ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

COUN CIL.

1864,

F. P. Pascor, Esq:, F.L.S., &c. .. ate as Aa -- President.

Rev. Hamer Cuarx, M.A., F.L.S. -. ae

H. T. Stainton, Esq., F.L.S., F.G.S. .. Vice- Presidents.

A. R. Wattacz, Esq., F.Z.S., F.R.G.S. A

SamvueEt Sievens, Msq., F.L.S. .. a 5c so -» Treasurer.

Epwin Sueruerp, Esq. .. A = = v° ts yy:

ecretaries.

J. W. Durnine, Esq., M.A., F.LS., F.Z.S., fet ae te

H. W. Bares, Esq., F.Z.S. or ve oe se

Ferpinanp Grout, Esq. .. 2 sie ac we ays

R. M‘Lacutan, Esq., F.L.S. he AS So

J. W. May, Esa. .. oe Fic

Freperick Smitn, Esq. .. ne 5c ae

J. Jenner Wein, Esq. .- ee

Other Members

of Council.

1865.

F. P. Pascog, Esq., F.L.S., &c. .« se se -. President.

W. W. Sauwoers, Esq. F.R.S., V.P.L.S., oe ee Se ae

Freperick Smita, Esq. .- oe os ee a ar \ Vice- Presidents.

H. T. Stainton, Esq., F.L.S., F.G.S. .. ae ae oa

Samvet Srevens, Esq., F.L.S. .. AG a Se -. Treasurer.

Epwin Sueruerp, Esq. . : a5 Se a) ’

Secretaries.

J. W. Dunnine, Esq,, M.A., ELS, P.ZS , &e. Sic a5

Rev. Hamer Crark, M.A., F.L.S. atc s ere es

R, M‘Lacuran, Esq. F.L.S.... ae os = ae )

Freperic Moore, Esq. .- te =e Ee ue : wees Members

’.

Avcustus F. Sueprarp, Esq. .. ae Ac of Council.

Epwarp Sseprarp, Esq., F.L.S. a ae ae ae

J. Jenner Werr, Esq., F.LS. .. oe. ate a

Wo,

’ TRANSACTIONS

THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF LONDON, 1834 —1865.

To the Public. To Members.

Voll a: (24 cplates)-. “«. — Price s£1, (6540) oy. Germ kOe,

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There are also published at this date, Vol. III. Parts 1,2; Vol. IV.

Part 1; and Vol. V. Part 1.

The Journal of Proceedings of the Society is bound up with the Trans-

actions; it may, however, be obtained separately—by Members gratis, and

by the public, price 1s. per sheet.

Members and Subscribers resident more than fifteen miles from London,

who have paid their subscription for the current year, are entitled to receive

the Transactions without further payment, and they will be forwarded free,

by post, to any address within the United Kingdom.

The Council no longer undertakes to supply the First or Second Series of

the Transactions in detached parts or portions of Volumes, All applications

for isolated Parts must be made direct to the Secretary.

-—_— >

Explanation of the Plates .

Errata . cae Sg al eS Ine

List of Members and Subscribers

—

MEMOIRS.

if:

ULI.

IV.

VII.

VIII.

IX.

XI.

XII.

A Catalogue of Lucanoid Coleoptera; with Illustrations and

Descriptions of various new and interesting Species. By

Major F. J. S. Parry, F.L.S. ? , l

On the Formation of the Cells of Bees and Wasps. By G. R.

Warteruousr, F.Z.S., &c. . 115

On the Construction of Hexagonal Cells by Bees and Wasps.

By F. Smrru, late Pres. Ent. Soc. . 13)

On the Reversion and Restoration of the Silkworm. By Captain

T. Hutton, F.G.S. . . 143

Descriptions of some New Species of Butterflies found in Southern

Africa. By Rotaxp Trimen. 175

Characters of undescribed Species of Smiera (Chalcidites). By

F. Wacker, F.L.S. = ital

Notes on the Genus Hydaticus (Leach), with Descriptions of

New Species. By the Rev. H. Crarx, M.A., F.L.S. . . 209

Descriptions of uncharacterized Genera and Species of Phylophaga.

By J. S. Baty 223

Descriptions of New Species of Diurnal Lepidoptera. By W.C.

Hewirson, F.L.S. ball SoA tae le - . 245

Further Descriptions of New Genera and Species of Phylophaga.

By J. S. Baty es 251

Notes on the Genus Schematiza (Phyltophuga, Gallerucide), with

Descriptions of New Species. By the Rev. H. Crark,

Mra EES: : 259

Descriptions of some New Species of Coleopterous Insects

belonging to the Eupodous Phylophuga, ‘Natives of the

Old World and Australia. By J. O. Westwoon, M.A.,

F.L.S., Hopeian Prof. of Zoology 271

XIII.

CONTENTS.

A Monograph of the Genus Yphthima ; with Descriptions of

Two New Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera. By W. C.

PAGE

Hewirson, F.L.S. 281

XIV. On the Reversion and Restoration of the Silkworm (Part 2) ;

with Distinctive Characters of Eighteen Species of Silk-

producing Bombycide. By Captain T. Hutton, F.G.S. 295

XV. Descriptions of New Genera and Species of Phytophaga.

By J. S. Baty : 333

XVI. On the Species of Agra of the Amazons Region. By H. W.

Bates, F.Z.S. ee 359

XVII. New Species of Agra in the Collection of Mr. W. W.

Saunders. By H. W. Bates, F.Z.S. . on bea OO

XVIII. Descriptions of some New Species of Hymenopterous In-

sects belonging to the Families Thynnide, Masaride, and

Apide. By F. Smiru, V. P. Ent. Soc. 389

XIX. Descriptions of New Phytophaga from Western Ausiralia.

By the Rev. H. Crarx, M.A., F.L.S. . 401

XX. Descriptions of New Species of Bombyces from North Eastern

India. By F. Moore. 423

XXI. Descriptions of New Genera and Species of Phytophaga.

By J. S. Baty, F:L.S. sistkelre Ss Stee tucl anh

XXII. Characters of a New Genus and Species of Chalcidites. By

F, Waker, F.L.S. 44]

XXIII. Remarks on Captain Hutton’s Paper ‘‘On the Reversion

' and Restoration of the Silkworm.” By Captain J.

MIrcHELL pes eCy a oc 288)

XXIV. On the British Species of Agathidium. By Davin Suarrp 445

XXV. Observations on some remarkable Varieties of Sterrha

sacraria, Linn., with general Notes on Variation in Lepi-

doptera. By R. M‘Lacutany, F.L.S.. 458

XXVI. Description of Papilio Godeffroyi, n. sp. By Gro. Semper 469

XXVII. New Genera and Species of Gallerucide. By J.S. Baty,

BLS. See muerte rn Lil

XXVIII. Descriptions of New Hesperide. By W. C, Hewirson,

6) URS Aye eA ot, YAR 5s cs tie Sen 2 & 479

Journal of Proceedings for 1864 . sie We ape ei ee ete ae i

” 9 LS GO U MEN tre teitee yee ioe Mi sclsait Sel ade: open a RROGL

Index elili

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Puate. Fic.

lie . Odontolabis Mouhotii, Parry, g.

“e Castelnaudi, Parry, .

Ludekingii, Vollenh., g, var. med.

+ Wollastonii, Parry, @.

” ” ”? g C

55 PA » ,» Var.max.

. Sclerostomus signatipennis, H. Deyr., g .

“ lineatus, H. Deyr., 9.

5 fasciatus, Germain, ©.

- Hexarthrius Deyrollei, Parry, g.

« Cladognathus attenuatus, Parry, @.

. Neolucanus cingulatus, Parry, 9.

. Cladognathus decipiens, Parry, 9.

Ps zebra, Oliv., 2.

. “gus serratus, Parry, ¢.

. Odontolabis Stevensii, J. Thoms., @, var. max.

. “gus impressicollis, Parry, g.

- Mesotopus Tarandus, Swed., 9.

« Odontolabis Stevensii, J. Thoms., 2.

. Cladognathus sericeus, Hope, $, var. max.

. Lucanus Hopei, Parry, g.

. Cladognathus fulvonotatus, Parry, g , var. max.

. Odontolabis Sommeri, Parry, g.

ee Brookeanus, Vollenh., ¢, var. max.

Cyclorasis subnitens, Parry, 3.

. Cladognathus Wallacei, Parry, &, var. max.

- bisignatus, Parry, 8, var. min.

. Leplinopterus Fryi, Parry, %, var. max.

. Cladognathus bisignatus, Parry, 9 .

if Tragulus, Vollenh., ¢, var. med.

. £gus trilobatus, Parry, g.

. Leptinopterus rotundatus, Parry, g.

. Odontolabis eratus, Hope, 9.

IL.

ILL.

IV.

VI.

PON FaALsoOneoarwnraArwnekwnmrwne? mr

oaoanrnn

VILL. = 7ollenhovii, Parry, g , var. max.

- Cladognathus flavidus, Parry, g, var. max.

rd elegans, Parry, .

quadrinodosus, Parry, , var. max,

Et Lafertei, Reiche, 2.

aAPon >

vill

Pate.

XI.

XIII.

XIV.

Fic.

or W&

WH OH NAAR Hw HAAS YS

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

1, Neolucanus Baladeva, Hope, mandib.

FOVA OAs

-agnaxwns OD

. e

De wo

Rhetus Westwoodii, Parry, g, var. max.; fig. 8, antenna.

Neolucanus Saundersii, Parry, mandib.

Cyclorasis Jekelii, Parry,

Hexarthrius Bowringii, Parry, g, var. max.; fig. 7, antenna.

Cantharolethrus Luxerii, Buquet, g.

Agus platyodon, Parry, ¢, var. max.

. Lucanus Smithii, Parry, g.

Chiasognathus Mniszechii, J. Thoms., @.

Hemisodorcus Passaloides, Hope, g.

Cladognathus politus, Parry, 8.

Heterochthes brachypterus, Westw., 2

; hee

Odontolabis Cingalensis, Parry, g, var. max.

« Macrocrates bucephalus, Burm., ¢.

Heterochthes brachypterus, Westw., g, var. max.; and details.

» ” », @, Var. min,; and details.

iB ” » 3 and details,

Cladognathus rudis, Westw., 9; and details,

Sclerostomus Philippi, Westw., ¢.

Homoderus Mellyi, Parry, g, var. max., anterior part of body.

Cladognathus modestus, Parry, g; and details.

Pr faber, J. Thoms , g, var. max.; 2a, f, var. min.,

head.

Buddha, Hope, g, var. max.; 3 a, var. min. (C. Thibeticus,

Westw.)

Cyclommatus Maitlandi, Parry, @, var. max.

Agus lubilis, Westw., ¢; and details.

- Ditomoderus mirabilis, Parry, #; and details.

la. Hornet’s nest in rudimentary state.

Four cells of hornet’s nest.

A more advanced piece from the same nest.

Illustration of the mode of cell-building.

Nest of an Icaria.

Nest of Icaria guitatipennis.

Comb of Vespa vulgaris.

Portion of nest of Tatua Morio.

Hydaticus Bakewellii, Clark.

S Ussherii, Ciark.

“ Bowringii, Clark.

es decorus, Klug.

5 histrio, Clark.

3 vittatus, Fabr., var.

Helcyra Hemina, Hewitson.

. Limenitis Labotas, Hewitson.

3 Ligyes, Hewitson.

Laogona Lilea, Hewitson.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 1X

Prare. Fic.

XVI. 1. Gonepteryx Gobrias, Hewitson.

2. Eteora Eupolis, Hewitson.

3. Eueides Eurysaces, Hewitson.

4, Dircenna Dercyllidas, Hewitson.

5. Lasiommata Lasus, Hewitson.

Oka: i ; Leprea, Hewitson.

XVII. 1,2. Canyra Hebe, Trimen.

3,4. Xois Sesura, Hewitson.

5. Yphthima Inica, Hewitson.

Gaile » Nareda, Kollar.

8, 9. », Aphnius, Godart.

10. » Sepyra, Hewitson.

XVIII. NE »» Hyoagriva, Moore.

12. » Paiudocus, Moore.

13. 5, Itonia, Hewitson.

14, 15. », Ceylonica, Hewitson.

165 1.75 5, Loryma, Hewitson.

18. », Sakra, Moore.

19. », Narasingha, Moore.

20, 21. 3 Methora, Hewitson.

XIX. 1,2. Larva of Trilocha varians, Moore. .-

3. ne Bombyx fortunatus, Hutton.

4. fp A Huttoni, Westw.

oe a y Bengalensis, Hutton.

6. +p Ocinara lactea, Hutton.

fle 7 Bombyx Mori, Linn., reverted.

8. ae 3 » as cultivated.

XX. 1. Agra occipitalis, Bates, ¢.

. ,, tibialis, Chaudoir, 9.

. 4, Cytherea, J. Thoms, #.

Saundersii, Bates, .

», dominula, Bates, 9.

5 anguinea, Bates, g.

», Valentina, Bates, 2.

XXI. 1. Thaumatosoma Duboulaii, Smith, #; la, antenna.

2. Tetralonia mirabilis, Smith, g, antenna.

. Lamprocolletes cladocerus, Smith, ¢; 34, 36, antenna.

4, Clenocerus ramosus, Smith, ¢, antenna.

5. Nomia Kirbii, Smith, ¢, antenna.

6. Psammothermu flabellata, Smith, antenna.

7. Chalicodoma celocera, Smith, ¢, antenna.

XXII. i. Bombyx Sherwilli, Moore.

2. Saturnia Cidosa, Moore.

3. a Lindia, Moore.

ROLE. 1, Sterrha sacraria, Linn., 9, parent of the following.

1b, Larve of S. sacraria ; on Polygonum aviculare.

2—7. Sterrha sacraria, varieties bred from eggs laid by fig. 1.

XXIV. 1. Papilio Godeffroyi, Semper, g , upper and under side.

os > ”) ” ,’ Oly ” ”

ERRATA.

TRANSACTIONS.

’

Page 79, line 16 from bottom, insert the habitat ‘* Assam.’

,, 207, note, add at the end “at p. 370.”

JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS.

Page xvi, line 4 from bottom, for ‘ Long. corp.” read ‘‘ Long. cap.”

A SEXIVITS 735 2,0), 3 for ‘‘ Sybines” read “ Sibynes.”

PA Gn, “ag IY 5 for “« Limenitis” read ‘* Leptosia.”’

Plates 1, 2,3, 4, 11 and 12, are erroneously lettered Vol. I. instead of Vol. UL.

Hist of PHembers

THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. |

OF LONDON.

FEBRUARY, 1866.

LIST OF MEMBERS

THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF LONDON.

Wonorary Members.

Boueman, Carl H., Stockholm.

Edwards, Professor H. Milne, Paris.

’ Guérin-Méneville, F. E., Paris.

Hagen, Dr. H. A., Konigsberg.

Lacordaire, Professor J.'I’., Liége.

Leconte, Dr. John L., Philadelphia.

Lefebvre, Alexandre, Bouchevilliers, prés Gisors, Département de |’ Eure.

Pictet, Professor J. C., Geneva.

Zeller, Professor P. C., Meseritz.

Zetterstedt, Professor J. W., Ph. D., &e., Lund.

(xiii °).

ORDINARY MEMBERS AND SUBSCRIBERS.

Marked * are Original Members.

Marked ¢ have compounded for their Annual Subscriptions.

Marked S. are Subscribers.

Date of

Election.

1866 Adams, Henry, F.L.S., 19, Hanover Villas, Kensington Park, W.

1858 S. Allchin, W.H., M.D., 7, Pembridge Villas, Bayswater, W.

1849 S. Allis, Thomas H., York.

1856 Armitage, Edward, 3, Hall Road, St. John’s Wood, N.W.

1857 Atkinson, W.S., M.A., F.L.S., La Martiniére, Calcutta.

= + Babington, Professor C. C., M.A., F.R.S., F.LS., F.G.S., St. John’s

College, Cambridge.

1857 Bakewell, R., F.L.S., 96, St. John’s Wood Terrace, N. W.

1850 Baly, J. S., F.L.S., 4, Francis Terrace, Kentish Town, N.W.

. Barlow, F., St. Andrew’s Street, Cambridge.

1865 S. Barton, Stephen, Maudlin Street, Bristol.

foe]

72]

1861 Bates, Henry Walter, F.Z.S., 40, Bartholomew Road, Kentish Town,

N.W.

1851 Beaumont, Alfred, Greave, Meltham, Huddersfield.

1865 Beavan, Lieut. R. C., Bengal Revenue Survey.

1854 Birt, Jacob, 30, Sussex Gardens, Hyde Park, W.

1866 S. Blackburn, Thomas, Grassmeade, Southfields, Wandsworth, S.W.

1864 Blackmore, Trovey, 10, High Street, Wandsworth, S.W.

1849 + Bladon, J., Albion House, Pont-y-pool.

1841 Bond, Fred., F.Z.S., 21, Adelaide Road, Haverstock Hill, N.W.

1860 Bonvouloir, Vicomte Henri de, 15, Rue de |’ Université, Paris.

1865 Borrer, W., M.A., F.L.S., Cowfold, Horsham.

1865 Borthwick, Richard, Alloa, N.B.

- Bowerbank, J. S., Ph. D., F.R.S., F.G.S., F.L.S., 2, East Ascent, St.

Leonards.

1852 + Boyd, Thomas, 17, Clapton Square, N.E.

1856 Braikenridge, Rev. G. W., M.A., F.L.S., Clevedon, near Bristol.

1865 S. Brewer, J.A., High Street, Reigate.

1849 S. Brown, Edwin, Burton-on-Trent.

1862 Browne, Rev. T. H., High Wycombe, Bucks.

1865 S. Brunton, T., Glenarm Castle, Larne, Antrim.

1863 Bryant, George, India Office, Victoria Street, Westminster, S.W.

1855 Burnell, E. H., 32, Bedford Row, W.C.

X1V

Date of

Election.

1860

1865

1859

1850

1865 8.

1865 8S.

1865

1865 S.

1853

1857

1865

1849 8S.

1853

—

ORDINARY MEMBERS AND SUBSCRIBERS.

Candéze, Dr. E., Glain, Liege.

Carey, A. D., The Paragon, Hackney, N.E.

Chaudoir, Baron Maximilien de, Volhynia.

Clark, Rev. Hamlet, M.A., F.L.S. j

Clarke, C. B., M.A., Calcutta.

Clift, Edward, Lewisham, S.E.

Cole, W., 123, Hemingford Road, Islington, N.

Colquhoun, Hugh, M.D., 16, Grosvenor Terrace, Glasgow.

Cooke, Benj., 49, Ardwick Place, Manchester.

Cox, Major C. J., Fordwich House, Canterbury.

Croker, I. F. Dillon, 19, Pelham Place, Brompton, S.W.

Crotch, G. R., B.A., 8, Earl Street, Cambridge.

Dallas, W.S., F.L.S., The Museum, York.

Darwin, Charles, .M.A., F.R.S., &c., Down, Bromley, S.E.

Dawson, John, Carron, Falkirk, Stirlingshire.

De Grey and Ripon, Earl, F.R.S., F.L.S., &c., 1, Carlton Gardens,

S.W.

Desvignes, Thomas, Fir Tree Cottage, Woodford, N.E.

Devonshire, Duke of, K.G., F.R.S., &c., Piccadilly, W.

Dohrn, Dr. C. A., Pres. Ent. Verein, Stettin.

Dorville, H., Alphington, Exeter.

Dossetor, T. P., 12, Poultry, E.C.

Doubleday, Henry, Epping.

Dunning, J. W., M.A., F.LS., F.Z.S., Secretary, 1, Old Square,

Lincoln’s Inn, W.C.

D’Urban, W.S. M., F.L.S., Newport, Exeter.

Dutton, James, 2, Theresa Place, Hammersmith, W.

Eaton, A. E., Little Bridy, Dorsetshire.

Evans, W. F., 7, St. Alban’s Road, Kensington, W.

Farren, W., 10, Rose Crescent, Cambridge.

Fenning, George, Lloyds, E.C.

Fletcher, J. E., Comer Gardens, Worcester. _

Fry, Alexander, F.L.S., 1, Holland Villas Road, Kensington, W.

Fust, H. J., Hill Court, Berkeley, Gloucestershire.

Gloyne, C, P., Jamaica.

Godman, F. D., M.A., F.L.S., Park Hatch, Godalming.

Gorham, Rev. H.58., Ilam, Ashbourne.

Gould, J., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S., 26, Charlotte’ Street, Bedford

Square, W.C.

Gray, John, Wheatfield House, Bolton, Lancashire.

Gray, John Edw., Ph. D., F.R.S., British Museum, W.C.

Greene, Rev. J., M.A., Cubley Rectory, Uttoxeter.

Grenfell, John G., British Museum, W.C.

Groser, W. H., B.Sc., F.G.S., 19, Claremont Square, N.

Groves, W., 1, Lee Place, Lee, S.E.

Grut, Ferdinand, 9, King Street, Southwark, S.E.

Guise, Sir W. V., Bart., F.L.S., Elmore Court, Gloucester.

ORDINARY MEMBERS AND SUBSCRIBERS, XV

Guyon, George, Ventnor, Isle of Wight.

Hackshaw, Robert, 29, Merton Road, Kensington, W.

Hanson, Samuel, 43, Upper Harley Street, W.

Harper, P. H., 30, Cambridge Street, Hyde Park Square, W.

Hartwright, J. H., 16a, Terrace, Kennington Park, S.

Haward, Alfred, Eagle Cottage, Gloucester Road, Croydon, S.

Hewitson, W. C., F.L.S., F.Z.S., Oatlands, Weybridge.

Hobson, Captain Julian C,, H.M. Staff Corps, Sattara, near Bombay.

Howitt, Godfrey, M.D., Collins Street East, Melbourne.

Hudd, A. E., 1, Gloucester Row, Clifton.

Hughes, T. E., Wallfield, Reigate.

Hume, William, 9, Gracechurch Street, E.C.

Hunter, John, Sycamore Grove, New Malden, S.W.

Janson, E. W., Librarian, 2, Alma Road, Highgate Hill, N.

Jekel, Henri, Paris.

Jenyns, Rev.L., M.A., F.L.S., F.G.S., 1, Darlington Place, Bath.

John, Evan, Llantrisant, Glamorganshire.

Kirby, W. F., 34, St. Paul’s Crescent, Camden Square, N.W.

Knox, H. Blake, 2, Ulverton Place, Dalkey, Dublin.

Kuper, Rev. C., M.A., Trellich, Chepstow.

Lacerda, Antonio de, Bahia.

Laing, James A., Paragon Road, Blackheath, S.E.

Latham, A. G., Weaste Hall, Pendleton, Manchester.

Lea, J. W., B.A., F.G.S., The Grange, Shepperton Green, Chertsey.

Lee, John, Q.C., LL.D., F.R.S., &¢., Hartwell House, Aylesbury.

Lewis, Rev. Evan, B.A., Rothwell, Northamptonshire.

Lier, H. H. H. van de, Delft.

Lighton, Rev. SirC. R., Bart., Ellastane, Ashbourne.

Lingwood, R.M., M.A., F.L.S., 1, Derby Villas, Cheltenham.

Linnell, John, jun. Redstone, Redhill.

Llewelyn, J. 1. D., M.A., F.L.S., Ynisygerwn, Neath.

Lodder, Major H.C., 47th Infantry, Toronto, Canada West.

Logan, R.F., Hawthornbrae, Duddingstone, near Edinburgh.

Lowe, W. F., M.D., Balgreen, Slateford, near Edinburgh.

Lubbock, Sir John, Bart., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S., &c., President,

High Elms, Farnborough.

Lyddeker, Richard, Harpenden Lodge, St. Albans.

M‘Caul,8., B.C.L., Rectory House, London Bridge, E.C.

M‘Intosh, J., Matfen Hall, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

M‘Lachlan, Robert, F.L.S., 1, Park Road Terrace, Forest Hill, S.E.

Marshall, Rev. T. A., M.A., ‘The College, Milford Haven,

Marshall, William, Elm Lodge, Clay Hill, Enfield.

Mathew, G.F., R.N., F.L.S., Raleigh House, Barnstaple.

May, J. W., 9, Victoria Road, Finchley Road, N.W.

Meek, Edward, 5, King Street, Old Ford Road, N.E.

Mercer, Albert, 24, Hemingford Road, Islington, N.

Milnes, Rev. Herbert, Crich, Matlock.

XV1

Date of

Election.

1853

1859

1861

1849 +

1841 +

1863 S.

1840 +

1865

1854

1860 S.

1862 S.

1852 +

1851

1866 S.

1865 S.

1865

1857S.

1866

1865 S.

1865

1861 S.

1865

1861

1849

1865

1857

1864

1862

1847

1851

1852

1865

1853

1863

1850

1848

1862

1837

1854 S.

1850 S.

+. +

+ 7 > +

ORDINARY MEMBERS AND SUBSCRIBERS.

Moore, Frederic, 16, Rochester Terrace, Kentish Town Road, N.W.

Mosse, G. Staley, 12, Eldon Road, Kensington, W.

Murray, Andrew, F.L.S., 67, Bedford Gardens, Kensington, W.

Newman, Edward, F.L.S., F:Z.S., M. Imp. L.C. Acad., 7, York

Grove, Queen’s Road, Peckham, S.E.

Owen, Richard, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S., British

Museum, W.C.

Parfitt, Edward, Deven and Exeter Institution, Exeter.

Parry, Major F. J. Sidney, F.L.S., 18, Onslow Square, S.W.

Parry, Thomas, The Bank, Merthyr.

Pascoe, Francis P., F.L.S., 7, Palace Garden Villas, Kensington, W.

Pelerin, W. G., 237, Queen’s Road, Dalston, N.E.

Phillipps, William, Reigate Lodge, Reigate.

Pickersgill, J. C., Hooley House, Coulsdon, Croydon, S.

Preston, Rev. fT. A., M.A., The College, Marlborough.

Pryer, W.B., Shanghai.

Ransome, Robert James, Ipswich.

Reeks, Henry, The Manor House, Thruxton, Andover.

Robinson, E. W., 48, Harmood Street, Kentish Town, N.W.

Rogers, C. O., St. George’s Terrace, Lower Clapton, N.E.

Rogers, W., Grove Cottage, Merton Road, Lower Tooting, S.

Rooke, Col. Willoughby S., F.L.S., Guards Club, Pall Mall, S.W.

Ruspini, F. O., 2, Havelock Villas, Pendleton, Manchester.

Rylands, T. G., F.L.S., F.G.S., Heath House, Warrington.

Saunders, Edward, Hill Field, Reigate.

Saunders, G.S., Hill Field, Reigate,

Saunders, 8. S., H.M. Consul-General, Corfu.

Saunders, W.F., F.L.S., Hill Field, Reigate.

Saunders, W. W., F.R.S., F.L.S., &c., Hill Field, Reigate.

Schaufuss, L. W., M. Imp. L. C. Acad., &c., Dresden.

Scholfield, R.S., Junior Carlton Club, Waterloo Place, S.W.

Sealy, A. F., M.A., India.

Semper, Georg, Altona.

Sharp, David, 12, St. Vincent St., Edinburgh.

Shepherd, Edwin, Secretary, 176, Fleet Street, E.C.

Sheppard, Augustus F., Rose Bank, Eltham Road, Lee, S.E.

Sheppard, Edward, F.L.S., 18, Durham Villas, Kensington, W.

Sichel, Dr. Jules, 50, Rue de la Chaussée d’Antin, Paris.

Signoret, Victor, 51, Rue de Seine, Paris.

Smith, E. A., 27, Richmond Crescent, Islington, N.

Smith, Frederick, 27, Richmond Crescent, Islington, N.

Spence, W. B.

Stainton, H. T., F.L.S., F.G.S., Mountsfield, Lewisham, S.E.

Stevens, John S., 24, Bloomsbury Street, W.C.

Stevens, Samuel, F.L.S., Treasurer, 24, Bloomsbury Street, W.C.

Thompson, Miss Sophia, Barn Hill, Stamford.

Thompson, Thomas, Hull.

Date of

Election.

1856

1838

1859

1853S,

1859

1854 S.

1849

1854

1862

1850

1858

1863

1850 S.

1850

1845

1855

1865

1849

1863

1843

1865S.

1862

1866

1865S.

ORDINARY MEMBERS AND SUBSCRIBERS. XVil

Thomson, James, 23, Rue de |’Université, Paris.

Thwaites, G. H. K., Ph. D., F.R.S., F.L.S., Ceylon.

Timins, Rev. Douglas C., M.A., Avonholme, Tunbridge Wells.

Tompkins, H., 44, Guildford Street, Russell Square, W.C.

Trimen, Roland, Colonial Office, Cape Town.

Turner, J. A., Pendlebury House, Manchester.

Vaughan, P.H., Redland, near Bristol.

Wailes, George, Burghfield Grange, Gateshead.

Walcott, W. H. L., 11, Vyvyan Terrace, Clifton, Bristol.

Walker, Francis, F.L.S., The Avenue, Church End, Finchley, N.

Wallace, Alexander, M.D., Beverley House, Colchester.

Wallace, Alfred R., F.Z.S. F.R.G.S., 9, St. Mark’s Crescent,

Regent's Park, N.W.

Ward, 8S. Neville, F.L.S., Coimbatore, Madras.

Waring, 8. L., The Oaks, Norwood, S.

Waterhouse, G. R., V.P.Z.S., &c., British Museum, W.C.

Weir, J. Jenner, F.L.S., 6, Haddo Villas, Blackheath, S.E.

Were, R. B., 35, Osborne Terrace, Clapham Road, 8.

Westwood, Professor J. O., M.A., F.L.S., &c., Oxford.

White, Rev. W. Farren, Stonehouse Vicarage, Gloucestershire.

Wilkinson, S. J., 7, Jeffrey’s Square, St. Mary Axe, E.C.

Wix, William, Isbells, Reigate.

Wollaston, T. Vernon, M.A., F.L.S., 1, Barnepark Terrace, Teign-

mouth, Devon.

Wood, H. T., The Vicarage, Harrow, N.W.

Wormald, Perey C., 6, Brondesbury Terrace, Kilburn, N.W.

Wright, E. Perceval, M.A., M.D., F.L.S., &c., 10, Clare Street,

Dublin.

Young, Morris, 7, Old Sneddon Street, Paisley.

TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

LONDON.

I. A Catalogue of Lucanoid Coleoptera; with Illustrations

and Descriptions of various new and interesting

Species. By Major F. J. Sipney Parry, F.LS,

[Read 7th Sept. 1863, 4th Jan., 4th April, 1864.]

Tuat portion of Coleoptera known to Entomologists as the

Pectinicornia, and established as such by Dr. Burmeister and

Professor Lacordaire, may be formed into two separate divisions,

viz. Lucanoidea and Passaloidea. The want of sufficient mate-

rial prevents me from submitting any satisfactory observations on

the latter division; and I must refer the reader in respect to it to

the Monograph of M. Percheron, as also to the several pub-

lications of Dr. Burmeister, the Rev. F. W. Hope, Professor

Lacordaire, and other Entomologists. I may remark, however,

that this division appears to be far from a happy one, confusion

and disorganization reigning to a great extent.

The numerous new species of exotic Coleoptera that have of

late years enriched our collections, resulting from the indefatigable

labours of those enterprising travellers, the late lamented Madame

Pfeiffer, Count de Castelnau, Messrs. Wallace, Fortune and

Bates, the late M. Mouhot and M. Henri Deyrolle, have enabled

us to add considerably to our knowledge of this branch of natural

history. Descriptions and figures of many new and interesting

VOL. II, THIRD SERIES, PART I.—MAY, 1864, @ B

2 Major Parry’s Catalogue

species by several well known Entomologists have from time to

time appeared in the Transactions of the Entomological Societies

of London and of France, and among the descriptions alluded to

I am happy to say that the interesting group of the Pectinicornia

has not been neglected. Mr. Wilson Saunders has published,

with plates, in the 3rd volume of the second series of our Trans-

actions, the characters of several new and rare species from China,

collected by Mr. Fortune in his travels through the tea districts

of that country, previously unexplored in an entomological point

of view; my friend Professor Westwood, in the same volume, as

well as in subsequent publications of our Society, has also given

some excellent figures and descriptions of numerous new and rare

species; and I myself have also had the pleasure of recently sub-

mitting to the Society descriptions of several interesting novelties.

This considerable increase during the last few years to our

Lucanoid Coleoptera, coming chiefly from India, China and the

Eastern and Australian Archipelagos, as well as the addition to

our collections of various other species heretofore considered of

extreme rarity, or known only by indifferent descriptions or still

more indifferent figures, has enabled the Entomologist to clear up

many points with reference to the identity and localities of the

Lucanoidea, and has further given him the opportunity of forming

a more just and comprehensive view respecting the ‘very im-

portant point of species and variety.

Great confusion has hitherto existed in the synonymy and

nomenclature of the different families; with the view, therefore,

to its rectification, a newly revised catalogue would, I feel, prove

not unacceptable; and by the encouragement and assistance re-

ceived from many entomological friends, I have been induced to

undertake the present publication. 1 cannot refrain, whilst upon

this point, from expressing my best thanks, especially to Count

Mniszech, James Thomson, Esq., Dr. Gray, Professor Westwood,

W. Wilson Saunders, Esq., A. R. Wallace, Esq., A. Fry, Esq., and

J.C. Bowring, Esq., for having most kindly placed at my disposal

the various species required for examination.

It would be superfluous here to enumerate all those Ento-

mologists, who, either by their descriptions of new genera or of

species, have contributed to our knowledge of this interesting

group; such descriptions, with the names of the respective

authors, will be duly notified in their places in the catalogue,

But I think it desirable to allude to those distinguished authors

who have more particularly and so conspicuously, by their several

publications, advanced our knowledge, with reference more

of Lucanoid Coleoptera. 3

especially to its classification and general arrangement; their

names, already familiar to the Entomologist, are as follow :—

Latreille (Cuvier, Régne Animal, iv. 576).

M‘Leay (Hore Entomologice, i. 195).

Westwood (Ann. Sci. Nat. Ser. 2, i. 112 (1834); Modern

Classification of Insects, i. 185; Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.

iv. 271; N.S. iii, 197).

Hope (Catalogue of Lucanoid Coleoptera, 1845).

Burmeister (Handbuch der Entomologie, v. 305, 1847).

Lacordaire (Genera des Coleoptéres, iii. 1).

Brullé (Hist. Nat. des Insectes, tom. 3).

Leconte (Classification of Coleoptera of North America

(Smithsonian Instit.), p. 120).

The most important collections of the species of this division

are to be found in the cabinets of Count Mniszech and Mr.

Thomson at Paris (the latter especially interesting as including

the species from the collections of Count Dejean, M. Laferté and

M. Reiche), in the British Museum, and in the cabinets of the late

Rev. F. W. Hope (so liberally presented to the University of

Oxford) and Mr. W. W. Saunders; and, lastly, in my own col-

lection, which contains, I believe, the largest number of species

ever brought together.

With reference to the respective families it is not my intention

to propose any very great change in the classification; nevertheless

I feel that much in this respect is still required, but it appears to

me that the period for such re-organization has not yet arrived, a

greater knowledge of species being absolutely requisite for under-

taking such a task. Should our collections continue to be en-

riched as they have been of recent years, this desirable object

might then be successfully undertaken, for I am convinced that it

is only by placing before the eye a sufficient series of the insect. to

be described (and this is more especially true of the Lucanoid

Coleoptera) that a just appreciation of its general form and

character can be arrived at. It is vain to expect to ascertain the

true characters of a genus until the species shall themselves have

been properly established; and the development of species so

peculiar in the Lucanoid Coleoptera has but too often given rise to

great confusion, specimens having not unfrequently been mistaken

by Entomologists as the types of distinct species, and described as

such, when in fact they were but varieties of species previously

known. As already stated, this, my tribute to the Society, must

be considered simply as a rectified catalogue, including notices,

descriptions and figures of various new and interesting species:

4 Major Parry’s Catalogue

as such I trust it may prove useful. Those Entomologists who

wish more particularly to study the sectional characters of the

various genera and sub-genera must consult the authors previously

alluded to. The general arrangement I have adopted has been

based chiefly upon the publications of the Rev. F. W. Hope,

Dr. Burmeister, Professors Westwood and Lacordaire, combined

with certain alterations which it seemed to me convenient to

introduce; but as great difference of opinion exists upon this

point, the grouping of the various families can scarcely be yet

regarded as definitively settled.

Professor Westwood, in his remarks on the sectional characters

of the Lucanoid Coleoptera (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. iv. 273),

says, “the number of joints in the club of the antenne at first

suggested itself, and indeed it had been already proposed by

M‘Leay, asa primary sectional character; but this, in addition to

the difficulty of its employment, owing to the greater or less

development of the joint preceding the clava, was shown to be

inefficient, by separating species which agreed together in their

entire habitus.” And I may upon this point further remark,

that not only this funiculus, but even the very joints of the clava,

are variable; instances occurring (especially in the well-known

European species Lucanus cervus) where, in the same individual,

the clava is found to be both four and five-jointed.

Professor Westwood then refers to the tibial spines as bringing

together in the most natural manner the great majority of the

species, stating that by the employment of this character the

genus Lucanus may be divided into three great groups—

1. Those species with two or three spines on the outside of the

posterior and intermediate tibia; this group comprises

some of the largest species of the family.

2. Those with only one spine in the middle of the four posterior

tibiae in both sexes; comprising the gigantic species of

Dorcus from the eastern hemisphere, as well as the small

typical Dorci of moderate climes, and the group of £gus,

of which no Entomologist has been able to establish suffi-

cient characters to separate it from other sections of the

Lucanide.

3. An extensive group of species which either possess no spines

on the four posterior tibiae, or have one small spine de-

veloped in the middle of those tibiz in the @ only.

This character again is, I think, very unsatisfactory, these

spines being often found very aberrant, and, like the claval joints

of the antenna, not always to be relied upon; an arrangement

of Lucanoid Coleoptera. 5

based upon it is equally at variance with the natural grouping of

species ; for we occasionally find individuals of the same species

both with and without their proper complement of spines. Where

two species in every respect assimilate to each other except in

regard to the spines on the tibia, the absence or presence of these

ought not, I think, to separate them.

There are two very remarkable characters of this group hitherto

but slightly noticed by Entomologists, which, although not avail-

able for the purpose of generical or sectional division, are yet, for

the purpose of specific determination, of very great interest. I

refer to the development of the mandibles and to the punctuation.

The extraordinary difference in the development of the mandibles

is not easily to be accounted for; under what circumstances the

larger insect is provided with small undeveloped mandibles, and a

smaller specimen of the same species with those organs fully

developed, must always remain a mystery. But of this I feel

certain, that the whole character of numerous species varies (with

reference to their punctuation) in accordance with the development

of the mandibles. When these have obtained their full growth the

sculpture of the species has entirely changed, and in fact frequently

disappears altogether; and when the development is but small or

moderate the sculpture becomes more definite, often resembling

that of the females, in which it is almost invariably stronger; in

fact, these small undeveloped males approximate so closely to

their females that I could name well-known Entomologists who

have been even led into the error of describing them as such. Is

it possible that these small males may be found upon closer

anatomical examination to be neuters? It is a point of great

interest, and well worthy of deeper investigation.

With these facts before me, I have been much perplexed, and

have, therefore, abstained for the present from suggesting any

decided characters of those new sections. I feel the necessity of

such characters being pointed out, but on this occasion my aim is

only to present the student with a revised catalogue of the various

species, and although errors will doubtless occur, still I trust that

my labour may not prove altogether in vain.

Descriptions of New, and Notes on some of the rarer, Species.

The descriptions of some of the species hereafter mentioned

have already been published in the “ Proceedings of the Ento-

mological Society” for December, 1862, with a view to their in-

corporation in the present catalogue; to these are joined others of

new and rare species, of which several have been lately added to

6 Major Parry’s Catalogue

our collections, and most of these are illustrated by figures,

Having lately returned from visiting the several collections at

Leyden, Amsterdam, Halle, Berlin, Stettin and Paris, I have

ascertained some interesting points with reference to the synonymy

of certain species, and have acquired the knowledge of others

previously unknown to me. I take this opportunity of thanking

the gentlemen connected with the museums already alluded to for

the great kindness and courtesy they respectively evinced towards

me when visiting the collections placed under their charge.

CuHIASOGNATHUS LATREILLEI Q, Solier.

Reichit $, Thomson.

imberbis, Dohrn, MS.

I have no doubt as to the identity of the above (already re-

ferred to in my Remarks on Mr. Thomson’s Catalogue of Lucanide,

Tr. Ent. Soc. 3rd Series, vol. i. p. 444). Although my collection

does not contain this species, | have been able to examine speci-

mens of it in the collections of Count Mniszech and Herr Dohrn,

at the Jardin des Plantes (Solier’s type) and the Leyden Museum ;

all of which accord so entirely with the excellent figure in my

possession by M. Migneaux, that I have now no hesitation in unit-

ing them.

Curasocnatuus Mniszecui ¢, Thomson. (Pl. X. fig. 3.)

? Jousselinz, Reiche.

Of the identity (although very probable) of these species I am

not quite so certain. Single specimens of C. Mniszechii are in

the collections of Mr. Thomson, Count Mniszech and M. Ger-

main; the unique type specimen of C. Jousselinii is in the collec-

tion of M. Jousselin at Versailles. According to a recent com-

munication from M. Reiche, the two are to be considered as

distinct.

CanTHARoLeTHRUS Luxerit ¢, Buquet. (Pl. IX. fig. 6.)

Whether this unique species is to be placed with the Chiasog-

nathide or the Lucanide is problematical; both Mr. Thomson

and Count Mniszech have considered it as belonging to the latter

family ; the ¢ being as yet unknown, it is difficult to assign its

true position. ‘The second species mentioned by Mr. Thomson

in his Catalogue, C. Reichii ¢, was originally described by the

Rev. F. W. Hope (Trans. Ent. Soc., vol. iv. p. 182, pl. xiii. fig. 3),

and placed with Pholidotus; the two species may possibly here-

after prove identical.

of Lucanoid Coleoptera. 7

Lamprima sumptuosa ¢, Hope, Cat. p. 28.

L. supra tota flamimeo-rufescens, punctata; mandibulis valde

curvatis, apice nigris, elevatis et auriculatis ; sterni processu

apice nigro et suboblique truncato; elytris irregulariter sub-

striolatis; tibiis anticis extus 6 vel 7-spinosis; calcare

gracili, cultriformi; pedibus 4 posticis gracilibus, tibiis in

medio bidentatis ; corpore infra cupreo et ceneo, nitidissimo.

Long. corp. (mandib. inclus.) lin. 9.

Hab. Swan River.

A good species belonging to the second section of Zamprima.

A single specimen only in the Hopeian collection at Oxford.

Gen. Cotroruon, Westw. Ann. Sc. Nat. i., ser. 2, p. 113.

The general form of the species of this genus exhibits such a

remarkable difference from the insects pertaining to the family

Dorcide, in which it has been hitherto located, that after a careful

comparison with various genera, more especially with Lamprima

and Streptocerus (to which the only two species of the genus

Colophon, viz. C. Westwoodii and C. Thunbergii, in the form of

the prothorax and of the head as well as in the structure of the

mandibles, bear, I think, a somewhat striking resemblance), I

have been induced to place it in the same family, Chiasognathide,

of which it may be regarded as the African representative. I

place it in juxtaposition with Streptocerus, which it further

resembles in possessing four joints to the clava of the antenne,

and thus affords a connecting link with the Lucanide.

Mesoropus Taranpus 2. (PI. V. fig. 4.)

Lucanus Turandus $, Swed. in Act. Holm. 1787, iii. 186,

tab. vill. fig. 2.

M. ebenina nigra, nitidissima; capite subrugoso-punctato, an-

tice excavato, bispinoso, postice levi, politissimo ; mandibulis

brevibus, trigonis, intus bidentatis ; elytris subovalibus; tibiis

extus ut in maribus 3-dentatis.

Long. corp. (mandib. incl.) unc. 1, lin. 6.

Hab. Afric. Occ.

The female, now for the first time figured, has hitherto been of

extreme rarity. The only specimens of that sex with which I am

acquainted are in the cabinets of the late Rev. F. W. Hope,

Count Mniszech and my own.

8 Major Parry’s Catulogue

Lucanus cervus, Linneeus.

The earliest figure representing this species with which I am

acquainted is to be met with in Gesner’s History of Foor-footed

Beasts, Serpents and Insects, published by Edward Topsel, in

London, 1658. The description is so quaint that I have deemed

it not uninteresting to republish it im extenso.

“ Beetles are some greater, some less, the great ones some

have horns, others without horns. Those that have horns some

are like Hartshorns, other have Buls horns, some have horns

in their noses: we shall speak of them all in order. The

IlAaruxepwc, or Hartshorn beetle, is called Lucanus by Nigidius ;

as Pliny witnesseth. Some call it the Bull, others the Flying

Stag: Hesychius cals it axayoc, because it lays hold on things in

its way with thorny horns. Cardanus calls it cxcapafedagoc, a

word composed of Greek and Latin; Gaza calls it kapafoc; the

Italians call it Cereti, and vulgarly Polupeso; the French, Cerf

volant; the English, Stag fly or Flying fly; the Hollander,

Fliegende Hert; the Ilyrians, Gelui; the Poles and Sclavonians,

Krowha Wielk.

“ Amongst all the horned beetles for the shape of its body,

length and magnitude, it may challenge the first place, and is the

most noted. It is blackish, of a dark red, especially about the

outward cover and the breast; it hath two whole horns without

joynts, and with branches like a stag as long as ones little finger

in such as are grown up, but they are less and shorter in the

young ones, (or as Pliny saith) it has long and moveable horns

nicked with cloven pincers, and when it will, can bite or nip with

them, for it will close them wonderfully, and useth its horns for

that end for which crabs and lobsters do their claws; the eyes are

hard putting forth and whitish, it hath foreyards on both sides of

them, one pair that are branched between the horns and eyes, the

joynt whereof makes almost a right angle, and two more breaking

forth in the midst of the forehead straight and plain, ending as it

were in a little smooth knot.

“It goes upon six feet; the fore feet are longer and greater

than the rest. Lonicerus makes this to be the male; but I (if

there be any distinction between the male and the female) shall

no doubt to call it the female: both because the other kindes of

beetles are less (for, as Aristotle observes, the males in insects

are far less than the females), an also in copulation the females

receive from the lesser as experience confirms it. The male is

altogether like it, but is less both for body and in horns: which

of Lucanoid Coleoptera. 9

though they be not branched on both sides; yet pressed together

they do more sharply prick ones finger than the female doth.”

In the Berlin Museum, I lately saw a most interesting variety

of this species, the right mandible and the right fore tibia being

those of a 2, the remainder of the insect exhibiting the usual

appearance of the g; such an interesting specimen of a herma-

phrodite insect is seldom to be met with. In the same rich col-

lection I also saw the type specimen of Lucanus armiger, Herbst,

tab. 34, fig, 1 (var. cervus), the mandibles of which show a very

singular case of malformation.

With regard to the various modifications of form exhibited by

L.cervus and other allied species of Europe and Asia Minor, see Dr.

Kraatz’s paper, with figures, in the Berlin Entom. Zeitsch. 1860.

Lucanvus taticornis ¢, H. Deyrolle, MS.

A description of this new species from Asia Minor will be

published during the ensuing year by M. Henri Deyrolle in the

Ann. Soc. Ent. de France; it is allied to Z. orientalis of Kraatz,

differing, however, in having the 6-jointed clava of the antennze

strongly developed, and the mandibles considerably more slender.

Lucanus Horr ¢, Parry (¢ ignota). (Pl. VI. fig. 2.)

L. nigro-brunneus, politus ; mandibulis elongatis, intus quinque-

dentatis ; capite supra singulariter coronato, lobato; femo-

ribus subtus strid longa latiuscula fulvo-notatis, in pedibus

anticis fere obsoleta; tibiis anticis et intermediis irregu-

lariter 4 aut 5 denticulatis, posticis 3-dentatis,

Long. corp. fere unc. 2; mandib. unc. 1.

Hab. Ind. Or., aut Archipel. Malay. Coll. Parry.

Head wider than the thorax, both of a brownish-black colour.

Clypeus of a long triangular form, placed nearly perpendicularly,

Fore margin of the crown of the head with a singular elevated pro-

cess, forming two great lobes, separated by an arcuate line. The

mandibles are strong and bent somewhat downwards, armed in-

teriorily with five teeth, the one near the tip forming with it a

fork ; the largest, near the base, blunt and nodose at the tip; the

three others equidistant between the centre and apex. Prothorax

longitudinally impressed down the centre; the punctuation of the

head and prothorax not very strong. The elytra smooth and

polished. The antennz of this fine species are unfortunately

wanting, but I have little doubt of the insect being a true Lucanus.

I have named it in memory of a gentleman whose services ren-

dered to Entomology stand preeminent.

10 Major Parry’s Catalogue

Lucanus Smiru @, Parry (@ ignota). (Pl. X. fig. 2.)

L. nigro-fuscus, subtus dense villosus ; elytris rufo-ferrugineis,

nitidis, villosulis; mandibulis apicibus furcatis, intus ante

medium lobo tridentato armatis.

Long. corp. une. 1, lin. 7.

Hab. Ind. Sept. Coll. Parry.

Allied to Z. villosus, Hope. Mandibles subquadrate, outer

margin sinuate; beyond the middle a tridentate lobe ; the tip of

each mandible furcate. Clypeus triangular, slightly excavated.

Base of mandibles, head, thorax and elytra (when in good con-

dition) with short scattered hairs. Head with ridges and crest

much as in L. villosus, but the lateral ridges not so elevated.

Femora and tibie with a ferruginous vitta, widely separated, the

posterior with two teeth. I have dedicated this new species to

F. Smith, Esq., the well-known Hymenopterist, and President of

the Entomological Society.

Lucanus MAcuLIFEMoRATUS, Motschulsky, Etudes Ent. 1861.

? sericans (De Haan, MS.), Voll. Tijd. v. Ent. iv. 103.

Specimens of this new and rare species from Japan are in the

museums of Leyden and the Zool. Soc. Amsterdam, @, ¢, and

in the collections of Count Mniszech and myself. The habitat

Java, ascribed to ZL. sericans by M. van Vollenhoven, appears to be

erroneous; the latter insect is probably the var. minor of Lucanus

maculifemoratus.

With reference to Lucanus Hircus, Sturm, Cat. (Java), I have

not been able to obtain any information.

Gen. Ruxtus, Parry (gen. nov.).

Caput transversum, angustum, antice depressum. Mandibulee

falcatee, maximee, ad basin fortiter dilatatea. Antenne

clava mediocri quadri-articulata. Prothorax lateribus in

medio armatis. Corpus elongatum, subparallelum. Tibize

posticze inermes.

Hexarthrio affine genus. Nomen a gigante Rheto, uno e

Titanis, derivatum,

The principal distinctive characters above given of this genus

. present an interesting connecting link between Lucanus and Hex-

arthrius ; on the one hand, the moderately developed clava of its

antennee, the flat and generally depressed form of its head, and

its unarmed posterior tibia, separate it from Lucanus ; whilst on

the other hand it is distinguished from Hexarthrius by the 4-jointed

clave of the antenne, and its laterally-armed prothorax.

of Lucanoid Coleoptera. 1]

Rua#tus Westwoopu ¢, Parry (var. max., 9 ignota). (PI. IX.

figs. 2 & 8.)

Hexarthrius (?) Westwoodii, Parry, Proc. Ent. Soc. 1862, p. 108.

R. nigerrimus, nitidus, sublente tenuissime granulosus; mandi-

bulis elongatis, falcatis, apicem versus parum deflexis, singula-

riter ad basin excavatis et supra infraque dente magno armatis,

ante medium dente acuto instructis, apicibus furcatis; capite

brevissimo, prothorace angustiori, clypeo transverso haud pro-

minulo, concavo, antice in medio angulato; prothorace trans-

verso, lateribus sinuatis dente parvo acuto armatis; elytris

elongatis, subparallelis ; tibiis anticis 4 aut 5-spinosis, inter-

mediis extus in medio dente acuto armatis, posticis simplicibus.

Long. corp. unc. 2, lin. 3; mandib. une. 1, lin. 3.

Hab. Ind. Or., aut Archip. Ind. (?)

I am indebted to J. C. Bowring, Esq., for the possession of this

magnificent and unique species. It is one of the largest of the

Lucanoid Coleoptera, measuring 33 inches.

Hexarturivus Derrorirr $, Parry (var. max., ¢ ignota).

(BIS LV: tie? 7.)

H. niger; mandibulis exsertis, supra et intus denticulatis, ad

basin singulariter excavatis; capite supra bituberculato ;

elytris plaga postica castanea.

Long. corp. fere unc. 2; mandib. lin. 9.

Hab. Siam. Specimen unicum in Coll. Mniszech.

Closely allied to H. Parryi, Hope, but of a more elongate and

slender form. Mandibles straighter, with the interior portion of

their base deeply excavated. The binodose elevations on the

head of H. Parryi are replaced by two elevated conical tubercles.

The prothorax is narrower and longer, with the anterior tuber-

cular angle more prominent. The apical yellow plaga of the

elytra does not extend so far towards the base; and the punctua-

tion of the mandibles, head and prothorax is infinitely stronger ;

the legs are more slender.

I am indebted to M. Henri Deyrolle for the characters of this

species, at present unique in the museum of Count Mniszech, and

received from Count de Castelnau.

Hexarturius Cuauporri, H. Deyrolle, MS.

This new species from Sumatra, allied to H. Rhinoceros, is in

the collection of Count Mniszech. M. Henri Deyrolle proposes

to describe it in the Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. for 1864.

12 Major Parry’s Catalogue

Hexarturivus Bowrinen ¢, Parry (var. max., @ ignota).

(P]. IX. figs. 5 & 7.)

H. nigro-fuscus, nitidus ; antennarum clava 6-articulata, mandi-

bulis apice subrecurvis, intus 3-dentatis, dente lo et 2do pone

medium, tertio ad basin subfurcato; tibiis anticis serratis,

intermediis unidentatis, posticis simplicibus.

Long. corp. unc. 2; mandib. lin, 9.

Hab. Ind. Or.

Black. Elytra of a polished ferruginous brown. Mandibles

somewhat flattened, more especially at the base, strongly punc-

tured ; tips acute and bending upwards ; a sharp prominent tooth

behind the tip, succeeded by a smaller one, and at the base a broad

obtusely bifid and slightly elevated process. Head closely punc-

tured, with the hind margin highly polished, and two small round

anterior depressions on the vertex, very slightly emarginate;

clypeus small, deflexed and triangular. The prothorax is about

the width of the body; like the head closely punctured, with a

slightly impressed central line ; the posterior angles slightly emar-

ginate. Elytra polished, ferruginous brown, darkest on the

suture and at the sides. Legs ferruginous, margined and varied

with black. Tarsi black; anterior tibiz serrated externally with

three or four small irregularly disposed spines, the apical tooth

very prominent and much curved.

Gen. OvontoraBis, Hope.

Anoplocnemus, Id.

The genus Anoplocnemus, Hope (vid. Tr. Ent. Soc. iii. 279),

was founded on and included only a single species, viz., 4. Bur-

meistert (Hope, Cat. pp. 5 and 16), a gigantic species from the

Mysore district, Northern India, at present in the Hopeian Coll.

at Oxford (and which may possibly hereafter prove to be only an

extreme variety of Odontolabis Cuvera). ‘The principal character

assigned to the genus is the absence of spines from all the tibia.

As in every other respect there is nothing to distinguish it from

the ordinary form and character of the several species belonging

to Odontolabis, which, when fully developed, have almost invariably

their fore tibia unarmed, I have incorporated Anoplocnemus with

Odontolabis, of which genus numerous species have lately been

added to our coilections,

I am at a loss to imagine why Dr. Burmeister preferred esta-

blishing Anoplocnemus as a genus in preference to Odontolabis, Mr.

Hope having notified only one species of the former to fourteen

of the latter.

of Lucanoid Coleoptera. - 13

Opontorasis Vottennovi g@, Parry (var. max., @ ignota).

(Pl. VIII. fig. 1.)

Lacordairei, Id., MS. olim.

O. atro-fuscus; elytris levissimis, flavis, anguste nigro-marginatis,

sutura latius nigra; capite magno, lateribus supra densissime

rugosis, margine antice reflexo emarginato, plagd magna rufa

notato, mandibulis capite fere duplo longioribus, rugoso-

punctatis, apicibus furcatis interne denticulatis, et dente forti

ante medium instructis; tibiis anticis in medio obsolete uni-

dentatis, posticis quatuor inermibus,.

Long. corp. (mandib. incl.) une. 2, lin. 9.

Hab. Borneo. Specimen unicum in Coll. Parry.

I had originally named the above species after my distinguished

friend Professor Lacordaire, whose reputation as an Entomologist

is so universal that I need scarcely allude to it. M. Snellen van

Vollenhoven, having received from Sumatra a closely-allied species,

and being under the impression that it was identical with the above,

courteously retained my MS. name in his description of the

Sumatran species (vid. Tijd. v. Ent. iv. 104, tab. v. fig. 1.)

The two are, however, totally distinct, and I have great pleasure

in dedicating this fine species to a gentleman who has rendered

such important services to science as Director of the museum of

Leyden, and to whom J feel grateful for his kind attention when

recently there.

O. Vollenhovit has the facies of the preceding genus Hexar-

thrius, forming the connecting link between the two genera. It

differs from O. Lacordairei in the following particulars—the

mandibles are more robust, more convex, and more strongly

punctuated ; the head is in proportion larger, with the anterior

elevated margin slightly sinuated in the centre, and the angle

behind the eye is more obtuse; but the principal difference is to

be found in the prothorax, which is considerably narrower, with

the sides rectangular instead of being dilated, and the posterior

angles strongly emarginate; the body is also somewhat shorter.

Opontorasis Lupexinen, Voll. (PI. Il. fig. 1.)

Lucanus Ludekingii, Voll. Tijd. v. Ent. iv. 104, tab. v. fi 2.

O. ater; capite latissimo, in lateribus punctatissimo, fronte

transversim carinata; elytris leevissimis testaceis, sutura latius

et limbo externo anguste nigris.

Long. corp. (mandib. incl.) 23 une.

Hab. Sumatra. Coll. Mus. Lugdun., de Castelnau, Mniszech

et Parry,

14 Major Parry’s Catalogue

Oponrotasis Wotrastonu, Parry. (PI. II. figs. 2 & 3, 3, 2;

P]. III. fig. 1, var. max.)

O. niger; capite margine antico fortiter emarginato, fronte

depresso pone oculos exciso, spino acuto armato; mandibulis

(var. minor) capite brevioribus, intus fortiter et irregulariter

dentatis ; prothorace angusto, lateribus fere parallelis, pone

medium spina magna acuta armatis, angulis posticis acutis;

elytris aurantiacis, limbo externo tenuissime nigro-marginato,

plaga magna triangulari nigra literam V formante a basi fere ad

apicem descendente ; tibiis anticis extus trispinosis, quatuor

posticis inermibus.

Long. corp. (mandib. incl.) une. 2.

Hab. Malacca. Coll. de Castelnau, Mniszech et Parry.

Another rare species from the Malay peninsula, recently dis-

covered by Count de Castelnau, allied to O.Ludekingz, but

abundantly distinct ; the head is smaller and less coarsely punc-

tured, whilst the body, of a deeper orange colour, is marked by a

large black plaga, extending from the base to near the apex ;

whereas in O, Ludekingii there exists only a broad sutural black line.

I have dedicated it to my friend T. V. Wollaston, Esq., the well-

known author of ‘“ Insecta Maderensia.”

Oponrotazsis Mounoti 4, Parry (var. med., @ ignota).

(PI. T. fig. 1.)

O. niger, nitidus; capite magno antice emarginato, angulis

anticis rotundatis, lateribus pone oculos spino acuto instructis;

mandibulis brevibus, intus irregulariter et fortiter dentatis ;

prothorace transverso, angulis anticis rotundatis, posticis

acutis, lateribus pone medium spina acuta armatis; elytris

leevissimis, aurantiacis, basi prope scutellum suturaque anguste

nigris; tibiis anticis 5-spinosis, quatuor posticis inermibus.

Long. corp. unc. 2; mandib. lin. 6.

Hab. Cambodia, Siam. Specimen unicum in Coll. Castelnau.

This species is dedicated to the memory of the late M. Mouhot,

to whom we are indebted for many new and rare species from the

same locality: whilst attempting to explore the unhealthy districts

of Cochin China he fell a victim to the climate.

Opvontoranis CasteLnaunr ¢, Parry (¢ ignota). (PI. I. fig. 2.)

O. giganteus, niger, glaberrimus; mandibulis capite parum

longioribus, valde exsertis, interne ad basin dente magno

obtuso armatis, et ante basin apicem versus plurimis denticulis

of Lucanoid Coleoptera. 15

nodosis irregulariter instructis, apicibus subfurcatis; capite

magno, antice depresso, margine subelevato, angulis anticis

oblique rotundatis, et infra oculos spina magna obtusa in-

structo; prothorace transverso, capite latiori, lateribus an-

tice obliquis, angulis posticis emarginatis; elytris subova-

libus, brunneo-testaceis, leevissimis, latitudine prothoracis,

marginibus externe suturaque tenuiter nigris; tibiis anticis

curvatis, et prope apicem spina minuta armatis, quatuor

posticis inermibus,

Long. corp. une. 2, lin. 5; mandib. lin. 9.

Hab. Sumatra. Coll. Castelnau.

For the opportunity of placing this magnificent new species of

Odontolabis, as well as the three preceding, in the present publi-

cation, I am indebted to Count Mniszech, who, through the kind-

ness of Count de Castelnau, was enabled to obtain the accompanying

faithful figures, executed by M. Migneaux. ‘The above species

belongs to the section of Odontolabis having (like O. bicolor, O.

Dejeanii, and other species) the prothorax broad, with the sides

dilated, and the fore tibize curved; it is one of the largest species

of Lucanoid Coleoptera, and, when found with the mandibles fully

developed, must indeed be gigantic. It is dedicated to Count de

Castelnau, to whom Entomologists are much indebted for many

interesting novelties.

OponTorazis striatus, 6, 9, H. Deyrolle, MS.

A new and interesting species from Malacca, in the collection of

Count Mniszech, the description of which will appear in the Ann.

Soc. Ent. Fr. for 1864. Both the ¢ and @ are strongly pubescent,

and in this respect the species assimilates somewhat to O. Dalmanz,

Hope; but in its general form it approximates more nearly to

O. platynotus, Hope, with which I have for the present located it.

OpvontotasBis Brooxeanus 6, @, Voll. Tijd. v. Ent. iv. 107,

tab. vi. fig. 1. (Pl. VI. fig. 5, var. max.)

O. fuscus, nitidus; elytris pallide testaceis, sutura tenui nigra ;

mandibulis dilatatis depressis, capite parum_ brevioribus,

arcuatis, interne denticulatis ; prothorace plaga nigra ma-

culato, angulis posticis valde emarginatis; tibiis anticis

curvatis supra sulcatis, extus 2 aut 3 spinis minutis armatis,

quatuor posticis inermibus.

(Var. max. 6) differt mandibulis longioribus gracilibus falcatis

apicibus acutis, prope basin unidentatis et intus pone medium

16 Major Parry’s Catalogue

spina magna furcata instructis ; clypeo producto, vix emargi-

nato.

Foem.—Mandibulis brevibus, punctatis, interne bidentatis, labro

parvo transverso; capite parvo, nigro-brunneo, rugose punc-

tato ; prothorace plagé nigré maculato, angulis posticis emar-

ginatis; elytris litera V basi descendente nigro-signatis ;

pedibus nigris; tibiis anticis dilatatis, extus spinis tribus

obtusis instructis, posticis intermediisque inermibus.

Long. corp. & (mandib. incl.) unc. 2; mandib. (var. max.)

5 lin,

Hab. Borneo.

A description and figure (of the var. minor) of this species have

been already published by M. van Vollenhoven (loc. cit.) ; a second

description of it, accompanied by a figure of the var. max., will

probably not prove uninteresting. Numerous specimens of this

insect were sent to England by Mr. Wallace and distributed

among various collections. I may remark, that the black plage,

both on the prothorax and body, are very variable, and in some

specimens totally wanting. Of males with fully developed man-

dibles but two or three were to be found, one of which is now

figured.

Oponrtotazis Sommer 6, Parry (var. max., @ ignota).

(Pl. VI. fig. 4.)

O. capite pronoto pedibusque brunneo-testaceis ; capite magno,

antice emarginato, pone oculos supra et infra angulato; man-

dibulis gracilibus, falcatis, capite paulo brevioribus, apicibus

acutis, intus bidentatis; prothorace antice acute angulato,

postice valde emarginato; tibiis anticis curvatis, extus spinis

duabus aut tribus armatis, posticis inermibus.

Long corp. une. 1, lin. 5; mandib. circa lin, 5.

Hab. Manilla. Mus. Dom. Sommer (Altone).

I am indebted to Count Mniszech for the description and figure

of the above; it appears to be allied to the Bornean species

O. Brookeanus.

OpontoraBis CincatEnsis ¢, Parry, var. max. (Pl. X. fig. 8.)

O. niger, nitidus ; capite magno, subquadrato, margine antico

elevato, pone oculos inflato; mandibulis capite protho-

raceque longioribus, subdepressis, arcuatis, intus ad apicem

dente obtuso bifido armatis, apicibus furcatis; prothorace

transverso, angulis posticis emarginatis ; elytris levissimis,

of Lucanoid Coleoptera. 17

attenuatis; tibiis anticis curvatis, ad apicem spina minuta

extus instructis, quatuor posticis inermibus.

Long. corp. unc. 1, lin. 8; mandib. lin. 9.

Hab. Ins. Taprobana.

The above insect seems to be rather abundant in Ceylon,

numerous specimens having fallen under my notice, but those

with highly-developed mandibles appear to be scarce. In Sir

Emerson Tennant’s History of Ceylon, i. 27, Cat. of Coleop., the

name Cingalensis is misprinted Bengalensis: in the same work, the

genus Singhala (sp. tenella, Blanchard), belonging to the family

of the Rutelide (vid. Cat. Coll. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, part 2,”

p- 198), is erroneously placed with the Lucanide.

Oponrtorasts nicriITA, H, Deyrolle, MS.

A new species from Ceylon, in the collection of Count Mniszech.

According to M. Henri Deyrolle, closely allied to O. Cingalensis ;

a description will shortly appear in the Ann. Soc. Ent. de France.

It will form, together with O. Cingalensis and O. @ratus, the third

section of the genus Odontolabis, having elongate mandibles, but

the head, instead of being armed with a spine behind the eyes,

is only slightly inflated, the body depressed and highly polished,

and the anterior tibiz are curved. The sub-genus Calcodes of

Westwood (vide Hope’s Catalogue) is incorporated with this sec-

tion, the metallic colour of Calcodes e@ratus forming only one of its

chief characters,

[Gen. Hererocutues, Westw.*

Genus (vel sub-genus) novum inter Anoplocnemum et Odontola-

bidem collocandum. Caput maribus magnum, transverso-

quadratum, lateribus pone oculos haud tuberculatum, margine

antico fere recto, clypeo in tuberculum parvum porrecto.

Antenne clava tripartita. Mandibule maribus dente parvo

sub-apicali intus armate. Maxille in utroque sexu inermes.

Prothorax transversus, lateribus inermibus, parallelis, angulis

posticis rotundatis. Tibie anticee extus 4-dentatze, mediz et

posticee inermes. Elytra brevia, ovata, haud striata.

This new and interesting sub-genus approaches most nearly to

Odontolabis, but the insects in that group have the head deeply

emarginate in the middle of the anterior margin, as well as armed

with a strong spine on each side of the head behind the eyes ; and the

* I am indebted to my friend Prof. Westwood for this description, together

with others hereafter mentioned ; it formed part of an interesting paper on Luca-

noid Coleoptera read by him before the Society on the 4th January, 1864,

VOL, IJ, THIRD SERIES, PART I.—MAY, 1864, c

18 Major Parry’s Catalogue

tarsi are here much shorter. The female has much the appearance

of Odontolabis glabratus, De Haan, but the sides of the prothorax

are regularly rounded. From Macrognathus, Burm., as well as from

Platyprosopus, Hope, Heterochthes differs in having the middle tibize

without a central spine, and in the form of the head and prothorax.

This new form affords a proof of the advantage afforded in the

classification of the Lucanide by the number of the spines upon the

tibiz, especially of the middle and hind legs, as an examination of

this character at once leads us to the true affinities of the insect.

Instances may indeed occur in which the tibial spurs are liable to

be almost obsolete, but the finger will often detect them when the

eye cannot clearly perceive them; besides which, of course, this

character, like every other, is liable to modification, and is not to

be depended upon with absolute certainty, but in a very large

majority of cases it truly indicates natural groups.

I am much indebted to Major Parry for affording me the oppor-

tunity of examining, describing and figuring this new Lucanoid

form, rendered as it is the more interesting by the possession of

both sexes, as well as of the minor development of the male sex.

HertTrrocuTuEs BRAcHYpTERUS, Westw. (Pl. X. fig. 6, 9,

figeas 06 87 el eho sly 2.93.)

Cladognathus brachypterus, Parry, MS.

H. niger, piceo vix tinctus; disco supra levi nitido et fere

impunctato, lateribus elytrorum punctatis exceptis ; femori-

bus tibiisque castaneis.

é maj. Long. mandib. lin. 533 capitis, lin. 3}; prothor. lin.

23; elytr. lin. 58 = long. tot.lin, 174. Latit. capitis, lin. 53;

prothor. lin. 5; elytr. lin, 5.

é min. Long. mandib. lin. 1; capitis, lin. 23 ; prothor. lin. 2;

elytr. lin. 5 = long. tot, lin, 103. Latit. prothor. lin, 4;

elytr. lin. 43.

Long. mandib. lin. 133; capitis, lin. 143 prothor. lin. 2;

elytr. lin. 4 = long. tot. lin. 83. Latit. capitis, lin. 22;

prothor. lin. 2; elytr. lin. 4.

Habitat in Cambodia. D.Mouhot. Mus. Parry et Saunders.

The male has the head much larger than the prothorax, flattened,

transverse-quadrate, the fore-margin nearly straight, the front

vertical, slightly concave, with the upper edge acute ; the centre

of the clypeus produced into a rounded tubercle ; the sides behind

the eyes (which are entirely divided by the canthus) very finely

and distantly punctured and slightly sinuated, but not produced

into a decided tubercle or spine. The mandibles in the larger

of Lucanoid Coleoptera. 19

specimens are longer than the head, flattened, curved at the base,

and strongly incurved at the apex, the middle part being nearly

straight, with a small conical point at a short distance from the

apex on the inner edge. ‘The antennz are small, with a three-

jointed clava; the maxilla have the outer lobe of moderate length,

and strongly ciliated; the palpi have the terminal joint somewhat

sabre-shaped; the mentum is very short and broad, with the

anterior angles rounded off. The prothorax has the sides straight

and nearly parallel, the anterior angles acute, and the hind ones

rounded off without any spine or lateral conical point. The elytra

are short and ovate, without any longitudinal striz. The fore

tibize are rather long, with two teeth on the outer edge, exclusive

of the two strong ones at the apex. The four posterior tibiae are

destitute of a spine in the middle. The prosternum terminates

in a slightly dilated and convex ridge between the base of the

fore legs. The tarsi are very short. The mesosternum is slightly

channelled along the middle.

The small variety of the male has the head smaller than the

prothorax, and the latter comparatively smaller than in the larger

individuals, with its sides rather more rounded ; the front margin

of the head is somewhat emarginate, and the sides behind the eyes

are marked with large punctures; the mandibles are shorter than

the head, strongly curved, with a large conical tooth near the base

on the inner edge, and the apex obtusely bifid; the mesosternum

has also a rather deeply impressed, narrow, punctate channel.

The female has a much smaller head, the canthus forming an

angle at the sides in front of the eyes; the front of the head is

slightly emarginate, and the clypeus produced into a small quadrate

setose lobe; the sides of the head are very strongly punctured.

The prothorax has the sides also punctured, and the lateral

margin is more rounded than in the male, especially at the pos-

terior lateral angles. The elytra have the sides and extremity

punctured. The palpi are rather shorter and stronger than in the

male, but the tibize of all the legs are spined, as in the other sex.

Plate XI. Fig. 1, The large male somewhat magnified. 1a, outline of portion

of the head; 1b, front of the head seen from the front;

1c, maxilla; 1d, mentum; le, mentum seen from within,

with the labium and palpus; If, antenna; lg, pro-

sternum seen from beneath ; 1h, ditto, seen sideways.

Fig. 2, The small-sized male. 2a, outline of the side of the head ;

2 b, mandible.

Fig. 3. The female. 3a, the head; 3b, the eye, divided by the canthus ;

3c, antenna; 3d, maxilla; 3e, mentum; 3f, labium and

palpus.—J,. O. W.]

20 Major Parry’s Catalogue

Gen. Neotucanus, Thomson, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1862, p. 415.

Odontolabis, Hope, Cat.

Anodontolabis, Parry, MS. (vid. Tr. Ent. Soc. ser. 3, vol. i.

p- 447). ;

The species, now amounting to eight in number, which compose

this genus, belong to the second section of the genus Odonto-

labis of Hope. One of its chief characters is the absence of the

spine behind the eyes; it also differs essentially in the size of the

mandibles, which never attain to any considerable development,

and seldom exceed the length of the head. ‘The species are from

East India, China, and the islands of the Indian Ocean.

Neotucanus Saunpersil 6, Parry. (PI. IX. fig. 3.)

N. fusco-brunneus, nitidus ; mandibulis capite paulo longioribus,

curvatis, intus excavatis, versus apicem irregulariter serrate

dentatis, dentibusque duobus robustis, suberectis ; capite

antice emarginato, angulis ante oculos acutis; prothorace

lateribus antice rotundatis, angulis posticis emarginatis ;

elytris glabris, extus marginatis; tibiis anticis irregulariter

spinis 4 vel 5 instructis, quatuor posticis inermibus.

Long. corp. unc. 2; mandib. lin. 6.

Hab. Ind. Or. Coll. Parry (spec. unicum).

The totally different form of the mandibles, and especially the

two very singular sub-erect teeth with which each of them is

armed, sufficiently distinguish this insect from O. Baladeva, Hope,

to which in its general form it has a remarkable similarity.

NEOLUCANUS CINGULATUS @, Parry. (Pl. IV. fig. 3.)

N. nigro-castaneus, nitidus, subparallelus ; elytris singulis vitta

obliqua flava ab humero ad apicem notatis.

Long. corp. unc, 1, lin. 3.

Hab. Malacca. Coll. Castelnau (spec. unicum).

I am indebted for my acquaintance with this species, and also for

the drawing from the pencil of M. Migneaux, to Count Mniszech.

It is allied to O. castanopterus, Hope, from northern India,

Neotucanus Cuampiont 4, Parry.

L. niger, sub-opacus ; prothoracis elytrorumque lateribus pau-

Julum explanatis; mandibulis brevibus, apicibus subfurcatis,

lateribus intus excavatis, sex-denticulatis ; capite prothorace-

que granulosis.

Long. corp. (mandib. incl.) lin. 14.

Hab. China.

This species is similar both in form and character to N. Sinicus,

of Lucanoid Coleoptera. 21

described and figured by Mr. W. Saunders in Trans. Ent. Soe.

N.S. iii. 48, pl. iv. figs. 2 & 3; the colour of the latter is dark

chestnut, whilst Z. Championi is dull black; it was taken by the

late Major Champion at Hong Kong, but specimens have subse-

quently keen received from the interior of China, collected by Mr.

Fortune.

Gen, Crapoanatuus, Burm. Handb. d. Ent. v. 364.

Macrognathus, Hope, Cat. p. 5.

Metopodontus, Id. p. 4.

Prosopocoilus, Id. p. 4.

This genus, to which Dr. Burmeister united Hexarthrius and

Cyclophthalmus of Hope, includes a larger proportion of species

than any other belonging to the Lucanoid Coleoptera, comprising

nearly sixty in number; which, with the exception of a few from

the eastern and western coasts of Africa, are all either from

India and China, or the islands of the Indian Ocean. It includes

also the sub-genera Metopodontus and Prosopocoilus of the same

author, both established with reference to the number of spines

upon the tibize as well as upon the bimucronated and excavated

anterior part of the head.

First, with regard to the tibial spines: these are often found

to be most variable, and as generic characteristics are, I think,

unworthy of the importance which has been attributed to them,

especially as a rigid adherence to such a system necessitates the

wide separation of species in all other respects intimately related.

Secondly, with regard to the binodose or strongly excavated

character of the anterior portion of the head: this formation is so

entirely dependent upon the development of the individual, that

it cannot be regarded even as a specific, much less a generic

character. I have, therefore, deemed it advisable to unite both

Metopodontus and Prosopocoilus with the genus Cladognathus of

Dr. Burmeister, which must only be considered after all as a

temporary refuge for a vast number of species, forming a peculiar

group in this family, and sufficiently aberrant in form and

character to justify perhaps their separation into several genera,

but our present knowledge of the species is too limited to warrant

more than a sectional arrangement.

‘Ciapoewatuus pouitus ¢, Parry (¢ ignota). (Pl. X. fig. 5.)

C. castaneo-fuscus, nitidus; mandibulis brevibus, curvatis,

dentibus tribus armatis; capite supra oculos angulato ;

22 Major Parry’s Catalogue

elytris glaberrimis, sutura late nigro-fusca; tibiis anticis

denticulatis, quatuor posticis unispinosis,

Long. corp. unc. 1, lin. 4; mandib. lin. 4.

Hab. Ind. Or. Coll. Parry (spec. unicum).

Head with the vertex smooth, punctured, more thickly so on

the sides. Mandibles scarcely longer than the head, depressed,

gradually curved, with a strong prominent tooth near the base,

and two smaller ones before the tip; clypeus faintly trilobed.

Head deeply emarginate in front, anterior angles bisinuate, deeply

and coarsely punctured on the sides, slightly depressed on the

vertex. Prothorax wider than the elytra, closely punctured in

front and at the sides. Posterior angles armed with a small

spine. Scutellum punctured. Elytra smooth, of a ferruginous

brown, the sutural portion nearly black, minutely and sparsely

punctate, more especially at the sides; humeral angles prominent.

CLADOGNATHUS QuADRINoDosUS ¢, Parry (2 ignota).

(Pl. VIII. fig. 4.)

C. ferrugineo-fuscus ; capitis vertice minute quadrituberculato ;

mandibulis gracilibus, porrectis, apicibus acutis, intus spinis

8 vel 9 minimis irregulariter dentatis; tibiis intermediis

denticulo minimo instructis, posticis inermibus; tarsis sub-

setosis.

Long. corp. lin. 9; mandib. lin. 5.

Hab. Ind. Or. Coll. Parry, etiam Mus. Brit.

Above ferruginous-brown, beneath lighter. Head deeply

punctured, with four minute tubercles arranged transversely on

the vertex. Mandibles elongate, narrow, and acute at the tips, of

the same length as the body, and armed with 8 or 9 minute teeth

and tubercles. The sides of the thorax almost straight. Body

convex. Outer edge of front tibize minutely crenulated.

CiLApDoGNATHUs ciNcTus, Montrousier, Faune de l’Ile de Wood-

lark, p. 27.

This species is also, according to Mr. Wallace, found in the

Islands of New Guinea, Ki and Arou, and must be considered as

very questionably distinct from C, Bison, differing in having the

four posterior femora entirely black beneath, and the anterior with

a small rufous spot, whereas in C. Bison the rufous patch exists

on all the femora; in other respects they appear to be closely allied.

I am not acquainted with a fully developed specimen; those in

the collection of Mr. Wallace, and my own, being medium varieties.

of Lucanoid Coleoptera. 23

Crapoenatuus Warxacerr 4, Parry (var. max., 2 ignota).

(PI. VI, fig. 2.)

C. niger; elytris dorso fusco-castaneo, lateribus nigro-margi-

natis, vitta flava latiuscula notatis; labro producto, trigono-

conico; mandibulis porrectis, haud arcuatis, irregulariter

denticulatis, et intra basin versus fortiter emarginatis ;

tibiis anticis extus irregulariter denticulatis, quatuor pos-

ticis inermibus.

Long. corp. fere unc. 2; mandib. lin, 8.

Hab. Ins. Gilolo. Coll. Wallace.

Mandibles nearly straight, slightly curved from the base to the

apex, which is bifurcate, the general surface flattened ; internally

at the base deeply emarginate, with one strong tooth just before

the middle, and two smaller ones behind and before it,

Head with a large oblique flattened space on the crown, emar-

ginate in front, anterior angles obliquely truncate, sides slightly

swollen behind the eyes; labrum short, subtriangular, general

surface shining, but very delicately shagreened, covered beneath

with ferruginous hairs. Prothorax considerably wider than the

head, smooth, anterior angles somewhat produced, and truncate ;

anterior and posterior margins bisinuate, sides slightly waved,

posterior angles obliquely truncate. Elytra widest just below

the humeral angle, deep chestnut brown, narrowly margined with

black, with a widish yellow vitta extending from the shoulder

nearly to the apex, the vitta narrowest at the humeral angle.

Legs black, anterior tibiz armed externally with two teeth and

a few slight crenulations, intermediate and posterior tibiae unarmed ;

femora and trochanters of intermediate and hind legs furnished

behind with a narrow line of brownish hairs.

This unique and fine species is named after A. R. Wallace, Esq.,

to whose indefatigable exertions natural history in general is so

much indebted. Although somewhat approaching in general

appearance the gigantic species of the genus Odontolabis, it bears

nevertheless, I think, a nearer affinity to the species of that section

of the genus Cladognathus which Mr, Hope in his Catalogue

designated as Prosopocoilus, and of which Cladognathus Lafertet

may be considered the representative.

Crapocnatuus Larerter 2. (PI. VIII. fig. 5.)

C. Laferteit $, Reiche, Revue Zool. 1852.

Feem.—C. fuscus; capite rugoso-punctato, postice lavigato ;

mandibulis brevibus, rugosis, unidentatis; elytris pallide ferru-

24 Major Parry’s Catalogue

gineis, ineequaliter punctatis, sutura ad basin marginibusque

nigro-fuscatis.

Long. corp. (mandib. incl.) une. 1.

g Pp

Hab. N. Hebrides.

Female with the head rather coarsely punctured, except on

the vertex, which is smooth. Mandibles short, punctured, the left

with a tooth a little before the apex, the right with one near the

base. Prothorax coarsely punctate, especially at the sides and

in front; elytra punctate, having some of the punctures disposed

in lines; the external margin of the front tibize crenulated, of the

intermediate and posterior armed with a-single spine.

This species was found rather abundantly at New Hebrides, by

Mr. M‘Gilleray, the naturalist to the expedition of H. M. S.

Herald.

The locality of New Holland assigned to it by Mons. Reiche

appears to be erroneous.

Crapoenatuus Tracutus, Voll. (PI. VII. fig. 6).

$ C. Tragulus, Voll. Tijd. v. Ent. iv. 113, tab. vii. fig. 4, 5, 6

(1861).

C. productus, Parry, Proc. Ent. Soc., 1862, p. 109.

Fem.—C. niger, subnitidus; clypeo parvo, rotundato; mandi-

bulis brevibus, arcuatis, unidentatis, rugoso-punctatis; capite

rugoso-punctato, postice levi; prothorace antice angustato,

lateribus rotundatis, fusco-cinnamomeis, plaga obliqua nigra

notatis; tibiis quatuor posticis denticulo parvo armatis.

Long. corp. lin. 11—12.

Hab. Ternate (nec Sumatra).

On my recent visit to Leyden, having an opportunity of con-

sulting the specimens described by M. van Vollenhoven in his

interesting memoir above referred to, I ascertained that the insect

described and figured by him, fig. 6, as the 2 of T’ragulus is in

fact the 2 of D. purpurascens (var. Saiga? ); vid. tab. vii. fig. 1.

There are several specimens in the collection, and M. van Vol-

Jenhoven kindly presented me with the one from which the

present diagnosis is drawn up. With reference to my description

of C. productus 6, as having the intermediate tibiz unarmed, I

find, having subsequently examined numerous fully developed

specimens, that this is an error, and upon again referring to the

type specimen in Mr. Wallace’s cabinet the rudiment of a very

minute tubercle, but scarcely visible to the naked eye, is found to

of Lucanoid Coleoptera. 25

exist ; this tubercle ought to have been represented in Pl, VII.

fig. 6.

CLADOGNATHUSs AssIMILIs @, Parry (4 ignotus).

productus ¢, Parry, Proc. Ent, Soc.,

1862, p. 109.

Feem.—C. niger, subnitidus ; clypeo parvo, rotundato ; mandi-

bulis brevibus, unidentatis ; capite antice rugoso, punctulato,

postice leviusculo; prothorace antice angustato, lateribus

oblique rotundatis, fulvo-brunneis, in medio nigro-maculatis ;

elytris fulvo-cinnamomeis, marginibus externe et sutura

tenuiter nigris; pedibus rugoso-punctatis, nigris ; tibiis inter-

mediis denticulo minuto armatis, posticis inermibus.

Long. corp. (mandib. incl.) une. 1.

Hab. Ins. Waigiou. Coll. Wallace. Specimen unicum.

The above description was originally given as that of the 2 of

C. productus (but which species has now proved to be identical

with C. Tragulus, Voll.). I have, however, since my recent visit

to Leyden, ascertained, as already previously stated, that it is

not the 2 of C. Tragulus, from which it differs in the uniform

colour of the elytra and in the posterior tibiz being unarmed,

Unfortunately the ¢ of this new species is at present unknown,

Crapocnatuus Zesra ¢, Oliv. Ent. i. 24, 20, tab. v. fig. 17.

Thunb. Mem. Nat. de Moscou, 1. 206.

Voll. Tijd. v. Ent. iv. 108.

(PL DVafig5552.)

Lucanus Zebra, Mandibulis porrectis, versus apicem denticu-

Jatis; thorace elytrisque testaceis, nigro-maculatis.

Lucano suturali paulo major. Mandibule porrecte, longitudine

capitis, denticulate, nigra. Caput nigrum, fulvo-pubescens,

Thorax levis, testaceus, macula magna dorsali, macula ob-

longa utrinque punctoque marginali nigris. Elytra testacea,

macula baseos vittdque media lata abbreviata nigris.

The above is Olivier’s description of this rare species; the type

specimen (é) described from the cabinet of M. Raye is now in

the Museum of Leyden, with the locality of “ Birman Empire”

attached to it, although Olivier makes no mention of its habitat.

The @, a single specimen of which is in the collection of Count

Mniszech, is now figured Pl. LV. fig. 5.

CrapocNnartuus sutuRALIs , Oliv. Ent. i. 16, tab. iv. fig. 12.

Lucano parallelipipedo paulo major. Antenne nigre. Mandibulee

26 Major Parry’s Catalogue

exserta, apice acute, intus basi denticulate, nigro-testacez,

longitudine capitis. Caput supra testaceum, marginibus vitta-

que media bifurcata nigris. Thorax testaceus, elytris capite-

que latior, marginibus tenuissimé puncto utrinque vittaque

media nigris. Scutellum nigrum. Elytra testacea, marginibus

tenuissimé suturdque nigris. Corpus subtus pedesque nigro-

brunnea.

Long. une. 1, lin, 3.

Hab. Siam aut Malacca.

Another rare species to which Olivier assigns no locality ; the

only specimen I am acquainted with is in my own collection ; it

is either from Siam or Malacca. Closely allied to O. occipitalis,

Hope, from which the unarmed posterior angles of its head, in-

dependent of its coloration, amply suflice to distinguish it.

CLADOGNATHUS PERPLEXUS 6, Parry (var. minor, @ ignota).

C. rufo-castaneus, sublente minute punctatus, marginibus sutura-

que nigrescentibus ; mandibulis brevibus, apicibus acutis,

marginibus internis intus sex-dentatis; tibiis intermediis

minute tuberculatis, posticis inermibus.

Long. corp. (mandib. incl.) une. 1.

Hab. Ind. Or. Coll. Parry.

A single specimen only of the above is in my collection; it

most resembles in general appearance and colour the var. minor

of C. dorsalis, Erichson, differing however in having the inter-

mediate tibiz slightly armed and in the colour of the elytra

being uniform, whereas in C. dorsalis the disk of the elytra is

remarkable for its shiny polished character, whilst the sides are

sub-opaque,.

CLADOGNATHUS ATTENUATUS 6, Parry (¢ ignota). (Pl. IV. Fig. 2.)

C. fulvo-testaceus; mandibulis, antennis, pedibusque luteo-squa-

mosis; mandibulis arcuatis, capite parum brevioribus, intus

irregulariter serratis; prothorace capite latiori, lateribus

fere rectis, angulis posticis emarginatis; elytris angustis,

versus apicem attenuatis; tibiis anticis extus quadridenticu-

latis, quatuor posticis inermibus ; tarsis subtus setosis.

Long. corp. (mandib. incl.) lin. 11.

Hab. Malacca. Coll. Castelnau et Mniszech.

CLADOGNATHUS squamitaTERIS 6, Parry (var. minor).

C. fusco-niger, nitens, subparallelus; mandibulis brevibus, ir-

of Lucanoid Coleoptera. 27

regulariter minute dentatis; elytrorum prothoracisque mar-

ginibus lateralibus pilis cinereis tectis ; tibiis quatuor posticis

inermibus.

Long. corp. (mandib. incl.) une. 1.

Hab. Borneo, Malacca. Coll. Parry, Wallace et Saunders.

Since my notice of this species in the Proc. Ent. Soc., 1862,

p- 110, specimens of both sexes have been received from Malacca ;

the female is also characterized by having the sides of the prothorax

and elytra covered with a thick greyish pubescence, whilst the re-

mainder of the body is of a highly polished character.

CLapoGNATHUs ELEGANS 4, Parry (2 ignota) (PI. VIII. fig. 3.)

C. cinnamomeus, gracilis; mandibulis capite paulo longioribus,

arcuatis, depressis, ante apicem dente truncato instructis ;

capite antice fortiter emarginato ; elytris punctatis, subtiliter

striatis, sutura fuscata.

Long. corp. (mandib. incl.) lin. 8.

Hab. Ind. Or, Coll. Parry.

Of a cinnamon-brown ; mandibles flattened, gradually bent to

the apex, which is very acute, externally before the tip is a broad,

flat, truncate tooth, separated from the apex by a deep longitudinal

fissure; sides of the prothorax with numerous scattered punctures,

the middle smooth except on the dorsal line, where it is sparsely

punctate ; above the posterior angle is a slight blackish tubercle ;

the anterior and posterior margins are somewhat fuscous. Elytra

with the suture very smooth, polished and brown, the rest cin-

namon-coloured, rather thickly punctured and striated, the strize

disappearing before the tip. Anterior tibiae armed externally at

the apex with three teeth, and with a minute one about the

middle ; posterior tibice simple, with lines of punctures. Abdomen

beneath with the segments narrowly margined with brown.

CLADOGNATHUS FLAVIDUS ¢, Parry (var. max., 2 ignota).

(Pl. VIII. fig. 2.)

C. castaneus; mandibulis, capite, thorace, suturaque nigro-

marginatis; mandibulis elongatis, subdepressis, intus quadri-

dentatis, dente ante apicem obtuso, dente medio elongato

subtrigono ; tibiis inermibus.

Long. corp. une. 1, lin. 6; mandib. lin, 5.

Hab. Ind. Or. Coll. Parry.

Yellowish-chestnut, margined with black. Head broader than

long, rather narrower than the prothorax ; sides behind the eyes

28 Major Parry’s Catalogue

slightly arcuate, in front notched. Mandibles as long as the

head and prothorax together, depressed, a small tooth near the

base, a smaller blunt tooth behind the middle, closely followed by

another rather large and triangular; close to the apex is an

obtuse tooth, separated from the preceding by a rounded sinus.

