the general form

of which is represented at fig. 8, as it occurs in the above men-

tioned insect, Centrotus cornutus. This process does not occur

upon the principal nervure of the wing which runs along the

anterior margin, but rather on the (generally narrow) portion of

membrane found anterior to that nervure, and quite at the edge

of the wing. This tooth or process of the posterior wing catches

into a corresponding recess formed in the hinder margin of the

under side of the anterior wing, the edge of which, at that point,

is bent down and reflected forwards, forming a small channel for

the reception of the above process. (Fig. 7.) I have ascertained

that the under side of the process above described is finely

dentated, and have little doubt that there is a corresponding in-

dentation in the recess, which considerably strengthens the union

of the parts when joined.

The point at which the wings unite is, in all cases that I have

examined, situated at the apical extremity of the hinder nervure

of the anterior wing, and where that wing possesses a membra-

nous piece at its extremity, as in Notonecta, is just at the point of

division between the corneous and membranous points ; conse-

quently the point of union varies according to circumstances

connected with the form, &c. of the wing, in some being pro-

portionably nearer to, and in others further from the base of the

wing.

From the examination I have made amongst insects of this

Wings of the Hemiptera. oa

order, I incline to the opinion that the structure first described

is the peculiar characteristic of the Heteropterous division of the

Hemuptera, and that that last described is peculiar to the Homop-

terous division of that order. I think I am justified in estimating

the former structure as the more perfect, and consequently more

difficult to disengage of the two. Iam perhaps incorrect in the

view I now advance of the occasion for a different structure in

the two divisions of this order, but the difference which presents

itself in the nature of the wings in those two divisions naturally

suggests it. May not the more homogeneous texture of the upper

and under wings, and the comparatively firmer and more compact

structure of the lower one in the Homoptera, require a less intimate

fastening of the two together than in the Heteroptera? in which the

wings, from the lower one being comparatively thinner and more

membranous. in its texture, and its structure being adapted for

folding up when at rest, (which necessarily detracts from its com-

pactness and firmness when extended,) are probably more exposed

to accidental disturbances during flight, and more difficult to re-

engage when separated, thus requiring a comparatively more per-

fect and inseparable connexion.

By the detection of the above described apparatus, the true

alary nature of the hemelytra in this order is established, which

hitherto appears to have been more or less a subject of doubt

amongst entomologists.

The difference between the simple structures I have above

described, and the more complex series of hooklets which con-

nect the wings of the Hymenoptera, is interesting.

I apprehend that were the wings of the latter not actually

united along the greater part of their length, they would not,

from their membranous texture, present one firm and air-tight

surface to act on the air, which I conjecture to be essential in

both these orders. This, in the Hemzptera, is effected by the

more firm texture of the upper wing, and the peculiar relative

forms of the two wings when united.

I cannot conclude without drawing attention to the circum-

stance, that the Hemiptera, in possessing this apparatus, appear

to occupy the place of transition (as respects the wings) from the

Coleoptera, in which the upper wings are simply organs of pro-

tection, to the Hymenoptera, in which they are purely organs of

flight; those of the Hemiplera partaking in about equal degree

of both these characters, the texture of the upper wing also being

actually divided, so that about a moiety nearly approaches to

each of the two orders in question, and the connecting apparatus

98 Mr. W. Spence’s Observations on the

appearing also (as I submit) of a rudimentary or intermediate

nature. (Note 2.)

Note 1.—I am aware that ‘ du)v” also signifies “ membrana,”

but assume that the word was elegantly used, originally, to denote

the peculiar feature of the wings of the Hymenoptera, which the

yoked-connection or union (quasi matrimony) between them pre-

sented, because used in the former sense of ‘‘ membrane,” it is

quite as applicable to the Homoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera, &c.

which would deprive the name of its significance. In either case,

however, it is now equally inappropriate.

Note 2.—Linnzeus appears to have propounded an observation

nearly approaching the above, when he says, ‘‘ Hemelytra media

quasi alas inter et elytra” (Syst. Nat. ed. 12, i. 534), though he

was unacquainted with the existence of the uniting apparatus

between the wings, which is the ground of the above proposition.

XV. Observations on the Destruction of the Apple Crop by

Insects. By W.Srence, Esq., F.R.S., &c.

[Read August, 1838.]

Arter spending five weeks very pleasantly at Cheltenham, we

bent our course, about three weeks ago, to this charmingly ro-

mantic watering place (Malvern), where, being close to the great

cider districts of Herefordshire and Worcestershire, my attention

has been so strongly attracted by the deplorable failure of the

apple crop, and the apparent probability of its being caused by

insects, that I cannot help addressing you to suggest whether it

might not be desirable that the Entomological Society should

institute an investigation into the cause of the mischief, which

(as by all accounts it extends to Devonshire and throughout the

kingdom, the cider growers declaring that where they usually

made fifty casks they will not this year make five) will evidently

cause a very serious loss, of which, in every point of view, it

would be creditable to us at least to attempt to ascertain the

cause; and this, it strikes me, might be best effected by calling

upon such of the members as reside in the apple districts to com-

municate their observations, and to make inquiries as to the facts

of the case.

I have of course made inquiries of the farmers near here, who

gave me just the answer I expected—* Oh, a blight, caused by

Destruction of the Apple Crop by Insects. 99

the frosty nights in May.” But that mere direct frost was not the

cause, seems proved by their own distinct statement, that the

blight took place before the full expansion of the blossom, which,

it is well known, will bear a very severe cold before being unfolded.

From such observations as I have been able to make, I am strongly

inclined to suspect that the real cause of the “ blight” is a pinkish

coloured Aphis, of which I have invariably found swarms in the

few leaves immediately surrounding the dead calyxes of the abor-

tive tufts of blossom, or their most abundant exuviz, when the

leaves being completely killed and blackened, were deserted for

more succulent pasture. Of their number an idea may be had

frorn the fact that on one single apple leaf at the base of a tuft of

dead blossom, I found nine pupze of Coccinella bipunctata, which

had evidently in their larva state found ample food from the

Aphides close to them.

Now it is in this way that I conceive the mischief has been

done. The few leaves accompanying a tuft of apple blossom are

but half or one-third expanded when the blossom unfolds; but

still there can be little doubt that they furnish the supply of sap

(whether in its first or elaborated state, the vegetable physiologists

must decide) which is to forward and complete the expansion of

the blossom. If, therefore, this sap be intercepted by numerous

Aphides just before the blossom is about to open, nothing can be

more likely than that the blossom should not expand at all, but

die and become abortive, as has actually taken place. And this

supposition seems strongly confirmed by what I have repeatedly

observed as to the fruit, viz. that whenever a single apple or

cluster of two or three, as are now and then seen, have their full

size and a healthy aspect, they are always accompanied by healthy

and fully-expanded leaves, without any appearance on them either

of Aphides or their exuvie; whereas in the cases, which also

occur occasionally, of one or more apples having survived in a

tuft whose leaves have been attacked by Aphides, they are in-

variably deformed and not one-fourth of their proper size—in fact,

mere abortions, Why the attacks of this Aphis have been so

much more general and fatal this year than usual, may, I think,

be explained by the very backward spring; owing to which,

broods of young Aphides were hatched before the leaves were

out, and probably subsisted on the sap of the buds of the apple

trees, and were thus able in full force to assail the leaves the

moment they expanded, and at once drain them of all their fluid ;

just as I observed, this spring, the tinged buds of sycamores, a

full week or more before a single leaf was out, to be covered

100 Mr. W. Spence’s Observations, Sc.

with a numerous brood of very young Aphides, which subse-

quently I saw had transferred themselves to the leaves when they

appeared.

I throw out these hasty ideas just as they suggest themselves,

without at all considering them as leading to any conclusive result,

which can only be obtained by far more extensive and minute in-

quiries than I have had an opportunity of making, and especially

by observations began on the spot from the earliest commence-

ment of the mischief, the communication of which I conceive

might be obtained in the way already suggested, and which may

very probably show that other causes have been concerned. It is

very probable that this subject has already received the attention

of the Society, but it so often happens that one errs by taking

matters of this sort for granted, that I thought it best to run the

risk of making a superfluous suggestion. Every thing connected

with cider becomes now of additional interest, if what has been

lately stated in a Devonshire paper in bewailing the failure of their

apple crop be correct, that there is now a considerable and in-

creasing export of it to Turkey, those good casuists, the Mussul-

mans, having found out that, not being wine, it cannot come under

their prophet’s prohibition.

Hops, in Worcestershire, are as complete a failure as apples.

In addition to the hosts of Aphides, a Haltica has riddled the

leaves like network.

Mr. W. Sells’s Entomological Notes. 101

XVI. Entomological Notes. By the late W. Seuts, Esq.,

M.E.S.

My pear Sir, Norbiton, March 23, 1839.

On the other side is the little sketch of my plan for arranging

Entomological illustrations which I promised you, and perhaps

you may be able to prevail upon some of the young and active

among the lovers of Entomology, to devote their diligent attention

to working out some of its compartments; as by giving a rational

and useful character to the pursuit, we add so materially to the

interest, as well as promote the dignity, of the science which we

cultivate.

Believe me always, dear Sir,

Very faithfully yours,

WitiiaM SELLs.

To J. O. Westwood, Esq.

A Plan for Arranging a Cabinet containing Illustrations of the

Habits and Economy of Insects.

A CABINET of insects, intended to contain illustrations of the

habits and economy of the different tribes, and to be of a com-

prehensive nature, should consist of not less than sixteen or

eighteen ordinary sized drawers, with two sufficiently deep for

the larger sized nests, &c., and two more of an intermediate

depth. Table-cases for public institutions (e. g. the British

Museum) are of course preferable.

The subjoined scheme is that which I have mainly followed in

my own arrangement.

TRANSFORMATIONS—as showing the several conditions of insect

life.

Ist. SepaRATELY—Ova, or eggs, arranged according to the dif-

ferent orders; egg-shells ; egg-cases, as of Mantis and Blatta,

and sections to show the interior of the same.

2nd. Larve, according to the different orders, with specimens

showing the several moults of particular insects.

3rd. Pupe, according to the orders.

Ath. Shells, or exuvize of pupe.

5th. Cocoons and nests.

Comsinep—-Showing interesting examples from the various orders

VOL. III. I

102 Mr. W. Seils’s Entomological Notes.

where the several changes are exhibited together, under one

view ; for instance, in the case of the bot among the Diptera.

a. Horsehairs upon which the ova have been deposited ;

b. larvee in the several stages of growth; c. the pupa;

d. imago of both sexes.

Tue Economy oF Particutar Insects.

Ist. Bees; showing the numerous and beautiful facts apper-

taining to this race of creatures ; as comb, nests, parasites,

&c., &c., in the honey, mason, carpenter, upholsterer, and

other bees, including the Bombi.

2nd. Wasps illustrated in a similar manner.

3rd. Hornets ditto.

4th. Silkworms, and other silk-spinning larvee.

5th. Gall insects.

6th. Spiders ; their nests, egg-cases, silk, &c.

SexvuaL Distinctions; exhibiting the more striking instances in

the several orders.

Moysrrosities ; hermaphrodism and imperfect development of

parts.

ANALoGiIEs between insects of different orders.

Position oF WINGs, in repose.

PARASITES ; a most interesting department.

Contrasts, as of insects, with the other classes of insects, viz.,

magnitude and minuteness.

Insects InJuRIoUs TO Man; directly, to his person,

indirectly, as attacking animals, viz. the horse, cow, sheep, &c.

as attacking vegetable substances, viz. the turnip,

hop, sugar-cane ; the wood-borers and timber-

feeders; the destroyers of wool and furs; with

specimens of the injured material.

Insects usrruL To Man; as cochineal, gall, silkworm, &c.

Dissections of insects.

MIscELLANEOUS.

Notes.—Eggs should be punctured with the finest of needles,

when they will dry without shrivelling ; hot water destroys colour

and makes them contract.

Larvee that have been long immersed in spirits, and thereby

much hardened, admit of being opened, stuffed with cotton, and

dry very successfully.

Good illustrations of the principal digestive organs and parts

of generation in insects, may often be procured from even old

and otherwise damaged specimens, by immersing them in boiling

water for a minute or two; and although the more delicate

Mr. W. Sells’s Experiments on Honeycomb. 103

parts, as the hepatic vessels, may not be shown, the oesophagus,

stomach, and intestinal canal, also the ovaries, &c. will often be

very perfect.

Experiments nith portions of old Honeycomb.

[Read 3rd June, 1839.] .

Aprit 2. Subjected 30 grains of old honeycomb-cells, free from

pollen, repeatedly to the action of boiling water by macera-

tion, stirring them frequently ; the little wax remaining at

the outward edges of the cells became melted, and the cells

separated from one another ; when perfectly dry they weighed

27 grains, having lost only three grains in weight.

April 5. Weighed 24 ounces of comb, and boiled it in water for

10 minutes ; strained the fluid, and obtained about 3 drams

of wax; dried the remainder during 6 hours in an oven,

when it weighed 14 ounces.

April 10. Placed 24 ounces of comb in an oven for 8 hours, it

yielded only about 2 drams of wax ; and the comb, although

so long exposed to such considerable heat, weighed near 2

ounces.

The greater reduction of weight in the second experiment

proves that much soluble matter had been taken up by the water

in boiling.

April 15. Exposed a quantity of the comb which had been

acted upon by boiling and then dried, to the heat of a coal

fire, in a shovel placed over the same; as soon as it was

quite exsiccated, it inflamed and burnt to carbon, each cell

retaining its original form.

This change of the original waxen cell into a substance of so

very different a nature is a curious and interesting fact, and not

undeserving of further observation.

Note respecting the Egg-cases of Blatte.

{Read October Ist, 1838.]

Havine lately received from the Island of Jamaica, among other

things, many specimens of the egg-capsules of three species of

Blatte, I was induced to examine their internal structure, and, as

I o

104 Mr. W. Sells on Egg-cases of Blatte.

the results are somewhat interesting to the entomologist, they

appeared to me to be not unworthy of being submitted to the

notice of the Society.

The egg-cases of Kakerlac orientalis, or common house cock-

roach of Jamaica, is longer and flatter than those of the other

species, having twenty-two to twenty-four teeth along the thin

serrated edge, which corresponds with the number of eggs con-

tained within. The latter are lodged in two layers placed trans-

versely, twelve in a row; there is a septum, or partition, running

the whole length of the case, and separating the rows of eggs;

each egg has its own distinct recess.

The cases of Slaberus Madere, commonly called knocker in

Jamaica, are shorter than the former, but much wider, and have

sixteen dentations at the edge ; one of these contained ninety-six

specimens of a small species of Chalcidide, and another is filled

with the pupz (I apprehend) of a similar insect.

Those of another species, which I cannot designate, have a

curved reniform figure, with very minute dentations.

Most of the cases were found empty, and the fissure where the

young Blatte had come forth was slightly open; others had a

round perforation through the side of the capsule, at which the

parasitic Chalcidide had made their exits.

Mr. J. O. Westwood’s Description of Insects, &c. 105

XVII. Description of some Insects which inhabit the tissue

of Spongilla Fluviatilis. By J. O. Westwoop, F.L.S.

[Read 3rd December, 1838. ]

(Plate VIII. fig. 1—12.)

PERHAPS no more complete proof could be adduced to prove the

superiority, in the present state of zoological science, of analytical

over synthetical inquiries, and the evident impossibility, from our

present materials, to construct a perfectly harmonious and com-

plete natural system, than some recent inquiries which have occu-

pied the attention of the Academie des Sciences during the past

autumn. Thus, whilst one set of naturalists have been at vari-

ance whether the remains of the Amphitherium, Phylacotherium,

or Botheratio-therium, as it has been termed, be those of a reptile

or an aquatic or terrestrial mammalian, others have been direct-

ing their attention to the opposite extreme, in order to ascertain

whether the family of the sponges belong to the animal or vege-

table kingdoms.

By Cuvier the latter productions were placed at the extremity

of the animal kingdom: ‘ ot l'on n’a pu encore observer de

polypes ni d’autres parties mobiles. On a dit que les éponges

vivants éprouvent une sorte de frémissement ou de contraction

quand on les touche, que les pores dont leur superficie est percée

palpitent en quelques sorte, mais ces mouvements sont contestés

par M. Grant, et MM. Audouin et Milne Edwards adoptent

Yopinion de M. Grant.”* (Ann. des Sc. Nat. xi. pl. xvi.)

Recently, however, Messrs. Laurent and Dujardin have re-

affirmed the animality of the Spongilla flaviatilis, in memoirs read

before the Academy, and in the Atheneum of last Saturday

(December 1, 1838) it is stated that, in addition to the discovery

of dilatation and contraction in the vesicles of the Spongilla,

M. Dujardin has observed another character in support of his

theory of animality,—it is, that they are furnished with exceed-

ingly fine filaments, the undulations of which influence the move-

ment of the water around them.

On the other hand, John Hogg, Esq., F.L.S., &c., has recently

made a series of observations on the common English Spongilla

fluviatilis, which he proposes to communicate to the Linnzan

Society at the meeting of to-morrow evening; and having con-

stantly found the Spongilla inhabited by minute insects, clothed

with exceedingly fine and long seta, he is induced to believe that

the undulations and movement of the water is chiefty attribu-

* Reégne Animal, 2d, ed. p. 322.

106 Mr. J. O. Westwood’s Description of some Insects

table to these insects, and not to any animal principle in the body

of the sponge itself.

These insects, which he has placed in my hands for examination

and description, are as anomalous as the substance they inhabit.

They are of a small size, not exceeding one-seventh of an inch in

length, of a soft membranous consistence, and of a pale greenish

colour, which is more vivid in the legs. They are depressed, and

of an oblong-oval shape, (fig. 1 upper, 2 underside, magnified,)

and composed of thirteen joints, the first of which, forming the

head, is small, having a black patch on each of the posterior angles,

wherein are several large granular shining ocelli (fig. 3 under, 4

lateral view of the head). The antenne (fig. 5) are nearly half

the length of the body, arising from a thickened basal joint in front

of the eyelets; the terminal part of the antenne is exceedingly

slender, cylindrical, and very indistinctly articulated. The upper

side of the head is furnished with several long setze ; its underside

is very convex; the lower lip being of moderate size, and termi-

nating in a transverse line, behind which are two short oblique

darker spots ; the sides of this lip are greatly widened towards the

base. On each side of the sides of this lip another line extends in

an oblique direction to the lateral anterior angles of the lip, and

from this spot on each side arise two long and exceedingly delicate

setee, as long as the antenna, and constantly porrected, having a

small space between them at the base, where they are directed up-

wards. One in each side of these two pairs of sete is darker-

coloured and stronger than the other. They are entirely destitute

of articulation. Such is the entire structure of the mouth, as far

as I am able to perceive it ; thus there are no rudiments of labrum

nor palpi; the mandibles and maxilla are represented by the four

porrected seta, and the lower lip is destitute of ligula and palpi*.

The thorax is composed of three segments, of which the pro-

thorax is the smallest. To each of these three segments a pair

of rather long, slender legs (fig. 8) is attached, composed of a

strong coxa, short trochanter, robust femur, elongated tibia, and a

two-jointed tarsus, destitute of any terminal unguis; the legs are

sparingly furnished with long, slender, rigid hairs. The upper

surface of these segments indicate not the slighest appearance of

wings, or their rudiments. ‘The nine terminal segments cf the

body constitute the abdomen; the first of these is smaller than

the metathorax, and the remainder become gradually smaller ; they

are furnished at each side with a small setigerous tubercle, which

is larger in the terminal segments (fig. 9), and in which the sete,

* We might, perhaps, consider two of these seta to be the labial lobes, and

two to represent the maxille, the mandibles being obsolete.

which inhabit the Tissue of Spongilla Fluviatilis. 107

with which it and the sides of the body are furnished, are very

greatly elongated. On the underside (fig. 2) each of the seven

basal segments of the abdomen is furnished on each side with a

long and slender, flattened filament, destitute of cilize, and which is

directed, first, inwardly, and then backwards. These filaments,

fourteen in number, are articulated,* and have much the appear-

ance of weak legs, but they are evidently organs of respiration,

one or two slender tubes being easily perceivable running through

them, and terminating ina point. The articulations do not appear

of equal size throughout these appendages (fig. 10, 11, 12).

The eighth abdominal segment is destitute of these filaments, but

is furnished with larger setigerous lateral tubercles than the pre-

ceding joints, and the terminal segment is small and simple, in one

specimen it was much larger and conical. Each of the abdominal

segments is furnished with a pair of leathery darker coloured

patches, emitting from its posterior margin three long sete (fig.

On):

The inquiry as to the relations of this insect and the order and

family to which it belongs, is attended with great difficulty, from

the anomalous characters which it possesses.

Its small size, green colour, structure of the mouth, and form

of the legs seem to indicate a relation with such families as the

Aphide and Coccide, which possess species which never acquire

wings. Coccus, as I have discovered, possesses a mouth, con-

sisting of four exceedingly long and_ slender sete, although

Mr. Curtis, in this month’s number of his British Entomology,

states that it consists only of three sete; but these insects are

aquatic, and are furnished with external elongated organs of

respiration, which exist in no known imago. If regarded, then, as

larvee, the question is still more perplexing ; the general struc-

ture of the insect, and the particular structure of its mouth,

prevents it from being considered as Coleopterous, Orthopterous,

Lepidopterous, Hymenopterous, Strepsipterous, or Dipterous.

It will not enter, as a larva, into any Hemipterous or Homopterous

family, so that there only remains the Neuroptera, amongst which

we are to trace its relations; and it is in this order that we find

external organs of respiration in the aquatic larve. But the

structure of the mouth prevents our associating it with any group

of which the larvae are aquatic, and known. The Perlide, E’phe-

merida, Libellulide, Sialide, and the order Trichoptera, are well

known in the larva state, whilst Boreus and Panorpa are the only

* The respiratory filaments of Sialis are also articulated, being the only known

instance, according to M. Pictet, in which such a structure has been observed to

exist. No known Ephemerideous larva is destitute of the three anal filaments.

108 Mr. F. Holme on the Habits,

genera belonging to the order whose transformations are unknown;

and the observations of Stein and Macquart upon the pupe of the

latter are sufficient to prove that these aquatic insects cannot be

the larve of Boreus. ‘There remains, however, to be noticed the

anomalous genus <Acentropus, respecting whose order entomo-

logists are so much at variance. It is barely possible that they

may be the larve of that genus. Without, however, deciding

that these insects have not arrived at their perfect state (in which

case the name Branchiotoma Spongille may be applied to them),

it may perhaps be the most advisable course to regard them as

larvee of some extraordinary group not hitherto detected, and, at

the same time, to express a hope that persons having an oppor-

tunity of examining the Spongilla will endeavour to trace the

transformations of this perplexing species.

XVIII. Rough Notes on the Habits, Manners, &c. of some

of the British Brachelytra. By F. Houme, Esq., M.E.S.

{Read 5th March, 1838.]

Tue division Coleoptera Brachelytra of Latreille, (corresponding

nearly with the old Linnean genus Staphylinus,) is one of the

most curious and interesting groups, in the variety and singularity -

of its forms, and the various localities and pabula frequented by

its different genera, which our Coleopterous Fauna comprises :

while in the number of its indigenous species it far exceeds any

other British division of equal rank among the Coleoptera ; its

strength in this respect nearly equalling the united forces of the

Geodephaga and Rhynchophora, the two groups which most nearly

approach it in point of numbers. The metropolis, indeed, of the

Brachelytra is said by Kirby and Spence to be, “ as far at least

as we can judge from our present catalogues, within the temperate

zone, particularly in Britain.” Dejean, in his catalogue, gives

only 434* species: while Mr. Stephens, whose cabinet might

contain in 1828, according to the supposition of Kirby and Spence,

above 600 species, enumerated no less than 852 in his invaluable

Systematic Catalogue published in 1829, which he increased to

892 in the second edition of his Nomenclature, published in 1833.

Notwithstanding this vast increase from the numbers of Marsham,

who in 1802 could record only eighty-two species under the

* In the edition of 1833, Dejean gives 789 species, European and exotic. —

Entom, Edin.

Manners, Sc. of some of the British Brachelytra. 109

Linnzean genus Staphylinus, almost every cabinet of any extent

contains Brachelytrous species unnoticed by Stephens: and the

recent discovery of such singular forms as the genus Pseudopsis *

of Newman, and the anomalous genera Centroglossa and Deinopsis,

detected last year by my friend A. Matthews, Esq., are indications

of the novelties which may be expected from researches in this

quarter. Still, the Brachelytra have not hitherto met with that

degree of attention from British Entomologists which might have

been expected: the minuteness of many of the species has occa-

sioned their being overlooked, and the want of a good English

monograph, with magnified figures, and outlines of the trophi of

each genus,} combined with the small size of the insects, and the

great number of closely allied species contained in some genera,

has attached a discouraging degree of difficulty to the investiga-

tion of these insects, and in too many instances has caused the

drawers containing the Brachelytra to be left a confused crowd of

specimens, without any attempt at nomenclature or arrangement.

It is to be hoped that the daily increasing zeal with which Ento-

mology is now cultivated in these islands will soon remove from

our naturalists the stigma of having neglected a group which its

geographical distribution places so especially under their charge.

The habits, food, and localities frequented by the various genera

and species of this extensive division, present so much diversity,

that I trust I may be excused by the Entomological Society for

submitting to their notice the following rough Notes on such

points as have fallen under my own notice in my entomological

rambles, in the course of which I have always paid particular

attention to the manners of these insects. I do not flatter myself

that my remarks will contain much new matter, but I shall be

amply satisfied if they give an impulse in the same path to the

curiosity of some more keensighted observer. I have arranged

my remarks in the order of genera given in the last edition of

Stephens’s Nomenclature.

The minute species composing the curious family Pselaphide

seem, as far as my observation on them extends, to be the most

retiring and subterraneous in their habits of all Brachelytra, being

rarely found fairly above ground, or even immediately under

* A second specimen of the Pseudopsis has been taken by Mr. Matthews at

Shotover Hill, near Oxford.

+ The beautiful figures of Curtis, as far as they go, leave nothing to be wished

for in this respect; but unfortunately they include but few genera, and among

these but a small proportion are from the minute Aleochare and Stenide, which

most require illustration.

110 Mr. F. Holme on the Habits,

stones, &c., but generally imbedded in the loose earth at the roots

of grass, or lurking under wormeasts and in the midst of thick

damp clusters of moss. They seem to affect the neighbourhood

of ants’ nests, and I found once a species (I think Arcopagus

bulbifer) torpid among a conglomerated lump of ants: a curious

circumstance, since, if I remember right, Messrs. Kirby and

Spence mention the fact of the rare Atemeles strumosus having

been found in a similar situation. The species, according to

Stephens, all prey on acari: but it is not impossible that they

may also commit occasional depredations on the larve of the ants.

The history of the Pselaphide shows remarkably the progress

made of late years in the knowledge of the minute forms: only

a single species, Huplectus minutus, was known to Marsham:

Stephens, in 1833, enumerated thirty-two: and several have been

since discovered.

The history of the two first genera of the Tachyporide,

Autalia, and Falagria, which form the link between that family

and the Pselaphide, appears to be somewhat imperfectly known.

Most of the species are considered, probably from their small

size, to be scarce or local: several new species have been detected

since Stephens described them, and it is probable that on a fresh

revision Falagria will require sub-division, as some of the species

differ greatly from others in the form of the thorax.

Hygronoma dimidiata, which was almost unique when Stephens

described it in his Illustrations, now seems to occur not uncom-

monly in various parts of the country: several specimens have

been taken by Mr. Matthews at Weston-on-the-Green: it runs

excessively fast.

Notwithstanding the common occurrence of Astilbus canalicu-

latus, 1 do not remember to have seen the fact of its being

apterous anywhere noticed: I detected this at first accidentally,

and verified it by the examination of numerous specimens. I

think it has been stated by Mr. Stephens, though I am unable to

find the passage, that Acheniwm depressum is in some specimens

winged, in others apterous: but I believe the present is the only

Brachyletrous species in which the wings are constantly absent.

Its gait is also singular, as it runs constantly on tip toe, at the full

stretch of its limbs, like the Goérius olens when throwing itself

into an attitude of defiance.

I have a specimen of Alemeles acuminatus which was taken

some years since near Penzance in Cornwall, running on the stem

of a nettle: I mention this because I have heard it spoken of as

occurring only under stones and in similar situations,

Manzners, &c. of some of the British Brachelytra. 111

The species formerly comprehended under the genus Aleochara,

notwithstanding the numerous subdivisions into new genera lately

adopted, still present great difficulties to the student, in the way

cf specific distinction, from their generally minute size and close

resemblance. I must confess, also, that in this part of Mr.

Stephens’s work, where the descriptions of most of the species

are abridged from Kirby’s MSS., I do not find the same facility

in naming species by their aid, as where Mr. Stephens has relied

on his own powers of description. As many of the species vary

greatly in size, (I have a series of Polystoma obscurella varying

from a line and half to nearly three lines in length,) and the seg-

ments of the abdomen in preserved specimens are often so much

retracted within each other as sensibly to diminish the length, it

is evident that measurements will not afford the same assistance

as in most families: while the differences of shade in the colour-

ing of allied species, though obvious to the eye, are not easily

marked by words, and this difficulty is increased by the fine and

changeable pubescence with which most of the species are more

or less clothed.

Many of the smaller species feed on decaying fungi and other

vegetable matter, as well as on the acart and other animalcula

contained in them: I have often seen them in great numbers on

the heaps of or-weed on the Cornish shore, (which give shelter

to innumerable minute insects,) and have ascertained by close

inspection that they were feeding on the vegetable juices of the

decaying weed. Several species (I remember particularly the

pretty Aleochara Cursor) when disturbed, by bending the head

under the thorax, raising the abdomen, and protruding their long

slender legs straight forward, assume so completely the appear-

ance of a ragged scrap of or-weed, that until my eye detected

them in the act of metamorphosis, I was often at a loss to know

what had become of the specimen which I had marked as the next

victim for my bottle. In these situations they are much preyed

on by the Cafi, which in their turn fall victims to Broscus cephalotes

and Creophilus maxillosus.

The small natural group formed by Bolitochara carbonaria,

B. subpubescens, B. foveola, &c. appears to be a maritime one; at

least it is only on the seashore that I ever found them in any

numbers; and the bulk of the maritime specimens considerably

exceeds the dimensions assigned to each species by Stephens :—

of B. carbonaria (which I distinguish from its allies by the pale

tip of the elytra), not one, out of several specimens I lately re-

ceived from Cornwall, falls short of 14 line, and some are more,

LZ Mr. F. Holme on the Habits,

Stephens’s measure being only a line :—B. foveola, which Stephens

notes as rare, but which is the commonest of the group on the

Cornish coast, varies from 1} to 24 lines; Stephens’s dimensions

being from 13 to 12 lines.

Bolitochara inquinula, said by Stephens to be rare, is not un-

common in Gloucestershire and Lancashire, in putrid fungi, in

autumn.

Bolitochara atriceps, said by Stephens to be ‘not very common,”

I found in abundance in decaying fungi in Winstanley Park, near

Wigan in Lancashire, in September: it is an extremely pretty

species, bearing great resemblance in the disposition of its colours,

as well as in its habitat, to the Bolitobu, though differing altogether

in form.

The rare and beautiful Bolitochara collaris is taken occasionally

at Weston-on-the-Green by the Rev. A. Matthews.

Oxypoda alternans occurs in fungi in September, not very un-

frequently, near Mersey Hampton, in Gloucestershire.

Gyrophena fasciata is found occasionally near Mersey Hampton,

but not very common, though I once swept a considerable number

out of an agaric. The posterior edge of the thorax is rufous in

immature specimens, and the abdomen and disk of the elytra

nearly testaceous. Besides the two thoracic punctures noticed by

Stephens, there are two other lateral ones nearly equidistant. I

had at first difficulty in identifying the species, as Stephens (pro-

bably from inadvertence) assigns to it a length of only three-fourths

of a jine; but on reference to Marsham, whose SJ. fasciatus is

quoted by Stephens as a synonym, I there find the correct dimen-

sions, 1} line given.

Gyropheena polita, said by Stephens to be “ rare near London,”

is common near Mersey Hampton in autumn. The two larger

punctures at the back of the thorax, usual in the genus, are

observable in this species, though somewhat obsolete, and not

noticed by Stephens. In one of my specimens, apparently imma-

ture, the base and apex of the abdomen are dull piceo-rufous, but

the intermediate space deep black, thus showing a tendency to the

belted abdomen of the other species.

Aleochara erythroceras. ‘This species, which, from being

marked + in Stephens’s Illustrations, (though not in the last

edition of his Nomenclature,) I conclude to have been considered

at that time extremely rare, I took in some plenty in Winstanley

Park in September. My specimens differ from Stephens’s de-

scription in being a trifle larger; the rufous suture is also very

narrow near the scutellum, but expands towards the apex, and the

Manners, §c. of some of the British Brachelytra. 113

elytra are narrowly tipped with dull rufous: the mouth also is

conspicuously rufous like the antenne.

Aleochara fuscipes never fell under my notice in Lancashire: I

should have concluded it to be a southern insect, but the Entom.

Edinensis states it to be as common in Scotland as it is in Eng-

land.

Pella funesta 1 took in the Scilly Islands: from Stephens’s

account it appears to be a very rare insect.

Is Callicerus Spencit common in any English locality? I have

heard that it is more common on sandy shores in Ireland, and

some years since I availed myself of a calm to land from a yacht

in Dundrum Bay, county Antrim, for the express purpose of

hunting for it, as it is said to occur there; but I had no success.

For my own specimens I am indebted to the Rev. G. T. Rudd..

In the two first species of Mycetoporus, I should have been

glad if Mr. Stephens had given some additional characters for

discrimination, beyond the different proportions of the terminal

joint of the antennee, as this appears to vary greatly in individuals ;

and, judging from my own specimens alone, most of which are in

this respect intermediate between Stephens’s two descriptions in

the proportions of this joint, I should feel tempted to agree with

Gravenhorst against Stephens, in considering Myc. rufipennis a mere

variety of Myc. analis: ‘‘sed non nostri tantas componere lites.”

The beautiful genus Bolitobius affords, in some of the species,

a remarkable illustration of the extent to which the length of the

specimen is often affected by the retraction of the joints of the

abdomen within each other after death. The blue-black tip of

the abdomen in the two first species is intersected by a ring of

yellowish white, which is sufficiently obvious while the insect is

alive and in motion: but after death it is so completely withdrawn

into the preceding segment, as to be rarely visible in a cabinet

specimen, unless carefully stretched in setting.

I may observe that in Gloucestershire and Lancashire, where

I have principally collected in autumn, the relative frequency of

B. lunulatus and B. atricapillus is the reverse of that given by

Stephens for the metropolitan district, the latter being extremely

common, and the former so rare, that I have only a single speci-

men in my cabinet, which was taken some years since in Glouces-

tershire. Perhaps, as B. lunulatus is said by Mr. Dillwynn to be

“ not common near Swansea,’ it may be a southern species

relatively to the other, though the Entom. Edin. says that both

species are ‘‘ not unfrequent” there, and occur in company.

I doubt whether all the species described by Mr. Stephens may

114 Mr. F. Holme on the Habits,

be truly distinct, as the testaceous margins of the abdominal seg-

ments appear to be become suffused when mature: and in those

in which the thorax is testaceous during life, it often becomes so

much suffused in a few hours after death, that it appears to be

dark piceous with testaceous margins. The delicacy of the

colouring in these insects probably occasions this rapid change,

which I ascertained by examining specimens minutely when alive,

and dividing them afterwards from the others: but having no

works on Entomology with me at the time, I was unfortunately

unable to note the species.

I have nothing to add relative to the remaining genera of the

Tachyporide except a few localities, which I have already com-

municated to the Society in the catalogue of Penzance Coleoptera.

‘With reference to the magnificent Velleius dilatatus, hitherto

unique* as British, which stands at the head of the Staphylinde

proper, it may not be amiss to mention that I was informed some

time since, I think by a continental naturalist, that in addition to

haunting hornet’s nests for the purpose of preying on the larve,

as noticed by Mr. Stephens, it frequents the holes perforated in

trunks of trees by Longicorn and Lepidopterous larvae, on which

it feeds; issuing from this concealment only at night, when it has

been occasionally taken on the trees in mothing: this may not be

a new fact, but I think whatever may tend to facilitate the acqui-

sition of so fine an insect in Britain is worth noticing.

Creophilus maxillosus. ‘The variations in bulk of this con-

spicuous and well-known species may serve as an obvious example

how little the mere dimensions are to be regarded as a rule of

specific distinction among the Brachelytra, as I have above hinted

in my remarks on the Aleochare. Of the specimens standing in

my own cabinet, all from the same locality, (the Cornish coast, )

the largest measures, with the mandibles, full 13 lines long; the

smallest barely 63 lines, or not quite half the other: and the

variations in the relative proportions of the heads and mandibles

in the different species are not less obvious. Some specimens

also are so completely denuded as to present scarcely a trace of

pubescence on any part of the body, while others are thickly pu-

bescent except on the head and thorax: the colour too of the

pubescence varies, the lighter parts being in some white, in others

greyish, and in old specimens partaking of a griseous brown. All

these variations, if observed in an Aleochara a line long, would

probably have caused its division into three or four species.

* Since this was written, a second specimen has been taken at Southend by the

Rev. F. W. Hope, in the autumn of 1840.

Manners, &c. of some of the British Brachelytra. 115

I think this species, though nowhere uncommon, abounds more

especially in the west of England: on the Cornish coast it occurs

in hundreds under every heap of seaweed,* and in Devonshire I

have found numerous specimens dividing the possession of a dead

mole or other small carcase with Necrophori and other Sil/phide.

It differs, as is well known, from most of its allies, in coiling itself

up and remaining motionless, instead of assuming a hostile atti-

tude, when disturbed: in this position the polished thorax and

head are nearly concealed, and the general aspect is more that of

a hairy caterpillar than a Coleopterous insect.

The three pubescent species from which Mr. Stephens has

formed his genus Trichoderma, appear to frequent a somewhat

different pabulum to their near allies the true Staphylini, occurring

more frequently in dung, particularly cowdung, than in carcases,

while the Staphylini frequent carcases, the dung of horses, &c.

and prey frequently on living worms, &c., but are rarely found in

cowdung, the favourite haunt of the Trichoderma. The Sta-

phylini, also, are often seen on walls and pavements basking in

the sun, and one species at least, St. erythroplerus, climbs trees

with readiness, running along the branches in search of Lepidop-

terous larve, &c. on which I have frequently found it feeding :—

while the 7richoderme affect situations and habits more in unison

with their sombre colouring, and rarely expose themselves to view

unless when on the wing from one feeding place to another.

The colour of the wings also varies in the two groups ; those of

the Trichoderme being dirty ash-grey, of the Staphylini trans-

parent iridescent fulvous: and though a distinction drawn from

such a circumstance may appear trivial, I have noticed that similar

tints in the membrane of the wing pervade natural groups so

generally, throughout the Coleoptera, as to afford no bad diagnosis.

The Trichoderme appear essentially monogamous; one pair,

male and female, is generally found in possession of a mass of

cowdung: the Goérius olens I have remarked to be equally so ;

and it is probable that a similar propensity pervades the Staphy-

linide, but from the gregarious habits of most of the species, it is

less easily ascertained than in the Trichoderme and Goéru, which

mostly live in solitary pairs.

The pile or pubescence in the 7’richoderme appears to be re-

markably fixed and close: I never remember to have met with a

denuded specimen.

The species composing the genus Staphylinus, as now restricted,

* In Scilly, however, I took only a single specimen.

116 Mr. F. Holme on the Habits,

appear to arrange themselves into several smali natural groups,

each consisting of two or three species closely resembling each

other in form and colour. The first group comprehends four

species, S. erythropterus, S. castanopterus, S. stercorarius, S. ericeps :

the first of these abounds everywhere; the others, as far as my

own experience goes, are rare. Stephens speaks of St. stercora-

rius as ‘common ;”’ the only locality where I ever found it so was

the Look-out Hill, by Weymouth, of which it appeared to have

exclusive possession, as I never found either of the others there.

In Gloucestershire I have taken only a single specimen: it appears,

however, to be pretty generally, though thinly, distributed through-

out England.

Most of the specimens placed in cabinets as St. castanopterus

are nothing more than highly coloured individuals of erythrop-

terus ; the true castanopterus, as may be ascertained by an inspec-

tion of Kirby’s specimens in the collection of the Entomological

Society, is a smaller and slender insect, with the abdomen more

gradually attenuated, independent of the aureous scutellum,

(which is black in the other,) and other minute distinctions.

St. ericeps, judging from my single specimen, stands in the same

relation to stercorarius which castanopterus bears to erythropterus,

being smaller and of a much more slender habit: in my example,

also, the femora are black, and the pubescence on the wnder side

of the abdominal segments aureous, that on the upper being dull

silvery.

I believe it is an unnoticed fact that any Coleopterous insect preys

on the wing; but I once observed a specimen of St. erythropterus,

which I had taken in my hand on the wing and released, while it

flew off in the bright sunshine; and I distinctly saw it make re-

peated darts at the gnats, as it rose in the air in spiral circles :—

whether it caught any I could not perceive.

The three following species, St. chalcocephalus, St. eneocephalus,

St. eneicollis?, form a very natural and closely allied group :—

they are much more slender, in their general proportions, than

those of the preceding section; and show an affinity, in their

shorter and less powerful mandibles, smaller and more rounded

heads, indistinct necks, and in the metallic gloss of the head and

thorax, with the species standing at the head of the genus

Quedius : and their approximation to this and the following genera

is still further indicated by the rows of larger punctures on each

side the thorax, which are more or less visible in all the three

species, and particularly obvious in St. chalcocephalus. As I am

Manners, &c. of some of the British Brachelytra. 117

not quite certain of the correctness of my nomenclature, and as

in many cabinets the three are confounded under the common

name of ceneocephalus, I shall add short characters of them as

they are named in my own collection :

St. chalcocephalus: the broadest and stoutest of the three; a

slightly raised concolorous shining line between the antenne ;

‘head and thorax brassy, finely punctured, with very delicate

pubescence, the latter glossy, with two rows of larger impressions,

and four still larger on the lateral margin;” elytra red-brown,

with delicate brown pubescence ; abdomen clothed with a very

delicate pale brown pubescence, with darker dots and longitudinal

lines; antenne dark rufous.

St. eneicollis? the narrowest of the three; antenne pitchy-

brown, inclining in some to ferruginous; a raised brassy-yellow

line between the antenne ; head and thorax blackish brass, punc-

tured, with two irregular rows of somewhat larger punctures on

the thorax; elytra deep pitchy ferruginous, paler at the suture

and margins; abdomen clothed with a short close brown pubes-

cence, paler at the base of each segment, and with traces only of

pale longitudinal lines.

St. eneocephalus: shorter than the others, and intermediate in

width; nearly uniform brassy-brown, pubescent, the abdomen

obscure. The St. sericeus of Marsham, under which name a pair

stand in Mr. Vigors’s cabinet now in the possession of the

Zoological Society; but one of these (a broken specimen) is,

unless I mistake, St. chalcocephalus. Each species, it should be

observed, has a narrow line down the middle of the thorax free

from punctures.

My attention was first drawn to this subject by capturing at

Ryde, in August, 1835, what I supposed a remarkably high

coloured specimen of St. eneocephalus, but which I found on

examination to agree closely with Mr. Stephens’s description of

chalcocephalus : 1 considered this a great prize, as chalcocephalus

was then marked + in the “ Illustrations,” but shortly after I picked

up another in the streets of Bath, and on re-examining numerous

Cornish specimens then standing in my cabinet as eneocephalus,

they all proved to belong to either chalcocephalus or eneicollis? ;

while on my subsequent visit to the Scilly Isles, I was unable to

detect either of those species, though what I consider the true

eneocephalus abounded in all parts of the group. All my speci-

mens of @neicollis? are Cornish, but I have been shown several

taken near Oxford : chalcocephalus appears to be found throughout

VOL. Ill, K

118 Mr. F. Holme on the Habits,

the country; I have taken it in Kent, Essex, Lancashire, Glou-

cestershire, Oxfordshire, and Ireland, besides the localities noticed

above.

St. brunnipes is apparently an autumnal species; it is very

common under stones in September and October, but I scarcely

ever took it earlier in the year. To the same section with it

would belong a species which appears to be undescribed :

St. semipolitus mihi. Length 73 lines; black; head small,

rounded, and, as well as the thorax, very glossy and polished, and

somewhat distantly punctured, but on closer examination numerous

minute punctures are seen interspersed with the larger ones ; vertex

of the head and dorsal line of the thorax nearly smooth; elytra

dull brassy, with a few long hairs, minutely strigose-punctate,

with a single very large puncture on the disk towards the apex,

and one or two others towards the base; abdomen dull black,

strongly margined, the penultimate segment narrowly edged with

whitish ; punctured, with two large punctures on each side of

each segment; mouth and antennz piceous-black ; palpi rufo-

piceous; femora and tibiz brassy black, with a slight aureous

pubescence ; tarsi, especially the anterior, bright piceo-rufous.—

I have taken three specimens, two in Christ Church Meadow,

Oxford, and the third at Kemp-Town, near Brighton ; it approaches

nearest to S. cantianus, but is distinguished by the colour of the |

tibiae: Mr. Waterhouse pronounced it decidedly new to England.

I have not however had an opportunity of consulting the works

of Gravenhorst or Mannerheim.

Britain has been considered by Messrs. Kirby and Spence to be

the metropolis of the Brachelytra: and this is in some degree

corroborated by the fact that the Goérius olens, which may pro-

bably be considered as the typical species of the whole division,

though so abundant in Britain, is by no means equally common in

any part of the European continent, and in Sweden, according to

De Geer, is so rare that he never took a single specimen: and

Linnzeus was even led by its rarity to doubt its rank as a species,

considering that it might be a variety of Creophilus mazxillosus,

and denuded of its pubescence by age! Its habits are too well

known to require any remark, and it carries its sanguinary dis-

position even into captivity, destroying its fellow prisoners without

mercy if placed in the collecting bottle. I have frequently had

occasion to remark the tacit homage paid to the prowess of this

and even smaller Brachelytra by the Harpalide and other pre-

dacious families, which invariably take to flight at their approach ;

Manners, §c. of some of the British Brachelytra. 119

the only exception to this which I remember to have witnessed

was given by the maritime species Broscus cephalotes, which I have

seen defend its prey stoutly against Creophilus maxillosus.

The Goért are monogamous: a pair is frequently found in a

crevice, in the side of a quarry or gravelpit, with their broad

heads occupying the entrance of their den, ready to dart out on

any hapless insect which may fall from the top.

None of the other Goérii appear to be very common: four or

five years ago, when a tyro in Entomology, I took a remarkably

fine specimen of G. cyancus, near Broughton Hall, in Staffordshire,

but unfortunately gave it away:—the only other species I ever

met with are G. punciulatus and G. morio, neither of which are

very uncommon in the west of England, particularly the Scilly

Isles: these two species appear very closely allied, but those to

which I have affixed the name G. morio are somewhat slenderer

than the others, have narrower heads, and less blue gloss on the

elytra. I found both species together, in company with Ocypi,

on the shore, and often under coarse mould on the cliffs close to

the sea.

The Ocypi are more elongated in form than any of the preced-

ing genera, and their long abdomen has a serpentine lateral motion

in running, which resembles that of a worm more than an insect.

The species resemble each other very closely in form, and different

specimens of the same species vary greatly in dimensions: my

smallest specimen of O. similis is scarcely 44 lines long, my largest

nearly 8 lines. O. picipes differs from it in little that I can dis-

tinguish except its somewhat greater breadth and bulk, larger

head, and somewhat more glossy hue. O. compressus, of which I

have a Cornish specimen, is distinguished by its bright ferruginous

legs: O. angustatus, and O. pheopus, the two other species de-

scribed by Mr. Stephens, I never met with.

Microsaurus lateralis, the Quedius lateralis of Stephens’s ‘“ Tlus-

trations,” is apparently a very rare British insect, as he mentions

only two indigenous specimens as being then known: I took,

however, a fine specimen out of horsedung, in Gloucestershire, in

September last. My specimen is scarcely five lines long: it is an

insect of a remarkably short, broad, thickset figure, with a large

head, powerful jaws, and very large eyes; the abdomen is short

and broad, like that of Emus hirtus, but diminishing somewhat in

breadth towards the apex: in my specimen there is a large punc-

ture or foveola on the occiput, which is not mentioned by Mr.

Stephens; and the deflexed edge of the elytra is not ‘ pale

kK 2

120 Mr. F. Holme on the Habits,

testaceous,” but deep clay-colour, which colour does not appear on

a vertical view.*

The Quedii, though closely allied to the Philonthi, have suf-

ficient differences in habit to enable a practised eye to distinguish

them at once; for, exclusive of the difference in the anterior tars1,

&c., their broader and rounder head, less distinct neck, and more

attenuated abdomen, at once mark them. ‘Their habits, too, differ

from those of Philonthus; for, though some of the species are

occasionally found in dung or decaying animal matter, the exclu-

sive pabula of the Philonthi, the majority are found under stones,

at the roots of grass, and frequently under loose bark on the

branches of trees, where they prey on earwigs, woodlice, &c.

Most of this genus, and also of the Philonthi, are much on the

wing when the sun shines. As I have nothing of interest to

mention relative to the habits of this genus, I shall proceed to

give a few localities of the species noticed by Stephens as among

the less common.

Quedius gracilis: Gloucestershire and Lancashire ; not uncom-

mon in dung.

Q. pyrrhopus : Gloucestershire, under stones ; not common.

Q. hoemorrhous: under bark of trees, near Southend, and in

Kent. I took many at Brome Park, the seat of Sir Henry

Oxendon.

Q. heemopterus : with the last, but less common; also in Glou-

cestershire, where I never found the other; the red on the elytra

in both these species is much more vivid when alive than after

death,

Q. suturalis: I have several specimens of this not very com-

mon insect, most of which were taken, if I remember right, in

Cornwall and Devonshire, in dung, though I do not find it men-

tioned in my local catalogues. I have also taken it in Gloucester-

shire.

Q. erythropterus: in Lord Bathurst’s park, near Cirencester,

Gloucestershire.

The genus Philonthus is one of the most numerous, both in

species and individuals, of the larger Brachelytra: they occur in

profusion in every heap of dung throughout the summer and

autumn, preying voraciously on the 4phodiand other coprophagous

genera, and apparently destroying more than they require for food,

* Since writing this I have seen Mr. Curtis’s beautiful figure: it appears that

it has now been takenin many places; but it is to be regretted that Mr. Curtis

should have selected it as an example of Quedius, since, even if we reject the

genus Microsaurus, its figure differs considerably from that of the typical Quedii.

Manners, §c. of some of the British Brachelytra. 121

as I have often found ants carrying off the mutilated bodies of

small Aphodit, nearly or quite severed, at the junction of the

thorax and elytra, as if by the bite of Ph. splendens, or some one

of the larger species, but otherwise untouched. The mention of

ants in this place recalls to my mind a curious scene which I wit-

nessed in the summer of 1833, near Sydenham, in Devonshire: a

number of the large horse-ant, (I do not know the scientific name, )

common in the west of England, were passing along the top bar

of a gate, and in the midst of the procession appeared two or

three ants carrying between them a living Philonthus politus,

whose struggles for liberty appeared utterly fruitless; for what

purpose he was thus secured, or how the ants had succeeded in

capturing an insect so well provided with means both of defence

and escape, I had no means of ascertaining.

Some of the Philonthi are variegated with lively colours on the

elytra, and nearly all the species are distinguished by the brilliant

metallic polish of the head and thorax: they are active and lively

insects, running with great rapidity, and flying well, mostly in

sunshine. Some of the pilose species are infested by 4earz. They

all appear to be gregarious, and the different species are found

together: the Jarvee are equally predacious with the parent insects,

which they greatly resemble in general form: that of Ph. politus

has been figured by Mr. Westwood, in the Zool. Journal, vol. ui.

pli2:

The two first species, Ph. laminatus and Ph. eneus, are con-

sidered by Mr. Stephens to be probably the two sexes of the saine

species; the only difference I have been able to detect is that

Ph. eneus is usually a trifle larger, and wants the prolongation,

observable in the other, of the ante-penultimate abdominal seg-

ment :—Ph. chalceus is also placed within brackets in the “ Syste-

matic Catalogue” as a possible variety of the same species ; but

this I think is distinct : though nowhere common, I have taken it

in Gloucestershire, Lancashire, and Cornwall. It is a smaller and

more compact looking insect than the other, with the thorax

rather more convex, and the sides of the head and thorax rounder ;

and, when alive, the head and thorax show a rich rosy-copper

gloss, not observable in the other.

I have a variety of Ph. splendens in which the head and thorax

are glossed with rich steel blue instead of copper, and another in

which the disk of the elytra is piceo-ferruginous, probably from

injury in the pupa, as the insect appears fully mature. The

number of thoracic punctures also in each series, on which Mr.

Stephens has founded his sub-divisions of the genus, sometimes varies

122 Mr. F. Holme on the Habits,

in an anomalous manner: for instance, in a specimen of Ph. politus

in my cabinet, instead of a double quadripunctate series, there

are six punctures on one side, and only two on the other. I have

an extraordinary monstrosity of this last species, with a raised

tubercle in the centre of each elytron: this insect, which I took

in Gloucestershire, stood for some time in my cabinet as a new

species by the name of Ph. mucropennis ; but on showing it to

Mr. Stephens, he pronounced it merely a variety of Ph. politus.

Most of the localities which I possess of this genus have been

already given in my catalogue of the Penzance Coleoptera: I shall

here therefore only remark that the species with spotted elytra,

(Ph. lituratus and its allies,) which do not usually make their

appearance in the midland counties till the middle of August, are

found in abundance near Penzance in June: the mildness of the

_ climate in Cornwall probably occasioning their earlier exclusion

from the pupa. Ph. bimaculatus and Ph. aciculatus are much

rarer than the other species of this section: the latter I have

never taken; of the former I found a few specimens near Pen-

zance, and in the autumn of 1835 I took in Christ Church Mea-

dow, Oxford, an insect, pronounced a variety by Mr. Stephens, in

which the elytra had no regular spot, but.a strong gloss of dull

red pervading the apical half in some lights.

Ph. micans, which Mr. Stephens notices as. rare, is taken not

uncommonly in Christ Church Meadow, Bagley Wood, and the

neighbourhood of Oxford: generally: some specimens greatly

exceed the length of 23 lines assigned by Mr. Stephens.

The beautiful species comprised in the genus Raphirus bear so

much greater affinity in habits and general appearance to Quedius

than to Philonthus, that I am surprised the latter genus should

have been interposed between them; for it appears to me that the

chain of affinity in forms would be more obvious and complete, if

the Raphiri were made the link between the smaller Quedi and

the more slender species of Philonthus, as Ph. marginatus, litura-

tus, micans, &c., now placed at the end of the genus, while the

species with broad heads, as Ph. eratus, puncticollis, sericeus, &e.,

would more naturally conduct to the Bisnii, Cafii, and other large

headed genera arranged towards the end of the Staphylinide :—

but this suggestion is made with all due deference and submission

to the opinion of more scientific entomologists.*

The great attenuation of the abdomen, (resembling that of the

* The above was written before the appearance of Mr. Stephens’s ‘‘ Manual,”

in which Raphirus is placed between Quedius and Philonthus.

Manners, &c. of some of the British Brachelytra. 123

Tachypori, &c.,) and the changeable gloss of the pubescence,

render this genus distinguishable at the first glance: none of the

species appear to be numerous in individuals, and different speci-

mens vary considerably in size and brilliancy: one of my specimens

of R. semiobscurus is nearly 53 lines in length.

R. boops has been several times taken near Oxford by my friend

A. Matthews, Esq.

R. rufipennis 1 took in ‘the Scilly Islands, the only species of

the genus which I found there during my short stay: the golden

gloss of the pubescence gave the insect a most beautiful appear-

ance when alive.

R. semieneus 1 have taken in Gloucestershire, and I think in

Cornwall also, but I do not find it in my local catalogue.

The Bisnii, though found, as remarked by Mr. Stephens, as

well under dung as under fuci, seem never to occur at any

distance from the coast: I never took a single specimen inland.

B. cephalotes I found in considerable plenty at Southend, in July

last.

The different species of Cafius occur in great plenty under sea-

weed, in all parts of the coast, but are so exclusively maritime in

their locality that I never saw a single one beyond the limits of

the sea-beach. They are highly predacious, and are well fitted

for rapine by their broad heads and long jaws armed with powerful

dentations: on turning up a heap of sea-weed, they may fre-

quently be seen, particularly when the sun shines, to spring into

the air after the flies thus disturbed, aiding their dart by a mo-

mentary expansion of the wings. Their voracity does not even

spare their own species: the larger specimens prey on the smaller

without mercy, and I have seen two leave a common prey un-

touched while they fought for its exclusive possession. ‘They

burrow with great agility under the loose sand when alarmed,

their flattened body, and expanded and pilose anterior tarsi, being

admirably adapted for making their way through this loose mate-

rial: though they frequently content themselves with merely

thrusting their heads under a pebble and remaining motionless,

apparently thinking, as popular belief attributes to the ostrich,

that they are thus effectually concealed.

The distinguishing characteristics of the different species in this

genus have somewhat perplexed me, from the great variation

observable in different specimens: the first species, C. fuczcola, I

have never been able satisfactorily to identify among my speci-

mens: and I have sometimes doubted whether the two next,

C. xantholoma and C. laéeralis, might not in reality form a single

124 Mr. F. Holme on the Habits,

species, as the anterior puncture in the thoracic series, which is

one. of the distinctive characters insisted on by Mr. Stephens,

varies so much in size and position as to be but a doubtful

criterion: and of the frontal punctures on the head, the apparent

presence or absence of the external one seems to me to depend

on the greater or less elevation of the scape of the antenna, which,

when it stands out much in relief, as it does in some specimens,

gives the appearance of a large puncture or foveola on the mner

side; while in others it scarcely rises above the level of the head.

The general dimensions, and the relative proportions of the heads

and mandibles, vary in different individuals as much as they do in

Creophilus maxillosus: and it is possible that all my specimens

may truly belong to one species, and that I may not yet have seen

an authentic specimen of the other.

The two other supposed species, C. littoralis and tessellatus, are

certainly mere immature varieties, as Mr. Stephens has placed

them in the “ Illustrations :” I have observed them in all the inter-

mediate stages of colour: and should my preceding views as to

the identity of C. xantholoma and lateralis prove correct, I suspect

that the former, from the general darker colour and obsolete

pubescence, will be found to be the old specimens.

Of the Gabri I have only to add a locality for G. pallipes,

which is common in Christ Church meadow, and elsewhere, near

Oxford. A. Matthews, Esq., lately informed me that he has

detected an entirely new form, which will take its station near

Gabrius, but differs in having the tarsi greatly dilated, and in

other characters: but I have not seen the insect.

The larger Gyrohypni appear to affect by preference maritime

situations: even the commonest species, G. cruentatus, does not

occur in any great numbers inland, while on the shores of Mount’s

Bay I found it swarming under horsedung on the beach, and

decidedly more common than any other of the large or middling

sized Brachelytra: it occurred in equal profusion at Ryde, Wey-

mouth, and Portland Island: in the Scilly Islands I did not meet

with it, but I should feel little doubt of its occurring there. The

Cornish specimens of G. tricolor almost equalled the above-men-

tioned species in size.

Mr. Curtis, in the late volume of the British Entomology, has

figured the snpposed variety of Lathrobium quadratum, with a red

dot at the apex of the elytra, as a species, by the name of L. ter-

minatum, of Gravenhorst, indicating it, however, as probably only

a variety of L. quadratum. I never took this insect myself, but

Andrew Matthews, Esq., who takes it in considerable numbers at

Manners, §c. of some of the British Brachelytra, 125

Weston-on-the-green, tells me that he has no doubt of its being

merely a variety of L. quadratum, both insects occurring together

in the same situations and in nearly equal numbers, and never

being found separately. May not the dot be a sexual distinction ?

The dotted specimens given me by Mr. Matthews appear a trifle

broader than the undotted ones taken by myself.

The following species of this genus, indicated by Mr. Stephens

as among the less common, are found in Christ Church Meadow,

and elsewhere, near Oxford: ZL. punctulatum, longulum (rather

common), and fovulum.

I have never seen any notice of the singular manner in which

the common little species Astenus angustatus carries its antenne

in running: they are bent almost into a semicircle, the tips

almost touching each other, and incessantly vibrating as in the

Ichneumon tribe: I have not noticed this peculiarity in any of the

neighbouring genera.

I have seen some specimens of Pederus littoralis in which the

mandibles were piceous instead of red, probably old insects: it

may always however be recognized by its more slender figure,

smaller head, and oblong thorax, as well as by its somewhat

brighter colouring, from its nearly allied congener P. mparius.

In habits also it appears to present some difference, as I found it

in Cornwall running on the stems and leaves of osiers, &c. in con-

siderable numbers, whereas P. riparius is seldom found except on

the ground. I have a specimen, apparently belonging to P. ripa-

rius, but so nearly intermediate in form, colour, and proportions,

that I was for some time puzzled where to place it. ;

Of the rare and elegant P. fuscipes I took a single specimen, in

August 1835, on the sands near Ryde, in company with riparius

(not littoralis’, but the difference in habit and general aspect was

obvious at a glance. I never met with either P. ruficollis or

P. sanguinicollis in England: but I have received several speci-

mens, agreeing closely with Mr. Stephens’s description of the

latter, from Denmark and Norway, by the name of P. collaris :

one specimen was marked Kiel, and I believe it is common in

Sweden. I may mention that I have often seen the Pederi

engaged in wiping the palpi, inside of the mandibles, base of the

antenne, &c. with the claws and dilated tarsi of the fore feet,

with as scrupulous care as a cat washes her face: I have also seen

Staphylinus erythropterus similarly employed.

The determination of specific titles in the genus Stenus is nearly

as difficult as among the Aleochare, from the great number of

species, and their general similarity of colouring. Most of them

126 Mr. F. Holme on the Habits,

are gregarious: St. nigriclavis, rufitarsis, &c. are found in great

numbers in winter, collected together in loose earth at the roots

of trees in Christ Church meadow.

Stenus flavipes, St. pubescens, and St. Kirbii, are taken by Mr.

Matthews at Weston-on-the-green: the last named species I my-

self took at Southend and Sheerness last summer; when I had an

opportunity of verifying a fact mentioned in the “ Entom. Edin.”

on the authority of Mr. Bainbridge, that ‘ individuals thrown on

the water dart like Velia or Gerris eighteen or twenty inches along

the surface,” a mode of escape which I saw St. Kirbu voluntarily

have recourse to.

The following of the less common species I have taken in

Gloucestershire and Oxfordshire: geniculatus, lineatulus (not un-

common), buphthalmus (here less common than the preceding),

cicindeloides, unicolor (not common), similis, and picipes. S. bigut-

tatus is also taken at Weston by Mr. Matthews.

On the succeeding genera of the Stenide I can only add a

locality or two; but I cannot omit to notice the inveterate mis-

spelling which has [much] obtained in this country of the name of

Mannerheim’s genus Platystethus, which, in defiance of its obvious

derivation, zAarve, broad, ozyfoc, breast or thorax, seems to have

naturalized itself in England as Platysthetus, a name expressing

nothing in Greek, or, as far as I am aware, in any other language :

the universal adoption of this error is really a slur on the classical

knowledge of [some of ] our Entomologists.

Pl. immunis, and Pl. foveatus, occur in autumn in Gloucester-

shire.

Pl. pallidipennis is taken by Mr. Matthews at Weston-on-the-

Green: in recent specimens the pale part of the elytra is nearly

white, and its boundary well defined; the shoulder is always

dusky, joining the other colour in a diagonal line: in old speci-

mens there is only an indistinct pale patch in the middle of the

elytron, surrounded on all sides by dark piceous.

Oxytelus picipennis is not uncommon in Gloucestershire.

Mr. Stephens speaks of the Platystetht and Oxyteli as occur-

ring “at all times, especially in the spring and early summer

months:” it would appear that their exclusion from the pupa

takes place about the beginning of autumn, as they make their

appearance in dung in multitudes towards the end of September,

when the numbers of the Philonthi begin to diminish; they are

the latest of all coprophagous Coleoptera to disappear at the

approach of winter, and the earliest in their re-appearance in

Manners, &c. of some of the British Brachelytra, 127

spring, except perhaps Aphodius testudinarius : from June to Sep-

tember they are seldom seen.

Trogophleus arcuatus occurs near Oxford, and I believe others

of the genus, but many of my specimens are yet unnamed.

Evesthetus scaber is found near Oxford, but not common; my

specimens are not black as described by Mr. Stephens, but rather

testaceous brown with glossy black elytra.

Lesteva impressa is taken by Mr, Matthews at Weston: the

specimens vary much in intensity of colour, from brown or pitchy

black to dull testaceous yellow.

Since the above notes were written, some additional remarks

have occurred to me, which I shall here append.

Many supposed species have been reduced in Mr. Stephens’s

new “ Manual” to the rank of varieties: and an inspection of the

original specimens on which many of the species were founded,

in Mr. Kirby’s collection now possessed by the Entomological

Society, convinces me that this reduction requires to be still further

extended. Many of these typical specimens are obviously only

immature states of well known species; but the notes which I

made on this point were unluckily lost. Gabrius ventralis I how-

ever remember is an immature specimen of one of the common

species, with the segments of the abdomen much extended in

setting.

Quedius atriceps, Q. Lathburii, and Q. inquanatus, have occurred

near Oxford.

Raphirus nigricornis mihi. Length barely two lines; antennz

rather thickened, black ; head and thorax shining glossy black ;

head suborbiculate; thorax with two punctures placed obliquely

on each side the disk, and a few others, connected together, close

to the outer margin; elytra pubescent, pitchy brassy-black, the

apex reddish; abdomen pilose, obscure black, edges of the seg-

ments reddish, and of the penultimate one white; legs black;

tarsi piceous. This appears to be distinguished by the colour of

the legs and antennz from all others of the genus, except perhaps

R. fuscipes, which differs in size and other particulars.

Philonthus cyanipennis. 1 purchased a pair of insects which

appear to correspond with this species at Mr. Swainson’s sale, on

which the habitat was marked New York. Dr. Leach’s only

specimen was taken near Swansea, and the examples in the

British Museum are from France and Switzerland,

128 Mr. F. Holme on the British Brachelytra.

Philonthus coruscus. In his description of this species, Mr.

Stephens omits to notice that the scutellum, suture, and base of

the elytra narrowly, are brassy black; and the occurrence of these

distinctions in the specimens which I took in Scilly, led me to

doubt whether my insects might not be distinct, till I ascertained

their identity by comparison with Mr, Kirby’s specimens.

Gabrius villosulus has occurred near Meysey Hampton in Glou-

cestershire, where I have also taken Gyrohypnus tricolor of even

larger size than the Cornish specimens.

I find that I was wrong in supposing that Mr. Rudd lad taken

the insect which I characterized in the Ent, Trans. ii. 64, as

Remus sericveus, on the coast of Yorkshire: his specimens were

from the Isle of Wight, and I am indebted to him for the know-

ledge of a sexual distinction—the male having the last abdominal

segment notched beneath. Mr. Shuckard (Elements of Ento-

mology, 1. 116) considers that it “ differs too slightly from Cafius

to constitute a distinct genus ;” and with Cafius he accordingly

places it: but independent of the differences in the trophi, &c., I

think the contrast between the polished thorax of Cafius with its

double row of large punctures, and the closely punctured one of

Remus with its dorsal callus, too great to admit of their being

placed together: and Mr. Stephens (in the “ Manual’’) has sanc-

tioned its establishment as a genus, placing it between Heterothops

and Othius. Mr. Rudd had distinguished the specimens which

he placed in the British Museum by the MS. name of Menapius

grisescens.

I have noticed that most of the Lathrobia, in alarm or death,

double the long flexible end of the abdomen under the body

instead of over it.

Omalium mesomelas mihi. Size and dimensions of O. sordidum,

of which it may possibly be a very high coloured variety; bright

rufous ; head black; disk of elytra suffused with deep cyaneous.

It resembles in colour O. zopterum, but is a much wider insect.

Near Meysey Hampton, Gloucestershire, in a rotten oak-stump,

Sept. 1838.

Rev. F. W. Hope’s Observations, &c. ie

X1IX.— Observations respecting various Insects which at dif-

ferent times have afforded Food to Man. By the Rev.

F. W. Hops, F.R.S. &c.

[Read 4th December, 1837. ]

I rink it necessary to state at the commencement of this paper,

that I confine my inquiries at present solely to insects, passing

by the Crustacea.* It will, no doubt, after an investigation be

generally admitted, that insects in very early days were eaten as

an article of food; as it may however be doubted by some indi-

viduals, it will be better to clear up this point before we enter

more minutely into the main object of our inquiry.

Perhaps the earliest account we have of edible insects is that

which is mentioned by Moses, the Jewish lawgiver, where insects

are noticed in the catalogue of animals permitted for food, (vide

Lev. xi. 21, 22), “ These ye may eat, the locust after his kind, and

the bald locust after his kind, and the beetle after his kind, and

the grasshopper after his kind.” Without attempting at present

fully to explain this passage, which has afforded ample matter for

discussion to the commentator as well as the naturalist, I merely

remark in alluding to it, first, that at the time the above passage

was written, it may fairly be inferred that locusts had long been

eaten as food; and secondly, that in defining the different kinds,

the object might be partly to deter the Jews from eating other

msects, which experience had proved to be injurious, while the

locusts, which were a wholesome food, might be eaten with im-

punity, and therefore were they more especially recommended to

notice. The next authority I have to advance in support of

insects eaten as food, is that of Herodotus, the father of history.

Speaking of the Nasamones he states, they regaled on locusts,

The translation of the passage is as follows: “They hunt for

locusts, which having dried in the sun, they reduce to powder and

eat, mingled with milk.” vid. Herod. Melpomene, chap. 72.

Diodorus Siculus also mentions a race of Ethiopians who were

so fond of eating this food, that they were called acridophagi, or

locust eaters (vid. lib. 24, ch. 3). Instead of bringing forward

at present a cloud of witnesses of ancient as well as modern

* An account of the different edible species of Crustacea may at some future

period be added to the present, should such a memoir be thought worthy the

attention of the Society.

130 ~~ Rev. F. W. Hope’s Observations respecting

writers in attesting the well-authenticated fact of locusts eaten as

food, I shall merely insert in tables at the end of this paper the

names of different nations and people mentioned as. feeding on

such diet, and cite the several authors who have recorded them.

Before investigating the genera and species which have severally

ministered to the wants of the wild African and Australian’ bush-

man, or to the luxurious Roman or more modern Epicurean, it

may here be stated, that almost all the insects alluded to live on

vegetable matter; some on the outer bark, a greater portion on

the saccharine alburnum, the pith and inner coatings of trees,

while a great number of others thrive on leaves, twigs, and the

delicate fibrous roots buried beneath the soil. It appears then

from the above brief statement, that insects live on cleanly diet,

and consequently afford us more wholesome food than some of

the animals that are usually served at our tables. It is not my

intention here to recommend insectal food to nations living in

northern climates, although I am aware that there are naturalists

who have done so; the supply in summer accidentally might be

abundant, but in winter certainly always must be scanty and pre-

carious. I see no reason, however, why in the warm and well

wooded regions of the world they should not be eaten, as the

supply there is generally abundant. The New Hollander, or

even the European settler in those parts, may derive much benefit

by adopting the larvee of insects as food, for the very worms

regaled on, if left to themselves, in time might multiply so as to

endanger the crops of future years, entailing ruin on the grower,

and perhaps famine on the settlement. In case of scarcity in our

own country, and certainly in milder regions of the world where

famine has been known to spread over the land, insectal food

may be adopted. It is probable that want and hunger may have

been the original cause of introducing to notice several of the

insects which have been taken as food, although I am unable at

present to adduce any particular instance to substantiate the fact.

Insectal food, which I here recommend in case of necessity, will

certainly not be so revolting to man as the animal gelatine of

pulverised old bones, or even as insipid as sawdust bread, recom-

mended by the French in similar emergencies.

To proceed, however, it is time to investigate the species of

insects which have been eaten at different times. I shall com-

mence with the Coleoptera, and run through the remaining orders,

explaining, as far as is possible, the genera and species to which

they may belong.

Insects that have afforded Food to Man. 131

Scarabeus sacer, Linn.

The first insect to which I shall direct your attention is the

Scarabeus sacer, which is frequently eaten at the present day by

Egyptian women, in order that they may become prolific, (vid.

Dr. Clarke’s Travels, vol. iv. ch. 1, p. 9), where it is denomi-

nated Sc. pilularius, or rolling beetle. ‘The samé he mentions is

often met with sculptured on the obelisks and other monuments

of the country. The above writer observes, but I know not on

what authority, that this beetle served as food for the Ibis, and

its remains are sometimes met with in the earthenware reposi-

tories of the embalmed birds which are found at Saccara and

Thebes. Lane, in his account of the modern Egyptians, cor-

roborates the testimony of Dr. Clarke. He states, “that the

Egyptian women generally make use of perfumes, such as musk

and civet, &c. and often of cosmetics, and of several preparations

which they eat and drink, with the view of acquiring what they

call a proper degree of plumpness. One of the preparations is

extremely disgusting, being chiefly composed of mashed beetles.”

In a note appended to the above passage (vid. vol. i. p. 237),

Lane argues, that these insects were eaten by the Jews (see Levit.

xi. 21, 22), “Of these ye may eat, the beetle after his kind; but

we cannot suppose that they derived this custom from the Egyp-

tians, who regarded the beetle as sacred.” In our translation of

the Bible, the Hebrew word chargol is rendered beetle, which

ought to have been rendered locust, vid. Bochart in loc. In

another passage, in a note, the same author states, ‘‘ Some women

add another ingredient, but for a particular purpose, which is to

make them fat ; they broil and mash up a number of beetles in the

butter, and then add honey,” &c.

Lepidiota, Kirby.

Lep. Hypoleuca, Wiedemann. Wiedemann mentions that he

found on the waron tree, in the Island of Java, Melolontha Hypo-

leuca in great abundance. This species is as common there as

Mel. vulgaris is in Europe. He adds, the inhabitants of the

mountains collect them as an article of food. Vid. Westermann

and Wiedemann in Germar’s Magazine, vol. iv, 419.

Rhisotrogus Pini.

The inhabitants of Moldavia and Wailachia are mentioned in

some authors as eating the larvee and perfect insects of Rhisotro-

132 Rev. F. W. Hope’s Observations respecting

gus Pini: the author’s name I have unfortunately omitted to

transcribe.

Anophlognathus viridieneus.

Mr. William Sharpe Mac Leay has stated, in the “ Hore Ento-

mologice,” that he is inclined to think that the larvee of Anophlog-

nathide are the grubs which the New Hollanders use as an article

of food ;* in corroboration of this opinion, I can add the testi-

mony of an individual who resided some years back in different

parts of Australia, who assured me that the white grubs} which

are eaten turned into golden beetles, and pointed them out in the

box of insects which he had to dispose of. The species alluded

to was Anophlognathus viridieneus, and there can be little doubt

that the white grubs of various other species are often mistaken

for them and eaten. Should this opinion be further substantiated,

and the food prove palateable and wholesome, the settler, from

policy, should patronize as food these dainties which are so

highly prized by the wild Australian, and thereby secure the

crops of future years by feeding on the insects capable of destroy-

ing them; and certainly no reason can be adduced why the grubs

of New Holland may not rival in delicacy the palm-worm of the

Eastern world, or the cossus of Europe, which the Roman epicure,

in the days of Pliny, so highly esteemed. .

Oryctes Owariensis.

Another insect which is eaten at the present day is a species of

Oryctes, named Owariensis by Palisot Beauvois. It is eaten by

the nations inhabiting Cape Coast, and there can be little doubt

that many other species of this genus, as well as of Xy/otrupes,

may be eaten with impunity. It is not improbable that Reaumur

was aware of a species of Oryctes being eaten by the Africans,

since he recommends the larve of Oryctes Nasicornis of Europe

to especial notice. My gallant friend, Captain Downes, a resi-

dent some years at Fernando Po, who, although unable to specify

the insect, mentions that at Sierra Leone the natives roasted and

ate a palm-tree worm. He informs me also, that beetles and their

larvee are eaten on various parts of the western coast of Africa.

* Mr. Cunningham states, ‘‘ Our wood grub is a long soft thick worm,

much relished by the natives, who have a wonderful tact in knowing what part

of the tree to dig into for it, when they quickly pull it out, and gobble it up with

as much relish as an English epicure would an oyster.”

t+ Vide Two Years in New South Wales, by P. Cunningham, vol. i. p. 329.

Insects that have afforded Food to Man, 133

Lucanus cervus.

Scopoli records his opinion, that the larva of Lucanus cervus

was probably the Cossus of Pliny, and it seems probable that

this opinion was correct.

Tenebrio, Fabricius.

The celebrated Niebhur states in his travels, that the women of

Arabia and Turkey make use of a species of Tenebrio, which is

found amongst the rubbish of their gardens. As plumpness is

thought a beauty in the east, the women, in order to obtain this

beauty, swallow every morning and every evening three of these

Tenebriones fried in butter.—Vid. Niebhur’s Travels, vol. ii. p. 339.

It will perhaps be remarked, that the name of the species is not

mentioned. I think it is likely that a Pemelia of the present day

is intended, and not a Tenebrio. As the larve of Tenebrionide,

commonly called meal-worms in England, chiefly live on flour,

might they not in times of scarcity be resorted to? they abound

in bakehouses and granaries, and often in our kitchens live under

the hearth-stones. Lane distinctly states that true Scarabeus is

eaten; probably, therefore, other genera and species are regaled on.

Prionus coriarius, Linn.

The larve of this insect, with those of Lucanus cervus, were

eaten by the Romans under the name of Cossus (vid. Amoreux,

p- 154), and if it is allowable to add other species which were

probably confounded under the same name, I should mention

Hamaticherus heros, Lamia textor, and Morimus tristis, all in-

habiting southern Europe, and tolerably abundant in Italy at the

present day.

Stenodontes Damicornis, Linn.

The larvee of this beetle are eaten in Surinam, in America, and

in the West Indies, both by white and black people. It is con-

sidered an exquisite relish, and is called by the natives the Ma-

cauco, or Macokko beetle. Linnzeus, in his Mantissa Plantarum,

published in 1771, gives us a short list of insects, where, under

the name of the above species, he adds the following remark :—

“ Habitat in Jamaica, larvee in obsoniis sapidee.”

Montac Beeile.

This is the larve of one of the Prionide ; it is eaten at the Mau-

ritius when dressed, and is named the Montac grub; the whites as

well as the negroes eat it greedily. Vid. St. Pierre’s Voyage.

Vol, Ill. L

134 Rev. F. W. Hope’s Observations respecting

Macrodontia cervicornis, Linn.

Linnzeus, writing on this insect, states: ‘ Habitat in America,

ligno Bombacis larvae quee exempte edulis in deliciis.”

Omacantha gigas, Fab.

According to Smeathman this insect, when roasted, forms an

article of food in Africa.

Lamia rubus ?

The larve of Lamia rubus? Fab. are eaten in the island of

Ceylon, and I have heard also, that the Burmese are partial to

these beetle grubs, probably a closely allied species of Lamia.

One species I have seen, it appeared longer than rubus, but it

was in too mutilated a state to speak with certainty. It may

here be added, that under the name of rubus there are several

species of Lamia confounded together.

Lama 8-maculata.

The above insect is reported to be eaten in India. Is this the

destructive insect named Carian by Heyne, which he states is —

not so prejudicial to the cocoa-nut trees in the Mysore as it is

on the coast? Before concluding with the Longicornes it may be

mentioned, that many others of the Prionide, and Lamude and

Cerambycide, are probably eaten, and, from the account of various

travellers, beetle grubs appear to be rich and delicate eating.

Calandra Chinensis ?

The historian lian mentions the circumstance of an Indian

king treating some of his Grecian guests with the larve of an

insect instead of fruit. This probably was a grub of a species of

Calandra, and not unlikely that of Cal. Chinensis, which is widely

spread over a large portion of the Asiatic continent. It is abun-

dant in China, on the Tanesserim Coast; at Calcutta, Ceylon,

and also in the Concan.

Calandra palmarum.

This insect is also a species of palm-worm, but certainly dis-

tinct from that of India. It is called in the West Indies, where it

abounds, Grugru. According to Madame Merian they are roasted

Insects that have afforded Food to Man. 135

by the natives, and are esteemed, when properly cooked, rich and

delicate eating. Linnzeus also, in a remark relating to this species,

adds, “ Larva assate in deliciis habentur.”—Vid. Linn. System.

Nat. p. 606.

In terminating the Coleopteral order it may be here stated that

there can be little doubt that various other species of grubs of the

genus Calandra are eaten by different nations in the widely sepa-

rated regions of the globe.

OrTHOPTERA,

1. Locusta migratoria, Linn.

Locusts, as I have before stated, were eaten in the early stages

of the world, and it is only by critical commentators that this point

seems to have been disputed.

The well authenticated fact of various nations eating locusts

as food, determines a question concerning which commen-

tators on the Bible have long disputed, namely, whether the

Acrides of John the Baptist were locusts according to the literal

sense of the word, or whether axpidec was a term given to the

pods of a species of cassia. The first, in my humble opinion, is

the only correct interpretation of the word. The hypercritic

argues that locusts are an unnatural food, forgetting that they

were allowed to be eaten by Moses, the Jewish lawgiver. Now,

if they were eaten in early days, and are eaten at present by

people frequenting the very same desert which John the Baptist

inhabited, what reason have we to think that they were ever aban-

doned in his time? None whatever! Locusts will still continue to

be eaten, and critics still endeavour to refine, but all their acumen

and learning will never convert an insect to a fruit.