Prothorax chestnut, narrowly margined with black, considerably

wider than the elytra at the base, sides slightly rounded, obliquely

emarginate behind, the emargination with a tooth in front, and

above the posterior angles a fovea. The elytra of a pale chestnut-

brown, finely and closely punctured, shining, the suture somewhat

darker, the humeral angles prominent. ‘The tibia are all entirely

without teeth.

CLADOGNATHUs FULVoNoTATUS @, Parry (var. max., @ ignota).

(Pl. VI. fig. 3.)

C. nigro-brunneus, zneo-tinctus; prothorace lateribus fulvo-

bimaculatis ; elytris dorso valde politis, linea fulva pone

humerum fere ad apicem ducta notatis.

Long. corp. lin. 10; mandib. lin. 4.

Hab. Ind. Or. (Cherra Pounga, Ponjee?) Coll. Parry.

Head smooth, dark brown, with a slight greenish hue; man-

dibles elongate, narrow, sides nearly parallel, apex slightly forked,

with a wide, somewhat truncate bifid tooth just beneath ; clypeus

slightly sinuate. Prothorax of the colour of the head, anterior

and lateral margins passing into ferruginous brown ; on each side

are two fulvous spots, nearly parallel with the lateral margin, the

posterior the largest, ovate ; scutellum slightly punctured. Elytra

with the dise flattened and highly polished; from behind each

shoulder a fulvous line proceeds nearly parallel with the sides,

curves towards the suture near the apex, and is dilated towards

the end. Underside of body and sides of mandibles ferruginous;

all the femora have a broad fulvous ring ; the fore tibiae are irre-

gularly serrated on the outer edge, the intermediate with one

small tooth-about the middle, and the posterior unarmed.

CiapocGNatuus BisicnatTus, Parry. (Pl. VII. fig. 3 3,5 @).

C. niger, subeeneus, glaberrimus ; mandibulis brevibus, in medio

unidentatis ; elytris singulis ad apicem macula (@) aut

striga (¢) fulva notatis; femoribus intermediis et posticis

fulvo-maculatis.

Long. corp. (mandib. incl.) lin, 10.

Hab. Ind. Or, (Cherra Pounga, Ponjee?). Coll. Parry.

of Lucanoid Coleoptera. 29

Head of ¢ smooth, with a few scattered punctures near the eye;

mandibles of the same length as the head, acute at the apex, in

the middle with a projecting lobe, the edge of which is crenulated ;

the clypeus wider than in the 9, slightly emarginate; the pro-

thorax is smooth, darker than the elytra, slightly convex, pos-

terior angles rounded ; elytra smooth, zneous, with a row of

minute punctures near the suture, and parallel with it an oblique

yellow line near the apex; the femora of the four posterior legs

on the underside with a small yellow patch; the anterior tibiz

irregularly crenulated externally with four or five prominent

tubercles ; the intermediate are armed with a small spine, the pos-

terior unarmed. ‘The Q is broader and more convex than the ¢,

the head is distinctly punctured, with two slight elevations on its

surface; mandibles short and acute, with a distinct tooth in the

middle; the prothorax is very smooth on the disc, distinctly

punctured on the sides as well as upon the anterior and posterior

margins, with the hinder angles rounded. Scutellum with a few

scattered punctures ; elytra more convex than in the ¢, with the

sides parallel, smooth in the centre, but punctured at the base,

lateral margins and apex, and with a small, yellow, nearly round

spot near the apex. The fore tibize are crenulated, with four or

five small prominent tubercles, the four posterior are armed with

a small spine near the centre, and as in the ¢ the four posterior

femora have a small fulvous patch on the underside.

CLapocnatuus moprstus ¢, Parry (@ ignota).

(Pl. XII. fig. 1.)

C. brunneo-castaneus vel nigro-piceus, prothoracis et elytrorum

lateribus fulvis; capite, mandibulis, tarsis, antennisque

nigris ; capite transverso, parvo, tenuissime granuloso, antice

depresso, paulo emarginato, pone oculos obtuse angulato ;

mandibulis gracilibus, capite paulo longioribus, curvatis,

rugoso-punctatis, ante medium dente interno obtuso sub-

erecto armatis, apicibus dilatatis, bidentatis ; prothorace

angulis anticis rotundatis posticisque obliquis, minute gra-

nuloso, disco nitido; elytris castaneis,~ nitidis, marginibus

latis luteis, subopacis ; corpore infra nigro-rufescente ; tibiis

anticis extus serrulatis, 4 posticis inermibus.

Long. corp. lin. 10; mandib., lin. 2.

Hab. in Africa oce. tropicali. Coll. Parry. Specimen unicum.

The general appearance of this new species allies it closely to

C. faber, Thomson, from which, however, it may readily be dis-

30 Major Parry’s Catalogue

tinguished by the short obtuse posterior angles of the head, the

oblique posterior angles of its prothorax, and the well-defined

luteous margin of the elytra.

For the figure of this species, and the following description

and remarks, I am indebted to Prof. Westwood.*

[This species somewhat closely resembles L. faber, Dej., from

Guinea, especially in the toothing of the mandibles, but that

species possesses a spine in the middle of the intermediate tibiz.

It is most nearly allied to Cl. picipennis, Hope, Cat. Lucan., from

Cape Palmas, but the head of that species has the lateral margins

behind the eyes only slightly dilated, and the mandibles of the

large variety of the male are differently toothed: it has also a

triangular point in the middle of the clypeus. The upper surface

of the head is opaque, and entirely covered with extremely minute

granules (as is also that of the prothorax), the space behind the

eyes being strongly punctate. The anterior lateral angles of the

head are obliquely truncate, posteriorly produced, somewhat

rounded and extending half across the eye: in front of the eye is

a moderately raised obtuse tubercle. ‘The anterior margin of the

head is bisinuated, the clypeus being transverse, short, with the

anterior rounded. The lateral margin of the head, behind each

of the eyes, is produced into a rounded lobe. The mandibles are

rather longer than the head, somewhat slender, regularly curved,

strongly punctured, with an obtuse spine directed inwards beyond

the middle of the inner margin; the apex somewhat digitated,

with a small subapical tooth, between which and the spine is a

broad obtuse tooth, The mentum is of moderate width and very

rudely punctured. The prothorax is rather broader and more

glossy than the head, with the anterior angles rounded, the sides

but slightly oblique and the hind lateral angles obliquely truncate;

the sides are broadly dark fulvous, with a very slender raised

black margin also extending along the bisinuated hind margin

of the prothorax: near the hind angles is a dark lateral spot on

each side; the scutellum is very finely punctured, as is also the

base of the elytra. ‘The latter are very glossy, almost quite

smooth, very dark chestnut down the middle, with a broad lateral

border of fulvous, the extreme lateral margin being raised and

black. The legs are pitchy black, with the femora castaneous,

the fore tibize are serrulated along the outer edge and armed with

three stronger teeth at the apex, the four posterior tibiz are des-

titute of a spine in the middle of the outer margin, The body

€ See note *, ante, p. 17.

of Lucanoid Coleoptera. 31

beneath is dark castaneous, glossy, almost impunctate, with the

abdomen black.

Pl. XII. fig. 1. The insect somewhat magnified; la, the left side of the head

with the clypeus; 1b, the extremity of the right mandible; lc, the

mentum, with the four palpi in situ——J. O. W.]

CLapoGNATHUs DEcIPIENS @, Parry. (PI. IV. fig. 4.)

C. niger, nitidus; elytris fusco-castaneis, marginibus vitta

flava latiuscula notatis ; capite parvo, antice impresso, tenuis-

sime punctato; prothorace lateribus rotundatis, dorso postice

utrinque foveolato; elytris levibus; tibiis anticis angustis,

extus crenulatis, quatuor posticis unidentatis, tarsis subtus

setosis.

Long. corp. unc. 1,

Hab. Malabar.

The only example of this species with which I am acquainted is

in the cabinet of Count Mniszech. In the rich collection of the

Leyden Museum there exists an undescribed ¢ specimen, the

general sculpture of which induces me to refer it to the present

species ; but the habitat not being given, and the fact that the head

affixed to the specimen has the appearance of belonging to a

different species, prevent me from speaking with greater certainty

as to their identity.

CLADOGNATHUs DORSALIS, Erichson, Act. Acad. Cesar.

Leopold. v. 16, Suppl. tab. 37, fig. 6.

é (var. max). C. castaneus, plagA magn4 levissim4 prope

suturam; corpore subtus, antennis, mandibulis, pedibusque

nigro-piceis.

Rufo-castaneus, nitidus ; capite magno, antice emarginato, mar-

gine elevato; mandibulis capite cum prothorace paulo lon-

gioribus, falcatis, depressis, intus irregulariter armatis, apici-

bus curvatis ; prothorace lateribus fere rectis, subopacis,

angulis posticis paulo emarginatis, macul4 utrinque nigra

indistincta versus angulos posticos, dorso nitido; elytris dorso

lzevissimo, lateribus subopacis; tibiis anticis rectis, denticulis

4 vel 5 parvis instructis, posticis quatuor inermibus,

Long. corp. unc. 1, lin. 5; mandib. lin. 7.

Erichson (1. c.) described the female only, the male being appa-

rently unknown to him. Dr. Burmeister, Handb. d, Ent. v. 370,

has referred L. cavifrons (Burm. MS.), Hope, Cat. p. 13, to the

above described species; this is undoubtedly an error, Neither

32 Major Parry’s Catalogue

the Rev. F. W. Hope nor Dr. Burmeister was acquainted with the

veritable male of Erichson’s species, which is now described for

the first time, and which differs essentially from C. cavifrons (var.

max.), Hope, by its broader and more convex form, the highly

polished dorsal patch on the elytra, and in the structure of the

mandibles, which in the insect now under consideration are some-

what broader, strongly curved at the apex, destitute of the flat

basal tooth, and instead of the group of subapical teeth only, as

in C. cavifrons, are armed with a stout tooth placed a little above

their centre, with four or five smaller ones between it and the

apical tip; some of these teeth, however, may be more properly

called nodose elevations. ‘The anterior tibize moreover are straight,

and not curved as in C., cavifrons.

The female is equally to be distinguished from that of C. cavi-

frons by its more robust and convex form ; the anterior tibize are

considerably more dilated, their outer edge also strongly denti-

culated ; the four posterior tibia, like all the females of this genus

(with the exception of C. cavifrons), are armed with a single

spine,

CLADOGNATHUS CAVIFRONS, Hope.

$ Lucanus cavifrons, Hope, Cat. p. 13 (var. max.).

g L. tenuipes, Id. Cat. p. 18.

Odontolabis tenuipes, Id. Cat. p. 5.

The only two specimens of ZL. tenuipes, Hope, with which I am

acquainted are in the Hopeian Collection and the British Museum,

and were obtained by Mr. Cuming during his visit to the Philip-

pines ; after careful examination, I have satisfied myself, from the

general sculpture of the head and the short strongly-punctate

mandibles, that both these specimens are females; but from the

remarkable slenderness of the anterior tibiae, and from the absence

of spines on those of the four posterior legs, they have somewhat

the appearance of males with short undeveloped mandibles. The

specimen described by Mr. Hope is somewhat darker than that of

the British Museum, assimilating more in colour with the male,

which is chestnut-brown. While, on the one hand, the unarmed

tibize of the four posterior legs would assign tenwipes to the genus

Odontolabis, in which Mr. Hope placed it, its slender fore tibiz

and general structure of body place it indubitably with those in-

sects which belong to the genus Cladognathus, and I am strongly

inclined to believe that it is the ¢ of C. cavifrons.

of Lucanoid Coleoptera. 33

CLADOGNATHUS APPROXIMATUS 64, Parry (var. max.).

C. nigro-castaneus, nitidus ; eapite subquadrato, antice depresso,

emarginato, subopaco, confertissime punctulato ; mandibulis

gracilibus, capiti cum prothorace longitudine zqualibus, fere

rectis, intus spinis 3—5 armatis, apicibus furcatis ; pro-

thorace transverso, elytris latiori, lateribus fere rectis, angulis

posticis obtusis, dorso sublavigato, tenuissime granuloso ;

elytris nitidis, sublente minute punctulatis, apicem versus

attenuatis; tibiis anticis extus irregulariter denticulatis,

quatuor posticis simplicibus.

Long. corp. unc. 1 ; mandib. lin. 7.

Hab. Cochin China, Laos. Mus. Saunders et Parry 2, 2.

Collected by the Jate M. Mouhot, and allied to C. Buddha,

Hope (Trans. Linn. Soc. xix. 107), the type specimen of which

is in my own collection, but differs in the form and armature

of the mandibles, in the head being wider and much less emargi-

nate in front, and in the narrow and more attenuated form of the

elytra.

CLADOGNATHUS EXxIMtus, Parry.

C. castaneus, nitidus (¢ var. med.) ; mandibulis nigris, capitis

longitudine, subtrigonis, supra crebre punctatis, intus obtuse

denticulatis ; capite magno, nigro-piceo, depresso, late semi-

circulariter emarginato, margine antice leviter elevato ; pro-

thorace transverso, capite elytrisque Jatiori, confertissime

granuloso, angulis anticis rotundatis, posticis obtusis, late-

ribus utrinque macula nigra notatis ; elytris tenuissime punc-

tatis, sutura late nigro-marginata; subtus fusco-ferrugineus ;

antennis pedibusque piceis; tibiis anticis extus serratis, inter-

mediis spina acuta armatis, posticis tuberculo parvo instructis.

Long. corp. (mandib. incl.) une. 1, lin. 4.

Mandibulis brevibus, intus unidentatis; capite rugoso-punctato;

prothorace lateribus rotundatis, parce fortiterque punctato,

disco nigro-piceo ; elytris crebre irregulariterque punctatis.

Long. corp. une. 1.

Hab. Afric. Occ. Coll. Parry.

This species is allied both to C. Senegalensis, Klug, and C.

quadridens, Hope, from which, however, its rich chestnut colour,

similar to that of C. Savagei, Hope, at once distinguishes it.

VOL. Il, THIRD SERIES, PART I.—MayY, 1864, D

o4 Major Parry’s Catalogue

CLADoGNATHUS SENEGALENSIS, Klug.

Lucanus Senegalensis ¢, Klug, Erm. Reis. Atl. 38, 103.

Dr. Burmeister in his Handbuch der Entomologie, v. 371,

gives this insect as synonymous with Zwcanus Antdlopus ¢,

Swederus (Act. Holm. 1787, iii. 186, tab. viii. fig. 3); in this

I do not feel disposed to agree, since Swederus describes the

prothorax of his species as “ lateribus subrotundatis,” and figures

the four posterior tibiae as being unarmed—characters quite at

variance with the true Lucanus Senegalensis of Dr. Klug, a spe-

cimen of which from my own collection I have recently compared

with the typical insect in the Berlin Museum. ‘This species is

readily distinguished in having the posterior angle of the pro-

thorax strongly emarginate, as well as the anterior angle of this

emargination being armed with a small acute spine ; hence Mons.

Gory applied the specific epithet of bispinosus to the female

(according to a specimen so ticketed in the Oxford Museum).

The mandibles are nearly straight in all their different developments,

and the four posterior tibia are armed each with a single spine.

As regards the veritable Z. Antilopus of Swederus, I am inclined,

from the description as well as from the figure, to refer it to

Lucanus quadridens, Hope (var. minor), with which it agrees in

the form of the mandibles (representing evidently those of an

undeveloped male, and characterized as such by the description

*‘mandibulis capite vix longioribus’”), in the posterior angles of

the thorax being rounded, and in the absence of the spines from

the four posterior tibie; although I must remark that in fully

developed individuals a minute tubercle is occasionally seen on

the intermediate tibia. These spines or tubercles on the tibiz,

however, are, as I have already had occasion to state, most

capricious, depending considerably, as to their size, and even for

their very existence, on the maturity of growth the insect may

arrive at, and can in no way be relied upon either specifically or

generically.

In respect to the L. Antilopus, Burm., Hand. der Ent. v. 371,

this insect may possibly be identical with Z. Senegalensis, Klug,

but as no mention is made of the posterior angles of the prothorax

being rounded or emarginate, or of the existence or non-existence

of the spine alluded to by Dr. Klug, it is difficult to fix exactly

the species to which it ought to be referred. If identical with

Senegalensis, Klug, it certainly is not the Antilopus of Swederus;

and should it bea more fully developed specimen of Antilopus, Swed.,

(as the mandibles are described as being as long as the head and

of Lucanoid Coleoptera. 35

body together) it will then, I think, prove, as intimated above, to

be synonymous with ZL. quadridens, Hope, a specimen of the

latter in my own collection corresponding so exactly with both

the description and figure of Swederus that it makes me very

much disposed to unite them together,

CrapoeNnatuus curvirgs, Hope, Cat. p. 25 (2).

$ C. subconvexus, niger, nitidus, tenue punctatus; capite

magno, antice emarginato, crebre punctato, medio triangu-

lariter impresso, lateribus pone oculos inflatis; mandibulis

capite vix longioribus, suberectis, apicibus acutis, intus pro-

funde excavatis et irregulariter denticulatis ; prothorace

lateribus (ut in 2) subserratis, angulis anticis rotundatis,

posticis obtusis, spina minuta armatis; elytris angulis humera-

libus acutis; tibiis anticis irregulariter serratis, intermediis

spina minuta instructis, posticis simplicibus.

Long. corp. (mandib. incl.) lin. 9.

Hab. Ind. Or. Coll. Parry.

In the female, which sex alone was known to Mr. Hope, the

anterior tibize are curved exteriorly, whence the specific name ;

those of the male however are but very slightly curved. The small

lateral spine existing on the prothorax of the male is often very

indistinct in the female; the rudiment however of it is mostly to

be traced. ‘The peculiar formation of the mandibles in the

present insect, and its small size, render it one of the most con-

spicuous species of the genus in which, for the present, lL have

placed it.

Crapocnatuus rupis 2, Westw.* (PI. XI. fig. 4.)

[ Dorcus (Prosopocoilus?) rudis, Westw.

Feemina.—Tota nigra, rude punctata; elytris costatis, inter-

stitiis punctatissimis, capitis angulis anticis lateralibus

obliquis, oculis septo dimidiatim incisis; prothoracis an-

gulis posticis oblique emarginatis, elytris angulo humerali

prominenti notatis.

Long. corp. (cum mandib.) lin. 10.

Hab. India vel Insulis Indicis? In Mus. D. Parry.

The unique insect on which this species is here proposed is

a female of a glossy black colour, distinguished from the majority

of the females of the genus Dorcus by the oblique emargination of

* See note * ante, p. 17.

36 Major Parry’s Catalogue

the posterior angles of the prothorax, in which respect it agrees

with Luc. punctiger, Hope (Cat. Lucan. p. 24; Linn. Trans. xviii.

p- 592), but which differs from the present species in the elytra

being destitute of costz, and in its much less strongly punctured

prothorax. The type specimens of the last-mentioned species

are females, and are regarded with considerable probability by

Major Parry as the other sex of LZ. bulbosus, Hope, which, with

other African and Indian species, constitutes Mr. Thomson’s

second section of Prosopocoilus.

The head is very rudely punctured on the upper side; the

anterior lateral angles are obliquely rounded off; the clypeus forms

a bilobed projection ; the mandibles are rather small, acute at the

tips, with a tooth beyond the middle of the inner margin; on the

middle of the crown are two irregular smooth patches, and there is

a somewhat elevated space between each eye and the base of the

antennz ; the eye is divided through its anterior half by the sharp

curved eanthus. The mentum is short, almost semicircular, and

rudely punctured. The maxille are short, the inner lobe termi-

nating in a sharp, hooked spine (a character also found in the

female of Pr. Martini, Hope, an African species of this sub-genus).

The labium is terminated by two elongated, strongly-setose lobes,

and the labial palpi are rather long, slender, and with the terminal

joint thick and ovate. The prothorax is strongly punctured, the

sides are rounded and slightly serrulated, the posterior lateral

angles are obliquely emarginate. ‘The elytra are elongate, some-

what parallel, each with three strong coste, the middle one

interrupted near the shoulder; between the raised suture and

the first costa are two slender lines edged with punctures, and

the interstices between the costee are very closely and finely

punctured. The extremity of the elytra is also very thickly

punctured. The body beneath is but slightly punctured, except

at the sides of the metasternum and apical segment of the abdo-

men. The fore tibiz are armed with five teeth, of which the two

at the apex are the largest, and the four posterior tibize have a

spine in the middle of the outer edge of each.

Pl. XI. fig. 4. The insect magnified. 4a, the head with one of the antenne ;

46, the eye half divided by the canthus; 4c, maxilla; 4d, mentum; 4e,

labium and palpi; 4f, prosternum; 4g, the same sideways.—J. O. W.]

Crapocnatuus Nara.ensis ¢ (var. max.), Parry.

C. piceo-castaneus; elytris castaneis, sutura tenuissime nigricanti;

mandibulis capitis prothoracisque fere longitudine, falcatis,

apicibus dilatatis, furcatis, interne spina minima obtusa

armatis ; clypeo parvo, binodoso ; capite transverso, cum pro-

of Lucanoid Coleoptera. 37

thorace tenuissime granuloso, margine antico deflexo, vix

emarginato, pone oculos spina obtusa armato; prothorace

capite latiori, angulis posticis obliquis ; elytris prothorace an-

gustioribus, sublente minute punctulatis; pedibus, mandibulis,

antennisque nigris ; tibiis anticis irregulariter crenulatis, inter-

mediis unidentatis, posticis tuberculo minimo instructis.

Long. corp. unc. 1, lin. 5; mandib, lin, 5.

Hab. Port Natal.

Allied to C. faber, Thomson, but is at once distinguished by

its larger size and less glabrous character ; it differs further in

having the mandibles somewhat less curved, the sides of the pro-

thorax straighter, and the absence of the small spine at the pos-

terior angle. It belongs to that section of the African species of

Cladognathus remarkable for the falcate form of the mandibles

(which in fully-developed males are only armed at the apex), and

in having the head furnished behind the eyes with a small obtuse

tooth.

The female, as is frequently the case in other allied species of

this genus, is more polished than the male, and has considerable

affinity to the @ of C. quadridens, Hope, Cat. p. 14.

With the exception of a small species of Dorcus, D. adspersus,

Boheman, recently described and figured by Professor Westwood

(Trans. Ent. Soc., 3rd Ser., i. 435, pl. xvi. fig. 6), this is the

only species of Lucanoid Coleoptera received in the numerous

collections that have of late been transmitted to us from that

rich entomological district of Africa, Port Natal. It appears in

some of the continental cabinets under the manuscript name of

C. Vescoi.

Crapocnatuus Srencit 6, var. max., Hope, Tr. Linn. Soc.

Xvill. 589.

Macrognathus Spencii, Hope, Cat., p. 6.

bulbosus 8, var. min., Hope.

The above insect, unique in the Hopeian Cabinet, was captured

with other interesting species by W. Griffith, Esq., F.L.S., in the

Assam district, and placed by the Rev. F. W. Hope in his Cata-

logue together with Lucanus bulbosus (also described in Tr. Linn.

Soc. xviii. 589), in the sub-genus Macrognathus, immediately

preceding the sub-genus Platyprosopus, both of which sub-genera

appertain to the family Dorcid@, and are respectively identical

with the genera Hemisodorcus and Eurytrachelus of Mr. Thomson’s

“Catalogue of the Lucanide.” JL. bulbosus, Hope, a not very

38 Major Parry’s Catalogue

uncommon species, has very properly been removed by Mr. Thom-

son tothe genus Cladognathus, to which, from its general structure,

it has evidently a much nearer affinity, and, as regards the other

species, L. Spencii, the typical example of which is now before

me, there appears to be but little doubt as to its being the var.

max, of L. bulbosus, its chief characteristic consisting in a greater

development of the mandibles and head, the former being con-

siderably longer than the latter, arcuate, forked at the tip, and

exhibiting in a slight degree only at their base the peculiar bulbose

structure of the minor form, but still sufficiently apparent to trace

the affinity.

Individuals of the var. max., or those presenting an extreme

development of the mandibles, are but of rare occurrence among

their respective species; and as regards C. bulbosus, of which

numerous specimens have fallen under my notice, the present

case is the only one I have met with. The name of one of our

most celebrated Entomologists has been maintained, not only in

right of priority of publication, but also in deference to his

memory.

Gen. Homovervs, Parry.

Corpus subrotundatum, robustum, Clypeus transversus, biden-

tatus, antice leviter emarginatus. Mandibule capite vix

longiores, falcata. Caput magnum, transversum, antice

depressum, infra oculos armatum. Antennarum clava 4-ar-

ticulata, scaphus elongatus. Prothorax lateribus pone me-

dium (in utroque sexu) sinuatis et spina acuta armatis ;

angulis anticis rotundatis, posticis emarginatis. Pedes gra-

ciles. ‘Tibia posticee in maribus inermes.

Homopvervus ME ty, Parry, Proc. Ent. Soc. 1862, p. 107; Trans.

Ent. Soc. 3rd Ser. i. 437, pl. xvi. f. 7 & 8 (PI. XI. fig. 6.)

Mas.—H. fulvo-testaceus ; mandibulis gracilibus, intus ad basin

unidentatis et supra pone medium spinis nodosis tribus aut

quatuor irregulariter armatis; capite sublente confertissime

granuloso, supra oculos plaga nigra notato; prothorace

maculis quatuor nigris, transversim positis, in medio sub-

tiliter longitudinaliter canaliculato; elytris levissimis.

Long. corp. (mandib. incl.) fere unc. 2.

Hab. Afric. Occ, (Guinea, Old Calabar). In Mus. Parry,

Mniszech et Murray.

Foem.—H. nigro-fuscus; mandibulis gracilibus, brevibus, ru-

goso-punctatis, et dente parvo apicem versus instructis; capite

of Lucanoid Coleoptera. 39

irregulariter et fortiter rugoso-punctato; clypeo parvo, ro-

tundato; prothorace Juteo, maculis quatuor nigris transver-

sim positis, duabus medianis magnis, antice connexis, late-

ralibus parvis, rotundatis; elytris singulis vitté lutescenti

flava ab humeris ad apicem notatis; pedibus nigris, femo-

ribus supra flavo-rufo maculatis; tibiis anticis paulo cur-

vatis, extus irregulariter tribus vel quatuor spinis minimis

instructis, intermediis posticisque unidentatis.

Long. corp. (mandib., incl.) une, 1.

In a former communication to the Society, I mentioned the

affinity of this insect with Mesotopus Tarandus: subsequent inves-

tigation, however, leads me to place it near Cladognathus, and to

refer it more particularly to the African species C. faber, C. Na-

talensis and C. modestus. It resembles these in having the head

broad and armed behind the eyes; the mandibles slender and

faleate; the legs likewise slender; the anterior tibize of the

females slightly curved and not dilated as in Mesotopus, and the

posterior tibize of the males unarmed.

Nevertheless, the wide and strongly produced emarginate

clypeus, the short, broad form and polished fulvous colour of the

elytra, as well as the sinuated character of the sides of the pro-

thorax in both sexes, amply justify the creation of the genus pro-

posed, which may be placed after Cladognathus.

This new and interesting insect was kindly presented to me by

Mrs. Melly, and was unique in the magnificent collection of the

late Andrew Melly, Esq., of Liverpool, to whose memory I have

dedicated it. Another specimen has recently been received by

Andrew Murray, Esq., from Old Calabar.

CycLoMMATUS METALLIFER, Boisd.

Lucanus metallifer, Boisd. Voy. Astrolabe, pl. vi. fig. 20.

Cyclommatus eneomicans, Parry, Proc, Ent. Soc., 1862, p. 111.

Mas.—C. glabratus, fulvo-zeneo nitens, sublente punctatus ;

clypeo concavo, triangulari; capite emarginato, sub vertice

depresso, supra oculos angulato; mandibulis falcatis, sub-

depressis, capite thoraceque paulo longioribus, denticulis

parvis plurimis subapicalibus intus armatis; elytris sub-

parallelis; femoribus supra fulvo-striatis ; tibiis inermibus.

Long. corp. unc. 1; mandib. lin, 43.

Feem.—C, fusco-brunneus, rugoso-punctatus, seneo-tinctus, sub-

tus zneus; mandibulis brevibus, infra et supra unidentatis ;

elypeo parvo, rotundato; prothorace transverso, lateribus

40 Major Parry’s Catalogue

posticis emarginatis; elytris elongatis, subparallelis; femo-

ribus supra ut in maribus fulvo-striatis; tiblis quatuor pos-

ticis unidentatis.

Long. corp. (mandib. incl.) lin. 10.

Hab, Batchian ¢, @. Coll. Wallace.

Since the publication of my description above referred to, I

have ascertained that C. @neomicans is but a minor variety of _

L. metallifer, Boisd. (loc. cit.), the type specimen of which is in

the Museum of the Jardin des Plantes; the female, however, had

not previously been described. With reference to the armature of

the tibize of the females in this genus, Mr. Hope was evidently in

error in characterizing them as having the four posterior unarmed

(vid. Cat. p. 5); the contrary is found to be invariably the case,

each of them being provided with a single spine.

Cyctommatus Martianonr 4, Parry (¢ ignota).

(Pl. XII. fig. 4.)

C. purpureo-zeneus, sparse cinereo-squamosus ; capite maximo ;

antennis pedibusque nigris; mandibulis incurvatis, ad basim

unidentatis, apicibus furcatis, denticulis 3 vel 4 instructis.

Long. corp. unc. 1, lin. 2; mandib. lin. 7.

Hab. Ins. Nias, (Sumatre occid.)

Specimen unicum. Mus. Soc. Zool. Amstelod.

The extraordinary size of the head of this species, in com-

parison with the prothorax and body, is most remarkable; in this

respect it somewhat resembles C. faunicolor, Hope (vid. Tr. Ent.

Soc. iv. 273), but differs from it and all the other species of the

genus by its rich dark purple colour.

For the description and figure of this new species I am in-

debted to Mr. Maitland, the obliging Curator of the Zoological

Society’s establishment at Amsterdam ; it forms part of a very

interesting collection of Coleoptera I recently had the pleasure of

inspecting under his kind auspices.

CycLomMatus AFFINIS 6, Parry (var. med., @ ignota).

C, zneo-rufescens, squamulis griseis sparsim tectus; elytris

pedibusque fulvescentibus; capite magno, antice depresso,

emarginato; mandibulis capite dimidio longioribus, falcatis,

apicibus serratis, basi intus dilatatis, processu quadrinodoso

armatis, dente minuto medio aliogue majori acuto ante

apicem instructis ; prothorace lateribus pone medium angu-

of Lucanoid Coleoptera. 41

latis ; tibiis simplicibus, femoribus piceis ; antennis tarsisque

nigris; corpore subtus purpureo-zeneo-tincto.

Long. corp. unc. 1; mandib. lin. 5.

Hab. Borneo et Ins. Philippinis.

Allied to both C. Tarandus, Thunb., and C. Mniszechii, Thoms.

(comparing specimens of similar development); from the former

it is at once distinguished by the pale chestnut and non-zneous

colour of the elytra, which are somewhat broader and shorter,

and, further, by the totally different armature of the mandibles ;

from the latter by its larger head, and shorter and less convex

elytra; and, finally, from both by being clothed with griseous

scales, in which it assimilates with C. Dehaanii, Westw. I must,

however, remark that the sparse distribution of the scales in the

specimen described is probably attributable to attrition. There

is an insect in the British Museum from the Philippine Islands

to be referred to this species.

CycLomMAtus INnsiGNIs 6, Parry (var. med., 2 ignota), Proc.

Ent. Soc. 1862, p. 111.

C. fusco- vel rufo-zneus, supra et infra griseo-squamosus ;

capite supra triangulariter depresso, margine antico deflexo ;

clypeo parvo, conico; mandibulis capite paulo longioribus,

denticulis parvis subapicalibus intus armatis, et prope basin

denticulo binodoso instructis; prothorace capite angustiori,

Jateribus infra in medio angulatis; elytris subparallelis, re-

gulariter quadricostatis, humeris subproductis ; tibiis anticis

obsolete unidentatis, posticis inermibus.

Long. corp. lin. 10 ; mandib. lin. 4,

Hab. Oriente.

This insect belongs to the second section of the genus, which

may be characterized as “ griseo-squamose;” it approximates

somewhat in general appearance to C. Dehaanii, Westwood, from

which, however, the peculiar sculpture of the elytra, as well as

the armature of the mandibles, readily distinguish it.

Cycrorasis Jexextit ¢, Parry (var. max.), (PI. IX. fig. 4.)

C. subparallelus, supra olivaceo-viridis, subtus nigro-piceo-

zeneus, dense punctulatus ; mandibulis porrectis, capite paulo

longioribus, lateribus interne excavatis, serrato-dentatis, api-

cibus recurvis, acute bifureatis; capite antice emarginato,

ante oculos angulato, acuto, producto; prothorace transverso-

quadrato, lateribus fere rectis, angulis posticis fortiter emar-

ginatis; elytris prothorace paulo angustioribus; antennis

42 Major Parry’s Catalogue

pedibusque piceo-zeneis; tibiis anticis 4-5-dentatis, inter-

mediis medio dente acuto armatis, posticis inermibus.

Long. corp. unc. 1; mandib. lin. 3,

Hab. Chowsan (Corea).

This interesting new species is allied to C. platycephalus, Hope

(vid. Westw. Or. Ent. p. 17, pl. villi. fig. 2), but is abundantly

distinct; it differs in the form of its mandibles (which in C. pla-

tycephalus are of a peculiar structure, and described by Professor

Westwood as being short and palmated), and in its elongate nar-

row elytra, which are also more strongly punctured. The ¢, as

in C. platycephalus, is of a darker colour than the é, and, com-

pared with the same sex of that species, presents the following

differences: the head is broader, with the vertex depressed, more

sparsely punctuate, the angle in front of the eye more produced,

the two nodose elevations on the centre being entirely wanting ;

the prothorax is also wider and less punctate, and the elytra longer

and less convex. The Rev. F. W. Hope in his Catalogue refers

C. platycephalus to his sub-genus Cyclophthalmus ; Mr. Thomson

has, however, appropriately made it the type of his new genus

Cyclorasis, whereof we are now acquainted with three distinct

species. The above insect originally formed part of Mr. J. C.

Bowring’s rich collection, and has been named after M. Jekel,

the well known author of a Catalogue of the Curculionidae,

Cyctorasis suBNITENS 6, Parry (@ ignota), Proc. Ent. Soc.

1862 epee eel VU fige is)

C. glaberrimus, cinnamomeus, minute punctulatus; mandibulis

brevibus, subrecurvis, intus obtuse 6 vel 7-denticulatis, api-

cibus subfurcatis; capite supra oculos angulato.

Long. corp. (mandib. incl.) lin. 9.

Hab, Ind. Or. Coll. Parry.

Of an elongate form, the elytra being much longer than the

head, thorax and mandibles taken together; shining, of a polished

cinnamon brown, with a faint brassy tinge. Mandibles short,

recurved, forked at the tip with from 6 to 7 minute teeth on the

inner edge. Head, thorax and elytra minutely punctured, lateral

margins of prothorax slightly reflexed ; scutellum blackish-brown.

Tibiz of fore legs crenulated externally, the four posterior un-

armed.

Allied to C. platycephalus, but differs in the form of the man-

dibles, and in the anterior angles of the head being much less

acute, The elytra are also narrower and more elongate.

of Lucanoid Coleoptera. 43

Lertinorrervs Fry: ¢, Parry (var. max., ¢ ignota). (PI. VII.

fig. 4.)

Psalidostomus Fryi, Parry, Proc. Ent. Soc. 1862, p. 112,

L. niger; thorace elytrisque pilis cinereis brevibus adspersis ;

capite antice subemarginato et elevato, supra oculos oblique

truncato; mandibulis gracilibus, porrectis, leviter falcatis,

intus irregulariter dentatis; prothorace transverso, antice

angusto et dense aureo-fulvo ciliato, angulis posticis valde

acutis; scutello pilis aureo-fulvis tecto ; tibiis anticis tri-

dentatis, posticis inermibus.

Long. corp. unc. 1, lin. 2; mandib. lin. 7.

Hab. Braz. Prov. Cantagallo (specimen unicum). Coll, Dom.

Fry olim, nunc in Coll. Parry.

Black. Mandibles, bead and prothorax somewhat shining; elytra

dull, the left mandible with four teeth, the tips gradually incurved

and pointed, the right mandible with three teeth only. Prothorax

with two slight foveze near the front margin and a slighter one

behind on the median line, wider than the elytra, the sides ex-

tending obliquely outwards to the posterior angle, which is very

prominent, the whole of the anterior margin and the middle of the

posterior fringed with tawny golden hairs, extending in the latter

over nearly the whole of the scutellum, the surface minutely

punctured, more or less covered with short grey hairs. Elytra

dull, minutely punctured, and also covered with short grey hairs ;

tip of elytra depressed, humeral angles prominent, and armed

with an obtuse spine. Tibiz with longitudinal lines of points,

the anterior short, and armed with three teeth externally, and

minutely serrulated towards the apex; the tarsi clothed beneath

with golden hairs; the under-side of the prothorax fringed in front

and behind with short, yellowish-rufous hairs.

In the great width and dilatation of the posterior angles of the

prothorax, this insect approaches somewhat to the genus Chiasog-

nathus. I am indebted to A, Fry, Esq., the possessor of a fine

collection of Brazilian Coleoptera, for being enabled to give the

description of it, and through his kindness it now forms part

of my own collection,

LEPTINOPTERUS ROTUNDATUs ¢, Parry(@ ignota). (PI. VII. fig. 8.)

Psalidostomus rotundatus, Parry, Proc. Ent. Soc. 1862, p. 112.

Dorcus pachygnathus, MS. Mus. Berol.

L. ferrugineus, nigro-marginatus ; capite magno, lateribus pone

oculos unituberculatis; mandibulis brevibus, curvatis, api-

44 Major Parry’s Catalogue

cibus furcatis, medio supra dente valido armatis ; prothorace

capite latiori, angulis posticis obliquis ; elytris brevibus,

paulo convexis; tibiis anticis extus serrulatis, intermediis

spina minuta armatis, posticis inermibus.

Long. corp. lin. 6; mandib. lin. fere 2.

Hab. Amer. merid. (Braz.?). Coll. Mus. Berol. et Parry.

Of a dark ferruginous brown. Head, prothorax, lateral margins

and suture of the elytra blackish ; head wide, emarginate in front,

armed behind the eyes with a small spine; mandibles short, but

thick, hollowed on the inside, a little longer than the head, rounded

on the underside, forked at the tip, and furnished in the centre,

above, with a stout erect tooth. Elytra minutely punctate,

narrowly black at the base, very convex. Scutellum blackish-

brown; femora pale ferruginous, tips black, tibize also blackish,

those of the fore legs toothed and denticulated ; the intermediate

tibize with a single spine, the posterior unarmed.

I am indebted to the late Dr. Klug for the specimen I possess.

The insect is in the Museum of Berlin under the MS. name of

Dorcus pachygnathus.

Macrocrates Bucernatus ¢, Burm. (PI. X. fig: 9.)

@ Dohrn, Ent. Zeit. 1862, p. 135.

A description of the 2 of the above species has only lately been

published by the well-known Entomologist Herr Dohrn of Stettin;

there is a single specimen (the only one, I believe, in this country)

in the Hopeian Collection at Oxford, with the name of (nigripes,

Dej. Cat.) attached to it. This specimen having belonged to the

collection of Mons. Gory, it is reasonable to suppose the synonymy

to be correct, more especially as Count Dejean places the species

in the genus Psalicerus, a genus closely allied to Macrocrates.

Mr. Thomson, in his Catalogue, refers however P. nigripes, Dej.,

to P. morio, Burm.

Hemisoporcus Passatores, Hope. (PI. X. fig. 4 $.)

Dorcus passaloides, Hope, Cat. pp. 6, 24 @.

H. (var. minor ¢) angustus, subparallelus, rufo-piceo obscurus ;

mandibulis capitis longitudine, interne regulariter 4-dentatis,

apicibus acutis; clypeo transverso, 4-dentato; capite pro-

thoraceque sparse et grosse punctatis ; prothorace lateribus

rectis, nec sinuatis, angulis anticis rotundatis, posticis ob-

liquis ; elytris angustis, subparallelis, crebre fortiterque punce

of Lucanoid Coleoptera. 45

tatis; tibiis anticis extus 4 vel 5-dentatis, quatuor posticis

spina minuta instructis.

Long corp. (mandib. incl.) lin, 94.

Hab. Borneo et Java.

Although no mention of the sex is made in the Rey. Mr. Hope’s

description of this species, it proves upon examination of the type-

specimen to represent the female. Whether the given habitat of

Java is correct admits perhaps of some doubt, as specimens of

both sexes have lately been received from Borneo, and no other

specimen from Java has ever fallen under my notice; it may,

however, notwithstanding be indigenous to both islands, The

male is now for the first time described and figured.

In general form and structure of its mandibles, this species

assimilates somewhat to Eurytrachelus, differing however in its

narrow subparallel form, and in having the lateral margins non-

sinuate; in this respect being more in accordance with Hemiso-

dorcus, Thoms., in which for the present it is located, with (Cladog-

nathus) gracilis, Saund., and piceipennis, Westw.

Gen. Drromoprrus,* Parry.

Corpus Jatum, depressum, elytris politis. Caput transversum,

antice late emarginatum, in medio tuberculo conico armatum,

Jateribus pone oculos haud rotundato-dilatatis. Oculi cantho

dimidiatim incisi. Clypeus parvus, deflexus, subquadratus,

antice rotundatus, leviter concavus. Antenne breyes, clava

4-articulata. Mandibule elongate depressz, ad basin for-

titer dilatate; dente valido obtuso prope basin marginis

interni, tuberculo parvo pone medium, alteroque subapicali,

apice ipso intus subito curvato. Prothorax latus, lateribus

rotundato-dilatatis, supra profunde longitudinaliter sulcatis,

marginibus simplicibus. Tibia anticee extus multi-serrate ;

quatuor posticze in medio denticulo unico armate.

Genus Eurytrachelo affine.

Diromopervs miraBiLis ¢, Parry. (PI. XII. fig. 6.)

D. niger; capite, prothorace, mandibulisque tenuissime granu-

losis, subopacis; elytris nigro-castaneis, glabris, nitidis, late-

ribus punctatissimis, punctis rufo-setulosis; jugulo prope

basin menti punctis duobus profundis impresso ; mandibulis

porrectis, depressis, capitis prothoracisque longitudine, in-

terne ad basin dente magno obtuso reflexo armatis, ante

* Alc, réuos, déen; in allusion to the two deep longitudinal incisions on the

lateral margins of the prothorax,

46 Major Parry’s Catalogue

medium spina minima alteraque pone apicem instructis;

clypeo angusto, deflexo; capite magno, transverso, antice

emarginato, clypeo in medio supra tuberculato; prothorace

transverso, capite elytrisque multo latiori, lateribus profunde

sulcatis, angulis anticis rotundatis (nec sinuatis ut in gen.

Lurytrachelo), posticis obliquis, medio leviter longitudinaliter

canaliculatis ; elytris subtiliter punctulatis, lateribus squamulis

cinereis tectis; tibiis anticis irregulariter denticulatis, 4 pos-

ticis spina minima instructis; corpore subtus, femoribus,

tibiis, tarsisque plus miusve squamulosis.

Long. corp. unc. 1, lin. 7 ; mandib. lin. 8.

Hab. Borneo. Coll. Wallace et Parry.

For the figure of this species, and the following remarks, I am

indebted to Prof. Westwood.*

{This curious insect differs so much from the other groups of

Lucanide as to have rendered necessary the establishment of a

new genus (a sub-genus) for its reception. Whilst in general

aspect it bears a strong resemblance to the large flat Indian

Platyprosopi, &c., it differs from them all in the 4-jointed clava of

its antennee and dilated sides of the prothorax ; from P. Anteus,

Hope, &c., it is distinguished by the structure of the anterior

emarginate part of the head, and the peculiar denticulation of the

flattened mandibles. From QOdontolabis (L. Rafflesii, Hope, &c.)

it differs in having a spine in the middle of each of the middle

and posterior tibize.

Pl. XII. fig. 6. The insect of the natural size ; 6a, the clypeus and central

tubercle of the front of the head ; 6b, the eye half divided by the

canthus ; 6c, terminal joints of the antenne; 6d, maxilla; 6e,

mentum and palpi.—J. O. W.]

Evurytracuetus Tiryus, Hope, Tr. Ent. Soc. iv. 74.

LE, Chevrolatii, Thoms. Ann. Soc. Ent, Fr. 1862, p. 308.

semirugosus (var. minor), ib. 422.

The present species was described from a specimen then

unique in my own collection by the Rev. F. W. Hope, in a paper

read to the Society in the year 1842, upon several new species of

Coleoptera from the Kasyah Hills collected by Dr. Cantor, and

until a very recent period did not form part of the Hopeian Col-

lection ; hence the species was not recorded in Mr. Hope’s Cata-

logue of Lucanida. It has, however, been received of later years

somewhat abundantly in collections forwarded from the above-

named district of India.

* See note *, ante, p. 17.

of Lucanoid Coleoptera. 47

Upon a recent visit to several of the chief collections of Cole-

optera on the continent, I ascertained that Dorcus Tilyus was

there represented as being the D. Chevrolati, Hope, Ann. Nat.

Hist. xii. 364, and Cat. pp. 20 and 6; this is evidently erroneous,

the type of D. Chevrolatii, which is now before me, proving to

be a var. max. of Dorcus Saiga, Olivier. There ought to be no

mistaking the two species, according to the description of the

mandibles of D. Chevrolatii, “ arcuatis, in medio intus lato dente

armatis, et pone hunc setosis” (vid. Cat. p. 20). This last cha-

racter is not alluded to in the description of D. Tityus ; it most

decidedly does not exist in the insect itself, and is peculiar to D.

Saiga, D. cribriceps, Chevr., and D. purpurascens, Voll., all three

species belonging to the genus Lurytrachelus of Mr. ‘Thomson,

Having examined the type specimen of E. semirugosus, Thom-

son, Cat. p. 422, I have no hesitation in regarding it as the var.

min. of #. Tityus.

EurytracHetus Tuomsont ¢, Parry.

E. niger, tenuiter granulatus, subopacus, depressus; capite

lato transverso, antice depresso, emarginato, tenuissime gra-

nuloso, pone oculos inflato ; mandibulis intus ad basin excisis,

capite duplo longioribus, gracilibus, leviter curvatis, spinis

duabus parvis obtusis, una ad basin alteraque prope medium

instructis ; clypeo prominulo, transverso, antice emarginato,

obtuse bidentato ; prothorace transverso, capite latiori, lateri-

bus pone angulos anticos sinuatis, angulis posticis obtusis,

linea media longitudinali laevi notato ; elytris dorso lzevissimo,

prothorace angustioribus, disco nitido, sublente punctulato,

lateribus subtilissime coriaceis, subopacis, angulis humeralibus

productis; tibiis brevibus, anticis extus irregulariter den-

ticulatis, quatuor posticis inermibus.

Long. corp. lin. 13 ; mandib. lin, 6.

Hab. Ins. Moluce.

The present species was collected by Mr, Wallace, and is allied

to E. Ceramensis, Thomson (vid. Cat. p. 424), but which is pro-

bably identical with D. concolor, Blanchard. The general colour

of E. Thomsoni is of a somewhat polished black (and not, as in

Ceramensis and concolor, rufo-piceous), with the dise of the elytra

remarkably shining, contrasting strongly with the remainder of the

insect ; whereas, in the allied species alluded to, the colour of the

insect is uniform, the sculpture being granulose and opaque. The

tibice appear also to be shorter, with the tarsi more slender; the

48 Major Parry’s Catalogue

clypeus is of a totally different form, being considerably broader

and more deeply emarginate ; and, finally, the mandibles interiorly

are strongly excised at their base. I have much pleasure in

dedicating this species to James Thomson, Esq., of Paris, the

well-known American entomologist.

Evryrracnetus (Dorcus) Axis $, Dej. Cat. p. 193 (var. minor).

Lucanus Bucephalus 8, Perty, Col. Ind. Or. 36, pl. 1. fig. 5. (var.

max.)

Through the kindness of Mr. James Thomson, who has placed

at my disposal for examination several interesting types of species

belonging to the late Count Dejean’s Collection, as well as of

others lately described by himself in the Catalogue of Lucanidz

and forming part of his own rich collection, I am enabled to

clear up many points of interest with reference to the synonymy

of certain species. As regards D. Axis , there can be no doubt,

as already noted by Dr. Burmeister (vid. Handb. v. 385), that it

is the var. minor of D. Bucephalus 8, Perty, also from Java; but

I do not feel disposed to agree with M. Reiche (vid. Ann. Soe. Ent.

Fr. Ser. 3, i. 79) as to its identity with D. eurycephalus, Burm.

Handb. v. 387, the description of the following characters in the

Jatter species exhibiting such a marked difference from D. Amis as

to render the identity of the two species most improbable. They

are as follows:—the mandibles are described as forked at the

apex, and armed interiorly with two to three teeth placed at sepa-

rate intervals, the interior sides clothed partially with a thick silky

pubescence (as in LZ, Sazga), and the antennz want the two slender

hairy filaments preceding the clava, which are prominently to be

recognized in D. Aais, Titan, Saiga and other species of this group.

M. Reiche (ubi sup.) is probably correct in regarding D, eury-

cephalus, Burm., as identical with Z. Bubalus, Perty. This latter

species is referred to by Burmeister as the var. min. both of

D. Bucephalus and of D. Saiga (vid. Handb. v. 385, 388). I have

not seen the type specimens of either Bubalus, Perty, or Euryce-

phalus, Burm., and feel doubtful whether they are a distinct species,

or only the var. min. of one of the allied species.

M. Reiche further states the 9 of D. Axis to be D. exaratus,

Dej. Coll. Count Dejean’s specimen of the latter now belongs

to Mr. Thomson's Collection, and was lately described by that

gentleman in his Catalogue of Lucanide, p. 426; it is now before

me, and is clearly identical with Dorcus lineatopunctatus

of Mr. Hope’s Collection, described in his Catalogue, p. 23;

of Lucanoid Coleoptera. 49

but whether it may be regarded as a distinct or as the minor

variety of an allied species appears to me uncertain, not being

acquainted with a sufficient number of specimens to enable me to

form any decided opinion for the present. I incline to regard it

as the var. min, of LZ. Tityus, Hope.

EvuryTRACHELUS SAIGA.

Lucanus Saiga, Oliv. Ins. I. i. 29, 19, tab. v. fig. 18 (¢).

Dorcus Saiga, Burm. Handb. v. 387.

Lucanus inermis, Fab. Syst. El. ii. 251, 17 (2? sec. Burm. 1. c.).

Dorcus inermis, Hope, Cat. p. 6 (@ ).

In reference to the citation of the LZ. inermis of Fabricius as sy-

nonymous with the present species, I would offer the following

remarks, prefacing them with that author’s description.

L, mandibulis exsertis, inermibus, capitis thoracisque lateribus

punctatis.

Hab. Sumatra,

Statura et summa affinitas Z. parallelepipedi, at mandibule in-

ermes ; caput punctatum; thorax dorso levi nitido, lateribus

punctatis ; elytra subpunctata; corpus nigrum.

Dr. Burmeister is evidently of opinion that the species in

question is a female, and belongs to the family Dorcide. The

mandibles, however, are so distinctly described as ‘“ exsertis

inermibus,” and such a structure is so utterly at variance with the

general character of the females of this family, which are in-

variably found to be provided with a small internal tooth on their

mandibles, that considerable doubt arises whether Dr. Burmeister’s

opinion that the Fabrician imermis is the female of D. Saiga,

Oliv., is correct. M. Reiche, in his critique upon Dr. Burmeis-

ter’s work (vid. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. vol. i. Ser. 3, p. 80), holds a

contrary opinion. The specimen in the Hopeian Collection was

received from Mr. Westermann of Copenhagen as inermis, Fab.,

and proves upon examination to be identical with the female of

D. Saiga, thus supporting Dr. Burmeister’s conclusion. If the

determination of the species by Mr. Westermann were founded

upon an actual comparison with a specimen of it in the old Fa-

brician Collection (still existing, I believe, in the Museum at

Copenhagen), it is manifest that the original description would

be erroneous, as a small tooth is unquestionably present in the

insect received from Copenhagen. It must, however, be remem-

bered that Mr. M‘Leay, in his Hor. Ent., cites Luc. inermis,

Fab., as belonging to the genus Agus, although no allusion to it

VOL, II, THIRD SERIES, PART I.— MAY, 1864, E

50 Major Parry’s Catalogue

is made by Messrs. Hope, Burmeister or Reiche. In this re-

spect I feel disposed to agree with Mr. M‘Leay; and, although

unable to determine the species, have placed it in the catalogue

with the genus di gus.

Dorcus Ktuen ¢, Thomson, Cat. p. 424.

After a careful examination of a series of specimens of the

above insect from Assam, I feel satisfied that it must be con-

sidered as the var. max. of D. Dehaani, the ¢ and Q of which

species were originally described by Mr. Hope in the Trans,

Linn. Soc. vol. xix. p. 106; the latter name will therefore be

retained. The punctate-striate character of the elytra in the

females of the genus, of which the small undeveloped males par-

take, is strongly illustrated in D. Dehaanii. Some faint traces of

this character are to be remarked in the var. max., described for

the first time by Mr. J. Thomson.

Dorcus DERELICTUS (?), Parry.

D. elongatus, niger, nitidus; capite inter oculos bituberculato;

mandibulis obsolete unidentatis; elytris lzvissimis, sub-

parallelis ; tibiis posterioribus extus subcurvatis, inermibus,

intermediis unidentatis.

Long. corp. (mandib. incl.) unc. J, lin. 5.

Hab. ind. Or, Himalaya. Coll. Parry.

Elongate and narrow; mandibles shorter than the head, slightly

curved, grooved above with a small tooth within near the apex.

Head excavated and punctured in front, smooth behind; between

the eyes are two very prominent conical tubercles. Clypeus

prominent, triangularly emarginate. Prothorax and elytra of the

same width, indistinctly but coarsely punctured on the sides.

Scutellum triangular, sparsely punctate. The anterior and pos-

terior tibize slightly curved, the latter unarmed.

While, on the one hand, the general form and tuberculated head

of the only specimen of the present species which has hitherto

come under my notice are almost essentially characteristic of the

female sex appertaining to this genus, on the other hand, the

slender anterior, and the unarmed posterior, tibiz are so utterly

anomalous, as to leave some doubt whether it be really a female,

or a male with short undeveloped mandibles ; an acquaintance

with both sexes might perhaps remove it to the genus Eurytra-

chelus ; for the present I have placed it with Dorcus.

of Lucanoid Coleoptera. 51

Dorcus MAzAMA @, Leconte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Science,

Philadelp. 1861, p. 345.

Lucanus mazama, 1d., Classification Coleopt. N. America, p. 120.

D. mazama &, nigro-piceus; capite punctato, thorace vix

angustiore; mandibulis apice acutis, dente parvo medio

armatis, thorace latitudine plus duplo breviore, postice an-

gustiore, lateribus medio obtuse angulatis, angulis posticis

rectis, disco modice versus latera sat dense punctato;

elytris modice punctatis, subtiliter rugosis; tibiis anticis

4-dentatis, et dente superiori obsoleto munitis, tibiis pos-

terioribus dentibus 3 lateralibus apicalique acutis armatis.

Long. (mandib. excl.) une. 1°20.

Hab. N. Mexico. In Mus. Dom. Leconte.

Dorcus? turrus, Westw., Tr. Ent. Soc., N.S., iii. 218, pl. xi.

fig. 4,

The above named insect was described by Professor Westwood

from the collection of the Rev. F. W. Hope, who obtained it from

that of M. Gory, with the habitat of New Holland. If the speci-

men I lately inspected in the Hopeian Museum at Oxford is the

insect in question, and I have but little doubt of its being the

original type, it must be quite evident that some confusion has

arisen with reference to the locality, as I believe it to be iden-

tical with Agus cicatrosus 2, of Wiedemann, a not uncommon

insect from Java, which is the female of gus acuminatus of

Fabricius,

GNAPHALORYX DILATICOLLIs ¢, Parry.

G. nigro-piceus, opacus, squamulis griseo-luteis vestitus ; capite

magno, transverso, lateribus pone oculos dente obtuso armatis ;

clypeo transverso, late emarginato; mandibulis capitis longitu-

dine, gracilibus, leviter curvatis, pone medium tuberculo ob-

tuso suberecto, et denticulo minuto deflexo armatis, apicibus

acutis ; prothorace transverso, capite elytrisque multo latiori,

basim versus angustato, medio longitudinaliter canaliculato,

angulis anticis prominulis, rotundatis, posticisque oblique

truncatis, lateribus fere rectis; elytris elongatis, subcon-

vexis, costis 10 elevatis, interstitiis planis; corpore subtus

squamoso; tibiis anticis minute tuberculatis, quatuor posticis

inermibus.

Hab. Archip. Ind. ?

Long. corp. (mandib. incl.) lin. 11. Coll. Parry. Specimen unicum.

E 2

52 Major Parry’s Catalogue

Allied to G. squalidus, Hope, but readily distinguished from

that species by its more elongate and convex form, its broader

prothorax, with the anterior angles more produced, and by the

strongly marked costate sculpture of its elytra. Its true habitat

is uncertain, but I believe it to be from the Indian Archipelago.

GNAPHALORYX SCULPTIPENNIS @, Parry.

G. niger, opacus, squamulis griseis erectis dense vestitus ; capite

transverso, prothorace paulo angustiori, angulis posticis

acutis ; mandibulis capite paulo brevioribus, inermibus, apice

falcatis, intus ad basin dilatatis, edentatis ; prothorace trans-

verso, medio obsolete longitudinaliter canaliculato, lateribus

fere rectis, angulis posticis oblique truncatis; elytris brevibus,

apicem versus convexis, fortius sed irregulariter costatis,

interstitiis dense et minute punctatis; corpore subtus nigro,

leviter squamuloso ; pedibus piceis, hirsutis; tibiis inermibus.

Long. corp. (mandib. incl.) lin. 8.

Hab. N. Guinea. Coll. Mus. Lugdun. et Parry.

From the short unarmed mandibles, the above species may

possibly represent only a var. minor; in more fully developed

individuals, the mandibles, as in all the species of this genus,

will probably be found to be denticulated ; in all other characters

it evidently belongs to this genus. I am indebted to Professor

Dehaan, of Leyden, for its possession.

Aicus cicatricosus, Wiedemann, Zool. Mag. II. i. 108 (Lucanus).

From the description of this species there is no doubt (although

no allusion is made to the sex) of its representing a ¢, and there

is further every reason to suppose that Dr. Burmeister is correct

in referring it to Ag. acuminatus, Fabricius. Count Dejean, in

his Catalogue, regards it as a distinct species, and M. Reiche

takes the same view (vid. Ann. Soc. Ent. Ser. 3, vol. i. p. 82),

stating both sexes to be in Count Dejean’s Collection, but I am

not aware upon what ground M. Reiche supposes the ¢ to which

he alludes to be that of cicatricosus of Wiedemann, considering that

one sex only is described by that author, and that, as already

stated, is evidently the @.

I have now before me the typical specimen of Count Dejean’s

Collection (belonging to Mr. James Thomson); it is the var.

minor of Agus chelifer, M‘Leay, from the Malay Peninsula.

The locality of Java assigned to Count Dejean’s specimen is, I

I have no doubt, erroneous; I am acquainted with many large

of Lucanoid Coleoptera. 53

collections possessing long series of the various species of Agus

from Java, but I have never yet detected Agus chelifer of M‘Leay

as coming from that island.

‘cus tunatus, Weber, Obs. Ent. i. 83, 1. (Luc.), Sumatra.

Fab. Syst. El. ii. 252, 19. Sumatra.

Burm. Handb, der Ent. v. 400. Sumatra and

Java.

As regards the descriptions of Weber and Fabricius of this

insect, their extreme conciseness precludes the possibility of re-

cognizing with any certainty the species alluded to, the habitat

Sumatra being given by both authors; Dr. Burmeister, 1. ¢.,

records the species as distinct, from Java as well as from Sumatra,

placing it next acuminatus of Fabricius, which belongs to that sec-

tion of A’ gus having the head in front (in fully developed males)

armed with a tubercle; according to Dr. Burmeister’s description,

this character does not exist, and the insect in question must be

considered as an undeveloped male, but whether to be referred to

Agus acuminatus of Fabricius or to be considered as a distinct

species is, I think, somewhat problematical. The extraordinary

variation of character exhibited in a series of specimens of the

same species in this genus renders it most perplexing to recognize

with any certitude their identity from description only.

ZEcus Kanpiensts, Hope, Cat. p. 6.

The type specimen in the Hopeian Collection (% var. minor) is

referred by Mr. Hope in his Catalogue as a variety of 4. ctca-

tricosus, Wiedemann. (‘The insect in Mr. Hope’s Collection under

the name of cicatricosus, Wiedemann, appears to be only the

var. minor of acuminatus, Fabricius.) Having examined a nu-

merous series of the various developments of this insect from

Ceylon, as well as others closely allied to it from the Philippines

and Borneo, I find so much affinity existing in general character

with such a perplexing variability of sculpture, that it is almost

impossible to arrive at any definite conclusion as to whether the

specimens from Ceylon, Borneo and the Philippines are to be

considered as geographical varieties of 4g. acuminatus of Fa-

bricius, or to be regarded as distinct to be united under the name

of Kandiensis, There is certainly one character to be remarked

in the numerous specimens examined, viz., that the interior tooth

of the mandibles (which appears to exist in all fully developed

males of this section of the genus) is placed slightly above the

centre and not near the base as in 4g. acuminatus ; in this respect

54 Major Parry’s Catalogue

it accords with 2g. chelifer (var. max.), but is readily distinguished

from this species by the strong and coarsely punctured lateral

margins of the elytra. Under the circumstances I have united

the Ceylon, Philippine and Bornean insects under the name of

Kandiensis, Hope.

/Aicus CHELIFER, M‘Leay, Hor. Ent. i. 113.

A specimen of this insect is in the British Museum, received

from Mr. M‘Leay, with the habitat of Australia on the label; I

have always had considerable doubt as to the locality, no other

recorded specimen from that continent having ever fallen under

my notice; and I am now convinced that the habitat given is

erroneous, for the insect has recently been received with its various

developments by Count Mniszech and myself, both from Cambodia

and the Malay Peninsula,* and proves upon comparison to be

identical with Mr. M‘Leay’s species in the British Museum.

The insect described by Mr. M‘Leay evidently represents the

var. minor of the species, but specimens of the var. max. have

been received from the localities above stated, possessing the

tuberculated front to the head as noticed in Ag. acuminatus (in

minor developed specimens this process totally disappears), the

mandibles being also armed in their interior with a tooth, but

placed invariably slightly above the centre and not near the base

as in acuminatus; the sides of the elytra are also apparently

smooth, whereas in the var. max. of acuminatus they are strongly

punctate. Allusion has been already made (ante, p. 52) to the

identity of this species with Agus cicatricosus 6 of Mr. Thom-

son’s Collection (olim Dejean), and to the uncertainty, as men-

tioned in Dejean’s Catalogue, of Java being its true locality.

The insect in the Faune de I'Ie de Woodlark, p. 27, under the

name of Agus chelifer?, M‘Leay, probably represents the var.

minor either of 4g. insipidus, Thomson, or of platyodon, Parry,

both species having been recently received rather abundantly

from New Guinea and Celebes.

fEcus LaBitis, Westw. (Pl. XII. fig. 5.)

[Dorcus labilis, Westw.}

JE. latus, depressus, niger, capite et pronoto subopacis, elytris

glabris, striato-punctatis ; capite antice in medio emarginato,

* Nigidius cornutus, M‘Leay, stated to be from Australia, has been received

also from the now mentioned localities. Vide post, p. 63.

t See note* ante, p. 17,

of Lucanoid Coleoptera. 55

angulis acutis; mandibulis capite dimidio longioribus, dente

parvo interno basali, altero magno paulo pone medium

oblique porrecto, armatis; capitis disco versus angulos

anticos obtuse bituberculato, maxillarum lobo valde elon-

gato,

Long. corp. lin, 154; mandib. lin. 6; prothoracis latitudo, lin. 7.

Habitat in India orient. septentr., Darjeeling. Mus. Parry.

The general colour is black, the elytra alone having a slightly

pitchy tinge. The head and pronotum are very delicately granu-

lose, and consequently subopaque ; the elytra glossy, with rather

deep striae formed of confluent punctures. The head and pro-

notum especially are much flattened. The fore margin of the

former is rather deeply emarginate in the middle, the emargi-

nation terminating in a produced point at each end, beyond which

the front of the head is nearly straight, the lateral angles rounded

off, the canthus cutting the eye into two parts (fig. 5a), and the

sides of the head behind the eyes slightly produced into a rounded

tubercle; between the eye and the frontal spine is, on each. side,

a small rounded but very slightly raised tubercle on the dise of

the head. The clypeus is quite simple in the middle; the man-

dibles are half an inch in length, they are armed near the base on

the inner edge with a small conical tooth, and rather beyond the

middle with a strong tooth porrected obliquely forwards. The

mentum is very broad and short, deeply emarginate in the middle,

where it is depressed so as to meet the depressed centre of the

clypeus and close the mouth in front ; the sides, however, are sufli-

ciently open to allow the extraordinarily developed outer flattened

lobe of the maxillz to lie exposed on the underside of the base of

the mandibles, figure 5c representing the mentum with the exposed

lobes of the two maxille, the maxillary palpi and the terminal

joint of the labial palpi in situ; whilst fig. 5d represents the

Jabium and labial palpi detached from the inner side of the

mentum, the palpi even here being of unusual elongation. This

structure I have observed in no other Lucanideous insect to such

an extent as here occurs. The antenne have the 7th joint pro-

duced into a point on the inner edge and armed with a bristle;

the three terminal joints are short and broad. The dise of the

head behind the eyes and along the posterior margin is finely

punctured ; the prothorax is wider than the head, the lateral mar-

gins nearly parallel, armed near the anterior angles with a small

prominent angular projection; the sides, as well as the anterior

and posterior margins, are strongly punctured ; in the middle is a

slightly impressed and punctured space, and within each of the

56 Major Parry’s Catalogue

posterior angles is an oval polished patch. The elytra and scu-

tellum are punctured at the base; the former are punctate-striate,

the 2nd and 7th, 3rd and 4th, and also the Sth and 6th strie

being united at their extremities. The anterior tibiz are serrated

along the outer margin, with two strong teeth at the apex; the

middle tibiae are armed with two spines, and the posterior ones

with a single spine in the middle of the outer edge.

This species is most nearly allied to Dorcus capitatus,* Westw.

(Trans. Ent. Soc. iv. 275), but differs from the large males of

that species in the much-advanced position of the strong tooth of

the mandibles, and in the very slight development of the tubercle

on each side of the disc of the head before the eyes ; agreeing in

this respect with D. parallelus, Hope (Cat. Lucan.), from the

Khasyah Hills, whilst Major Parry’s insect is from Darjeeling.

The D. parallelus is indeed considered by Major Parry to be a

small variety of D. capitatus; but the latter is from Malacca

and Prince of Wales’ Island, and I should be inclined to regard

D. parallelus rather as the varietas minor of D, labilis. D. sinister

(Hope, Cat. Lucan.), also from Prince of Wales’ Island, is, doubt-

less, the female of D. capitatus, as Major Parry suggests. 1 have

also scarcely any doubt that the female insect named D. Malaba-

ricus (Hope, MS.; Westw. Trans. Ent. Soc. iv. 276) is identical

with D. sinister ; and in like manner I also consider that D. equals

(Hope, MS.; Westw. Trans. Ent. Soc. iv. 276) is most probably

identical with D. parallelus,

D. labilis is also closely allied to D. Eschscholtzii, Hope, but

that is a considerably smaller insect, with a more polished upper

surface, the anterior lateral angles of the head destitute of

tubercles, and the pronotum destitute of the punctured impression

in the middle.

P]. XII. fig. 5. The insect of the natural size; 5a, the eye entirely divided by

the canthus ; 4b, maxilla; 5c, the mentum, lobes of maxille and

palpi; 5d, labium and its palpiimJ. O. W.]

Ecus PLATyopon 6, Parry (var. max.) (Pl. X. fig. 1.)

AE. niger, parum nitidus; mandibulis falcatis, ad basin dente

magno trifido armatis; capite magno, transverso, antice in

medio profunde emarginato; elytris punctato-striatis ; scutello

sparsim et fortiter punctato; tibiis anticis serratis denticulis

* In the description and figure of this species in the 4th volume of these

Transactions, the middle tib:z are described as possessing only a single spine on

the outer edge. They, however, agree ia this respect with D. labilis,

of Lucanoid Coleoptera. 57

6 aut 7 armatis, intermediis 4—5, posticisque 2 spinis mini-

mis instructis.

Long. corp. lin. 13; mandib. lin. 4.

Hab. Ins. Gilolo. Coll. Wallace, Saunders, Bare

Mandibles faleate, broad at the base, within which is a large

tridentate process, and thence gradually narrowed to the tip.

Head broad, slightly depressed, deeply emarginate in front; the

angles of the emargination acute and obliquely prominent, and,

like the mandibles, delicately shagreened, with indistinct scattered

punctures, which are somewhat coarser on the sides and behind

the eyes. Prothorax smooth anteriorly; the sides and hinder

margin with coarse punctures ; lateral margins straight ; posterior

angles much rounded. Scutellum Sanies with a few deep punc-

tures. Elytra with the shoulders acutely angular; base and

_Jateral margins with deep punctures; dorsal surface depressed,

each with eight deep, longitudinal, punctate strize ; the interstices

sparsely and obsoletely punctate. Head, prothorax and abdomen

coarsely punctured beneath.

This species, like all others of this genus, varies considerably

in size, and the remarkable tridentate process at the base of the

mandibles is entirely wanfmg in those of a minor development.

/Ecus BLanvus ¢, Parry.

ZE. subparallelus, niger; labro parvo, bidentato ; capite magno,

antice emarginato, subtilissime granulato, opaco, postice

nitido, pone oculos in spina obtusa producto, et fortius conflu-

enter punctato; mandibulis capite brevioribus, arcuatis, spina

obtusa prope basin armatis; prothorace transverso, nitido,

sub disco sparse punctulato, lateribus rectis, ruguloso-punc-

tatis, angulis posticis obliquis ; elytris nitidis, striatis, inter-

stitiis planis, lateribus punctulatis ad apicem attenuatis; tibiis

anticis 4 vel 5 spinis armatis, intermediis unidentatis, posticis

inermibus; corpore subtus punctulatis; pedibus tarsisque

infra plus minusve ciliatis.

Long. corp. lin. 10; mandib. lin. 23.

Hab. Ins. Salwatty, N. Guinea.

There is but little doubt, from the shortness of the mandibles

in comparison with the size and general appearance of the insect,

that the former have not in the present instance attained their full

development, and that in other specimens they will probably be

found to be of a different character. In the female the mandibles

are armed in the middle with a triangular tooth; the head and

prothorax deeply and coarsely punctured, the anterior tibize being

strongly dilated towards the apex,

58 Major Parry’s Catalogue

ZEcus punctipennis 6, Parry (var. max.)

£. nitidus, capite magno, cepresso, parce fortiterque punctato,

antice emarginato ; mandibulis falcatis, capite haud longiori-

bus, intus prope basin dente valido armatis; prothorace

transverso, nitido, tenuissime punctulato, in medio longitudina-

liter impresso; elytris striatis, crebre profundeque punctatis.

Long. corp. lin. 13 ; mandib. lin. 3.

Hab. Borneo. Coll. Wallace et Parry.

The above new species is allied to Agus platyodon (ante, p. 56),

differing, however, in the head being much more depressed in

front, and in the elytra being strongly and coarsely punctate. It

appears somewhat rare, the only specimens I am acquainted with

being in the collections alluded to.

cus serratus ¢, Parry (var. max.) (PI. V. fig. 1.)

Z®. niger, nitidus, subdepressus, capite antice emarginato, bitu-

berculato, subtiliter punctulato ; mandibulis capite paulo

longioribus, falcatis, intus ad basin dente magno deflexo

armatis, paulo pone medium tuberculis duobus armatis ; pro-

thorace fere lavigato ; elytris pundtato-striatis,

Long. corp. (mandib. incl.) lin. 11.

Hab. Ins. Morty. Coll. Wallace et Parry.

Black and shining. Head deeply emarginate in front, minutely

and sparsely punctate, with a deepish fovea in front of the eye.

Mandibles slender, armed at the base with a strong obtuse de-

flexed tooth, followed by two small tubercles; in front of these is

adeep sinus. The prothorax is somewhat broader than the head,

shining, very minutely punctured, the punctures more apparent

towards the sides, which are straight, the posterior angles being

obliquely truncate. ‘The elytra scarcely as broad as the pro-

thorax, with 6—7 longitudinal stria, faintly punctate, the inter-

stices being smooth; humeral angles very prominent. Anterior

tibiz armed with 5 spines, intermediate with 2, posterior un-

armed. Body beneath thickly and coarsely punctate.

/Ecus impressicotus 6,9, Parry. (PI. V. fig. 3.)

JE. piceo-brunneus, depressus; prothorace elytrorumque late-

ribus et sutura squamulis cinereis tectis; mandibulis graci-

libus, faleatis, supra sulcatis, rugulosis, grosse punctatis, ad

basin processu emarginato, et prope apicem dente minuto

armatis ; capite transverso, confertim ruguloso, antice leviter

of Lucanoid Coleoptera. 59

emarginato, lateribus pone oculos productis, punctatis ; ely-

tris prothorace angustioribus, levibus, punctato-striatis ad

basin, sutura lateribusque punctatis ; tibiis anticis extus irre-

gulariter denticulatis, quatuor posticis unispinosis.

Long. corp. lin. 7; mandibd. lin. 3.

Hab. Malacca et Borneo. Coll. Mniszech et Parry.

The female, which in colour and depressed form resembles the

male, differs from that sex in having the interstices of the elytra

thickly and strongly punctate. As is the case in the other species

of this genus, the armature of the mandibles is subject to con-

siderable variation; in small male specimens the subapical tooth

is entirely wanting.

/EcUS GLABER 6, Parry (var. minor ?).

JE. angustus, rufo-piceus, nitidus ; capite antice vix emarginato,

depresso, parce subtiliterque punctulato; mandibulis capite

paulo longioribus, arcuatis, apicibus acutis, intus ad_ basin

dente parvo armatis; prothorace transverso, lateribus cum

angulis posticis rotundatis, subtilissime punctato ;_ elytris

prothorace triplo fere longioribus, leviter punctato-striatis,

interstitiis planis, lateribus dense punctatis, parce pilosis ;

pedibus rufo-castaneis ; tibiis anticis dilatatis, extus 3 vel 4-

denticulatis, quatuor posticis inermibus,

Long. corp. (mandib. incl.) lin. 53.

Hab. N. Guinea. Coll. Parry.

One of the minor species of the genus, remarkable for its

smooth and polished appearance, and allied to Agus myrmidon,

Thomson, from which species it differs, however, in its more

parallel and convex form, in the anterior part of the head being

scarcely emarginate, in the rounded sides of the prothorax, and

in the more delicate striation of its elytra,

Ecus? tritopatus ¢, Parry. (Pl. VII. fig. 7.)

JE. nigro-fuscus ; capite, prothorace, elytrorumque marginibus,

fusco-ferrugineis, hirsutis ; mandibulis brevibus, gracilibus,

intus ad basin unidentatis ; capite obscure punctato, lateribus

pone oculos emarginatis ; prothorace capite latiori, rude

punctato, lateribus singulariter trilobatis ; elytris ovalibus, in

medio latioribus, nitidis, profunde striatis, apice subproducto;

pedibus hirsutis ; tibiis anticis minute denticulatis, posticisque

inermibus.

Long. corp. (mandib. incl.) lin, 6.

Hab, Borneo. Coll, Parry.

60 Major Parry’s Catalogue

A single ¢ specimen of this interesting new species was re-

ceived from Sarawak, Borneo, and is provisionally placed with

the genus Zeus, differing, however, in the short convex character

of the elytra, and more especially in the singular trilobate lateral

margins of the prothorax. A knowledge of the other sex of this

species might possibly throw some light as to whether it might be

regarded as the type of a new genus.

Pratycerus Cavcasicus 2, Parry.

P. ceruleus, nitidus ; capite parcius punctato, antrorsum pro-

funde emarginato, impresso; mandibulis elongatis, capitis

fere longitudine, curvatis, supra sulcatis, extus prope basin

angulatis, intus ad basin dente obtuso parvo instructis; pro-

thorace transverso, angulis anticis prominulis, deflexis, late-

ribus sinuatis, angulis posticis obtusis, parcius sat fortiter punc-

tato; elytris elongatis, parallelis, punctatis, leviter lineatis ;

corpore subtus nigro; tibiis anticis minute denticulatis,

quatuor posticis inermibus.

Long. corp. (mandib. incl.) lin. 63.

Hab. in Caucaso. Coll, Mniszech et Parry.

Readily distinguished from its European ally, P. Caraboides,

by its narrower and more convex form, its prominent and more

slender mandibles, its impressed and sparsely punctate head, the

sinuate lateral margins of the prothorax, the obtuse posterior

angles and punctuation of that segment, and, finally, by its more

parallel and sparsely punctate elytra, the interstices being smooth.

Pratycerus cmruLescens 6, Leconte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Science,

Philadelph. 1861, p. 345.

P. cerulescens &, niger ; capite thoraceque parce grosse punc-

tatis, hoc transverso, lateribus antice rectis, paulo convergenti-

bus, pone medium inflexis, angulis posticis obtusis, haud

rotundatis; elytris nigro-cyaneis, punctis striatim digestis,

interstitiis irregulariter subseriatim punctatis; mandibulis

sursum incurvis, dente interno pone apicem alteroque superno

armatis.

Long. (mandib. incl.) unc. *48.

Hab. California. In Mus. Dom. Leconte.

Puiatycerus Acassi 2, Leconte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Science,

Philadelph. 1861, p. 345.

P. Agassi 2, elongato-ovalis, supra obscure zwneus; capite

thoraceque sat dense punctatis, hoc linea dorsali levi, latitu-

of Lucanoid Coleoptera. 61

dine duplo breviori, lateribus fortiter marginatis, valde rotun-

datis, angulis posticis rectis, prominulis; elytris obsolete

striatis, striis punctatis, interstitiis rugosis, confuse punctatis ;

tibiis posticis denticulo externo ad medium armatis.

Long. unc. *38.

Hab. California. Dom. Agassiz.

In the publication above alluded to the author states this species

to be closely related to Platycerus depressus, Leconte, with which

species P. Oregonensis, Westwood, is perhaps identical.

Scierostomus Farrmairit 6, 2, Parry.

S. depressus, supra atro-czeruleus, parum nitidus ; prothorace

elytrisque vitta lutescente marginatis, parce grosseque punc-

tatis; mandibulis nigris, capitis fere longitudine, ad basin pro-

cessu quadrinodoso productis; capite pone oculos minute

tuberculato ; prothorace disco in medio impressione magna

ovali, lateribus depressis ; elytris apice acutis, sparse grosse-

que punctatis, humeris productis ; pedibus nigris;_ tibiis

anticis irregulariter denticulatis, 4 posticis in medio uni-

spinosis ; tarsis subtus setosis; corpore infra nigro, crebre

punctato.

Long. corp. (mandib. incl.) lin. 9.

Hab. Chili.

I am indebted to M. Fairmaire for the addition of this new

species (of which I have also seen a specimen in the collection of

Alexander Fry, Esq.) to my cabinet ; it is allied to S. femoralis,

Guérin, but at once distinguished from it by its more depressed

and less punctate elytra and less rounded apex of those organs,

the more clearly defined and narrower longitudinal pale yellow

lateral vitta above mentioned, and, finally, by the legs being black

instead of rufous. The female, as is usual in this genus, differs

in having short, coarsely punctate mandibles (which, in the pre-

sent instance, appear to be totally unarmed), and in the minute

size and strong punctuation of the head,

[Screrostomus Puriierr 3, ¢ (Parry, MS.) Westw.* (PI. XI. fig. 5.)

S. niger; pronoto et elytris subnitidis fasciaque pallide flavo-

squamosa marginatis; capite antice concavo, utrinque inter

et ante oculos carina modice elevata obliqua instructo; man-

dibulis ( # ) capitis longitudine, lunatis, apice ovato-dilatatis,

denteque magno plano trifido intus versus basin armatis ;

* See note *, ante, p. 17,

62 Major Parry’s Catalogue

prothorace lateribus parallelis, margine laterali ad basin

oblique punctato; clypeo transverso, disco late impresso (et

in medio punctato), antice tuberculo conico medio armato ;

elytris modice convexis, punctatis, et obsolete longitudinaliter

canaliculatis.

2 mari simillima, at mandibulis parvis simplicibus et protho-

race parum minori distincta.

Long. corp. maris cum mandibulis lin, 7,

Habitat in Chili. In Mus, D. Parry.

This new species differs from Scl. Lessonii, Buquet (Ann. Soc.

Ent. Fr. = Pycnosiphorus mandibularis, Solier, Gay Nat. Hist.

Chili), in its uniform black colour, in the elytra being destitute of

the numerous elevated polished spots between the punctures, the

prothorax not widened in front, the head narrower, the clypeus

not porrected into a rounded lobe in the middle, the crown of the

head wanting the auriculated process on each side between the

eyes, and in the different shape of the mandibles. The prothorax

has a deep central channel, terminated in the middle of the fore

margin in a small conical point. The underside of the body is

glossy, with a few minute punctures, the head, including the

mentum, being more strongly and closely punctured. The fore

tibiz have six teeth on the outer edge, and the four posterior tibia

are each armed with two spines on the outer margin.—J. O. W. ]

Gen. Oonotus,* Parry.

Dorcus adspersus, Boheman, Ins. Caffr. 2, 384. | *

Dorcus adspersus, Westw. Tr. Ent. Soc. Ser. 3, 1. 435, pl. xvi.

fig. 6.

A description and figure of the above species (from Port

Natal), by Professor Westwood, will be found in the Trans-

actions of the Society (1. c.) It appears, upon examination, to

be so very aberrant in general form and character from those

insects belonging to Dorcus proper, that I have no hesitation in

proposing it as the type of a new genus; but as we are only

acquainted with the female sex, it is unadvisable for the present

to give any decided characters ; nevertheless the short mandibles,

the abbreviate and convex form, the squamose texture of the

body, with its rounded and anteriorly trituberculate prothorax,

sufficiently warrant the creation of the proposed new genus. The

above characters distinguish the insect from those smaller species

of the Dorcide appertaining to the genera Sclerostomus and

* °Qdv, v#res, in allusion to the convex back.

of Lucanoid Coleoptera. 63

Lissotes. This insect appears to represent, on the southern coast

of Africa, those species from S. America and N. Holland belong-

ing to the genera above alluded to.

Lissores Menatcas, Westw.

This species appears to form the connecting link, through the

genus Nigidius, between the Dorcide and Figulide.

L. Honittanus, Westw., exhibits a marked difference from

I. Menalcas in the character of the prothorax; but its similarity

to that species in other respects, and its close affinity in appear-

ance to Nigidius, have induced me to locate it for the present at

the end of the genus Lissotes, immediately preceding the Figulide.

Nicipius cornutus 6, 9, M‘Leay, Hor. Ent. i. p. 109.

N. cornutus, ater, nitidus ; mandibulis tridentatis ; clypeo punc-

tato, antice mucronato; elytris inter strias elevatis, triplici

punctorum impressorum ordine instructis, apicibus punctatis ;

tibiis anticis 7-dentatis.

é mandibularum margine supero et externo in ramum cor-

nutum producto,

@ mandibulis brevioribus, haud cornu supero instructis.

A second description of this species will be found in the Ento-

mological Magazine, vol. v. p. 264, by Prof. Westwood, taken from

a specimen in the British Museum, stated to have been received

from Mr. M‘Leay, and from Australia. Having long doubted

the accuracy of this habitat, no specimens of it being contained

in the numerous collections of Australian Coleoptera which have

reached this country, I have only recently ascertained the true

habitat of the species in question, specimens in the collections of

W. W. Saunders, Esq., and of Count Mniszech, from Cambodia

and Malacca, proving, upon comparison, to be identical with that

in the British Museum.

Nicipivs ozesus 6, Parry.

N. convexus, brevis, nigerrimus, nitidus; capite utrinque infra

oculos auriculato; mandibulis subrecurvis, intus ad_ basin

processu bifido productis, extus pone medium dente parvo

obtuso armatis; prothorace crebre grosseque punctato, in

medio obsolete late longitudinaliter caniculato, angulis anticis

simplicibus ; elytris brevibus, convexis, rugoso-punctatis, for-

titer sulcatis, interstitiis levibus.

Hab. Penang, Malacca,

Long. corp. (mandib, incl.) lin. 7}.

64 Major Parry’s Catalogue

This species is readily distinguished by its short, robust and

convex form, and by the absence of the minute tubercle in the

centre of the anterior margin of the prothorax which characterizes

most of the allied species. ‘The number of external spines on the

tibiae appears to be most variable in this genus; no instance,

however, being known to me in which they are entirely wanting.

PENICHROLUCANUS coPpRICEPHALUS, H. Deyrolle, Ann. Soc. Ent.

Fr. Ser. iv. vol. 3, p. 485; pl. ix. fig. 11, and details.

The aberrant characters exhibited in this singular insect from

Malacca (vid. ]. ¢.), recently described from a unique specimen

in Count Mniszech’s Collection, preclude the possibility of assign-

ing, with any degree of certainty, its true position in the Luca-

noidea. It is even, I believe, still a matter of doubt among many

Entomolegists whether the species in question ought to be referred

at all to this division of the Coleoptera. I have nevertheless placed

it temporarily near Figulus, bearing, as it does, some similarity to

the species of that genus, and equally, perhaps, also to the genera

Nigidius and Agnus, the latter appearing to form the passage

between Nigidius and Figulus.

FicuLus vuLNERATuS, Thomson, Cat. p. 433.

The type specimen of the above-named species from Mada-

gascar has obligingly been communicated to me for examination

by Mr. Thomson. It appears to me to be specifically identical

with F. anthracinus, Klug (vid. Ins. v. Madagase. 85, n. 116),

differing only in the confused position of the punctures forming

in the normal state the dorsal striz by which the elytra are

characterized. Mr. Thomson (p. 402) appears to be of the same

opinion with Dr. Burmeister as to this species being synonymous

with Fig. sublevis of Palissot de Beauvois, from Africa, and

noticed by Professor Westwood, as a distinct species, in the Ent.

Mag. v. 262, sp. 3. If the several specimens received from

Senegal, Guinea and Bassan are identical with Palissot’s insect, it

is very evident, upon comparison with the Madagascar species,

that the two are distinct.

Ficuius scaritirormis ¢, Parry (var. minor).

F, scaritiformis, Parry, Proc. Ent. Soc. 1862, p. 113.

F. parvulus, rufo-piceus; capite grosse punctato ; prothorace

levigato, lateribus vage et rude punctato, medio canaliculato,

of Lucanoid Coleoptera. 65

canaliculo punctato; elytris profunde striatis, striis punctatis,

apice subproducto.

Long. corp. (mandib. incl.) lin. 33.

Hab. Malacca. Coll. Parry.

The present briefly-described insect appears to be allied to

F. Manillarum, Hope (angustatus, MS., Eschscholtz), and like that

species varies considerably in sculpture according to development,

rendering it difficult in a single description to characterize the

different stages of its growth.

F. scaritiformis appears, however, to differ in having the elytra

somewhat shorter and more depressed, the sides of the prothorax

more coarsely punctate, and the central longitudinal channel

longer and deeper, its punctuation also being more defined.

Since my first notice of this species, several specimens of it, in the

various stages of development, have been received from the same

locality.

SINODENDRON AMERICANUM 64, 9, Palisot de Beauvois, Ins. Afric.

et Amér. 192, tab. i. fig. 1, 2, 3; Melsheim. Cat. Coleop.

Us. Se pe 57.

S. piceum ; thorace marginato, glabro, antice truncato, 7-dentato,

intermedio duobusque lateralibus prominulis; capitis cornu

recurvo; elytris valde et subirregulariter punctato-striatis.

Whether the description above quoted of an insect, stated to be

from North America, can be considered as applying to a distinct

species, admits perhaps of some doubt, no other specimen having

been recorded from that country. Allusion is certainly made to

it in Melsheimer’s Catalogue of the United States Coleoptera, but

on Palisot’s authority alone.

Dr. Leconte also, in his Classification of the United States —

Coleoptera, mentions further that he is totally unacquainted with

it. I feel, therefore, inclined to believe, from the description as

well as from the great similarity of the figures given in Palisot’s

work to our own European species, that Sinodendron cylindricum

has been erroneously described as a distinct species under the

name of §. Americanum; but not being acquainted with the type

specimen, the present remarks can only be taken therefore as

conjecture.

Denprosirax Earrianus, White, Voy. Erebus and Terror, Zool.

prix. pl. i: fig Seg, 18 S.

The marked affinity shown in several respects by this species

VOL, Il, THIRD SERIES, PART I,—MAY, 1864. F

66 Major Parry’s Catalogue

to some of the sub-genera belonging to the Dynastide, and already

alluded to by various authors, renders it somewhat perplexing to

assign for it any satisfactory place among the Lucanoid Coleoptera.

Mr. White (1. ¢.) remarks that this insect approximates both

to Lamprima and Rhyssonotus. Professor Westwood, in his notice

of the species (vid. Tr. Ent. Soc., N.S., vol. 3, p. 213), regards

it as an obscure representative of Sphenognathus, with the mouth

of a Sinodendron, alluding at the same time to the female as being

apterous; and, finally, Monsieur Lacordaire, in his invaluable

work on the Genera of Coleoptera, to which I have already had

such frequent occasion to allude, although placing it with the

Lamprimide, mentions that from the remarkable character of its

legs the species appears to be rather allied to the Dynastide than

to the Lucanide. In this view I am disposed to coincide, but

have nevertheless, under the circumstances, placed it provisionally

at the end of my arrangement, immediately after the genus Sino-

dendron, thus establishing the connecting link between the Luca-

noid Coleoptera and the Dynastide.

Norr.—At one or two recent meetings of the Entomological Society, ‘“ di-

morphism” or “‘ polymorphism” has been the subject of discussion. This

singular phenomenon is very marked in the Lucanoid Coleoptera; and

the existence of diverse forms of the same species, often exhibiting dif-

ferences in their structural characters, renders necessary an acquaintance

with a series of varieties of each separate species before we can arrive at

a correct classification of this interesting group.—F. J. S. P., May, 1864.

of Lucanoid Coleoptera. 67

COLEOPTERORUM LUCANOIDUM CATALOGUS.

Fam. I. CHIASOGNATHID.

Genus 1. PHOLIDOTUS, M‘Leay, Hora Entom, i. 97 (1819).

Casignetus 9, ib. 98.

Lamprima, Schonh, Syn. Ins. I. iii. 197 (Add.).

Chalcimon, Dalman, Ephemer. Entom, 1] (1824).

Sp. 1. P. Humporptr, [#, 9] Schonh.].c. 2. secscccccevceecees Brasilia.

Dej. Cat. 193.

de Castelnau, Hist. Nat. Ins. ii. 169.

Westw. Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 2, i. 119 (1834).

Burm. Handb. der Entom., v. 419 (1847).

Guérin, Icon. Régne Anim. 109, tab. xxvii. fig. 6.

lepidosus @, M‘Leay, Hor. Entom. i. 97.

Brullé, Hist. Nat. Ins. 427, tab. xxvi. fig. 3.

geotrupoides 9, M‘Leay, Hor. Entom. i. 98.