The first species I allude to is the Locusta migratoria, commonly

eaten in the Crimea: it is often the precursor of Loc. Tatarica.

Under the name of migratory locust, there are undoubtedly se-

veral species confounded. The trivial name of migratoria is

characteristic of many of the species, and has probably been the

cause of the confusion. Occasionally they visit various parts of

Europe, and sometimes England, migrating chiefly from the

Crimea,

2. Locusta Tatarica, Linn.

This insect is eaten commonly in the Crimea. When these

animals arrive in swarms, the whole vegetable produce disappears.

Nothing escapes them, from the leaves of the forest to the herbs

136 ~~ Rev. F. W. Hope’s Observations respecting

of the plain; fields, vineyards, gardens and pastures, every thing

is laid waste; sometimes the only appearance left on the naked soil

is a revolting heat caused by their putrifying bodies, the stench of

which too often produces a devastating pestilence.

3. The Muken, or Red Locust.

I am in doubt what name to attribute to this species. The

Egyptians and Arabians esteem it as the fattest and most delicate

of the locusts. —Vid. Niebhur. At Bassorah, the Arabs call this

locust, which they are extremely partial to, Muken; when fat and

full of eggs it is esteemed a very strengthening food for men ; the

male Muken is lean, and therefore is not much eaten.

4, The Light Locust.

Another species eaten by the Arabians is called the light locust:

it appears to be unknown to our European entomologists ; this,

when it arrives, is lean, and after it has lived well for a time is

called the Fat Locust.

5. The Dubbe Locust.

This species is by no means in request in Arabia, and is scarcely

deemed esculent, because it tends to produce diarrhoea. Reesel

tells us, that eating locusts is unwholesome, and produces winged

dog lice, or dog flies. This opinion, however, is disputed, and is

now not credited by travellers.

6. Locusta gregaria, (Forskal, Gerrard,) or Red Skipper.

This insect is considered as one of the most destructive to vege-

tation, and is most probably the Acridium of the ancients. An inte-

resting account relating to this species will be found in Blaquiere’s

Travels. It is probably also the locust described by Belzoni, who

says they devour every thing. The natives eat them fried; they

are about two inches in length, and are generally of a yellow or

gold colour, but there are some red, and some green.——Vid. Bel-

zoni. Colour is no criterion of species with respect to this locust,

and probably the remark will apply to others. When young it is

green; as it grows it assumes a yellow hue, and lastly becomes

brown and red. There is an indifferent drawing of one of the

above insects in James Grey Jackson’s Travels in Morocco, Vid.

third edition (1816), p. 102.

Insects that have afforded Food to Man. 137

7. Locusta Cernensis, Hope.

This species, which is apparently undescribed, is eaten by the

natives of Madagascar, and preferred by them to their finest fish.

Their method of dressing them is to strip off their legs and wings

and fry them in oil. I have given it the name of L. Cernensis,

derived from the ancient name of that island, which I prefer to

Madagascariensis, used by French writers,

8. Locusta devastator, Lichtenstein.

This destructive insect is mentioned by Lichtenstein as devas-

tating Southern Africa. ‘They are greedily devoured by the Bos-

jesmans or Wood Hottentots, who, not content with catching thern

by handsful, dig long and deep trenches, and capture them by

thousands. Adamson mentions, moreover, in his voyage that

various tribes of Africa eat locusts.— Vid. p. 161.

9. Locusta pupa, Linn.

I have somewhere read (Rosenmiiller ?) that this species is eaten

occasionally, but do not recollect the reference.

10. Locusta cristata, Linn.

Linneeus, in his “Systema Nature,” under the name of Locusta

cristata, mentions in a note that this species is eaten by the Arabs,

** Hic Arabicus esculentus est.”

There are different methods of preparing locusts. The Arabs

throw them on the fire, and when sufficiently fried, they pluck

off the legs and head, and eat the remainder. Some dry them

in ovens, and others grind them to powder in handmills, or

pound them in stone mortars; the powder is then mixed with

water, and made into a cake, and baked as common bread.

Others, again, boil and eat them with salt. The taste is compared

to shrimps, and by Rosenmiiller they are reported to be nearly the

same in flavour as the smoked Agaric eaten in Holstein. Ano-

ther authority for their peculiar flavour is “Joseph de S. Ange, de

Toulouse, dans son Gazoph. Pers. sous le titre Locusta, raconte

qu’en Arabie tout le monde (tutti quanti), pauvres et riches, man-

gent les sauterelles avec beaucoup de l’appetit, et qu’en effet elles

sont bonnes (e che veramente sono buono), et ont le gout d’ecre-

visses. D’autres disent qu’elles ont plutot le gout de hareng frais.”

—Vid. Scheuchzer, vol. ii. p. 111.

138 Rev. F. W. Hope’s Observations respecting

11. Locusta viridissima.

This species has occasionally been eaten. It is seldom found

in great numbers, and is reported not to possess the flavour be-

longing to the migratorial species.

12. Locusta Mahrattarum.

When a cloud of locusts visit the Mahratta country, the common

people salt and eat them; probably they have long been accustomed

to such food; as it is evidently distinct from any African species,

I suggest the name of Locusta Mahratiarum.

Meer Hassan Ali tells us, that the Mussulmauns in India eat

locusts. Speaking of a cloud of them, he proceeds as follows : “The

main body of the army of locusts must have occupied thirty mi-

nutes in passing over my head, but my attention was too deeply

engrossed to afford me time to consult my watch; stragglers there

were many, separated from the flight by noises made by the ser-

vants and people to deter them from settling, some were caught

and were converted into currie for a Mussulmaun’s meal. They

say it is no common delicacy, and is ranked among the allowed

animal food.”—Vid. Meer Hassan Ali’s History of the Mussul-

mauns, p. 165. :

As I have heard Englishmen who have been in the East Indies

state that the natives of India do not eat locusts, I quote another

authority which speaks on the point generally without alluding to

any particular species. Paxton gives us the following passage :

“‘ Many nations in the East, as the Indians in the Bushee Islands,

the Tonquinese, and the inhabitants of Madagascar, make no

scruple to eat locusts, of which they have innumerable swarms,

and prefer them to their finest fish.”—Vol. i. p. 327.

The next authority I quote of people eating locusts is Ludolphus;

in his History of Ethiopia we find the following quaint passage : “ The

Habessines for sometime support themselves by feeding on locusts,

which they greedely eit, as well to satisfie their hunger as in re-

venge, for it is a very sweet and wholesom sort of dyet, by means

of which a certain Portuguez garrison in India, that was ready to

yield for want of provision, held out till it was relieved another

way ; and therefore it is not to be doubted but that St. John the

Baptist fed upon these locusts in the wilderness.”’—Vid. chap. 13,

p:67-

13. Locusta Persarum, Morier.

Morier informs us of a flight of locusts which visited Persia.

Insects that have offorded Food to Man. 139

They were not, he says, of a predatory kind, and differed from the

red locust which destroys vegetation ; they were three inches long,

the body and head were of a bright yellow. ‘The Plain of Bushire

was covered by the poorer inhabitants, men, women, and children,

who came out to gather locusts, which they eat; they dry and salt

them, and afterwards sell them in the bazaars as the food of the

lowest peasantry: when boiled the yellow ones turn red ; they eat

like stale and decayed shrimps.

Forbes states in his Oriental Memoirs, “It is well known that

locusts there are an article of food in Persia and Arabia at the

present day; they are fried until their wings and legs fall off, and

in that state are sold in the markets, and eaten with rice and dates,

sometimes flavoured with salt and spices.” —Vol. 1. p. 82.

As to the modern Arabs, they eat locusts when fresh, and esteem

them, when salted, a great delicacy ; the flavour is similar to that

of fried herrings, but more delicious.*— Vid. Horneman’s Travels

in Fez.

It would indeed be easy to multiply modern authorities re-

specting locustal food; one more authority shall suffice, from which

it will appear that the Arabs make a sort of locust bread. Mad-

den, in his interesting travels, tells us, ‘‘‘The Arabs make a sort of

bread of locusts; they dry them and grind them to powder, then

mix this powder with water, forming them into round cakes, which

serve for bread,” —Vid. vol. ii, pp. 31 and 218.

* Burkhardt more particularly details the method of dressing locusts in Arabia,

‘«* All the Bedouins of Arabia and the inhabitants of the towns of Nedgd and

Hadjaz are accustomed to eat locusts. I have seen,” he says, ‘‘ at Medina and

Tayf, locust shops, where these animals were sold by measure. In Egypt and

Nubia they are only eaten by the poorest beggars. The Arabs, in preparing

locusts as an article of food, throw them alive into boiling water with which a

good deal of salt has been mixed, after a few minutes they are taken out and dried

in the sun. The head, feet and wings are then torn off, the bodies are cleansed

from the salt, and perfectly dried ; afrer which process, whole sacks are filled with

them by the Bedouins. They are sometimes-eaten broiled in butter, and they

often contribute materials for a breakfast, when spread over unleavened bread

mixed with butter.’”—Vid. Burkhardt’s Notes on the Bedouins and Wahatays,

vol. il. p. 91.

Salt also, in his voyage to Abyssinia, p. 172, writes as follows: ‘ During our

stay in this quarter a large flight of locusts came over to one of the islands, and

in a few days destroyed nearly half the vegetation upon it, not sparing even the

bitter leaves of the rack tree. These locusts are called Jarad in Yemen and Anne

in Dankali, and are commonly used as food by the wandering tribes of both these

nations, who, after boiling them, separate the heads from the bodies, and devour

the latter in the same manner as Europeans eat shrimps and prawns.’’—Vid. Salt’s

Voyage to Abyssinia, p. 172.

140 Rev. F. W. Hope’s Observations respecting

14. Locusta Onos, Pallas.

The celebrated traveller Pallas, in the fourth volume of his

Voyages, in the Appendix, informs us that Gryllus Onos is eaten

by the Mongols and other Indians, ‘ Mongolia insectum, Sinen-

sibus edule.”—Vid. p. 678. ‘The description of the species is

more fully detailed in his Spicilegiorum Zoolog, fascicul. 9, p. 17,

where there is an exact figure, vid. table 2, fig. 1.

15. Acheta Smeathmanni.

From the information furnished to Mr. Drury by Mr. Smeath-

man, we learn that the children in Africa are, at the proper season,

very busily employed digging out of the ground the females, when

full of eggs, of a species exactly resembling Acheta membranacea

of Drury, on which they make an agreeable repast, roasting gene-

rally the whole animal, but eating only the eggs, which are con-

tained in a bag—they resemble part of the roe of the fish—

deeming it very delicate food. —Vid. Westwood’s Edition of

Drury’s Exotic Insects, vol. ii. p. 91.

A species closely allied to the above ravaged the Burmese ter-

ritories, and was eaten, I understand, by the people there, after

roasting them.

Before concluding my observations on locustal food, I think I

may here be allowed to suggest some methods calculated to coun-

teract and mitigate the injurious effects they too often occasion.

First then, the legislative powers in the countries where the locusts

abound, should recommend them generally as an article of food ;

more effectual means, however, would be to employ the people

and children in hunting for their nests and eggs, which they might

ina great degree destroy; when the young make their appearance,

they may be employed again, and if the insects prove too abundant

for them, the police and military of the aistrict should be called in

to aid in the work of their destruction. On the arrival of over-

whelming swarms, when famine is likely to be caused by their

devastation, | would recommend a levée-en-masse of the popu-

lation to sally forth and collect them by thousands: as many as

may be required for food may be prepared for future use, the rest

should be buried in deep trenches. To attain this end, a poll tax

of a bushel of locusts (or any other measure deemed advisable),

might be required from each inmate of a house, and thus, by con-

siderably reducing their numbers, future famine and pestilence

(too often the sad effects of their visitations), might in some

Insects that have afforded Food to Man. 141

instances undoubtedly be prevented. In alluding at present more

particularly to one country, namely, the Crimea, I think that some

good might there be effected; the descriptions relating to the

sufferings of those people by the desolating armies of locusts are

harrowing to read, and must excite the attention of the philan-

thropist as well as of the naturalist.

That unfortunate country almost annually suffers from this

dreadful scourge, which devastates their lands; and when we

consider it is not merely the yearly crops of corn and pasturage,

but all that can be denominated vegetation, which is annihilated,—

that it is not the whole crops of one year’s growth only, but that of

several succeeding years rendered comparatively unproductive by

their attacks,—I cannot but repeat again the above recommendation

of a levée-en-masse, and I am sure it will not be deemed _ prepos-

terous when the result must prove decidedly beneficial.

HeEMIPTERA.

1. Tettigonia Antiquorum.

Tettigonia, Tettigometra, Tettix,and Cicada. Under these several

names in the different stages which this insect passes through, we

learn that it was eaten by the Greeks ; as it is probably unrecog-

nized by moderns, I give it the provisional name of 7’, Antiquorum.

2. Tettigonia Parthorum.

According to Pliny, the Parthians regaled on a species of Telti-

gama ; 1 merely adda specific name to distinguish it from any that

possibly were eaten as food in Greece.

3. Tettigonia Septendecim.

A species to which the above name is given is eaten by the

American Indians at the present day, who pluck off the wings

and boil them.

3. Tettigonia Bennetii, Hope.

Mr. George Bennett, in his Wanderings in New South Wales,

states that the Aborigines used as food the Tettigonia or Frog-

hoppers, which they call Galang, first stripping them of their

wings ; as the species is apparently unnamed, I have added that

name, Benneti, in honour of that enterprising traveller.

142 Rev. F. W. Hope’s Observations respecting

I now proceed with the remaining orders, first having com-

bated an objection raised against locusts eaten in India. My sole

authority was that of Major Moore, mentioned by Messrs. Kirby

and Spence, in their Entomology; that authority has been ques-

tioned. From inquiries made of my friends, Colonel Burke and

Major Robinson, officers well acquainted with India, I have since

been informed, that it is no unusual custom of the Sepoys to

make a locust curry; both the above individuals have at times

tasted them, and describe them as little adapted to an European

palate. Another authority is a communication received from my

friend E. T. Downes, Esq., I give an extract of the letter sent to

me: “Respecting your Entomological inquiry, I do not think

that natives of any cast eat any insect save the locust, which they

make into a curry. The Kunjars and no caste Hindoos eat the

flesh of the gosamp, and a lizard called the Sanne, but I have

never heard of them eating any insect besides the locust.” From

the same authority I also state, that in 1833, at Allahabad, an

immense flight of locusts fell at that station; they were collected

by the natives and eaten as curry when they wanted them: they

were collected in earthen vessels, in which they were kept ready

for use.

LEPIDOPTERA.

1. Larve of Papihonde.

In this order I am able to add little additional matter, except

that which may be gathered from the mine of information, the

invaluable “ Introduction to Entomology.” Sparrman mentions,

that the caterpillars of some of the Papilionide are eaten by the

Bosjemans. Lander also, in the records of Clapperton’s last

expedition to Africa, in speaking of the food of the Yaribeans,

mentions Elio, a celebrated fat eunuch, who held some of the

highest offices of state under a black majesty. ‘He came to

me,” says Lander, “ paunch and all, and boasted that he could

procure any delicacy he might want, for he had only to hint his

wishes, when a bowl of dogs’ or asses’ flesh, a dish of fried cater-

pillars, or a saucepan of ants or locusts was smoking before him

in a moment.” In another page of the same work it is stated,

« As with the ancient Romans, caterpillars are in very high esti-

mation among the people of Yariba.—Vide vol. ui. pp. 201, 205.

2. Sphinx Larve.

According to Sir George Staunton, the Chinese eat the larve

of a Sphinx ; the species, I believe, still remains unknown.

Insects that have afforded Food to Man. 148

3. Cossus ligniperda.

Two celebrated naturalists, Ray and Linnzus, suppose the

caterpillar of Cossus ligniperda, to be the identical Cossus which,

in Pliny’s time, delighted the Roman epicures.

4. Bombyx mori.

The Chinese, when they have unwound the cocoons of the

celebrated silk-worm moth, serve up the chrysalides at table,

taking care to retain a sufficient number for propagating the

species. T'achsius informs us also, that the Bombyces were eaten

as food ;* while Schroeder says, that they were dried or reduced

to powder, and administered as medicine, in order to cure vertigo

and convulsions, vid. Pharmacop. Medico-Chym. lib. v. p. 883.

I add another authority, in corroboration of the above remarks.

Mr. Favand, a missionary in China, states, that during his long

residence in that country, “he has often seen the chrysalides of

silk-worms used as food. He has himself partaken of them, and

found them at once strengthening and cooling. After having

wound the silk off the cocoons, they are dried in the fryingpan,

when the envelop will come off, and they appear like yellow

masses, resembling the eggs of carp. They are fried in butter,

lard, or oil, and moistened with broth. When they have been

boiled in this for five minutes, they are stirred well, and crushed

with a wooden spoon. The Mandarins and rich people add the

yolk of eggs, in the proportion of one yolk to a hundred chry-

salides. The poorer people are contented with salt, pepper, and

vinegar, or, after stripping them, in cooking them with oil.”

5. Nycterobius MacLeayi.

The natives of Australia eat the caterpillars of a singular spe-

cies of moth, which are taken at night while feeding. The name

of Nycterobius has been given to it by Mr. William Sharpe

MacLeay.

6. Euplea hamata.

The Aborigines of Australia congregate together in the months

of November, December, and January, in order to collect a spe-

cies of moth which they call Bugong. The bodies of these

* «« Non vestimentis modo, sed et aliis, Bombyces inservire usibus, certissimum.

Pro cibo nonnullis fuisse Sachseus Gammarol. lib. 1, tradidit, et vivos eos virum

quendam sanitatis ergo deglutuisse retulis Borellus, Hist. et Obser. Var. Medico-

Phys. Cent. 3.”

144 ~— Rev. F. W. Hope’s Observations respecting

insects are large, and contain a quantity of oil, resembling in

taste a sweet nut; they are sought after as a luscious and fatten-

ing food, and from various accounts, these bugong moths appear

to be more prized by the Australian than any sort of food what-

ever.

HYMENOPTERA.

It is reported of the inhabitants of Cumana that, along with

other insects, they were accustomed to eat bees. Knox asserts,

in his history of Ceylon, that they are also eaten in that island ;

and from the description of the latter writer, the bees in question

probably belonged to the genera Xylocopa or Bombus. Among

the social insects we also find bees and ants, which at times have

afforded food and sustenance to man; and the above writer tells

us, “ When the natives meet with any swarms of bees hanging on

trees, they hold torches under them to make them drop, and so

eatch them and carry them home; they boil and eat them, esteem-

ing them excellent food.” —Vid. Knox’s Ceylon, 1817.

Apis Mellifica.

Dr. Halley, in the “ Miscellanea Curiosa,” informs us, that the

Moors esteem honey a wholesome breakfast, and he adds, “ and

the most delicious is that which is in the comb, with the young

bees in it, before they come out of their cases, whilst they still

look milk white, and resemble (being taken out) gentles such as

fishers use; these I have often eat of, but they seemed insipid

to my palate, and sometimes I found they gave me the heart-

burn.” The above author elsewhere speaks also of Moors eating

the young bees as an usual custom.-—Vid. Philosop. ‘Trans. and

Miscell. Curiosa, vol. i. page 382.

Ants.

Pinto makes mention of a sect of people who were accustomed

to eat ants of various kinds, Piso gives us the names of two

species inhabiting South America, which are in great request

there, and the latter authority is corroborated by the celebrated

Humboldt. Mr. Consett, in his Travels in Sweden, asserts, that

in that country, ‘‘ ants are distilled along with rye, in order to

give a flavour to the spirits in use among the people, and there

can be little doubt that formic acid is likely to be found far less

injurious than the vitriolic acid, with which the gin of this country

is so copiously adulterated.” Another authority is Caldcleugh,

Insects that have afforded Food to Man. 145

who, in his travels, states, that at St. Paul’s, in the Brazils, there

is a species of large ant, which when fried, forms a food by no

means contemptible in the eyes of the inhabitants. Richard

Lander, in speaking of the food of the Yaribeans, mentions that

they eat black ants* just as they are able to fly. “ They are

stewed,” he says, “and eaten with yams and tuah, and are con-

sumed by all ranks with the most astonishing avidity.”—Vid.

Lander’s Records of Clapperton’s Last Voyage, page 205.

By Callaway it is stated, “ Swarms of ants are abundant in

Ceylon. The Sepoys attract them by burning a torch, which,

scorching their wings, they drop to the ground. After picking

them up and frying them with rice, the mess is divided and sent

round to their friends as a delicacy.’ +

NEUROPTERA.

The present order affords us little additional matter, and is

confined entirely to the genus Termes, commonly known under

the name of the white ants. They yield, however, an ample

supply of food to various nations.

i. Zermes fatale.

Lichtenstein informs us, that the Termes fatale is a very fa-

vourite food of the Bosjesmans or Wood Hottentots; and he

particularly mentions their eggs, which are in very great repute.

2. The Indian White Ant.

In the East Indies, according to Smeathman, the natives eat the

white ants, raw as well as boiled. ‘They take them in great quan-

tities, mixing them with flour into a sort of paste, which they sell

to the poor at a reasonable rate. ‘The Mahrattahs are reported

to be extremely partial to them. Forbes, in his Oriental Me-

moirs, supports the authority of Smeathman. ‘ He states that

the white ant is about the size of a small grain of rice, has a

white body, appearing like a maggot, and a very strong red head

armed with a powerful forceps. It has four short legs. They

are an article of food among some of the low caste in Mysore,

and the Carnatic.—Vid. vol. i. page 232. Buchanan informs us

* Lieutenant H. Sayers (lately returned from Africa) informs me, that

amongst many other delicate viands particularly prized by the natives in the

vicinity of Sierra Leone, black ants are sought for and eaten with avidity.

t Vid. Callaway’s Oriental Collections, 1834, p. 61.

146 Rev. F. W. Hope’s Observations respecting

also, that one common article of food among the Chensu Carira

of India, is the white ant, commonly called Termes.

8. Smeathman’s Ant.

Smeathman also tells us, that several African tribes eat white

ants, roasted, boiled, and raw ; and then adds his opinion, derived

from personal observation, that the individuals living on them

soon get into good condition, from feasting on this nutritious

food.

4. Termes arborum.

Before concluding my remarks on the order Neuroptera, it may

here be mentioned, that not only the insects themselves, but

part of their domiciles, are sometimes taken, not as food, but as

medicine. Koster informs us, that portions of the nest of the

Copim (of a species named Termes arborum) is taken in the state

of a solution in South America, in agueish disorders.— Vid. Kos-

ter’s Travels, vol. ii. page 50. May we not here take a hint

from the South American, and as we have not the Termes, why

not try and ascertain if portions of the nests of our British ants

are efficacious in checking the same complaint? It is worthy of |

remark, that the grand specific for ague is bark and sulphnric

acid, in short, quinine. Whence, I ask, originated this specific ?

probably it originated in the very country which gives us the

Peruvian bark, What then is quinine? it is a remedy attempted

to be assimilated to that of Copim. The next question that arises

is, what is Copim ? as far as is known, it appears to be an extract

of wood acted upon by termitic acid. What is quinine? nothing

more than bark acted on by sulphuric acid, and made more effi-

eacious by that acid. I throw out these remarks purposely to

promote inquiry, and J take the present opportunity of stating,

that Copim appears to me to contain the concentrated virtues of

the tree on which the insects feed; and I have little doubt, that

insects may eventually afford us medicines more powerful than

those of trees and plants, and certainly less deleterious than those

derived from minerals.

Diptera.

In Pinto’s Voyage there is a notice of a sect of people who

used flies as an article of food. Scopoli, in his “ Entomologia,”

mentions the larvee of Musca putris as a dainty. The jumping

maggots frequently met with in old cheese, turn to a fly denomi-

Insects that have afforded Food to Man. 147

nated by Mr. Kirby Tyrophagus caseus. Cheese lovers are

particularly partial to cheese attacked by them; and I have heard

it asserted by such persons, that flies never attack a poor cheese.

Since this paper was read, I have received an anonymous note

from some kind Entomologist, with a valuable reference, which

I take the liberty of adding, and at the same time beg leave to

thank the nameless individual for his communication.

In Arundel’s discoveries in Asia Minor, there is a remarkable

passage attesting the utility of the levée-en-masse, when called

out to destroy locusts.

“In May 8th, 1827.—Left Bainder at seven o'clock, accom-

panied by all the great Turks, and armed from head to foot with

muskets, pistols, and yatagans, in grand procession, to extermi-

nate the locusts. I was awoke at a very early hour by the

Turkish tambour, which was beating a summons for the entire

population, Turk, Christian, and Jew, to rise en masse and sally

out to destroy these destructive insects ; arrived on the field of

action about eight o’clock, the hedges were darkened by the

masses of locusts, though not of more advanced growth than a

large fly. Hundreds of people were to be seen, Turks, Jews,

Greeks, and Armenians, grouped in all directions, brushing the

locusts together in immense heaps with bushes, &c. at the beat of

the tambour, and then with a thundering hurrah jumping upon

the heaps and killing them. Other parties took a different mode

by sweeping the masses into a small stream, where, like immense

swarms of bees clustered together, they sank to the bottom.” —

Vid. vol. ii. p. 290, Discoveries in Asia Minor, by F. V.J. Arun-

del, British Chaplain at Smyrna.

In addition to the above passage referred to by my anonymous

friend, I quote another remarkable passage from Thornton,

wherein he states that locusts are dispersed by report of cannon

and smoke of powder. ‘ The locusts,” he relates, “ the curse to

which countries are most exposed, where nature has been most

prodigal of her gifts, sometimes infest and spread desolation over

this delightful region(Moldavia). They even pass the lofty ridge

of the Carpathian mountains and light upon Transylvania, where

a provident government has called out its regiments to disperse

and destroy them with the report of cannon and the smoke of

gunpowder.’-~Vide Thornton’s Turkey, vol. ii. p. 326.

148 Rev. F. W. Hope's Observations respecting

INDEX OF SPECIES, WITH AUTHORITIES.

COLEOPTERA.

Genus. Sprcigs. Country. Aurnonririts,

SCARABEUS ...++eee+-Sacer, Linn. ......+ ep ea sieieiel ores -» Dr. Clarke Lane.

Leriprora, Kirby . . Hypoleuca, Wied.....Java .........+.+- Wiedemann, and Westermann.

ANOPLOGNATHUS, M. ihe Viridieneus ...... ‘ Ney Holland ....MacLeay, Cunningham,

ORYCTES coc. cecccese le Owartensis ...+0 Cape Coast ......Mr. Palin, Mr. Hope.

2. Boas, Fabs — sieoe Sierra Leone...... Lieut. Sayer.

dem Monocenos Oliver elke Dem eiacisterleiete Hope, and Palin.

TUUGANUS, TD fejoeas: 0 CETUUS | re.c'eesjorsie sie ele Europe .......-.-.Scopoli.

Tenesrio, Lin. ....--(Sp. unknown) ......Egypt ......-.--Dr. Clarke, Niebhur.

IPRIONUS [icc siccsiece + COMATIUS Tocleseiei » Europe. .essceee Amoreux.

§ Lady Merian.

*@ Sir John Forey.

§ 1. Damicornis

STENODONTES «eee. ‘ Surinam ...

or Macauco Grub §

2. MontacGrub......Mauritius...... ..St. Pierre.

MACcRODONTIA oo seeeee Gems Sfele isin oie @ UINETICAM eicneeres LN Neuse

CORTAGCANTHAvavel eletevee oteroil ILD ULUSisteveieteteteravareleye IALTICA cts feretaveveteiie Smeathmann.

§ 1. 8-maculatu...... Uy . § Hope, Heyne.

LAMIA oo ee ee ceeees 02. Rubus, Fab. .... § East Indies .. ** U Hope, De Saram.

CATANDIDAUL en clereisteiniers Lei CHUNENSIS Mine serucre oUMGIa © uerieerayercterers Elian.

2. Carian Insect ....Mysore, East In... Heyne.

§ 3. Palmarum...... a § Linneus.

Q@ or Grugru Grub.. ; Mysore, East In. ¢ Lady Merian.

ORTHOPTERA.

LOCUSTA cccsccccsece 1. Mipratovia ceo. +sCTUMGdss sos ceo Linneus, Dr. Clarke.

De Tatarica,, sistas: ee OLIN clei <alcin ete . Dr. Clarke and others.

3. Muken..-...- ... Egypt and Arabia. Niebhur, Herodotus.

4. Light Locust ....Arabia.........- Niebhur, Hasselquist.

5. Dubbe Locust ....Arabia..........Niebhur, Salt.

6. Gregaria, Forskal .Arabia ..........Aristotle, Blaquiere, Belzoni,

Grey, Jackson.

7. Cernensis, Hope .. Madagascar......Ives’s Travels, p. 15.

8. Devastator, Licht. S.Afr., Bosjesmans Lichtenstein.

9. Pupa, Tans <<\5... Africa ..........Adamson, Rosenmiiller, Ludol-

phus.

10. Cristata, Lin. .... Arabia ..... ....--Linneus, Shaw, Ives.

par eem § Mahrattas, Ba- } Major Moor, Forbes, Dam-

11. Mahrattar um, Hope) shees, Tonquinese pier. g

12. Viridissima ...... burOpelejerieliertore Major Moor, Forbes, Dampier.

18. Persarwm...+.++- Persia, Acridophagi Morier.

14. Locusta Onos, PallasMonguls, Indians. . Pallas, Zool.

15. Acrydium.....-+»Parthians ......+- Diodorus Siculus, Pliny, Lobos,

Abyssinia, page 86.

ACHETA sossoeeeeessSmeathmanni oe+e..-+Africa ...++++++-Smeathman, Drury.

HEMIPTERA.

IREWTIGONDA\ sie. sie's.c:s +a ANLIGUONUNE voiele sic Greece ........+-Plutarch, Aristotle, Atheneus,

Aristophanes, A®lian.

2. Parthorum.... 2... Parthia. os. e'e eb Nye

3. Septendecim. ......American Indians . Collinson. :

4, Galang Pupa......Australia.....+».Bennett, Sir J. Mitchell,

Lhojtsky.

Insects that have afforded Food to Man. 149

LEPIDOPTERA.

Genus. SPECIEs. Country. AUTHORITIES.

PapiLionss,

HAAPITIO. isveja.cie 00 sree MiaLvce Of; vis clereter ste Hottentots ......Sparrman.

BERELUN Ser ee oie svete’ OVLArve OF «stasoa ve Chitiese ..sis.. . Sir G. Staunton.

BIOSSUSis\00 0 cs « Soanee 3. Ligniperda........Romans ..,.....Ray and Linneus, Sachsius,

Schroeder, Favand,

MOMHYX cngwti sere code Mord ccctvaccs PeAOHIMa | beret 68s 0 6 Kirby and Spence.

Nycrerozius ........5.Sp. unknown......New Holland ....MacLeay.

6) Hamata : «cece

E Petcecs ve

UPLEA . ; Bugong Moth...-

‘ Australia ......+.W.Sharpe MacLeay.

CATERPILLARS .... } 7. Bee ae oe § Wi anib aversive clers .. Lander.

NEUROPTERA.

INERIMES). tf clececle ou «6 hia tale. «sis che chejelets @Affraria cn ee . .- Lichtenstein.

2. Sp. unknown...... East Indies ......Smeathman, Buchanan, Forbes’

Oriental Memoirs.

3. Smeathmanni.....- I MIKEY BAGO BOODaS Smeathman.

4. Arborum .....+..-South America.... Koster.

HYMENOPTERA.

‘Mtr ooncoopaducocoac le WUnknowny «rte e's Cumana.

BomBus ?....22.500e- 2. Unknown ........ Ceylon ...+..es0. Knox.

ABBY: dopo SuacD00gbe 3; Unknown <0 ..<i.06 Ceylon .:........ Knox.

APIS..20e0+005-+0+--4. Mellifica ........ Western Barbary..Dr. Halley.

FORMICA .ceesceses .-1. Sp. unknown...... South America.... Pinto.

OUP imate tele aera etele South America.... Piso.

Os HAMAF CUNT: saleisie.ces LITAZILY .\e/cle'eie cee e Piso.

4. Sp. unknown...... South America.... Humboldt.

5. Sp. unnamed...... Sweden........-- Consett.

6. Sp. unnamed...... St. Paul, Brazil ..Caldcleugh.

7. Sp. unknown......Ceylon.........-Callaway.

Yariba.......... Lander, Lieut. Sayers.

ee ; Boschmans ...... Sir James Alexander.

DIPTERA.

Musca ......+.-+..++1. Unknown ...... ..- South America... . Pinto.

2. Larve ...... +s..Murope...-s2+- ..Scopoli.

[PYROPHAGUS ..--.+0- GnSCtinater eieleleis'se(a/eieiej« England ........ Kirby.

ARACHNIDA.

AR ANEA ?. tle oie sieve e's 1. Sp. unknown......African Boshjes ..Sparrman.

PA JOHNS BaCUa OUT . New Caledonia ..Labilliardiére, Rosel.

SOGOU ofhoac .....European........Reaumur, Shaw, Leland,

Spence.

APTERA.

DIRO os oes sie oeiaa evel CUCCSEMMLILC Es aie wletalauhtettals dee sie se) ln byoand Others.

VOL, Ill, M

150 Rev. F. W. Hope’s Observations, §c.

Nations described as Eating Locusts, &c., with the

Ancient Authorities attached to them.

1. Parthians ...... Vid. Pliny, 11, 29; Pliny, lib. 2, ch. 29, lib. 9, c. 29, 35;

Plutarch (in Symp.)

2. Aithiopeans .... Vid. Pliny, 6, 30; Strabo, Leo Africanus, lib. 16, ch. 8.

3. Acridophagi .... Vid. Herodotus, Strabo, Agatharcides, 5, 272 ; Diodorus,

Bibliot. 3, 11.

4, Syrians ..... .-. Teste Scaliger, contra Cardanum, 639.

OD» Ley biansyeerelectorere Leone teste in descriptione Africa, Artemidorus,

GGreeks Gi%isjctc'e 6 Aristophanes, Acham, act 4, scene 7; (Plutarch, in Symp.)

Atheneeus, lib. 4; Pliny, 11, 26; Alian, Hist. 13—26.

7. Hebrews........ Moses, Levit. ch. 11, v. 21, 22, and the Talmudic Tract

Cholin, ch. 3, fol. 65; Heros Nedarum, fol. 40, 42.

GepigeTSIANSivie elejelel eve Tavernier.

9. Chaldeans...... Tavernier, Itiner. Pl. fig. 67.

10. Nasireans ...... Saubeitus, Actis Erudit. 1694, p. 57.

Wile SiMEWIS Gogeodoc Gonsalvus Oviedus apud Vossum, |. c. cap. 78; Dapper,

Descript. Africe, page 396.

12. Arabians ......Leo Africanus, lib. 9; Agatharcides, lib. 5, c, 27.

13. Nasamones ....Eustathius in Dionysium.

Modern Authorities.

le HEYA. onnennoooD Clenard in Epistolis, 1541.

ZaUCWS cells «oie -++Origen ; Chrysostom; Jacobus de Vitriaco; Hermolaus

barbarus in Dioscoride, Beda, Kirstenius, in his Notes of

St. Matthew, lib. 9; Euthymus in Mattheum, lib. 9.

eyATADS ie ciers ouere ats Kirstenius, Hieronymus, Scaliger, Russell, 4odmon, Hassel-

quist, Forskal, Damir.

4. Lybians ........Dioscorides, 256 ; Porphyrius, Hieronymus in Jovin, lib. 2,

chap. 6.

OuDalDary s=\- 02 Solinus.

6. Acthiopians and ee Itiner. Acthiop. lib. 1, p.73 ; Ludolphus, A’thiopia,

Abyssinians.. ch. 13, p. 67; Lobos’ Voyage, p. 86.

7. Egyptians ...... Russell’s Aleppo, p. 26; Forskal.

8. Mussulmans .... Abdallah.

Oo TurkSiser., siete eee Ludolphus, p. 6.

10. Chinese .......- Niebhur’s Descript. Reg. Sinar. p. 377. If other authorities

are required I refer the reader to the Physica Sacra, of

Scheuchzer, vol. 2, p. 111, for various other names un-

mentioned,

11, Madagascar ....Ysbrand in Relat. de India Orientali.

Mr. F. Smith’s Notes, Sc. 15}

XX. Notes on the Habits of various Species of British

Ants. By Mr. Freperick Smiter.

[ Read September, 1839.]

Berne desirous of becoming acquainted with the natural history

of different species of British ants, I began by examining the nest

of Formica rufa on the 4th of February. The structure which I have

before seen raised as high as two feet from the ground was then

nearly level with it. I dug to the depth of about a foot and there

found hundreds of neuters in a torpid state; I carried home a

bag full of ants, materials, &c., and by carefully examining them

found eight females: after being a short time in a warm room

they began to show signs of life, and by placing some in a box

near the fire they soon recovered their wonted activity; one of

the females had part of a wing remaining. I visited the nest on the

14th February, a remarkably warm and beautiful day, and found

a few stragglers running about the nest enjoying the sunshine,

but not apparently disposed to rebuild or collect materials for the

nest. I also saw several individuals of the species PF’. fuliginosa,

or jet ant. A succession of cold rainy weather followed, but on

visiting them the first week in April I found they had commenced

their labours, and by the 28th had again raised their peopled

dome; on removing the upper portion of it I found several

masses of eggs about two inches from the surface; these masses

were about an inch and a half in length, and must, I should think,

have been deposited in that situation by the females, as the eggs

were attached together as if by some gummy substance; a card

with some on will be found in the box of specimens, but they

have dried up so as to leave no appearance of any thing resembling

eggs. I amused myself by watching the movements of these

creatures, some carrying pieces of grass, leaves, sticks, &c., others

portions of dead beetles, flies, &c., or dragging, not only truants

of their own species, but making captives of individuals of even

other species and genera—for I observed in more than one instance

Myrmica rubra made prisoner ; about twenty had seized upon a

large spider and were pulling him along with amazing perseverance,

while another swarm were refreshing themselves by devouring the

remains of an unfledged bird. Observing these things with some

attention, I saw a small Staphylinus issue from the nest and run

down the bank, at the top of which the nest is situated; I cap-

tured it, and it proved to be Afemeles acuminatus, 1 searched in

M 2

152 Mr. F. Smith’s Votes on the

vain for more, and I have never met with it in the nest of Formica

rufa since, but I attribute this to the nature of the materials ren-

dering it difficult to detect it. I left this nest and examined that

of F. fusca, in it I found three specimens of Atemeles, and while

observing the various occupations of the ants I noticed one about

to enter with an insect in its mouth ; I captured it, and it proved to

be the same Staphylinus. In about an hour anda half I secured by

the same means about ten specimens; one or two I saw endeavour-

ing to make their escape, but they were seized upon by the ants

and carried back again, I should observe, that the ants carry to

their nest individuals of the genus Pella,—having taken from

them several specimens of Pella humeralis; I have also found

them alive in the nest. These observations naturally lead to the

question, for what purpose are they carried there? (and having

frequently found them there alive, and seen them detained when

endeavouring to escape,) I feel convinced that it is not for food.

I should, from what I have observed, feel inclined to believe, that

during the larva state of the ants, they perform some function, or

assist in so doing, for although I have searched most diligently I

have not in a single instance found one since that time. I allude

to the larva state of the males and females—can they perform

any office which causes the development of those sexes? this is

mere conjecture, arising from my not having found them since

the period of their development.

To resume my observations on Formica rufa.—-May 10th, I ex-

amined the nest and found plenty of pup, g and 9, having no

appearance of legs or wings at that time, in any which I examined.

May 18th, rudiments of both legs and wings were observable ;

from this time up to the end of the month they gradually became

more perfect in their development, for by the 30th both males and

females were easily distinguished when extracted from their pupa

cases, as will be seen in my box of specimens. On the 5th of

June TI found both g and ¢ in the winged state, in the nest; I

collected a quantity of cocoons, and several both of males and

females came out of their cases in my boxes: about two o’clock

I saw several take wing from the nest, wheeling round in their

flight and rising high in the air—several pairs fell in a state of

copulation into a pond near the nest. Up to the fifth of June I

searched in vain for pupee of neuters; but on the 18th of June I

found them in abundance, at which time nearly all the males and

females were developed, and, had there not been cold turbulent

weather since the 5th, I have no doubt they would all have taken

flight. On the 18th I also found eggs in abundance, of course of

various Species of British Ants. 153

neuters, as since that time there has been no pupa of the other

sexes. From all which I have observed the following appears to

be the history, at least in part, of Mormica rufa; and the other

species agree in all particulars excepting time of appearance,

some being later.

About the middle of February, should the weather prove mild,

they begin to rouse from the torpid state in which they pass the

winter ; the neuters, and a few females having remained in the

nest during that period, the latter being impregnated the previous

summer, as I found them on dissection in the first week in April,

full of eggs, about which time the labour of constructing the nest

commences, and by the end of the month it is finished, and eggs

of males and females laid; but whether those eggs differ from the

eggs of neuters I cannot say. At the beginning of May larve are

found, which change to the pupa state by the 10th; by the 18th

legs and wings begin to be observable, and by the end of the

month the sexes are easily distinguished. About the 4th of

June the perfect insects appear, at which time no pupe of neuters

are to be found; but by the 18th they are found in numbers, by

which time all the males and females are developed, after which

the neuters continue to appear up to the end of the season, as I

found plenty of pupe on the 5th of August. So that it appears

the eggs of males and females are first laid, or if laid at the same

time as the neuters are more quickly developed ; the females when

impregnated do not deposit their eggs until the following spring,

or if they deposit the first year, all the progeny are neuters, as no

males or females will be found in the nest after June or the be-

ginning of July, and then only an odd one or two will be met

with; the impregnated females pass the winter in the nest in a

torpid state, and are the young of the previous year, as I found

one with part of the wing remaining; and all the males perish

after the season of copulation. It has been stated, that the neuters

liberate the perfect insects from the pupa cases ; they may indeed

in some instances assist, but that the insects can liberate themselves

I have had several proofs. These observations, I am aware, are

but imperfect, but further observation I hope will enable me to

fill up some of the blanks remaining in the history of these

laborious and interesting communities.

In the box of specimens two or three species have no names

attached, not having had time to determine them satisfactorily ;

but the sexes are placed together correctly, as each species was

taken from its own nest. ‘There is one from Hampshire which I

suspect to be J’, sanguinea. I could only find a single female, being

154 Mr. F. Smith’s Notes, &c.

late in the season, August 5th—late, I should say, for that species,

as it is just the time for others.

F. rufa and fuliginosa appear the earliest in the perfect state ;

about a month after which follows F. flava, F. pubescens, &c. 1

should state that the species, which I imagine to be F. sanguinea,

had formed its nest by excavating a bank of turf and clay plas-

tered together, forming an inclosure to a plantation.

XXI.— Some Remarks on Wireworms which seriously

damaged the Potatoe Crops of Shropshire, Worcester-

shire, and Herefordshire, in 1838. By the Rev. F. W.

Hope, F.R.S. &c.

[Read 1 April, 1839.]

Wireworms have too often disappointed the hopes of many a meri-

torious and aspiring horticulturist. They have in repeated instances

injured the hops in the counties of Kent, Worcestershire, and

Herefordshire, and I now have to record the result of my observa-

tions on the potatoe crops of last year, which have been reduced,

in many localities, to less than one-third of the annual produce.

The disease of the potatoe, which in some parts of England is

called the Curl, I attribute to the wireworm. On observing

several potatoe plants just above the ground in a drooping sickly

state, (without an Aphis on them,) I was induced to dig them up.

In many instances I found the wireworm at work, and adhering

to the slices which had been planted; others apparently had been

partially eaten, were abandoned, and in a forward state of corrup-

tion. Where the plants did not come up, which was the frequent

occurrence in 1838, I am inclined to think the slices were entirely

eaten, as not a vestige of them could be found. This same

disease, which I propose to call the Rootworm disease, in prefer-

ence to the Curl, attacks the potatoe chiefly at two periods; the

first 1s, when the slices are first committed to the earth: the

second attack is frequently apparent when the haulm is consider-

ably grown, ‘To remedy this serious evil in the first of them, I

recommend the adoption of my late friend Mr. Andrew Knight’s

plan of planting whole potatoes, and not slices. It is true the

wireworm will attack the whole potatoes, but they comparatively

Rev. F. W. Hope’s Remarks on Wireworms. 155

do them little damage. With regard to the crops of potatoes I

find, on inquiry, that those which are sown early are generally

abundant, those which are sown late are generally deficient in

quantity. There are, however, many exceptions to both rules.

Much depends on the nature of the soil, much on the mildness

and severity of the season. Ground lately broken up or obtained

from woodland generally abounds at the second crop with wire-

worms. The same land also, if planted with potatoes two suc-

cessive years, is sure to yield them in abundance. A common

saying in the county of Salop respecting potatoe crops is, change

the seed or change the soil; to the latter opinion I am inclined to

agree, and certainly do not place much reliance on the former.

The Curl, or rather Rootworm disease, which takes place when

the haulm is well grown, may be occasioned by the wireworm

feeding on the wiry fibrous roots of the potatoe, which I have

occasionally observed to be eaten, affecting the plant by robbing

it of its natural juices. In the counties of Salop, Worcester, and

Hereford, the failure of the crops of 1838 was very considerable,

the real cause of it being little suspected or understood: I feel

no hesitation in ascribing it almost entirely to the wonderful in-

crease of wireworms. In some instances I have, during the years

1836 and 1838, taken twenty and even thirty wireworms feeding

upon a single turnip-root. Handpicking appears the simplest and

most effectual remedy for eradicating them. Let us look for a

moment to the natural enemies of wireworms, and see if some

good may not be derived by encouraging them. Among the

natural enemies of the wireworm, I mention the poor persecuted

mole, that raises his unsightly hillocks on our lawns and grass-

plots. It is while in quest of them that he forms his tunnels, his

viaducts, and mounds.

I may here perhaps be allowed to state, en passant, that there

is probably no animal which man esteems injurious but it repays

us in some way or other for the damage it occasions. We are at

liberty to check the redundance of species, but are not allowed to

attempt extermination. Let us proceed with other enemies of the

wireworm, The harmless toad, too often wantonly trodden

underfoot, plays his part in diminishing their numbers. Among

birds, poultry, pheasants, and hosts of the smaller tribes, con-

tribute to thin them; the invaluable rooks are unceasingly in

quest of them; they boldly follow the plough-tracks for their oft-

repeated daily meals, and will glut themselves to satiety in the

infected turnip-field. The English farmer would act wisely did

he always encourage and protect the rooks. If on the one hand

156 ~~ Rev. F. W. Hope’s Remarks on Wireworms.

they occasionally rob him of some ripening grain, or stock his

wheat up, let him consider, on the other hand, the good they do

him by destroying the tens of thousands of the wireworm, and

the countless myriads of noxious insects which every where

abound. Of the various schemes adopted for destroying the

wireworm, the most successful is Sir J. Banks’s plan of burying

slices of potatoe at the roots of the infected plants in order to

entice the worms. If potatoes happen to be scarce, other baits

may be successfully used, such as mangel-wurzel, beet, carrots,

as well as cabbage-stalks and lettuces, &c., and even the parings

of turnips and potatoes. The baits should be regularly examined

and the wireworms handpicked from them. When these pests

abound in the wheat field, Lord Albermarle’s method may be tried,

in which he recommends rape-cake as a manure to the ground

drilled for wheat. It was sown with rape-cake in powder across

the field. This plan, although reported to be successful in saving

the forthcoming crop of the year, is not in my mind satisfactory,

as it does not follow necessarily, because the crops sown with the

above manure are unattacked, that therefore the wireworms are

destroyed. The evil, in my opinion, is only deferred for a period ;

it is certainly not eradicated. From the above short observations,

I trust that sufficient matter has been adduced to prove that

agriculture may derive valuable assistance from the science of

Entomology, and | feel fully convinced that we can scarcely do

a greater act of kindness, or be of more service to the farmer,

than by pointing out the nature and habits of those insects which

destroy his crops. If one of the avowed objects of this Society

is the attempt to preserve the crops of the country, we may pro-

bably gain the support of the agriculturist. Institutions like ours

do not necessarily command success; by our measures however

we may richly deserve it.

Mr. R. J. Ashton’s Note, &c. 1S

XXII. Mote on the Metamorphosis of Caterpillars.

By R. J. Asuton, Esq., F.L.S. &e.

[Read 5th November, 1838.]

On that interesting part of the physiology of insects, the meta-

morphosis, an extraordinary discrepancy has hitherto existed

between the statements of some of the most eminent investigators

of this department of creation. I say extraordinary, because, for

a matter capable of such easy and satisfactory elucidation as is

the subject of this dispute, to have been the theme of such

contradictory assertions from a considerable time back down to

the present hour, as this has been, cannot but appear extraordi-

nary. The point in difference is this:—Swammerdam, the most

assiduous and expert Entomologist and one of the acutest ob-

servers that perhaps ever lived, made the discovery of a fact,

which certainly deserves to be ranked among the most marvellous

operations which are exhibited in nature :—viz. that at the same

time that the moult of the external integument of the caterpillar

takes place, the mucous tunic of the intestinal canal is also stripped

off and rejected through the anus, and not only that, but each

of the attenuated and delicate ramifications of the air vessels, invi-

sible, or nearly so, as they are to the naked eye, sheds its internal

lining, which, to the number of some hundreds, are withdrawn

through the spiracles, thus leaving the animal completely reno-

vated as it were both within and without, with increased capacity

or wholly altered form. This observation was corroborated by

Bonnet, a naturalist no less celebrated in this branch of science

than the former. On the authority of such eminent men the fact,

prodigious as it must appear, was generally received, until Herold,

a very able physiologist, asserted, that the inner skin of the intes-

tinal canal is never cast, and as respects the trachea, such moult

is confined to the large main trunks, none taking place in their

smaller ramifications. Thus a complete and irreconcileable dis-

crepancy existed between these acute physiologists, the only dif-

ference in the nature of the observations, upon which their state-

ments were professedly grounded, being, that Swammerdam

appears to have made his on the larve of beetles (Oryctes Nasi-

cornis, et al.), whilst Herold’s appear to have been made on the

caterpillars of the Lepidoptera. Later writers on this subject*

appear to have been contented to discuss the question on the

* Kirby and Spence, Burmeister, &c.

VOL. It. N

158 Mr. R. J. Ashton’s (Vote

relative merits and credibility of the before mentioned investi-

gators, and thus the question remains at the present moment

unsettled, though capable of the easiest and most conclusive

ascertainment imaginable. Such being the case, I take the liberty

of stating the observations which I have lately made on this sub-

ject, and which in fact drew my attention to the dispute I have

just detailed. Happening to detect a caterpillar of Sphinx Li-

gustri in the act of changing Jts skin, I made it go through the

operation in my hand, so as to watch its progress more minutely.

As soon as the external integument was, after much writhing and

contortion, completely slipped off, as I found it still adhered

loosely to the insect, I touched it with my penknife to cause it to

separate from it, when I found that it was yet connected with it

in some essential manner, and, on a closer examination of the

cause, I perceived at once that it was occasioned by the mucous

coat of the intestinal canal, which was in the act of being gradually

passed out at the anus, and being in intimate connexion with the

recently shed external integument, or, according to Burmeister,

merely a prolongation thereof, occasioned that attachment of the

old skin to the caterpillar which at first had perplexed me. ‘To

this observation I may add, that 1 have since discovered the

moulted colon in the skin of a caterpillar of the same species cast _

off on assuming the pupa state, lying folded up at the posterior

end thereof, exactly as described by Swammerdam. As this my

testimony, slightly as it might be thought of by itself, directly

establishes the accuracy of such illustrious observers as Swam-

merdam and Bonnet, I trust it will be received as a satisfactory

affirmation of the fact of the moult of the lining of the intestine, so

unwarrantably denied by Herold. Then as to the moult of the

smaller ramifications of the trachea, 1 am able to give quite as

conclusive evidence of the correctness of Swammerdam’s account

in every particular, and consequently of Herold’s inaccuracy.

Quite apart from any consideration of the conflicting statements

of the above naturalists, I happened to be examining the skin

cast by a caterpillar of Sphinx Ligustri on changing into the pupa,

when my attention was attracted to the very conspicuous thick

whitish bands, which appear, one on each side of the body, nearly

its whole length. On a close examination, I perceived that these

bands were divided into a certain number of equal lengths, one

end of each of which was intimately connected with a spiracle,

whilst the other end was free and unattached, but from the cir-

cumstance of their all lying down in the same direction (viz. from

the posterior end towards the anterior), and being of sufficient

on the Metamorphosis of Caterpillars. 159

length to reach from one spiracle to another, it occasioned the

appearance of what I at first took for a continuous band as above

mentioned. On reflection it at once appeared to me that these

must be the exuvia of the trachie, which, as described by Swam-

merdam, ‘‘ being collected into eighteen thicker and as it were

compounded ropes, nine on each side of the body, when the skin

is cast, slip gently and by degrees through the eighteen apertures

in orifices of the pulmonary tubes before described, having their

tops directed upwards towards the head.”* To ascertain this

beyond a doubt, I gently moved one of the portions of the band

above mentioned about in water, when I had the satisfaction of

seeing it immediately separate into those minute filaments, which

proved the exact correspondence of my observation with Swam-

merdam’s statement. It was so late in the season when my atten-

tion was drawn to this subject, that I had no opportunity of ex-

amining the moults previous to the change into the pupa, but I

entertain no doubt that precisely the same operation is undergone

in the former moults, and that because Swammerdam states such

to be the case, whose testimony on this head has never been im-

pugned but by Herold, whose statement I trust I have abundantly

shown to be quite unfounded.

I must not omit to mention that the correctness of Swammer-

dam is likewise confirmed by Burmeister, inasmuch as he relates +

that he had himself witnessed the facts described in the moulting

of the Libellule, from all which circumstances it is apparent, that

this eternal moult, as described by Swammerdam, is universal

throughout the class of insects, being thus shown to exist in the

Coleoptera by Swammerdam, in the Neuroptera by Burmeister,

and in the Lepidoptera partly by Bonnet and more fully in the

present paper. How so eminent a man as Herold could fall into

such an unfounded delusion as regards this matter, and in defiance

too of the express declarations of such an accurate observer as

Swammerdam, is a mystery. For myself, I have had no object

in bringing forward the subject except to confirm the truth,

careless as to whose reputation might be confirmed or affected

thereby.

* Biblia Nature (Hill’s Eng. Translation), vol. i. p. 135.

+ Shuckard’s Translation, p. 428.

160 Mr. 8. 8. Saunders’s Description

XXIII.-- Description of a Species of Mygale, from Ionia,

with its Nest. By Sypney Smirn Saunpers, Esq.

[Read 2 September, 1839.]

Mygale Ionica.

TuHorAx subcordiformis, postice depressus.

Oculi rotundi, anteriores quatuor linea feré recté, intermedii

vix retrorsum, jacentes; posteriores inter se remoti, duplici

serie semel dispositi; anteriores duo externi majores, reliqui

sex magnitudine subzequales.

Mandibule articulo primo magno subhemispheerico, dentibus

plurimis subtus, spinisque anticé sex (quorum tres magni)

armato; unguibus simplicibus.

Pedes hirsuti, posticis longioribus, reliquis longitudine feré zquis.

Tarsi obtusi bicuspidati, anteriores quatuor spinis mobilibus

armati, reliqui vix spinosi: ungulis basi dentatis.

Palpi articulis extremis utrinque spinosis.

Habitat Insulis Corcyre et Zacinthi.

Long. corp. 7—9 lin.

Differt a Mygalis Fodiens, Cementaria, Carminans, Cellicola,

et Ariana(?) dictis, oculorum dispositione.

Confert hactenus cum M. Sicula ; sed differt eAdem pedum arma-

turd, et mandibularum unguibus simplicibus.

In the Annales de la Société Entomologique de France (vol. ii.

part 1), M. Audouin has recorded a series of observations upon

the nests of certain mining spiders, and in particular upon those of

Mygale fodiens, Walck.

During a short excursion to Zante, having noticed a number of

nests differing somewhat in their construction, and belonging as it

would seem to a new species (if not to the M. Ariana, Walck., to

which I was at first inclined to refer it), I was induced to take up

several for the purpose of examination, which has enabled me to

lay before the Society the following details.

These nests were found close round the roots of the olive trees

in a somewhat elevated situation, and were generally observed

two or three together about the same tree. ‘The soil was a sort

of sandy clay, of a light ochraceous colour, very different from the

“terre argileuse d’une rouge de brique,” described by M. Au-

douin. The upper portion of the nests was also partially raised

of a Species of Mygale. 161

above the surface of the ground; but this may have arisen from

the washing away of the surrounding earth during the heavy

autumnal rains, the more especially as from the coating of moss

which showed itself in many cases upon the upper surface of the

operculum, they could not have been of very recent construction.

The form and structure of this operculum were also peculiar,

for, unlike those of the Mygale fodiens, which are represented as

closely assimilated to the surface of the soil, and for the opening

of which the only facility (according to M. Audouin’s observa-

tions) consists in the numerous inequalities of the exterior cover-

ing of the lid, by means of which the insect is enabled to secure a

sufficient hold; the opercula of those which I met with at Zante

were all more or less provided with an elevation of the posterior

margin directly above the hinge (as shown at fig. 9) to the extent

in some instances of one third of the diameter of the lid. The

object of this projection could not be mistaken, for, acting as a

lever, the slightest pressure upon it would suffice to raise the

operculum, and afford the readiest ingress. This elevation ap-

pears to be produced by a gradual lengthening in the direction of

the hinge of the respective layers of which the lid is composed.

The readiness with which the opening of the lid is effected by

this ingenious contrivance of the lever, might lead one to suppose

that an extra degree of care would be displayed in regard to the

means of firmly closing the same from within, in the event of out-

ward attack. The M.cementaria and the M. fodiens are reported

to cling to the door of their habitations for this purpose ; and in

the nests of the last-mentioned species, a number of minute holes

have been observed around the inner side of the operculum,

which M. Audouin ascribes to the purpose of enabling the occu-

pant to secure a firm hold with its claws on such occasions. No

such provision, however, is made in the case of the Zante Mygale.

I have also in my possession the nest of another mining spider

(of the species of which I am ignorant, from not having secured

the occupant), where the series of holes alluded to is disposed all

round, and not merely in front of the operculum on its interior

surface, as minutely described by M. Audouin. This nest was

from Corfu, and the construction appears in many respects to

resemble that of M. fodiens. The length of the tube is about

four inches, and its lower end is slightly oblique. The Mygale

Tonica, however, is also met with not unfrequently at Corfu, as I

am informed by my friend the Rev. Charles Kuper, a diligent

Entomologist, who has been for some years resident in that

island.

162 Mr. 8S. 8. Saunders’s Description

The hinge of the nests prepared by this species is apparently

different from that of the nests which came under the observation

of M. Audouin, although the same object of providing for the

self-closing of the valve is effected by the web, which connects

the tube with its coverlid, being in some degree extended on

each side of the hinge, thus giving at the same time greater ap-

parent width to the hinge itself, but leaving the web sufficiently

loose on each side, so that, in conjunction with its elasticity, it

should just admit of freely opening the valve as far as the vertical

line, or thereabouts, without risk of injury.

The nests of an undescribed species of mining spider from New

Granada, figured by M. Audouin in the “ Annales des Sciences

Naturelles,” for April, 1837, appear to be furnished with a hinge

somewhat upon this principle: the underside of the valve is also

divested of the series of holes before alluded to; but it differs

from the Ionian one in other respects. The insect in question

did not accompany the nest, and was not known to M. Audouin.

The interior lining of the tube of MM. Jonica appears, from all

the nests which I have seen, to be of a less perfect consistency

than that of M. fodiens, and divested of that circumference of

macerated earth, or exterior walls of a more solid consistency than

the surrounding mass, which in those of the last-mentioned spe-

cies give strength to the work and facilitate the separation of the

tubes from the mass in which they are imbedded. In attempting

such separation, the tubes of the Zante Mygale invariably broke

asunder, although this effect may be in some measure attributed

to the excessive dryness of the earth at the time of excavation,

and perhaps in part also to the circumstance of the glutinous

matter, with which this description of tissue is usually provided,

being dissolved and wasted, at a former period, from the action

of the same causes to which I have ascribed the appearance of the

nests above the surface of the soil.

The length of these tubes might be about four and five inches.

Those of Mygale cementaria (as described by M. Léon Dufour,

in the Annales des Sciences Physiques) are stated to be about

two feet deep: those, however, of MM. carminans (the supposed

male of c@mentaria), are, according to the observations of the

Abbé Sauvages, not more than seven inches long: while those of

M. fodiens, in the Paris Museum, although cut off within about

three inches of the surface, are supposed by M. Audouin to have

been possibly of considerable length, for, in alluding to a slight

obliquity observed towards their lower extremity, he says, “ peut-

étre méme se recourbaient-ils davantage en se prolongeant beau-

of a Species of Mygale. 163

coup plus avant dans la terre.” Iam however inclined to infer,

from the similarity of one of the Corfu nests already noticed, that

the length of the tubes constructed by MW. fodiens probably does

not exceed those of M. Jonica.

Having now arrived at the lower part of the nests, it remains

for me to notice a very remarkable peculiarity which presented

itself in this portion of some of those which came under my obser-

vation at Zante, the extreme end within the ground being formed

somewhat upon the same model as the top, that is to say, being

provided with a second operculum of greatly diminished size, and

opening downwards as shown at figs. 12, 13, and 14.

The only conjecture which I would hazard as to the use of the

moveable process referred to, which I should mention only oc-

curred in some nests, is, that it may possibly have answered the

purpose of a drain to the bottom of the nest; for in no other way

can I account for the construction of these singular portals in a

situation where, to all appearance, they were destined to remain

closed throughout the whole period of their existence. In any

case, however problematical the advantages to be derived from

this operation may at first sight appear, I feel no hesitation in

affirming, that the result of further observation will convince us

that the ordinary sagacity of these ingenious miners has not been at

fault, or deserted them in this particular instance. (See Art. XXIV.)

It should be added, in order to avoid all possibility of miscon-

struction upon the subject, that although the nests figured are

presented as nearly as possible of natural size, I cannot affirm,

nor do I believe, that the parts represented, or either of them, are

portions of one and the same nest; but simply that, from a num-

ber of nests extracted, the top of one, and the bottoms of two, are

here produced, the originals of which I have also brought for

inspection at the present meeting.

In closing this communication I may observe, that it is recorded

of a species of mining spider mentioned in Brown’s History of

Jamaica (page 420, Tarantula, No. 2), that its nests are con-

structed with a double doorway; the second valve, however,

appearing in this case to have been at the top, and placed in con-

junction with the ordinary one, so as to have had but one hinge

in common. Brown also gives a figure of the nest (Tab. 44, fig.

3, and 3—6) with, to use his own words, “ both its valves, which

are so well contrived, and so strongly cemented, that whenever

they are forced open, the native elasticity of the ligaments that fix

them, restore them immediately to their usual position.” Another

nest, mentioned by Olivier (Encyclop. Méth. vol. i.(?) page 230),

164 Mr. S. 8. Saunders’s Description, Sc.

as being found in Guadaloupe, is stated to have two valves of

unequal size, playing in like manner upon a single hinge, the

larger one taking its rise from the hinder part of the smaller, and

being so adapted that it would seem to cover this latter as well as

the margin of the orifice itself. Baron Walckenaer, alluding to

these nests, in his remarks under the head of M. nidulans, in the

‘Suites a Buffon,” infers, that the insect by which they were con-

structed was probably different from the ordinary species observed

at Jamaica, of whose economy some further details have recently

been laid before this Society by Mr. Sells. At all events the de-

scription of Olivier so strongly coincides with the appearances

presented by Brown’s figure, that there can be little hesitation,

I think, in referring them to the same species. ‘The length of the

nests also appears to correspond, Brown’s figure measuring 43

inches, and not 33, as through some inadvertence stated by

Baron Walckenaer.

On my return to the Mediterranean, I hope to have further

opportunities of observing the habits of the Mygale [onica, and

perhaps of detecting the insect in the act of building, which may

enable me hereafter to lay before the Society some additional

particulars connected with the construction of these ingenious

retreats.

The accompanying figures upon Plate IX., for which I am in-

debted to the kindness of Mr. W. W. Saunders, exhibit—

1. The insect, of natural size.

2. The eyes.

3. External view of right mandible, magnified.

4. Internal view of ditto.

5. Hooked process of ditto, apart.

with a, the small hole from which the poison is sup-

posed to issue.

. Portion of fore leg, magnified.

Portion of hind leg, magnified.

. Bicuspidate process of tarsus, with claws.

9. Upper portion of nest, with lid partly open (side view).

10. Ditto ditto (front view).

11. Longitudinal section of ditto, and of operculum.

12. Lower portion of nest, with smaller valve open.

13. The same (side view).

14, Lower portion of another nest reversed, the valve closed.

ana

Mr.S.S. Saunders’s Observations. 165

XXIV. Additional Observations on the Habits of Mygale.

By 8.8. Saunpgrs, Esq.

[Read 4th July, 1842.]

Havine obtained several nests which were taken from the ground

in the month of October, and incased in some of their natural

earth within a small box the top of which was closed with bars of

wood, I placed this box out in a balcony, where it remained

neglected and unopened until the month of April following, when

the spiders were all found alive and well, clinging to their oper-

cula in order to prevent the same from being opened. ‘This was

effected by the bulb of the coverlid being firmly grasped with the

four anterior feet and palpi, the remainder resting low down upon

the posterior walls of the tube, while the porrected mandibles

were firmly inserted in the front part of the tube near the top,

thus offering a powerful resistance, greater than would have been

effected by the mandibles acting upon the valve as mentioned by

M. Audouin in his observations on M. fodiens.

The upper portion of two of these nests, which broke in the

process of extraction, were then placed in an open flower-pot,

with a sufficient quantity of the same earth well moistened and

compressed, so as to form a compact body in imitation of the soil

itself, the spiders clinging all the while to the coverlid without

regard to their temporary exposure through the broken part of

tube. Thus imbedded, it remained to be seen whether they would

construct a new bottom to their nests, and whether such bottom

would be closed where the tube now terminated, or be carried

further down into the earth according to the usual depth.

A third spider was placed in the same pot, with his tube top in

a reversed position, the operculum being buried to the depth of

about three inches, and the open part of the tube, where broken

off, being placed on a level with the surface, in order that the

insect might be tempted to adapt a new door to this part in the

actual emergency.

Fearing, however, that the spider might escape before the

necessary steps could be taken to cover the pot with some trans-

parent substance to observe the work, the hour being also late, a

strong paper stopper was fixed in the top of the tube to await

until the following day. This remained undisturbed up to eleven

o'clock at night; but on my return in the morning I found this

stopper lying aside, and the top of the tube closed with a single

166 Mr. 8. S. Saunders’s Additional

layer of web and earth, offering but slight resistance to the touch,

although by no means transparent; the side destined for the

hinge (as marked by the circumference being here interrupted by

a straight line), being on a level with the surrounding earth,

whereas at the opposite part, where the lid would open, the new

cover was lowered about one quarter of an inch.

The danger of disturbing the occupant in this stage of the work

induced me to refrain from any attempt to open the new lid; but

in order to ascertain whether the next layer would be added from

without or from within, I dropped a certain portion of flour on the

outside to whiten the top, The next morning, on examining the nests,

I found to my great surprise that the new door had been entirely

cut away, and was lying by the side of the tube, which in the place

thereof was now found covered with a strong texture of whitish

web. The next remained in the same state from the 26th of April

to the 2nd of May, when it occurred to me that the spider had

been compelled to discontinue its work in consequence of the

earth not being any longer sufficiently moist for the purpose ; and

had therefore had recourse to the temporary expedient of closing

its habitation in the way alluded to until another opportunity,

when, supposing the nest to be in its natural site in the open

ground, the necessary moisture should have afforded the required

facilities. I gave the earth therefore a good watering, without

however disturbing the web, allowing a slight sprinkling to fall

thereon as a sort of warning notice; and the next morning on

visiting the nest I found a new door perfectly formed, which,

having marked with flour as above, was observed to remain un-

altered froin the 3rd to the 13th of the month, when, considering

the work finished, I extracted the nest, which now presented an

operculum at each end, both revolving on their hinges and com-

plete in every respect.

The spider, mindful of the necessity of providing a rim for the

support of the new valve, yet unable to regulate the process as it

might have done in an ordinary case, had had recourse to the

expedient of stretching in some degree beyond its natural dimen-

sions the upper part of the web with which the tube is lined,

making the surrounding earth give way in a like proportion.

Some explanation is thus afforded of the singular fact noticed

on a previous occasion of some of the nests found at Zante being

provided with an operculum at bottom as well as at top, the lower

one being formed to open downwards in such a manner that it

was obviously of little or no use to the occupant in its then state

from its immovable position in the earth. The nests in question

Observations on the Habits of Mygale. 167

being constantly exposed to the danger of becoming thus reversed

in the process of opening the ground around the olive trees (an

operation annually performed), the occupants in such cases might

not improbably have recourse to a like expedient of closing the

inverted tube with a new door.

The circumstance of the lower operculum being smaller than

the upper one, would naturally occur in a nest so reversed, since

the tubes are usually somewhat more spacious towards the bottom,

so that when inverted and broken off, the new valve would of

necessity be of greater dimensions than the original one. Still,

however, the appearance of the lower operculum in the Zante

nests was such as to lead me to entertain some remaining doubts

whether this could have been the original entrance to the nest ;

perhaps the inconvenience experienced in those cases had only

proved a partial one, self-adjusted subsequently by the gradual

subsiding and settling of the clods.

With regard to the other two nests which I had placed in the

same flower-pot with the one reversed as aforesaid, (these having,

as already observed, no bottom to their tubes,) I had subsequently

placed the pot in the open garden, finding that the domesticated

habits of these spiders retained them to their homes, and wishing

to afford them an opportunity of obtaining their natural food in

accordance with their ordinary habits. After the lapse of some

weeks however I became aware that the gardener had been in

the habit of regularly watering this in common with other flower-

pots; and seeing that the doors were nearly closed with the

washings of the earth, I concluded that the inmates had fled;

when, taking up the nests, I found the lower end much the same

as when first placed in the pot, and the tubes themselves untenanted.

Upon further search however I found both spiders embedded in

the earth at a greater depth; whether or not they had been intent

on prolonging their nests I cannot say, but at all events no

tapestry had been produced for the lining of this portion of their

mansions.

‘These tubes being now spoilt, I removed one of the spiders to

the abode of one of it congeners, which was vacant and consisted

of the bottom only, to see whether it would readily adapt itself

to this change of domicile; and a new door was found finished

the next morning with the same course of proceeding as in the

former case, accompanied with the rejection of a paper stopper,

the only difficulty experienced being in inducing the spider to

enter the nest, which is equally witnessed on restoring one to its

own abode after having extracted it, this being occasioned doubt-

less by the fear of molestation from within. I may add, that

168 Mr. S. S. Saunders’s Additional

there appears at all times a dulness of perception about these

insects when abroad (however much kept from the light), which

ill comports with their wonted sagacity at home. Indeed, during

a long course of observation, I have never, under ordinary cir-

cumstances, seen one of these spiders quit its nest of its own

accord (which is evidently a rare occurrence), or even to have its

door open, whether by night or by day.

I have not been able to observe sufficiently the process of con-

structing a nest ab initio, although I had desired to do so, and

for this purpose placed one of the spiders in a glass jar, with a

sufficient quantity of its natural earth, after the required precau-

tion of moistening, &c. By the next day no work had apparently

been done beyond a partial disarrangement of the surface in one

or two parts. The jar was placed in a corner of the room and

completely shaded from the light, but no further progress was

made during the day or evening. The subsequent morning,

however, I found my spider partially imbedded in the earth, in

which state it remained quiet throughout the day, and the follow-

ing morning it had disappeared; when after close inspection, [

observed an indistinct circular mark in one part near the side of

the vessel, which proved to be the door of a new nest, as I as-

sured myself a few days after by extracting the same, it having

however only been carried down an inch or thereabouts into the

earth, and being therefore still in progress of construction.

Hence it appears, that it is not requisite to finish the tube in the

first instance, the primary object being that of defence from with-

out; neither did I observe that any portion of the soil had been

thrown out in the process of excavation, the earth being probably

got rid of in the formation of the compressed mass, known as the

exterior walls of these habitations.

After having thus provided a variety of occupation for these

little labourers, and obtained several nests with varying modifi-

cations, (and among these one which leads me to suppose that

the double valves of the West Indian nests, described by Brown

and Olivier, were probably the result of a new operculum being

substituted for a damaged one, the old valve still remaining

attached; or otherwise originated in the separation of the outer-

most layer of one of these valves, warped by tropical heat), |

found that a new process had been adopted for the purpose of

more effectually precluding further disturbances, the opercula

being in two or three instances retained close shut by means of a

firm texture of web; which having obliged me to tear away the

whole top of one tube in the course of opening, I determined to

Observations on the Habits of Mygale. 169

examine another with greater precision from within. This being

effected by cutting off the top of one of these nests at about the

depth of an inch, I found the inside perfectly secured ; not, as I

had supposed, by an assemblage of threads connecting the front

of the valve with the lining of the tube, but by a complete tapestry

thrown over the whole orifice of the tube in connexion with the

operculum, so that the interior more resembled the top of a

thimble, the texture being at the same time of the most delicate

whiteness, and firm as that usually presented by the bulbous

interior portion of the opercula.

{ cannot say that the patience of these spiders had not been

exhausted by my repeated experiments, although from a similar

circumstance having taken place about the same time in several

nests, the inmates of some of which had been comparatively less

inconvenienced, I am rather disposed to attribute this proceeding

to the ordinary inspirations and habits of their race.

I now determined to notice during how long a period this

seclusion might last, the more especially as the powers of absti-

nence of these insects had already attracted my attention, not

only from having never observed these spiders in quest of food,

but from the very position in which six or eight of these nests

had all along remained, deep in a box which had stood for six

months on an elevated ballustrade upon the first floor, where, at

all events, the supply of food must have been exceedingly limited,

without any apparent effect, however, upon the usual corporature

of the inmates.

It was not until the end of October that the valves were set

free, at which period I again cut off the top of one which re-

mained closed, and found it in the state before described, the

spider being in perfect health, and presenting the usual plump-

ness of aspect. I did not, however, find any progeny in either of

the nests.

Other six months have since elapsed, the box occupying the

same place as before, and on observing the nests, I find four still

tenanted, with the spiders in good condition, the opercula being,

however, in a somewhat defective state from frequent handling,

although the required preparations will doubtless be readily

effected, so soon as the earth may be brought to a convenient

state by proper watering, the covered position of the box having

protected it from the ordinary atmospheric influences.

It cannot be doubted, that very many circumstances connected

with the habits of these extraordinary insects still demand fur-

ther inquiry, and in apologizing for the imperfect state in which

170 Mr. 8.8. Saunders’s Additional Observations, &c.

this notice is presented, it may be considered as the not unfre-

quent result of investigating the wonderful workings of instinct,

that the more we direct our attention to the subject, the more we

feel the want of more diligent research, and the insufficiency of

our attainable results.

XXV. Observations on the Species of Spiders which in-

habit cylindrical Tubes covered by a moveable Trap-

door. By J. O. Wesrwoopn, F.L.S. &e.

[Read January, 1840.]

Or all the habitations constructed by annulose animals for their

own abodes, those cylindrical retreats lined with silk and fitted

to the size of the creature’s body, are amongst the most inge-

nious. These are of two kinds: Ist, those which are moveable,

the creature generally weaving various extraneous materials into

the texture of the web, and often with the greatest regularity,

(amongst which I may particularly mention the nests made by

the caddice worms and the caterpillars of various Lepidoptera) ;

and 2ndly, those which are fixed, being formed either in wood

or the earth. Instances of the latter are afforded by various

species of wild bees and wasps, but they are of a comparatively

rude construction compared with the cells of the trap-door spi-

ders. The interest excited by the accounts of these spiders has

been kept alive since the middle of the last century, when M.

Sauvages published his account of an “ Araignée magonne,” in the

Mémoirs de |’Academie des Sciences, for 1758. This species

was the Wygale cementaria of Walckenaer, respecting which

M. Dorthes published some additional particulars in the second

volume of the Transactions of the Linnzean Society of London.

Another South European species, M. fodiens, Walck., 4. Sauva-

gest, Rossi, has afforded to M. V. Audouin materials for a very

interesting memoir, published in the “ Annales de la Sociéte En-

tomologique de France,” vol. ii. pl. 14. These species have been

separated from the genus Mygale by Latreille, under the name

of Cteniza, but M. le Baron Walckenaer, in the first volume of

his “ Histoire Naturelle des Insectes Aptéres,” has reduced them

again to a family of the genus Mygale. Our valued member,

S. S. Saunders, Esq., has laid before this Society the details of

the economy of another species, from Albania, which constitute one

Mr. J. O. Westwood’s Observations, &c. 171

of the most interesting communications hitherto published in our

Transactions: (See the preceding Arts. XXIII.and XXIV.) Mr.

Shipster has also exhibited, at a former meeting of this Society, a

nest received by him from New Holland, remarkable for having the

trap-door of the orifice scarcely more than semicircular.* Another

nest from New Granada, with a circular trap-door, has recently

been figured by M. Audouin, in the “ Annales des Sciences

Naturelles.” As the architect of this nest was not observed, it

is imposible to say whether it was the trap-door spider, the his-

tory of which has been detailed to us by our excellent member,

W. Sells, Esq., whose personal knowledge of the subject has

enabled him to give to his details an interest, which those whose

descriptions are founded only upon preserved specimens can

never hope to attain. This insect is an inhabitant of Jamaica,

and apparently of other parts of the new world, and was first

described by Brown, in his “ History of Jamaica” (p. 420,

No. 2, pl. 44, fig. 3), and has been referred to the genus Mygale,

without the expression of any doubt by Latreille, as well as by

Olivier and others, including Walckenaer, who places it at the

head of his section Les digitigrades mineuses, or the genus Cteniza.

The last named authors had evidently, however, never seen the

insect in nature, and Latreille had only seen a specimen of it

casually in the collection of the Linnzean Society of London.

The account given of it by Brown is very short, being as fol-

lows: ‘ Tarantula 2. Fusca major subhirsuta, sub terram nidulans.

The black Tarantula. This sort is represented of the natural

size, as well as its nest and both its valves, which are so well con-

trived, and so strongly connected, that whenever they are forced

open, the native elasticity of the ligaments that fix them restore

‘em immediately to their usual position. It is most frequently

in the loose rocky soils, and nestles under ground.”+ Brown’s

figures correspond very well with the spiders brought home by

Mr. Sells, so that we should consider his insects as the same as

that described by the former. This is the more necessary to be

decided, because Brown’s figure of the two valves at the orifice

* Mr. Bennett has shortly described the nest of a species of trap-door spider

frequently observed about the plains in New South Wales; he however gives no

description of the insect by which it is made (Wanderings in New South Wales,

vol. 1. p. 328, quoted in Entomol. Mag. vol. iii. p. 215).

+ Brown’s figure represents the regular trap-door partly opened, having a larger

and looser flap attached to its base at the hinge above, and falling backwards ;

and a specimen of the nest in the Linnean Society’s collection is furnished with

a short lax membranous appendage on the outside of the trap-door immediately

behind the hinge.

we Mr. J. O. Westwood’s Observations

does not at all correspond with Mr. Sells’s figure of one of his

nests, and leads us to conclude either that some inaccuracy exists

in Brown’s observations, or that Mr. Sells’s insect is not speci-

fically identical with Brown’s, or else that the species occasion-

ally forms two valves to its nest, as indeed the observations both

of Mr. Sells and Mr. Saunders seem to prove is the case. La-

treille also described a nest which he had received from Jamaica,

(forwarded by an Englishman, Mr. With, to M. Royer, see

“Cours d’Entomologie,” p. 508), with a single valve, as identical

with Brown’s species, noticing at the same time the difference

between it and the description and figure of Brown (Latr. Vues

générales sur les Araneides a quatre pneumo-branchies, in Nouv.

Ann. du Muséum, t. 1). The Baron Walckenaer, however, ques-

tions whether the single-valved nest be that of Brown’s spider,

observing, “il est permis de croire que Latreille a decrit le nid

d’une espéece de Mygale mineuse différente de celle de Brown, et

qui est peut-étre le méme que celle qui au rapport d’Olivier, a

été observée a la Guadaloupe par M. Badier,’ who considered

his nest from that island as identical with that of Latreille, al-

though it was described as having two valves, which were not

‘‘ opposées mais superposées, et ont une charniére commune; la

plus grosse et la plus large est soudée dans la moietié de la partie

postérieure de l’autre et doit la recouvrir ainsi que les margelles

du trou.”’—(Hist. Nat. Ins. Apt. 1, 234.)

It thus appears questionable, whether there are not two species

of American trap-door spiders, which differ in the mode of form-

ing the valves of their nests.*

Let us now endeavour to trace the nomenclature of the Trans-

atlantic species.

Linnzus proposed the name of 4. venatoria for a spider far too

concisely described, referrmg, as above mentioned, to Brown’s

forty-fourth plate, but to the second figure on that plate, whereas

the nest with the double trap is figure 3, 3a, 3b, on the same

plate, to which Linnzus has nowhere referred; neither has Lin-

neeus described any spider under the name of 4. nidulans, as

quoted by Latreille in his Memoir on Mygale above referred to.

We find this last name first and for the only time employed by

Fabricius, in the “ Mantissa Insectorum” (vol. i. p. 343), as the

name of a spider in the collection of Sir J. Banks, from the

American islands, and to which description he added a reference

* It may be mentioned in connexion with this observation, that there are

several distinct American species now known, belonging to the same genus as

Mr, Sells’s Jamaica spider.

on the Species of Trap-door Spiders. 178

to Brown’s plate 44, fig. 3. In his subsequent work, however, the

“‘Entomologia Systematica,” vol. ii. p. 409, he incorrectly gives

his 4. nidulans as synonymous with the A. venatoria, Linneus,

retaining his reference to Brown’s plate 44, figure 3, although

Linnezeus had referred to fig. 2 only. It fortunately happens

that the identical copy of Gronovius which belonged to Linnzeus

is now preserved in the Linnean Society’s Library, and as Lin-

neeus had written the name venatoria opposite to the description

of the spider given by Gronovius under No. 938, it is clear that

this Linnean description is intended for the species described by

Gronovius, which belongs to a totally different family, which does

not make tubular cells, but carries its egg-case beneath its body,

as correctly described by Gronovius, Merian, and Sloan, the first

three Linnzean authorities for the species ; of which also the spe-

cific name implies a different economy. The spider, however,

figured by Brown in his 2nd figure of plate 42 is a true Mygale,

and Linnzus had written, opposite to its description, in his copy

of Brown’s work, “ araneus avicularius,” but he does not cite it in

his account of that species, but incorrectly refers it to the Grono-

vian spider. The Baron Walckenaer is, therefore, correct, when

he says that Linnzeus incorrectly cited Brown’s figure 2 as a

synonym of the Gronovian species; but he is in error in stating

that Linnzeus referred to Brown’s figure of the M. nidulans, Lin-

neeus having no where noticed the figures given by Brown of the

trap-door species.

Kirby and Spence, Koch and others, following the later nomen-

clature of Fabricius, have described the trap-door Jamaica species

under the name of Mygale or Aranea venatoria. That specific

name, however, has been shown to belong to Gronovius’s species,

which Latrielle gives as a Thomisus, and Walckenaer as an Olios.

The latter author, however, although citing Linnzeus correctly,

prefers adopting a specific name of his own, O. Leucosius, which

must be rejected in favour of the Linnzan name.

We know not what authority Fabricius had for giving Sir Joseph

Banks’s insect as the architect of the nest figured by Brown in his

third figure, but we know that Latreille’s description of his M.

nidulans is derived from the very same specimen described by

Fabricius, Sir Joseph Banks’s collection being now in the possession

of the Linnean Society.

Supposing the existence of two species differing in their modes

of forming the valves of their nests, it is evident that if Fabricius

be correct in giving the reference to Brown’s figure 3, under his

A. nidulans, Latreille must clearly have erred in considering the

VOL, III. oO

L74 Mr. J. O. Westwood’s Observations

nests with a single trap-door as of that species, as we are led to

the conclusion, that 4. nidulans makes a double valve, similar to

that figured by Brown in his 3rd figure, and described by Olivier,

from M. Badier’s Guadaloupe specimen, whilst the single-valved

nest is the work of a distinct species ; and, as Mr. Kirby, in his

«“ Bridgewater Treatise,” has figured the single-valved nest of the

Jamaica insect, whilst another figure of the nest and spider, from

specimens in the British Museum, has been published in Griffith’s

«Animal Kingdom,” Arachnida, p|.7, under the name of Mygale

nitida, without any reference to the two species noticed above,

we may adopt this name for the single-valved species, until it shall

be determined (as I have no doubt will be the case) that the dif-

ference in the formation of the valves is the effect of accidental

circumstances.

There are also figures of the single-valved nest and its architect

in the “ Naturalist’s Miscellany” of Shaw and Nodder, pl. 614.

At the period when Latreille made his examination of the

Banksian collection, the genus Mygale had not undergone any

dismemberment; consequently the large Jamaica species was re-

tained by him under Fabricius’s name of nidulans in that genus,

and as he observed that the insect ‘‘se rapproche de la Mygale

pionniére de M. Walckenaer,” it has been placed without further

comment in the subgenus Cteniza, with the Mygale pionniére (M.

fodiens) and M. magonne(M.cementaria), by all subsequent writers.

An examination of Mr. Sells’s specimens has however convinced

me that they belong neither to the sub-genus Cteniza, nor yet to

the genus Mygale, being referable to the genus Actinopus of Perty,

(Sphodros of Walckenaer or Pachyloscelis, Cratoscelis, and Acti-

nopus of Lucas) ; and most probably identical with the Sprodros

Abbotit of Walckenaer (Hist. Nat. Ins. Apt. 1, p. 247), so named

in honour of the Georgian entomologist, Abbot, who has illus-

trated it in his drawings under the name of the purse-web spider,

(No. 36 of the 14th vol. of his Collections of Drawings in the British

Museum Library, No. 7956, Plutarch 126 E.) It is also probably

identical with the Mygale truncata of Hentz, (Boston Journal of

Nat. Hist. vol. iv. No. 1. “Descriptions of Spiders of the United

States,” Species 1). Mygale nidulans, Fab., Walck., if distinct from

that of Latrielle, is also most probably a species of the same genus

Actinopus, which comprises several other species whose economy

has not been observed.

Another species of trap-door spider remains to be described,

which was forwarded to this Society from Barbary by Mr. Drum-

mond Hay, together with its nest, which likewise belongs to the

on the Species of Trap-door Spiders. 178

same genus as Mr. Sells’s Jamaica species, to which it is so closely

allied as scarcely to present any specific distinction beyond that of

size. ‘The nests which I have seen have been about four inches

deep, slightly curved within, about three-quarters of an inch in

diameter; the valve at the mouth not being circular, but rather of

an oval form, one side, where the hinge is placed, being straighter

than the other. The valve is formed of a number of layers of

coarse silk, in the upper layers of which are imbedded particles

of the earth, so as to give the cover the exact appearance of the

surrounding soil, the several successive layers causing it, when

more closely inspected, to resemble a small flattened oyster-

shell. The mouth of the nest is shelved off at the edge, so that

the valve, which is also’ shelved off at the edge, falls into and

upon the orifice, and shuts it far more completely than if the

edges of the valve had been cut straight. The inner lining of the

nest and of the valve is pure white. The architect of this nest

I propose to name

Actinopus cedificatorius.

Piceo-niger, nitidissimus, subtus, cum pilis maxillaribus palli-

dioribus, abdomine obscuro, fusco sericeo, subtus ad basin

maculis 4 luteis, cephalo-thorace in parte postica semicir-

culariter valdé impresso, pedibus fere equalibus. ¢

Long. corp. lin. 12—14.

This spider is of a pitchy black colour, and (with the exception

of the abdomen), very shining and polished ; the abdomen (which

is considerably larger than the cephalo-thorax and greatly elevated

and gibbose), is obscure, very finely sericeous, and of an uniform

dull brown black colour: the legs are clothed with hair and fine

bristles of various lengths, and the various joints are connected

together by a very pale whitish membrane, which gives them the

appearance of being annulated ; these limbs are nearly of equal

size, but variable in thickness; the palpi are also of considerable

length, and have all the appearance of a pair of feet, at least in

the female, which is the only sex I have seen either of this or the

Jamaica species.

The cephalo-thorax is of an oval form, truncated behind, with

a slight elevation in front where the eyes are placed, and a very

deep semicircular impression behind the middle, open in front, the

part which is behind the impression being lower than that in front

of it; the eyes, eight in number, form two lines, four in each, the

anterior curved with the eyes at about equal distances apart,

the outer pair being largest, the posterior line is longer than the

176 Mr. J. O. Westwood’s Observations

anterior, the two middle eyes being much wider apart. There is

also an impression on each side of the cephalo-thorax, above the

base of the third pair of legs, as well as some slighter ones running

towards each lateral anterior angle. The chelicere are very strong,

very much polished above at the base, but very rugose, with sharp

short points and hairs on the apical half; the extremity is slightly

produced within and rough; the hook is very acute, and falls,

when at rest, into a groove armed at the sides with about six

pairs of acute short tubercles, gradually diminishing to the tip.

The maxille are slightly produced on the inside, where they are

very hairy and armed with many small pointed rugosities; the

palpi are long and pediform, the first joint has a transverse ele-

vation across the middle on the inside, which gives it the ap-

pearance of a distinct joint; the second joint is very much

compressed and bent, and is the longest of all the joints; the next

is short; the fourth twice as long as the preceding, compressed,

broader, and armed at the edges with hairs and minute but strong

pectinations ; as is also the fifth joint, which is much shorter and

gradually narrowed to the tip, where it is armed with a simple

single unguis, having a minute tooth at the base. The first and

second pairs of legs are very similar in their structure to the

palpi, except that the fifth joint, which corresponds with the

fourth joint of the palpi, is succeeded by two joints agreeing

unitedly in shape and armature with the fifth joint of the palpi,

but terminated by two ungues, each of which has a strong tooth

near the middle. The third pair of legs, on the contrary, is of a

structure quite unlike the preceding, being very robust, the third

joint being very much thickened and swollen beneath, the fourth,

fifth and sixth joints being especially thickened at the tips, in no

wise flattened but armed with strong short acute tubercles, as is

also the terminal joint, which is armed at the tip with two ungues

agreeing in structure with those of the fore-legs. The hind pair

of feet is also different in its structure from any of the others,

being more regularly cylindrical and less powerfully armed than

the third pair; the terminal joints especially are more slender, but

the ungues are similar to those of the other feet. All the legs

have the terminal joint thickly clothed with short hairs, but these

do not prevent either the short acute tubercles or the ungues

from being seen. ‘The sternal plate is somewhat oval, flat, and

highly polished, its anterior part having the labium (languette,

Latrielle), attached to it, which is distinct, horny, semi-ovate,

hairy and obtuse in front; this fits exactly between the base of the

gn the Species of Trap-door Spiders. lied

maxillze, and between it and the base of the chelicere I observed

a minute oblong deflexed tonguelet of a membranous texture,

which seems analogous to the hypopharynx of insects; it is of a

membranous texture, and was observed without dissection or the

slightest difficulty. I presume this is the part which Latreille

names the camerostome. It is impossible on examining the loco-

motive appendages of this insect not to be struck with the con-

viction that the maxille are but a modified pair of feet. If we

examine the hind pair of feet, for instance, we find a short piece

articulating with the sternum, which is analogous to the coxa of

insects; this is succeeded by a still smaller piece, which is as

evidently the trochanter; then comes the most powerful joint

of the foot, which is the femur ; then is there another short joint

which seems to constitute, with the following, the tibia ; and these

are followed by an apparently two-jointed tarsus, thus making

seven joints in the foot, the number ordinarily assigned to the

legs of the Arachnida. In the system of M. Savigny the names

given to these joints are as follows :-—

e——Tavhanehie. “escyefers sishers ate tere te eee ceisti== the. Conair

2.—La exinguinal § the Trochanter

3.—Le fémoral . U the Femur .... of the feet of

j )

as ee oi ‘ composing la jambe = , the Tibia .... Insecta.

Hiak ee weg ; composing le pied = } the Tarsus ....

Now the maxille and their palpi, as indeed Savigny has long ago

shown, are but a pair of modified legs. If we therefore consider

the maxillz as the basal joints or the coxe of a fore foot, we shall

find that the first and the four following joints of the palpi cor-

respond, joint for Joint, with the same joints of the foot, in extent

of development. ‘The difference takes place in the palpi having

a joint less at the end than the feet; by comparing, however,

the palpus and the first foot of this insect, it is quite evident that

the last joint of the palpus is composed of the two terminal joints

of the foot soldered together.

We thus arrive at the following correspondence between the

joints of these two members :—

FEET. PALPUS.

@oxas or Bees cee corse ua hauche; Sav. >... Maxijla-

Trochanter, or .-.....-L’exinguinal, Suv. . . Ist joint( Article sous axillaire, Sav.)

ANNI Wroadaqo vous Le fémoral, Sav... 2nil joint (Humeéral, Sav.)

Ist joint of the Tibia ..Le génual, Suv. ..3rd joint (Cubital, Suv )

2nd joint of the Tibia .. Le tibial, Suv. ....4th joint (Radial, Suv.)

Ist 2 joints of the § Lemetatarse,Suv. Q

. past 4 : { ai

2nd § Lars @ Le tarse, Suv. .. § Sth joint (Digital, Sav.)

178 Mr. J. O. Westwood’s Observations

Such is the correspondence between the feet and the palpi of

the females of this genus, but the males form a remarkable ex-

ception to the general character of the class, being in fact the

only spiders which have six joints in the palpi, in addition to the

maxilla, or seven in all, as shown by M. Lucas in his valuable

memoir on this genus (in the *‘ Annales de la Société Entomologique

de France,” 1837, p. 379). The same author, in his memoir on the

genus Hersilia (in Guérin’s Mag. de Zool. class 8, pl. 12 and 13),

also showed that that genus was anomalous in possessing eight

joints in the feet, instead of seven, the usual number, the tarsi

being composed of three joints instead of two. He consequently

gave to this extra joint of the tarsus the name of Le mesotarse,

placing it (as its name indeed implies) between the metatarsus

and the tarsus, and in order to establish the correspondence be-

tween the joints of the foot of Hersilia, and the joints of the

palpus of Actinopus 6, he proposed the following modifications :—

PALPI. PIEDS.

Machoire correspondant ala ........Hanche.

Art. sous axillaire (Sav.)....+.++++.-A Vexinguinal (Sav.)

Huméral (Sav.) ..22-.00+ee-..-2--Au femoral (Sav.)

Cubital ((Savi)in. clectes ce so cesicise we Au génual (Sav.)

Radial (Sav.) ....- BS GOOODOUUTS oboe suiMaeMl (Sah),

Metadigital (Tucas)) *.106s 016 «ics es .» Au mesotarse (Lucas.)

Dipital (Sas-))iiole, cia aje » «is elsiceieiees .. Au tarse (Sav.)

I cannot, however, exactly agree with M. Lucas that it is “ facile

de voir que les articles qui composent les organes de la mandu-

cation correspondent entiérement a ceux de la locomotion,” there

being eight joints in the feet of Hersilia, and only seven in the

palpi of Actinopus 8. M. Lucas has indeed added ‘le meta-

digital correspond au mesotarse et enfin le digital sur le dernier

article (of the palpi) est le correspondant du tarse, qui se compose

ordinairement de deux articles, le metatarse et le tarse;” thus

increasing the difficulty by placing his new joint, the mesotarse,

or middle joint of the tarse, before the basal joint, or the meta-

tarsus.

By taking a more generalised view of the matter I have no

doubt but that we shall arrive at a very different conclusion from

that obtained either by Savigny or M. Lucas. The structure of

the female palpus, as above stated, evidently corresponds with

that of the feet, the two terminal joints of the feet being soldered

together in the palpi of the female. ‘This supposition receives

full corroboration, by the fact that the male palpi have the two

terminal joints distinct, as stated by M. Lucas.

on the Species of Trap-door Spiders. 179

Now it will at once be perceived that the number and form of

the joints of the palpi, thus developed by the addition of another

joint, exactly correspond with the ordinary condition of the feet

of the spider, that is, in possessing seven joints. We have, there-

fore, to inquire into the anomaly of the genus Hersilia, and I

think I shall have no difficulty in proving that that genus has but

the typical number of joints. In carefully examining the ungues

of Actinopus while alive, I observed arising at the base of and

between the ungues a separate single minute spur, moveable with

them, and arising from a distinct moveable fleshy joint at the end

of the last joint of the foot. Thus the mode of insertion of these

ungues is totally different from that of the ungues of, for instance,

a beetle; since here they have a united motion, for by touching

the basal spur alone they are set in action. Here then we have,

as it appears to me, the analogue of the additional joint of the

foot of Hersilia, which instead of being a mesotarsal joint, as at

first supposed by M. Lucas, or as preceding the metatarsus as

subsequently considered by him, is shown to be an additional

terminal joint. The following summary of these analogies and

** concordances”’ will therefore place the subject in a clearer light,

and get rid of all the supposed anomalies both in the palpi of

Actinopus and feet of Hersilia.

Foor. Foor. Foor. PaLrus.

Neu Goxatete very ce sisi or Hanche, Sav.. see ee rere ee Maxilla.

2. Trochanter. ...... 27" Sire Ue aye ah Art. axillaire.

SPLCTOUL coe, ete ctePere OF Les femoral jab) ii boi ol) Huméral.

SaVsc. oe od

4, Ist joint . 2 of the § or Le génual, Sav. ; eehetcte Meri steate Cubital.

5. 2d joint. . § Tibia, or Le tibial, Sav. $..........-- Radial.

sates Lu-

cas, in Guér. | Metadigital, Lucas,

Mag. de Zool. | ordinarily soldered

Mesotarse,do., 7 with the digital,

in Ann. me but separated in

Mesotarse a

cas, in Guér.

or Le Metatarse,

6. Ist joint . Siiihawec es

Entom. Actinopus @.

France.

7. 2d joint. . ob or Le tarse, Sav. Mag. de Zool. > Digital, Sav.

Metatarse, do.,

in Annales .

Pseudo - digital,

Westw., always

concealed in the

females, but pro-

bably transformed

into the exciting

organ of the male.

or Pseudo-tarsus,

Westw, ordi-

narily conceal-

ed, but deve-

loped in Her-

Stlig ane

Tarse, Lucas,

in Guer. Mag.

de Zool. and

in Annales.

8. 3d joint. .

180 Mr. J. O. Westwood’s Observations

The correctness of these views seems to be confirmed by the

circumstance that the palpi of the male Actinopi, in addition to

the extra or seventh joint, noticed by Messrs. Perty and Lucas,

have the male exciting organs developed at the extremity of this

seventh joint, under the form of a globular joint and hook, as

represented by Lucas in his figure 5, (Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. t. vil.

pl. 13), which figure is alone sufficient to lead us to the conclu-

sion, that K and K constitute an additional joint, armed with a

single hook, answering perfectly to the short fleshy unguiferous

joint of the feet of the female Actinopi, or to the terminal deve-

loped joint of the foot of Hersilia.

There still remains to notice another anomalous genus de-

scribed by Mr. MacLeay, under the name of Otiothops, as an

example that the feet may, on the other hand, occasionally assume

the ordinary number of joints of the palpi, the fore legs of that

genus having only six joints instead of seven: it is always difficult to

reduce these remarkable forms to the typical structure, but judg-

ing from the figure of the foot detached, it would appear that the

coxa and trochanter have become soldered together, the second joint

being represented as very large, and having all the appearance of

a femur.

A few remarks upon the habits of the Antinopus edificatorius

will conclude this memoir. These will be confined to the slight

observations I have been able to make upon the individuals

since they have been in the possession of this Society. I regret

that these observations must necessarily be scanty, owing to the

lateness of the season when they arrived. Two nests were

forwarded, each of which contained a living female. Flies were

given to them, or rather were placed in the nests by raising the

valve, which the spiders devoured. Occasionally it required con-

siderable force to raise the valve, in which cases it was found that

the inhabitant had seized it with the hooks of the chelicerz, the

ungues of the palpi, and of the four fore legs. On examining the

undersurface of the valve, its surface presents many minute ele-

vations, but there are none of the minute impressions arranged

in a semicircle, as described by M. V. Audouin on the underside

of the valve of M. fodiens. Our spider contented itself with

thrusting the acute points of its cheliceral hooks and ungues into

the meshes of the very fine silk, neither did the insect apply

the rugose extremity of the cheliceree to the undersurface of the

valves, and with all deference to M. V. Audouin, I do not be-

lieve it possible that M. fodiens can introduce into the “ trous de

on the Species of Trap-door Spiders. 181

son couvercle les épines et les crochets cornés dont sont munies

ses machoires.” ‘The extremely powerful and rugose structure of

the third pair of feet immediately suggests the idea, that whilst

the preceding feet are employed in holding down the valve, this

pair of feet is used in holding the spider at the upper part of its

nest, their strong muscles, by being forced downwards, prevent-

ing the spider from being drawn upwards ; and hence it is of much

greater importance that this pair of feet should be strong rather

than the hind pair. Sometimes after disturbing the spider I

found that it spun itself in its nest by fastening the loose side of

the valve to the lining of the cell. After some time I found a

number of young in one of the nests; these were of a very pale

colour, their motions were very slow, and they were constantly

observed upon the inner lining of the nest, and never on the back

of the spider.

P.S. (July, 1842.) The Baron Walckenaer, in his supplement

to the second volume of his “ Histoire Naturelle des Insectes

Aptéres” (p. 440), after noticing the identification established

by me in the preceding article (an abstract of which appeared in

the “ Annals of Natural History” shortly after it was read before

the Entomological Society) between Mygale nidulans and the

genus Actinopus (or Sphodrus, Walck.), and the probable identity

which I suggested might exist between the M. nidulans and the

Sphodros Abboti, both being natives of new world, adds, however,

‘‘ mais nous sommes surpris de trouver une T’héraphose de ce

genre en Barbarie. N’y ait-il pas erreur dans la provenance

pour cette derniére espéce? ou est-il bien vrai qu’elle apparti-

enne au genre Sphodros ?”

The description given in the preceding memoir of my new spe-

cies will, I think, sufficiently answer the latter of these questions

in the affirmative. ‘The former will, perhaps, be best answered

by transcribing the original letter forwarded to this Society with

the living insects themselves.

“7th October, 1839.

cs Sir,

« Mr. Drummond Hay, H. M.’s Agent and Consul-general at

Tangiers, has requested me to present the Entomological Society

with two specimens of the mason spider, with their nests. I have

every reason to believe that these insects are alive, but of course

182 Mr. J. O. Westwood’s Observations, §c.

they will require feeding with flies ; but great care must be taken

in doing this, in opening the door of their cell.

‘© T have the honour to be, Sir,

‘Your most obedient servant,

« W. G. CHapMan.”

“The Secretary of the Entomological

* Society.”

DESCRIPTION OF PLATE X.

Fig. 1.—Actinopus edificatorius of the natural size.

2.—The same seen sideways.

3.—The front of the body with the legs cut off at the base.

4.—The mandible and front of the cephalo-thorax with the legs removed to

show the parts of the mouth.

5.—The front of the body seen from above.

6.—The chelicera seen from beneath.

7.—The maxilla and basal joints of the palpus.

8 & 9.—The terminal joint of the palpus seen in different positions.

10.—The underside of the front of the body.

11.—One of the first and second pair of feet.

12.—The ungues of these feet.

13.—The third pair of feet.

14.—The terminal joints of this foot.

15 & 16.—The ungues of these feet in different positions.

17.—The fourth pair of feet.

18.—The ungues of these feet.

19.—The abdomen seen from above.

20.—The abdomen seen from beneath.

21.—A minute membranous flap between the base of the spinnerets.

22.—The outside of the orifice of the nest, with the door closed.

23.—The underside of the trapdoor.

24,—The top of the nest, with the trapdoor partly open.

25.—The same, with the spider pulling the door down.

Mr. Newport on the Habits, §c. 183

XXVI.—On the Habits, and on the Structure of the Nests

of Gregarious Hymenoptera, particularly those of the

Hive Bee and Hornet. By Grorce Newport, Esq.,

Vi, PLES.

[Read Ist April, 1839. ]

Tue frequent discussions that have arisen at the meetings of the

Entomological Society, on the habits as well as on the structure

of the nests of the Hymenoptera, have induced me to detail the

results of my own observations on these interesting insects; and,

although some of the facts I am about to communicate on the

hive bee have already been observed by Huber, Bevan, and others,

I trust that they may still merit attention, from the testimony

which they bear to the general correctness of the observations of

those distinguished naturalists.

Of the Honey Bee.—On the 27th May, 1836, one of my hives

threw a swarm. During the few days immediately preceding this

occurrence, there had been a continuance of cold and brisk

easterly winds, and there were no signs of swarming on the

morning of the present day, although there had been symptoms

of such an occurrence during some warm weather about ten days

previously. At ten o’clock in the morning the temperature of

the atmosphere was 61.5 Fahr., and that of the hive only 92 Fahr.

But the weather was then rather cloudy, with light easterly

winds, and occasional glimpses of sunshine. At midday it was

fine, but windy, and the males and many bees were flying around

the hive, but there was nothing more remarkable on this occasion

than on some preceding days. At two o’clock in the afternoon

the wind had subsided, there was a dead calm, and the sky was

perfectly clear. At half-past two the bees swarmed suddenly,

but after hovering for a few minutes in the air, settled on a branch

of an espalier apple tree, about thirty feet from the hive, and from

which they were immediately taken into a glass hive prepared to

receive them. The temperature of the hive which the swarm had

just left was then only 96 Fahr., and at sunset at eight o’clock on

the same evening it had sunk to 85 Fahr. At that time the new

swarm was perfectly quiet, and the bees were suspended in a great

cluster from the top of the glazed hive, which I then removed to

the bee house. At the expiration of an hour all was still quiet,

and there was not a single insect ventillating at the entrance hole

or in any part of the hive, every bee having jomed the cluster.

At half-past six on the following morning, May 28th, I again

184 Mr. Newport on the Habits and Structure

visited the swarm, but not a single bee was yet engaged in the act

of ventillation, either within the hive or at its entrance. They

were still hanging from the top in a great cluster of festoons, the

whole being gently agitated by a constant, uniform, wavy, or pen-

dulous motion, and were perspiring very copiously. ‘The tempera-

ture of ,the external atmosphere was only 52 Fahr. Not a single

bee had yet left the swarm since it was hived. At seven o'clock

the first bee came to the entrance hole, and, after examining it

attentively, left the hive. Having taken two or three circular

flights around the bee house, at a little distance in the air, as if to

survey the spot, it flew entirely away. A few minutes after this

another bee Jeft the hive in a similar manner; but, after flying

around the bee house two or three times, flew directly to the spot

where the swarm had settled on the preceding day. Several other

bees left the swarm in like manner, and flew to the same spot,

and many of them continued flying around in the air for a con-

siderable length of time. In about ten minutes one of the bees

returned to the swarm, and having surveyed the entrance hole,

flew to the entrance hole of the next hive in the same bee house,

reconnoitred it, returned again to the swarm, and back again to

the entrance of the other hive, and then again departed. From

this and similar proceedings of these insects, I was led to the

inference that it is by means of vision chiefly that the bee dis-

covers its way back to the hive it has left, and distinguishes its

own hive from others; and this opinion is further supported by

the fact that bees occasionally mistake one hive for another, within

the first few days after swarming, or when the hive has been re-

moved to alittle distance from a spot on which it has originally been

placed, as was the case with many bees of this swarm, which

entered the adjoining hive, apparently by mistake. ‘This occurred

frequently during the first two days after swarming, and the result

of this error on the part of the swarmed bees was that there was

much fighting before the hives, on this and the following day,

until the intruders had ceased to mistake the proper entrance to

their own dwelling.

Although I was unable as yet to discover any comb within the

hive which contained the swarm, owing to the crowding of the

bees around it, I was satisfied that a portion of comb had already

been made, since a number of bees were continually separating

themselves from the cluster with little transparent scales of wax

in their mouths, and, forcing their way into the mass, were quickly

lost sight of. At eleven o’clock there was much activity in the

swarm, and one or two bees were now for the first time engaged

of the Nests of Gregarious Hymenoptera. 185

in ventillation at the entrance hole, and many others were busily

employed in removing from the floor of the hive a quantity of

coarse brown sugar, which I had strewed over it, thinking that in

the event of unfavourable weather it would be acceptable to them ;

but this was not the case, they were evidently annoyed by its

presence, and laboured very hard in removing it from the hive, so

that on the following day the ground beneath the alighting board

was thickly strewed with little masses of the ejected sugar. At

nine o’clock on the following morning, May 29th, having con-

stantly watched the swarm. during this and the preceding days, I

first saw a bee enter with pollen; thus giving further proof that

the combs were in some state of forwardness, and that the queen

had probably begun to deposit her eggs in them ; and on the after-

noon of the present day I had the satisfaction of observing a

large piece of comb suspended from the upper part of the hive,

upon which the bees were working very assiduously. In the

afternoon of the first of June, exactly four days after the swarm

was hived, I observed two large pieces of comb, of the most

delicate whiteness, suspended side by side from the middle of the

hive, from which the bees were hanging in great clusters. The

quantity of comb continued daily to increase, and on the 17th of

June, exactly three weeks from the hiving of the swarm, there

were five beautiful combs, which nearly filled the interior of the

hive. The middle comb was the largest, the two outer ones the

smallest, and the others of an intermediate size, between the

middle and outer ones. It was thus evident that the formation

of comb had commenced in the middle of the hive, in the centre

of the clustre, and that the foundation of the combs on each side

took place subsequently to that of the middle one. As the combs

were constructed at right angles with, and their edges afterwards

made to touch, the glass window at the back of the hive, I had

an excellent opportunity of observing the progress of the work.

Although I have never seen the actual foundation of a comb,

owing to the crowding of the bees, I have constantly observed

the manner in which new cells are commenced adjoining others

which are in the course of formation. Whenever the bees are

about to form a new cell, they commence by extending the base

or partition between the cells of the two sides of the comb. In

doing this I have usually observed a bee at work on each side,

one bee extending the base of a new cell on one side of the comb,

and another employed in like manner on a portion of that on the

opposite side. That portion of the wall of the future cell which

is nearest to the comb is then a little elevated, while other bees

186 Mr. Newport on the Habits and Structure

are at work deepening the cells already partially formed, by the

addition of new materials around the edges of the walls. Thus

the comb is always edged with little shallow cups, the basis of

new cells, which are either only partially or completely formed,

between which and the completed cells there are always one or

more rows in an unfinished state; that wall of each cell which is

nearest to the centre of the comb being the most finished. It is

thus evident that the bees always work from the centre to the

circumference of the combs, and the cells on one side regularly

correspond with those on the other. But it sometimes happens

that two portions of comb are commenced at a distance from, but

in a line with, each other, and cells are added to each until the

two are united together. When this is the case it usually happens

that one of these pieces is nearly completed before the other is

hardly commenced, and the rows of cells in one of them differ in

direction from those in the other, so that where the two pieces are

united (as in the combs now produced) there are necessarily some

irregularly formed and imperfect cells, some of them being much

smaller, and others much larger, than usual. In one of these

specimens the enlargement of one or two cells results from the

union of two unequal portions of a cell in each piece of comb;

and in the other instances in which the form of some of the cells .

is pentagonal, and even quadrate, that it results from the space

between the two pieces of comb to be united being too small to

admit of the formation of perfect cells. It also happens occa-

sionally that the rows of cells on one side of a comb have a dif-

ferent direction from some of those on the opposite, although

there is scarcely any difference in the size of the cells on the two

sides. This occurrence I believe is exceedingly rare, and gives

rise to a curious circumstance which is well shown in one of my

specimens, namely, the formation, not of the usual rhomboid

pyramidal bases to the cells, nor of any of the transitionary forms,

which occur in combs when the large male cells are constructed

near the common sized ones for working bees, but of perfectly

jlattened bases to many of the cells, without the slightest angle.

In these cases the walls of the cells on one side of a comb exactly

correspond to those on the other. Some of these circumstances

have already been noticed by Huber, Dr. Bevan, and others, but

they are exceedingly curious and merit further investigation.

When a comb is constructed at right angles with the glass

window of a hive, it affords an excellent opportunity of witnessing

the manner in which the bee unites the new wax to the old, when

enlarging or founding a cell: and when the bee is working in a

of the Nests of Gregarious Hymenoptera. 187

cell, one side of which is made to abut against the window, and

is in such a position as to expose the under surface of its body,

the whole of its proceedings are easily watched. It first reduces

into small pieces the little transparent scale of wax which it

brings in its mandibles, and mixing these with a quantity of saliva

makes a soft and opaque mass, and then immediately begins to

unite this new material with the wax of the cells, by kneading it

like dough with its mandibles, and, as this new wax becomes more

ductile, it draws it through them in the form of a thin riband, as

noticed by Huber and Dr. Bevan, until it is sufficiently softened

for use. It then spreads it out, and moulds it into form with its

flexible labium and maxille ; and during the whole time it is thus

engaged the bee constantly employs its antennz in feeling, as it

were, the shape of the kneaded mass, and ascertaining the progress

of the work. At the moment of spreading it out the new wax is

often so much softened by its admixture with saliva as to form a

kind of thick paste, which appears to dry rapidly. This has been

noticed by Bevan, and any one may satisfy himself of the fact on

inspecting a cell that has one of its sides formed by the glass

window; he will then also observe that in the angles formed by

the approximation of the bases of the cells of the two sides of

the comb, there is usually a little interspace, which is not filled

up, and in which the wax that forms the basis of the cells has a

roughened appearance, like unfinished plaster-work. This cir-

cumstance leads at first to the opinion that every cell is formed of

distinct walls, as formerly stated by Dr. Barclay ; but this opinion

has been disputed, on the fact that it is only in old combs that the

cells are distinctly separable, and in those it is believed to arise,

not from the actual existence of distinct walls to each cell, but

from the accumulation within them of the cocoons spun by the

larvee. But whether the walls of the cells be indeed double or

single I have always found the interior of the cells of a new made

comb, in which no larve have been hatched, perfectly smooth,

like those which have contained larve, and also lined with a deli-

cate pellicle. The combs I have examined were those of a maiden

swarm, every cell of which was lined with a distinct membrane,

not excepting even those cells which were unfinished, on the edges

of the combs, and in which, of course, no larve could ever have

been developed. In order to assure myself of this fact, I cut off

one row of unfinished cells, and one row which was only just com-

menced, and placed them in hot water, in which they were allowed

to digest for at least a couple of hours, at a temperature very little

‘below 212 Fahr. The wax of the cells became completely dis-

188 Mr. Newport on the Habits and Structure

solved, but many remnants of the membrane floated on the surface

of the water. The experiment was repeated with great care, and

the result in each instance was precisely the same. I have not yet

examined a piece of comb immediately after it has been formed,

but, from the results of these experiments, am inclined to believe

that new comb as well as old will always be found to contain a

membrane in each cell, made by the bee herself, before the cell is

finished, the use of which probably is to give additional strength

to the wax, and to the whole comb. Dr. Bevan and others have

remarked, that before the cells are finished the bees give them

additional strength by thickening their edges “ and covering their

whole surface with a peculiar kind of varnish, which they collect

for the purpose.” It is probable that the varnish noticed is, in

fact, this lining membrane. This is a subject of considerable

interest, but it is not without its parallel in the economy of other

species. ‘The mason bee plasters round the interior of its cell

with a secretion of its own, before it collects pollen and honey as

food for the future larva; and the sand bees, Colletes, as is known

to every Entomologist, form in their burrows a succession of

transparent, membranous, cylindrical cases, which are stored with

pollen before the eggs are deposited in them. This is an addi-

tional circumstance in support of the opinion, that each cell of the

honey-comb is lined with a distinct membrane.

Of the Hornet.—The proceedings of the hornet, Vespa crabro,

in constructing its nest, are somewhat different from those of the

hive bee. The whole base of a cell appears always to be com-

pleted by the insect before the sides are begun to be raised upon

it. On the 24th of June, 1828, I discovered a hornet’s nest that

had just been commenced between the lining and weather-boarding

of the side of an out-house, in such a situation as enabled me, on

removing a portion of the latter, to examine the interior of the

nest, and watch the proceedings of the insect. The nest of the

hornet, like that of the wasp, is always founded by a single indi-

vidual, and is commenced by the formation of two or three cells

attached to a pedicle. The nest in question was formed of only

one comb of hexagonal cells, arranged in a circular horizontal

plane, suspended by its pedicle. There were fifteen cells, either

completed or in different stages of forwardness, and also the basis

of five others, on the edges of the comb, just commenced. The

whole was inclosed by an outer wall or covering, about the size

of a large orange, but open on the under surface. In each of the

four middle cells was a large larva, apparently about four or five

days old, and in the outer cells either a newly hatched larva or

of the Nests of Gregarious fymenoptera. 189

an egg. The insect was very assiduous in her attentions to the

nest, and was quite unassisted in her work, none of her progeny

having yet passed the state of larvae. She appeared to be most

engaged in deepening the cells in the early part of the day. The

material made use of for this purpose was rotten wood, which I

constantly observed her collecting from a rotten wooden paling

which was so decayed as to have been completely reduced to

touchwood. On one occasion, when she bad returned with a

quantity of material, she was busily employed in the nest for nearly

an hour, during which time I was engaged in watching her pro-

ceedings. She first passed her head into each of the cells that

contained the largest larve, as if to feed them, and then, having

examined the others, began to increase the depth of the two outer-

most cells by applying new material to their edges. Finding the

comb unsteady on its pedicle, she passed to the top of the nest,

and was hidden from view for a long time, occupied, as I sus-

pected, from the subsequent greater steadiness of the comb, in

strengthening the pedicle. When she had been thus employed for

about twenty minutes, she returned to the surface of the comb,

and was engaged for a much greater length of time in deepening

the two or three outer cells, to the extent of at least a line each,

which was effected by the addition of the masticated wood reduced

to a pulp, and applied in thin layers to the edges of the cells.

When she had finished these she began to work in a similar

manner upon the edges of the outer covering of the nest, adding

layer after layer, but more irregularly, and of coarser materials,

so that her mode of proceeding was particularly evident in this

structure. On the following morning at ten o’clock the celis had

been still further enlarged. A larva had also been hatched in

one of the outer cells during the night, and in the course of the

day three new cells were commenced. On the merning of the

28th the number of cells had been increased to thirty-two, and the

old ones had been much deepened. ‘The larve in the middle cells

were now more than treble their size when | first saw them, and

afforded me an opportunity of observing the manner in which they

maintain themselves in their cells; which are suspended vertically,

with the open mouths downwards. ‘They do this by a constant

vermicular or turning motion of the body, so that each larva is

incessantly changing its position in the cell. When this motion

has carried it towards the entrance or mouth of the cell, the larva

makes a sudden longitudinal contraction of its whole body, by

means of which it is carried backwards and upwards, and thus

regains its position at the base of the cell, from which its constant

VOL, Ill, P

190 Mr. Newport on the Habits, &c.

vermicular motion is tending to remove it. I was now prevented

from pursuing my observations any further, the parent insect being

accidentally killed. I had, however, observed enough of its pro-

ceedings to feel assured that in this instance at least the partition

between the cells is not double, but that the walls of one cell

are common to all that surround it. Whether the hornet lines

the interior of its cells with a membrane, as is done by the hive

bee, I have had no opportunity of observing.

On examining the nest of that interesting little tree wasp,

Vespa Britannica, it is evident that it is formed in exactly the

same manner as that of the hornet. Very distinct layers of mate-

rial are seen in the outer coverings, and the walls of the cells are

so thin that its structure can hardly be questioned. From an ex-

amination of the cells of the common wasp, some months since,

I was disposed to think that they were formed of several distinct

layers, which are easily separable; but from the fact that this is

not the case in the cells of the hornet, or of the tree wasp, the

appearances then observed were perhaps occasioned by the

cocoons left by the larve, which may easily be mistaken for

separate walls. Respecting the kind of material employed by the

common wasp, in the construction of its nest, there appears to be

some difference of opinion. Reaumur states that the wasp pro-

cures its material from decayed timber, like the hornet; but

White, of Selbourne, and Kirby and Spence, assert that hornets

alone obtain it from rotten or decayed wood, while the wasp pro-

cures it from sownd timber. From my own observations I can

state most positively that the wasp procures, at least, some portion

of the materials it employs from rotten wood, as I have many

times witnessed during the last summer. I saw both the common

wasps, and the hornet upon which I made the above observations,

busily engaged at the same moment in obtaining materials from

the same piece of rotten wood. The wasps even penetrated into

the soft wood in several places to procure the material. But I

have also seen the wasps, as many others have done, procuring it

from the solid wood of a window-framing; although it must be

remarked that the wood in this instance also has been that which

was somewhat affected by the weather.

Rev. F. W. Hope’s Observations, Sc. 191

XXVII.— Observations on some Mummied Beetles taken

from the inside of a Mummied Ibis. By Rev. F. W.

Hoprg, F.R.S. &e.

{ Read March, 1840.]

Tue fragments of mummied insects taken from the inside of a

Mummied Ibis, and sent to me by Sir Gardner Wilkinson, and

which I have carefully examined, belong to two genera. The first

is Pimelia pilosa of Fabricius, or, according to a more modern

arrangement, a T'rachyderma of Latreille. The second is evi-

dently the body of Akis reflexa, Fab. ; both the above insects are

met with at the present day in Egypt in great abundance. Of

the former species there are nearly two entire specimens, with the

exception of the antenne; there were also found the thorax of

other individuals, with sundry limbs of other insects. I may

here remark, that this is not the first time I have met with the

occurrence of Trachyderma pilosum; there was in the British

Museum, a year back, a specimen of this insect fastened to the

case of an Egyptian mummy, and most likely it may still be seen

in statu quo, unless some of our friendly indigenous insects have

devoured it, tempted by such an unusual exotic luxury. I must

here note, that both species of beetles are invariably black when

arrived at maturity; consequently the reddish pitchy colour which

is apparent by day is attributable to the medicaments used in

embalming, and not to immaturity; and the present instance,

therefore, may be taken as corroborative evidence of what I have

previously stated when describing the mummied insects which

Mr. Pettigrew kindly submitted to my inspection.

With respect to Akis reflexa, this is the first time I believe it

has ever been recorded as found in a mummied state ; from its

abundance in Egypt at the present day (as I have repeatedly

received it in different collections from that locality) we may con-

ceive it to have been equally abundant at the period when these

specimens were embalmed.

It is not my intention here to enter into the dispute relating to

the identity of the Ibis; Hasselquist regarded it as an Ardea,

while Baron Cuvier calls it a Numenius: it appears to be satis-

factorily ascertained that there are two species of Ibis which are

met with in an embalmed state, and both, I believe, belong to

Numenius. ‘The Ibis is reported to feed on serpents, and devours

voraciously reptiles and insects; probably, therefore, it was wor-

shipped partly on account of its useful services in destroying

i92 Rev. F. W. Hope’s Observations

such animals, when the waters of the Nile decreased, but chiefly

perhaps because it was one of the signs of the zodiac, and, like

other asterisms, was venerated accordingly. With regard to the

above-mentioned insects found in the body of the mummied Ibis,

I suspect they were devoured whole by the bird when living, and

that it happened to be killed before they were decomposed ; I

cannot for a moment think the beetles were separately embalmed,

and then placed in the inside of the Ibis. Had the beetles been

found in a vase, or together with the bird in cases of wood or

stone, or in the envelopes which swathed the sacred animals—in

all which states Mr. Pettigrew informs us the Ibis is found—there

would have been some reason for thinking that the insects were

separately embalmed. I may here add that Baron Cuvier states,

that he found in an embalmed Ibis the remains of serpents, of

which the skin and scales had not been digested; and why, I ask,

may not undigested insects, as well as relics of reptilia, be found

in the intestines of the Ibis. It is remarkable that the passage

which I have quoted from Cuvier is disputed by the learned

Savigny, the latter endeavouring to prove that the Ibis does not

feed on serpents, deducing his conjectures partly from the struc-

ture of the beak and tongue of the Ibis, and from the food of

other birds of allied species, which feed on shell-fish, worms, fish,

and aquatic insects. I have only here to remark, that the Ibis

feeds on insects, terrestrial as well as aquatic, and that I side with

Cuvier in preference to Savigny. On referring to Dr. Clarke’s

Travels for information relating to the Ibis, the following passage

will be found, which, with a short comment, will conclude these

observations :—‘ Upon the sands around the city of Rosetta we

saw the Scarabeus sacer, or rolling beetle, (as it is sculptured on

the obelisks and other monuments of the country,) moving before

it a ball of dung, on which it deposits an egg. Among the

Egyptian antiquities preserved in the British Museum there is a

most colossal figure of this insect. It is placed upon an altar,

before which a priest is kneeling. The beetle served as food for

the Ibis. Its remains are sometimes discovered in the earthen-

ware repositories of those embalmed birds which are found at

Saccara and Thebes. With the ancients it was a type of the sun,

and we often find it among the characters used in hieroglyphic

writing. As this insect appears in that season of the year which

immediately precedes the inundation of the Nile, it may have

been so represented as a symbol of the spring, or of fecundity,

or of the Egyptian month anterior to the rising of the water.”

Now, without entering into a disquisition on the various points

on some Mummied Beetles. 193

above stated, I will merely notice that Dr. Clarke thinks that Scara-

beus sacer was the food of the Ibis, and that his remarks seem

confined to that insect. We have, however, now sufficient grounds

for asserting that the Ibis fed on other insects besides the Scara-

baus sacer, for, on examining the insects submitted to me by Sir

Gardner Wilkinson, other species have been recognized. Instead,

therefore, of applying the above passage to the Scarabeus sacer,

we must consider that the Ibis fed on various beetles, and not on

one particular species. My chief reason for recommending this

interpretation of Dr. Clarke’s remarks is to prevent an error

which might otherwise become general. I have heard it asserted,

in direct terms, that the Ibis in a domesticated state fed on the

Scarabeus sacer. 1 do not pretend to be learned in Egyptian

wisdom. I venture, however, to express an opinion, that it seems

most improbable that an Egyptian priest would feed one sacred

animal with another considered nearly as sacred; one, at least, in

high esteem and veneration throughout the ancient Egyptian

empire.

XXVIII.— Notice of the occurrence of Hybrid Individuals

occurring in the Genus Smerinthus. By Mr. Henry

Hovusz. Ina Letter addressed to W. Rapvon, Esq.

{Read 6th November, 1837. ]

Durdham Down Nurseries, Sept. 29th, 1837.

Sir,

In compliance with your’s of to day, I beg to state, that the idea

of an hybrid between Smerinthus ocellatus and popult originated

in my mind about ten years ago, and from that time till the

present I have adopted every method that my fancy could devise

to bring about my experiment; at length, wearied with unsuc-

cessful effort, I determined if I did not succeed this season I

never would try again.

You know I always keep my subterraneous chrysalides in large

garden pots, filled within about two inches of the brim with light

sandy loam, hooped over the top with wire, and covered with

gauze, leaving a space of eight or ten inches from the mould to

the top of the wires. When S. ocellatus began coming out,

(having them in one of those pots, and ,S. populi in another, ) I every

evening, before dusk or twilight, took out the females of S$. ocellatus,

194 Mr. Henry House on Hybrid Individuals.

one or two, not more, and put them in the pot with male Populi, and

vice vers, and then placed the two pots close side by side in the

garden or window for the night, so that the female of each species

formed an attraction to its own male, while the male could only

gain access to the female of the other species. By this treatment

I obtained five broods of eggs of Populi impregnated with Ocellatus,

and one of Ocellatus impregnated with Populi; only about thirty

eggs of one of the former broods hatched, about the middle of

June last. Nineteen caterpillars I reared to perfection, which went

under ground in about a month or five weeks after; and in August

last twelve of the moths came out perfect, the other seven are

still in the chrysalis, and will, in all probability, come out in May

next. The insects thus obtained are as near alike each other as any

species that I am acquainted with, and are as nearly intermediate

as we can conceive. The power of reproduction is completely

lost, as they appear to be as near intermediate between the sexes

as between the species; they evidently partake of the nature of

both sexes: as proof, every insect of the genus Smerinthus, on

touching, discharges copiously a fluid, which in the male is pure

white, in the female of a yellow or ochre colour. This insect dis-

charged, at the same motion, first the white and then the ochre

fluid quite distinct, and this compound discharge was quite uniform

in every specimen, which is never the case in any true species or

sex. I have often indulged in fanciful ideas respecting this pro-

duction, but I never conceived of such an unfinished painting as

it is; this is not nature improved by art, but nature sadly defaced

by art, as the beauty of both species is in a great measure lost.

I took care to provide myself with eggs of both species that

should hatch at the same time as my hybrids, for the sake of

comparison; in their infant state no difference was observable

between them and Populi, very little in their second stage, still

more in the third, and finally more like Ocellatus than Populi ; the

chrysalis was as much different from either, and yet as much

resembling both, as the moth. Whether such a production has

ever been obtained before or not I am totally ignorant, as I have

never had the advantage of studying any work on Entomology.

I have also several other varieties of similar origin in contempla-

tion, but my leisure time is very limited; and I shall be very glad

to hear that some gentleman of leisure has produced a brood

between a male Populi and female Ocellatus by this day twelve-

month.

Mr. J. O. Westwood’s Description, Sc. 195

XXIX.— Description of a Hybrid Smerinthus, with Re-

marks on Hybridism in general. By J. O. Wustwoon,

F.L.S.

{Read Ist January, 1838.]

Tue account given by Mr. House in the preceding article, of the

production of hybrid specimens by a forced union of Smerinthus

ocellatus ¢, and Populi g, is especially entitled to observation, as

being the first recorded statement of any satisfactory result arising

from such an adulterous marriage, as this unnatural union between

two distinct species of insects has been not unaptly termed, in

this class of animals.

The following is a precise description of the appearance of one

of these hybrids, which, in conjunction with the figure of it, which

I beg to offer to the Society, exhibiting the upper and under view

of the wings, will give an idea of its peculiar relations to each of

its parents. (See Plate XI. fig. 1.)

The two specimens which I have examined would, from the

form of the body and the pectination of the antenne, be regarded

as male insects. The expanse of the wings in both is three inches.

In the outline of the wings the character is intermediate between

the two species, the external margin being nearly similar in its

general figure to that of Ocellatus, but being notched, although far

less strongly, than in Populi. The markings of the fore wings

are almost identical with Popul, the outer margin of the dark

discoidal central broad bar is more irregular, and is succeeded by

two waved fasciz, the first of which is less conspicuous than the

other. The markings of the hind wings, on the contrary, more

nearly resemble Ocellatus ; the pink colour of the base is however

exchanged for the dark ferruginous colour as in Populi, extending

more generally over the wing than in the latter species. In the

place, however, of the beautiful and clearly marked grey, silvery,

blue, and black eye of Ocellatus, there is a large indistinctly suffused

black patch, in which is an obscurely defined dark leaden coloured

eyelet. On this pair of wings are no traces of the transverse bars

of Populi. On the under side the markings of all the wings re-

semble those of Ocellatus more nearly than those of Populi, there

being four waved fasciz across the disc of the posterior pair.

Moreover the basal half of the fore wings is, as in Ocellatus, of the

same colour as the base of the hind wings above, being of a dark

ferruginous hue, which is far more strongly coloured in one than

196 Mr. J. O. Westwood’s Description

in the other specimen. ‘The thorax on the upper side is marked

with a large oblong dark mark, but which is neither so dark

coloured nor so large as in Ocellatus. In Populi there is no trace

of this mark.

Hence we see, that with the exception of the markings of the

anterior wings, there is a far greater tendency to Ocellatus (the

male parent) than to Populi in these hybrids.

In the higher animals the occurrence of hybrids is so frequent

as to leave no doubt as to the power of generation between

two distinct but allied species of animals: the only question

being, whether these hybrids are or are not fertile? a question

to be solved only by experiment, and a very careful compara-

tive investigation of the structure of the organs of generation.

It is the general opinion that hybrids are not productive, but if,

as in the case of the moths under observation, the individuals

exhibit all the external characters of one or the other sex, the

non-possession of the power of generation must originate in some

organic internal deficiency which requires investigation. Instances,

it is true, are upon record, of fertile hybrids between the common

gander and the Chinese goose (which hybrids had bred between

themselves), between the Chinese boar and the common pig, and

between two species of geese (Anas boschus and A. acuta). ‘These

instances were mentioned by various naturalists at the Bristol

Meeting of the British Association, August, 1836; but they

appear to have been considered to have originated in some mis-

take or oversight. (See Atheneum, 1836, p. 634.)

Mr. Eyton, however, in a more recent communication, published

in the Magazine of Natural History for July, 1837, has clearly

substantiated some of these, but leaving it in doubt whether or

not this fact did not prove that the supposed parent-species ought

only to be regarded as varieties rather than species, but leaning

to the contrary opinion.

Mr. Eyton has since informed. me that he has succeeded in

breeding from the hybrids between the common and Chinese geese

for three generations.

The same gentleman, on the 12th May, 1835, read some account

before the Zoological Society of a hybrid bird, between the cock

pheasant, Phastanus Colchicus, Linn., and the grey hen, Tetrao

perdix, Linn., and of which he had made an anatomical investiga-

tion. In this instance the specimen, although a female, is ex-

pressly stated to have the left oviduct very imperfect, the ovaries

very small, the eggs scarcely perceptible and very few in number ;

the plumage of the bird was also very curious, some parts of it

of a Hybrid Smerinthus. OR

resembling either sex of both black game and pheasant. It

would be very interesting to ascertain whether such a hybrid as

this would breed, or whether, unlike the hybrids between the

common and Chinese geese, it would be sterile; this information

would, in fact, give a further clue to the decision of the question,

whether the theory of John Hunter be or be not correct? Still

in the vertebrated animals it remains to be proved, after admitting

that fertile hybrids may be produced between two closely allied

but distinct species, what are the limits to the production of sterile

hybrids? Copulation may, from some untoward circumstance or

other, take place between two animals widely separated in their

natural relations, but there must be some, although yet unascer-

tained, limits to the production of hybrids.

Thus there are already numerous instances on record in which

insects of different species, genera and even orders, have been

coupled together, and there have been opinions given upon the

subject by eminent Entomological physiologists, to each of which

it will be interesting to recall the attention of the Society.

In the fourth volume of Germar’s Magazin der Entomologie

(p. 404-—409, translated in Silbermann’s Rev, Ent. No. 3,) an

account is given, from the observation of Rossi, (published in the

Memorie della Societa Italiana, tom. viii. p. 119,) of a connexion

between Telephorus melanurus g and Elater niger 9; likewise,

from the observation of Miller of Odenbach, between Chrysomela

polita ¢ and Ch. graminis 9, and Donacia simplex g and Apoderus

Coryli 9.

Treviranus, also, (Vermischte Schriften, vol. i. p. 22,) cites

Voigt’s Magazin (f. d. Neusten Zustand der Naturkunde, book ix.

st. 3, s. 232) for a similar connexion between a male Melolontha

agricola and a female of Cetonia hirta.

Linneeus, in the last edition of the “Systema Nature,” p. 587,

states, that Miiller had observed Chrysomela graminis and Chry-

somela enea in copulation together, and that he had himself seen

Chrysomela cenea and Ch. (Adimonia) alni similarly situated.

Miller, however, in his work on the Hydrachne, (Introduction,

p. xx.) states, that Linneeus had been mistaken in the former

assertion, and that the species which he had thus detected were

Chrysomela nea and alni. And that he had, moreover, found

Hipparchia jurtina and janira (which at that period were regarded

as distinct species, but are now ascertained to be the sexes of the

same species) similarly coupled.

Mr. MacLeay also detected a species of Chrysomela in con-

nexion with a Galeruca. Marsham observed a similar circum-

198 Mr. J. O. Westwood’s Description

stance between a Coccinella and a Chrysomela. And Mr. Yates

thus found Spilosoma erminea and lubricipeda together. The three

last named observations were communicated to me by the late

Mr. Haworth.

Gistl has also recorded (in the Isis for 1827, p. 625, cited in the

Bulletin des Sciences Nat., February, 1828) a similar occurrence

between two allied species of Chrysomela, Ch. menthe and Ch.

polita, which he is thence induced to consider as the legitimate

sexes of one and the same species; but this cannot be the case,

as one of these species, Ch. polita, is sufficiently common in this

country, whilst the other has never been detected.

Mr. Hope stated at the meeting of this Society, on the 4th

January, 1836, that a similar occurrence had been observed

between Blaps fatidica and Akis reflexa.

M. le Comte Saint Fargeau communicated to the Académie

des Sciences a notice concerning the genus Volucella, the species

of which appear, according to this author, to have a kind of

binary relationship together, not only in the habits of the larve,

and in the general appearance of the insects, but also in the fact

of their being not unfrequently found united together. Thus he

exhibited instances of this occurrence between V’. bombylans and

V. plumata, ‘‘ ou les deux sexes de ces espéces jouoient un réle

inverse dans cette action,” (Enc. Méth. x. p. 784). He did not

succeed in tracing the result of this occurrence, but he mentions

that a specimen which he possessed of a Volucella, resembling

V. plumata in the colour of the anterior part of the body, and

V. bombylans in the terminal segments of the abdomen, seemed to

have been the result of such an union, and to prove the fecun-

dating power of the insects under such circumstances.

In the first volume of the Annales de la Société Entomologique

de France, various observations are recorded upon the coupling of

species hitherto regarded as distinct. Thus, M. Rambur con-

siders that Sphinx vespertilioides is a hybrid between Sph. vespertilio

and Sph. hippophaes, and that Sphinx epilobi is a hybrid between

Sph. vespertilio and Sph. euphorbie. M. Lefebvre also has re-

corded the observation of two species of Tortricide@, supposed to

be specifically distinct, in the act of copulation, but which he is

induced from thence to regard as the legitimate sexes of the same

species. The same author also mentioned an observation, com-

municated to him by Treitschke, in which Zygena filipendule 9

was found coupled with a yellow variety of Z. ephialtes ¢, which

had been observed by Treitschke, who was thence induced to

regard the red variety of Z. ephialtes as the result of this union,

of a Hybrid Smerinthus. 199

especially as he had not noticed the union between the red and

yellow specimens of Z. ephialtes, nor between the red ephialtes

and filpendule. M. Treitschke had also observed Saturnia

carpint and S. spini coupled, and had procured three caterpillars

from the eggs, which (the caterpillars) were very nearly similar

to those of carpini, but which he did not succeed in rearing.

M. Villiers also, in the same volume, p. 422, mentions that

having found Z. minos and filipendule coupled, the female pro-

duced eggs, from which larvee were hatched, which the author

placed in the retired part of a forest where he had never observed

any Zygene, and in the hopes of finding the progeny in the fol-

lowing year, at which time however he found many specimens,

but all proved to be Z. filipendule. These he nevertheless con-

sidered to be the result of the observation of the preceding year,

although it is evident that no decided opinion could be given upon

the circumstance.

M. Stein also, in Oken’s Isis for 1835, p. 343, has described a

bastard butterfly as he regards it, which he had captured, and

which he considered to be the production of an union between

Hipparchia Pamphilus and Iphis.

M. Boksch communicated to the Natural History Section of the

German Meeting of Naturalists, held at Breslau in 1833, an

instance in which Melontha hippocastaneus and M. vulgaris had

been found coupled. (Trans. Ent. Soc. vol. i. p. iv.)

In the Transactions of our Society (vol. i. Journal of Pro-

ceedings, p. 83) instances are mentioned, on the authority of Mr.

Shuckard, of specimens of Osmia and Chelostoma thus found

united ; and, on the authority of Mr. Hope, of a Donacia and

Crioceris, and of a Buprestis and Elater ; whilst we were assured

at the same meeting, by Mr. Scales, of his having observed an

attempted copulation between one of the small dragon flies and a

Vanessa urtice.

Still more recently Mr. H. Doubleday has noticed the singular

occurrence of a copulation between a male Sphinx higustri and a

female Smerinthus ocellatus, although there were several other

individuals of both sexes of the two species at the same time in

the breeding cage. (Entomologist, August, 1842, p. 357.)

Such are all the facts which I have been able to discover on

record relative to this curious subject. We will, therefore, now

notice the opinions which have been given by various Entomo-

logical physiologists relative to it, and which not only affect the

physiological question of the generative powers of these insects,

but also the nature of the claims of many insects, hitherto re-

200 Mr. J. O. Westwood’s Description

garded as distinct species, to be considered as such. The cele-

brated physiologist, Spallanzani, in 1768, published a Memoir,

containing suggestions for the instituting of experiments for the

production of hybrid insects, with a view of solving the grand

problem of generation, which at that period attracted a great

share of attention amongst philosophers. His memoir is entitled

‘‘ Invito a intraprendere sperienze, onde averre muletti nel popolo

degl’ insetti per tentar di scogliere il gran problema della gene-

razione.’ A copy of this scarce tract is in the library of the

British Museum.

Burmeister (Manual, p. 515) observes, that “ it is uncertain whe-

ther such mixtures as those detailed above have been productive, but

from analogy with the superior animals we might say no; should,

however, the copulation of closely allied species actually produce

young, these would not be able to unite productively, as is proved

by the general rule of analogous instances in the superior animals,

yet this, even, is not without an exception. Hence, Gravenhorst’s

opinion, that from such bastard copulations of allied species many

new forms originate, must be totally rejected, exclusive of the

view that in case of such a course in nature its beautiful regu-

larity and order would speedily terminate in illimitable confusion,

of which, however, there is not the least proof.” Now the circum-

stances recorded by Mr. House enable us to see the extent to

which these observations of Dr. Burmeister are applicable. We

thus perceive that the copulation of two distinct species of insects

is productive—and not abortive—that the progeny of such an

union, between two closely allied species, partakes of the specific

characters of both species, but that the sexual power is ren-

dered obsolete, and that it is not, except by some rare accident

against nature, that such an union takes place. Marsham, how-

ever, observes, in the Entomologia Britannica (p. 169), “ Ex

coitu Coccinellarum inter omnes familias promiscuo, varietates

plurimas ortz sunt;” whilst M. Boisduval, on the other hand, in

his Monograph in the Zygenide (p. 5), states, that he had often

found Zygena filipendule in copula with Z. peucadani, and Zygaena

trifolii with Hippocrepidis, that the females had subsequently laid

eggs, but these had never hatched, (a circumstance contrary to

the observation of M. De Villiers, cited above). He adds, how-

ever, “ il est possible cependant que quelques uns éclosent dans

la nature.” In like manner M. Audouin instituted various ex-

periments upon Coccinella bipunctata and C. dispar, which are often

found coupled, but the eggs produced by the female have always

proved sterile, a circumstance which he had noticed as many as

of a Hybrid Smerinthus. 201

six different times. Hence, M. Audouin considers that the result

of an accidental copulation between two species is most commonly

that the female is unfecundated, and, hence, that nature by this

regulation maintains the constancy of the species. (Ann. Soc.

Ent. d. France, vol. i. p. 233.) But as Smerinthus populi and

ocellatus are not more nearly united together by affinity than are

Coccinella bipunctata and dispar, it must be evident that some

other circumstances, rather than a want of fecundation, caused the

eges of the latter to be unproductive. Nature will, of course,

throw every obstacle in the way, not only of the fecundation of

the female during such an act, but also of the development of the

young in cases where fecundation has even taken place. More-

over, should the latter reach the imago state, the facts before us

will, I think, sufficiently warrant us, even without reference to the

analogy of the higher groups, in considering that the powers of

reproduction are not possessed by the results of such copulation.

The dissection, however, of such an individual in a recent state,

especially with reference to the condition of its generative organs,

and those of its parents, will most clearly settle this question.

With respect to the effects which these observations will neces-

sarily have upon the question of the specific right of many insects

to be regarded as distinct species, the subject is of too extensive

a nature to be discussed in all its bearings in so short a paper as

the present. One thing however is clearly proved thereby,

namely, the decided insulation, except on some unnatural occa-

sion, of the various species of insects. We have heard it asked,

whether it was to be supposed that a pair of Carabi, for instance,

previous to coupling, stopped to count the number of punctures

or of striz upon each cther’s elytra to ascertain that they were

the proper individuals between which such an act ought to take

place; but we learn that by the law of nature it is only between

those particular specimens which constitute the same species that

in a state of nature copulation takes place. There are, doubtless,

many insects in our cabinets which have remained unique, and it

does not now appear improbable that they may have been the

result of a copulation between allied species, which a careful in-

vestigation would, as in the case of the red and yellow winged

specimens of Zygena ephialtes mentioned above, enable us to

detect, so far at least as conjecture would permit.

I may further observe, that this question is quite distinct from

that of the existence or non-existence of permanent varieties

induced by climate or geographical distribution; and that I trust

that as the facility for observations has been clearly shown to exist

202 Mr. J. O. Westwood’s Description, &c.

by Mr. House, some person having leisure will follow up the

subject, and by a few well planned experiments still more de-

cidedly prove whether these hybrid productions be or be not

sterile, and if not in what manner the generative power is lost.

I have only in addition to notice the singular circumstance,

that Smerinthus populi, one of the insects which has produced the

hybrid now under consideration, is likewise the species most noto-

rious for its hermaphroditism. A notice of the various accounts

recorded of the latter fact will clearly prove that the generative

organs of this insect (upon which in the early state of existence I

apprehend both hermaphroditism and hybridism are dependant)

are liable to great aberrations from their normal condition of

specific exclusiveness or unique sexuality in the individual.

Cramer figures an hermaphrodite Smerinthus popult, Pap. Exot.

tom. iv. pl. 398, fig. A.; as does Fischer, in the Oryctographie

de Moscou, pl. 11, fig. 1. ‘The specimen was bred in 1809, and

destroyed by fire in 1812; the right side was male and the left

female. The entire body, “ainsi que les parties génitales,” being

divided down the middle.

Godart, in the Encyclop. Méthodique, states, that he had found

two of these monstrous Sm. populi in the neighbourhood of Paris,

vol. ix. p. 66.

Dr. Klug, in the Jahrbuch der Insectenkunde, minutely describes

another similar specimen of the same insect (vol. i. p. 257), in

which the right side was male and the left female.

Curtis also describes one, presented to him by C. K. Sheridan,

Esq., in which the right side was also male and the left female,

(Brit. Ent. pl. 482); and Mr. Weaver reared three similar speci-

mens, one of which is now in the possession of Mr. Stevens, and

is also masculine on the right side and feminine on the left.

Thus there are no less than nine hermaphrodite specimens of

Smerinthus populi on record, a much greater number than of any

other species; and in all, which have been sufficiently described,

the male sexuality has been developed on the right side of the

specimen.

Mr. J. O. Westwood’s Description, &c. 203

XXX.—Description of a Case of Monstrosity occurring in

a Specimen of Dyticus marginalis, in which a portion of

the external marks of Sexual Distinction are abortive.

By J. O. Westwoop, F.L.S.

[Read 2nd July, 1838.]

Ir has been remarked that the careful examination of animals in

a monstrous state of development, whether of excess or default,

is more serviceable in teaching the true nature of animal organ-

ization than the investigation of individuals in the normal state.

The case of monstrosity now under consideration appears to con-

firm, in some degree amongst the invertebrata, a theory hitherto

founded upon circumstances observed only in the vertebrata.

The insect in question is an individual belonging to the species

Dyticus marginalis, and, judging from the majority of its external

characters, is evidently a male insect. It was captured by the

Rev. F. W. Hope, in whose collection it is preserved, and to whom

I am indebted for an opportunity of examining it.

The external marks of distinction of the male Dytict consist in

the dilated structure of the four anterior tarsi, the anterior pair

of which are moreover furnished with two large and many minute

cup-like organs on the under side or sole of the foot, which latter

occur also on the sole of the basal joints of the middle feet ; and in

the smooth and polished surface of the thorax and elytra, the latter

of which exhibit also three longitudinal rows of very minute im-

pressed dots. ‘The females have the four anterior tarsi simple

and unfurnished, with larger or smaller cups, the sides of the

soles being provided with short strong spines; the surface of the

thorax is covered with small impressions, and each of the elytra

is deeply impressed with ten deep longitudinal furrows, the surface

of the elytra being also generally covered with minute punctures,

and moreover exhibiting the three rows of larger dots also noticed

in the male elytra.

In addition to the sexual distinctive characters mentioned above,

there are various others exhibited by the feet of a less important

character, which it will be serviceable to notice, especially as I find

no completely correct description of them by preceding authors.

Mr. Curtis being silent respecting them in his work illustrating

the characters of the British genera, and Dr. Erichson (whose

otherwise excellent Dissertation, entitled “ Genera Dyticeorum,”

204 Mr. J. O. Westwood’s Description

has been of great service in the classification of this family of

water-beetles, and contains numerous observations on the structural

distinctions between the sexes of the types of most of the genera

of which it is composed) having overlooked several of these dis-

tinctive marks. The anterior tibize of the males are much dilated

and curved at the base, the inferior external margin from the

middle to the tip being flattened, the edges being ciliated and the

under edge near the tip and opposite to the large sucker being

furnished with a single spur, as represented in my Modern Classi-

fication of Insects (vol. i. p. 95, fig. 5,6). In this respect the

genus Dyticus agrees with Cybister, and differs from Hydaticus,

Eunectus, and Acilius. The anterior tarsi in this sex are termi-

nated by two spurs equal in size, and each mith a small tooth at

the base within, In the female the fore tibia are straight, not

dilated at the base, and furnished with two spurs at the tip. The

ungues at the extremity of the tarsi are scarcely smaller than, and

formed as in, the males. The middle feet have the ciliation,

ealcariz and ungues equal and alike in both the sexes, the tibia

having the upper edge strongly, and the inner scarcely, ciliated,

the calcariz of unequal size, and the ungues equal, with a small

tooth near the base of each. The hind feet are alike in both

sexes, except that in the males both the upper and lower edges

of the tibia and tarsi are ciliated with fine yellow hairs, whereas

in the female the upper edge alone is ciliated.

In Mr. Hope’s insect the three basal joints of the anterior tarsus

on the right side are dilated, but these are not more than three-fifths

of their ordinary width, the joints are of nearly equal size and form,

being together a kind of five-sided figure. On the underside the

basal joint is destitute of cups, except one of moderate size and

imperfect structure at the internal angle, the second joint has

about four very small ones placed near the sides, but the third

joint is more copiously furnished with little cups, but not to the

extent nor of the size of the normal individuals; moreover the

extremity of each of the three joints is furnished on the underside

with a pair of short strong spines; the intermediate tarsus on the

right side is of the ordinary masculine structure, except that the

three basal joints are narrower than those on the opposite side.

On the left side of the insect the anterior tarsus is nearly of the

normal form and structure ; the three basal joints are however not

so broad nor so uniformly oval as in normal specimens, and on the

underside the small cups are not so numerous nor so regularly

placed, especially on the internal part of the basal joint. The large

basal cup, and the moderate sized lateral cup, are of the ordinary

of a Specimen of Dyticus Marginalis. 205

form and structure. The left intermediate tarsus, on the other

hand, has the basal joints rather broader than the right opposite

foot, but the small cups on the underside are not so numerous as

in the right middle foot. The tibiz in both of the fore feet are

dilated at the base, but each is furnished with two spurs at the

tip, as in the female; the ungues in both fore feet are of equal

size, and notched at the base within. The upper edge of the

middle tibize is furnished with long cilize, the under edge is also

very slightly ciliated; the calcariz are of unequal size in the

middle feet, and the ungues are of equal size and toothed at the

base. The hind feet are of the normal form, with the upper and

under edges of the tibize and tarsi ciliated.

Thus, in respect to the sexual distinctions exhibited by the legs,

we find the masculine structure to exist, although not in its full

state of development; this imperfection being more especially

noticeable on the right side, in which indeed the fore tarsus mani-

fests an approach to the female structure in the short spines on

the underside of the basal joints at the tips, and the removal of

the little cups from the centre to the sides, so that if the sides

of the three basal joints of the fore tarsus on the right side were

removed we should have a tolerable representation of the female

anterior tarsus. I need scarcely say that this would not occur by

treating the ordinary male tarsus in the same manner.

On examining the fore tibize, as well as upper surface of the

thorax and elytra, we however find more evident proofs of the

assumption of the female characters. ‘The thorax is indeed glossy,

but an examination of it under a lens shows that its anterior

margin is on each side finely punctured, whilst the left lateral

margin is also punctured ; punctures of the same size are also irre-

gularly scattered in little groups over other parts of the thorax.

The right elytron is impressed close to the suture with four lon-

gitudinal furrows extending to the ordinary length of the furrows

of the female elytra; the first nearest the suture is broken near

its posterior extremity by several raised parts; the second has

one break near the tip; the third is the shortest, and is interrupted

in the middle; and the fourth is very irregular: the interstices

between these furrows are punctured as in the female. The re-

mainder of the right elytron is masculine.

The left elytron has two short furrows near the suture; that

next the suture is very short and is several times interrupted, and

the second, which is longer, has two long interrupted spaces ; near

the lateral margin there also exists a deeper furrow much inter-

rupted.

VOL, Ill. Q

206 Mr. J. O. Westwood’s Description, &c.

The under side of the abdomen and its extremity are similar

to those of the ordinary males.

The theory which this individual appears to authorise us in

entertaining is this, that an imperfection of the sexual characters

of an individual are occasionally compensated, pro tanto, by the

assumption of the characters of the opposite sex. And the cir-

cumstance of the assumption of the male plumage by the females

of some kinds of birds at an advanced age, and the growth of the

beard on the chin and upper lip of aged females, afford some sup-

port to this theory. It is true, however, that in these cases the

female character which has been lost is supplied by male charac-

ters, whereas the contrary takes place in Mr. Hope’s Dyticus. It

is also true that the neuter hive bee does not support the theory,

the neutrality of those individuals being produced by the loss of

certain of the characters of the true females, (the inhabitants of

the hive having the power to convert a neuter grub into a perfect

female or queen bee,) the individuals not assuming any of those

of the males. This is, however, an instance of the normal opera-

tion of the laws of nature, whereas, perhaps, it would be proper to

apply the theory only to true monsters ; but if we are to suppose

that the theories to be deduced from the study of monstrous pro-

ductions affords a clue to the real nature of normal productions,

such a result ought not to occur, and it is, therefore, with the greater

hesitation that I have ventured to suggest it, although the insect

in question most clearly warrants it, so far as it is concerned.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XI.

Fig. 2. The insect above described of the natural size.

2 a, upper, and 2 6, under, side of the anterior tibia and tarsus on the

left side.

2c, upper, and 26, under, side of the anterior tibia and tarsus on the

right side.

2e, upper, and 2 f, under, side of the tarsus of the left middle foot.

2g, upper, and 2h, under, side of the tarsus of the right middle foot.

2i, under side of the anterior tibia and tarsus of the normal male.

2k, under side of the anterior tibia and tarsus of the normal female.

Mr. G. R. Waterhouse’s Description, &c. 207

XX XI.— Description of a Sub-Genus of Coleopterous Insects,

closely allied to the Genus Carabus. By G. R. Warrr-

HOUSE, Esq., Curator to the Museum and Assistant

Secretary for the Scientific Department of the Zoological

Society.

[Read June, 1840.]

A Most interesting carabideous insect from St. Helena having

been placed in my hands by the Rev. F. W. Hope for the purpose

of publication, I beg leave, by his desire, to exhibit it to the

Members present, to point out its characters, and at the same

time to apply to it as a specific name that of its discoverer—the

celebrated African traveller—Mr. Burchell.

The principal characters of this insect may be thus expressed :—

Family CARABID/.

Genus Carapus.

Sub-Genus AritorHorax.*

Caput satis grande.

Antenne longe, et crassiuscule.

Mandibule breviuscule, robustz, ad basin subbidentate.

Labrum angustum, transversale, anticé emarginatum.

Mentum profundé emarginatum, et dente centrali armatum.

Thorax parviusculus, absque marginibus reflexis, vel foveis, postice

angustatus.

Elytra oblongo-ovata, subdepressa, ad apicem rotundata.

Pedes perlongi—femoribus crassiusculis.

This insect is very nearly equal in size to the Procrustes coriaceus,

and in its general form approaches that group of Carabi of which

C. depressus may be regarded as the type. In the general struc-

ture of the mouth, the great length of its tarsi, the sculpturing of

the elytra, and in possessing simple notchless anterior tibia, it

agrees with the true Carabi, but it differs from Carabus proper in

the simple structure of its thorax, which is smooth and convex

and has no reflected margins nor foveze in the posterior angles ;

* This name has reference to the simple form of the thorax.

208 Mr. G. R. Waterhouse’s Description

its antennz are jong, and instead of being thick at the base and

gradually attenuated towards the apex, as in Carabus, are incras-

sated in the middle; the third joint of the antenne is longer than

in Carabus, and is indeed nearly equal to the fourth and fifth taken

together, the terminal joint is short. The head is large, and but

little narrower than the thorax, which is cordiform, truncated

before and behind, has the anterior and posterior angles rounded,

an extremely faint dorsal channel, and a smooth and glossy upper

surface; its greatest width is near the fore part, and behind it 1s

considerably contracted. The elytra are ample, depressed, rounded

at the apex, broadest in the middle, and somewhat suddenly con-

tracted near the thorax: they are rather delicately punctate-

striated, and punctures are observable between the third and fourth,

and seventh and eighth, striz ; these punctures are confluent with

those of the striz, and divide the interspaces of the striae, where

they occur, into small compartments like the links of a chain, as

observable in very many of the true Carabi. The region of the

suture is somewhat raised, and there is a slightly elevated but

broad ridge running parallel with, and at a little distance from,

the outer margin of each elytron. The strize of the elytra are

very close together, and so are the small punctures of which these

striae are composed—they are less deep than in Carabus monilis.

The legs are much longer than usual in Carabus proper, and the

femora of all the legs (more especially those of the anterior pair)

are stout: the tibize of the anterior legs are considerably dilated

at their apex, and present a concavity on the under side of this

portion: those of the hinder legs are densely clothed with velvet-

like hairs on the innerside of the apical half, and the four basal

joints of the anterior pair of tarsi are provided with velvet-like

cushions on the underside.* The maxillary palpi are unfortu-

nately imperfect; the terminal joint of the labial palpi is trun-

cated, but not dilated at the extremity as in Carabus.

By those Entomologists who regard Procrustes and Procerus as

genera, the present insect would no doubt be also considered as

constituting a genus, but as the nature of the characters which

serve to separate these minor groups from Carabus I cannot think

* The fact that in Carabus proper, as well as Procerus and Procrustes, the

females are distinguishable, among other characters, by the absence of these

velvet-like pads, leads us to suppose the present insect is a male; and if so,

the anterior tarsi not being dilated, furnishes an additional distinguishing character

between the present sub-genus and Carabus. In the male Procrustes there are

but three of these padded joints.

of a Sub-Genus of Coleopterous Insects. 209

are of sufficient importance to constitute genera, I can but regard

them as off-sets as it were of the great genus Carabus.*

Aplothorax Burchellu. (Plate XII. fig. 1.)

Aploth. niger ; thorace cordiformi, anticeé et postice truncato, an-

gulisque anticis et posticis rotundatis, supra levi et convexo; elytris

punctato-striatis, striis punctisque crebris at non profundis; iter

strias tertiam quartamque, et 7-mam et 8-vam, punctis grandioribus

cum illis striarum confluentibus.

Mus. Dom. Hope. Habitat apud St. Helenam.

The total length of this insect is........ i 33

NNO COMO ECE CL Vth ay sues 9 st2,6siclesess's.o,c)a si OL. OF

Tene Gh Ob Head i... .taccsre.c a yiahs Soe “sin Oo

NAS aL AYa) 0 EV Pe Ree ee Oe Ouis

VOOM OU st NORA tats in clare. 5; celal uote liao = 0 3}

Wild theote thongs cycle oe eels init c:2 siscecicn i ioe

Plate XII. fig. 1. Aplothorax Burchellii of the natural size.

la, labrum; 26, mandible; 1c, and 1 d, upper and under side

of the maxille;+ le, mentum, labium, and labial palpus;

1f, antenna; | g, fore foot.

* The relative number of species, together with their geographical distribution,

furnish physiological characters which will hereafter in all probability be taken

into consideration, when the value of groups is to be determined.

t+ [This is the only instance hitherto observed in which such a structure of the

apical portion of the maxilla as is exhibited by this insect exists. 1 was particular

in noticing that both maxilla agreed in this formation.—J. O. W.]

210 Mr. G. R. Waterhouse’s Description of

XXXII. Description of anew Genus of Carabideous Insects.

By G. R. Warernovse, Esq.

[Read May, 1841.]

THE insect about to be described was sent me for this purpose by

A. Melly, Esq., who obtained it from the west coast of Africa, in

the Gambia district. As the specimen is unique I shall not have

it in my power to dissect the parts of the mouth, most of them

however are tolerably well displayed.

The head is elongated, has an almost spherical neck behind,

being constricted close to the eyes, which are prominent; the

upper surface in front of the eyes is flat, dilated immediately in

front of the eyes, so as to hide a part of the basal joint of the

antennz, which is placed in a deep socket, but is contracted again

anteriorly ; two grooves, each having two or three impressed points,

are observable between, and slightly in front of the eyes; these

two grooves, which are rather deep, converge in front, where they

are joined by two slightly marked grooves which diverge anteriorly

and form the posterior boundary of the clypeus, which is broadest

behind, and has a distinct impressed point on each side; the

anterior margin is indistinctly emarginated—in fact, nearly

straight; the labrum is tolerably broad, but in anterio-posterior

extent it is very short; it is rather deeply emarginated in front,

and the lateral projecting lobes are rounded, and each have a

largish puncture. The mandibles are long, tolerably stout, and

but slightly curved; they have each two, somewhat obtuse, teeth.