Cuvier, Réegne Anim. tab. xly. fig. 5.

Sp. 2. P. Sprxu, [%, 9] Perty, Delect. Anim. Artic. Braz. 54, tab. xi.

fic, 13 (Chalcimon)...ccssccrevccccrcesescoes Brasilia.

Burm. Handb. v. 420.

Lacord. Gen. Coléop. iii. 12 (1856).

Dejeanii ¢, Buquet, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr, t. x. Bullet. p. 21.

Genus 2, CHIASOGNATHUS, Ste. Trans. Phil. Soc. Camb. iv. tab.

i., ii, (1831).

Orthognathus, Dej. Cat. 193.

Sphenognathus, Buquet, Rev. Zool. 1838, p. 104.

Tetraophthalmus, Lesson, Illustr. de Zool., tab. xxiv.

Sectio I.

Sp. 1. C. Granrir,[f, Q] Ste. lc. 2.0... eceeeeee ee e-Chili et Ins. Chiloe.

Westw. Ann. Sci. Nat. 1834, p. 118.

», Zool. Journ. No. 19, p. 392.

Sturm, Cat. Coleop. tab. iv. fig. 1,2, ¢, 9 (1843).

Burm. Handb. v. 339 (1847).

Gay, Hist. Chili, Zool. v. 41, Zool. Atlas, tab. xiii.

fig. 1,2, #, 9 (1851).

Lacord. Gen. Coleop. ili. 12 (1856).

de Castelnau, Hist. Nat. Ins. ii. 170.

Reiche, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1850, p, 265.

Chilensis, Lesson, |. c. (Tetraophthalmus),

Sp. 2. C. Joussetinu, [¢] Reiche, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1850, p. 265 .... Chili.

» Rev. Zool. 1850, p. 249.

Schaum, Bericht der Ent. 1850, p. 48.

Lacord. Gen. Coléop, iii. 13.

Major Parry’s Catalogue

Sp. 3. C. Mniszecui1, [¢, 9] Thoms. Cat. Lucan., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr.

1862, Pp: 406.. ee ee nc er ee eroo cove Maleleleielelonate OL Ie

Parry, ante, p. 6 (Tab. X. fig. 3).

@ in Coll. Germain.

Sp. 4. C. Larreriyer, [ ¢, 9] Solier, Gay. Hist. Chili, v. 42 .......+++Chili.

Schaum, Bericht der Ent. 1851, p. 64.

Lacord. Gen. Coléop. ii. 13.

Reichit g, Thoms. Cat. Lucan. 407.

imberbis, Philippi et Dohrn, MS.

Sectio II.

Sp. 5. C. Feistuameri, [ ¢, 9 ] Guér. Mag. Zool. 1840, tab. xxxix...

Colombia ; Bolivia; N. Granada.

Guér. Dict. pittor. d’Hist. Nat. ix. 103.

Burm. Handb. v. 340 (Sphenognathus).

Sp. 6. C. Prionorpes, [¢, 9] Buquet, Guér. Mag. Zool. i. ser. 2, Ins.

tabs detatesleale\sisielaiels) «el selelsieis COlOMbiaseN | oranadas

Guér. Rev. Zool. 1838, p. 104.

Burm. Handb. v. 341 (Sphenognathus),

Lacord. Gen. Coléop. iii. 14, tab. xxv. fig. 1.

De}. Cat. 193 (Orthognathus).

Sp. 7. C. Linpenn, [ ¢, 2 Murray, Edinb. N. Ph. Journ. N.S. v. 221,

tab. ill. fig. il Oe eoere seer veres eee cree pivieitelere ei UitOs

Thoms. Cat. irene! 409 (opeueeeattuay:

Sp. 8. C. Murrays,[g, 9] Thoms. Cat. Lucan. 409 ....-.+++.++ Venezuela.

Sp. 9. C. atzoruscus, [ 9] Blanchard, Ins. d’Amér. mérid. d’Orbigny, vi.

2, 193, tab. xii. fig. 7 (Orthognathus).......Peru.

In Mus. Jardin des Plantes, Parisiis (spec. unicum).

Genus 3. RHYSSONOTUS, M‘Leay, Hor. Entom. i. 98 (1819).

Sp. 1. R. nesuvosus, [¢, 9] Kirby, Tr. Linn. Soc. xii. 411, tab. xxi.

fig. 12 (Lucanus)..0+eeeseeeeeesees Nov. Holland.

M'‘Leay, I. c.

Dej. Cat. 193.

Sturm, Cat. 345, tab, ili. fir. 9 ¢.

de Castelnau, Hist. Nat. Ins. il. 170.

Cuvier, Regne Anim. tab. xlv. fig. 8

Boisd. Faune de l’Océanie, 233.

Brullé, Hist. Nat. Ins. 428, tab. xxvi. fig. 4.

Burm. Handb. v. 336.

Lacord. Gen. Col€op. iii. 17.

foveolatus 9, Thunb. ? (sec. Burm. 1. ¢.).

Sp. 2. R. (2) sucuraris, [97] Westw. Tr. Ent. Soc. 3rd Ser. i. 429,

tab. xiv. fig. 1. ee eeee+eee Nov. Holl. ( Victoria).

of Lucanoid Coleoptera. 69

Genus 4. CACOSTOMUS, Newm. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1840, p. 364.

Lepidodes, Westw. Ann. Nat. Hist. vili. 124 (1841).

Sp. 1. C. squamosus, [ 4, 9] Newm. I. c. e0.-seeeeeeeee esse Nov. Holland.

Westw. Tr. Ent. Soc. N. S. iii, 211, tab. xi. fig. 6, 7.

Burm. Handb. v. 362.

Erichs. Wiegm. Archiv. 1842, ii, 234.

rotundicollis, Westw. 1. c. (Lepidodes).

Thoms. Cat. Lucan. 392 (Lepidodus),

Genus 5. LAMPRIMA, Latr. Gen. Crust. et Ins. ii. 152.

», Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. xvii. 277.

M‘Leay, Hor. Ent. i. 99.

Reiche, Rev. Zool, 1841, p. 50.

Burm. Handb. v. 410.

Erichs. Wiegm. Archiv. 1842, p. 108.

de Castelnau, Hist. Nat. Ins. ii, 169.

Lacord. Gen. Coléop. ili. 17.

Sectio I.

Sp. 1. L. Latreitxn, [¢, 2] M‘Leay, Hor, Ent. i. 101 ....N. Holl. (Sydney).

de Castelnau, |. ¢.

Erichs. 1]. ¢.

Hope, Cat. Lucan. 1.

Burm. Handb. v. 411.

cuprea? Latr. Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. xvii. 279.

eneus (var. ceruleus), Donoy. Ins. N. Holl. tab. i. (fig. inf. med.).

pugmea, M‘Leay, Ics

puncticollis 9, Dej. Cat. (vid. Boisd. Faune de l’Océanie, 231).

enea, Boisd. Faune de |’Océanie, 228.

Tasmanieé (var. min.), Hope, Cat. Lucan, 28.

amplicollis, Thoms. Cat. Lucan. 411.

Sp. 2. L. aurata,[g, 2] Latr. Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. xvii. 278 .. Nov. Holl.

M‘Leay, Hor, Ent. i. 100.

e@neus, Donoy. Ins. N. Holl. tab. i. (fig. dext. med.).

Schreibers, Tr. Linn. Soc. v. 187 (secundum M‘Leay).

enea, de Castelnau, Hist. Nat. Ins, ii. 169.

Guér. Icon. Régne Anim, 109, tab. xxvii. fig. 5.

Hope, Cat. Lucan. 1.

Schreibersii, Hope, Cat. Lucan. 1.

2 fulgida, Boisd. Faune de l’Océanie, 231 ....+--+++++-Ins, Waigiou.

Sp. 3. L.sprenvens, [ ¢, 2 ] Erichs. Wiegm. Archiv. 1842, i. 108, 2. Nov. Holl.

Burm. Handb. v. 413.

fulgida, Thoms. Cat. Lucan, 393,

An species distincta ?

Sp. 4. L. rnurizans,[ ¢, 2 ] Erichs. Wiegm. Archiv, 1842, i,170,88 .. Tasmania.

Burm. Handb. v. 412.

Thoms. Cat. Lucan, 393.

70 Major Parry’s Catalogue

Sectio II.

Sp. 5. L. anza, [%, 9] Fab. Syst. El. i. 2, 2 (1792, Lethrus)..Ins. Norfolk.

Schreibers, Tr. Linn. Soc. vi. 185, tab. xx. fig. 1

(1811, Lucanus).

Latr. Gen. Crust. et Ins. ii. 132 (1807).

», Nouv. Dict. d’Hist, Nat. xvii. 278 (1817).

Schonh. Syn. Ins. I. wii, 328.

Burm. Handb. v. 414.

subrugosu, Hope, Cat. Lucan. pp. 1, 28.

viridis, Erichs, Wiegm. Archiv. 1842, i. 109 (vid. Reiche, Ann.

Soc. Ent. Fr. Ser. 3, 1, 83).

Sp. 6. L. Micarvr,[¢, 9] Reiche, Rev. Zool. 1841, p. 51..

N. Holl. (Swan River).

Burm. Handb. v. 416.

Hope, Cat. Lucan. 1.

Erichs. Wiegm. Archiv. 1842, i. 108.

Thoms. Cat. Lucan. 393.

varians, Germ. (sec. Reiche, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. ser. 3, i. 83).

cultridens, Burm. (sec. Reiche, |. c.) -

Sp. 7. L. varrans, [¢, 2] Germ. Linn. Ent. iii, 195....N. Holl. (Adelaide).

Burm. Handb, v. 415.

Sp. 8. L. sumprvosa, [ ¢ ] Hope, Cat. Lucan. pp. 1, 28. N. Holl. (Swan River).

Parry, ante, p. 7.

Genus 6. STREPTOCERUS (Dej. Cat. 193), Fairmaire, Ann. Soc.

Ent. Fr. 1850, p. 53.

Sp. 1: S. speciosus, [34 9 ] Deje Cate 193" sk sis sce seiviwiee c's oo eo Chill.

Fairmaire, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1850, p. 53, tab. i.

fig. 2.

Westw. Tr. Ent. Soc. N. S. iii. 204, tab. xi. fig. 1.

Lacord. Gen. Coléop. iii. 18.

Dejeanii, Solier, Gay. Hist. Chili, v. 44, tab. xv. fig. ec ¢.

Genus 7. COLOPHON, Westw. Ann. Sc. Nat. i. ser. 2, p. 113 (1834).

Sp. 1. C. Westwoopu, [ ¢] G. R. Gray, Griffiths’ Anim. Kingd. Ins. 534,

tab. xlvi. fig. 5 1. ee eececesecceeseesAfric, merid.

Westw. I. c. tab. vii. fig. 5.

3 . Lr Ent. Soc. N.S. in, 197, tab, x. fig. 1.

Burm. Handb, v. 404.

Hope, Cat. Lucan. 6.

de Castelnau, Hist. Nat. Ins. ii, 173.

Lacord. Gen, Coléop. iii, 21.

lethroides, Westw. MS.

Sp. 2. C. Tuunsercn, [ $] Westw. Tr. Ent. Soc. N.S. iii. 198, tab. x.

Mee ap enodcond dy b600 6 Peleleile eerie ere Catania

of Lucanoid Coleoptera. 71

Fam. II. LUCANID.

Genus 1. MESOTOPUS, Burm. Handb. v. 362.

Sp. 1. M, Taranpus g, Swed. Act. Holm, iii, 186, tab. vii. fig. 2

(1787) eseeeeeeee ees Sierra Leonum; Guinea.

Linn. Syst. Nat. (ed. Gmel.) iv. 1591.

Schénh, Syn. Ins. I. iii, 322.

Hope, Cat, Lucan. 4.

Burm. Handb. v. 363,

Lacord. Gen. Coléop. iii. 23.

¢, Parry, Proc. Ent. Soc. 1862, p. 107.

» ante,p. 7 (Tab. V. fig. 4.)

Genus 2. LUCANUS, Scop. Faun, Carn. (1763).

Hexaphyllus, Mulsant, Ann, Soc. Agr. Lyon (1838).

Sectio I.

Sp. 1. L. cervus,[¢, 9] Linn.Syst. Nat. I. ii. 559, ed. 12(Scarabeus).. Europa.

Fab. Syst. El. ii. 248, 3.

Gesner, Nat. Hist. of Beasts, &c., 1005, cum fig. (vid.

ante, p. 8).

Schonh. Syn. Ins, I. iii, 318.

Kraatz, Berl. Ent. Zeitsch. 1860, pp. 68, 265, tab. vil.

Westw. Mod. Classif. Ins, i. 187.

Burm. Handb. v. 350.

Erichs. Naturg. Ins. Deutschl. iii. 936.

Lacord. Gen. Coléop. iii. 8.

Blanchard, Ann. Sci. Nat. Ser. 3, v. 322.

Duval, Gen. Coléop. d’Eur. iii. 7.

Bellier, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1846, Bulletin, p. 28,

tab. il. fig. 3.

capreolus, Fab. Syst. El. ii. 249, 5,

capra, Oliv. Ent. I. i. 11, tab. i. fig. 1, tab. ii, fig. 1.

Dorcas, Panz. Faun. Germ. ii. 58.

hircus, Herbst, Natursyst. Coleop. iii. 299, tab. xxxiii. fig. 4 g,

fig.5 9.

armiger, Herbst, Natursyst. Coleop. iii. 301, tab. xxxiv. fig. 1 g.

maxillaris, Motsch. Bull. Moscou, 1845, i. 60 (sec. Kraatz, I. c.)

Tauricus, " a x

pentaphyllus, Reiche, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1853, p. 71; Rev.

Zool. 1856, p. 80.

Fabiani, Mulsant, Opusce. Ent. vi. 150 (sec. Kraatz).

Pontbrianti, Mulsant, Ann. Soc. Agr. Lyon, ii. 119, tab. xii.

Duval, Gen, Coléop. d’Eur. iii. 12.

Lusitanicus, Hope, Cat. Lucan. 9.

Americanus, A ey hie

Sp. 2. L. Turcicus, [¢, 9] Sturm, Cat. 346, tab. v. fig. 1 (1843)..

Turcia; As. Min. ; Gracia.

Duval, Gen. Coléop. d’Eur. iii. 10.

H. Deyrolle, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1860, Bulletin, p. 22.

Kraatz, Berl, Ent. Zeitsch, 1860, p. 273 (L. cervi var.)

72 Major Parry’s Catalogue

Sp. 8. L. onrentauis, [¢, 9 ] Kraatz, Berl. Ent. Zeitsch, 1860, p. 273..

Turcia; Asia Min.

macrophyllus, Reiche (vid. Kraatz, lib. cit. p. 271) «...-- Caramania.

tetraodon, Duval, Gen. Coléop. d’Eur. iii. 11....Asia Min. ; Caucaso.

Tbericus? Motsch. Bull. Moscou, 1845, p. 60.

curtulus? ,, sf i

Sp. 4. L. raricornis, [ ¢] H. Deyrolle, MS. (vid. ante, p.9) ...+.+ Caucaso.

In Coll. Mniszech et Parry.

Sp. 5. L. Tetraovon, [¢, 9] Thunb. Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscou (1806)

Ae) US Bieereia eiwieis e)e o's Italia; Sicilia; Corsica.

Barbarossa, Costa, Faun. Napol. pars i, tab. xvii.

Burm. Hand. v. 349.

serraticurnis, Duval, Gen. Coléop. d’Eur. ili, 11.

Fairmaire, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1859, p. 275.

Corsicus, Gautier des Cottes, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1860, Bullet.

p. 03.

Sp. 6. L. Barsarossa, [¢, 2] Fab. Syst.. El, ii. 251, 15..

Hispan.; Corsica; Afric. bor.

Duval, Gen. Coléop. d’Eur, ii. 13, tab. 1. fig. 1 ¢,

fig. 2 ©.

Schonh. Syn. Ins. I. ui. 325.

lig. Mag. ii. 233, 1, iv. 104, 15 (see. Schonh.)

Thunb. Mem. Soc. Nat. Mosc. i. 201, 27 (sec.

Schonh.)

? Pontbrianti, yar. Mulsant, ubi sup. (vid. Gerst. Bericht der

Ent. 1859—60, p. 110).

Sectio IT.

Sp. 7. L. runirer, [¢, 9] Hope, Royle. Illustr. Nat. Hist. Himal. tab.

1. DOTA) avon wp oles sin winels avec sic mac HOCMEINDAN

Hope, Cat. Lucan. 9.

Lama, Burm. Handb. v. 353.

rugifrons, 9, Hope, Cat. Lucan, 4.

Sp. 8. L. Mearesu, [ ¢, 2 ] Hope, Ann. Nat. Hist. xii. 364. Ind.Himal.; Silhet.

Len tant-tSOCalVenios

55. Cateelucansl0:

Westw. Orient. Ent. 21, tab. x. fig. 1,

nigripes 9 , Hope, Cat. Lucan. 10.

Sp. 9. L. Hopes, [ ¢] Parry, Proc. Ent. Soc. 1862, p. 108..

Ind, Or. aut Archip. Malay.

Parry, ante, p. 9 (Tab. VI. fig. 2).

Sp. 10. L, Canrorr,[g, 9] Hope, Ann. Nat. Hist, xii, 363...,....Ind. Or.

Hope, Cat. Lucan. 9.

9 * Ar. EntsSoc. ive 3.

of Lucanoid Coleoptera. 73

Sp. 11. L. virrosus, [ ¢ ] Hope, Gray. Zool. Miscell. 1831, p. 22 .... Nepalia.

» Cate 2ucan.9.

Lama, Burm. Handb. v. 353.

lunifer, Thoms. Cat, Lucan. 393.

Sp. 12. L. serrcans, [ ¢] Voll. Tijd. v. Ent. iv. 103 (1861) ...+++..Japonia,

hircus ? Sturm, Cat. 136 (vid. ante, p. 10).

Sp. sequentis var, min. ?

Sp. 13, L. macutiremoratus,[ ¢, 9 ] Motsch. Etudes Ent. 1861, p. 9..Japonia.

Sp. 14. L. vicinus, [ ¢] Hope, Cat. Lucan. 10 .........+.Ind. Or. (Poonah).

Burm, Handb. v. 527.

Sp. 15. L. Westermanu, [¢, 9] Hope, Cat. Lucan, 10 ..........Assama.

Sp. 16. L. Smirnu, [¢] Parry, Proc. Ent. Soc. 1862, p. 108 .-see...Ind. Or.

Parry, ante, p. 10 (Tab. X. fig. 2).

Thoms. Cat. Lucan, 394.

Sp.17. L. Fortunes, [¢, 9 ] Saunders, Tr. Ent. Soc. N. S. iii. 46, tab.

Hipehipts We Gis, 2, lier vie wieisielsieiejeieielsle\e | ONIN.

Sp. 18. L. arrarus, [ ¢] Hope, Gray. Zool. Miscell. 1831, p. 22 ....Nepalia.

» Cat. Lucan. 10.

Sp. 19. L. Exraruus, [¢, 9] Fab. Syst. El. ii. 249, 4 ....++e+e+Amer. bor.

Oliv. Entom. I. i. 12, 4, tab. iii. fig. 7.

Thunb, Mem. Soe. Nat. Moscou, i. 191.

Schonh. Syn. Ins. I. iii, 322.

Burm. Handb, v. 354,

Melsheimer, Cat. Coleop. U.S. 57.

De Geer, Mem. iv. 33, 3 (L. cervi var.).

placidus 9, Say, Journ. Acad. Philad. v. 202.

Sp. 20. L. capreotus, [¢, 9] Linn. Mus. Lud. Ulr. 32, 30......Amer. bor.

Linn, Syst. Nat. I. ii. 500, 2.

Oliv. Ent. I. i, 15, 8, tab. ii. fig. 4 , tab. iii.

fig. 4 9.

Herbst, Col. iii. 302, tab. xxxiv. fig. 2 ¢@,

fig.3 9.

Panz. Ent. Beitr. i. 1, tab. i. fig. 1, 8.

De Geer, Ins. iv. 336, tab. xix. fig, 11, 12.

Schonh. Syn. Ins. I. iii, 323.

Hope, Cat. Lucan. 4,

Dama @, Fab. Syst. El. ii. 249, 6.

Thunb. Mem. Soc. Nat. Mosc. i. 198, 22.

De}. Cat. 193.

de Castelnau, Hist. Nat. Ins. ii. 171.

Melsheimer, Cat. Coleop. U. S. 57.

trigonus 1 9, Thunb. lib. cit, 199, 24, tab. xii, fig. 4.

muticus ? 2 ss 9 «200 Ode

74 Major Parry’s Catalogue

Sp.21. L. rentus, [ ¢, 9] de Castelnau, Hist. Nat. Ins. ii. 171....Amer. bor,

Burm. Handb. v. 356.

Melsheimer, Cat. Coleop. U.S. 57.

rupicapra, De}. Cat. 193.

Genus 3. RH ASTUS, Parry, ante, p. 10.

Sp. 1. R. Westwoonn, [ ¢] Parry, Proc. Ent. Soc. 1862, p. 108 (Hex-

arthrius 2) .6.+..+++ee+e+.India vel Archip. Ind.

Parry, ante, p. 11 (Tab. IX. fig. 2, 8).

Genus 4. HEXARTHRIUS, Hope, Cat. Lucan. 4.

Cladognathus, Burm. Handb. v. 364.

Lucanus, Oliv, Ent, I. i. 21.

Sp. 1. H. Forsrrri, [ ¢, 9 | Hope, Tr. Linn, Soc. xviii. 587, tab. xl.

fig. | scvevccecccecccvicscvicesscoeece oss s ASsamas

Hope, Cat. Lucan. 11.

Burm. Handb. v. 367.

serricollis 2, Hope, Tr, Linn. Soc. xviii. 591.

Sp. 2. H. Bowrineu, [ $] Parry, Proc. Ent. Soc. 1862, p. 108..

India vel Archip. Ind.

»» ante, p. 12 (Tab. IX. fig. 5, 7).

Sp. 3. H. Rurnoceros,[ ¢, 9] Oliv. Entom. I. i. 21, tab. v. fig. 21 ....Java.

Thunb. Mem. Soc. Nat. Mose. i, 201.

Schonh. Syn. Ins, I. ii. 322.

Reiche, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. ser. 3, 1. 75.

Burm. Handb. v. 366.

falciger & (var. med.), Hope, Cat. Lucan. 11.

longipennis 9, Hope, Cat. Lucan. 10.

vitulus 9, De}. Cat. 193.

Hope, Tr. Ent. Soc. iv. 183.

Thoms. Cat. Lucan. 394.

Sp. 4. H. Buquert, [ ¢] Hope, Tr. Ent. Soc. iv. 182, tab. xiii, fig. 4....Java.

Rhinoceros, Burm. Handb. v. 366.

Sp. 5. H. Cuavporrr, [ ¢] H. Deyrolle, MS. (vid. ante, p. 11).....Sumatra.

Sp. 6. H. Mniszecuu, [ ¢] Thoms, Archiv. Entom. i. 396 .. Ind. Or. (Silhet).

Lacord, Gen. Coléop. tab, xxv. fig. 5.

Sp. 7. H. Panryr, [ ¢, 9] Hope, Tr. Linn. Soc. xix. 104, tab. x. fig. 2..Silhet.

Burm. Handb. v. 367.

Sp. 8. H. Devrotunr, [ ¢] Parry, ante, p. U1 (Tab. TV, fig. 1) ..+0+e+Siama,

of Lucanoid Coleoptera. 75

Genus 5. ODONTOLABIS, Hope, Tr. Linn. Soe, xix. 105; Cat. Lucan. 5.

Sp. 1.

Sp. 2.

Sp.

pepe:

Sp. 9.

Anoplocnemus, Hope, Ann, Nat. Hist. xii. 364,

Calcodes, Westw. Ann. Sc. Nat. i. 118.

Sectio I.

O. Votrennovit, [ ¢] Parry, ante, p. 13 (Tab. VIII. fig. 1) .... Borneo.

Lacordairei, Parry, MS, (olim).

O. Lupexrncu, [ ¢, 9 ] Voll. Tijd. v. Ent. iv. 104, tab. v. fig. 2..Sumatra.

Parry, ante, p. 13 (Tab. II. fig. 1).

. O. Wottastont, [ f, 2] Parry, ante, p. 14. ..+eeeeeeeee- Malacca.

(Tab. II. fig. 2, 3; tab. ILI. fig. 1).

. O. Movuortt [ ¢], Parry, ante, p. 14 (Tab. I. fig. 1).. Cambodia ; Siama.

. O. Lacorparret, [ ¢ J Voll. Tijd. v. Ent. iv. 104, tab. v. fig. 1 (vid.

ante, p- 13) cere reer rr sees suede s os SUmatra.

. O. Burmeister, [ ¢] Hope, Tr. Ent. Soc. iii. 279, tab. xiii. fig. 3

(gen. Anoplocnemi typus) «+ Ind. (Mysore).

» Cat. Lucan. 16.

» Ann. Nat. Hist, viii. 302,

Sp. sequentis var. ?

7. O. Cuvera,[¢, 9] Hope, Tr. Linn. Soc. xix. 105, tab. x. fig. 3..

Assama ; Silhet.

Saundersii g (var. min.), Hope, Tr. Linn. Soe. xix. 105.

Prinsepii g (var. med.), Hope, Cat. Lucan. pp. 5, 16.

Westw. Or, Ent. tab. xxvi. fig. 5.

Delessertii , Q (var. min.), Hope, Cat. Lucan. pp. 5, 16.

bicolor g (var. min.), Saunders, Tr. Ent. Soc. ii. 177, tab. xvi,

fig. 3.

Burm. Handb. v. 360.

Gazella, Westw. Or. Ent. 54,

O. Deresserti, [ ¢] Guérin, Souv. Voy. Deless. Ins. 48, tab. xii.

fig. 3 weeccceececeeene -. Ind. bor.; Neilgherries.

Chenu, Eneyel. d° Hist. Nat. “tab. introd, fig. 2.

Parry, Tr. Ent. Soc. ser. 3, i. 447.

O. Gazetta, [ fh, 2] Fab. Syst. El. ii, 250,9; Ent. Syst. I. ii.

238; Mant. Ins.i. 1. 2.6.0 es0%eeeseeciama; China.

Linn. Syst. Nat. (ed. Gmelin) iv, 1589.

Herbst, Col. iii. 313, 12.

Westw. Or. Ent. 54, tab. xxvi. fig. 2, 3, 4.

Oliv. Ent. I. i. 13, tab. iv. fig. 13.

Thunb. Mem. Soc. Nat. Mosc, i, 195, 16.

bicolor, Burm. Handb, vy. 360.

Major Parry’s Catalogue

Sectio II.

Sp. 10. O. Dux, [¢, 9], Westw. Ann. Nat. Hist. 1841, p. 154..Ins. Philippin.

Westw. Or. Ent. 17, tab. viii. fig. 1.

Cumingii, Hope, Cat. Lucan. pp. 5, 17.

Alces, Burm. Handb. v. 360.

Alces?, Petiv. Gazoph. tab. xlvil. fig. 15 (1702).

Sp. 11. O. carrnatus,[¢, 9] Linn. Mus. Lud. Ulr. 34 (Scarabeus)..

Ind. Or. (Silhet).

Schonh. Syn. Ins. I. ili, 323.

? Thunb. Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscou, i. 193, tab. xii.

fig. 2.

Reiche, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr, ser. 3, 1. 72.

Alces, Fab. Syst. Ent. i. 1.

Oliv. Entom. I. i. 8, tab. i. fig. 3a.

(var. min.) Burm. Handb, v. 359.

camelus (var. minor), Oliv. Entom. 1. 22, tab. v. fig. 19.

Siva, Hope, Cat. Lucan. pp. 5, 16.

Sp. 12. O. serricosus,[$, 9] de Castelnau, Hist. Nat. Ins. ii. 171,

talliapxVie) L1e:call\ etevelle:elinie lolesiololetclelcl=)eloterctl AVas

ursus ©, de Castelnau, Hist. Nat. Ins. ii, 171, tab. xvi. fig, 2.

Vishnu (var. min.), Hope, Cat. Lucan. 17.

serrifer (var. min.), ap A

Alces, Burm. Handb. v. 359.

emarginatus, Dej. Cat. 193.

Reiche, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. ser. 3, i. 73.

Sp. 13. O. Datmani, [$, 9] Hope, Cat. Lucan. pp. 5, 17..

Tenasserim; Borneo; Sumatra; Malacca.

Thoms. Cat. Lucan. 394.

pubescens ¢, Blanchard, MS.

Sectio III.

Sp. 14. O. Srevensu, [¢, 9] Thoms. Cat. Lucan. 414 .....1++++Celebes,

Parry (Tab. V. fig, 2, 5).

Sp. 15. O. Deszanur,[¢, 9] Reiche, Rev. Zool. 1852, p. 21, tab. i.

fig. 4eececeeceeeees oe singaporia; Borneo; Malacca.

Lama ¢, De}. Cat. 193 (vid. Reiche, Ann. Soe. Ent. Fr.ser. 3,

i. 72; Thoms. Cat, Lucan. 395).

Styx @, Blanchard, MS.

latipennis 9, Hope, Cat, Lucan. pp. 5, 17.

Sp. 16. O. Casretnavnt, [ ¢] Parry, Proc. Ent. Soc. 1862, p.108....Sumatra,

», ante, p. 14 (Tab. I. fig. 2).

of Lucanoid Coleoptera. 77

Sp. 17. O. sicoror, [¢, 9] Oliv. Entom. I. i. 22, tab. v. fig. 20..

Malacca; Borneo; Sumatra.

Thunb. Mem, Soc. Nat. Moscou, i. 204, 34.

Schonh. Syn. Ins. I. 11. 322.

Westw. Or. Ent. 53, tab. xxvi. fig. 1.

Burm. Handb. vy. 360.

Sp. 18. O. Brooxeanvs, [¢, 9] Voll. Tijd. v. Ent. iv. 107, tab. vi.

fig. 1 (var. med.)...... +++. Borneo.

Parry, ante, p. 15 (Tab. VI. fig. 5, var, max.)

Sp. 19. O. Somment, [ ¢] Parry, Proc. Ent. Soc. 1862, p. 108 ..++..- Manilla.

», ante, p. 16 (Tab. VI. fig. 4).

Sp. 20. O. srriatus, [¢, 9] H. Deyrolle, MS. (vid. ane, p. 15)... Malacca.

Sp. 21. O. pratynotus 9, Hope, Cat. Lucan. pp. 5, 18.....+4+++0+.-China.

emarginatus ¢, Saunders, Tr. Ent. Soc. N.S. iii. 49, tab. iii.

fic. 4 @, fic. 5 ¢ var. min.

Evansii g, Westw. Tr. Ent. Soc. N.S. ii. 201, tab. x. fig. 5.

Sectio IV.

Sp. 22. O. Crncatensis,[ g, 9 ] Parry, ante, p. 16 (Tab. X. fig. 8).. Taprobana.

Bengalensis, Tennant, Hist. Ceylon, i. 27, Cat. Coleop.

Sp. 23. O. nicrira, H. Deyrolle, MS, (vid. ante, p. 17) ..+++++.++Taprobana.

Sp. 24. O. rstermentus, H. Deyrolle, MS. 2.00. seeeeeceeeee es Laprobana

Sp. nova, in Aan, Soc. Ent. Fr. 1864 descriptura.

Sp. 25. O. zratus ¢, Hope, Tr. Zool. Soc. i. 99, tab. xiv. fig. 2 ¢ var.

min. (nec @ )ee

Tenasserim; Ins. Walliz Principis ; Malacca,

Hope, Cat. Lucan. pp. 5, 16.

Westw. Ann. Sci. Nat. i, 118 (Calcodes).

»,, Or. Ent. 22, tab. x. fig. 6 (var. max.)

de Castelnau, Hist. Nat. Ins. ii. 172.

Burm. Handb. v. 36].

@, Parry (Tab. VII. fig. 9).

Genus 6. HETEROCHTHES, Westw., ante, p. 17.

Sp. 1. H. pracnyrrervs, [ ¢, 9] Westw., ante, p. 18 ....«Cambodia; Siama.

(Tab. X. fig. 6 9, fig. 7 ¢; Tab. XI. fig. 1 ¢ var. max.,

fig. 2 g var. min., fig. 3 9.)

Genus 7. NEOLUCANUS, Thoms. Cat. Lucan. 415.

Odontolabis, Hope, Tr. Linn. Soe. xix. 105; Cat. Lucan, 5.

Anoplocnemus, Burm, Handb. v. 357.

Anodontolabis, Parry, Tr, Ent. Soc. ser, 3, i, 447.

78 Major Parry’s Catalogue

Sp. 1. N. Barapeva, [¢, 9] Hope, Tr. Linn. Soc. xix. 105 4.++++.Silhet.

Parry (Tab. IX. fig. 1, mandibule).

1 Lama, Oliv. (vid. Parry, Tr. Ent. Soc. ser. 3, i. 453).

angulatus (var. min.), Hope, Cat. Lucan. 17,

bicolor, Burm. Handb. v. 360.

Sp. 2. N. Saunpersu,[ ¢] Parry, ante, p.20 (Tab. IX. fig. 3, mandib.).. Ind. Or.

Sp. 3. N. nrtipvus,[ ¢ ] Saunders, Tr. Ent, Soc. N.S. iii. 47, tab. iv. fig. 1.. China.

Sp. 4. N. naticotus, [ ¢, 9 ] Thunb. Mem. Soc. Nat. Mose. i. 163 .... Java.

Reiche, Ann. Soe. Ent. Fr. ser, 3, i. 80.

Thoms. Cat. Lucan, 395.

glabratus, Hope, Cat. Lucan. 18.

Dej. Cat. 193.

Sp. 5. N. casranoprervs,[ ¢, 2 ] Hope, Gray. Zool. Misc. 1831, p. 22.. Nepalia.

» Cat. Luean. pp. 5, 18.

Westw. Or. Ent, 22, tab. x. fig.5, 3 tab. xxvi.

fig; -O\.

bicolor, Burm. Handb. v. 360.

Sp. 6. N. Sinicus, [ ¢, 2 ] Saunders, Tr. Ent. Soc. N.S. ili, 48, tab. iv.

fig. 2,3 eeeees sisielelelele sisleieleioleiele cieveretelelereieletere ere ONIN Ar

Sp. 7. N. cincuratus, [ 2] Parry, ante, p.20 (Tab. IV. fig. 3)...... Malacca.

Sp. 8. N. Cuampiont, [ ¢] Parry, ante, pe 20 ..00 sees cscseecceccees China.

Genus 8. CLADOGNATHUS, Burm. Handb. v. 364.

Macrognathus, Hope, Cat. Lucan. 5.

Metopodontus, Hy 3 4.

Prosopocoilus, A 3 4,

Psalidognathus, Motsch. Etudes Ent. 1861, p. 13.

Prismognathus, ,, Schrenck. Reise, Col. (1860),

p- 1388 ; Etudes Ent. 1861, p. 10.

Species Asiatice.

Sectio I.

Sp. 1. C. Grrarra, [ f, 9 ] Fab. Syst. El. ii. 248 (Lucanus) ..Ind. Or., Java.

Oliv. Ent. I. i, 21, tab. v. fig. 16.

Thunb. Mem. Soc. Nat. Mose. i. 189, 4.

Schonh. Syn. Ins. I. iii. 318.

Burm. Handb. v. 368.

Brahminus ( @ var. min.), Hope, Tr. Linn. Soc. xix. 106.

Giraffoides A Hope, MS.

Whithillii i Hope, MS.

? Downesit 2, Hope, Cat. Lucan. 19.

Sp. 2. C. Conructus ¢, Hope, Ann, Nat. Hist. ii, 62; Cat. Lucan. 18., China.

? Downesit 2 , Hope, Cat. Lucan, 19.

of Lucanoid Coleoptera. 79

Sp. 3. C. Forricura, [¢, 9 ] Thoms. Rev. Zool. 1856, p. 327; Archiv.

Ent. i. 488, tab. xiv. fig. 7 $,8 9 ..00+-..--China.

Sectio II.

Sp. 4. C. rncrinatus, [¢, 9] Motsch. Etudes Ent. 1857, p. 29......Japonia.

Motsch. Etudes Ent. 1861, p. 13 (Psalidognathus).

mandibularis, Thoms. Cat. Lucan. 417.

Sp. 5. C. cinnamomeus, [$, 9] Guér, Ic. Réegne Anim. Ins, tab. xxvii.

fig. 3 (Lucanus) .. scecsecscseres eee ce ced AVe

Burm. Handb. v. 372 (Cladognathus).

Chenu, Encycl. d’Hist. Nat. tab. x. fig. 3.

pallidipennis, Hope, Tr. Linn. Soc. xviii. 590 (Lucanus).

Sulvipes (var. min.), Hope, Cat. Lucan. 13.

Rafflesii @, Hope, Proc. Ent. Soc. 1844, p. 106 (Lucanus).

Westw. Tr. Ent. Soc. iv. 274, tab. xx, fig. 2.

Sp. 6. C. casraneus, [S, 9] Hope, Cat. Lucan, 12 ...+.eseeceee+eeIndia

Sp. 7. C. roveatus,[¢, 9] Hope, Tr. Linn. Soc. xviii. pars 4; Cat.

Wcans U2) leveretatelclerere' ciel ole eyaveiev ere «reel ler Ona ASsalde

omissus, g, 9, Hope, Tr. Linn. Soc. xvii. pars 4; Cat.

Lucan. 12.

fraternus g (var. min.), Hope, Cat. Lucan. 12.

astucoides as », ‘Tr. Linn. Soe. xviii. pars 4.

Sp. 8. C. Macretianpr, [ ¢] Hope, Tr. Ent. Soc. iv. 74 ..sseeeeseee

» Ann, Nat. Hist. xii. 364.

», Cat. Lucan. 13.

Sp. 9. C. cruipes, [ ¢] Thoms. Cat, Lucan. 416 oevcsccecsceveee ce oe india.

Sp. 10. C. guaprinoposus, [ ¢] Parry, Proc. Ent. Soc. 1862, p. 109..Ind. Or.

- ante, p. 22 (Tab. VIII, fig. 4).

Sp. 11. C. Jenxrnsn, [ ¢] Westw. Orient. Ent. 21, tab. x. fig. 3 ....Assama.

Sp. 12. C. rravrous, [ ¢] Parry, Proc. Ent. Soc. 1862, p. 110 ..-.-.India Or.

4» ante, p. 27 (Tab. VIII. fig. 2).

Sp. 13. C. evecans, [¢] Parry, Proc. Ent. Soc. 1862, p. 110 ......India Or.

5» ante, p. 27 (Tab. VIII. fig. 3).

Sectio III.

Sp. 14. C. Watraces, [¢] Parry, Proc. Ent. Sec. 1862, p. 109....Ins. Gilolo.

» ante, p. 23 (Tab. VII. fig. 2).

Sp. 15. C. pecrprens, [ Q ] Parry, ante, p. 31 (Tab. IV. fig. 4) ....Malabaria.

Specimen ¢ in Mus, Lugdun., forsitan hujus speciei.

80 Major Parry’s Catalogue

Sp. 16. C. Larerrer ¢, Reiche, Rev. Zool. 1852, p. 24, tab.i... Ins. Nov. Hebrid.

©, Parry, Proc. Ent. Soc. 1862, p. 109.

» ante, p. 23 (Tab. VIII. fig. 5).

Lifuanus $ (var. min.), Montrousier, Ann, Soc. Ent. Fr. 1860,

Ps 281 sececceveceececccecceseeesecesseceeeN, Caledonia.

Sp.17. C. assrmtuis, [ 9 ] Parry, ante, p. 25.+..00--+ee00-+-.~-Ins, Waigiou,

productus 9, Parry, Proc. Ent. Soc, 1862, p. 109.

Sp. 18. C. Tracutus g, Voll. Tijd. v. Ent. iv. 113, tab. vii. fig. 4, 5..

Ins. Ternate.

Q, Parry, ante, p. 24 (Tab. VII. fig. 6 ¢).

preductus ¢, Parry, Proc. Ent. Soc. 1862, p. 109.

Sp. 19. C. Bison, [f#, 9] Fab. Syst. El. ii. 250 (Lucanus)..Amboyna; Celebes.

Oliv. Ent. I. i, 13, tab. iii. fig. 6.

Thunb. Mem. Soc. Nat. Mose. i. 193.

Schonh. Syn. Ins, I. in. 324.

Burm. Handb. v. 873 (Cladognathus).

tesserurius, Herbst, Col. iii. 298, tab. xxxiii. fig. 3 (Lucanus).

Voet. Col. i. 55, tab. xxx. fig. 6.

Sulvolimbatus, Blanch. Voy. Péle Sud, iv. 138, tab. ix. fig. 11

ideo.

Sp. 20. C. crnctrus, [ g ] Montrousier, Faune de 1’Ilede Woodlark, Ann. Soc.

Agric. Lyon, vii. 26.. Tus. Woodlark, N. Guinea, Ki, Aru.

Sp. pracedentis var. ? (vid. ante, p. 22).

Sp. 21. C. rarerauis, [%, 9 ] Hope, Cat. Lucan. 13....Ins. Philipp., Celebes.

marginatus, Burm. Handb. v. 369.

Sp. 22. C. Zezra, [$, 9] Oliv. Ent. 1.1, 24, tab. v. fig. 17 (Lucanus).. Birma.

Thunb. Mem. Soc. Nat. Mose. i. 206.

Schonb, Syn. Ins. I. ii, 322.

Voll. Tijd. v. Ent. iv. 108.

Parry, ante, p. 25 (Tab. IV. fig.5 9).

Sp. 23. C. sururatis, [ ¢] Oliv. Ent. I. i. 16, tab. iv. fig. 12 (Lucanus)..

Siama aut Malacca.

Fab. Syst. El. ii. 250; Ent. Syst. I. i. 238.

Tllig. Mag. iv. 104,

Thunb. Mem. Soc. Nat. Mosc. i. 200.

Hope, Ent. Mag. v. 316.....+00+eeeeeeeeee-Japonia.

Parry, ante, p. 25.

Sp. 24. C. occiprracis, [ ¢, 9] Hope, Cat. Lucan. 13..

Ins. Philipp., Celebes, Borneo.

Westw. Orient. Ent. 22, tab. x. fig. 4.

astericus 9 , Thoms. Cat, Lucan. 417,

Sp. 25. C. sirpracratus, [¢, 9] Westw. Tr. Ent. Soc. N.S. iii. 200,

tab. x. fig. 4 (Lucanus)..

Nepalia; Thibeta; Siama.

fasciatus, Reiche, MS.

of Lucanoid Coleoptera. 81

26. C. rvquinatus, [$, 9] Westw. Orient. Ent. tab. viii. fig. 4 .... India.

Sp. pracedentis, var. ?

. 27. C. arrenvatus, [ ¢] Parry, ante, p. 26 (Tab. IV. fig. 2) ....Malacea.

. 28. C. sericeus, [ , 9 ] Westw. Tr. Ent. Soc. iv. 274, tab. xx. fig. 3

(Lucanus)......eeseeee+--Java; Borneo; Malacca,

pulverosus a Parry, Proc. Ent. Soc. 1862, p. 110 (Tab. VI.

fig. 1, var. max.).

Juvencus 9 (Dej.), Thoms. Cat. Lucan. 396.

. 29. C. rutvonoratus, [ f] Parry, Proc. Ent. Soc. 1862, p.111.... Ind. or.

» ante, p. 28 (Tab. VI. fig. 3).

30. C. pistenatus, [ g, 2] Parry, Proc. Ent. Soc. 1862, p. 111 .... Ind. or.

» ante, p. 28 (Tab. VIL. fig. 3 8,5 2).

Sectio IV.

. 31. C. rortus, [ ¢ ] Parry, Proc. Ent. Soc. 1862, p. 110 .......+ Ind. or.

»» ante, p. 21 (Tab. X. fig. 5).

. 32. C. porsatis,[#, 2] Erichs. Act. Acad. Ces. Leop. v. 16, Suppl.

tale XXMVIle 13 Ow oiel [ere cl viel ele/e ee) ele e's <le? LNSe) Xn pps

Parry, ante, p. 31.

. 33. C. cavirrons, [ ¢, 9 ] Hope, Cat. Lucan. 13 ..........Jns. Philipp.

dorsalis g, Burm. Handb. v. 370.

tenuipes 2, Hope, Cat. pp. 5, 18 (Odontolabis).

. 34, C. approxiatus, [ ¢, 9 ] Parry, ante, p. 33... China Cochin., Siama.

. 835. C. Buppua, [ ¢] Hope, Tr. Linn. Soc. xix. 107 (Tab. XII. fig. 3)..

Ind. bor.

Thibeticus (var. min.), Westw. Tr. Ent. Soc. N.S. iii. 199,

tab. x. fig. 3.

. 36. C. Dauricus, [¢, 9] Motsch. Etudes Ent. 1861, p. 10 ......Dauria.

©, Motsch. Schrenck. Reise, Col. 138, tab. ix.

fig. 11 (Metopodontus).

subeneus g, Motsch. Schrenck. Reise, Col. 138, tab. 1x. fig. 12

(Prismognathus).

37. C.squamizateris,[ ¢, 9 ] Parry, Proc. Ent. Soc. 1862, p.110..

Borneo, Malacca.

» ante, p. 26.

Sp. 38. C. perrrexvs, [ ¢] Parry, Proc. Ent. Soc. 1862, p. 111...... Ind. or.

ante, p. 26.

VOL. Il. THIRD SERIES, PART 1.—MAY, 1864. G

. 43.

. 44,

2 4Ts

. 48,

- 49.

Major Parry’s Catalogue

Sectio V.

. C. Owent, [f, 2] Hope, Cat. Lucan. pp. 4, 14 ....--08.. Assama.

subangulatus 9 4, 45 », pp. 6, 24 (Dorcus).

. C. rorcers, [f] Voll. Tijd. v. Ent. iv. 109, tab. vi. fig. 2 .. Sumatra.

C. Spencu, [¢, 9] Hope, Tr. Linn. Soc. xviii. 589 ........ Assama.

Parry, Proc. Ent. Soc. 1864, p. 8 ; ante, p. 37.

bulbosus g (var. min.), Hope, Tr. Linn. Soe. xviii. 589, tab.

xlfign2

punetiger 9, Hope, Tr. Linn. Soc. xviii, 592 ( Dorcus).

;, Cat. Lucan. 24;

. C. crenicoruis, [ ¢] Thoms. Cat. Lucan. 418 ........+-+. Ind. or.

C. curvires 9, Hope, Cat. Lucan. 25 .....ceseeec-oe-ee Ind. or.

&, Parry, ante, p. 35.

C. runs, [ 9 ] Westw. ante, p. 35 (Tab. XI. fig. 4)..

Ind. or., vel Ins. Indicis ?

Species Africane.

Sectio I.

. C. Downesu, [ g ] Hope, Tr. Zool. Soc, i. 99, tab. xiii. fig. 7 ..

Fernando Po.

Hope, Cat. Lucan. 11.

de Castelnau, Hist. Nat. Ins. i. 172.

Burm. Handb. v. 374.

. C. Savacer,[¢, 9] Hope, Ann. Nat. Hist. ix. 494 ...... Afric. occ.

ungulatus @ (var.min.), ,, rp » 3 Cat. Lucan.

pp. 11, 12.

C. eximtus, [¢, Q] Parry, ante, p. 33..+ecceeccecereees Afric. OCC.

Sectio II.

C.serricornis, [ ¢ ] Latr. Cuv. Régne Anim. iii. tab. xvii. fig. 3..

Madagascaria.

Burm. Handb. v. 892 (Dorcus )

Reiche, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr, ser. 3, i. 81.

2 var. serricornis (in Mus. Parry) o+sssscseeceve ee ee Mozambique.

C. Srnecacensis, [¢, 9] Klug, Erm. Reis. Atl. 38, 103..

Senegalia, Guinea.

de Castelnau, Hist. Nat. Ins. it. 172.

Reiche, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. ser. 3, 1. 76.

Dej. Cat. 193 (Dorcus).

Antilopus ¢, Burm. Handb. v. 371.

Thoms. Cat. Lucan. 396.

Martini g, Hope, Cat. Lucan. 14.

bispinosus 9, Gory, MS. (Mus. Oxon.)

of Lucanoid Coleoptera. 83

Sp. 50. C. Anritopus, [ ¢] Swed. Act. Holm. 1787, iii. 186, tab. viii.

fig. 3 cece cescocvccccevece Sierra Leonum, Guinea.

Sp. 51. C. quaprivens, [ ¢, 9 ] Hope, Cat. Lucan. 14..Sierra Leonum, Guinea.

Sayersii (var. max.), Hope, Cat. Lucan. 14,

piceipennis @ (var. med.), ,, ” ”» 8

speculifer @ (var. min.), 9, ” yy 8

Senegalensis ¢ (var. min.), 5 »» 4 (nec Klug).

An species distincta, vel pracedentis varietas ? (vid. ante, p. 34).

Sectio IIT. _

Sp. 52. C. Natarensis, [¢, 9] Parry, ante, p. 36 ....ceceeeeeee ee Natalia.

Sp. 53. C. razer, [ ¢, 9 ] Thoms. Cat. Lucan. 419 (nec Dej. Cat.), (Tab.

XII. fig. 2) re ee ee ed Afrie. oce.

Cristofori, Westermann, Spinola, MS.

Sp. 54. C. moperstus, [ ¢] Parry, ante, p. 29 (Tab. XII. fig. 1).... Afric. occ.

Genus 9. HOMODERUS, Parry, Proc. Ent. Soc. 1862, p. 107 ; ante, p. 38.

Sp. 1. H. Metryr, [¢, 9] Parry, Proc. Ent. Soe. 1862, p. 107..

Guinea, Calabaria Ant.

Westw. Tr. Ent. Soc. ser. 3, i. 437, tab. xvi. fig. 7 ¢,

8 9.

Parry, ante, p. 88 (Tab. XII. fig. 6, caput ¢ var.

max.).

Genus 10. CYCLORASIS, Thoms. Cat. Lucan. pp. 397, 421.

Cyclophthalmus, Hope, Cat. Lucan. 5.

Sp. 1. C. prarycepuatus, [%, 9] Hope, Ann. Nat. Hist. xii. 364..

Ind, or., Assama.

Trans. Ent. Soe. iv. 73.

me Cate bucans of

Westw. Orient. Ent. 17, tab. viii. fig. 2.

Thoms. Cat, Lucan. 421.

”

Sp. 2. C. Jexetit, [¢, 9] Parry, ante, p. 41 (Tab. XI. fig. 4)..

Chowsan, Corea.

Sp. 3. C. susnitens, [ ¢] Parry, Proc. Ent. Soc. 1862, p. 112 -+..-+..Ind. or.

» ante, p. 42 (Tab. VII. fig. 1).

Genus. 11. CYCLOMMATUS, Parry, Tr. Ent. Soc. ser. 3, i. 449.

Cyclophthalmus, Hope, Cat. Lucan. 5.

Cladognathus, Burm. Handb. v. 364.

Mega!oprepes, Thoms, Cat, Lucan, 420.

Major Parry’s Catalogue

Sp. 1. C. metarurer, [¢, 9] Boisd. Voy. Astrolabe, Ent. Col. 236,

Sp.

3. C.

4. C.

5 bs (Or

bth (Ec

Hote

tabswd. fie. 20 scealslelwbisrscas «+ veise DS.atehian.

Parry, ante, p. 39.

@neomicans g@ (var. min.) 9, Parry, Proc. Ent. Soc, 1862, p. 111.

. Tarannus, [¢, 9] Thunb. Mem. Soc. Nat. Mose. i. 190,

tab. xii. fig. 1 (Lucanus) .......-++2++-+«- Borneo.

Burm. Handb. v. 374.

White, Low. Hist. Sarawak, App. 115, Ins. fig. 1.

rangifer (var, med.), Schonh. Syn. Ins. I. i, 322.

Westw. Orient. Ent. 21, tab. x. fig. 2.

Mniszecun, [¢, 2] Thoms. Rev. Zool. 1856, p. 526; Cat.

Lucan. 397 (Megaloprepes) -.. +++. eeeeeeee++China,

striciceps, [ ¢ ] Westw. Orient. Ent. 18, tab. viii. fig. 5....«Ind. or.

multidentatus (var. min.) 4, ,, 17, tab. vill. fig. 3.

A¥Finis, [ ¢ ] Parry, ante, p.40 ...seeseeece Ins. Philipp. ; Borneo.

Marrtuanpr, [ ¢ ] Parry, ante, p. 40 (Tab. XII. fig. 4).....Ins. Nias.

FaunicoLon, [ ¢] Hope, Proc. Ent. Soc. 1844, p. 106......¢sJava.

Westw. Tr. Ent. Soc. iv. 273, tab. xx. fig. 1.

Sp. 8. C. Denaanu, [ ¢] Westw. Ann. Nat. Hist. 1841, p. 124 ......-.Java.

Burm. Handb. v. 375.

metallifer, Hope, Cat. Lucan. 5.

Sp. 9. C. rnsien1s, [ $] Parry, Proc. Ent. Soc. 1862, p. 111.....+Archip. or. ?

», - ante, p. 4).

Genus 12. CANTHAROLETHRUS, Thoms. Cat. Lucan. 411.

Sp. 1. C. Luxern, [ ¢] Buquet, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1843, p.51 (Dorcus)..

Columbia.

Parry, Proc. Ent. Soc. 1864, p. 63; ante, p. 6 (Tab.

IX. fig. 6).

Georgius, Thoms. Cat. Lucan. 412.

Sp. 2. C. Rercut, [ 9 ] Hope, Tr. Ent. Soc. iv. 182, tab. xiii. fig. 3 (Pho-

Tid Otus))) ‘eis icre!=\she\elelei~ eleie vie sieie sisialcieleleie(s eelee COlMMDIa's

Burm. Handb, v. 420, n.

Lacord. Gen. Col. iii. 12.

Thoms. Cat. Lucan. 413.

Chenu, Encycl. d’Hist. Nat. tab. x. fig. 4.

An species distincta, vel foemina precedentis ?

Genus 138. LEPTINOPTERUS, Hope, Ent. Mag. v. 316 (1838).

Psalicerus, De}. Cat. 194.

Psalidostomus, Burm. Handb. v. 377 (1847).

of Lucanoid Coleoptera. 85

Sectio I.

Sp. l. L. Frys, [¢] Parry, Proc. Ent. Soc, 1862, p. 112...0++ee++e Brasilia.

», ante, p. 43 (Tab. VII. fig. 4).

Sp. 2. L. remoratus, [%, 2] Fab. Syst. El. ii. 249; Ent. Syst. ii, 237

(QETGEIM ED): Gooacuolcandonbooucane cdeo oc sms lie

Oliv. Ent. I. i..17, tab. iv. fig. 10.

Thunb, Mem. Soc. Nat. Mose. i. 189.

de Castelnau, Hist. Nat. Ins. ii. 172, tab. xvii. fig.

Ty 2.

Schonh. Syn. Ins. I. iii. 323.

Burm. Handb. v. 378 (Psalidostomus),

De}. Cat. 194 (Psalicerus).

rufifemoratus 9 , Hope, Cat. Lucan. 5.

Sp. 3. L. eryrurocnemus, [ $ ] Burm. Handb. v. 378 ( Psalidostomus).. Brasilia.

Dej. Cat. 194 (sec. Burm.)

tibialis, Klug, Spec. alt. Ent. Braz, 20; Nov. Act. phys. med.

Soc. Ces. Leop. Car. n. c. xii. 2, 43! (sec. Burm.).

femoratus, Thoms. Cat. Lucan, 397.

Sp. 4. L. trrauis, [¢, 9] Esch. Ent. in Nat. Wiss. Abh. aus Dorpat, i.

Gli tabs. figs (Uucanus)) sasic ccc sclelecie se ose Dlasiliag

Burm. Handb. v. 379 (Psalidostomus).

Hope, Cat. Lucan. 5.

Sectio IT.

Sp. 5. L. metranarius, [¢, 9 ] Hope, Cat. Lucan. 15.... eee. ++++e+ Brasilia.

Junereus (var, min.) Ap rn pp. 5, 1d.

morio, Burm. Handb, v. 379.

nigripes, Dej. Cat. 194 (sec. Thoms.).

Sp. 6. L. Inex, [¢, 9] Bilb. Nov. Ins. Sp. n. 1 (Lucanus) ........ Brasilia.

Sturm, Cat. Coleop. 67, tab. ii. fig. 184 (var. max.),

c (var, min.).

Germ. Mag. iv. 366.

aries 9, Dej. Cat. 194 (sec. Reiche, Ann. Soc, Ent. Fr, ser. 3,

i. 78).

complanatus ¢, Dej. Cat. 194 (sec. Reiche, 1. c.).

polyodontus & (var. max.), Dej. Cat. 194 (sec. Reiche, |. ¢.).

sarcorhamphus, de Castelnau, Elist. Nat. Ins, ii. 172.

Sp. 7. L. V.-nicer, [$, 9] Hope, Cat. Lucan. pp. 5, 15 ..+++e.+.. Brasilia.

triangularis, De}. Cat. 194 ( Psalicerus).

Burm. Handb. v. 380 (Psalidostomus).

Sp. 8. L. putcnettus g (MS. Mus. Berol.) ..++eeseeeeeee++Amer. merid.

Sp. 9. L. potyopontvs, | ¢, 9] Hope, Cat. Lucan. 15 .«...-++.. ++ Brasilia.

Burm. Handb. v, 381.

86 Major Parry’s Catalogue

Sp. 10. L. rotunpatus, [ ¢] Parry, Proc. Ent. Soc. 1862, p. 112 (Psali-

dostomus) .++.+.+++.e+++--Amer, merid. (Bras. ?)

Parry, ante, p. 43 (Tab. VII. fig. 8).

pachygnathus, MS. Mus. Berol. ( Dorcus).

Genus 14. MACROCRATES, Burm, Handb. v. 381.

Sp. 1. M. Bucernatus, [¢, 9] Burm. Handb. v. 382 ........++.+. Brasilia.

Hope, Cat. Lucan. 15.

Reiche, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. ser. 3, i. 78.

©, Dohrn, Stett. Ent. Zeitsch.1862, p. 155.

longicornis, Burm. MS,

Fam. II. DORCIDA.

Genus 1. HEMISODORCUS, Thoms. Cat. Lucan. 421.

Dorcus, Burm. Handb. v. 383.

Macrognathus, Hope, Cat. Lucan. 5.

Sp. 1. H. Neparensis, [%, 9] Hope, Gray. Zool. Miscell. 1831, p. 22.

(Lucanus); Cat. Lucan. 19..-...Nepalia; Assama,.

Burm. Handb. v. 391.

similis, Hope, Zool. Miscell. 1831, p. 22; Cat, Lucan. 19.

Chevrolatii, Hugel, Ins. Kaschmir, iv. 532.

Chenu, Mag. de Zool. 1845, tab. xliv.

Rafflesii (var. max.), Hope, Tr. Linn. Soe. xix. 588.

Parryi (var. min.), 5, Proc. Ent. Soc. 1843, p. 94; Tr.

Ent. Soc. iv. 183; Cat. Lucan. 21.

Sp. 2. H. Macreayi,[¢, 9] Hope, Cat. Lucan. pp. 6, 19....-+....-Assama.

Sp. 3. H. cracitis, [¢, Q ] Saunders, Tr. Ent. Soc. N.S. iii. 47, tab. iii.

fig. 3 (Cladognathus)......0e+seecsecoeccee++China

Sp. 4. H. vicerpennis, [ $ ] Westw. Tr. Ent. Soc. N. S. iii. 202, tab. x.

fig. 6 (Cladognathus) ....+..... China vel Thibeta.

Sp. 5. H. Passatorpes 9, Hope, Cat. Lucan. 24 ......++++.. Java, Borneo.

¢, Parry, ante, p. 44 (Tab. X. fig. 4).

Genus 2, DITOMODERUS, Parry, ante, p. 45.

Sp. 1. D. miraninis, [¢, 9] Parry, ante, p. 45 (Tab. XII. fig. 6) .. Borneo.

Genus 3. EURYTRACHELUS, Thoms. Cat. Lucan. 421,

Platyprosopus, Hope, Cat. Lucan. 6.

Dorcus, Burm. Handb. v. 383.

De}. Cat. 193.

Sp. 1. E.

Sp. 3. E.

Sp. 4. E.

of Lucanoid Coleoptera. 87

Sectio I.

Buceruatus, [f, 9] Perty, Cat. Col. Ind. Or. 36, fig. 5

(Lucants) ....++00e+e+0. eee. India, Archip. Ind.

Burm. Handb. v. 384.

Briareus ¢, Hope, Cat. Lucan, 20.

Urus &, Dej. Cat. 193 (Doreus); vid. Reiche, Ann. Soc.

Ent. Fr. Ser. 3, i. 79.

Axis $ (var. min.), Dej. Cat. 193.

rugifrons 9, Hope, Cat. Lucan. 24,

lateralis 9, Dej. Coll. (vid. Reiche, 1. ¢.)

punctifrons 9, Sturm. Cat. Coleop. 136.

subcostatus 9, De Haan, MS.

). Trran, [&, 9] Boisd. Faune de l’Océanie, 237; Voy.

Astrolabe, tab. vi. fig. 19 (Lucanus)..

Archip. Ind.; Ins. Philipp.; Celebes, Java.

Burm. Handb. v. 384 (Dorcus).

Voll. Tijd. v. Ent. iv. 10.

Westerman, [ ¢] Hope, Tr. Linn. Soc. xix. 106 ......+.-+- Silhet.

PLAIYMELUS, [ g, 1 Saunders, Tr. Ent. Soc. N. S. iii. 50,

tab. iil. fig, Jeessscceese Bo odpoonocOO CINE

pilifer g, Voll. Tijd. v. Ent, iv. 112, tab. vi. ee

marginalis 9 , Saunders, Tr. Ent. Soa: N. S. iii. 53, tab. iv.

fig. 6.

obscurus 2, Saunders, Tr. Ent. Soc. N. S. iii. 52, tab. iv. fig. 7.

. Bunatus, [ #] Perty, Cat. Col. Ind. Or. 35 (Lucanus) Ind. or., Java?

eurycephalus, Burm. Handb. v. 387 (sec. Reiche, Ann. Soc.

Ent. Fr. ser. 3, i. 79, et Lacord. Gen. Col.

iii. 79).

Species distincta, vel E, Bucephali, vel E, Titanis var. min.?

Sp. 6. E.

Sp. 7. E.

Tiryus, [¢, 9] Hope, Tr. Ent. Soc. iv. 74........ Ind. or., Silhet.

Falco, &, Hope, Cat. Lucan. 6.

Chevrolutii, ¢, Thoms. Cat. Lucan. 308 (nec Hope).

semirugosus, g (var. min.), Thoms. Cat, Lucan. 422.

evaratus, 9, Thoms. Cat. Lucan. 426.

lineatopunctatus, 2 , Hope, Zool. Miscell. i. 22 ; Cat. Lucan. 23,

Saica, [¢, Q] Oliv. Ent. I. i. 29, tab. v. fig. 18 (Lucanus)..

Java, Sumatra,

Fab. Syst. El. ii. 250.

Schénh. Syn. Ins. I. ii, 32, 22.

Burm. Handb. v. 387 (Dorcus).

elaphus, Herbst, Col. Icon. tab. xxxiil. fig. 6.

gypaétos, de Castelnau, Hist. Nat. Ins. ii, 172.

Chevrolatii (var. max.), Hope, Ann. Nat. Hist. xii, 364; Cat.

Lucan. 20.

incertus (var. min.), Hope, Cat. Lucan, 22,

88 Major Parry’s Catalogue

Sp. 7. E. Satca—contin.

dubius (var. min.), Hope, Cat, Lucan, 21.

indeterminatus ,, aD ae

lateralis 9, De}. Cat. 193.

pygargus Q, 4,

inermis 9, Fab. (sec. epee, in Mus. Hopeiano).

Sp. 8. E. cripeicers, [¢, 9] Chevr. Rev. Zool. 1841, p. 224.... Ins. Philipp.

Moloschus, Hope, Cat. Lucan. 21 (1845).

Oryx, Burm, Handb, v. 889 (1847).

Sp. 9. E. purpurascens, [¢, 9] Voll. Tijd. v. Ent. iv. 111, tab. vil.

fig. 1, 2 ¢ (fig. 6 Q, vid. ante, p. 24)..

Sumatra, Malacca.

Sp. 10. E. concoror, [¢] Blanch, Voy. Pole Sud, iv. 138, tab. ix.

Figei MO ewrelstelolsieisteleleolsle/alns elsieiaje eelerle st AMD OVTar

Ceramensis, Thome: Cat. aoa 424,

Sp. 11. E, Tuomsonr, [] Parry, ante, p.47 seseseeeseeeeeee Ins, Moluce.

Sectio II.

Sp. 12. E. Reicun,[¢, 9] Hope, Ann. Nat. Hist. xii. 364; Tr. Ent.

Sociiv. #4); (Cats Lucan 2ill jeteclelolen «isle/eisielelorje oll nets

cognatus (var. min.), Hope, Aun. Nat. Hist. xii. 364; Tr. Ent.

Soc. iv. 75.

Blanchardi (var. min.), Hope, ll. ce.; Cat. Lucan. 21.

punctilabris (var. min.), Hope, il. ce.

Sp. 13. E, Niporensis, [¢, Q@ ] Voll. Tijd. v. Ent. iv. 113, tab. vii. fig.

SHUDENGUD) Godabb bondoc adcuc0oguccd cu dane

diabolicus, Thoms. Cat, Lucan. 423.

Genus 4. DORCUS, M‘Leay, Hor. Ent. i. 111.

Thoms. Cat. Lucan. 398.

Sectio I.

Sp. 1. D. Anraus, [¢] Hope, Ann. Nat. Hist. xil, 864; Tr. Ent. Soc.

iv. 74; Cat. Lucan. pp. 6, 20( Platyprosopus)....Assama.

Hujus speciei sit forsitan foemina Dorcus Scaritides (post, p.90) ?

Sp. 2. D. Denaant, [3, 2] Hope, Tr. Linn. Soc. xix. 106; Cat.

Wncany 22%. ciclatee sie O50000 00 000050 Jogo og ANE

Klugit g (var. max.), Thoms. Cat. Lucan. 424,

curvidens @ (var min.), Hope, Tr. Linn. Soc. xviil. 589; Cat.

Lucan, 22.

Sp.

of Lucanoid Coleoptera. 89

3 D. Hopes, [¢, 9] Saunders, Tr. Ent. Soc. N.S. iii. 50, tab. iii.

FIP. 8 wip ve cn seine olan cic’ eleisfaluletatcls\elelolslelets|aie/> «/9) 010d.

striatopunctatus (var. min.), Saunders, Tr, Ent. Soc. N.S. iii.

51, tab, iv. fig. 5.

striatus 2, Saunders, Tr. Ent. Soe. N.S. iil. 53, tab. iv. fig. 4.

Sp. 4. D. Parry, [ ¢ ] Thoms. Cat. Lucan. 425 ........+++++-Ins, Celebes.

. 5. D. Ternatensis, [ ¢ ] Thoms. Cat. Lucan, 423 ......+--+Ins, Ternate.

Sectio II.

. 6. D. victnus, [g, 9 ] Saunders, Tr. Ent. Soc. N.S. iii. 51, tab. iv.

fig. 9 usalaial diel ola) sislistoletala(ale's)alahe/ekelalsie/elaieforelalals) ee C.010 de

. 7. D. susmoraris, [ ¢] Hope, Cat. Lucan. pp. 6, 23 ..++..ee+ee0+ eeIndia.

Bengalensis (var. min.) 45 pp: 6, 22.

.8. D. sinervis,[ ¢ ] Motsch. Etudes Ent. 1861, p.18..Ins. Tzousima (Corez),.

.9. D. cytinpricus, [ ¢] Thoms, Cat. Lucan. 427....eesececcceee India.

. 10. D. parauzecus, [f¢, 9] Burm. Handb. v. 395 ......++-.Amer. bor.

Knoch, Melsheimer, Cat. 57.

Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Se. Philad. iii. 248,

oetii, Schonh. Syn. Ins. I. iii, 326 (Lucanus),

aper, Dej. Cat. 193.

Hope, Cat. Lucan. 6.

. 11. D. srevis, [ ¢] Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. v. 202 (vid.

Melsheimer, Cat. 57) ..cecececeeceececeseAmer, bor.

. 12, D. Mazama, [ ¢] Leconte, Proc, Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1861,

PPOs Oana ste sloalca viele cise en aa/sa cd sale) oso DLCKIC(,

Parry, ante, p. ol.

. 13. D. PARALLELEPIPEDUS, [¢, 9] Linn. Syst. Nat. I. ii. 56]

(Lucanus)..e+.. see -.--Europa, Tanger.

M'‘Leay, Hor. Ent. i. 111.

Burm. Handb. v, 393.

Mulsant, Lamell. de Fr. 581, tab. i.

fig. 18.

Lucas, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1858, Bulletin,

p- 4.

Ratzeb. Forst. Ins. i. 86, tab. iil. fig. 19.

Dufour, Ann. Se. Nat. ser. 2, xviii. 166,

fig. 5 A.

Schooh. Syn. Ins, I. iii. 325.

Truquit g, var., Mulsant, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, ii. 14.

bituberculatus 9, M‘Leay, Hor. Ent. i. 112,

90) Major Parry’s Catalogue

Sp. 14. D. Musimon, [ ¢, 9] Gené, Ins. Sard. i. 32, tab. i. fig. 23 9,

ii, 28, tab. i. fig. 19 G@ ...+....Sardinia, Afric. bor.

Burm. Handb. v. 394.

Sp. 15. D. Peyronis, [¢, 9] Reiche et Saulcy, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. ser.

3, iv. 407, tab. xii. fig. 9........ Syria; Caramania.

Sp. 16. D. Scaritrpes, [ 9] Hope, Cat. Lucan. 24.....+......Ind. Himalay.

Forsitan D. Anta@i (ante, p. 88) foemina?

Sp. 17, D. perexictus,[ 9 7} Parry, Proc. Ent. Soc. 1862, p.112..Ind. Himalay.

» ante, p. 50.

Sp. 18. D. Hypropuirorpes, [ 9 ] Hope, Cat. Lucan. 23..

N. Holl.; Ins. Melville.

Sp. 19. D. carzonanius, [2] West. Tr. Ent. Soc. ser. 3, 1.515, tab. xxi.

fi Pel dousie\latelsivicioie's v's alo'e'eeletelels vleiels|*)c\eiriel Na Olle

Sp. 20. D. Petortpes, [¢ ] Westw. Tr. Ent. Soc. N.S. ili. 220 ; id. ser.

3, 1.514, tab. xxi. fig. 2..Sin. Moreton. (Nov. Holl.).

Hujus speciei sit forsitan mas Lissotes Howittanus (post, p. 97)?

Genus 5. MACRODORCAS,* Motsch. Etudes Ent. 1861, p. 15.

Psalidostomus, D > 1857, p. 29.

Sp. 1. M. rectus, [¢, 9] Motsch. Etudes Ent. 1861, p. 16 .......+Japonia.

” ”» 1857, Pp. 29.

Sp. 2. M. rucrpennts, [ ¢ ] Motsch. Etudes Ent. 1861, p. 16 ........Japonia.

Sp. 3. M. srrratirennts, [ ¢ ] Motsch. Etudes Ent. 1861, p. 17......Japonia.

Sp. 4. M. crizetzatvs, [ ¢] Motsch. Etudes Ent. 1861, p.17.....-..Japonia.

Genus 6. SERROGNATHUS,* Motsch.

Sp.1. S. casranicotor, [ ¢] Motsch. Etudes Ent. 1661, p. 12..Ins. Tzousima.

Genus 7. GNAPHALORYX, Burm. Handb. v. 396.

Macrognathus, Hope, Cat. Lucan. 5.

Dorcus, De}. Cat. 194.

Sp. 1. G. Taurus, [¢, 9] Fab. Syst. El. ii. 250 (Lucanus) .... Archip, Ind.

Hope, Cat. Lucan. 5 (Macrognathus).

Bonasus, Dej. Cat. 194 (Dorcus).

opacus, Burm, Handb. v. 397.

“ Genera Macrodoreas et Serrognathus deseriptionibus solummodo mihi cognita,

of Lucanoid Coleoptera. 91

Sp. 2. G. squaripus, [ ¢, 2] Hope, Cat. Lucan. pp. 5, 19...++++s00.-Java.

tomentosus, Burm. Handb. v. 397.

Dej. Cat. 194.

lutulentus, Dehaan, MS.

Sp. 3. G. pitaticotts, [ f] Parry, ante, p. 51 ..++e+eeeeeeeeArchip. Ind. ?

Sp. 4. G. rarvutus, [¢, 2 ] Hope, Cat. Lucan. pp. 6, 25 (Dorcus)..

Ins. Philipp.

Sp. 5. G. scutptipennis, [ ¢] Parry, ante, p.52.....+4- wiefsiviels}els Nie Guineas

Sp. 6. G. vecurinus, [g, 9] Thoms. Cat. Lucan, 426 (Doreus) ....Ind. or.

Genus 8. ASGUS, M‘Leay, Hor. Ent. i, 112.

Burm. Handb. y. 398.

Sectio I.

Sp. 1. 4. acuminatus, [¢, 9] Fab. Syst. El. ii, 251 (Lucanus)..

Java, Sumatra.

Schonh. Syn. Ins. 1. iii. 325.

Burm. Handb. v. 399.

cornutus &, Thunb. Mem. Soc. Nat. Mosc. i. 202, tab. xii. fig. 3.

cicatricosus 9, Wied. Zool. Mag. II. i. 108 (vid. ante, p. 52).

luteus 9, Westw. Tr. Ent. Soc. N.S. iii. 118, tab. xii. fig. 4

(vid. ante, p. 51).

obscurus 9, M‘Leay, Hor. Ent. i, 113 (sec. Burm.)

striatellus 9, Perty, Col. Ind. Or, 35 (see. Burm.)

Sp. 2. A. tunatus,[ ¢, 9] Weber, Obs. Ent. i. 83 (Lucanus)..Java, Sumatra.

Fabr. Syst. El. ii. 252.

Schonh. Syn. Ins, I. iii, 327.

Illig. Mag, i. 249 ; ib. iv. 104, 19 et 25.

Thunb. Mem. Soc. Nat. Mose. i, 203.

Burm. Handb. v. 400.

Hope, Cat. Lucan. 6.

Thoms, Cat. Lucan. 399.

falciger, Westw. Ann. Se. Nat. ser. 2, 1. 118, sub. 10.

porcellus, De}. Cat. 194 (Dorcus).

depressus, Ilig. Wied. Archiv. I. i. 105.

punctatus Q, Fabr. Syst. El. il. 253,

Sp. precedentis var. minor? (vid. ante, p. 53).

Sp. 3. AS. Kanprensis, [$, 9 ] Hope, Cat. Lucan. 6 (vid. ante, p.53)..

Ins. Taprob., Philipp. et Borneo.

Thoms. Cat. Lucan. 399.

cicatricosus 9 , Hope, Cat. Lucan, 6.

Sp. 4. A. cnetrrer, [ ¢, 2 ] M‘Leay, Hor. Ent. i. 113 (vid. ante, p.54)..

Cambodia, Malacca.

Boisd. Voy. Astrolabe, 235.

? Montrousier, Faun, Woodlark, p. 27 ...+e¢+Ins, Woodlark.

92 Major Parry’s Catalogue

Sectio IT.

Sp. 5. A. capitatus, [¢, 9] Westw. Tr. Ent. Soc. iv. 275, tab. xx.

fig.5 (Doreus).. Malacca, Borneo, Ins. Wallia Principis.

platycephalus, Westw. 1. e. (Dorecus).

Thoms. Cat. Lucan. 399.

Burm. Handb. v. 401.

distinctus (var. med.), West. Tr. Ent. Soc. iv. 276, tab. xx.

fig 8 (Dorcus).

Burm. Handb. v. 402.

aqualis (var. min.), Westw. I. c., tab. xx. fig. 6 (Dorcus).

Burm. p. 401.

Malabaricus 9, Westw. l. c., tab. xx. fig. 7 (Dorcus).

Burm. Lc.

sinister 9, Hope, Cat. Lucan. pp. 6, 23 (Dorcus).

Sp. 6. AZ. paratrecus, [ ¢] Hope, Cat. Lucan. pp. 6, 22 (Dorcus)..

Ind. bor. et Ins. Wallie Principis.

Sp. pracedentis vel sequentis var, min. ?

Sp. 7. AE. vaniiis, [ ¢] Westw. ante, p. 54 (Tab. XII. fig.5).. Ind. ( Darjeeling).

Sp. 8. AE. ravicotuis, [$, 9] Saunders, Tr. Ent. Soc. N.S, iii. 54,

tab. iv. fig. 8 ease ere e oe eescce ae eecececvee-s China.

punctiger Q, Saunders, Tr. Ent. Soc. N.S. iil. 55, tab. iii. fig. 6.

Sp. 9. As. Escuscnoirzu, [ ¢] Hope, Cat. Lucan. pp. 6, 22..

Malacca, Ins. Walliz Principis.

Sp. 10. 42, pratyopon, [ ¢, 9] Parry, Proc. Ent. Soc. 1862, p. 112..

Ins. Gilolo.

», ante, p. 56 (Tab. X. fig. 1).

? chelifer (var. min.), Montrousier (vid. ante, p. 54).

Sp. 11. AS. stannous, [ ¢] Parry, ante, p. 57 .....Ins. Salwatty, N. Guinea.

Sp. 12. As, puncripennis, [¢, 9] Parry, ante, p. 58 «2...-+0+++e.-Borneo.

Sp. 13. AS. serratus, [ $] Parry, ante, p. 58 (Tab. V. fig. 1)..

Ins. Morty (Oc. Pacif. bor.)

Sp. 14. AS. insrerpus, [ ¢ ] Thoms, Cat. Lucan. 428.........+.+++Ins, Celebes.

Vchelifer (var. min.), Montrousier (vid. ante, p. 54.)

Sp. 15. AS. iwpressicottts, [¢, 9] Parry,‘ante, p. 58 (Tab. V. fig.3)..

Borneo; Malacca.

Sp. 16. AX. rwermts, [ $7] Fabr. Syst. El. ii 251, 17 (vid. ante, p, 49)..Sumatra.

M‘Leay, Hor. Ent. 1. 113.

Sp. 17. AL. interruptus, [ g 2] M‘Leay, Hor. Ent.1.113 ..........+.India?

Westw. Ann. Sc. Nat. ser, 2, i. 118.

Burm. Handb. v. 401.

of Lucanoid Coleoptera. 93

Sp. 18. AE. pourrus, [ # ] Montrousier, Faune de Woodlark, p. 28.. Ins, Woodlark.

Vchelifer, Montr. (vid. ante, p. 54).

Sp. 19. AE. Mataccus,[ ¢, 9] Thoms. Rev. Zool. 1856, p. 516..

Malacea; Sumatra,

rectangulus (var. max.), Voll. Tijd. v. Ent. iv. 115, tab. vii.

fig. 7.

Sp. 20. AS. Myrarpon, [%, 9] Thoms. Rey. Zool. 1856, p. 516 .... Malacca.

Sp. 21. AS. apetruus, [¢, 9] Thoms. Cat. Lucan, 428 ......+++. ++ Borneo,

Sp. 22. AL. craser, [ f] Parry, ante, p. 59 ..ceeceeceeeceeeceee Ns Guinea.

Sectio IIT.

Sp. 23. AE. rnitosatus, [ ¢] Parry, Proc. Ent. Soc. 1862, p. 113 .... Borneo,

», ante, p. 59 (Tab. VII. fig. 7).

Genus 9. ALCIMUS, Fairmaire.

Sp. 1. A. prratatus, [ 9] Fairm, Rey. Zool. 1849, p. 416, tab. xi. fig. 6..

Ins. Wallis.

Genus 10. PLATYCERUS, Geof. Ins. Env. Paris, i. 59.

Sp. 1. P. Canasorpes, [¢, 9] Linn. Syst. Nat. I. ii. 561 (Lucanus).. Europa.

Fabr. Syst. El. ii. 253.

Oliv. Ent. I. i. 20, tab. ii. fig. 2.

Schonh. Syn. Ins, I. ili. 329,

Curtis, Brit. Ent. vi. 274.

Thunb. Mem. Soc. Nat. Mosc. i. 194.

Burm. Handb. v. 405.

capra, De Geer, Mem. iv. 334, tab. xii. fig. 11.

rufipes, Fabr. Syst. El. ii. 253.

Latr. Gen. Cr. et Ins. ii. 134, 2, obs.

spinifer, var. ?, Schaufuss (Cat. Coleop., Dresd. 1863).

Sp. 2. P. Caucasicus, [ $] Parry, ante, p. 60.0 ..eeeeeeseesoeeeee Caucaso.

Sp. 3. P. quercus, [4#, 9] Weber, Obs. Ent. i. 85 (Lucanus) .... Amer. bor.

Burm. Handb. v. 406.

Schooh. Syn. Ins. I. ii. 331.

Melsh. Cat. Coleop. U. S. 57.

securidens? Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Se. Philad. ii, 249; id.

Col. Exped. Rocky Mountains.

piceus? Kirby, Faun. Amer. bor. 141 (Melsh. Cat.)

Scaritoides ? Thunb. (Sturm, Cat. 1843, p. 136).

virescens ? Fabr. App. Syst. Ent. 817.

Sp. 4. P. perressus, [¢, 9] Leconte, Agass. i. Supp. p. 224 .... Amer. bor.

Melsh. Cat. Coleop. U.S. 57.

piceus ? Kirby, Faun. Amer, bor, 141.

Helopioides, Dej. Cat. 194.

94 Major Parry’s Catalogue

Sp. 5. P. Oreconensis, [ ¢ ] Westw. Tr. Ent.Soc. iv. 277, tab, xx. fig. 9..Oregon.

securidens ? Say, Journ. Acad. Philad, iii. 249.

Sp. pracedentis varietas? (vid. Leconte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc.

Philad. 1861, p. 345).

Sp. 6. P. caruvescens, [ ¢] Leconte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad.

LB GLU PaG40) stolelelelclele clelele «lu leas leeleyers CAlliOnna.

Parry, ante, p. 60.

Sp. 7. P. Acassu, [9] Leconte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Se. Philad. 1861,

p: AO elelstetoxeserctclotels @cevece celeleleieleisieleipiersis ciel @allfomnias

Parry, ante, p. 60.

Sp. 8. P. 2? epeninus, [ 4] H. Deyrolle, MS. ..00.0-.secesseeeeee Drasilia.

N. Sp. cujus descriptio in Ann, Soc. Ent. Fr. 1864,

Genus II. SCORTIZUS, Westw. Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 2, 1. 119.

. S. macutatus,[ ¢, 9], Klug, N. Act. Ac. Nat. Cur. XII. ii. 432

(LUCADUS)\.. Sidciceceedee ccincs seve eece s wbrasiliae

Burm. Handb. v. 422.

Westw. Tr. Ent. Soc. N.S. iii, 210, tab. xi. fig. 8

Lacord. Gen. Coleop, iil. 31.

Hope, Cat. Lucan. 1. ;

irroratus, Hope, Tr. Zool. Soc. i. 100, tab. xiv. fig. 3

(Pholidotus).

Westw. Ann. Se. Nat. ser. 2,1. 119.

Chenu, Encycl. d’Hist. Nat. tab. xv. fig. 1 @.

Sp. 2. S.cucuttatus,[$, 9] Blanch. Voy. d’Orbigny, vi. 194; Ins

tab. xii. fig: 10° @-(Lucanus) 20. cnc. 00. © Chili,

Solier, Gay. Hist. Chili, Zool. v. 46, tab. xv.

fig. 4 @ (Sclerostomus).

cornutus 9, Solier, MS,

Genus 12. SCLEROSTOMUS, Burm. Handb. v. 423.

Sclerognathus, Hope, Cat. Lucan. 7.

Epipedus, Solier, Gay. Hist. Chili, Zool. v. 49.

Pycnosiphorus, ,, 56.

Godartia, Chenu, Bueyel: d’ Hist, “Nat. tab. xv. fiz. 6.

Sectio I.

Sp. 1. S. Baccnus,[%, 2 ] Hope, Cat. Lucan. 26 (Dorcus) ....++..+. Chili,

Darwinii, Burm. Handb. v. 424.

Soler, Gay. Hist. Cluili, Zool. v. 48 (Dorcus).

Chilensis, Dej. Cat. 198 (Dorcus),

of Lucanoid Coleoptera, 95

Sp. 2. S. remoratis, [ ¢, 9] Guér. Rev. Zool. 1839, p. 303..Chili, Patagonia,

Solier, Gay. Hist. Chili, v. 51 (Epidedus).

Westw. Tr. Ent. Soc. N. S. iii. 209, tab. xii. fig. 9.

Darwinii g (var. max.), Hope, Ann. Nat. Hist. viii. 802;

Cat. Lucan. 25.

rubripes & (var. min.), Hope, Cat. Lucan. 26.

Burm. Handb. v. 424.

rujifemoralis g, Curtis, Voy. Capt. King, Magellan, Tr. Linn.

Soc. xix 456.

rufipes, Solier, Gay. Hist. Chili, v. 50,

Spinole, ,, EF - na 52.

leiocephalus, 3 55 . 53.

modestus, Philippi, Anal. Univ. Santiago, 1859 (vid. Stett. Ent.

Zeit. 1860, p. 245).

. S. Farrmarruy, [o, 9] Parry, ante, p. 61 .... 2-00. sferseisiele/alafers O Ut Ts

. S. Rouxerr, [ 4, 9] Solier, Gay. Hist. Chili, v. 53 .......206+- Chili.

. S. c#tatus, [¢, 2], Blanch. Voy. d’Orbigny, vi. 2, tab. xii.

fice Gene peeled eteneierers Co donEcondumoucOcenpeopedds \ailir

Solier, Gay. Hist. Chili, v. 49,

variolosus, Hope, Cat. Lucan. 25.

villatus, Burm. Handb. v. 423 (Scortizus).

Thoms. Cat. Lucan. 400.

Cumingii, Hope (olim).

circumdatus, De}. Coll. (nec Cat.)

. S. rascratus, [ 9 ] Germain, Anal. Univ. Santiago, 1855, p. 397,

MOLE Pubs Mile LESS)S © 55. 8oe awake oe tas ae Chat

. S. tineatus, [ 9 |] H. Deyrolle, MS. (Tab. III. fig. 3). .......... Peru.

N. sp. cujus descriptio in Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1864.

Sectio II.

. S. pLacratus, [ ¢] Burm. Handb. v. 425. ......eeeee..--ee. Brasilia,

hastatus, Westw. Tr. Ent. Soc. N. 5. iii. 205, tab. xi. fig. 2

Thoms. Cat. Lucan. 400.

Sp. 9. S. Lessonu, [¢, 2] Buquet, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1842, p. 283,

Sp. 10.

LAL SIN. Lipa llefars ele luto (e/al ete) siviciviaie « oiciele.icis) vicis »eChili.

Chenu, Encycl. d’Hist. Nat. tab. xv. fig. 6 (Godartia).

Solier, Gay. Hist. Chili, v. 55.

mandibularis, of 7 56, tab. xv. fig. 5 (Pycno-

siphorus).

. Puiurers, [ 4, 3] Westw. ante, p. 61 (Tab. XI, fig. 5.)...... Chili.

ay sequentis var, ?

96 Major Parry’s Catalogue

Sp. 11. S. pattrwocinctus, [¢, 2] Fairm. et Germ. Coleop. Chil. 2

CDorcus))9 cies cir stejcistslsos icles selec siee ONT,

Sp. 12. S. virratus,[¢, 9] Esch. Ent. 2; Nat. Wiss. Abhandl. aus

Dorpat, i. 65 (Lucanus) ......seeeeeeeees « » @hili.

Blanch. Voy. d’Orbigny, vi. 194, tab. xii. fig. 9.

Solier, Gay. Hist. Chil. v. 50.

rubrovittalus, Blanch. |. c. (olim).

Burm. Handb. v. 423 (Scortizus).

Sectio III.

Sp. 13. S. costatus,[ 4, 9] Burm. Handb.v. 426 ...-+ee+eeeeeee Brasilia.

Westw. Tr. Ent. Soc. N.S. iii. 209, tab. xi. fig. 5 9.

Hope, Cat. Lucan. 27.

cuniculus, Thoms. (Dej. Cat.) Cat, Lucan, 429.

Sp. 14. S. Neorracus, [$,.9] Westw. Tr. Ent. Soc. N. S. iii. 207,

fAD. TISAI. Biocvele weiss sie sive civic c¢soereicele «| OFARIIat

cribratus 9, Thoms. Cat. Lucan, 429.

An sp. sequentis var. ?

Sp. 15. S. crvenrus, [ ¢] Burm. Handb. v. 425 oe eecc ee eeee sees ee Brasilia.

Sp. 16. S. stenatipennts, [$] H. Deyrolle, MS. 0... .eee ee eeeeee es Brasilia.

Species nova, cujus descriptionem dabit Dom. Deyrolle in Ann. Soc.

Ent. Fr. 1864.

Sp. 17. S. Diromornes, [ ¢] Westw. Tr. Ent. Soc. N.S. iii. 208, tab. xi.

fig, 4 wccwcsccccccccccsevevccces soos ee brasilia,

Sp. 18. S. tusercuarus, [ ¢ ] Solier, Gay. Hist. Chil. v. 54 eeseeeeeseoeChili.

Genus 13. OONOTUS, Parry, ante, p. 63.

Sp. I. O. apspersus, [ 9 } Bohem. Ins. Caffr. ii. 384 (Dorcus)........ Natalia.

Westw. Tr. Ent. Soc. ser. 3, i. 435, tab. xvi. fig. 4.

Genus 14. LISSOTES, Westw. Tr. Ent. Soc. N.S. iii. 213.

Gerstacker, Bericht d. Ent. 1855, p. 57.

Sclerostomus, Thoms. Cat. Lucan. 400.

Sectio I.

Sp. 1. L. reticutatus, [¢, 2] Westw. Tr. Ent. Soc. iv. 275, tab. xx.

fig. 4 (1845) ; ib. N.S. iii. 218, tab. xii. fig. 9..

N. Zeelandia.

squamidorsis, White, Voy. Ereb. and Terror, 9, tab. ii. fig. 2

(Dorcus, 1846).

Blanch. Voy. Péle Sud, iv. 140 (Dorcus).

cicatricosus, Burm. Ilandb. v. 403 { Acgus, 1847).

Zeelandicus, Fairm, Rev. Zool. 1849, p. 414 (Dorcus).

Blanch. |. ¢. tab. ix. fig. 13.

of Lucanoid Coleoptera. 97

Sp. 2. L. Nove-Zeexanpi#, [ ¢, 9] Hope, Cat. Lucan. 25 (Dorcus)..

N. Zeelandia.

punctulatus, White, Voy. Ereb. & Terror, 9 (Dorcus).

caviceps, Westw. Tr. Ent. Soc. N.S. iii. 212, tab. xii. fig. 6 ¢,

7 @ (Sclerostomus),

Sp. 3. L. Cancrorpes, [ #, 2] Fabr. Syst. El. ii. 251 (Lucanus),...Tasmania.

Oliv. Ent. I. i. 18, tab. iv. fig. 11.

Westw. Ent. Mag. v. 267, cum fig.; Tr. Ent. Soc.

Niesos Ilshe los

Boisd. Voy. Astrolabe, 234,

3urm. Handb. v. 402 (A%gus).

Thunb. Mem. Soc. Nat. Mosc. i. 200.

Schon, Syn. Ins. I. iii. 326,

Sp. 4. L. sustupercutatvus, [ ¢] Westw. Tr. Ent. Soc. N. S. iii. 215,

ADE Rie Se 2 sieicieicalan! Saiswvee ie selce Ne HLOMee

Sp. precedentis varietas ?