The mentum is broader than long, and emarginated in front; the

labial palpi are large ; the basal joint is moderate, the second joint

is longer than the first, and the terminal joint is very large and

nearly in the form of an equilateral triangle. The maxilla appear

to be rather obtusely pointed, and have the usual series of spines

on the inner side; the outer maxillary palpi have the basal joint

long, rather slender and somewhat curved; the second is short,

and the terminal joint is the same triangular form as that of the

labial palpi, but not quite so large; the internal maxillary palpi

(or galea) are slender, the terminal joint is somewhat curved and

rather long. The antennee are long, thick, and compressed ; the

basal joint is long and very stout; the second is moderate, but

shorter than the other joints; the third joint is about equal in

length to the first; the following joints are very nearly equal in

a new Genus of Carabideous Insects. Zit

length, and do not sensibly diminish in width at the tip. The

thorax is very nearly spherical, but rather longer than broad, its

upper surface is remarkably convex, and presents a faint dorsal

channel; there is also a longitudinal groove on each side marking

the place where the lateral reflected margin is usually found; near

this lateral line are two largish punctures. Between the chief

portion of the prothorax and the abdomen is a slender cylindrical

neck, or peduncle, which widely separates these parts, as in the

Scaritide ; this neck is in fact formed of a constricted portion of

the prothorax, which meets and joins a similar produced part of

the mesothorax ; the prosternum is produced between the anterior

pair of legs. ‘The elytra are remarkably convex, of an ovate

form, and enclose the sides of the abdomen; they are very deeply

striated throughout; the striz are distinctly punctured, and the

interspaces are very convex. The scutellum is long, pointed,

and very narrow. The legs are long and moderately stout; the

anterior femora are very thick and much arched above; the

anterior tibiz are long and rather slender, deeply notched on the

inner side, the notch situated rather below the middle, the spine

in this notch is very small, the apical portion of these tibize is not

dilated nor are there any distinct spines on this part. The anterior

tarsi (the specimen being a male) are slightly dilated; the four

basal joints are nearly equal in size, furnished with a series of

minute bristles at the sides, and with a spongy substance beneath ;

the claw bearing joint is long and stout. The tarsi of the middle

pair of legs are not dilated, they have the sides furnished with

minute bristles, but no spongy substance beneath. ‘The posterior

tarsi as usual are longer and more slender than the others; like

the tarsi of the other legs, they are equal in length to about two-

thirds of that of the tibize to which they are joined. The whole

insect is of a glossy black colour, with the exception of the seven

apical joints of the antenna, which are brown, and the palpi, which

are somewhat pitchy and pale at the extremity.

Its principal characters may be thus expressed :—

Genus. DispnHericus.

Caput elongatum; labrum brevissimum, antice emarginatum ;

labium apice subemarginatum ; palpi articulo extimo obtri-

angulari; antenne longe, subcrassiores.

Thorax valde convexus, fere globosus.

Femora antica crassiora; tibie intus emarginate.

D2 Mr. G. R. Waterhouse’s Description of

Disphericus Gambianus. (Plate XII. fig. 2.)

Disph. ater, nitidus; thorace globoso, dorso canaliculato ; elytris

ovatis, valdé convexis, profundé striatis, striis punctatis,

interstitlis convexis.

Long. corp. lin. 8, lat. 3.

Habitat in Gambia Africee tropic. Mus. Dom. Melly.

Plate XII. fig. 2. Disphericus Gambianus, slightly magnified.

2a, front view of the head; 26, fore leg.

This insect presents such a curious combination of characters

that I find it difficult to satisfy myself as to the situation in which

it should be placed among the Carabide. Mr. Melly considers it

allied to Cychrus, in which opinion I coincide to a certain degree,

but it differs from the species of that genus in several important

particulars ; in the first place, the anterior tibiee are deeply notched

on the inner side, and this notch is far removed from the apex of

the tibize, the tarsi are stouter and the anterior pair are rather dis-

tinctly dilated in the male. The head and mandibles, although

long, are nevertheless shorter than in Cychrus; the mandibles

mors curved, stouter, the point is more obtuse as well as the

internal teeth, and the inner portion does not appear to be mem-

branous and furnished with a series of short bristles as in the

species of that genus. The labrum is short, whilst in Cychrus it

is long, and the same difference is observable in the mentum: the

palpi are shorter and the terminal joint is more truly triangular.

{n the form of the thorax, and in many other parts of its struc-

ture, the present insect differs much from Cycarus. In the form

of the head it is intermediate between that genus and Eurysoma

(or Brachygnathus); its antenne more nearly resemble those of

the latter genus, being stout, but are proportionately longer. In

the structure of the anterior tibize, and in the incrassated form of

the anterior femora, I find characters in which the present genus

approaches very near to Apotomus, which has the same peduncu-

lated thorax. On the whole I think this new genus should be

placed between Apotomus and a group of Carabide, which may

include Teffus, Pamborus, Eurysoma, Panageus, and some other

genera, Closely allied to which on the one hand is Cychrus, and on

the other Carabus. These insects, with their large palpi, appear

to me to be all nearly allied, though by some naturalists they are

separated; I believe chiefly owing to the circumstance of the

anterior tibiae being notched internally in some and not in others.

We find, however, on examination, that the difference consists

a new Genus of Carabideous Insects. 213

rather in the situation of the notch,* with its accompanying spine,

than in its presence and absence; an examination of the anterior

tibize of Tefflus and Pamborus will show this to be the case, inas-

much as we here find in the anterior tibiz a structure intermediate

between that observed in Carabus and that which is most common

in the geodephagous insects. In Carabus the groove is longitudinal,

and the spine corresponding to that, situated in the emarginated

portion of the tibize of most other carabideous insects, is terminal,

or very nearly so; in Tefflus and Pamborus the groove is oblique

and the spine is removed from the apex of the tibia, and in

Brachygnathus we find the notch still very low down: indeed I

can scarcely perceive any difference between the structure of the

anterior tibiz in the last mentioned genus and in Tefflus. Now,

in most classifications of the Carabide, Tefflus and Pamborus are

placed near to Carabus, these genera being considered nearly re-

lated ; but if in nearly allied genera such variations in the anterior

tibiae are formed, we cannot give that weight to the character

before mentioned which we otherwise should do, and should not

consider ourselves justified in removing the present new genus

from among the insects with which I propose to place it on account

of the notch in the anterior tibize being situated high up. The

structure of the head and palpi I regard as of higher importance.

For the present insect I propose the generic name Disphericus, in

allusion to the almost spherical form both of the thorax and

abdomen ; and the specific name of Gambianus, to denote the part

of the world in which it is found.

* T do not give these observations as new, the following lines by Latreille in

the Regne Animal are to the same effect: —‘* Nous passerons maintenant aux

carabiques dont les jambes antérieures n’ont point d’échancrure au coté interne,

ou qui en offrent une, mais commengant tres pres de l’extrémité de ces jambes, ou

ne s’avan¢ant point sur leur face antérieure et ne formant qu’un canal oblique et

linéaire.”’

214 Mr. W. Bainbridge’s Observations on

XXXIIT. Observations on Osmoderma and some new Species

of Cetoniade. By the late Mr. Witt1Am BainsRripGE,

Curator to the Entomological Society.

[Read March, 1840.]

Osservine in Mr. Hope’s magnificent collection of Lamellicorn

beetles various undescribed insects, I expressed a wish to be

allowed to describe some of them; and if the present paper

meets with the approbation of the Society I shall gladly attempt

other groups, as I feel persuaded, from the rapid increase of the

collection above named, it is impossible for one individual to

attempt to describe the novelties daily accruing, and I the more

readily undertake the task as I am aware that Mr. Hope is

actively engaged in describing other groups, as well as employed

in finishing the last Fasciculus of the Coleopterist’s Manual, which

will, I have no doubt, shortly make its appearance.

Osmoverma of Lepeletier and Serville.

The type of the genus Osmoderma is the Scarabeeus Eremita of

Linnzeus. Messrs. Gory and Perchéron, in their Monograph of

Cetoniade, have mentioned only three species.*

OsMoDERMA.

Section 1.—Elytris parum scabris, subrugosis sub lente minutis-

sime punctulatis.

Sp. 1. Osmod. Eremita .... Linneus .... Europe.

BY — Eremicola .. Knoch...... North America.

* [This is hardly correct, for Messieurs Gory and Percheron (Mon. Cet. p. 77,

and pl. 8, fig. 2), in their description of Osmoderma scaber, have confounded two

species together, considering them as sexes of one insect ; describing as the female

a specimen (evidently the one contained in the collection of Mr. Hope from Lee’s

Cabinet, labelled Africa equinoviali, which was sent over to Paris by Mr. Hope

for their examination) as distinguished by “ l’absence des rebords du chaperon,

et par ses carénes dorsales, peu senties; sa couleur, du moins dans Vindividu que

nous avons sous les yeux, est plus foncée.” Their figure 2 is evidently taken

from this individual, as it agrees exactly with Mr. Hope’s specimen in size and

shape. The sexes of the true North American species differ however in the wider

form of the clypeus and thorax, both sexes however agreeing together in colour as

well as in having the front of the clypeus elevated; one sex moreover has the

elytra evidently narrowed in front. Mr. Kirby appears to have described the Osm.

scabrum under the name of Trichius (Gymnodus) foveatus in the Fauna Boreali

Americana, p. 140, where he has described another species under the name of

Trichius (Gymnodus) rugosus.—J. O. W.]

Osmoderma and some new Species of Cetoniade. 215

Section 2. Elytris scabrosis, striato-punctatis.

Senos DEQUUOISIO. 61.56.10 .- Hope ...... Equin. Africa.

4, Scabrum .......... Pal. Beauv... New York.

As there cannot exist a doubt as to the species of the first

section, I do not re-describe them. The following descriptions of

the two remaining, with their measurements, will sufficiently dis-

criminate them.

Sp. 3. (1.) Osmoderma Beauvoisu, Hope.

Nigrum, clypeo convexo, thorace fortissime punctato seu vari-

oloso, Jateribus externe subserratis, linea media longitudinali

parum impressa. Elytra thorace multo latiora, depressa,

striata, striis fortiter insculptis. Corpus infra nigrum et

nitidum,

Long. lin. 9—11, lat. lin. 6.

I have named this species after Palisot de Beauvois. The

locality is equinoctial Africa, and not North America; the speci-

men in Mr. Hope’s collection was contained in the collection of

Mr. Lee.

Sp. 4. (2.) Osmoderma scabrum, Pal. de Beauv.

Syn. Trichius scaber, Pal. de Beauv. p. 58, Col. Pl. IV. fig. 2.

Cupreo-zneum seu bronzeum, clypeo valde reflexo, posticé

foveato. Thorax hexagonus, crebrissime punctulatus, sulco

longitudinale lato fortiter impresso. Elytra depressa thorace

parum latiora, striis rugoso-punctatis. Corpus infra bronzeum

punctulatum.

Long. lin. 9—10, lat. lin. 5.

The above description, as well as the locality, point out this as

a distinct species; it differs in various other minute points, which

it is scarcely necessary to mention, as the species is well known.

It has been taken near New York, in tolerable profusion, by Mr.

E. Doubleday.

Sp. 3. Gnathocera Iris (Fabricius, Gn. amabilis, Bainbridge, olim).

Forma fere ut Gnath. nigritarse, Hope. ‘Totum corpus supra et

infra smaragdinum, nitidum, pedibus roseo-opalino colore

micantibus. Caput clypeo emarginato, antennis nigro-piceis,

gula aurantiis capillis obsita, ‘Thorax trigonus, antice trun-

catus, lateribus marginatis, punctis atris sparsim dispositis.

Corpus infra opalino-viride, et punctatum. Pedes femoribus

216 Mr. W. Bainbridge’s Observations on

tibiisque micantibus, roseoque colore tinctis et quasi vermibus

erosis.

Long. lin. 10, lat. lin. 4.

Habitat in Sierra Leona. In Mus. Dom. Hope.

The head and clypeus are elongate, quadrate, and punctate ;

the margins are reflexed; the anterior angles rounded, and

slightly sinuated in front. ‘Thorax broader than long, more punc-

tate at the sides than on the disc. The lateral margins reflexed,

the reflexed margin ending before it reaches the base of the

thorax. Elytra not much wider than the thorax, and punctate-

striate, each elytron has two elevated and abbreviated ridges.

Body beneath punctate. Legs slightly clothed with tawny pubes-

cence, and marked with numerous vermiculate lines.

This fine species is entirely of an emerald green colour, shaded

with black. [Vid. Arcan. Ent. pl. 19, fig. 2, and p. 107. ]

Sp. 4. Diplognatha nigrita, Bainbridge.

Totum corpus supra et infra nigrum. Caput clypeo quadrato,

dente breve utrinque armato, lateribus elevatis. Thorax

hexagonus, variolosus. Elytra thorace parum latiora, antice

scabra, postice laviora, in singulo ad apicem tuberculum

elevatum et insignitum. Corpus infra nigrum punctatum,

pedibus atropiceis.

Habitat in Sierra Leona.

The above undescribed species was brought to this country by

Mr. Strachan, lately returned to England. I cannot consider any

of the insects figured in Messrs. Gory and Perchéron’s Monograph

to be the same species; it is to be regretted that many of the

descriptions of the species in that work are very deficient, and

some of the plates are so bad that it is impossible to make out the

species intended by those authors. The present species is very

closely allied to the Diplognatha variolosa of Latreille.

Sp. 5. Diplognatha holoserica, Bainbridge.

Totum corpus supra nigrum, thorace subtilissime punctulato,

elytrisque striatis, lineis aliquot elevatis, punctis inter strias

dispositis. Corpus infra nigrum, nitidum, pubescentia aureola

aspersum. Abdomen linea media longitudinale rubra im-

pressa, pedibus ciliatis.

Long. lin. 93, lat. lin. 53.

Habitat in Sierra Leona.

Osmoderma and some new Species of Cetoniade. 217

I have given the name of holoserica, signifying velvety, to this

species, as it expresses well the character of the insect, holosericea

is quite another word.

The clypeus is quadrate and punctate, with the margins reflexed

and slightly produced at the anterior angles. The thorax is hex-

agonal and very convex, the surface resembling velvet, of a black

colour, and punctured. Scutellum rather large. Elytra dull black,

with elevated ridges, and striated, the interstices punctate. Body

beneath shining black, the breast and legs clothed with tawny

hairs.

The above fine species was brought to England by Mr. Strachan.

Sp. 6. Diplognatha rama, Hope’s MSS.

Similis Cet. hebree, Oliv., at differt. Rufescens, thorace elytris

purpureo-variegatis, clypeo rotundato. Corpus infra nigrum

et nitidum, sterno rotundato, et rubro. Pectus utrinque

macula lata rubra insignitum ; externis segmentis abdominis

femoribusque posticis rubro-maculatis, lateribus quasi vermi-

bus erosis.

Long. lin. 83, lat. lin. 43.

Habitat in Japonia. In Mus. Dom. Hope.

For the present [range this species under Diplognatha, to which

genus it is certainly nearly allied, although I believe no Diplog-

natha has yet ever been described from the East Indies; I think

it right therefore to state the cause of my doubt, and add some

other characters. The head and clypeus are quadrate and punc-

tate, with the anterior margin rounded and reflexed, and not

sinuated as in Cet. hebrea. The thorax is hexagonal, with the

corners rounded. The surface is sparingly punctate at the sides,

The elytra are broader than the thorax, and but little attenuated.

The entire surface of the insect is of a testaceous red, thickly

variegated with bluish black markings. The apex of the sternum

is dull red. The sides of the breast, and the apex of the inter-

mediate and posterior femora, together with the sides of the

abdomen, are spotted with the same colour.

Sp. 7. Diplognatha pectoralis, Hope’s MSS.

Corpus supra fusco-rubrum; clypeo 2-dentato, pectore infra

flavo maculato, segmentis abdominis utrinque flavo-notatis,

pedibusque piceis.

Long. lin. 73, lat. lin. 4.

Habitat in Sierra Leona.

218 Mr. W. Bainbridge’s Observations on

This insect is closely allied to Diplognatha ; it appears to be a

form uniting Campsiura of Mr. Hope and Diplognatha of Messrs.

Gory and Perchéron. The following characters distinguish it

from both.

The head and clypeus are elongate and quadrate, the sides are

elevated and produced into two small teeth at the anterior angles.

The thorax is hexagonal, and the spaces between the angles are

subsinuate, a few large variolose punctures appearing at the sides;

the thorax is depressed and much produced towards the scutellum.

The elytra are broader than the thorax, and much narrowed at

the apex, with the surface uneven. The shoulders are elevated

and impressed, deeply concave near the scutellum, and punctato-

striate; the striz are indistinct and imperfect. The colour above

is pitchy red and very glossy; beneath it is somewhat of a lighter

colour. The epimera are yellow, and the breast on each side has

a broad yellow spot, with a smaller one near the margin of the

elytra. The first four segments of the abdomen are also spotted

with yellow. ‘The hexagonal sub-sinuated form of the thorax,

and the colours beneath, well characterize this species from any

other yet described. It may probably be considered the type of

a new genus.

Sp. 8. Strepsipher ambiguus, Hope’s MSS.

Totum corpus supra et infra nigrum pubescentia aureola asper-

sum. Caput nigrum, clypeo antice porrecto seu nasuto.

Thorax punctatissimus, antice rotundatus, postice subsinu-

atus, lateribus angulatis. Scutellum magnum, punctulatum.

Elytra thorace latiora, parum convexa, lineis quatuor elevatis

longis, alidque abbreviata ad marginem posita. Corpus infra

nigrum, pubescentia flaveolé aspers4.

Long. lin. 64, lat. lin. 23.

Habitat in Sierra Leond.

This remarkable insect at some future time will be the type of

a distinct genus, it is closely allied to Stripsipher of Gory, and

for the present may be ranged with that genus. It was brought

to this country by Lieutenant Sayers.

Sp. 9. Cetonia Withillu, Bainbridge.

Cuprea, thorace binis maculis albis minutis, fere in medio disci

positis, elytrisque flavo-maculatis. Corpus infra roseo-cu-

Osmoderma and some new Species of Cetoniade. 219

preum nitidum, pectore et abdomine variis maculis aspersis,

pedibusque cupreis.

Long. lin. 123, lat. lin. 9.

Habitat in India Orientali.

This magnificent Cetonia was brought to England by Colonel

Withill, and I retain the name applied to it, after that indefati-

gable collector, in Mr. Hope’s cabinet.

The body is large and quadrate; the clypeus nearly square,

anteriorly reflexed, and slightly punctate. ‘Tbe thorax is convex

and rather broader than long, and as narrow as the head in front ; it

is much dilated and deeply sinuated behind, with two minute white

spots near the disc and a small white spot at each posterior angie.

The elytra are convex, broad at the base, slightly attenuated, and

rounded at the apex; the sutural angles are produced into an

acute spine, the sternum being short and rounded. The upper

surface of this beautiful Cetonia is of a dark copper colour, with

six yellow spots on each elytron, four at the margin and two near

the suture. Body beneath of a rich shining copper colour, with

the breast and abdominal segments spotted with yellow.

Sp. 10. Cetonia Saundersiu, Bainbridge.

Affinis Cet. alboguttate, Vigors, at differt. 'Totum corpus

supra aurato-viride, alboguttatum ; antennis tarsisque nigri-

cantibus. Corpus infra viride, nitidum, segmentis abdominis

utrinque albomaculatis.

Long. lin. 8, lat. lin. 4.

Habitat in India Orientali, forsitan e regione Assamensi.

This insect was given to Mr. Hope by W. W. Saunders, Esq.,

who has named it after him. The following differences distinguish

it from the alboguttata of Vigors.

Head and clypeus punctate, with the anterior angles rounded

and the margin reflexed. Thorax as long as broad, trigonate and

punctate. Elytra broader than the thorax, striate-punctate.

Colour shining green, the thorax with eight small round white

spots. Epimera green, with a white spot. Elytra golden and

brilliant green, with seven white spots on each. Body beneath

shining green, very much punctate, with a few white spots. In

various other respects this insect differs considerably from the

alboguttata of Mr. Vigors, that species being a dull green colour

and impunctate, with white spots on the head and clypeus ;

Cetonia Saundersii is of a shining green and very much punctured,

220 Mr. W. Bainbridge’s Observations on

the white spots are fewer in number and differently located, and

the elytra do not terminate in a spine.

Sp. 11. Amphistoros affinis, Bainbridge.

Affinis Cet. elate, Fab., at differt. Nigra, thorace lineis tribus

albis. Elytris flavis, ad apicem albo-punctatis, anoque utrinque

macula alba rotundata insignito. Corpus infra nigro-piceum,

medio abdominis concolori, lateribus albo-maculatis.

Long. lin. 7, lat. lin. 4.

Habitat in Sierra Leona.

It is with a doubt I describe this as a new species; I shall there-

fore state at length the difference between what I have named

afinis, and the Cetona elata of Fabricius, and the varians of

Messrs. Gory and Perchéron. In markings and in colour it cannot

agree with the former, and with regard to varians it is shorter and

broader than that species, and differs very considerably in its

sculpture and markings ; its leading peculiarity is, that the centre

of the abdomen is pitchy black, without the usual row of spots.

I mention this as I believe it to be a sexual difference, the same

variation occurring in the species named elata by Fabricius. It

appears, therefore, that this species must be compared with varians

of Gory and not with elata; it differs from the former, in the

markings of the thorax, in the absence of the two round spots at

the apex of the elytra; the podex 1s also differently marked, having

a small round white spot on each side, whereas in varians it is

almost entirely white. There is probably another species allied

to affinis, which I do not attempt to describe till I ascertain the

opinion of those who are competent to judge on the matter. I

believe no entomologist has yet mentioned any thing concerning

the sexes of this genus.

STETHODESMA,” Hope.

Forma Gymnetidis. Clypeo fisso sicut in Lomaptera. Thorax

trigonus, antice abrupte truncatus, postice disco protenso

ut in Gymnetide. Elytra gradatim basi ad apicem attenuata,

medio acuminata. Sternum valde prominens, oblique fissum,

apice antice elongato. Pedes anteriores femoribus bispinosis,

reliquis inarmatis.

* So named from ornbadecpzo¢, a bandage of the breast.

Osmoderma and some new Species of Cetoniade. 221

Stethodesma Strachan, Hope.

Totum corpus fere nigrum, marginibus externis rubris, Elytris

atris, postice albis punctis insignitis, apicibusque rubris.

Corpus infra rubro-piceum, segmentis abdominis duplice

serie macularum notatis.

Long. lin. 123, lat. lin. 6.

The above remarkable insect is named in honour of P. 5.

Strachan, Esq., one of the most indefatigable entomologists that

ever visited Sierra Leone. As I have formed it into a genus I

may, perhaps, be allowed to dilate more fully in English details

than I have in the Latin.

Clypeus elongate, smooth, and deeply emarginate in front.

‘Thorax very convex, lateral margins rufous. Scutellum not

visible, the base of the thorax being produced into a projecting

lobe, as in Gymnetis. Elytra rather broader than the thorax, with

indistinct elevated ridges, and five small yellowish white spots

near the apex, which is rufous, Body beneath pitchy red. Sternum

large, projecting. The abdomen is marked with yellowish white

spots; the upper surface of this fine insect of rich black velvet.

In size and form it resembles Lomaptera, while in its large epimera

it approaches Cetonia, and, as above noticed, the basal lobe of the

thorax connects it with Gymnetis ; its superficies being like the

South American species named Murmorina by Mr. Kirby.

VOL, Ill. R

222 Mr. W. E. Shuckard’s Description, &c.

XXXIV. Description of Scolia fulva. By W. E.

SuuckarpD, Esq.

[Read March, 1840.]

Scouia FuLya. (Griffith’s Animal oe vol. xv. page 516,

plate 71, 1.)

Tuts insect was described in the Biswine words in the work

above quoted :—‘“ Of Scolia we have figured a species which we

call fulva. It is black, but entirely clothed with fulvous hairs ;

the basal segment of the abdomen and posterior femora black,

the former shining. It is from South America.”

There are some particulars in this description omitted and others

erroneously stated, and all the deficiencies I am enabled to supply

through the kindness of the Rev. F. W. Hope, our president, who

has placed both the sexes in my hands for the purpose of describ-

ing them. The species belongs to the first section of Scolia, with

three submarginal cells and two recurrent nervures, It is very

rare in coloured Scolie that the sexes are alike, but here we have

a complete resemblance, except in structural details peculiar in

the sexes. The following is their description :—

Head, thorax, base of abdomen and thighs black, the head

and thorax covered with a dense fulvous pubescence, remainder

of abdomen, antenne, tibia, and tarsi of a rich fulvous red. The

wings are fulvous, with their margin obscure.

In the female the abdomen has a black spot on each side of the

second, two spots in the centre of the third, and an abbreviated

interrupted transverse black band on the fourth, segment, and the

male has the margin of the second segment black.

These insects, instead of being from South America, are fronr

New Holland and its vicinity; the female is from Melville’s

Island, and the male from some part of New Holland which is

unnamed. I am able thus to show foreign Entomologists what the

insect is that has thus previously been incorrectly described,

although well figured, especially in the coloured copies of the

above work.

Mr, J. O. Westwood’s Description, &c. 293

XXXV. Descriptions of some new Species of Exotic Hy-

menopterous Insects. By J. O. Westwoop, Esq.,

EOL: S., &e.

[Read December, 1840.]

Section. ACULEATA.

Familia. SPHEGIDA.

Trirogma, Westn.

Genus Hymenopterorum novum et eximium, characteribus insolitis

distinctum et ad sectionem Aculeata Fossoria pertinens.

Corpus subelongatum, punctatum, czelureo-coloratum, et pilis

longis piceis undique villosum; thorace antice attenuato,

abdomine thorace haud longiori.

Caput mesothorace paullo angustius, supra subdepressum ; clypeo

brevi, subdeclivi, supra tuberculo armato, in quo insident

antenne. Oculi magni, angulos laterales et anticos capitis

occupantes. Ocelli 3 in triangulum dispositi et inter oculos

positi.

Antenne ¢ fere corporis longitudine, egraciles, filiformes, 13-arti-

culata, articulis apicalibus multo brevioribus, tenuoribus et

paullo curvatis. Clypeus transversus. Labrum minutissimum,

setosum, exsertum, obovatum, depressum, membranaceum.

Mandibule valid curvate, apice acute, intus dente latissimo

(cujus angulus basalis valde prominens est et acutus), externe

villosee, Maxille parvee lobo apicali in medio plaga coriaced

media instruct. Palpi maxillares 6-articulati, articulo 1mo

minuto, 2bus proximis majoribus, ultimis tribus elongatis et

gracilioribus. Mentum compressum, medio longitudinali

corneo. Labiwm retractum, lobis duobus lateralibus mem-

branaceis instructum. Palpi labiales 4-articulati; articulo

basali longiori, 2do breviori.

Thorax oblongo-ovatus, antice attenuatus. Collare mesothorace

multo angustius, antice angustum, lateribus rotundatis, supra

impressione longitudinali in lobos duos supra angulatos

divisum. Mesothorax latus, tegulis magnitudine mediocri.

Scutellum breve. Metathorax subconicus, lateribus ex medio

in tuberculum angulatum productis.

224 Mr. J. O. Westwood’s Description of some

Ale antice stigmate mediocri; cellula unica marginali; tribus

completis alteraque inchoata submarginalibus, harum cellula

Ima elongata accipit, versus apicem, venam primam recur-

rentem; cellula 2da minori antice angustata accipit, pone

medium, venam secundam recurrentem, 3tia majori sub-

quadrata.

Pedes graciles simplices, femoribus ad basin clavatis, tarsis longis

gracilibus, unguibus bifidis terminatis.

Abdomen subovale e segmentis tribus supra et infra formatum,

petiolo breve, segmento primo convexo, lateribus rotundatis

et postice coarctato, 2do subquadrato, subconvexo, lateribus

rotundatis, 3tio subconico, apice rotundato.

I ereatly regret that I have only had an opportunity of ex-

amining the male sex of this insect, for the reception of which I

have proposed the present genus, especially as it is not to be

doubted that the female would exhibit as many remarkable

features as the male above described, which indeed offers a

combination of characters which we nowhere else meet with

amongst the fossorial //ymenoptera. Vhe great length of the

antenne, the insertion of the same organs upon a frontal tubercle,

the very minute size of the labrum, the angular projections at the

sides of the metathorax, the bifid ungues, and especially the

existence of only three segments in the abdomen, may all be

mentioned as proofs of the anomalous character of the genus.

In respect to the natural situation of the genus it appears to

me that it ought to be placed in the family Sphegida, in the

neighbourhood of Dolichurus, which has also the antenne inserted

upon a frontal tubercle. It is, however, separated from that

genus by many characters. In other respects, especially in the

form of the head, collar, bifid ungues, and the construction of the

male abdomen, which in Chlorion ¢ has the terminal segments

almost obsolete, it also nearly approaches Chlorion, from which

however it is widely distinguished as a genus. In the minute

size of the labrum it resembles Sapyga, with which, as well as

with Z¢phia and some other Mutillideous and Scoliideous genera,

it also agrees in the bifid ungues. In Z%iphia also the first and

second submarginal cells respectively receive a recurrent vein,

but this character exists in several other genera belonging to

different families; from all these, however, Trivogma is distin-

guished by the arrangement of the other cells of the wings. |

know no other fossorial Hymenopterous insect which has only

new Species of Exotic Hymenopterous Insects. 225

three segments in the abdomen, and I have therefore selected that

character as the best suited for affording a generic name.

Trivogma cerulea, Westw.

Tota cerulea, punctata, griseo-villosa ; antennis, tibiis tarsisque

nigris, alis hyalinis, stigmate venisque nigris, metathorace

utrinque supra lined elevatd obliqnaé aredque media basali

notato,

Long. corp. lin, 63; expans. alar. lin. 93.

Habitat in partibus septentrionalibus India orientalis.

In Mus. Dom. W. W. Saunders.

I beg to express my best thanks to W. W. Saunders, Esq., for

an opportunity of examining this and other novelties in a splendid

collection of insects which he has lately received from Northern

India, collected by Lieut. Campbell; a collection exceedingly inte-

resting in a Entomo-geographical point of view, combining the

peculiarities of the Himalayan and more tropical Indian forms,

and comprising an unusual number of novelties, not only of

species but also of genera, in all the orders of insects, and which,

as a whole, may be considered as one of the most characteristic

collections which has yet been brought to England from the East

Indies.

Plate XII. fig. 3. Trirogma carulea g¢ magnified.

3.a, front of clypeus and base of antenne ; 3b, mandibles and

labrum; 3c¢, maxilla; 3d, labium; de, ungues,

Apnetotoma, MVestw.

Genus novum ex ordine Hymenoplerorum et familia Sphegedarum

Chlorioni afiine.

Caput latum facie depressa, antice haud tuberculata, parum pro-

ducta et paullo ante oculos recte truncata. Labrum hori-

zontale, mediocre oblongo-subquadratum, angulis anticis

rotundatis, margine antico longe ciliato. Mandibule ¢

erassee, versus basin subito constrictee, apice acute, dente

interno parvo acuto armate. Maville basi corneze, lobo

apicali mediocri supra rotundato. Palpi mavillares 6-arti-

culati, articulis duobus basalibus brevibus, fere cequalibus ;

Stio longiori et paullo crassiori; 4to longiori, graciliori, duobus

ultimis zequalibus, gracilibus, /entwn corneum compressum.

Labium membranaceum productum integrum, lobis duobus

226 Mr. J. O. Westwood’s Description of some

lateralibus munitum. Palpi labiales 4-articulati; articulo

1mo longo, 2do breviori crassiori, duobus ultimis gracilioribus

subzequalibus. Antenne breviores, subfiliformes, articulo

Imo longo, 3tio longissimo.

Collare conicum dorso in medio plano, angulis posticis rotundatis.

Metathorax obconicus postice subtruncatus, angulis posticis

haud productis. Abdomen segmentis quatuor basalibus sub-

eequalibus; 1mo et 2do nitidis, leevibus, reliquis obscurioribus.

Ale breves, antic vix thorace longiores ; cellula unica mar-

ginali apice haud appendiculata; cellulisque quatuor sub-

marginalibus; 1ma majori, (in medio ad apicem appendiculata, )

venam primam recurrentem excipiente; 2da parva, antice”

attenuata; 3tia sebquadrata et venam secundam recurrentem

versus basim excipiente; 4ta ad apicem ale currente. Pedes

g elongati, omnino inermes et ciliis destituti. Zarsorum

articulo penultimo simplici. Ungues in medio subtus dente

parvo instructi.

It is difficult to speculate on the habits of this interesting

insect. The entire absence of ciliz in the legs might lead to the

idea that it was a parasite; but we now well know that this cha-

racter offers no criterion as to the working or parasitic habits of

the fossorial Hymenoptera. In the aberrant species of Sphex, S.

lobata, §c. we find very strongly ciliated feet, and in the still

more closely allied types of the genus Chlorion (C. compressum,

§c.), the legs, although not strongly ciliated, are compensated by

the dilatation of the penultimate tarsal joint, and by the produced

angles of the preceding joints. The type of Chlorion is well

ascertained to attack the cock-roaches, which it buries, as the

support of its progeny. The slightly produced clypeus and the

short strong dentate mandibles of Aphelotoma, are other charac-

ters which prove a distinct economy from that of the true species

of Chlorion.

The only species of Aphelotoma which I have hitherto seen is

a native of Van Diemen’s Land, and has been communicated to

me by Mr. Ewing.

Aphelotoma tasmanica, Westw.

Nigra, pedibus rufis ; alis fuscis, anticis fascia medid albd,

Long. corp. lin. 4, expans. alar. lin. 6.

Habitat in Terra Van Diemenii.

In Mus. nostr. Communicavit Dom. Ewing.

new Species of Exotic Hymenopterous Insects. 227

Caput nigrum, opacum, sub lente striolis levissimis notatum,

impressione semicirculari ante antennas clypeum simulante ;

antenne nigre, articuli 4ti apice, 5to toto, 6to fere toto rufes-

centibus. ‘Thorax niger. Collare nigrum compressum, dorso

tamen planiusculo linea tenui media longitudinali impressa.

Metathorax supra planiusculus, carinis duabus_ elevatis

utrinque, dorso lineis circiter 10 irregularibus longitudinalibus

elevatis, striis transversis connexis. Abdomen nigrum elongato-

ovale, segmento Imo ad apicem parum constricto nitido; 2do

paullo majori nitido; 3tio fere equali subopaco; 4:to minor ;

5to minuto; 6to attenuato acuto rufescenti. Pedes rufo-

fulvi, tarsorum apicibus paullo obscurioribus. Alze anticz

fuscee, fascid hyalina transvers4 ante stigma notate ; postice

hyaline,

Plate XII. fig. 4. Aphelotoma tasmanica, magnified.

4a, front of head with the labrum removed; 40, labrum ;

4c, mandible; 4d, maxilla; 4e, labium; 4g, ungues.

Chlorion, Latr.

The genus Chlorion was established by Latreille in the third

volume of the “‘ Histoire Générale, &c. des Insectes ;” wherein it

formed the first genus of the second section of the Sphegime,

characterized by the straight maxilla and tongue (not bent as in

the first section of typical Spheges and Ammophile), the maxillary

palpi much longer than the labial, with irregular shaped joints

(instead of being regularly shaped, and nearly of equal length

with the labial palpi, as in the first section). The only species

given as the type of the genus in this volume is the Sphex lobata

of Fabricius; but as the characters of that species do not accord

either with the sectional or generic characters of Chlorion, it is

necessary to determine what insect Latreille had in view in the

establishment of the genus. We accordingly find in the thirteenth

volume of the same work, published in 1805, that another species

is added as a second type, namely, Sphex compressa of Fabricius—

an insect generically distinct from the former, and which agrees

with Latreille’s characters of Chlorion. The short maxille and

palpi, the pointed tip of the labial palpi, the short tongue, the

truncation of the extremity of the thorax, the constricted form

of the extremity of the basal segment of the abdomen, the small

size of the posterior caleariz, the posterior tibize and tarsi almost

destitute of cilize or bristles, are all characters of Sphex compressa

228 Mr. J. O. Westwood’s Description of some

and not of Sphewx lobata. It is true, however, that Latreille has

added a character which does not agree with the female of S. com-

pressa although it accords with that sex of .S. lobata, namely, the

mandibles furnished with a ‘‘ dent remarquable.” This character

is however found in the male of $. compressa, although not in the

female, at least the mandibles of the male of that species have a

strong acute tooth on the inside, of which the females are destitute,

whilst the females of S. lobata have a truncated tooth in the same

situation; so that it seems to me not improbable that Latreille

had taken this character from S. lobata and had added it to the

rest taken from 5. compressa. We find the character of unidentate

mandibles given in the thirteenth volume of the “ Histoire,” &c. ;

and in the ‘ Genera Crustaceorum,” &e. vol. iv. p. 56, Chlorion is

formed with Proneus into a section of the Sphegime, having the

mandibles internally furnished with a strong tooth or process ;

the two species above mentioned being still given as the types of

Chlorion. In all his subsequent works the genus is treated in a

similar manner, except that in the second edition of the “ Régne

Animal” Sphex compressa is given as the first, and S. /obata as the

second, species, and the genus is characterized from the position

of the recurrent veins of the wings of .$. compressa (those of S.

lobata differing in this respect).

We are thus warranted in considering the Sphex compressa as

the true type of the genus Chlorion, although Latreille at the first

gave only the S. lobata as its type. It unfortunately happened,

however, that during the interval which elapsed between the pub-

lication of the third and thirteenth volumes of the “ Histoire

générale,” Fabricius published his “Systema Piezatorum,” wherein,

referring to Latreille’s third volume, he adopted the name Chlorion,

giving, as Latreille liad done, the Sphea lobata as its type, with

the oral characters of the genus derived from that species ; but

also inserting in the genus the Sphex compressa, and another

species congenerous with that insect (S. sibirica), as well as various

species of Sphex and Proneus. Shortly afterwards Jurine pub-

lished his System of the Hymenoptera founded on the variation of

the veining of the wings, and accordingly, following Fabricius in

considering the Sphea lobata as the type of Chlorion, he sunk the

genus into Sphex, with which that species agrees in the veining of

the wings; but finding that the Sphea compressa possesses a dif-

ferent character in this respect, he formed for its reception a new

genus named Ampulex, adding a second species, A. fasciata, from

the south of Europe, of which (as possessing more interest) he

new Species of Exotic Hymenopterous Insecis, 229

gave a figure in illustration of the genus. As subsequently men-

tioned, however, this species differs in several slight respects from

C. compressa, especially in the incomplete veining of the wings

forming the submarginal cells. The specimen of 4. fasciata,

figured by Jurine, is a female, and the mandible represented by

its side is that of a female being destitute of an internal tooth.

Jurine, however, in his generic character, noticed the sexual dis-

tinction occurring in the armature of the mandibles.

In the ‘Genera Crustaceorum,” which appeared soon after

Jurine’s work, Latreille gave Ampulex as a synonyme of his

Chlorion ; but in his later works (“ Familles Naturelles” and “Régne

Animal,” second edition) he gives the two genera as distinct,

placing them in different sections of the family Sphegid@, having

the mandibles internally simple or dentate, thus overlooking

Jurine’s correct notice of this difference being only sexual. It is

thus evident that Latreille regarded the Ampulex fasciata as the

type of the genus Ampulex, and as generically distinct from his

own genus Chlorion, with which he states that Ampulex agrees in

the veins of the wings, thus further proving that Sphea compressa

was his real type of the genus Chlorion.

It remains to be noticed that Panzer, in his ‘ Entomologischer

Versuch die Jurineschen Gattungen,” has pointed out the differ-

ences which exist between Sphex lobata and compressa in their

cibarian characters, and that Messrs. Serville and Saint Fargeau,

in the “ Encyclopédie Méthodique,” have given a long generic cha-

racter of Ampulex with Sphex compressa as its type, (erroneously,

however, stating that the mandibles are internally destitute of

teeth in both sexes,) and adding that they consider it doubtful

whether Jurine’s Ampulex fusciata belongs to this genus. They

have also adopted as distinct the genus Chlorion, dividing it into

two sections, the first corresponding with the genus Proneus of

Latreille, and the second given as the “ genre Chlorion, Latr.”

including Chlorion lobatum and two new species. Lastly, M. Guérin

has lately figured a new species congenerous with Sphex compressa

as an example of the genus Ampulex.

From what has been stated above [ consider, Ist, that the genus

Chlorion was always characterized by its founder from Sphea com-

pressa, which must be regarded as its real type; 2nd, that Fa-

bricius adopted an error of Latreille in giving Sphew lobata as

the type, and described a genus under the name of Chlorion

distinct from that of Latreille, and consequently that a new generic

name must be given to Sphewx lobata if indeed it be generally dis-

230 Mr. J. O. Westwood’s Description of some

tinct from Latreille’s Proneus ; 3rd, that Jurine’s genus Ampulex

is synonymous with Latreille’s genus Chlorion.

I am sorry that these conclusions will have the effect of sinking

the genus Ampulex, which Jurine must certainly have the credit

of having first clearly distinguished, and will be at variance with

the nomenclature of recent French Hymenopterologists.*

There are several fine species of Chlorion in the cabinet of

the British Museum which I have not yet had an opportunity

of describing. I, however, take this occasion of describing a

congenerous insect in my own cabinet, which is by far the most

minute species I have yet seen of the genus, in addition to the

description of the two allied genera above characterized.

Chlorion cyanipes, Westw.

Parva mgro-cerulea, rude punctata, mesothoracis dorso in medio haud

longitudinaliter impresso; pedibus cyaneis 2.

Long. corp. lin. 33, expans. alar. lin. 53.

Habitat apud promontorium Bone Spei.

In Mus. nostr.

* Since the preceding was written, the volume upon Insects in the Cabinet

Cyclopedia has been published, in which Mr. Shuckard expresses his surprise that

the Ampulicide should so long have been allowed to remain incorporated with the

Sphegide, as they present so many distinctive characters, instancing the formation

of the abdomen, the remarkably sculptured metathorax (which is stated to be

armed at its extremity with a couple of spines), the nose-like clypeus, and the

formation of the penultimate joint of the tarsi. It is added that one genus of

them is found in all quarters of the world, and a genus from New Holland is

mentioned (by name only) Conocercus, which, like Dolichurus, is of a black colour.

“* Chlorion, distinguished for its metallic colours,” is given as a genus belonging

to the next family, Sphegide.

T need not recapitulate the arguments | have already brought forward in the be-

ginning of this paper to prove that the insects above alluded to, as forming the types

of a distinct family, are entitled to the name of Chlorion and not to that of Ampulex.

Neither shall I make any further remark upon the proposed establishment of a

distinct family for these insects, than that the characters insisted on by Mr.

Shuckard occur only in the typical genus : Dolichurus, Trirogma, and Aphelotoma,

the only other genera belonging to the group hitherto described scarcely possessing

more than one of the assigned characters, whilst that which is considered the

“most remarkable,’ namely, the form of the tarsi, occurs in none but the type.

Of their geographical range none have hitherto been described as inhabitants of

the New World. Of the New Holland genus, indicated by name only, I presume

from its name and locality that it is identical with my genus Aphelotoma, As, how-

ever, it had stood in my cabinet as a new genus for several years before it existed

in any other collection, I trust that my name and the very detailed description and

figure given of the insect at the last meeting of the Society, before even the name

Conocercus had appeared, will be received with the courtesy which is given to

memoirs read. before scientific bodies.

new Species of Exotic Hymenopterous Insects.. 231

Nigro-czerulea, rude et vage punctata. Mesothorax dorso antice

haud linea media Jongitudinali impressus, parapteris laterali-

bus tamen distinctis. Metathorax ut in C. compressa striatus,

angulo apicali utrinque in tuberculum parvum acutum pro-

ducto. Abdomen concolor, rude punctatus, apice griseo-

villosum. Pedes cyanei, femoribus magis ceruleis; tarsis

nigris, articulo 4to lobato, minori tamen quam in speciebus

reliquis. Alze fuscescenti-hyalinee, nubila subapicali obscu-

riori in cellula marginali, 2a et 3a subapicalibus et ad

angulum analem extensa.

Another species received from the banks of the river Gambia

by the Rev. F. W. Hope in great numbers, appears to have been

figured by Guérin under the name of Ampulex compressiventris,

in the Iconographie du Régne Animal.

The typical species, 4m. compressum, is, I believe, identical with

the Sphex rufilumbis of Lichtenstein.

The European species figured by Jurine ought evidently to con-

stitute a distinct subgenus ; the armature of the head, the different

arrangement of the veins of the wings as figured in outline by

Jurine, and the elongated and apparently simple feet, are charac-

ters distinct from those of the true species of Chlorion proper.

XXXVI. Description of anew Genus of Apterous Hexapod

Insects found near London. By J.O. Wersrwoop, Esq.,

F.L.S.

[Read February 7, 1842.]

Ar the November meeting of this Society in 1840, I exhibited

drawings of a minute wingless insect, which, as it would not

accord with the larve of any known group of insects, I was in-

duced at the time to think might possibly constitute a new genus

of myriapodous insects in an undeveloped state. I had found this

insect, which is scarcely a quarter of an inch long, running very

quickly amongst the roots of flowers at a little distance below

the surface of the ground, in which situation I had also detected

immature Lithobii, Juli, and other Myriapoda; and, moreover,

finding in this insect a number of minute appendages arranged in

pairs on the under surface of the abdominal segments, I at once

932 Mr. J. O. Westwood’s Description of a

compared it with the immature Lithobii, whose developement I

was then investigating, and which, in the very early states of their

existence, also presented traces of subabdominal appendages

similar to those of my new insect, which appendages are subse-

quently developed into abdominal legs.

Want of opportunity to examine the entire insect, not having

since found another individual, joined with other investigations,

induced me to lay aside my drawings and notes until a future

opportunity occurred of reinvestigating the insect in nature. The

elaborate memoir, however, which Mr. Newport has recently

published in the Philosophical ‘Transactions, on the development

of the Myriapoda, (and which the Royal Society have done honour

both to themselves and to its author by selecting as the Bakerian

Lecture,) has recalled my attention to the subject, and has con-

vinced me that the insect in question cannot be a myriapodous

Jarvee, because there are no fewer than seven of these minute

subabdominal appendages; and further, because these minute

appendages are succeeded by a pair of elongated anal filaments

nearly half the length of the body, whereas in the Myriapoda the

number of slightly developed feet at any one period is much

smaller, and because the anal appendages do not appear until the

feet are fully developed. Another reason which induces me to

reject the idea of this insect being myriapodous consists in the

structure of the mandibles, which, as noticed in the Journal of

Proceedings of the meeting in question (p. 14), are short, broad,

and 4-dentate at the extremity, which is oblique.

Rejecting, therefore, the idea of its myriapodous nature, we

have therefore now to determine to which class and order of

annulose animals the insect belongs. ‘To do this it will be proper

to detail its structural characters.

Corpus elongatum parallelum, depressum, molliusculum, apterum,

13-annulatum. Caput obovatum, distinctum, horizontale.

Antennze duze capite duplo longiores, ad partem anticam

capitis inserte, multi-(ultra 15-)articulate, submoniliformes,

articulo basali majori obconico, setose. Os inferum man-

dibulis minutis planis latis, apice 4-dentatis. Partes reliquee

oris deteritee. Thorax e segmentis tribus proximis constans ;

segmento Imo brevi, 2ndo, 3tioque multo longioribus et

latioribus, singulo pari pedum instructo, pedibus (fere dimidii

corporis longitudine) e coxa, trochantere, femore, tibia et

tarso articulato formatis. Abdomen 9-annulatum, segmentis

fere equalibus et transyversis, segmento basali subtus ad

apicem utrinque appendiculo brevi lato, ovali plano exarticu-

new Genus of Aplerous Hexvapod dnsects. 233

lato instructo, segimentis sex proximis subtus ad apicem

utrinque seta brevi tenui pilosa instructis, segmentoque anal

setis duabus valde clongatis setosis munito.

Were it not for the multiarticulate antenne and the subab-

dominal appendages this insect would be to all intents the larva

of a Staphylinus, and hence | propose for it the name of Campodea

Staphylinus, founded on this striking resemblance.

Its colour is of a creamy white, and it is exceedingly active in

its motions, running with great agility.

Several of the characters which I have described above will be

sufficient to separate this insect from the larvee of all Coleopterous,

Lepidopterous, Dipterous, Hymenopterous, Strepsipterous, Or-

thopterous, and Hemipterous insects. ‘There is indeed consider-

able resemblance between it and the larvee of the Forficulide, but

these are not only well known but also disagree with the present

in the structure of the anal appendages and in the want of the

subabdominal ones. ‘There only remains therefore to compare it

with the larvee of Neuroptera, some of which have multiarticulate

antenne and anal as well as subabdominal appendages, but wherever

this is the case these appendages are instruments of respiration

serving to separate the oxygen from the water in which such

larvee reside: such is the case with the Ephemerideous, Phryga-

nideous, and Sialideous Jarvee. ‘The larva of Ascalaphus, it is

true, is furnished with lateral abdominal filaments ; but these are

only prolonged processes of the common integument of the body.

I am compelled therefore to reject the idea that the insect is the

larva of any hexapod metamorphotic insect, and am thence com-

pelled to refer it to the classes of Annulosa, which do not undergo

transformations. ‘The Crustacea and Arachnida, from the number

of their feet and the general structure of their bodies, are at once

distinguished from this insect; and the Myrtapoda have already

been rejected, so that there only remains the orders Anoplura and

Thysanura into which it can possibly enter. These are hexapod

groups, the former being distinguished by the non-possession of

elongated anal sete and by the structure of the legs, which are

short and strong and well adapted to a parasitic life. Some of

the Thysanura, on the other hand, are furnished with elongated

anal seta, long multiarticulate antenne, and long cursorial feet.

And M. Guerin has recently discovered in Machylis polypoda a

series of small subabdominal appendages similar to those in my

insect, and which he has illustrated in his [conographie du Regne

Animal. ‘The Podure and allied genera, on the other hand, are

cylindrical, with an inflexed fork at the end of the body, whilst

234 Mr. J. O. Westwood’s Description, 8c.

in the genera allied to Lepisma the body terminates in slender

elongated filaments. In these however the number is more than

two, and the form of the mandibles is also distinct; but froma

review of the general characters of Campodea I think it certain

that notwithstanding these minor differences it must be considered

as a new genus, more nearly allied to Lepisma and Machilis than

it is to any other group of annulose animals. :

P.S, On showing my drawings of this insect to M. Gervais

he immediately recognized it as one which he had found in the

garden of his residence in Paris, further stating that he had dis-

covered a second species of the same group.

Can this insect be Lithobius pusillus* of Van Heyden (Mus.

Seck. Bd. 2, 1837, p. 305) ?

DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES.

Plate VIII. fig. 14, upper, and fig. 15, under, side of the insect magnified ;

fig. 16, under side of the head; fig. 17, apex of antenna; fig. 18,

labrum; fig. 19, mandible; fig. 20, an undetermined part of the

mouth ; fig.21,22, maxille ; fig. 23, portion of base of abdomen

beneath; fig. 24, 25, apex of legs.

XXXVII. On two Species of Cremastocheilus from Northern

India. By W.W.Savunvers, Esq., F.L.S., President

of the Entomological Society, &c.

{Read Ist November, 1841.]

Sp. 1. Cremastocheilus Campbell. (Plate XIII. fig. 1.)

Length =6 inch. From the north of India.

In my own collection,

Head large, depressed, elongate-quadrate, slightly emarginate

in front, rounded on the anterior angles, and excavated on the

sides to receive the eyes and antenne. Antenne situated close to

and just in advance of the eyes; ten-jointed, the first joint large,

elongate, triangular, the six following small, transverse, and the

three terminal ones forming an ovate club when closed. ‘Thorax

orbicular, truncate posteriorly, with aslightly depressed longitudinal

line down the centre, the upper surface closely and deeply punc-

* « Weiss, kurz, behaart, am letzten segment zwei horizontale hornchen.

Lang 23 bis 3 lin, Frankf, in feuchten erde.”

Mr. W. W. Saunders on Cremastocheilus. 235

tured; metasternum prolonged into a robust straight spine,

covered with long bristly hairs, pointing downwards just before

the anterior pair of legs. Scutellum large, elongate, triangular,

punctured. Elytra rather broader than the thorax, elongate, the

upper surface deeply punctured, rounded at the apex, and deeply

excavated laterally behind the shoulders. Legs long, somewhat

slender; the anterior tibia with two strong teeth on the apex

exteriorly. ‘T'arsi five-jointed, the first joint nearly concealed, the

terminal joint the most slender; the joints grooved on the upper

surface. Claws short, nearly straight.

This species is entirely of a jet, somewhat glossy, black, the

antenne and trophi inclining to piceous.

Sp. 2. Cremastocheilus brunneus. (Plate XIII. fig. 2.)

Length =; inch. From Upper India.

In my own collection.

Head depressed, subquadrate, narrowed in front, rounded on

the anterior angles, excavated for the insertion of the eyes and

antenne; black, with the upper surface rugosely punctured.

Thorax orbicular, with a depressed longitudinal line down the

centre, thickly and deeply punctured on the upper surface, very

dark pitchy brown, shining ; mesosternum terminating in a strong,

somewhat curved, hairy spine, pointing downwards, just before

the anterior pair of legs. Scutellum large, elongate, trigonate,

pitchy brown, slightly rugose. Elytra a little broader than the

thorax, elongate; the apex angular, deeply excavated laterally

behind the shoulders, slightly punctured, shining, of a rich dark

brown, darker on the shoulder. Wingsample. Body underneath

dark brown, shining, the region of the metasternum deeply punc-

tured and covered with long silky hairs. Legs long, slender,

pitchy brown, the anterior tibia with two strong teeth on the

apex externally. ‘Tarsi five-jointed, the first joint nearly concealed,

terminal joint the most slender. Claws short, nearly straight.

The two species I have just described were collected by Lieut.

G. Campbell, of the Bengal Artillery, in the north of India, but

exactly in what part I am unable to say. They are nearly allied

species, but abundantly distinct; the latter, besides differing in

colour, has a rounder thorax, the apex of the elytra not rounded,

and the mesosternum covered with a silky pubescence. The

genus Cremastocheilus, as it now stands, contains species very dif-

ferent in structure and must be divided, in which case the two

species now described will form a good sub-genus, which may be

distinguished by the orbicular thorax, the produced metasternum,

236 Mr. W. W. Saunders on Cremastocheilus.

and the somewhat long and slender Jegs. ‘his is merely thrown

out as a hint to any Entomologist who will revise the various

species of Cremastocheilus and distribute them inte natural sub-

genera.

[P.S. Mr. Saunders having placed in my hands the two insects

above described, with a view to the examination of their trophi

and the investigation of their generic characters, with reference to

the Monograph of Dr. Burmeister recently published upon the

Cremastocheil in Dr. Germar’s ‘*‘ Zeitschrift fiir die Entomologie,”’

the following remarks have been rendered necessary :—In their

narrow mentum, exposing the base of the maxille, the elongated

body, rounded sides of the prothorax (which is narrowed before

and behind), in the channelled mentum, in the galea and mando

of maxillze being bidentate, in all the tarsi being bidentate and

longer than the tibie, these two species come into Burmeister’s

new genus Cenochilus} (Germar’s Zeitschr. vol. ili. p. 250, 268) ;

but all the species of that genus are from South Africa. From

Genuchus they differ in having the bidentate galea and mando, the

mentum not tubercled, and the tibia not 3-dentate; and from

Centrognathus (Guérin, an Indian genus formed of a single species)

in the mentum not tubercled, and the galea not 1-dentate ; from

the other Cremastocheilides they differ in having the mentum nar-

rowed at the base. See also Burmeister, Handb. d. Ent., vol. tii.

p. 667.—J. O. W.]

DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES.

Plate XIII. fig. 1. C. Campbellii.

}a, mandible; 16, maxilla; |c, apex of antenna; Id, under

side of front of head, * base of antenna beneath ; |e, fore foot ;

1 /, hind foot.

fig. 2. C. brunneus.

2a, apex of maxilla.

t C. Paulus, G.& P.; Maurus, I. ; Suleatus, B. (Maurus G.& P.) ; Ventri-

cosus, Sch. (Bron G.& P.); Senegalensis, G. & P.; Lugubris, I.

Mr. J. O. Westwood on Evania, Sc. 237

XXXVIII. On Evania and some allied Genera of Hyme-

nopterous Insects. By J.O. Wxstwoop, F.L.S. &c.

[Read November 7, 1836, and February 1, 1841.*]

Tue family Evaniade of Leach, or the Evaniales of Latreille,

comprises a group of parasitic insects of but small extent, but

which exhibits several very remarkable variations of structure.

The typical genus Evania was established by Fabricius in the

“ Systema Entomologiz” in 1775, having the Sphex appendigaster

of Linnzeus as the type, but comprising, as a second species, an

insect of this country belonging to the genus Ceropales, observed

by Fabricius in the collection of Sir J. Banks. Subsequently

Latreille instituted another genus, which, in his early works, he

named Gasteruption, but Fabricius having in his ‘‘ Systema Pieza-

torum” established the same genus under the more pleasing name

of Foenus, Latreille subsequently adopted the latter name. The

last mentioned author also at the same time proposed another

genus, Pelecinus, founded upon a remarkable insect inhabiting

North America. Jurine added a fourth genus, 4ulacus, established

upon an European species, and Latreille, in the ‘* Familles Natu-

relles” and “ Régne Animal,” second edit., introduced a fifth genus,

Paxylloma, founded upon a French species, but of which the cha-

racters were very slightly indicated. In addition to these, the

raising of one of the sections of the genus Hvania into a distinct

genus, under the name of Brachygaster, by Dr. Leach, (and

under that of Hyptia by Mlliger,) and the establishment of the

Australian genus Megalyra by myself in “ Griffith’s Animal King-

dom,” comprise all that has hitherto [1836] been done relative to

the generic distribution of this group.

In the “ Histoire Naturelle, &c.” vol. xiii. Latreille placed this

family amongst the “ 7r?piles,” between the Ichnewmonide and

Cynipide, or Gallflies; but in his “ Genera Crustaceorum et

Insectorum” he placed it at the head of the Pupophaga, imme-

diately preceding the Jchneumonide, in which situation it is re~

tained in all his subsequent works.

Jurine divided the Hymenoptera into three principal sections,

the first having the abdomen sessile, comprising the Tenthredinde

and Siricide ; the second having the abdomen pedunculate, “ petiolo

supra thoracem infixo,” containing the genera Evania, Foenus,

* Note. In the lists of species of the different genera described below, the

still more recent additions, up to the present time, so far as I am acquainted there-

with, have been introduced.—J. O. W., July 12, 1844.

VOL, Ill. Ss

238: Mr. J. O. Westwood on Evania and

Aulacus, and Stephanus; and the third having the abdomen pe-

dunculate, ‘‘ petiolo poné thoracem infixo,” comprising the re-

mainder of the order.

By Nees von Esenbeck, however, this family was placed at the

end of the Ichneumones adsciti and immediately preceding the

Chalcidide, with the observation “ Familize Evanialium verus

character non tamen in oris et alarum fabrica, quam in abdominis

insertione querendus, cui quidem et alii characteres respondent,

tum in oris, tum maxime in alarum structura et textura obvil.

Ale in Evania genere, nervis deminutis, ad eas Pleromalinorum et

Proctotrupinorum propius accedunt.”—(Hym. Mon. 1, 302.)

Mr. Haliday, in some observations upon the distribution of the

Pupivora (Ent. Mag. vol. i. 343, note i), thinks it would be rash

to divide this family into families, [as Mr. Shuckard,* and Mr.

Haliday himself, but less extensively,{ have since proposed, ] the

chain being so much interrupted from the small number of genera

comprised in it; adding, “ the family besides, is, in its present

form, far too convenient a receptacle for all stray articles to be

lightly resigned. I am obliged to enrich it further, at the ex-

pense of the Jchneumones, with two genera—Stephanus and Plancus

[ Paxylloma|—which Pelecinus and Feenus seem respectively to

reclaim: of the latter I am more doubtful; for the other I have

the authority of Jurine and Spinola.” Which latter observation

he again repeats in the third volume of the same work, p. 22.

The investigation of the characters of these two genera subse-

quently detailed will enable us to judge of the propriety of this

suggestion.

It is impossible to examine the structure of the insects of which

this family is composed without arriving at the conclusion that it

is evidently an osculant group, combining in itself not only the

representatives of several other families, but also several distinct

and anomalous forms. The paucity of species in the family, the

strong variations which occur in various essential organs—as the

antennee, palpi, neuration of the wings, and especially the ovipositor,

and the singularity of structure exhibited by various of the less

important organs, as the elongation of the abdomen in Pelecinus,

its singular position in Lvania, the curious striation of the thorax

in Aulacus, the form of the mandibles in Feenus, and of the labial

palpi in Evania,—all tend to prove that in comparison with the

Ichneumones genuini the Evaniide are essentially an aberrant

group.

Acting therefore upon the rule laid down by Mr. Mac Leay in

* Entomologist, p. 119. + Hym. Synops. in Suppl. Mon. Alysia, 1839.

some allied Genera of Hymenopterous Insects. 239

the ‘“‘ Horze Entomologice” relative to such groups, I do not here

propose to detail any character for the family, and shall therefore

only observe, that generally the antenne are composed of only

thirteen or fourteen joints, the abdominal peduncle is inserted at a

considerable elevation upon the posterior part of the thorax, and

the mandibles are toothed internally.*

From the various families of which the section Pupivora of

Latreille is composed, with the exception of the Ichneumones

adsciti, the Evaniide are easily distinguished. Thus the neuration

of the wings will distinguish them from the Chalcidide ; the same

character and the paucity of joints in the antenne will separate

them from the Ichneumones genuini, and the structure of the

ovipositor from the Cynipide, Proctotrupide,} and Chrysidide.

From the Jchnewmones adsciti however, at least from the most

aberrant species of that group, the line of demarcation is less

evident, since we find some of the 4phidii in that family possessing

antennze with not more than fourteen joints, and the genus Paxyl-

loma, under its various names of Plancus and Hybrizon, has been

placed both amongst the Evaniide and the Ichneumones adsciti.

With these preliminary observations I proceed to a review of

the genera Evania and its allies, proposing to insert, under each,

descriptions of such new species as have occurred to me, com-

mencing with those genera which have the abdomen destitute of

an exserted ovipositor.

Evan, Fabr.

The chief character of this genus consists in the very small

size of the abdomen, which is greatly compressed, of a triangular

form, and attached to the thorax, rather above the centre of the

metathoracic scutellum (and not at its posterior extremity as in

most other Hymenoptera), by a peduncle about as long as the

* T have not made use of the number of joints in the palpi as a character of

the family, since it is evident, from analogy with the aberrant Ichnewmonide, that

variation in their number is a necessary consequence of such aberration ; a remark-

able proof of this occurs in Evania, some species of which, even in its restricted

state, possess apparently only five joints to the maxillary palpi and others six.

Vide Lat. Gen. 3. 251. 2.

t The relationship of Pelecinus to Proctotrupes will be considered in the ob-

servations on the former genus.

¢ This peculiarity, although it appears at first sight anomalous, is dependent

upon the excessive development and thickness of the metathorax, of which the

prescutum is reduced to a very slender dorsal piece, having the posterior wings

attached at its sides ; the metascutellum and postscutellum being confluent, although

the limits of the metascutellum are indicated (of a triangular form and small size,

240 Mr. J. O. Westwood on Evania and

remainder of the abdomen. The ovipositor is not exserted. The

antennee are thirteen-jointed in each sex, the basal joint in the

females being more elongated, so as to form, with the remainder,

a considerable elbow. Jurine describes the antenne as being

thirteen or fourteen-jointed according to sex, but incorrectly.

The species of this genus were discovered (as we learn from

Kirby and Spence* ) to be parasitic upon the species of Blattide.

The correctness of this statement has been confirmed to me by

Mr. R. E, Lewis, who has found them on board the ship in which

he sailed to Van Diemen’s Land, and which was much infested

with Blatta orientalis ; and hence the Evanie minuta and fulvipes,

having been found in situations where the indigenous Blatta

Lapponica abounds, are alone regarded by Mr. Stephens as strictly

entitled to be considered indigenous; the typical species Lvania

appendigaster, which is attached to the Blatta orientalis, being

considered an imported insect.—(Illustr. of Brit. Entomology,

Mand. vol. vii. p. 118.)

Latreille introduced two primary divisions into this genus,

founded upon the distinctness or obliteration of the apical nerves

of the wings and the length of the second and third joints of the

antenne. These divisions Dr. Leach regarded as generic, and

accordingly, in the Edinburgh Encyclopedia, gave the name of

Brachygaster to the second section, having the Lvania minuta as

its type. (In the British Museum Cabinet the genus however

stands under the name of Coranila of Leach’s Manuscripts.)

This genus Brachygaster has been retained by Mr. Stephens.

Illiger, however, in his edition of Rossi, had previously named it

terminating at the place of insertion of the abdomen) by an impression ; the meta-

postscutellum being exceedingly developed. (Mod. Class. of Insects, vol. ii.

p. 134, fig 74, 4. and 5.) The metasternum is also very remarkable, terminating

in a strong furcate process, of which the points are recurved and fitting into the

posterior coxz.

* In the third volume of the Introduction to Entomology (p. 580) it is stated,

that ‘* the history of Evania, the parasite of the Blatte, had been traced by Dr.

Reid, who did not however live to give his discoveries to the world ; it was how-

ever hoped that they would not be lost, being in most able hands.”” In the fourth

volume of the same work (p. 216) it is however stated, that ‘‘ the late Dr. Arnold,

whose tact for observation with regard to the manners and economy of insects has

rendered his loss irreparable, discovered that the remarkable parasitic genus

Evania F. was appropriated to the all-devouring Blatte : whether it attacked it in

its egg or larva state the author had not been informed. This little benefactor is

here extremely rare, at least in the country ; perhaps in towns where the cock-roach

abounds it may be more common.” I am however indebted to Mr. W.S. Mac Leay

for the information that it is within the egg-pouch of the Blatte that the Evania is

parasitic.

some allied Genera of Hymenopterous Insects. 241

Hyptia. Dr. Nees von Esenbeck has however regarded its cha-

racters merely as specific ones.

Evania, in its restricted state, comprises several species very

closely allied together, and the name of Lvania appendigaster

having been indifferently applied to them, much confusion has

been thereby occasioned. Latreille endeavoured, but unsuccess-

fully, to rectify the error, which was accomplished by Illiger.

Mr. Curtis however, followed by Mr. Stephens, has again renewed

the confusion, by giving the fuscipes of Nliger (appendigaster,

Latr.) under the name of flavicornis—(describing it as possessing

rufous antennz)—and by giving the levigata of Latreille as

identical with the Linnzean appendigaster ; whilst the Marquis

Spinola has reversed the synonymy, by giving fuscipes and ap-

pendigaster as identical, and levigata as distinct. Fabricius

gives, as the localities of Hvania appendigaster, Southern Europe,

Cape of Good Hope, and New Holland; and Mr. Curtis adds

America, Jamaica, the Isle of France, Spain, and England, evi-

dently confusing the true levigata and appendigaster, and proba-

bly several other species.

Sp. 1. Hvania appendigaster, Linn. (Sphexa.). Mliger, N.ab Esen.,

Curtis, Stephens, nec Latreille nec Spinola.

In the Linnzean cabinet the specific ticket of E. appendigaster

is attached to a black insect, with the face neither punctured nor

striated ; the mesothorax nearly smooth, with only a very few

punctures scattered about the scutum, with an impressed oblique

line on each side, and a shorter straight one between it and the

base of the wings; the peduncle of the abdomen is also slightly

contracted before the tip, the sides immediately in front of the

contraction being slightly flattened out. It is also smooth, being

neither punctured nor striated.

I have carefully examined specimens from England, Germany,

the Island of Mauritius, Mozambique, and Brazil, amongst which

I cannot perceive any character to warrant their specific separation.

Sp. 2. Evania levigata, Latreille, Olivier, Illiger.

The Marquis Spinola gives Mexico, New Orleans, Brazil, the

Cape of Good Hope, Egypt, Greece, Sardinia, Coromandel, and

New Holland, as places from which he has received E. levigata.

Sp. 3. Evania fuscipes, Mliger.

Syn. Lv. appendigaster, Latreille, Oliv., Jurine, Panzer.

Lv. flavicornis, Curtis, Stephens.

242 Mr. J. O. Westwood on Evania and

Closely allied to the two preceding species are the two follow-

ing :—

Sp. 4. Evania Cube, Guerin, Icon. R. An. Ins. pl. 65, fig. 1.

Inhabits the island of Cuba, but of which the description is

not yet published. The abdomen of the male is figured of a more

ovate form, and terminated by a small conical appendage, whilst

that of the female is much less strongly securiform.

Sp. 5. Hvania Desjardinsi, Blanchard, Hist. Nat. Ins. vol.iv. p. 299.

Inhabits the Isle of France, ‘ le seul caractere” consists in the

abdomen, which ‘n’est plus complétement sécuriforme, mais il est

beaucoup moins large et presque cylindrique, quoique toujours

trés fortement comprimé lJateralement.”

Sp. 6. Evania princeps, Westw.

Tota nigra, facie argenteo-sericea longitudinaliter striata, thorace

rude punctato, alarum anticarum vena radiali ad apicem

recurvo ¢ 9.

Long. corp. lin. 7, exp. alar. lin. 103.

Habitat in Nova Hollandia.

In Mus. Dom. Hope, Newman et nostr.

Gigas in genere. Tota nigra. Caput, thorax et abdominis

petiolus rudé punctata, metathorace areolato, facie longitudi-

naliter striata et lateribus capitis thoracisque argenteo-sericeis.

Mandibule intus 3-dentatz, palpi labiales articulis simplici-

bus. Ale infuscatee, vena radiali ad apicem recurvata. Furca

metasterni brevissima recta. Abdomen valdé compressissi-

mum, subtriangulare. Differt mas facie minus striata.

Sp. 7. Evania Abyssinica, Westw.

Nigra, thorace et petiolo abdominali rufis, pedibus piceis, facie

punctata 9.

Syn. Evania thoracica, Klug. MSS., nec Ev. thoracica, Blanchard.

Long. corp. lin. 33, exp. alar. lin. 64.

Habitat in Abyssinia.

In Mus. nostr. Communic. cel. Dom. Klug.

Magnitudo Ev. appendigastris. Antenne longe nigre, subtus

piceze. Caput nigrum, facie parum argenteo-sericea, punctis

parvis impressis, haud confluentibus, carinaque abbreviata

mediana sub antennas. Mandibule nigre, apice piceo. Palpi

piceo-rufi. Thorax ferrugineus, tenue punctatus, metathorace

some allied Genera of Hymenopterous Insects. 248

areolato; petiolus abdominis ferrugineus, haud punctatus,

utrinque striola tenui longitudinali. Abdomen nigrum, com-

pressum, nitidum, fere rotundatum. Pedes quatuor antici

picei (femoribus subtus ferrugineis), postici nigri, trochan-

teribus basi piceis, Ale fere hyaline, venis nigris, vena

marginali (cellulam marginalem formanti) ad apicem fere

recta et cum margine apicali ale fere parellela.

Sp. 8. Evania dimidiata.

Syn. Evania dimidiata, Spinola, in Ann. Ent. Soc. de France,

tom. vil. p. 439, and Rev. Zool. 1840, p. 247.

Habitat in Hgypto.

Obs. This species appears to differ from EL. Abyssinica in its

smaller size (23 lin.), black antenne and legs, pale palpi, slightly

punctured face, ferrugineous mandibles, and punctured peduncle.

They are however stated by the Marquis Spinola, in the Rev.

Zool. 1842, p. 190, to be identical.

Sp. 9. Evania Tasmanica, Westw.

Nigra punctatissima, facie tenuiter longitudinaliter striata, furca

metasterni brevi rectd, petiolo striato 9.

Long. corp. lin. 45, exp. alar. 8.

Habitat in Terra Van Diemenii.

In Mus. Dom. Hope.

Tota nigra, rude punctatissima. Facies sub antennarum inser-

tionem leviter striata. Petiolus abdominis striatus. Abdomen

compressissimum, triangulare. Ale hyaline, area marginali

sub-ovata, venis cubitali et discoidali fere obsoletis. Antenne

et pedes nigri. Mandibulz intus obtuse 3-dentate. Palpi

labiales articulo 3tio apice dilatato ovato.

Sp. 10. Evania punctata.

« E, nigra albido-villosa, capite striato, vertice thoraceque crasse

punctatis, alis subhyalinis, nervis nigris; antennarum basi,

palpis, et pedibus quatuor anticis fere omnino pallide fuscis,

abdominis petiolo valde rugoso. Long. corp. 9 millim.”

Habitat in Morea.

Syn. E. punctata, Brullé, in Exped. Scient. de Morée, p. 378,

No. 833.

Obs. This species appears scarcely to differ from E, fuscipes.

244 Mr. J. O. Westwood on Evania and

Sp. 11. Evania fascialis.

Syn. Lvania fascialis, Spinola, in Rev. Zool. 1842, p. 188.

Habitat in Mexico.

Sp. 12. Evania Chilensis.

Syn. Evania Chilensis, Spinola, in Rev. Zool. 1842, p. 189.

Habitat in Chili.

Sp. 13. Evania antennalis, Westw.

Nigra, antennarum articulis 3 et 4 luteis, facie longitudinaliter

striata, petiolo oblique rugoso, metasterno parum furcato.

Long. corp. lin, 3.

Habitat in India Orientali, Bombay. Dom. W. Elliott.

In Mus. Britann.

Nigra, antennis crassiusculis et breviusculis; articulis 3 et 4

luteis, facie genisque longitudinaliter striatis, illa carina

mediana instructa; fossulis duabus pro receptione articuli

basalis antennarum distinctis latis, at parum_ profundis ;

thorace punctato, metathorace hexagonaliter areolato, griseo-

pubescenti; petiolo abdominis elongato, oblique rugoso ; ab-

domine compressissimo, laté ovato, apice acuto, metasterno

brevi, parum furcato; trochanteribus magnis, glaberrimis,

tibiis anticis, tarsisque 4 anticis piceis; alarum venis fere ut

in £, levigata cellula marginali postice vix angulata.

Sp. 14. Evania compressa, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 178.

Habitat in America Meridionali.

Sp. 15. Evania ngricornis, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 179.

Habitat in America.

Sp. 16. Evania caspia, Eichwald, in Reise auf d. Casp. Meere, &c.

Bd. 1, Abth. 1 and 2.

Sp. 17. Evania affins, Le Guillou, in Rev. Zool. Soc. Cuvierr.

1841, p. 322. 7

“ F. appendigastre affinis, sed minus pilosa, atra; lamella longi-

tudinali et triangulari supra thorax; unguiculo terminali

ultimi tarsi bifido et fulvo; thorace profundé punctato ;

abdomine levi et rufo.”

Long. corp. 73 mill.

Habitat Hamoa (Arch. des Navigateurs).

some allied Genera of Hymenopterous Insects. 245

Sp. 18, ELvania (Hyptia) minuta, Fabr. Ent. Syst. 2, 194, Coq.

plot Vs fow 9:

Habitat in Europa.

Sp. 19. Evania (Hyptia) petiolata.

Syn. EF. petiolata, Fabr. Ent. Syst. Suppl. p. 242.

Habitat in Insulis Americe.

Sp. 20. Evania (Hyptia) rufipes.

Syn. E. rufipes, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 179.

Habitat in America Meridionali.

Sp. 21. Evania (Hyptia) pygmea.

Syn. EL. pygmea, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 180.

Habitat in America Meridionali.

Obs. The last three species are now preserved in the Royal

Museum of Copenhagen, and have been lately examined by Dr.

Erichson, who has been so kind as to supply me with notes

respecting them as well as numerous other Fabrician species.

Sp. 22. Evania (Hyptia) Javanica, Westw.

Tota nigra punctata, petiolo oblique striato, brevi; alarum venis

cubitali et discoidali obliteratis 9.

Long. corp. lin. 3, expans. alar. lin. 5.

Habitat in Insula Java.

In Mus. Dom. Hope.

Tota nigra, capite mesothoraceque punctatis, metathorace

areolata. Facies punctata, punctis irregularibus et plus mi-

nusve confluentibus. Scutum wesothoracis utrinque linea

oblique impressa, ex angulis anticis ad medium fere ducta,

conjunctim litteram V fere formantibus. Furca metasterni

brevis, fere recta. Petiolus abdominis brevis (vix tertiam par-

tem abdominis longitudine zquans), paullo curvatus, oblique

striatus. Abdomen triangulare, compressissimum, segmentis

apicalibus dorso parum villosis. Ale hyaline, stigmate venis-

que nigris, harum cubitali et discoidali omnino obliteratis.

Sp. 22. Evania (Hyptia) ruficornis.

Syn. Evania ruficornis, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 179.

Habitat in America Meridionali.

246 Mr. J. O. Westwood on Evania and

Sp. 24. Evania (Hyptia) fulvipes.

Syn. Evania fulvipes, Curtis, Brit. Ent. pl. 257.

Habitat in Anglia.

Obs. This species is apparently very closely allied to E.

(Hyptia) minuta.*

Sp. 25. Evania (Hyptia) bicolor, Westw.

Ferruginea, abdomine piceo-nigro, antennis pedibusque nigris.

Long. corp. lin. 23, expans. alar. lin. 53.

Syn. Coranila thoracica, Leach, MSS. in Brit. Mag.

| Hyptiam thoracicum, Shk. Entomol. p. 120.]

Evania thoracica, Blanchard, Hist. Nat. Ins. vol. iv. p. 299.

Ferruginea, punctata, abdomine levi nitido. Caput piceum,

vertice rufescenti. Antenne in medio crassiores, nigree, apice

articuli basalis piceo. Thorax ferrugineus, postice pilis

argenteis vestitus. Pedunculus abdominis niger, apice piceo.

Abdomen piceo-nigrum. Ale leviter tincte, stigmate

nigro, vena cubitali alteraque brachiali abbreviata, cellulis

destitute. Pedes nigri, geniculis piceis.

Obs. I believe it is this species which Abbot has delineated in .

the twelfth volume of his unpublished drawings in the British

Museum Library, Number X. 75, from a specimen taken on the

27th August in Oakwoods, in Burke County. He figures it as

being 33 lines long by 5 in expanse, and of a red brown colour,

with the legs and antenne darker.

Sp. 26. Evania (Hyptia) reticulata.

Black, first joint of the antenne and anterior pairs of feet

piceous.—(Say, in Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Boston, 1836, vol. i.

p. 223, Brachygaster r.)

Inhabits Indiana.

“ Body black, reticulate with large punctures ; antenne not longer

than the trunk, with close set subequal joints ; first joint subclavate,

piceous, longest; second joint not longer than broad, shortest,

about half the length of the third; punctures on the posterior

face of the metathorax, more dilated than those of the thorax ;

wings hyaline, nervures fuscous; petiole about as long as the

* Indeed, according to the Marquis Spinola, it would appear to be only a

variety of that species.

some allied Genera of Hymenopterous Insects. 247

abdomen, punctured ; abdomen orbicular, polished, unpunctured ;

feet, two anterior pairs, piceous.”

Length about one-fifth of an inch.

Sp. 27. Evania (Hyptia) Xanthops.

Syn. Brachygaster Xanthops, Shk. in Entomologist, p. 120.

Habitat in Brasilia.

Sp. 28. Evania (Hyptia) ruficeps.

Syn. Hyptiam ruficeps, Shk. in Entomologist, p. 121.

Habitat in Brasilia.

Sp. 29. Evania (Hyptia?) animensis.

Syn. Evania animensis, Spinola, in Rev. Zool. 1840, p. 247.

Found in gum anime. The fusiform antenne, and presence of

radial and cubital cells, seem to separate it from all the other

known species. Mr. Kirby also mentions an Evania observed by

“him in gum. Introd. to Ent. iv. p. 556. I also possess a distinct

species in gum anime, but cannot determine its characters.

Sp. 30. Hvania (Hyptia) crassicornis.

Syn. Evania crassicornis, Spinola, in Rev. Zool. 1842, p. 189,

Habitat in Colombia.

Obs. Evania tincta, fasciata, histrio, maculata, punctum, ruficollis,

sessilis, and variegata, of the early works of Fabricius, belong to

the genus Ceropales.

Prvecinus, Latreille.

This genus is at once distinguished from Evania, with which it

agrees in the hidden ovipositor, in having the abdomen greatly

elongated, that of the females being at least six times the length

of the head and thorax, slender and cylindrical, the basal joint

being the thickest. In the opposite sex (Pl. XIV. fig. 1) the

abdomen is about twice the length of the head and thorax, and

gradually clavate, the basal joint being very long. Latreille, unaware

of this sexual diversity, gave the male, as a distinct species, under

the name of Pel. clavator. The abdomen is attached to the meta-

thorax much lower than in Evania, and the posterior tibiz are

remarkably dilated in the females into an elongate ovate mass.

In the opposite sex they are more slender. The basal joint of the

248 Mr. J. O. Westwood on Evania and

two posterior tarsi is very short, the fourth also is short and some-

what dilated, the terminal joint being inserted before the extremity

so as to sit obliquely. The antennz, which are described by

Fabricius (Syst. Piez. p. 111) as 12-jointed, and by Latreille

(Gen. Cr. 3, 255) as 13-jointed, are distinctly 14-jointed in each

sex, the basal joint being short and thick, the second much shorter

and cup-shaped, and the remaining twelve long, very slender, and

cylindric. In both sexes they are annulated with white near the

extremity.