Sp. 5. L. crenatus,[¢, 9 ] Westw. Tr. Ent. Soc. N.S. iii. 216, tab. xii,

fig. 3 eee ee ee i ee jee Holl.

Cancroides, Thoms. Cat. Lucan. 400.

Sp.

. L. ostusatus, [¢, 9] Westw. Ent, Mag. v. 267, cum fig. (Dor-

cus); Tr. Ent. Soc. N.S, iii. 217 (Lissotes).. Tasmania.

Burm. Handb. v. 402 (A®gus).

Reiche, Ann. Soc. Ent, Fr. ser. 3, i. 82.

Sp. 7. L. curvicornis, [ g] Boisd. Faune de l’Océanie, 235 ....N. Hollandia.

Latr. MS.; Dej. Cat. 194.

Thoms. Cat. Lucan. 400.

Sp. precedentis varietas ?

Sectio II.

Sp. 8. L. Howrttanus, [ ¢] Westw. Tr. Ent. Soc. ser. 3, i. 513, tab. xxi.

figs LC WOTCUS)) ecioe eidevisieie/eiejeicislslccle « NeEOl. Ole

Hujus sit forsitan foemina Dorcus Pelorides, ante, p. 902

Sp. 9. L. Menatcas, [¢, 9] Westw. Tr. Ent. Soc. N. S. iii. 214, tab.

xil, fig. 1 (vid. ante, p. 63) ....+++-.. Nov. Hollandia.

Fam. 1V. FIGULIDE.

Genus 1. NIGIDIUS, M‘Leay, Hor. Ent. i. 108.

Westw. Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 2, i. 121.

Eudora, de Castelnau, Hist. Nat, Ins. ii. 174.

Sectio I.

Sp. 1. N. cranprs, [ ¢ ] Hope, Ann. Nat. Hist. viii. 302; Tr. Ent. Soc.

ili. 279 ; Cat. Lucan. 26 ...... Sierra Leonum, Gabono.

Georgianus, Thoms. Arch, Ent. ii. tab. i, fig. 4.

Mniszechii, ‘o a5 p. 47.

VOL, 1J. THIRD SERIES, PART I.—MAY, 1864, H

98 Major Parry’s Catalogue

Sp. 2. N. Busarus, [ ¢] Swed. Act. Holm. 1787, p. 187, tab. viii. fig. 4

(Lucanus) o000...0ce++--eee00e 6eGuinea, Senegalia.

Westw. Ent. Mag. v. 266 (Nigidius).

Burm. Handb. v. 432.

integer, Westw. Ent. Mag. v. 265.

auriculatus, Klug, Erm. Reis. Atl. 39, 104, tab. xv. fig. 10.

verver, De}. Cat. 194 (Figulus).

Midas, de Casteln. Hist. Nat. Ins. ii, 174, tab. xvii. fig. 5

(Eudora).

Sp. 3. N. Dercorcue, [¢, 2] Thoms. Cat. Lucan. 430 ....++++e Natalia.

Sp. 4. N. auricuxatus, [ ¢, 9] Guér. Icon. Rég. Anim. tab. xxvii. fig. 4

(Platycerus) ..+++.+++-++++-Senegalia, Gabono.

Westw. Ent. Mag. v. 265 (Nigidius),

Burm. Handb. v. 433.

Thoms. Arch. Ent. ii, 48.

Sp. 5. N. nitipus, [ ¢, 2] Thoms. Cat. Lucan. 431......Senegalia, Gabono.

An var, tantum sp. precedentis ?

Sp. 6. N. cornutus, [¢, 9] M‘Leay, Hor. Ent. i. 109, fig. 6 (partes

OTIS) Weisleoreisielelsielele slereicl cele s eievere CatbOdia, Malaccar

Westw. Ent. Mag. v. 264.

Burm. Handb. v. 434.

Parry, ante, p. 63.

Sp. ise is OBESUS, [4] Parry, ante, p- 63 alae sloisieleleisic(eleicielelolsieisleicie el VLAlaCcas

Sp. 8. N. ravicotus, [ ¢, 9 ] Westw. Ent. Mag. v. 264 ....++++Ins, Philipp.

Hope, Cat. Lucan, 7.

Fforcipatus, Westw. Ent. Mag. v. 267.

(Esch, MS. ), Dej. Cat. 194 (Figulus).

Burm, Handb. v. 433.

Thoms, Cat. Lucan. 401.

Sectio II.

Sp. 9. N. Mapacascaniensis, [%, 9] de Cast. Hist. Nat. Ins. ii. 175

(Eudora)....seeeeeee eee ++ Madagascaria.

Westw. Ent. Mag. v. 266 (Nigidius).

Burm. Handb. v. 434,

Bucephaius, Dup. MS.; Hope, Cat. Lucan. 7.

Genus 2. AGNUS, Burm, Handb. v. 441.

Sp. l. A. EGENUS, rea Burm. Handb. ve. 442 @8eecsesrveveseocee «» Mauritio.

agnus, Dej. Cat. 194 (Dorcus).

Reiche, Ann, Soc. Ent. Fr. ser. 3, i. 84.

le RR A lal i

of Lucanoid Coleoptera. 99

Genus 3. PENICHROLUCANUS, H. Deyr. Ann. Soc, Ent, Fr. ser. 4, ili. 485.

Sp. 1. P. Corriceruatus,[ ] H. Deyr. 1. c. tab. ix. fig. 11 (vid. ante,

Pe 64) we csteccuecccseccsceccoe ce se Malacca.

Genus 4. FIGULUS, M‘Leay, Hor. Ent, i, 110.

Westw. Ann. Soc. Nat. ser. 2, i.

119; Ent. Mag. v. 261.

Burm. Handb. v. 435.

Sectio I.

Sp. 1. F, susravis, [¢] Pal. de Beauv. Ins. Afr. et Amer. i. 3, tab. i.

iiss SN ENERINTE)) Good ocen goes Sel eeleteisielsleele! TIC HOCCE

Westw. Ent. Mag. v. 262 Gagulusy.

Schonh, Syn. a I. iti. 331.

_ 1? Thoms. Cat. Lucan, 402.

monilifer, Patry, Proc. Ent. Soc. 1862, p. 113..++++Nov. Zeelandia?

Sp. 2. F. ayturacinus, [¢, 9] Klug, Ins. Madagase. 85 ...-Madagascaria.

Sturm, Cat, Coleop. 137.

ebenus, Westw. Ann. Soc. Nat. ser. 2, i. 120, tab. vii. fig. 4;

Ent. Mag. y. 261.

vulneratus, Thoms. Cat. Lucan. 433 (vid. ante, p. 64).

Sp. 3. F.xiorira, [¢, 9] Westw. Ent. Mag. v. 261 ......+....Senegalia.

Hope, Cat. Lucan, 7.

sublevis, Burm. Handb. v. 436.

Thoms, Cat. Lucan. 402.

ovis 1, Dej. Cat. 194.

An sp. distincta, vel F. sublevis (Pal. de Beauv.) var. ?

Sp. 4. F. revirennis, [¢, 9] Montrousier, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1860,

Dy 2EGsccwcnecccccieces vaccess euneoe Ns Caledonia.

Sectio II.

Sp. 5. F. rrtiosus, [¢, 9] Westw. Ent. Mag. v. 263 ....++++N. Hollandia.

Burm. Handb. v. 439.

cornutus, Thoms. Cat. Lucan. 401 (Nigidius).

Sp. 6. F. inrrcricottis, [ ¢], Thoms. Cat. Lucan. 431 ......Ins. Marianne.

Sp. 7. F. necuranis, [$, 9] Westw. Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 2, i. 120;

Bint, Mag. v. 269) iao2 eos cess oe cere cvigy oats Holl,

Hope, Cat, Lucan, 7.

Burm, Handb. v. 437.

Australicus, Thoms. Cat. Lucan, 432.

Pacificus, De}. Cat. 194,

Sp. 8. F. surcrcorzis, [¢, 9] Hope, Cat. Lucan. 26 .....+ Port. Essingtonio.

100 Major Parry’s Catalogue

Sp. 9. F. roveicottis, [ ¢, 9] Boisd. Faun. de l’Oc. 239 (Platycerus)..

Ins, Maris Pacif. merid.

Burm. Handb. v. 437 (Figulus).

Fairm. Rev. Zool. 1849, p. 414.

insularis,, Blanch. Voy. Pél. Sud, 142, tab. ix. fig, 14 (sec.

Fairm. |. c.)

Woodlarkianus, Montrousier, Faun. Woodlark, 26.

Lifuanus, a » Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1860, p. 287.

Sp. 10. F. srrratus, [¢, 2 ] Oliv. Ent, I.i. 19, tab. iv. fig. 14 (Lucanus)..

Mauritio, et Ins. Borbonica.

Fabr. Syst. El. ii. 253.

Westw. Ent. Mag. v. 262 (Figulus).

Hope, Coleopt. Man. 79.

Burm. Handb. v. 438.

Schonh. Syn. Ins. I. ili, 831 (Platycerus).

striata, de Cast. Hist. Nat. Ins. ii. 175, tab. xvii. fig. 6 (Eudora).

Sp. 11. F. conrusus, [¢, @] Westw. Ent. Mag. v. 262..Ind. or.?, Cambodia.

Burm. Handb. v. 439.

striatus ?, M‘Leay, Hor. Ent. i. 100.

Sp. 12. F. raticoius, [¢, 9 ] Thoms, Cat. Lucan. 402 ......+.Ins. Philipp.

Reiche, Ann. Soe. Ent. Fr. ser. 3, i. 84.

Sp. 13. F. suscastaneus, [¢, 9] Westw. Ent. Mag. v. 263 oe.see+ee.Java.

Burm. Handb. v. 458.

Hope, Cat. Lucan. 7.

Sp. 14, F. Manrtiarum, [ g, 9] Hope, Cat. Lucan, 26 ...+..+.Ins. Philipp.

angustatus ? (Esch. MS.), Dej. Cat. 194.

Sp. 15. F. Scaritirormis, [ ¢ ] Parry, Proc. Ent. Soc. 1862, p. 113.. Malacca.

»» ante, p. 64,

Sp. 16. F. mopestus, [ ¢] Parry, Proc. Ent. Soc, 1862, p. 113..N. Zeelandia ?

Sp. 17. F. Lituiruranus, [ ¢, 9 | Westw. Tr. Ent. Soc. N. S. iii. 219,

tab. xil. fig. 5 ec eSececeesoneesevece N. Holl.

Clivinoides, Thoms. Cat. Lucan. 432. :

Sp. 18. F. risstcortrs, [ ¢ ] Fairm. Rev. Zool, 1849, p. 414..

Tonga Tabou, et Ins, Philipp. ?

angustatus, De}. Cat. 194 (sec. Fairm. Rev. Zool. 1849, p. 414)

Thoms, Cat. Lucan. 402.

Sp. 19. F. Carensis, [¢ 2} Thunb. Mem. Soc. Nat. Mosc. i. 203

(Lucanus)...oersccesceeveceeevees Cap. Bon. Spei.

Schonh., Syn. Ins. I. iii. 331.

Burm. Handb. y. 439.

—

of Lucunoid Coleoptera. 101

Genus §. CARDANUS, Westw. Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 2, i. 112.

Sundesus, Gray, Griff. Anim. Kingd.

Eudora, de Cast. Hist. Nat. Ins. ii. 174,

Figulus, De}. Cat. 194.

Sp. 1. C. sutcatus, [¢, 9] Westw. Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 2, i. 113,

tab. vii. fig. 3 ..sccecccccccccecevcee Java, Timor.

Burm. Handb. v. 440 (Figulus).

cornutus, Gray, Griff. Anim. Kingd. tab. xlvi. fig. 3 (Syndesus).

cornuta, de Cast. Hist. Nat. Ins. ii. 175 (Eudora).

cylindricus, De}. Cat. 194 (Figulus).

asper, Sturm, Cat. Coleop. 137 (Figulus).

Genus 6. XIPHODONTUS, Westw. Ent. Mag. v. 260.

Coryptius, De}. Cat. 194.

Cephax, de Castel. Hist. Nat. Ins, ii. 175.

Sp. 1. X. Anrtrorpz, [¢, 9] Westw. Ent. Mag. v. 260 (fig.)..

Cap. Bon. Sp., Caffiaria.

Burm. Handb. v. 430,

Capensis, Dej. Cat. 194 (Coryptius).

Sturm, Cat. Coleop. 347, tab. iv. fig. 3.

Reichii, de Cast. Hist. Nat. Ins. ii. 175, tab. vi. fig. 7,8 (Cephax).

Fam. V. SYNDESIDZ.

Genus 1. SYNDESUS, M‘Leay, Hor. Ent. i. 104.

Hexaphyllum, Gray, Anim. Kingd. xv. 536.

Psilodon, Perty, Delect. Anim, Artic. 54,

Sectio I.

Sp. 1. S. cornutus, [¢, 9] M‘Leay; Hor. Ent. i. 104 ........N. Hollandia.

Westw. Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 2, i. 114.

Latr. Cuv. Régne Anim. iv. 580,

Burm. Handb. v. 333,

Lacord. Gen. Col. tab. xxv. fig. 3.

Reiche, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. ser. 3, vili. 283.

Boisd. Voy. Astrolabe, 238.

de Castel. Hist. Nat. Ins. ii. 176.

cornutum, Fab. Syst. El. ii. 8377 (Sinodendron),

parvus, Don, Ins. N. Holl. tab. i. fig. 4 (Lucanus),

Sp. 2. S. cancettatus, [ ¢, 9] Montrousier, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. ser. 3,

vili. 283 (Ryssonotus) ..0e.0e.+..++N. Caledonia.

cucullatus, Thoms, Cat. Lucan. 403,

102 Major Parry’s Catalogue

Sectio IT.

Sp. 3. S. Brasruiensis, [ f, 9 |] Gray, Griff. Anim. Kingd. 536, tab. xlvi.

fic. 4 (Hexaphyllum Brasiliense) .......+ Brasilia.

Westw. Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 2, i. 115, tab. vii.

fice eter Ols

Burm, Handb. v. 332.

Reiche, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. ser. 3, viii. 283.

Schuberti 9, Perty, Voy. Spix & Mart. tab. xi. fig, 12 (Psilodon).

de Castel. Hist. Nat. Ins. ii, 176.

Sp. 4. S, zqurvoctia.is, [ ¢] Buquet, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1840, p. 875

(Hexaphyllum equinoctiale)..N. Grenada, Santa Fe.

Westwoodii, Hope, Proc. Ent. Soc. 1840 ; Cat. Lucan. l.

Burm, Handb, v. 332.

Fam, VI. ZSALIDA.

Genus 1. CERATOGNATHUS, Westw. Ent. Mag. v. 260.

Sp. 1. C. nicer, [$, 9] Westw. Ent. Mag. v. 261, cum fig. .. N. Hollandia.

Burm. Handb. v. 325.

furcatus, de Casteln, Hist. Nat. Ins. ii, 174 (Platycerus).

cornutus, Thoms. Cat. Lucan. 403.

Sp. 2. C. menrirerus, [ ¢ ] Westw. Tr. Ent. Soc. ser. 3, i. 434, tab. xv.

fig. 5 were eee OF sere re reer ee eerees N. Hollandia.

Sp. 3. C. Wesrwoontr, [ ¢] Thoms. Cat. Lucan. 433..+.+..0.+.N. Hollandia.

punctatissimus, Westw, Tr. Ent. Soc. ser. 3, i. 433, tab. xv.

fig. 4.

Sp. 4. C. Herororpes, [9 ] Thoms, Cat. Lucan, 434 ...-....0+ N. Zeelandia,

areolatum, Westw. Tr. Ent. Soc. ser. 3, i. 430, tab. xiv. fig. 2

(Sinodendron 2),

Genus 2. MITOPHYLLUS, Parry, Tr. Ent. Soe. iv. 55,

Ptilophyllum, Guér. Rev. Zool. 1845, p. 439.

Cerutognathus, Burm. Handb., v, 324.

Lacord. Gen, Col. iii. 41.

Sp. 1. M. rrroratus,[g, 9] Parry, Tr. Ent, Soc. iv. 56, tab. i. fig. 4..

N. Zeelandia.

Hope, Cat. Lucan. 7.

White, Voy. Ereb. & Terror, tab. ii. fig. 3, 4.

Burm. Handb. v. 326 (Ceratognathus).

Lacord. Gen. Col. ill. 41, tab. xv. fig. 4 (Ceratog-

nathus),

Godeyi, Guér. Rev. Zool. 1845, p. 439 (Ptilophyllum) ; Ann.

Soc. Ent. Fr. ser. 2, iii. Bull, 97.

at sega

of Lucanoid Coleoptera. 103

Sp. 2. M. Parrranus, { ¢] Westw. Tr. Ent. Soc. ser. 3, i. 432, tab. xv.

fig. 3 seeeseseseeeN. Zeelandia aut N, Caledonia ?

Genus 3. CERUCHUS, M‘Leay, Hor. Ent. i. 115.

Tarandus (Megerle), Dej. Cat. (1833).

Platycerus, Latr. Gen, Cr. et Ins. ii. 133.

Sp. 1. C. Tenesrioues,[ ¢, 2 |] Fabr. Syst. El. ii. 252 (Lucanus) .... Europa.

Panz. Faun. Germ. 62, I. 2.

Duftschm. Faun. Austr. i. 67.

M‘Leay, Hor. Ent. i. 115 (Ceruchus).

Heer, Faun. Helvet. i. 497.

Dej. Cat. 194 (Tarandus),

Burm. Handb. v. 328.

Latr. Gen. Cr. et Ins. ii. 133 (Platycerus).

Gyll. Ins. Suec. ii. 68.

de Castel. Hist. Nat. Ins. ii. 173.

Schonh. Syn. Ins. I. ii. 328.

Silesiacus (var. min.), Dej. Cat. 194 (Tarandus).

Turandus, Panz. Beitr. &c. i. 25, tab. iii. fig. 3, 5 (Lucanus).

Duval, Gen. Col. d’Eur. tab. ii. fig. 6 $,7 9.

Mulsant, Lamell. de Fr. 597 (Ceruchus).

Sp. 2. C. piceus, [%, 2] Weber, Obs. Ent. 84 (Lucanus)...+...+.Amer. bor.

Fabr. Syst. El. ii. 252.

Thunb. Mem. Soc. Nat. Mose. 1. 202.

Schonh. Syn. Ins. I. iii, 327.

Burm. Handb. v. 329.

Americanus, Dej. Cat. 194 (Tarandus).

Balbi, de Casteln, Hist. Nat. Ins. ii, 174, tab. xvii. fig. 3, 4

(Platycerus).

quercicola, Sturm, Cat. Coleop. 136 (Tarandus).

Sp. 3. C. srriatus, [¢] Leconte, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad, 1859,

p- 85; id. Classif, Coleop. N. Amer. 121.....-Oregone.

Genus 4. ASSALUS, Fabr, Syst. El. ii. 254.

Sp. 1. A. Scaraszorves, [f, 9] Fabr. Syst. El. ii. 254.... +++... Europa.

Latr. Gen. Cr. et Ins. ii. 133.

M‘Leay, Hor. Ent. i. 103.

Duftschm. Faun. Austr. i. 70.

Panz. Faun. Germ. 26, 15, 16.

Guér. Icon. Régne Anim. tab. xxvii. fig, 9.

Burm. Handb. v. 323.

Duval, Gen. Col. d’ Eur. tab. ii. fig. 8.

Schooh, Syn. Ins. [. iii 331,

104 Major Parry’s Catalogue

Fam. VII. SINODENDRID.

Genus 1. SINODENDRON, Hellwig, Schneid. Mag. 391.

Ligniperda, Fabr. Syst. El. ii. 18.

Sp. 1. S. cyzrnvricum, [¢, 9] Linn. Syst. Nat. I, ii, 544, 11 (Seara-

DEUS) cecescccrccccvcscccecs cers coos ee EUTOpa.

Fabr. Syst. El. ii. 376.

De Geer, Mem. iv. 258, tab. x. fig. 2, 3 (Scara-

beus).

Oliv. Ent. I, ii, 47, 54, tab. ix. fig. a, b, ce

Latr. Gen. Cr. et Ins. i, 101.

Cuvier, Rég. Anim. tab. xlv. fig. 1.

Ratzeb. Forst. Ins. i. 87.

Heer, Faun. Helvet. 497.

Westw. Mod. Classif. Ins. i, 185, fig. 13, 18.

Mulsant, Lamell. de Fr. 60, tab. iii. fig. 10.

Burm. Handb. v. 320.

Duval, Gen, Col. d’Eur. tab. ii. fig. 9 #,10 9.

Sp. 2. S. rvcosum, [ g¢] Mannerh. Bullet. Mosc. 1843, p, 262..

Oregone, California.

Leconte, Ent. Rep. Exp. Missis. p. 17; id. U.S.

P. R. R. Exp. Surv. Zool. par. xlvii. p. 42, tab. i.

fig. 15; Classif. Col. N. Amer, 1861.

Melsh. Cat. Coleop. U.S. p. 57.

Doué, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1857, Bullet. p. 19.

Sp. 3. S, Americanum, [¢, Q | Pal. de Beauv. Ins. Afr. et Amér. 192,

tab. 1. figs 1, 2, B..eecvcevscvcecceess Amer, bor.

Melsh. Cat. Coleop. U. S. 57.

Leconte, Classif. Col. N. Amer. 121.

Parry, ante, p. 65.

An species distincta, vel S. cylindrici, Linn., varietas ?

Genus 2. DENDROBLAX, White, Voy. Ereb. & Terror.

Sp. 1. D. Eartianus, [¢, 2] White, Voy. Ereb. & Terror, 9, tab. ii.

fire 9 AG LON! Sieleislecicielvisinejeie'elv\e oa Nip Geclandias

Lacord. Gen. Coleop. iii, 15, tab. xxv. fig. 2.

Westw, Tr. Ent. Soc. N.S. ii. 213.

Erichs. Bericht. d. Ent. 1846, p. 49.

Parry, ante, p. 69.

of Lucanoid Coleoptera. 105

SYNOPSIS.

—_~<—-

COLEOPTERA PECTINICORNIA; DIV. LUCANOIDEA.

[The Species marked + are known to me by description only, and those marked *

are not in my Collection. |

Fam. I. CHIASOGNATHID 2%. Fam. I], LUCANID 2.

Gen. i. Puottporus, M‘Leay.

Sp. 1. P. Humboldti, Schonh.

2. P. Spizii, Perty.

Gen. ii, Curasocnatuus, Steph.

Sp. 3. C. Grantii, Steph.

+4. C. Jousselinii, Reiche.

5. C. Mniszechii, Thoms.

6. C. Latreillei, Solier.

7. C. Feisthamelii, Guér.

8. C. Prionoides, Buquet.

9. C. Lindenii, Murray.

10. C. Murrayi, Thoms,

*11. C. albofuscus, Blanch.

Gen. iii. Ruyssonorus, M‘Leay.

Sp. 12. R. nebulosus, Kirby.

13. R. jugularis, Westw.

Gen. iv. Cacosromus, Newman.

Sp. 14. C. squamosus, Newman.

Gen. v. Lamprima, Latr.

Sp. 15. L. Latreillii, M‘Leay.

16. L. aurata, Latr.

t17. L. splendens, Erichs.

18. L. rutilans, Erichs.

19. L. enea, Fabr.

20. L. Micardi, Reiche.

21. L. varians, Germ.

*22. L. sumptuosu, Hope.

Gen. vi. Streprocerus, Fairm.

Sp. 23. S. speciosus, Fairm.

Gen. vii. Cotopnon, Westw.

Sp. 24. C. Westwoodii, Gray.

#25. C. Thunbergii, Westw.

Gen. viii. Mrsotorus, Burm,

Sp. 26. M. Tarandus, Swed.

Gen. ix. Lucanus, Scop.

Sp. 27. L. cervus, Linn.

28. L. Turcicus, Sturm.

29. L. orientalis, Kraatz.

30. L. laticornis, Deyrolle.

31. L. tetraodon, Thunb.

*32. L. Barbarossa, Fabr.

33. L. lunifer, Hope.

34. L. Mearesii, Hope.

35. L. Hopei, Parry.

36. L. Cantori, Hope.

37. L. villosus, Hopes

38. L. sericans, Vollenh.

+39. L. maculifemoratus, Motsch.

40. L. vicinus, Hope.

41. L. Westermanii, Hope.

42. L. Smithii, Parry.

43. L. Fortunei, Saunders,

44, L. atratus, Hope.

45. L. elaphus, Fabr.

46, L. capreolus, Linn.

47, L. lentus, Casteln.

Gen. x. Ruztus, Parry.

Sp. 48. R. Westwoodii, Parry.

Gen, xi. Hexarrunrivs, Hope.

Sp. 49. H. Forsteri, Hope.

50. H. Bowringii, Parry.

51. H. Rhinoceros, Oliv.

52. H. Buquetii, Hope.

+53. H. Chaudsiri, Deyrolle.

54. H. Mniszechii, Thoms.

55. H. Parryi, Hope.

*56. H, Deyrollei, Parry.

106 Major Parry’s Catalogue

Fam. II. LUCANID H#—continued. Fam. II]. LUCANID A\—continued.

Gen. xii. Opontotaznis, Hope. Gen. xv. CLapocNataHus—contind.

Sp. 57. O. Vollenhovii, Parry. Sp. 98. C. Maclellandi, Hope.

58. O. Ludekingii, Vollenh. 99, C. cilipes, Thoms.

59. O. Wollastonii, Parry. 100, C. quadrinodosus, Parry.

#60. O. Mouhotii, Parry. *101. C. Jenkinsii, Westw.

*61. O. Lacordairei, Vollenh. 102. C. flavidus, Parry.

*62. O. Burmeisteri, Hope. 103. C. elegans, Parry.

635.05 Cuvera, Hope. *104. C. Wallacei, Parry.

64, O. Delessertii, Guér. *105. C. decipiens, Parry.

65. O. Gazella, Fabr. 106. C, Lafertei, Reiche.

66. O. Dux, Westw. *107. C. assimilis, Parry.

67. O. carinatus, Linn. 108. C. Tragulus, Vollenh.

68. O. bellicosus, Casteln. 109. C. Bison, Fabr.

69. O. Dalmani, Hope. 110. C. cinetus, Montrousier.

70. O. Stevensii, Thoms, 111. C, lateralis, Hope.

71. O. Dejeanii, Reiche. *112. C. Zebra, Oliv.

72. O. Castelnaudi, Parry. 113. C. sutwralis, Oliv.

73. O. bicolor, Oliv. 114. C. occipitalis, Hope.

74. O. Brookeanus, Vollenh. 115. C. biplagiatus, Westw.

*116. C, inquinatus, Westw.

*117. C. attenuatus, Parry.

118. C. sericeus, Westw.

119. C. fulvonotatus, Parry.

120. C. bisignatus, Parry.

$75. O. Sommeri, Parry.

*76. O. striatus, Deyrolle.

77. O. platynotus, Hope.

78. O. Cingalensis, Parry.

79. Ownigrita, Deyrolle.

+80. O. intermedius, Deyrolle. 121. C. politus, Parry.

81. O. eratus, Hope. 122. C. dorsalis, Erichs,

123. C. cavifrons, Hope.

Gen. xiil. Hererocutues, Westw. 124, C. approxvimatus, Parry.

Sp. 82. H. brachypterus, Westw. +125. C. Buddha, Hope.

126. C. Dauricus, Motsch.

Gen. xiv. Neotucanus, Thoms. 127. C. squamilateris, Parry.

Sp. 83. N. Baladeva, Hope. 128. C. perplerus, Parry.

84. N. Saundersii, Parry. 129. C. Oweni, Hope.

85. N. nitidus, Saunders. 130. C. forceps, Vollenh.

86. N, laticollis, Thunb. 131. C. Spencii, Hope.

132. C. crenicollis, Thoms,

133. C. curvipes, Hope.

134. C. rudis, Westw.

*135, C. Downesii, Hope.

136. C. Savagei, Hope.

87. N. castanopterus, Hope.

88. N. Sinicus, Saunders.

89. N. cingulatus, Parry.

90. N. Championi, Parry.

Gen. xv. Crapocnatuus, Burm. 137. C. eximius, Parry.

Sp. 91. C. Giraffa, Fabr. 138. C. serricornis, Latr.

92. C. Confucius, Hope. 139. C. Senegalensis, Klug.

93. C. Forficula, Thoms. +140. C. Antilopus, Swed.

94. C. inclinatus, Motsch. 141. C. quadridens, Hope.

95. C. cinnamomeus, Guér, 142. C. Natalensis, Parry,

96. C. castaneus, Hope. 143. C. faber, Thoms.

97. C. foveatus, Hope, 144. C. modestus, Parry.

of Lucanoid Coleoptera. 107

Fam. II. LUCANIDA—continued. | Fam. III. DORCID A—continued.

Gen. xvi. Homoperus, Parry. Gen. xxiii. Ditomoperus, Parry.

Sp. 145. H. Mellyi, Parry. | Sp. 176. D. mirabilis, Parry.

Gen. xvii. Cyctorasis, Thoms, | Gen. xxiv. Evryrracnetus, Thoms.

Sp. 146. C. platycephalus, Hope. Sp. 177. E. Bucephalus, Perty.

147. C. Jekelii, Parry. 178. E. Titan, Boisd.

148. C, subnitens, Parry. 179. E, Westermani, Hope.

180. E. platymelus, Saunders,

Gen. xviii, Cyctommatus, Parry. $181. E. Bubalus, Pertys

Sp. #149. C. metallifer, Boisd. 182, E. Tityus, Hope.

150. C. Tarandus, Thunb. 183, E. Saiga, Oliv.

151, C. Mniszechii, Thoms. 184, E. cribriceps, Chevr.

152. C. strigiceps, Westw. 185. FE. purpurascens, Vollenh.

153. C, affinis, Parry. 186. E. concolor, Blanch,

#154. C. Maitlandi, Parry. 187. E. Thomsoni, Parry.

155. C. faunicolor, Hope. 188. E. Reichii, Hope.

156. C. Dehaanii, Westw. 189. E. Niponensis, Vollenh.

157. C, insignis, Parry, Gen. xxv. Dorcus, M‘Leay.

Gen, xix. CanrnaroLerurus, Thoms. Sp. 190. D..Anteus, Hope.

191. D. Dehaanii, Hope.

192. D. Hopei, Saunders,

193. D. Parryi, Thoms.

194, D. Ternatensis, Thoms,

195. D, vicinus, Saunders.

196. D. submoluris, Hope.

+197. D. binervis, Motsch.

198. D. cylindricus, Thoms.

199. D. parallelus, Burm.

+200. D. brevis, Say.

+201. D. Mazama, Leconte.

202. D. parallelepipedus, Linn.

203. D. Musimon, Gené.

*204. D. Peyronis, Reiche.

205. D, Scaritides, Hope.

206. D. derelictus, Parry.

*207. D. Hydrophiloides, Hope.

*208. D. carbonarius, Westw.

*209. D. Pelorides, Westw.

Sp. *158. C. Lurerii, Buquet.

"159. C, Reichii, Hope.

Gen. xx. Lrprrnorrerus, Hope.

Sp. 160. L. Frvi, Parry.

161. L. femoratus, Fabr.

*162. L. erythrocnemus, Burm.

163. L. tibialis, Eschscholtz.

164, L. melanarius, Hope.

165. L, Ibex, Bilberg.

166. L. V-niger, Hope.

*167. L. pulchellus, MS. Mus.

Berol.

168. L. polyodontus, Hope.

169. L, rotundatus, Parry.

Gen. xxi. Macrocrates, Burm.

Sp. 170. M. Bucephalus, Burm.

Fam. III. DORCIDA. Gen. xxvi. Macroporcas, Motsch.

Sp. +210. M. rectus, Motsch.

t211. M. rugipennis, Motsch.

+212. M. striatipennis, Motsch.

+213. M. cribellatus, Motsch.

Gen. xxii. Hemisoporcus, Thoms.

Sp. 171. H. Nepalensis, Hope.

172. H. Macleayii, Hope.

173. H. gracilis, Saunders.

174. H. piceipennis, Westw. Gen. xxvii. SerrocNatuus, Motsch.

175. H. Passaloides, Hope. Sp. ¢214. S, castanicolor, Motsch.

108 Major Parry’s Catalogue

Fam. III. DORCID A—continued. Fam. III, DORCID A®—continued.

Gen. xxviii, Gnapuatoryx, Burm. Gen. xxxii, Scorrizus, Westw.

Sp. 215. G. Taurus, Fabr. Sp. ea = maculatus, Klug.

216. G. squalidus, Hope. 54, S. cucullatus, Blanch.

217. G, dilaticollis, Parry.

218. G. parvulus, Hope.

219. G. sculptipennis, Parry, Sp. 255. S. Bacchus, Hope.

220. G. velutinus, Thoms. 256. S. femoralis, Guér.

257. S. Fuirmairii, Parry.

258. S. Rouleti, Solier.

Gen. xxxiii. Scterostromus, Burm.

Gen, xxix. Acus, M‘Leay. 259. S. celatus, Blanch.

Sp. 221. A. acuminatus, Fabr. #260, S. fasciatus, Germain.

222, . lunatus, Weber. *261. S. lineatus, Deyrolle.

223. A. Kandiensis, Hope. 262. S. plagiatus, Burm.

224, A. chelifer, M‘Leay. 263. S. Lessonii, Buquet.

225. AL. capitatus, Westw. 264. S. Philippi, Westw.

226. E. parallelus, Hope. 265. S. pallidocinctus, Fairm. &

227, E. labilis, Westw. Germain.

228. . levicollis, Saunders, 266. S. vitiatus, Eschscholtz.

229, A. Eschscholizii, Hope. 267. S. cosiatus, Burm,

230. . platyodon, Parry. 268. S. Nevtragus, Westw.

231. . blandus, Parry. +269. S. cruentus, Burm.

232. A. punctipennis, Parry, *270. S. signatipennis, Deyrolle.

233. AE, serratus, Parry. *271. S. Ditomoides, Westw.

234, A. insipidus, Thoms, 272. S. tuberculatus, Solier.

235, A. impressicollis, Parry.

+236. Z. inermis, Fabr. Gen. xxxiv. Odnorus, Parry.

$237, 4 interruptus, M‘Leay. Sp. 273. O. adspersus, Bohem.

+238. As. politus, Montrousier,

239, A. Malaccus, Thoms. Gen. xxxv. Lissorrs, Westw.

240. &, Myrmidon, Thoms. Sp. 274. L. reticulatus, Westw.

241. A. adelphus, Thoms, 275. L. Nove-Zeclandie, Hope.

242. ZA. glaber, Parry. 276. L. Cancroides, Fabr.

243. , trilobutus, Parry. +277. L. subtuberculatus, Westw.

278. L. crenatus, Westw.

Gen. xxx. Axtcrmus, Fairm. 279. L. obtusatus, Westw.

Sp. 244, A. dilatatus, Fairm. +280. L. curvicornis, Boisd.

+281. ZL. Howittanus, Westw.

282. L. Menalcas, Westw.

Gen. xxxi. Pitarycerus, Geof. Bee enalcas Westy

Sp, 245 P. Caraboides, Linn,

246. P. Caucasieus, Parry. Fam. IV. FIGULIDZ.

247. P. quercus, Weber. Gen, xxxvi. Nicrprus, M‘Leay.

248. P. depressus, Leconte, Sp. 283. N. grandis, Hope.

$249. P. Oregonensis, Westw. 284. N. Bubalus, Swed. |

+250. P. cerulescens, Leconte. 285. N. Delgorguei, Thoms.

+251. P. Agassii, Leconte. 286. N. auriculatus, Guér,

*252. P. ebeninus, Deyrolle. 287. N. nitidus, Thoms.

of Lucanoid Coleoptera. 109

Fam. IV. FIGULID &—continued, Fam, IV. FIGULID £—continued.

Gen. xxxvi. Nicip1us—continued. Gen. xli. Xrpnopontus, Westw.

Sp. #288. N. cornutus, M‘Leay. Sp. 314. X. Antilope, Westw.

289. N. obesus, Parry.

290. N. levicollis, Westw. Fam. V. SYNDESIDZ.

291. N. Madagascariensis, Casteln. Gen. xlii, Synpesus, M‘Leay.

Sp. 315. S. cornutus, M‘Leay.

5.8 816. S. cancellatus, Montrousier.

peta ceetnaayy Duran: 317. S. Brasiliensis, Gray.

Gen. xxxvii. Acnus, Burm,

eat 318. S. equinoctialis, Buquet.

Gen. xxxviil. PentcaRoLucANvs,

Deyrolle. Fam. VI. ZSALID.

Sp. 293. P. Copricephalus, Deyrolle. | Gen. xliii. CeratoGnatnus, Westw.

Sp. 319. C. niger, Westw.

Gen. xxxix. Ficutus, M‘Leay. 320. C. mentiferus, Westw.

Sp. 1294. F. sudlevis, Palisot. 821. C. Westwoodii, Thoms.

295. F. anthracinus, Klug. $22. C. Helotoides, Thoms.

296. F. nigrita, Westw.

297. F. levipennis, Montrousier.

298. F. trilobus, Westw. Sp. 823. M. irroratus, Parry.

299. F. integricollis, Thoms. 324. M, Parrianus, Westw.

300. F. regularis, Westw.

301. F. sulcicollis, Hope.

302. F. foveicollis, Boisd.

803. F. striatus, Oliv.

+304. F. confusus, Westw.

Gen. xliv. Miropuyttus, Parry.

Gen. xlv. Cerucuus, M‘Leay.

Sp. 325. C. Tenebrioides, Fabr.

326. C. piceus, Weber.

$827. C. striatus, Leconte.

$305. F, laticollis, Thoms. Gen. xlvi, ZESALUS, Fabr.

*306. F. subcastaneus, Westw. a G00." Aly Scarnhienides. Babe

307. F. Manillarum, Hope. y Pers

308. F. Scaritiformis, Parry. Fam. VII. SINODENDRID.

309. F. modestus, Parry. Gen. xlvii. StnopEnpron, Hellwig.

310. F. Lilliputanus, Westw.

#311. F. fissicollis, Fairm.

+312. F. Capensis, Thunb.

Sp, 329. S. cylindricum, Linn,

330. S. rugosum, Mannerh.

331. S, Americanum, Palisot.

Gen. xl. Carpanus, Westw. Gen. xlviii. Denpropiax, White.

Sp. 313. C, sulcatus, Westw. Sp. *332. D, Earlianus, White.

N.B. Through the kindness of J. Miers, Esq., F.R.S., &e., I have, since the

preparation of this Catalogue, had an opportunity of examining the unique type-

specimen of Sclerostomus Ditomoides, Westw., and believe it to be only the var.

min, of S. Neotragus, Westw.—F.J.S.P., May, 1864.

110 Major Parry’s Catalogue

Comparative View of the Number of Species of Lucanoid

Coleoptera possessed by the Authors of the following

Catalogues at the periods of publication.

Species.

1845. Rev. F. W. Hope, Cat. Lucan., records..ceseceveesoeeeeeee 165

From which deduct those which have proved to be only the

other sex of established species or mere varieties of de-

velopment Co eecrresceserseereereeses eset esseee 37

Totaliccee (128

1862. Mr. James Thomson, Cat. Lucan., records ..eseccceecceccs 190

From which deduct as above scoecsserccccccscceccecs 9

Total..ee.. 181

1864. Major Parry, Cat. Lucan., records ..secsseseccovcesseccess 302

From which deduct the desiderata to his collection, as

notified in the Synopsis by the marks * and + ...eeeee 69

Motalevcee ee 263

Count Mniszech’s collection probably contains about the same number of

species as my own.

The following are the names of the formerly reputed species deducted as above

from the Catalogues of Mr. Hope and Mr. Thomson :—

Rev. F. W. Hore.

Lamprima Schreibersii. Odontolabis tenuipes 9.

Tasmania. Macrognathus Downesii 9.

Lucanus Hircus. Parrvi.

nigripes 9. bulbosus.

Americanus, Platyprosopus Chevrolaiiz.

Heaarthrius falciger. punctilabris.

longipennis 9. Blanchardi.

serricollis . dubius.

Metopodontus ungulatus, incertus,

omissus. indeterminatus,

aslacoides. Doreus Bengalensis.

Sfraternus, curvidens.

Sfulvipes. lateralis Q.

Prosopocoilus speculifer. rugifrons 9.

piceipennis, inermis Q.

Sayersii. punctiger @.

Leptinopterus funereus. subangulatus 9.

sarcorhamphus,

Odontolabis serrifer.

angulatus.

of Lucanoid Coleoptera. 111

Mr. James Tuomson.

Lamprima amplicollis, Dorcus exaratus Q.

Lucanus Pontbrianti. Sclerostomus leiocephalus.

Fabiani. ; Figulus Australicus.

Cladognathus speculifer.

Eurytrachelus semirugosus. 9

diabolicus. oo.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Prate I.

Fig. 1. Odontolubis Mouhotii, Parry, ¢.

2 i Castelnaudi, Parry, .

Prater II,

Fig. 1. Odontolabis Ludekingii, Vollenh., ¢ var. med.

Za Ff Wollastonii, Parry, g.

3. ” ” 2)

Prarte ITI,

Fig. 1. Odontolabis Wollastonii, Parry, ¢ var. max.

2. Sclerostomus signatipennis, Deyrolle, ¢.

3. Fr; lineatus, Deyrolle, 9.

4. np fasciatus, Germain, 9.

Prats IV.

Fig. 1. Hexarthrius Deyrollei, Parry, ¢.

. Cladognathus attenuatus, Parry, ¢.

]

3. Neolucanus cingulatus, Parry, 9.

« Cladognathus decipiens, Parry, 9.

5 a Zebra, Oliv., 2.

Prare V.

1, #gus serratus, Parry, g.

2. Odontolabis Stevensii, Thoms., ¢ var. max..

3. gus impressicollis, Parry, @.

4. Mesotopus Tarandus, Swed., 9.

5. Odontolabis Stevensii, Thoms., 2.

Prarte VI.

Fig. 1, Cladognathus sericeus, Hope, g var. max.

2. Lucanus Hopei, Parry, g.

3. Cladognathus fulvonotatus, Parry, ¢ var. max.

4. Odontolabis Sommeri, Parry, %.

5. 7 Brookeanus, Vollenh., ¢ var. max.

112 Major Parry’s Catalogue

Prarte VII.

Fig. 1. Cyclorasis subnitens, Parry, ¢.

2. Cladognaihus Wallacei, Parry, @ var. max,

3. op bisignatus, Parry, ¢ var. min.

4, Leptinopterus Fryi, Parry, @ var. max.

. Cladognathus bisignatus, Parry, 9.

6. 55 Tragulus, Vollenh., ¢ var. med.

7. Agus trilobatus, Parry, 3.

. Leptinopterus rotundatus, Parry, .

. Odontolabis @ratus, Hope, 2.

Prats VIII.

Fig. 1. Odontolabis Vollenhovii, Parry, g var. max.

2. Cladognathus flavidus, Parry, $ var. max.

3. * elegans, Parry, S.

4. as quadrinodosus, Parry, g var. max.

5. a Lafertei, Reiche, 2.

Prats IX.

Fig. 1. Neolucanus Buladeva, Hope (mandib.)

2. Rhetus Westwoodii, Parry, ¢ var. max.

3. Neolucanus Saundersii, Parry (mandib.)

4. Cyclorasis Jekelii, Parry, @.

5. Hexarthrius Bowringii, Parry, g var. max.

6. Cantharolethrus Lurerii, Buquet, 2.

7. Hexarthrius Bowringii, Parry (anten.)

8. Rhetus Westwoodii, Parry, (anten.)

Prate X.

fEgus plutyodon, Parry, @ var. max.

Lucanus Smithii, Parry, @.

« Chiasognathus Mniszechii, Thoms., @.

. Hemisodorcus Passaloides, Hope, g-

. Cladognathus politus, Parry, g.

. Heterochthes brachypterus, Westw., 9.

” ” ” é .

« Odontolabis Cingalensis, Parry, @ var, max.

. Macrocrates bucephulus, Burm., @.

OenNtAanrwnse

Pirate XI.

Fig. 1. Heterochthes brachypterus, Westw., g var. max.; la, outline of portion

of the head; 16, front of the head seen from the front; Ic, maxilla;

ld, mentum; le, mentum seen from within, with the labium and

palpus; 1f, antenna; 1g, prosternum seen from beneath ; 1h, ditto,

seen sideways. J

2. Heterochthes brachypterus, Westw., & var. min.; 2a, outline of the side

of the head ; 26, mandible.

3. Heterochthes brachypterus, Westw., 2 3 8a, the head; 3b, the eye, divided

by the canthus ; 3c, antenna ; 3d, maxilla; 3e, mentum ; 3f, labium

and palpus.

of Lucanoid Coleoptera. 113

Pirate XI.—continued.

Fig. 4. Cladognathus rudis, Westw., 9 ; 4a, the head with one of the antenne ;

4b, the eye half-divided by the canthus ; 4c, maxilla; 4d, mentum ;

4e, labium and palpi; 4/, prosternum ; 4g, the same, sileways.

5. Selerostomus Philippi, Westw., @.

6. Homoderus Mellyi, Parry, g var. max., anterior part of body, Ga, the

same, seen sideways.

FouatTe XII.

Fig. 1. Cladognathus modestus, Parry, ¢ ; la, the left side of the head, with the

clypeus ; 1b, the extremity of the right mandible; Ic, the mentum,

with the four palpi in situ.

2. Cladognathus faber, Thoms., g var. max.; 2a, g var. mio., head.

3. + Buddha, Hope, g var, max.

3a. 3 ay » ¢ var. min. (C. Thibeticus, Westw.)

4. Cyclommatus Maitlandi, Parry, ¢ var. max.; 4a, side view.

5. gus lubilis, Westw., g ; 5a, the eye entirely divided by the canthus;

5b, maxilla ; 5c, the mentum, lobes of maxilla and palpi; 5d, !ebium

and its palpi.

6. Ditomederus mirabilis, Parry, $ ; 6a, the clypeus and central tubercle of

the front of the head; 6b, the eye half-divided by the canthus ;

Gc, terminal joints of the antenna ; 6d, maxilla; 6e, mentum and

palpi.

VOL. If, THIRD SEREES, PART 1.—May, 1864. }

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II. On the Formation of the Cells of Bees and Wasps.

By G. R. WateruovuseE, F.Z.S8., Ke.

[Read 7th March, 1864,]

Ata former meeting of this Society, a discussion having arisen

respecting the theory of the structure of the cells of wasps, &c.,

I stated that I possessed the commencement of a hornet’s nest—

or rather of the comb—in which there were but three cells, and

these only partially built: that these cells were so placed that

each one came in contact with two others, and had two flat sides,

the flat sides forming the common partitions between two cells;

and that the remaining portion of each cell (being about two-

thirds of the entire circumference) was circular at the opening.

I promised to exhibit this rudimentary condition of a hornet’s

nest, and was reminded of this promise by our ex-President at the

last meeting. I now lay it before you (PI. XIII. figs. 1 and 1a);

but before I proceed to make any remarks respecting it, I am

anxious to direct the attention of the members to other nests

and cells of Hymenopterous insects; and especially to the very

extensive collection of these interesting objects exhibited in the

small room at the east end of the northern Zoological Gallery of

the British Museum. Here will be found between three and four

hundred nests of various kinds of bees, wasps, &c. These nests,

and many others which I have had opportunities of examining,

may be divided into three principal classes.

I, Nests formed in burrows in the ground, or in dead’ wood.

They are very numerous, and the cells of which they are

composed are either cylindrical or ovate, sometimes round,

or nearly so.

II. Isolated cells, not deposited in such excavations, but merely

attached to some foreign substance. They are frequently

ovate, sometimes cylindrical and sometimes spherical—

never angular.

III. Groups of cells more or less closely united, not deposited in

excavations or burrows, but either attached to some foreign

substance, or to a nest-covering made by the insects.

Here the form of the cell is commonly hexagonal.

Now it is a striking fact that of these different kinds of nests

‘VOL, Il, THIRD SERIES, PART II,—AvGusT, 1864, K

116 Mr. G. R. Waterhouse on the

(aggregates of cells) or isolated cells, both groups of insects men-

tioned—bees and wasps—furnish all the different varieties above

noticed. Bees and wasps, we must bear in mind, form two very

extensive and distinct sections of the order Hymenoptera, distin-

guished by many important points of structure. Each of these

great sections is divided into families and genera, also charac-

terized by differences of structure. Here then are insects of two

distinct great sections furnishing repetitions of similar architecture

in the construction of their nests and cells; on the other hand,

we find instances of species of the same genus building nests and

cells which are very dissimilar, not only as to the structure, but

as to the material used. In short, insects, very dissimilar in form

and structure, build similar nests and cells, and insects of (very

nearly) the same form and structure build dissimilar nests and cells.

From this we may infer, either that the influence of the form and

structure of the insect upon that of the nest and cell must be but

of minor importance; or, that the differences in the structure of

the nests and cells are more apparent than real. I entertain the

latter idea, and nearly thirty years back, when called upon to

write the article ‘ Bee’ for the Penny Cyclopedia, I endeavoured

to show that there was a common principle in action in all insect

architecture, viz., that of working in segments of circles; and

that, so far as the hive-bee was concerned, the cells of that insect

furnished no exception to the rule.

The theory propounded by me, in explanation of the form of

the cell of the hive-bee, has been objected to by several able

naturalists, since it will not serve likewise to explain the hex-

agonal form of the cell of the wasp or hornet, it being surmised

that the same laws would govern the form of the cell in both

cases.

In 1835, when I wrote the article alluded to, I was not ac-

quainted with certain facts relating to the building of the wasp’s

nest, and when I learnt that a single female wasp constructed, in

the spring time, a nest made up of hexagonal cells, I felt that the

objection that had been raised against my views was a very

serious one.

The leading idea with me, in respect to the cells of the honey-

comb, was that of a number of insects working simultaneously

(or nearly so) in a confined space; but, with the wasp, the case is

different, and in fact, as I soon afterwards discovered, is pre-

cisely the reverse ; for it is a single insect, in unconfined space,

working simultaneously (or very nearly so) at many cells:

that is, so far as the nest first formed by the female wasp is

Formation of the Cells of Bees and Wasps. i

concerned. The cells constructed later in the season by the

neuter wasps, I have no doubt, come into the same category as

the cells of the hive-bee.

Having made these preliminary remarks, I will now direct your

attention to one or two other specimens which I have to exhibit.

But first I wish you to observe, with regard to the specimen of

part of a nest already exhibited, that it consists of a stalk by which

it was attached to the nest-covering, the stalk being slender in the

middle and expanded at the extremities—at the base to increase

the surface for attachment, and at the opposite extremity to unite

with the three cells. Viewing this specimen from the side, or

with the stalk towards you, there is no trace of plane surfaces; all

the work is in curves, and the partially formed cells appear to be

hemispherical. It is only when you view it with the openings of

the cells towards you that plane surfaces are visible, and these are

presented by the flat partitions between the cells. You will also

perceive that were the now partially circular outline of the opening

of one of these cells to be carried on and completed, it would en-

croach upon the two neighbouring cells.

This specimen originally formed part of an enormous hornet’s

nest, the nest consisting, as usual, of a number of horizontal slabs

composed of cells, and a thick covering enclosing the whole and

constructed of the same materials as the cells. ‘The covering, in

parts, was very irregular, no doubt arising from the situation in

which the nest was placed (most probably in a hollow tree). On

its inner surface were many small cavities, in several of which were

small rudimentary nests, or rather portions of comb. They were

evidently not completed, on account of the confined space not per-

mitting of further progress. It was from one of these cavities

that the specimen exhibited was taken.

Here are two other small bits of comb from the small cavities

spoken of. The cells are increased in number, but are less ad-

vanced than in the first piece. This (Pl. XIII. fig. 2), the smallest

piece of comb, shows four cells in a rudimentary condition; the

most advanced of these cells (and no doubt the one first com-

menced) is nearly hemispherical ; attached to this is a second cell,

rather less advanced, and in the interspace of these two cells are

two others, presenting a still earlier condition, The smaller of

these latter has its outer free portion nearly semicircular, whilst

the inner half is formed by portions of the two adjoining cells,

these portions presenting curves encroaching upon the small rudi-

mentary cell. The partitions between the other three cells show

a slight tendency to become flattened. Comparing this piece of

K 2

118 Mr. G. R. Waterhouse on the

comb with the piece to which I first drew attention, it will be

seen that the diameter of each of these rudimentary cells is less

than that of the more advanced cells. The most advanced of the

four cells is already half-surrounded by the adjoining cells.

This piece (PI. XIII. fig. 3), from the same great nest, is still fur-

ther advanced. It consists of a comparatively deep cell (a)—still,

however, nearly hemispherical—and five other cells in different

stages of progress, enclosing about five-sixths of its circumference.

Viewing this piece (exhibiting the foundations of six cells) in

connexion with the other pieces exhibited, and, again, with a

piece of comb in a still more advanced state, where all the cells

are of one diameter, and all (except the outermost series) are

hexagonal, it seems to me impossible to avoid the conclusion that

the deepest and most advanced of the six cells was the one first

formed; that the cell next formed was this one, which, you will

perceive, is rather more advanced than the other cells surrounding

the first one, and that this little shelf (b), with a very gently con-

cave inner surface, was the last work of the insect; it is the com-

mencement of the sixth cell.

The work here is somewhat rude and irregular, as compared

with that seen in cells more advanced in condition. For instance,

this (c), which from its state of advancement must have been the

fifth cell commenced, unlike the other cells surrounding the first

one, does not come in immediate contact with it; at least, the par-

tition between cell (a) and cell (c) is double the usual thickness.

I have already described how the first cells constructed form, as

it were, a mere expanded portion of the previously formed stalk.

This stalk is more or less irregular, and in this particular instance

it is strengthened by a lateral pillar, on the summit of which the

fifth cell is commenced. Again, the axes of the cells surrounding

the first cell are not equidistant. The centres of the shallow little

cavities, presented by the earliest condition of the cells, are more

approximated than in those which are more advanced; but of

necessity, if the work is continued, the centres must be gradually

shifted as the work proceeds, until the whole of the cells sur-

rounding the first one shall have attained their full diameter.

Then, the diameters of all the cells being equal, the circumference

of cell 1 must admit of six other (and only six other) cells being

joined to it.

I have still other points to notice in connection with this par-

ticular piece of comb. Here the first formed cell (or rather part

of a cell, for we see no perfect cells in any of these specimens) is

purely circular in its horizontal section, whilst the second and

Formation of the Cells of Bees and Wasps. 119

third cells are separated by a flat partition. These are slight

irregularities in the work, and I dwell upon them because I

believe that it is only by bestowing close attention to such points

that we shall arrive at any satisfactory solution of the problem

furnished by the hexagonal form of the cells of these insects.

Lastly, I will notice, that notwithstanding the very small

amount of work that has been bestowed upon these six rudi-

mentary cells, there is still a small portion of another cell visible.

This little shelf (d), which springs from the angle between two

marginal cells, is clearly the commencement of a cell.*

* The pieces of comb just described are undoubtedly the work of the neuter

insects. Mr, Smith, our best authority for all that appertains to the Hymenopterous

insects, thus describes the early work of the female wasp:—‘ She begins by

making three circular saucer-shaped receptacles, in each of which she deposits

an egg; she then proceeds to form other similar shaped receptacles, until the

eggs first deposited are hatched, and the young grubs require a share of her

attention. From the circular bases she now begins to raise her hexagonal cells—

not building them up at once, but from time to time raising them as the young

grubs grow.” See Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1858, p. 35.

From certain specimens before me of the early work of the female wasp, I will

make a slight addition to the above. These specimens, being forwarded for the pur-

pose by Mr. Stone, were exhibited by Mr. Smith at our last meeting (in February ;

see Proc. Ent. Soc. 1864, p. 2), and are now again before you for inspection.

They have kindly been placed in my hands for examination since their first exhi-

bition. Amongst these specimens is a single isolated cell, or rather a commence-

ment of a cell—it being the first one constructed by the insect. It isin the form of

a low, hollow cone, the pointed end being attached to a small stalk, and is about

one-eighth of an inch in height, and of the same width at its opening. Undera

magnifying glass it appears to be built entirely of glistening, whitish, silk-like

threads, which I have little doubt are a secretion from the insect, all the threads

being firmly attached together as if they had originally been of a glutinous nature.

Of two other specimens, one shows three low, hollow cones, each cone united to two

others, and at their junction having flattish partitions. The third specimen shows

four such cones, with flat partitions between them. The largest of these cones

scarcely exceeds the first isolated cone in size, and there are some which are de-

cidedly smaller. Under a lens the work appears rather rude and irregular, the apices

of the cones not springing from the same level, and the so-called flat partitions only

in a rude manner sketching out the future hexagon. These cells differ from those

formed by the neuters, later in the season, in being of smaller size, and in appa-

rently having no admixture of foreign substances (such as masticated dead or

rotten wood, which appears to be most commonly used) in their composition ; and

I cannot help thinking that the extreme economy of material which is apparent in

the spring nest formed by the female wasp, not only in the formation of the cells,

but likewise in that of their covering, has connexion with the nature of the

material used. Almost simultaneously with the commencement of the cells, it

appears that the nest-covering is commenced. At first it has the appearance of

a miniature umbrella, serving to shelter the rudimentary cells. As the cells pro-

gress so does the thin covering, by additions to the free edge, until, when com-

120 Mr. G. R. Waterhouse on the

I will now call attention to some pieces of comb of another

species of wasp, the Vespa orientalis. These specimens may be

seen in the British Museum. Here the cells, instead of being

built of minute fragments of wood, glued together by a secre-

tion from the insect, as in the case of the pieces of comb of

the common hornet which I exhibit, are built of clay, and the

work is extremely beautiful and true. Under the same glass

shade are three slabs of comb of this Indian hornet (a large piece

and two small slabs); one of the small slabs is fractured in

parts; the other is perfect, and this I will endeavour to describe,

for if taken in connexion with what has already been said of the

specimens exhibited, I think I shall then have directed your

attention to some very important facts connected with the matter

in hand.

This slab of comb is nearly round, rather more than two

inches in diameter, and contains thirty-five cells in different

stages of progress. Both surfaces of the slab are gently convex.

All the cells form equilateral hexagons, excepting those which

belong to the outer or marginal series. A few of the cells in the

central part of the slab may be said to be complete, or very

nearly so, having attained their full depth; and from the centre

towards the margin the cells are successively less deep. Those

on the margin, however, vary considerably in their depth, or, we

may say, in their state of progress. Many of them have attained

about half their full depth, and most of these are, at the opening

of the cell, nearly true hexagons; each of them is in contact with

four other cells, and each one of four of its sides thus forms a

partition common to two cells. These sides meet so as to form

true angles, but the two remaining sides of each cell, which as

yet are not in contact with other cells, are less truly flat, and at

their junction form a slightly rounded angle. Viewing these cells

on the outer surface, we perceive that the imperfect angular form,

which the cell has attained at its opening, rapidly disappears

towards the base of the cell, which is rounded. Besides these

half-formed cells, which have two free sides, there are two half-

formed cells that are in contact only with three of the inner series

of cells, and these two have three free sides each, which sides

meet so as to form two slightly rounded angles at the outlet of

plete, it assumes a spherical form, but with an opening on the lowest part for the

ingress and egress of the wasp. A second, and even a third covering successively

follow, and are detached from each other, The largest of the nests exhibited by

Mr. Stone is scarcely equal to a hen’s egg in bulk, and the smallest is not larger

than a medium-sized walnut.

Formation of the Cells of Bees and Wasps. 121

the cell, which angles disappear towards the base of the cell, as

in the other, much more common, form of half-constructed cells.

The other cells of the external series are Jess advanced and show

no trace of angles externally, the outline of the part not in contact

with other cells being, in a horizontal section, in the form of a

segment of a circle. ‘These latter cells have not attained their

fuil diameter.

I have now to refer to some other specimens which I exhibit;

and, first, to two cells, which were constructed by a bee—Osmia

leucomelana. They are formed of mud; and each cell is built

separately. The female bee having deposited a small pellet of

mud in a sheltered spot, between some tufts of grass, imme-

diately commences to excavate a small cavity in its upper sur-

face, scraping the mud away from the centre towards the margin

by means of her jaws. A small shallow mud-cup is thus pro-

duced. It is rough and uneven on the outer surface, but beau-

tifully smooth on the inner. On witnessing thus much of the

work performed, I was struck with three points: Ist, the rapi-

dity with which the insect worked; 2ndly, the tenacity with

which she kept her original position whilst excavating; and,

3rdly, her constantly going over work which had apparently been

completed ; at every fresh addition of material brought up to

the margin of the cell, the bee worked back again in the cavity

which was already rendered smooth. ‘To continue the cell, more

material has to be sought for. It is added to the margin of

the little cup first scooped out, and is wrought, by scraping,

on the inner side; and here, again, it is certain that the bee

does not entirely confine the work of her jaws to the additional

material, but again passes them over the old work, and hence

the part of the work already completed has a certain influence

upon that which follows. The curves first formed have an in-

fluence upon those that follow, and, if continued, they would

return again into themselves; that is to say, the cell would be-

come a hollow sphere, but the tendency to this form is partially

overcome by the fact that the cell has to be constructed by exca-

vation, and by an insect which, when at work, is on the outside of

it. The effect is, that it gradually passes from the spherical

towards the cylindrical form, but never quite attains the latter, for

the sides gradually close in, and ultimately the aperture becomes

too contracted for the bee to insert her head and to carry on the

work as before. Still fresh mud is added to the margin of the

cell, but only to the inner edge, and this is continued horizontally,

122 Mr. G. R. Waterhouse on the

ring after ring of mud, till the cell is closed in by a lid; the lid is

excavated and rendered concave on its outer or upper surface,

and is convex and rough on its inner surface, and, in fact, is

a simple repetition of the first-formed portion of the cell, a

part of a hollow sphere; and if the work proceeded beyond

this point, there can be little doubt that this lid of a cell would

become the bottom of another similar cell, and thus we should

have the cells joined end to end, and with a common straight

axis, as we see in the cells of certain other bees—Megachile for

instance; here, however, the cells are deposited in cylindrical

burrows made in the ground, and the cells themselves are cylin-

drical. I have witnessed the construction of the first part of the

cell of the Osmia, and I have seen cells in all states of progress

from that part to their completion. The completed Osmia cell

strongly reminded me of the isolated cells built by the hive-bee

for the queen-bee larva; the general form is the same to this

extent,—they are both hemispherical at the base, and gradually

approach the cylindrical form towards the mouth of the cell.

I have still one other form of cell, to which I wish to direct

your attention. These two cells, like those of the Osmia, are

constructed of mud, but the insect that formed them (a species of

Eumenes) belongs to the wasp tribe. Whilst the Osmia is a short

stout insect with short legs, the Humenes is slender and has long

legs. The cell of the Osmia would be completely filled by the

pupa of the insect reared in it; but that of the Eumenes is much

larger when compared with the size of the insect that constructed

it. This difference in the proportionate size of the cells has, no

doubt, reference to the kind of food which has to be stored up

for feeding the larva. Furthermore, these cells differ from those

of the Osmia in being almost perfectly spherical. They remind

one of certain water bottles, and, like them, have a short neck,

through which is the opening into the nest. The opening is very

small, but I have little doubt would permit the insect to enter the

cell; but, on the other hand, I much doubt whether she could

perform the whole of the work of its construction from the outer

side. I believe, indeed, that in executing the latter part of the

work, at least, the insect was inside the cell. However this may

be, here is a cell, the foundation of which was laid down in seg-

ments of circles of much larger size than those seen in the cell of

the Osmia, and, in connexion with this, we have the fact, that

the comparatively long legs of the Humenes would give it the

power of a far greater stretch, supposing that her work was com-

Formation of the Cells of Bees and Wasps. 123

menced and carried on like that of the Osmia. In this case you

observe there are two cells joined side by side; but as in other

similar cells constructed by species of Humenes which have come

under my notice the cells are isolated,* there can be little doubt

these two cells were constructed separately.

I compared the cell of the Osmia to that of the queen-bee of

the hive, and I regret that I am unable to exhibit a perfect spe-

cimen of a queen’s cell. On this piece of honeycomb, however,

you will see two half-formed queen’s cells, and I am anxious that

you should notice the peculiarities in the work of the hive-bee in

the region of these cells. In order to form a foundation for one

of these large cells, it being attached to a very irregular surface,

an abundance of wax is used. The foundation being formed,

however, this superfluous wax is not allowed to remain, but the

bees immediately commence its removal, and it is evident that

many must be engaged in this work. The queen’s cell is bur-

rowed into in all parts. Where the wax is thinner, the surface of

the cell is covered with little shallow, circular pits; where thicker,

the pits are deeper and of larger diameter ; and what is worthy

of remark is, that these pits are very rarely confluent, they are

separated by walls of the same height. Lastly, at the base of

the cell where the wax is thickest, the pits have, some of them,

assumed the hexagonal form of the ordinary cells, but they are

of but little depth and apparently useless. Between these and the

small pits first noticed, there are other pits showing every inter-

mediate condition,—some partly rounded and partly angular, and

in those that are angular, the number of straight sides is very

variable. Here are two little pits having a common flat partition

between them, but which are elsewhere circular. The bottoms of

the pits, moreover, are either circular or angular ; but, in all cases,

it will be seen, upon examining them attentively, that wherever

the pits are bounded by flat sides, the flat sides form the common

partitions between themselves and adjoining cavities. This irre-

gularity is not confined to the region of the queen’s cells, but

occurs frequently in other parts of the comb. In the pieces of

comb on the table there are cells with five and with seven} sides :

there are cells, which, instead of having three plates at the bottom,

* One of these isolated cells is figured by Mr. Smith in his ‘‘ Catalogue of

Hymenopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum.” See Part V.

Vespide, plate 6, fig. 7.

+ Two specimens of 7-sided cells exhibited are cells of rather larger diameter

than usual, and have surrounding them six cells varying slightly in size, and a

small abortive seventh cell, ‘he sides of the 7-sided cell are therefore unequal,

124. Mr. G. R. Waterhouse on the

have but one plate; each of such cells being exactly opposed to

one other cell on the opposite side of the comb.*

and it is only at the mouth of the cell that the seven sides appear. 5-sided cells

are common, this being the usual form of the cells of the first-formed tier in the

hive, cells which are on one side in contact with the roof of the hive, and are

surrounded at other parts by four cells.

* In the British Museum is a nest of one of the slender-bodied wasps which

is well worth examination in connexion with any theory intended to explain the

form of the cells. The nest in question has its upper part dome-shaped, and is

built round a stout stick. The under part is closed in by a thin covering, the

outer surface of which is gently convex (excepting at one part, where a small

area is depressed and slightly concave). It furnishes an extensive surface, being

between seven and eight inches in diameter. A small opening is left in this

lower envelope of the nest for the ingress and egress of the wasps. Nearly the

whole of its surface is covered by a network of rudimentary cells, the average

depth of the cells being about the eighth of an inch ; those on the concave part,

however, are much deeper. The cells covering the chief part of this area are

truly hexagonal, and the bottoms of the cells are flat or very nearly so. Notwith-

standing the beautiful regularity which prevails in this work, there are, in certain

parts, some remarkable aberrations from the normal conditions. The most ir-

regularly formed cells are those on the margins of the nest-covering. Here the

lower edges of the dome-shaped upper and outer covering of the nest descend and

hang down like a curtain, with an average width of about half an inch, which

serves to protect the comb being constructed on the under covering of the nest,

and which in time, had the structure proceeded, would itself have been inclosed.

The cells which come in contact with this curtain are so built that the curtain

forms their outer boundary, and most of them are pentagonal, but with very

unequal sides, the partitions which separate them from each other being often

twice, and sometimes three times as long as those which separate the marginal

from the sub-marginal cells. These cells, moreover, are frequently confluent,

some of the partitions which should have separated them not being carried up,

but sketched out, as it were, by an indistinct ridge; in short, so variable are

these marginal cells, that one may safely say there are no two alike. In other

parts are some singular modifications in the forms of the cells. I will notice

one particular cell and a few others that are near toit. This cell has six sides ;

two longer sides which meet as nearly as possible at a right angle, and one

very short side. From this short side extend two sides of an adjoining cell,

and these form part of the boundary of a cell with five unequal sides, two of

which sides do not meet so as to form a true angle, for the angle is rounded (I so

express it for brevity sake). From this rounded angle runs out one of those rudi-

mentary partitions which merely sketch out the boundaries of what I have termed

confluent cells. Again, joining the cell first noticed, and also adjoining each

other, are two cells which are very nearly square, each having four long sides.

and one extremely short one; these again join a cell which has seven unequal

sides. I will only further add, with respect to this nest that there is a con-

siderable area round the thick stick which passes through the nest on which cells

have not been commenced, and that nearly the whole of the cells which abut

upon this area (and they are numerous) have their free margin rounded; in one

or two only is the outer margin rendered angular.

Formation of the Cells of Bees and Wasps. 125

Now the chief difference between the hive-bee’s cell and that of

the wasp is, that, in the former, the bottoms or bases of the cells

are made up of plane surfaces ; whilst, in the case of the wasp,

the cells are hemispherical (or nearly so) at the base; never

showing either angles or plane surfaces. And the difference in

the slabs of comb made by the two insects is this: a slab of wasp

comb consists only of one layer of cells; all the cells opening out

in one direction; whilst the slab of honeycomb presents cells on

both surfaces, those on one surface being united to those of the

opposite side by their bases, and, consequently, the openings of

the cells of the two sides of the slab are in opposite directions.

When it is stated (as is often done) that, in this case, each cell is

exactly opposed to three other cells, only the more common con-

dition of the honeycomb is described, for there is considerable

variation in this respect, as I have already shown; and the number

of the plates of which the base of the cell is composed, as well as

their form and proportions, is varied accordingly. This difference

in the form of the bases of the wasp cells and that of the hive bee,

connected, as it is, by contact of opposing cells, on the one hand,

and non-contact on the other, furnishes a very striking fact in

connexion with the subject under consideration.

But the cells of the honey-bee are not always angular at the

base nor at the sides, as appears from certain experiments made

by Mr. Tegetmeier. ‘“ My first experiment” (says this gentleman)

“consisted in placing a flat parallel-sided block of wax in a hive

containing a recent swarm. In this the cells were excavated by the

bees at irregular distances. In every case where the excavation was

isolate it was hemispherical, and the wax excavated was addéd at

the margin, so as to constitute a cylindrical cell. As other exca-

vations were made in contact mith those previously formed, the cells

became flat-sided, but, from the irregularity of their arrangement,

not necessarily hexagonal.” *

The hexagonal cells I have been speaking of have for the most

part been built under conditions which would not permit of the

full diameter of the cell being carried out; but in the wasp comb,

like that of the hive-bee, there are cells of larger size, which often

appear quite suddenly, and extend over a considerable extent of

surface: in the hive-bee they are known as the drone’s cells. Upon

measuring these carefully, Ifind that their average diameter is equal

to that of the ordinary cells, if measured across the centre from

* See Report of the 28th Meeting of the British Association. ‘‘ Transactions

of the Sections,” p. 132.

126 Mr. G. R. Waterhouse on the

angle to angle, and I assume, therefore, that they are cells having

the full diameter permitted by the stretch of the insect, as it

ordinarily works in cell-building ; such cells would merely touch

each other were they cylindrical (whereas, in the smaller cells, the

natural outlines would intersect), and there would be in their

interstices a certain amount of superfluous material, which the

instinctive propensities of the insects would lead them to remove ;

for, as I have before pointed out, their cells are carried up from

the original foundation by adding material to their margins, and

this is followed by excavation on the inner side.

I have now to speak of those cells on the margin of the wasp

comb which are more or less angular on the outer side, and yet,

at that part, are not in contact with other cells.

It has been stated that after the marginal cells have been carried

up to a small extent the next work of the wasp is to commence

other cells in the angles between each pair of these cells; thus

converting the cells which were marginal into inner cells, and that

then the sub-marginal cells become truly angular and hexagonal.

Let 1, 2 and 3 (PI. XIII. fig. 4) be three partially constructed

marginal cells; and let a and b be two cells commenced in the

angles between them; it is clear that the work performed on the

cells 1, 2 and 8 can no longer belong entirely to those cells,—they

being continued by the insect almost simultaneously with the cells

a and b. So much work as is bestowed upon cell 2 on its outer

side must equally form part of the walls of cells a and b; and the

work of cells a, 6 must in part belong to cells 1, 2 and 3. As these

cells (a and b) moreover increase in size, part of the work in each

must be common to the two, viz., at the point d, where they will

become united. The force, then (I will so put it), that is thrown,

for instance, on that part of cell a that comes in contact with cell

2, is met by another force in cell 2 at that part in which it is in

contact with cell a; and the two forces are equal. If the cells

2, a and Db are to be carried up together, there is no reason why

any one should encroach on any other, but the contrary.

When the insect is at work with its head in cell }, there must

be a certain time during which its work is bestowed on the part

which is common to cell b and cell 2, and at another time it will

be at work upon the part which is common to cell 6 and cell 3.

Tt works, then, to the left and to the right equally, and we must

suppose that the axis of its body is in the direction of the partition

which separates cells 2 and 3; and, taking the size of the wasp

and of its cell into consideration, we may add that its abdomen

would be extended across another cell (4) behind these.

Formation of the Cells of Bees and Wasps. 127

If cell a had been previously commenced, we can see that the

work afterwards performed in cell b might be restricted on the

side next that cell; but on the opposite side, which is not so re-

stricted, the work is not laterally extended beyond the same point;

and I infer from this, that when the insect is in the position men-

tioned (and there is no disturbing cause*), its power of stretch

controls the diameter of the cell, as appeared to be the case with

the Osmia. That from a certain point, which shall be, we will say,

the centre of cell 6, the stretch being in all directions equal from

the centre, must describe a circle, and at the same time it must be

equal, in each direction from the centre, to one side of a hexagon,

the angles of which would touch that circle.

Cell-building consists of a constant repetition of similar work,

and of similar parts of the work. Let us see what would be the

effect of such repetition upon the cell 3. Cells 1, 2 and 3 are

partly built and are marginal cells; cells 4.and 5 are within these,

and are more advanced. The next operation, according to the

usual course, would be to commence the building of cells a and b,

the first atom of material laid down for these cells being in the

angle between cells 2 and 1, or 2and 3. The position of the insect

in building cell a I suppose to be in the direction of the partition

between cells 1 and 2 and across cell 5; that for building cell b

would be in the direction of the partition between cells 2 and 3

and across cell 4, Cell 2, then, is enclosed at all parts, and has

assumed a truly hexagonal form, and to complete this hexagon the

insect has worked alternately in cell 2 and in cells a and 6, But

a repetition of part of the work would have produced the same

effect on cell 2. The axis of the insect being in the direction a 5,

and suitable for building cell a, the insect might work alternately

inside and outside of a part of cell 2, and thus produce the

straight partition between cell a and cell 2. Again, the position

of the insect being altered, as it would be, to build cell b, that is

in the direction b 4, by the same operation the partition between

cells 6 and 2 would become straightened. At the same time the

same position enables the insect to work alternately likewise in

cells 3 and 6, and to produce a flat partition between them. The

inner half of the circumference of cell 3 has been converted into

three sides of a hexagon; externally it furnishes two entering

angles d and e, Let the work be repeated as before described,

* Under different conditions to those above indicated—as, for instance, in the

construction of the nest-covering—the insect evidently does not keep its body

fixed in position while at work. Here the work is performed with shifting centres,

and segments of very large circles are exhibited in all parts of the work.

128 Mr. G. R. Waterhouse on the

the insect working with the axis of its body in the same relative

direction to the cells; say, first, in the direction d 2, and, secondly,

in that of e 2; then two more flat sides to cell 3 may be pro-

duced by simple repetition of similar work ; and, lastly, the side

f 4& being now straight, furnishes a position through which the

insect may operate upon the side which still remained untouched.

Thus it is possible, by mere repetition of similar work under

similar conditions, to alter a cell having a circular section into an

hexagonal cell; the cell in question being only in contact with two

other cells.

In the foregoing it is assumed that the wasp is at work ona

plane surface—on a piece of comb in which the openings of the

cells are all on the same level, and it brings about conditions

which verY NEARLY accord with those which actually present

themselves.

The surface of the forming comb, however, is not a plane one,

but is more or less convex, and the young cell on the margin of

the comb, as I have had to point out, opens out obliquely, dipping

away from the level of the next inner series of cells; and it is

obvious in this case that the stretch of the insect would be more

or less restricted. ‘The insect, for example, which is at work in

cell a, might reach to the right and to the left on the outer

surface of cells 1 and 2, but it would only be to some point short

of the centre of the exposed surface of cells 1 and 2, and some-

thing shorter than the side of the hexagon ultimately attained.

And if the wasp were to work (as it very often will do) on the

outer surface of a cell having the position of cell 2, but without

having the adjoining cells a and 6 in contact, it would have the

power of flattening the once-rounded outer wall, from the entering

angle on either side towards, but not quite to, the centre of the

free margin, and there would, therefore, be no true angle formed

at that part; and this corresponds exactly with the conditions

ordinarily presented.

I have now described the cells constructed by the wasp, and

those of allied insects; and I have likewise described the cells of

certain bees, and compared together the works of these two tribes

of insects. In so doing I have endeavoured to set down the

leading facts exactly as they present themselves, and not to be

influenced by any theoretical views. Subsequently, I have

endeavoured to harmonise those facts, and this part of the com-

munication only, I think, can in any way be regarded as theo-

retical. Here I may, and probably have, erred in endeavouring

to explain too much; but setting aside certain minor points, I

Formation of the Cells of Bees and Wasps. 129

believe I have clearly shown that there is one common principle

in action exhibited in the work of all these insects—I might

include the work of other tribes of insects, or I might point to the

works of other animals, the bird’s nest for instance—and that is

the principle of working in segments of circles: that the hexa-

gonal form of the cells of certain bees and wasps may, and

does, arise out of this mode of action when under certain con-

ditions: that those conditions are, that the cells are so com-

menced that their natural circumferences, as the work proceeds,

are either simply brought into contact with each other, or that the

cells are so placed that the (we will say theoretical) cireum-

ferences must intersect. Contact with adjoining cells then is an

essential condition to bring about the hexagonal form,* but for

this result it is not necessary that a hexagonal cell should be

completely surrounded by other cells.

* As J have before pointed out in this Society’s rooms, See Proc. Ent. Soc.

1858, p. 17.

(2 ASI )

III. On the Construction of Hexagonal Cells by Bees and

Wasps. By Freperick Smita, late Pres. Ent. Soc.

{Read 4th April, 1864.]

Ar the March meeting of this Society, Mr. Waterhouse pro-

pounded his theory of the construction of hexagonal cells by bees

and wasps, and, supposing his to be the true solution of the

problem, we are asked to accept it as explanatory of the manner

in which all social insects form them. For years past I have had

constant opportunities of examining nests of the social Hymen-

optera, and I also formed a beautiful assortment of specimens for

my own study; the result has been a conviction on my own part,

that a different process obtains in different species; not that each

particular species differs from all others, but that a variety of

modes is observable amongst them in constructing hexagonal

cells,

A mud-cell was exhibited to us by Mr. Waterhouse, and its

mode of construction explained; whilst building this cell, the

insect was stated to have always placed itself in one fixed position

when at work, and the diameter of its cell was said to have been

determined by the distance the insect could reach when thus at

work. Now in that particular instance it no doubt was so; but

had a hemispherical excavation of a similar diameter been made

by a species of Sphex, by Ammophila lutaria for instance, that

insect would have gone to work in a very different way. dAm-

mophila is three times the size of the bee, but she would

have moved round and round in different directions, until the

same result was produced. Large insects frequently construct

cells of smaller diameter than others built by smaller insects ;

and individuals of the same species may be observed at one

time laboriously constructing cell after cell, whilst another is

seen to avail itself of some ready-formed cavity, if equally

adapted to its purposes. I am here alluding to solitary species ;

but I will show you this evening, that hive-bees will avail

themselves of extraneous aid, and that if furnished with a series

of pyramidal bases, they will readily erect hexagonal walls

thereon; and 1 think you will see, that bees can form hexagonal-

shaped cells without working in a circular direction at all, and

VOL. 1, THIRD SERIES, PART Il,—AvGUST, 1864, L

132 Mr. F. Smith on the Construction of

also without making circular excavations so close to each other

as to necessitate the transformation into hexagonal cells, but

which were intended to be cylindrical.

You were invited, at our last meeting, to arrive at the con-

clusion that all hexagonal cells were constructed in accordance

with what is called the circular theory; that cell after cell arose

from consecutively constructed hemispherical bases. An ex-

amination of a large number of nests has enabled me to ascertain

that cells are constructed upon hemispherical, oval, pyramidal

and also upon plane or flat bases. I have observed that cells are

built upon bases consecutively formed, and also that the bases of

entire combs are prepared before a single cell is constructed.

Examples of each I shall lay before you, and having done so, I

shall be much interested to have it shown, that all these various

modes of building are in perfect accordance with the theory pro-

pounded to this Society at its last meeting.

Some writers upon the wonders of the hive have endeavoured

to show that the hexagonal form of cell is, in some degree, neces-

sitated for reasons that appear to me to have little weight. Saving

of space is put forth as one! Surely not saving of space simply as

such, without some collateral bearing, because the bees in a

natural state are not constrained to occupy any particular-sized

cavity. Then the saving of wax is supposed to operate, because

wax is said to be a precious material secreted and elaborated in

the stomach of the bee; and also in consequence of its being

produced only by a certain class of working bees; but we must

not lose sight of the fact, that hexagonal cells are not all built

of wax; the scrapings of plants or of wood, used by many

species of wasps, are not a scarce material; neither can mud,

which is used by others, be said to be a precious or a rare

material. ‘Then as to the saving of labour, 1 cannot see that

there is any better proof of this at all determining the desira-

bility of the hexagonal-shaped cell; if honey-bees were left to

their own resources, in localities to which they are indigenous, I

believe that, like all other insects, they would just perform the

amount of labour necessary to carry out the ends for which they

are designed in nature; at the same time I see occasionally indi-

viduals of the same species, one labouring day by day in the con-

struction of a nidus adapted to its purposes, whilst another avails

itself of one ready made, but totally different in every respect to

that formed by her Jaborious sister, but one that will answer her

purpose; and in such instances I recognise a saving of labour.

No, the hexagonal form of cell is the plan laid down by the

Hexagonal Cells by Bees and Wasps. 133

great Architect, and the bees are the builders that carry out His

designs.

In the year 1858 this subject was brought before the Society by

Mr. Tegetmeier, and at that time Mr. Waterhouse explained the

nature of the circular theory, which, in his opinion, clearly elu-

cidated the principle upon which all hexagonal cells are built by

bees and wasps. My own observations on the mode of con-

struction adopted by wasps, I found, in what was then assumed

as essential to the formation of hexagonal cells, directly opposed,

and I attempted, with such material as I at that time possessed,

to combat the theory, which appeared to me inapplicable to the

building of wasps ; and I had the pleasure of finding, shortly after-

wards, that one of our most intelligent inquirers held the same

opinion.

Since that period Mr. Brown has advocated Mr. Waterhouse’s

theory in the “ Zoologist,” and the former gentleman assumes it

as a fact, that no bee or wasp has been known to construct a

single isolated hexagonal cell ; contact with other cells, if I under-

stand Mr. Brown rightly, being the essential condition which

influences the hexagonal form; and if so, as regards complete

cells, I take it for granted that it equally influences any portion

of a cell that is raised into an isolated position; therefore I feel

that I am warranted in assuming that no portion of a hexagonal

cell can possibly be carried up above the surrounding cells, if the

premises are infallible.

Mr. Brown gives it as his opinion, that “every cell during its

progress is impinged upon by six other cells, and as all progress

at the same time, the united attempts of the workers to avoid

interspaces and to expend no more wax than is necessary to the

making of firm walls, produce inevitably the hexagonal structure.”

Mr. Tegetmeier has given it as the result of his experience, “ that

the outer portion of each cell is cylindrical until a fresh cell is

added on its outer side, when the cell becomes an inner one, and

its outer sides transformed into a hexagon.”

When this subject was last brought before the Society, I ex-

pressed my opinion to be, that the wasp commenced her comb

with the intent instinctively to build hexagonal cells; since that

time, I have had many opportunities of examining nests of wasps

and bees, and the result is, if possible, a more confirmed belief in

my original opinion. I shall have the pleasure of offering to your

notice a number of most interesting examples of the architecture

of wasps, and of pointing out the facts upon which my opinions

are based; should I fail to prove my case to the satisfaction of a

134 Mr. F. Smith on the Construction of

single individual, I still think the exhibition of the different

methods adopted by wasps in building their combs cannot fail

to prove interesting.

It must not be supposed that all bees, or that all wasps, are

equally skilful in constructing hexagonal cells; such is in fact far

from being the case; some species, like unskilful masons, produce

very unfinished or rustic work. This observation applies to wax-

working bees, as well as to paper- and pasteboard-working wasps.

The cells of Trigona are rude and unskilful in construction, when

compared with the elegant and highly-finished structures erected

by the hive-bee. Amongst the Vespid@, the wasps belonging to

the extensive genus Polistes, that construct cells of a papery con-

sistency, are rude and unskilful in their work, when compared

with those belonging to the genus Chartergus, which construct

cells of stiff cardboard.

Wax is the material of which all honey-bees construct their

cells; it is of a soft plastic nature, and is capable of being

moulded, cut or scraped into any shape with ease; not so the

pasteboard of wasps. The material of which the paper or

cardboard is composed varies in different species; some use

scrapings of sound timber, this is the case with the Vespa

Norvegica; the nests of this wasp have a strength and durability

adapting them for exposure to the vicissitudes of weather, being

suspended to the branches of trees and shrubs; the hornet and

other wasps, on the contrary, select decayed wood, consequently

their nests are exceedingly fragile, and would soon perish if

exposed. Many exotic wasps use materials of a vegetable nature,

scrapings of the stems of plants; such is the material selected by

pasteboard-working species ; so firm and strong is the outer case,

as well as the cells, of these wasps, that it is a difficult matter to

tear them asunder. A few species build their pensile habitations

entirely of clay, some nests being as much as eight or nine inches

in diameter, and of an oblong, or egg-shaped, ani: a specimen

of an unfinished comb I shall Thy before you.

We will now examine a little into the differences observable in

the architecture of bees and wasps. Honey-bees, as you all

know, build double combs, and these depend from the roof

of the hive; the cells are consequently in a horizontal position.

Trigone (stingless honey-bees) construct single combs; they are

arranged horizontally, precisely like those of the common wasp,

the mouths of the cells being consequently downwards; the

combs, like those of the wasp, are supported by short columns of

wax, or a material closely resembling wax, and of an equally soft

Hexagonal Cells by Bees and Wasps. 135

and ductile quality. Let me now direct your attention to the

nests of various species of social wasps. The first which I

will mention is the nest of IJcaria guttalipennis; this is the

nest to which I referred at a former meeting, as being figured in

my Catalogue of the Vespide, and I incorrectly described it

as being constructed of a single row of hexagonal cells; it con-

sists of a double row, the number of cells being ten; I now direct

your attention to the fact that all the cells are perfectly hexagonal,

the exterior planes being as beautifully finished as those in contact

with the inner planes of the opposing cells. I have placed a

drawing of this nest (numbered 1) in the box on the table, and

I particularly wish you to observe, that the first cell is carried

up in a perfectly hexagonal form above the adjoining cells; a

proof that, if wasps never build perfect isolated hexagonal cells,

they certainly possess the capability of doing so. The exterior

of all the cells, as I before observed, is hexagonal, not cylindri-

cal until fresh cells are added on the outer side, as was observed

to be the case in combs of the hive-bee by Mr. Tegetmeier. (See

PIRI: fig. B.)

I now invite observation to a nest, numbered 2, in the box of

specimens; the portions exhibited are those of the exterior ofa

nest of Nectarina Lecheguana. The nest of this wasp is of

globular shape, and is sometimes not less than sixteen or eighteen

inches in diameter; the foundation is a single comb, inclosed in

a globular envelope; on this envelope the wasps commence series

of cells on all sides; these cells are covered in patches by en-

velopes,—the envelope always serving as the foundation of a

fresh series of cells: a repetition of the above process, on all

sides of the continually-increasing nest, results in structures such

as I have described. Now you will observe, that all the cells

constructed by these wasps are built upon the flat outer en-

velopes, and if you examine the specimens exhibited, you will see,

in some instances, the faintest ground-plan of the hexagonal cell

intended to be raised, traced on the fiat foundation.

No. 4 is a portion of a nest of Tatua morio, perhaps the

most interesting specimen that I offer to your notice; one that

proves, to my mind, the primary-intention of the wasp, instinc-

tively to build cells with exactly six sides, Yatua morio is a

pasteboard-maker ; she constructs a bell-shaped nest, the outer

envelope being very strong and tough; this would appear to be the

first portion constructed, and next the flat floors upon which the

cells are built ; these floors are carried across the entire diameter

of the nest, and attached to the outer envelope on all sides, each

floor having a small circular opening left on one and the same

136 Mr. F. Smith on the Construction of

side, serving as a passage for the wasps from floor to floor, the

entrance being at the bottom of the nest. I have sketched the

section of one of these nests, and No. 4 in the box of speci-

mens shows a portion of one of the floors, and also some un-

finished cells. The nest sketched consists of nine chambers, all

the floors are finished, but on the six upper ones only cells are

constructed ; a few are just commenced on the seventh. I have

seen nests with cells on three floors only. In the nest sketched,

the two lower floors are unoccupied, not a single cell having been

commenced. In the box of specimens you will see one of these

foundation floors without cells, and another upon which a number

of the most beautiful hexagonal cells were in the course of con-

struction. Ifthe foundations of the planes of the exterior cells

are examined, you will find one, two or more planes, clearly

traced out as it were upon a ground-plan; if plans, so self-

evident of intention, do not prove the instinctive purpose of the

architect, I cannot imagine anything to my mind more perfectly

conclusive. (See Pl. XIII. fig. D.)

It may not be known to some members of the Society, that in

order to expedite the building of honey-combs, it is a common

practice with bee-keepers in Germany to furnish hives with

artificial foundations for the cells; these consist of sheets of wax,

upon which is impressed a series of pyramidal hollows; in fact,

the counterpart of a comb built by the bees themselves, entirely

deprived of the cell-walls; and it is from such a piece of comb

that the casts for the artificial foundations are obtained. A piece

of casting of this description I lay before you, and I particularly

call your attention to the commencement of the outer cells; you

will see, in some instances, a single plane of the hexagonal cell com-

menced, in others two or three are in progress; here you have a

ground-plan supplied, or, [ may say, the foundations of the

habitations ready prepared, upon which the labourers are to raise

the walls, and you may see how admirably they have done it,

Instinct enables the bee to construct hexagonal cells without

teaching, and, we are told, in one undeviating manner. Surely the

example before us exhibits an amount of intelligence on the part

of the bees in availing themselves of such adventitious aid.

Must we not henceforth, when speaking of the marvels of the

hive or the vespiary, erase from our vocabulary such terms as

blind instinct; and must we not cease to stigmatize the bee as a

mere machine ?

Before passing on to other considerations, let us here ask our-

selves, what assumption naturally arises in the mind when we see,

Hexagonal Cells by Bees and Wasps. 137

as on the sheet of artificial bases exhibited, that the bees have at

once availed themselves of this adventitious aid? does it not

almost naturally occur to us, that these hexagonal ground-plans

must be exactly such plans as they are accustomed to erect their

hexagonal cells upon? does it not impress upon our minds the

possibility, and even something more than that, the probability,

that in whatever manner bees first commence their work, for

instance, by making cylindrical excavations, does it not appear

almost certain, that the bases of several cells are formed, and that

each is perfectly pyramidal in shape, before a single wall is com-

menced? Such must be the conclusion arrived at by all who

believe that insects can only work in one direction, and I think it

must be admitted, that the very fact of the bees at once accepting

the plan furnished, argues strongly in favour of the supposition

that bees, when left entirely to their own resources, construct a

precisely similar basement.

I would now direct attention to a large piece of a comb of the

common wasp, Vespa vulgaris, and also to another of drone cells

of the hive-bee, Zpis mellifica, and I would point to a very marked

difference in the construction of the cells; those of the hive-bee

have always, whether finished or unfinished, a thickened rim of

wax, the sides of the cells themselves are so thin and brittle that

a constant traversing of the working bees over them would other-

wise break and more or less destroy them. It is quite evident

then, that whenever an addition is made to the height of a cell,

this thickened rim must be scraped down to the same thinness as

the planes of the hexagon beneath. This rim is always found on

the cells, even when no further addition is intended to be made.

The wasp, you will observe, never requires a strengthening rim,

the walls of her cells are carried up in hexagonal planes, to me,

as evidently as if constructed by the hand of a mason.

Does then the fact of the bee always adopting the thickened

rim indicate a different process of building, whereby the hexa-

gonal-shaped cell is ultimately produced? or is it simply a neces-

sity for insuring the safety of her work? Had it heen removed

when the cell was finished, I should have been led to suppose,

that the cells of the hive bee were built by a different process ;

but, as it is always present, it rather appears to indicate the neces-

sity of the rim as a mode of securing and strengthening the work.

So much, indeed, does the hexagonal principle appear to guide

wasps in their operations, that one species, Apoica pallida, not

only builds hexagonal cells, but she also, occasionally, constructs

the entire comb itself of a hexagonal shape; now, here is no

138 Mr. F. Smith on the Construction of

compelling power, here are no adjoining circular combs, forcing

the production of this particular hexagonal-shaped comb ; the

comb of this wasp consists of a single layer attached to trunks or

branches of trees, &c., without any exterior envelope. I cannot,

when I see such beautiful examples of the architecture of wasps,

come to any other conclusion, than that, in instances such as the

one I have just mentioned, it was the intention of the wasps to

build hexagonal-shaped combs, and also their intention that those

combs should consist entirely of hexagonal-shaped cells.

I direct your attention to a small nest of Polistes tepidus ; this

nest appears to illustrate, and to establish as a fact, a supposition

that has frequently occurred to me, namely, that the development

of the larve of Hymenoptera to the perfect condition must be a

process much more rapidly carried on in tropical countries than

in temperate ones, and that this rapidity of development ne-

cessitates the more rapid construction of those cells in which the

first eggs are deposited. The nest before you, I think, is an

exemplification of this idea: five cells are completed, each having

served as the nursery of a wasp; twelve additional cells are com-

menced, and are in different stages of progress. Now I would

call your attention to one fact, that the circumference of the un-

finished cell is not carried up equally, or to the same height on all

sides; you will observe that the two planes of each hexagonal

cell that attach the unfinished cells to the finished ones are elevated

obliquely considerably above the other planes; when any cell is

carried up to the height required, all the planes have an equal

elevation ; therefore, it is clearly the case that the two inner planes

that attached the unfinished cells to the finished ones must be first

completed, leaving the two outer planes to be finished afterwards.

This mode of construction is never, so far as my observation

enables me to judge, to be observed in combs built. by a populous

community ; in such cases, all the sides of the cells are carried up

simultaneously.

I also exhibit a comb of the common wasp, Vespa vulgaris

(No. 8), it isexceedingly interesting from the fact of its consisting

of cells of different sizes; about three-fourths of the comb are

occupied by cells of workers ; at this stage of formation it became

necessary to construct cells of a larger diameter adapted for

females ; this could not have been effected at once without a total

disarrangement of their usual beautiful uniformity, but it could be

done by degrees; thus we find the bases of about four rows of

cells elongated, the parallel planes of the hexagons being also

elongated, and thus by degrees the enlargement of the cells is

Hexagonal Cells by Bees and Wasps. 139

effected. The cells beyond the intermediate elongated ones will

be found to be regular hexagons of the increased dimensions re-

quired. When I see such a departure from the usual mode of

building as this, I recognize an intelligence that forces me to ac-

knowledge in the wasp a creature that evidently designs an end to

be accomplished, not a creature that would instinctively construct

cylindrical cells, but whose labours always eventuate in the pro-

duction of hexagonal ones, this result being dependent upon un-

controllable circumstances which always present themselves.

(See Pl. XIII. fig. C.)

Five years ago, when the circular theory was brought before

this Society, it did not appear in the same guise as now; it was

then surrounded by certain collateral conditions, which I was led

to believe were corner-stones of the ingenious edifice. Combina-

tion of labour was deemed essential, and at one period it was

supposed that no solitary bee or wasp could construct hexagonal

cells ; this latter supposition proved to be a fallacy when I in-

stanced the queen wasp as a solitary builder. In 1862, the Rev.

Samuel Haughton, in a paper read before the Natural History

Society of Dublin, says the hexagonal form of cell ‘ may be ac-

counted for simply by the mechanical pressure of the insects

against each other during the formation of the cell. In conse-

quence of the instinct that compels them to work with reference

to a plane, and of the cylindrical form of the insects’ bodies,

the cells must be hexagons.” This theory is, I think, at once

disproved by the instance of the solitary wasp.

Another condition, essential (as I understood it) to the stability

of the circular theory, was that no cell could possibly be con-

structed of the hexagonal form into which the builder could not

insert its head. I exhibit the foundation comb of a wasp, and

also the insect that constructed it (No. 6 in the box of specimens);

I have taken off the head of the wasp and placed it over one of

the cells, in order to show the impossibility of its being inserted.

The next condition that formerly existed was a circumstance

that was supposed to regulate or determine the width of the

planes of the hexagon ; the explanation was this—a working bee

was supposed to place itself exactly opposite the centre of one of

the planes, and then fixing itself steadily in the proper position,

the width of the plane would be the exact distance that the bee

cut or reached with its mandibles when turning its head as upon

a pivot. Now this at first sight appears a very ingenious solution ;

apparently it accounts admirably for the uniform exactitude ob-

servable in the width of all the planes; the uniformity of size in

140 Mr. F. Smith on the Construction of

the bees themselves also appears to add to the completeness of

the theory ; but it soon occurs to us that the same bees afterwards

construct the larger cells of the drones. And we are no better

off if we look into the nest of the wasp, for we find the large

queen constructing the small cells of the workers, and the workers

constructing the large cells of males and females.

I shall only mention one other position, still, I believe, upheld

by the adherents to the circular theory; it is that no bee or wasp

ever builds an isolated hexagonal cell, or a cell of hexagonal

form carried up above the adjoining cells. If you examine the

nest of Icaria guttatipennis, and also that of Polistes Tasmaniensis,

both of which are exhibited, I think you will be satisfied that in-

stances to the contrary are before you. I would also invite

attention to a nest of Vespa Norvegica (No. 7), in which a

central hexagonal cell is only raised to about one-third of its in-

tended height, and has only four planes of the hexagon im-

pinged upon by adjoining cells, the fifth and sixth cells not being

commenced ; this example will prove that the hexagonal form

does not necessitate the impingement of six adjoining cells for its

production, a position that has been laid down as being absolutely

necessary.

No doubt it will be said that I have not shown the principle

of the circular theory to be inapplicable to the construction of

all hexagonal cells, but I contend that I have done so in several

instances—in the nests of Nectarina Lecheguana and of Tatua

morio, both wasps that erect hexagons upon flat bases; I have

pointed out the fact that the commencements of single planes of

the hexagon are to be found, in other cases of two or of three

planes, and these beginnings exhibit not a trace of the circle

any more than one, two, three or more pieces of masonry. I

have shown that the bases of the cells of the common wasp, that

constructs her cells upon consecutively formed bases, are hemi-

spherical ; in the hive we know they are pyramidal; and the bases

of the transition cells, from those of the worker-wasp to those

destined to contain females, partake more or less of the oval form.

Mr. Brown in his Essay remarks that “ hive-bees produce their

ordinary comb-cells by the united efforts of many individuals.

Owing to this circumstance, and also to their never building up

cells at the margins of combs unflanked by the foundations of

other cells, they afford us, when so employed, no opportunity of

observing the fundamental scheme upon which they build.” My

opinions are formed entirely upon observation of different modes

of building ; my conclusicns have been forced upon me by facts,

Hexagonal Cells by Bees and Wasps. 141

in my opinion, conclusive of the primary intention of the builders

to erect hexagonal cells.

L have examined nests of wasps in every stage of progress; I

have found some species laying a separate foundation for each

cell, wasps as well as bees; I have found some species of wasps

constructing the entire foundations of a complete comb before a

single wall of a cell was erected; and I see bees furnished with a

complete floor of artificial foundations, at once adopting this ad-

ventitious aid. ‘Then, again, I observe in nests of Yatua moro,

and of some other species of wasps, the walls of one, two, three

or more planes of the hexagon more or less raised ; and, under

these circumstances, what is the conclusion at which I naturally

arrive? Why that all hexagonal cells are not constructed upon a

circular principle, and that the primary idea of all social bees and

wasps is not to produce cylindrical cells with hemispherical bases.

1 know not whether any one besides myself has arrived at a

similar conclusion, or whether I stand alone in the opinion I have

endeavoured to explain.

Appenpum.—It having been suggested that the nest of Icaria’

gultatipennis, of which I could only exhibit a sketch, might pos-

sibly be only the portion of a nest ina state of demolition, I have

re-examined it, and can vouch that such is not the case; only a

few of the cells being carried up to their full height and lined with

the exuvie of the larva. It has also been stated that wasps are

well known to destroy their old nests; such a circumstance is

quite unknown to me, and I do not remember to have heard such

a statement previously made.

In order to place clearly before my readers the fact of Icaria

building hexagonal cells with exterior portions of the cells angu-

lated, I have had a drawing of a nest of another species made, in

which none of the cells are carried up to the required height.

(See Pl. XIII. fig. A.) All the nests of this genus of wasp ap-

pear to be constructed in the same manner, the sharpness and

beauty of the hexagon varying according to the skill of the par-

ticular species.

I exhibited a nest of Polistes Tasmaniensis in which a single cell

was carried up above the surrounding cells, and it has been

objected to as not being perfectly hexagonal: I have already

stated that all bees and wasps are not equally skilful workmen,

those belonging to the genus Polistes being instanced as “ rude

142 Mr. F. Smith on the Construction of Hexagonal Cells.

and unskilful;” I admit that the elevated portion of the cell is

not perfectly sharp and angular at the corners, but it is sufficiently

so to prove the truth of my assertion. I recall attention to the

cells of Jcaria, which are exteriorly perfect in form, true hex-

agons, and I direct attention to the cells, particularly the exterior

ones, in the figure of the nest of Zatua morio; it is to these I

would point, and not to the least perfect example, as proofs of the

fact of some species of wasps finishing the exterior portions of

their cells in a perfectly hexagonal shape.—F’. S., July, 1864.

edase)

IV. On the Reversion and Restoration of the Silkworm.

By Captain Tuomas Hurvron, F.G.S., of Mussooree,

N. W. India. (Communicated by Mr. Freperic

Moore.)

[Read 2nd May, 1864.]

Introductory Remarks.

For many years past the utmost anxiety has prevailed on the

European Continent, and more especially in France, in regard to

the condition of the common silkworm, known to science as the

Bombyx Mori, the constitution of the worm appearing to be so

thoroughly weakened and undermined, by diseases arising from a

long and uniform course of domestication, bad nourishment and

other prejudicial influences, as to excite the most lively appre-

hensions lest the insect should suddenly become extinct.

That such apprehensions are far from groundless may be seen

in the fact that one form of disease by which the worm is attacked,

known in France as ‘‘ la muscardine,” is said by M. Guérin-

Ménéville annually to destroy more than one-fourth of the worms;

and it has been clearly shown by this eminent Entomologist, and

by several experienced cultivators of silk, that the crop has,

within the last ten years, dwindled down to about one-half of what

it used to be.

Various remedies have, of course, from time to time been tried

for the purpose of arresting the progress of disease, sometimes

with partial and temporary effect, but more generally without any

success at all.

In consequence of these maladies, and their inability to arrest

them, the French, with prudent and praiseworthy foresight, are

using every possible means to introduce and acclimatize other

species, which may, in some measure, fill the commercial void

which would be created by the loss of the common silkworm.

Under these circumstances it occurred to me, that while assisting

our continental neighbours in the introduction of such wild species

as occur within our Western Himalayan forests, I might as well

at the same time endeavour if possible to reclaim and restore to

health the most valuable species of the whole; and, consequently,

for several years past I have studied and experimented upon the

Bombyx Mori and its domesticated congeners, with a degree of

success which I now purpose to unfold.

144 Captain T. Hutton on the

In experimenting upon the worm I have not confined my efforts

within the narrow limits of an endeavour to cure particular phases

of disease, but to effect a permanent benefit in the restoration of a

healthy and vigorous constitution, which, if accomplished, as I

think it may be, will of itself not only cast out this or that par-

ticular phase of disease, but all the diseases under which the worm

is now labouring ; and I am fully convinced that until such radical

change has been wrought, it will be but time and labour thrown

away to seek to cure particular maladies as they appear.

Hitherto the results of my experiments have been such as to

warrant my entertaining the most sanguine hopes of ultimate

success, provided the same system be carried on for a few years

longer, when it will of course depend upon the cultivator to main-

tain the advantages thus secured.

Of all the groups comprised within the family of the Bombycide

that in which the genus Bombyx is contained, is, perhaps, in a

commercial point of view, the most interesting and the most

valuable. This genus contains, besides a few wild indigenous

species widely scattered over the continent of India, all those long

domesticated species popularly known as “ silkworms,” which were

centuries ago imported into Europe from the northern provinces

of China, where for many centuries previously they had likewise

been kept in a state of domestication.

Having, however, already, in a paper entitled ‘ Notes on the

Silkworms of India,” entered somewhat fully into the history of

the Chinese species, J] need not here travel over the same ground,

but shall call attention to facts not previously noticed, and en-

deavour, after exposing the folly of insisting, as some still ob-

stinately do, upon the healthy and vigorous constitution of the

insects, to show by how very simple a method the worms may be

induced to revert from their present artificial and moribund con-

dition to one of vigour and permanent health,

Discovery of the Silkworm.

According to the commonly received chronology the discovery

of the silkworm in China was made about the year B.c. 2640; and

the means of reeling off, or unwinding the fibre from the cocoon,

being also discovered, the regular domestication of the insect at

once commenced.

Whether the species then discovered was, in reality, that to

which naturalists have since assigned the name of Bombyx Mori,

or whether the discovery of more than one species then occurred, we

have now no means of positively ascertaining; nor, indeed, does it

Restoration of the Silkworm. 145

much signify, as for the present, at least, it is with that known

and cultivated in Europe as an annual that we have to deal; but

from a paragraph quoted by Mr. F. Moore from the ‘“ Account of

the Ceremonies of the China Dynasty,” it would appear as if

more than one species was under cultivation at the time when the

« Account” was written, inasmuch as it contains an allusion toa

second crop of silk, when it says,—* the officer who adjusted the

price of horses forbad the people to rear a second breed of silk-

worms in one season.” Now, whatever the Bombyx Mori may be

when cultivated in Cashmere, Persia or Europe, it may un-

doubtedly be made, in a suitable temperature, to produce an

autumnal brood; this, however, refers to the worm after having

been submitted to my experiments for two or three years, and

when, indeed, it may be said to be fast travelling back to a state

of nature. The same thing occurs likewise with regard to another

species which is also an annual, as far as I can learn, in all coun-

tries, except Mussooree, in the Western Himalaya; this is the

Boro Pooloo of Bengal, and Bombyx textor (nobis), which, like the

Bombyx Mori, yields an autumnal crop when treated in a particular

temperature. This fact, indeed, has led some people to declare

that the two are but varieties of the same species, and that in a

state of domestication all may, by the application of certain tem-

peratures, be made to yield several crops of silk annually. This,

however, may fairly be denounced as pure nonsence, the occur-

rence of the two crops arising solely out of the fact of our having

in autumn a recurrence of the spring temperature, or what may be

called a double season. Hence, since a particular degree of tem-

perature causes the egg to hatch, whenever the season returns in

which that temperature is produced, the young worm is of course

excluded from the egg. It is quite possible then, and even pro-

bable, that these species may originally have done the same in

their native country, and the reason why they have ceased to be

double-brooded in Europe and other localities is to be attributed

solely to the uncongenial temperature, which is sometimes too

high, at other times too low; and with respect to those species

which are termed “monthly” worms, if it were really the case

that the number of crops is due to cultivation in warm climates,

it ought to follow that, when domesticated in a cold climate, the

frequent succession of silk crops should become less frequent, and

the worm give symptoms of reverting to its old habits. Such,

however, I have not found to be the case; for although I have

succeeded in obtaining two broods from Bombyx Mori of Cash-

mere and B, teator of China, yet the small monthly.China worm

146 Captain T. Hutton on the

(B. Sinensis, nob.) has continued yielding crop after crop even to

the middle of December, when the eggs were again deposited in a

temperature of 53° of Fahrenheit. Hence I adhere with good

reason to the opinion that all are naturally distinct species. Con-

sequently, as all the other accounts, quoted by Mr. Moore and

other authorities, lead to the conclusion that one spring crop only

was produced by the worm originally cultivated in China, it will

be well to allow the annual species domesticated in Europe as

B. Mori, to retain that distinctive title, more especially when we

consider that as the people were forbidden to rear—not merely a

second crop of silk, but— a second breed of worms,’ the stock, if

double-brooded, would speedily have been destroyed and lost by

such interdiction. This, then, would tend to prove that the worm

under cultivation was an annual only, and that the prohibition

extended to other species.

Introduction into Europe.

From the year before Christ 2,640 until 550, or thereabouts, of

the Christian era, the domestication of the worm appears to have been

exclusively confined to China, severe punishments being inflicted

upon any one who ventured to attempt its exportation into other

countries, when, at length, about the latter year, through the

Jaudable zeal of missionary monks who had visited China and

there learnt the mode of cultivation, the eggs were secretly con-

veyed into Europe and presented to the Emperor Justinian.

Constitution impaired by Domestication.

Thus, for a period of more than 3,000 years, the so-called cul-

tivation of the worm had remained exclusively in Chinese hands.

What wonder, then, if the constitution of the insect had during

that time been gradually undermined by a course of imperfect

feeding, close and tainted atmosphere and various other enervating

causes, until, at length, when imported into the West, it no longer

retained its natural vigour, health and original characteristics, but

had become enfeebled, degenerated and sluggish, by a long

system of interbreeding with debilitated stock, and rendered

liable, by the loss of constitution, to a multitude of diseases !

From the time of its introduction into Europe, the treatment it

has experienced has been, with some modifications, nearly the

same as that pursued in China; so that for an uninterrupted

period of no less than 4,500 years, the worm has had to contend

against all those unnatural and purely artificial influences arising

from a state of domestication, which we erroneously persist in

Restoration of the Silkworm. 147

terming cultivation, without one single renewal or infusion of the

original healthy and natural stock from which the race has

descended! ‘Truly has it, as Darwin would say, undergone “ the

struggle for existence!”

One would almost be tempted to think, that the object of cul-

tivators had actually been the destruction of the insect, for in

what other department would breeders so long have neglected to

infuse new blood into their domestic stock? Is it not a well

understood and long-established fact, that, whether among

animals or plants, an occasional renewal of seed and re-infusion

of the original stamina is found to be absolutely necessary for the

preservation of health, and of that particular standard of per-

fection which it is thought desirable to maintain? And yet with

the domesticated Bombyx Mori, this necessary precaution has

been uniformly neglected for 4,500 years! What wonder, then,

that under the combined effects of bad and scanty food, want of

sufficient light and ventilation, too high a temperature, and with

the constant and unvarying interbreeding of a debilitated stock,

the insect should have become subject to a multitude of maladies,

and threaten, at no distant period, to become extinct!

By here condemning the system of interbreeding, I must, how-

ever, guard against the possibility of being misunderstood, for I

am well aware that in France a very senseless outcry has been

raised in some quarters against the interbreeding of brother and

sister, and other near relatives, as if, in a state of natural freedom,

such a proceeding was not the general and authorized rule.

What I condemn, and in this I am happy to find myself sup-

ported by such weighty authority as that of M. Guérin-Ménéville,

is not the intercourse of near relations, but the incessant inter-

breeding of diseased and debilitated individuals, which, as “like

produces like,” cannot possibly do otherwise than perpetuate and

aggravate both disease and debility. Where brothers, sisters

and cousins are all healthy and of sound constitution, no bad

consequences will ensue from their interbreeding, for such is the

established plan upon which nature acts; but where disease

exists, the breeding from two deteriorated individuals, whether

they be nearly or distantly related, will only add fuel to the fire,

and perpetuate, and even aggravate, disease.

I assert, then, that there is no such thing now in existence as a

perfectly healthy domesticated stock of silkworms, the colour

proving, beyond all doubt, that the constitution has been utterly

destroyed, and the wonder rather is, that the worms have con-

tinued to live so long, and to yield such good returns under such

VOL. Il. THIRD SERIES, PART Il.—AuGUST, 1864, M

148 Captain T. Hutton on the

a constant struggle against adverse circumstances; for it seems

quite evident, since naturalists have never recorded the colours

of the caterpillar to be otherwise than ashy or creamy-white,

that even so Jong ago as the time of the Emperor Justinian, the

true colour of the worm had already ‘been obliterated by the

centuries of mismanagement to which the Chinese had subjected

the insect. It is true that the occasional occurrence of dark-

coloured worms among the general brood has been observed, yet

these occurrences are always spoken of as exceptional cases

indicating variety arising from domestication, rather than as

denoting, what in reality is the fact, an attempted return, on the

part of nature, to the original colours and characteristics of the

species.

Under no other supposition than this does it appear possible to

account for the error committed by the older naturalists; and,

consequently, I again assert, with the greatest confidence, and

shall presently prove, that the whiteness of the worm is to be

regarded solely as a positive indication of the loss of constitution,

and that the species, in its natural colours, has yet to be

described.

The Fruitlessness of seeking for healthy Seed.

I shall probably be told that learned and experienced men

have occasionally been sent from Italy and France, in order to

collect fresh seed (as it is termed) for the purpose of renovating

the sickly stock of Europe by the re-infusion of a healthier and

more vigorous constitution from the worms of India and of China.

Such an assertion, to a certain extent, would, no doubt, be true,

since it cannot be denied, that a search for healthier stock has

often been made, though never with success, from the simple fact,

that whether in Europe, Persia, India or China, the worms are

all equally degenerated, or if indeed there be a difference yet

perceptible, it is altogether in favour of the European race. We

ean all ‘call spirits from the vasty deep—but will they come

when we do call?” Had a search been instituted in China for the

nild worm in its original state of freedom, great benefit would no

doubt have ensued from its discovery; but if we reflect that the

worm, even in its native country, has, like that of Europe, been

immemorially of a pale colour, a Chinese cultivator on being

asked for the original wild stock would at once acknowledge that

he knew the worm under no other aspect, and in no other con-

dition, than that in which for so many centuries it had been cul-

tivated by his forefathers, and the idea of its having possibly

Restoration of the Silkworm. 149

changed or lost its colour under domestication, would in all pro-

bability never enter into the head either of the Chinaman or of

his interrogator. Seeing then, as I shall presently show, that the

Eastern is infinitely inferior to the European stock, the crossing

with seed selected either in India or in China would only be

adding to the disease which already threatens the West with such

disastrous consequences.

Nature of Experiments explained.

I may, however, be asked, what proof I can adduce of disease

and change of colour? As regards the existence of disease there

is no occasion to reply, as the fact is only too well known; but as

regards the loss of colour, I have abundant evidence now before

me.

All those, indeed, who have had the least experience in the

rearing of the silkworm must have perceived the occasional occur-

rence among the brood of one or more dark-grey or blackish-

brindled worms, contrasting strongly and curiously with the pale

sickly hue of the majority. These, by the French cultivators, are

called “vers tigrés” or “ zébrés,” that is, ‘tiger or zebra striped,’

and are regarded as a mere variety. Yet these are, in fact, the

original and natural worms !

My attention having long since been arrested by this circum-

stance, it at length occurred to me to endeavour by a series of

experiments to ascertain the cause, my conviction being, either

that the species had at some time or other been crossed by another

of different colours, and that nature, as sooner or later she always

will do, was making an effort to separate them; or that the

original colour of the worm had in reality been dark, and an effort

was being made to revert from a sickly condition to the original

healthy starting-point. Acting on this idea, I at once determined

to assist Nature by giving her fair play, and, consequently, picked

out all the dark-coloured worms and reared them separately,

allowing the moths to couple only inter se, and the same course

was pursued with the white worms.

In the following spring the one batch of eggs produced nearly

all dark-brindled worms, while the other produced white ones,

sparingly interspersed as before with an occasional dark one;

these latter were removed into the dark batch, which was at the

_ same time weeded of its pale worms.

In the third year the worms were still darker than before, and

were always larger and more vigorous than the pale ones, giving

likewise larger and better stuffed cocoons,

M 2

150 Captain T. Hutton on the

Unfortunately, just as the eggs of the third year had been de-

posited and collected, a violent and unexpected gale of wind sud-

denly upset the whole and irretrievably scattered them abroad.

I had, however, seen such good reason for hoping that I might

eventually by this method succeed in restoring the constitution of

the worm, that I commenced de novo, and went over the same

ground again.

The eggs with which my experiment was recommenced, were

procured in the spring of 1862 from Mr. Cope of Umritsir, in the

Punjab, who assured me that they had just arrived direct from

Cashmere, although, from their appearance, I strongly suspect

they owed “their birth, parentage and education,” to the Punjab,

and had been sent by mistake. But however this may be, on

their arrival at Mussooree, I submitted them to the microscope,

which at once proclaimed them to be ill-formed, discoloured and

diseased,

This Mr. Cope denied; nevertheless it was a fact, and as the

worms proceeded towards maturity, various phases of disease

became apparent, and I can only account for the denial of its

existence by Mr. Cope and some cultivators in Bengal, by sup-

posing that they do not know a disease even when they see it.

The worst form attacked the worms just previous to their spin-

ning the cocoons, and gave them the appearance of having been

sprinkled with ink from a pen. This is, I believe, what the

French term being ‘“ peppered,” or “vers poivrés ;” a most ex-

pressive and appropriate term.

Nevertheless the cocoons were formed, though, as might be

expected, they were thin, papery and greatly deficient in silk; as

cocoons, indeed, they were perfect trash, but, as I had a point to

ascertain in respect to the silk, I despatched them to Mr. Turnbull

of Ganthal, an experienced and skilful superintendent of silk

filatures, ever willing to oblige, and who had likewise reeled for

Mr. Cope of Umritsir, and Colonel Clark of Oudh; the result

was, that my worthless cocoons yielded a silk not one whit inferior

in quality to that produced by the inordinately-belauded cocoons

of the above-mentioned gentleman; and, indeed, although in

epistolé Mr. Cope pronounced Colonel Clark’s cocoons to be

* the finest he had seen in India,” it was declared by Mr. Turnbull,

who reeled them, that they had deteriorated 56 per cent. below

the Cashmere standard furnished by Mr. Cope himself, and as

that standard is itself about 50 per cent. below that of France

and Italy, we may safely put down the best Indian cocoons of the

true Bombyx Mori as being 75 per cent. worse than they ought to

Restoration of the Silkworm. 151

be; and yet, in spite of common sense and twenty-five years’

experience, | am modestly required to believe that the worm is

not diseased! What then, in such case, is the meaning of the

panic in France and Italy ?

It is to be remembered, however, that all my sickly worms

were of the white variety, and that the few dark worms picked

out from them escaped disease altogether, although reared in the

same manner, in the same room, in the same temperature, on the

same quality of food, and in close contiguity to the others. These

dark ones in due time spun cocoons and produced moths, which,

coupling inter se, deposited a fair stock of eggs, with which the

experiment was again carried on in the spring of 1863.

I may here observe that it is a well-known fact that the more

numerous are these dark-coloured worms in any brood, the

healthier is it considered to be, and vice versd.

Now the eggs furnished by Mr. Cope in the spring of 1862

produced very few dark worms, while the eggs from dark worms

descended from them produced in 1863 an undue number of white

worms, which had to be weeded out, and proving at the same

time the extreme weakness of constitution of the stock upon

which I was experimenting.

Again, another proof of disease is found in the fact that in the

spring of 1862, the eggs received from Urmitsir were all loose and

detached: this is characteristic of the species whether in India

or in Europe, and proceeds from weakness in the glands attached

to the ovipositor, and which do not, in consequence, secrete the

gum necessary to attach the egg. A few will of course always be

found to adhere at first, but so slightly that the least touch causes

them to fall.

In the spring of 1863 the eggs obtained in the previous year

from the dark stock began to hatch on the 16th of March, and no

sign of disease was apparent among them until the moths came

forth from the cocoons, when many of these still showed defect in

the malformation and dark spotting of the wings. As compared,

however, with the previous year there was decided improvement ;

there were still too many white worms in the brood, but they did

not show any symptoms of disease and none died; they attained

to a larger size by a quarter of an inch, increasing from. three to

three and a quarter inches in length; they produced, in conse-

quence, larger cocoons, though still deficient in silk, and the

moths, although still showing the presence of disease, laid good

sized eggs, great numbers of which adhered firmly to the paper

upon which they were deposited, and indeed one sheet of paper

152 Captain T. Hutton on the

was thickly covered with them, a thing which, although I have

paid attention to this subject for the last twenty-five years, I

never witnessed before, nor even heard of it. The eggs of other

species will adhere, but to find those of the Bombyx Mori doing

so is truly a novelty which betokens decided progress towards a

healthier condition.

There was likewise another indication of returning strength to

be seen in the fact that, while ordinarily the male moths are so

sluggish as to make no attempt to fly, many of those produced

from my black stock left the trays and flew off to seek the females

in a distant part of the room. This is one of the marked cha-

racteristics of the wild moth of Bombyx Huttoni, which flies off

from tree to tree for long distances when ‘on amorous thoughts

intent.”

But still more extraordinary appears the fact that some of the

eggs of B. Mori of the spring crop of 1863 began to hatch again

for a second crop on the 7th of August of the same year; these

were all from the dark stock, and the circumstance, in itself per-

fectly novel, arises, I am inclined to think, from an accession of

strength acquired by reversion to a state approaching more nearly

to the original constitution.

The hatching continued throughout August, and occasionally

even tothe 23rd of September, when, fearing that my supply of

leaves might fail, the eggs were removed to a temperature below

70° Fahrenheit in order to check the hatching.

The worms now hatched continued to grow and thrive, and spun

good cocoons superior in size to those of the spring crop, the

worms attaining to 3,4, inches in length, In due time the moths

appeared and were fully twice as large as those of spring, de-

positing large well-formed eggs. In the beginning of December,

to my dismay, more worms were hatched from the spring batch,

and continued to come forth throughout the month at the rate of

40 or 50 daily in a temperature of 53° Fahrenheit, when, having

no more leaves upon the trees, I was compelled to place the re-

maining eggs out in the open air at night in order that the sharp

hoar frosts might effectually put a stop to any further hatching.

All these worms were of the dark kind, and no white ones now

appeared among them as in the spring; indeed from the white

stock only three worms were produced and these came to nothing.

This circumstance, so thoroughly unusual with Bombyx Mori, I

attribute entirely to an accession of health and strength in the

black worms, which are evidently now in a transition state, which

may account in some measure for their hatching out of season, so

Restoration of the Silkworm. 153

irregularly and in such a low temperature. This, however, must

close the experiment for 1863, and I must hope for some decided

results in the spring of 1864 from the eggs deposited in October,

1863.

In the meantime then I will return to the consideration of what

the worm ought in reality to be.

The Dark Worm is the Natural Colour.

That the dark colour is the natural one is shown in some

measure by the strong similarity, evinced in the disposition and

arrangement of the markings, to the wild races of India; while

the moth also, instead of remaining so purely white in wings and

body, assumes a dark ashy or smoky hue on the body of the

males, which is likewise diffused over a great portion of the wings,

as in Bombya Huttoni.

Here, then, I think I have already given in the above account

strong proofs that the original colour of the worm was dark, and

that the pale sickly hue which it has long since assumed is entirely

owing to debilitated constitution.

Nor is there here much room for wonder when we reflect how

often among our other domestic stock the original colour fades away,

to give place to pie-bald, and finally to white. Need I do more than

call attention to our domesticated rabbits, our pigeons, domestic

fowls, turkeys, Guinea fowls, ducks and geese, in proof that the

more the white colour prevails the further do the species recede

from their natural characteristics, and the weaker becomes the

constitution. Even our cage birds, as every bird-fancier well

knows, exhibit this same tendency to lose their original colours,

and become paler and paler, until many eventually turn altogether

white.

On this subject, for the purpose of strengthening my argument,

I feel that I cannot do better than quote a passage from General

Daumas’ very able work on ‘ The Horses of the Sahara,” that

writer’s views being so thoroughly in accordance with my own.

“Tt is abundantly apparent,” says the General, ‘* that legendary

traditions and experience are in perfect harmony in according a

decided superiority to coats of deep and decided hues. Coats of

a light pale colour are held in no esteem whatever. The horse’s

coat, therefore, must be an index to his character. The long ex-

perience of Mahomed the prophet and of Moussa the conqueror

must have placed them in a position to speak with full knowledge

of the subject, and their opinion, confirmed by that of all the

Arabs, the best horsemen in the world and the most interested in

154 Captain T. Hutton on the

studying the animal, upon whom indeed depends their honour and

their life, is certainly entitled to be regarded with some respect.

It is beyond all question that the Kouwmmite—red mingled with

black, chestnut or bay—is preferred by the Arabs to all others.

If I might be allowed to quote my own personal experience, I

should have no hesitation in saying that, if there be any prejudice

in the matter, I share it with them. Besides, must it necessarily

be a prejudice because it may seem to be one? No one will deny

that all the individuals of the same species are, in their wild state,

identical in colour and endowed with common instinctive qualities in-

herent in the race. ‘These colours and these qualities undergo no

alteration or admixture except in a state of servitude and under its

influences, so that if any of these individuals by a return to their

natural condition, more easily proved than explained, happen to

recover the colour of their first ancestors, they mill be equally distin-

guished by more broadly defined natural qualities. ‘The canine race

may be taken as an ilJustration. Whence it follows that a certain

number of domesticated individuals being given, their coats alike

and with dominant qualities, it may be fairly concluded that this

coat and these qualities were those of the race in its wild state.

In the case then of the Arab horse, if it be true that those whose

coat is red shaded with black are endowed with superior speed,

are we not justified in inferring that such was the uniform colour,

such the natural qualities, of the sires of the race? 1 submit with

all humility these observations to men of science.

** Abd-el-Kader assures us, moreover, that it is ascertained by

the Arabs that horses change colour according to the soil on which

they are bred. Is it not possible, in fact, that wader an atmosphere

more or less light, of water more or less fresh, of a nurture more or

less rich according as the soil on which it is raised is more or less

wmpregnated with certain elements, the skin of the horse may be

sensibly affected? Every one knows that with any coat the

colour changes in tone and shade according to the locality where the

animal lives, the state of its health, the quality of the water it drinks,

and of the food it eats, and the care that is bestowed upon it. ‘There

is, perhaps, in all this a lesson in natural history not to be de-

spised, for if the circumstances in which a horse lives act upon his

skin, they must inevitably act also in the long run upon his form and

qualities.” *

Truly does the author here remark, that there is “in all this a

Jesson in natural history not to be despised,” though, doubtless, he

* «The Horses of the Sahara,” by Gen. Daumas, p. 20. English Trans-

lation.

Restoration of the Silkworm. 155

little thought how applicable were his observations to the actual

condition of an insect of such value and importance to his own

countrymen as the Bombyx Mori. I have italicised those passages

to which I wish more particularly to draw the reader’s attention,

and shall now proceed to show their applicability to my present

subject.

That the long-continued domestication of the silkworm has

tended greatly to deteriorate its original constitution, the

numerous diseases to which it is now subject, in every country

where cultivated, furnish ample proof. That imperfect ven-

tilation of the rearing houses produces a vitiated and impure

atmosphere, highly injurious to health; that the nourishment

derived from the mulberry leaves will be more or less good

according to the condition of the tree from which they are

gathered ; and that the tree itself will be influenced by the nature

of the soi] and the temperature of the climate in which it grows,

are facts of which every observant cultivator is well aware.

As with the horse, then, so with the silkworm; an unbealthy

state of the atmosphere in which it is reared, together with an in-

sufficiently nutritious diet, combined with other disadvantages

which are incidental to a state of servility or domestication, must

sooner or later exercise a very marked effect upon the general

health of the animals, and the constitution, being once impaired,

will necessarily, by affecting the animal functions generally, not

only act upon the skin and colour, but engender debility and

disease.

It is under such circumstances, and when the species threatens

to become extinct, that nature’s great Guide and Ruler, acting for

the creature’s good, and with a view to the preservation of the

species, invariably makes efforts to restore it to its original

characteristics, and these symptoms of reversion, if seized and

followed up by judicious efforts on the part of man, may enable

him, perchance, eventually to cast out disease, and restore

the species to its natural ‘colours and original strength of con-

stitution.

Herein consists the entire secret of my experiments with the

Bombyx Mori. Seeing that a very remarkable difference in

colour sometimes occurred, and being fully aware of the truth of

General Daumas’ remark, that “the colours and the qualities

undergo no alteration or admixture except in a state of servitude,

and under its influences,” I determined to ascertain whether the

dark colour of some worms was or was not occasioned by an

effort on the part of nature to revert to the original point at which

156 Captain T. Hutton on the

domestication had commenced, and that it actually is such is

proved, not only by the colours remaining permanent in the black

race, which they do not in the white race, but by the acquisition

of qualities which originally belonged to the species and which

the pale-coloured worms do not exhibit. Thus, as the General

truly observes, ‘‘ the recovery of the colour of their first ancestors

has caused them to be distinguished by more broadly defined

natural qualities.”

Still further, we gather from the observations of M. Boitard,

that “the black worm, which is so often met with in the north of

France, is absolutely unknown in Italy; and yet the eggs, which

in France will produce them, are often purchased in Italy.”

Here it is plain, if my views are correct, that climate tells upon

the constitution of the insect even in Europe, and that in Italy,

where the temperature is bigh, the black worm is unknown,

simply because the heat of the climate, combined, perhaps, with

too high a temperature in the houses, enervates the worm and

causes it to depart further from its original type than it does in

France, where the climate is colder and more favourable to the

general health of the insect.

Again, the same writer informs us, that ‘in Lombardy the

worm which produces the white silk will constantly furnish nine

white coccons to one yellow one, although in France, no matter

how much care may have been bestowed upon the worm, the

yellow cocoons will always far out-number the white ones.’

Now I have long entertained the idea, that the production of

white cocoons is (except in cases where that colour is permanent

in all climates) a strong sign of degeneracy, proceeding from

weakness of constitution, the rather that such white cocoons are

always more abundant where the temperature is high, than in

more temperate climates. Hence in Italy the worms, which in

that high temperature will constantly produce an excess of white,

will in a more favourable situation and circumstances produce an

excess of yellow, cocoons.. Thus, the Loro-pooloo of Bengal

(B. textor, nov.), which there and in China, as a rule, produces

white cocoons, when reared in the colder climate of Mussooree

yields almost all yellow cocoons; while to find a white cocoon

among the worms of Cashmere (B. Mori) is altogether the ex-

ception.

Hence I come to the conclusion, that the whiteness of the

worm and the white cocoons are both indications of failing con-

stitution, evidencing the existence of a higher temperature and of

a more thoroughly artificial treatment than are conducive to the

Restoration of the Silkworm. 157

health of the insect. Were the white or the yellow colour to

remain permanent in all climates and temperatures, the fact might

reasonably be regarded as a specific character, but where, as in

the above observations, we perceive these colours to be dependent

upon temperature, we are compelled to regard the change as

entirely dependent upon the state of health.

Thus heat, by causing debility, undermines the constitution,

and gradually changes the natural colours, of both the insect and

the silk secreted by it, into a sickly white, while a restoration to

a cooler climate will, under proper management, restore the

colours to their natural shade, by imparting vigour to the droop-

ing insect.

Deterioration proved.

Those who possess any real knowledge of the subject under

discussion will, [ am fully aware, require no further proof of the

worm’s deterioration than has already been furnished above ; yet

as there are not wanting some pretended savans, whose private

interests prompt them to conceal as much as possible the

maladies under which all our worms are labouring, 1 shall

proceed yet further to show, even from their own arguments,

how very little they really know upon the subject.

Common sense will at once point out that a worm imported

from the northern provinces of China will not long maintain its

vigour in any part of the hot lowland provinces of India, and

indeed this is fully shown by one cultivator proposing to preserve

the eggs of Bombyx Mori by sending them from the Punjab to

the mountain station of Durrumsala, as well as by the fact that

Jaffer Ali of Mooltan invariably preserves his in a cool under-

ground chamber or tykhana.

It is evident from this, that even the heat of the Punjab is far

greater than the egg can bear, and if it be inimical and destructive

to the egg, it will undoubtedly be equally so to the insect in every

other stage. The loss annually sustained by the cultivator Jaffer

Ali, even when the eggs are kept in the dykhana, is said to be

‘from a fourth to a third,” the heat (even under ground !) drying

up the eggs without hatching the worms!* If this can be called

successful cultivation then no one need despair !

From this admission it is clear that what actual disease effects

in France, where “ /a muscardine” is said annually to destroy more

than one-fourth of the worms, is effected by heat, even in an

* Powlett’s Report in Proceedings Agricult. Soc. of India, 9th July, 1862.

158 Captain T, Hutton on the

underground cellar, in the Punjab; how then, in such a climate,

can really good results be expected, since the same writer, while

trumpeting forth the wonders performed in the Punjab, very

naively winds up his laudations with the assurance that ‘out of

taikhanahs the eggs cannot be preserved in the plains at all.”

As to his assertion that those eggs ‘‘that survive the heat are

not injured, but produce as healthy and fine worms as if the eggs

had been kept in a cool climate,” it actually amounts to nothing,

unless at the same time we can feel assured that the writer is well

acquainted with what the worms ought to be, and can prove that

they are as large and produce the same quantity of silk as those

of colder climates; and that such is not the case is proved by the

testimony of Mr. C. J. Turnbull, who states that Umritsir-reared

cocoons are 56 per cent. below the Cashmere standard!

Indeed this gentleman, who is undoubtedly a good authority,

pronounces the cocoons of Oudh and of Umritsir to be about equal,

so that they had degenerated in those localities in one season

56 per cent. below the standard of Cashmere as furnished by

Mr. Cope himself a couple of years before !

Again, cocoons raised at Lucknow in Oudh by Dr. Bonavia

required 5,200 to the pound of silk ; at Candahar in 1840 the

Afghans reckoned about 4,500 to the pound of silk; while in

France, previous to the late epidemic, 2,500 cocoons were, on the

testimony of Mr. Bashford,* equal to a pound of silk.

Here, then, we have positive evidence that the climate of the

Punjab and other parts of the plains of India is injurious to the

health and general well-being of the insect.

Now it is also the opinion of Mr. Turnbull that the Candahar

and Cashmere yield of silk is pretty nearly on a par; and as from

the above statistics the Oudh and Punjab cocoons are at least 50

to 56 per cent. below the Cashmere standard, which is itself con-

siderably below that of France, we may safely say that the cocoons

of the Indian-bred Bombyx Mori are little short of 75 per cent.

below what they ought to be.

What benefit then, I would ask, is likely to ensue from the

introduction into Italy of the eggs lately purchased in Cashmere

by Dr. Carlo Orio? The worms reared from those eggs will no

doubt be improved by the change of climate and more judicious

treatment, but they will add nothing to the health and vigour of

the European stock !

It has been justly remarked that “there are few individuals

* Journal Hort. Soc, of India, vol. ix. part 3, p. 261.

Restoration of the Silkworm. 159

who have not watched the interesting changes which take place in

the larvae of the Bombyx Mori, or common silkworm, from the

point of its exit from the egg until it has reached its full butterfly

existence ; and many there are who have been sadly disappointed

at the mortality which comes over a brood of silkworms in a

single night from some cause or causes unknown, and conse-

quently irremediable. Such epidemics are continually occurring

in China as well as Europe, and constitute one of the greatest

obstacles to the introduction of the culture of the silkworm into

England. What occasions this sudden decimation of these insects

has never been determined, but has long led to a wish, on the

part of those interested, that a more hardy breed of silk-producing

worms could be introduced into Europe, even though the produce

was coarser and of a worse colour than the ordinary mulberry

silk.”* Here, then, is a further and very recent testimony to the

diseased state of the worm.

Good Quality of the Silk no Proof of general Health.

I shall doubtless be told that “the proof of the pudding is in

the eating,” and that as silk of the best quality and worth twenty-

five shillings per pound has been produced in the Punjab, the

worm cannot possibly be diseased or have lost its constitution.

To this I reply, that in order to test “the pudding” properly

and fairly, we require a judge possessed of some knowledge of

what a pudding ought to be.

In the introductory remarks to my “‘ Monograph on the Genus

Attacus,” | have shown, after Kirby and Spence and other autho-

rities, that the gum from the reservoirs being conveyed to the

mouth by the constriction of certain muscles, passes through two

small orifices in the lip, and the two fibres thus formed, being taken

up and twisted together by the hook-like processes in the mouth

appointed to that office, become one fibre of silk on coming into

contact with the cold external air. Now these two orifices in the

lip are expressly appointed to the purpose of regulating the thick-

ness of the silken fibre with which the cocoons are formed; they

are a provision of Nature which determines the thickness of the

silken thread, and that thickness, in worms of equal size, will be

constantly uniform, so that a large and healthy worm will yield a

thicker fibre than a smaller and degenerated worm.

As long as the reservoirs contain gum, the thickness of the silk

will be the same whether the worm is diseased or not, provided

* Journal Soc. Arts, Nov. 6th, 1863, p. 776,

160 Captain T. Hutton on the

always that the worms are of equal size; and that simply owing

to the regulating organ above mentioned. The quality of the silk

comprises thickness of fibre, tenacity and elasticity, and where

the secreting glands are not affected by disease, this quality, from

worms equally well fed, will be the same even where the general

health of the one is far inferior to the other; indeed it is the

quantity, rather than the quality, of the silk that is affected by the

maladies under which the worms are now labouring. The cocoons

reared in Oudh by Colonel Clark, and pronounced by Mr. Cope,

in epistold, to be ‘the finest he had seen in India,” produced, on

being reeled, a silk of precisely the same quality as that produced

at Umritsir, and by my Mussooree cocoons reared from Mr. Cope’s

supply of diseased eggs in 1862, and which, as cocoons, were

absolutely worthless, there being little or no silk inthem. Dr.

Bonavia’s cocoons, raised in Oudh in 1863, from seed furnished

by Mr. Cope, yielded a silk in no respect inferior to the above,

although the pound of silk requiring 5,200 cocoons to produce it

proved how terribly deficient was the quantity of gum secreted.

In cases where the glands are affected by disease, or where the

leaf has not contained a proper proportion of silk-yielding matter,

no silk at all will be secreted, and the worm will either die as

such, or become a pupa without spinning. Many cases of this

kind occur in all the broods, whether monthly or annual.

To talk, as some do, of coarse leaves producing a coarse silk,

and therefore recommending the use of such as are thin and

tender, is at once to prove non-acquaintance with the anatomy of

the insect and ignorance of the whole art of nourishing the worm,

since, as already pointed out, the thickness of the silk fibre is

regulated by Nature, and a thin fibre produced by a worm, which,

like B. Mori, ought to yield one of a certain thickness, is a positive

proof of the presence of disease, inasmuch as it indicates the

decreasing size of the orifices, consequent on the deterioration

and degeneracy of the worm. ‘The orifices in the lip being of a

regulated size, no extra-natural coarseness of fibre can be pro-

duced, and no coarseness of leaf could ever make the fibre thicker

than Nature intended it to be, or than those orifices were capable

of admitting, simply because it is a well-ascertained fact that “a

camel cannot pass through the eye of a needle.”

Remarks on “ the Diet of Worms.”

_ Having been frequently applied to from different quarters for

information as to the best kind of mulberry leaf on which to rear

the silkworm, it may be as well perhaps to give the result of my

Restoration of the Silkworm. 161

own experience, and leave each inquirer to please himself as to

the species he may find it most convenient and most suitable to

adopt.

The question then is, ‘ what species of mulberry tree is best

adapted for the nourishment of the silkworm, and for the pro-

duction of good silk ?”

Were all climates alike the question might be easily answered,

but in its present form it is too vague and general; besides which,

thus put, it assuredly implies a belief that we have only one species

of silkworm under cultivation, and that whether monthly or annual,

all come under the head of Bombyx Mort. This, however, is not

the case, the name of B. Mort belonging of right to the worm

known in India as the Cashmere worm, which is an annual, and is

cultivated in Afghanistan, Bokhara, Persia, Syria, Italy, France

and other European countries. It was originally brought from

the northern provinces of China, where the country is mountainous,

and the climate, especially in winter, very severeand cold. There

is also another worm cultivated as an annual in Bengal under the

native name of Loro-pooloo, which means “ large cocoon,” it being

the largest species of Bombyx under cultivation in Bengal. As

compared with the cocoon of the Cashmere worm, however, it is

very much smaller, of a different form and texture, and yielding

generally a pure white silk, although, as already observed, in the

colder temperature of Mussooree the yellow cocoons are at least

quite as numerous as the white. This likewise is from China, and

from its being an annual is. supposed, with good reason, to be a

native of the northern parts of that country. This species I have

named Bombyx textor, as it is totally distinct from the Cashmere

worm.

Three other species domesticated in Bengal are respectively

termed the Madrassee or Nistry,—the Dasee,—and the small

Chinese monthly worm; these three are termed monthly worms

because they yield from six to eight crops during the year.

These I have respectively named Lombyx Creesi, B. fortunatus

and B. Sinensis, while from the fact of their yielding several crops

a year I am inclined to regard them as belonging to the warmer

and more southern parts of China, the number of broods indicating

a climate in which food is abundant throughout the year, while the

annuals on the contrary, as every naturalist is aware, indicate a

far more temperate climate.

Besides these there is said to be another species cultivated in

Arracan which yields a silk superior to that of the Bengal worms,

but as I have been hitherto unable to procure it for examination,

162 Captain T. Hutton on the

I can do no more than indicate its existence and name it pro-

visionally as Bombyx Arracanensis.

Seeing, then, that this diversity exists among the worms, it is

but reasonable to infer that in their native countries and in a state

of nature, they did not all feed upon the same species of mulberry

leaf, but that the annuals, like the wild Bombyx Huttoni of the

Western Himalaya, were originally restricted to the trees indi-

genous to the cold mountainous regions of the north of China,

while the monthly worms were in like manner confined to species

adapted to the greater heats of the southern lowland provinces.

The question, then, as to which is the tree best adapted, in India

or elsewhere, for the production of good silk, although apparently

a very simple one, is in reality not easily answered, since much

must depend upon the species of worm under cultivation, as well

as upon the climate itself, and the difficulty is enhanced by the

fact that every one who, possessed of much zeal but little know-

ledge of the subject, essays to rear silkworms, appears to think it

necessary to extol some particular species of mulberry, and to

pronounce it, for the time, the very ne plus ultra of silkworm diet.

One while it is the white-fruited mulberry only that can enable

the insect to elaborate good silk, and anon, for some inexplicable

whim, the white is discarded and another tree adopted in its stead.

The purple-fruited species are unhesitatingly denounced, and to be

* condemned without benefit of clergy.”*

And yet the white mulberry is found to be nothing more than

an Albino variety of the purple-fruited tree.

Count Dandolo long since pointed this out ; and I have myself

sown the seed of the dark purple mulberry, known to the natives

as the “Szah Toot,” and found that several of the young plants

produced therefrom eventually bore white fruit only, the shape

and flavour being entirely changed, and in some respects the leaf

also, To my surprise, moreover, three young trees, said to be

from Cashmere, and which for the past three years had borne

white fruit alone, were this season (1863) covered with purple

fruit.

The difference in the quality of silk reared respectively upon

these two kinds—which are thus in reality not two, but one and

the same—must be to a very great extent purely imaginary, and

I will venture to assert that if two skeins of silk thus grown, that

is to say, the one from the purple and the other from the white-

fruited tree, were placed before any cultivator in India, he would

not be able to distinguish between them.

* Proc. Hort. Soc. of India, 10th August, 1859, vol. xi. part 1, p. 64.

Restoration of the Silkworm. 163

Of the Morus alba, Count Dandolo remarks,—‘ This species

comprises the common wild mulberry, which has four varieties

in the fruit—two have white berries, one red and the other black.”

Here, then, the merest tyro may perceive that the red berry

merely forms the connecting link between the black and the white

fruit, and consequently that there can be but little, if any, differ-

ence in the quality of the leaf; indeed, all that the Count ventures

to observe on the subject is, that ‘ the leaf of the black mulberry,

hard, harsh and tough, which is given to the silkworms in some of

the warmer climates of Europe, in Spain, in Sicily, in Calabria

and in some parts of Greece, &c., produces abundant silk, the

thread of which is very strong, but coarse. The white mulberry-

leaf of the tree planted in high lands exposed to cold dry winds

and in light soil produces generally a large quantity of strong silk

of the purest and finest quality.”

Now, if by the term ‘ coarse,” as here applied to the silk raised

from the black mulberry, is meant thick as to fibre, the difference

is seemingly of little importance, and would be overcome, I should

imagine, in the reeling by assigning fewer fibres to the thread ;

while that the produce of the white mulberry is not uniformly the

same or to be depended upon is shown in its being only “ generally,”

and not always, of the finest quality ; and moreover “the finest

quality” does not necessarily imply thinness of fibre, but may refer

to other qualities, such as evenness, tenacity and elasticity ; while,

with regard to the degree of coarseness above alluded to, it must

be borne in mind that it could not possibly be coarser than nature

intended it to be, because the regulating orifices in the lip would

prevent it. Besides which it is extremely questionable whether

“ high lands exposed to cold dry winds” and with a “light soil’’ are

suitable to the mulberry tree, especially in such high latitudes ;

and if not, then the worms fed upon the leaves of such trees would

be naturally less healthy and of smaller size than those reared

under more favourable circumstances, and, consequently, the worm

and the labial orifices being smaller, the silk would of necessity

be finer. This, however, is not an argument in favour of the

white mulberry, but against the locality in which it is grown.

Seeing then that the silk cannot be coarser than nature intended

it to be, while it may be much finer, the argument tends altogether

to prove that great fineness of fibre is a consequence of decreasing

size in the worm, produced by increasing debility of constitution.

M. Boitard, a French writer on the cultivation of silk and of

the mulberry tree, informs us that the white mulberry is often

tinged with red, a statement which upholds and confirms my

VOL. II, THIRD SERIES, PART I1.—AuGuST, 1864. N

164 =- Captain T. Hutton on the

remark that the red holds an intermediate place between the black

and the white fruit.

In 1858 the white mulberry appears in some quarters to have

fallen in estimation, and the Morus multicaulis was likewise con-

demned, as it was said, ‘‘ because it produces so few leaves, though

they are larger, and partly because those few are too soft and

milky for the worm, yielding a weak fibre.’’*

This statement, however, unfortunately proved to be an egre-

gious blunder, the tree thus denounced being in reality not the

Morus multicaulis, which, as the specific name points out, instead

of having few leaves of large size, has a multitude of branches

thickly covered with a moderate-sized leaf. The large-leaved

tree is now named Morus cucullata, from the leaf taking the form

of a skull cap, and strange to say, although pronounced to be

worthless when supposed to be MM. multicaulis, was subsequently,

by the same authority, and under the equally erroneous name of

Morus Sinensis, extensively cultivated as a first-rate silkworm

diet.

Whatever may be the value of M. multicaulis and M. cucullata

in their own native climates, they do not appear to have given

much satisfaction elsewhere, and certainly in a cold northern

climate they can scarcely be expected to do so; at Mussooree, I

regard them both as trash, and although in Oudh, Dr. Bonavia

found that B. Mort and B. Sinensis both ate them readily enough,

yet in the later stages of the worm a leaf of greater substance was

required. In such case I would recommend the coarser leaf from

the very beginning, for if the young worm lacks sufficient

nourishment in the two first stages of its growth, it will be next

to impossible, by any amount of subsequent good feeding, to

recover the ground thus lost.

It is, I am convinced, precisely because in the early stages the

worms have been fed upon chopped and thin watery leaves, that

the constitution has been at length brought to the very extreme

of weakness. Starvation in childhood is surely not the best

method of eventually producing either a strong healthy man, or

any other animal !

The climate, the tree, and the species of silkworm to be reared

should all, as much as possible, be adapted to each other;

whereas under the present system the cultivator appears to

think that climate, food and the constitution of the insect are all

mere secondary considerations to be set at naught, and dis-

* Journ. Hort. Soc. of India, vol.*. part 2, p. 182.

Restoration of the Silkworm, 165

regarded with impunity, and then wonders, because he has

steadily pursued certain stereotyped rules, at the failure of his

speculation,

Lest, then, this blind laudation of certain species should lead to

mischievous results and disappointment among those who are

desirous of entering into the speculation, I shall here beg leave to

call the attention of the sericulturist to the well-known fact, that

** what is one man’s meat is another man’s poison,” and remind him

that the diet which is admirably adapted to keep up animal heat

and to nourish an individual in the vicinity of the North Pole,

will be found both unsuitable and highly injurious to health in

lower and warmer latitudes. We have but to cast a glance

around us in order to perceive that each nation, according to its

climate, differs somewhat from another in the matter of food;

those of the warmer parts of the world being more frugal and less

gross in their diet than those of the colder regions, Is it not

proverbial, that where a Frenchman, content with thin wines and

a few field herbs wherewith to make a salad, would thrive, an

Englishman, addicted, as he is, to strong ale, with an unlimited

allowance of beef and bacon, would starve outright?) The raw

seal blubber, so palatable to the Esquimaux, would be wholly

unsuited to the more temperate countries of Europe, and, as a

rule, we find that the diet is the simplest in the hottest regions,

and becomes gradually more gross as we approach the north,

where the cold requires the use of more solid and stimulating

food to promote and keep up the animal heat of the body.

Something of the same kind is assuredly perceptible also

among the feral tribes; the bears, for instance, being far more

carnivorous in high latitudes than near the tropics, where fruits,

vegetables and insects constitute the animal’s food; but confining

my remarks for the present to the larvee of the Bombycide or

silkspinners, we find that nature has ordained that the species in

different latitudes shall feed upon different trees.

It may be said that this arises from the fact that the same trees

are not found in these different localities, and consequently that

the insects are compelled to seek another food, or to starve; this,

however, does not appear to disclose the true philosophy of the

question, and it certainly does not prove that such food in

southern regions is equally stimulating with that of northern

climes, but rather that instinct teaches the insect to accommodate

itself to the provisions provided for it, precisely as a traveller to

the northern regions makes use of pemmican, which he discards

166 Captain T. Hutton on the

on returning home. There are indeed not wanting proofs that

even where the food of one latitude exists in another, the insect

will refuse to eat it, as if aware that it is no longer suitable to its

wants! The truth seems to be this, that where a tree and an

insect have existed together in, perhaps, a southern latitude, and

the tree ceases to grow in some more northern locality where the

insect is still found, it is because the tree in the colder locality

would no longer be able to furnish a sufficiently stimulating diet,

and is, therefore, replaced by one more suitable to the wants of

the insect. And this after all is simply one of those wise pro-

visions of nature whereby her productions and the conditions

under which they exist are mutually adapted to each other.

As a proof of this, we find that although the larve of the

beautiful Aliacus Atlas are known in Kumaon to feed freely and

principally upon the leaves of the yellow-flowering barberry

(Berberis Asiatica?), called at Mussooree Russote, yet with us,

where the plant is equally common, I have never yet succeeded

in inducing the worm to touch it, nor have I ever found either

the larvee or the cocoons upon this shrub. And yet out of forty-

six cocoons now before me from Kumaon no fewer than forty-

three have been spun among the leaves of B. Asiatica! Surely

this looks like a case in point; besides which it is an unques-

tionable fact that among the mulberry trees which are known to

be true species, and not mere varieties, the leaves of those from

the north possess far greater thickness, consistency and nourish-

ment than those from the tropics or warm lowland provinces.

Take for example the leaves of Morus multicaulis and of M.

cucullata, as compared with those of M/. Sinensis, M. nigra ?, and

the wild indigenous trees of the North Western Himalaya.

At Pondicherry, according to information derived from my

obliging correspondent M. Perrottet, the Actias Selene is entirely

restricted to the Odina Wodier of Roxburgh, while at Mussooree

it is polyphagous, feeding on Coriaria Nipalensis, Carpinus

bimana, Andromeda ovalifolia, Cedrela paniculata, the common

walnut, Cerasus puddum, or wild cherry, Pyrus variolosa, and

several others. Again, Altacus Cynthia, which in China is

nourished on the leaves of Ailanthus glandulosa, feeds in Cachar

upon a tree called “ Lood,” and at Mussooree on Coriaria Nipa-

lensis, Xanthoxylon* hostile and some others; and so on, indeed,

throughout the family.

* In previous papers this word has invariably appeared as Xunthophyllum,

which is an error.

Restoration of the Silkworm. 167

The wild indigenous mulberry of Mussooree, with thick coarse

leaves full of milky juice, is often so thickly covered with the

larvee of Bombyx [Huttoni, that by the beginning of May there is

not a single leaf upon the tree wherein the worm can spin its

cocoon; yet although the thinner-leaved cultivated mulberry

may abound in the immediate neighbourhood, it never by any

chance experiences the same treatment; so that taking the hint

from nature, I am inclined to recommend for the Bombyx Mori,

when cultivated in the upper provinces, and more especially in

the hills, such leaves as those furnished by M. nigra?, M.

Stnensis, Bédana or seedless long white mulberry, and others of

the thick rough-leaved kinds.

At the same time it is highly probable that certain species,

which are wholly unadapted to a cold hill climate and the action

of severe frost, may thrive well in the lowland provinces of India,

where they will likewise be suitable to the worms of warm

localities, such as I consider the Bengal monthly worms to be.

But to extol in general terms one species above another, and

endeavour, on wholly insufficient and often purely theoretical

data, to persuade people that it is the best adapted for the

nourishment of the silkworm,—the species of worm, moreover, not

being specified,—is, in my opinion, the surest way of propagating

pure sophistry and of insuring the failure of speculations in other

districts, which, from the nature of their climates, require both a

different diet and a different mode of treatment.

‘There is, moreover, yet another point to be considered, for

although certain trees, such as M. multicaulis and M. cucullata,

may thrive well enough in the Punjab and the Gangetic provinces,

yet it is more than doubtful whether the Cashmere worm will

thrive upon them; for while the trees delight in and are adapted

to a warm lowland temperature, the insect, whose cultivation is

becoming fashionable in the upper provinces, is from the northern

mountainous tracts of China, situated between 32° and 34° of

north latitude, whereas in our Himalayan regions frost and snow

are the accompaniments of winter. The cultivator should re-

member that a northern insect requires a northern tree, and the

northern tree requires a northern climate, and that he himself

requires a certain amount of knowledge and the exercise of

common sense.

Trees producing leaves of extreme thinness, like those of M.

multicaulis and M. cucullata, are far from desirable on account of

their containing but little nourishment, and necessitating a larger

168 Captain T. Hutton on the

and more frequent supply. A good and healthy leaf should con-

tain the four ingredients of fibre, water, saccharine and resinous

matter; the two first go directly to the nourishment and growth

of the worm, while from the two latter is secreted the supply of

gum which eventually furnishes the silk. Where the two former

only are found, or where they are greatly in excess, as is some-

times the case, the worm will grow and attain to a goodly size,

but will produce little, or perhaps no, silk. In breaking off a good

healthy leaf, a drop or two of thick milky viscous juice should

exude from the stalk, and in this resides the silk-producing

matter; the Morus Sinensis and all the thick-leaved trees possess

this in far greater quantity than either 2/7. cucullata or M. multi-

caulis, and indeed from the latter species, when grown in a cold

climate, it is almost absent, being thin and watery.

Yet after all, it has long since been laid down as an ascertained

fact, that however much the quantity of silk may be dependent

upon the presence of this juice, the quality is far less dependent

upon the good properties of the leaf than upon the temperature in

which the worms have been reared; so that where this is higher

than the constitution of the insect is fitted to endure, no matter

how well it may have been fed, the yield will always be inferior to

that produced in a more genial temperature ; and that the Bombyx

Mori of Cashmere is greatly influenced even by the heat of the

Punjab, is proved beyond all contradiction by M. Perrottet’s ob-

servation, in epistold, that eggs deposited there and sent to him by

Mr. Cope, of Umritsir, were inferior in size, and far more irregu-

lar in form, than those sent by me from Mussooree, where the

climate is better adapted to the species. The fact is moreover

fully established by the annual loss sustained by Jaffer Ali as

above narrated, as well-as by Mr. Cope’s expressed intention of

sending his Punjab-bred eggs to the hills during summer, and of

importing annually fresh seed from Cashmere. The same remark

is equally applicable to Oudh.

That the thinness of the leaf, both in M. multicaulis and M. cu-

cullata, is a very serious defect may be gathered from Count

Dandolo’s remark, that “the less nutritive substance the leaf

contains, the more leaves must the silkworm consume to complete

its development. The result must, therefore, be that the silkworm

which consumes a large quantity of leaves that are not nutritive,

must be more fatigued and more liable to disease than the silkworm

that eats a smaller proportion of more nutritive leaves. The same

may be said of those leaves which, containing a sufficiency of

nutritive matter, contain little resinous substance; in that case

Restoration of the Silkworm. 169

the insects would thrive and grow, but probably would not pro-

duce either a thick or strong cocoon proportionate to the weight

of the silkworm, as sometimes occurs in unfavourable seasons.

My experiments,” continues the Count, ‘prove in the ultimate

analysis that, all things balanced, the qualities of the soil produce

but a very slight difference on the quality of the leaf; that which

will appear most evident is, that the principal influential cause of

the fineness of the silk is the degree of temperature in which the

silkworm is reared. It is neither the water nor the fibre of the

Jeaf that nourishes the silkworm and renders the cocoon heavy,

but the resinous and saccharine substances.”

The concluding sentence, however, is scarcely to be relied on,

since the worm in its growth is undoubtedly nourished by the

water and the fibre of the leaf, although it is equally true that the

weight and thickness of the cocoon depend upon the presence of

the other substances, while it is necessary to guard against the

error of endeavouring to produce too much fineness in the silk,

since I have already shown that to be an indication of too high a

temperature and of the consequent degeneracy of the worm.

Besides which, that the soil must in some measure act upon the

quality of the leaf can scarcely be doubted when we consider that

it is from the soil that the tree derives its nourishment, and the

changes which occur both in the shape and substance of the leaf

and in the colour of the fruit can be attributed, I imagine, to

nothing else.

In regard to the treatment of the trees, it has been justly re-

marked that they may be very seriously injured by too close

plucking; it has been forgotten, however, by those who in India

have laid some stress upon the fact, that the remark applies rather

to the mulberry trees of Europe and other temperate climes, than

to those of tropical regions; for in the former there is too short a

summer to enable the tree to produce fresh leaves without an

injurious effort on the part of Nature;* whereas in tropical and

neighbouring climates, where the summers are warm and long,

and otherwise conducive to the growth of vegetation, the dread

of injury need scarcely be entertained. Nature, indeed, herself

points out that such is the truth, for in the Himalaya the indi-

genous mulberry trees may often be seen in the early part of May

without a single leaf upon them, all having been devoured by the

first or spring-brood of the larvee of Bombyx Huttoni ; and yet in

* Mr. F. Moore informs me that eggs of B. Huttoni hatched in April, when

there were yet no leaves!

170 Captain T. Hutton on the

about three weeks afterwards, or even less, the same tree will be

found to have again put on an abundant and healthy foliage ready

for the second or autumnal brood of the same worm. ‘This some-

times goes on year after year without the least apparent injury to

the tree, and even the cultivated kinds are often stripped of every

leaf and berry by the monkeys (Semnopithecus schistaceus), and

yet put forth a second crop of both. What, therefore, Nature

does, man may surely, in similar situations and under similar cir-

cumstances, imitate with like success.

Many things, indeed, in regard to the rearing of the silkworm,

have passed into laws without the persons who adopt them having

the slightest notion why they have done so, or even caring to

reason on the subject ;—thus we have one law forbidding more

than a certain degree of denudation of the foliage, which is strictly

applicable to northern climates only, and necessitates the planting

of an additional number of trees, Then, again, another law

enjoins that no moisture must remain upon the leaf for fear of

injury to the worm; and yet in a state of nature we must feel

assured that the leaves are often wet with rain and dew without

doing injury to the worms that feed upon them; why then are

they injured when in a state of domestication? Simply because

Nature always feeds her worms with the best and freshest leaves,

and in that state no injury ensues, as I indeed have often proved

even with domesticated worms; but if the leaves, as is too gene-

rally the case, from being closely packed, brought from a distance

in the heat, and kept for hours before they are given to the

worms, have begun to fade and lose their natural freshness, the

moisture on them, by imbibing the exhaling gasses, will act as an

active poison on the worm and kill it.

Again, where the temperature of the rooms can be kept down

to 80° of Fahrenheit, it is obstinately asserted that the constitu-

tion of the worm cannot suffer; yet such reasoners forget that in

a warm climate they can only keep down the temperature by

shutting up the house and excluding heat, and that in so doing

they cause malaria to arise among the worms and ordure by the

exclusion of every breath of that pure fresh air which is so

essential to the insect’s healthy existence.

Lastly, chopped leaves must likewise be compassionately given

to the new-born worms, for fear the hardness of the leaf should

hurt their gums, and give the tender brats the tooth-ache.* Nota

* Journ. Hort. Soc. of India, vol. x. part 2, p. 182.

Restoration of the Silkworm. 171

breath of wind, not a change of temperature, must pass over these

tender beings, for fear the destroying angel should stretch forth

his hand and ruthlessly exterminate the whole. But common

sense would fain inquire,—‘Is the worm naturally of so tender a

constitution that no change must be suffered to come nigh its

dwelling? If so, how did the insect contrive to brave the storms,

and outlive the daily changes of temperature, even from day to

night, when exposed upon the trees in its own native and northern

mountain climate? Nay why was such change from day to night

ordained if it were to prove injurious to organic structures ?”’

I have proved, however, at Mussooree, that the worms of

different species, even in their present debilitated state, are not so

delicate as it has hitherto been the fashion to suppose, and have

successfully reared great numbers of worms that were night and

day exposed to every change of temperature, to every gale that

blew, and above all to the constant moisture of the mists which

were permitted to pass through the room, saturating leaves and

trays, and causing the worms themselves to sparkle through the

moisture deposited upon them. Yet notwithstanding this rough

treatment no deaths occurred, no particular diseases showed them-

selves, and the cocoons produced were pronounced by competent

judges to be good and the silk of the best quality.

They have likewise been successfully reared in France in the

open air, and the cocoons are pronounced to be superior to

those reared within the house.

And yet, after all, seeing that the constitution of the insect has

been completely destroyed, what wonder if it be found unable to

bear up successfully against the sudden changes of temperature

of a foreign climate? ‘Too great a degree of heat,—an improper

system of feeding,—the exclusion of fresh air from the rooms,

and, above all, the long-continued system of breeding in and in

with debilitated stock, have at length reduced the worm to the

condition of a leper, and have banished from its skin every trace

of those colours with which Nature had originally ornamented it.

Even in Europe it has been found that heat is inimical to its

health, for not only in Italy is the best silk produced in the

mountainous parts of Piedmont, but M. Guérin-Ménéville, in a

tour made in 1858 through France and Italy, likewise declares

that it is in “those elevated localities where the vine and the

mulberry escaped disease, that the worm was found to enjoy the

best health.”

This indefatigable naturalist also notices a custom which has

172 Captain T. Hutton on the

long struck me as being most objectionable, and one which has

most certainly contributed in no slight measure to destroy the

strength and healthiness of the worm. “ Nature,” observes

M. Guérin-Ménéville, “ distinctly shows that it is her wish that

the sexes should remain coupled for a certain time, and that time

is generally from ten to twelve hours, and often more.”

Yet, notwithstanding the truth of this remark, it has become

the custom, after Count Dandolo, whose opinions are not always

to be depended on, to separate the sexes at the end of five or six

hours, and the unavoidable consequence is, that while half the

eggs remain altogether unimpregnated and wasted, the other half

will produce weakly and sickly worms. It naturally follows then,

from this unnecessary interference with Nature’s mysteries, that

the worms produced are pre-disposed to disease, and as this goes

on year after year, and has done so for centuries past, of course

the worm becomes more and more degenerated and debilitated.

Surely even here a useful lesson may be learned from the pro-

ceedings of the wild species, since every one who has tied out the

females of any of the larger Bombycide, such as Anthereea or

Attacus, must have observed that the wild male found coupled

with the female in the morning, will, if unmolested, remain so

until after sunset, when a voluntary separation takes place.

Conclusion.

That matters, as regards the silkworm, are in a very critical

and unsatisfactory condition, is fully acknowledged by the French

cultivators, but I very much doubt if they have adopted the best

means of checking the various maladies with which the insect is

beset. Quacks, doubtless, will be found in numbers ever ready

to extol some secret nostrum, but the remedies hitherto applied

to cure particular phases of disease are calculated to exercise but

a temporary effect, and do not by any means strike boldly home

and remove the causes from which the maladies arise; hence in

1861, it was feared that the yield of silk throughout all France

would scarcely rise to one-half the return given in previous years.

Perfectly useless is it to seek in foreign lands for a healthier and

more vigorous seed, since the loss of constitution is universal, and

I confidently aver that nothing short of the re-discovery of the

insect in its original state of nature, or of the complete restoration

of the constitution of the domesticated stock by causing the worm

to revert to its pristine colour and characteristics, will ever be

able to avert the doom which now appears to be impending over

the whole domestic stock of Bombyces.

Restoration of the Silkworm. 173

The mode of doing this is as simple as could be wished.

Nature, ever watchful over the welfare of her productions, herself

points out the course to be pursued, and invites us to profit

by her wise suggestions, when she gives us so broad a hint of the

true state of affairs as to place before us in almost every brood

of domesticated worms a few dark individuals, as if for the

express purpose of attracting and fixing the naturalist’s attention,

and compelling him to adopt a method of perpetuating that dark

race. Let the sericulturist separate these from his general stock,

and set them apart for breeding from; let him annually weed

them of all pale-coloured worms, and in the course of three or

four years he will be enabled to cast aside his present sickly

colourless stock, and rejoice in the acquisition of a worm far

healthier than ever it has been since the day when it was first im-

ported from the east by the enterprising monks to whom we are

indebted for its introduction into Europe.

(> F750)

V. Descriptions of some New Species of Butterflies found

in Southern Africa. By Rovanp TRIMEN.

{Read 4th July, 1864.]

TuirTEEN of the following sixteen species of Rhopalocera will be

figured in the forthcoming second part of my “ Catalogue of the

South African Butterflies.” Ten of the species have been dis-

covered by Mr. James Henry Bowker, Inspector of the Frontier

Armed Mounted Police, a gentleman who has devoted his leisure

for several years past to the collection and observation of the

Fauna and Flora of Kaffraria, and has specially given his atten-

tion to the Lepidoptera, an order in which the densely-wooded

valley of the Um-Bashee appears to be particularly rich. The

new species enumerated are thus distributed among the several

Families, viz. :—

Fieride@ 0s ce Se ee Bye |

Satyride .. se oe oe Ape

Lycenide .. as ee oe os 6

Hesperide .. os se We ares

Family PIERIDZ, Dup.

Genus Eronia, Hiibn.

Eronia varia.

Exp. 2 in. 10 lin.—3 in. 1 lin.

$. Fore-wing white, with contiguous (at apex confluent) hind-

marginal black spots; a basal orange-red suffusion nearly fills

cell; hind-wing creamy-yellow with white nervures, and suffused

ill-defined hind-marginal spots. Underside.—Hind-wing and edges

of fore-wing rich chrome-yellow: marginal spots small, ferru-

ginous grey, some wanting; basal red of fore-wing deeper; a

whitish, ferruginous-grey-clouded blotch at apex of fore-wing and

two similar blotches on hind-margin of hind-wing.

¢. Smaller: markings fainter; basal red almost obsolete ;

hind-wing of a deeper yellow. Underside.—Of a deeper yellow ;

basal suffusion orange-yellow.

Hab.—Bashee River, Kaffraria.

176 Mr. Roland Trimen’s Descriptions of

Family SATYRID, Sws.

Genus Eresia, Dalm.

Erebia Sabacus.

Exp. 1 in. 3 Jin.—1 in. 8 lin,

Allied to E. Hippia, Cram.

Greyish-brown; fulvous patch of fore-wing large, occupying

cell (at end of which it is almost divided) and covering disc;

apical ocellus bipupillate with bluish, faintly yellowish-ringed ;

patch of hind-wing small, enclosing two small white-unipupillate

ocelli. Underside-—Hind-wing and apex of fore-wing whitish-

grey, hatched with minute dark lines ; hind-wing with three irre-

gular transverse brown streaks.

Hab.—Cape Colony and Kaffraria.

Family LYCHNID, Leach.

Genus loraus, Hiibn.

Tolaus Sidus.

Exp. 1 in. 2 lin.—1 in. 3 lin.

Allied (nearly) to J. Silas, Westw.

. Bright pale-blue ; apical region of fore-wing broadly black;

hind-wing with large, glistening-whitish, black-ringed, basi-costal

circular patch, and two black-spotted, bluish-scaled, crimson-red

spots at anal angle. Underside.—White tinged with greyish; one

transverse ferruginous streak in fore-wing, two in hind-wing (the

inner one becoming black and bi-angulated near inner margin) ;

costa of fore-wing and hind-margin of hind-wing edged with

orange,

¢@. Violaceous-whitish, blue-suffused from bases ; apical black

of fore-wing narrower and duller; hind-wing with a blackish

costal border (widest at apex), two dusky sub-marginal streaks,

and three large anal-angular orange spots.

Hab.—Kaffraria and Natal.

Tolaus Bonwkeri.

Exp. 1 in. 5 lin.

@. Pale fuscous, suffused from bases with light blue; beyond

middle a transverse, macular, white band; fore-wing with a

fuscous, white-bordéred, disco-cellular streak; hind-wing with

a sub-marginal, lunular, bluish-white streak which, on lobe of

anal angle, unites with a marginal white line to form a white

space (marked with a black spot). Underside.—White, with the

some New Species of Butterflies. 177

following ochreous, brown-edged, irregular, transverse striz in

each wing, viz.: a disco-cellular streak, a stria before middle, a

broad one beyond middle, and a hind-marginal and sub-marginal

line; the two strize of hind-wing acutely angulated, being diverted

abruptly to base. ;

Hab.—Bashee River, Kaffraria,

Genus Lycana, Fab.

Lycena Hintza.

Exp. 11 lin.—1 in. 1 lin..

Caudate. Allied to LZ. Rosimon, Fab.

$. Shining violet-blue ; a narrow hind-marginal blackish

edging ; the ordinary blackish spot near anal angle of hind-wing.

Underside.—White ; in each wing the following black markings,

viz. a stria (broad in fore-wing) closing cell, an irregular trans-

verse row of spots beyond middle, two sub-marginal rows of spots

(the inner of sub-linear, the outer of small rounded spots), and a

black edging-line ; fore-wing with a sub-costal and an upward-

curving basal inner-marginal stria; hind-wing with six spots at

base, and the last two spots of outer row faintly dotted with

bluish-silvery.

¢. White, shot with violaceous-bluish from bases ; the black

underside markings suffusedly repeated above, Cilia in both

sexes white, in fore-wing interrupted with blackish,

Hab.—British Kaffraria and Kaffraria.

Genus Zeritis, Boisd.

Zeritis Chrysaor.

Exp. 10 lin.—1 in. 1 lin.

Allied to Z. Zeuxo, Linn.

Glittering golden-orange ; each wing with a disco-cellular spot

(small and faint in hind-wing) and an irregular row of spots beyond

middle; no sub-marginal row of spots in hind-wing; hind-mar-

ginal border much narrower than in Zeuxo, and in hind-wing

macular or nearly so. Underside-—Varying from pale creamy-

ochreous to pale ferruginous-ochreous ; inner-marginal region of

fore-wing pale-orange, its spots with large steely centres; spots

of hind-wing small, slightly glistening.

Hab.— Cape Colony, British Kaffraria and Kaffraria.

178 Mr. Roland Trimen’s Descriptions of

Zeritis Pyroéis.

Exp. 1 in.—1 in. 4 lin.

Allied to Z. Zeuxo and Chrysaor.

Orange-yellow (not metallic); spots as in Zeuro; bases broadly

blackish, densely blue-scaled; hind-wing of ¢ shot with a blue

lustre; in fore-wing a broad, very even, hind-marginal border of

black; in hind-wing only an interrupted edging. Underside.—

Much as in Chrysaor, pale creamy-ferruginous ; no basal cloud-

ing; a sub-marginal row of fuscous spots in fore-wing ; spots of

hind-wing usually very indistinct, if not obsolete.

Hab.—Cape Town.

Zeritis Phosphor.

Exp. 10 lin.

Allied to Z. Perion, Cram. (see Hopffer in Peters’ “ Reise,” &c.)

Shining golden-orange; bases suffused with blackish-brown ;

fore-wing with a very broad, dark, apical border, commencing on

costa and narrowing near anal angle ; -hind-wing with a transverse

row of dark spots beyond middle. Underside.—Very much as in

Perion, 9; hind-wing and borders of fore-wing pale greyish-

ochreous, hind-marginally tinged with reddish; cellular and

neighbouring spots in fore-wing with steely centres; spots of

hind-wing steely, dark-edged.

Flab.—Bashee River, Kaffraria.

Family HESPERIDZ, Leach.

Genus Pyreus, Hibn.

Pyrgus Asterodia.

Exp. 9—10 lin.

Nearly allied to P. Vindex, Cram., but paler, more glossy; the

spots smaller, not so white; in fore-wing, the central of three

cellular spots largest, nearer to outer than inner spot,—a trilinear

spot just above central spot,—lowest spot of row beyond middle

largest,—outer marginal row of spots wanting; in hind-wing

transverse white stripe commences on costa, narrowing very much

interiorly. Underside.—Hind-wing and apex of fore-wing less

greyish, more inclining to fulvous.

fHab.—Cape Colony.

fe Pyrgus Sataspes.

Exp. 93 lin.—1 in.

$. Fuscous-brown; spots small, dull-whitish, rather suffused ;

only two cellular spots in fore-wing; median band of hind-wing

some New Species of Butterflies. 179

very much narrower than in P. Vindex; a double marginal row of

ochrey dots in each wing. Underside.—Costa of fore-wing pale

greyish-yellow, apex pale reddish-yellow ; hind-wing pale-fuscous,

clouded with reddish, crossed by two yellowish-white stripes (of

which the outer unites at anal angle with an inner-marginal whitish

stripe).

?. Paler; spots more conspicuous. Underside of hind-wing

reddish-ochreous, only fuscous-tinged next to stripes.

Hab.—Cape Colony and British Kaffraria.

Genus Cycropipes, Hiibn.

Cyclopides inornatus.

Exp. 1 in,—1 in, 1] lin.

Allied to C. Lepeletierii, Godt.

Dull-fuscous; cilia dull-grey ; from costa of fore-wing, beyond

middle, a row of three indistinct pale dots. Underside.—Hind-

wing, with costa and apex of fore-wing, reddish-brown ; in each

wing a disco-cellular pale dot, succeeded by a transverse row (in

hind-wing strongly curved) of similar dots.

Hab.—Bashee River, Kaffraria.

Genus Pampuita, Fab.

Pamphila? niveostriga.

Exp. 1 in. 2 lin.—1 in. 3 lin.

g. Fuscous-brown, hind-wing darker; fore-wing with a disco-

cellular white spot, and a transverse row of white spots. Under-

side.—All pale reddish-ochreous, marked with paler nervures,

except inner margin of fore-wing, which is fuscous, and that of

hind-wing, which is snowy-white, edged interiorly with black.

Hab.—Bashee River, Kaffraria.

Pamphila Zeno.

Exp. 1 in. 5 lin.

Dark brown: in each wing a Jarge orange-yellow disco-cellular

spot, followed by an irregular transverse row of six similar spots :

bases irrorated with orange-yellow. Underside —Hind-wing and

costa and apex of fore-wing greenish-yellow : hind-wing with a

median and a submarginal, macular, fuscous band,—the latter

joining the wider anal-angular portion of a blackish inner-mar-

ginal stripe.

Hab.— Bashee River, Kaffraria.

VOL, IJ. THIRD SERIES, PART I1.—AuGusT, 1864. ry)

180 Mr. R. Triinen on New Species of Butterflies.

Genus LevucocuiTonEa, Wler.*

Leucochitonea bicolor.

Exp. 1 in. 5 lin.

$. Ochreous-yellow, deeper in hind-wing: fore-wing universally

black-bordered, hind-wing also (except along costa); fore-wing with

four large black spots, viz., one at base, 2nd cellular, 3rd below

and beyond 2nd, 4th (largest) costal and towards apex. Under-

side.— Yellow deeper; margins very narrow; spots of fore-wing

indistinct.

Hab.—Bashee River, Kaffraria.

Genus Carrona, Wler.t

Caprona Canopus.

Exp. 1 in. 4 lin.—1 in. 7 lin.

Semi-transparent creamy-white, with vitreous bands and spots:

base in both wings and apical region of fore-wing ferruginous-

ochreous. Underside——White purer; markings indistinct ; no

basal colouring ; in fold of inner margin of hind-wing, near anal

angle, a conspicuous black spot.

Hab.—Kaffraria and Natal.

Genus Nisontapes, Hiibn.

Nisoniades Kobela.

Exp. 1 in. 5 lin.—1 in. 10 lin.

Same group as N. Sabadius, Boisd.

Dusky blackish-brown, clouded with paler scales : in each wing

a disco-cellular dark spot (in fore-wing always vitreous-centred

in @ and sometimes in ¢ ), and a row of spots beyond middle (of

which, in fore-wing, the three next costa are small and wholly

vitreous in both sexes, and some of the others vitreous-centred in

?); near base of fore-wing, below cell, a large spot, sometimes

pale-centred in 9. Underside.—Paler, more glossy: spots smaller,

more distinct; inner margin of fore-wing dull-greyish; cell of hind-

wing closed with a double streak, and spots bounded by, and often

centred with, dull-yellowish scales. Cilia of fore-wing fuscous, of

hind-wing greyish-yellow, regularly interrupted with fuscous.

Hab.—Bashee River, Kaffraria.

* Lep. Rhop. Caffr, (in K. Sv. Vetensk. Ak. Handlingar), p. 52. -

+ Ibid. p. 51.

€: 18he4

VI. Characters of undescribed Species of Smiera (Chalci-

dites), By Francis Watxer, F.LS., F.Z.S.

{Read 6th June, 1864.]

Smrera, of which a few species occur in various parts of the

world, is most abundant in South America, and numerous forms

of it inhabit the Amazon region, which seems to be especially

adapted to the multiplicity of the species of that genus. All the

species described in the following communication were discovered

by Mr. Bates, and are in the collection of the British Museum.

SYNOPSIS SPECIERUM.

A Femora postica dentibus magnis armata.

A Antenne filiformes.

* Antenne apice non pallidiores.

+ Abdomen nigrum.

{ Femora postica dentibus 4 magnis armata. S. con-

citata.

tt Femora postica dentibus 5 magnis armata.

§ Tibize antice flavee. S. certa.

§§ Tibize antice nigra. S. efficta.

++ Abdomen flavo- aut luteo-varium.

{ Femora postica dentibus 3 magnis armata. S.con-

tacta.

tt Femora postica dentibus 4 magnis armata.

§ Abdomen immaculatum. S. destinata.

§§ Abdomen nigro-bimaculatum. S. crocuta.

{tt Femora postica dentibus 5 magnis armata,

§ Antenne subtus non ochracez.

x Abdomen nigro-fasciatum. 8S. appressa.

x x Abdomen maculis lateralibus piceis. S.

aperta.

x x x Abdomen fasciis piceis. 8. cerina.

§§ Antenne subtus ochracee. S. basilica.

ttt? Femora postica dentibus 6 magnis armata.

§ Caput nigrum. S. composita.

§§ Caput flavum aut luteum.

x Abdomen vitta nigricante. S. admixta.

x x Abdomen fasciis rufescentibus. S. de-

JSuncta.

ttttt Femora postica dentibus 7 magnis armata. S.

adaptala.

VOL. Il, THIRD SERIES, PART IlI,—Noy. 1864, P

182 Mr. F. Walker’s Characters of

$tet

Femora postica dentibus 8 magnis armata. S. cor-

recta.

Femora postica dentibus 9 magnis armata. S. eaxi-

naniens.

** Antenne apice rufescentes.

+ Abdomen nigrum, basi flavum. S. seissa,

++ Abdomen fasciis interruptis nigris. S. @mula.

+}? Abdomen flavum, immaculatum. S, adsita.

*** Antenne apice lutea. SS. attalica.

AA Antenne extrorsum crassiores.

* Abdomen fusiforme. S'. contermina.

** Abdomen lanceolatum. S. commoda.

AAA Antenne subclavate. SS. alienata.

B Femora postica dentibus parvis armata.

A Antenne filiformes.

* Antenne apice non rufescentes,

+ Abdomen flavum, immaculatum.

+ Abdomen thorace mult6d brevius. 8S. dimota.

Abdomen thorace paulld brevius. S. disposita.

{} Abdomen flavum, apice nigrum.

{ Alee venis fulvis. S. expleta.

Ale venis nigris.

§ Tibiz postice luteee. §. descripta.

§§ Tibize posticee basi apiceque nigra. S. ex-

haurtens.

+tt Abdomen fasciatum.

Corpus nigrum, flavo-varium.

§ Petiolus non brevissimus.

x Abdomen luteum, igre peo muta: S,

adjuncta.

x x Abdomennigrum, fasciis flavis. S.blanda.

§§ Petiolus brevissimus. 4S. vacillans.

Corpus flavum, nigro-varium,

§ Alee anticee apice nigricantes. S. lerminalis.

§§ Alze antice apice non nigricantes.

x Alee cinereze.

—+ Antenne scapo flavo.

++ Petiolus metathorace longior.

S. equalis.

+++ Petiolus metathorace brevior.

S. contributa.

—.+ Antenne scaposubtus flavo. S.celsa.

xx Ale limpide, S, detracta,

‘Ss

+444

bbe

undescribed Species of Smiera (Chalcidites). 183

** Antenne apice rufescentes.

+ Corpus nigrum, flavo-varium. 8. annulifera.

+} Corpus flavum aut luteum, nigro-varium,

t Abdomen luteum. S. depicta.

tt Abdomen notatum.

§ Corpus flavum. SS. annexa.

§§ Corpus luteum, &. cognata.

*** Antenne ochracee. §. demota.

AA Antenne extrorsum crassiores.

* Abdomen basi rufescens. S. apparata.

** Abdomen basi non rufescens.

‘+ Ale cinereee. S. deducta.

+} Alee limpidee. SS. attacta.

To the above species of Smiera I have added a single new spe-

cies of the genus Chalcis, C. eurylomoides.

1. Smiera concitata.

Foem.— Nigra; antenne scapo subtus flavo; prothorax luteo-

bistrigatus ; parapsides et scutellum luteo-notata; pedes

postici coxis flavo-vittatis, femoribus flavis apice nigris ;

tarsi intermedii flavi, apice picei; alee obscuré cineree.