The parts of the mouth of this genus not having hitherto been

figured, I have thought it might be serviceable to add figures of

them, more especially as it will be seen that the descriptions given

both by Fabricius and Latreille in the works above quoted (and

copied by Saint Fargeau and Serville into the Encyclopedie Mé-

thodique, vol. x. p. 29) do not at all correspond with my figures.*

Thus Fabricius describes the mandible as ‘ intus tridentata, apice

acuta.” Latreille states the maxillary palpi to be 6-jointed, and the

labial 4-jointed, whilst Fabricius describes the same organs as being

respectively 5-jointed and 4-jointed; whereas they are in fact re-_

spectively} 5-jointed and 3-jointed. (Plate XIV. fig. 2a, represents

the head of the female seen in front ; 2b, the same seen side ways ;

2c, the labrum; 2d, the mandible; 2e, the maxilla; and 2/f, the

Jabium and its palpi.) The neuration of the wings in this genus —

is very unlike that of any other Hymenopterous genus, as will be

seen from my figure; in which the parts dotted are only very

slightly indicated, and can be séen only by shifting the wings in

various directions. With the view of exhibiting the manner in

which the variation in the position of the veins in this and several

allied genera is effected I have given a figure of the wing of

Pelecinus, Pl. XIV. fig. la, and have added figures of those of

Monomachus (P|. XIV. fig. 5a), Foenus (Pl. XV. fig. 2), and

Proctotrupes (P]. XIV. fig. 10); the last named genus being con-

sidered by Dr. Erichson as brought into close relation with Pele-

cinus by means of Monomachus. The analogous veins in the figures

of the wings are similarly lettered. That Proctotrupes is indeed

closely allied to Pelecinus is perhaps unquestionable; { and, in

* Of the correctness of these figures I will only observe, that they have been

made from an examination of many female specimens of Pel. politurator, and

from actual dissection of two individuals.

+ It appears to me that Latreille has mistaken a slight swelling near the base

of the fourth joint for an articulation.

¢ Mr. Haliday (Hym. Synops. 1. in Hym. Brit. Alysia) has formed Pelecinus

into a family of the Oryura, separating it from the Evaniade on account of its

trochanters being exarticulated.

some allied Genera of Hymenopterous Insects. 249

retaining the latter genus in the present family, I have, perchance,

been too much influenced by the authority of Latreille, and have

too much relied upon the general resemblance exhibited by the

veining of the wings and singular hind feet of Pelecinus and

Feenus, which may prove but analogous relations, although Lvania

proves to us that the veins of the wings even in the typical genus

may be subject to become obsolete. In one character, indeed,

Proctotrupes differs from Pelecinus, the former having only four

joints to the maxillary palpi, whilst they are 5-jointed in the

latter.*

The tarsal ungues are entire in Pelecinus. The male differs

only from the female in the structure of the abdomen, as noticed

above; unlike the latter, in which the segments are of nearly

equal length, the basal joint alone equals three-fourths of the

entire length of the abdomen. The basal portion is slender and

cylindric, but about the middle of the segment there is a kind

of knot which has the appearance of an articulation, and beyond

this knot the segment is gradually incrassated. The four remain-

ing segments are very short.

This genus was instituted by Latreille in the ‘“ Bulletin de la

Société Philomatique,” No. 44 (1797—1801), and was adopted

by Fabricius in his ‘ Systema Piezatorum,” from the third volume

of Latreille’s “* Histoire Générale,” &c. p. 329.

“ Sp. 1. Pelecinus polituraior.

The typical species was originally figured by Drury + under the

name of Ichneumon polyturator, the latter name being evidently a

misprint for politurator, being intended to apply to the highly

polished appearance of the insect. This name was however

changed by Latreille and Fabricius into the unmeaning title poly-

cerator, which must of course be rejected. It was described by

Fabricius under the name of—

Ichneumon polycerator, Fabr. Sp. MS. 1, 430, No. 63; Mant.

Ins. 1, 265, 75; Gmelin, p. 2691, 141.

Pelecinus polycerator, Latr. Fabr.

Drury received his specimen from Jamaica, but Fabricius gave

* Mr. Curtis figures them in Proctotrupes as 5-jointed, but in his description

he expresses his doubts as to this being their true structure. My dissections

(Introd. to Mod. Class. vol. ii. p. 167, fig. 78, 4) agree with the description of

Latreille, Haliday, and Nees von Esenbeck.

+ Illustr. Exot. Ent. vol. 11. pl. 40, fig. 4.

¢ Latreille, Hist. Nat. 13, 195, refers to Linneus, probably by mistake for

Gmelin.

250 Mr. J. O. Westwood on Evania and

India as the locality of this species, from the information of Dr.

Fothergill. This, however, is incorrect, it and all the other species

of the genus being inhabitants of America.

The following is a description of the male, from specimens in

the collection of the British Museum, and which is represented in

PLOXDV. fiat 1:

Black, shining; four anterior tibize and tarsi brown; two basal

joints of posterior tarsi black, the remainder dirty white; the

wings having the costa and apex brown, the costa being the darkest

part.

Length 7 lines, expansion of wing 103 lines.

Specimens of the males are also preserved in the Royal Museum

of Berlin, where, upon the authority of Dr. Klug, they are ticketed

Pel. clavator, Latr., of which the following is the description :—

“ Pelecinus niger, antennarum articulo 10mo_tarsorumque

duorum posticorum articulis intermediis albidis, abdomine clavato.”

—Latr. in Dict. d’Hist. Nat. edit. 2.

As, however, the habitat given is Brazil, it is perhaps the male

of another species. The specific name is at all events inappro-

priate, being applicable to the males of all the species both of this

and the following genus.

I have received many specimens of Pelecinus politurator from

North America, and Dr. Harris has introduced it into his cata-

logue of the insects of Massachusets, as well as Pel. clavator. It

is also figured by Say in his American Entomology, vol. i. pl. 15,

who states that it is not uncommon in various parts of the United

States.

Since this memoir was prepared, the Baron de Romand has

published a note on this genus in Guérin’s Magasin de Zoologie,

1840, Ins. pl. 48 and 49, figuring the males of two supposed

species under the names of P. polycerator and polyturator (not

perceiving their identity and relying on the different spelling of

the name, as I had written the latter name on the sketch of the

male which I gave him when in London).

Dr. Klug, in his description of the species of this genus in the

Berlin collection, describes three varieties of P. politurator varying

in the punctation of the scutellum and metathorax, from North

America, Mexico, Columbia, and Brazil.

In the “ Delectus Animalium,” &c., of Drs. Spix and Von

Martius, Dr. Perty has described three species as belonging to

this genus, the third of which, however, is referable to Mono-

machus. The following is the description of the two other

species :-—

some allied Genera of Hymenopterous Insects. 251

Pelecinus tibiator, Perty, Del. An. Art. Bz. p. 131.

(Pel. polycerator, id., pl. 26, fig. 8.)

*«‘ Niger, abdomine longissimo filiformi, alis albidis, stigmate

‘et margine antico brunneis, tibiis posticis incrassatis,

“ antenne annulo albo.

“ Long. corp. lin. 173, abd. 143, lat. 113.

“A Pel, clavatore, Latr., differt preter alias notas etiam mag-

nitudine.”’

Note.—Dr. Klug gives this as identical with P. politwrator.

Sp. 2. Pelecinus dichrous, Perty, loc. cit. Klug, in Germar, Zeitsch.

d. Ent. iii. p. 383.

“ Alis pellucidis, venis longitudinalibus et stigmate brunneis,

*‘thorace pedibusque sordide sanguineis, abdomine nigro,

“ tibiis posticis clavatis. Magnitudo Pel. tibiatoris.”

Syn. Pel. clavator 9, Spinola, in Guér. Mag. de Zool. 1842, pl.

93, fig. 1.

Sp. 3. Pelecinus Guerini, De Romand, in Guérin, Mag. de Zool.

1840, fig. 2 9, pl. 93, fig. 2 ¢.

Sp. 4. Pelecinus rufus, Klug, in Germar, Zeitsch. d. Ent. ii. 384,

tab. 2, fig. 2, 3.

Habitat in Brasilia.

Sp. 5. Pelecinus thoracicus, Klug, in Germar, Zeitsch. d. Ent.

ili, 384, pl. 2, fig. 5.

Habitat in Mexico.

Sp. 6. Pelecinus annulatus, Klug, in Germar, Zeitsch. d. Ent.

iii, 384, pl. 2, fig. 4.

Habitat in Monte Video.

Sp. 7. Pelecinus Duponchellit, De Romand, Guér. Mag. d. Zool.

1842, pl. 86, fig. 1, 1b.

Sp. 8. Pelecinus Spinola, De Romand, in Guér. Mag. d. Zool.

1842, pl. 86, fig. 2.

202 Mr. J. O. Westwood on Evania and

Mownomacuus, Klug, MSS.

No characters of this genus have been hitherto published, nor

am I aware that any of the species have been described, except

the one mentioned above by Perty. In the elongated form of the

abdomen, the concealed ovipositor of the female, and the clavation

of the abdomen of the males, it approaches Pelecinus ; but in the

structure of the head, antenne, posterior tibize, and tarsi, and the

neuration of the wings, it is very distinct from that genus. I

have not had an opportunity of examining the trophi. The fol-

lowing are its principal characters :—

Caput crassum, genis plus minusve dilatatis (Pl. XIV. fig. 3a,

caput maris; 4a, caput feminee). Mandibule magne, valide,

intus I-dentate. Palpi graciles. Antenne elongate ¢,

14-articulatee, corpore toto longiores (fig. 56), articulo basali

parvo crasso, 2do minuto, reliquis cylindricis elongatis, longi-

tudine equalibus; 9 15-articulate (fig. 4b), articulis versus

apicem gradatim crassioribus et brevioribus. Thorax oblongo-

ovatus. Collari valde conspicuo obtrigono. Ale (fig. 5a)

nervis distinctis, ce!lulé unicd marginali parva elongato-

triangulari, cellulisque duabus submarginalibus, quarum prior

grandis, altera ad apicem extendit, cellulis discoidalibus dis- -

tinctis. dle postice nervis distinctis. Pedes sat graciles,

postici formee ordinariz. Abdomen g capite cum thorace

duplo Jongius, segmento 1mo pedunculiformi, gracili, cylin-

drico, dimidii abdominis longitudine, segmentis reliquis 5

clavam elongato-ovatam formantibus, basalibus majoribus ;

@ (fig. 4c) capite cum thorace fere quadruplo longius, gracile,

curvatum, in medio subinflatum et ad apicem valde acumi-

natum, (oviductu occulto,) 7-annulatum, segmento 2do

latiori.

Genus Brasiliense.

Sp. 1. Monomachus Klugu, (Plate XIV. fig. 4).

Ferrugineus, abdomine piceo nigro, pedunculo ferrugineo, alis

pallidé tinctis, cum macula fused terminali, genis valdé dila-

tatis, antennis fuscis pedibusque rufescentibus 9.

Long. corp. lin. 103, expans. alar. lin. 10.

Mon. lanceolatus, Klug, MSS.

Habitat in Brasilia.

In Mus. Reg. Berolinensi. —

some allied Genera of Hymenopterous Insects. 253

Sp. 2. Monomachus lateralis, Klug, MSS. (PI. XIV. fig. 3.)

Niger, tenue punctatus, abdomine subpiloso, mandibulis luteo-

fuscescentibus, pedibus 4 anticis (cum coxis pallidé albidis)

luteo-fuscis; femoribus in medio obscurioribus; pedibus

2 posticis cum coxis nigro-fuscis; abdomine luteo-marginato ;

alis hyalinis immaculatis g.

Long. corp. lin. 53, expans. alar. lin. 83.

Habitat in Brasilia. Sello.

In Mus. Reg. Berol.

Sp. 3. Monomachus segmentator.

Obscuré flavescens; capitis vertice fusco variegato, collare

macula sublunaté fusca; mesothorace fusco, metathorace

nigro, punctato, pedunculo supra nigyro, infra flavido, segmentis

reliquis abdominalibus piceis, marginibus maculaque cuneata

ad basin segmenti 3tii utrinque flavidis; abdomine setis

tribus minutis terminato; capite thoraceque subtus articulisque

basalibus pedum obscure flavidis, pedibus posticis fuscis ;

antennis corpore longioribus, filiformibus, articulo 1mo crasso,

2ndo minuto, reliquis longitudine equalibus. g. (Fig. 54,

ala, 5 b, antenna, ¢.)

Long. corp. lin. 6, expans. alar. lin. 6.

Habitat ———?

In Mus. Britt.

Sp. 4. Monomachus JSuscator.

« Brunnescenti-niger, pedibus et abdomine parum dilutioribus,

“hoe ad medium inflato, ad apicem acuminato ; antennis

* unicoloribus, ad apicem perpaullum crassioribus ; alis

** minime infuscatis, tibiis posticis parum incrassatis” 9.

Long. corp. lin. 7.

Habitat in Brasilia.

Syn. Pelecinus fuscator, Perty, Delect. Animal. Art. Braz. No. 3.

Sp. 5. Monomachus gladiator, Klug, MSS. (spec. indescr.)

Habitat Bahia. Gomez.

In Mus. Reg. Berol.

Sp. 6. Monomachus apicalis, Klug, MSS. (spec. indeser.)

Habitat in Bahia Brasiliz, M. Von Winthem.

In Mus. Reg. Berol.

VOL: Ill,

rei

(NS)

Mr. J. O. Westwood on Fvania and

Sp. 7. Monomachus falcator, Klug. MSS. (spec. indescr.)

Habitat St. Joan del Rey. Sello.

Obs. C. Darwin, Esq., brought home a species of this genus,

which has for some time past been in the hands of W. E. Shuckard,

Esq., for description,

The three following genera are at once distinguished from the

preceding by having the ovipositor long and exserted.

Fanus, Fabricius.

Tuis genus is remarkable on account of several peculiarities which

it exhibits. The strongly dentated mandibles, the minute tongue-

like labrum, the antennze composed of thirteen joints in the male

and of fourteen in the female, the elongated prothorax forming

a long neck, the singular posteriorly dilated parapsides of the

mesothoracic scutum (giving the appearance in some species of a

separate subsegment), the insertion of the abdomen close to the

mesoscutellum, the clavate hind legs, and the curious arrangement

of the veins of the wings (Pl. XV. fig. 2), are all exceedingly

characteristic, and render this one of the most isolated genera.

1 have illustrated the majority of these characters with figures in

the “Introduction to the Modern Classification of Insects,”

vol. il. p. 134.

Latreille appears to have dissected a female, since he describes

only the mandibles of that sex ; and Mr. Curtis, who dissected

F. assectator, figures these organs as of a different form in the

two sexes. In all the specimens of F. jaculator, australis, and

unguiculatus, which I have dissected, including males and females,

they were alike in form, all having a very strong and acute basal

tooth within, which appears wanting in the male of assectator.

The labium also in F. jaculator and unguiculatus was much

longer than in Mr. Curtis's figure.

The inferior wings are destitute of cells, the veins being almost

obsolete.

The following is a monograph of all the species of the genus

some allied Genera of Hymenopierous Insects. 255

hitherto described, or which 1 have met with in various collec-

tions :—

Sp. 1. Meenus jaculator.

Niger, mesothorace transversé striolato, abdomine medio rufe,

oviductu longitudine corporis, vaginis apice albis, tibiis posticis

basi macula alba notatis.

Long. corp. cum terebra 9 lin, 1i—13, (103 Dahlb.)

Habitat per totam Europam.

Syn. Ichneumon jaculator, Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 406, 1626;

Fabricius, Ent. Syst. 2, p.177; Foenus jaculator, Faby. Ent. Syst.

Suppl. 240; Syst. Piez. p. 141; Nees ab Esenb. Hym. Mon. J,

307; Dahlbom, Exere. Hym. pars 6, p. 76; Westwood, Introd.

Mod. Syst. 2, p. 134, fig. 74, 8—16; Zetterstedt, Ins. Lapp.

p- 408.

Obs. Fabricius tibias posticas “ basi apiceque albis”’ describit,

et Neesius et Curtisius easdem partes nigras basi albas

(annulo albo, Curt.), tarsis fuscis, posticorum Imo articulo albo,

sed de diversitate sexuum in colore harum partium tacent.

Dahlbomius tibias et tarsos pedum posticorum in utroque

sexu annulis basalibus albis describit, et Zetterstedtius “ tibias

posticas basi szepe etiam articulum primum tarsorum annulo

albo instructo.” Specimina plurima utriusque sexus ipse

cepi, omnia inter se (secundum sexum) congruentia, in quibus

tibiae posticee omnium maculam albam in facie interna tibi-

arum posticarum (nec vero annulum) exhibent, articuloque

basali tarsorum posticorum in foeminis (basi excepto) albo,

in maribus vero tarsis omnino nigris. Differt foemina abdo-

minis colore rufo obsoleto ; talem descripsit Geoffroius (Hist.

Ins. Paris, 2, p. 328, Ichneumon, No. 16).

Sp. 2. Feenus assectator.

Niger, mesothoracis tergo subtilissime varioloso, abdomine latere

rufo maculato, tibiis posticis interdum basi albidis ; mandibulis

nigris, apice rufis; oviductu tibiarum posticarum longitudine

vaginis nigris.

Long. corp. ¢ circiter lin. 5—7, lin. (83—42, Dhlb.)

Habitat per totam Kuropam.

Syn. Ichnewmon assectator, Linn, Faun. Suec. p. 407; Meenus

affectator, Fab. Ent. Syst. Suppl. p. 240; Esenb. Hym. Monogr.

1, p. 308; Feenus assectator, Curtis, Brit. Ent, pl. 423 9; Dahlb.

Exerc. Hym. p. 77.

256 Mr. J. O. Westwood on Evania and

Sp. 3. Feenus Esenbeckii, Westw.

Piceo-rufus, mesothoracis tergo evidentius rugosulo; antennis

rufis, articulo Stio fusco ; mandibulis rufis, apice nigris ; alis

lutescenti-hyalinis, areolA minutad discoidali subconicd; ovi-

ductu abdomine quadruplo breviori ¢.

Long. corp. (absque oviduct.) lin. 4, oviduct. #.

Habitat in Germania, prope Sickershausen.

Syn. Feenus affectator, var. (3 N. ab Esenb. Hym. Monogr, 1,

p- 309.

Certe ¢ I’. assectatore species distincta, coloribus sculptura et

forma areola discoidalis diversa; caput rufum, vertice piceo,

antice albo-sericanti, macula piced subtus insertionem anten-

narum ; mandibule rufé, apice nigra; antenne rufz, articulo

tertio et apicali fuscis; collum nigrum, mesothoracis tergum

evidentius rugosulum, nigro-piceum; pectus nigrum, latera

thoracis et metathoracis rufa; abdomen fuscum, segmentis

intermediis apice fulvis; oviductus abdomine quadruplo

brevior, vaginis nigris; coxe nigra; pedes rufi, femoribus

4: anticis medio piceis; ale flavido-tinctee, areol4 minuté dis-

coidali versus apicem evidenter angustiori (in FP. assectatore

fere parallela).

Sp. 4. Faenus erythrostomus, Dahlbom.

Niger, sericeo-micans, tergo mesothoracis subtilissime coriaceo ;

mandibulis totis abdominisque medio ferrugineis, tibiis posticis

albo-annulatis, oviductu fere abdominis longitudine, vaginis

apice albis 9.

Long. corp. lin. 45.

Habitat in West Gothia, Smolandia, et Ost Gothia, Dahlbom.

F.assectatorirobustior, fere ut gaculator. Corpus nigrum, sericeo-

micans, mandibulis totis fesrrugineis vix summo apice nigri-

cantibus ; mesothorax tergo subtilissime coriaceus; abdominis

segmenta 2dum et 3um tota, 4-tumque macula laterali ferru-

gined; oviductus 2} lin. et abdomen 2? lin. longitudine,

terebra rufo-testacea, vaginis nigris, apice albis. Pictura

pedum F’, assectatoris.

Syn. Feenus erythrostomus, Dahlbom, Exercitationes Entomo-

logicee, Pars vi. p. 78.

Obs. Individua nonnulla olim vidi in Muszo D. Ingpen, mense

Julio, prope ‘“ Highgate” capta, oviductum fere quartam

partem unciz longitudine habentia, An hae species ?

some allied Genera of Hymenopterous Insects. 257

Sp. 5. Foenus hastator, Fabricius.

Rufus, antennis (articulo Imo excepto) nigris, abdomine rufo,

basi fasciaque fuscis; oviductu brevi nigro, pedibus rufis, tibiis

posticis incrassatis atris.

Statura omnino F’ assectator.

Habitat in Barbaria.

Nunc in Mus. Hafniz.

Syn. Feenus hastator, Fabr., Syst. Piez. p. 142.

Teste Cl. Erichsonii (qui notas plurimas collectionis Fabriciane

collegit mecumque illas benevole communicavit), descriptio Va-

briciana abdominis vitiosa, coloris flavi nullis vestigiis apparentibus.

Sp. 6. Maenus Capensis, Serville.

Species mihi ignota, a Guérino in “ Iconographie du Regne

Animal,” Insectes, pl. 65, fig. 4, delineata. Descriptio ejus

nondum edita.

Sp. 7. Moenus irritator.

Hec species, Americz Septentrionalis incola, mihi etiam ignota,

a Cl. Harrisio in Catalogo Insectorum Massachusettensium nomine

tantum indicata.

Sp. 8. Feenus Guildingu, Westw.

Gracilis, niger, thoracis et abdominis lateribus rufescentibus ;

oviductu fere corporis longitudine, vaginis et terebra apice

albidis, tibiis et tarsis 4 anticis albis ¢ 9.

Long. corp. (absque oviduct. 9) lin, 53, oviduct. lin. 5, expans.

alar. lin. 5.

Habitat in Insula St. Vincentii, D. Guilding.

In Mus. Dom. Hope.

Species valde elongata et attenuata; caput nigrum, albo-sericans ;

antenne nigra, apice piceee aut rufee; collum elongatum

nigrum, lateribus sericantibus ; pectus et latera meso- et meta-

thoracis rufa, tergum nigrum punctatum; abdomen valde

elongatum, piceo-nigrum, segmentis intermediis lateribus

lutescenti-rufis; oviductus longitudine abdominis et thoracis

piceus, apice albido; coxz 4 antice rufe, posticee 2 nigree ;

trochanteres et femora nigra; tibiae et tarsi 4 antici albi, illis

lined tenui internd nigricanti et horum apice fusco; tibiae

posticee nigrae, basi interne macula alba ; tarsi postici nigri,

articulo basali in g annulo albo; areola minuta discoidalis

apice angustior, in 9 triangularis.

258 Mr. J. O. Westwood on Evania and

Sp. 9. Feenus gracilhmus, Westw.

Tenuissimus, capite levi, collo valde elongato, thoracis dorso

punctato, antennarum articulo basali subtus, ore, pedibus 2

anticis, coxisque intermediis fulvis ; tibiis tarsisque 4 anticis

albido-lineatis ; pedibus posticis omnino nigricantibus ; seg-

mentis abdominalibus ad apicem fulvis.

Long. corp. lin. 6, expans. alar. lin, 6.

Habitat in Demerara.

In Mus. Brit. D. Latham.

Sp. 10. Feenus dorsalis, Westw.

Ferrugineus, capite supra, medio mesonoti scutelloque nigris ;

abdomine piceo, segmentis apice rufescentibus; pedibus piceo-

rufis, femoribus tibiisque 4 anticis in medio obscurioribus 9.

Long. corp. lin. 5, expans. alar. lin. 43.

Habitat in Hispania. D. Latreille.

In Mus. Britann.

ferrugineo-rufus, capitis vertice obscuro, facie sericea; antennz

piceze; scutellum et medium mesonoti nigra; metathorax

ferrugineus; abdomen longum, piceo-nigrum, segmentis

apice rufescentibus; pedes piceo-rufi, femora 4 antica in

medio tibiaque anticz picea; oviductus segmento ultimo

abdominis haud longior ; alee parum fusco-tincte.

Sp. 11. Feenus terminalis, Westw.

Niger, thorace levi opaco, lateribus rufo-piceis ; tibiis 4 anticis

albis, lined interné nigra, posticis nigris clavatis, annulo basali

albo ; tarsis albis, apice fuscis ; oviductu longitudine corporis,

vaginis apice late albis ¢.

Long. corp. lin. (oviductu excluso) 93, expans. alar. lin. 103.

Habitat in Nova Hollandia et Terra Van Diemenii.

In Mus. Dom. Hope et Newman.

Species gracilis; caput nigrum opacum, antice et postice albo-

sericans; antennee nigrze; mesothoracis tergum lave opacum ;

latera thoracis versus tergum et tegulz ferruginea; pectus

nigrum aut piceum, albo-sericans ; abdomen valde elongatum

gracile, sensim incrassatum ; oviductus longitudine abdominis

et thoracis ; terebra ferruginea, vaginis nigris apice late albis ;

coxe 4 anticee rufee aut piceee, femoribus rufis aut piceis, tibiis

tarsisque albis, illis lined tenui interné nigra, horum apice

fusco; femora 2 postica nigra; tibice clavate nigra, basi annulo

albo; tarsi albi, basi et extremo apice nigris; ale hyaline,

stigmate nigro, areola discoidali parva apicem versus paullo

some allied Genera of Hymenopterous Insects. 259

latiori. Variat capite antice, lateribus mesonoti, femoribus et

parte infera abdominis rufo-piceis.

Sp. 12. Feenus australis, Westw.

Piceo-niger punctatissimus, thorace varioloso, capite antice,

thoracis abdominisque lateribus corporeque toto subtus

piceo-ferrugineis ; antennis nigris, pedibus piceo-ferrugineis,

femoribus supra linea nigra notatis ¢.

Long. corp. lin, 7}, exp. alar. lin, 9.

Habitat in Nova Hollandia.

In Mus. Westwood.

Syn. Feenus australis, Westw., in Proc. Zool. Soc. April 14, 1835.

Mandibule elongate, similiter dentate (fig. 1), dente valido

interno basali, dentibusque tribus parvis ante apicem positis ;

alee vix colorate, apicibus nonnihil infuscatis ; tarsi postici

compressi, ad basin lati.

Sp. 13. Feenus unguiculatus, Westw. (Pl. XV. fig. 1.)

Niger, rufo-piceo varius, areola minuta discoidali obliterata,

unguibus tarsorum maximis (in pedibus posticis dimidium

tarsorum longitudine equantibus) ¢.

Long. corp. lin. 53, expans, alar. lin. 8.

Habitat in Nova Hollandia ?

In Mus. Dom. Hope.

F. australi affinis, Caput nigrum, subtilissime coriaceum, facie

albo-sericanti; mandibulz piceae, dente magno truncato ante

apicem alteroque magno acuto nigricanti versus basin, interne

armatee (fig. 1a); antennz piceo-nigre, articulo lmo basi et

apice ferrugineo; mesothoracis tergum antice et ad latera et

scutellum in medio nigra; latera thoracis piceo-rufa; abdo-

men brevius, sensim clavatum, piceum, basi nigrum, seg-

mentorum marginibus magis rufescentibus ; pedes piceo-rufi,

coxis fernoribusque supra obscurioribus, tibiis posticis parum

clavatis, calecaribus elongatis; tarsi postici breviores com-

pressi; ungues tarsorum quam in reliquis speciebus multo

longiores, presertim in pedibus posticis, in quibus dimidium

tarsorum longitudine fere equant; ale hyaline, areola

parva discoidali obliterata, scil. areola 1ma submarginali cum

illa effusa.

Sp. 14, Feenus Darnini, Westw.

Piceo-niger, rufo-varius, pedibus rufo-fulvis, areola discoidali

magna ¢.

Long. corp. lin. 2, expans, alar. lin, 43.

260 Mr. J. O. Westwood on Evania and

Habitat in Nova Hollandia. Dom. Darwin.

Parvus, forma fere FP. unguiculati.

Caput piceum, punctatum, margine oculorum et clypei mandi-

bulisque rufescentibus, his apice nigris; antennze piceze, subtus

pallidiores, articulo Imo magis rufescenti; thorax brevis,

rufus; tergum punctatum, macula magna antica, alterisque

duabus Jateralibus scutelloque in medio nigris; abdomen

rufo-piceum, segmentis apice nigricantibus ; pedes piceo-rufi,

tarsis gracilibus obscurioribus, tarsis posticis articulis externe

ad apicem acute productis; ala hyaline, stigmate nigro,

areola discoidali quam in congeneribus multo majori conica.

Sp. 15. Feenus rufus, Westw.

Totus rufus, alis hyalinis ¢.

Long. corp. lin. 53, expans. alar. lin. 63.

Habitat in Australia occidentali, D. Gould.

In Mus. Hope.

F. australi etiam affinis. Totus rufus; caput et thorax punctata,

spatio parvo antico mesothoracis transverse striolato ;_ man-

dibulz apice extremo picez ; ale hyaline, stigmate in medio

lutescenti, areola discoidali magnitudine mediocri; thorax

lateribus parum sericantibus.

Sp. 16. Feenus Senegalensis, Blanch. Hist. Nat. Ins. vol. iv. p. 300.

Habitat in Senegallia.

In Mus. Reg. Paris.

Sp. 17. Feenus Brasiliensis, Blanch. Hist. Nat. Ins. vol. iv. p. 300.

Habitat in Brasilia.

In Mus. Reg. Paris.

Autacus, Jurine.

This genus, founded by Jurine, differs from Feenus, in having

the veins of the wings disposed in the ordinary manner, and in

the slender hind legs and shorter abdomen, in which respects it

assumes much of the ordinary appearance of some of the /chneu-

monide. Like Feenus it has the ovipositor long, and formed as in

that genus, and the antennz are composed of thirteen joints in the

males (PI. XIV. fig. 8a) and of fourteen in the females (fig. 8b).

No figures of the Trophi having hitherto been published, I have

added the details of the mouth of 4. Patratz, taken from a male

specimen; but as that was the sex dissected by Latreille * (vide

* In the details of the mouth of this genus, as well as of Fanus, Esenbeck

has relied upon Latieille’s description, copying it almost verbatim without ac-

knowledgment.

some allied Genera of Hymenopterous Insects. 201

Gen. Crust. 4, 385), and as Jurine’s figure of the mandible of

A, striatus (taken from his unique female) differs in the toothing

from my dissections and Latreille’s description, I considered it

probable that the difference might be sexual; having, however,

also dissected a female of 4. ater I find that its mandibles (fig. 9a)

are short, with a rather broad obtuse apical tooth, and three others

smaller and more obtuse within. In the males of 4. Patrati they

are, as described by Latreille, ‘‘ corneze breves crassiusculz, latere

interno tridentato, dente apicali acutiore, paullo longiore, inferis

duobus obtusis” (fig. 8d); in one mandible however the apical

tooth was furnished with a slight acute process within, like

the rudiment of another tooth (fig. 8e) The labrum (Pl. XIV.

fig. 8c), overlooked by Latreille and Esenbeck, is very minute

and membranaceous, subtriangular, with the angles rounded and

the sides rather emarginate. The maxillary palpi are 6-jointed

(fig. 8f), and the labial ones 4-jointed (fig. 8g). ‘The abdomen

is implanted on the tergum of the metathorax, at a much greater

distance from the scutellum than in Feenus. The fore wings have

one large marginal cell and three submarginal ones ; the first of

which generally receives the first recurrent vein, although in some

species this vein extends to the place of union of the first trans-

verso-cubital vein with the cubital one, so as in fact to become

continuous with the first transverso-cubital. In 4. compressus

the first recurrent vein is inserted in the second submarginal

cell. The first transverso-cubital vein is very oblique, the

second is generally obliterated in the middle so as to give the

appearance of the second submarginal cell being outwardly in-

complete, this second submarginal cell receives the second recur-

rent vein, but at a short distance before its insertion the cubital

vein itself is seen to be slightly angulated with a slight thickening

at the angle, indicating, as it were, the obliteration of an inter-

mediate transverso-cubital vein, which could extend to the upper

extremity of the first of these transverse veins. The third sub-

marginal cell extends to the extremity of the wing; the veins of

the hind wing are almost obsolete. The legs are slender, the bind

ones not incrassated, as in Stephanus and Foenus; the ungues of

the tarsi are acute at the tip, with two teeth within (fig. 7c).

On reviewing the characters of this genus we find them agree-

ing with none of the Jchneumones genuini. With Alysia, however,

they present a much nearer relationship, especially in the broad

dentate mandibles (although the position of these organs at rest

is quite different in the two genera), the labrum, maxillae, labium,

and palpi. With the exception of the second recurrent vein being

262 Mr. J. O. Westwood on Evania and

obsolete in Alysia, the veins of the wings of the two genera are

nearly identical. ‘The number of joints of the antenna, and the

mode of insertion of the abdomen, thus become almost the only

material characters to separate this genus from some of the Jch-

neumones adsciti ; indeed, Nees von Esenbeck introduces it into his

family Ichneumonides, with the observation “ locum inter Sigal-

phum et Feenum jure meritoque tenet, utrique affinis ;”* but in

Sigalphus the mandibles have the characters of those of the

genuine Jchneumons. The relationship of 4ulacus to Feenus, on

the other hand, is far more strong, especially in the two family

characters mentioned above, namely, the number of joints of the

antenne and the insertion of the abdomen, as well as in the ex-

serted ovipositor and number of joints of the palpi. No figure

of the male of this genus having been hitherto figured, I have

added a representation of that sex of 4. Erichsonii.

The following is a description of all the species of the genus

with which I am acquainted :—

Sp. 1. Aulacus striatus, Jurine.

Niger, pedibus totis abdomineque rufis, coxis posticis petioloque

nigris, capite levi, antennis nigris, thoracis dorso transversim

sulcato, alis hyalinis immaculatis, nervis et stigmate fuscis 9.

Long. corp. lin. 32 (in fig. Jurin.).

Habitat in Helvetiz Montosis, Jur., etiam in Lapponia, prope

Caput Boreale, Esenbeck.

Syn. Aulacus striatus, Jur. Hym. p. 90, pl. 7, G. 3; Esen-

beck, Insecta Lapponica, p. 407; nec Latr. Gen. Cr. et Ins. iv.

p. 336.

In Mus. Berol. vidi.

Variat, secundum D. Servilleum, ore margineque antico et

postico oculorum testaceis.

Sp. 2. Aulacus gloriator.

Ater, abdomine medio pedibusque rufis, coxis trochanteribusque

nigris, tibiis 2 posticis fuscis, tarsis flavidis, alis macula stig-

maticali apiceque fuscis.

Long. corp. lin. 53.

Habitat prope Viennam, N. ab Esenb. Gartz. Pomerania, Mus.

Berol.

In Mus. Univers. Bonne et Reg. Berol.

* Insecta Lapponica, p, 408.

some allied Genera of Hymenopterous Insects. 263

Syn. Bassus gloriator, Fab. Syst. Piez. p. 99 (teste Erichson,

MSS. in Mus. Berol).

Aulacus flagellatus, Dahl, N. ab Esenb. Hym. Mon. 1,

305,

In individuo Neesiano petiolus abdominis manifeste brevior est

quam in A. Patrati, et ale flavido (presertim ad costam)

tincte, striola etiam mesothoracis dorsi minus profunde et

numerosiores.

Sp. 3. Aulacus Patrati, Serville.

Niger, abdomine medio pedibusque rufis, femoribus omnibus

tibiisque posticis (basi et apice exceptis) nigro-fuscis, geniculis

rufis, antennis nigris ; capite levi; alis hyalinis, stigmate et

macula a stigmate descendenti fasciam abbreviatam con-

stituente, fuscis, thorace reticulato rugoso.

Long. corp. ¢ (absque terebra) lin. 5 (Serville), lin, 54 (Esen-

beck), lin. 44 (indiv. nostr.) ; 43 @.

Habitat in Europa Media.

Syn. Adulacus Patrati, Serville, in Ann. Soc, Ent. de France,

1833, p. 412, tab. 15, fig.c; Esenb. Hym. Monogr. Suppl.

vol. i. p. 320.

Aulacus Latreilleanus, Nees ab Esenb., Hym. Ichn. Affin.

Monogr. vol. i. p. 304, 1834,

Aulacus striatus, Latr., Gen. Cr. et Ins. iv. p. 386; Serville

and St. Farg., Encycl. Méth. x. p. 31, cum preecedenti

confusus.

Aulacus sagittator, Pallas, MSS. in Mus. Berol.

‘‘ In pinetis Vasconiz,” Latreille. ‘ Environs de Tours,” Ser-

ville. ‘* Prope Sickershausen,” Nees ab Esenbeck.

g in Mus. Westwood. D. Klug communic.

Obs. In individuis Neesiano et Servilliano, vena prima recur-

rens in aream lam submarginalem ascendit spatio brevi ante

initium ares 2dze submarginalis. In individuis Latreilleo

descriptis, ut et In nostris utriusque sexus, vena prima recur-

rens ad angulum lateris inferi et secundze areze submarginalis

initium ascendit. Confer etiam observationes sub dulacum

compressum.

Sp. 4. Aulacus obscuripennis, Westw., 9.

Niger, capite lavissimo, thorace antice irregulariter transverse

striato, postice rugoso, abdomine medio rufo; alis hyalinis,

64 Mr. J. O. Westwood on Mvania and

nubila parva media, fascia substigmaticali apiceque tenui

fuscis.

Long. corp. lin. 53 (absque terebra), expans. alar. lin. 93.

Habitat in Polonia (Waga).

In Mus. Reg. Berol.

Praecedentibus major.

Coxe et femora nigra, geniculis rufis; tibiee et tarsi 4 antici rufi,

tibiae posticze nigree, basi et apice rufee; tarsi rufi. An dulaco

Patratt vere distinctus ?

Sp. 5. Aulacus Lrichsonii, Westw. (PI. XIV. fig. 6.)

Gracilis, niger, antennarum articulo Imo subtus fulvo, abdominis

dimidio basali (petiolo nigro) rufo, fascia tenui transversd

nigra, apice nigro; coxis nigris, pedibus 4 anticis flavido-rufes-

centibus, femoribus 2 posticis fuscis, tibiis obscuris, apice

rufescentibus, tarsis omnibus albidis, alis nubild substigmaticali

apiceque parum fuscis ¢.

Long. corp. lin. 53, expans. alar. lin. 9.

Habitat prope Berolinum, D, Erichson.

In Mus. Reg. Berol.

Sp. 6. Aulacus compressus, Spinola.

Niger, abdomine medio rufo, alis immaculatis, stigmate venisque

nigris, mandibulis 3-dentatis, pedibus nigris, tibiis tarsisque

anticis piceis ¢.

Long. corp. lin. 8.

Habitat in Montibus Orerii (Liguria) Spinola.

Specimen unicum a Spinola capta. Latreillius autem dicit

* Aulacum compressum forsan precedentis [ Mul. striati seu

Aul. Patrati, Serv., Aul. Latreilleani, Esenb.| varietatem a

Dom. Spinola accepi. Alae Aulact compressi simili modo re-

ticulatz,” ut in individuis suis dul. Patrati (striati, Latr.).

De hac re Neesius inquit, ‘ nostrum non est has lites dirimere,

cum dul. compressum, Spin., videre non contigerit, forsan

duarum hic commiscentur specierum individua, sed quoniam

vir acutissimus 4ulaco compresso disertis verbis tribuit nervas

recurrentes duos mediam areolam cubitalem petentes et alas

immaculatas esse perhibet donec res accuratius illustretur

speciel propriz esse hune 4ulacum a cl. Spinola inventa non

dubitamus.” Contra sententiam Latreillii magnitudo insecti,

color pedum et alae immaculate insuper speciem distinctam

indicant.

some allied Genera of Hymenopterous Insects. 265

Sp. 7. Aulacus thoracicus, Klug, MSS.

Niger, collari et mesothoracis dorso sanguineo, striato, alis costa

areola marginali et Ima submarginali fuscis ¢ 9.

Long. corp. lin. 5, expans. alar. lin. 9.

(abitat apud Promont. Bonz Spei, Krebs.

In Mus. Reg. Berol. et nostr.

Oviductus 9 brevior; scutellum g nigrum, g rufum; tarsi

2 postici 9 articulo basali albo.

Sp. 8. dulacus Stephanoides, Westw.

Niger, capite et antennarum articulo basali luteis, abdomine

elongato gracili, oviductu abdomine duplo longiori, terebra

rufa, vaginis nigris apice albis, alis apice parum fuscis 9.

Long. corp. lin. 7, oviduct. lin. 11, expans. alar. lin. 11.

Habitat in Brasilia, Virmond.

In Mus. Reg. Berol.

Alee hyalinze, stigmate nigro, vena 2dA transverso-cubitali per-

fecta et fere recta; mesothorax antice bilobatus.

Sp. 9. Aulacus hyalinipennis, Westw.

Niger, facie et articulo Imo antennarum fulvis, alis hyalinis,

stigmate nigro apice fusco, pedibus 4 anticis fulvis, femoribus

posticis fuscis, tibiis rufescentibus, tarsis fulvis g.

Long. corp. lin. 5, expans. alar. lin. 6.

Habitat Mexico.

In Mus. Reg. Berol.

Species gracillima; caput parvum, facie et partibus infera et

postica fulvis; antennze nigra, articulo basali fulvo; collum

elongatum nigrum, subtus fulvum; thorax et abdomen nigra,

hoe compresso; alz valde hyalinze, apice fusco, stigmate

nigro; pedes postici coxis et femoribus fuscis, geniculis fulvis,

tibiis rufescentibus, tarsis fulvis, apice fuscis; palpi fusci.

Sp. 10. dulacus ater, Westw.

Totus ater, alis pallidé fuscescentibus, areolA externo-medid

plaga parva posticd, alteraque minuta cum stigmate connexd

fuscis 9.

Long. corp. lin. 7, expans. alar. lin. 113.

Habitat in Nova Scotia.

In Mus. Reg. Berol. et nostr.

Syn. Aulacus niger, Shuckard, in Entomologist, p. 124,

266 Mr. J. O. Westwood on Evania and

Caput et thorax pubescentia grisea parum induta; oviductus

corpore fere longitudine equalis; terebra picea; meso-

thorax transverse striatus; ale fuscescenti hyaline, apice

parum obscuriores, stigmate nigro; striga minuta in parte

postica areola externo-mediz et macula parva sub stigma

apicem areolz Imze submarginalis occupante.

A variety of this species, with a red fascia across the middle of

the abdomen, is figured amongst Abbott’s drawings in the British

Museum, vol. xii. fig. 18.

Sp. 11. Aulacus? fasciatus, Say.

Alis violaceis, fascia media hyalina.

Long. corp. lin. 6.

Habitat ad Ohium fluvium, Amer. Septentr.

Syn. dAulacus fasciatus, Say., Contrib. of the Maclurian

Lyceum, 1, p. 69, Jan. 1829; Serville, Ann, Soc. Ent. France,

1833, p. 412; Nees ab Esenb. Hym. Mon. 1, p. 320.

Sp. 12. dulacus Abbottu, Westw.

Niger, abdomine versus basin rufo; pedibus rufis, alis strig4

parva versus basin maculaque pone stigmata fuscis 9.

Long. corp. lin. 7, oviduct. lin. 8, expans. alar. lin. 11.

Habitat in Georgia Americe.

In Mus. Britann.

Caput tenuissimé punctatum, pubescentia grisea parum indutum ;

palpi et antennze nigri; mesothorax transverse striatus, striis

anticis magis distantibus; abdomen nigrum, segmenti Imi

apice et 2do (apice excepto) rufis; terebra rufa, vaginis

nigris apice piceis; pedes rufi, coxis nigris, trochanteribus

posticis fuscis, alis pallidé flavido-hyalinis, striga tenui versus

basin apiceque areole Imz submarginalis fusco, stigmate

nigro.

Sp. 13. dulacus rufus, Westw.

Rufus, antennis (basi excepto} et abdominis basi nigris, alarum

apice fusco.

Long. corp. lin. 8, expans. alar. lin. 14.

Habitat in Terra Van Diemenii.

In Mus. Hope.

Caput nitidum; mandibule apice nigra; antenne nigre, articulis

duobus basalibus rufis, 3tio piceo; thorax transverse striatus,

some allied Genera of Hymenopterous Insects. 267

lobis lateralibus et anticis valde distinctis ; petiolus abdominis

elongatus, niger, nitidus; terebra rufa, vaginis nigris; alz

hyalinz, apice fusco-tincte, stigmate nigro, areola costali,

apice fusco.

Sp. 14. Aulacus cingulatus, Westw.

Rufus, antennis piceis, articulo 7mo albo 9.

Long. corp. lin. 53, expans. alar. lin. 11.

Habitat apud Fluvium Cygnorum, Nov. Holl.

In Mus. Hope.

Caput rufum, leve; mandibule apice nigre ; antenne picex,

articulis basalibus rufis, 7mo albo, r fines magis nigricantibus ;

thorax rufus transverse striatus, tegulis albidis, lobis anticis

mesonoti valde elevatis; abdomen ovatum petioli brevi,

rufum nitidum, basi supra nigrum ; pedes rufi, tibiis 2 posticis

in medio piceis; oviductus abdomine fere triplo longior ;

terebra rufa, vaginis nigris ; alee valde hyaline, iridescentes,

stigmate et venis nigris, nubildque minuta apicali fusca.

Sp. 15. Aulacus lateritius.

Lateritius: abdominis et alarum basi, antennarum apice nigris

articulisque 7 et 8 flavo-albidis, alisque ad apicem macula

parva fused, tibiis tarsisque posticis extus fuscis.

Syn. A. lateritius, Shuckard, in Entomologist, p. 125.

Long. corp. lin. 83, expans. alar. lin. 16.

Habitat in Nova Hollandia.

Sp. 16. dulacus congener, Westw.

Rufus, abdomine nigro, antennis, tibiis, tarsisque obscure piceo-

rufis; alis pallidis, fere dimidio basali, area anali nubildque

apicali fuscis, cost4 crassd, stigmateque angustiori nigris ¢.

Habitat ?

Long. corp. lin. 9, expans. alar. lin, 123.

In Mus. Britann.

Sp. 17. Aulacus apicalis, Westw. (Pl. XIV. fig. ha)

Rufus, capite abdomineque nigris, hoc lunuld versus basin fla-

vescenti, alarum apice lato nigro 9.

Long. corp. lin. 5, expans. alar. lin. 103.

Habitat in Nova Hollandia.

In Mus. Dom. Hope and Shuckard.

Syn. Aulacus variegatus, Shuckard, in Entomologist, p. 1 hip

268 Mr. J. O. Westwood on Evania and

Species insignis, brevis; caput nigrum, nitidum; antenne breves,

crassiores, nigree, articulis duobus basalibus rufis, 10—14 albis

(dimidio apicali ultimi nigro excepto); thorax rufus, striatus,

lobis anticis mesothoracis valde elevatis; pedes rufi, tarsorum

articulo ultimo fusco; ale hyaline stigmate apiceque lato

nigris ; abdomen breve, ovatum, petiolo brevi, nigrum, nitidum,

lunuld versus basin flavescenti; oviductus abdomine vix dimidio

longior, fere erecta (fig. 7a); terebra rufa, vaginis nigris.

Fig. 7b, caput et prothorax, ex latere visa ; 7b, ungues.

Sp. 18. Aulacus signalus.

“ Niger, scapo antennarum pedibusque + anticis rufo-testaceis ;

“ alis hyalinis, macula ad stigma brunned.” Shuckard in

Entomologist, p. 124.

Long. 53 lin., exp. alar. 93 lin.

Habitat Ceylon.

In Mus, Shk.

On comparing the characters of the preceding genera together

we find that in effect they present but little uniformity, inter se,

if we except the number of joints of the antenna and the unusual

place of insertion of the abdomen.

The upper lip of Feenus and Evania is nearly alike, but those

of Pelecinus and Aulacus materially differ from the preceding, as

well as from each other; the mandibles offer a better character in

their very strong, broad and dentate form, but those of Pelecinus

resemble those of the majority of the Jchnewmonide. The

maxillary palpi, although generally 6-jointed and the labial

4-jointed, are respectively only 5- and 3-jointed in Pelecinus.

The veining of the fore wings offers no uniformity, except in the

presence in all of a distinct costal cell, by which they are sepa-

rated from all the Jchneumonide, in which the cell is obliterated

by the union of the postcostal vein with the costa. Moreover, in

the hind wings the veins are almost obsolete in all the genera yet

reviewed. The form of abdomen, the length of the ovipositor,

and the form of the feet, afford no uniform characters ; neither is

the toothing of the ungues constant, being simple in Faenus and

Pelecinus.

There are, however, several other genera which are so closely

allied to the preceding groups that I consider myself authorised

in regarding them as equally belonging to the family.

some allied Genera of Hymenopterous Insects. 269

Mecatyra, Westw.

Corpus cylindricum, fere parallelum., Caput thoracis latitudine

fere globosum (PI. XV. fig. 3a, caput ¢, ex latere visum ;

fig. 3b, facies 4; fig. 3e, caput et thorax ¢). Ocelli inter

oculos positi; antennee versus os (sub carinam semicircularem

clypeum cingentem) insertae. Labrum breve, triangulare,

setosum. Mandibule breves, crasse@, cornes, apice acute,

dentibusque duobus internis eequalibus intus apicem armate.

Mazille \obis duobis apicalibus margine membranaceo. Palpi

maxillares 5-articulati; 1mo brevissimo, 2do et 3tio brevibus,

obconicis ; 4to et 5to longis, gracilibus. Mentum angustum,

corneum, semitubulosum. Labsam membranaceum, ovatum.

Pali labiales articulis 3us fere equalibus (fig. 3f, maxilla

et labium in situ). Antenne gracillime, in utroque sexu

14-articulatee. Prothorax minutus, in collum haud productum,

Mesothorax margine antico truncato et ad marginem posticum

capitis applicato. Mesoscutum fere quadratum. Scutellum

magnum. Metathorar parte anticd thoracis vix augustior,

apice truncatus, lined media in duas partes divisus. Abdomen

subsessile (petiolo nullo) in apicem metathoracis insertum,

oblongo-ovatum (fig. 3d ¢), fere thoracis latitudine. Oviductus

longissimus (fig. 3g, apex abdominis 9 infra; 3h, lateraliter

visus; 3k, apex terebre lateraliter; 3/, supra visus), Ale

anticee vena postcostali e costa remota, stigmate inconspicuo,

areola und marginali, duabus submarginalibus, vend trans-

versd has separantibus indistinct (venis longitudinalibus in

parte colorata multo crassioribus (fig. 37); vend unica obliqua

in alis posticis). Pedes longitudine mediocres, femoribus

parum crassioribus, tibiis tarsisque simplicibus, illis apice

ecalcaratis in pedibus 4 posticis; his articulo 4to subtus

setoso (fig. 3m). Ungues simplices, pulvillus parvus.

In this genus we have a still greater departure from the assigned

character of the family, the abdomen being implanted upon the

thorax in the ordinary position, We find, however, the broad

toothed mandibles, the 14-jointed antenne, the distinct costal cell

of the fore wings, and the indistinct veining of the hind wings,

which we have seen to be the predominating characteristics of the

family, whilst the number of the articulations of the palpi corre-

spond with those of Pelecinus.

The only known species of this curious genus is an inhabitant

of New Holland.*

* [P.S. Mr. Shuckard now possesses a second and larger species of the genus

from the same country. ]

VOL. III. U

270

Mr. J. O. Westwood on Evania and

Megalyra faserpennis, Westw. (Pl. XV. fig. 3 g.)

Nigra, pedibus rufis, alis fasciatis, capite thoraceque punctatis.

Long. corp. lin. 5—73 (oviduct. exclus.), expans. alar. lin.

9—123, long. oviduct. individ. majoribus lin. 28.

Habitat in Nova Hollandia.

In Mus. nostr, &c.

Syn. Megalyra fasciipennis, Westw., in Griffith An. Kingdom,

pt. 33, p. 419, Insects, pl. 66, fig. 4 9, pl. 106, fig. 4a-f, details.

Antenne nigra, basi piceze, articulo 1mo crasso, 2do minuto

reliquis gracillimis, 4to longiori; articulis 3—5 interdum

piceo-rufis; caput et thorax confertissime punctata, griseo-

pubescentia; abdomen in utroque sexu dorso 7-annulato,

segmentis duobus basalibus margineque postico segmentorum

sequentium in feemina nitidis, horum basi tenuissime et con-

fertissime puntatissimis, lateribus griseo-pubescentibus ; ab-

domen maris segmento Imo nitido, punctis nonnullis sparsis,

2do et 3tio punctatissimis, spatio brevissimo medio transverso

impunctato, 4to et 5to basi levibus apice punctatissimis, 6to

et 7mo parcius punctatis, hujus apice acuto; oviducttis terebra

rufo-picea, vaginis nigris; pedes rufi aut piceo-rufi; alz

fuscescenti-hyalinee, fascia lata fusca pone medium anticarum

apiceque nubila fuscescenti, venis in parte colorata alarum

nigris, reliquis piceo-rufis.

figure of the female of this insect having been published in

* Griffith’s Animal Kingdom,” the male is here represented; the

female differing from that sex only in possessing an exceedingly

long exserted ovipositor.

TRIGONALYS, Westw.

(Proceedings of Zool. Soc., April 14, 1835, No. 28, p. 53.)

Genus anomalum. Caput et antenne Lyde, abdomen Mutille,

alarum venz fere ut in Myrmosa dispositee. Caput magnum,

subquadratum, planum, antice paullo latius. Clypews margine

antico emarginato. Labrum minimum, apice attenuatum,

linguiforme, longe ciliatum, € membrana lata prodeuns (PI.

XV. fig. 4a). Mandibule (fig. 4b, 4c) magne, crassze, apice

acutissimze, uno dentibus duobus, altero vero tribus magnis

acutis internis. Mawille (fig. 4d) parvee, lobo apicali mem-

branaceo, rotundato, lobo interno minuto. Palpi maxillares

6-articulati, articulis longitudine inzqualibus; 1mo minuto,

Stio brevi crassiori. Mentum corneum, semitubulosum.

some allied Genera of Hymenopterous Insects. 271

Labium (fig. 4e) parvum, membranaceum, lobis duobus

obtusis lateralibus membranaceis. Palpi labiales 3-articu-

lati; Imo longiori, 2do brevi obconico, 3to multo majori,

securiformi, setoso. Antenne (fig. 4f) inter oculos in medio

faciei insertze, capite cum thorace longitudine fere eequales,

25-articulatee ; articulo Imo crasso, 2do parvo, 3tio primi

longitudine, reliquis longitudine sensim decrescentibus, api-

calibus minutissimis et gracilibus. Collum breve. Thorax

ovato-obconicus ; mesothoracis tergo latiori, parapsidibus

distinctis. 4bdomen in parte infera apicali metathoracis in-

sertum (fig. 47), convexum, ovatum, antice et postice paullo

attenuatum, apice deflexo, petiolo nullo, tergo 5-annulato ;

ventre etiam 5-annulato, ano etiam apparente. Ale antic

forme et magnitudinis ordinarie ; antice longitudine thoracis

et abdominis; vena postcostali e costa remota, stigma

‘mediocre, cellula una marginali, 4 submarginalibus; lma

magna, apice acuminata, (vena prima recurrenti cum vend

1ma transverso-cubitali continud,) 2da parva, elongato-tri-

angulari, 3tia parva quadrata venam secundam excipient,

4ta apicem ale attingente. Ale postice venis distinctis.

Pedes graciles, longitudine mediocres ; trochanteres biarticu-

lati (fig. 4g), in pedibus anticis longi. Tibie 4 postice

apice bicalcarate. Tarsi graciles, unguibus apice bifidis

(fig. 4h).

This extraordinary genus exhibits so many discordant charae-

ters that its real affinities must remain at present undetermined.

Were the antennz broken off it would at first sight be regarded

as a male Mutille, of which it has completely the habit, whilst

the veining of the fore wings is very similar to that of Myrmosa ;

in fact, in this character, both in the fore and hind wings, we have

a complete fossorial insect, none of the Pupivora exhibiting so

perfect a development of the veins of the wings, especially of the

hind pair. The form of labrum exhibited by this insect is found

also in Vespa, as well as in Sapyga, which last genus also strik-

ingly agrees with 7'rigonalys in the form of the mandibles, and

also nearly in the veins of both fore and hind wings. With such

characters we might almost be justified in regarding the insect as

belonging to the Aculeata, and as an anomalous form of the

Mutillide, or Sapygide, more especially as we know that in the

clavate antennee of Sapyga, and the flabellate ones of Psammo-

therma, the antennz of that family are liable te anomalous modi-

fications of form, whilst many Coleoptera teach us that an increased

272 Mr. J. O. Westwood on Evania and

number in the joints of the antennz is one of the most ordinary

of the anomalies which those organs exhibit.

On more minutely examining the insect we find, however, that

an equally strong relation with the Pupivora is possessed by it,

founded upon other characters, in addition to that of the antenne,

which in their multi-articulate structure are represented by those

of various Tenthredinide, and more especially by the Ichneu-

monde.

The structure of the trochanters, and the irregularity in the

number of the joints of the palpi, (6 and 3 instead of 6 and 4,)

joined to the number of segments in the abdomen, of which there

are only 5 (instead of 6 or 7, as in the sexes of the aculeate

Hymenoptera), are reasons which appear sufficient to warrant us

in placing the genus amongst the aberrant Hymenoptera, amongst

which we will now inquire its place.

The nonsessile abdomen at once removes the genus from the

Tenthredinide, whilst the veining of the wings, the comparative

fewness of the joints of the antennz, and the 6-jointed maxillary

palpi, remove it from the /ehneumones genuini. We must there-

fore refer it either to the adscitous /chneumonideé or to the Eva-

niide, which are the only other families to which it can be con-

sidered as allied. [t is amongst the Alysiides, and especially in

Alysia, that we find the most complete veining of the wings

united with very strong and dentate mandibles, and 6-jointed

maxillary palpi; but no adscitous Jchneumon possesses two recur-

rent veins, nor has the costal areolet distinct. Now these two

characters, which with the broad toothed mandibles we have found

to be so characteristic of the Hvanide, are found in this genus ;

moreover, in Lvania we have the minute labrum, strong toothed

mandibles, 6-jointed maxillary palpi, irregular shaped labial palpi,

bifid ungues, and elongated anterior trochanters of T'rigonalys.

Feenus also presents us with the minute labrum, strongly toothed

mandibles, and 6-jointed palpi; whilst by minutely examining the

direction of the cubital vein of Aulacus we find evidence of the

obsolete existence of a transverse cubital vein, which, were it

present, would render the fore wings of the two genera absolutely

identical, although the hind wings are, it is true, very differently

veined ; nevertheless, if the veins be traced, they will be found

nearly to correspond with those of the hind wing of Trigonalys.

We thus learn that the fewness of the joints of the antenne,

as well as the mode of insertion of the abdomen, are no longer

characteristic of the group or family typified by Lvania.

The genus is named in allusion to the triangular form of the

some allied Genera of Hymenopterous Insects. 273

second submarginal cell, which is sometimes petiolated. The re-

current veins also vary somewhat in the place of their connection

with the submarginal cells, sometimes being separate from, and

sometimes inosculating with, the veins which separate these cells.

Sp. 1. Trigonalys melanoleuca, Westw. (Pl. XV. fig. 4.)

Nigra punctata, subpubescens, capite antice, et pone oculos

maculisque duabus minutis verticis, metathoracis lunulis

duabus segmentoque l1mo abdominis albis, alis pone medium

fuscis.

Long. corp. lin. 4, expans. alar. lin. 7.

Habitat in America Meridionali. Bahia.

In Mus. Britann. et Westwood. Communic. Dom. Turner.

Caput et abdomen nitida, thorax obscurus, totum corpus griseo-

pubescens; metathorax albus, in medio linea tenui nigra,

postice subito dilatata; abdomen punctatum, segmento Imo

nitido, segmentis 2—5 lateribus albo-maculatis ; pedes nigri,

griseo-villosi, coxis, trochanteribus femoribusque albo-variis ;

alze hyalinze, dimidio apicali fusco, versus angulum analem

pallidiori.

Sp. 2. Trigonalys Servillei, Westw.

Nigra, parte postica thoracis et abdominis basi pallidé luteis,

alis immaculatis hyalinis.

An Celius Servillei, Lepell. de St. Farg. Guér. Rev. Zool.

1842, p. 84? Magnitudo T’r. melanoleuce.

In Mus. Dom. Serville, Parisiis. An varietas pracedentis ?

Sp. 3. Trigonalys obscura, Westw.

Nigra obscura, capite plano nitido, abdomine segmento Imo

margine postico luteo, alis obscuré fuscis.

Long. corp. lin. 7, expans. alar. lin, 13.

Habitat in Surinamia. Cordua.

In Mus. Reg. Berol.

Syn. Sphex depressa, De Geer Mem. vol. 3, pl. 30, fig. 7, teste

Dom. Erichson.

Antenne et pedes nigri fusco-sericantes, tibiis tarsisque apice

fuscis; abdomen fusco-pubescens, segmento Imo ad apicem

obscure luteo, subtus omnino luteo; ale antice obscure

fuscee, versus angulum analem magis hyalina, vena penul-

tima transverso-cubitali intus ramum parvum, apice fuscatum,

emittit.

274 Mr. J. O. Westwood on Evania and

Sp. 4. Trigonalys Leprieurii, (Seminota Lepr. Guér. Mag. Zool.

1840, pl. 41.)

Habitat Cayenne.

Sp. 5. Trigonalys Hahniu, Spinola.

Omnino nigra, alis anticis fascia obscura.

Magnitudo precedentis, sed gracilior et pedibus longioribus.

Habitat in Germania, Gallia et Anglia.

In Mus. Dom. Serville, Guérin, Spinola, Shuckard.

Syn. Trigonalys Hahnii, Spinola, in Guér. Mag. Zool. Ins.

1840, pl. 50.

Trigonalys nigra, Westw., in hoc op. olim.

Trigonalys Anglicana, Shuckard, in Entomologist, p. 122.

Abastus Macquarti, Lepell. de St. Farg. ined.

Sp. 6. Trigonalys pullata.*

Syn. Lycogaster pullatus, Shuckard, in Entomologist, p. 124.

STEPHANUS, Jurine.

This is another anomalous genus whose true situation has

equally perplexed systematists: Jurine, the founder of it, placing

it with the Evanide on account of its relation with Frnus, * soit

par la maniére de tenir son abdomen presque verticalement, soit

par le reuflement de ses jambes postérieures.” Latreille, on the

other hand, placed it with Xorides, at the head of the genuine

Ichneumons, regarding it and Aulacus as the connecting links be-

tween them and the Hvaniude, observing “ Stephani antennis et

abdominis insertione cum Jchneumonidibus omnino conveniunt, et

ad tertium ordinem methodi Jurineane potius quam ad secundum

[scil. Hvaniide | cui inscribuntur, pertinent.” —(Gen. Crust. 4, p.4.)

It is chiefly on account of the number of joints in the palpi de-

scribed by Latreille, and all subsequent authors who have treated

upon the genus, (namely, five in the maxillary, and four in the

labial,) that this relationship with the genuine /chnewmons has been

founded; but in Stephanus Brasiliensis, which I have very care-

fully examined, the maxillary palpi are unquestionably 6-jointed ;

which characters, as well as the recurrent vein, at once removes

the genus from the genuine Ichneumons: indeed, Esenbeck,

and Messrs. Serville and St. Fargeau, influenced by other con-

* T consider Lycogaster pullatus, Shuckard, to be the male of another species

of Trigonalys.

some allied Genera of Hymenopterous Insects. 275

siderations, removed Stephanus to the Adsciti, the latter authors

observing “ Le genre Stephane doit constituer a lui seul une sub-

division dans les Braconides avec ce caractére, palpes maxillaires

de 5 articles, les labiaux de quatre ”—(Encycl. Méth. 10, p. 488);

whilst Esenbeck regards Stephanus as the connecting link with

Alomya, between the Braconoidet and the Ichneumones genuini.—

(Hym. Monogr. 1, p. 6.) Lastly, Mr. Haliday, in his “ Hyme-

nopterorum Synopsis,” has formed Stephanus into a family distinct

from the great family Ichnewmonide, with the character “ Pro-

thoracis collum elongatum ?” between Agriotypus and the Eva-

niad@ characterized “* abdomen metathoracis dorso annexum.”

In S. Brasiliensis® the labrum, which does not appear to have

been previously described, is small, transverse-quadrate, with the

anterior angles rounded, and setose; the mandibles’ are nearly

triangular, with a very slight tooth on the inside near the tip;

the maxillary palpi are distinctly 6-jointed, and the labial 4-joint-

ed; the antenne have between thirty and forty joints; the tergum

of the prothorax is strongly developed, and extends at the sides

to the squamulz; in front it is suddenly contracted and formed

into a distinct neck transversely striated; the metathorax is as

long as the mesothorax. The veining of the fore wings is almost

identical with that of such of the Alysiides as have only two sub-

marginal cells; the postcostal vein is not confluent with the costa;

the hind wings offer only two distinct longitudinal veins. The

remarkable structure of the tarsi has not been before noticed,

these parts in the four fore legs are very slender and long, but

much shorter and thicker in the hind legs, especially of the

females. In all the feet, however, the fourth joint is produced

into a long lobe beneath, having the fifth joint inserted quite at

its base, so as to cause the fourth joint from above to appear

scarcely distinct. The tarsal ungues are entire. The abdomen

of the female is represented at Pl. XV. fig. 5.

On reviewing the characters of the genus, it appears to me that,

notwithstanding the extended limits assigned to the family, Sfe-

phanus ought not to be considered as belonging to it, but must be

placed amongst the /chneumones adsciti near Alysia, (instead of

Bracon, Esenbeck’s insertion of it amongst the Braconoidei being

founded on his erroneous character of the maxillary palpi,) from

all which however it is absolutely isolated. In fact, the distinct

costal cell, and the slight veining of the hind wings, seem to be

* The details of the mouth of this species are figured in the “ Animal King-

dom,” Insects, pl. 106, fig. 2e—2h.

276 Mr. J. O. Westwood on Evania and

the only characters amongst those which we have seen to be con-

stant amongst the Evaniide, which would unite Stephanus with

that family, although several of its other characters accord with

those of Pelecinus and Feenus.

Sp. 1. Stephanus serrator.

Brecon serrator, Fab., Ent. Syst. Supp]. 224; Syst. Piez. p. 108.

Stephanus coronatus, Jurine.

Habitat in Europa.

Sp. 2. Stephanus coronator.

Pimpla coronator, Fab., Syst. Piez. p. 1183; Serville and St.

Fargeau, Enc. Méth. 10, 489.

Habitat in Amboina (Fabricius); Java (Serville and St. Far-

geau, in Enc. Méth.).

Sp. 3. Stephanus frontalis, Klug., MSS.

Species adhuc inedita, in Mus. Reg. Berolinensi conserv.

Habitat Caput Bone Spei.

Sp. 4. Stephanus Brasiliensis, Westw.

Westwood, in Griffith, An. Kingdom, Insects, pl]. 66, fig. 5, g

pl. 106, fig. 2a-h, details.

Habitat in Brasilia.

Sp. 5. Stephanus furcatus, Serv. and St. Farg.

Serville and St. Fargeau, Enc. Méth. 10, 489; Guérin, Icon.

R. An, Ins, pl. 65, fig. 5 9, and 5a 3, details.

Habitat in Brasilia.

Sp. 6. Stephanus acutus, Serv. and St. Farg.

Serville and St. Fargeau, Enc. Méth. 10, 489,

Habitat in Brasilia.

Sp. 7. Stephanus bicolor, Westw.

Piceo-niger, capite thoraceque rufis rugosis, oviductu fascia lata

alba ante apicem ¢.

Long. corp. (oviduct. exclus.) lin. 93, expans. alar. lin. 10.

Habitat in Georgia, Americe.

In Mus, Soe, Linn. Lond. Dom, W. E. Hooker.

some allied Species of Hymenopterous Insects. 277

Caput ferrugineum punctatum, postice lineis transversis brevibus

elevatis in medio notatum, he linez in verticem sunt magis

curvate, fronte tuberculis nonnullis acutis, alteroque in

medio faciei inter oculos et sub ocellum intermedium posito ;

antenne et palpi picei; thorax ferrugineus, transverso-

striatus ; metathorax obscurior et rude punctatus; abdomen

piceum, petiolo longitudine mediocri; oviductiis valvule

nigra, fascid lata alba ante apicem ; pedes 4 antici picel,

tarsis paullo pallidioribus, pedes postici valde robusti et

breves, tarsis posticis brevissimis crassis et ferrugineis,

articulo basali maximo; ale fusco-luteo tinctee, venis dis-

tinctis stigmateque nigris.

This species is apparently figured amongst Abbot’s drawings in

the British Museum, vol. 12, fig. 19.

Sp.? 8. Stephanus diadema.

Foenus diadema, Fabricius, MSS., in Mus. Kiliz.

I am unfortunately unable to determine whether this unde-

scribed insect be specifically different from the last; the notes

which I made at Kiel simply stating that the Feenus diadema of

the Fabrician Cabinet is a Stephanus with a red head.

Sp. 9. Stephanus Indicus, Westw.

Niger, gracillimus, antennarum basi rufo, tibiis tarsisque basi

albidis, petiolo longissimo, venis discoidalibus obsoletis g.

Long. corp. lin. 63, expans. alar. lin. 7.

Habitat in India Orientali.

In Mus. nostr. &c.

Caput globosum, vertice piceo, tuberculis nonnullis conicis in-

structo; facies lineis tribus albidis notata, linedque brevi

alba sub oculos; palpi maxillares et antenne gracillimi fusci,

basi rufo; collare valde elongatum ; petiolus abdominis tenu-

issimus, fere longitudine capitis et thoracis conjunctim;

femora 4 antica picea; tibie et tarsi pallidiores, basi albidi;

pedes postici valde incrassati, nigri; ale hyalinze, venis dis-

coidalibus obsoletis (venis postcostali, externo-mediana et

anali, recurrenti-mediana et Ima recurrenti-submediana et

radiali tantum relictis), stigma hyalina quartam partem

costz occupat.

Var. 9 caput rufum, facie flavo-lineatum, mandibulis fulvis,

278 Mr. J. O. Westwood on Evania, &c.

apice nigris, valvulis oviducttis piceis, longitudine thoracis et

abdominis conjunctim. (Habitat nm Malabaria. Communic.

Dom. Newman.)

The obsolete veining of the wings of this insect will be regarded

as a generic character by those who adopt the genera separated

from Lvania.

Paxytiomma, Brebisson.

Plancus, Curtis. Hybrizon, Esenb. (partim), Fallen.

This curious little genus, in its 13-jointed antenne and long

slender abdomen, attached higher than in the ordinary Ichneu-

monide, as also in the elongated and compressed hind legs, offers

a certain degree of relation with some of the above genera

The form of its mandibles, however, the shortness of its 4-jointed

maxillary and 3-jointed labial palpi, and especially the union of

the postcostal vein with the costa of the fore wings, sufficiently

indicate its relation with the adscitous /chneumonide,—the position

of the submarginal cells of the fore wings is anomalous, the

second of these cells, being obliterated; but Microdus (Bassus

calculator, Curtis) and Microgaster show us that this cell is liable

to a diminution of size. The number of joints of the antenne is

greatly diminished in some of the most aberrant of the Adsciti, -

there being not more than eleven in some of the species of

Aphidius. The form of the abdomen, and more especially the

place of its insertion on the metathorax, we have seen, affords no

exclusive character of the family Hvaniide. So that I think we

are justified in rejecting Paxylloma from that family.

I have represented the typical species P. buccata in my “ In-

troduction to the Mod. Classif. of Insects,” vol. ii. p. 134, fig. 74,

17, 18, from a specimen kindly sent me by M. Wesmael.

Rev. F. W. Hope on Lamellicorn Beetles. 279

XXXIX. On some nondescript Lamellicorn Beetles. By

the Rev. F. W. Hope, M.A., F.R.S., &e.

[Read 5 July, 1841.]

Sp. 1. Nigidius grandis, Hope.

Arrinis Figulo verveci, D. J., at multo major. Niger auricu-

latus, mandibulis brevibus robustis, externe in cornu luni-

ferum elevatis. Caput postice dilatatum. Thorax sparsim

excavato-punctatus, elytris fortiter sulcatis, pedibus tibiis

externe serrato-spinosis.

Long. lin. 10, lat. lin. 33.

This species is apparently the largest hitherto discovered ; it

was taken at Sierra Leone, by Mr. Strachan. It must here be

added, that Figulus vervex, of the catalogue of the Baron de Jean,

is in reality a Nigidius.

Sp. 2. Lucanus Burmeisteri, Hope. (PI. XIIE. fig. 3.)

Niger, mandibulis capite thoraceque longioribus, dentibus ar-

matis, binis ad apicem minoribus, tertio fere in medio multe

fortiori, apicibus furcatis et interne denticulatis. Caput luni-

forme, antice elevatum, fronte valde excavato ; oculis promi-

nentibus. ‘Thorax longitudine capite aequalis, lateribus in

medio acuminatis. Elytra castanea, ad basin nigro triangulo

variegata, sutura nigricanti. Pedes concolores, femoribus

tibiisque inermibus.

Long. corp. mandibulis inclusis 3 une. 4 lin., lat. lin, 11.

In Mus. Dom. Hope.

This magnificent insect was lately sent to this country from

the Mysore, and I have much pleasure in naming it in honour of

Dr. Burmeister, who has so materially increased our information

on the subject of the Lamellicorn beetles. 1 regard this insect as

the type of a new genus, which I name Anoplocnemus, from having

all its tibice unarmed.

Sp. 3. Dorcus Darwin, Hope.

Affinis D. Eschscholtzii, at minor. Atro-fuscus, mandibulis den-

tatis nigris. Caput postice latum subspinosum. Thorax disco

medio elevato, lateribus depressis, valde punctatis. Elytra

convexa multipunctata, Corpus infra nigrum, Pedes femo-

280 Rev. F. W. Hope on

ribus piceis, tibiis binis anticis denticulatis, quatuor posticis

in medio unispinosis.

Long. lin. 73, lat. lin. 23.

Habitat in America Meridionali.

In Museo Dom. Hope.

The above insect I have lately received from Chili. It is

named in honour of Charles Darwin, Esq., who has greatly con-

tributed to our acquaintance with the Entomology of Valparaiso,

Chili, and other parts of the South American continent.

Sp. 4. Valgus argillaceus, Hope.

Fuscus, capite flavo-tomentoso, thorace antice fere cornuto,

denticulato, postice angulis rotundatis. Elytra thorace

multo latiora et abdomine breviora humeris rotundatis, ano

granulifero, tomento asperso. Corpus infra argillaceum,

femoribus robustis, tibiis binis anticis dilatatis, externe

denticulatis, quatuor posticis mediocribus, unispinosis et

tomentosis, tarsisque piceis.

Long. lin. 33, lat. lin. 13.

Habitat in India Orientali.

This remarkable species of Valgus I have lately received from

the Mysore, eventually it will be regarded as the type of a new ~

genus.

Sp. 5. Gnathocera Natalensis, Hope.

Smaragdina, capite fere quadrato, marginibus elevatis nigris.

Thorax viridis variolosus, lateribus marginatis. Scutellum

leeve, sparsim punctatum. Elytra viridi-opalina crebrissime

punctulata, humeris prominentibus, marginibus elytrorum

nigro-elevatis. Podex viridis, postice aureo colore tinctus.

Corpus infra viride, femoribus tibiis compressis tarsisque

piceis, abdomine in medio fortiter impresso.

Long. lin. 7, lat. lin. 4.

This insect was received lately by me from Natal, in Africa,

and hence its specific name. [Arc. Ent. vol. i. pl. 46, fig. 4. ]

Sp. 6. Dicheros ornatus, Burmeister, MS.

Affinis Dicher. bicorni, Lat.

Niger, caput antice clypeo emarginato, medio excavato, postice

tridentato. Thorax convexus, niger, fasciad obliqué rubra

fere interruptd notatus, marginibus concoloribus et elevatis.

Scutellum magnum. Elytra nigra, macula lata flava con-

some nondescript Lamellicorn Beetles. 281

spicud; basi, apice, suturdque nigricantibus. Corpus infra

punctatum, binis ultimis segmentis abdominis rubris. Ster-

num porrectum. Pedes nigri, femoribus rubro-corallinis.

Long. lin. 8, lat. lin. 33.

This new species of Dicheros received lately from the Mysore,

and Dr. Burmeister in his MSS. has named it ornatus. [Are.

Ent. vol. i. pl. 36, fig. 7.]

Sp. 7. Ceelorhina concolor, Burmeister, MS.

Smaragdina, aut viridi-opalina, clypeo antice valde emarginato.

Thorax convexus, punctulatus, marginibus lateralibus ele-

vatis. Elytra concoloria, striato-punctata, humeris nigrican-

tibus. Corpus infra viride, segmentis abdominis medio

opalinis, pedibus concoloribus. [Arc. Ent. vol. i. pl. 19,

fig. 3.

Long. lin. 12, lat. lin. 5.

The above species from my Cabinet is named concolor in Dr.

Burmeister’s MSS. : it inhabits Sierra Leone.

Sp. 8. Schizorhina succinea, Hope.

Flava, capite antice luteo, postice nigricanti punctulato. Thorax

fusco-flavus, maculis duabus nigris in medio disci positis,

scutellum atromarginatum; elytra flava, seu succineo co-

lore tincta, podice concolore. Corpus infra pectore nigri-

canti tomentoso, abdomine flavo. Pedes femoribus. com-

pressis, flavis ; tibiis tarsisque atro-piceis.

Long. lin. 93, lat. lin. 5.

Habitat in Nova Hollandia.

Sp. 9. Cetonia Indra, Hope.

Rubro-punicea, capite fere quadrato, clypeo subemarginato,

Thorax convexus, concolor, quadrimaculatus ; binis maculis

atris lateralibus parum distinctis, duobus aliis ante scutellum

positis. Elytra acuminata, atro-punicea, macula irregulari

ochraceo-flava in medio disci notata, secunda minori fere ad

externum angulum conspicua. Scutellum satis magnum,

sutura elevata ad apicem spinosa. Corpus infra rubro-puni-

ceum, pectore segmentis abdominis utrinque ochraceis ma-

culis insignitis. Pedes concolores et ciliati.

Long. lin. 12, lat. lin. 63.

This species inhabits Manilla, and was brought to this country

by Mr. Cuming, the Conchologist.

182 Rev. F. W. Hope on

Sp. 10. dAgestrata Withillii. 4

Nigra, nitida et glabra, clypeo utrinque spinoso. Thorax

subconvexus, binis foveis parum distinctis fere ad scutellum

positis. Elytra nigra, marginibus elevatis. Corpus infra

atrum nitidum, pectore segmentisque abdominis aurantiis

maculis insignitis.

Long. lin. 19, lat. lin. 8.

The above insect was received from the vicinity of Bombay, by

Col. Withill, in whose honour it is named. Some of the speci-

mens vary greatly in colour, and possess a bronzy metallic splen-

dour which I have not remarked in other Cefoniade.

Sp. 11. Agestrata gagates, Hope.

Totum corpus supra nigrum nitidum, clypeo fere quadrato,

lateribus in spinam productis. Thorax lobatus, subeonvexus

et glaber. Elytra elongata, sutura, marginibus externis ele-

vatis. Corpus infra atrum nitidum, segmentis abdominis

utrinque aurantiis maculis insignitis.

Long. lin. 16, lat. lin. 63.

Habitat in India Orientali, circa Travancore.

Sp. 12. Macronata Vittigera.

Nigra, capite valde emarginato, lined media aurantia insignito.

Thorax trivittatus, vittis aurantiis. Elytra 2-vittata, vittis

concoloribus ante apicem terminatis. Podex in medio niger,

lateribus flavis. Corpus infra atrum, nitidum, segmentis ab-

dominis utrinque aurantiis maculis notatis. [Arc. Ent. vol. 1.

pl. 28, fig. 6. ]

Long. lin. 13%, lat. lin. 53.

This magnificent insect I have lately received in a collection

from the Mysore country; it appears to be unique, and is closely

allied to Macronata Budda, described by me, from the island of

Java.

Pacuytricua,* Hope.

Pachytricha castanea, Hope. (Pl. XIU. fig. 4.)

Piceus, capite valde acuminato seu melius subcornuto. Thorax

antice utrinque spinosus, marginibus elevatis et punctatus.

Scutellum lzve, postice rotundatum, piceum. Elytra cas-

* From waxutetxos, qui crasso pilo est.

some nondescript Lamellicorn Beeiles. 283

tanea, postice acuminata, podice triangulo defiexo brunneo.

Corpus infra valde pilosum; capillis cinerascentibus. Pedes

picei et ciliati.

Long. lin. 15, lat. lin. 54.

Habitat in Nova Hollandia.

This remarkable insect is from Australia, and appears to be a

genus mediate between Glaphyrus and Chasmatopterus. Below

follows its generic character.

[Corpus magnum, obesum, convexum. Antenne 10-articulate.

Labrum magnum, porrectum, bifidum (fig 44, front of head; 4 6,

the same within the mouth), Mandibule rectz, apice obtusz

(fig. 4c, 4d). Maxille apice valde penicillatee (fig. 4). Men-

tum apice valde emarginatum. Labium é lobis duobus constans.

Palpi labiales brevissimi 3-articulati (fig. 4). Pedes crassi,

unguibus omnibus intus dentibus duobus appendiculoque bise-

tigero instructis. (Fig. 4,¢).—J. O. W.}*

* [Dr. Erichson, in a short notice of the characters of this genus, which appeared

in the Journal of Proceedings of this Society, published in the Annals of Nat.