Female.—Black. Antenne filiform; scape yellow beneath.

Prothorax with a luteous transverse streak on each side. Parap-

sides of the mesothorax with a luteous streak on the outer side;

scutellum with a small luteous dot on each side, and with a pro-

minent rim which is slightly bidentate. Petiole nearly as long as

the metathorax. Abdomen slightly lanceolate, shorter and much

narrower than the thorax. Hind-coxez beneath with a broad

yellow stripe, which does not extend to the tips; hind-femora

yellow, black towards the tips, armed with four large and two

very small black teeth; anterior knees and middle tarsi yellow,

the latter piceous towards the tips; fore-tarsi piceous. Wings

dark cinereous; veins piceous; ulna a little less than half the

Jength of the humerus ; radius as long as the ulna; cubitus short,

Length of the body 5 lines; of the wings 9 lines.

2. Smiera certa.

Mas.—Nigra; antenne subtus rufescentes, scapo subtus flavo;

prothorax flavo-bistrigatus ; mesothoracis segmenta flavo-

strigata; tibiae posticee luteo-strigatee ; tarsi lutei ; ale ob-

scuré cineree.

Male.—Black. Antenne filiform, reddish beneath ; seape with

P 2

184 Mr. F. Walker’s Characters of

a yellow stripe beneath. Prothorax with a small transverse yellow

streak on each side. A small yellow streak on each of the pa-

rapsides and paraptera of the mesothorax; scutellum with an

interrupted transverse yellow line on its fore-border, forming on

its hind-border a slightly excavated rim. Metathorax vertical.

Petiole a little longer than the metathorax. Abdomen nearly

oval, shorter and narrower than the thorax. Hind-femora with

one small and five very large teeth; hind-tibize with a luteous

streak above towards the base; tarsi luteous; fore-tarsi piceous

above towards the base. Wings dark cinereous ; veins piceous ;

ulna about half the length of the humerus; radius a little longer

than the ulna; cubitus rather short.

Length of the body 43 lines ; of the wings 9 lines.

Female ?—Prothorax with a yellow line along each side and on

the hind border, where it is widely interrupted. Scutellum with

a yellow line along the hind-border. Metathorax oblique. Petiole

a little shorter than the metathorax. Abdomen dingy luteous

beneath. Hind-coxz yellow on the inner side towards the tips ;

hind-femora with a yellow streak, which is largest on the inner

side; hind-tibiz luteous on the inner side towards the base;

anterior knees and tarsi yellow; hind-tarsi black.

3. Smiera efficta.

Mas.—Nigra; oculi flavo-cincti; antennz subtus pice, scapo

subtus flavo; thorax scuti margine antico, parapsidum lituris

duabus transversis, scutellique margine postico flavis; ab-

domen supra luridum ; pedes anteriores flavi, ex parte picei ;

ale cineree,

Male.—Black, stout. Head yellow about the eyes. Antenne

filiform, piceous beneath ; scape yellow beneath. Scutum of the

mesothorax bordered with yellow in front; a yellow transverse

mark on each of the parapsides; scutellum yellow on the hind

border, which is armed with two very Small teeth. Petiole as long

as the metathorax. Abdomen elongate-oval, lurid above, shorter

and much narrower than the thorax. Hind-femora armed with

seven teeth, of which five are large; anterior legs yellow; anterior

femora and middle tibize mostly piceous above. Wings cinereous;

veins black; ulna half the length of the humerus; radius as long

as the ulna; cubitus moderately long.

Length of the body 4 lines ; of the wings 7 lines,

4, Smiera contacta.

Mas.—Lutea; caput postice nigrum; antennee nigra, subtus

rufescentes, scapo subtus luteo; prothorax fascia nigra luteo-

undescribed Species of Smiera (Chalcidites). 185

bipunctata ; mesothorax vittis tribus, guttis duabus vittaque

scutelli postice dilatata nigris; pectus nigro-bistrigatum ;

abdomen supra nigrum; pedes postici coxis apice nigris,

femoribus nigro-triguttatis ; alae cinerea.

Male.—Luteous. Head black behind. Antenne black, filiform,

reddish beneath; scape luteous beneath. Hind-border of the

prothorax with a narrow black band, which is slightly arched in

front, and contains two luteous points. Mesothorax with three

broad black stripes, one on the scutum and one on each of the

parapsides ; paraptera black towards each other ; scutellum armed

with two small teeth, adorned with a black stripe, which is dilated

and abbreviated hindward. Pectus with a black transverse streak

on each side. Petiole a little longer than the metathorax. Abdo-

men elongate-oval, mostly black above, much shorter and narrower

than the thorax. Hind-coxe with black tips; hind-femora armed

with three large teeth, adorned with three black dots, of which

one is above, the second below, and the third apical. Wings

cinereous; veins black; ulna more than half the length of the

humerus ; radius as long as the ulna; cubitus short.

Length of the body 3 lines; of the wings 5 lines.

5. Smiera destinata.

Fcem.—Lutea ; caput flavum, sulco antico margineque postico

nigris ; antennz nigra, subtus rufescentes, scapo flavo; tho-

rax scuti margine antico lineaque, parapsidum vittis duabus,

parapteris ex parte, scutellique macula nigris; pedes postici

coxis tibiisque apice nigris, femoribus nigro-bimaculatis et

unistrigatis ; ale cinerea.

Female.—Luteous. Head yellow, black behind and on the

furrow for the reception of the scape. Antenne black, filiform,

reddish beneath and towards the base ; scape yellow. Scutum of

the mesothorax with a black line, which is connected with a short

transverse black line on the fore-border; a black stripe on each

of the parapsides; paraptera yellow, black towards each other ;

scutellum armed with two small teeth, adorned at its tip with a

black spot, which emits a line to the fore-border. Petiole a little

longer than the metathorax. Abdomen oval, about twice the

length of the petiole, very much shorter and narrower than the

thorax. Hlind-coxz with black tips; hind-femora armed with

four very large teeth, which are mostly black, adorned on each

side with two black spots (one apical, the other contiguous to the

first tooth), and on the outer side above with a small black streak;

hind-tibize with black tips. Wings cinereous; veins black; ulna

186 Mr, F. Walker’s Characters of

hardly half the length of the humerus; radius a little longer than

the ulna; cubitus very short.

Length of the body 33 lines; of the wings 6 lines.

6. Smiera crocata.

Foem.—Lutea, subtus flava; caput postice nigrum; antenne

piceee, subtus fulvae, scapo subtus flavo; thorax scuti mar-

gine antico lineaque, parapsidum maculis duabus elongatis,

parapteris ex parte, scutellique macula tetragona nigris; ab-

domen maculis duabus Jateralibus nigris ; pedes postici coxis

apice nigris, femoribus nigro-bimaculatis ; alee cinerez.

Female.—Luteous, yellow beneath. Head black behind. An-

tennz piceous, filiform, tawny beneath; scape yellow beneath.

Scutum of the mesothorax with a black line, which is connected

with a short transverse line on the fore-border, and is abbreviated

hindward ; an elliptical black spot on each of the parapsides ;

paraptera black towards each other; scutellum armed with two

rather large teeth, adorned with a tetragonal black spot, which is

attenuated towards the scutum. Petiole much longer than the

metathorax. Abdomen elongate-oval, hardly twice the length of

the petiole, with a black spot on each side near the tip. Hind-

coxe with black tips; hind-femora armed with four very large

teeth, which are mostly black, adorned beneath with two black

spots, one before the middle, the other apical. Wings cinereous ;

veins black ; ulna hardly half the length of the humerus; radius

as long as the ulna; cubitus very short.

Length of the body 3 lines; of the wings 5 lines.

\ ery. %. Smiera appressa.

Feem.—Flava; caput sulco margineque postico nigris; an-

tennz nigra, scapo flavo apice nigro; prothorax. strigis

duabus transversis nigris ; mesothoracis segmenta nigra, flavo

Jaté marginata; metathorax anticé nigro-marginatus ; abdo-

men nigro-quadrifasciatum ; pedes postici femoribus tibiis-

que basi apiceque nigris; femora intermedia piceo-strigata ;

ale cineree.

Female.—Yellow. Head black behind and on the furrow for

the scape. Antenne black, filiform; scape yellow, black towards

the tip above. Prothorax with a minute transverse black streak

on each side. Scutum and parapsides of the mesothorax black,

broadly bordered with yellow; paraptera black towards the

scutum and along the hind-border; scutellum armed with two

very short teeth, adorned with a nearly hexagonal black spot.

undescribed Species of Smiera (Chalcidites). 187

Metathorax with a black line along its fore-border. Disk of the

pectus black. Petiole stout, much shorter than the metathorax.

Abdomen lanceolate, slightly compressed towards its tip, much

longer and narrower than the thorax; middle part adorned with

four slender black bands. Hind-femora black at the tips and

towards the base, whence the black hue extends along half the

length of the upper border and along the whole of the lower

border, which is armed with five large black teeth ; middle femora

with a short piceous streak on the outer side; hind-tibiz black

towards the base and towards the tips. Wings cinereous; veins

black ; ulna about half the length of the humerus; radius as long

as the ulna; cubitus very short; spurious veins very distinct.

Length of the body 5 lines; of the wings 9 lines.

SUN 6 Guy 8, Smiera aperta.

Feem.—-Flava; caput nigro-bipunctatum; antennz picee, subtus

rufescentes, scapo subtus flavo; thorax scuti punctis duobus

lineaque transversa postica et parapsidum guttis duabus

elongatis nigris; abdomen maculis octo lateralibus piceis ;

pedes postici coxis tibiisque apice nigris, femoribus nigro-

uniguttatis ; alae cinerea.

Female.—Yellow. Head with two black points behind. An-

tenne piceous, filiform, reddish beneath; scape yellow beneath.

Scutum of the mesothorax with a black point on each side of the

fore-border, and with a short transverse black line on the hind-

border; an elongated black dot on each of the parapsides; scu-

tellum with two stout teeth. Petiole as long as the metathorax.

Abdomen fusiform, with four piceous spots on each side, much

shorter and narrower than the thorax. Hind-coxze with black

tips ; hind-femora with a black dot on the outer side at the base,

armed beneath with seven black teeth, of which five are very

large; hind-tibiz black on the outer side at the tips. Wings

cinereous; veins black ; ulna fuliy half the length of the humerus;

radius nearly as long as the ulna; cubitus short.

Length of the body 4§ lines ; of the wings 8 lines.

9, Smiera cerina.

WMas.—F lava; antenne nigra subtus rufescentes, scapo subtus

flavo; thorax scuti punctis duobus, parapsidum strigis duabus,

scutellique striga nigris ; abdominis segmenta piceo-fasciata ;

pedes postici coxis tibiisque apice nigris; alze cineree.

Male.—Yellow. Antenne black, filiform, reddish beneath ;

scape yellow beneath. Scutum of the mesothorax with a black

188 Mr. F. Walker’s Characters of

point on each side of the fore-border; a short black streak on

each of the parapsides ; scutellum with a short black streak, armed

with two minute teeth. Petiole fully as long as the metathorax.

Abdomen fusiform, with a piceous band on the fore-border of each

segment, rather shorter and much narrower than the thorax.

Hind-coxze and hind-tibize with black tips; hind-femora armed

with six teeth, five of which are large. Wings cinereous; veins

black ; ulna about half the length of the humerus; radius as long

as the ulna; cubitus short.

Length of the body 4 lines; of the wings 8 lines.

i aerte “© | 40. Smiera basilica.

Fem.—Flava; caput nigrum, oculis flavo-cinctis; antenne

nigree, subtus ochracez, scapo pallidé flavo; scuti discus,

parapsides apud marginem interiorem, paraptera ex parte,

seutelli vitta posticé dilatata pectusque nigra; abdomen

nigro-sex-fasciatum ; femora postica nigro-vittata ; tibiae pos-

ticee rufescentes, apice flavee; alee anticee cinereze, apud

costam subluride.

Female.—Yellow. Head black, except about the eyes and

towards the mouth. Antenne black, filiform, rather long and

slender, ochraceous beneath; scape pale yellow, ochraceous

above towards the tip; second joint ochraceous. Scutum of the

mesothorax black, except along each side; parapsides black along

the inner side; paraptera partly black ; scutellum with a black

stripe, which is dilated on the hind-border, Pectus black. Petiole

as long as the metathorax. Abdomen lanceolate, a little longer

and much narrower than the thorax, adorned with six black

bands. Hind-femora black, except ahove and towards the tips,

armed with five large teeth ; hind-tibiz reddish, yellow towards

the tips. Wings cinereous, with a lurid tinge towards the costa;

veins ochraceous; ulna less than half the length of the humerus;

radius as Jong as the ulna; cubitus moderately long.

Length of the body 5 lines; of the wings 8 lines.

11. Smiera composita.

Feem.—Nigra; oculi flavo-cincti; antennae scapo subtus flavo ;

prothorax flavus, strigis duabus transversis nigris; meso-

thoracis segmenta flavo-marginata; metathorax et petiolus

nigri; abdomen basi fasciisque tribus flavis; pedes flavo-

varil; ale cinerez.

Female.—Black. Head yellow about the eyes. Antenne fili-

form; scape yellow beneath. Prothorax yellow above, with a

undescribed Species of Smiera (Chalcidites). 189

black transverse streak on each side. Scutum and parapsides of

the mesothorax yellow along the outer side; paraptera yellow

towards the wings; scutellum yellow, with a black disk, armed

with two very minute teeth. Metathorax and petiole yellow, the

latter as long as the former. Abdomen lanceolate, much narrower

and a little longer than the thorax, yellow at the base and with a

yellow band near the tip; first and second segments with yellow

hind-borders. Hind-coxz irregularly yellow above towards the

base; hind-femora irregularly yellow above towards the tips,

armed with six very large teeth ; anterior femora yellow towards

their tips, this hue predominating most in the fore-femora; hind-

tibiz with a yellow streak above towards the base; tarsi and

anterior tibiz yellow, the former with black tips. Wings cinereous ;

veins black; ulna a little more than half the length of the humerus ;

radius a little longer than the ulna; cubitus very short.

Length of the body 4 lines ; of the wings 7 lines.

12. Smiera admizta.

Mas.—ULutea; caput postice nigrum; antenne nigrze, scapo

subtus luteo; prothorax nigro-biguttatus; mesothoracis

segmenta nigra, Juteo-marginata; abdomen nigricante

vittatum ; pedes postici coxis apice nigris, femoribus nigro-

bimaculatis, tibiis piceo-vittatis; alee cinereze, apud costam

subluride.

Male.—Uuteous. Head black behind. Antenne black, fili-

form; scape luteous beneath. Prothorax with a black dot on

each side. Scutum and parapsides of the mesothorax black, with

the exception of the borders; paraptera black towards the

scutum; scutellum armed with two very short teeth, adorned

with a nearly triangular black spot. Petiole as long as the meta-

thorax. Abdomen fusiform, with a short irregular blackish

stripe, shorter and much narrower than the thorax. Hind-coxe

black above towards their tips; hind-femora black beneath at

their base and at their tips, armed beneath with: six large black

teeth ; hind-tibize with a piceous stripe, which is widely inter-

rupted towards the base. Wings cinereous, with a lurid tinge

towards the costa; veins black; ulna fully half the length of the

humerus; radius as long as the ulna; cubitus very short.

Length of the body 43 lines; of the wings 8 lines.

13. Smiera defuncta.

Feem.—Fiava ; antenne mgr, subtus rufee, scapo flavo; pro-

thorax linea transversa rufescente-nigro-notata; mesothorax

190 Mr. F. Walker’s Characters of

vittis tribus, parapteris apud angulos interiores, scutellique

vitta trigona nigris; petiolus vitta nigra furcata; abdominis

segmenta rufescente fasciata; tibize postice nigro-lineate ;

alee cinerez.

Female.—Yellow. Antenne black, filiform, red beneath ;

scape yellow. Prothorax with a reddish-black-marked trans-

verse line. Mesothorax with a black stripe on the scutum, and

one on each of the parapsides; paraptera black towards the

scutum ; scutellum with a black triangular stripe resting on the

hind border. Petiole linear, slender, much longer than the meta-

thorax, with a black stripe, which is forked hindward. Abdomen

fusiform, with a broad reddish band on each segment, narrower

and a little longer than the thorax. Hind-femora armed with six

large black-tipped teeth; hind-tibize with a black line on the

outer side beneath. Wings cinereous; veins tawny; ulna hardly

half the length of the humerus; radius as long as the ulna;

cubitus very short.

Length of the body 5 lines; of the wings 9 lines. Aes

14 4 CU, h

14. Smiera adaptata.

Fom.—Lete flava; caput posticé nigrum; antenne picee,

subtus rufescentes, scapo subtus flavo; mesothorax scuti

linea furcata, parapsidum guttis duabus, parapteris ex parte,

scutellique vitta lanceolata nigris; pectus strigis quatuor

lateralibus nigris; abdomen strigis utrinque quatuor trans-.

versis nigris; pedes postici coxis apice nigris, femoribus

maculis duabus nigris strigaque picea; ale cinerez,

Female.—Bright yellow. Head black behind. Antennz

piceous, filiform, rather short and stout, reddish beneath ; scape

yellow beneath. Scutum of the mesothorax with a black longi-

tudinal line, which is forked in front; parapsides with an

elongated black dot; -paraptera and epimera partly black;

scutellum armed with two very minute teeth, adorned with a

lanceolate black stripe, which is attenuated in front. Pectus with

two black transverse streaks on each side. Petiole not longer

than the metathorax. Abdomen fusiform, much shorter and very

much narrower than the thorax, with four transverse black

streaks on each side. Hind-coxee black towards the tips; hind-

femora armed with seven large black-tipped teeth, adorned near

the lower edge with two black spots, and on the outer side above

with a fusiform piceous streak, Wings cinereous; veins black ;

undescribed Species of Smiera (Chalcidites). 191

ulna less than half the length of the humerus; radius as long as

the ulna; cubitus very short.

Length of the body 33 lines; of the wings 6 lines.

15. Smiera correcta.

Feem.— Flava; antenn nigrz, scapo subtus flavo; linea abbre-

viata maculeque duz transversze scuti, maculae quatuor

laterales posteriores trigonee, maculaque scutelli quadrata

nigra ; abdomen apice nigrum; coxe postice apice tibiaeque

posticee basi nigree; femora postica nigro-bimaculata; ale

cinerea.

Female.—Yellow, rather slender. Antenne black, filiform;

scape yellow beneath. Scutum of the mesothorax with a black

line, which is abbreviated towards the fore-border, where there is

a transverse black dot; a black triangular spot on each of the

parapsides, and another on each of the paraptera; scuteliam with

a black tetragonal spot near the hind-border, which is armed with

two minute teeth. Petiole not longer than the metathorax. Ab- |

domen lanceolate, narrower but hardly longer than the thorax ;

tip black. Hind-coxze with black tips; hind-femora with two

black spots by the lower side, armed with eight rather large

black teeth; hind-tibia black at the base. Wings cinereous;

veins piceous; ulna about half the length of the humerus; radius

a little shorter than the ulna; cubitus short.

Length of the body 4 lines; of the wings 7 lines.

16. Smiera exinaniens.

Feem.—Nigra; oculi flavo-cincti; antennze scapo subtus flavo ;

prothorax flavo-fasciatus ; mesothoracis segmenta flavo-mar-

ginata; metathorax flavus, nigro-fasciatus; petiolus flavus,

nigro-bivittatus ; abdomen basi fasciisque quatuor flavis ;

pedes flavo-varii; ala cinerez,

Female.—Black. Head yellow about the eyes. Antenne

filiform ; scape yellow beneath. Prothorax with a yellow band.

Secutum and parapsides of the mesothorax yellow along the outer

side ; paraptera yellow towards the wings ; scutellum yellow, with

a black disk and with two minute teeth. Metathorax yellow,

with a black band on the fore-border. Petiole yellow, with a

black stripe on each side, much shorter than the metathorax.

Abdomen lanceolate, much narrower but not longer than the

thorax; yellow towards the base, and with four yellow bands, of

which the three first are interrupted and the fourth is abbreviated.

192 Mr. F. Walker’s Characters of

Hind-coxze irregularly yellow towards the base; hind-femora

irregularly yellow towards the base and towards the tips, armed

with about twelve teeth, of which nine are large; anterior femora

yellow towards their tips; hind-tibize yellow above towards their

tips; tarsi and anterior tibiee yellow, the former with black tips.

Wings cinereous, veins black; ulna about half the length of the

humerus; radius as long as the ulna; cubitus short; spurious

veins very distinct.

Length of the body 44 lines; of the wings 8 lines.

17. Smiera scissa.

Mas.—Nigra; caput anticé flavum; antenne apice rufescentes,

scapo subtus flavo; prothorax fascia flava nigro-bistrigata ;

mesothorax segmentis flavo-marginatis, scutello fascia flava

nigro-uniguttata; metathorax posticé luteus; petiolus flavus ;

abdomen basi flavum ; pedes flavi, coxis femoribusque pos-

ticis nigris basi flavis, femoribus posticis fascia arcuata flava,

tibiis posticis basi nigris; ale cinereze.

Male.—Black. Head yellow about the eyes and in front. .

Antenne filiform, reddish at the tips; scape yellow beneath.

Hind-border of the prothorax with a yellow band, which on each

side is much dilated, and contains a black streak. Scutum and

parapsides of the mesothorax bordered with yellow on the outer

side; scutellum with a deeply angular yellow band, which con-

tains a small black dot on the hind-border, the latter armed with

two short teeth. Metathorax luteous towards the petiole. Petiole

yellow, longer than the metathorax. Abdomen elongate, oval,

yellow towards the base, very much shorter and narrower than

the thorax. Hind-coxe and hind-femora yellow towards the

base; hind-femora with a yellow arched subapical band, armed

with two small and five very large teeth; hind-tibize yellow for

fully half the length from the tips; anterior legs and hind-tarsi

yellow. Wings cinereous; veins black; ulna less than half the

length of the humerus; radius as long as the ulna; cubitus mode-

rately long, clouded with brown.

Length of the body 33 lines; of the wings 6 lines.

18. Smiera emula.

Feem.—ULutea; caput posticé nigrum; antenne nigree, apice

rufescentes, scapo subtus flavo; mesothorax niger, segmentis

luteo-marginatis; metathorax anticé fascia angusta nigra;

undescribed Species of Smiera (Chalcidites). 193

abdomen fasciis quatuor interruptis nigris; cox postice

nigro-vittatze ; ale anticee cineree, apud costam subluride.

Female.—Luteous. Head black behind. Antenne black,

slender, filiform, reddish at the tips; scape yellow beneath.

Mesothorax black ; scutum, parapsides, paraptera and scutellum

bordered with luteous; scutellum armed with two minute teeth.

Metathorax with a narrow black band at the base. Petiole as

long as the metathorax. Abdomen lanceolate, narrower but not

longer than the thorax, with four interrupted black bands. Hind-

coxe with a black stripe, which is dilated towards the tip ; hind-

femora armed beneath with six large black teeth. Wings cine-

reous, with a lurid tinge towards the costa; veins brown; ulna

more than half the length of the humerus; radius shorter than

the ulna; cubitus short.

Length of the body 5 lines; of the wings 9 lines.

19. Smiera adsita.

Fom.—¥Flava; caput posticé nigrum; antenne nigre, apice

rufescentes, scapo subtus flavo; mesothoracis segmenta

nigra, flavo Jaté marginata; metathorax lineola transversa

nigra; pedes postici coxis femoribusque apice nigris; ale

cineree.

Female.—Yellow. Head black behind. Antenne black, slender,

filiform, reddish at the tips; scape yellow beneath. Scutum and

parapsides of the mesothorax black, broadly bordered with yellow ;

paraptera black, except towards the wings ; scutellum armed with

two very short teeth, adorned with a nearly triangular black spot.

Metathorax with a short black transverse line on the fore-border.

Petiole as long as the metathorax. Abdomen lanceolate, narrower

but not shorter than the thorax. Hind-coxz and hind-femora

with black tips ; hind-femora with seven teeth, which are mostly

black, and of moderate size, with the exception of the second,

which is small. Wings cinereous; veins tawny; ulna half the

length of the humerus; radius a little longer than the ulna;

cubitus short.

Length of the body 4 lines; of the wings 7 lines.

20. Smiera altalica.

Mas.—Lutea; caput flavum, vittis tribus anticis nigris ; antennz

3 Ca} , g

piceze, subtus apiceque lutez, scapo flavo; prothorax flavus;

scuti discus flavus; parapsides nigro-strigate ; paraptera

194% Mr. F. Walker’s Characters of

nigro-guttata; scutellum linea nigra postice dilatata; abdomen

piceo-quadrifasciatum ; coxz tibizque postice apice nigree ;

femora postica nigro-varia ; alee anticz cinerez, apud costam

subluridee.

Male.—Luteous. Head yellow, with three black stripes in front,

one on the furrow for the reception of the scape, and one on each

side. Antenne piceous, filiform, luteous beneath and at the tips ;

scape yellow. Prothorax yellow. Scutum of the mesothorax

yellow, except on each side ; parapsides with a broad black streak,

which is abbreviated hindward; a black dot on each of the

paraptera; scutellum armed with two minute teeth, adorned with

a black line, which is dilated hindward. Petiole as long as the

metathorax. Abdomen elongate, elliptical, shorter and very much

narrower than the thorax, adorned with four or five piceous bands.

Hind-coxz with black tips; hind-femora black towards the base,

adorned on the outer side with two abbreviated black lines which

proceed from the black part, armed with eight large teeth; hind-

tibiz black towards the tips. Wings cinereous, with a lurid tinge

towards the costa; veins pebreceous: ; ulna less than half the length

of the humerus ; radius as long as the ulna; cubitus moderately

long.

Length of the body 4 lines; of the wings 73 lines.

This may be the male of S. basilica (ante, p. 188).

21. Smiera contermina.

Foem.—F lava; caput sulco antico margineque postico nigris ;

antennz nigree, scapo subtus flavo; mesothoracis segmenta

nigra, flavo-marginata; metathorax nigro-bipunctatus; ab-

domen nigrum, basi flavum; pedes postici coxis supra

nigris, femoribus nigro-vittatis ; alee cineree.

Female.x—Yellow. Head black behind and on the furrow for

the reception of the scape. Antenne black, very slightly increas-

ing in thickness to the tips; scape yellow beneath; scutum and

parapsides black, with the exception of their borders; paraptera

black towards the scutum and along the hind-border; scutellum

armed with two short teeth, adorned with a large triangular black

spot. Metathorax with a black point on bap side. Petiole as

long as the metathorax, Abdomen black, fusiform, yellow towards

the base, shorter and much narrower than the thorax. Hind-

coxe black above, except towards the base; hind-femora with a

black stripe along the five very large black teeth. Wings cine-

undescribed Species of Smiera (Chalcidites). 195

reous; veins black; ulna about half the length of the humerus;

radius a little Jonger than the ulna; cubitus short.

Length of the body 44 lines; of the wings 8 lines.

This species much resembles $. commoda, but may be distin-

guished by the different shape of the abdomen and by the mark-

ings on the hind-femora.

\ \ bach UA eA \ 22, Smiera commoda.

Foem.—Flava; caput posticé nigrum; antenne nigree, scapo

flavo; mesothoracis segmenta nigra, flavo-marginata; ab-

domen nigrum, basi flavum; pedes postici coxis femoribus-

que apice nigris; alze cinerea.

Female.—Yellow. Head with a black band behind. Antenne

black, slightly increasing in thickness to the tips; scape yellow.

Scutum and parapsides of the mesothorax black, bordered with

yellow; paraptera black on the inner side; scutellum with a large

black spot, armed with two short teeth. Petiole a little longer

than the metathorax. Abdomen black, lanceolate, yellow towards

the base, shorter and much narrower than the thorax. Hind-

coxe and hind-femora with black tips, the latter armed with five

large teeth which are mostly black. Wings cinereous; veins

blackish; ulna about half the length of the humerus; radius a

little shorter than the ulna; cubitus short.

Length of the body 3 lines; of the wings 6 lines.

23. Smiera alienata.

Feem.—Nigra; caput anticé flavum, oculis flavo-cinctis; an-

tennee apice truncatee, scapo flavo; thorax prothoracis mar-

gine postico, parapsidum strigis duabus, parapteris ex parte,

scutellique margine flavis; petiolus flavus; abdomen supra

flavum, nigro-quadrifasciatum ; pedes flavo-vittati; alae ob-

scuré cinerez.

Female.—Black. Head yellow about the eyes and in front.

Antenne subclavate, obliquely truncate at the tips; scape yellow.

Hind-border of the prothorax yellow. An oblique yellow streak

on each of the parapsides, and a yellow triangular dot on each of

the paraptera; scutellum bordered with yellow except on each

side in front, armed with two small-yellow teeth, Metathorax

rugose. Petiole yellow, nearly as long as the metathorax, Ab-

domen lanceolate, a little shorter and much narrower than the

thorax, yellow above, with the exception of four black bands, of

which the first is widely interrupted. Hind-coxe with two yellow

196 Mr. F. Walker’s Characters of

stripes, one above much longer and broader than the other, which

is on the outer side; hind-femora with a widely-interrupted longi-

tudinal yellow line on the outer side, and with an oblique yellow

band on the inner side, armed with six large teeth; anterior tibize

striped with yellow; anterior tarsi yellow, with black tips. Wings

dark cinereous ; veins black; ulna less than half the length of the

humerus; radius longer than the ulna; cubitus moderately long ;

spurious veins very distinct.

Length of the body 5 lines; of the wings 9 lines.

24, Smiera dimota.

Mas.—Flava; antenne nigra, subtus fulve, scapo subtus

flavo; mesothorax scuti margine antico lineaque, parap-

sidum strigis duabus, parapteris ex parte, scutellique gutta

nigris; pedes postici coxis nigro-unimaculatis, femoribus

apice nigris; alee cinereze.

Male.—Yellow. Antenne black, filiform, pale tawny beneath;

scape yellow beneath. Scutum of the mesothorax with a black

longitudinal line, which joins a transverse black line on the fore-

border; abroad black streak on each of the parapsides; paraptera

black on the angle towards the scutum; a small black dot near

the tip of the scutellum, which is armed with two very short teeth.

Petiole as long as the metathorax. Abdomen slightly lanceolate,

much shorter and narrower than the thorax. Hind-coxe with a

large black spot on the outer side; hind-femora with black tips,

armed with one large and with about twelve very minute teeth,

which are mostly black. Wings cinereous; veins black; ulna

about half the length of the humerus; radius fully as long as the

ulna; cubitus very short.

Length of the body 3 lines; of the wings 5 lines.

25. Smiera disposita.

Mas.—ULutea; antenne picee, subtus rufescentes, scapo subtus

Juteo; mesothorax scuti linea, parapsidum punctis duobus,

parapterisque ex parte nigris; coxa postice piceo-strigate ;

alee cineree.

Male,—Luteous, yellow beneath. Antenne piceous, filiform,

reddish beneath; scape luteous beneath. Scutum of the meso-

thorax with a black longitudinal line, which is continued on the

fore part of the scutellum ; a black point on each of the parap-

sides; paraptera black along the hind-border; scutellum armed

with two extremely minute teeth. Pectus with a transverse black

undescribed Species of Smiera (Chalcidites), 197

streak on each side. Petiole as long as the metathorax. Abdomen

slightly lanceolate, a little shorter and much narrower than the

thorax. Hind-coxez with a short piccous streak on the outer

side ; hind-femora armed with sixteen or more extremely minute

black teeth. Wings cinereous; veins black; ulnaa little less than

half the length of the humerus; radius a little longer than the

ulna; cubitus very short.

Length of the body 23 lines; of the wings 4 lines.

26. Smiera expleta.

Fom.—Flava ; antennz nigra, scapo flavo; scutellum piceo-

Jineatum ; abdomen apice nigrum; alz subcinerez, venis

fulvis.

Female.— Yellow. Antenne black, long, slender, filiform ; scape

yellow. Scutellum of the mesothorax with a piceous longitudinal

line which does not extend to the tip, the latter armed with two

very short teeth. Petiole stout, much shorter than the metathorax.

Abdomen lanceolate, black at the tip, narrower and a little longer

than the thorax. Hind-femora armed with one large and about

twelve very minute teeth, which are mostly black. Wings slightly

cinereous ; veins tawny; ulna fully balf the length of the humerus ;

radius as long as the ulna; cubitus very short; stigma black.

Length of the body 43 lines; of the wings 7 lines.

27. Smiera descripta.

Feem.—Lutea; caput flavum, linea postica transversa nigra ;

antennze nigra, scapo subtus luteo; mesothorax vittis duabus,

strigis duabus exterioribus, linea transversa, guttaque postica

nigris; abdomen apice nigrum; pedes postici coxis supra

femoribusque apice nigris ; alee cineree.

Fenale.—Luteous. Head yellow, with a black transverse line

behind. Antenne black, filiform, rather slender ; scape ]uteous

beneath. Scutum of the mesothorax with two black stripes,

which are abbreviated hindward ; a black streak on each of the

parapsides ; a black line on the hind-border of the scutum, ex-

tending to the paraptera ; a black dot near the hind-border of the

scutellum, which is armed with two very small teeth. Petiole

shorter than the metathorax, Abdomen lanceolate, much longer

and narrower than the thorax; tip black, Hind-coxe black

above at the tips ; hind-femora with black tips, armed with many

very minute teeth. Wings cinereous; veins black ; ulna a little

VOL. Il. THIRD SERIFS, PART III.—NOV. 1864. Q

198 Mr. F. Walker’s Characters of

more than half the length of the humerus ; radius as long as the

ulna; cubitus short.

Length of the body 43 lines; of the wings 7 lines.

28. Smiera exhauriens.

Feem.—Flava; caput posticé nigrum; antenne nigre, scapo

subtus flavo; mesothorax scuti vittis duabus, parapsidum

strigis duabus, parapteris ex parte, scutellique gutta nigris ;

abdomen apice nigrum; pedes postici coxis femoribusque

apice nigris, tibiis basi apiceque nigris; alee subcineree.

Female.—Yellow. Head behind with a short transverse black

line. Antenne black, filiform; scape yellow beneath. Scutum

of the mescthorax with two black stripes which converge hind-

ward; an elliptical black streak on each of the parapsides ;

paraptera black by the seutum; scutellum with a black dot near

its tip, which is very slightly bidentate. Petiole stout, much

shorter than the metathorax. Abdomen lanceolate, black at the

tip, longer and much narrower than the thorax. Hind-coxe and

hind-femora with a black apical spot on the upper side; hind-

femora armed with one large tooth near the base, and with about

sixteen very minute black teeth ; hind-tibiz black at the base and

at the tips. Wings slightly cinereous; veins black ; ulna much

less than half the length of the humerus; radius longer than the

ulna; cubitus very short.

Length of the body 43 lines; of the wings 7 lines.

29. Smiera adjuncta.

Mas.—Nigra; caput flavum, sulco antico margineque _postico

nigris; prothorax flavus, nigro-bistrigatus ; mesothoracis

segmenta flavo-marginata ; abdomen luteum, nigro-bifas-

ciatum ; pedes flavi, nigro-varii; ale cinereze.

Male.—Black. Head yellow, black behind and on the furrow

for the scape. Antenne filiform. Prothorax yellow, with a

little transverse black streak on each side. Scutum and parapsides

of the mesothorax yellow along the outer side; paraptera yellow

towards the wings; scutellum yellow, with a black disk and with

two very short teeth. Metathorax yellow, black along the fore~

border. Petiole yellow, shorter than the metathorax. Abdomen

luteous, much shorter and narrower than the thorax, with two

black bands which are connected in the middle and on each side

and occupy the 2nd and 3rd segments. Legs yellow ; hind-coxx

with black tips; hind-femora with three black spots on each side

undescribed Species of Smiera (Chalcidites). 199

(the Ist and 2nd spots connected at the base, the 3rd apical), and

with about sixteen very minute black teeth ; hind-tibiz black, with

a broad yellow band near the base; middle femora and fore-tibize

with a piceous streak. Wings cinereous; veins black; ulna fully

half the length of the humerus; radius as long as the ulna;

cubitus short.

Length of the body 4 lines ; of the wings 7 lines.

This species has a close resemblance to S. blanda.

30. Smiera blanda.

Nigra; caput anticé flavum, oculis flavo-cinctis; antennz scapo

subtus flavo; prothorax flavus, nigro-bistrigatus ; meso-

thoracis segmenta flavo-marginata; metathorax flavus, nigro-

bifasciatus ; petiolus flavus; abdomen basi fasciisque flavis ;

pedes flavi, nigro-varii ; alee cinerez.

Male—Female.—Black. Head yellow about the eyes and in

front. Antenne filiform; scape yellow beneath. Prothorax

yellow, with a transverse black streak on each side. Scutum and

parapsides of the mesothorax yellow along the outer side, the

former with a small yellow dot in the middle; paraptera with a

yellow spot towards the wings; scutellum yellow with a black disk

and with two minute teeth. Metathorax yellow, black along the

fore-border and in the middle. Petiole yellow, as long as the

'metathorax. Abdomen elongate-oval, much shorter and narrower

than the thorax, yellow towards the base, and with a yellow band

on the hind-border of each segment. Legs yellow; hind-coxz

with black tips, and with an elongate black spot onthe outer side;

hind-femora with a black spot on the outer side above and with

two black spots on each side by the lower edge, which is armed

with one large and with about nine minute black teeth; hind-tibize

black towards the base. Wings cinereous; veins black; ulna less

than half the length of the humerus ; radius longer than the ulna ;

cubitus short.

Length of the body 4 lines ; of the wings 7 lines.

31. Smiera vacillans.

Feem.—Nigra; caput antice flavum; antenne robusta, scapo

subtus flavo ; prothorax et mesothoracis segmenta flavo-

marginata ; petiolus flavus, brevissimus; abdomen dimidio

antico flavo; pedes femoribus posticis flavo-trimaculatis,

tibiis tarsisque anterioribus tarsisque posticis flavis; ale

cinerez,

Female.—Black. Head yellow about the eyes and in front.

200 Mr. F. Walker’s Characters of

Antenne stout, filiform; scape yellow beneath. Hind-border of

the prothorax with a yellow band, which is dilated on each side.

Scutum and parapsides of the mesothorax bordered with yellow

on the outer side; scutellum with a deeply angular yellow band

on its hind-border, which is armed with two short teeth. Petiole

yellow, very short. Abdomen slightly lanceolate, yellow for

nearly half the length from the base, much narrower but not

longer than the thorax. Hind-femora with a large yellow spot

above on both sides, and with two small yellow spots on the outer

side by the lower border, which is armed with several very minute

teeth ; anterior knees, tibise and tarsi, and hind-tarsi yellow.

Wings cinereous; veins black; ulna less than half the length of

the humerus; radius longer than the ulna; cubitus moderately

long.

Length of the body 4 lines; of the wings 7 lines.

32. Smiera terminalis.

Mas.—Lutea ; antenne picee, filiformes, subtus rufescentes,

scapo luteo; mesothorax nigro-quadrimaculatus ; abdomen

supra nigrum ; pedes coxis posticis supra, femoribus posticis

apice, tibiisque posticis basi apiceque nigris; ala antica

cineree, apice nigricantes.

Male.—Luteous. Antenne piceous, filiform, reddish beneath ;

scape ]uteous. Mesothorax with an elongated black spot on the

scutum, and with a black callus at the base of each fore-wing ;

scutellum armed with two very small teeth, adorned with a black

disk. Petiole slender, longer than the metathorax. Abdomen

elliptical, shorter and narrower than the thorax, black above,

except towards the base; hind-coxz black above, except towards

the base; hind-femora with black tips, moderately incrassated,

armed with about sixteen very minute teeth; hind-tibie black

at the base and towards the tips. Wings cinereous. Fore-wings

with blackish tips; veins black ; ulna about half the length of

the humerus; radius longer than the ulna; cubitus very short.

Length of the body 3 lines; of the wings 5 lines.

33. Smiera equalis.

Mas.—Flava ; caput posticé nigrum; antenne nigra, scapo

flavo; mesothorax vittis tribus latis, parapteris ex maxima

parte, scutellique macula tetragona nigris; abdomen strigis

Jateralibus transversis nigris; pedes postici coxis nigro-uni-

maculatis, femoribus nigro-trimaculatis; ale cinereee.

Male.—Yellow. Head black behind. Antenne black, filiform ;

undescribed Species of Smiera (Chalcidites). 201

scape yellow. Mesothorax with three broad black stripes, one

on the scutum and one on each of the parapsides; paraptera

mostly black; seutellum with a tetragonal black spot, which is

attenuated in front. Petiole linear, much longer than the meta-

thorax, and more than half the length of the abdomen. Abdomen

elliptical, much shorter and narrower than the thorax, with some

transverse black streaks on each side. Hind-coxee with a black

spot on the outer side; hind-femora with three black spots on

each side, armed beneath with several minute teeth. Wings

cinereous ; veins black ; ulna a little more than half the length of

the humerus; radius as long as the ulna; cubitus very short.

Length of the body 23 lines; of the wings 4 lines.

34. Smiera contributa.

Mas.—Flava; caput macula antica nigra; antenne nigre,

subtus rufescentes, scapo flavo; prothorax fascia abbreviata

nigra; mesothorax niger, vittis duabus maculisque duabus

exterioribus flavis, scutello flavo, macula postica nigra ; pedes

postici coxis femoribusque nigro-vittatis, tibiis posticis basi

apiceque nigris ; alz cinerez,

Male.—Yellow. Head paler in front, with a black spot between

the base of the antenne and the mouth. Antenne black, filiform,

reddish beneath, shorter than the thorax; scape yellow. Pro-

thorax with a black abbreviated band in front. Mesothorax

black ; scutum with two yellow stripes, which converge hindward;

parapsides yellow towards the fore-wings ; scutellum yellow, with

a black spot hindward, armed with two very minute teeth. Petiole

a little shorter than the metathorax. Abdomen fusiform, b'ack

above, except towards the base, much shorter and narrower

than the thorax. Hind-coxz with a broad black stripe on each

side; hind-femora with a black stripe on each side, that on the

inner side interrupted ; teeth numerous, very minute; hind-tibiz

black at the base and towards the tips. Wings cinereous; veins

black ; ulna hardly half the length of the humerus, which is

yellow ; radius fully as long as the ulna; cubitus very short.

Length of the body 3 lines; of the wings 5 lines.

ti 35. Smiera celsa.

Feem.—Leté flava; antennz nigre, scapo subtus flavo; meso-

thorax scuti macula trigona, strigis duabus parapsidum, pa-

rapteris apud margines, scutellique vitta interrupta nigris ;

metathorax fascia angulata nigra; pectus nigrum; abdomen

202 Mr. F. Walker’s Characters of

fasciis quinque apiceque nigris; pedes nigro-varii; ale

cineree.

Female.— Bright yellow. Antennz black, filiform, not longer

than the thorax; scape yellow beneath. Mesothorax with a

black triangular mark on the scutum, and with a black streak on

each of the parapsides; paraptera bordered with black ; scutellum

with an interrupted black stripe. Metathorax with an angular

black band. Mesopectus and metapectus black. Petiole not

longer than the metathorax. Abdomen lanceolate, pubescent

towards the tip, longer and narrower than the thorax, with five

black bands, which are eneous on each side, tip black. Legs

pubescent; hind-coxz with a black spot on the outer side and

with black tips; hind-trochanters black; hind-femora with many

minute teeth, and with one large tooth near the base, black at the

base and at the tip, with a black transverse spot on the middle of

the outer side; hind-tibize black at the base. Wings cinereous ;

veins black; ulna about half the length of the humerus; radius as

long as the ulna; cubitus very short.

Length of the body 33 lines; of the wings 6 lines.

36. Smiera detracta.

Mas.—Flava; antenne nigre, subtus rufescentes, scapo subtus

flavo ; abdomen luteum, fasciis quinque obscurioribus ; pedes

postici lutei; alae limpide.

Male.—Yellow. Abdomen and hind-legs luteous. Antenne

black, filiform, reddish beneath; scape yellow beneath. Scutellum

of the mesothorax armed with two extremely small teeth. Petiole

nearly as long as the metathorax. Abdomen slightly lanceolate,

much shorter and narrower than the thorax, adorned with five

darker bands on the fore-borders of the segments. Hind-femora

armed with one large and twelve very minute teeth, which are

mostly black. Wings limpid; veins piceous; ulna about half the

length of the humerus; radius a little longer than the ulna;

eubitus very short.

Length of the body 22 lines; of the wings 43 lines.

37. Smiera annulifera.

Fem.—Nigra; caput anticé flavum; antennze apice subtusque

rufze, scapo subtus flavo; prothorax fascia flava nigro-

~ biguttata; mesothorax segmentis flavo-marginatis, scutello

undescribed Species of Smiera (Chalcidites). 208

flavo, fasciis duabus vittaque nigris; petiolus brevissimus ;

pedes flavi, femoribus posticis nigris flavo-fasciatis, tibiis pos-

ticis nigris ; alee cinerez, striga costali apicibusque fuscis.

Female.—Black. Head yellow about the eyes and in front.

Antenne filiform, red at the tips and beneath; scape yellow

beneath. Hind border of the prothorax with a yellow band,

which on each side is dilated and forked, and contains a black

dot. Scutum and parapsides of the mesothorax bordered with

yellow on the outer side; a large black spot on each of the yellow

paraptera; scutellum yellow, armed with two short teeth, adorned

with two black bands, which are connected by a black stripe; first

band semicircular, much broader than the second. Petiole very

short. Abdomen lanceolate, much narrower but very little longer

than the thorax. Hind-femora adorned with a curved transverse

yellow line on each side near the tips, armed with about twelve

very minute teeth; hind-tarsi and anterior legs yellow. Wings

cinereous, brown along the ulna and towards the tips; veins black,

ulna less than half the length of the humerus; radius much longer

than the ulna; cubitus moderately long.

Length of the body 33 lines ; of the wings 6 lines.

38. Smiera depicta.

Feem.—Flava; caput posticé nigrum; antenne nigre, apice

rufescentes, scapo subtus luteo; mesothoracis segmenta

nigra, flavo laté marginata; abdomen luteum; _pedes

postici coxis femoribusque apice nigris; alee cinerea.

Female.—Luteous. Head and thorax yellow. Head black

behind. Antenne black, slender, filiform, dark reddish at the

tips; scape luteous beneath; scutum and parapsides of the

mesothorax black, broadly bordered with yellow; paraptera

black towards the scutum; scutellum armed with two very short

teeth, adorned with a large black spot, which is acutely angular

towards the scutum. Petiole stout, much shorter than the meta-

thorax. Abdomen lanceolate, narrower and a little longer than

the thorax ; sheaths of the oviduct with black tips. Hind-coxz

and hind-femora with black tips; hind-femora armed with one

large and with about twelve very minute teeth, which are mostly

black. Wings cinereous; veins piceous; ulna about half the

length of the humerus; radius longer than the ulna; cubitus

short.

Length of the body 4} lines; of the wings § lines.

204 Mr. I. Walker’s Characters of

39. Smiera annexa.

Feem.—Flava; caput posticé nigrum; antenne nigra, apice

subtusque rufescentes, scapo flavo; prothorax nigro-bipunc-

tatus; mesothoracis segmenta nigra, flavo-marginata; abdo-

men piceum, basi flavescens; pedes postici coxis apice tibiis-

que basi nigris, femoribus nigro-bimaculatis; alee antice

cinerez, apud costam subluride.

Female.—Yellow. Head black behind and about the ocelli.

Antenne reddish, black above, except towards the tips; scape

yellow. Prothorax with an elongated black point on each side by

the hind-angle. Scutum and parapsides of the mesothorax black,

broadly bordered with yellow; paraptera black towards the

scutum; scutellum armed with two short teeth, adorned with a

black spot, which forms a short transverse ellipse. Petiole

piceous towards the tip, as long as the metathorax. Abdomen

piceous, elongate-oval, yellowish towards the base, much shorter

and narrower than the thorax. Hind-coxe with black tips; hind-

femora with twelve minute teeth, with two black spots beneath,

the first extending from the first to the fifth tooth, the second

apical; hind-tibiz black towards the base. Wings cinereous,

with a lurid tinge towards the costa; veins black; ulna hardly

half the length of the humerus; radius longer than the ulna;

cubitus rather short.

Length of the body 4 lines; of the wings 8 lines.

40. Smiera cognata.

Feem.—Lutea; caput anticé flavum, posticé nigrum; antenne

piceze, subtus apiceque rufe, scapo flavo; thorax punctis

duobus anticis, scuti vitta cyathiformi, parapsidum vittis

duabus, parapteris ex parte, scutellique macula nigris ; abdo-

men plaga postica nigricante; pedes postici coxis apice

tibiisque basi nigris, femoribus nigro-bimaculatis; ale

cinerez.

Female.—Luteous. Head yellow in front, black behind and

between the ocelli. Antenne piceous, filiform, red beneath and

towards the tips; scape yellow. Prothorax with a black point

on each side. Scutum of the mesothorax with a cyathiform black

stripe; a black stripe on each of the parapsides; paraptera

yellow, black where they approach each other; scutellum with a

large black spot on the disk, armed with two very short teeth.

Petiole as long as the metathorax. Abdomen elongate-oval, very

much shorter and narrower than the thorax, with a blackish patch

undescribed Species of Smiera (Chalcilites). 205

on the hind part above. Hind-coxe with black tips; hind-

femora armed with eleven small teeth, adorned on each side with

an apical black spot, and on the outer side with a black spot near

the base; hind-tibize black towards the base. Wings cinereous ;

veins black; ulna a little less than half the length of the

humerus; radius a little longer than the ulna; cubitus short.

Length of the body 4 lines; of the wings 8 lines.

41. Smicra demota.

Foem.—Flava; caput posticé nigrum; antennze ochracee, basi

supra pice; prothorax fascia antica punctisque duobus

posticis nigris; scuti discus, parapsidum vittz due late,

paraptera ex parte, scutellique macula conica nigra; abdomen

rufescens nigro-quadrifasciatum, apice flavum; pedes postici

piceo-strigati ; alee anticee cinerea, apud costam subluride.

Female-—Yellow. Head black behind. Antenne filiform,

ochraceous, piceous towards the base above. Prothorax with a

black band in front, and with a black point on each side hindward.

Scutum of the mesothorax black, except along the outer side; a

broad black stripe on each of the parapsides; paraptera partly

black; scutellum with a conical black spot. Petiole a little longer

than the metathorax. Abdomen fusiform, a little longer and very

much narrower than the thorax, reddish except towards the tip,

with four black bands, of which the Ist and the 4th are inter-

rupted. Hind-coxe with a piceous streak on the outer side;

hind-femora with a piceous streak on the inner side, armed with

several minute teeth. Wings cinereous. Fore-wings with a lurid

tinge towards the costa; veins piceous; ulna about half the length

of the humerus; radius as long as the ulna; cubitus moderately

long.

Length of the body 4 lines ; of the wings 7 lines.

42, Smiera apparata.

Feem.—Lutea ; caput anticé flavescens, linea postica transversa

nigra; antenne nigra, basi rufescentes, scapo flavo; pro-

thorax linea transversa interrupta nigra; mesothorax seg-

mentis nigris luteo-marginatis, scutello luteo macula tetragona

nigra; abdomen nigrum, basi luteum; pedes coxis posticis

apice nigris, tibiis posticis linea abbreviata nigricante ; ale

cinerez, apud costam subluride.

Female.—Luteous. Head pale yellowish in front, with a black

transverse line behind the vertex. Antenne black, reddish

206 Mr. F. Walker’s Characters of

towards the base, slightly increasing in thickness towards the tips;

scape yellow. Prothorax with a black transverse interrupted line.

Mesothorax with the scutum and the parapsides black, bordered

with luteous; paraptera black except on the outer side; scutellum

with a black tetragonal spot, armed with two small teeth. Petiole

linear, fully as long as the metathorax. Abdomen lanceolate,

black, luteous towards the base, narrower but not longer than the

thorax. Hind-coxe black towards the tips ; hind-femora armed

with several minute black teeth; hind-tibiz with a blackish ab-

breviated line on the upperside. Wings cinereous, with a lurid

tinge towards the costa; veins tawny; ulna rather more than

half the length of the humerus; radius a little longer than the

ulna; cubitus rather short.

Length of the body 5 lines; of the wings 9 lines.

43. Smiera deducta.

Feem.—Flava; caput gutta antica fasciaque postica nigris ;

antennz nigree, scapo subtus flavo ; mesothorax scuti disco,

parapsidum vittis duabus, parapteris, scutellique macula conica

nigris ; pectoris discus niger; abdomen fasciis tribus con-

nexis apiceque nigris; pedes postici coxis, femorum maculis

duabus, tibiisque basi nigris ; alee cinerez.

Female.-—Yellow. Head black behind, and with a black dot

between the base of the antenne and the mouth. Antenne black,

slightly increasing in thickness to the tips; scape yellow beneath.

Scutum of the mesothorax black, except along each side; parap-

sides black along the inner side; paraptera black ; scutellum with

a black conical spot which rests on the hind-border. Metathorax

with a black transverse line at the base. Disk of the pectus black.

Petiole not longer than the metathorax. Abdomen lanceolate,

much longer and narrower than the thorax, with three black con-

nected dorsal bands, the 3rd band connected with the apical black

part, which comprises about two-fifths of the whole length. Hind-

coxe black ; hind-femora armed with several very minute teeth,

adorned with two black spots, which are connected below on the

outer side ; hind-tibiz black at the base. Wings cinereous ; veins

black ; ulna a little more than half the length of the humerus ;

radius as long as the ulna; cubitus very short.

Length of the body 2 lines; of the wings 3 lines.

44. Smiera attacta.

Foem.—F lava; caput posticé nigrum; antennz nigrze, subtus

rufescentes, scapo flavo; prothorax gutta antica nigra; meso-

undescribed Species of Chalcidites. 207

thorax guttis duabus vittaque, strigis duabus guttisque duabus

posterioribus, vittaque scutelli nigris; pedes postici coxis

nigro-guttatis, femoribus apice nigris; ale limpide.

Female.—Yellow. Head black behind. Antenne black, red-

dish beneath, slightly increasing in thickness to the tips; scape

yellow. Prothorax with a black dot in front. Scutum of the

mesothorax with a black dot on each side in front and with a

black stripe; a black streak on each of the parapsides and a black

dot on each of the paraptera; scutellum with an abbreviated black

stripe. Metathorax with a black stripe. Petiole as long as the

metathorax. Abdomen lanceolate, pale reddish, much narrower

but hardly Jonger than the thorax ; hind-borders of the segments

paler. Hind-coxze with a black spot on the outer side; hind-

femora with black tips, armed with many very minute teeth.

Wings limpid ; veins black ; ulna little more than one-third of the

length of the humerus; radius a little longer than the ulna;

cubitus very short.

Length of the body 3 lines; of the wings 4 lines.

Genus Cuatcis.

Chalcis eurytomoides.

Fom.—Nigra; antennze robuste, scapo flavo; thorax callis

duobus flavis, scutello inermi; abdomen subsessile, sublanceo-

latum; pedes flavi, coxis posticis supra nigris, femoribus

posticis nigro-fasciatis, femoribus anterioribus basi nigris,

tibiis anterioribus nigro-strigatis ; alee cinerez.

Female.— Black. Antennz stout, filiform; scape yellow.

Thorax with a yellow callus at the base of each fore-wing ;

scutellum unarmed. Abdomen subsessile, slightly lanceolate,

longer and a little narrower than the thorax. Legs yellow ; hind-

coxe black above; hind-femora armed with about six very

minute teeth, adorned with a broad black band which extends

above to the base and on the lower side to the tip; anterior

femora black towards the base on the outer side; anterior tibize

with a black streak on the outer side. Wings cinereous; veins

black; ulna more than half the length of the humerus; radius

less than one-third of the length of the ulna; cubitus very short.

Length of the body 43 lines ; of the wings 7 lines.

Note.—I am indebted to Mr. Dunning for observing that I have applied the

name Sosrelra to two genera of insects. See Trans. Ent. Soc., Third Series,

Vol. I. pp. 84, 370. The name Eudoainna may be substituted for Soszetra,

( 209 )

VII. Notes on the Genus Hydaticus (Leach), with De-

scriptions of new Species. By the Rev. Hamuer

Ciark, M.A., F.L.S., V.-P. Ent. Soc.

[Read Ist August, 1864. ]

Durine Dr. Schaum’s late visit to England, he was good enough

to propose to me that we should combine together to prepare

a complete and accurate Catalogue of all the known species of

Hydrocantharide, with the object of offering our manuscript to

the trustees of the British Museum as a second edition of their

Catalogue of this interesting group (the first edition, prepared in

1847 by Dr. Schaum and Mr. Adam White, having long since been

exhausted): very willingly I accepted his suggestion, and hence

have occupied myself in examining the exotic species of the

different genera, being not without hope that the Museum autho-

rities would receive such a contribution, especially as Dr. Schaum

has, with infinite labour, succeeded in mastering the most difficult

portion of the work, the elucidation and determination of the /uro-

pean species, for his forthcoming volume of Erichson’s Naturgesch.

d. Ins. Deutsch]. The following notes are the result of my exa-

mination of the species of //ydaticus, a genus which, in ccloration

of the forms composing it, is the most beautiful of all. I ought

to add, that Dr. Gray, some months ago, most liberally placed at

my disposal for examination the undescribed species of the genus

in the Museum Collection. At that time, however, I was unable

to enter upon the subject, and therefore returned the specimens.

The following paper, being prepared in the country, does not con-

tain descriptions of those new species referred to in the British

Museum Catalogue under manuscript names,

It is worthy of remark, that the most important additions that

have been made during the last few years to my collection of this

group have been made by non-entomological friends residing

abroad, who have kindly interested themselves in sending home,

from time to time, the results of their examination of their re-

spective neighbourhoods. Englishmen, like water-beetles, are

found in every region of the globe. There are few Entomologists

who have not one or more friends living for a time in some foreign

210 Rev. H. Clark’s Notes on the

country. If only these could be induced to pay attention to the

beautiful forms of insect-life around them, the advantage would be

twofold: not only would they find, to their surprise, that such

a rational pursuit would beguile many weary hours, and give real

interest to a locality which perchance otherwise would be the

opposite of interesting, but science itself would be the gainer, for

we might thus obtain some knowledge of the life-history of insects

of which at present we know nothing, except the external forms.

When we are told that upwards of thirty species of Coleoptera

have been found in the court of the British Museum itself, in the

very heart of London, we may be sure that there is no spot on

the earth, however apparently uninviting, that will not amply repay

investigation.

1. H. Bakemellii, n. sp. (Pl. XIV. fig. 1.)

Ovalis, depressus, niger, flavo- maculatus: capite flavo, ad

apicem vel nigro-bimaculato, vel omnino nigro; thorace nigro,

lateribus vittAque transversali in medio interrupta flavis ;

elytris ovalibus, pone medium depressis, subtilissimé punc-

tatis, punctorum etiam seriebus duabus obscuris (hac juxta

medium penitus obsoleta), nigris, maculis utrinque 4 flavis

magnis, 1™ ad scutellum subcirculari, 2"4? apud humeros

juxta marginem longitudinaliter inzequali, 3* fascia lata pone

medium (haud suturam attinente) transversim disposiia, 4

subcirculari juxta apicem, haud suturam sed marginem ap-

proximante, apice quoque subtiliter flavo-maculato ; antennis

flavis: corpore subtus nigro; pedibus rufo-flavis, femoribus

posticis fuscis.

Long. corp. lin. 7; lat. lin, 4.

The species may be recognized by its tolerably even post-medial

oroad transverse bar of flavous, which, in form, is unlike that of

any other species of the genus. I have received several examples

at different times, which present only two forms of pattern; the

typical one, of which the above is the diagnosis, and a darker

pattern, in which all the maculz are considerably reduced in size,

and the transverse bar of the elytra commuted into two trans-

versely-arranged spots. ‘The transverse flavous bar of the thorax

is also, in this latter pattern, obliterated.

This handsome species appears to be not uncommon in the

neighbourhood of Moreton Bay, whence I have received it from

my valued correspondent, Mr. Diggles. I name it after my friend

R. Bakewell, Esq., who kindly supplied the first example to my

Genus Hydaticus. PA

collection, and to whose courteous liberality I am much indebted

for assistance in my entomological researches.

In the cabinets also of the British Museum, and R. Bake-

well, Esq.

2. H. bihamatus (Esch. Dej. Cat.); Aubé (Spec. Gen. 174).

This species is the same as H. Goryi, Aubé (Spec. Gen. L75),

and also is identical with //. scriptus of Blanchard in Homb. et

Jacq. ;* the insect has a very extended range, being found in the

Philippine Islands (whence I have received it from Mr. Thorey),

in Aru (taken by Mr. Wallace), New Holland, Moreton Bay

(received at different times by Mr. Stevens), Amboina, in New

Guinea, Batchian and Ceylon. I have also a fine series of the

insect taken by the late lamented M. Mouhot, in Cambodia, in

which the flavous markings are almost entirely absent.

3. H. Adamsii, n. sp.

Laté ovatus, satis rotundatus, medio dilatatus, fusco-cinereus,

flavo-irroratus: capite flavo, ad basin transversé nigro, etiam-

que apud medium macula angulata litteram V_ formanti;

thorace flavo, antice tenuiter et ad basin latius nigro-margi-

nato; scutello nigro; elytris latis, nigris, levibus, nitidis ;

undique punctorum tres series apparent, puncta ipsa rara,

haud profunda, aliquando (et presertim serie &* ad mar-

ginem) obsoleta; elytra multitudine macularum minutarum

irrorata sunt; macule conferte, flava, juxta latera et basin

confluentes ; margines ipsi flavi, sutura tenuiter nigra ap-

paret: corpore sublus nigro; pedibus rufo- vel fusco-flavis,

tarsis tibiisque posticis nigris ; antennis rufis.

Long. corp. lin. 63; lat. lin. 4.

A species which at first sight reminds us of the European

species /, bilineatus, De Geer; but while in general pattern it

exactly resembles this species, it is entirely distinct: in size it is

much shorter (63 lin. instead of 7 lin.), the head is less produced,

the apical margination is narrower and the basal broader, and the

underside is black instead of rufo-flavous,

I received this form with other interesting species from Mr.

Adams, who took two specimens of it on the coast of China. I

* T believe that H. pacificus also of M. Aubé (Spec. Gen. 177) will ultimately

prove to be but a variety of it. I have in my cabinet one or two examples of

H, bihamatus, which almost accurately agree with his description of H. pacificus,

PAE Rey. H. Clark’s Notes on the

with many others have to thank Mr. Adams for much precious

information respecting species of eastern Coleoptera.

4. H. quadrivittatus, Blanchard (Voy. au Pol. Sud. p. 48, pl. iv.

fig. 3).

I have examined carefully all the reputed examples of this

insect in the British Museum, as well as in the cabinet of Mr.

Bakewell and my own, and confess that I am unable to discover,

either by examples within my reach or by Blanchard’s description,

any material difference between this form and the widely dispersed

and somewhat variable A. vittatus of Fabricius; the two are

identical in size and shape and degree of punctuation; the only

difference seems to me to consist in the character ‘of the longi-

tudinal marking, which in H, vittatus is expressed by one broad

marginal band, more or less longitudinally interrupted from the

shoulder, and in H. 4-vittatus by two marginal bands with

some little interval between them: how nearly the two approach

each other it does not require the aid of a long series of examples

to discover; in 4-v2ttatus the bands are parallel to each other, the

outer one being considerably abbreviated; in vittatus the two

bands are medially confluent. Whether, however, the two forms

may ultimately prove to be distinct or not, the retention of the two

names may be desirable ; the former representing a modification

of the externa] marginal band which only obtains in Australasia.

Blanchard gives as the nearest affinity to his insect H. Hybnert of

Europe, with which it has very little indeed in common.

5. H. aruspex, n. sp.

Oblongo-ovalis, parailelus, punctato-striatus, subnitidus, niger :

capite flavo, ad basin laté nigro (inter oculos, apnd vitte

nigree marginem, flavo-bimaculato); thorace lateribus rotun-

datis, marginem juxta undique impresso, et anticé transverse

(sed obsolete et tenuiter) depresso, et punctato; quoad colorem

flavo, ad basin late et transverse nigro (vitta nigra ad medium

lata, latera versus tenuior, haud margines attinet); scutello

transverso-triangulari, nitido, nigro; elytris parallelis, crebre

subtilissimé punctatis, etiamque seriebus 3 punctorum

(quorum externa penitus obsoleta est) ornatis, colore nigris,

marginibus undique laté et equaliter a humeris penitus ad

apicem fiavis ; corpore subtus nigro-fusco; pedibus rufis ; an-

tennis rufo-flavis.

Long. corp. lin. 63; lat. lin. 33.

Genus Hydaticus. 213

Parallel in form, like ruficollis, Fab., though much narrower

than that insect: the species before us is remarkable also by its

broadly flavous or testaceous thorax combined with the uniform

blackness of the elytra, relieved only by the broad and evenly-

disposed flavous margination, which extends from the humeral

angles nearly to the apex.

I obtained a single example some years ago in the Gory Col-

lection, from China, ;

6. H. verecundus, n. sp.

Ovalis. parallelus, punctato-striatus, nitidus, niger, flavo-notatus;

capite flavo, ad basin transversé nigro, inter oculos macule duz

flave triangulares, sese attingentes, apparent; thorace brevi,

lateribus rotundatis, anticé transversé tenuiter depresso,

flavo, marginibus antico posticoque laté nigris (margo anterior,

latitudine zequalis, haud latera attinet; margo basalis, ad

medium anteriore latior, sensim angustior fit, et tenuis latera

pertingit) ; scutello triangulari, nigro; elytris sat parellelis

(pone medium sublatioribus), apice rotundato, haud at-

tenuato; punctorum tres series undique apparent, puncta

distantia, minime profunda, attamen perspicua et in seriebus

anda et 3!* minus obsoleta; quoad colorem elytra nigra ap-

parent; vitta basalis a scutello ad humeros extendit, haud

basin attingens, tenuis, equalis, recta (aut sub-circularis et

ad marginem medium leviter sese flectens), ad vittae terminum

margo usque ad humerum laté flavescit ; pone medium inter

seriem punctorum 3*” et marginem macula flava apparet, sub-

quadrata aut aliquando in duas divisa; ad apicem quoque altera,

major, figura et statura incerta (nunc macula insularis ad ipsum

marginem, nunc vitta transversalis, inzequalis, communis, lata,

et ad apicem ipsum pertingens) ; corpore subtus nigro-fusco ;

antennis flavis ; pedibus flavis, posticis fuscis et flavo-annulatis.

Long. corp. lin. 4; lat. lin. 24.

One of the smallest species of the genus; and to be also re-

cognised by its more than usually distinct punctuation, as well as

by the pale regular transverse band on its black elytra. It is

nearly allied to a species in my collection, “ basalis, Dej.,” from

North America, but much smaller. Iam sorry to say that the

two examples in my possession forbid me to register the habitat

of this insect with certainty: one of them is labelled South

America, the other (from the Gehin Collection) Java.

VOL. II. THIRD SERIES, PART 11!.—wNOV. 1864. R

214 Rev. H. Clark’s Motes on the

7. H. Bowringii, n. sp. (Pl. XIV. fig. 3.)

Ovalis, convexus, haud parallelus, latus, sat rotundatus, puncta-

tus, niger, flavo-maculatus : capite inter oculos superné un-

dique impresso, flavo, basi laté transverse nigro ; thorace sub-

tilissimé punctato, anticé punctis etiam majoribus sparso,

flavo, margine basali nigro, ad medium latiori, margine

frontali etiam nigro sed attenuatiori, et plerumque haud

latera attingenti; elylris latis, sat rotundatis, subtilissimé

punctatis, punctis etiam seriebus duabus ordinatis majoribus

(serie externa aliquando obsoleta), nigris, vittis undique duabus

maculaque flavis—vittarum hac media, inter strias 147 et 22”,

lineari, cum suturad subparallela, et marginem juxta apicem

penitus attinenti, ill4 marginali sed haud marginem attingenti, a

humeris usque ad apicem producta—macula apud scutellum

undique circulari insulari, inter suturam et striam 14":

corpore subtus rufo-fusco ; pedibus rufo-flavis, femoribus pos-

ticis rufo-fuscis ; antennis rufo-fuscis, articulorum basibus

flavis.

Long. corp. lin. 7—7; lat. lin, 44 —4.

I received a single example of this species from the Gory Col-

lection some years ago, taken in New Holland; more recently it

has been taken by Mr. Diggles at Moreton Bay; and also on the

coast of China by Mr. Adams, to whose great kindness I am in-

debted for a fine series. It was taken also by Mr. Bowring, to

whom I dedicate the species.

In the cabinets of the British Museum, Dr. Schaum and the

Rev. H. Clark.

8. H. decorus, Klug (Symbole Physicz, tab. xxxiii. fig. 5).

(Pl. XIV. fig. 4.)

The figure of this species had already been engraved for me by

Mr. Robinson, when Dr. Schaum informed me of an admirable

figure that already existed of it in Klug’s magnificent folio; the

species, however, well deserves a repetition of figure, not only on

account of the costliness of Klug’s work, but also of the extreme

apparent rarity of the insect, as well as its beauty of coloration.

The species is taken in Arabia.

9. H. Ussher, n. sp. (Pl. XIV. fig.2.)

Ovalis, postice depressus, obscure undique bi-punctato-striatus,

niger vel rufo-niger, maculis quibusdam flavis: capite flavo,

ad basin laté et transversé fusco; thorace flavo, ad medium

Genus Hydaticus. 215

(et praesertim apud basin) fiisco-adumbrato, basi ipsa usque

ad margines tenuiter fusco-nigra; e/ytris subparallelis, sub-

tiliter undique puncta in striis duabus ordinata disponuntur ;

hee striee interdum penitus obsoletee sunt; ad suturam etiam

rare puncta minuta serie ordinata apparent; elytra nigra vel

fusco-nigra, margo autem usque ad apicem ipsum rufo-flavus,

vitta etiam transversa flava ad basin (hee, forma eequali,

tenuis nec suturam nec marginem attinet); tres alize macule

undique apparent (nec forma distinctee nec omnino flav

sed nigro-maculatz aut irrorate), 1™* apud marginem ante

medium, haud vittam mediam attinet, nigro-mixta, sed ad

marginem omnino flava, 24 pone medium vitta arcuata haud

suturam attingit, figura ineequalis, nigro-maculata, 3* ad

apicem plaga etiam flava haud suturam attinet; antennis

flavis: corpore subtus rufo-fusco; pedibus rufo-flavis, fe-

moribus posticis fuscis.

Long. corp. lin. 7; lat. lin. 4-4.

A very distinct and well-marked species, and quite unknown to

Dr. Schaum (to whom I sent a specimen for examination), as

well as to myself, until it was received by me from my friend

Mr. Ussher from Cape Coast Castle in 1863; Mr. Ussher reported

that after many months of severe drought, during which time every-

thing had been dried up, the early rains left a small puddle of

dirty fresh water, not much bigger than an ordinary hat; one-

third water, two-thirds mud and slime. This single little hole

was absolutely alive with water-beetles: upwards of 300 specimens

were taken from it by Mr. Ussher, chiefly of one or two common

species; but among them this, with three or four other novelties.

I dedicate it to its captor, in recognition of his ardent love of

Entomology, and of his hearty efforts to aid his brother naturalists

by enriching their collections with African species.

In the cabinets of Dr. Schaum and the Rev. H. Clark.

10. H. paganus, n. sp.

Oblongo-oyalis, parallelus, punctorum tri-serie ornatus, niger,

nitidus : capite levi, rufo, ad basin transverse nigro ; thorace

haud ad basin sinuato, anticé excavato, rufo-flavo, ad medium

subtiliter fusco-adumbrato, marginibusque antico et postico

nigris (hoc ad medium latiori, illo transverso quali attenuato) ;

elytris parallelis, sat productis, punctorum seriebus 3 (puncta

intervailo distantia, haud profunda, et aliquando obsoleta

216 Rev. H. Clark’s Votes on the

sunt), quoad colorem nigris, humeris (macula parva anculata)

marginibusque irregulariter testaceis vel rufo-flavis : corpore

subtus fusco-nigro ; pedibus antennisque flavis, illorum femo-

ribus tibiisque posticis fuscis.

Long. corp. lia. 63; lat. lin. 33.

Nearly allied to H. Capicola, Aubé (Spec. Gen. 196); but

differing from it by its more parallel form and entirely rufo-flavous

head and thorax; the elytra also, instead of being more or less

flavous irrorated with black, are entirely black, the humeral angle

being flavous, and also the line of margination, obscurely and in-

terruptedly, but more distinctly flavous near the apex.

I have received a single specimen from the Gold Coast, through

Mr. 8. Stevens.

11. H.matruelis, n. sp.

H, sobrino (Aubé) valde afiinis, sed elongatior, grandior, et

notis distinctior; parallelo-ovalis, flavus, nigro-maculatus et

irroratus: capite omnino flavo, margine basali tenuiter nigro ;

thorace forma ut in H. sobrino, disco autem toto flavo; basi

ad medium transversé et subtiliter nigra; elytris parallelis,

lateribus vix rotundatis, subelongatis, punctorum seriebus 2

penitus obsoletis ; flavo-testaceis, maculis subtilibus circu-

laribus confertis ornatis; he macule apud discum medium

confluunt, ita ut vitta transversa lata plane apparet (anticé

suffusa, ad marginem posteriorem distincté definita), apicem

juxta etiam vitta attenuatior vix conspicua haud margines

attinet ; margine ipso undique tenuiter flavo: corpore sublus

rufo-fusco; pedibus rufo-fuscis ; antennis flavis.

Long. corp. lin. 4}; lat. lin. 31.

Sufficiently distinct from the Madagascarian H. sobrinus. In

general form it is decidedly larger, as well as more parallel in

outline, and more marked in coloration. The head, instead of

being fuscous with divers flavous markings, is entirely flavous,

with a black transverse margin (the same as in H. sobrinus) at the

base. The thorax also is different in pattern; it too is entirely

flavous, with a narrow basal margin of black, instead of being

medially and broadly transversely black, without any such basal

margin. The elytra are comparatively narrower and more

parallel; and while the manner of coloration is the same in both

(that is, a flavous ground irrorated with thickly-aspersed circular

black spots, and these spots, by becoming confluent, forming two

transverse bars of black, medial and apical), in the species before

Genus LHydalicus. 217

us, by reason of the post-medial irroration being less heavy aud

more sparingly distributed, these transverse bars are more clearly

defined and obvious; in form they seem to agree the one with

the other (the anterior margin is more or less suffused, and hence

indistinct, while the posterior is more marked and more sharply

defined; this posterior margin is obliquely transverse and wavy

in outline, tending somewhat towards the apex as it approaches

the suture ; the suture also between the transverse bars is narrowly

black); the position, however, of the medial band differs from

that in HZ. sobrinus, being medial rather than post-medial.

I am indebted to my good friend Mr. Ussher, of the Com-

missariat, for a fine series of this species, which he took at Cape

Coast Castle, in West Africa. Upwards of 100 specimens are

before me, which present no variety in form or degree of

coloration. They all appeared suddenly after rains, in a locality

where there had been previously no water at all, and where a

short time after all traces of water entirely disappeared.

12. H. Leander, Rossi (Fn. Etrusce. i. 212).

A species found in the south of Europe; and also, as it would

seem, throughout the whole of Africa. Lucas reports it as found

in Algeria, Aubé in Senegal, Boheman in Caffraria. In 1860 I

received a series of a Hydaticus from Mr. Cuming from the

White Nile, which I cannot but refer to this species: the question

however is not without difficulty, for certainly there is a clearly-

marked difference between my White Nile examples and the Caf-

frarian type which I have received from M. Boheman, as well as

the ordinary European form. The examples before me are con-

siderably shorter and relatively broader than the South African,

and a trifle shorter as well as much paler than the ordinary Eu-

ropean exponents: the basal marking of the thorax, referred

to in Aubé’s description and present in all other examples that

have come before me, is absent in the White Nile specimens.

I have not however sufficient evidence before me to warrant the

erection of them into a separate species.

13. H. grammicus, Sturm (Germ. Fn, xiii. 1),

I am unable to separate from this well-known European species

certain examples of the genus which were taken by Mr. Adams

near the coast of China, and by Mr. Wallace in the Eastern

Archipelago. The insect would seem hence to have not only a

broad but a very unusual range. It is reported by Aubé as also

found in Armenia.

218 Rev. H. Clark’s Wotes on the

14. H. bivittatus, Lap. (Etud. Ent. 97).

A species which, apparently confined to the South African

region, is notable among its congeners (unless I am much mis-

taken) for the aberrations of pattern and variation in size which

it presents; its typical character is well described by Aubé

(Spec. Gen. 207). I have an example from the Cape, in which

a broad and well-defined transverse basal band connects the

medial longitudinal marking with the scutellum; and another

example from Ovampo Land, Lake N’Gami, resembling in all

respects the typical pattern, but strangely aberrant in size, being

only 52 instead of 7 lines in length. The species differs from

H. vittatus of Fabricius, and also (if this species be really distinct)

from H, 4-vittatus of Blanchard, in the relative position of its

two marginal bands, which never approximate (as in the former),

and never are abbreviated (as in the latter), but are continued,

each parallel to the other, to the apex of the elytra.

15. H. stagnalis, Fab. (Syst. El. i. 265); Aubé (Spec. Gen. 201).

This species would seem to have an extended range. Hitherto

it has been known only in Europe, and as a rare species, but I

have a single example, identical in all respects with the European

form, from the Cape of Good Hope.

16. H. vittatus, Fab., var. (Pl. XIV. fig. 6.)

Dr. Aubé (Spec. Gen. 208) points out the variation of pattern

which occasionally is met with in this common eastern insect.

I received from Mr. S. Stevens some years ago two ex-

amples from North India, which, differing somewhat from each

other, and also in some respects in puncturing from the usual

type, present (as it seems to me) an additional and remarkable

variety of pattern. Of the three rows of strie-like punctures on

the elytra, one only is apparent ; and moreover there are certainly

sparsely scattered punctures between the suture and the first

stria which I cannot discover in any of the usual examples of

H, vittatus, and which are not noticed in Aubé’s excellent descrip-

tion. The peculiarity however of the variety before us consists

in the form of the flavous band: it extends (as will be seen from

the figure) from the margin to the region of the scutellum (the

scutellum itself and a narrow border line of the elytra being black);

it then narrows considerably (its inner boundary line crossing the

first row of punctures obliquely), and is continued, parallel to the

suture, as far as the apex; the outer boundary line leaves the

Genus Hydaticus. 219

line of margination a little behind the shoulder; near the base a

narrow longitudinal marking of black extends midway within the

flavous band for about one-fifth of the length of the elytra. I

agree with my friend Dr. Schaum that the form before us can

only be viewed as an interesting and eccentric variety of H, vit-

talus, although in a considerable series of examples of this com-

mon species I possess no individuals which offer a connecting link

between it and the normal pattern.

17. H. parallelus, n. sp.

Oblongo-subovalis, parallelus, punctato - striatus, rufo-niger,

nitidus: capite impunctato, fusco, ad apicem rufo, rufa etiam

macula transversali brevi inter oculos (hee fortasse aliquando

maculis duabus contiguis divisa est); ¢horace lateribus rotun-

datis, anticé profundé excavato, basi subtiliter sinuato ; juxta

Jatus anterius fossa transversalis punctis minutis ornatur; ad

latera et basin versus rime longitudinales velut acuductz

apparent; facies rufa vel rufo-brunnea, macula ad medium

transversd nigro-fusca adumbrata; sculello triangulari, levi,

nigro; elytris parallelis, subelongatis, seriebus 2 undique

punctorum (punctis sparsis et minutis), fusco-rufis, ad latera

rufo-irroratis, marginibus ipsis omnino rufis: corpore sublus

fusco; antennis flavo-rufis ; pedibus flavo-rufis, posticis rufo-

fuscis.

Long. corp. lin. 63; lat. lin. 3}.

I believe that this species is distinct from Hydaticus Capicola of

Aubé, though the foregoing diagnosis will show that the two are

closely allied ; and I am confirmed in this opinion by a note which

I made some years ago, that the species before us was almost

(probably quite) identical with a MS. species in the British

Museum Collection, Fordii* (Brit. Mus. Cat. Hydrocan. p. 18).

Now Fordiit (ranked, by the by, accidentally in the British

Museum Catalogue as a Colymbetes, instead of a Hydaticus)

was thus nained by Dr. Schaum as a new species when he had

also before him H. Capicola, Aubé. I have thus his excellent

authority for erecting it into a separate species. The insect

before us is more parallel; it is also larger in size, and the elytra

are completely fuscous-black, the sides only being narrowly

sprinkled with rufous; not “ elytris rufo-testaceis, crebre nigro-

irroratis,”’ as in Aubé’s description of his insect.

The range of the habitat of H. parallelus is, however, open to

* Unfortunately, in the Museum this species has been for the time mislaid.

T am thus unable to verify my note by a second examination. I have no reason,

however, to doubt its accuracy.

2205 Rev. H. Clark’s Notes on the

somewhat greater difficulty. I have in my collection two

examples almost identical in size and colouring, as well as in

pattern; of these I received one from Mr. Stevens, from New

South Wales, the history of the example being quite undoubted ;

the other I obtained at the dispersion of the Entomological

Society’s Collection in 1858, labelled Cape of Good Hope! It

would naturally have been supposed that one of these labels

must be incorrect. We have clear evidence, however, that

H. Capicola, Aubé, originally from the Cape, is found at Moreton

Bay (twice I have received examples from that locality); and if

Capicola is common to both continents, H. parallelus may be well

supposed to be common to both continents also.

18. H. nigro-marmoratus, n. sp.

Oblongo-ovalis, depressiusculus, levis, rufo-testaceus, nigro-

maculatus: capite rufo, ad basin transverse et ad interiorem

oculorum marginem nigro; thorace lato, subtilissimé punc-

tulato, anticé excavato (angulis anticis prominulis et acutis),

ad basin sub-sinuato; quoad colorem rufo-testaceo, ad basin

tenuiter nigro; scutello triangulari, levi, nigro; elytris sat

latis et ad apicem sat acuminatis, undique seriebus punc-

torum rarorum tribus distinctis ornatis, rufo-testaceis, sutura

zequaliter et seriebus macularum 3 inequalibus nigris; he

maculz sinuatee, longitudinaliter producte, interrupte, in

vittis apud punctorum series elytra ornant, et puncta ipsa

plerumque maculis minoribus circularibus cinguntur: corpore

sublus tusco; pedibus flavis, tibiis posticis fuscis ; antennis

flavis.

Long. corp. lin. 6; lat. lin. 33.

A single specimen of this fine African species I received for

examination, through the kindness of my friend Mr. John Gray,

when at Lisbon, from Dr. Bocage, the head of the National

Museum. It was received by him from Angola.

H. nigro-marmoratus will take its place near H. Dregii, which

it generally resembles in*pattern; it is however abundantly dis-

tinct: the sutural line is very evenly black; along the first row of

punctures (which are distinct but widely separated) runs an un-

even, irregular, longitudinal marking from the base to the apex

(in some places broader than but for the most part about equal in

breadth to the sutural marking); this is interrupted in front of the

middle ; the second longitudinal marking is more irregular still,

it is placed rather within the second line of punctures, is narrower

Genus Hydaticus. 52 |

than the first, and confluent with it near the base and apex; the

punctures themselves (being on the outer side of this marking),

and also the punctures of the third row, are each surrounded by

a regular and circular marking; the third line of black coloration

is between the second and third rows of punctures, and consists

of three markings—one near the shoulder, which is confluent

with the first at the base, one medial, which is shorter and more

minute, and a third post-medial, which is much broader, extend-

ing from the second row of punctures to the margination; at the

medial margination there is also another fuscous marking.

There is no other species of the genus known to me with which

TT. nigro-marmoratus can be confounded.

19. H. fulvo-notatus, n. sp.

Ovalis, depressus, nitidus, niger, fulvo-notatus: capite rufo, ad

basin laié et transverse nigro; thorace anticé excavato, ad

basin sinuato-rotundato, lateribus vix rotundatis, apicem

versus transverse leviter punctato, nigro, lateribus Jate

flavo-rufis; scute/lo triangulari, levi, nigro; elytris Jatis,

subtilissimé punctatis, etiamque punctorum seriebus 3 nigris ;

basi, fascia post-media, et apice rufo-flavis; basis fascia

ornatur nec baseos marginem nec suturam attingenti, latiori

ad latera, attenuatior! versus scutellum; fascia post-media

interrupta est, latior ad marginem, deinde irregularis et

angulata macula minori continuitur, macula secunda etiam

minori suturam mediam approximat; apicem juxta sed haud

attingens, macula latior ad marginem, attenuatior versus (sed

neque pertingens) suturam ; margo quoque ipse flavus est :

corpore subtus fusco ; pedibus rufo-fuscis, anticis flavis; an-

tennis flavis.

Long. corp. lin. 53; lat. lin. 34.

I received two examples of this pretty species from my friend

Mr. Ussher, who took them with other Hydatici during the short

rainy season at Cape Coast Castle, in Western Africa. The

species may easily be recognized by the three transverse fulvous

markings on its dark-coloured elytra.

20. H. histrio, n. sp. (PI. XIV. fig. 5.)

Ovalis, modicé attenuatus, modicé convexiusculus, niger, flavo-

ornatus: capile flavo, ad basin laté et transverse nigro ;

thorace nigro, ad latera late flavo; scutedlo triangulari, nigro;

elytris subparallelis, punctorum seriecbus duabus undique

222 Rev. H. Clark’s Notes on the Genus Hydaticus.

(punctis confertis, minutis, et ineequaliter dispositis), quoad

colorem nigris, apud basin (sed baseos marginem haud om-

nino attingens) macula subtriangularis ante medium elytrorum

inter strias 14 et 24™ sese dirigit, vitta etiam marginalis a

humeris propemodum apicem attingit: corpore subtus nigro ;

pedibus flavis, posticis fuscis ; antennis flavis.

Long. corp. lin. 6; lat. lin. 3.

A distinct species from northern India, an example of which I

received some years ago in the Gory Collection. It is allied to

viltalus, Fab., but besides being of a pattern which it seems almost

impossible to place as an extreme variety of that variable species,

it is manifestly narrower and more constricted in form.

21. H. mgro-vitiatus, n. sp.

Ovalis, convexiusculus, sat latus, et ad latera nonnihil rotun-

datus: thorace leviter punctato et ad latera apud basin re-

ticulato vel quasi irregulariter acuducto, quoad colorem

testaceo-rufo, marginibus ad apicem et basin tenuiter nigris ;

scutello triangulari, levi, nigro; elytris undique punctorum

seriebus duabus (punctis raris et aliquando obsoletis), om-

nino subtilissimé et crebré punctatis, testaceis vel rufo-

testaceis; vitt& suturali alteraque (vel duabus approxima-

tis) undique nigris; inter vittas et margines elytra quast

nigro-irrorata maculis subtilissimis sparguntur; he maculae

autem non confuse ageregate, sed plus minus ordinibus

dispositze sunt: corpore subtus, pedibusque rufo-fuscis.

Long. corp. lin. 5; lat. lin. 23.

Allied to H. Leander of South Europe, and, at first sight, only

a variety of that species. The only example that I have seen was

received by Mr. Wallace from Japan, and is in my collection.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XIV.

Fig. 1. Hydaticus Bakewellii, Clark.

Fig. 2. rp Ussherii, Clark.

Fig. 3. oe Bowringii, Clark.

Fig. 4. 45 decorus, Klug.

Fig. 5. 5 histrio, Clark.

Fig. 6, $3 vittutus, Fab., var.

VIII. Descriptions of uncharacterized Genera and Species

of Phytophaga.

Bys. oe, DALY,

[Read Ist August, 1864.]

List of New Species.

—

. Lema gravida-ess+++» Port Natal

Clythra( Diapromorpha)

Weatleri ccccese eseees Lambesi

Clythra ( Pepluptera)

LUDIANS sreietas ocicie ceo) Ort; Natal

Doryphora Salvinii.... Panama

Ceralces Walleri. »».. Zambesi

spilota ....

os case

Chrysomela (Atechna)

ClaPKis as vecie See ee

Australica (Stethomela)

Parryi .. -- Australia

Gonioctena Murrayi .. OldCalabar

Fortwnei.es | NoEaat

11. Gustrolina thoracica... Japan

12. Lina Adamsii...... Chusan

a”

Ios

”

foo)

9°

10.

”

13. Plagiodera celestina. .. HongKong |

Lake

LS N’Gami

”

CUPYCE overs |

15.

16.

17.

18.

19:

20.

Clitena (n.g.) limbata.. Siam

», melancholica.. ,,

F ‘ Northern

Laphris(n.g.)emarginata i China

Cerochroa maculicollis.. OldCalabar

Letana (n.g.) histrio.. S. Africa

Platyvantha(n.g.)apicalis Sumatra

Java

is Singapore

Doridea (n.g.) insignis Tringanee

Sumatra

Sarawak

5 nigricornis

ventralises

23.

24, Theopeu (n.g.) pulchella

25. elegantula ..e

»,» Mouhoti...... Siam

. Atysa (n.g.) terminalis Mysol

28. Alopena (n.g.) collaris NewGuinea

29. Calopepla Livingstonii. Zambesi

30.

| 31. Mesomphalia Salvinii ..

32. Batonota Godmanii ..+.

Dolichotoma Salvinii .. Panama

»”

Fam. CRIOCERIDE.

Genus L

EMA, Fab.

Lema gravida.

Robusta, fulva, nitida; antenni

s (articulo basali excepto), thoracis

puncto utrinque, elytrorum punctis sex, femoribus basi et

apice, tibiis tarsisque nigris; thorace subquadrato, Jateribus

modice constrictis, vix pone medium transversim sulcato,

dorso antico bifoveolato et ibi subcrebre punctato; elytris

ampliatis, thorace multo latioribus, convexis, fortiter punctato-

striatis, striis sulcatis, interspatiis convexis, ad apicem costatis.

Long. 4 lin. ; lat. elytr. 2 lin.

Hab. Port Natal.

Antenne slender, entirely filiform, half the length of the body.

Thorax scarcely broader than Jong ; transverse sulcation impressed

in the middle with a distinct fov

ea, the rest of its surface covered

with nearly obsolete transverse wrinkles; the two black spots are

placed one on either side just behind the anterior angles.

Elytra

224 Mr. J.S. Baly’s Descriptions of uncharacterized

broader with relation to the thorax than in any other species with

which I am acquainted ; the usual depression below the basilar

space wanting; the black spots, three on each elytron, are arranged

as follows, viz., one on the humeral callus, the second just before

the middle of the disk, rather nearer the suture than the outer

‘ border, and the third nearly half-way between the middle and the

apex of the elytron, placed in the middle of the disk.

Fam. CLYTHRID &,

Genus Crytura, Fab.

Clythra (Diapromorpha) Walleri.

Elongata, cylindrica, postice paullo attenuata, nigra, subtus

pube argentea adpressa dense vestita; tibiis tarsisque obscure

fulvis ; thorace fortiter subcrebre punctato, apice lateribusque

(illo medio interrupto) flavis; elytris grosse punctatis, utrisque

plagé basali inter callum humerale et suturam posita, vitta

marginali a basi ad medium ducta, ibi introrsum flexa et

fasciam transversam ante suturam abbreviatam formante,

maculisque duabus subapicalibus, oblique transversim positis,

flavis.

Long. 6 lin.

Hab. Zambesi River.

This species is most nearly allied to D. argentata; the thorax

is rather less closely but more coarsely punctured, and the pattern

both of thorax and elytra is different.

Clythra (Peploptera) tibialis.

Subconico-cylindrica, nitida, nigra, subtus cinereo-sericea; tibiis

(basi exceptis) fulvis; thorace elytrisque obscure fulvis, illo

levi, vitta lata nigra, his distincte punctatis, punctis confuse

striatim dispositis, utrisque maculis quatuor, duabus ante

medium oblique, duabus vix pone medium (exterior parva)

transversim positis, nigris.

Long. 5 lin.

Hab. Port Natal.

Head slightly concave and rugose-punctate between the eyes ;

base of antennz fulvous, ‘Thorax very convex, smooth and im-

punctate, with the exception of two or three small fovez on either

side near the lateral margin; sides rounded and narrowed from

base to apex. Scutellum broad, triangular, Elytra coarsely

punctured, punctures near the suture arranged in irregular strizx.

Genera and Species of Phytophaga. 22

Fam. CHRYSOMELIDE.

Genus Doryrnora, Lllig.

Doryphora Salvinir.

Ovata, valde convexa, sordide fulva, nitida; elytris sat fortiter

gemellato-punctato-striatis, flavis, vitta suturali vix ante

apicem maculam parvam coeunte, limboque laterali angusto

postice fere evanescente, rufo-fuscis ; utrisque maculis irregu-

laribus novem, 1-3-3-2 positis, castaneis, instructis.

Long. 6 lin.

Hab. Panama.

Head broad, finely punctured, upper portion of face irregularly

but at the same time lightly excavated. Antenne slightly

thickened towards their apex, terminal joints longer than broad.

Thorax more than twice as broad as long, sides nearly straight

and parallel, rounded and narrowed in front; apex deeply ex-

cavated, the anterior angles subacute; above strongly punc-

tured, the punctures being irregularly scattered over the surface.

Elytra broader than the thorax, subparallel along the sides, their

apex regularly rounded ; surface strongly punctured, the punctures

being arranged in irregular gemellate striae: the chestnut patches

on the disc of each elytron are arranged as follows, viz., one in the

middle of the base, three transversely before the middle, three

immediately behind the latter, and two others also placed trans-

versely just before the apex. Mesosternal spine more than half

the length of the metasternum.

This new and beautiful species ought to be placed close to

Doryphora nigroguttata, Stal.

Genus Creratcegs, Gerst.

Ceralces ferrugineus, Gerst.

Some years ago I described in the Transactions of this Society

(N.S. iv. 88) a species of Ceralces from Old Calabar, under the

name of Pseudomela Murrayi; subsequently, on reading Ger-

stacker’s description, and seeing also the figure of his insect in

Peters’ Reise nach Mossambique, I concluded that the two species

were identical, and that, from his name having the priority, mine

must sink into a synonym.

The arrival, however, of a specimen of C. ferrugineus in the

Zambesi Collection which is now before me, enables me to show

that the two insects, although closely allied, are really distinct, and

present clear points of difference.

226 Mr. J.S. Baly’s Descriptions of uncharacterized

In C. ferrugineus the thorax is more convex, and, together

with the head, more coarsely punctured ; the basal joints of the

antennae, instead of being entirely red, as in C. Murrayi, are

obscure rufo-piceous ; and the elytra are irregularly punctured

over their whole surface. In C. Murrayi the elytra are irregularly

punctured on the disk, but near the suture the punctures are

arranged in longitudinal rows, the puncturing being also finer

than in Gerstacker’s insect.

Ceralces Walleri.

Oblongo-ovata, convexa, rufo-fulva, nitida; antennis nigris,

pectore, pedibus, antennarumque basi nigro-piceis; thorace

elytris latitudine fere cequali, dorso leviter punctato, utrin-

que unifoveolato; elytris subcrebre punctatis, punctis prope

suturam subseriatim dispositis.

Long. 45—5 lin.

Hab. Zambesi River.

Mouth nigro-piceous, epistome and vertex closely punctured ;

lower portion of face just above the epistome impressed with three

short longitudinal grooved lines. Thorax twice as broad as

long, nearly as broad at the base as the elytra, sides rounded and

narrowed from base to apex; disk somewhat distantly, sides

rather more closely, punctured,

The broad thorax at once distinguishes this species from either

of the two mentioned above ; the punctuation of the thorax is also

much finer, more especially on the disk.

Ceralces spilota.

Breviter ovata, convexa, fulva, nitida; antennis extrorsum, oculis,

thoracis maculis tribus transversim dispositis, elytrorumque

maculis octo, harum quatuor infra basim et quatuor vix pone

medium positis, nigris; scutello nigro-piceo; thorace trans-

verso, irregulariter punctato; elytris crebre punctatis, punctis

prope suturam in seriebus gemellatis dispositis.

Long. 33 lin.

Hab. Zambesi River.

In form of thorax and body closely resembling C. Walleri;

rather shorter, however, and stouter than that species. Head

coarsely punctured. Thorax feebly excavated on either side the

disk. The black patches on the elytra, which are arranged in two

transverse rows, vary in my specimens somewhat in size, and it

is probable that in some individuals they are considerably enlarged

Genera and Species of Phytophaga. 2a0

and cover a much greater portion of the elytra; in that case they

would approach in pattern C. ornata, described by me from Lake

N’Gami. The present species, however, is nearly twice the size

of C. ornata, and much less coarsely punctured.

Genus Curysometa, Auct.

Chrysomela (Atechna) Clarkii.

Ovato-rotundata, valde convexa, rufo-picea, nitida; pedibus

obscurioribus ; antennis nigris, capite thoraceque obscure

rufis ; elytris obscure rufo-violaceis, subfortiter punctato-

striatis, interspatiis planis, subremote tenuiter punctatis ;

utrisque pustulis rotundatis quatuor 2-2 oblique positis flavis.

Long. 43 lin. |

Hab. Zambesi River.

This lovely insect, the finest of the known species of Atechna,

is at once to be distinguished from all its congeners by its much

greater size; I have named it after my friend the Rev. H. Clark,

who is just now engaged on a monographic paper of the genus

Atechna.

The four spots on each elytron form two obliquely transverse

rows on the disc; the first placed before, the second below the

middle.

Genus Austratica, Chevr.

Australica (Stethomela) Parryi.

Subquadrato-oblonga, parallela, valde convexa, cuprea, nitida,

zeneo-micans, subtus cupreo-zenea; antennis basi pedibusque

obscure rufo-fulvis, illis apice nigris ; elytris pone medium

declivibus, apice angulatis, profunde punctatis, punctis in striis

remote dispositis.

Long. 45 lin.

Hab. Australia.

Head smooth, impressed just above the epistome with a few

deep foveze. Clypeus fulvous, epistome fulvo-azneous. Thorax

more than twice as broad as long, sides straight and nearly pa-

rallel, narrowed and rounded in front; disk smooth, very minutely

punctured, impressed here and there on the sides and hinder

half with large deep punctures, which have a metallic green re-

flexion. ‘The punctures on the elytra, also metallic green, are

similar in size to those of the thorax; they are arranged in nine

rows, being placed at somewhat irregular and distant intervals in

each row; in this respect they approach the punctation of Stetho-

228 Mr. J.8. Baly’s Descriptions of uncharacterized

mela gibbosa, but the punctures in the present species are much

smaller and also closer than in that insect; on the side just below

the shoulder is a large deep somewhat transverse excavation.

Genus GontocTEenA, Redt.

Gonioctena Murray.

Oblonga, valde convexa, subparallela, fulva, nitida; mandibularum

apice oculisque nigris ; elytris castaneis, confuse punctatis.

Long. 3 lin.

Hab. Old Calabar.

Head somewhat closely punctured ; thorax twice as broad at the

base as long, sides rounded and narrowed from base to apex ;

apical margin obsoletely bisinuate ; upper surface subremotely but

listinctly punctured. Scutellum semirotundate. Elytra irregu-

Jarly punctured.

Gonioctena Fortunei.

Breviter oblongo-ovata, convexa, pallide fulva, nitida ; oculis

mandibularumque apice nigris; thoracis maculis duabus

elytrorumque singulorum maculis sex, piceis; elytris punctato-

striatis, interspatiis subcrebre punctatis.

Long. 23 lin.

Hab. Northern China.

Very nearly allied to Gonioctena nigroplagiata, but separated

from that insect, in addition to the different number of spots on

the elytra, by its shorter form, its pale scutellum, and more

coarsely-punctured elytra.

Genus Gastrozina, Baly.

Gastrolina thoracica.

Oblonga, depressa, zeneo-nigra, nitida; thoracis Jateribus flavis ;

elytris fortiter subcrebre punctatis, interdum obsolete cos-

tatis, nigro-czruleis aut purpureis, margine elevato levi,

aeneo-nigro ; abdominis apice piceo.

Long. 33 lin.

Hab. Japan.

This pretty species is perhaps only a local variety of Gastrolina

depressa: it differs chiefly in the coloration of the thorax, which

is in the present insect brassy-black with broad lateral margins ;

this character is constant, without the slightest attempt at variation.

The raised vittze, always more or less visible on the elytra of G.

depressa, are usually obsolete in the present species.

Genera and Species of Phytophaga. 229

Genus Lina, Redt.

Lina Adamsit.

Anguste oblonga, convexa, viridi- aut ceruleo-metallica, niti-

dissima ; abdominis limbo, pedibus, thorace antennisque rufo-

fulvis, his unguibusque extrorsum nigris; elytris subcrebre

punctatis, viridi-zeneis aut ceruleis.

Long. 4—5 lin.

Hab. Chusan. This beautiful insect was collected in some

abundance by Messrs. Bowring and A. Adams. After this latter

gentleman I have named it, as a slight token for his exertions in

obtaining, and liberality in dispersing, the Phytophagous Coleoptera

of Japan and Mantchuria.

In size this species approaches closely to Lina cuprea, but in

sculpture and form of thorax, viz., in the absence of the thickened

Jateral border, it resembles Lina enea. The totally different colora-

tion will easily separate it from either insect.

Genus PraciopEra, Redt.

Plagiodera celestina.

Late ovata, modice convexa, rufo-testacea, nitida; vertice an-

tennisque extrorsum nigris; elytris tenuiter subcrebre punc-

tatis, Cuprels.

Long. 23 lin.

Hab. Hong Kong. Collected by Mr. Bowring.

Narrower and more ovate than P. cinctipennis ; the elytra also

more closely punctured and wanting the pale lateral border.

Plagiodera cuprea.

Ovata, valde convexa, cuprea, nitida; thorace disco tenuiter,

irreculariter, lateribus rude, subcrebre punctato; scutello

levi; elytris confuse punctatis.

Long. 43 lin.

Hab. Lake N’Gami.

Sides of thorax nearly straight and parallel behind, narrowed

and rounded in front; scutellum semi-rotundate; elytra rather

broader at their base than the thorax, their sides rounded.

Fam. GALLERUCIDE.

Genus CritEna.

Corpus elongato-oblongum, convexum, opacum, supra pube

brevissima vestitum. Caprut thorace insertum, perpendicu-

VOL. 11, THIRD SERIES, PART i11.—Nov. 1864. S

230 Mr. J.S. Baly’s Descriptions of uncharacterized

lare ; antennis robustis, articulis 4° ad 11°™ modice dilatato-

compressis ; oculis ovatis, integris; palporum maxillarium

articulo ultimo conico, acuto. Thorax transversus, irregu-

Jariter excavatus. /lytra thorace paullo latiora, parallela,

convexa. Pedes modice robusti, simplices; cozis anticis fere

perpendicularibus, contiguis ; femoribus posticis non incrassatis,

tibiis posticis apice inermibus, unguiculis bifidis. Mesoster-

num angustum, acutum.

Type Clitena limbata.

The dilated antenne at once separate this genus from Galleruca,

near to which it must be placed.

Clitena limbata.

Subelongata, subparallela, fulva, subtus nitida; pedibus

(femorum basi excepta) obscure eneis; antennis nigris;

thorace elytrisque crebre punctatis, obscure eneis, sub-

opacis, illo limbo vittAque lata centrali, his limbo angusto,

fulvis.

Long. 5 lin.

Hab. Pachybouri, Siam. Collected by the late M. Mouhot.

Head coarsely punctured, front impressed by a longitudinal

groove, which extends downwards as far as the apex of the

epistome ; just below the upper margin of the eyes it is traversed

by a deep transverse groove, either extremity of which curves

downwards and runs parallel with the inner edge of the eye; on

either side, placed immediately above the insertion of the antennae,

is a smooth slightly-raised semi-lunate space, bounded above and

outwardly by the transverse, within by the longitudinal, groove ;

antenne more than two-thirds the length of the body; vertex

marked with a large obscure viridi-zeneous patch. ‘Thorax twice

as broad as long; sides nearly straight and parallel, narrowed

and rounded in front, anterior angles produced into an obtuse

tooth; surface rugose-punctate, impressed on either side with a

short transverse excavation; middle of the disc impressed with a

longitudinal groove, which extends from just behind the apical

margin nearly to the base, its basal portion dilated. Elytra sub-

parallel, scarcely dilated posteriorly, their:apex broadly rounded,

very closely punctured, and clothed with short adpressed hairs ;

on the surface of each elytron are three or four indistinct, nearly

obsolete, raised vittae.

Genera and Species of Phytophaga. (231

Clitena melancholica.

Subelongata, convexa, nigra, subopaca; thorace rugoso, irregu-

lariter excavato, elytris crebre punctatis, pube brevi adpressa

concolori dense vestitis.

Long. 51 lines,

Hab. Laos, Siam.

Head coarsely punctured, excavated on the front; antenne more

than two-thirds the length of the body, sixth and following joints

compressed and dilated, ninth, tenth and eleventh very short,

decreasing in width. Thorax scarcely twice as broad as long,

sides rounded at the base, nearly straight and subparallel along

their middle, thence quickly narrowed to the apex, anterior angles

thickened; surface irregular and excavated. Elytra subparallel

in front, scarcely dilated posteriorly, much more finely punctured

than the thorax.

Genus Lapuris.

Corpus oblongo-elongatum, convexum. Caput exsertum, facie

perpendiculari; antennis modice robustis, filiformibus, arti-

culo secundo brevissimo; palporum articulis duobus ultimis

conjunctim ovatis. Jhorax transversus, dorso utrinque trans-

versim sulcatus. Llytra oblonga, irregulariter punctata.

Pedes modice robusti; coxis anticis fere contigws, perpen-

dicularibus, femoribus posticis non incrassatis ; tibiis posticis

apice spina brevi armatis, waguiculis appendiculatis. Meta-

sternum antrorsum ultra coxas intermedias productum.

Type Laphris emarginata.

Nearly allied to Aplosonyx, separated by the appendiculated

claws and produced metasternum.

Laphris emarginata.

Oblongo-elongata, parallela, convexa, pallide fulva, nitida; oculis

elytrorumque vitta lata, mox infra basin fere ad apicem

extensa, extus sat profunde emarginata, nigris; antennis

(basi excepta) fuscis.

Long. 5 lin.

Hab. Northern China.

Thorax nearly twice as broad as long, coarsely punctured,

impressed in the middle of the base with a large fovea; sides

nearly parallel, sinuate behind the middle, posterior angles pro-

duced, the anterior angles thickened and rounded, very obtuse.

Scutellum smooth, triangular. Elytra convex, their apex slightly

232 Mr. J.S. Baly’s Deseriptions of uncharacterized

dehiscent, indistinctly impressed transversely below the basilar

space, somewhat closely punctured.

Genus Crrocuroa, Gerst.

Cerochroa maculicollis.

Elongata, convexa, nitida, subtus cum antennis nigra; capite,

thorace, antennarum articulo basali, scutelloque sordide

flavis, ore verticisque plaga pallide piceis; thoracis punctis

quinque, 4-1 transversim positis, nigris ; elytris castaneis.

Long. 6 lin.

Hab. Old Calabar.

Antenne longer, more slender, and less compressed than in any

other known species of the genus; nearly half the length of the

body. Thorax narrowed and slightly rounded from base to apex ;

dise coarsely but subremotely punctured. Scutellum subtrigonate,

distinctly punctured. Elytra somewhat closely punctured. Meta-

sternum produced anteriorly into a strong spine, which reaches to

the front edge of the anterior coxee. Extreme apex of abdomen

obscure fulvous.

Genus Lmwrana.

Corpus subelongatum, convexum, non metallicum. Caput modice

exsertum, perpendiculare ; oculis prominentibus, rotundato-

ovatis, integris ; antennis corporis longitudini fere equalibus,

$ robustis, ad apicem attenuatis, articulis 3-8 incrassato-

dilatatis, 7-8 latitudine decrescentibus, 9-11 gracilibus, fili-

formibus; 2 gracilibus, filiformibus; in utroque sexu articulis

primo incrassato, secundo brevi. Thorax transversus, dorso

impressus. Edytra thorace sat latiora, oblonga, postice paullo

ampliata, convexa, confuse punctata. Pedes mediocres, ro-

busti, simplices; coxis anticis erectis, contiguis ; femoribus

posticis non incrassatis; ¢2bits posticis apice spina valida

armatis; unguiculis bifidis. Prosternum obsoletum.

Type Letana histrio.

The spine at the apex of the hinder tibiae, the peculiar form of

the antenne in the male, together with numerous other characters,

separate this genus from Diamphidia and other allied forms.

Letana histrio.

Subelongata, postice paullo ampliata, convexa, pallide fulva,

subnitida; oculis, antennis (harum articulis basalibus infra

exceptis), pectore, pedibus, scutello, elytrisque nigris; his

Genera and Species of Phytophaga. 233

erebre punctatis, margine basali plagisque tribus, duabus

transversim ante medium, tertia magna pone medium, super-

ficiem fere amplectente, positis, pallide fulvis ; thorace punctis

duobus fuscis notato.

Var. A. Thoracis punctis fuscis obsoletis, elytrorum plagis

inter se confluentibus.

B. Elytris totis fulvis.

C. g Abdomine nigro, disco obscure fulvo.

Long. 4—43 lin.

Hab. Port Natal.

Epistome strongly raised into a longitudinal ridge between the

insertion of the antennee; between the upper portion of the eyes

extends a transverse groove, from the middle of which a longi-

tudinal grooved line runs downwards to join the apex of the

epistome ; on either side this medial line, and bounded above by

the transverse groove, is a smooth, slightly raised, subtriangular

space; vertex minutely but not closely punctured. Thorax trans-

verse, nearly twice as broad as long; sides narrowly margined,

nearly straight and parallel, slightly narrowed and rounded just

behind the anterior angles; disc impressed on either side by a

large deep fovea, surface finely punctured.

Genus PLATYXANTHA.

Corpus elongatum, depressum, non metallicum, nitidum.

Caput exsertum, subelongatum, compressum, perpendiculare ;

antennis robustis corpore brevioribus, aut filiformibus, aut api-

cem versus perparum incrassatis, articulis duobus ultimis ( ¢ )

dilatatis, szepe diftormibus ; oculis modice prominentibus, in-

tegris; mento a basi ad apicem angustato, subconico ; liguld

elongata, 5-angulata; pa/pis prope apicem insertis, palporum

maxillarium articulis duobus ultimis conjunctimovatis. Z'horax

subquadratus, disco deplanato, leviter excavato, angulis anticis

deflexis. lytra thorace latiora, modice convexa, dorso

leviter depressa, parallela, confuse punctata. Pedes elongati,

modice robusti; coxis crassis, erectis, contiguis; femoribus

non incrassatis ; i2biis posticis apice non spinosis, intus vix

ante apicem in processum validum productis; wnguiculis

acute appendiculatis. Prosternum obsoletum. Mesosternum

apice subacutum, integrum. Abdominis apice exserto.

Type Platyxantha apicalis.

This genus is one of the most remarkable in the whole group

of Gallerucide. The peculiar depressed form of the head and

234 Mr. J.S. Baly’s Descriptions of uncharacterized

thorax, the dilated joints at the apex of the antennz, together

with the peculiar lobe or process at the apex of the hinder tibie,

will readily separate it at once from all other known genera.

Although I possess three distinct species, all collected by Mr.

Wallace, I unfortunately know apparently only the male sex.

Platyxantha apicalis.

Angustato-elongata, pallide fulva, nitida; antennarum articulis

duobus ultimis, scutello, genubus, tibiis, tarsisque nigris.

Long. 4 lin.

Hab. Sumatra.

Head flattened and strongly compressed, oblong-elongate ; epis-

tome slightly thickened, triangular, truncate at the base, its sur- ;

face smooth, the centre being traversed by a longitudinal ridge ; on

the front, just above the insertion of the antenna, is a short per-

pendicular groove, which is bounded above by a transverse im-

pressed line; at the point of junction between the two is a

single fovea. Antennee moderately robust; third and six follow-

ing joints gradually decreasing in length, the ninth, tenth and

eleventh joints moderately thickened, the tenth nearly equal in

length to the ninth, the eleventh somewhat longer, its apex pointed;

on the upper edge of each joint from the third to the ninth in-

clusive is a raised ridge, this is replaced on the last two joints by

an elevated, ovate, cup-like space. Thorax scarcely longer than

broad ; sides nearly parallel, running slightly outwards from their

base to beyond their middle, then curving slightly inwards to their

apex ; upper surface deflexed on the sides, especially in front,

remotely and finely punctured ; disc flattened and impressed with

three large ill-defined fovea, the first larger than the others,

broadly ovate and extending from the apex to below the middle,

the two others smaller but more deeply impressed, placed trans-

versely one on either side the hinder portion of the disc, just in

front of the posterior margin. Scutellum triangular, its apex

rounded. Elytra not depressed below the base, finely punctured.

Hinder tibize produced on the inner edge, just before the apex,

into a slightly curved lobiform process, the apex of which is armed

with a small incurved tooth.

Platyxantha nigricornis.

Elongata, parallela, rufo-picea, nitida; capite thoraceque obscure

fulvis; oculis, pedibus antennisque (articulo basali excepto)

Genera and Species of Phytophaga. 235

nigris; harum articulis duobus ultimis magnis, valde in-

crassatis, difformibus.

Long. 33 lin.

Hab. Java.

Head as in the last species ; antennz very robust, joints in-

creasing in thickness from the fourth to the ninth, fourth to the

eighth inclusive short, slightly compressed, subtrigonate, fur-

nished, as in P. apicalis, with an acute ridge on their inner edge ;

ninth rather thicker, equal in length to the fourth; tenth and

eleventh large, greatly thickened, nearly equal, forming conjointly

more than a third of the whole length of the antenna, the inner

surface of each deeply excavated, the excavations smooth and

shining, the one on the tenth irregular and armed with two coarse

teeth; terminal joint acute. Thorax more narrowed in front

than in P. apicalis; surface smooth, impressed in front with a

longitudinal groove, and on either side, behind the middle, with a

broad transverse depression. Elytra very minutely punctured ;

basilar space bounded below by a curved depression, Hinder

tibize armed on the inner edge, just before the apex, with a curved

styliform process.

Platyxantha ventralis.

Elongata, modice convexa, parallela, fulva, nitida; pedibus

antennisque pallidioribus; harum articulis duobus ultimis

crassis, intus excavatis, concoloribus; oculis abdomineque

piceo-nigris.

Long. 33 lin.

Hab. Mount Ophir, Singapore.

Head shorter than in either of the two preceding species ; fore-

head less depressed, the part above the insertion of the antenne

between the upper portion of the eyes occupied by two indistinctly-

raised subquadrate spaces ; antennz intermediate in size between

those of P. apicalis and nigricornis, joints coarsely punctured,

third to the eighth nearly equal both in length and thickness, the

ninth much shorter than the eighth, tenth and eleventh much

thickened, together nearly equal in length to a third part of the

whole antenna, the eleventh half as long again as the tenth, its

apex acute, both joints deeply excavated on their inner sides.

Thorax distinctly but finely punctured; disc impressed on either

side behind the middle with an oblique fovea; sides nearly straight

and parallel, narrowed just behind the anterior angles. Elytra

distinctly punctured; basilar space bounded beneath and laterally

236 Mr. J.S. Baly’s Descriptions of uncharacterized

by acurved depression. Hinder tibize armed within, just before

the apex, with a slightly curved styliform process.

Genus Doripga.

Corpus anguste oblongum, convexum, non metallicum, nitidum.

Caput exsertum, facie perpendiculari; oculis prominulis, 1n-

tegris; antennis g robustis, articulis 9-10 valde incrassatis,

difformibus; @ minus robustis, filiformibus; menfo trans-

verso-quadrato; palporum articulis duobus ultimis conjunc-

tim ovatis. Thorax transverso-quadratus, dorso impressus.

Elytra thorace latiora, subparallela, modice convexa, dorso

subdepressa, seepe elevato-vittata, confuse punctata. Pedes

robusti; coxis anticis crassis, erectis, fere contiguis ; femoribus

posticis non incrassatis ; dibzs posticis g apice in processum

acutum productis, @ simplicibus; ¢arsorwm anticorum arti-

culo basali g valde dilatato ; wnguiculis appendiculatis. Pro-

sternum fere obsoletum. Mesosternum apice non emargi-

natum.

Type Doridea insignis.

Doridea is very closely allied to Platyxantha; they both agree

in having a certain number of joints dilated in the antenne of the g,

but in the present genus these joints are the ante-penultimate and

penultimate, not the two ultimate as in the former; Doridea is also

more robust and less depressed than Platyxantha.

Doridea insignis.

Subelongata, modice convexa, nitida, picea; pedibus antennisque

obscure fulvis, antennarum articulis 9-10 sat dilatatis, com-

pressis.

fan

Long. 33 lin.

Hab. Tringanee.

Head short, apex of epistome forming a perpendicular ridge,

which passes upwards between the insertion of the antenne; front

smooth, impressed with three small foveee, placed in a triangle on

its surface, from the centre one a perpendicular groove runs down-

wards to join the apex of the epistome. Antenne nearly as long as

the body, robust; basal joint incrassate, curved, clavate, second

short, third to the seventh cylindrical, each gradually thickened

from base to apex, nearly equal in length, the third being rather

longer than the others; all gradually increasing in width from the

fourth to the eighth, this latter joint very short and transverse ;

ninth and tenth largely dilated and thickened, irregular in shape,

Genera and Species of Phytophaga. 237

compressed; eleventh slender, styliform. Thorax transverse-

quadrate, sides nearly straight and parallel, obliquely narrowed

just behind the anterior angles; above smooth and shining, dis-

tantly punctured, impressed on either side, just behind the middle,

with a large deep fovea; foveze more closely and coarsely punctured

than the remainder of the surface. Scutellum triangular, its apex

obtuse. Elytra broader than the thorax, subparallel; their apex

obtuse, conjointly emarginate at the sutural angle, strongly but

not coarsely punctured; the surface of each elytron with about

eight indistinctly raised longitudinal vittee.

Genus THEOPEA.

Corpus elongatum, angustatum, parallelum, seepe metallicum.

Caput exsertum, declive; antennis sat gracilibus, corpore vix

brevioribus, articulis cylindricis; g subfusiformibus, articulis

intermediis leviter incrassatis, cylindricis aut compressis ;

@ subfiliformibus, ad apicem non aut vix attenuatis; ar-

ticulo primo leviter curvato, paullo inerassato, secundo brevi,

ceteris inter se fere eequalibus, singulatim primo brevioribus ;

oculis ovatis, prominentibus, integris. Thoraa subquadratus,

dorso impressus. lytra thorace paullo latiora, elongata,

parallela, modice convexa, dorso subdepressa, punctato-striata,

interspatiis alternis leviter costatis. Pedes graciles, elongati;

coxis anticis erectis, contiguis; femoribus posticis non incras-

satis ; ¢ibiis posticis apice inermibus; tarsorum posticorum

articulo basali duobus sequentibus longiori; ungwculis ap-

pendiculatis. Prosternum fere obsoletum. Mesosternum apice

acutum.

Type Theopea impressa, Fab.

Theopea pulchella.

Elongata, angustata, parallela, metallico-czerulea, nitida; an-

tennis nigris, articulis apice albidis, articulis intermediis inter

se longitudine equalibus; thorace profunde bi-impresso ;

elytris costatis, interspatiis bifariam punctatis.

Mas.—Antennarum articulis intermediis modice incrassatis,

cylindricis.

Foem.—Antennis subfiliformibus, ad apicem vix attenuatis.

Long. 3 lin.

Hab. Sumatra.

This species closely resembles 7. impressa, Fab.; in the present

insect the intermediate joints of the antenne are cyliferical and

238 Mr. J. 8. Baly’s Descriptions of uncharacterized

nearly equal in length; in impressa they are unequal, the sixth

joint being elongate, and, together with the seventh, compressed.

Theopea elegantula.

Elongata, angustata, parallela, metallico-cerulea, nitida; an-

tennarum apice albido; thorace fovea magna transversa an-

tice bilobaté profunde impresso ; elytris costatis, interspatiis

bifariam punctatis.

Mas.—Antemarum articulis 7—9 paullo incrassatis, latitudine

perparum decrescentibus, cylindricis.

Foem.—Antennis subfiliformibus, ad apicem obsoletius atte-

nuatis.

Long. 2% lin.

Hab. Sarawak.

The different form of the dorsal impression on the thorax,

together with the difference in the structure of the antennee in the

male, will separate this insect from the preceding.

Theopea Mouhoti.

Elongata, angustata, parallela, subtus nigro-picea, supra san-

guinea; antennis nigris; thoracis dorso utrinque profunde

excavato; elytris costatis, interspatiis bifariam punctatis.

Mas.—Antennarum articulis intermediis inter se fere aqualibus,

modice dilatatis, cylindricis.

Long. 3 lin.

Hab. Siam. Collected by the late M. Mouhot.

Genus Arysa.

Corpus elongatum, angustatum, parallelum, subopacum, non

metallicum. Caput exsertum; antennis robustis, corporis

Jongitudini eequalibus aut vix brevioribus, filiformibus, ad api-

cem paullo attenuatis, articulo secundo brevi; oculis intevris,

prominentibus, ovatis. J’horax transversus, dorso plano aut

transversim concavo-excavato. Llytra thorace vix latiora,

parallela, modice convexa, crebre punctata, pube brevissima

adpressé vestita. Pedes subelongati, modice robusti, sim-

plices; cowis anticis basi transversis, crassis, erectis, sub-

contiguis; femoribus posticis non incrassatis, t2bus posticis

muticis; wnguiculis appendiculatis. Prosternum angustis-

simum.

Type Alysa terminalis.

The narrow parallel form will at once divide this genus from

Galleruca and its allies.

Genera and Species of Phytophaga. 239

Atysa terminalis.

Elongata, angustata, nigra; thorace depresso, rude crebre punc-

tato; elytris fulvis, crebre punctatis, tertio postico nigro-

purpureis,

Long. 3—4 lin.

Hab. Mysol.

Genus ALoPENA.

Corpus elongato-ovatum, convexum, nitidum. Caput extrorsum

subperpendiculare ; antennis corpore multo longioribus, gra-

cilibus, articulis filiformibus, primo vix incrassato, curvato,

secundo brevissimo, 3-4que utrisque articulo basali fere

zequalibus, czeteris singulis paullo longioribus, 3-7 leviter

curvatis; oculis prominentibus, integris. Thorax transversus,

disco leevi, utrinque obsolete impresso. Elytra thorace paullo

latiora, oblonga, subparallela, confuse punctata. Pedes sim-

plices, graciles; cozis anticis crassis, erectis, contiguis; femo-

ribus posticis non incrassatis; ¢ibiés posticis apice spina acuta

armatis ; tarsorum posticorum articulo basali tribus sequen-

tibus longiori; wnguiculis appendiculatis.

Type Alopena collaris.

This genus must stand close to Luperodes, Motsch.; it is sepa-

rated by the long slender antennz, together with the longer third

joints of the latter.

Alopena collaris.

Elongata, ovata, pallide fulva, nitida; oculis, antennis elytrisque

nigris; abdomine, tibiis posticis apice, tarsisque piceis.

Long. 2 lin.

Hab. New Guinea. :

Antennz more than half as long again as the body; face deeply

excavated on either side between the eyes; epistome produced

upwards as a longitudinal ridge between the insertion of the an-

tenn; above the latter is a distinct transverse groove. Thorax

smooth, impressed on either side the dise by a shallow fovea.

Elytra closely punctured.

Fam. CASSIDID.

Genus Catorreria, Boh.

Calopepla Livingstonii.

Elongata, subparallela, modice convexa, dorso deplanata, subtus

obscure nigro-picea; pedibus mgris, prosterno abdominisque

240 Mr. J. 8. Baly’s Descriptions of uncharacterized

maculis obscure fulvis; -supra fulva, subnitida; antennis

vertice elytrorumque margine basali nigris; thorace lateribus

sinuatis, intra latera bifossulato, disco levi utrinque foveo-

lato et ibi fusco-maculato; elytris profunde punctato-striatis,

interstitiis elevato-reticulatis, interspatiis alternis modice

carinatis.

Long. 5 lin.

Hab. Zambesi. Collected by Mr. Waller.

Thorax nearly as wide at its base as the elytra, quickly narrowed

from base to apex; sides nearly straight, sinuate in their middle ;

apical margin truncate, anterior angles scarcely produced, obtuse.

The discovery of a species of the (hitherto considered) ex-

clusively Indian genus Calopepla, in the southern portion of

tropical Africa, is highly interesting, and, like the similar oc-

currence of Sagra, Hopliondta, Aspidomorpha, and other genera

common to the two countries, would seem to point to a former

more intimate connexion between these two quarters of the globe,

rendering it probable that in some former geological epoch a large

connecting tract of now-submerged land existed in the Indian

Ocean. In accordance with this view, the few known species

of the genus (only four in number) found in such widely-distant

localities, and agreeing so completely in generic characters, may

be looked upon as the remnants of a much more numerous race,

which formerly flourished in greater abundance on the now lost

intermediate continent.

An analogous case in the same family is to be found in the

nearly allied genus Hoplionota, the species of which, according

to Boheman, are exclusively confined, on the one hand, to

Madagasear and southern Africa, on the other to India and the

Malay Archipelago. Madagascar and Ceylon (both of which

islands are probably remnants of the now lost land) contain more

than two-thirds of the known species, the others (four in Africa

and five or six in India and the Malay Archipelago) spreading

in either case in a southerly direction on their respective con-

tinents. The occurrence of so Jarge a proportion of the species

in Madagascar and Ceylon would seem to show that the birthplace

or metropolis of the genus formerly existed at some intermediate

point, and that the species now living have spread themselves on

either side from this common centre.

It may however be argued that these various genera have

migrated over both continents through Egypt, Arabia and Persia;

the alteration of climate, the spread of sandy deserts, and other

causes, having given rise to the gradual or sudden extinction of

Genera and Species of Phytophaga. 241

species formerly living in great abundance in those portions of

the globe: indeed, several species of Sagra are still existing in

Abyssinia and northern India. But I think it may be shown that

these species originally migrated northwards from the southern

tropics, and not southwards from more northerly latitudes. The

African and Asiatic species of Sagra present two well-marked

types ; the species found in either continent bearing those peculiar

characters which belong to their congeners of that quarter of the

world to which they geographically belong. Now had the genus

originally spread itself southwards from the northern tropics

across the equator, the species inhabiting Abyssinia and northern

India ought surely to present more points of similarity than

those of the more southern latitudes, as being nearer the com-

mon source from which the genus originally sprang; this, however,

is not borne out by facts, the species inhabiting those countries

being as distinct from each other, and bearing respectively the

characters of the African or Asiatic types as strongly developed,

as those found in Madagascar, India or Java.

Genus Doricuotoma, Hope.

Dolichotoma Salvinii.

Rotundata, ¢ subtriangularis, @ convexa, obscure eenea, sub-

nitida; elytris rude et profunde punctatis, elevato-reticulatis,

antice retusis, modice transversim gibbosis, disci maculis

plurimis margineque explanato-sanguineis, hoc sat dilatato,

zeneo-limbato, disco maculis irregularibus eneis notato.

Var. A.—Elytris sanguineis, sutura, limbo exteriori, maculis

rugulisque disci zeneis.

B.—Elytris disco toto eneo.

Long. 7 lin.

Hab. Panama. Collected by Mr. Salvin.

Antenne ¢ longer than half the body. Thorax twice as broad

as long, sides oblique, base deeply bisinuate on either side,

medial lobe emarginate at its apex; surface opaque, centre of

disc impressed with a longitudinal groove, which terminates

anteriorly in a narrowed ridge; this last is continued onwards to

the apical margin. Elytra much wider than the thorax, their

lateral border broadly dilated; shoulders regularly rounded in

the ¢, obliquely rounded in the ¢; sides rounded, gradually

narrowed from their middle towards the apex, the latter obtuse ;

dilated margin smooth, opaque, impunctate.

242 Mr. J. S. Baly’s Descriptions of uncharacterized

Genus Mesomrpnatta, Hope.

Mesomphalia Salvinii.

Subrotundata, modice convexa, viridi-metallica, subnitida,

subtus nitida; thorace subtilissime punctato, lateribus a basi

ad apicem rotundato- angustatis, margine antico fulvo; elytris

dorso antico minus profunde—pone medium margineque sub-

tilissime—punctatis, utrisque plaga transversa magna, antice

emarginata, postice sinuata, fulva, zeneo-trinotata.

Long. 5—6 lin.

Hab. Panama.

Extremely close to M. discoides, but at once to be distinguished

from that insect by its much finer punctation; the elytra are also

broader, their shoulders being more regularly rounded. Antennz

equal in length to the thorax, black, four or five basal joints

fulvous beneath. Thorax opaque, obsoletely punctured; sides

less dilated than in M. discoides, being regularly narrowed and

rounded from base to apex. Elytra g much broader than the

thorax; sides broadly dilated, obliquely rotundate-ampliate at the

shoulders, thence rotundate-angustate to the apex, the latter con-

jointly subangulate; the fulvous patch on each elytron is placed

transversely across the middle of the disc, extending from just

within the lateral border nearly to the suture; its surface is marked

with three small zneous spots, placed triangularly on its middle.

Genus Batonota, Boh.

Batonota Godmanit.

Subtriangularis, convexa, obscure fulvo-fusca aut picea, sub-

nitida; antennis (basi excepta) nigris; elytris viridibus, basi

retusis, ante medium alte transversim gibbosis, confuse,

prope suturam seriatim punctatis, disco laxe elevato-

reticulatis, ad suturam bicarinatis; humeris antrorsum vix

productis, acute angulatis, dorso carina obliqua instructis ;

margine late explanato, fulvo, aneo-punctato, limbo toto

zeneo.

Long. 6 lin.

Hab. Panama.

Nearly allied to B. bivittipennis, Boh., to which species it bears

the most striking resemblance in general form, sculpture and

pattern of coloration; it may, however, be distinguished by the

colour of the body, and still more easily by the form of the

Genera and Species of Phytophaga. 243

gibbosity of the elytra, this part being much produced in the

present species, and forming a short flattened spine; in bivitti-

pennis, on the other hand, it is very short, and approaches more

nearly to B. peregrina and other allied species.

Thorax twice as broad as long; sides obliquely dilated, very

slightly rounded ; surface opaque, obsoletely punctured, impressed

along the base with four or five large fovez ; anterior half of the

disc deeply excavated, leaving the medial line as a distinct longi-

tudinal ridge. Scutellum smooth, impressed in the middle with

a large deep fovea.

Met aps Fi

i is fi vy i ee

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IX. Descriptions of New Species of Diurnal Lepidoptera.

By W. C. Hewirson, F.L.S.

[Read August Ist and September Sth, 1864. ]

1. Helcyra Hemina. (Pl. XV. fig. 1.)

Male.—Upperside white. Anterior wing with the apex broadly

black, marked with two white spots; two black spots at the end

of the cell, and one near the anal angle of the same colour. Pos-

terior wing with seven spots beyond the middle, a submarginal

line, and the onter margin (which is very narrow) black.

Underside lilac-white. Anterior wing spotless, with two indis-

tinct lines of brown near the middle, and one scarcely seen near

the anal angle. Posterior wing with the spots of the upperside

and the submarginal line indistinctly marked in lilac, preceded

by arches of rufous-brown; the black spot (the outer spot of three

near the anal angle) crowned with bright yellow.

Exp. 24%, inch.

Hab. India.

In the Collection of the British Museum.

This adds a second species to Dr. Felder’s genus Helcyra,

which he considers nearest to Apatura. It differs from the neigh-

bouring genera in the rounded club of the antennae, which re-

sembles dArgynnis and Callithea, It has the cells of both wings

open. Inthe museumat Leyden this species is put with Charazes,

to which it bears a general resemblance. Specimens are in the

collection of Mr. Atkinson, of Calcutta, and Mr. Moore has shown

me one from the Dublin Museum.

2. Limenitis Labotas. (Pl. XV. fig. 2.)

Female.—Upperside dark brown. Both wings crossed obliquely

at the middle by a common, straight, narrow, white band, broken

into spots at its commencement on the anterior wing, followed

between it and the outer margin by a band of black spots. An-

terior wing with two crimson spots bordered with black, and a

minute white spot within the cell; an indistinct white spot a little

beyond the middle of the costal margin.

Underside as above, except that itis altogether of a pale grey-

VOL. Il, THIRD SERIES, PART III], —NOv, 1864, 7

246 Mr. W. C. Hewitson’s Descriptions of

green, and that the black spots beyond the central band are much

less distinct, some of them being nearly or entirely effaced.

Exp. 33 inch,

Hab. Menado.

In the Collection of W. C. Hewitson.

3. Limenitis Ligyes. (Pl. XV. figs. 3, 4.)

Female.—Upperside dark brown. Both wings crossed by a

_ nearly central band of white spots, followed between it and the

outer margin by two bands of lunular black spots. Anterior

wing with a black band, a rufous spot and a white band within

the cell, and a rufous band at the end of the cell; three white

spots near the apex. Posterior wing with rufous spots between

the two submarginal bands of black spots.

Underside ochreous-yellow. Anterior wing with the basal

half rufous, the central band as above, the lower spots bordered

with black ; a lunular white spot below the cell. Posterior wing

(the central band excepted) immaculate.

Exp. 23 inch.

Hab. North India.

In the Collection of W. C. Hewitson.

4. Laogona Lilea. (Pl. XV. figs. 5, 6.)

Male.—Upperside dark brown. Anterior wing with a band

from the base to beyond the middle, a minute spot at the apex,

two spots below it (one nearly bipartite), a lunular spot (near the

end of the first band), and a bifid band between it and the inner

margin, all rufous-orange. Posterior wing with a spot before the

middle and two spots on the ventral fold rufous.

Underside ochreous-yellow, clouded with rufous-brown. Both

wings crossed beyond the middle by a common rufous band.

Posterior wing crossed near the base by a band of brown; tinted

with lilac from the middle to the anal angle.

Exp. 1-8, inch.

Hab. East India.

In the Collection of W. C. Hewitson.

5. Gonepteryx Gobrias. (Pl. XVI. fig. 1.)

Male.—Upperside bright yellow. Anterior wing with a large

square apical black spot ; the outer margin with triangular black

spots; a spot at the end of the cell and a transverse band beyond

a a

New Species of Diurnal Lepidoptera. 247

the middle (commencing at the black apical spot) orange. Pos-

terior wing with a narrow margin of black, the fringe carmine.

Underside pale yellow, the apical spot of the anterior wing

rufous, tinted with lilac; the base of the costal margin carmine ;

the spot at the end of the cell more distinct : the transverse band

more distinct, continued half across the posterior wing.

Female.—Nearly white.

Exp. 27, inch.

Hab. Borneo.

In the Collection of W. C. Hewitson.

Very closely allied to G. Verhuellii, from which it differs in

wanting the acuminated apex of the anterior wing, and having

the outer margin of the posterior wing black. G. Licorias of

Doubleday does not differ from G. Verhuellii.

6. Eteona Eupolis. (Pl. XVI. fig. 2.

Upperside dark brown, Anterior wing with a large spot within

the cell, a second spot from the base parallel to the costal margin,

and a third spot between two of the median nervules, rufous-orange ;

a transverse band beyond the middle, with a minute spot beyond

and near it, yellow. Posterior wing from the base to the middle

rufous-yellow, rufous beyond the middle; the nervures and a

broad outer margin dark brown.

Underside. Anterior wing as above, except that the apex is

rufous, striated with black. Posterior wing rufous, with some pale

yellow oblong spots near the costal margin; striated throughout

longitudinally with dark brown, and between these striz towards

the outer margin by lines of lilac-white.

Exp. 24 inch.

Hab. Rio Janeiro.

In the Coliection of W. C. Hewitson.

One species only of this genus has been hitherto described.

It was originally placed by Boisduval with the Pieride in the

genus Luterpe; Mr. Westwood ranged it with the Nymphalidae,

next before Epicalia; and Dr. Felder has subsequently removed

it to the Satyride@, near to Pronophila, with which genus it pos-

sesses many characters in common, having the inflated costal

nervure of the Satyride.

This species is in the Museum at Vienna accompanied by a

MS. name of Kollar’s, but I am sorry to say that I do not

remember it.

248 Mr. W. C. Hewitson’s Descriptions of

7. Eueides Eurysaces. (Pl. XVI. fig. 3.)

Female.—Upperside dark brown. Anterior wing with two

transverse bands and a large trifid spot of transparent grey-white,

(except near the base, which is yellow); a submarginal band of

white spots most distinctly marked near the apex. Posterior

wing with a broad, central, semi-transparent, transverse band of

yellow (near the base) and grey; the nervures black : a white spot

at the apex and a submarginal band of very indistinct white spots.

Underside as above, except that it is paler and that the sub-

marginal white spots are more distinct and in pairs.

Exp. 2-8 inch.

Hab. Quito.

In the Collection of W. C. Hewitson.

Differs from all the other species of this genus by its transparent

wings.

8. Dircenna Dercyllidas. (Pl. XVI. fig. 4.)

Female.—Upperside dark brown. Anterior wing crossed by

three bands of transparent white: the first bifid, commencing at the

base and ending near the anal angle; the second beyond the middle

hexafid; the third near the apex of two spots, the upper spot trifid.

Posterior wing with the basal half, a small spot at the apex, and a

submarginal macular band, transparent white.

Underside as above, except that the dark brown of the upper-

side is rufous, that the anterior wing has some indistinct grey

spots near the apex and between the first and second transverse

bands, and that the posterior wing has the base of the costal

margin and three obleng spots, near it beyond its middle, grey.

Exp. 2,9, inch.

Hab. New Granada.

In the Collection of W. C. Hewitson.

Very interesting from its general resemblance to Caelenis Dido.

9. Lasiommata Lasus. (Pl. XVI. fig. 5.)

Male.—Upperside dark brown. Anterior wing with three

short equidistant bands and a large trifid spot of pale rufous-

yellow ; beyond these three black eye-like spots dotted with white

and an indistinct submarginal rufous band. Posterior wing with

a large spot near the costal margin, a large spot towards the anal

angle marked by a black ocellus, and two small spots near the

outer margin, all rufous.

Underside as above, except that it is paler, that the posterior

te a

New Species of Diurnal Lepidoptera. 249

wing is undulated throughout with rufous-brown, and that it has

two or three very minute eye-like spots, the ocellus of the upper-

side being scarcely visible.

Exp. 13 inch.

Hab. Australia, particular locality unknown,

In the Collection of W. C. Hewitson,

Near L. Lathoniella of Westwood.

10. Lasiommata Leprea. (PI. XVI. figs. 6, 7.)

Male.—Upperside dark brown. Anterior wing with the basal

half yellow, irrorated at the base with brown, marked in the cell

by a black spot, crossed beyond the middle by a band of yellow.

Posterior wing crossed at the middle by a curved band of yellow;

the margins of both wings spotted with white.

Underside. Both wings with the outer margins pale yellow

with black spots, and above them conical spots of silvery white.

Anterior wing as above (except the outer margin as just described).

Posterior wing with the basal half silvery white: the base itself

dark brown, followed before the middle by two spots and an

angular curved band of dark brown, and beyond the middle by

six blind black ocelli bordered with yellow.

Exp. 13 inch,

Hab. Australia, particular locality unknown.

In the Collection of W. C. Hewitson.

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( 251 )

X. Further Descriptions of new Genera and Species of

Phytopbaga. By J. S. Baty.

[Read 3rd October, 1864. ]

Fam. HISPIDE.

Genus CHARISTENA.

Corpus elongatum, angustatum, sepe filiforme, parallelum, sub-

eylindricum. Caput inter oculos non productum, obtusum ;

antennis subfiliformibus, inter partem inferiorem oculorum

insertis, 1l-articulatis, articulis distinctis, quinque ultimis

clavam gracilem sed distinctam formantibus ; epistomate brevi,

basi elevata. Thorax subcylindricus, lateribus subrectis

aut leviter rotundatis. Scutellum truncatum. Llytra thorace

paullo latiora, elongata aut subelongata, lateribus rectis,

parallelis, rarius minute serratis, apice rotundatis, semper

serratis, angulis posticis obsoletis; supra convexa aut sub-

cylindrica, utraque tricostata, interspatiis profunde bifariam

punctatis. Pedes mediocres, modice robusti; ézbizs intermediis

curvatis, apice in dentem brevem acutum introrsum productis ;

tarsorum articulo basali duobus sequentibus angustiori ;

unguiculis contiguis.

Type Charistena ruficollis, Fab.

This genus is nearly allied to Odontota ; its slender form, blunt

head, distinct joints of antennez, and curved intermediate tibiz,

are characters which taken conjointly will easily separate it from

that genus.

Sp. 1. Charistena rujficollis, Fabr.

Syst. El. ii. 63; Oliv. Entom. vi. 778, pl. ii. fig. 34.

Hab. Cayenne; Bahia.

Var. A. Elytris utrisque linea longitudinali, postice abbreviata,

fulva. :

Collections of Rev. H. Clark, A. Fry, W. W. Saunders, and

my own cabinet.

This species is nearest, both in coloration and form, to Ch.

Ariadne. In the present insect the base of the thorax is con-

colorous with the disc, the general surface is also more coarsely

punctured; the elytra are less’ cylindrical, being somewhat

flattened above, and their coste more distinctly elevated; their

apical margin is also more distinctly serrate. The much smaller size

252 Mr, J.S. Baly’s Further Descriptions of

and entirely different colour will distinguish it from Ch. basalis,

its narrower form from Ch. Lecontii, the different colour and form

of thorax from Ch. nigrita, and its much narrower and more elon-

gated shape from Ch. Pilate: and all the other species in the

present paper.

Sp. 2. Charistena nigrita, Oliv.

Entom. vi. 778, pl. il. fig. 35.

Hab. Carolina.

In my own Collection and that of the Rev. H. Clark, to whom

I am indebted for a specimen,

Thorax distinctly longer than broad, sides slightly rounded,

narrowed in front; surface very closely covered with large deep

punctures, almost rugose ; base of thorax indistinctly depressed

transversely, but without any trace of sulcation; apex of elytra

minutely serrate.

The entirely black colour, together with the shape of the thorax,

at once separates this insect from its congeners.

Sp. 3. Charistena Ariadne, Newm.

The Entom. i. 77.

‘Nigra, prothorace tantum rubro: prothorax profunde punc-

tus; utrumque elytron 3-carinatum, marginibus quoque

elevatis ; interspatiis seriebus 2 punctorum profundorum im-

impressis. Insectum longum (corp. long. °175 unce., lat. °05

unc.)”

Hab. United States of North America.

Mr. Newman has omitted to mention the black apical and basal

margins of the thorax, which are very marked in the present

species. I venture to correct his description, having one of his

typical specimens in my own possession. I have reproduced his

description entire from the “ Entomologist,” the latter being a book

seldom to be met with.

As stated under Ch. ruficollis, the more cylindrical body and

coarsely punctured thorax will distinguish Ch. Ariadne from its

allies.

Collections of British Museum, Rev. H. Clark, and my own.

Sp. 4. Charistena Lecontit.

Elongata, tenuis, angustata, subcylindrica, dorso subdepressa,

nigra, nitida; thorace transverso, lateribus rotundatis, ad

apicem vix angustatis, dorso crebre profunde punctato, basi

New Genera and Species of Phytophaga. 253

transversim sulcato, disci medio vitta elevat4 instructo, rufo-

fulvo, apice basique medio nigris; elytris apice minute

serratis, lateribus minus rectis.

Long. 23 lin.

Hab. North America.

Its larger size, broader and less cylindrical form, together with

the transverse thorax, will distinguish this species from Ch, Ariadne,

the other North American species with which it may be confounded ;

the two strongly resemble each other in colour.

Collection of Rev. H. Clark, and my own.

Sp. 5. Charistena basalis.

Elongata, filiformis, subcylindrica, nigra, nitida; thorace con-

vexo, fulvo, basi transversim impresso, crebre profunde

punctato, vitta centrali obsolete elevata, impunctata; elytris

elongatis, parallelis, apice distincte serratis, cyaneis, utrisque

plaga basali parva fulva.

Long. 34 lin. :

Hab. Amazons. Collected by Mr. H. W. Bates.

Entirely similar in form to Ch. ruficollis, quite three times its

size, its thorax rather longer and more convex; the apex of the

elytra is however subacutely rounded.

Collection of H. W. Bates, also in my own cabinet.

Sp. 6. Charistena Deyrollei.

Elongata, subcylindrica, dorso subdepressa, nigra, nitida; ely-

tris nigro-czruleis ; thorace, femorum anticorum basi, elytro-

rumque vitta lata laterali, vix pone medium abbreviata, pal-

lide fulvis; thorace sat convexo, basi transversim depresso,

profunde punctato.

Long. 24 lin.

Hab. Upper Amazons, Columbia.

Elytra parallel, their apex finely but irregularly toothed.

I have named this pretty species after my friend M. H. Dey-

rolle of Paris, who is making a special study of the Phytophaga.

Collections of H. Deyrolle, H. W. Bates, A. Fry, and my own

cabinet.

Sp. 7. Charistena bellula,

Minus elongata, minus parallela, nigra, nitida; facie inferiori

femorumque basi obscure fulvis; thorace vix transverso,

leete rufo-fulvo, profunde sed subremote punctato, convexo,

254 Mr. J. S. Baly’s Further Descriptions of

basi transversim depresso; elytris cyaneis, dorso depressis,

apice minute serratis.

Long. 12—2 lin.

Hab. Bogota.

Much shorter and proportionately broader than Ch. ruficollis, sides

of elytra less straight than in that species; thorax as deeply but

less closely punctured on the sides, depression at the base less

deeply marked.

Collections of H. Deyrolle, Rev. H. Clark, and my own.

Sp. 8. Charistena elegantula.

Minus elongata, angustata, subcylindrica, dorso subdepressa,

rufo-fulva, nitida; corpore infra pedibusque nigro-variegatis ;

oculis antennisque nigris; thorace latitudine vix longiori,

lateribus fere rectis, ad apicem leniter angustatis ; dorso sub-

cylindrico, profunde subremote punctato, spatio longitudinali

centrali impunctato, basi transversim sulcata; elytris nigro-

cyaneis, apice minute serrais, utrisque puncto apicali, prope

suturam posito, fulvo.

Long. 14 lin.

Hab. New Granada.

The different form of thorax, together with the different colo-

ration, will separate this lovely species from Ch. bellula.

Cabinet of Rev. H. Clark, also in my own Collection.

Sp. 9. Charistena Pilatei.

Minus elongata, parallela, subcylindrica, nigra, nitida ; thorace

fulvo, apice piceo-marginato, dorso subgloboso, basi trans-

versim sulcato, lateribus subremote disco remote punctato ;

elytris cyaneis, parallelis, apice minute serratis, utrisque vitta

fulva a basi apicem versus plus minusve extensa, instructis.

Long. 2 lin.

Hab. Teapa. Collected by the late M. Pilate.

Rather longer, stouter and more parallel than Ch. bellula, to

which species it is most nearly allied. Elytra parallel, their apex

broadly rounded. The fulvous stripe on each elytron varies

greatly in length, and occasionally is nearly obsolete ; the piceous

apical border of the thorax is also sometimes very much narrowed

and indistinct.

In the cabinet of the Rev. H. Clark, also in my own Col-

lection.

New Genera and Species of Phytophaga. 255

Sp. 10. Charistena trilineata. *

Subelongata, angustata, subcylindrica, dorso subdepressa, rufo-

fulva, nitida; antennis (basi excepta) scutelloque nigris;

elytrorum vitta suturali, alterdque laterali, hac ante apicem

abbreviata, obscure cyaneis; vertice, thoracis lateribus an-

guste, tibiarum apice tarsisque piceis; thorace rude punc-

tato, basi non transversim depresso, disci medio obsolete

longitudinaliter sulcato.

Long. 14 lin.

Hab. Yucatan.

Thorax transversely convex, its sides parallel, slightly rounded ;

elytra depressed along the suture, lateral and apical edges

minutely but not closely serrate; apex of abdomen obscure

fuscous.

The more depressed form both of thorax and elytra will serve

to separate this species from Ch. Pilatei.

Collection of Rev. H. Clark, and my own.

Genus METAXYCERA.

Corpus obcuneiforme, dorso depressum. Caput inter oculos

vix productum ; antennis 11-articulatis, rigidis, subfusiformi-

bus, apice acutis, modice robustis, corporis dimidio brevi-

oribus, articulis cylindricis, duobus basalibus brevibus, primo

paullo incrassato, tertio modice elongato; oculis vix promi-

nulis; mento oblongo, lateribus medio sinuatis. Thorax

transversus ; lateribus pone medium fere rectis, antice angus-

tatis, sinuatis ; angulo antico acuto, seepe dente parvo armato;

dorso modice transversim convexo ; basi transversim depressa.

Sculellum truncatum. Slytra thorace latiora, a basi ad

apicem ampliata; apice obtuso aut rotundato, angulis pos-

ticis obtusis aut rotundatis; anguste marginata, margine

serrato; dorso depressa, utraque quadricostata, costa tertia

minus distincta, interspatiis profunde bifariam punctatis.

Pedes mediocres, modice robusti; larsorum articulo basali

parvo; unguiculis contiguis. Abdomen sutura inter segmenta

duo basalia ventris distincta.

Type Metaxycera purpurata, Guér.

This genus is (like the last) nearly allied to Odontota ; but

although much more different in habit, it is more difficult to find

good differential characters. It may, however, be separated by

the slight prominence of the head in front, by the subfusiform

cylindrical 11-jointed antennze, and the distinct sutural line be-

256 Mr. J. S. Baly’s Further Descriptions of

tween the two basal segments of the ventral surface of the abdo-

men; this line is usually obsolete or only indistinct in Odontota.

Sp. 1. Metaxycera purpurata, Guér.

Icon. du Régne Animal, Texte, p. 270.

Hab. Brazil.

This beautiful species is the most common of the genus, and

found in most collections ; it is broader than any of the others,

with the exception of M. rubroguttata, which insect approaches it

very closely in form, but is less flattened above.

Sp. 2. Metaxycera rubroguttata.

Obcuneiformis, dorso depressa, late rufo-testacea, subnitida ;

vertice postice, thoracisque plaga magna discoidali nigro-

piceis; antennis elytrisque nigris, his a basi ad apicem perpa-

rum ampliatis, apice rotundatis, utrisque margine humerali

pustulisque quinque, harum tribus prope suturam, prima

infra basim, secunda prope medium, tertiaque apicem versus,

duabusque intra marginem exteriorem, prima infra humerum,

secunda prope angulum posticum positis, rufo-testaceis.

Long. 5 lin.

Hab. Amazons.

The four hinder spots on each elytron are confluent in pairs,

and form two oblique fascize on the disc ; thorax transverse, sides

nearly straight and parallel behind, obliquely narrowed in frout ;

upper surface irregularly excavated, opaque, irregularly but not

closely punctured, middle of disc with an indistinct longitudinal

groove; scutellum black, its apex rufous.

This species closely resembles in form AI. purpurata, Guér. ; it

is, however, less depressed, less coarsely punctured, more regu-

larly rounded both at the hinder angles and apex, and the arrange-

ment of the spots on the elytra is different.

Unique in my own Collection.

Sp. 3. Metaxycera trimaculata, Oliv.

(Hispa), Entom., vi. 761, pl. i. fig. 5.

Hab. Cayenne.

Olivier describes this species as having a black scutellum; it

varies, however, greatly in this respect, some specimens having

the scutellum more or less stained with rufous, others entirely red.

Collection of Rev. H. Clark, and my own.

New Genera and Species of Phytophaga. 257

Sp. 4. Metaxycera Amazona.

Anguste obcuneiformis, dorso depressa, rufo-testacea, nitida,

supra subnitida ; antennis, vertice, thoracisque lateribus nigris;

elytris obscure nigro-zneis, apice obtusis, utrisque vitta lata

discoidali, a basi ad paullo pone medium extensa, plerumque

apice extrorsum ampliata, fasciaque lata pone medium, ex-

trorsum abbreviata, postice recte truncata aut concava, antice

convexa, rufo-testaceis.

Var. A. Vertice thoracisque lateribus rufis ; elytris nigris, ut in

typo maculatis.

Long. 4 lin.

Hab. Amazons. Collected by Mr. H. W. Bates.

Sides of thorax straight and parallel behind the middle, obliquely

converging from the middle to the apex, and forming an obtuse

angle with the hinder half; surface coarsely punctured, punctures

crowded on the sides, more distant on the disc, the latter impressed

with a broad longitudinal groove, which terminates behind at a

transverse depression in front of the basal margin.

This species is very closely allied to M. trimaculata, Oliv. It may

be, however, distinguished from that insect by the following cha-

racters : in M. Amazona the thorax is broader and more distinetly

angled on the sides, the longitudinal groove on its upper surface

being broader and very deeply impressed ;_ the scutellum is always

red; the elytra are rather less coarsely punctured and more opaque,

the costze being also somewhat narrower; the transverse rufous

patch is placed at a greater distance from the apex of the elytra,

is broader, and has its front edge strongly rounded, its hinder

border being either truncate or slightly concave. In M. tri-

maculata the antennz are rather more robust; the thorax is

narrower (in some specimens almost conic), less distinctly angled

on the sides, the upper surface less flattened, the longitudinal

groove, although visible, being also much narrower and less deeply

impressed; the scutellum is usually black, rarely wholly or in

part rufous; the elytra are more coarsely punctured, the coste

being broader and more nitidous; the longitudinal rufous vitta is

narrower, its hinder half not dilated towards the outer margin; it

is also usually interrupted in the middle to form two linear patches;

the subapical transverse patch is narrow, and placed much nearer

the apex of the elytra, its anterior border, instead of being rounded,

is nearly straight and bisinuate, and its hinder margin is either

straight or very slightly convex.

Collection of Mr. Bates, and my own.

258 Mr. J. S. Baly’s /urther Descriptions, Sc.

Sp. 5. Metaxycera sexpustulata.

Anguste obcuneiformis, dorso depressa, rufo-testacea, nitida,

supra subnitida; antennis elytrisque nigris, his subparallelis,

apicem versus leniter ampliatis, apice rotundatis, utrisque

pustulis tribus, una basali oblonga obliqua, secunda prope

medium subquadrata, tertidque ante apicem, transvers4,

communi, fasciam transversam postice bisemarginatam for-

mante, rufo-testaceis ; unguiculis piceis.

Long. 33—4§ lin.

Hab. Upper Amazons.

Thorax opaque, irregularly depressed and excavated, middle of

dise with an indistinct longitudinal groove, transverse impression

in front of base well marked, surface coarsely but not very closely

punctured, sides of thorax nearly straight and produced obliquely

outwards behind the middle, thence obliquely narrowed to the

apex.

The rounded apex of the elytra separates this species from

M. trimaculata and Amazona, the only insects with which it can

be confounded.

Collection of Mr. Bates, and my own.

( 259 )

XI. Notes on the Genus Schematiza (Phytophaga, Galle-

rucide), with Descriptions of New Species. By the

Rev. Hamer Crark, M.A., F.LS., V.-P. Ent. Soc.

{Read September Sth, 1864. ]

Tue South American genus Schematiza contains within it

species that vary considerably among each other in form and

sculpture. Some (and these the most striking in size and beauty)

have deeply costate elytra; others have their elytra perfectly

plain: some are broadly dilated towards their apex ; others have

the sides of their elytra parallel. The species are for the most

part coloured with irregular flavous bands, and may be at once

separated from other Gallerucide by their sufficiently short and

broadly dilated antennz: this dilatation is not irregular or con-

fined to one or two articulations, but gradually progressive from

the first and also from the apical joints towards the middle. In

form the species are more or less elongate and depressed ; not

subcylindrical, as in Adimonia and Galleruca. The following

diagnosis will suffice to point out the limits of the genus.

ScuematizA (Chev.)

Corporis forma vel oblongo-ovalis (versus apicem plus minus

dilatata), vel parallela; depressa, pube tenuissima satis vestita.

Palpi maxillares articulo ultimo dilatato, et ad apicem acu-

minato, plerumque ut in genere Adimonia, Antenne robuste ;

in quibusdam speciebus versus apicem subproducte, sed

semper ad medium dilatate ; hac dilatatione ab articulo basali

etiamque ab 11™° vel 10™° sensim et paulatim aucta ; articuli

compressi aliquando, et aliquando subcylindrici; art. 3ts

longitudine primum (ad apicem dilatatum) superat. Caput

penitus verticale, vix porrectum. Thorax transversus,

depressus, plerumque marginibus subelevatis, ita ut discus

totus excavatus videtur, Llytra plerumque costata (costis

latis etiamque profundis, sed haud apicem attingentibus),

aliquando autem plana et sublevigata. Pedes robusti,

unguiculi vel appendiculati (ut in S. Lycotdes) vel undique

bifidi, ita ut quadri-unguiculate species apparent (ut in

S. Hispiformi, et presertim in S. flavofasciatd).

260 Rev. H. Clark’s Notes on the

§ A. Species elytris apice rotundatis.

a. Elytris costatis. [Sp. 1—10.]

b. Elytris planis. [Sp. 11—14.]

§ B. Species elytris apice emarginatis. [Sp. 15, 16.]

In order that I might be supplied with as much material as

possible in my examination of the genus, my friend Mr. Baly has

liberally placed in my hands the whole of the species in his

collection. I have not, however, accepted his kind suggestion that

I should describe the uniques which that collection contains ; it is

better that these should be left to be described by himself at some

future day, for this simple reason, which I deem to be not only

important but of general application :—such is the multiplication of

species that are becoming known to us, and such therefore the

difficulty of accurately describing them, that typical specimens, on

which descriptions are based, become of greater importance than

ever; and hence I venture to believe that every worker will

specially desire to have always within his reach the materials on

which his own work has been based ; in the case of monographs

this difficulty must of course be accepted as unavoidable; it seems,

however, to my mind that it is better to avoid it when possible.

It will be seen that I have omitted to notice certain manuscript

names in Dejean’s Catalogue: I have done so with regret, but

I can ascertain nothing with certainty respecting them.

§ A. Species elytris apice rotundatis.

a. Elytris costatis.

1. S. Lycotdes, Guér. (Cuv. Regne Anim. Ins. p. 303.)

Oblongo-ovalis, ad apicem rotundata, depressa, costata, sub-

tiliter et crebre variolata, flava, nigro-notata: caput variolatum,

nigrum; thorax transversus (ad apicem modice excavatus,

lateribus antice rotundatis et basi transversa) depressus, et

ad margines Jaté sed haud profunde exfossus; quoad colorem

latera Jate flava sunt, discus medius nigrescit; scutellum tri-

angulare, nigrum; elytra modice post medium ampliora

costas quinque continent, una suturalis et communis, altera

marginalis, tres quoque intervallo zequali mediz haud apicem

attinent; costee exstantes, sed praecipue sublateralis pro-

minens versus humeros exstat; quoad colorem elytra flava

sunt, vitta abbreviata apud scutellum et apice laté nigris ;

vitta abbreviata inter suturam et costam 24™ longitudine

elytri dimidium haud equat; apex quoque quoad partem

Genus Schematiza. 261

tertiam elytrorum nigrescit ; antenne satis elongate et late,

nigree ; ita quoque pedes et corpus inferius.

Long. corp. lin. 6—53 ; lat. lin. 3—23.

It is probable that 8. Lycoides is subject to some variation of

pattern in the anterior part of the elytra: in one of the examples

before me there is a trace of dark colouring between the 2nd and 3rd

costa, and also again near the margination; even, however, should

the anterior part be in any examples entirely dark, the difference

of the form of the elytra, which are more parallel, or rather less

broadly rounded behind the middle, will abundantly separate this

from the following species.

In the Collections of Mr. Baly and the Rev. H. Clark. The

insect is taken in Brazil.

2. S. amplicornis, n. sp.

Lata, undique quinque-costata, subtiliter granulata, nigra, fascia

flava media: caput subtiliter granulatum, nigrum; thorax de-

pressus, laté transversus, antice modice excavatus, ad latera

rotundatus, et apicem versus contractus; margo basalis trans-

versus est; apud latera thorax longitudinaliter laté et haud

profundé excavatur, hac fovea undique flava est, disco medio

corrugato et nigro ; scuteldum triangulare est, colore nigrum;

elytra versus medium rotundato-ampliata, ad apicem rotundata

(vix dehiscentia), depressa et apud apicem declivia, ad hume-

ros thorace paululum latiora, gradatim ad post medium ampli-

antur; in utroque elytro coste quinque apparent, una com-

munis suturalis, una marginalis, tresque aliae mediz intervallis

zequis, his haud apicem attingentibus, sed costis 2 et 3 juxta

apicem sese attingentibus ; marginatio undique ad apicem laté

ampliatur ; quoad faciem elytra leviter et seepissime punctis

confertis ornantur (punctis haud profundis et inordinatis), quoad

colorem nigrescunt, humeris anguste flavis, fascidque media

lata transversa flava ; hujus fascize margines anterior et pos-

terior inaquales in intervallis singulis costarum subcirculares

deflectuntur; antenne robuste sunt et nigra, articulis ad

medium antennarum valde ampliatis ; pedes et corpus infra

nigrescunt.

Long. corp. lin. 6; lat. lin. 33.

S. amplicornis differs from S$. Lycoides in being broader and

less parallel as well as different in coloration; its much larger

size will distinguish it from all other species of the genus before

me. I have a single specimen from the Chevrolat Collection, re-

ceived by M. Chevrolat from Brazil.

VOL. Il. THIRD SERIES, PART I1I.—NOV. 1864. U

262 Rev. H. Clark’s Notes on the

3. S. vicina, n. sp.

Oblongo-ovalis, apice rotundata, elytris paulum dehiscentibus,

flava, nigro-maculata: caput nigrum; thorax transversus,

lateribus rotundatis sed haud ad apicem coarctis, margine

antico paulum excavato, basi transversa, angulis posticis

subrotundatis, sculptura ut in speciebus preecedentibus ;

scutellum subcordatum, nigrum; elyira ad humeros thorace

sublatiora, et deinde gradatim ampliora; a basi ad apicis

regionem sunt sulci quatuor profundi lati, interstitiis rotun-

datis ; horum externus profundissimus est post humeros, su-

turalis et 24'S gequales, paralleli, tertius (minor subobsoletus)

inter 2" et marginalem vix apparet; quoad colorem, elytra

flava (pube densa et tenui flava vestita), vitta abbreviata

ad suturam et basi laté nigris ; vitta abbreviata a sutura usque

ad suleum primum minus quam elytrorum dimidium occupat ;

apex quoque laté niger est ; antenn@ incrassatz, nigre ; pedes

corpusque subtus quoque nigri.

Long. corp. lin. 43; lat. lin. 2.

S. vicina differs entirely from the preceding species by the

sculpture of the elytra, although the mere patterns are in some

degree similar ; instead of sharply defined and narrow ridges we

have here rather longitudinal depressions, the intervals being

rounded off; the flavous coloration of the insect is formed by very

close and fine pubescence; the sutural marking of the elytra

between the suture and the first channel extends nearly half-way

to the apex, the medial termination of it being not abruptly

transverse, but pointed; between this marking and the shoulders

there are traces of other markings also, suggesting the possibility

of the whole anterior part of the elytra being fuscous: the apical

marking broadly extends from the margination to the suture, its

upper margin being obliquely circular; the boundary line at the

suture is at the distance of one-fifth of the whole elytra, and from

that point extends in a generally semicircular direction till it

reaches the margination at about the same distance from the apex.

The form also (as well as the sculpture, and to some degree the

pattern) of S. vicina differs from that of the preceding species; it

is (being a much smaller insect) more parallel, more attenuate ;

the sides of the elytra being manifestly more rounded.

I have a single specimen from La Ferté’s Collection, received

from Brazil ; in the Collection also of Mr. Baly.

Genus Schematiza. 263

4. S. equinociialis, n. sp.

Oblongo-ovalis, subparallela, leviter canaliculata, flava, nigro-

ornata: caput nigrum apparet, labro etiamque in fronte

macula insulata flavis; ad frontem fovea est media obsoleta,

a basi usque ad antennarum basin; thorax transversus est,

latitudine (ad medium) vix duplo longitudine majori; apex

modice excavatus est, basis transversa, Jatera rotundata et

haud apicem versus constricta; sculptura ut in specie prace-

denti; undiqne laté depressus (ad medium fovea longitu-

dinalis apparet); quoad colorem niger, lateribus undique

laté etiamque vitta media flavis; scutedlum rotundato-triangu-

lare, pube densa flava vestitum; elylra subparallela, thorace

paululum Jatiora, apice rotundata (elytrorum apicibus vix

dehiscentibus); juxta suturam carina haud apicem attingens

patet, et altera a humeris vix ad medium extendit; quoad

colorem fascia media nigra (ad basin vitté communi nigra

juncta) etiamque apex laté niger elytra flava ornant; an-

tenne robust, nigre ; pedes nigri, femorum basibus fusco-

adumbratis ; abdomen corpusque subtus nigra.

Long. corp. lin. 4; Jat. lin. 12.

This beautiful species is allied to S. vicina, but is readily

separated from it by its different sculpture, as well as by its

pattern of colours. I have a single specimen in my Collection

received from Columbia.

5. S. venusta, n. sp.

Oblengo-ovalis, subparallela, leviter costata, nigra, flavo-ornata ;

caput ad medium foveolatum, nigrum; thorax transversus,

latitudine vix duplo longitudinem superans, lateribus ro-

tundatis, flavus, vittis duabus latis nigris mediis, parallelis ;

scutellum semicirculare, nigro-fuscum ; elytra subparallela,

elongata, leviter costata, nigra, fascia media ineequaliter mar-

ginata, macula ad humeros longitudinali, alteraque apud scu-

tellum minori, communi, flavis: corpus subtus, pedes et an-

tenne nigri.

Long. corp. lin. 33; lat. lin. 14.

Of the same size and generally of the same pattern as S. equi-

noctialis ; it differs however from that species by its less distinctly

marked costa on the elytra, as well as by the difference of

details of coloration: the two thoracic vitte are broader, the

humeral flavous markings are much smaller, and the flavous

fascia of the elytra is medial, and not, as in S, @quinoctialis, post-

264 Rev. H. Clark’s Notes on the

medial; in size also this fascia is narrower and not quite so

irregularly wavy in form.

From the Amazon district ; collected by Mr. Bates.

In the Collections of Mr. Baly and the Rev. H. Clark.

6. S.frenata, Guér. (Cuv. Réegne An. Ins. p. 304).

Oblongo-ovalis, subparailela, costata, flava, lineis duabus a

capite ad elytrorum medium fasciaque lata media nigris ;

caput omnino nigrum; ¢horawv transversus, lateribus sinuato-

rotundatis, apice subemarginato, basi transversa, anguli

antici et preesertim postici rotundantur, ad medium fovea

obsoleta vix apparet; thorax flavus est, lineis duabus sub-

mediis et parum obliquis a capite ad basin nigris; scutellum

sat magnum, flavum; elytra thorace latiora, subparellela, ad

apicem rotundata (apicibus singulis apud suturam haud de-

hiscentibus); costee duze (versus suturam) alteraeque duz

penitus obsoletze (versus marginem) apparent; he haud

apicem attingunt; quoad colorem elytra flava sunt, fascia

transversd post-medid JatA Jineisque duabus inter costas

1 et 2 nigris ; antenne, pedes corpusque subtus nigri.

Long. corp. lin. 44—3} ; lat. lin. 23-13.

I can trace no tendency to variation among the three specimens

before me; the medial, or rather somewhat post-medial fascia is

on its upper margin transverse, on its lower arcuate, being much

broader at the suture than at the margination (both boundary

lines being interrupted by the different costa, and irregular) ; the

breadth of the fascia at the suture is about one-third of the whole

length of the elytra.

The species is found in Columbia.

In the Collections of Mr. W. Wilson Saunders and the Rev.

H. Clark.

Schematiza dimidiata, Guér. (Cuv. Regne An. Ins. p. 303),

Is described by Guérin as from Dory, New Guinea, and placed

by him next to S. frenata. I do not recognise the description,

but whatever the species may be, it can hardly belong to the

genus before us, which is exclusively South American.

7. S. flavofasciata, Guér. (Cuv. Réegne An. Ins. p. 304),

Ovalis, subparallela, leviter costata, nigra, thoracis lateribus et

elytrorum vitta media flavis: caput nigrum: thorax trans-

versus, depressus, latera subrotundata apicem versus paulum

Genus Schematiza. 265

coarctantur; margines anterior et posterior ambo recti et

transversi sunt; ad latera undique laté depressio fit; thorax

niger est, lateribus (et interdum linea media obsoleta)

flavis; scutellum nigrum; elytra subparallela, thorace latiora,

humeris sat exstantibus, ad apicem rotundata, et haud ad

suturam dehiscentia; undique 3 vel 4 sulci apparent, haud

profundi, interdum obsoleti, haud apicem attingentes ; quoad

colorem elytra nigra sunt, ad humeros autem macula minuta,

etad medium fascia lata transversa, ad margines attingens,

flavee sunt; antenne robuste, nigre; pedes et corpus sub-

tus nigri.

Long. corp. lin. 34; lat. lin. 13.

S. flavofusciata differs from S. linealicollis (post, p. 266), by its

much greater breadth, its broader fascia, and its less distinctly-

marked costz on the elytra, as well as by the markings on the

thorax ; it is much smaller, and comparatively broader than S.

vicina (ante, p. 262). The fascia of the elytron is transverse both

at its superior and inferior margin, not oblique as in S. frenata ;

the line of margination is, however, not straight, but sinuate.

A form, which I take to be a variety of this species, is rather

narrower in breadth, and has the humeral marking continued

broadly to the medial fascia, the fascia itself being much more

irregular in outline; it may be indeed that this will prove to be a

separate species.

I took several specimens of S. flavofasciata when at Petropolis,

near Rio Janeiro, with Mr. J. Gray, in February, 1857, and also

at the same place specimens of the variety.

In the Collections of Mr. Wilson Saunders, Mr. Baly and the

Rev. H. Clark.

8. S. preusta, n. sp.

Elongata, subparallela, costata, flavo-fulva, elytro singulo ad

apicem rotundato, apice tenuiter nigro: caput nigrum; thorax

modice transversus, depressus, latera sinuato-rotundata, mar-

gines autem anterior et posterior recti et transversi; thorax

undique ad margines laté excavatus est; quoad colorem

flavo-fulvus, macula media insulari nigro-fusca; scutellum

flavo-fuscum ; elytra paulum thorace latiora elongata sunt et

sat parallela; humeri vix exstant; inter suturam et marginem

coste tres apparent, una media, major, et undique altera

minor, interdum obsoleta; he tres nec apicem attingunt;

elytra favo-fulva sunt, apex autem tenuiter fuscus est, ita et

266 Rev. H. Clark’s Notes on the

basis (obsolete) prope scutellum; antenneé valde inerassate,

apicem versus tenuiores, nigrae: corpus subtus pedesque nigri,

horum femora (ad basin) flavo adumbrantur.

Long. corp. lin. 33; lat. lin. 13.

More narrow and elongate than its congeners, and, moreover,

notable by its pale fulvous colour, the apex of the elytra only

and the medial dise of the thorax alone being black.

I have two examples of the species before me, which differ in

no respect from each other; one from Buenos Ayres, from

M. Chevrolat, and the other from South Brazil, from M. Reiche’s

Collection.

9. S. lineaticollis, n. sp.

Elongato- et sub-ovalis, vix costata, nigra, flavo-ornata : capué

nigrum, ad apicem rufo-flavum ; thorax transversus, lateribus

rotundatis et subsinuatis, transverse depressus, flavus, vitta

undique nigra, equali, a margine anteriori usque ad basin

pertingenti; scutellum subcirculare, flavum ; elytra penitus

parallela, versus apicem sublatiora, undique costis duabus

brevibus obsoletis nec basin nec apicem attingentibus or-

nata; nigra, regione scutellari, margine undique ante-medio,

et fascié lata post-medidé (versus margines ampliore) flavis ;

fascize margines haud recti sed ineequaliter instructi; anlenne

robuste, nigra: corpus subtus et pedes omnino nigri.

Long. corp. lin. 3; lat. lin. 14.

The thorax of this species resembles that of S. frenata (ante, p.

264); but the elytra abundantly differ. The general pattern is

the same, but in the species before us there is a flavous fascia ona

black ground ; in S. frenata the fascia is black and the elytra are

flavous.

New Granada. From the Collection of M. La Ferté.

10. S. nigricollis, n. sp.

Elongata, parallela, subcostata, nigra, flavo-maculata: caput ad

frontem longitudinaliter subfoveolatum, nigrum, labro et parte

anteriori flavis; thoraxw transversus, latera rotundata et vix

emarginata apparent, depressa tamen et marginata; quoad

colorem thorax niger est, lateribus tenuiter flavis; scuwtellum

subquadratum, nigrum; elytra parallela, attenuata, apud

basin usque ad ante medium undique bi-costata, nigra; plaga

lata, post-media, transversa, sed irregularis et inzequaliter in-

structa tertiam partem elytrorum occupat; antenn@ satis

Genus Schematiza. 267

robuste, nigra: corpus subtus nigrum; pedes quoque nigri,

femorum anteriorum basibus flavo-adumbratis.

Long. corp. lin. 22; lat. lin. J.

A beautiful little species from New Granada, to be separated

from all others by its broad post-medial flavous band, as well as

by its slender and parallel form, and its two abbreviated and

slightly raised costz on the elytra.

From the Collection of M. La Ferté.

_§ A. Species elytris apice rotundatis.

b. Elytris planis.

11. §. antennalis, n. sp.

Elongata, parallela, nigra, flavo-notata: caput nigrum, antice

infra antennarum basin flavum ; thorax transversus, depressus,

lateribus subsinuatis vix rotundatis et versus apicem ap-

proximantibus, nigro-fuscus, ad latera laté flavus; scutellum

triangulare ; elytra satis parallela, confertim punctata, fusco-

nigra; apud humeros macula flava marginalis versus apicem

extendit, alteraque minuta insulata undique apud apicem ; an-

tenne nigre, robusta, ad medium incrassatee: corpus subtus

nigro-fuscum ; pedes nigri, femorum basibus rufo-flavis.

Long. corp. lin. 22; lat. lin. 14.

A narrower and more elongate species than S. apicalis of this

paper (post, p. 268), and differs also from it in the marginal

marking of the elytra, and the coloration of the thorax.

Brazil.

12. S. annulicornis, n. sp.

Parallela, subdepressa, nigro-fusca, flavo-marginata: caput

nigrum, ore et labro flavis; thorax transversus, ad latera

rotundatus et valde marginatus, nigro-fuscus, lateribus te-

nuiter flavis; scutellum triangulare, rufo-fuscum; elytra

parallela, nigro-fusca, undique ad suturam (tenue) etiamque

apud margines flavo-vittata (vittis equalibus, rectis, et apicem

attingentibus): corpus subtus nigrum; antenne robuste,

nigro-fuscee, articulo ultimo flavo, etiamque 3, 4 et 5 apud

bases flavo-annulatis; pedes nigri, femorum basibus flavis.

Long. corp. lin. 3; lat. lin. 13.

The only species of the genus in which the margins of the

elytra are distinctly and evenly flavous.

A single specimen in my Collection, received by M. Chevrolat

from Columbia.

268 Rev. H. Clark’s Motes on the

13. S. scutellaris, n. sp.

Elongata, parallela, depressa, nigra, flavo-ornata: caput ad

frontem depressum, flavum, labro et macula media insulari

ad basin nigris; thorax transversus, margine basali ad medium

emarginato; latera parallela sunt, vix sinuata vel approxi-

mantia, sed ad angulos anticos breviter rotundata; thorax

undique versus latera longitudinaliter quasi excavatus est;

nigro-fuscus, latera laté et margo anterior tenue flavescunt ;

scutellum subcordatum, nigro-fuscum ; elytra parallela, plana,

nigro-fusca; fascia lata media et ad humeros (apud margi-

nes), et versus apicem (sed tenuiter, et vix apicem ipsum

attingens) sese laté extendit; fascia flava, margo autem

undique suturalis fusco adumbratur ; antenne satis robuste,

nigree ; pedes et corpus subtus omnino nigri apparent.

Long. corp. lin. 3; lat. lin. 1.

S. scutellaris is not unlike in size and form S. azillaris of

Guérin (Cuv. Regne An. 304), from Cayenne; it will be seen,

however, to be somewhat more robust; the thorax also is dif-

ferent in form, the margins in Guérin’s species being sub-con-

tracted towards the apex, not parallel as in the species before

us; the pattern also is obviously different; any black variety

of S. scudellaris (should such exist) may, I believe, easily be

separated by the above differences from the ordinary type of

S. axillaris.

A single specimen is in my Collection, received by the Marquis

La Ferté from Venezuela.

14. 5S. apicaiis, n. sp.

Elongata, parallela, sed satis robusta, pube flava et sparsa

vestita, nigro-picea: caput nigrum, labro flavo; thoraz latus,

ad Jatera rotundatus, ad discum medium depressus, ita

ut transvers€ excavatus apparet; rufo-flavus, ad medium

fusco-niger; scuéellum triangulare, nigrum ; elytra parallela,

rufo-fusca, crebre punctata, ad latera pube flava rarius

vestita ; apud apicem undique macula minuta apparet, flava,

insulata ; antenne robuste, nigree: corpus subtus nigro-

fuscum ; pedes rufo-flavi, nigro-adumbrati.

Long. corp. lin. 23; lat. lin. 1}.

At first sight this species appears to be a @ of S. antennalis

(ante, p. 267); it is, however, quite distinct, not only in coloration

(the legs being flavous instead of piceous, the elytra being with-

out any marginal flavous marking, and the colour of the elytra

Genus Schematiza. 269

more tinged with rufous than in that species), but also in form ;

the elytra are manifestly more robust, and more approaching to

cylindrical ; and the whole insect is shorter and more evenly

parallel.

New Granada. From the Collection of M. La Ferté.

§ B. Species elytris apice emarginatis.

15. S. Hispiformis, n. sp.

Oblonga, depressa, apicem versus dilatata, fortiter costata, flava,

nigro-ornata: caput breve, foveola media et excavatione

undique ad oculorum margines; quoad colorem nigrum;

thorax transversus, lateribus sinuato-rotundatis (vel ali-

quando ad medium emarginatis), discus medio longitudi-

naliter depressus, niger, laté undique flavus; scutellum sub-

triangulare, nigro-fuscum ; elytra depressa, ad apicem latiora,

apicibus rotundatis, apud suturam haud dehiscentibus, sed ad

apicem ipsum undique valde rotundato-emarginatis ; coste

quatuor elytron singulum ornant, duz exstantes magne

(juxta suturam et juxta marginem), inter has, et inter exter-

nam et marginem due alterze apparent, minores (interdum

quatuor omnes equantur); inter costas majores vitta irregu-

laris nigra a basi extendit ad maculam apicalem (hac macula

magna, et apud latera medium versus sese tendenti); antenne

robuste, sat elongate, articulis 3—7 ampliatis : corpus subtus

et pedes nigri.

Long. corp. lin. 43; lat. lin. 23.

The peculiar emargination at the extreme apex of the elytra is

an abundant separation of the species before us from its con-

geners ; in general form it reminds us at once of an Odontota, as

is suggested by the excellent MS. name given it by M. Chevrolat,

and which I preserve.

The species is found in Brazil. I captured three specimens at

Petropolis in the Organ Mountains, during my visit there with

Mr. John Gray, in February, 1857.

16. S, emarginata, n. sp.

Elongata, parallela, rufo-flava, thoracis medio elytrorumque

basi scutellari et apice nigris: caput nigrum, frons autem ad

antennarum insertionem rufo-fusca est; thorax transversus,

Jatera sinuato-rotundata vel ad medium emarginata; margines

anterior et posterior recti, transversi; thorax per totum

discum depressus est, marginibus undique elevatis et quasi

270 Rev. H. Clark’s Motes on the Genus Schematiza.

sursum inflectis, nigro-fuscus, marginibus anterioribus et

posterioribus tenuiter, lateralibusque laté flavis; scu¢ellum

fuscum ; elytra parallela, sat elongata, costis undique tribus

elevatis ; hze costee haud ad apicem attingunt; ad apicem,

suturam juxta, elytra valde emarginata sunt, ita ut apex ipse

suturalis quasi mucronatus est; quoad colorem elytra flava

vel rufo-flava apparent, sed sutura jJuxta scutellum apexque

(laté et transverse) nigrescunt: corpus subtus antenneque

nigree ; pedes etiam nigri, femorum basibus fusco-adumbratis.

Long. corp. lin. 33; lat. lin. 13.

The emargination at the apex of the elytra separates this species

from all others before me except S. Hispiformis; in colour it

approaches 8. preeusta (ante, p. 265).

Brazil. In the Collections of Mr. Baly and the Rev. H. Clark.

XII. Descriptions of some new Species of Coleopterous Insects

belonging to the Eupodous Phytophaga, Natives of the

Old World and Australia. By J. O. Wesrwoop,

M.A., F.L.S., &c.

[Read 3rd September and 7th November, 1864. ]

Tue following pages contain descriptions of a number of new

species of Coleopterous insects, belonging to the sub-families

Sagrides and Megalopides, interesting for their geographical posi-

tion. As the Megalopides are almost exclusively natives of the

New World, the genera Peecilomorpha, Temnaspis and Leucastea

(to which the major part of the species subsequently described

belong) may be considered as their Old World representatives.

The species are generally of varied colours.

Genus MecynopeEra, Hope.

Sp. 1. Mecynodera Balyi.

Picta brevior et pro magnitudine latior; lete fulva, capite, an-

tennis, pedibus (basi femorum excepta) et maculis protho-

racis et elytrorum nigris; tota glabra, nitida, et fere levis;

prothorace subquadrato, macula magna discoidali, in qua

Junula profunde impressa, angulisque anticis nigris; elytris

macula scutellari, semicirculo nigro (lineam curvatam punc-

torum valde impressorum includentem), macula subhumerali,

fascia ultra medium lateraliter profunde punctata, maculis-

que duabus subapicalibus, nigris; metasterno intra pedes

medios valde porrecto.

Long. fere $ unc.

Habitat in Nova Hollandia, Hunter’s River, D. Horsley. In

Mus. Hopeiano Oxoniz, olim nostro, Melly, H. Clark, &c.

Although I have been acquainted with this species more than

twenty years, and had applied to it the specific name of M. sculp-

tilis, I cordially adopt the name used above proposed for the

species by the Rev. Hamlet Clark.*

* [Since the first part of this paper was read, a description and figure of Mecy-

nodera Balyi have been published by the Rev. H. Clark in the Journ. of Entom.

ll, 248.— Sec. Ent. Soc.]

272

Prof. Westwood’s Descriptions of some

Genus Ameratra, Hope.

Sp. 1. Ametalla W-nigra.

A, Spinole brevior et robustior, et 4. stenodera crassior et

paullo major ; prothorace subcordato, angulis posticis extus

paullo productis ; nigra, subtus cum pedibus vix grisco-

sericans, antennis (apice nigris), tibiis tarsisque obscure rufis ;

facie carina tenui polita inter oculos; prothorace punctis

minutis obsito, medio Jate at non profunde impresso, rufes-

centi, disco angulisque anticis nigris; elytris subconvexis,

fulvis, macula magna basali irregulari W simulante, fascia

irregulari media apicibusque nigris; femoribus obscure rufis,

posticis permagnis, macula magna nigra media notatis,

Long. corp. lin. 4.