Hist. viii. p. 303, observes, —‘‘ Ich finde bei dem ex. unsrer Sammlung die Man-

dibeln klein, schuppenformig, die Spitze hakenformig einwarts gebogen. Die

vorgestreckte Leftze und die Form der Mandibeln entfernt diese Gattung von den

Melolonthen und schliesst sie vielleicht naher an Euchirus.” It is remarkable

that Dr. Erichson, having cited the relation with the Glaphyride mentioned in Mr,

Hope’s observation, should have taken the pains to prove that it was not related

to the Melslonthide, from which the far more important character of the penicillate

edentate maxilla at once removes it. The mandibles in two specimens which I

have dissected, instead of having the extremity hook-shaped and curved inwards,

as Dr. Erichson describes, have the outer margia thick and quite straight, and the

inner margin very thin, and with the apex obliquely truncated, thus quite dis-

agreeing with the Melolonthe. The relationship suggested with Euchirus is of

great interest, existing in the form of the mandibles, dilated hind feet and denti-

culated ungues, accompanied by a setigerous appendage, but the porrected bilobed

labrum, edentate maxilla, and deeply emarginate mentum, are characters of too

high importance to allow this relation to prevail over that which it evidently pos-

sesses with some of the Glaphyride.—J. O. W.]

284 Mr. W. W. Saunders’ Description of a Species of

XL. Description of a Species of Moth destructive to the

Cotton Crops in India. By W. W. Saunpvers, Esq.,

F.L8. &e:

[Read 6 June, 1842.]

I pec leave to lay before the Entomological Society an account

of a very destructive Lepidopterous insect, which has committed

great ravages in the cotton plantations at Broach, in Western

India. Cotton being of so great importance in a commercial

point of view to our East India possessions, I thought any infor-

mation relative to the insects which blight the hopes of the cul-

tivator, would be interesting both to the Society and those

concerned in the cultivation of the plant.

I am indebted to my friend Dr. Royle for permission to exa-

amine and describe this insect, he having received the specimens

from Dr. Barn, Superintendent of the Government Cotton Plan-

tations at Broach, with an account of the transformations of the

insect.

The following is an extract of the letter which accompanied

the specimens. —“* The inclosed is an insect which was very de-

structive to the American cotton which was sown here (Broach),

on light alluvial soil. The egg is deposited in the germen at the

time of flowering, and the larva feeds upon the cotton seed until

the pod is about to burst, a little previous to which time it has

opened a round hole in the side of the pod for air, and at which

to make an exit at its own convenience, dropping on the ground,

which it penetrates about an inch, and winds a thin web in which

it remains during the aurelia state. Curious enough, the cotton

on the black soil was not touched by it. The native cotton is

sometimes affected by it.”

The materials | have had to work upon in making this communi-

cation are not very satisfactory, the specimens being much broken

and rubbed; hence the description must be only taken as the

nearest approximation to the truth which I am able to give. The

description of the insect, which belongs to the family Tinede,

genus Depressaria, as far as I can gain from the specimens, is as

follows, and as I can find no species of the above family described

as being destructive to the cotton plant, I shall treat the species

under consideration as a new one, giving it the specific appellation

of Gossypiella.

The species is nearly allied to D. applana.

Moth destructive to the Cotton Crops in India. 285

Depressaria Gossypiella, mihi.

Dark fuscous brown, the head and thorax somewhat lighter in

colour. Anterior wings with an undefined round blackish spot

on the dise a little above the centre, and a fascia of the same

colour crossing the wings a little above the apex, which itself is

black. Under wings of a silvery grey, darker towards the hinder

margin. Legs and tarsi black-brown, with the joints light.

Length 4-10 inch.

The larva in the dried state is about 4-10ths of an inch long,

largest just behind the head, of a dull red colour, with the head

dark brown.

In the foregoing extract from Dr. Barn’s letter it is interesting

to remark, that the cotton grown from American seed is attacked

in preference to any other, and that the cotton plant when grown

upon ‘black soil” remains free from injury. The former fact

may be accounted for by the American cotton being of a different

species to that usually grown in India, and probably offers seeds

which are more suitable to the development of the larva. The

latter fact, however, I cannot account for, but it is of much

interest, and I trust Dr. Barn will throw some light hereafter on

the subject. Where there is disease, it is natural to look for a

remedy, and if any member present could suggest one in the pre-

sent case, which is likely to be effectual, I should feel much

obliged. The case is evidently attended with much difficulty, but

could any plan be hit upon to destroy the moths before the eggs

are laid, a cure might be effected, but how to manage this on a

large scale I must leave to more practical Entomologists, seeing

no remedy which would be within the means of the cultivator.

VOL. Ill. Xx

286 Rev. F. W. Hope on the

XLI. Monograph on the Genus Campsosternus of Latreille.

By the Rev. F. W. Hops, F.RS., &c.

[Read 2d August, 1841.]

Latremie, in the “ Annales” of the Entomological Society of

France, first separated Elater fulgens of Fabricius from other

Elateride, and applied to it the name of Campsosternus. He

appears to have been unacquainted with other species, as no men-

tion is made of them, and from his short published characters it

might almost be inferred that he hesitated in detaching it from the

magazine genus Ludius, unless, perhaps, he intended at a future

time more fully to detail them. Of late years our acquaintance

with the East Indian forms of insects has greatly increased, and

amongst the numerous additions to the Coleoptera of that mag-

nificent continent, some £laters closely allied to fulgens of Fa-

bricius have enriched our collections. In my late visit to Paris

I observed some undescribed species, and possessing several

others of great beauty and metallic splendour, I now describe

and submit them to the notice of the Entomological Society.

Elater contrasted with Buprestis can scarcely pretend to vie with

the latter family in metallic splendour, or in the various colouring

of the species; in magnitude, however, Tetralobus surpasses the

former. With regard to the distribution of the species of Camp-

sosternus, it appears to be altogether an Oriental genus, and is

confined almost to China, the East Indies, and the neighbouring

islands. In the present monograph fourteen species are de-

scribed, and there can scarcely be a doubt that many others,

closely allied to those in the following pages, will yet be discovered

in the same regions. It is scarcely necessary to add, perhaps,

that little is known respecting the larvee of these gigantic insects;

and it is solely with the hope of directing the attention of our

English naturalists in the East to these magnificent insects, that I

have taken them up at present. Any information respecting

their habits is much wanted ; should they turn out upon investi-

gation only half as destructive as our wireworms in Europe, their

ravages would indeed produce most serious consequences. I am

inclined to consider them rather as living on the vegetation of

trees and shrubs, than on herbage. This point at present is not

satisfactorily ascertained, and any information respecting their

larvee and habits (which appear to be unknown) is much desired.

In concluding these brief remarks on the genus Campsosternus, I

Genus Campsosternus of Latreille. 287

think it necessary to detach it from Monsieur Latreille’s maga-

zine genus Ludius, and regard it as belonging to a family of the

Elateride, which is peculiar to the East Indies. After a short

period I hope to add various remarks relating to these insects, as

some valuable notes, written in India, on their general natural

history, are now on their way to me in England. At the same

time, also, I propose examining our rich metropolitan cabinets,

in order to make the monograph as perfect as possible ; a supple-

ment therefore will be forwarded to the Society as soon as pos-

sible.

If any gentleman present is acquainted with any undescribed

species belonging to the above genus, the loan of them is requested

for examination.

CAMPSOSTERNUS,* Latreille.

For the generic characters, see Latreille’s Memoir in the French

Entomological * Annales.”

The following short Latin characters may be added to those of

Latreille :—

** Scutellum reverso-cordatum, antice emarginatum, postice

latius truncatum. Thorax trapezoidalis elevatus, angulis

posticis obliquis, longitudine latitudini aequali. Prosternum

antice declive foved transvers4 impressum.”

Sp. 1. Type of the genus Elater fulgens of Fabricius.

E. cyaneo-nitidus, subtus cupreus, elytris acuminatis. Vide

Fab. Ent. Syst. 2, 220, 22.

Long. lin. 20, lat. lin. 53.

Habitat in China.

Elater fulgens, Oliv. Ent. pl. 4, fig. 43.

« E. violet, trés-brillant en dessus, cuivreux en dessous; cdtés

du corselet verts.”

E. supra violaceus nitens, infra cupreus, thoracis lateribus viri-

dibus. Elater auratus. Drury, Ill. of Ins. tom. 2, pl. 35, fig. 3.

Antenne nigre, filiformes, subserrate, thoracis longitudine.

Thorax levis, violaceus nitens, lateribus viridibus. Elytra

leevia violacea, apice acuta. Corpus subtus pedesque cuprei

nitidi.

* From xaprw and crepvov.

288 Rev F. W. Hope on the

Sp. 2. C. sumptuosus, Hope.

Aurato-viridis, nitidus, capite antice subfoveo lato. ‘Thorax

marginibus elevatis, emarginatus, antice convexus, postice in

medio protensus, lobo ad scutellum extenso, linedque longi-

tudinali fortiter impressus. Elytra aurato-viridia, acuminata,

glabra, nitida, et punctulata. Corpus infra concolor, ultimo

segmento abdominis roseo colore tincto.

Long. lin. 14, lat. lin. 5.

Habitat in insula Javana?

The above species I described from the rich collection of

Monsieur Dupont at Paris, and although the locality mentioned

is the island of Java, I am inclined to suspect its true locality is

Manilla, as one specimen in the Parisian cabinet is labelled from

thence; its range however may be equally extensive with other

Coleoptera of the east.

Sp. 3. C. Aureolus, Hope.

Metallico-viridis, roseoque colore tinctus. Caput antice punc-

tulatum, antennis nigricantibus, articulis compressis. Thorax

vix subconvexus, parum depressus, lateribus elevatis, tenu-

issime punctulatus, postice lobo ad scutellum protenso.

Elytra viridia, acuminata, striato-punctata, striis haud fortiter

impressis- Corpus infra concolor subpubescens, pedibus

piceo-tomentosis, femoribus pallidioribus.

Long. lin. 144, lat. lin. 4.

Habitat circa Singapore.

A variety of this species, in M. Dupont’s collection at Paris, I

named Calanus. As I have since seen many other varieties, the

latter must be abandoned, as there cannot exist a doubt of its

identity with aureolus. The above species is named aureolus in

Griffiths’ “ Animal Kingdom,” and was figured from a specimen in

my cabinet; the locality, according to Dupont, is Java, which is

probably erroneous. Some individuals I have received from the

Tenasserim coast.

Sp. 4. C. Cantori, Hope.

Corpus supra et infra zneurn, thorace marginato et tomentoso,

elytris acuminatis nitidis. Caput inter oculos excavatum,

antennis palpisque nigricantibus. Thorax convexus, lateribus

elevatis et roseo-cupreis, disco tomentoso et subtilissime

punctulato, Elytra acuminata, cenea, substriata, sublente

Genus Campsosternus of Latreille. 289

tenuissime punctulata. Corpus infra zeneum, roseoque colore

tinctum, pedibus concoloribus.

; a ee

Long. lin. 223, lat. lin. 63.

Habitat in agro Assamensi.

The above insect appears to be the largest of the genus hitherto

received from the Kast Indies. It was brought to this country

from Assam by Dr. Cantor the erpetologist, and was presented to

me by that individual, with several other nondescripts from the

same locality: it is named in honour of that able zoologist.

Sp. 5. C. Latreilliz, Davaucel.

Purpureo-viridis. Caput antice excavatum. Thorax in medio

convexus, purpureus, lateribus utrinque subdepressis roseoque

colore tinctis, marginibus externis elevatis. Elytra viridia,

purpureo colore tincta, glabra, tenuissime punctata, Corpus

infra aurato-viride, nitidum, pedibus obscurioribus et sub-

tomentosis.

Long. lin. 15}, lat. lin. 5.

Habitat in Cochin China; e Museo Dom. Dupont.

The above insect was collected by Monsieur Duvaucel in his

voyage to China. The name of Latreille was probably given it

by the Baron De Jean. [A species thus named is described by

M. Guérin Méneville, in the Voyage of M. Delessert, p. 37. ]

Sp. 6. C. Wilsoni, Hope.

Aurato-viridis, lateribus thoracis subroseo-tomentosis, elytris

viridioribus. Caput inter oculos excavatum, pilosum, antennis

atro-violaceis. ‘Vhorax subconvexus, punctulatus et tomen-

tosus, medio viride, lateribus zneis, roseoque colore tinctis,

marginibusque elevatis. Scutellum aneum, postice rotun-

datum. Elytra viridia, acuminata, lateribus auro-fluentibus.

Corpus infra roseo-metallicum, mesosterno cyaneo, femoribus

et tiblis violaceo-zeneis, subpilosis et punctulatis, tarsis un-

guibusque cyanescentibus.,

Long. lin. 18, lat. lin. 33.

Habitat in Maderaspatana.

The above insect I have received from Madras and the Nilgherry

Mountains, it is probable also that its range extends far into

Bengal: it is subject to vary much in size; the largest specimen

of my collection is the one above described.

290 Rev. F. W. Hope on the

Sp. 7. C. smaragdina, Hope.

Viridis, preecedenti affinis, at minor. Caput inter oculos ex-

cavatum, subrugosum, antennis palpisque nigro-violaceis.

Thorax convexus, lateribus externis elevatis, angulisque

posticis valde acutis. Scutellum nigro-zneum, postice rotun-

datum. Elytra atro-viridia, sub lente subtilissime punctulata,

apicibus acutis. Corpus infra cyaneo-viride, femoribus tibiis

violaceis, tarsisque atro-piceis.

Long. lin. 14, lat. lin, 43.

Habitat in Maderaspatana.

In Mus. Dom. Hope.

The above species was received from Madras. It appears to

be unknown to the continental Entomologists, and is unique in

my collection.

Sp. 8. C. Guerin, Hope.

It is probable that this species will be described by Monsieur

Guérin under the name of Delesserti. I therefore do not give its

description at present. [P.S. It is now described under the latter

name by M. Guérin, in the Voyage of M. Delessert, p. 38. |

Sp. 9. C. Duponti, Hope.

Viridis. Caput subfoveolatum, punctatum. Thorax antice con-

vexus, lobo ad scutellum extenso, angulis lateralibus sub-

depressis. Elytra acuminata, viridia, tenuissime punctulata.

Corpus infra subaurato-viride, pedibus obscurioribus.

Long. lin. 12, lat. lin. 34,

Habitat in Agro Malabarensi.

The above insect was described by me from the collection of

Monsieur Dupont, during my late sojourn in Paris, and is named

after that zealous collector.

Sp. 10. C. rosicolor, Hope.

Puniceo-viridis roseoque colore tinctus. Caput antice exca-

vatum et punctulatum. ‘Thorax vix convexus, punctatus,

postice subprotensus, roseus. Elytra acuminata, striato-

punctata, striis punctisque fortiter impressis, sutura mar-

ginibus externis elevatis et roseis. Corpus infra viride,

Genus Campsosternus of Latreille. 291

punctatum, subroseo colore tinctum, pedibus flavo-testaceis,

tarsis obscurioribus.

Long. lin, 113, lat. lin. 3}.

Habitat in Java.

This elegant species was described from the rich collection of

Monsieur Dupont at Paris,

Sp. 11. C. Proteus, Hope.

Corpus supra et infra aurato-viride. Caput inter oculos sub-

excavatum, antennis nigricantibus. Thorax convexus, sub

lente subtilissime punctulatus, lateribus externis elevatis,

disco postice sublobato, versus scutellum protenso et parum

elevato. Scutellum antice et postice rotundatum., Elytra

aurata, splendida, lateralibus marginibus elevatis, sutura

violacea, apicibusque acuminatis. Pedes virides, tarsis un-

guibusque piceis.

Long. lin. 16, lat. lin. 5.

Habitat in Manilla.

The above species is very variable in size and colour, and

several specimens differ considerably in form: I have therefore

named it Proteus ; some of the varieties are blue, green, golden,

and bronzed; they were brought to this country from the Manilla

Isles by Mr. Cumming, and appear to be exceedingly abundant

as well as variable. It is probable that two or three species may

be confounded under the name of Proteus.

Sp. 12. C. Stephensii, Hope.

Long. lin. 14, lat. lin, 4.

Vide my description of this species in General Hardwick’s col-

lection, in the Zoological Miscellany.

Sp. 13. C. Leachii, Hope.

Chalybeo-viridis, thorace czrulescenti, elytrisque acuminatis et

zneo-virescentibus. Caput inter oculos subexcavatum,

antennis atro-violaceis. Thorax in medio parum convexus,

lateribus externis marginatis, angulis posticis acutis. Elytra

thorace convexiora, viridia, apicibus acutis, lateribusque

elevatis. Corpus infra caerulescens seu aurato-violaceum,

femoribus tibiis concoloribus tarsisque obscurioribus,

Long. lin. 17, lat. Jin, 53,

Habitat in India Orientali circa Singapore.

292 Rev. F. W. Hope on Campsosternus.

The present species diverges from the Latreillian type. It is

more robust in form and has the thorax and elytra considerably

depressed ; by some persons it would be regarded as a subgenus.

It has been in my collection some years, and was named in honour

‘of my friend Dr. Leach.

Sp. 14. C. Eschscholtzi, Hope.

Affinis preecedenti, at totum corpus supra et infra chalybeo-

violaceum. Caput inter oculos vix foveolatum, antennis

atro-violaceis. Thorax depressus, vix convexus, lateralibus

marginibus valde elevatis, angulis posticis parum latioribus

et acutis. Elytra chalybeo-violacea, splendida, sub lente

tenuissime punctulata, marginibus externe elevatis. Pedes

violacei, tarsis infra piceis capillis obsitis.

Habitat in Manilla.

The above species is named after Dr. Frederick Eschscholtz,

and is closely allied to Leachii ; it was brought to England by Mr.

Cuming the conchologist, and appears to be taken in Manilla in

extraordinary numbers.

Mr. F. Smith’s Wotes, Sc. , 290

XLII. Notes on the Parasites of the Genus Nomada and

on other Insects. By Mr. F. Suiru.

[Read 4 April, 1842.]

On the 18th of June, 1839, I discovered a colony of Eucera

longicornis, and having learned from Mr. Shuckard that the

“ Nomada Schafferella” was parasitic upon it, I watched the spot

some hours, and at that time succeeded in taking only two speci-

mens; I therefore concluded I was too late in the season for them,

finding the majority of the Eucere were torn in the wings and

their colours faded to light grey,

1840, June 2nd. I again visited the spot and found both

Eucera and its parasite abundant; even then I was rather late for

the males of the Nomada. I took but three specimens of the latter,

the male of which is the ““Nomada connexa,” Kirby. I observed the

Nomada entering the burrows of the Hucera, and sometimes even

jostling which should enter first ; the Nomada generally conquered,

and then the bee would fly off. ‘They appear to live in perfect har-

mony together; but if the parasite enters a burrow, and the bee

arrives before it has quitted the nest, she appears to discover its

presence immediately, and the moment she inserts her head into the

entrance, she stops short, and quickly retreating flies off. Being

now satisfied of the connection existing between the bee and its

parasite, I became anxious to attempt breeding them under my own

personal observation, and for that purpose, in August 1840, I dug

up several nests, which are formed thus :—the female burrows a

cylindrical hole to the depth of about six or seven inches, in a

stiffish clay, and then forms a chamber that would about contain

the cocoon of the silk worm; and having (as appears from the

polished surface) smoothed and coated the cell with gluten she

deposits at the bottom, to the extent of about one-fourth, a dark

coloured mixture, probably pollen and honey; then she stores

about two-fourths of the remaining space with a bright yellow

pollen, and the remaining fourth with a substance nearly white:

this I found to be the case in four nests which I dug up in June

1840. 1 was unsuccessful in my attempt to breed the insects ;

they all perished, I presume, for want of a sufficient degree of

moisture, as I did not place the nests in a sufficient quantity of

mould, nor keep them moist, as in their natural position.

1841, March 15th. I visited the spot, and after an hour’s

labour succeeded in digging out several cocoons containing bees

or parasites. I took a quantity home, and on opening the cells I

294 Mr. F, Smith’s Notes, &c.

was delighted to see two specimens of the Nomada fully developed

and active in two of the cells. The bees which I have examined

are in different states of development.

These observations are, I regret to say, far from complete, and

it will be for future observation to clear up several points in the

economy of these insects. I should observe, that the cells con-

taining the Nomade@ had a mere filmy coating or cocoon, closely

resembling goldbeater’s skin, in which the insect was found. I

should, therefore, suppose the parasite to be either hatched sooner

than the bee and to devour the provision previous to the develop-

ment of the latter, or that the parasite removes the egg of the

bee and deposits her own in its place; or, it may be, that the bee

having deposited a quantity of food previous to laying her egg,

the parasite deposits hers, and the bee then discontinues her

labours in that nest and commences another; for when the size of

the two insects is considered, the food required by the bee would

be, I should conclude, considerably more than what would be re-

quired by the parasite. ‘These theories I hope in time to clear

up; in the mean time I lay before the Society such information as

I am possessed of, and there being so much to unravel, I hope

those gentlemen who have more time to look after these things

than myself will be induced to attempt the solution of the diffi-

culty. I, for my own part, shall not be idle.

In April 1841 I found some specimens of the supposed larvee

of “ Meloe proscarabeus” in profusion, in the flowers of a wild

plant ; as many as twenty in some flowers. I might have col-

lected thousands. This was in Bishop’s Wood, Hampstead. My

reason for exhibiting them is, that in June of the same year I

found a similar insect or larvee attached to the underside of the

abdomen of Nomada Schéfferella. They are evidently distinct

species, different in form and colour, one being black, the other

yellow.

Having stated at a previous meeting of the Society that I had

bred the same species of parasite from several distinct species,

and even genera of insects, I now exhibit five specimens of a

species of Cryptus, three bred from the cocoons of Lpipone levipes,

the other two from the cocoon of T'richiosoma lucorum; they are

all females, and on the closest examination I believe them to be

the same species.

Mr. A. H. Haliday’s Contributions, §c. 295

XLIII. Contributions towards the Classification of the

Chalcidide. By A. H. Hatipay, Esq., M.A.

[Read 5th December, 1842.]

Ordo. HYMENOPTERA.

Familia. CHALCIDIDZ.

Sectio, PrnTAMERI.

Sub-sectio. I[somert.

Tribus. PrrentAni.

ANTENNE prope os insert, breves, 10-articulate. Caput

ovatum, nutans, fronte canaliculata. Thorax subdepressus,

leviusculus, scutelli axillis distantibus, metathorace brevi

obtuso. Abdomen g¢ compressum. ‘Terebra 9 compressi-

uscula, Alze metacarpo brevissimo subnullo,

Obs. £. Pteromalinis transitum in hancce tribum Gastrancistri

parant, metacarpo producto facilé distinguendi. Ex adverso hac

ad Spalangianos accedit.

Palpi maxillares 4-articulati. Oculi| distantes . . . Calypso.

& approximata . Macroglenes.

S-articulath: . . « » « « « « « iPurene.

i. CALyPso.

Palpi maxillares 4-articulati. Oculi distantes.

1. serratule. In floribus Serratule arvensis frequens.

ii. MacrocLenes, West.

Palpi maxillares 4-articulati. Oculi ¢ maximi vertice approx-

imati.

1. wmbellatarum. Antennarum articulis flagelli 2 prioribus bre-

vissimis perfoliatis, ¢ 9. In floribus Angelica sylvestris

sat frequens, etiam Senecionis Jacobee.

2. penctrans, Kirby. Articulis flagelli 3 prioribus brevissimis

perfoliatis, g¢ g. In floribus Spree ulmarie minus fre-

quens. In Cerealibus (Kirby).

3. microcerus. Articulis flagelli 4 prioribus brevissimis per-

foliatis, ¢ 9g. Synon. Q Pirene graminea, Ent. Mag. i.

296 Mr. A. H. Haliday’s Contributions

iii, PirEne, Ent. Mag. i.

Palpi maxillares 2-articulati. Labiales obsoleti.

* Antennarum articulis flagelli 5 brevissimis perfoliatis, mas

scapo ovato dilatato.

1. varicornis, Ent. Mag. i. Abdomine 9 compressiusculo, ca-

pitis thoracisque longitudine. In paniculis Anthoxanthi

odorati 9 frequens, g rarissime.

2. rubi. Abdomine 9 depressiusculo thoracis longitudine. ¢ 9.

In floribus Rubi fruticosi g copiosé, 9 infrequens.

chalybea, Ent. Mag. i. Abdomine ¢ thoracis longitudine,

vix compresso. Terebra brevi. g 9. In Cerealibus, etc.

non infrequens.

4. eximia, Ent. Mag. i. Abdomine 9 subcompresso, thorace

longiore ; terebra dimidii abdominis longitudine. 9. In

Cerealibus rarissime.

Subfam. Eulophini.

Tarsi 3-4-articulati. Tibize anticze calcari minutissimo subulato.

Palpi subeequales, breves, biarticulati, apice attenuati. Man-

dibulz apice denticulate. Ligula brevis, obtusa. Antenne

(prope os insertz) geniculate, 6-11-articulate.

A. Tarsi 4-articulati. Antenne articulis 7-11.

B. Nervus subcostalis leni flexuld costam appetens.

I. ELASMUS, Westwood.

Antenne 8-articulate. Ulna elongata. Nervus humeralis

integer.

Eulophus flabellatus, Fonscolombe.

II. EPICLERUS, Haliday.

Antenne 1l-articulate. | Mesothoracis parapsides discrete.

Scutellum integrum, transversé impressum. Abdomen pe-

tiolatum. Metacarpus productus. Radius brevis.

Entedon Parujas, Walker.

towards the Classification of the Chalcidide. = 297

II. EUPLECTRUS, Westwood.

Antenne 8-articulate. Mesothoracis parapsides discrete.

Seutellum sulco cinctum, axillis fere conniventibus. Abdo-

men petiolatum. ‘Tibize postice calcaribus binis elongatis.

Coxze postice magne. Metacarpus productus. Radius

longiusculus.

Pteromalus bicolor, Swederus.

IV. ELACHESTUS, Spinola.

Antenne 8-articulate. Mesothoracis parapsides discretze, raro

connate, postice leviter aut vix emarginate. Scutellum

sulco raro obliterato cinctum. Abdomen petiolo brevi.

Prothorax magnus. Tibiz postice calcari unico minutis-

simo. Metacarpus productus. Radius Jongiusculus.

Ichneumon rufescens, Rossi.

V. LOPHOCOMUS, Haliday.

Antenne mari 10-articulata, nodose verticillata. Fem. 9-arti-

culatee. Ulna mediocris. Radius longus.

Cirrospilus Anaitis, Walker.

VI. EULOPHUS, Geoffrey.

Antennz 8-articulate. | Mesothoracis parapsides connate,

postice emarginate, sinu profundo rotundato. Scutellum

integrum, Abdomen petiolo brevissimo seu inconspicuo.

Metacarpus productus. Radius ut plurimum longus, angu-

lum acutissimum fingens.

Diplolepis ramicornis, De Geer.

VII. CIRROSPILUS, Westwood.

Antenne 7-articulate. Scutellum lineis 2 elongatis impressum.

Abdomen subsessile. Radius longiusculus.

Cirrospilus elegantissimus, Westwood.

BB. Nervus subcostalis abrupte incrassatus et quasi infractus,

oblique costam attingens.

VIII. TETRASTICHUS, Haliday.

Antenne 9-articulate g, 8-articulate 9. Mesothoracis pa-

rapsides discrete, postice incise. Scutellum convexum,

298 Mr. A. H. Haliday’s Contributions

lineis 4 elongatis parallelis exsculptum. Abdomen subsessile.

Radius ab alee apice quam Jongissime remotus. Metacarpus

evanescens.

Cirrospilus Attalus, Walker.

IX. EUDERUS, Haliday.

Antenne 9-articulate, capitulo 3-articulato g. Mesothoracis

parapsides discrete, postice acute incisze. Scutellum inte-

grum. Metacarpus productus. Radius brevissimus. Alee

subglabree. Abdomen subsessile.

Entedon Amphis, Walker.

X. ENTEDON, Dalman.

Antenne 7-8-articulate.* Radius brevissimus. Mesothoracis

parapsides non nisi leviter emarginate.

Entedon Amanus, Walker.

XI. PTEROPTRIX, Westwood.

Antenne 7-articulate, clava 3-articulata 9. Radius a costa

vix disjunctus. Metacarpus obsoletus.

Pieroptria dimidiatus, Westwood.

AA. Tarsi 3-articulati.

XII. TRICHOGRAMMA, Westwood.

Antenne 6-articulate, Ale antic late. Radius. capitatus.

Metacarpus obsoletus,

Trichogramma evanescens, Westwood.

Genus AGAMERION, Haliday.

Corpus confertim punctatum. Caput anticé subrotundum,

subtus attenuatum ; vertex immarginatus. Oculi magni, sub-

tilissimé pubescentes. Ocelli in triangulum cequilaterum.

Antenne infra oculos et supra clypeum inserte, basi re-

mote; scapus dimidio flagelli equalis, in fovea lineari que

cum adversd concurret, superne foveam V formam profun-

dam ad verticem feré continuatam fingens et triangulum

* The minute joint often visible between the second and third is not counted,

nor the terminal spine.

towards the Classification of the Chaleidide. 299

acutum abruptum includens; flagellum validum, basi et apice

attenuatum, articuli continui oblongi, 1mus brevissimus, annu-

laris, 4us 20 major, sequentes parum decrescentes, capitulum

acuminatum articulo 10mo vix dimidio longius. Prothorax

sat magnus, transversus, parum angustatus. Mesothorax

antice rotundus, declivis; parapsides et axillee discrete dis-

tantes; scutellum rotundum, tergo planiusculum, apice

devexum; scutum transversé carinatum, medio productum,

obtusum. Metathorax brevis, sublavis, medio carinatus.

Petiolus brevissimus, annularis, levis. Abdomen ovatum,

depressum, thorace brevius et partim angustius ; segmentum

2um 3o dimidio longius, 3um et sequentia subzequalia. Te-

mora valida. Metafemora incrassata, margine infero versus

apicem obsoleté serrulata. Metatibiz valide, subrecte,

extus brevissimé ciliate, apice truncate, calcaribus 2 mag-

nis. Ale pubescentes; nervus costalis ulnd dimidio longior ;

radius ad alze trientem productus, oblique subarcuatus, apice

subdentatus ; metacarpus illo longior.

Sp. Miscogaster Gelo. Monogr. Chalciditum, ii. 27.

Genus LELAPS, Haliday.

Sp. 1. Lel. Sadales. Fem.

Niger, ferrugineo-varius, antennis fuscis, pedibus pallidis, basi albo

variis, proalis fumatis.

Merostenus Sadales, Walker, Monogr. Chal. ii. 93.

Niger, prothorace, antennis basi, squamulis abdomineque apice

ferrugineis. Pedes pallidiores, procoxis et mesocoxis omnino,

metacoxis apice femoribusque basi abidis. Caput confer-

tissimé rugulosum, opacum; frons setis paucis validis nigris

aspersus ; occiput marginatum. ‘Thorax confertissimeé rugu-

losum, opacum. Méesothoracis dorsum setis paucis validis

nigris aspersum; scutellum posticé confertissime striatum.

Metathorax rugosus, reticulatus. Antennce fusce ; articulus

3us lmo feré eequalis, 4to feré duplo longior ; articulus 2us

sublinearis, 4to feré eequalis. Mesofemora et metafemora

fusco-maculatis. Mesotibiae ante medium et metatibia prope

apicem obscuriores. Proalee fumatz, puncto costali ad nervi

costalis concursum et fasciis lunatis subconnexis ante alz

apicem fuscis densitis pubescentibus. | Metalae subhyaline.

Squamule flavescentes. Petiolus brevis, annularis, substria-

tus. Abdominis segmenta reliqua levissima; 2um longé

‘maximum, apice integrum; 3um et sequentia brevissima,

300 Mr. A. H. Haliday’s Contributions

linearia, transversa; 7um majus, apice ferrugineum; 8um

subulatum, ferrugineum. Terebra ferruginea, quarto abdo-

minis longitudine eequalis.

Sp. 2. Lel. pulchricornis, Haliday.

Nigro-cupreus, antennis fuscis albo-cinctis, pedibus flavis, alis

ferrugineo-variis.

Nigro-cupreus, transversé rugulosus. Clypeus feré testaceus,

apice subtridenticulatus. Palpi pallidé flavi. Maxille fere

testaceee. Antenne fusce, feré corporis Jongitudine; articulis

Imo et 2do, 3tio apice, 4to et capitulo albidis; articulus 3us

Imo equalis, 4us 2do dimidio Jongior. Mesothoracis scutum

posticé striatum ; mesopleure leves, nitidee, anticé conferté

punctulate. Metathorax reticulatus, rugosus; pleuree nigre.

Petiolus laevis. Abdomen leve, ceneo-nigrum, basi cupreum,

statura ut L. Sandalis, modd segmenta apicalia parim bre-

viora; terebra abdomine vix brevior, pallidé ferrugineum

apicibus nigricantibus. Pedes pallidé flavi; metacoxe trans-

verse substriate, basi fuscee. Ale fumato-hyaline, disci

macula magna oblongé, basi et apice ramulo nervi ulnaris

basin et radii apicem attingente, fusco-ferruginea; macula

alia orbiculata intra alee apicem punctum fuscum includens.

Taken in St. Vincent’s Isle, by the Rev. Lansdown Guilding.

Sp. 3. Lel. avicula, Haliday, mas.

Niger, pedibus ferrugineis, alis immaculatis.

Niger, subtilissime et confertissime rugulosus. Antenne gra-

cillimez, filiformes, corpore dimidio longiores, flagello piloso ;

articuli lus et 2us ferruginei ; 2us obconicus, 3us 1mo dimi-

dio longior ; 4us et sequentes paulatim decrescentes, omnes

discreti; annellus indistinctus. Clypeus ferrugineus. Man-

dibule ferrugineee. Prothorax fusco-testaceus. Scutellum

apice striatum. Metathorax rugosus, reticulatus. Petiolus

linearis, rugulosus;:,jmetacoxis triente brevior. Abdomen

leve, obovatum, de Mesavat nitidissimum. _Pedes _pallidé

ferruginel ; metacoxe transverse substriate, basi fusce.

Ale immaculate, obscuro-hyaline ; nervi fusco-ferruginel.

Squamule pallidé ferruginez.

Genus OPHELIMUS, Haliday.

Caput hemisphericum, fovea frontali antennarum scapum excipiente.

Antenne paullo infra mediam faciem inserte, 8 arliculate ;

towards the Classification of the Chalcidide. 301

clava crassa, 3-articulata, Prothorax perbrevis. Mesotho-

racis parapsides discrete, sinu postico rotundato, Scuiellum

elineatum. Abdomen subsessile. Proala humero subin-

fracto, ulnd breviuscula, radio mediocri, metacarpo tenuis-

simo. Tibiarum calcaria magna, numero 1, 1, 2.

Sp. 1. O. Ursidius. Eulophus Ursidius, Walker, Monogr. Chal. 11.

Viridi-zeneus, tibiis flavis, tarsis posterioribus fascia albida;

antennis thoracis longitudine, clava ovata.

Sp. 2. O. Sabella. Eulophus Sabella, Walker, Monogr. Chal. ii.

Viridi-zeneus, trochanteribus tibiis tarsisque flavis, tarsis apice

nigris ; antennis thorace brevioribus, clava obtusa,

Synon, Cirrospilus Prymno, \alker, M. C. ii.

Sp. 3. O. Vannius. Cirrospilus Vannius, Walker, Monogr. Chal. ii.

Viridi-zeneus, tarsis posterioribus et genubus albidis, illis apice

nigris ; antennis capitis longitudine, clava ovata maxima.

Eulophus Euryalus, Haliday.

E. Westwoodii affinis (articuli biramosi). Minor, gracilior, aneo-

nitidus, metathorace levi. Abdomen anticé macula fused,

pallida. Pedes flavi, coxis et metafemoribus fusco-viridibus,

Antenne articulus lus flavus, apice fuscus; reliqui fusci.

Ale hyalinze ; squamulze flavee ; nervi dilute fusei.

VOL. III. x

302 Mr. R. Templeton’s Memoir

XLIV. Memoir on the Genus Cermatia and some other

exotic Annulosa (in a Letter addressed to the Secretary).

By R, Tempuerton, Esq., R.A.

[Read 3 October, 1842. ]

(Plates XVI. and XVII.)

Colombo (Ceylon),

May 19th, 1842.

My pear WEstWwoop,

I srnp to you, “ per Tigris,’ a present for the Entomological

Society, which I hope will prove an acceptable one, though you

may be at first rather surprised to find that it is not a present

of insects. This it is.—In this country, along the marshy banks

of the large rivers, grows a large handsome tree, named Sonne-

ratia acida by the younger Linnzeus ; its roots spread far and wide

through the soft moist earth, and at various distances along send

up most extraordinary long spindle-shaped excrescences four or

five feet above the surface. Of these Sir James Edward Smith

remarks :—‘‘ What those horn-shaped excrescences are, which

occupy the soil at some distance from the base of the tree, from

a span to a foot in length, and of a corky substance, as described

by Rumphius, we can offer no conjecture.” Most curious things

they are, they all spring very narrow from the root, expand as

they rise, and then become gradually attenuated, occasionally

forking but never throwing out shoots or leaves, or in any respect

resembling the parent root or wood. ‘They are firm and close in

their texture, nearly devoid of fibrous structure, and take a mode-

rate polish when cut with a sharp instrument; but for lining insect

boxes and making setting boards, they have no equal in the world,

the finest pin passes in with delightful ease and smoothness, and

is held firmly and tightly, so that there is no risk of the insects

becoming disengaged: with a fine saw I form them into little

boards and then smooth them with a sharp case-knife, but the

London veneering mills would turn them out fit for immediate

use, without any necessity for more than a little touch of fine

glass paper. Some of my pigmy boards are two feet long by

three and a half inches wide, which is more than sufficient for our

purpose, and to me they have proved a vast acquisition. The

natives call them “ Kirilimow,” the latter word signifying “ root.”

The above may interest some of your botanical friends.

My professional engagements have prevented my doing more

than making myself acquainted with the habitats of insects I

on the Genus Cermatia; Se. 303

intend to capture, and, besides, I am never away from Colombo

where insects are by no means plentiful, so that I have as yet had

little cpportunity of making a collection. Of my old pets, the

spiders, I bottle up all I see, to be reserved for future examination,

On turning over Guérin’s “ Iconographie” some time ago, I was

much surprised at his drawing of Machylis polypoda ; it resembles

mine in no respect, though [ see that M. Milne Edwards, in the

new edition of Lamarck, unhesitatingly declares both indentical

with Lepisma polypoda of Linné. It shows how necessary

sketches are to accompany the descriptions of insects of obscure

tribes, and I have no doubt the sketches in question are taken

from essentially distinct animals. To be satisfied that they are

really distinct, compare the front views of the heads: in mine the

labrum (chaperon) is broadly developed, in his elongate ; in mine

the maxillary palpi and (in some measure) the labial are robust,

in his slender; similar differences in the antenne, and, if you

might judge from the basal portion of this latter, (figured 1a,

Guérin,) such an extraordinary difference is exhibited that one

would hardly imagine they belonged to the same genus; and still

more striking differences are discovered in the articulations of the

caudal sete. That neither one or other is Lepisma polypoda of

Linnd, I have no longer any doubt; the habitat of this latter every-

where given is “ littoribus lapidosis,” a locale f never met one in;

all that I have seen have been in dry stone fences, especially when

the interstices are overgrown with moss. Fabricius, in his ‘‘ Species

Insectorum,” quotes the Linnean habitat, and moreover adds

* aliam simillimam inveni cauda quintuplia,” which nearly satisfies

me that both are alluding to Leach’s Petrobius maritimus, to which

the latter observation correctly enough applies, since if a dozen

of them be caught such differences occur in the length and

appearances of the sete, that on a cursory examination you may

hold them as having five setee and be puzzled as to their relative

lengths.

To settle all these difficulties, it only remains for you to request

your Swedish correspondents to examine the Lepismide of their

stony shores, assume that Linné drew his description from those

found in the habitat he gives, and that they are the true Lepisme

polypode, and if they in no ways differ from Leach’s insect sink

his name and retain Machilis polypoda for Guérin’s, which must

clearly be Latreille’s, and call mine Machilis dispar. 1 met with

specimens in dry stone fences at Mr. Thompson’s seat, three

miles from Belfast, which I have a faint recollection of thinking

different from that I figured: I wish you would procure some and

¥2

304 Mr. R. Templeton’s Memoir

examine them. I wish I could persuade you to give us a mono-

graph of the whole tribe, describing all you can get hold of in

Britain or from your continental friends, and restoring the proper

generic names, As a retaining fee I send you one to be included

among the true Lepisme.

Lepisma niveo-fasciata. (Pl. XVI. fig. 1—7.)

Intensely black, with a broad white band along the posterior

margin of the first dorsal plate. Head with several diverging

bunches of yellow sete anteriorly and laterally. The margins of

the thorax similarly distinguished. A row of dots near the

posterior dorsal margin of each abdominal ring, having four or

five similar seta, two invariably projecting backwards, the rest

outwards. Body beneath silvery, the abdominal rings on each

side with two rows of diverging bundles of yellow sete. Legs,

antenna, and maxillary palpi yellow, caudal appendages fuscous.

The caudal appendages, (fig. 2,) compared with the length of

the body, are of variable length, composed of short thick rings,

each with numerous rather long stiff hairs directed directly out-

wards, and the apical margin crowned with minute hairs projecting

backwards, every third or fourth with long, strong, stiff spines

standing at right angles. .

The antennee, setaceous, arise with two naked joints, the first

short, the second rather long; beyond the basal third the antennze

presents a singular character, it would seem that every four united

to form one joint subdivided into three short and one long divisions,

the latter armed with bristles (fig. 3a, 3b, 3c): the same cha-

racter would seem to pertain to those nearer the head, but the

divisions are so short and hairy that I could not satisfy myself

that it was so.

The young differ so much from the mature insect that I took

them at first for a different species: they are fuscous or atrous ;

antenne, legs, and appendages very pale, the thoracic plates are

proportionally less broad, and the first is devoid of the white

marginal band.

When the little creature is moving rapidly the double pair of

auxiliary legs are dragged along.merely supporting the hind part

of the abdomen, but when it moves very slowly I have oceasion-

ally noticed an ambulatory movement, but nothing resembling that

of true legs; in fact, the terminal joint being clothed with an

irregular brush of minute hairs would seem to render it impossi-

ble that the animal could derive any advantage from it as such,

The old Dutch books in the libraries are infested with these

Lepisme, and suffer much from their inroads.

on the Genus Cermatia, &c. 305

The Lepismade should be separated most markedly from the

other division of the 7’hysanura with which they are usually asso-

ciated; the antenne, caudal apparatus, and more especially the

mouth, (and the habits of the animals,) having nothing in common.

The very name that Lamarck has imposed on the order is founded

inerror. They are not Arachnides antennées tracheales, and of this

you can easily satisfy yourself; detach the scales from the outside

with a sable-brush, divide the insect into two halves by a sharp

cut from the head to the tail, and under the microscope, by sepa-

rating the fleshy interim from the tegument of the bronchi, bril-

liant silvery unconnected tubes are seen running upwards and

forwards from near the posterior margin of each ring, throwing

off numerous branches in all directions, but without the slightest

appearance of trachee ; the spiracles are excessively minute pores

on the lateral parts of the belly, and only to be detected by throw-

ing the light through the plates after the scales have been re-

moved, and tracing down the bronchi to them.

As you have remarked, in your observations in the first volume

of the Society’s Transactions, Mr. MacLeay considered this tribe

as the analogues of the Orthoptera, on account of their saltatorial

powers; but I believe it has never been remarked how exceed-

ingly closely they are associated with one division of this order,

and of these most especially the Achetide. For instance, the

Orthoptera are distinguished by their want of trachee ; secondly,

compare the caudal appendages, and we find much to strike us of

close relationship: then the compound eyes and antenne, these

latter, in both the true Lepisme and Achete, arising by two naked

joints supporting long, setaceous, hairy, multiannular terminations ;

next the metamorphoses are similar ; and, lastly, the trophi formed

on precisely the same model. ‘urn to your sketches and descrip-

tion of Acheta domestica, at page 440 of your first volume,* and

compare them and it with the following description of the man-

ducatory apparatus of Lepisma (fig. 4, head and prosternum) :—

Labrum somewhat triangular, rounded at the angles,

Mandibles solid, with four strong, horny, transverse teeth

(fig. 5a, 56).

Tongue fleshy, filling up the space behind and between the

mandibles.

Maxille bilobed, the outer galeated, partly protecting the inner

lobe and carrying at its base the 5-jointed palpus. ‘The inner

shorter and surmounted by two strong incurved teeth (fig. 6),

* Introd. to Mod, Class. of Insects,

306 Mr. R. Templeton’s Memoir

Labium 4dri-lobed, the outer triangular, pilose, supporting the

8-jointed palpus, the inner somewhat square (fig. 7).

(Mentum leathery ; it seems like a collar closing the aperture of

the mouth posteriorly).

In short, it seems to me not unreasonable to imagine that on

further investigation these will again be associated with the true

insects, the only difficulty being the rudimentary organs thrown

out to compensate the want of support afforded by the hind legs,

or at least that they will be considered a completely distinct class

from the Myriapods and be divided into two orders, T’hysanura

and Podura. All this however merits consideration and careful

examination.

I see that Guérin has figured, under the name of Podura suc-

cincta, an addition to my subgenus Orchesilla. P. nitida, nigro-

maculata, albo-cincta, and grisea, Fab., must form a new subgenus,*

so must my cingula and fuliginosa ; stagnorum and arborea, Lin.,

another ; aquatica, Lin., fimetaria, Lin., ambulans, Fab., with dubius

and muscorum, another: and { wish the name I gave this last

changed from Achoreutes to Rathumouies.

I have now to direct your attention to some Myriapods. The

genus Cermatia of Illiger has been to me always a puzzle, but I

am at length satisfied of the existence of the following species :—

At the Cape I became acquainted with a considerable number of

a species of this genus, and I was struck with the constancy with

which the relative proportions of the various parts of the body

were maintained, and it gave me the clue to the unravelling of the

doubts and difficulties I had previously to contend with; some

minute characters derived from the dorsal plates likewise gave me

assistance. The species I consider distinct are the following :—

I, Those with the body elongate and decidedly increased in

breadth about the middle.

Sp. 1. Cermatia araneoides.

Julus araneoides, Pallas. Differs from all the others, as far as

we can trust to his figure and excessively minute description,

in the extreme narrowness of the body and in the equality of

length of the antennz and hind legs, both being nearly one half

longer than the body.

Length 1.33 inch,, relative proportions of body, antenne, and

hind feet, 1.0, 1.4, 1.4.

* Ptenwra, with long antenne of four articulations, the third not longer than

the fourth, which distinguishes them from Pod. plumbea.

on the Genus Cermatia, &c. 307

Sp. 2. Cermatia longicornis. Hardwick, Lin. Tran, xiv. p. 131,

Resembles the last very much, but has the antenne shorter and

the last pair of legs longer.

Habitat Bengal.

Length 1.25 inch., relative lengths 1.0, 1.2, 1.8,

Sp. 8. Cermatia nobilis, mihi. (Pl. XVII. fig. 1—4.)

This giant of the tribe has the head small, sub-ovate, with a

narrow black streak passing from the labrum along the edge of

the fovea of the antennz to the inner canthus of the eye; another

more diffused from thence to the back of the head; a minute

black line mesially imbedded in a brown patch, and with two

angular black marks near its middle. Antenne very long, slender,

brown. Body elongate, spindle shaped, being considerably broader

about the fourth scutellum, which is nearly square, dilated pos-

teriorly, margin waved and furnished with numerous strong teeth

or spines,—in this latter character the rest resemble it ; all are pale

brown, with a middle yellow line edged with brown, a dark longi-

tudinal fascia on each side, and an obscure transverse one across

the base. Legs long, successively lengthening, the last being:

very attenuated. Coxe yellowish brown, with a blue annulus

near the apex. Femora greenish, with two deep blue annuli.

Tibize yellow, faintly annulated. Tarsi dark reddish brown,

Habitat Mauritius and India.

Fig. 1. The animal of the natural size.

2. The sixth scutellum and twelfth leg.

3. One of the tarsal annuli.

4, The second auxiliary leg and part of the first on the

right behind it.

Length 2.0 inch., relative lengths 1.0, 1.6, 2.0.

Sp. 4. Cermatia coleoptrata.

Scutigera coleoptrata, Lam.

Cermatia livida, Leach.

Cermatia , Savigny, Egypt, pl. 1, fig. 5.

This I found very common at Gibraltar. It differs from the two

first in being much smaller; head more rotund, body more linear,

last pair of legs longer, and, from the next species, in the scutella,

the fourth being one quarter longer than broad, edges parallel and

slightly waved, with longitudinal rows of minute spines, and the

308 Mr. R. Templeton’s Memoir

margin with a double row of strong short spines of equal size ;

the antenne likewise are shorter.

Habitat South of Europe. .

Length 0.8 inch., relative lengths 1.0, 1.2, 2.0.

Pl. XVI. fig. 12. Fourth scutellum of Cermatia coleoptrata.

13. Margin of this scutellum exhibiting the spines.

Sp. 5. Cermatia Capensis. (PJ. XVI. fig. 8—11.)

Very common at the Cape of Good Hope, (my specimens were

hung up in a bottle and all their hind legs became detached, so

that I have merely sketched them, but I believe they are of the

accurate dimensions). Head smaller in proportion than in the

last species, pale yellow, the articulations marked with brown.

Body pale yellowish, with a narrow yellow central fascia and a

brown dash between it and the side; fourth scutellum sub-ovate,

with a row of minute marginal teeth or spines, every fifth or sixth

being longer and stronger than the others; the spines on the

dorsum of the scutellum nearly obsolete. Legs robust and yel-

Jowish, without dark annuli, or extremely faint on the coxe and

femora.

Length 1.0 inch., relative lengths 1.0, 1.7, 1.4?

Pl, XVI, fig. 8. Cermatia Capensis a little magnified.

9. Last leg of the sixth scutellum.

10. Fourth scutellum.

1], Edge of the fourth scutellum exhibiting the spines.

Pl, XVII. fig. 5. Magnified portions of the articulations of the joints of

the antenne, and the tip.

II. Body short and of nearly equal breadth,

Sp. 6. Cermatia longipes.

Scutigera longipes, Lam.

Scutigera araneoides, Guérin, Iconographie, 1, fig. 7.

Savigny, Egypt, pl. 1, fig. 6.

Clearly distinguished by the form of the body, shape of the

head, shortness of the anterior legs, and the exceeding length of

the posterior pair.

Length 1.2 inch., relative lengths 1.0, 1.7, 3.0.

Has not Guérin a joint too many at the base of the antenne,

Icon. 1, fig. 7a?

Note—the relative lengths are successively those of the body,

antenne, and last legs.

on the Genus Cermatia, &c. 309

[I discovered at Trincomalee a most beautiful species of crab

allied to Nephrops, but distinct in generic characters from it, which

I have not yet had time to particularly examine, but you shall

have it when I can get leisure to make the necessary sketches.

In the mean time, adieu,

Your’s, very truly,

R. Templeton.

Colombo.

N.B. It may interest some of your conchological acquaintances

to know.that Avicula radiata of Leach is the far famed pearl

oyster of Ceylon; | have got plenty of all ages destined for the

Belfast Museum. I send you a sketch of the fry which roves

about near the surface of the sea; it in scarcely any respect resem-

bles the full grown shell. Vide Nat. Mise. vol. i. pl. 43,

310 Mr, G. R. Waterhouse’s Descriptions

XLV. Descriptions of the Species of the Curculionideous

Genus Pachyrhynchus, Sch., collected by H. Cuming, Esq.,

in the Philippine Islands. By G. R. WateruovuseE, Esq.,

V.P. ELS,

{Read 1 March, 1841.]

Sp. 1. Pachyrhynchus venustus, Waterh.

Niger, laevis; capite macula una inter oculos ; thorace maculis

duabus supra, macul4que und ad utrumque marginem,

elytris viginti-duabus ovatis ornatis ; his e squami§ auratis,

vel aureo-cupreis, effectis.

Var. G3. Differt elytris maculis octodecim ornatis.

Var. y. Differt elytris maculis sexdecim ornatis.

Long. corp. 104—73 lin., lat. 44—3 lin.

This is the largest species of Pachyrhynchus I am acquainted

with: its form is more elongated than that of P. moniliferus.

The body is black and very glossy; on the legs there is often a

slight bluish or purplish tint. ‘The rostrum has an oblong shallow

depression, commencing at the base and becoming deeper, and

terminating in a transverse line opposite the base of the antenne ;

it is very delicately punctured. The thorax is equal in length and

width, and less swollen in the middle than in P. moniliferus ;

numerous very minute punctures are observable on the upper

surface. The elytra are about one-third broader than the thorax,

of an elongate-ovate form, and exhibit neither strize nor punc-

tures. ‘The metallic spots are disposed as follows :—one between

the eyes, and one on each side under the eye; a tolerably large

oblong spot on each side of the upper surface of the thorax, and

a broad longitudinal mark on the side near the insertion of the

legs. On the elytra the number of spots varies from sixteen to

twenty-two, and those which I believe to be the males generally

have less than the females; in. all the specimens there are two

spots on the suture, one on the middle of the elytra and one

between this and the apex; on the outer margin of each elytron

is a large oblong spot at the base, a second behind the middle,

and a third extending nearly to the apex—these two last spots

sometimes join; at the base of the elytra are two oblong spots

placed one on each side and at a short distance from the suture ;

besides these are four round spots, two on each elytron, situated

about midway between the suture and the outer margin and nearly

of the Species of the Genus Pachyrhynchus. 311

equidistant from each other and from the foremost sutural spot ;

between the hindermost pair of the four spots just mentioned are

sometimes two other spots, which are either large and oblong or

small and round. On the under side of the insect a small spot is

observable between the anterior legs ; the meso- and meta-sternum

have each a spot on either side, and on the base of the abdomen

are four spots. The legs have usually a small patch of scales on

the under side of the femur near its apex. The abdominal seg-

ments are very delicately and indistinctly punctured,

Sp. 2. Pachyrhynchus rufo-punctatus, Waterh.*

Niger, levis; capite maculis tribus; thorace maculis duabus

supra, maculdque una ad utrumque marginem ; elytris viginti-

duabus ornatis, his maculis e squamis rufis effectis.

aoe

Long. corp. 83 lin.

This species approaches most nearly to the P. venustus, but

differs in being smaller, of a less elongated form, and in having

the spots of a red, or pinkish red, colour, and very nearly destitute

of metallic lustre. Here the depression, which in P, venustus is

confined to the upper surface of the rostrum, extends backwards

between the eyes, so that in one species the forehead is distinctly

concave, whilst in the other it is flat or even slightly convex.

The elytra in the female of P. rufo-punctatus are shorter than in

P. venustus, rather less convex and more dilated in the middle.

The spots in these two species are disposed in the same manner.

Sp. 3. Pachyrhynchus gemmatus, Waterh.

Niger vel cupreus, levis ; capite supra maculis duabus ; thorace

supra tribus, infra duabus, et elytris sexdecim (duabus apud

suturam) ornatis; his maculis e congerie squamarum metallice

splendentium effectis ; squamis centralibus nitidée viridibus,

circumgirantibus aureo-rubris, et indé ocellos efficientibus.

Long. corp. 63—83 lin.

Var. 6. Differt elytris maculis viginti-duabus ornatis.

The general colour of this most beautiful insect is sometimes

black and sometimes of a most brilliant copper-like hue. The

spots are formed of metallic scales of various hues, but generally

* Descriptions of four species of Pachyrhynchus, viz. P. rufo~punctatus,

P. elegans, P. concinnus, and P. latifasciatus, have been added to this paper since

it was read in March, 1841. ‘These additional species were brought before the

Society in February, 1842, having been discovered in a portion of Mr, Cuming’s

Philippine Island collection, which had been previously overlooked.

312 Mr. G. R. Waterhouse’s Descriptions

they are golden green in the central portion of each spot, and of

a gold or coppery hue on the outer portion. On the rostrum are

three of these most brilliant spots, one above and one on each

side, and the head has three spots disposed in the same manner.

The prothoracic ring presents six spots, three above, of which

two are towards the sides and about midway between the base

and apex of the thorax, and one is behind in the centre. ‘The

elytra have two round spots on the suture, and other spots—

sometimes seven on each elytron, and sometimes nine. The

meso- and meta-sternum are each adorned with brilliant scales at

the sides, and so are the abdominal segments, with the exception

of the terminal one, The femora have a subapical ring (generally

interrupted above) of brilliant scales. The rostrum has a large

and nearly semicircular depression, occupying nearly the whole

area of the basal half, and this is more or less confluent, with a

largish but shallow fovea situated between the eyes.

Sp. 4. Pachyrhynchus perpulcher, Waterh,

Niger, laevis; thorace maculis (subocellatis) supra quatuor, ad

latera duabus, elytris octodecim ornatis; his e squamis

metallicé viridibus et cupreis effectis.

Long. corp. 6—63 lin.

This species somewhat resembles the P. gemmatus, being

adorned with similar brilliant ocellated spots; it is however of

smaller size, has a proportionately larger thorax and the spots are

differently disposed, It is at once distinguished from that species

by the absence of sutural spots on the elytra, and by having four

spots on the upper surface of the thorax instead of three, as in

P. gemmatus.

Sp. 5. Pachyrhynchus Cumingii, Waterh.

Splendidé cupreus; elytris leviter punctato-striatis; rostro

nota transversa basali, capite maculis oblongis tribus, harum

una inter-oculari, una utrinque suboculari; thorace lineis

marginalibus, et supra lineis tribus, et una transversa inter-

rupta, notato ; elytris lined marginali, lineisque duabus longi-

tudinalibus dorsalibus, nec non linea transversa per medium

excurrente, atque lineis duabus abbreviatis et ad angulos

basales, et ad subapicales; his lineis maculisque pallidé

eyaneo-viridibus.

Long. corp. 6# lin., lat. 3 lin.

This beautiful species is rather larger than P. moniliferus ; the

of the Species of the Genus Pachyrhynchus. 313

rostrum is proportionately broader and rather shorter, the thorax

is also broader and rather less constricted before and behind, and

the elytra are proportionately narrower and more elongated : it is

of a rich copper-red colour, but presents a slight aneous tint in

parts and in certain lights. ‘Ihe rostrum is very delicately punc-

tured and has a shallowish transverse impression in a line with

the base of the antennz, there is also a broad and very shallow

oblong depression on the head—both these depressions are filled

with pale blue-green scales, and there is a patch of similar

scales on each side beneath the eye and another on the side of the

rostrum, The thorax is smooth, has a transverse blue-green line

in front and another behind, and these lines are joined by a broader

mark on the sides, which passes close to the femora; on the upper

surface are three longitudinal marks, and one central transverse

mark ; this latter is slightly interrupted, otherwise the disc of the

thorax would be divided into four areas. ‘The elytra are faintly

punctured, and the punctures form strize; on the apical portion

of the elytra the punctures are more distinct: a line of scales

borders the outer margin of each elytron, extending from the base

almost to the apex ; at the base it is recurved and runs up towards

the suture, but stopping at a short distance from the suture it

sends off a longitudinal line which extends very nearly to the

apex of the elytra and there joins the marginal line; this longi-

tudinal line is slightly interrupted in the middle of the elytra,

where there is a transverse band. Besides these lines, all of

which are formed of pale blue-green scales, there are two abbre-

viated longitudinal marks running from the base of the elytra on

each side, and two small spots situated on the apical half of each

elytron.

Sp. 6. Pachyrhynchus elegans, Waterh.

Splendidé cupreus ; capite maculis tribus, thorace maculis dua-

bus supra, maculdque und ad utrumque marginem; elytris

maculis duodecim ornatis ; his maculis magnis et subocellatis,

e squamis pallidé viridibus effectis.

ate Ape

Long. corp. 7} lin., lat. 34 lin,

This species is considerably larger and more elongated in form

than P. moniliferus. It is of a brilliant copper colour, and

smooth: the forehead and base of the rostrum are concave, and

the latter has a deep transverse impression ; on the head above is a

round spot, and under each eye is an oblong spot. The thorax

has two oblique patches above, and a broadish mark on each

314 Mr. G. R. Waterhouse’s Descriptions

side. Elytra impunctate, with four largish spots at the base; in

the middle of each elytron is a transverse patch, which joins a

second longitudinal patch placed on the outer margin; behind the

middle are two sutural spots; and on each elytron is a spot very

near the apex, and another close above this: all these spots are

formed of scales of a very delicate green colour, those on the

elytra however have each a scaleless space in the middle. The

sides of the meso- and meta-sternum, and of the two first seg-

ments of the abdomen, are adorned with green scales.

Sp. 7. Pachyrhynchus speciosus, Waterh.

Splendidé cupreus, vel niger; elytris striato-punctatis ; capite

lineis tribus longitudinalibus ; thorace annulis tribus elongato-

ovatis; elytro utroque lineis duabus transversis humeralibus

ad maginem elytrorum externum confluentibus et prope

suturam; duabus centralibus et ad suturam et ad marginem

externum ductis nec non confluentibus; et lined aream

semilunarem circumdante apicali, ornato, his lineis viridi-

squamosis.

Long. corp. 63 lin.

About equal in size to the P. moniliferus. The ground colour

is usually like burnished copper, but sometimes black. On the

head is a broad and deep impression between the eyes, and this is

continuous with the usual excavation on the base of the rostrum.

The scales forming the markings are of a very pale green colour,

and almost destitute of metallic lustre. The head has three

longitudinal marks ; one central, and one under each eye. The

thorax is most indistinctly punctured, and has three elongated

oval rings, of pale scales, placed lengthways, one on each side, and

one dorsal, which encloses an area scarcely broader than the

encircling line. The elytra are rather more elongate than in

P. moniliferus: at the base of each elytron is an elongated oval

area transversely disposed, enclosed by a narrow band of scales,

and extending from the outer margin nearly to the suture; on the

apical portion is a curved area similarly inclosed, and besides

these markings are two narrow transverse bands, which become

confluent near the outer margin of the elytron and run backwards

to join the apical curved marks—sometimes the two dorsal bands

are joined also at the suture of the elytra. A line of scales on

the prosternum nearly encircles the base of the anterior legs: the

sides and central portion of the meso-sternum, nearly the whole

of the meta-sternum, and the sides of the first, second, third, and

of the Species of the Genus Prochyrhynchus. 315

fourth abdominal segments, are adorned with scales. The femora

have a subapical ring of similar scales, but it is more or less inter-

rupted on the upper surface of each femur.

Sp. 8. Pachyrhynchus Schcenherri, Waterh.

Splendidé cupreus; capite maculis tribus, earum un4 inter-

oculari, un& utrinque suboculari; thorace nitido, dorso

binotato, ad latera lineis duabus; elytris octodecim punctis

(duabus apud suturam) ornatis; his notis, lineis maculisque

pallidé viridibus.

Long. corp. 53 lin., lat. 23.

This species is rather less than P. moniliferus, and of a narrower

form, and so far agrees with P. Erichsoni: its thorax however is

much less globose, approaching somewhat to a cylindrical form,

though it is still swollen in the middle; the legs are decidedly

shorter and more slender; the elytra are impunctate, and there

are differences in the colouring and markings. The general

colour of the insect is brilliant copper-red. The rostrum is very

delicately punctured and has a somewhat shallow triangular fovea,

the base of which forms a transverse line opposite the insertion of

the antennz ; there is around spot between the eyes, and another

on each side beneath the eye, formed of brilliant green scales, as

are all the other spots on the insect. The thorax is impunctate,

and has a small spot above on each side situated midway between

the base and apex, and a second larger spot just above the inser-

tion of the femur. The elytra have eighteen smallish spots; four

of these are at the base, one on each side near the outer margin,

and one on each side at a short distance from the scutellum—

these spots are of an oval form: in the middle of the elytra is a

transverse row consisting of six round spots, and a little behind

the line of these spots is an oblong spot on each side placed close

to the outer margin and one placed on the suture; a second

sutural spot is observable near the apex of the elytra, and two

others on each side of this, two being placed rather above the

line of the last mentioned sutural spot and two below and more

near the tip of the elytra.

Sp. 9. Pachyrhynchus Erichsoni, Waterh.

Aineus; capite maculis tribus, earum una inter-oculari, una

utrinque suboculari; thoracis dorso binotato, lateribus bima-

316 Mr. G, R. Waterhouse’s Descriptions

culatis; elytris maculis sexdecim ornatis; maculis omnibus

flavo-squamosis.

Long. corp. 6 lin,, lat. 24 lin.

This species is about equal in size to P. moniliferus, but is of a

narrower form, and has the thorax more globose. It may be dis-

tinguished from either of the other species by its brass green

colour. The head and rostrum are impunctate; a slight central

longitudinal groove is observable on the hinder part of the latter,

and on each side of this are two shallow oblong fovez, these and

the central groove abut against the distinctly elevated anterior

portion of the rostrum; a small golden spot is situated under

each eye. The thorax is globose and more distinctly constricted

behind than usual; on the upper surface is a smallish round spot

on each side situated about midway between the base and apex of

the thorax, and there is another on each side just above the base

of the femur. On the elytra are sixteen tolerably large round

spots, these are nearly equi-distant and disposed as follows :—four

form a transverse row at the base of the elytra; near the middle

is another band of four spots, and between this and the apex of

the elytra is a third band of six spots, and, lastly, there is a spot

near the apex of each elytron.

Sp. 10. Pachyrhynchus E'schscholtzu, Waterh.

Ater, nitore violaceo; thorace maculis duabus ; elytris striato-

punctatis, maculis quatuor rotundatis ad basin; sex ad

medium, sex prope apicem, duabusque ad apicem, albes-

centibus.

Long. corp. 6$ lin.

About equal in size to the P. moniliferus; but the thorax is

broader and rather shorter than in that insect, and the elytra

rather more elongated. Rostrum with the basal half flat or

slightly concave above and with a longitudinally impressed line,

the fore part humped or elevated above the plane of the hinder

portion. Thorax impunctate, nearly globose, but truncated before

and behind, with two round spots above about midway between

the base and apex, and a patch on each side just above the inser-

tion of the leg. Elytra convex, ovate, with rows of distinct

punctures. On the elytra are twenty spots, four of which are

arranged in a transverse line near the base; six others form a

parallel row near the middle of the elytra; this is followed by a

band of eight spots; and, lastly, there is a spot on each elytron

near the apex. These spots are nearly round and of moderate

of the Species of the Genus Pachyrhynchus. 317

size, 1f we except four, which are small; these are the second

from the suture in each of the second and third bands. The

scales forming the spots have a slight golden hue, but are very

pale.

This species nearly resembles the P. Erichsoni, but differs in

having the thorax larger and more globose; the eyes are rather

larger and less convex, &c.

Sp. 11. Pachyrhynchus latifasciatus, Waterh.

Splendidé zneus; thorace fascia transversa; elytris seriatim

punctatis, fasciis duabus (in medio interruptis), maculisque

tribus ad apicem, ornatis; his fasciis maculisque e squamis

viridibus effectis.

Long. corp. 6 lin.

More elongated, and with the thorax larger and more globose

than P. moniliferus. Rostrum with an impressed longitudinal line

on the basal half, and with a Jarge but shallow triangular fovea,

the base of which is nearly in a line with the point of insertion of

the antenne ; in front of this line the rostrum is humped. Thorax

convex and considerably swollen in the middle; smooth, and

with a central transverse band which is much dilated on the

sides. Elytra ovate, with rows of small punctures ; a broad band

near the base, and a second near the middle; both these bands

are interrupted at the suture, and the second is curved on the

side of the elytra and runs backwards along the margin. Beside

these bands is an oblong dash on the apical portion of each elytron,

near to, and parallel with the suture, and there are moreover two

sub-apical spots. All the bands and spots are formed of pale

green scales, which have very little metallic lustre.

Sp. 12. Pachyrhynchus striatus, Waterh.

Ater; elytris profundé punctato-striatis ; capite macula inter

oculos; thorace supra trimaculato; elytris duodecim-macu-

Jatis; maculis aureis ; illis elytrorum ad basin quatuor, et ad

apicem quatuor clongatis, ad medium quatuor, scilicet duabus

externis rotundatis, et duabus dorsalibus transversis.

Long. corp. 6 lin., lat. 2¢ lin.

This species is rather smaller than /. moniliferus, and of a

narrower form. It is most nearly related to P. roseo-maculatus,

and very nearly resembles that insect in its markings, but here they

are of a golden hue, and instead of the cordiform spot on the

VOL. III. Z

318 Mr. G. R. Waterhouse’s Descriptions

suture there are two transverse spots, one on each side, at a short

distance from the suture. The elytra are deeply punctate-

striated, On the upper surface of the thorax are three spots, one

behind, which is triangular, and one on each side; these last are

joined by a narrow subinterrupted transverse line. It is possible

this may only be a variety of the rosco-maculatus ; but the differ-

ence in sculpture and size, as well as there being two transverse

spots distant from the suture in lieu of the cordiform spot on the

suture, caused me to separate it. In the present group, however,

I have found considerable difference in the sculpturing of specimens

of the same species, and the markings in some are subject to

extraordinary variations; that is, if I am right in supposing all

those insects as varieties of P. orbifer which I have given as

such.

Sp. 13. Pachyrhynchus roseo-maculatus, Waterh.

Niger; elytris distincté punctato-striatis; capite macula inter

oculos; thorace supra trimaculato; elytris undecim-maculatis ;

his maculis roseis, plerisque oblongis; macula una suturali

obcordata,

Long. corp. 64 lin., lat. 2? lin.

This species is about the same size as P, moniliferus, but has

the elytra proportionately rather narrower, and much more dis-

tinctly punctate-striated. It is readily distinguished from other

species described, by the rosy hue and the peculiar form and dis-

position of the spots and markings. The head has the usual

mark between the eyes, and one on each side under the eye. The

rostrum is distinctly punctured and has a deep triangular depres-

sion, the lower boundary of which terminates in a line with the

antennze. ‘The thorax is impunctate, and has a triangular spot in

the middle behind, and a transverse spot about midway between

the anterior and posterior margins and running from the sides

where it is broadest towards the middle; each spot being pointed

on one side and having the point directed towards the centre of

the thorax: on each side just above the femur is a broadish longi-

tudinal mark, and a transverse line joins these marks on the under

side of the thorax: between the anterior femora is another line.

At the base of the elytra are four oblong spots, one on each side,

and one on each elytron between them and the suture; on the

suture, about midway between the base and apex of the elytra,

is a reversed heart-shaped spot, and opposite this (towards the

sides of the elytra) is another spot on each side which is nearly

of the Species of the Genus Pachyrhyncius. 319

round: near the apex of the elytra are four other large and oblong

spots, one on each side close to the outer margin, and one on each

side between these and the suture, The elytra are distinctly

punctured, and the punctures are disposed in striae,

Sp. 14. Pachyrhynchus jugifer, Waterh.

Ater; capite macula viridi inter oculos, et alteraé utrinque sub

oculos ; thorace in medio linea transversa, et pone hanc lined

longitudinali a transversd usque ad marginem posticum

thoracis excurrente, his e squamis purpureo-aureis effectis,

quibus latera quoque thoracis obtecta sunt; elytris striato-

punctatis, squamis purpureo-aureis indutis, area majusculd

rotundaté prope scutellum, et fascia transversd in medio

elytrorum, ad latera et ad suturam dilatata, nec non linea per

suturam a fascif transversa ad notam apicalem currente, his

notis denudatis

In size and form this species very nearly resembles the P. mo-

niliferus. Rostrum separated from the head by a faint transverse

impression, with a longitudinally impressed line on the basal half,

and with the anterior half (which is moderately punctured) dis-

tinctly humped or raised above the plane of the posterior portion.

On the head are three spots of golden green scales, one on the

vertex, and one under each eye. Thorax but little swollen in the

middle, clothed with scales, with the exception of three large and

nearly square denuded patches, one on the fore part and two

behind; these scaleless areas are separated from each other by

narrow interspaces in the form of a transverse band in the middle,

composed of green scales, and an oblong, nearly triangular, mark

in the centre behind, which is formed of reddish scales. Elytra

ovate, convex (less dilated than in P. moniliferus), punctate-

striated, and clothed with scales which have a pale copper-like

hue, exhibiting however but little metallic lustre; not unfre-

quently they have a purplish tint, and always those which border

the denuded patches are more brilliant, assuming sometimes a

green and sometimes a golden hue; immediately behind the scu-

tellum is a large round (but occasionally square) denuded area,

and rather behind the middle of the elytra is a transverse scaleless

mark extending nearly to the sides; the anterior outline of this

mark or band forms a gently waved line, but the lower boundary

is more or less strongly dentated, it is most dilated in the middle

and most contracted by the encroaching of the scales at a short

distance on either side of the suture. A narrow black or scaleless

320 Mr. G. R. Waterhouse’s Descriptions

line runs from the transverse mark to the apex of the elytra, the

extreme points of which are also scaleless. In some specimens

the thorax has the sides, and a small triangular patch on the

hinder part above, adorned with scales.

Sp. 15. Pachyrhynchus phaleratus, Waterh.

Ater; lined transversé apud thoracis medium, ad utrumque

latus in duos ramulos divisé spatium inzequale cireumdantes ;

pone transversam, lined centrali longitudinali; elytris linea

mediA transversd, lineis duabus ad basin longitudinalibus, et

pone transversam tribus longitudinalibus ; his sic et margini-

bus externis et basalibus, aureo-viridibus.

Long. corp. 7# lin., lat. 32 lin.

This species somewhat resembles the P. chlorolineatus, but

differs in being much larger; the thorax has a_ transverse

metallic line in the middle, which towards the sides bifurcates,

and, joining with a line on the lateral margin, encloses an irre-

gular area: on the hinder half of the thorax above is a lon-

gitudinal line, and on the hinder margin is a transverse line:

on the thorax beneath is a longitudinal line between the legs, a

transverse line behind, and another in front; these, together with

that on each side of the thorax, enclose two nearly square areas,

and from the middle of each, one of the anterior pair of legs

has its origin. ‘lhe elytra have a transverse metallic line in the

middle, and another runs parallel with and close to the outer

margin as in P. chlorolineatus ; there is also a longitudinal line

extending from the base of each clytron, near the middle, (but

rather nearer the suture than the outer margin,) and extending

almost to the central transverse line, as in the species just men-

tioned ; and, on the apical half of the elytra, are two other longi-

tudinal lines, which extend from the central transverse line and

join the marginal one near the apex of the elytra, sending off a

small branch near the junction of the two; this line does not (as

in P. chlorolineatus) form as it were a continuation of the longi-

tudinal line on the basal half of the elytra, but is more removed

from the suture. Another difference consists in there being a

line along the suture on the apical half of the elytra in the present

species. I can perceive neither striz nor punctures on the elytra :

the thorax is also smooth, but appears to be slightly indented

where the metallic scales form lines. The rostrum is very broad

and nearly flat, but there is a tolerably deep transverse indentation

of the Species of the Genus Pachyrhynchus. 321

just above the line of the insertion of the antennze ; in this in-

dentation are some metallic scales: the rostrum moreover is very

indistinctly punctured,

Sp. 16. Pachyrhynchus decussatus, Waterh.

Ater, lined transversi apud thoracis medium et pone hane

lineis tribus longitudinalibus, nee non margine externo aureo-

viridibus ; elytris, linea centrali transversd, lineis quatuor ad

basin longitudinalibus, et pone transversam lineis duabus

longitudinalibus, his lineam parvulam incurvam lateralem

emittentibus; lineis omnibus sic et marginibus elytrorum

splendidé aureo-viridibus.

Long. corp. 73 lin., lat. 64 lin.

This species approaches most nearly to P. phaleratus and

P. chlorolineatus : it is, however, at once distinguished from the

first of these species, by there being no metallic line on the suture

of the hinder half of the elytra, and by there being two lines in

a longitudinal direction on the basal half of each elytron; the last

mentioned character also serves to distinguish it from P. chloro-

lineatus ; as well as there being a small curved line branching

out of each of the Jongitudinal lines on the hinder half of the

elytra, (which are, as it were, a continuation of the innermost

longitudinal line on the base of the elytra,) and three longitudinal

lines instead of one on the hinder half of the thorax. On the

head is a central longitudinal line of metallic scales situated in a

broad groove between the eyes, and a transverse metallic line

situated in a deep irregular groove between the antenne ; there

is moreover an oblong spot under each eye, and a patch of metallic

scales on each side of the rostrum, which is rather distinctly

though minutely punctured. The thorax has a transverse line

near the middle, which does not extend to the outer margin; a

line encircles the thorax in front, but is interrupted in the middle

above, and joining this line is a curved longitudinal band on each

side of the thorax, and a central mark beneath: on the hinder

half of the upper surface of the thorax are three longitudinal

lines ; all these lines, as well as some spots and markings on the

under side of the body, and the lines on the elytra, are formed of

brilliant golden scales, having a slight greenish hue. Besides the

lines on the elytra before noticed are two small spots, one on each

side near the apex. he elytra are very obscurely punctate-

striated.

322 Mr. G. R. Waterhouse’s Descriptions

Sp. 17. Pachyrhynchus concinnus, Waterh.

Ater; elytris punctato-striatis; thorace in medio lined trans-

versa, et pone hanc linea longitudinali; elytris lined transversa

centrali, lineis duabus longitudinalibus et linea marginali;

his lineis pallidé viridibus,

Long. corp. 6—7 lin.

This species closely resembles the P. chlorolineatus, but differs

in being larger, in having the markings broader than in that

insect, and the rows of punctures on the elytra more distinct.

The longitudinal marks on the elytra are often interrupted near

the transverse mark.

Sp. 18. Pachyrhynchus multipunctatus, Waterh.

Ater; capite maculis tribus, earum una interoculari, una

utrinque suboculari; thorace nitido, dorso binotato, ad latera

lineis duabus; elytris punctis plurimis ornatis; his lineis

punctisque viridibus.

This species is equal in size to the P. moniliferus, but its form

is more elongated. Scarcely a trace of any punctures is observ-

able on the head and thorax. On the elytra are rows of very

minute punctures.

Sp. 19. Pachyrhynchus reticulatus, Waterh.

Niger; capite lineis tribus longitudinalibus notato; thorace

elytrisque lineis aureo-viridibus vel cupreis areas polygonas

circumdantibus reticulaté ornatis.

The P. reticulatus is equal in size to P. moniliferus ; its rostrum

is narrower, and the thorax is rather shorter, and the elytra less

globose. A tolerably broad groove is observable between the

eyes, which runs down on to the rostrum, where it terminates,

having become gradually broader, in a transverse line at the point

of insertion of the antennz: the fore part of the rostrum is

thickly and finely punctured. The thorax is impunctate. The

elytra are provided with rows of small but distinct punctures.

The markings are all in the form of narrow lines, of brilliant,

golden, green, or reddish gold scales. On the head is a longi-

tudinal line above, and another on each side beneath the eye. The

upper surface of the thorax is divided into five areas by coloured

lines,—two areas in front, which are more or less confluent, two

behind, and a small central one; and on each side of the thorax

there is moreover a large inclosed area. The elytra have the

of the Species of the Genus Pachyrhynchus. 328

metallic lines so disposed that each elytron is divided into nine

subequal polygonal areas, besides which there are two areas

which are common to the two elytra, one on the suture near the

base and the other subapical.

Sp. 20. Pachyrhynchus rugicollis, Waterh.

Ater; thorace distincté rugoso-punctato, punctis squamis viri-

dibus ornatis ; elytris rufo-piceis, vel piceis, leviter punctato-

striatis, et ad apicem quasi squamis viridibus pulverulentis.

About equal in size to P. moniliferus. The elytra are very

globose in this species, usually of a pitchy-red colour, but some-

times nearly black; they have rows of very small punctures.

The rostrum has a small but deepish triangular fovea.

Sp. 21. Pachyrhynchus moniliferus, Esch.

Sp. 22. Pachyrhynchus chlorolineatus, Waterh.

Ater ; thorace in medio linea transversa, et pone hanc linea lon-

gitudinali; elytris lined transversa centrali, lineis duabus lon-

gitudinalibus, et lined marginali, his viridibus, nonnunquam

splendidé aureo, vel cupreo-viridibus.

Long. corp. 6 lin.

In size and form this species closely resembles the P. monili-

ferus; but upon placing a number of specimens of each side by

side, it is evident that the P. moniliferus generally has the elytra

rather shorter and more globose; some specimens however could

not be distinguished in this respect from P. chlorolineatus, the

markings of which are not broken up into dots. In certain

situations all the specimens of chlorolineatus had the slender green

lines, with which they are adorned, quite destitute of metallic

lustre; whilst in other localities the specimens were all marked

with brilliant metallic lines, generally of a golden green colour,

and sometimes having a coppery hue. I do not find any specimens

which perfectly link these varieties; but in P. orbifer there is a

similar difference in the colouring of specimens from different

situations, and there are intermediate varieties.

Sp. 23. Pachyrhynchus orbifer, Waterh.

Niger; thorace in medio fascia transversa, et pone hance plaga

longitudinali a transversa usque ad marginem posticum

thoracis excurrente, his e squamis ceruleo-viridibus effectis ;

324 Mr. G. R. Waterhouse’s Descriptions

elytris squamis ceeruieo-viridibus indutis, areis 7-rotundatis

denudatis.

Long. corp. 6 lin., lat. 3 lin.

In size and form this species closely resembles the P. monil-

Jerus. Head and rostrum with distinct scattered punctures, the

former with a longitudinal groove above, which runs into a large

triangular fovea on the basal half of the rostrum. The scales on

these parts are arranged so as to form a line on the head, in fact,

there filling up the longitudinal groove; a patch on each side

under the eye, and another on each side of the apical half of the

rostrum. Thorax subglobose; truncated before and behind, and

with very minute punctures, which are rather widely scattered.

The uncovered and the scaly parts of the thorax are about equal in

proportion: the markings formed by the scales may be described

as a broad, transverse, mesial band above,—a central broad mark

connecting this with the posterior margin, and a very broad band

covering the sides; or, a more accurate idea might perhaps be

conveyed by describing the thorax as covered with scales, with

the exception of an anterior central patch above,—more or less

divided behind by a slender line of scales; sometimes nearly

divided into two circles, and sometimes into two squares ;—-and

two quadrate large denuded patches behind. Elytra convex, sub-

ovate (generally less inclining to a globose form than in P. monil-

ferus), punctured in striae, the punctures for the most part distinctly

separated ; the surface of the elytra is covered with scales, with the

exception of two transverse bands, each composed of three round

(or nearly round) large denuded areas; the first of these bands is

situated near the base of the elytra, and the second rather behind

the middle; the three circular areas in each are separated by

narrow lines of scales, but between the outermost area of each,

and the outer margin of the elytra, there is a considerable space :

besides these areas there is a seventh at the apex of the elytra,

which is rather small, and generally throws out a short branch on

each side, which runs for a short distance along the outer margin

of the elytron. All the scales are of a greenish blue colour, but

those which are nearest to the denuded spaces are much paler

than the rest, and form conspicuous pale lines encircling the scale-

less parts. The femora have each two interrupted rings of scales.

Of this species Mr, Curning brought home an immense number

of specimens. ‘There were also in that gentleman’s collection

many specimens of each of several varieties (or rather what I

believe to be varieties) which I will proceed to notice.

of the Species of the Genus Pachyrhynchus. 325

Var. a. This agrees with the above description, excepting that

the scales, instead of being of a dull bluish colour, have a brilliant

metallic lustre, chiefly golden green, but intermixed are scales of

gold, copper, and azure colours.

Between this variety, and the specimens from which the descrip-

tion is taken, are others which are semi-metallic.

Var. (3. Differs from var. a, in having the denuded areas on

the elytra confluent; but the three forming the anterior band are

still distinctly separated from the posterior three. The scales on

the thorax, moreover, occupy less space than in var. a.

In this variety, the denuded spots on the elytra being larger

than in var. a, they necessarily contract the scaly portion, and

this, by a gradual increase of the naked parts, is by degrees con-

tracted (in a series of specimens I have before me) until the elytra

might be described as black, with a narrow band of brilliant scales

at the base, and running down the outer margin almost to the

apex, a second band in the middle, which is also very narrow, and

a subapical band interrupted at the suture. ‘The scales on the

thorax are here also confined to a narrow mesial transverse line,

a very slender longitudinal line connecting this with the hinder

margin, and a line on each lateral margin. Again, there are

specimens in which the metallic fascia on the elytra are extremely

narrow, and in parts interrupted; and, lastly, I find individuals

in which the central fascia is obliterated, and nearly all the scales

from the thorax are wanting.

All these varieties have brilliant metallic scales. There are

one or two others which are interesting. One, in which the

scales are brilliant metallic green, in which the fascize on the

elytra, especially the central one (which is moderately broad),

are broken up by narrow lines, in the region of the striz of

punctures, into oblong spots. Another like the last, but with

the fasciz narrower and less metallic. Again, in some speci-

mens the scales have less of the metallic lustre, are very narrow

and broken up into dots; and among these some have the scales

green and others blue; and these Jast completely run into, as it

were, the P. moniliferus: and even between moniliferus and

P. chlorolineatus there are intermediate specimens, viz. specimens

in which the little bead-like spots, arranged in lines, which cha-

racterize the P. moniliferus, are less distinctly separated, and

almost form uninterrupted lines as in P. chlorolineatus. But in

eases in which the fascia of the varieties of P. orbifer become

extremely slender, they are always distinguishable from the

P. chlorolineatus by these fasciz being dentated (not even, smooth

VOL. Il. AA

326 Mr, G, R. Waterhouse’s Descriptions

lines as in the insect last mentioned), throwing out little processes

here and there in situations where, if carried to a greater extent,

they would divide the denuded parts of the elytra into the circular

areas. Departing from the typical P. orbifer in another direction,

we find specimens in which nearly all the scales are obliterated,

excepting those paler scales which encircle the rounded areas ;

these varieties approach to the P. reticulatus. Lastly, there are

specimens in which there are no scales, and as these appendages

rub off, it might be presumed these scaleless individuals were old

specimens; a supposition which would be correct in some, but not

in all, instances. In some of the bottles full of these insects

brought home by Mr. Cuming, I found mixed with the P. orbifer

(and especially with the variety just described as approaching to

P. reticulatus) numerous specimens in which the scales had evi-

dently been rubbed off—a scale or two only being left here and

there ; but in one bottle there were a great number of specimens,

all of which were entirely destitute of scales, and among these

were some in which the elytra were quite soft and readily admitted

the pin, whilst generally the elytra were so hard that I was obliged

to bore a hole with a needle before I could pass the pin through

the insect; these black specimens, moreover, nearly always had

the elytra more globose and shorter than in P. orbifer: on these

specimens I founded the P. tnornatus.

I have said that in P. orbifer the elytra have rows of small

punctures which are distinctly separated; generally these punctures

are more distinct in the specimens from which my chief descrip-

tion is taken; in those with metallic colouring they are less dis-

tinct, and sometimes scarcely perceptible: in some of these, how-

ever, the punctures are even more distinct than in the type:

sometimes the elytra are sulcated, and have punctures in the

grooves. I have specimens before me even in which the elytra

are deeply sulcated; but these specimens are all more or less

crippled, perhaps by some accident while in the pupa state.

From the above observations it will be seen, that there is con-

siderable difficulty in arriving at a satisfactory discrimination of

the species of this genus; and as connected with this subject I

may mention, that the specimens as they were collected by Mr.

Cuming were thrown into bottles of spirit. They were collected

in the different islands of the Philippine group, but unfortunately,

by an oversight, the labels on the bottles indicating the localities

were not attended to when the specimens were mounted. But

this much I can affirm, that, generally speaking, those which I

have presumed to be varieties of P. orbifer, &c., were not mixed

of the Species of the Genus Pachyrhynchus. 327

together in the same bottle. There was not one of the metallic

varieties of P. orbifer, for instance, found in a bottle which con-

tained many hundreds of specimens having dull scales, and from

which the detailed description is drawn up. Again, the specimens

of P. chlorolineatus with dull green markings were not mixed with

those with marks formed of metallic scales. ‘Those varieties of

orbifer which approach so near to the P. moniliferus were not

found mixed up with the hundreds of specimens of that species

brought home by Mr. Cuming. TI recollect, moreover, perfectly

noticing that the varieties of P. orbifer having narrow metallic

bands were not in the same bottle as those in which the elytra are

covered with metallic scales, with the exception of seven circular

areas,—in fact, var. a.

On the whole I incline to the belief that P. chlorolineatus,

P. moniliferus, and P. orbifer, and the intermediate varieties

noticed, are distinct races of the same species—varieties produced

by some local causes: and this opinion was strengthened by my

finding somewhat analogous cases in some other species. After

mounting, out of various bottles, a number of specimens of the

Agestrata Luzonica (Kisch.), all of which were nearly of the same

size, I was struck with finding a number of specimens (in a

bottle by themselves) which were half as large again as those I

had previously pinned, Of the Pyrgops inops (Scho.), I found

all the specimens in one bottle destitute of any metallic markings,

whilst those in another were richly ornamented with golden

scales forming spots and bands.

LONDON: — bh

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JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS.

( Continued.)

June 4th, 1838.

James Francis Stephens, Esq., President, in the Chair.

DonatTIONs.

Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 1837, Part 4.

Presented by that Society.

The Magazine of Natural History. New Series, No. 18. By

the Editor.

The Naturalist, No. 21. By the Editor.

The Athenzeum for May. By the Editor.

Nos. 1 and 2 of the Revue Zoologique. By M. F. E. Guérin.

No. 1 of an Introduction to the Modern Classification of In-

sects. By J. O. Westwood, F. L.S., Sec. E. S., the Author

thereof. .

A plate representing the natural history of the Cane-fly, De/-

phax Saccharivora, Westw. By John Wells, Esq., Pres. Agricul.

Soc. of Grenada. Presented by J. C. Johnston, Esq.

A Specimen of Stylops Dali, presented by Mr. Thwaites, ac-

companied by observations upon its habits, ina letter addressed by

W. E. Shuckard, Esq.

It was announced that the Society had purchased Curtis’s

British Entomology.

Busts of Reaumur and Latreille, purchased by the Society, and

which had arrived from Paris since the last meeting, were placed

as ornaments in the meeting room.

Sir Thomas Phillips, Bart.

Charles Lowe, Esq., of Liverpool, and

Alfred Tulk, Esq., of No. 2, East Brook Place, Dovor,

were elected Ordinary Members of the Society.

il JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS.

Memoirs, Exursitions, &c,

Mr. Strachan, late resident at Sierra Leone, exhibited several

beautiful Coleopterous insects collected at that settlement, includ-

ing a male of Goliathus Torquatus of Drury (another specimen of

which is in the Collection of Mr. Joseph Hooker), and which he

described as of very great rarity, not having been before noticed

by any of the collectors of insects resident there. The specimen

had flown into his room by night.

Dr. Cantor exhibited some splendid insects collected by him-

self in India, including F'ulgora clavata, West. ; an apparently new

species of the same genus allied to F. candelaria, a large new

species of Mantispa, several beautiful moths allied to Gymnauto-

cera, a new Macronota allied to M. philippinica, a new Mimela

and Campsosternus, &c.

Mr. Westwood exhibited a living specimen of the rare saw-fly,

Lyda inanita, captured on the 31st Vee in his garden at Hammer-

smith, and stated that for several years he had noticed it on that day,

or within a day or two of it. He also exhibited nests made of small

portions of rose leaves spirally arranged, found in his garden, and

which were formed by the larve of a species of Lyda, and which

he consequently regarded as those of L. znanita, no other species

occurring there.

He also exhibited a series of drawings illustrative of the natu-

ral history of Nematus Gallicola, Balaninus Salicivorus, and Eu-

lopeus Nemati, Westw. (a new species of Chalcidide), the latter

being parasitic upon the first-named insect. He also exhibited

drawings of various new and remarkable exotic insects, upon

which he made various observations. (Since published in the

Introduction to Entomology in the Naturalist’s Library of Sir W.

Jardine.)

Mr. Ingpen stated, in regard to the economy of Strex duplex

which he had brought before the Society at the last meeting, that

the joists of the house (from which alone the Szrea had been pro-

duced in immense profusion) were entirely of English timber.

Mr. Shuckard, in communicating the observations of Mr.

Thwaites upon Stylops Dalu, added that he had recently obtained

a species of Ammophila from Gambia, which had evidently been

infested by a species of Strepszptera, and that on examining an

American species of Rhygchium, which exhibited the heads a two

Strepsipterous insects protruding from between the rings of the

body, he had found the interior of the abdomen to be occupied by

JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS. lil

the larvee and perfect insects of a species of Diptera, which might

probably have been parasitic upon the Stylops.

In support of this compound parasitism, the Rev. F. W. Hope

stated the circumstances he had observed relative to Ripiphorus

paradoxus, the parasite of the common wasp, which is itself para-

sitically attacked by a species of Anomalon, which last is the prey

of one of the minute Chalcidide.

Mr. Westwood suggested, that as the Dipterous insects found

in the abdomen of the wasp by Mr. Shuckard were evidently spe-

cimens of a Z’rineura, Meig., in an imperfect state, the supposed

larvee being, in fact, their puparia; these insects, instead of being

parasitic on the Stylops, must have attacked the wasp after

death, it being the habit of some of the Trineure to reside in ill-

preserved collections of natural history, &c.

Mr. Stephens considered it probable that the eggs of the T'ri-

neurcee were deposited during the process of drying the wasp, as

he had noticed a British species of Libellula to be attacked by the

Trineure in a similar manner.

The Rev. F. W. Hope communicated a notice of a case from

the “ Stamford Mercury,” in which an old and infirm person had

been operated upon for an abscess in the mouth, on opening

which a brood of the “common house-clock” were dislodged.

The term black-clock being applied in Yorkshire to the larger

black species of Carabide, it was suggested that the insects in

question might have belonged to a species of that group, as the

Sphodrus leucopthaius had been found under nearly similar cir-

cumstances. The common cock-roach and the Blaps mortisaga

were also suggested as possibly being the insects intended.

The commencement of a memoir, entitled Dytiscide Darnin-

iane, by C. C. Babington, Esq., F. L.S., was read.

June 2d, 1838.

James Francis Stephens, Esq., President, in the Chair.

DownatTIONS.

Memoires de la Société de Physique et d’Histoire Naturelle de

Génevé, Vol. 8, part 1. Presented by that Society,

Die Kafer der Mark-Brandenberg, Vol. 1, part 1. By Dr.

Erichson, the Author thereof.

The Athenzeum Journal for June. By the Editor.

lV JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS.

The Magazine of Natural History. New Series, No. 19. By

the Editor.

246 Species of British Chalcidide. By F. Walker, Esq.

M. Charles Aubé of Paris,

Professor Schwaegrichen of Leipzig, and

‘M. Kunze, also of Leipzig,

were elected Foreign Members of the Society.

Exuipitions, Memorrs, &c.

Mr. Westwood exhibited various insects from the Collection of

the Rev. F. W. Hope, presenting several remarkable physiological

peculiarities, namely :

A specimen of Curculio Reid, K. (see Plate VI. fig. 3), from

between the head and front of the prothorax of which a Dipterous

larva had protruded itself, and there died without being able to

extricate itself or assume the pupa state; two other smaller dead

Dipterous larve had also been found within the prothoracic cavity

on removing it from the body.

A specimen of a large species of Acanthocephalus (family

Coreide), from the scutellum of which a great number of filamen-

tous fungi had been produced, each being as long as the entire

body, (see Plate VI. fig. 7, and 7a, part of one of the filaments

magnified).

Two specimens of Euglossa (family Apide), from the basal

portion of the abdomen of each of which an elongated process had

been produced, which was bent backwards and rested on the dor-

sum of the abdomen; in one of the specimens the appendage was

divided at the extremity into two branches (see Plate VIN fig.1,

la, the appendage seen from above ; 1 }, ditto seen sideways) ;

and in the other it was dilated into two reniform lobes (see Plate

VI. fig. 2, 2a, the appendage seen from above; 26, ditto seen

sideways). Mr. Westwood considered it most probable that

these were vegetable substances in different states of development.

Mr. Evans presented a drawing of the New Zealand caterpil-

lar attacked by Spheria Roberts (Hooker, Icones Plantar. I,

pl. 11), of which he also exhibited a specimen (see Plate VI. fig.

4*), Mr. Westwood stated that he had examined the internal

appearance of one of these caterpillars, communicated to him by

* Plate VI. fig. 5, represents the Chinese caterpillar similarly infested by

Clavaria Entomorhiza, described in the Journal of the Proceedings of the Society

for the Ist March, 1841.

JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS. Vi

Dr. Buckland, and that the interior was filled with a hard dry

whitish matter like the kernel of a nut, and that a very slender

tortuous black line ran down the centre of the body, and on each

side the trachea was observed at some distance from the outside

of the body. Dr. Buckland considered that the substance found

in the interior of the body of this caterpillar was vegetable, burn-

ing with the odour of hay, without any smell of animal matter,

being, as he apprehended, analogous to the subterraneous plant (be

it stem or root or something between both) which produces for

its fruit the common mushroom.

Mr. Westwood also exhibited, from the Collection of Mr. Hope,

a large Lamellicorn larva from South America, from the pectoral

surface of the thoracic segments of which a long and slender

curved vegetable production was produced nearly equalling the

entire body in length* (see Plate VI. fig. 6.) He also noticed,

with reference to the disease to which the house-fty is subject, an

original article which had appeared in one of the late numbers of

the Athenzeum, wherein it was affirmed, from various observa-

tions, that the exudation was of an animal nature and the result

of plethoric disease, as indeed Kirby and Spense had regarded it.

Mr. Yarrell however communicated the following notice drawn

up by the Rev. Mr. Berkeley to the opposite effect.

“‘T have no doubt that the production about which you inquire

is Sporendomena musce, described first by Fries in his Systema

Muscologicorum, three years ago; it was most abundant here on

flies which attached themselves to the ceiling and there died.

You will find it noticed in Engl. Flor., Vol. 5, pl. 2, p. 350.

There is also a notice in Loud. Mag. Nat. Hist. Vol. 7, pp. 530,

582; and in Ann. des Sci. Nat. New Series. Vol. 5, p. 316. In

the Analysis of Memoirs presented to the Academy of Sciences

May, 1836, there is an observation upon it by M. Dumeril, who

is right in his view, which was called forth by M. Bassi’s ac-

count of the analogous complaint which is so injurious to silk-

worm establishments. ‘There is little doubt the fly is attacked

whilst yet living, but the parasite is not fully developed till after

death. Other instances are on record of fungi growing upon

living animals. You will find some noticed in the article “ Dry Rot”

in the Penny Cyclopedia. See Jardine’s Mag. of Zool. and Bot.

Vol. 2, p. 223; and Berkeley’s British Fungi, fasc. 3, Spheria

pedunculata and militaris.” [And see Trans. Entomol. Soe.

Vol. 2; Journal of Proceedings, p. Ixiv. and pl. 20, fig. 2.]

* Mr. G. R. Waterhouse possesses a nearly similar larva anne by the same

or an analogous fungus, but which is branched.

vl JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS.

Mr. Westwood exhibited a twig of lilac infested by the larvee

of Gracillaria Anastomosis (one of the minute Tineide), which in

the young state mine within the substance of the leaves, but after

the first moult they quit the interior of the leaf and become leaf-

rollers. The only analogous instance of such variation of habits

had been recorded by Mr. Lewis in the first part of the Transac-

tions of this Society.*

The following Memoirs were read :

“Description of a Case of Monstrosity occurring in Dyticus

marginalis, in which a portion of the external sexual marks of

distinction are abortive.” By J. O. Westwood, F.L.S.

“Notes on the Habits of the Strepsiptera.” By.G. H. K.

Thwaites, Esq., in a letter addressed to J. O. Westwood.

‘* At the beginning of last month (May) I captured a few bees

of the species infested, which were (with scarcely an exception)

females and contained Stylops, or showed evident signs of a Sty-

lops having escaped from them, the latter was generally the case

during the third week of the same month; the males made their

appearance in some numbers, but few of these Stylopized, and if

they were, the Stylops was in such an early stage of growth that

I could not get one from them, although I kept the bees alive for

three weeks. At the beginning of June I again observed the fe-

males of the same bee, but not one of these infested, so that the

Stylopized bees are at least a month earlier than the others; it

is therefore quite impossible that the Stylops, which appears to

live at the utmost eight hours, can lay its egg in the burrow of a

bee which does not make its appearance until nearly a month

afterwards. Is it not likely that the bees, in most cases, make

their cells in the old burrows? And may not the Stylops lay its

eggs in these burrows before the bee takes possession of it? I

can conceive no other possible mode of their introduction.

‘‘The abdomen of the only Stylops I extracted alive from a

bee was distended to a considerable size with a liquid of a muddy

colour, which is discharged very soon afterwards: I have not had

another opportunity of observing the same thing.”

“ Completion of a Monograph on the Genus Popillia.” By

Edward Newman, Esq., F.L.S.

The Rev. F. W. Hope stated that the specimen of Curculio

Reidii had;but recently come into his possession, and that it was

* Tt is this leaf-rolling larva which is devoured by a species of Ichnewmon, as

described by the late Mr. E. W. Lewis in the Mag. of Nat. Hist., Vol. 6, p. 414.

JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS. Vil

his opinion that the Dipterous larva had still more recently made

its appearance, as he had not observed it at first. Also that

when the Acanthocephalus first came into his possession, a con-

siderably greater number of the filamentous processes were at-

tached, but some had been accidentally broken off. Also that the

Euglosse were portions of a small number of that species, which

he had purchased in one lot, several others of which had also been

similarly infested, but that he had broken off some of the append-

ages, thinking these to be bits of yellow wax which had become

accidentally attached to the insect. He also mentioned that he

had seen a specimen of a Carabus in the Vienna Cabinet, which

was somewhat analogous to the Dyticus described by Mr. West-

wood, as well as a Calosoma, and that it was his opinion that in

such monstrosities there was in general a preponderance of male

characters. He had however seen a mackerel which contained

both hard and soft roe.

Mr. Yarrell stated that the latter circumstance had been previ-

ously observed in fishes, and added that from observations which

he had made, it was evident that the external marks of sexual

distinction were but of secondary importance, and consequently

that when the organs of generation themselves were injured or

undeveloped, there was a corresponding weakness or abortion in

the external characters. He had observed a female lobster, one

side of which was perfect, but on the other side the female or-

gans had collapsed, and the form of the body on that side had as-

sumed the narrowed form of the male body. He had however

observed another lobster in which the body was completely gy-

nandromorphous, the organs of generation on one side being of

one sex and inducing a corresponding change of external organs,

whilst those of the opposite side were of the opposite sex and

character.

In allusion to Mr. Thwaites’ suggestions as to the mode of ovi-

position of Stylops, Mr. Westwood considered it most improbable

that the Stylops would deposit its eggs at random in an old and

empty cell of an Andrena, the latter forming new cells for every

brood. And Mr. Shuckard stated, that the different species of

Stylops parasitic upon different species of Andrena probably made

their appearance at different times of the year according to the

term of appearance of the 4ndrena in the winged state, Mr. Rudd

having taken a Stylops as late as August or September.

vill JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS.

August 6th, 1838.

W. E. Shuckard, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.

DonatIons.

The Journal of the Natural History Society of Boston, Vol. 1,

part 4, and vol. 2, part 1. Presented by that Society.

The Honey Bee. Second Edition. By Dr. E. Bevan, M.E.S.,

&c. By the Author thereof.

Systema Insectorum. Fasciculus ]mus ;

Enumeratio Coleopterorum Agri Monacensis ; and

Description of Mesoclastus paradoxus (Hypocephalus armatus,

Desm.) All presented by Dr. Johannes Gistl, of Munich, the

Author thereof.

Part 3 of an Introduction to the Modern Classification of

Insects. By J. O. Westwood, F.L.S.

Exuisitions, Memoirs, &c.

Mr. Yarrell exhibited a species of Callidium variabile, which he

had reared from the larvee which he had exhibited at the May

meeting of the Society, and which had been found in the prepared

stems of branches supporting a number of stuffed humming birds

in a case by Mr. Leadbeater.

He also communicated a letter from Lady de Grey, of Groby,

in which one of the common Elaterid@ was described as having

been observed to inflict an electrical shock which had been felt

from the hand to the elbow on suddenly touching the insect.

Mr. S. Stevens exhibited a specimen of Eryx niger (one of the

Cistelide), one of the antennz of which was bifurcated.

Mr. Saunders exhibited a small collection of insects from the

Himalaya Mountains, some of which were interesting on account

of their resemblance to tropical Indian forms, whilst others were

European. Amongst the latter Mr. Shuckard noticed a specimen

of Larra ichneumoniformis, and the Rev. Mr. Taylor stated that

Himalayan specimens of Papilio. Machaon and Gonepteryx Rhamni

in the British Museum were identical with European ones.

Vanessa Atalanta was still more widely extended, but the Ame-

rican specimens, according to Mr. Stephens, constituted a different

species, distinguished by a minute white speck on the fore wings.

Mr. Bowerbank exhibited a living specimen of Cermatia — ?

found in the London Docks in a Ceylon ship; its movements

were exceedingly rapid, and it had been fed for some time upon

JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS. 1X

bread soaked in water. It was observed that upon a noise made,

it drew itself up, and held up one of its legs in the direction of

the noise. These limbs appeared to be but very slightly attached

to the body, as the insect had jerked off several, apparently in

one instance without cause.

Mr. Sells stated that the real cochineal insect had been raised

during the past and present summers in the hothouses of King

Leopold at Claremont. Mr. Westwood stated that it had also

been introduced into the stoves at the Jardin des Plantes, by M.

V. Audouin, and that fifty years ago its introduction into India was

attempted, a garden having been expressly formed for its growth,

of which a drawing is preserved in the British Museum. Mr.

Anderson of Madras was the projector of this attempt; and

Donovan states that ten species of Coccus had been introduced.

Mr. Saunders stated that the failure of this attempt was owing

to the employment of a species of Cactus, very closely allied to,

but specifically distinct from the true Cactus Coccinellifer, which

would alone support the true cochineal insect.

Mr. Holme communicated specimens of Anobium paniceum,

taken from the Arabic manuscripts in the Cambridge Library,

brought from Cairo by Burckhardt, to which they had done con-

siderable injury.

Mr. Westwood communicated a letter addressed to him by Dr.

Hairby, giving an account of the capture of Cantharis vesicatoria,

in immense profusion in Suffolk, and which was found upon ex-

periment to be equally efficacious with the exotic specimens.

He also communicated an extract from a letter which he had

received from Dr. T. W. Harris, of Boston, U.S., strongly urging

the propriety of the adoption of a fixed set of rules regulating

zoological nomenclature.

A letter was also read from W. Spence, Esq., F. L. 8., H. M.

E.S., &c., relative to the destruction of the apple crop during

the present season, which was chiefly attributable to the attacks of

Aphides before the flowers had expanded. Mr. Westwood stated

that he had particularly observed the destruction of the apple

crop at Hammersmith, some of the trees in his garden not having

a single apple left on them. In the spring, however, he had not

observed any peculiar increase of the Aphides, and in many cases

the unopened bloom had fallen without any attacks of insects.

At a later period he had observed the inside of the fruit infested

by the larvee of a species of Tenthredinida, a peculiarity hitherto

unnoticed in the economy of that family. The Rev. H. 8S. Taylor

x JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS.

believed that the failure of the flower-buds had in some parts

been attributed to the heavy fall of rain and continued cold in the

spring, which prevented the impregnation of the flowers; and

Mr. Saunders stated that it was well known in Britany that such

was one of the chief causes of the destruction of the crop. Mr.

Ingpen also suggested, that as in the preceding year there was a

superabundant apple crop, the barrenness of the trees in the pre-

sent season might be expected.

Mr. Holme stated that he had captured Onthophagus Taurus in

copula in the garden of Corpus Christi College, Oxford.

Mr. F. Smith stated that during a recent excursion in Colney

Hatch Wood, he had captured many specimens of Saperda po-

pulnea ; and that on examining the underside of one of them, he

distinctly saw a specimen of Megarthrus — ? (a small Staphylinide)

emerge from between two of the abdominal segments, and that on

examining some of the pill boxes in which he had placed the

Saperde, he found two other specimens of the Megarthrus.

The Rev. H.S. Taylor noticed the distinctions existing between

the Swedish specimens of Chrysomela sanguinolenta, Linn., and

the insects known under that name in England, which he consi-

dered as specifically distinct, although Fabricius and other subse-

quent writers had given the Linnzan name to them, and had

altered the specific character in order to make it accord with the

latter individuals.

‘He also stated that two specimens of Venilia 4-maculata had

been recently captured at Hampstead, one of which, having evan-

escent markings, it appeared to Mr. Stephens and himself that

that very rare species, as it had been considered, was only a variety

of Venilia macularia.

September 3rd, 1838.

G. R. Waterhouse, Esq., in the Chair.

DonatTIONsS,

L’Institut, Vol. 3. Presented by M. Arnault, the Editor

thereof.

The Atheneum Journal for August. By the Editor.

Die Aderflugler Deutchslands, Ister Band. Presented by Dr.

Theodor Hartig, the Author thereof.

JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS. Xl

Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 1838, Livrai-

son 1. Presented by that Society.

The Magazine of Natural History. New Series, No. 21. Pre-

sented by the Editor.

Enumeration des Buprestides, de la Collection de M. le Comte

de Mannerheim ;

Memoire sur un Nouveau Genre de Coleopterés de Mozam-

bique ;

Observations Critiques sur quelques Ouvrages Entomologiques ;

and

Revue Critique des quelques Ouvrages recemment parus. All

presented by M. le Comte de Mannerheim, For. M.E.S., the

Author thereof.

Exuisitions, Memoirs, &c.

Mr. Westwood exhibited a specimen of Claviger foveolatus,

captured by himself in the nest of Formica flava in Wychwode

Forest, Oxfordshire, at the end of the preceding month.

He also exhibited specimens of Calandra granaria, two species

of Latridius, a Silvanus, and Cryptophagus, together with Tinea

granella, all of which attack barley in granaries; and made some

observations on the larva of Cal. granaria, which differs from Cal.

Sommeri, Burm., in having the extremity of the body entire and

fleshy.

He also exhibited various nests of bees and wasps in different

states of progress.

Mr. Waterhouse made some observations on the mode adopted

by bees in the construction of the cells, in opposition to the theory

of some authors, that the cells are hexagonal in consequence of

the pressure of cylinders against each other; whereas Mr. Water-

house considered that the bees naturally work in circles; but as

the cells approached each other, the bees were compelled to form

the sides of the cells straight. This was sometimes very clearly

shown in the cells at the edge of a comb, the inner sides of which

would be angular, but the free sides round.

Mr. Bowerbank noticed a similar power of adaptation in the

shell of an Ostrea plana, attached to a Mytilus.

Mr. Westwood read a memoir on the modifications of form to

which the typical organs of the Diptera are subject.

X11 JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS.

October 1st, 1838.

J. F. Stephens, Esq., President, in the Chair.

DonatTIONS.

Introduction to the Modern Classification of Insects, No. 6

By J. O. Westwood, the Author thereof.

The Athenzeum for September. By the Editor.

The Magazine of Natural History. New Series, No. 22. By

the Editor.

Mr. Tulk exhibited a specimen of the house fly, found on a leaf

near Dovor, completely invested with a fungus-like matter of a

white colour, the underside having the appearance of mould, and

the upper appearing to have an oily surface.

The Rev. Mr. ‘Taylor presented specimens of the different

sexes of a Vespa, inhabiting a large underground nest near trees,

together with specimens of Lprphorus paradorus, 8 and ¢, which

had made their escape from the small workers’ cells; he also ex-

hibited the pupa of this beetle.

Mr. Waterhouse entered into some further details relative to his

views of the hexagonal form of the cells of the hive bee, which he ~

considered did not result from the pressure of cylinders against

each other; on the contrary, he regarded the queen’s cell as

proving that a cylinder was the normal form of the cells, the dia-

meter of which was greater than as they appeared under their

hexagonal form; hence, as the bees commenced these cells close

together, the circumference of one cell would naturally intersect

the circumference of the adjacent cells, and hence, in order to

prevent the running of the cells into each other, the bees cut

away the wax, and left only a straight partition wall. He consi-

dered that this was proved by the many exceptions he had ob-

served to the hexagonal form of cells, some being pentagonal,

others quadrangular, and others circular on one side, not adjacent

to other cells, and angular on the opposite side. He had even

seen a comb which had been begun in a manner which prevented

the cells from receiving a hexagonal form, and the consequence

was that the irregularity was kept up throughout the comb.

Mr. Sells however objected that the ordinary form of the

queen’s cell was not cylindrical, but that of a Florence flask con-

siderably truncated. In the wasps, moreover, there are no cylin-

drical queens’ cells to serve as models.

JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS. Xili

Mr. Shuckard also considered that it would be necessary for

the support of Mr. Waterhouse’s theory, that the bee working in

its cell did not touch some of the sides at a time when the bees

working at the cells adjacent to those sides were absent. Mr.

Ashton suggested that the hexagonal form of the eyes of insects

confirmed in some degree Mr. Waterhouse’s views.

The following Memoirs were read :—

“Note on the Egg Cases of the Blatte.” By W. Sells, Esq.

** A few Words in reply to Mr. M‘Leay’s Remarks on the

Metamorphosis of the Crustacea.” By J. O. Westwood.

“ Further Observations on the Habits of the Gi stride. By W.

Sells, Esq.

November 5th, 1838.

J. F. Stephens, Esq., President, in the Chair.

The following additions were made to the by-laws, after Chap-

ter 18 :—

18*. Corresponding Members.

1. The corresponding members of the Society shall consist of

such persons, not resident in the united kingdom, as may show a

willingness to promote the objects of the Society, and who shall

be recommended and elected in like manner as honorary and

foreign members.

2. That the numbers of corresponding members shall be un-

limited ; and that their privileges as corresponding members shall

cease in case they should at any time subsequently become per-

manently resident in this country.

And by way of addition to the 13th chapter of the by-laws re-

lative to the election of members,—

That it shall be imperative on every newly elected English

member to pay his entrance fee and subscription for the current

year, and to be presented in due form to the president, at the

general meeting of the Society, upon his first appearance after

the election, whereupon he shall sign the signature-book of the

Society.

XIV JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS.

Donations.

The Magazine of Natural History. New Series, No. 23. By

the Editor.

The Athenzeum for October. By the Editor.

The Annual Report of the Leeds Philosophical and Literary

Society. By that Society.

No. 7 of an Introduction to the Modern Classification of

Insects. By J. O. Westwood.

G. H. K. Thwaites, Esq., of Bristol, was elected an Ordinary

Member of the Society.

George Newport, Esq., the Author of the successful Prize

Essay upon the Athalia centifolie being present, the President

announced to him that the prize of ten guineas offered by tlie

Society, and by the Saffron Walden Agricultural Association, had

been awarded to him, which he thereupon presented to him.

Exuisitions, Memorrs, &c.

Mr. Sells communicated the following passage from a review

of the works of Buffon, in the Edinburgh Review for June, 1822, -

relative to the construction of the cells of the bee, which appeared

to have anticipated Mr. Waterhouse’s theory,

«‘ A cell which one bee would make round, becomes hexagonal

by the mutual collision of seven.”

Mr. S. Stevens exhibited living specimens of a small spider,

and a large Lepisma found in a box of seeds from Java; also a

specimen of Catocala Fraximi, taken near Arundel in October.

Mr. Newport exhibited some cases in which Copris lunaris is

reared, and stated that he was able to assert that they had been

made by the parent insect, and not by the larva as had been sug-

gested.

The following Memoirs were read :—

** Notice of recent Entomological Captures.” By Frederick

Holme, Esq., M.A.

** Observations on the Construction of the Cocoon of the Goat

Moth, and on the Casting of the Coats of the Internal Organs by

Caterpillars during Moulting.” By Robert J. Ashton, Esq.,

F.L.S.

Mr. Newport confirmed Mr. Ashton’s statement of the trachea,

JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS. XV

colon, and cesophagus being cast; he had, however, noticed the

remarkable circumstance that the mucous lining of the true ven-

triculus was not cast off with the rest, but was discharged with

the fecula. Mr. Sells also observed that in the Crustacea the

lining of the stomach was also cast at the period of moulting.

December 3rd, 1838.

G. R. Waterhouse, Esq., in the Chair.

DoNnaATIONS.

Transactions of the Zoological Society, Vol. 2, part 2; and

Proceedings of the Zoological Society, October, 1837—July,

1838. Presented by that Society.

Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 1838, Part 2.

Presented by that Society.

Réaumur, Mémoires pour servir a I'Histoire des Insectes. 6

vols. 4to.

Carus, Entdeckung eines Einfachen vom Herzen aus Besch-

leunigten Blutkreislaufes in den Larven Netzfluglicher Insecten.

Leipz. 1827.

Sprengel, Commentarius de Partibus quibus Insecta Spiritus

ducunt;

Berendt, Die Insecten in Bernstein ;

Burmeister, Beitrage zur Naturgeschichte der Rankenfusser ;

Burmeister, Handbuch der Entomologie, Vol. 1. All presented

by Francis Walker, Esq., F.L.S., &c.

Zeitschrift fiir die Entomologie, Part 1. By Dr. Germar, the

Editor thereof.

The Magazine of Natural History. New Series, No. 24. By

the Editor.

The Athenzeum for November. By the Editor.

Part 8 of an Introduction to the Modern Classification of In-

sects; and

Observations on the Genus Cerapterus. Both presented by

J. O. Westwood, the Author thereof.

W. Spry, Esq., was elected an Ordinary Member of the

Society.

XVI JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS.

Exuisitions, Mremorrs, &c.

Mr. Westwood exhibited a new British species of Epipone (E.

melanocephala, Gmel.), communicated by Mr. Thwaites.

Mr. Bagster exhibited a twig of a greenhouse plant, the leaves

of which were discoloured by the punctures of a minute insect,

which had also spun a web on the underside of the leaf. (dcarus

telarius ?)

The following Memoirs were read :—

*‘ Description of a Minute Species of Insect which inhabits the

Common English Sponge (Spongilla fluviatilis).” By J. O. West-

wood, F.L.S.

** Descriptions of new Exotic Species of Heteropterous Hemzp-

tera. By Mr. A. White.

January 7th, 1839.

J. F. Stephens, Esq., President, in the Chair.

DonaTIONS.

Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou,

Nos. 7 & 8 of 1837, and Nos. 1, 2 & 3 of 1838. By that Society.

Annual Report of the Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club for 1838.

By that Society.

Genera Insectorum, Nos, 1 & 2; and

Handbuch der Entomologie, Vol. 2, part 2. Both presented

by Dr. H. Burmeister, For. M.E.S., the Author thereof.

The Magazine of Natural History. New Series, No. 25. By

the Editor.

Francis Bailey, Esq., Vice President and Treasurer R.S., &c.,

Captain Ducane, of Southampton, and

C. Lamb, Esq., of Beaufort, near Hastings,

were ballotted for, and elected Ordinary Members of the Society.

Exnisitions, Memorrs, &c.

Mr. Waterhouse exhibited portions of a very large wasp’s nest

from Ceylon, recently presented to the Zoological Society, being

seven or eight feet long, and two feet in diameter, with the view

JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS. XVI

to show that the construction of the cells of the wasp was perfectly

analogous to those of the hive bee. In order to prove the great

tendency that these cells have when unconnected with each other

to assume a circular outline (which he contended was the normal

form of all cells’, one piece of comb was produced which had

been found in a detached situation consisting of three cells, of which

the outer part of each was circular, whilst the portions which

existed between the three formed three straight walls. He con-

sidered that the wasps never make a single cell at the commence-

ment of the comb, but proceed very slowly, forming the bases of

several together, whereby they assume the hexagonal shape,

which would not be the case if they built a single cell, which

would be circular; and he instanced the case of the single cells of

Osmaa atricapilla in proof of such argument.

Mr. Ingpen exhibited some cocoons of the common silkworm,

from which the moths had escaped without staining the cocoon,

by the emission of the meconium-like fluid, which had been sup-

posed to have the effect of dissolving the threads of the silk. Mr.

Waterhouse considered it questionable whether some dissolving

fluid had not been emitted in these instances from the mouth,

which he thought had the same effect, although colourless, the

fluid emitted from the anus staining the cocoon.

Mr. Bainbridge, on behalf of H. Le Keux, Esq., exhibited one

of the Ichneumonide (Campoplex?), together with the pendulous

cocoon from which it had been produced, and in which it had

remained for eighteen months before appearing in the winged

state.

Mr. W. W. Saunders exhibited an apparently new species of

Embia from India; also a specimen of Goerius olens, found

drowned in water, from the inosculations of the segments of which

a great multitude of minute slender white fungi had been pro-

duced.

XVill JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS.

January 28th, 1839, Anniversary Meeting.

J. F. Stephens, Esq. President, in the Chair.

In pursuance of the By-laws, the four following gentlemen were

removed from the Council :

J. S. Bowersank, Esq. C. Darwin, Esq.

J. G. Cuitpren, Esq. F, Warker, Esq.

and the four following gentlemen were elected in their stead :

T. Horsrietp, Esq., M.D. G. Newport, Esq.

T. Marsuatt, Esq. J. Warton, Esq.

And the following gentlemen were elected Officers for the

ensuing year :

MihetRieve) HP Wiel POPE ei wchcte «tothe President.

Wg S@Naisinin och eoetauen cgoaDo Treasurer.

IOP WESTWOOD! cls cisievetels calate stale Secretary.

Messrs. SHucKARD and Westwoop. . Curators.

Mr. Yarrell, on behalf of the auditors of the treasurer’s ac-

counts, read an abstract thereof.

The President then read his annual address upon the state of —

the Society, its views, progress, and prospects, whereupon a vote

of thanks was passed to him for the same.

February 4th, 1839.

The Rev. F. W. Hope, President, in the Chair.

DonATIONS.

Monographia Chalciditum. By Francis Walker, Esq. the Au-

thor thereof.

The Magazine of Natural History, New Series, No. 26. By

the Editor.

The Entomological Magazine, No. 25. By the Editor.

No. 10, of an Introduction to the Modern Classification of In-

sects. By J. O. Westwood, the Author thereof.

A large Collection of Insects from North America. Presented

by Mr. Smith.

JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS. X1X

Sir Robert Kerr Porter, Baronet, resident in South America,

Mr. Ezra Downes, resident in the Himalayan Mountains, and

John Newman Tweedy, Esq. Swedish and Norwegian Vice-

Consul.in Hayti,

were elected Corresponding Members of the Society.

The President nominated the three following gentlemen to act

as Vice-Presidents :

T. Hors¥iztp, Esq, M.D.

Grorce Newport, Esq.

G. R. Warernouse, Esq.

Exuipitions, Memoirs, &c.

The Rev. F. W. Hope exhibited a few exotic Coleoptera, for-

warded to him by Dr. Burmeister, including a second species of

his genus Poznomeris (Eupyga Bescku, Mann.), from Mozam-

bique.

He also made some observations upon the nests of a species of

Termes, forwarded to the Society by Mr. Schomburgk, from

Demerara, together with specimens of the inhabitants thereof, and

of a Solpuga, which was parasitic in the nest. He also mentioned

that the nests of Termes, owing to their compactness, were de-

scribed by several travellers as being used as ovens for baking

food. This was the case in Caffraria and in Ceylon, and he

also believed in New Holland, as mentioned in Bennett’s work

on that country. He also considered it most probable that the

Chunam floors in India were composed of powdered Termes

nests.

Mr. Hope also made some observations upon a piece of fossil

wood, exhibiting the operations of insects brought from India by

Dr. Cantor, who communicated the following remarks to the

Society. ‘* The fossil wood was procured by Mr. H. M. Low at

Camillah, in the Decca district, and brought by this gentleman

with another piece of fossil wood (also Dicotylidinous), to Cal-

cutta. Both were found in the same locality ; the one before the

Society is siliceous, and bears marks of insects; the other, appa-

rently calcareous, has been perforated by a kind of Teredo; the

traces of which agree with those I have observed in the trees of

the Gangetic Delta, formed by Teredo navalis. Mr. Mac Clelland

has referred to these two fossils in his Reports upon the Coal and

Mineral resources of India, p. 29, note.”

Mr. Thwaites exhibited a small collection of insects, obtained

XX JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS.

by Mr. Raddon and himself, from Indian corn imported to Bristol

in a vessel arrived from Bonny, on the coast of Africa, including

a species of Sylvanus, Murmidius ferrugineus, Leach ; a species

of Trogosita, apparently identical with 7. mauritanica, which fed

upon the receptacle of the wheat, and not upon the grain itself;

species of Cucujus and Cossonus, which devoured the seeds ; toge-

ther with several minute Hymenopterous parasites, belonging to

the families Chalcidide and Proctotrupide.

Mr. Westwood exhibited specimens of two British species of

Tephritis, T. Onopordinis and Artemesie, the larvee of which are

subcutaneous in the leaves of Chrysanthemum and Celery plants,

which latter are often greatly injured by the attacks of these in-

sects. (See Loudon’s Gardener’s Magazine, March, 1839, for a

memoir and figures of those two insects.)

The following memoirs were read :

‘** Notes upon the voracity of the Larvee of Dyticus marginalis.”

By A. Tulk, Esq.

‘« Notes upon the Habits of a Colony of Polistes gallica, imported

into this country from France.” By J. O. Westwood.

March 4th, 1839.

The Rev. F. W. Hope, President, in the Chair.

DonartIons.

The Coleopterist’s Manual, Part 2. By the Rev. F. W. Hope,

the Author thereof.

The Magazine of Natural History, New Series, for March.

By the Editor.

The Athenzum, for February. By the Editor.

Parts 9 and 11 of an Introduction to the Modern Classification

of Insects. By J. O. Westwood, the Author thereof.

A large Collection of British Coleoptera. By S. Stevens, Esq.

Exursitions, Donations, &c.

Notes relating to Bees and Bee husbandry. By W. Sells, Esq.

Mr. Ashton, in reference to the double sides of the cells of the

hive bee, noticed the analogy between these cells and the hexa-

gonal cells of the cellular tissue of vegetables, physiologists having

JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS. XX1

discovered that each cell has its own proper walls. Mr. Newport

also stated that he had observed cells of wasps, which exhibited

similar double walls. Mr. Waterhouse stated that the cells in

question, described by Mr. Sells, were old cells, the separate lining

of which was composed of the cocoon of the larve previously

reared therein. ‘This was proved by immersing the cells in warm

water, when it would be found that the wax would be melted,

leaving the cocoon part of the cells entire.

A conversation took place relative to the appointment of a

Committee, as suggested by Mr. Sells, to superintend the publi-

cation of a tract, for distribution among cottagers, containing the

most approved modes of bee-culture.

April \st, 1839.

The Rey. F. W. Hope, President, in the Chair.

Donations.

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 1837, Parts

1 and 2, and 1838, Parts 1 and 2;

List of Fellows of the Royal Society for 1838 ;

Proceedings of the Royal Society, November, 1837—December,

1838; and

Address of H. R. H. the Duke of Sussex, President of the

Royal Society, read 30th November, 1838. All presented by

the Royal Society.

Nouveaux .Mémoires de l’Académie Royale des Sciences et

Belles Lettres de Bruxelles, Tom. xi. 1838.

Bulletins de Académie Royale de Bruxelles, Ann. 1838,

Tom: ve

Annuaire de l’Académie Royale de Bruxelles, Cinquitme Année.

All presented by that Academy.

Monographie des Braconides de la Belgique; Suite; and

Monographie des Odyneres de la Belgique et Suite. Pre-

sented by M. Wesmael, the Author thereof.

The Athenzeum for March. Presented by the Editor.

The Magazine of Natural History, New Series, No. 25. By

the Editor.

XXil JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS.

J. Strachan, Esq. of Sierra Leone, and

Adam White, Esq. Assistant in the Natural History Depart-

ment at the British Museum,

were elected Ordinary Members of the Society ; and

John M‘Clelland, Esq. of the Bengal Medical Service,

William Griffith, Esq. of the Madras Medical Service,

Dr. Schomburgk, of Demerara, and

Robert Templeton, Esq. of the Royal Artillery, now resident

in Ceylon,

were elected Corresponding Members of the Society.

The Rev. F. W. Hope exhibited specimens of Chiroscelis

digitata, Fab., and other insects, recently obtained by him from

Sierra Leone.

Mr. Raddon exhibited some specimens of insects imbedded in

Gum Copal; likewise some photogenic drawings of plants, &c.

and pointed out the advantage of employing this mode of deli-

neating the veins of the wings, &c. of insects. Also some fir

cones attacked by a species of Cecidomyia. ;

Mr. Raddon also presented two proofs of the portraits of W.

Spence and J. G. Children, Esqs. recently engraved by him.

The following memoirs were read :

Potatoe Crops in 1838.” By the Rev. F. W. Hope.

“‘On the Habits and Structure of the Nests of gregarious

Hymenoptera, particularly those of the hive Bee and Hornet.” By

George Newport, Esq., which led to an extended discussion.

“‘ Sketch of an arrangement of a Cabinet of Insects, illustrating

their economy and structural peculiarities.” By W. Sells, Esq.

May 6th, 1839.

The Rev. F. W. Hope, President, in the Chair.

Donations.

Observations on the Lamellicorn Beetles (from the Magazine

of Natural History). By the Rev. F. W. Hope.

Part 1 of the Proceedings of the Botanical Society of London.

By that Society.

JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS. XXI1

The Athenzeum, for April. By the Editor.

Genera Insectorum, No. 3. By Dr. Burmeister, the Author

thereof.

Hymenoptera Britannica (Alysia and Oxyura.) By A. H.

Haliday, Esq. the Author thereof.

The Magazine of Natural History, New Series, No. 29. By

the Editor.

No. 12 of an Introduction to the Modern Classification of

Insects. By J. O. Westwood, the Author thereof.

Zeitschrift fiir die Entomologie, Vol. 1, part 1. By Dr. Ger-

mar, the Editor thereof.

Twelve Numbers of the Naturalist. By the Editor.

Various specimens of Macrourous Crustacea in spirits. ByS.S.

Saunders, Esq.

Exuisitions, Memoirs, &c.

Mr. Yarrell exhibited a large and hairy caterpillar, evidently

one of the Lepidoptera, picked up in South America by Captain

Blakeney, R.N., who felt, upon touching it, a sensation extending

up his arm similar to an electric shock, of such force that he lost

the use of the arm for a time, and his medical attendant considered

that his life was for some time in danger.

Mr. Hope exhibited a foreign Heteromerous beetle, which had

been in his cabinet four or five years, from the extremity of the

body of which a Filarza, still living, had very recently protruded

itself.

Mr. Shipster exhibited some photogenic drawings made from

engravings of insects; one of the plates of Pausside, in the So-

ciety’s Transactions, being very vividly reproduced.

Mr. Raddon also exhibited some photogenic drawings of in-

sects, both of the natural size, and magnified by the solar micro-

scope. He also exhibited specimens of Goliathus Drurii, Westw.

$, and G. regius, Klug. @ ; the latter taken on the west coast

of Africa at 5° north lat. near the island of St. Andrews.

He also exhibited specimens of one of the minute Tipulida,

reared from the gall upon fir-cones, exhibited at the last meeting,

with various species of parasites; and likewise the net-like

cocoon of Cerostoma porrectella, one of the Tineide, the larve of

which feeds upon the Garden Rocket.

The President read an extract from a letter from Strachan,

Esq. at Sierra Leone, announcing the capture of another specimen

of Goliathus (Ludicella) Morgam, White.

XXIV JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS.

The following memoirs were read :

‘** Description of a minute Strepsipterous Insect, found in Ire-

land.” By R. Templeton, Esq. R.A.

«Some Remarks on the Entomophagous Tribes of the Australian

Alps.” By Dr. John Lhotzky.

« Extract from an unpublished manuscript by H. K. Sayers,

Esq. Lieutenant 31st Regiment, relative to the Edible Insects of

the Western coast of Africa.” Communicated by the Rev. F. W.

Hope.

Mr. Ogilby, in allusion to Dr. Lhotzky’s paper, stated, that

the circumstance of a tribe of Australian aborigines being accus-

tomed to feed upon a species of moth at a fixed period of the

year, had been long well known; and he added, that its provin-

cial name (which, as well as a description of the insect, had not

been given by Dr. Lhotzky) was Bugong ; and that Mr. George

Bennett had given a detailed account of the insect, and the mode

in which it was collected and cooked by the natives, in his Wan-

derings in New South Wales. London, 1824, Vol. 1, p. 266—

272, (quoted in the Entomological Magazine, Vol. 3, p. 212).

The President also stated that the moth in question had been

formed by M‘Leay in the genus Nycterobius.

The President also communicated some extracts from Boteler’s

Voyage (1835, vol. 2, p. 474), relative to the attacks of cock-

roaches, whereupon Lieutenant Sayers stated that whilst at the

Bahamas, the flesh of his own fingers had been eaten down to the

quick during the night by those insects, and a brother officer had

his feet so severely bitten by them, that he was laid up for some

time. They do not, however, appear to attack Russia leather,

but will gnaw common leather and books, especially in places

where they have been in contact with the naked hands. Mr.

Raddon also mentioned a similar instance of the attacks of these

insects on the feet of sailors: they had also eaten their clothes.

He stated that fowls will greedily devour them.

June 3rd, 1839.

The Rev. W. Kirby, M.A., F.R.S., Hon. President, in the Chair.

DonaTIONS.

Part 1 of The English Agricultural Society. Presented by that

Society.

JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS. XXV

The Magazine of Natural History, New Series, No. 30. By

the Editor.

The Athenzeum for May. By the Editor.

Part 13 of Introduction to the Modern Classification of In-

sects. By J. O. Westwood, the Author thereof.

Part 1 of the Elements of British Coleoptera. By W. E.

Shuckard, Esq. the Author thereof.

Nos. 1 and 2 of British Coleoptera delineated. Presented by

Messrs. Spry and Shuckard.

Sir William Sarsfield Rossiter Cockburn, Bart.,

Dr. Kidd, Reg. Prof. of Botany, Oxford,

Mr. Edward Doubleday, of Epping, and

Mr. William Masters, jun. of Canterbury,

were balloted for, and elected Ordinary Members of the Society.

Exuisitions, Memoirs.

The Rev. F. W. Hope stated that having violently struck down

some worm-eaten carved wood with a hammer, a vast number of

the Anobia shortly afterwards made their appearance, whence he

considered this to be an excellent method of collecting these in-

jurious insects for destruction.

Mr. Saunders exhibited a very large Prionideous larva, found

by himself in Albania.

Mr. Fennell presented specimens of an Jxodes, found upon a

tortoise.

Mr. Westwood exhibited specimens of Tenthredo testudinea,

Klug, the females of which he had recently captured, whilst

hovering over and ovipositing in apple blossoms. In the pre-

ceding year the apple crop had almost entirely failed owing to

the attacks of this insect, the larvee feeding in the interior of the

young fruit. ’

Mr. Hope stated that he had received from Shropshire speci-

mens of a caterpillar which destroys the apple blossom, five or

six being found in a single flower.

The following memoirs were read :

« Experiments on old Honey Combs.” By W. Sells, Esq.

“ Some Account of the preparatory Stages of Xiphydria dromi-

darius, with Observations on its Affinities.” By J.O. Westwood,

F.L.S.

‘* Descriptions of some Species of Bolbocerus, from New Hol-

XXV1 JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS.

land, in the collection of the Rev. F. W. Hope.” By Mr. W.

Bainbridge.

In reference to the last memoir, Mr. Hope remarked upon the

singularity of such large Coprophagous insects being found in

New Holland, where no large quadrupeds (upon the dung of

which they are supposed to exist) were indigenous. He con-

sidered, however, that there was but little difference in respect to

the taste of these insects for decaying animal or vegetable matter.

Mr. Kirby also stated that he had observed Coprophagous in-

sects revelling in putrid carrion; and Mr. Hope stated that he had

found many Aphodi in a dead rabbit; whilst Mr. Marshall ob-

served, that he had detected Aphodius under putrid bark of trees.

Mr. Westwood also stated that it was, on the other hand, equally

common to find the large Necrophori in rotten fungi and mush-

rooms.

July 1, 1839.

The Rev. F. W. Hope, President, in the Chair.

DonatTIons.

Natural History Illustrations, No. 1, and

Magazine of Natural History, New Series, No. 31. Presented

by the Editor.

Instructions for collecting and preserving Insects, 2d edition.

By Mr. A. Ingpen, the Author thereof.

British Coleoptera delineated, No.3. By Messrs. Spry and

Shuckard.

The Atheneum for June. By the Editor.

Four specimens of Meloe cicatricosus. By Mr. W. Bennett,

who had observed this species covering the bank next the sea at

Pegwell Bay, at the end of May.

Robert Mitford, Esq. of Manchester,

was balloted for, and elected an Ordinary Member of the So-

ciety. And

Lieut. R. H. Sayers, 31st regiment, and

Dr. Cantor,

were elected Corresponding Members.

JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS. XXVII

Exursitions, Memoirs, &c.

Mr. Barraud exhibited a very minute wasp’s nest, found inside

a sparrow’s nest; the outer globular covering of which was about

one inch and a quarter long, and seven-eighths of an inch in

diameter, and appeared of a texture nearly resembling saw-dust

or fine sand. In the interior at the base were fourteen cells

commenced, each not being above two lines wide.

Mr. Raddon mentioned the arrival of three more specimens

of Goliathus regius at Bristol, brought by vessels trading to

Africa.

Mr. W. Bennett exhibited a living specimen of Calosoma

Sycophanta, captured between Ramsgate and Broadstairs on the

20th June ; the day was calm and fine, but not unusually hot;

it was slightly injured in the elytra; it had been kept alive by

feeding it with moths, and it was stated that Mr. Desvignes had

kept an Austrian specimen alive four months by feeding it on

caterpillars. Mr. Hope stated, that he had obtained sixteen spe-

cimens in one season, which were found at the roots of oaks in

the avenue leading to Eaton Hall. All these specimens were of

a green colour, and destitute of the coppery tint on the elytra.

Mr. Newport also mentioned the capture of a specimen in Herne

Wood, between Herne and Canterbury.

Mr. Westwood exhibited three species of a singular Mexi-

can genus of Malacoderm beetles, Chactas, the males of which

(contrary to the ordinary rule amongst insects) are much larger

than the females, and have the elytra singularly dilated; and

observed, that amongst cornuted insects, the males were also

generally larger than the females. Mr. Shuckard also men-

tioned, that in the genera Apis and Anthidium the same diversity

prevailed, although in the other genera of bees the females were

the largest.

Mr. Westwood also exhibited a species of the curious Orthop-

terous genus Hymenotes, W. (Proc. Zool. Soc.—Choriphyllum,

Serv.) from Manilla. <A species of this genus had been known

to Linneus and Fabricius, who, deceived by its analogy with the

Membracides, had described it as a species of Cicada. (See the

memoir on this genus subsequently published in the Magazine of

Natural History).

Mr. Hope read the descriptions of a portion of a splendid col-

lection of insects made in Assam by Mr. Griffith, and forwarded

to R. H. Solly, Esq., which were exhibited, and made some

verbal remarks upon others in the collection.

XXVIll JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS.

bth August, 1839.

The Rev. F. W. Hope, President, in the Chair.

Donations.

Transactions of the Zoological Society of London, Vol. 2,

part 3, and

Proceedings of the Zoological Society—August to November,

1838. Presented by that Society.

British Coleoptera delineated, Part 4. Presented by Messrs.

Spry and Shuckard.

Catalogue of the Coleoptera of Wurtemberg. Presented by

M. van Roser, the Author thereof.

Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou,

1838, Part 4. By that Society.

Journal of the Natural History Society of Boston, Vol. 2, Nos.

land 2. By the publishing Committee of that Society.

No. 32 of the Magazine of Natural History, New Series. By

the Editor.

The Atheneum for July. By the Editor.

Monographia Chalciditum, Vol. 2. By F. Walker, Esq., the

Author thereof.

Description of a New Species of Lamia, from the Swan River.

By the Rev. F. W. Hope.

Specimens of Tillus unifasciatus, captured near Camberwell.

By J. F. Stephens, Esq.

Exursitions, Memoirs, &c.

Mr. Raddon exhibited some new species of North American

Coleoptera, obtained from raw turpentine.

Mr. Hope exhibited some African insects, including several

Osmoderme, which had been hitherto described as American.

Mr. Yarrell exhibited a small collection of insects, made by

Mr. Whitfield at Sierra Leone.

Mr. Ogilvie noticed the great devastation in Epping and Hai-

nault Forests, caused by the Tortrix viridana, the insects being so

numerous as to fall from the trees when shaken like a sharp snow

storm, in consequence of which the trees spent all their vital

energy in repairing the loss of the leaves, instead of throwing out

fresh branches. Mr. Stephens had also observed similar devas-

tation in the woods of Surrey.

JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS. XX1X

Branches and leaves of the pear and manettia trees, infested by

two species of Coccus, were exhibited by Mr. Loudon.

Short notes upon the metamorphoses of a species of gall insect,

found at Neemuck, in Western India. Communicated by Capt.

Downes.

Notice of a mode of preventing Caterpillars, Woodlice, &c. from

ascending the trunks of trees. By Mr. Fennell.

Extract from a letter addressed to the Secretary by W. Knott,

Esq. M.E.S., containing an account of the occurrence of a cocoon

of the Emperor moth, which inclosed two pupe.

September 2d, 1839.

George Newport, Esq., Vice President, in the Chair.

Donatioxs.

Memoir on Cydippe pomiformis. By Robert Patterson, Esq.,

the Author thereof.

No. 33 of the Magazine of Natural History. New Series. By

the Editor.

Catalogue des Lépidoptéres de la Belgique. By M. De Selys

Longchamps, the Author thereof.

Description of the Crustacea and Insects taken during the Voy-

age of the ‘“ Favorite.” By M. Guérin Meneville, the Author

thereof.

Specimens of Micralymma Johnstone, Westw., presented by

Mr. A. White, accompanied by the following note of its habits,

and of those of Apus fulvescens.

“These specimens of A pus fulvescens and Micralymma John-

stone, are from a point of land about a quarter of a mile to the

west of South Queensferry, on the Frith of Forth, a locality for

the two species first found by Dr. Greville. In company with

his son I took these and several other specimens in August last ;

the Micralymma in great abundance creeping slowly over the thin

layers of black sandy mud which lie between the surface (laminz)

of slaty sandstone rock, of which the coast is composed. ‘The

Alpus is more scarce, though far from uncommon, its light colour

renders it at once distinguishable on the black ground over which

it runs with considerable rapidity. Dr. Greville has found the

Cillenum laterale in the same locality, but it seems to be very

scarce there, as only three specimens have occurred during a

search of twoor three years. It may be interesting to the British

XXX JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS.

collector to inform him that three specimens of the rare Pissodes

Fabricii have been taken in Dalmeny Park near South Queensferry,

by Mr. Robert Northmore Greville, two last year and one this.”

Mr. Ingpen exhibited a number of varieties of the common

Bedeguar upon the wild rose, also leaves of the Chrysanthemum

mined by the larve of a species of Tephrites, and stated that this

insect confines its attacks to the lower leaves, and not to those of

the younger upper branches, thus occasioning but little injury to

the plant.

Mr. Hatches exhibited a drawing of a singular variety of Hip-

parchia Hyperanthus, and Mr. Hope a large species of Phrynus

from Sierra Leone.

Mr. Westwood exhibited nine species of Pausside, and four

of Diopsis from the Collection of Mr. Westermann of Copenhagen,

(since described by him); likewise some singular Carabide from

New Holland, and a specimen of Hypocephalus armatus.

The following memoirs were read :

“Notes upon the Habits of various Species of British Ants.”

By Mr. F. Smith.

‘Description of a new Species of Mygale from Ionia.” By S.

S. Saunders, Esq.

October 7th, 1839.

The Rev. F. W. Hope, President, in the Chair.

DonatIons.

Part 4 of an Introduction to the Modern Classification of In-

sects. By J. O. Westwood, the Author thereof.

No. 34 of the Magazine of Natural History. New Series.. By

the Editor.

Nos. 5 and 6 of British Coleoptera delineated. By Messrs.

Spry and Shuckard.

John Beadnall, Esq., of Tottenham, was ballotted for and

elected an Ordinary Member of the Society.

Exuisitions, Memoirs, &c.

Mr. W. W. Saunders exhibited a species of Julus, which had

been very destructive in his garden at Wandsworth, especially de-

vouring the young shoots of heartsease just below the surface.

JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS. XXXl

Mr. A. White exhibited a drawing of a large and singular

wasp’s nest in the British Museum, and read some notes relative

to it and the nests of allied species. (See his Memoir since pub-

lished in the Annals of Natural History.)

Mr. Shipster exhibited a small collection of insects from South

Australia, including a large species of Mygale, which he consi-

dered to be the architect of the nest with a semicircular trap-door

exhibited by him at a former meeting.

Mr. Fortnum exhibited a living specimen of one of the large

Brazilian species of Mygale, captured alive in the London Docks.

A letter was read from Mr. W. G. Chapman, accompanying a

pair of living specimens of a species of Mygale, sent from Bar-

bary, by E. A. Drummond Hay, Esq., inclosed in their nests with

trap-door tops (Actinopus edificatorius, Westw., Journal of Pro-

ceedings, January 6th, 1840.) Mr. Waterhouse stated that seve-

ral of these spiders had been sent to the Zoological Society, which

he had kept alive by feeding them on blue-bottle flies.

Mr. Barnes presented a nest of a species of wasp attached to a

boarded ceiling, accompanied by a letter containing some account

of its construction.

Mr. Lane exhibited a specimen of Hipparchia Briseis, a species

not hitherto recorded as British, which he had himself reared,

having found the caterpillar in the middle of August last upon

grass in the neighbourhood of Newington.

Mr. Hope made some observations upon a migration of dragon-

flies recorded in the Magazine of Natural History of this month,

and stated that he had witnessed a nearly similar migration of the

same insects some years ago at Netley, and which he attributed

to the drying up of some large reservoirs of water. In this in-

stance several] distinct species were observed. A larva of one of

these insects had been brought to himas a strange kind of locust!

A few brief notes on sundry precautions efficacious in preserv-

ing furs and woollen articles from the attacks of moths, were

read by the Rev. F. W. Hope.

XXXil JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS.

November 4th, 1839.

George R. Waterhouse, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair,

DonaTIONS.

Specimens of Coccinella M. nigrum. By Mr. Rix.

Johannes Goedartius, De Insectis. Svo. 1685.

The Ordering of Bees. By John Levett, Esq., 1634.

A Treatise of Politicall Flying Insects. By Samuel Purchas,

1657.

A New Discovery of an excellent Method of Bee-houses. By

John Gedde, 1676.

Vinetum Britannicum, to which is added a Discourse teaching

the best way of improving Bees. By J. Worledge, 1678.

A further Discovery of Bees. By Moses Rusden, 1679.

The Feminine Monarchy, or the History of Bees. By Charles

Butler, 1704.

The true Amazons, or the Monarchy of Bees. By Joseph

Warder, 1726.

A volume containing the following tracts :

The Natural History of the Elephant. By T. O. Tennant,

1781.

Collateral Bee-boxes. By S. White, &c. 1764.

Essay on the Management of Bees. By John Mills, 1766.

A complete Guide for the Management of Bees. By Daniel

Wildman, 1775.

The Cocker’s Companion, By Wentworth, 1762.

Essay on the Herring. By J.S. Dodd, 1752.

Art of hatching Fowls. By Mr. Trembley, 1750.

New Observations on the Natural History of Bees. By Francis

Huber, 1821.

A complete Guide for the Management of Bees. By Daniel

Wildman, 20th Edit., 1819.

A Treatise on the Natural History of Bees. By James Bonar.

Edinb. 1796.

The Experienced Bee-keeper. By B. J. Bromwich. Lond.

1783.

Melisselogia, or the Female Monarchy. By the Rev. J. Thor-

ley, 1744.

Collateral Bee-boxes. By Stephen White, 1756.

Traité complet sur les Abeilles. Par Abbé de la Rocca. 3

vols. 8vo., 1790.

JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS. XXXill

A Treatise on the Nature, Economy, and Practical Manage-

ment of Bees. 1817.

A Treatise on the Breeding and Management of Bees. By

John Keys, 1814.

The Cottager’s Manual for the Management of his Bees. By

Robert Huish, 1820.

The General Apiarian. By J. Isaac. Exeter, 1799.

The Management of Bees. By Samuel Bagster, 1834.

The Natural History of Bees, translated from the French, 1744.

A short and simple Letter to Cottagers, from a Conservative

Bee-keeper. Oxford.

Hints for Promoting a Bee Society. London, 1796.

Spectacle de la Nature, translated from the French. 1783.

Observations on the Genus Cassida. (From the Annals of

Natural History.)

All the foregoing Works were presented by the Rev. F.

W. Hope, President of the Society.

Essai sur les Genres de Insectes appartenants a l’Ordre des

Hémiptéres et 4 la Section des Hetéropteres. Par M. le Mar-

quis Max. Spinola, the Author thereof.

The Article “ Insecta” from the Cyclopedia of Anatomy and

Physiology. By George Newport, Esq., the Author thereof.

No. 35 of the Magazine of Natural History. New Series. By

the Editor.

No. 7 of British Coleoptera delineated. By Messrs. Spry and

Shuckard.

Richard William Lack, Esq., 41, Weymouth Street, Portland

Place, was ballotted for and elected a Member of the Society.

Exuipitions, Memoirs, &c.

Mr. Trenchard exhibited a drawing of a remarkable variety of

Vanessa urtice, having the black costal spots confluent.

Mr. Hope exhibited specimens of Goliathus torquatus 9, Eudi-

cella Morgani, and other rare insects received by him from Mr,

Strachan at Sierra Leone. |

Mr. Newport exhibited a specimen of Scolopendra morsitans?

in which one of the legs on one side of the body was not more

than half the size of the corresponding leg of the opposite side,

and which he considered had been reproduced, the former limb

having been lost previous to one of the moultings of the animal ;

the limb, although so much smaller, nevertheless exhibited all the

XXXIV JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS.

ordinary joints. This, which was supposed by Mr. Newport to

be the only instance yet observed of reproduction amongst the My-

riapoda, led to an extended discussion as to the mode in which

this kind of reproduction either in insects or other annulosa is

effected.

Sir Thomas Phillips exhibited specimens of Cryptophagus cel-

laris, which had attacked some raspberry jam, and rendered it un-

fit for use.

Mr. Moore exhibited a small wasp’s nest built beneath the

projecting ledge of a window.

A paper in Latin by Dr. Imhoff of Basle was read, consisting

of critical observations upon Mr. Kirby’s Monographia Apum

Angle.

Mr. A. White communicated an extract from Sir A. Halliday’s

work upon the West Indies, relative to the migrations of Dragon-

flies.

December 2d, 1839.

George Newport, Esq., in the Chair.

DonarTIONS.

Manual of British Coleoptera. By James F. Stephens, Esq.,

the Author thereof.

British Coleoptera delineated, No. 8. By Messrs. Spry and

Shuckard.

No. 14 of an Introduction to the Modern Classification of In-

sects. By J. O. Westwood, the Author thereof.

Proceedings of the Zoological Society for May. By that So-

ciety.

No. 36 of the Magazine of Natural History. New Series. By

the Editor. )

The Athenzeum for October and November. By the Editor.

Exuisitions, Memoirs, &c.

Mr. G. R. Waterhouse exhibited the larva of a Lamellicorn in-

sect, from the body of which an elongated fungus or Spheria had

grown. Other instances of a similar kind were mentioned, in-

citaibe the growth of similar excrescences on great numbers of

North “American Cicade, by Mr. Stephens.

Dr. Calvert read a notice of the attacks of one of the Noctuide

JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS. XXXV

upon the ears of standing corn, which led to a discussion, in

which it was suggested that the only advisable remedy against the

attacks of fresh broods of these insects, was to subject the land to

repeated ploughings after the crop had been got off, and the in-

sects gone into the earth to undergo their transformations, in

order to expose them to the rooks as well as to the action of the

atmosphere. Salt having been suggested as serviceable to be

strewn over the fields, Mr. Waterhouse objected that the salt-

marshes in the neighbourhood of the sea were productive of many

Insects.

Dr. Calvert also exhibited a cocoon apparently of one of the

Eggar moths, the interior of which was occupied by a great num-

ber of the minute cocoons of one of the Jchneumones adsciti,

closely arranged with great regularity ; and Mr. Westwood ex-

hibited various other nests of different insects, in which the co-

coons had been arranged in a similar manner in close connexion

together.

A Memoir by W. W. Saunders, Esq., was read, containing de-

scriptions of some new exotic Dipterous insects.

Mr. Ashton, in allusion to the Scolopendra exhibited by Mr.

Newport at the last meeting, made some observations with the

view of showing that the various instances on record of the repro-

duction of limbs by the annulose animals never took place ex-

cept at the period of moulting, and whilst the animals were con-

sequently in an imperfect state, and that the process was not

analogous to that which was going forward throughout the life of

the higher animals, whereby a partial reproduction took place ;

and Mr. Yarrell suggested that a material difference took place

in respect to the moulting of crabs, which occurred during the

entire period of their existence, and insects in which moulting

never occurred after their arrival at the perfect state.

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(> Exel)

ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY

FROM THE Isr OCTOBER, 1840, TO 3lsr DECEMBER, 1848.

The Author .«......Agassiz (L.), Nomenclator Zoologicus, continens nomina sys-

tematica generum Animalium. Parts 1—4.

Royal Agricultural Society. See Journal.

Mr. Van Voorst ....The Naturalist’s Almanack for 1843.

Rev. F. W. Hope ..Amenitates Academice, and Supplement. 11 vols. 8vo.

The Society ........Amnnales de la Société Entomologique de France. 1839, 1840,

1841, and 1842, Parts 1,2, and 3. 1843, Part 1.

The Editor ........The Atheneum, a Weekly Journal of Literature and Science.

H. Milne Edwards ..Audouin (Victor), Funerailles de.

TD ittOlersteeere's Necrologie de.

Ditto... 6662006. ———-———- Catalogue of the Library of.

DittO0's oe seca =< and Brulle, Descriptions des Espéces nouvelles

des Cicindelétes.

The Society ........ Bavaria, Abhandlungen der Mathematisch Physikalischen Klasse

der Koniglichen Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.

Erster Band, 1832. Zw. B. 1837. Dr. B, Part 1, 1840.

Part 2, 1841.

WD) LOlereveys elolsiajeieie « Bulletin der Konig]. Akad. der Wissensch.

Rev. F. W. Hope ..Blumenbach, Elements of Natural History, by Gore.

MheyEditor <7». « «16 Bombay Monthly Times (No. 1).

The Society ........ Boston, Proceedings of the Natural History Society of.

DItEO error toner siete Natural History Society of. See Journal.

The Author ........Bourlét (M. Abbé), Memoire sur les Podurelles.

The Author .% ¢s560. Brandt, Recueil des Memoires relatifs a l’Ordre des Insectes Ni-

griapodes.

The Author......., Breme (M. le Marq. de), Reflexions sur la Classification des

TInsectes.

Ditto.... 2024-5 6.————_———-——— Essai sur les Cossyphides.

DEO Rosie ore sie tera} s/s Monographie de quelques Genres de

Coléoptéres Hétéromerés.

Rev. FE. W. Hope .. Browne, Travels in Africa, Egypt, and Syria.

MV Bralleo”. x12. .--Brullé (Lucas et Macquart), Animaux Articulés recueillis aux

Iles Canaries.

The Society ........ Bruxelles, Nouv. Mémoires de |’Académie Royale de. Vols. 13

and Vol. 14, Part2. Vol. 15, Part 1, pl. 2?

TD ittoareteysre ereteie ...-———— Bullétin de Académie. Tom. 7, Parts 1 and 2;

Tom, 8, Parts 1 and2. Vol. 9, Parts 1—6,

VOL. Ill, e

XXXVII ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY

The Society ........ Bruxelles, Annuaires de l’Académie.

Ditto .2....+...—————— _ Des Moyens de soustraire |’ Exploitation des Mines.

Ditto ee eeeeese+s———— Instructions pour l'Observation des Phénoménes Pe-

riodiques.

The Author ........ Burmeister (Hermann), Genera Insectorum. Nos. 6 and 7.

Ditto sescsesoes The Article “ Insect’’ from the Allgemeine

Encyclopadie.

Ditto ..........—_——— —— Handbuch der Entomologie. Vol. 3.

The Editor ........Calcutta Journal of Natural History. Parts 1 and 2, and 9 to 12,

Edited by Mr. MacClelland.

Rey. F. W. Hope ..Comptes rendus de l'Institut. A quantity of Numbers.

The Author ........Costa (Signor Achille), Monografie degl’ Insetti ospitanti sull’

Olivo e nelle Olive.

Ditto eee eee ~ Bulletino dell’ Accademia degli Aspi-

ranti Naturalisti. Anno Imo.

Ditto ...ee002..-————— Di una Specie di Henestaris.

Ditto 1.466600. ~ Ragguaglio delle Specie piu Interes-

santi di Emitteri-eterotteri.

IDG Sond bopon --——-— Esposizione sommaria delle Osservazioni

racolte duranto l’Anno 1842.

IDK nigh ocidcrcc —.—-— —- ——— Nuove Osservazioni intorno alle Cocci-

negtio ed ai loro pretesi Maschi.

The Author ........Curtis (John), Observations on the Natural History of Insects

infesting the Turnip. Part 1.

British Entomology (eighteen numbers, to com-

plete the Society’s copy ).

iurchased) “sie se.s.6 ee

Ditto ........-.Dejean, Catalogue des Coléopteres. 3d Edit.

The Author ........Edwards (H. Milne), Récherches pour servir a |’Histoire de la

Circulation du Sang chez les Annelides.

Ditto 2.220060 6. ————— -——- Recherches sur le Mécanisme de la

Respiration chez les Crustacés.

Ditto .....6....-———— —— Observations sur Jes Changemens de

Forme que divers Crustacés éprouvant dans le jeune Age.

Ditto ....0066..-——— —— Mémoire sur la Distribution Geographique

des Crustacés,

The Society ........Sixth Report of the Egyptian Society.

The Editor ........Entomologist (The). Edited by Edw. Newman.

The Author ........Erichson (Dr.), Genera et Species Staphylinorum. Vol. 2.

Rev. F. W. Hope .. Fabricius, Systema Entomologie.

The Author ........Fischer de Waldheim (Comte G.), Notice sur ]’Eurypterus de

Podolie et le Cherotherium.

Ditto ..........-———— ——— ———_———-__ Mémoire sur les Spectres.

Ditto 026.002... —— ——— —— ———-———- Catalogus Coléopterorum Si-

beriew Orientalis.

Ditto receiver svete - —— ———— Index Plantarum in regionibus

Altaicis.

MhevAMthor crac +

The Society .......

The Editor’ << «.0:.«

The Author.....

PD IGEO) seri eteiers)e.0

_ DTI" coo does

Dittmer ec csterevetotsi

J. E. Gray, Esq....

M, Guérin .. .--

The Author 2%.)

The Author s:s: seuss «

Rev. F. W. Hope

The Author......

sincE 1840. XXXI1X

. Gene (Guesippe), Memoria per servire alla Storia Naturale di

alcuni Imenotteri.

Geneva, Memoires de la Société de Physique et d’Hist. natur. de.

Tom, 9.

..Germar, Zeitschrift fiir die Entomologie. Vol. 3, Parts 1 and 2.

. ..Goodsir (H. D. 8.), Descriptions of some new Species of Pyc-

nogonide.

—— Descriptions of some new Crustaceous Ani-

mals from the Frith of Forth.

—— On Two new Species of Leachia.

. ——-——-— On a new Genus and six new Species of

Crustacea.

.Gray (J. E.), Phe Zoological Miscellany. Four sheets of Part 2.

. Guérin-Meneville et Perottet, Mémoire sur un Insecte et un

Champignon qui ravagent les Cafiers aux Antilles.

«Hagen, Synonymia Libellulidarum Europearum.

. Harris (T. W.), Remarks on Scarabeeus Goliathus.

.. Herbst, Krabben und Krebsen. Vols. 1, 2, and 3.

.. Hogg (John), On the Occurrence of Branchie in young Cecilix.

Mr. James Dickson.. Hope (Rev. F. W.), Lithographic Portrait of.

MherAuthor sts: « ore0'ee

DittOw <isse.Sheve cies

The Publisher.....

Purchased’ we cies <

IDSGY soridisieoemrc

DIG: “aseuvanse

The Society ......

fhe Baiton seiner

‘ThevAuthor. cs

Ditto

The Society .......

Rey. F, W. Hope

———--— Memoir on the Erotylide (from the Revue

Zoologique ).

= — Descriptions of some new Insects from

Western Africa.

- Humphreys and Westwood, British Butterflies and their Trans-

formations. Nos. 1-—4, 5, 6, 7.

- Insect Architecture. 12mo.

. Insect Transformations. 12mo.

. Insect Miscellanies. 12mo.

.. Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England. Vol. 1,

Part.4. Vol. 2) Partsol.25 300 Viol. 3; Part le Vola4,

Pantie

.. Journal of the Natural History Society of Boston. Vol. 1,

Parts 1—4. Vol.2, Part 4. Vol. 3, Parts 1, 2, 3, and 4.

Vol. 4, Nos. 1 and 2.

.Journal of Meteorology. Edited by J. W. G. Gutch.

.. Lacordaire (Theod.), Monographie des Erotyliens.

; - _ Revision de la Famille des Cicindelites.

.Leeds, Annual Report of the Philosophical Society of, for

1838-9, 1839-40, and 1840-41.

.. Leeuwenhoeck, Epistole ad Societatem Regiam Anglicam.

xl ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY

The Author ........ Lefebvre (Alexandre), Pterologie des Lépidopteres.

Ditto stots’ cre ctete .—-—- ——— ——-— Communication verbale sur la Pterologie,

WDItO Wences ce es ——-—— Mémoire sur le genre Ascalaphus.

The Society.......- Lille, Mémoires de la Société Royale de. 1836. 1838, Parts

2and 38. 1839, Parts 1 and2. And 1840.

Mr. R. Taylor...... Lists of Meetings of Philosophical Societies of Londen annually.

Lucas. See Brullé.

The Society ........ Lyons, Annales dela Société Royale d’Agriculture de. Vols. 1,

2,3, 4.

The Author ........Mace Clelland (John), Memoir on the Indian Cyprinide.

The Author ....... - Maelen (Van der), Episténomomie.

THE -AUthOE ses oss Macquart, Diptéres exotiques. Tom.1,Partsland2. Tom.2,

Part 2.

————. See Brullé.

The Author.......-Mannerheim (M. le Comte), Mémoire sur la Récolte d’Insectes

Coléopteres en 1842.

Ditto ...e.065..——-—-——+—+-———. Description de quelques nouveaux

Espéces de Coléopteéres de Finlande.

Ditto ....+.....————-——-—-——_-—_ Notice sur la Collection de Colé-

optéres de M. Dejean. :

————--- Description d’une nouv. Esp. de

Ditto .c82 ss eees

Physodactylus.

Ditto ...0+2+-..——-—- ————_——-—. Observations relatives aux Sexes des

Coléoptéres Hydrocanthares.

————-——-— Beitrag zur Kafer Fauna der Aleu-

tischen Inseln.

Roy.Acad.of Bavaria. Martius (G. F. Von.), Die Kartoffel Epidemie.

Rev. F. W. Hope ..Martyn, Araner. Folio.

MIO sete nictote cites Martinet, Katechismus der Natur. 4 vols. 8vo.

The Author ..... ...Menetries, Essai d’un Monographie du G. Anacolus.

IDE corer oe ——-—- Catalogue d’Insectes recueilles entre Constantinople

et Je Balkan.

Ditto 6. .eeeee es Sur un n. Genre de Lépidoptére nocturne de Russie.

The Editor .-...... Microscopic Journal. No.1. Edited by Mr. Daniel Cooper.

The Society ........Microscopical Society of London, Transactions of. Part 1.

The Author ........ Montagne, Mémoire sur la Muscardine.

The Society .......- Moscow, Nouveaux Mémoires de la Soc. Imper. des Naturalistes.

Tom. 5. (1837.)

Ditto. 6608 -.060.—— Bulletin de la Soc. Imp. des Naturalistes de 1838, 1839,

5 Nos. 1840, Nos. 3 and 4. 1841, Parts 1, 2, 3, and 4.

1842, Part 1.

The Author ........ Newman (Edward), A Familiar Introduction to the History of

Insects,

The Author........Nordmann, Symbolz ad Monographiam Staphylinorum.

Rev. F. W. Hope .. Partington, Scientific Gazette.

sINcE 1840. xli

The Author ......++Passerini (Carlo), Osservazioni sulle Larve, Ninfe e Abitudine

della Scolia flavifrons.

Ditto ..........———— ——— Continuazione sulle Osservazioni sulle Larve

di Scolia flavifrons.

Ditto .....2...-———— Osservazioni sopra due Insetti nocivi (Lytta

verticalis et Apate 6-dentata).

ID iy | SoGomenecn —— Notizie relative a tre Specie d’Insetti nocivi.

The Author........Patterson (Robert), Natural History, a Branch of General Edu-

cation.

Ditto .:ee.ee6..—— —— Memoir on Bolina Hibernica.

Rev. F. W. Hope ..Pennant’s Zoology. 4 vols. 8vo.

Ditto ..........+Philips, A Voyage to Botany Bay.

The Editor .....,..Physiological Journal. No. 1.

The! Editor’ <i! cfolsie’ - Phytologist. Edited by Edward Newman. No. 1.

The Author ........Pictet (F. J.), Hist. Nat. des Ins. Neurop. Fam. Perlides.

ID he} aprons oe — -— — — — Ephenenides.

Parts 1 and 2.

The Editor ........Pritchard, List of 2000 Objects for the Microscope.

ThievAnthon sieie< siatere Quetelet (M.), Resumé des Observations sur la Métevrologie.

Rev. F. W. Hope ..Reaumur, Memoires pour servir a l’Histoire des Insectes.

Vols. 1, 2, and 3.

The Author ........Robinson, Refutation of Capt. Wellstead’s Attack.

Mh cAuthor sicie)s ef xe Romand (M. le Baron de), Mémoire sur le genre Pelecinus.

Ditto ...+.2+++. ——-——-——_-—_——__— Notice sur diverses Melliféres.

The Society .......+Royal Society, Philosophical Transactions of. 1839, Parts 1

and 2. 1840, Parts 1 and2. 1841, Parts 1 and2. 1842,

Parts 1 and 2.

Ditto ..........—-——-—— Proceedings of (continuation of).

Ditto ..........——-——-——- List of Fellows of.

The Author ........Schaum, Analecta Entomologica.

The Author........Schdnherr, Synonymia Insectorum. Vol. 6, Part 1. Tom. 7,

Parts 1 and 2,

The Author........Siebold (Ch, Theod. von), Beitrage zur Naturgeschichte der

Wirbellosen Theire.

Ditto ...eee6+6.——-——-—-—_——-— Ueber die Faden-wurmer der Lnsekten.

Ditto ..........———_—-——-—_-—_— Observationes quadam de Oxybeto

uniglumi et Miltogramma punctata.

Ditto ....0+....————-——_—_——_-— Veber Strepsiptera.

The Author ........Spinola (M. le Marq.), Considerations of the Habits of the Genus

Sirex.

Ditto .....0.....—--——_—— Observations on the Natural Characters of

the Vesparia, Masaride, and Chrysidide.

——-— Considerations on the Natural Characters

of the Prionida.

Mr. A. White ......Synopsis of Contents of British Museum.

VOL, III. f

DD ibtO™ isiereisialenese

xl ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY SINCE 1840.

The'Author’...... --Tulk (Alfred), Memoir on the Anatomy of Phalangium.

The Author ..... ... Walckenaer (M. le Baron), Mémoire sur les abeilles solitaires

du G. Halictus.

Ditto ....+.+...——-——-——-—-——-— Mémoire sur une nouvelle Classifi-

cation des Araneides.

F. Walker, Esq. ....A set of Plates of Chalcidide, from the Drawings of A. H.

Haliday, Esq., published in the Entomologist.

The Author ........ Westwood (J. O.), Arcana Entomologica. Part 1.

Westwood. See Humphreys.

The Author ........ White (Adam), Notes of some Insects from King George’s Sound.

Ditto ..cseesees ———— Description of a South American Wasp which

collects Honey.

Ditto ...+.2...-————-—— Descriptions of new Insects from Congo.

Ditto ..scsecees —— Descriptions of new Species of Insects.

Rev. F. W. Hope .. Wilson, A Missionary Voyage to the South Pacific Ocean.

The Society ......--Zoological Society of London, Transactions of. Vol. 2, Part 5.

Vol. 3, Part 1.

Ditto ....00++..————-——-—_— ——_ ——_ Proceedings of. January to Sep-

tember, 1840. October, 1840, to January, 1842.— December,

1842.

Ditto ...6..+6¢6.———-——- ——_ ——-—— List of Fellows. 1843.

Ditto .....+0...————-——_-_—_ —_—— Report of the Council and Au-

ditors. April, 1843.

The Editor .......-The Zoologist. Nos. 1] and2. Edited by Edward Newman.

ADDRESS

ON THE

RECENT PROGRESS AND PRESENT STATE

ENTOMOLOGY.

By J. O. WESTWOOD, F.L.S.

SECRETARY OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY GF LONDON, ETC,

Read at the Anniversary Meeting of the Entomological Society,

on the 2\st January 1835.

LONDON:

PRINTED FOR THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY,

BY RICHARD TAYLOR, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

SOLD BY LONGMAN, REES, ORME, BROWN, GREEN AND LONGMAN,

PATERKNOSTER ROW ;

AND J, B, BAILLIERE, 219 REGENT STREET, AND RUE DE LECOLE DE MEDECINE A’ PARIS,

1835.

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ADDRESS

THE RECENT PROGRESS AND PRESENT STATE

OF ENTOMOLOGY.

GENTLEMEN,

In rising, at the request of our late most excellent President,—whose

departure from the Chair this evening will, Iam sure, be regarded

with the utmost regret by every member of this Society,—whose

kindness, urbanity, and efficiency have afforded a most valuable

model to our future Presidents,—to lay before you a statement of the

recent progress and present state of Entomology, I must at the out-

set bespeak your kindness towards the attempt which I am about to

make, feeling fully convinced of my own inefficiency to do justice to

a subject of such extent as well as importance. I could, indeed, have

wished that notwithstanding the numerous avocations of our late Pre-

sident, he would still have found sufficient leisure for the task, feeling

equally convinced that in his hands ample justice would have been

done to the subject, founded upon the possession both of a magni-

ficent collection of insects and a splendid library, in which the neces-

sary materials for such a labour as I have undertaken are alone to be

found. As, however, the case is otherwise, and as he has been pleased

to place this subject in my hands, I know not how I can do better

than to select as my model the address delivered by himself before

the Zoological Club of the Linnean Society in the year 1827. Let

us hope that our Society may flourish as that Society has done which

originated in the assembly before which the address alluded to was

delivered; let us hope that whatever trifling feuds may have arisen

amongst entomologists,—for so long as “ humanum est errare,” so

long will there be presumed matters of offence, even where no

offence was intended,—let us hope, I say, that such will be allowed

to die away and sink into nothingness before the sacred cause of

truth and science. ;

It has always appeared to me that scarcely any kind of publication

surpassed in utility, annual or other periodical summaries, in which

are concentrated the various subjects which have, since the date of

the preceding report, occupied the attention of those persons who are

engaged, far and wide, in any particular branch of science. The

celebrated traveller Burchell, shortly after his return from South

America, where he had collected an immense number of zoological

objects, but especially of insects, complained to me that he had no

means of knowing what had taken place during his absence relating

to the various branches of zoology ; he could meet with no summary

in which the various publications upon its different sections were

brought into one view. To supply in some measure this want, as

relates to the domain of entomology, is the object of the present

address, although I fear that the execution will fall short of the con-

ception of the undertaking. As, however, it is some time since the

last address, by Mr. Vigors, was delivered before the Zoological Club,

and as it has appeared to me to be highly desirable to refer to the

invaluable publications of our continental, as well as native fellow la-

bourers, rather than to confine these observations to the proceedings of

our own Society, which must, toa considerable degree, be fresh in the

recollection of the majority of our members, I have enlarged my can-

vas, and instead of presenting you simply with a miniature of the per-

sonification of the Entomological Society of London, I have introduced

a sketch of the labours of entomologists throughout the entomological

world, placing in the centre of my picture, (if I may be allowed an

artistical idea,) hand in hand, the Entomological Societies of France

and London, on either side of which will be seen the representatives

of the scientific Societies and of the scientific men, our fellow-labour-

ers throughout the world, whilst the venerated and deeply lamented

names of Latreille and Cuvier, of Haworth and Guilding, and of Say,

shine in the clouds with a glorious radiancy, throwing around a light

of approval upon the ardent aspirers after science still left amongst us.

In the first place, indeed, the recent establishment of the Ento-

mological Societies of France and London is to be mentioned as of the

first-rate interest in respect to the progress of our devoted science.

England, it is true, led the way by the establishment of an Entomolo-

gical Society nearly forty years since, for the support of which the

best energies of Mr. Haworth were in an especial manner, and for a

length of time, devoted; but for the last twenty years nothing had been

done by it—the Bee, which it had selected as its emblem, had become

inert—until our present Society arose in its stead ; so that we may

very entomologically infer that the Bee of the old Society had been

Stylopized, and had at length given birth to the Stylops Kirba'. But

it is to the establishment of the French Entomological Society that

we may in some measure regard the rousing of the energies of our

own entomologists. And it is impossible to doubt that the honourable

rivalry which has thus arisen between us cannot but be of the greatest

service to the science which we cultivate.

The formation of these societies is likewise indicative of another

circumstance, dependent thereupon, which cannot fail to impart gra-

1 Engraved upon the seal of the present Entomological Society.

tification to the entomologist, namely, the very increased degree of

general attention now paid to the study of natural history, and espe-

cially to Entomology, and which, I think, may be now considered as

a powerful rival of ‘the sister science of Botany. Moreover, it is not

in England alone that this is the case ; in France and Germany, Italy

and Sweden, Russia, Austria, and America, we find the same energy ;

and now-a-days it is no easy matter even to keep au courant with the

proceedings of the numerous entomologists of those countries.

Mr. Vigors in his address to the Zoological Club in 1830, observed,

“It is one of the prominent features of the present times that natu-

ralists aim at a happy union of true science with popular attraction.

The principle of ‘ Gratior pulchro veniens in corpore virtus’ was never

more strongly exemplified than in these popular publications. When

I mention to you that copies of these publications” (referring to ‘The

Menageries’ and ‘Insect Architecture’, published by the Society for

the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge,) “have been disseminated by tens

of thousands, you may c: alculate not merely how many readers parti-

cipate in the delights of the study, but how many of them may be

induced from the perusal to become observers of nature, if not active

cooperators in the science.” If there were this cause for exultation

when only one volume devoted to insects was published by this So-

ciety, surely we have much greater grounds for gratification when

three similar volumes upon entomological subjects have been issued

by it, viz.— Insect Architecture’, ‘Insect Transformations’, and

‘Insect Miscellanies’; a similar volume by the Society for the Promo-

tion of Christian Knowledge, two volumes on the Natural History of

Insects in Mr. Murray's Family Library, two in Constable's Mis-

cellany, and one (on Beetles) i in Sir William Jardine’s Naturalist’s Li-

brary, besides numerous detached articles in those widely spreading

papers, the Penny and Saturday Magazines. The establishment like-

wise of several periodical works devoted exclusively to our science

in Germany, France, and England, are striking evidences of the cor-

rectness of this idea.

If we now descend a step in our views, we still find matters of equal

gratification in the practical nature of a considerable portion of the pro-

ceedings of our own Society. Need I mention the memoirs which have

been read before us upon the Domestic Fly by Mr. Spence; upon the

Nature of Resin and Amber Insects, by the Rev. F. W. Hope; the

memoirs upon Silk and Silk Insects, and upon the Ravages of Lim-

noria terebrans, by the same gentleman; the proposed establishment

of premiums for Prize Essays; the memoir upon Apple Blight, by

Mr. Lewis; or the proceedings of our committee upon the ravages of

the Cane Fly, &e.? In like manner the natural history and ceconomy

of various species of insects have been in an especial manner brought

before the notice of the Society, as in the memoirs of Lieut.-Col.

Sykes upon various East India Ants and other Indian Insects; that

of Mr. Shuckard upon the Fossorial Hymenoptera of our own

country ; that of Mr. Christy upon the Tamarind Beetle; that of

Mr. Saunders upon various species of East Indian Insects; that of

Mr. Waterhouse upon Faphidia, &e.

In these respects, indeed, a material difference exists between the

proceedings of the Societies of London and France, the latter being

especially marked by a greater degree of attention paid to the tech-

nical and descriptive details of various groups of insects, as in the

memoirs of Latreille upon the Sternoai, of Serville upon the Longi-

cornes, of Solier upon the Heteromera, &c.

The nature of the various publications which have recently ap-

peared in England is calculated to obtain a high degree of respect

both at home and abroad for the entomologists of this country. The

national work of Mr. Stephens! is proceeding onwards, notwithstand-

ing the numerous and almost insurmountable obstacles with which

its: talented author has had to contend, whilst his Systematic Cata-

logue ? is a work exhibiting the most astonishing exertion ; the highly

beautiful and invaluable work of Mr. Curtis >; 3) the completion of

Mr. Haworth’s ‘ Lepidoptera Britannica’ + ; thes Australian Ento-

mology’ * of Mr. George Gray, with its beautiful illustrations from

the pencil of Mr. Char les Curtis; the English Translation of the

Regne Animal, by Mr. Griffith and others °; ; and the work upon the

Lepidoptera of Java, by Dr. Horsfield 7 ; together with numerous va-

luable memoirs published in the Magazine of Natural History, the

Philosophical Magazine, Dr. Jameson’s Edinburgh Journal, the Lin-

nean and Zoological Societies’ Transactions, in the Entomological

Magazine, and last, but not least, in the Transactions of our own So-

ciety; all proving that the spirit of Entomology is rising strongly

amongst us, needing only to be directed into its proper and legitimate -

channels.

Of continental works of a general nature, one of the most valuable

is unquestionably the ‘ Iconographie du Régne Animal’ of M. Guérin ;

1 Tilustrations of British Entomology, or a Synopsis of Indigenous Insects, &c.

By J. F. Stephens, F.L.S., &c. Large 8vo. 1828—1835. In monthly parts, with

coloured figures, containing generic and specific descriptions of all the indigenous

insects.

” A Systematic Catalogue of British Insects, being an attempt to arrange all the

hitherto discovered Indigenous Insects in accordance with their natural affinities.

By J. F. Stephens, F.L. & Z.SS., &c. 8vo. 1829. 804 pp. Containing the syno-

nyms and references to about 10,000 species.

3 British Entomology, or Illustrations and Descriptions of the Genera of Insects

found in Great Britain and Ireland. By John Curtis, F.L.S., &c. Large 8vo.,

1824—1825. With coloured figures of the insects, and in many instances of the

plants upen which they are found.

4 Lepidoptera Britannica, sistens Digestionem novam Insectorum Lepidoptero-

rum que in Magna Britannia reperiuntur. Auct. A. H. Haworth, F.L.S. Lond.

1803—1828. 8vo.

5 The Entomology of Australia, in a Series of Monographs. By G. R. Gray.

Part I. Containing a monograph of the genus Phasma. Lond. 1833. 4to. With

coloured plates.

6 The Animal Kingdom described and arranged in conformity with its Organi-

zation, by the Baron Cuvier: with additional descriptions and other original mat-

ter, by Edward Griffith, F.L.S., and others. Lond. 8vo. Parts 28—36. Containing

the Insecta, Crustacea, Arachnida, and Annelida, with very numerous plates.

7 A Descriptive Catalogue of the Lepidopterous Insects contained in the Museum

of the Honourable East India Company. By Thomas Horsfield, M.D. F.R.S., &c.

Lond. 4to. Parts I. and II. 1828—1829. With plates. |

the utility of which has been already evinced by the republication of

it in this country in two or three different works.

The announcement likewise, and commencement of the publication,

of a series of works in Paris, in which each order of insects has been

undertaken by an author distinguished in his particular branch of

the science, forms a gratifying era in our science !.

It has been well said that the field of zoology is so extensive that

no one can with effect undertake the cultivation of more than a de-

tached portion. And this remark is not less foreibly applicable to

entomology alone. Hence, in proof of the justice of this observation,

numerous memoirs and monographs devoted to isolated groups of

insects have recently been published, which I now proceed to notice

as concisely as possible, premising that it is not improbable that, not-

withstanding all my exertions, many of these may not have come to

my know ledge, and that in an address like the present, only the more

material can be noticed, and that ina very cursory manner, and with-

out reference to the theories or doctrines which they may in some in-

stances elucidate. I need not say how much I shall feel obliged to

any gentleman who will have the kindness to supply any of the de-

ficiencies which must necessarily occur in my address. Perhaps it

will be more convenient to arrange these notices according to the

classification of the great groups of annulose animals, rather than to

bring under review, in the first place, the proceedings of our own

Society, and then to pass to the notice of English and foreign me-

moirs.

To commence therefore with the Crustacea.

This class of annulose animals, it is true, has not engaged so much

of the attention of modern entomologists as some of the other groups

of insects, but still its investigation has not been stationary amongst

us. The laborious researches of Messrs. Edwards and Audouin re-

lative to the internal anatomy of some of the larger species® are

amongst the most valuable works of the kind hitherto published. Nor

must the dissections of the Lobster by our own celebrated compa-

rative anatomist Mr. Owen, recently published’, be passed over in

silence. M. De Haan of Leyden has undertaken the description of

the Crustacea of Japan*, and the introductory portion of his work

1 Suites a Buffon, formant, avec les Giuvres de cet Auteur, un Cours complet

d'Histoire Naturelle, Collection accompagnée de Planches. 8vo. Paris, Roret. The

following are the names of the entomological authors, and their respective portions

of the work: Serville (Orthoptera, Neuroptera, Hemiptera), Boisduval (Lepido-

ptera), De Jean (Coleoptera), Lacordaire (Introduction), Macquart (Diptera),

Milne Edwards (Crustacea), Saint Fargeau (Hymenoptera), Walckenaer (Arach-

nida and other apterous insects). Each portion is complete in itself, and is no ways

connected with any ofthe works of Buffon.

2 Mémoires pour servir a 1’Histoire Naturelle des Crustacés. Par MM. Audouin

et Milne Edwards. Paris, 1829. 8vo. Being a collection of memoirs previously

published in the Annales des Sciences Naturelles.

3 In the Descriptive Catalogue of the Museum of the College of Surgeons. Lon-

don, 1834.

* Fauna Japonica, sive Descriptio Animalium que in Itinere per Japoniam col-

legit Ph. Fr. de Siebold. Auct. W. De Haan pro Invertebratis. Lugduni Bate-

yorum, 1833. Folio. With plates.

promises to be of great value, as regards the classification and dis-

tribution of the species, and in which the quinarian system is adopted.

The first part of a treatise upon this class by Milne Edwards! has

lately appeared in Paris, which will form a standard work of re-

ference when completed. The indefatigable Dr. Johnston of Berwick-

upon-Tweed has from time to time published isolated descriptions of

rare or unknown animals belonging to this class in the late numbers

of the Magazine of Natural History; whilst a valuable memoir upon

the natural history of that destructive animal the Limnoria terebrans,

from the pen of Mr. Coldstream, appeared in ‘Jameson’s Edinburgh

Philosophical Journal’ of last year. But the subject of the highest

interest connected with this class, is that of the transformations which

these animals have universally been asserted to undergo in their early

age, contrary to the generally received opinion that the Malacostraca

are not subject to metamorphoses. The singular facts relative to this

subject published by Mr. J. V. Thompson of Cork?, (amongst which

the most remarkable is the statement that some of the animals com-

posing the extraordinary genus Zoéa are in fact only the young of

the common edible Crab,) are sufficient, if the correctness of them

shall be established, to place this author in the foremost ranks of

science ; but it is to be observed, that the elaborate researches of

Rathke upon the development of the eggs of the Cray-fish® and of the

common Asellus aquaticus+, the observations of M. Milne Edwards

in the work above alluded to as well as in several of his detached

memoirs, and those of Mr. J. E. Gray lately read before the Royal

Society, relative to the transformations of the Cirripedes, tend to throw

some doubt upon the statements of Mr. Thompson. The subject was

considered worthy of a place amongst the zoological queries by the

British Association at Cambridge; and the Zoological Society of

Dublin have likewise adopted the same inquiry as one of the sub-

jects for the prize essays which they have proposed. It is to be ob-

served, however, that the correctness of Mr. Thompson’s observations

upon the transformations of the Cirripedes has found a supporter in

Dr. Burmeister °, who is thus opposed to Mr. J. E. Gray, and that Dr.

Nordmann has ascertained the transformations in that remarkable

group of animals the Lernee®. Mr. Thompson has likewise sub-

1 Histoire Naturelle des Crustacés, comprenant |’Anatomie, la Physiologie et la

Classification de ces Animaux. Par M. Milne Edwards. Vol. I. Paris, 1834. 8yo.

With an atlas of plates, forming portion of the Suites 4 Buffon.

2 Zoological Researches and Illustrations on Natural History of Nondescript or im-

perfectly known Animals, in a Series of Memoirs, illustrated by numerous Figures.

By J. V. Thompson, Esq., F.L.S. 8vo, Nos. l—5. Cork, 1828—1834.

3 Untersuchungen uber die Bildung und Entwickelung der Flusskrebses. Folio.

Leipzig, 1829. With plates.

‘ Abhandlungen zur Bildungs ant Entwickelung Geschichte der Menschen und

der Thiere. 4to, Leipzig. 1832—1833. With plates.

5 Beitrage zur Naturgeschichte der Ramkenfusser (Cirripeda). Von H. Bur-

meister. Berlin, 1834.

§ Mikrographische Beitrage zur Naturgeschichte der Wirbellosen Thiere. Von

Dr. Alex. vy. Nordmann. Berlin, 1832. 4to. With plates.

Dr. Burmeister of Berlin has likewise published a valuable Memoir upon the

)

mitted to our Society an account of the larvee of Lepas anatifera, «

more detailed account of which has been laid by him before the Royal

Society. A valuable report by M. Isid. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, upon a

memoir by M. Edwards, entitled ‘Observations sur les Changemens

en forme que lés Crustacés éprouvent dans le jeune age ',’ must also be

noticed.

Various isolated memoirs have also been recently published upon

this class of animals, as that of Latreille upon the genus Prosopistoma ?;

of M. Guérin upon the Notopoda’, a curious group of Crabs ; upon

Isea, a genus of Hermit Crabs; and upon the Glass Crabs Phyllo-

soma*; of M. Polydore Roux upon the Shrimp family Salicoques°; of

M. Edwards upon the order Amphipoda®; of M. Brandt upon the

Oniscide?; of M. Roussell de Vauzeme upon the Whale Louse,

Cyamus Ceti® ; together with the description of the curious osculant

genus Praniza, published by myself in the ‘ Annales des Sciences

Naturelles’®.

The extraordinary ceconomy and organization of the Opossum

and Brine Shrimps, Mysis and Artemia, have been detailed by

Mr. Thompson in different numbers of his ‘ Zoological Illustrations’.

And M.Savigny’s remarkable doctrine of the transformation of cer-

tain parts of the mouth into organs of locomotion, and vice versd, has

received fresh confirmation in the memoirs of M. Edwards upon the

genera Sergestes, Acetes, Sicyonia, and Thysanopoda. The same

author has also published no less valuable memoirs upon the remark-

able genera Glaucothoe, Pontia, Cuma, Nebalia, Thysanopoda, Am-

phion, and hea, in various numbers of the ‘ Annales des Sciences

Naturelles’, and the ‘ Annales de la Société Entomologique de France’.

The same author has more recently published a memoir on the struc-

ture of the mouth of the siphonostomous Crustacea ! ; and has also,

in conjunction with M. Audouin, described a very minute and _sin-

gular parasite found not uncommonly attached to the branchize of the

common Lobster, and to which they have given the name of Nicothoe

Astaci'', We are indebted to Dr. Gruithuisen for a memoir upon

the anatomy of Daphnia Sima'*. Dr. Leach has also published de-

scriptions of some new genera of Crustacea in the Transactions of

the Plymouth Institution for 1830; and Dr. Zeneker is the author of

Caligi and other Parasitic Crustacea in the last part of the Nova Acta Cesareo Leop.

Nature Curiosorum.

1 In the Ann. des Sc. Nat., December 1838.

2 In the Nouvelles Annales de Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Vol. II. 1834, 4to.

3 In the Annales des Sciences Naturelles for March, 1832.

4 In the Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, Vol. I. No. 3

5 Mémoire sur la Classification des Crustacés de la Tribu des Salicoques. Par

Polydore Roux. Marseille, 1831. 8vo. pp. 39.

® In the Annales des Sciences Naturelles for November 1830.

7 Conspectus Monographiz Crustaceorum Oniscodorum Latreillii, in the Bulletin

Soc. Imp. des Nat. de Moscou, Tom. VI. 1833, p. 170.

8 In the Annales des Sc. Nat. for April and May 18384.

9 In the same work for November 1832.

10 In the Ann. des Sc. Nat., January 1833, Tom. XXVIII. p. 87.

1 Tn the Ann. des Sc. Nat. for 1826, Tom. IX. p. 345.

' Tn the fourteenth volume of Nova Acta, &c. for 1828.

an elaborate treatise upon the Gammarus Pulex, in which the cir-

culation of the blood has been perceived '.

We look forward also with interest to Captain James Ross’s pub-

lication of the Crustacea brought home in the last Northern Expe-

dition, as well as to the result of Mr. W. Baird’s examination of the //n-

tomostraca of Berwickshire. Our own Society has not been entirely

destitute of observations upon this class; being indebted to Lieut.-

Col. Sykes and Mr. Sells for some verbal communications relative to

the natural history of the Land Crabs of the East and West Indies,

and I have submitted to you a memoir upon the characters and afhi-

nities of the osculant genus Arcturus of Latreille 2%.

The class Aracunipa has, in like manner with the former, met with

but little favour from the majority of entomologists, few having un-

dertaken its investigation; still our list is by no means destitute of

interest.

The classification of the great typical order of Spiders has recently

undergone revision by the most celebrated of arachnologists, Baron

Walckenaer’, whilst M. Dufour has described various species, natives

of Europe*, and M. Lucas, one of the zoologists employed at the

Jardin des Plantes, has published the descriptions of various curious

exotic species in different numbers of the ‘ Annales’ of the French En-

tomological Society. MM. Hahn has commenced the publication of a

work containing beautiful illustrations of the species of Arachnida °.

In England Mr. Blackwall has much increased the knowledge of the

habits of the indigenous groups, adding also various new genera and

species to our lists®; and an anonymous author in the Mag. of Nat.

Hist. has commenced the publication of a series of articles upon the

Spiders, in which great talent is displayed. The absence of this gen-

tleman from England has prevented the continuance of the publica-

tion of his researches, but as his return is shortly expected, it is to be

hoped that no further delay will take place, since his illustrations

(as I can affirm from an inspection of them,) are of a very high

character. M. Audouin has published an interesting memoir upon

the nest of one of the burrowing Spiders7; and Mr. Sells has had the

kindness to present our Society with a specimen of a similar nest

from the West Indies. Mr. W.S. MacLeay has likewise published a

1 De Gammari Pulicis Fabr. Historia Naturali atque Sanguinis Circuitu Commen-

tatio. Auct. J. C. Zeneker. Jenz, 1832. 4to.

2 Since this Report was read, several curious species, collected by Mr. Hailstone,

jun., on the southern coast of England, have been described in the Magazine of

Natural History for May 1835.

3 In the Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, Vol. II. No. 3.

M. Walckenaer has also lately commenced the publication of a work entitled ‘Les

Aranéides de France classées par leur Organisation’, &c. (L’Institut, No. 53) quoted

by Mr. Jenyns, Report on Zoology, p. 203.

4 Annales des Sc. Phys. Brux., Tom. IV.; Ann. des Sc. Nat., Tom. II. et XXII.

5 Die Arachniden-Getreu nach der Natur abgebildet und beschrieben. Von Dr.

Carl Wilhelm Hahn. Nurnberg, 12mo, in parts, 1831—1835. With coloured plates.

6 Linnean Transactions, Vols. XV. and XVI.; and London and Edinburgh

Philosoph. Mag., May 1833-34.

7 In the Annales de la Société Ent. de France, Vol. II. No. 1.

memoir! upon the gigantic Aranea avicularia, in which he has dis-

proved the statements of Madame Merian as to its capturing small

birds in its webs, being in fact a terrestrial species living in holes under

stones, &c. We are indebted to Latreille for a valuable memoir?

upon the genus Mygale, to which this insect belongs.

Mr. Spence has also published some observations upon the construc-

tion of the geometrical nests of spiders, in the Mag. of Nat. Hist.°.

The nature and properties of the immensely developed palpi of the

male spiders is a question still left in obscurity, being one of the

points of inquiry proposed amongst the zoological questions by the

British Association +.

Amongst the smaller and aberrant Arachnida, the memoir of

M. Dugés upon the Acari°® stands foremost, this author having

not only detailed and illustrated the structure of the entire group,

but also added considerably to our knowledge of the habits of the

various genera, and having, for the first time, described the sin-

gular transformations which many of the species undergo, and which

in the Water Mites is of so extraordinary a nature as to have de-

ceived Latreille and Audouin. It is in justice to be observed, that

Mr. Curtis had some time previously published a short notice relative

to the latter subject in the Mag. of Nat. Hist.°. M. Theis has also

published a monograph upon the Hydrachne, as well as one upon

the genera Chelifer and Obisiwm’.

The Rev. F. W. Hope has also read before the Linnean Society

the description of a most singular animal belonging to the family of

the Harvest Spiders, Phalangia,—remarkable for the extraordinary

elongation of its legs,—and which he has named Dolichoscelis Ha-

worthit ; and Dr. Perty has given a synopsis of the same family in

his account of the insects of Brazil collected by Spix and Martius,

in which numerous new genera are introduced.

Another subject connected with the Acari, which appears to have

excited a great degree of attention in Paris, namely, the real nature

of the itch insect, Acarus Scabiei, has very recently been elucidated

by the publicatiion of its description by the celebrated microscopic

observer M. Raspail®.

The recent publications and memoirs upon the other AprErous Iv-

1 In the Transactions of the Zoological Society of London, Vol. I.

2 Vues Générales sur les Aranéides 4 quatre Pneumobranchies, &c. ; published in

the Nouv. Ann. d’Hist. Nat., Tom. I. p. 61.

3 No. 30, for November 1832.

4 The curious question also as to the degree of value to be given to the characters

derived from the nature of the respiratory apparatus in the Arachnida (respecting

which see Mr. Jenyns’s Report, p.201,) has received fresh interest from a memoir

by M. Dugés, recently read before the French Institute, in which the genera Dys-

dera and Segestria are stated to have four spiracles, two of which are connected with

pulmonary and two with trachean organs.—See Guerin’s Bull. Zool., No. 2.

5 Recherches sur l’ordre des Acariens, Ann. des Sc. Nat., January 1834.

6 Mag. Nat. Hist., Vol. VII. pl. 161.

7 Ann. des Sciences Naturelles, September 1832.

8 Mémoire Comparatif surl’Histoire Naturelle de I’Insecte de la Gale. Par F. V.

Raspail. Paris, 8vo, pp. 31. With plates.

sects of Linnaeus may be briefly noticed. Descriptions of numerous

species of Anoplura and Pediculi have appeared in Lyonnet’s post-

humous work, illustrated by beautiful figures!; whilst Dr. Leach

has published the descriptions of several new species, and a new ge-

nus named Ewopus, belonging to the Lulide?.

A valuable illustrated memoir upon the 7’hysanura of Ireland has

been read before our Society from the pen of Mr. Templeton, in

which many new objects are deseribed; whilst the same order of in-

sects formed the subject of one of the latest memoirs from the pen

of Latreille °.

Mr. J. E. Gray has published the descriptions of some new genera

of Julide in Griffith’s Animal Kingdom*; and a monograph by Dr.

Brandt upon the same group appeared in the last volume of the

Bulletin of the Natural History Society of Moscow °.

The genus Pulex, composing the order Aphaniptera of Kirby, has

formed ‘the subject of an elaborate memoir by M. Duges, by whom

the real analogues of two pairs of wings have been discovered. The

structure of the antennze of the different species has been noticed by

me in a memoir in the Entomological Magazine’.

On arriving at the great group of true Meramorrnotic WINGED

InsEcts, we find the subject to be so extensive as to require not only

a generalized view, but also one extending to each of the orders ; in-

deed it will be at once perceived how impossible it is to notice, even

in the shortest manner, many interesting memoirs containing the de-

scriptions of isolated species. This must be my excuse if I should

appear to have overlooked the labours of any author.

Various valuable works have lately appeared in which the organi-

zation and classification of insects in general have been detailed: of

these may especially be mentioned the works of Stephens and Curtis

above noticed; the 3rd and 4th volumes of the ‘Introduction to

Entomology’, by Messrs. Kirby and Spence; the 4th and 5th volumes

of the ‘Regne Animal’ (of Cuvier), from the pen of Latreille; the

‘Cours d’ Entomologie’ , by the same lamented author; the ‘ Intro-

duction a l'Entomologie’, ‘by M. Lacordaire, forming one of the vo-

lumes of the ‘ Suites 2 Buffon’; the ‘ Handbuch der Entomologie’,

by Dr. Burmeister’ ; the 10th volume of the ‘ Encyclopédie Métho-

dique’, The ‘ Genera des Insectes’, of MM. Guérin and Percheron,

and the ‘ Bulletin Zoologique’ of M. Guérin, are also works of much

! Recherches sur |’Anatomie et les Métamorphoses de différentes Espéces d’In-

sectes, ouvrage posthume de Pierre Lyonnet. Parts Land II. 4to. Paris, 1832. With

54 Plates. From the Mém.du Mus. d’Hist. Nat., Vol. XVIII. XIX. XX.

2 In the Transactions of the Plymouth Institution for 1830. 8vo.

3 In the Nouvelles Annales du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Tom. I. p. 161.

API 135:

5 Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou, Tom. VI. 8yvo.

1838, p. 194.

® In the Ann. des Sc. Nat., October 1832.

7 Vol. I. No. 4. p. 359.

8 Mr. Shuckard has commenced the publication of a very neat and cheap trans-

lation of this valuable work under the name of a Manual of Entomology, 8vo, Lon-

don, E. Churton: in monthly numbers, with plates.

value. The little Manual of Mr. Newman', as well as the ‘ Ento-

mological Cabinet’ of Mr. Samouelle, will also assist in calling the

attention of the public to our science.

The completion of the splendid work of Dr. Perty ? upon the in-

sects of Brazil, and that of Dr. Klug upon the insects of Arabia’, &c.

are also especially to be noticed, as well as the series of observations

upon the ceconomy of the insects of South America, published by

M. Lacordaire in the ‘ Annales des Sciences Naturelles’, ‘Annales de

la Société Entomologique de France’, and ‘ Nouv. Annales de Mu-

séum dl’ Histoire Naturelle’ ; the entomological portion of the great

national French work upon the Morea, from the pen of M. Brullé; and

the work of M. Boisduval upon the insects of Madagascar, New

Holland, and other islands of the Southern Ocean. ‘Two works are

in course of publication in Germany forming Supplements to Pan-

zer's great work +.

The general principles regulating the distribution of insects have

lately attracted considerable attention amongst us. Dr. Horsfield in

his * Lepidoptera Javanica’, and Mr. Stephens i in the Introduction to

his Systematic Catalogue, have proposed arrangements, founded upon

the views developed in that extraordinary work the ‘Hore Entomo-

logice’; whilst, on the other hand, Mr. Swainson has arrived at se-

veral conclusions differing from those of Mr. MacLeay, and which

he has especially illustrated in his Zoological Illustrations and the

introductory treatises to the Natural History portion of Dr. Lard-

ners Cabinet Cyclopedia. Mr. Newman also has adopted a still dif-

ferent series of ideas, which he has developed in his ingenious trea-

tise entitled ‘Sphinx Vespiformis’, which have, however, met with

some opponents, whose observations are published in the Entomo-

logical Magazine®.

The investigation of the natural history of insects, as illustrated by

their preparatory states, has attracted a considerable share of attention

amongst modern entomologists. A volume devoted exclusively to

this branch of the science has recently appeared in Germany from

the pen of M. Bouché®, in which the larve and pup of a very great

number of insects of various orders are described.

Much discussion has lately taken place amongst naturalists relative

to the circulation of blood in insects, of mieli remarkable fact, as

exhibited in the larvee of certain Newroptera, an announcement was

made by Carus at the German meeting of naturalists at Dresden in

' The Grammar of Entomology. By Edward Newman. 12mo. With 4 Plates.

*Delectus Animalium Articulatorum que in itinere per Brasiliam, annis 1817-

1820, colligerunt Spix et Martius digessit, &c. Dr. Max. Perty. Fasc. 1—8. Monachii,

1830. Folio. With coloured plates.

3 Symbole Physice, seu Icones et Descriptiones Corporum Naturalium ex itine-

ribus per African Borealem et Asiam Occidentalem. Berlin, folio. Insects, Dec.

1—4, 1828—1834.

* Fauna Insectorum Europe, Fasc. 1—15; Hale, 12mo: the early numbers were

published by Ahrens. And, Deutschlands Insecten von Panzer fortgezetz von Schaeffer,

12 livraisons, 12mo. Each with 24 plates.

5 Vol. I. p. 224.

° Naturgeschichte der Insekten, Berlin, 1834, 8vo. With outline plates.

1826'. A paper has appeared by Mr. Bowerbank in the Entomolo-

gical Magazine, vol. i. p.239; anda memoir by Mr. Tyrrel upon this

subject has also been recently read before the Royal Society.

Of works devoted to the anatomy, external and internal, of insects,

we have especially to notice the posthumous work of Lyonnet above

referred to, in which his great work on the Cossus is rendered complete

by the publication of the dissections of the pupa and imago. The

admirable work of M. Straus Durckheim® (second only to that of

Lyonnet) upon the Cockchafter, Melolontha vulgaris, is highly im-

portant, illustrating the Coleopterous order as that of Lyonnet does

the Lepidoptera’. The Hornet, as an example of the Hymenoptera,

has also been treated in like manner ; but an analysis only of the latter

has as yet appeared in the ‘Bulletin des Sciences Nat.’ for 1830%,

and in Cuvier’s ‘ Analyse des Travaux’ for the same year.

Mr. MacLeay also has published an elaborate memoir upon the

Structure of the Thorax, in the Zoological Journal’, which memoir

has since been translated into French and published by M. Audouin,

with additional observations, in the ‘Annales des Sciences Natu-

relles’®. Mr. Newman has also published some osteological sketches

in various numbers of the Entomological Magazine.

The numerous memoirs of M. Dufour (published chiefly in the

‘ Annales des Sciences Naturelles’), Heroldt, Miiller, Carus, Suckow,

Treviranus, and others, as well as the important memoir of Mr. New-

port upon the internal anatomy of the Sphinx hgustri, published in

the Transactions of the Royal Society for the last year, are all of great

value, and cannot fail to place this intricate part of the subject upon

a firm basis.

I now proceed to the order CotroprEra, which has been more

extensively cultivated by modern entomologists than any other group

of insects.

Of works upon this order in general Dr. Klug has had the kind-

ness to forward to our Society a memoir published by himself, contain-

ing descriptions and numerous figures of the Coleoptera of Mada-

gascar?. The second edition of the C atalogue of the Collection of

the Count DeJean has been in part published ; ; and Dr. Perty has is-

sued a notice of the Coleoptera of the East Indies*.

1 See also his memoir in the Nova Acta Nat. Cur., Vol. XV. Pt. II.; his Entdeck-

ung eines Einfachen, &c. with 3 plates. Leipzig, 1827. And his memoir in the

Isis, 1828, p. 477.

* Considérations générales sur ]’Anatomie comparée des Animaux articulés; aux-

quelles on a joint l Anatomie descriptive du Melolontha vulgaris (Hanneton), donnée

comme exemple de l’organisation des Coléoptéres. Paris, 1828. 4to.

3 A full abstract of the general considerations and laws to which M. Straus has,

in his introduction, endeavoured to refer the different modifications of structure un-

dergone by the various organs in different groups of articulated animals, has been

given by Mr. Doubleday in the Entomological Magazine, Vol. I.

4 Tom. XXII. p. 347. ® Zoological Journal, No. 18. Vol. V. p. 145.

® January and February 1832.

7 From the Abhandlungen der Koniglichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu

Berlin aus dem Jahre 1832.

8 Observationes nonnulle in Coleoptera Indiz Orientalis. Auct, Dr. Max. Perty.

Monachii, 1831. 4to. With 1 plate.

The first portion of a work! containing the descriptions of the.

Coleoptera found in the neighbourhood of the Scottish capital has

been published. ‘The first part of the entomological portion of the

‘ Naturalist’s Library’ of Sir Wm. Jardine is in the press, in which

a great variety of showy Coleoptera are figured®. And the publi-

cation of Sturm’s alone little ‘Deutschlands Insecten Fauna’ has.

recently been recommenced.

The Rey. F. W. Hope has described, not only in our own Trans-

actions, but also in those of the Zoological Society, numerous remark-

able novelties belonging to this order. He has likewise published

an account of the various species of Beetles found in mummies’ ;

whilst Mr. Waterhouse has laid before the Society the descriptions of

numerous Sree larvee, a branch of the subject of the highest

interest. Mr. 8. S. Sanders has also described various remarkable

exotic Coleoptera at one of our meetings, belonging to various genera.

Carabide.—Following in the steps of the Baron DeJean, the com-

pletion of whose descriptions of the Carabide and Cicindelide* has

recently taken place, we find Messrs. Gory®, Laporte®, Brullé7, Klug 8,

and Chevrolat® giving descriptions of supplementary species of the

same family, w hilst descriptions of the Carabide of New Holland may

shortly be expected from the pen of Mr, G. R. Gray. Mr, Say has

also published a recent memoir upon the American species of these

two families '°. Descriptions and figures of the European species of these

families are in course of publication by Dejean and Boisduval!!. Zim-

merman also has published two monographs upon Zabrus and Amara

1 Entomologia Edinensis. By James Wilson, F.R.S., and Rev. James Duncan.

8vo. Edinburgh, 1834.

2 Since this Report was read, this work has been published with the title ‘Th

Natural History of Beetles, illustrated by thirty-two plates, numerous wood-cuts;

with memoir and portrait of Ray. By James Duncan, M.W.S. Edinburgh, 1835.’

3 In the History of Egyptian Mummies, &c. By Thomas Jos. Pettigrew, F.R.S.,

&c. London, 1834. 4to. With plates.

‘ Species général des Coleoptéres de la Collection de M. le Comte De Jean. Paris,

8vo, Vol. 1—5, 1825—1831.

5 Centurie de Carabiques nouveaux. Par M. Gory, Ann, Soc. Ent. Paris, Vol. IT.

. 168.

: ® Etudes Entomologiques, ou Descriptions d’Insectes nouveaux et Observations sur

leurs Synonymes. Par M. De Laporte. 1* et 2™® Livraisons. Paris, 1834-1835.

8vo. With Plates.

7 Observations Critiques sur fa Nomenclature des Carabiques in Silbermann’s

Revue Entomologique, Livr. 9; and in the 4th Vol. of Histoire Naturelle des In-

sectes. Par Messrs. Audouin and Brullé. Svo. With an atlas of plates. Paris,

Pillot, 1834.

8 Jahrbucher der Insectenkunde, von Dr. Fr. Klug. Erster band, 1834. 8vo.

296 pp. With 2 coloured plates.

® Coléoptéres du Mexique. Par A. Chevrolat. 2nd Fascicule, 1834. Strasbourg,

12mo.

10 Descriptions of some new North American Insects, and observations on some

already described. By Thomas Say, in the 4th Volume of the Transactions of the

American Philosophical Society, New Series.

11 fconographie et Histoire Naturelle des Coléoptéres d'Europe. Paris, Svo. With

plates. Published in Livraisons 1827—1835.

and their respective divisions '. The attention of our Society has

been called to the specific distinctions of various British species of

the genus Dromius by Mr. Babington.

Dyticide.—The family of the Water Beetles, Dyticide, has been

revised by Dr. Erichson*, who has added several new generic groups,

and also, together with the Gyrinide@, by M. Laporte in his ‘ Etudes

Entomologiques’ above mentioned.

Hydrophilide.—M. Solier has undertaken the revision of the Hy-

drophilide in the ‘ Annales’ of the Entomological Society of France:

and Mr. Waterhouse has published a monograph upon one of the ge-

nera, Hydrena, in which numerous new British species are described +.

The Brachelytra, or Linnean Staphylini, have been submitted to

a minute analysis by the Count De Mannerheim, whose memoir has

been published in the Transactions of the Petersburgh Academy °;

and Dr. Gravenhorst, one of our Honorary Members, has announced

to us his intention of again directing his attention to the same group.

M. Laporte has also published descriptions of various new exotic

genera and species in the 2nd part of his ‘ Etudes Entomologiques’.

The curious little family Pselaphide has formed the subject of a va-

luable and recent monograph by M. Aubé, published in Guérin’s

Magasin de Zoologie, in which highly magnified figures of all the

species are given®, forming a fit companion to Mr. “Denny’s mono-

graph upon the same family.

The Hist.ride have been revised by Dr. Klug in his Jahrbucher, and

not less than twenty-one genera have been proposed in the family, and

a very great number of species described. The family Lucanide has

recently received several splendid additions, including the Chiaso-

gnathus Granti of Mr. Stephens’, and several other new genera, of

which I have given characters in the ‘ Annales des Sciences Natu-

relles*’, accompanied by a synoptic table of the entire family. M. Per-

cheron has just published a monograph upon the exotic genus Pas-

salus®, containing not less than fifty species. Mr.W. aterhouse made

a verbal communication at one of our early meetings upon the habits

of the common Stag Beetle. Numerous ‘additions have been made

to the great Linnean group of Scarabeus, especially in the ‘ Ency-

clopédie Méthodique,’ vol. x. ; and Messrs. Gory and Percheron have

1 Monographie der Carabiden, von Zimmermann; Erstes Stuck: 8vo, Berlin

and Halle, 1831. Containing the Zabroides. The Amaroides form the subject of a

memoir in the first number of the Faunus, von J. Gistl, Munchen, 1832.

2 Genera Dyticeorum Dissertatio inauguralis. Auctore Dr. G. F. Erichson. Bero-

lini, 1832. 8vo, pp. 45.

3 Vol. III. Part IT.

4 Entomological Magazine, Vol. I. p. 292.

5 Mém. présentés a l’Acad. Imp. Se. St. Pétersbourg, Tom. prem. 5™¢ Livraison,

1831.

6 Plates 78—93.

7 Cambridge Phil. Soc. Trans., Vol. 1V. Pl. 9, 10.

8 2nd Series, February 1834.

° Monographie des Passales et des Genres qui en ont été separés, &c. Par A.

Percheron. Paris, 1835. With outline figures of all the species.

undertaken a beautifully illustrated monograph of the family Cefo-

nide', which is now in course of publication.

The splendid family Buprestide has been enriched with some sin-

gular species from Madagascar®, and has been revised by M. Esch-

scholtz? and M. Solier*, each of whom have added numerous generic

groups.

The Elateride have in like manner been revised by Eschscholtz°

and by Latreille®, whilst the hipiceride? and Lampyride® have

been submitted to similar treatment by M. Laporte.

M. Solier has undertaken the difficult task of illustrating the He-

teromera, and his first memoir, published in the Annals of the

French Entomological Society °, affords promise of great value. Esch-

scholtz likewise added many new genera belonging to the Melasoma

in the ‘ Zoologischer Atlas’ above noticed ; and M. Guérin has more

recently commenced the task of illustrating the same division in his

‘Magasin de Zoologie’. I need not do more than name the nearly com-

pleted work of Schénherr upon the Curculionide °, a family supposed

to be connected with the Cerambycide by a series of Xylophagous

insects, portions of which, belonging to the family Cucaide, I have

submitted to a minute examination, the result of which has been pub-

lished in the Zoological Journal !'.

Whilst, in the last place, the distribution of the Cerambycide given

by M. Serville in various numbers of the Annals of the French En-

tomological Society !? cannot fail to be of essential benefit.

SrrepsipTeRA.—Our attention has very recently been called to the

very rare and interesting group of parasitic insects Strepsiptera, of

which a very decided new species, named Stylops Spencit (in honour

of one of our distinguished honorary members), has been described,

and its habits detailed to us by Mr. Pickering. Two other new ge-

nera, Llenchus and Halictophagus, have been published in Mr. Curtis's

‘ British Entomology’.

Hymenoptera.—The highly interesting order Hymenoptera has

lately attracted much of the attention of entomologists, and it is un-

derstood that a general work upon the order by the Count de St. Far-

geau will shortly appear in Paris.

Dr. Klug has recommenced his memoirs upon the Tenthredinide in

the ‘Jahrbucher der Insectenkunde’ above noticed; whilst the great

! Monographie des Cétoines et genres voisin. Par Messrs. Gory et Percheron.

Paris, 1833—1835. 8vo. With coloured plates.

° Figured at the same time and under different names by M. Guérin in his Ma-

gasin de Zoologie, and by Dr. Klug in his account of the Madagascar Coleoptera.

3 Zoologischer Atlas. Von Dr. Fr. Eschscholtz. Erstes Hefte. Folio, 1829.

Berlin.

4 Ann. Soc. Ent. de France, Vol. II. Pt. II.

®° In Thon’s Entomologisches Archiv for 1829.

® Ann. Soc. Ent. de France, Vol. IIT. Pt. I.

{lbs Nolen Pt; U0: Sb Vols tin Ptel: 9 7b. Vol. IL. Pt. III.

11 No. 18. p. 213.

2 Vol. I. Pt. 11. (Prionidz) Vol. II. Pt. IV. and Vol. IIL. Pt. I. (Cerambycide).

work of Gravenhorst upon the true Zehneumones' will not easily be

surpassed.

The aberrant Ichneumonide have been described by Dr. Nees von

Esenbeck ?; and Mr. Haliday%, whose lucid details have thrown great

light upon this abstruse part of our science, has entered the same field.

A generic distribution of the Gall-flies has been published by me in

the Mag. Nat. Hist.*, where I have described several new species.

M. Fonscolombe has also described numerous French species of the

latter family in the ‘ Annales des Sciences Naturelles’* ; and Dr. Hem-

merschmidt of Vienna has published a valuable memoir upon this

group of insects °.

But the minute and splendid family of the Chalcidide has perhaps

received a greater share of the attention of recent Hymenopterolo-

gists than any other groups belonging to the order; Fonscolombe

in France’, Dalman*, Bohemann in Sweden’, Dr. Nees von Esen-

beck in Germany '°, and Messrs. Walker !!, Haliday '!?, and Curtis ',

as well as myself!* having especially undertaken its illustration in

various works.

The families of the Ants!> and Wasps'®, notwithstanding their

great interest, are both waiting for a monographer. The annoyances

produced by a minute species of the former family have, upon several

occasions, been noticed at our meetings; whilst the fossorial Hymeno-

ptera‘7 have been investigated with much care both by M. Vander-

1 Ichneumonologia Europa. Auctore J. G. C. Gravenhorst. Vratislavie, 1829,

3 Vols. 8vo.

? Hymenopterorum Ichneumonibus affinium monographia, Genera Europea et

Species illustrantes. Scripsit C. G. Nees ab Esenbeck. 2 Vols. Svo. Stuttgartie et

Tubinge, 1834.

3 Published in various Numbers of the Entomological Magazine.

* November 1833, Vol. VI. p. 491.

5 For June 1832.

qui excrescentia proferentibus. Vienna.

7 Annales des Sciences Nat., July 1832.

8 Stockholm Transactions (Kongl. Vetensk, &c., 1820—1822.

9 Tb. 1833.

10 In the Series of Monographs above referred to.

N In various Numbers of the Entomological Magazine. a ip

13 In various Numbers of the British Entomology.

M4 Zool. Journal, No. 13; Magasin de Zoologie, Cl. 9. Pl. 4; Lond. and Edinb.

Phil. Mag., Aug. 1832 ,June 1833, Nov. 1833 ; Mag. Nat. Hist., March 1833, Sep-

tember 1833, erent 1833, March 1835; Proceedings aol Soc., April 1835 ;

Ent. Mag., No. 7.

15 A memoir by Signor Losana, ‘Saggio sopra le Formiche indigene del Piemonte’,

in the Mem. delle Reale Acc. delle Scienze de Torine, Tom. XX XVII. 1834, must

be excepted, as well as Col. Sykes’s account of several Indian species read before the

Society.

16 The work of M. Wesmael, entitled ‘ Monographie des Odynéres de Belgique’,

51 pp. 1 Pl. Bruxelles, 1833, should be excepted.

7 Since this Report was read, a valuable memoir by MM. Saint Fargeau and

Brullé, upon the genus Crabro, has appeared in the 4th Part of the 8rd V olume of the

Ann. Soc. Int. de France.

linden! in Holland, and by our own member Mr. Shuckard, whose

work upon the British species is on the point of publication. The

latter gentleman has likewise read an interesting memoir upon the

habits of this group, which has been published in the first part of our

Transactions. Dr. Ratzburg has lately published a curious memoir

upon the development of the segments in the apodal larve of the

Hymenoptera, in which (if correct,) he appears to have arrived at

some singular facts?. Mr. W. W. Saunders has likewise recorded

some interesting facts relative to the ceconomy of one of the East

Indian species of this family, which has likewise been published in

our Transactions. Little of novelty upon the family of the Bees has

recently appeared either in the way of systematic classification or

ceconomical details, if we except the memoirs of the Count de St. Far-

geau inserted in the 10th volume of the ‘ Encyclopédie Méthodique’,

and those upon Bombus by Dahlbom® and St. Fargeau*.

Nevroprera, T'ricnoprera.—In like manner, but little novelty has

appeared in the order Neuwroptera®; but in the T'richeptera, or

order of Caddice-flies, a splendid work has recently been published

by M. Pictet of Geneva®, and which has gained one of the prizes

established by Lady Davy in the Academy of that city. Mr. Curtis

has likewise published a series of short descriptions of numerous

British species in the Philosophical Magazine’. Instances of the

ravages of the Termites, or White Ants, have been brought under

our notice by Capt. Smee and the Rev. Mr. Hope.

Orruorrera.—We are indebted to M. Serville for a revision of

the order Orthoptera’, in which numerous new generic groups have

been proposed. The Count Fischer de Waldheim has likewise pub-

lished a distribution of the Russian species in the last volume of the

Bulletin of the Nat. Hist. Soc. of Moscow’; M. Zetterstedt !° a mono-

graph upon the Orthoptera of the North of Europe; and M. Phillipi

amemoir upon the Orthoptera of Berlin '!®, I have already alluded to

Mr. George R. Gray’s monograph upon the Phasmide of Australia.

The same author has likewise just completed an entire monograph

upon the family, in which a great number of new genera and species

are described !'.

1 Observations sur les tyménoptéres d’ Europe de la Famille des Fouisseurs. Par

Pp. L. Vander Linden. 4to. Bruxelles, 1829.

® Ueber Entwickelung der fusslosen Hymenopteren Larven, in the Nova Act.

Nat. Cur., Vol. XVI. Pt. I.

3 Bombi Scandinaviz. Simall 8vo. 4 Annales Soc. Ent. France, Vol. I.

® The monographs upon the Libellulide, by Charpentier (Hore Entomologice

adjectis tabulis 9 col. Vratislavia, 1825. 4to.) and Vander Linden (shne Bono-

nienses; Agriones Bononienses descripte a P. L. Vander Linden, adjecta tabula enea,

Bononiz, 1820, et Monographia Libellularum Europwarum Specimen, Bruxelles,

1825,) must be excepted.

® Recherches pour servir a |’Histoire et a l’Anatomie des Phryganides. Par Fr.

1. Pictet, Genéve, 1834. 4to. With 20 plates.

7 Lond. and Edinb. Phil. Mag., February and March 1834.

8 Annales des Sciences Nat., January and March 1830.

% Orthoptera Suecie, Lund. 1882.

10 Orthoptera Berolinensia. A small quarto pamphlet.

11 Synopsis of the Species of Insects belonging to the Family Phasmide. By G.

R. Gray, P.E.S. Lond. and France. London, 1835. 8vo, pp. 48.

Dermaprera.—In the order to which Dr. Leach applied the name

of Dermaptera, M. Géné has published a monograph of the Italian

Forficula', and I have read at one of our meetings some observations

relative to the respiratory apparatus and sexual organization of the

common species.

Hererorrers.—In the order Heteroptera, or the families of Land

and Water Bugs, the elaborate memoir? of M. Dufour upon the

comparative anatomy and internal organization of these insects is

worthy of its distinguished author ; the classification of M.de Laporte

is also especially to be noticed, published in M. Guérin’s Mag. de

Zoologie*, in which numerous new genera are proposed. The same

groups have likewise formed the subject of valuable memoirs by Drs.

Burmeister* and Schilling®. M. Hahn has also undertaken the pic-

torial illustration of the species in his elegant ‘ Die Wanzenartigen

Insecten’®. Fallen also has again resumed his publications upon these

groups?; and still more recently a memoir by myself upon several

curious genera has appeared in the Annales of the Ent. Soc. France *.

Homoprera.—In this order Dr. Germar has lately published

valuable synopsis®, as well as a monograph upon the G. Cicada".

M. Guérin has in like manner published a partial synopsis of the

order in his Account of the Voyage de Belanger. M. de Laporte

has likewise characterized various remarkable exotic groups !!, whilst

our own Transactions are enriched by a memoir of Mr. R. A. Lewis

upon several new British genera. The ravages of the Delphax sac-

charivora upon the canes in the West Indies have in an especial

manner been made the subject of attention by our Society.

The remarkable family of the Coccidé has likewise been illustrated

1 Saggio de una Monografia delle Forficule indigene de Prof. Giuseppe Géné.

Padova, 4to, 1832. From ‘degli Annali del Scienze del Regno Lombarde Veneto.’

2 Recherches Anatomiques et Physiologiques sur les Hémiptéres, accompagnées,

de Considérations relatives a l’Histoire Naturelle et 4 la Classification de ces In-

sectes. Par M. Léon Dufour. 4to. Paris, 1833. Published in the Mémoires de l’In-

stitut.

3 Essai d’une Classification Systématique de l’Ordre des Hémiptéres. Par F. L.

de Laporte. Paris, 1833. 8vo. From the Magasin de Zoologie de Guérin.

4 Mémoire sur la Division Naturelle des Punaises terrestres considérées surtout

relativement a la Structure des Antennes. By Dr. H. Burmeister, in Silbermann’s

Revue Entomologique, Vol. II. No. 1. 1834.

Since this Report was read, Dr. Burmeister has published an entire revision of the

Homoptera and Heteroptera in the 2nd Volume of his Handbucher der Entomologie.

» In the Beitriige zur Entomologie, 1 Heft, Breslau, 1829. 8vo. With 17 plates.

6 Die Wanzenartigen Insekten. Von Dr. C. W. Hahn. Nuremberg, 1831—1835.

Small 8vo. With plates.

7 Hahn refers not only to the Hemiptera Suecie, but also toa Monographia Ci-

micum by Fallen, which latter I have not seen. Burmeister refers to Fallen’s Mon.

Cim. Suec., Hafn. 1807; Spec. Nov. Hem., Lund. 1814; Hemipt. Suec., Lund. 1829,

8vo, fasc. I.—X.

8 Vol. III. No. 3.

9 Conspectus Generum Cicadariarum in Silbermann’s Revue Entomologique,

No. 4.

10 In Thon’s Entomologische Archiv, Vol. II. fasc. If. 1880, and in Silbermann

Rev. Ent. No. 8.

1 Jn the Annales Soc, Ent. de France, Vol. I

by M. Fonseolombe', M. Géné?, Dr. Brandt, and M. Bouche’, in

various valuable memoirs °.

Leprpoprera.—In this beautiful order our continental neighbours

have been making great advances. Two distinct and beautiful pe-

riodical works are now in progress of publication in Paris, devoted

to the illustrations of the larvee and pupe of European Lepidoptera ®.

Three also, in like manner, devoted to figures of the perfect insects,

forming, in fact, supplements to the great works of Hiibner and

Godart, are in course of publication’. M. Boisduval has published a

work upon the Lepidoptera of the islands of the Southern Ocean’.

Mr. Swainson has illustrated numerous exotic groups of Butterflies

in the New Series of his ‘Zoological Illustrations. Meigen has com-

menced an illustrated work upon the Lepidoptera of Europe; but

perhaps the most valuable undertaking connected with this order is

the Microlepidopterology of Count Fischer, of which the commence-

ment has just appeared, in as much as the objects to which it is de-

voted, the Tortricide and Tineid@, especially in their preparatory

states, have most need of careful illustration. The beautiful work of

Mr. Wood will be found exceedingly serviceable to the English Le-

pidopterist. Mr. Stephens has laid before the Society an account of

1 In the Annales Soc. Ent. de France, Vol. III. Part II.

° In the Fauna del Regno di Napoli. 4to, With plates.

3 In Mémoires Acad. Imp. Scienc. St. Pétersbourg. 6th Series. Vol. III. Liv. 1.

* Naturgeschichte der Insecten, Vol. I. 8vo. 1834. With plates.

5° Dr. Burmeister has also, since this Report was read, published some very valuable

observations upon this family in the 2nd Volume of his Handbucher; in which he

has given an entire revision of the whole of the Suctorial Hemiptera, to which the

Pediculide are added.

® Collection Iconographique et Historique des Chenilles: par MM. Boisduval,

Rambur et Graslin, Paris, 8vo, Livr. 1—30. Iconographie des Chenilles: par M.

Duponchel, Livr. 1—12, Paris, 8vo.

7 Histoire Naturelle des Lépidoptéres ou Papillons de France. Par Godart, con-

tinuée par M. Duponchel, Tom. I—XII. Paris, 8vo.—Supplément a l’Histoire Na-

turelle de Lépidoptéres. Par M. Duponchel, Livr. 1—17. Paris, Svo.—Icones Hi-

storiques des Lépidoptéres nouveaux ou peu connus. Parle Docteur Boisduval. Livr.

1—30. Paris, 8vo.—M. Cantener has commenced a Histoire Naturelle des Lépido-

ptéres Rhopalocéres (knobbed-horned) des Départemens du Haut et du Bas-Rhin.

Livr. 1—4. Paris.—Treitschke has begun a Hulfsbuch fur Schmetterlings Sammler.

Vienne and Paris, 1834. With coloured figures. He has also completed the great

work of Ochsenheimer ‘ Die Schmetterlinge von Europa.’-—M. Freyer is also pub-

lishing a periodical work upon the Lepidoptera, with coloured plates, entitled ‘ Neuer

Beitrage zur Schmetterlingskunde, &c. Dregsburg, 1—16 Hefte, each with 6 plates.

—MM. Villiers and Guénée have undertaken a comprehensive work under the title

of Tableaux Synoptiques des Lépidoptéres d’ Europe, which is announced as likely

to form 8 Volumes, 4to.—M. Poey’s Centurie des Lépidoptéres de l’'Ile de Cuba,

Paris, 8vo, commenced in 1832, must not be omitted.

8 Faune Entomologique de Madagascar, Bourbon, Maurice; Lépidoptéres par M.

Boisduval. Large 8vo. M. Boisduval has also published a memoir upon the same

subject in the Nouv. Ann. de Mus. d’Hist. Nat., Tom. II. No. 2. The same author

has published a Monographie des Zygznides, including a Synopsis of European

Lepidoptera, 8vo, Paris, 1828; and, in conjunction with M. Lecomte, has com-

menced the publication of an illustrated work upon the Lepidoptera of North

America; parts 11—22 have just been published in Paris.

® Abbildunger zur Berechtigung und Ergiinzung Schmetterlingkunde besonders

der Mikrolepidopterologie, &c. Vor J. E. Fischer. 4to, in parts. Leipzig, 1834,

With coloured plates.

the original specimen of the Sphina Hphemereformis'! of Haworth,

an insect which has much perplexed Lepidopterists, and which proves

to be allied to Psyche, &c.; and our ‘Transactions contain a memoir

by myself upon aremarkable gregarious species of Butterfly, commu-

nicated to me by Mr. Rees, from Mexico.

DrererA.—In the order Diptera, if we except the ponderous work

of Robineau Desvoidy upon the genus Musea of Linneeus®, and the

publication of M. Macquart’s volume forming part of the series of the

‘Suites 4 Buffon’ , but little novelty of any extent has appeared since the

completion of the works of Meigen* and Weidemann °. I must not,

however, omit to mention Mr. Haliday’s valuable memoir upon the

Dolichopide, published in the Zoological Journal ®, as well as several

detailed memoirs from the pen of the same gentleman and Mr. Walker,

in various numbers of the Entomological Magazine, in which con-

siderable additions have been made to our indigenous list. And

lastly, Mr. Spence has laid before our Society several communica-

tions relative to the Hessian Fly and its parasites, upon which subject

a memoir from the pen of Mr. Kerrick is expected.

I have at length brought this long list to a close, not I fear, how-

ever, before I have fatigued many of my hearers with the recital. I

would willingly have compressed the subject into narrower limits;

but this has been impossible, from the great number of invaluable

works recently published upon the various branches of our science.

One thing is certainly evident from what has been brought forward,

namely, that the attention of many distinguished men has been

especially devoted to Entomology, and great has been the result of

their labours. But, gentlemen, how much remains still to be done—

how boundless are those fields of pure and unalloyed delight in

which the observer of nature may wander from “ morn till dewy eve,”

plucking bright flowers at every step! The science which we culti-

vate is one not of names alone; we have living objects for our con-

templation—and who will affirm that a single individual of all the

ten or twelve thousand British species of insects has been thoroughly

studied in all the various relations of its natural history and ceco-

nomy, internal and external anatomy, inits affinities and analogies, &c.

Take, for instance, the very commonest of the insect tribes, the Do-

mestic Fly, and how many interesting queries, including those sug-

gested by Mr. Spence, might be proposed, to which not even the

most skilful entomologist would be able to give a reply!

Truly, the harvest is plenteous—but let us hope that the labourers

1 Index Entomologicus, &c., 8vo. With plates. By W. Wood, F.R.S., &c.

2 Essai sur les Myodaires par le Docteur J. B. Robineau Desvoidy, 1830, 4to,

pp- 812, being the 10th volume of the Mémoires présentes par divers Savans a

V’Acad. Roy. des Sc. de l'Institut de France.

3 Hist. Nat. des Ins. Diptéres. Par M. Macquart. 8vo. Vol. I. Paris, 1834. With

an atlas of plates.

4 Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten Europaischer Zweiflugeligen In-

sekten. Von J. W. Meigen. Vol. I—VI. 1818—1830. 8vo.

5 Aussereuropaische Zweiflugelige Insekten; beschrieben von Dr. Ch. R. W.

Wiedemann. 2 Vol. 8vo. Hamm, 1828.

6 No. 19.

oS)

are not few. The objects of our inquiry are within the reach of

every one. It was, I think, St. Pierre who observed that several

hundred distinct species of insects visited a rose-tree placed in the

window of his study. And it was upon the leaves of trees growing

within reach of his window that Evan Webster Lewis, whilst lying,

even in the commencement of his career, upon a lingering bed of

sickness,—from which, alas! he rose no more,—made those interesting

observations upon Tinea Ruficapitella and Pimpla Stercorator, which

while they soothed his painful hours, proved how valuable would

have been his researches had he been spared to us.

There are also, I grieve to say, other names of those departed from

us, who occupied the foremost ranks of our science, which cannot be

mentioned without a sigh.

The merits of Cuvier, Latreille, Haworth, Guilding, and Say are

so well known to every one of my hearers, and so immeasurably be-

yond my weak powers to accord justice to, that I dare not do other-

wise than leave this part of my subject in your hands.

Indeed, it is time for me to conclude. Allow me, therefore, to

thank you in the first place for the attention which you have be-

stowed upon this lengthened address; and in the second, for the

honour which you have conferred upon me by re-electing me to the

office of your Secretary. I could have w ished that your “choice had

fallen upon an individual possessing greater capabilities than I can

pretend to.

This much, however, I may safely affirm, that although others may

far exceed me in talent, I will yield to no one in point of zeal either

towards our favourite science or towards our Society as its organ.

Indeed, I feel convinced that no one, considering the great influence

which a Society, embodying the highest names of its students,

must unquestionably have in promoting the extent and welfare of

that science, will refuse to lay aside all trifling differences of opinion

and join me in my most heartfelt wish, not only that Entomology may

flourish, but also in the fervent exclamation,

Floreat Societas nostra, esto perpetua!

PRINTED BY RICHARD TAYLOR,

RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

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AN ADDRESS

DELIVERED AT

THE ANNIVERSARY MEETING

OF THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF LONDON,

JANUARY 24, 1842,

By W. W. SAUNDERS, Esa., F.L.S., &c.,

PRESIDENT.

LONDON:

PRINTED BY RICHARD AND JOHN E. TAYLOR,

RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

1842.

Anniversary Meeting of the Entomological Society of London,

January 24, 1842.

Resolved—* That the thanks of this Meeting are due to the Presi-

dent for his Address, and that he be requested to allow. the same

to be printed for distribution amongst the Members of the Ento-

mological Society.”

J. O. Westwoop,

Secretary.

ADDRESS.

Tuis is the tenth year of the existence of this Society, which since

its formation has been gradually advancing in public estimation,

until it has gained the high station which it now holds among the

scientific bodies of London. I would not wish to congratulate the

members upon the position the Society has attained, unless I

thought that there were ample reasons for so doing; but surely

when I look to the character we have as a body, the number of

members who have joined us, and the state of our collection and

funds. I cannot but congratulate the members on the present state

and prosperity of the Society.

Placed in the chair of this Society by no other merit of my own

than that of being an ardent devotee at the shrine of Entomology,

I do not wish that it should be thought that I am claiming any por-

tion of the merit which attaches to those members who by their ex-

ertions have so much advanced the Society and the science in public

estimation. They will, I am sure, feel rewarded for their trouble

by seeing the Society so flourishing.

I have just alluded to the number of members who have joined

this Society since its formation, and I am now happy to state that

the number admitted last year is gredter than for several seasons past ;

and I feel confident as we become more consolidated we shall find

our ranks increase in proportion; and I look forward to the time

when every entomologist in this country will have joined our ranks,

and when all will strive together to promote the cause of the science

which, above all others, each must have most at heart. The cash-

balance in the Treasurer’s hands shows a favourable state of our

funds, and that our income is equal to the exigencies of the Society,

with a surplus which I hope at our Anniversary Meetings never to

see diminished; for it is a very important point that this main-

spring of the Society should always show a balance on the right

side.

Considerable progress has been made in the arrangement of the

Collection by the Subcurator and members who have kindly lent

him assistance, and to whom the thanks of this Society are due for

the trouble they have taken and time they have given towards for-

warding this important object. I am anxious to see the Collection

in as perfect a state as possible, as far as regards arrangement, in

order that its riches may be better known and more easily referred

to, feeling assured that a complete arrangement would have the effect

of bringing members to the Society as well as acquisitions to the

Collection itself. Some fine additions have been made to the Collec-

tion during the last year, for which the Society have most justly

passed votes of thanks. To Miss Hope we are indebted for a very

interesting collection of Egyptian insects, and to Mr. H. Cuming

for the donation of a very valuable collection from Manilla, contain-

ing specimens of great rarity and extraordinary beauty. To Mr.

M‘Clelland and Dr. Cantor we are also indebted for collections from

India and the neighbourhood of Chusan, each of much value to the

Society, and showing the interest our corresponding members take

in our welfare. ;

I must now advert to the loss the Society has sustained in the

death of their late Subcurator, Mr. Bainbridge. He was a valuable

servant to us, and had the interest of the Society much at heart.

His knowledge of Entomology was very considerable; and this, com-

bined with great zeal for the promotion of his favourite study, made

him a most fit and proper person to fill the situation of Subcurator.

By his amiable and unobtrusive manner he gained the good-will of

all who knew him, and his loss will be long felt by his friends as

individuals, and by this Society as a body. The Council have chosen

Mr. F. Smith to fill Mr. Bainbridge’s place, who is well known to

many of the members of the Society for his excellent knowledge of

British Hymenoptera ; and I have every reason to believe that the

choice they have made is one which will be very advantageous to

the Society, and that they will have a very efficient officer.

During the last year the Council deemed it proper, at a small ad-

ditional expenditure, to obtain the apartments which we now occupy,

and which are far morecommodious and advantageous to us than those

we held before. We have now apartments which are well suited to

the Society's wants ; and having been recently papered, painted and

repaired, they have that appearance of respectability and cleanliness

which I should wish the apartments of this Society to possess.

Since the last anniversary the Society has lost a member of great

repute in the ranks of science in the person of A. B. Lambert, Esq.,

V.P.L.S., &c., who in a good old age has gone to that country from

which no traveller returns. The particular bent of his studies was

botany ; but he fostered all the natural sciences, and was always

ready to help those who were studying natural history, by giving

them the use of the splendid collection he had formed at his resi-

dence in Grosvenor Street. It is not for me here to speak at large

of the great benefits he rendered to the study of botany, of the

splendid works which appeared under his fostering care, or of the

riches of his magnificent collection. These will be duly dwelt upon

by the President of another Society, where his loss is even more

deeply felt.

I have also the melancholy task of recording the decease of our

honorary foreign member, M. V. Audouin, so well known among

the celebrated entomologists of France, and whose writings and

exertions to forward the cause of Entomology are acknowledged

with gratitude by the entomologists of every country. His great

talents had raised him to a Professorship at the Jardin des Plantes,

and he had filled the chair of the Entomological Society of France

much to the benefit of that Society.

I must also say a few words as a tribute of respect to the memory

of one who until lately had been a member of this Society, and who

was so well known and respected among us—I allude to Mr. W.

Sells of Kingston, who, in returning home from Guildford,was thrown

from his gig, and died shortly afterwards of the injuries he received.

He was a man devoted to the cause of science, and paid great atten-

tion to Entomology, particularly to the habits and economy of in-

sects, to illustrate which he made a very interesting collection. In

the last volume of our Transactions are several papers by Mr. Sells,

which show the great attention he paid to Entomology, and the

great aptitude he had for observation. The one on Cteniza nidulans

is particularly interesting and valuable. Of his private character I

have heard many excellent traits, and his charitable disposition and

readiness to help those in distress will cause his loss to be much

regretted in his neighbourhood, where he was looked up to by the

distressed and aftlicted as a benefactor and friend.

To turn from these melancholy subjects, I would wish to give a

hasty glance at what has been done during the last year in this coun-

try for the cause of Entomology, in various publications which have

no connexion with this Society. I am proud to say that one of our

members, Mr. Newport, has laid before the Royal Society a paper on

the development of the Myriapoda, in praise of which I have only

need to say that it has been chosen by that Society as the Bakerian

Lecture. I point out this as an example to those who would engage

in the study of Entomology with a view to its advancement, and to

show what may be done by talent and exertion. A great and wide

field is open in Entomology for those to advance in who have time to

give to this delightful study; and while some devote their minds to the

nomenclature and natural classification of insects, there is ample room

forothers torender important services in other branches of the science.

The ‘ Arcana Entomologica,’ a very interesting and beautiful work,

carried on by our talented Secretary Mr. Westwood, is a child of the

last year, which will I hope live to a good old age ; for ] am ready to

confess that the work is so full of important matter, so well illustrated,

and so ably conducted, that I know of no entomological work of the

present day which interests me so much. ‘The ‘ Entomologist’ is a

small periodical established last year, and as its name imports, its pages

are devoted to Entomology. It is ably conducted by Mr. Newman,

a name well known in the entomological world, and many interesting

papers on various subjects have appeared in it, and I think it is well

worthy of the patronage of all who take an interest in Entomology,

particularly the entomology of our own native land. A work in

which the butterflies of Great Britain and their transformations are

figured by Mr. Humphreys, and described by Mr. Westwood, was

concluded last year, and the same gentlemen have entered upon an-

other branch of the Lepidoptera, the British moths and their trans-

formations; and I wish them success, as the character of the work

they are publishing will do much to extend the study of Entomology,

and make it far more popular than it has hitherto been. A volume

on foreign moths from the hands of Mr. Duncan, assisted by Mr.

Westwood, has appeared as one of the series of the Naturalist’s Li-

brary ; it is got up in the usual attractive and popular style of that -

well-conducted publication, and will, I have no doubt, obtain the same

success as the volumes which have already appeared. Mr. Adam

White, one of our members, has published a very interesting article

on the insects of the north-west portion of New Holland, in the Ap-

pendix to Captain Gray’s recent travels in that region. This paper

does great credit to this risimg entomologist, and will be found useful

to those who are studying the insects of this little-known part of the

world. In the last part of the Transactions of the Linnean Society is

a paper by the Rev. F. W. Hope, describing a number of very splendid

imsects from Assam in the East Indies, and illustrated by beautiful

figures. ‘he mere mention of this paper is all that is necessary on my

part, as Mr. Hope’s name as an entomologist is so well known, that

anything from his pen requires no further comment. In the same

part of these Transactions will be also found very interesting papers

by Mr. Westwood and Mr. Blackwall; the former a Synopsis of

the curious Coleopterous genus Cerapterus, and the latter on Spi-

ders, pointing out how this portion of the animal kingdom may be

divided into tribes from the number of the eyes, and also describing

a new family and some new genera and species among the same class

of animals. It would take me too long to detail the various papers

which have appeared in different publications on the subject of En-

tomology during the last year; but there is one more which I must

mention, a paper by Mr. J. Curtis in the Transactions of the Royal

Agricultural Society, on the insects affecting the turnip crop. This

is written with the usual care and ability of its well-known author,

and is highly deserving of a place in the Transactions where it has

appeared.

The publication of the Transactions of our own Society continues

to progress, and the character of the Society is well kept up as far as

regards the matter of what is published, and the manner in which

the publication is brought out; but I should very much wish to see

more than one part published yearly, and I shall venture to urge the

propriety, if possible, of publishing two parts each year, one every six

months. I think this might be managed by adopting the style of

engraving employed in the last part, the expense of which is con-

siderably reduced; and I have no doubt, if we published more fre-

quently, it would have the effect of much increasing the number of

our foreign members, who really at the present time receive little

for their yearly subscription. Although we publish our Proceedings,

by which means the labours of our members are brought immediately

before the public, yet our papers are greatly accumulating, and it is

quite evident that the publication of more than one part of our Trans-

actions yearly is necessary to keep down the stock in hand, and bring

them before the world, unless we allow an unwarrantable time to

elapse between their being read at our meetings and their publica-

tion. If the funds of the Society will allow it, these reasons I think

should induce us to publish more frequently, and I hope to find that

the members will agree with me in the opinion I have formed.

The publication of the Proceedings, which I have just alluded to, is

a very important event of the last year, and one which I am sure will

do much for the Society, in securing many papers which would have

appeared elsewhere, from the tardiness in which our Transactions ap-

pear. It could scarcely be expected that an author would give us

important papers on nomenclature or classification, with a chance of

their not appearing before the public for two or three years, and a

probability of some other author in the mean time publishing on the

same subject elsewhere and forestalling him in his labours. This

could not be expected; and to remedy this the publication of the

Proceedings was commenced, and happily accomplishes the desired

object.

In concluding this short address, let me impress upon the members

the great necessity of studying the useful and popular part of Entomo-

logy. Much remains to be done in this branch of the science, and

much which can be accomplished by any one who has leisure, and a

love to seek out Nature in her more secret recesses. The interest of

our meetings, which are usually well attended, depends in a great mea-

sure on the exertions of members in bringing forward exhibitions and

facts in this branch of study ; and I trust that every member will exert

himself in making our meetings interesting, and feel it a pleasing

duty to lay before the Society any facts which may come to his know- -

ledge tending to illustrate the habits and economy of insects. Those

members who have so kept up the character of this Society by their

‘papers and communications of various kinds, I wish to stimulate to

still further exertions, that we may reap the result of their labours

so necessary for our existence. From the united exertions of our

members properly directed I foresee increasing prosperity ; and on my

own part I can safelysay, that I shall spare neither exertion nor trouble

to forward the views of the Entomological Society in every way that

may lay in my power, and in every way do I wish it success.

Printed by Richard and John E. Taylor, Red Lion Court, Fleet Street.