Habitat in Nova Hollandia, Swan River. In Mus. Hopeiano

Oxonie.

Genus Pactromorena, Hope.

Sp. 1. Poecilomorpha Westermanni.

Oblonga; elytris elongatis ; capite porrecto ; antennis brevibus,

nigro-setosis, articulis 3io et 4to brevibus, 7 ultimis incras-

satis, serratis, ultimis paullo minoribus; fulva, aureo-setosa ;

labro, fascia clypel, linea verticali Jongitudinali et per me-

dium pronoti extensa, antennis, scutello, maculaque apicali

elytrorum nigris; elytris punctatis; corpore infra piceo, im-

punctato, nitido; metasterno impressione profunda postica ;

pedibus piceo-nigris, femoribus magis rufescentibus ; coxis

anticis et basi femorum subtus flavis.

Long. corp. lin, 53.

Habitat in Guinea. In Mus. D. Westermann.

The elongated elytra (two and half times as long as the broadest

part

of the prothorax), and the rather more attenuated 10th and

11th joints of the antennze, separate this species from the typical

Peecilomorphe.

Sp. 2. Peecilomorpha Balyana.

Nigra, nitida, flavo-varia; capite nigro, facie macula biloba flava

nigro-setosa; clypeo ad basim nigro, apice cum labro flavo ;

palpis et antennis fulvo-brunneis; pronoto flavo, crebre punc-

tato, maculis duabus clavatis disci ad marginem posticum

conjunctis; scutello, humeris, maculis duabus in medio disci

alterisque duabus majoribus subapicalibus elytrorum nigris ;

corpore infra nigro, setis griseis adpressis dense vestito ;

femoribus piceis (anticis pallidioribus), griseo-setosis; tibiis

tarsisque fulvis,

Long. corp. lin. 4.

Vs a

New Species of Eupodous Phytophaga. 273

Habitat in Africa australi. In Mus. Hopeiano Oxonie (D.

Baly dedit.)

P. Afre, Klug, proxima, at minor, colore pallide flavo, antennis

pedibusque pallidis, setisque nigris in apicibus elytrorum.

Sp. 3. Paecilomorpha luteipennis.

Oblonga, parallela, nigra, nitida, pilis griseis dense vestita ;

antennis serrato-pectinatis ; elytris pallide albido-luteis punc-

tatis; segmento ultimo abdominis semicirculariter in medio

impresso ; femoribus posticis crassis ; capitis vertice impresso

inter oculos; elytrorum latitudine longitudinem vix duplo

excedenti.

Long. corp. lin. 4.

Habitat in Sierra Leonum. In Mus. Britann. et D. Rev.

Hamlet Clark.

Sp. 4. Paecilomorpha Gersiaeckeri.

Oblonga, subparallela, crebre punctata; elytris profundius

punctatis, rufo-fulva, luteo-setosa, dimidio apicali elytrorum

fulvo; mandibulis, articulis 7 ultimis antennarum, maculisque

duabus rotundatis in medio elytrorum, metasterni lateribus

cum pleuris, macula ovali externa femorum posticorum, et

basi segmenti ultimi ventralis (integri) nigris; femoribus

posticis magnis, subtus pone medium tuberculo brevi conico

armatis; tlblis 4 posticis valde curvatis; metasterno valde

convexo.

Long. corp. lin. 4.

Habitat in Java (D. Goring). In Mus. Reg. Berolinensi.

Sp. 5. Peecilomorpha Lacordairi.

Lata, pronoti lateribus pone medium valde rotundato-productis,

flavescenti-fulva, glaberrima ; capite et pronoti lateribus parce

punctulatis et nigro-setulosis ; elytris atris, vage punctatis,

capitis macula frontali impressa alteraque in medio disci

pronoti nigris; antennis fuscis, basi fulvis, articulis 7 ultimis

Vix serratis; meso- et meta-sterni lateribus nigris; pedibus ni-

gris; femoribus 4 anticis basi fulvis, femoribus posticis crassis,

dente subapicali armatis, flavis, extus macula magna basali

notatis ; tibiis 2 posticis fulvis, apice tarsisque nigris.

Long. corp. lin. 54.

Habitat Old Calabar. In Mus. DD. Murray et Baly.

I have great pleasure in retaining the specific name proposed

274 Prof. Westwood’s Descriptions of some

by Mr. Baly for this species in honour of one of the most philo-

sophical entomologists of this or any previous age, who, in addi-

tion to great powers of generalization, is endowed with a remark-

able aptitude for seizing the minute discriminations of species.

Sp. 6. Pcecilomorpha parvula.

Subcylindrica; capite prothoracis latitudine, hujus Jateribus in

medio rotundatis, basi et apice linea impressa constrictis,

luteo-fulva, nitida, capite et pronoto fere Javibus, supra

setis luteis et nigris instructa; elytris vage punctatis; antennis

nigris, extus latis, serratis, articulis longius nigro-setosis,

articulo basali fulvo; abdomine subtus, tubiis tarsisque cum

apice elytrorum nigris; femoribus posticis mediocriter in-

crassatis.

Long. corp. lin. 23.

Habitat Old Calabar. In Mus. D. Murray.

Sp. 7. Paectlomorpha murina.

Brevis, prothorace subconico, elytris e basi ad apicem sensim

attenuatis; nigra, subopaca, creberrime punctulata, pube-

scentia brevi olivacea induta, plagis duabus longitudinalibus

inter oculos alterisque duabus disci pronoti, maculis duabus

triangularibus submediis ad latera elytrorum, duabusque

subapicalibus, subnudis relictis; antennis nigris, articulis

ultimis latis, serratis; pedibus et corpore subtus dense pu-

bescentibus; femoribus posticis magnis, subtus inermibus;

tibiis posticis in mare elongatis, curvatis, et in medio infra

angulatis.

Long. corp. lin. 443—6.

Habitat Old Calabar. In Mus. D. Murray.

Var.—Elytris (detritis) obscure piceo-fulvis, margine et apice

nigris, vel basi tantum rufescente, vel fascia tenui transversa

pone medium, lutescenti.

The males in this species are larger than the females and are

distinguished by having a slight angulation in the middle of the

posterior tibize on the under-side,

Sp. 8. Paecilomorpha Calabarica.

Parva, cylindrica, obscure fulva; capite et pronoto vix punctu-

latis,immaculatis; elytris chalybeeo-nigris, punctatis ; antennis

apice serratis, nigris, articulo basali subtus fulvo; femoribus

New Species of Eupodous Phytophaga. 275

fulvis, tibiis tarsisque nigris, fusco-hirtis ; corpore subtus fulvo,

abdomine nigro, apice segmentorum lutescenti.

Long. corp. lin. 3}.

Habitat Old Calabar. In Mus. D. Murray.

This species is very close to the type P. Passerinii, but is con-

siderably smaller, with black elytra and darker legs.

Sp. 9. Pcecilomorpha variabilis.

Subcylindrica; capite et prothorace zque latis et fere ejus-

dem magnitudinis, sublaevibus; oculis magnis; elytris la-

tioribus, humeris rotundatis, fere parallelis, vage punctatis;

tota luteo-fulva vel fulva, nitida, vix pubescens ; antennis

nigris, articulis basalibus fulvis, apicalibus sublatis, sub-

serratis, articulo 4to minimo; alis nigris; femoribus posticis

Vix incrassatis; tibiis curvatis. (Typus, vel P. fulva.)

Long. corp. lin. 33.

244 varietas (vel P. lutescens). Tota pallide lutescens, oculis

paullo majoribus.

Long. lin. 23—33.

3'* varietas (vel P. basalis). ‘Typo convenit, at elytrorum di-

midio basali piceo-nigro, in colorem fulvum sensim palles-

cent.

4'@ yarietas (vel P. subapicalis). Typo convenit, at elytris

piceo-nigris, regione scutellari et maculis duabus indistinctis

subapicalibus fulvis, tibiis tarsisque nigris.

Long. lin. 2.

Habitat Old Calabar. In Mus. Hopeiano Oxonie et D.

Murray.

After much consideration I feel induced to regard all the above-

described insects as varieties of one species, their general form and

punctation being identical.

Genus Temnaspis, Lacordaire.

Sp. 1. Zemnaspis arida.

Robusta, prothorace (praesertim postice) capite multo latiori,

angulis humeralibus elytrorum subacutis ; tota fulva, crebre

punctata, nitida, setis paucis pallidis vestita; elytris postice

valde convexis ; femoribus posticis crassis, piceo-castaneis,

subtus magis rufis; corpore infra luteo-fulvo, metasterno

obscuriori (magis castaneo), tuberculis duobus sat promi-

276 Prof. Westwood’s Descriptions of some

nentibus ; abdomine piceo-nigro, basi (inter trochanteres

posticos) pallide lutea.

Long. corp. Jin. 53.

Habitat in Borneo. In Mus. D. Edw. Sheppard.

Sp. 2. Temnaspis Cuming (Hope, MS.).

T. aride et fervide magnitudine et statura proxima: tota fulvo-

lutea, nitida, supra vix setosa, sparsim punctata; capitis

vertice impresso, prothorace postice latiori, angulis posticis

rotundatis, humeris elytrorum prominentibus obliquis, an-

tennarum articulis 7 ultimis tarsisque paullo obscurioribus ;

corpore toto infra fulvo-luteo; femoribus posticis versus

apicem infra bispinosis, extus dimidio basali castaneo.

Long. corp. lin. 54.

Habitat in Manilla. D. Cuming. In Mus. Hopeiano Oxonize

et D. Baly.

Obs.—Labium (se. ligula) rotundatum et in medio marginis

antici profunde semicirculariter incisum est.

Sp. 3. Temnaspis chrysopyga.

Elongata, foemina breviori ; capite lato, prothorace subrotundato,

antice et postice vix constricto; nigra vel picea, vix ni-

tida, mare brunneo, subtus nonnihil preesertim pedibus vario,

foemina obscuriori ; valde setulosa setis griseis vel aureis,

podice presertim foeminz dense vestito; elytris luteis, extus

et apice obscuris, nigro-punctatis, punctis parvis, disco versus

scutellum fere lavi; clypeo fulvo; antennis nigris, articulis

apicalibus latis, serratis, articulo basali interdum subferrugineo;

tiblis, preesertim posticis, in mare curvatis, podice ejusdem

sexus in medio subcarinato, scutello nigro, apice late truncato.

Long. corp. & lin. 7; @ lin. 53.

Habitat Old Calabar. In Mus. D. Murray.

The sexual distinctions in this species are more marked than in

the majority of the insects of this genus, the head of the male

being broader than the prothorax, and the body in this sex con-

filosatily more elongated than in the female and gradually attenu-

ated tothe extremity. In the specimens before me it is the female

which has the extremity of the body so strikingly clothed with

golden hairs.

Sp. 4, Temnaspis Bengalensis.

Fulva, nitida, sat rude punctata, luteo-hirta; capitis margine

postico et macula antica brunneis; pronoto maculis duabus

New Species of Eupodous Phytophaga. 277

magnis ante medium disci alteraque parva postica nigris ;

scutello brunneo; elytrorum humeris maculaque magna dis-

coidali pone medium singuli nigris; prothorace subtus ma-

culis duabus anticis; metasterno toto, fasciaque subapicali

abdominis nigris; pedibus fulvis, femoribus posticis nigris,

apice fulvis, subtus spinis duabus apicalibus armatis.

Long. corp. lin. 4.

Habitat in Ind. Orient., Bengal. In Mus. Hopeiano Oxoniz.

Sp. 5. Temnaspis lugubris.

Nigra, subopaca, crebre punctatissima, griseo-setulosa ; elytris in

-medio fasciis duabus indistinetis pallido-setosis; antennis pec-

tinatis ; pronoto linea media glabra; femoribus posticis valde

incrassatis, unidentatis.

Long. corp. lin. 73.

Habitat in Madagascar. D. Goudot. In Mus. Reg. Berolinensi.

Corpus supra griseo-setosum, setis in maculas et fascias duas

irregulares medias elytrorum dispositis, pilisque nigris varium.

Antenne articulis 7 ultimis clavam Jatam pectinatam forman-

tibus. Clypeus cum tubereulo conico antico epistomatis

lineaque media pronoti glabris et impunctatis. Prothorax

antice et postice constrictus, parte latiori paullo pone medium

sita. Elytra prope scutellum gibbosa, humeris prominentibus,

basi fasciis duabus submediis maculisque duabus subapicalibus

griseo-setosis. Corpus infra nigrum, setosum, lateribus me-

tasternl coxisque posticis luteis. Femora incrassata, uni-

dentata, in medio grisea. Tibi posticee prope basin intus

paullo dilatatz et griseo-setosz,

Genus Leucastza, Stal.

(Pecilomorpha, pars, Baly.)

Sp. 1. Leucastea rubidipennis.

Nigra, nitida, punctata; pedibus griseo-setosis; faciei maculis

duabus intra-ocularibus labroque rufis ; elytris rubido-ferru-

gineis ; antennarum articulis 7 ultimis submoniliformibus,

subgracilibus ; scutelli apice subtruncato.

Long. corp. lin. 4.

Habitat in Natalia. In Mus. Britann.

Sp. 2. Leucastea Dohrni, Stal, (Ofv. af K. Vet. Acad. Foérhandl.

1855, p. 345.)

“ Sordide lutescens, breviter pilosa, macula una frontis intra-

VOL, II. THIRD SERIES, PART IlI.— NOV. 1864. x

278 Prof. Westwood’s Descriptions of some

oculari, unaque thoracis utrimque laterali, elytrisque nigri-

cantibus; antennis, tibiis basi et a medio apicem versus,

tarsisque nigro-fuscis. Long. 83 mill.”

Habitat Port Natal.

Var.—Absque macula intra-oculari nigra, disco prothoracis

immaculato, angulis lateralibus deflexis pronoti nigris, an-

tennarum articulo basali subtus fulvo.

Long. 4 lin.

Habitat Zulu, Afr. merid. In Mus. D. Rev. Hamlet Clark.

Sp. 3. Leucastea concolor.

L. Dohrni omnino nisi coloribus convenit, elytrisque crebrius

punctatis: tota sordide fulva, luteo-setosa; elytris magis

lutescentibus ; capite fulvo, macula parva intra-oculari an-

tennisque nigris, harum articulo basali piceo; prothoracis

disco ante medium maculis duabus rotundatis plus minusve

obscuris; scutello nigro; capite infra macula nigra jugulari;

prosterni lateribus, meso- et meta-sternis omnino nigris ; abdo-

mine fulvo, segmentis basalibus in medio nigro late maculatis ;

pedibus fulvis, geniculis, dimidio apicali tibiarum, tarsisque

nigris.

Long. corp. lin. 43.

Habitat in Natalia. In Mus. Reg. Berolinensi.

24a var. (vel L. nigricornis). Maculis prothoracis fere obsoletis,

antennarum articulo basali infra fulvo, scutello fulvo, meta-

sterno fulvo, basim versus fuscato, abdomine toto fulvo.

Long. lin. 4.

Habitat Zulu. In Mus. D. Rev. Hamlet Clark.

3i* var. (vel Z. proxima). Maculis prothoracis obsoletis, an-

tennarum articulo basali infra fulvo, scutello nigro, apice

truncato; pronoti angulis anticis deflexis, nigris; mesosterno

anticé et lateribus nigris, nec non metapleuris et marginibus

coxarum posticarum nigris.

Long. lin. 3.

Habitat in Natalia. In Mus. D. Baly.

Sp. 4. Leucastea atripennis.

Leete fulva, nitida; capite et pronoti lateribus vage punctatis,

hujus disco levi; elytris atris, regulariter punctatis ; oblonga,

capite prothorace minori, hujus lateribus rotundatis, basi et

apice linea tenui subconstrictis; elytris latioribus, subparal-

New Species of Eupodous Phytophaga. 279

lelis ; antennis nigris, articulis 4 basalibus fulvis, apicalibus

paullo crassioribus, subtrigonis; femoribus fulvis, posticis

crassis, subtus in medio paullo angulatis; tibiis (2 posticis

basi fulvis exceptis) tarsisque nigris.

Long. corp. lin. 4.

Habitat Old Calabar. In Mus. D. Murray.

This species might at first sight be mistaken for a large

specimen of Pacilomorpha Malabarica, but the structure of the

antenne at once indicates its distinction.

Sp. 5. Leucastea dimidiata.

L. Dohrni et atripenni statura et habitu proxima: cyaneo-nigra,-

nitida, parce setosa; capite et pronoto fulvis, clypeo macula

rotunda intra-oculari fusca; antennis nigris; scutelli apice late

truncato; thorace subtus cyaneo-nigro, nitido, griseo-villoso,

margine postico pro- et meta-sterni fulvis; abdomine fulvo,

segmento apicali integro; pedibus nigris, femoribus subtus

plus minusve luteis, anticis fere omnino fulvis, posticis macula

ovali utrinque fulva.

Long. corp. lin. 4.

Habitat in Natalia (Poeppig). In Mus. Reg, Berol.

Sp. 6. Leucastea Westermannt.

Precedentibus statura et habitu convenit: tota picea, nitida,

luteo-setosa, setis pedum longioribus ; antennarum articulis

basalibus apice rufescentibus; capite infra, metasterno, ventre-

que obscure fulvis, segmentorum marginibus pallidioribus ;

pedibus piceis, femoribus posticis subtus fulvis, subincrassatis,

et in medio infra paullo angulatis.

Long. corp. Jin. 4.

Habitat in Guinea. In Mus. D. Westermann.

Sp. 7. Leucastea antica.

Oblonga, prothoracis lateribus pone medium rotundatis, elytris

subparallelis, capite et pronoto glabris, hoc fere levi, elytris

punctatis ; fulva, elytris magis testaceis sparsim luteo-setosa,

margine postico clypei maculaque in medio faciei et scutello

obscuris; antennis nigris ; thorace subtus nigro, nitido; abdo-

mine fulvo; pedibus nigris, griseo-hirtis; femoribus anticis

infra fulvis.

Long. corp. lin. 3.

Habitat in Natalia. In Mus. D. Rev. Hamlet Clark.

200) = Prof. Westwood’s Descriptions, &c.

Sp. 8. Leucastea ephippiata.

Oblonga, nitida ; prothoracis lateribus pone medium rotundatis

et capite paullo latioribus ; elytris pone medium parum

latioribus; pallide fulva, capite et prothorace sublevibus,

setosis; antennis fulvis; elytris fulvo-albidis, dimidio basali

piceo-nigris ; tarsorum apicibus fulvis.

Long. corp. lin. 32.

Habitat in Africa occidentali. In Mus. D. Hamlet Clark.

? Genus PepRILLia, (n. g.).

Temnaspidi proximum; differt corpore parvo, breviori et cras-

siori: elytris postice valde convexis ; pronoto pone medium

valde constricto, antennis elongatis, ad medium elytrorum

extensis, articulis e 3tio sensim incrassatis, haud serratis ;

palpis maxillaribus articulo ultimo conico; labil margine an-

tico fere recte truncato; scutelli apice truncato; femoribus

posticis incrassatis, haud spinosis, tibiis curvatis, unguibus

tarsorum basi valde dilatatis.

Sp. 1. Pedrillia longicorais.

Testaceo-rufa, fulvo-setosa; capite et pronoto punctulatis;

elytris punctatis; antennis nigris, articulo basali luteo basi

obscuriori, 24° obscuro; pedibus nigris, tibiarum basi piceo-

fusca; tarsis piceis ; corpore infra ferrugineo; meso- et meta-

sterni lateribus et segmento 5” ventrali nigris.

Long. corp. lin. 23.

Habitat in Ind. Orient., Bombay. In Mus. Britann. et D. Baly.

( O81)

XIII. A Monograph of the Genus Yphthima ; with Descrip-

tions of two new Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera. By

W. C. Hewitson, F.L.S.

[Read December 5th, 1864.]

I wAve myself experienced so much difficulty in determining the

species of the genus Yphthima, as to believe that if I have success-

fully worked it out, I shall have been of some use. It is an

excellent genus; I have neither admitted nor rejected any species

about which I have the least doubt. Some of the new species

are from the Collection of Mr. Wallace.

The genus Cenyra is nearly allied to Yphthima, as well as to

Cceenonympha; from both it differs in the neuration of the wings,

from Coenonympha in its very different palpi.

Genus Canyra, Hewitson.

Head small; eyes small. Palpi long, straight, much com-

pressed, thickly clothed with hair; the third joint long and nearly

naked. Antenne slender, short, slightly and gradually thickened

to the point.

Anterior wing rounded; costal margin arched, apex and outer

margin rounded ; inner margin nearly straight; costal nervure

much swollen at the base, extending to the middle of the margin ;

subcostal nervure with four equi-distant branches, two before the

end of the cell; discoidal cell half the length of the wing, the

nervures which close it forming a regular curve inwards, the

first obsolete, the second and third of equal length, joining the

third branch of the median nervure at a distance from its base.

Posterior wing very round; the costal nervure reaching a little

beyond the middle of the margin; the subcostal branched before

the end of the cell; the disco-cellular nervules, which close the

cell obliquely, are slightly curved inwards, the first being half as

long as the second.

Ceenyra Hebe. (Pl. XVII. figs. 1, 2.)

Yphthima Hebe, Trimen, Tr. Ent. Soc. 3rd Ser. i. 280.

Ceenyra Corycia, Hewitson.

Alis rufo-brunneis ; anticis utrinque biocellatis ; posticis supra

quatuor, subtus ocellis sex ; omnibus argenteo-pupillatis.

Female.—Upperside pale brown; both wings crossed by indis-

VOL. II. THIRD SERIES, PART 1V.—MARCH, 1865, Y

282 Mr. W. C. Hewitson’s Monograph of the

tinct bands of darker brown, both with two submarginal bands of

brown. Anterior wing with two ocelli: posterior wing with six :

each black, with silver pupil, yellow iris, and rufous border.

Underside as above, except that it is paler.

Male like the female, except that it is darker, and has the ocelli

on the upperside of the posterior wing much less distinct.

Exp. 13 inch.

Hab. Natal.

In the Collection of W. C. Hewitson.

Genus Xo1s, Hewitson.

Head large; eyes large, smooth. Palpi rather short, densely

clothed with long hair, the last joint short, naked, pointing

outwards. Antenne short, gradually thicker from the middle to

the point.

Anterior wing short; costal margin arched, apex and outer

margin rounded ; inner margin straight ; costal nervure swollen

at the base, extending to the middle of the margin; subcostal

nervure with four branches, the first before the end of the cell,

the other three branches equi-distant from each other, more

distant from the first; the discoidal cell short and broad, closed

obliquely by the nervures, the first very short; the third, which

is a little longer than the second, joins the third median nervule

at a distance from its base.

Posterior wing very round; the costal nervure extending three-

fourths the length of the wing; the discoidal cell more than half

the length of the wing, closed obliquely by the disco-cellular

nervules, the second nervure three times the length of the first.

Xois Sesara,n.s. (Pl. XVII. figs. 3, 4.)

Alis albis; anticis marginibus fuscis, utrinque ocello maximo,

argenteo-bipupillato ; subtus rufis, fusco-undulatis.

Female.—Upperside white. Anterior wing grey brown, witha

large spot of white on the inner margin; a large ocellus towards

the apex, with two pupils of silver blue; the iris orange, bordered

with brown ; the base of the costal margin rufous, the outer margin

broadly brown.

Underside rufous-orange. Anterior wing with the ocellus as

above, spotless with the exception of some slight uudulations near

the apex. Posterior wing undulated throughout with dark

brown.

Exp. 1,5; inch.

Hab. Fiji.

In the Collection of W. C. Hewitson.

Genus Yphthima, §c. 283

Genus Yrutuma, Hubner.

1. Yphthima Asterope.

Hipparchia Asterope, Klug in Ehrenb. & Hempr. Symb.

Phys. pl. 29, figs. 11, 12, 13, 14; Lederer, Beit. Schm.

Asia Minor, pl. 1, f. 6.

Yphthima Norma, Westw. in Gen. Diur. Lep. pl. 67, f. 1.

Alis fuscis; anticis singulis ocello unico; subtus cineraceis,

rufo-undulatis ; posticis ocellis tribus argenteo-pupillatis.

Exp. 1,5; to 149 inch.

Hab. Syria, China, Natal, Calabar.

In the Collection of W. C. Hewitson.

This species may be easily known from all others by the

circular band of brown which passes round the ocellus on the

underside of the anterior wing, as well as by a rufous space (some-

times clouded with brown) below the said circular band free

from undulations. As will be seen from the localities quoted, it is

widely distributed, and differs considerably in size. Y. Norma,

of Westwood, from China, I believe to be only a small variety of

this species, darker and wanting the ocellus on the upperside of

the anterior wing; there are similar varieties from the Holy

Land. Specimens from Calabar and Natal do not differ from

those of Europe, except in having the ring of brown which

encircles the ocellus of the anterior wing more distinctly marked

above, as in Norma, and in having the underside more clouded

with rufous stria.

2. Yphthima Arctous.

Papilio Arctous, Fabricius; Godart, Encl. M. p. 552; Bois-

duval, Voy. Astrol. p. 156.

Alis fuscis ; singulis utrinque ocello unico ; subtus griseis, rufo-

undulatis.

Exp. 1,9, inch.

Hab. Aru, Port Denison.

In the Collection of W. C. Hewitson.

Very nearly allied to Y. Asterope, but differs from it in wanting

two of the ocelli of the posterior wing.

Each of the authors above referred to, in describing this

species, expressly states that it has one ocellus and one only on

each wing, above and below; and yet they one and all refer to

Donovan’s figure, in his “ Insects of New Holland,” plate 24, which

has “vo ecelli on both sides of the posterior wing. Donovan’s

Y °

284 Mr. W. C. Hewitson’s Monograph of the

figure may represent a variety of this species, but it seems to me

better to consider it distinct, if we are to depend upon the number

of ocelli to denote specific distinction.

3. Yphthima Arctoides.

Papilio Arctous, Donovan, Ins. New Holland, pl. 24.

Alis fuscis ; anticis utrinque ocello unico, posticis duobus.

4. Yphthima Philomela.

Yphthima Philomela, Hiibner, Zutr. f. 83, 84.

Alis fuscis ; anticis utrinque ocello unico; posticis supra

duobus, subtus albis, rufo-undulatis, ocellis quatuor.

The four ocelli on the underside of the posterior wing are

placed thus: one near the apex, and three together towards the

the anal angle ; they are indistinctly pupilled with silver.

5. Yphthima Inica,n.s. (Pl. XVII. fig. 5.)

Alis rufo-fuscis ; omnibus supra ocello unico; subtus cineraceis,

rufo-undulatis, anticis ocello unico.

Female.—Upperside rufous-brown, with a single ocellus on

each wing.

Underside with rufous undulations throughout. Anterior wing

with the ocellus as above. Posterior wing without ocelli, clouded

with darker colour.

Exp. 1,3, inch.

Hab. East India.

In the Collection of the British Museum.

Closely allied to Y. Asterope, but without the circular brown

band which surrounds the ocellus on the anterior wing of that

species, and also without the rufous space (devoid of undulations)

near the anal angle.

6. Yphthima Nareda. (Pl. XVII. figs. 6, 7.)

Satyrus Nareda, Kollar in Hugel’s Reise n. Kaschmir, p.

451,

Alis fuscis; singulis supra ocello unico; subtus cineraceis,

rufo-undulatis, anticis ocello unico, posticis tribus.

Exp. ¢ 1-5,, 9 1-8, inch.

Hab. Northern India.

In the Collection of W. C. Hewitson.

I have no doubt that figs. 6 and 7 of the plate, although of

very different colour, are the sexes of the same species; others

Genus Yphthima, &c. 285

in my Collection are of an intermediate tint. ‘The anal ocellus of

the male has only one pupil, that of the female has two,

7. Yphthima Chenu.

Satyrus Chenu, Guérin-Méneville in Delessert, Souv. Voy.

Ind. pl: 21, :f. 2; p. 77.

Alis fuscis; singulis supra ocello unico; subtus cineraceis,

rufo-undulatis, anticis ocello unico, posticis fasciis tribus rufis

ocellisque quatuor.

Exp. 13 inch.

Hab. Neelgherry Mountains.

In the Collection of W. C. Hewitson.

Underside grey, undulated throughout with rufous-brown.

Anterior wing crossed by two bands, one on each side of the

ocellus and meeting at the inner margin, so as to form a triangle.

Posterior wing with five ocelli, one (the largest) apart from the

rest near the apex ; crossed by three bands of rufous-brown ; the

space between the second and third bands nearly white.

Mr. Moore has inadvertently considered this species and

Y. Philomela as the same.

8. Yphthima Stellera.

Hipparchia Stellera, Eschsch. Voy. Kotzebue, pl. 10, f.

24.

Yphthima Sempera, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monats. vol. vii.

p- 125.

Alis rufo-fuscis ; anticis supra ocello unico, posticis quatuor ;

subtus cineraceis, rufo-undulatis et bifasciatis, posticis ocellis

sex geminatis.

Exp. 1.3, inch.

Hab. Manilla.

In the Collection of W. C. Hewitson.

Underside white, undulated with rufous-brown, both wings

crossed* before the middle by two bands of rufous-brown, the

margins and a submarginal band dark brown; anterior wing with

one large ocellus, posterior wing with six, in pairs, all with pupils

of silvery blue, the irides yellow.

Mr. Semper has kindly sent me examples of the butterfly to

which Dr. Felder has given his name, but I cannot see any dif-

ference whatever to separate it from Y. Stellera.

286 Mr. W. C. Hewitson’s Monograph of the

9. Yphthima Baldus.

Papilio Baldus, Fabricius, Ent. Sys. iii. p. 323; Godart,

Encl. M. p. 551; Donovan’s Ins. India, Pl. 36.

P, Lara, Donovan, Nat. Repos. pl. 71.

Alis fuscis; anticis utrinque ocello unico ; posticis supra ocellis

quatuor, subtus sex.

Male.—Underside grey-white, undulated throughout with

rufous-brown, and crossed by irregular bands of the same colour ;

the ocellus on the anterior wing large; the ocelli of the posterior

wing six, rarely touching, placed in pairs apart from each other,

and at very different distances from the ouler margin; the pupils

of all the ocelli brilliant silver.

Female like the male, except that the wings are broader, and

the ocelli more distinct.

Exp. 1,4—1,% inch.

Hab. India, Java, Sumatra, Macassar.

In the Collection of W. C. Hewitson.

This is the variable species of the genus: examples differ

greatly in size; some have the ocellus of the anterior wing small

and obscure; some have the underside more closely undulated

than others; in one the six ocelli of the underside are very mi-

nute and deformed, another is without the ocellus on the upper-

side of the anterior wing.

I have included Donovan’s Lara, which does not differ from

his figure of Baldus. Donovan quotes the Linnean description

of Lara, and states that his figure was copied from the specimen

described by Linnzeus in the Linnzan cabinet. Now it so hap-

pens that the description referred to is that of one of the Ly-

cenide from the Cape, closely allied to, if not identical with,

P. lolaus of Cramer (Zeritis Lara of the “ Genera of Diurnal

Lepidoptera”). It is true that there is an Yphthima in the Lin-

nzan Collection from which Donovan’s figure may have been

drawn, but Linneeus has not described it. Mr. Westwood has

inadvertently erred in the same way in the “ Genera,” and has

kindly assisted me to rectify his mistake ; and, in pointing out an

error, [ think it only fair to him to express my admiration at the

almost unerring accuracy with which his part of that work was

accomplished.

Genus Yphthima, &c. 237

10. Yphthima Lysandra.

Papilio Lysandra, Cramer, pl. 293.

Alis fuscis; anticis utrinque ocello unico; posticis supra ocellis

duobus, subtus quinque.

Very nearly allied to Y. Baldus, and though it differs from it in

having usually two ocelli only on the upperside of the posterior

wing, there are sometimes indications of others, and, although it

has also five ocelli only on the underside of the said wing, the anal

ocellus has two pupils ; these ocelli are however much more dis-

tinct and more nearly in a line, and the band of rufous-brown which

precedes the ocellus on the underside of the anterior wing is

nearer to it. This species, like Ba/dus, is sometimes without the

ocellus on the upperside of anterior wing.

11. Yphthima Itonia, n.s. (Pl. XVIII. fig. 13.)

Alis fuscis; anticis utrinque ocello unico magno; _posticis

supra ocellis quinque; subtus cineraceis, rufo-undulatis,

posticis ocellis septem.

Male.—Upperside grey-brown. Anterior wing with one large

bipupilled ocellus. Posterior wing with five, one minute near the

apex, two larger between the median nervules, and two minute

near the anal angle, all black; the pupils silver; the irides

orange-yellow.

Underside with rufous undulations throughout. Both wings

crossed near the middle by an indistinct rufous band. Anterior

wing with the large ocellus as above; posterior wing with seven ;

the first and third obsolete.

Female like the male, except that the ocelli on both sides are

much more distinct, and that the posterior wing has seven perfect

ocelli.

Exp. # 1,4, 2 1,54 inch.

Hab. White Nile.

In the Collections of the British Museum and W. C. Hewitson.

12. Yphihima fasciata, n. s.

Alis fuscis, griseo-undulatis; anticis utrinque ocello unico;

posticis supra ocellis sex ; subtus cineraceis, rufo-undulatis,

posticis trifasciatis, ocellis septem.

Upperside brown. Both wings undulated with grey, chiefly

beyond the middle; both crossed at the middle by a common band

288 Mr, W. C. Hewitson’s Monograph of the

of darker colour, the margins dark brown. Anterior wing with

one large bipupillated ocellus ; posterior wing with five or six

obscurely marked upon a band of rufous-brown.

Underside grey, beautifully undulated throughout with rufous-

brown ; both wings crossed by two bands of darker colour. An-

terior wing with the ocellus as above but more distinct ; posterior

wing with seven small ocelli of nearly equal size, placed as above

upon a band of rufous-brown, all black, the pupils silver, the

irides orange-yellow.

Exp. 13 inch.

Hab. Sarawak, Sumatra.

In the Collection of W. C. Hewitson.

When the plates were drawn I believed that this species might

be only a variety of Y. /tonia, as it is the only other species

which has seven ocelli on the posterior wing; I now think it better

to consider it as a distinct species. Itis larger than Y. Itonia, has

a distinct band of darker colour crossing the middle of both

wings on the upperside, and is easily known from all the other

species by having two transverse bands on the underside of both

wings, and on the posterior wing a third band in which the ocelli

are placed. It is from the Collection of Mr. Wallace. Bears

great resemblance to Y. Baldus, but instead of having the ocelli

in pairs and apart as in that species it has them in a line.

13. Yphthima Ceylonica,n.s. (Pl. XVIII. figs. 14, 15.)

Alis fuscis ; anticis utrinque ocello unico ; posticis dimidio pos-

teriore niveo, ocello unico; subtus niveis, rufo-undulatis,

posticis ocellis quatuor.

Upperside rufous-brown. Anterior wing with one large ocellus,

with two silver pupils, Posterior wing with the outer half white,

the outer margin and a submarginal line of black; one obscure

ocellus and a minute black spot.

Underside white, undulated with rufous-brown. Anterior wing

with the ocellus as above; thickly undulated towards the outer

margin ; posterior wing slightly undulated near the margins, with

four ocelli, one near the apex, three near the anal angle, the outer

ocellus minute, blind, the anal ocellus with two pupils of silver.

Exp. 1,%, inch. ;

Hab. Ceylon.

In the Collection of W. C. Hewitson.

The ocelli on the underside of the posterior wing differ much. In

Genus Yphthima, §c. 289

one specimen, three are perfect, one blind; in another two only

are perfect.

14. Yphthima Loryma,n.s. (PI. XVIII. figs. 16, 17.)

Alis fuscis; anticis nonnunquam ocello unico; posticis supra

duobus; subtus cineraceis, rufo-fasciatis undulatisque, pos-

ticis ocellis tribus.

Male.—Upperside dark brown, broadly rufous at the outer

margins; a submarginal band of dark brown. Anterior wing

with one obscure blind ocellus; posterior wing with two, both

near the anal angle; the pupils silver, the irides very narrow,

rufous.

Underside white, undulated throughout with rufous-brown ;

anterior wing with the ocellus rufous-brown, with two silver

pupils; crossed on each side of the ocellus by bands of rufous-

brown. Posterior wing with three black ocelli, one near the apex,

two near the anal angle, the pupils silver, the anal ocellus with

two pupils; crossed by several short bands of rufous-brown.

Female does not differ from the male, except in its larger size,

and greater breadth of wing.

Exp. 1,§,—1,3, inch.

Hab. Macassar, Celebes.

In the Collection of W. C. Hewitson.

This species by the variety, fig. 16, from Celebes, approaches

nearly to Y. Pandocus as well as to Y. Amphithea.

15. Yphthima Amphithea.

Yphthima Amphithea, Ménétriés, in Schrenck’s Amur- Lande,

pl. 3, f. 10, p. 41.

Alis fuscis ; anticis utrinque ocello unico ; posticis supra duobus ;

subtus obscuris, rufo-undulatis, posticis ocellis tribus.

Exp. 1.8, inch.

Hab. Amoor-land, Sula.

In the Collection of W. C. Hewitson, from Mr. Wallace.

The difference between this and the last-described species is

chiefly one of colour. On the underside Y. Amphithea is entirely

suffused with rufous-brown. It is, as described by Ménétriés, of

peculiar form, the outer margin of the anterior wing being

slightly sinuated towards the anal angle. The figure in the

Amur-Lande is a very bad one.

290 Mr, W. C. Hewitson’s Monograph of the -

16. Yphthima Pandocus. (Pl. XVIII. fig. 12.)

Yphthima Pandocus, Moore in Horsfield and Moore, Cat.

Lep. E. I. C. p. 235.

Alis fuscis ; anticis utrinque ocello unico; posticis supra duo-

bus ; subtus albis, rufo-nebulosis et undulatis, posticis ocellis

tribus.

Exp. 1,9, inch.

Hab. Java, Sarawak.

In the Collection of W. C. Hewitson.

17. Yphthima Motschulskiji.

Satyrus Motschulskiji, Bremer, Beitr. zur Fauna Nord.

China; Ménétriés, Cat. Lep. Mus. Acad. Petrop. pl. 6.

fig. 5.

Alis fuscis; singulis supra ocello unico ; subtus cineraceis, rufo

dense undulatis, posticis ocellis tribus.

Exp. 15%, inch.

Hab. Pekin, Amoy.

In the Collection of W. C. Hewitson.

Very near to Y. Pandocus, but differs from it on the upperside,

in having the iris of the anterior wing slightly divided, and in

having one ocellus only on the posterior wing. On the underside

it is undulated throughout, and has the apical ocellus of the pos-

terior wing larger, and bears a great resemblance to Y. Nareda

except in colour.

18. Yphthima Sakra. (Pl. XVIII. fig. 18.)

Yphthima Sakra, Moore, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep.

E. I. C. Mus. p. 236.

Alis fuscis; anticis utrinque ocello unico; posticis supra duobus,

subtus quinque ocellis.

Exp. 2 inches.

Hab. North India.

In the Collection of W. C. Hewitson,

Mr. Moore describes this species as having four ocelli on the

upperside of the posterior wing. Some examples have four ;

others have only two, being without the ocelli near the apex and

anal angle.

Genus Yphthima, Sc. 28

19. Yphthima Methora,n.s. (Pl. XVIII. figs. 20, 21.)

Alis rufis, griseo-undulatis ; anticis utrinque ocello maximo ;

posticis supra quinque, subtus sex ocellis.

Female.—Upperside brown, undulated with grey towards the

outer margins; the outer margins and fringe rufous-brown, tra-

versed by a grey line. Anterior wing with one very large two-

pupilled ocellus on both sides ; posterior wing with five, all black,

with pupils dull silver, with irides rufous, narrow.

Underside grey, closely undulated throughout with rufous-

brown; both wings crossed at the middle by a curved rufous band;

posterior wing with six ocelli in pairs; the pupils of bright silver ;

the irides orange-yellow.

Exp. 2 inches.

Hab. North India.

In the Collection of W. C. Hewitson.

Nearest to Y. Sakra, but of very different aspect.

20. Yphthima Hyagriva. (PI. XVIII. fig. 11.)

Yphthima Hyagriva, Moore, Horsf. and Moore, Cat. Lep.

E. I. C. Mus, p. 236.

Alis fuscis ; singulis supra ocello unico ; subtus rufo griseoque

undulatis, posticis ocellis quatuor geminatis.

Exp. 15%, inch.

Hab. Dargeeling.

In the Collection of W. C. Hewitson.

Easily known from all the other species by the broad sub-

marginal line of brown on both sides, by the geminated oval ocelli

near the apex of the posterior wing, and the ochreous colour of

the underside.

21. Yphthima Narasingha. (PI. XVIII. fig. 19.)

Yphthima Narasingha, Moore, Horsf. and Moore, Cat. Lep.

E.I.C. Mus. ps 2386.

Alis fuscis; anticis utrinque ocello unico; subtus cineraceis,

rufo-undulatis, posticis punctis minutis albis.

Exp. 2 inches.

Hab. Dargeeling.

In the Collection of W. C. Hewitson.

The only species which has no ocelli on either side of the pos-

292 Mr. W. C. Hewitson’s Monograph of the

terior wing. On the underside some minute white spots occupy

the place where in other species the ocelli are placed.

22. Yphthima Sepyra,n.s. (Pl. XVII. fig. 10.)

Alis rufis, griseo-undulatis ; anticis utrinque ocello unico; pos-

ticis utrinque sex, subtus geminatis.

Male.—Upperside brown, paler round the ocelli, with a sub-

marginal line of darker brown. Anterior wing with the usual

ocellus on both sides ; posterior wing with two or more.

Underside grey, closely undulated with broad rufous-brown

striat; both wings crossed by a band of brown before and after

the ocelli; posterior wing with six ocelli, geminated, all with

pupils of silver and broad irides of orange-yellow.

Female does not differ, except that it is slightly undulated with

grey round the ocellus of the anterior wing.

Exp. 1,6, inch.

Hab. Gilolo, Batchian.

In the Collection of W. C. Hewitson, from Mr. Wallace.

The ocelli on the upperside of the posterior wing differ much

in number; sometimes there are only two, sometimes a third near

the apex, occasionally two at the anal angle, and in one, a female,

there are six as below.

23. Yphthima Aphnius. (Pl. XVII. figs. 8, 9.)

Satyrus Aphnius, Godart, Encl. M. p. 551.

Alis rufo-fuscis ; anticis utrinque ocello unico; posticis supra

fascia fulva, ocellis duobus punctoque minuto; subtus albis,

rufo-undulatis, ocellis minutis quatuor cecis.

Upperside rufous-brown, with a submarginal band of dark

brown. Anterior wing with the usual ocellus on both sides,

broadly bordered with orange and pupilled with silver. Pos-

terior wing with a large spot of orange beyond the middle, marked

with two small ocelli and a minute spot.

Underside. Anterior wing rufous-brown, undulated with grey ;

posterior wing white, undulated with rufous-brown; the costal

margin broadly clouded and undulated with brown; six minute

blind ocelli in pairs, those at the anal angle deformed.

Exp. 14 inch.

Hab. Timor, Isle of France.

In the Collection of W.C. Hewitson, from Mr. Wallace.

Genus Yphthima, §c. 293

24. Yphthima Tamatave.

Satyrus Tamatave, Boisduval, Faune Ent. de Madagascar,

pl. 8, figs. 6, 7.

Alis rufo-fuscis ; anticis utrinque ocello unico; posticis supra

ocellis duobus ; subtus anticis apice griseo-undulato; pos-

ticis griseo fuscoque nebulosis.

Male.—Upperside dark rufous-brown. Anterior wing with the

ocellus on both sides with a broad rufous-orange iris; posterior

wing with two ocelli touching, all with silvery blue pupils.

Underside. Anterior wing as above, except that it is undulated

with grey near the costal and outer margins ; posterior wing grey,

clouded and undulated with dark rufous-brown, crossed from the

middle of the costal margin to the middle of the wing by a broad

band of brown marked with a white spot.

Female like the male, except that the anterior wing has the

outer margin broadly dark brown, traversed by a line of pale

grey-brown, and that the underside is more beautifully variegated

(like Satyrus Semele.)

The figure in the Faune Ent. de Madagascar is very much

paler than any examples which I have seen, and gives no idea of

the beauty of the insect. I have not seen an example with a

third ocellus on the posterior wing, nor with the prolongation of

the rufous spot, as shown in Dr, Boisduval’s figure.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Puate XVII.

Figs. 1, 2. Coenyra Hebe, Trimen.

Figs. 38, 4. Xois Sesara, Hewitson.

Fig. 5. Yphthima Inica, Hewitson.

Figs. 6, 7. 5p Nareda, Kollar.

Figs. 8, 9. as Aphnius, Godart.

Fig. 10. 5 Sepyra, Hewitson.

Puate XVIII.

Fig. 11. Yphthima Hyagriva, Moore.

Fig. 12. 9 Pandocus, Moore.

Fig. 13. 1 Itonia, Hewitson.

Figs, 14, 15. a Ceylonica, Hewitson.

Biescal'Gsil (ems. Loryma, Hewitson.

Fig. 18. “A Sakra, Moore.

Fig. 19. i Narasingha, Moore.

Figs. 20, 21. - Methora, Hewitson.

( 295 )

XIV. On the Reversion and Restoration of the Silkworm

(Part I1.); with Distinctive Characters of Eighteen

Species of Silk-producing Bombycide. By Captain

Tuomas Hutron, F.G.S., of Mussooree. (Com-

municated by Mr. F. Moors.)

{Read December Sth, 1864.]

Accorpiné to hitherto received notions all the silkworms now

under domestication are mere varieties of one species, and are all

placed together under the name of Bombyx Mori; and yet the

difference in habits is alone sufficient to point out the existence of

several totally distinct species.

This circumstance, when some time since noticed by myself in

a letter to Mr. F. Moore of the India Museum, elicited the

acknowledgment that Entomologists in Europe had long suspected

the fact, but that they were without the means of working out all

the necessary details, many of the supposed species not being

under cultivation in Europe, while no one in India had deemed it

worth while to enter into an investigation of the subject.

From the moment, however, in which I first recognized the

absolute necessity of endeavouring to arrest the rapid strides

which disease was making towards the extinction of the silkworm,

I became aware, from actual inspection of the worms through all

their changes, of the existence of several species, and I at once

determined systematically to set to work for the purpose of ex-

tricating each from the dark labyrinth of error and confusion in

which it had become involved.

Any one at all conversant with the Bombycide must be aware

of the fact that, for the most part, the species will, in the northern

and colder districts of their respective countries, be either strictly

annuals, or at the most double-brooded, while those species which

yield several crops of silk during the year, indicate thereby that

they were originally imported into the localities where they are

now domesticated, from the warm and more prolific lowland

regions of the South. A rapid succession of crops, whether of

vegetables or of silk, such as we witness among what are in Bengal

termed “ monthly worms,” is obtainable only, whether naturally

or artificially, in a mild climate favourable to the rapid growth of

vegetation. To the preservation of such species, when in a state

296 Captain T. Hutton on the

of natural freedom, the healthy condition of the mulberry leaf

until the commencement of the winter months is indispensable, and

such a condition of things is obtainable only in a warm and

probably humid climate.

At Mussooree in the North-Western Himalaya, nature herself

speaks forcibly in support of this view when she presents for our

consideration twelve wild species of the Bombycide, eleven of

which are here strictly annuals, and one only is double-brooded,

though some of these in warmer parts of India are found, even in

the wild state, to yield two and even three broods.

Meditating on this fact, it occurred to me that if this could be

relied uponas a distinguishing feature, the annual domestic worms

would doubtless, on investigation, be found to be specifically dis-

tinct from the so-called “monthly worms,” and ‘the result has

proved the correctness of this view, the Cashmere and Bokhara

Annual being not only distinct from the Bengal Annual (Boro-

pooloo), but both are distinct from the “ Nistry,” the ‘* Dasee,” and

the small Chinese species Cheena, which are distinguished as

monthly worms. Were they not specifically distinct, why do not

the annuals when cultivated in Bengal become monthly, like the

others? or, again, why do not the monthlies become annuals in the

North? By their not undergoing these changes we are furnished

with proof that it is not a change of climate which makes the

alteration, but that nature has stamped them with distinctive

characters and habits.

We have all read or heard of complaints in regard to the un-

certain quality of the silk sent as that of Bombyx Mori to

Europe from Bengal, and that it is on that account held in less

estimation than silks from other countries, This variation in

quality arises from the cultivation of these several distinct species

under the name of B. Mori, precisely as all Eria silks were sup-

posed to be derived from Attacus Cynthia. ‘These worms being

of different sizes and always much smaller than the larve of B.

Mori (which species by the way is not cultivated at all in Bengal),

must necessarily produce a silken fibre of far greater fineness than

it; from which it results that not only is the reeled silk much finer

than that of the true B. Mori, but each Bengal worm differs from

the other in the thickness of its fibre, and as all goes home nomi-

ually as the produce of the same worm, no wonder that an outcry

is raised about the uncertain thickness of the fibre.

This discovery of several distinct species confounded under the

name of B. Mori, although admitted by competent judges in

Europe, has in India been sneered at, and the differences percep-

Restoration of the Silkworm. 297

tible in the size, colour, markings and habits of the worms, and the

form and texture of the cocoons, have been attributed to the effects

of climate only. Climate, however, has no such influence, since we

find each species, in whatever climate cultivated, preserving the

very same characteristics. If the differences at present perceptible

were in reality merely the effects of climate and of peculiar treat-

ment, we might surely expect that when a change of climate and

treatment was experienced some marked and decided change

would soon be perceptible in the insects likewise; but this is not

the case, each retaining at Mussooree, in Oudh, and elsewhere in

the Northern Provinces, the very same characteristics as when in

the damp warm plains of Bengal. The characters, in fact, are

constant, no matter where the insects may be.

Characters, whether of form, colour or habits, if permanent and

unchangeable, are to all intents and purposes specific characters,

and even Mr. Darwin admits that when one of his supposed

varieties attains to a certain degree of stability, it assumes, pro

tem., the value and importance of a species until variation again

commences at some after period among the offspring.

Under any circumstances, therefore, these insects, whatever

they may originally have been, having now severally attained to

permanency of characters, have become true species, and as such

must be accepted and described.

Genus Bompyx, Schranck.

The genus Bombyx appears naturally to divide itself into two

well-defined sections or sub-divisions, the first comprising all the

domesticated Chinese species of which the larve have hitherto

been known to cultivators and men of science as being of a pale

creamy-white colour, and furnished only with one fleshy or semi-

horny sharp-pointed spine, springing from the dorsal centre of

the penultimate segment; the other containing the wild and un-

cultivated species, whose larve are not only richly variegated

with a number of bright colours intimately mixed together, such

as ashy-grey, livid-green, yellow, rufous, ferruginous and black,

but are likewise furnished with from four to six longitudinally-

disposed rows of fleshy-or semi-horny spines, all curving back-

wards, besides one long one on the penultimate segment, placed

between the two dorsal rows and pointing in the opposite direction.

Of the insects contained in this last section, one feeds on the

wild indigenous mulberry tree of the North-Western Himalaya,

and yields a first-rate silk, which, however, cannot be turned to

VOL. Il, THIRD SERIES, PART IV.—MARCH, 1865, Z

298 Captain T. Hutton on the

much account, as the worm is too intractable to submit to domesti-

cation, and can only be reared upon the trees in the open air,

which of course renders the crop precarious, through the incessant

attacks of birds and insects. This species was discovered by

myself at Simla in 1837, but, owing to illness and the subsequent

breaking out of the Afghan war, was not sent to Europe until

1842, when the moth was figured by Mr. Westwood in ‘ The

Cabinet of Oriental Entomology,” under the name of Bombyx

Huttoni.

A second species occurs sparingly in Bengal, in the neighbour-

hood of Calcutta, where it feeds on the leaves of the 4rtocarpus

lacoocha, and to which I have assigned the name of Bombyx Ben-

galensis.

At Singapore, or in its neighbourhood, is a third species, called

by Mr. Walker Bombyx subnotata, though nothing more than its

existence appears to be known.

A fourth species is found in Assam, where it feeds on the leaves

of the Ficus religiosa or Peepul tree, and is distinguished as the

Bombyx religiose of Helfer.

And lastly, so far as continental India is concerned, the Bombyx

lugubris of Drury is said to occur at Madras, though the state-

ment appears to require confirmation, and Mr. Moore even doubts

its being a Bombyx at all.

These two sections of the genus Bombyx being remarkable for

the presence in the one, and the absence in the other, of bright

colours and rows of spines in the larve, led me to entertain a

suspicion that the Chinese domesticated species are no longer in

their original condition; and followiug up this idea by a series of

experiments, I soon discovered that with respect to colouring, the

Bombyx Mori, and one or two others, when partially reverted to

a state of nature, show a great and marked approach in the dis-

tribution and arrangement of their colours to the wild species of

India.

Besides the genus Bombyx, this group of the family contains

the genera Ocinara of Walker, and Trilocha of Moore; of the

former I have discovered two, if not three, new species, and I

understand that others have been discovered in Bengal. In the

Jarva state this genus, although showing alliance with Bombyz,

appears likewise to approach the Geometre, the caterpillar gene-

rally having, not only something of the manner of the latter, but

possessing also several of those curious little excrescences which

give a Geometer the appearance of a dry stick with withered

buds. The larve of Ocinara spin a small neat cocoon resembling

Restoration of the Silkworm. 299

that of some of the smaller Bombyces, but there is not silk enough

to render them worth cultivating. ‘The larva of one of my Mus-

sooree species, unlike the others, is hairy.

Before proceeding further it may be well to observe that in

France and Italy, where none but annuals can be cultivated, the

same degree of uncertainty as to species appears to prevail; four

varieties of Bombyx Mori are there distinguished from each other

as follows :—

First. The small silkworm of three casts or moults.

Second. The large silkworm of four moults.

Third. The common white silkworm of four moults.

Fourth. The common yellowish silkworm of four moults.

The eggs of the first of these are said to weigh one-eleventh

less than those of the common silkworm; that is to say, that while

39,168 of the latter weigh an ounce, it requires for the same

weight 42,620 of the smaller one. ‘The worms and cocoons are

also said by Count Dandolo to be two-fifths smaller than those of

the common sort. ‘ The cocoons, also,” he says, ‘ are composed

of finer and more beautiful silk, whence it would appear that the

silk-drawing tubes are finer in these silkworms.” ‘The cocoons

are better constructed, and afford in proportion, at equal weight,

a greater quantity of silk. ‘The worms, likewise, come to matu-

rity four days earlier than the common sort. Six hundred cocoons

weigh 13lbs. In the south of France, according to M. Boitard,

this race is known as the Milanese worm, being common in Lom-

bardy.

With regard to the second variety we are told that it is culti-

vated chiefly “dans le Frioul.” The difference in the weight of

the eggs between this and the common sort, or fourth variety, is

given as one-fiftieth only, that is to say, 39,168 eggs of the latter

go to the ounce against 37,440 of the former, which are thus the

heavier. One hundred and fifty cocoons weigh a pound and

a half, while 360 of the common sort make the same weight.

This variety requires five or six days longer to bring it to

maturity.

The third variety is said to have been imported from China by

the inhabitants of the “arrondissement d’Alais,’ and is common

both in France and Italy; it differs from the others in constantly

producing white cocoons, the silk of which is said to be finer than

that of the common sort.

The fourth variety, which appears to have been selected as the

standard of comparison, is the commonest of all and is cultivated

300 Captain T. Hutton on the

generally in France and throughout Europe. The cocoon is a

yellow of different degrees of intensity.

Now the question arises—Are these to be considered as merely

local and climatal varieties of B. Mori, or can any of them be

regarded as true and distinct species ?

With regard to No. 1, it is said that although in Italy nine out

of ten cocoons are white, yet that in France the majority are

yellow. No stress, therefore, can be laid upon the colour of the

silk as a specific character, but a valid mark of distinction would

(if there is no mistake) appear to exist in the fact of the worm

undergoing only three moults instead of four as in all the others.

That this worm, however, is not in a healthy state is clearly to

be seen in the change produced on the colour of the silk by change

of climate, the heat of Italy producing white, and the cooler and

more natural temperature of France producing yellow cocoons.

But if this worm be a mere variety of B. Mori induced by climate,

Count Dandolo’s remark that the greater fineness of the silk is

attributable to greater fineness in the silk-drawing tubes, at once

proclaims the unhealthiness and degeneracy of the worm, which

has dwindled down from its natural size and is no longer able to

yield a fibre of the original thickness. If then this is a mere

climatal variety of 6B. Mori, the peculiarities in its moulting, and

the changeable colour and fineness of the silk, can be attributed

to nothing else than loss of size and constitution.

If climate has been the agent by which this variation has been

brought about, how is it that the entire race of B. Mori has not

been affected in a similar manner? Yet in Italy, in France and

in other countries of Europe, B. Mor: still continues not only to

hold its ground side by side with this supposed variety, but is in

spite of climate stated to be still the commonest of all.

An Indian sericulturist rising from the perusal of Reports on

the Culture of Silk in various parts of the country, will find

perhaps that no two of these agree in the length of time consumed

between the hatching of the egg and the spinning of the cocoon.

The explanation is, that the reports do not all apply to the same

species, for at Madras and in Bengal proper, the true B. Mori

is nowhere found, and it has only very recently been tried, and

with no very encouraging success, in the North Western Pro-

vinces of Upper India. But the time that elapses between the

hatching of the egg and the spinning of the cocoon will vary

even in the same species, according to the temperature in which

the worm has been reared, and likewise, in some measure, accord-

Restoration of the Silkworm. 301

ing to the health of the insect. Asa rule, the whole process will

be more rapid in a high temperature than in a colder one, and it

is to be observed that the longer the time consumed, the better in

general will be the cocoon, for the simple reason that the worm

has had ample time to come to maturity, whereas when the

growth is forced and accelerated by high temperature, although

the worm may grow to a goodly size, it will still have passed

through its different stages so rapidly as materially to diminish

the quantity of silk-gum, which it has not had time to secrete.

The cocoon will, consequently, be less stuffed with silk than

when, all other things being equal, a longer time has been con-

sumed, Count Dandolo lays it down that thirty-two days elapse

between the hatching of the egg and the formation of the cocoon,

and he adds four days more for the completion of it, or thirty-six

days in all. This likewise is the time given by M. Boitard as

applicable to the worm in France. Dewhurst informs us that in

England forty-six days are consumed. In China, according to

published accounts, the time varies greatly, being from twenty-

three to twenty-eight and sometimes forty days, with an additional

seven days allowed for the cocoon, so that we have thirty, thirty-

five and forty-seven days given as the time. Contrary to all

experience also, it is said that the shorter the time consumed, the

more abundant will be the crop of silk, twenty-three to twenty-five

days producing twenty-five ounces of silk from one dram’s weight

of newly-hatched worms ; twenty-eight days yielding only twenty

ounces, and thirty to forty days producing no more than ten

ounces. ‘This is clearly an absurdity, for it shows that the longer

the worm continues to secrete gum, the less silk will it produce.

Dr. Anderson, as quoted by Dewhurst, says that in Madras

twenty-two days only are required; while Mr. Cope of Umritsir

gives twenty-eight to forty days, but whether for the Punjab or

elsewhere is not stated. At Mussooree I have found the time

consumed by B. Mori to run from forty-six to forty-eight days.

At Lucknow in Oudh, Dr. Bonavia gives “ about forty-six days”

for B. Mori, and seventeen for the small Chinese monthly worm

in the month of June, and fifty-one days in November.

It is evident that these statements cannot all apply to the same

species. In France and in Italy, in England, Oudh, the Punjab

and Mussooree, the reference is to the annual Bombyx Mori, known

in Europe as * The common silk worm of four moults,” and in

India as the Cashmere or Bokhara worm,

The time, therefore, consumed by B. Mori in France and

Italy is about thirty-six days; in England, Oudh, Punjab and

Mussooree about forty-six days.

302 Captain T. Hutton on the

Mr. Cope, in a Lecture on Silk delivered at Lahore, gives (as

before mentioned) from twenty-eight to forty days as the time

consumed. If B. Morispins its cocoon in twenty-eight days from

the time of hatching, a stronger proof of the total unfitness of the

Punjab climate for the culture of that species could not be

furnished. The fact, however, is that the time laid down in

the lecture cannot satisfactorily be applied to any species in

particular, but evidently includes more than one.

The Chinese account likewise would appear to have reference

to more than one species, while in Madras, the species referred to

by Dr. Anderson was in all probability one of the three monthly

worms, because the true B. Mori is nowhere cultivated below

the North Western Provinces.

The true time consumed from the hatching of the worm to the

completion of the cocoon would, consequently, appear to range

from thirty-six to forty-six days, and the more rapid progress

made in Europe is probably to be attributed to the fact of the

worms being shut up in rooms with a temperature of 68° to 77°,

which is altered after every change of skin, Thus, Dewhurst

says, ‘75° is the degree of heat they should be kept in until the

first casting or moulting; between 73° and 75° until the second

moulting; between 71° and 73° until the third ; and lastly, between

68° and 71° until the fourth moulting.”

From this statement we perceive that, according to this writer,

the temperature should be reduced as the worm advances to

maturity, a procedure which is diametrically the reverse of that

pursued by nature.

According to the same authority “it has been proved by a

series of experiments that in France 68° is the heat most suitable

to silkworms ; some cultivators have raised it as high as 77° with

good success, while M. Boisseur de Sauvages has even gone as

high as 100°.”

At Mussooree I have always reared the worms in an open

room, so that, as the external temperature varied, that of the

interior varied likewise, and the air was always fresh and natural.

The eggs hatched spontaneously in a mean temperature of 64°,

and the thermometer never rose beyond 68° up to the time of

spinning the cocoon. During the same time the daily mean of

the external temperature ranged from 47° to 66°, so that the

French view of the matter is thus proved to be the most correct.

1 have shown, moreover, (ante, p. 152,) that 1 found great difficulty

in checking the hatching of the eggs even in a temperature of 53°,

and only did so at last by placing them out all night in the frosty

air of December, at an elevation of 5,400 feet.

Restoration of the Silkworm. 303

The small Chinese monthly worm (B. Sinensis) required in the

month of June, in the warm climate of Oudh, no more than seven-

teen days from the hatching of the egg till the formation of the

cocoon, while, in the cooler temperature of November, fifty-one

days were consumed. At Mussooree, the same species, hatched

on the 26th of June, spun the cocoons in twenty-eight days; while

the Boro-pooloo (B. tertur), which was hatched on the 14th of March,

began to spin on the 28th of April, consuming thus forty-six days,

or the same as B. Mori.

This circumstance, together with the similarity in the marking,

and the occurrence of black worms in the brood, has led Dr.

Bonavia somewhat hastily to conclude that the Cashmere worm

and the Boro-pooloo are one and the same species, an error into

which he could scarcely have fallen had he given due weight to the

fact that not only is the worm a full inch shorter than that of the

Cashmere worm, but the size, colour and texture of the cocoons are

all totally distinct, and no naturalist could ever confound the one

with the other. ‘These differences, moreover, are permanent, even

where the species are cultivated together, and the occurrence of

black worms merely shows that the Boro-pooloo, like B. Mori,

has completely lost its constitution. Black worms are also occa-

sionally found in the broods of the Nistry (B. Creest), which is

undoubtedly distinct.

If, then, we unite all the species under the one name of Bombyx

Mori, we shall find that the time consumed from the hatching of

the egg to the spinning of the cocoon will vary in the same climate

from seventeen to forty-six days, a circumstance which is alone

sufficient to point out the incorrectness of such an arrangement :

while if we more reasonably insist upon there being several distinct

species now confounded together, the difficulty at once vanishes,

and the difference at present observable is satisfactorily accounted

for.

I shall, therefore, now proceed to unfold my views on this

subject, and show, from the peculiarities observable in each

species, upon what grounds I insist upon specific distinction.

1. Bomsyx Mort, Linn.

Synonymes.

Phalena Bombyx Mori, Linn. 8. N. 1, 2, p. 817 (1767); Ameen.

Acad. iv. p. 563; Faun. Suec. p. 832;

Aldrov. Ins. p. 280; Albin. Ins. pl.

12, f. 16; Reaum. Ins. ii. p. 5, f. 2;

Reesel. Ins. iii. pl. 78.

304 Captain T. Hutton on the

Bombyx Mori. . Fab. Spec. Ins, i. p. 180; Mant. Ins.

ii. p. 114; Ent. Syst. iii. 1, p. 431;

God. Lep. de France, iv. p. 153, pl.

14, f. 3,4; Walker, List Lep. Het.

Brit. Mus. pt. 6, p. 1505; Moore,

Cat. Lep. Mus. Ind. House, ii. p.

B74.

Sericaria Mori . . Blanchard, Gay, Hist. de Chile, Zool. vii.

p- 55.

Lasiocampa Mori . Schranck.

Lasiocampe du Murier Boitard, p. 148.

The common domesticated Chinese silkworm of Europe.

Alabitat.—Originally the northern mountainous provinces of

China, especially that of Tche-kiang; now domesticated in China

generally, in Cashmere, Afghanistan, Bokhara, Persia, Syria,

France, Italy, Spain, Sweden, Russia, &c., and recently intro-

duced into Oudh and the Punjab.

The species termed by the late Dr. Royle “ Pat major ” refers not

to this, but to the Bengal Annual known as Boro-pooloo, while that

mentioned by Dr. Helfer in the J. A. S. B. vi. p. 41, as cited in

Mr. F. Moore’s “ Synopsis,” probably refers to one of the monthly

worms which have hitherto passed under the name of B. Mori, a

species which, at the time when the Doctor wrote, was confined to

Cashmere, and was certainly not cultivated in any part of Bengal

or the Lowland Provinces.

The word “ Pat” appears to be used as a generic term.

Larva.—Originally from the Northern parts of China, the worm

of Bombyx Mori is now extensively cultivated for its silk, in

various countries both of Asia and of Europe, and everywhere

thrives best where the temperature is moderate. It is the largest

and the strongest of the domesticated species, and is an annual,

producing naturally but one crop of silk in the year, although in

certain temperatures it is possible to make it produce a second

crop.

When first excluded from the egg the young caterpillar is hairy

and of a dark-brown colour, the edge of the anterior segment

being ashy white ; the head and prolegs are shining jet black.

In the course of four or five days the five anterior segments

become slightly swollen, exhibiting a mottled appearance of brown

dots and small patches on a livid ashy ground, and previous to the

first moult these segments become altogether livid ashy, while the

others are of a pale brown; there is one short tubercle or spine

on the middle line of the penultimate segment, and the hairy ap-

Restoration of the Silkworm. | 305

pearance of the young worms is owing to short tufts of hairs

springing from rows of rudimentary tubercles as in the wild and

uncultivated kinds. These, however, all disappear, with the

exception of the anal spine, after the first moult.

In the second stage, the four anterior segments are of an ashy

white, the dorsal portion of the second and third segments being

swollen and wrinkled ; the remaining segments are pale brindled,

or mottled grey, with a slightly mealy aspect; a short, blunt,

somewhat flat-sided, semi-horny tubercle on the dorsal centre of

the penultimate segment, and having generally a faint tinge of

orange; on the fifth segment are two faint semilunar brown marks

like inverted commas, and on the eighth segment are two small

round spots of brown; head and prolegs black.

After the second moult the insect becomes altogether of an

ashy or creamy whiteness, the second and third segments still

more swollen and wrinkled; on the front of the second segment is

a thin longitudinally disposed dark line with generally a small dark

spot on each side of it; two dark semilunar marks on the back of

the fifth segment, and the dark spots on the eighth slightly raised ;

anal horn pointed and somewhat suddenly attenuated, with an

inclination to point backwards; head mealy grey-brown, and small

as compared with the rapidly increasing size of the body.

In the two following stages there is usually no alteration, except

that the length and thickness of the worm rapidly increase, and

that the markings become more conspicuous, that on the fifth

segment often assuming the form of a crown. The feet are fringed

with minute cilia. The entire body is without hairs and quite

smooth; the stigmata or breathing apertures along the sides are

small, round and dark, and in the last stage of growth the two

dots on the front of the second segment increase in size and are

partially rufous. The length of a full grown worm, cultivated at

Mussooree, is from 3 to 33 inches.

Such is the appearance of the worm as now cultivated (Pl. XIX.

fig. 8), but in almost every batch of worms there will be seen

after the first moult has occurred, some dark-coloured ones which

at the first glance appear to be a distinct species. By the French

these worms are regarded as a mere evanescent variety and are

distinguished as “ vers ligrés” and “ vers zébrés ;” so far, however,

are they from being a mere passing variety that they are actually

types of the original species, and merely require to be treated

according to the established rules of breeding in order to render

them permanent and healthy,

306 Captain T. Hutton on the

The Black Worm. (Pl. XIX. fig. 7.)—When first hatched the

caterpillars are in all respects similar to those of the pale variety,

and it is not until after the first, and sometimes second, moult has

taken place that any difference is perceptible; then, however, instead

of having the four anterior segments of a creamy-white, the whole

body is ofa dark-brindled or mottled-grey colour, with the exception

of an ashy band or broad stripe, which, crossing in front of the an-

terior segment, runs round on each side as far back as the middle

of the fifth segment, widening up towards the back, but leaving a

dark-brindled dorsal space between them; at a later stage, when

the worm is near maturity, this ashy band becomes less clear

and bright, and is often tinged faintly with clay colour, or even

with a fleshy roseate hue; on the fifth segment the two dark

lunules are well defined, and have an ashy patch between them ;

the dark spots on the eighth segment are sometimes wanting, as

they are also in the white variety.

In the third and fourth stages the colouring generally becomes

very dark, in some intensely so, and takes the form of a net or

trellis-work spread over an ashy-grey ground. As the worm ap-

proaches the spinning time the colours again become fainter, and

often assume a grey sandy-brown hue overlaid by the dark net-

work. The anterior portion of the second segment rises some-

what abruptly, and from it, through the dorsal centre of the first,

runs a narrow black longitudinal line, on each side of which, on

the second segment, is a round black spot, perpendicularly divided

by a pale orange line, causing the appearance, as it were, of two

eyes.

Such is the appearance in the first year of the separation from

the white worm; the differences in after years, of course, become

more marked, though the general character is the same.

After two or three years of separation and restricted inter-

breeding the appearance, especially in the middle stages, is very

dark indeed, and the whole insect looks as if overlaid by a well-

distended net, the meshes of which are open and well defined ; it

is, indeed, this well-defined marking, together with the ashy lateral

band along the anterior segments, which makes the species ap-

proximate to the wild races, the lateral band more especially being

a characteristic of the wild worms.

Progress of the Experiment.—In the previous part of this paper

(ante, pp. 149—153) I have shown the result of my experiments

up to the end of 1863. I now proceed to show the condition of

Restoration of the Silkworm. 307

the worm in the spring of 1864, when the eggs deposited in the

spring and autumn of the past year began to hatch on the 21st of

March in a temperature of 65°. .

First, then, with regard to the white worms, it was observed

that, although for two years running the black worms had been

all weeded out from them, yet the per-centage of dark worms was

far greater than before; showing thus, according to the expe-

rience of cultivators, a great accession of strength and health;

great numbers of the eggs likewise adhered firmly to the paper

on which they were deposited, instead of being loosely scattered

as heretofore, but the white worms have never yet produced a

second crop. This variety, though far from being in the best

health, showed no increase of degeneracy over previous years.

With regard to the black worms, they hatched on the same day

with the others, although some had been deposited in spring and

others in the autumn of 1863. All were decidedly unhealthy,

although those from the autumn batch were far less so than those

of spring, the latter being so terribly affected with jaundice, and

with some disease that turned the worm dull green, that I was

compelled to throw the whole away. The worms from the

autumnal batch went on well enough and spun good cocoons, the

moths from which deposited a goodly number of eggs in the end

of May, and these began to hatch for a second crop in September,

1864. They are apparently healthy, and from a few of their eggs

I shall carry on an experiment for amusement, but I feel fully

persuaded now, after several years of observation, that the con-

stitution of the worm has been so thoroughly undermined that,

although we may be able to restore it to its natural appearance, it

will never be able thoroughly to shake off the various diseases to

which it has so long been subject. The only way open to the

sericulturist is, therefore, to re-seek in the original habitat in

China for the wild worms in their natural state of freedom on the

trees, and should any of these be procurable, then may the entire

stock in Europe be gradually renewed, and the present impending

ruin be averted.

Dr. Bonavia of Lucknow, the active and enterprising secretary

to the Agri-Horticultural Society of that province, having in the

spring of 1864 furnished me with a few eggs obtained from Mar-

seilles, I proceeded to ascertain whether they differed from the

Cashmere worm or not.

These began to hatch, in a temperature of 67°, on the 4th of

April, when the Cashmere worms were already fifteen days old;

in the batch were a few of the dark coloured ones, but none,

308 Captain T. Hutton’s Characters of

whether dark or white, appeared to be healthy; still they were

not worse than their congeners, and eventually spun better co-

coons, being, although not so large, much more stuffed with silk.

Between these worms and those from Cashmere stock there is not

a shade of difference, both being B. Mori.

Imago.—In the moth the ground colour of the wings is a dull

ashy white; sometimes they are entirely ashy, without any

lines or other markings, while some have only two short parallel

lines on the fore-wings near the centre of the costal margin. In

others there are lines as below described, but no colours. These

are from the white worm as now cultivated.

The appearance of moths produced from black worms ap-

proximates more to the wild B. Huttoni, both in colour and in

markings.

In these the ground of the wings is still ashy, and the male, as

usual, is smaller than the female, having the shaft of the antenne

white, with dusky black plumes; eyes black; body and ground

of wings ashy-white, suffused with a pale brown tinge; near the

basal angle of the fore-wing are two parallel lunate lines, the horns

of which point inwards and rest upon the anterior and posterior

margins; between these lines darkish brown, in some instances

blending them into a brown band, in others the lines are clear

and distinct; about the middle of the costal margin, at a little

distance within the wing, are two very short parallel lines slightly

curved in the opposite direction to the basal ones; these, how-

ever, are sometimes absent; across the wing, from the anterior to

the posterior margin, are two partially parallel submarginal lines

at a little distance apart, the inner one being a slight curve and

the outer one taking a bend or lunate sweep near the exterior

and posterior angle; these lines are sometimes distinct and clear

on the ashy ground, at others they are blended into a dark-brown

band by the deep suffusion of the space between them. Fore-

wing strongly falcate in both sexes; the hind-wing is rounded on

the exterior margin ; abdominal margin folded down as in Ocinara,

with one blackish spot about the middle; from the anterior to the

abdominal margin are two subparallel lines through the dise of

the wing, curving parallel to the outer margin, sometimes distinct,

at others blended by the suffusion of the inclosed space with brown.

The female is much the same, but there is in both sexes the greatest

variety in the markings, which is, I think, a clear indication that

the insect is not in a natural condition or sound state of health.

The under-side dull ashy, with the dark lines and bands visible,

as above. The male often exhibits ashy wings, with brown bands,

Silk-producing Bombycide. 309

and the body dark grey. Expanse of wings in the female 2

inches; in the male 1? inches, although the size varies as much

as the colouring.

2. Bompyx TExToR, Hutton.

Syn. Bombyx Mori of Indian sericulturists.

The Boro-pooloo of Bengal; “ Pat major” of Royle.

This species, hitherto confounded with the preceding, is said to

have been introduced from China, where it is still cultivated,

under the name of the white cocoon, but the time of its introduc-

tion into India appears to have been forgotten.

In Bengal, as well as in its native country, it is an annual,

hatching early in the spring, usually in January, yielding generally

pure white cocoons, far inferior in size to those of B. Mori, and

altogether of a different shape, character and texture, having an

inclination to become pointed at each end, and with the silk not

closely interwoven, but externally somewhat flossy and loose,

whereas the cocoons of B. Mori are closely woven, compact, hard

and smooth, ovate in shape, and four or five times“ larger; some

that I have received from France being little inferior in size to

those of the Tussur moth (Antherea Paphia).

The worm, when mature, bears a strong resemblance to that of

the preceding species, but is much smaller both in length and

thickness, and, as a strong mark of distinction, it may be observed

that it preserves all its characteristics unchanged, even when cul-

tivated in the same climate and in the same manner as B. Mori,

neither of the species exhibiting the slightest indication of adopting

the peculiarities of the other.

In Dr, Bonavia’s Report on Sericulture in Oudh for 1864, he

remarks of B. textor,—‘‘ I cannot find any reason to believe that

this worm belongs to a different stock from the Cashmere and

Bokhara worms ;” others have said the same thing, which only

proves to me that they have never looked beyond the worm itself,

since had they done so they might have found, as I have done,

abundant proofs of specific distinctness.

The same gentleman proceeds to inform us that— Captain

Hutton favoured me with a small quantity of eggs of his selected

dark-coloured worms. According to his views the dark-coloured

variety approaches more to the wild kind, and therefore has more

healthy blood in it than the white variety, which he considers as a

degeneration of the original worm. It is strange though that

the ‘ Boro-pooloo,’ which has been reared in Bengal for a long

310 Captain T. Hutton’s Characters of

time, contains a large number of the dark variety. One would

be inclined to think that, considering the bad mode of rearing

and the climate of Bengal, it would have degenerated into the

white variety by this time, according to Captain Hutton’s theory.”

The writer, however, shows, by the admission that “a large

number of the dark variety’ occurs amongst the Boro-pooloo

worms, that “ Captain Hutton’s theory” actually does hold good.

Just as with the originally dark-coloured worms of B. Mori, so

also the originally dark-coloured worms of B. textor “ have dege-

rated into the white variey.” ‘The occurrence of these dark worms,

as I have pointed out (ante, pp. 148 et seq.), is due to an effort on

the part of nature to return to the original stock, from the sickly

degenerated state into which the species have fallen.

Again we are told that, “the selected dark-coloured worm of

Mussooree did very well, but I could not detect any difference

between the cocoons of these and those of the white Cashmere

ones. I selected many of the black ones of the Cashmere, Bok-

hara and ‘ Boro-pooloo,’ and kept them separate, but did not

find that they produced better cocoons than the rest, and they all

had one disadvantage, that is, on account of their colour, it was

not easy to discover when they were ready to spin.”

Be it observed, however, that in furnishing these dark-coloured

worms, I did not guarantee the same results in Oudh as are ob-

tainable in the European climate of Mussooree. I should not

have been at all surprised to hear, considering the heat of Oudh

and the inexperience of the conductor of the experiments, that

every worm had returned to a state of sickly whiteness. As to

the difficulty of discovering when they were ready to spin, this

could only have occurred to an unpractised eye, since there is

always a semi-transparent yellowish waxy hue about a mature

worm that is quite unmistakeable to an experienced eye.

According to Mr. C. Blechynden and Mr. Bashford, this species

is the one that in Bengal is recognized as “ The Italian Stock ;”

in which case it would appear to be identical with that which in

France is termed “ The Milanese worm,” though if such be the

case, how are we to account for its only undergoing three moults

in France and Italy, while in India it invariably has four, like all

the others? I incline very strongly to the belief that this alleged

peculiarity is altogether fabulous.

In Bengal, according to Mr. C. Blechynden and others, the

worm is also sometimes dark coloured like those of B. Mori, thus

showing clearly that it is not in its original healthy state; the

Silk-producing Bombycide. 311

worms attain a length varying from 2 to 23 inches, as is the case

also at Mussooree.

As regards the colour of the silk, nothing could more strongly

support my view that white is a sign of weakness and degeneracy.

In Italy, we are informed, there are generally nine white cocoons

in every ten,—but when cultivated in France bright golden

yellow is the predominant colour; this is undoubtedly an effect

of climate, showing that the warmth of Italy is less adapted to

the health of the insect than the cooler temperature of France,

which in some districts is nearly the same as that of Mussooree,

where precisely similar results have been observed. The eggs of

this species, hatched in March, 1864, from the deposit of May,

18638, gave seventy-eight black to thirty-one white worms, in a

batch of 109, whereas in 1868 eggs procured from Bengal produced

white worms without a single exception. The cocoons spun in

1863 by the Bengal worms were all white, with the exception of

about half a dozen, whereas in 1864 there was not one white

cocoon, all being of a bright golden yellow. In China, as in

Bengal, the usual colour is white, with an exceptional sprinkling

of yellow cocoons. Here we have the effect of climate distinctly

marked, and showing that while a high temperature produces

both white worms and white silk, a temperate climate, by impart-

ing strength, produces dark worms and yellow cocoons.

The worm which in France gives permanently a white cocoon,

and which was imported from China into the ‘ arrondissement

d’Alais,” would appear to be distinct both from B. textor and

the other two varieties; so that if No. 1, or the Milanese

worm, be our Boro-pooloo, as I suspect is the case, and Nos. 2

and 4 are true B. Mori, then No. 3, with the permanent white

silk, is in all probability a distinct species.

The changes in the appearance of the caterpillars of B. textor

are precisely similar to those observable in B. Mori, and need not

be repeated; when first hatched, the worms of B. textor are

rather black than brown, and alihough in the after stages there

is in the colouring and marking of the two species no really tan-

gible and well-defined distinction, yet at the same time there is

to the eye a perceptible difference in the shade of colouring,

which is darker, more prononcé, more equally diffused, and more

of a neutral tint in B. texlor than in B. Mori; the latter, besides

attaining to a far larger size and forming a totally different

cocoon, has the dark parts less purplish and not so generally

diffused. These remarks, however, pertain to the black worms

only ; the white ones differ in no respect except in size.

SZ Captain T. Hutton’s Characters of

Having now disposed of the Annuals, we have to consider the

question of distinction with regard to what are commonly termed

** Monthly worms.”

3. Bompyx Cres, Hutton.

Syn. Bombyx Mori, var., of Indian sericulturists.

The “ Nestry,” and “ Madrassee” worm of Bengal.

This is a much smaller species than either of the preceding,

yielding seven or eight crops of silk in the year; the cocoon is

small, of a beautiful bright yellow colour, and of a somewhat

loose and flossy texture. It is said to thrive best in the summer

months from June to October, and at other times is only kept up

to preserve the stock. In hot weather it goes through all its

changes from the egg to the cocoon in twenty-five days, but in

the colder months it occupies thirty-five days. The worm is

from 13 to 2 inches long, and is of a clear silvery or pearly hue,

having a moist dewy appearance. The anal spine is short and

truncated, and the dark lunar marks, which are so conspicu-

ous on the fifth and eighth segments of the two annuals, are in

this species wholly wanting. It is said never to yield white

cocoons, but that dark worms occasionally appear in the brood.

I suspect this to be the “¢ Pat minor’’ of Helfer and Royle.

4, BoMByx FoRTUNATUS, Hutton.

Syn. Bombyx Mori, var., of Indian sericulturists.

The ‘“ Dasee” worm of Bengal. (PJ. XIX. fig. 3.)

This is the smallest species of the whole, and is said to be

hardy, but the yield of silk is uncertain; there are no dark

worms among them, and they thrive best in the cold season, oc-

cupying at that time from the egg to the cocoon about forty days,

but in hot weather only thirty-three days.

The silk is of a golden yellow, and the cocoon small ; it resem-

bles that of B. Creesi in form and texture. When near maturity

there is a very marked and perceptible difference between this

species and all the others, the worm being of a bluish leaden-grey

throughout; the ocelli or Junate marks on the fifth and eighth seg-

ments are wanting, as in the last; the anterior segments are

slightly intumescent and wrinkled; a short pale spine on the

penultimate segment. The eggs are small, and pale straw colour,

remaining so until within a day or two of hatching, when they

become leaden-grey.

Silk-producing Bombycide. 313

5. Bompyx ArRACANENSIS, Hutton.

Syn. Bombyx Mori, var., of Indian sericulturists.

The Arracan worm.

When first hatched, the Arracan worm is very small ; of a pale

sandy-brown colour, and hairy, like all the others; anterior edge

of the first segment whitish, or livid ash; head black.

I succeeded only once, many years ago, in obtaining a few eggs

of this species, through the kindness of Mr. Blechynden, secre-

tary to the Agri-Horticultural Society of India, a gentleman

whom I have uniformly found ready to assist in every useful

inquiry. The worms produced from these eggs were very feeble,

and, refusing to feed, were all dead by the evening.

The cocoon is said to be larger than those of the Bengal

monthly worms, and the silk strong and good.

The worm is supposed to have been introduced from Burmah.

6. Bomsyx Srnensts, Hutton.

Syn. Bombyx Mori, var., of Indian sericulturists.

The small Chinese monthly worm.

Sina” and “ Cheena” of the Bengalis.

The worm of this prolific species is considerably smaller than

that of B. teator, and the cocoon partakes much of the same cha-

racters, being sometimes white and sometimes bright yellow, with

occasional cocoons of a beautiful faint greenish-white. The mark-

ings of the mature insect are very different from those of the

Boro-pooloo, and from all the others.

Eggs received from Bengal began to hatch on the 26th of June ;

head and pro-legs jet black and shining: the body hairy and

pale brown, with minute anal horn.

On the 30th of June these worms motlted, the head and pro-

legs being black as at first ; the four anterior segments pale ashy,

the second and third gibbous and wrinkled; the remainder

mottled ashy-grey ; a short blunt conical spine on the penultimate

segment. ‘There are also two longitudinal dorsal rows of minute

round black dots, four on each segment, and giving out minute

hairs; on the fifth segment are two semi-lunar brown marks, the

horns of which point inwards, as in L. Mori; the anal tubercle

with a few short cilia at the summit, and behind this, on the anal

segment, are two minute tubercles placed close together like the

sights on a gun, and behind them again lower down, and on the

anal shield or valve, are two others ; stigmata black.

VOL. Il. THIRD SERIES, PART IV.—MARCH, 1865. AA

314 Captain T. Hutton’s Characters of

After the second moult, the appearance is much the same, the

head and pro-legs being black ; the four anterior segments ashy ;

remainder mottled iron-grey ; stigmata black; lunules as before on

fifth segment, and two small black dots on the front of the second

segment.

On the 9th of July the third moult was completed, the head

having changed to ashy-white; the body entirely ash-coloured ;

two small black dots in front of the second segment, and two on

the posterior part of the third; two lunules or sickle-shaped dark

marks on the fifth segment, composed of two narrow dark curves

enclosing one of ash; on the eighth segment are two small brown

circular spots ; in other respects as before, and still very small ;

stigmata a black ring with white centre.

On the 15th July the fourth moult was completed, the worm

being of a faint waxy colour with grey-brown head ; the two dots

on the front of the second segment now give place to a transverse

bar with a dot at each end. Two dorsal and two lateral rows of

small tubercular brown dots. The marks on the fifth and eighth

segments as before, but darker and more conspicuous ; stigmata a

black ring with white centre. After the fourth moult the worm

increases rapidly, and finally attains the length of 2.3, inches.

On the 22nd July they began to spin, and the cocoons were

generally of a fine bright golden-yellow, although white cocoons

were far from uncommon. The form and loose flossy texture

of the cocoon is the same as that of the Boro-pooloo, but those of

the latter are larger. In the spinning of the cocoon there was an

immense waste of silk, arising, I suspect, from some unhealthiness,

as the worms were restless and wandering, beginning a cocoon in

one place, and then leaving it to seek a fresh spot, which was per-

haps in turn abandoned, until sometimes all the silk was thus frit-

tered away, and the worm either died or became a naked pupa.

On the 4th of August the moths began to issue from the

cocoons, and coupled ; they were very small and altogether ashy-

white, without any markings on the wings.

The moths showed the presence of disease in having black

inky spots upon the wings and beneath the skin of the abdomen

at the junction of the segments ; still they coupled freely and laid

a plentiful supply of eggs, which were at first nearly white, but

changed to pale yellow in the course of a few hours.

The coupling continued for about ten hours, when they volun-

tarily separated. The males appeared to be somewhat sluggish,

and the females in most cases, after the first coupling, would not

permit a second.

Silk-producing Bombycide. 315

On the 16th of August the eggs, although still of a pale straw-

colour, became somewhat dusky and exhibited the black head of

the young caterpillar within the shell.

On the 17th these eggs had become grey and of good colour.

On the 18th they all hatched in a swarm, and I found that, unlike

B. Mori, which ceases to hatch about midday, these continued to

come forth during the entire day and night, until all were ex-

cluded.

When first hatched they are about 1, of an inch long; and

after the first moult 3; inch; after the second moult 8, inch ;

after the third moult 1,3, inch; and at maturity just before

spinning 2.3, inches.

I observed a curious fact with regard to some of these eggs

that were Jaid on the 5th of August,—about 20 of them turned

vinaceous on the 10th, while all the rest of the brood remained in

statu quo. These coloured eggs were not scattered about among

the others, but formed a small group by themselves. They did

not hatch with the others, but remained in the same vinaceous

state until the 3rd of October, by which time the others were again

laying eggs. Yet I could perceive no difference in the worms

afterwards, although there had been an interval of 30 days

between the hatching of the two parties laid on the same day.

This species continued to yield crop after crop even up to the

middle of December, when many of the cocoons remained dormant,

while others yielded moths which laid eggs that remained un-

hatched, the weather being very cold and variable, and no leaves

remaining on the mulberry trees. Here I think we have a clear

proof that at least this monthly worm could never have inhabited

a northern climate, but must by nature be entirely restricted to

warm lowland regions in which mulberry leaves are procurable all

the year round.

It appears from some remarks of Mr. C. Blechynden that it

was to this species and not to the Nistry (B. Crees) that allusion

was made in Young’s Magazine of Agriculture, as quoted by

Kirby and Spence, and the same gentleman observes that the

name given to the species by the natives is “ Sina” or Chinese.

He remarks as follows :—“ The worm mentioned by Kirby and

Spence does exist and is known as ‘ The China worm ;’ it goes

through all its changes from egg to cocoon in twenty-two days ;

so it is nothing strange to have new progeny in a month. The

period may be shortened by two or three days if the room occupied

as a rearing-room is kept at a high temperature ; it breeds all the

year round, but in the cold weather is longer in going through its

AA2

316 Captain T. Hutton’s Characters of

mutations and does not thrive well. This might be obviated by

keeping the room warm, but we should be thrown out by the want of

leaves, the mulberry putting on its wintry garb of bare branches.”

This information was kindly furnished from the Radnagore

district, but it is equally applicable to all others in India, the time

occupied from egg to cocoon varying always with the temperature

in which the worm is reared, being, as with the other species, more

rapid in a high than in a cold temperature, as witness Dr.

Bonavia’s experiments in Oudh, seventeen days in June and fifty-

one in November.

Mr. Blechynden’s remarks as to the worms thriving better in

summer than in winter tend to support my opinion that the monthly

worms belong naturally to the more genial temperature of the

south, while the annuals only belong to the colder mountainous

regions of the north. It is also said of this worm that “ yellow

cocoons will produce insects that give white silk, but that insects

from white cocoons never produce yellow.” Here then is a cor-

roboration of my previous argument that white is a sign of de-

generacy and weakened constitution.

From what has already been said, then, I think ample proof has

been furnished of the existence of at least six species of domes-

cated Bombyces, instead of one as heretofore supposed.

Before passing on to a consideration of the wild species I would

say a word respecting the hatching of the eggs of B. Mori for a

second crop: at Mussooree, where this was first observed, we have

in effect what may be termed a double season, or two springs, so

that when after the rainy season the temperature falls back to from

68° to 62°, the eggs will again begin to hatch. I have observed

this both in B. Mort and B. textor, but I am inclined to think that

it will only occur with worms in a transitional state, that is to say,

before they have become acclimatised ; and that as soon as this has

been effected the irregular hatching may be expected to cease.

For three years my worms of selected b. Mori, or the dark kind,

have given a second crop; but the very attempt to cause them to

revert may have had some effect in unsettling them, for the white

variety | have never found to yield a second brood. With

B. textor the same thing occurred, and for three or four years they

continued to give an autumnal crop; this year, however (although

B. Mori is now in September hatching in a temperature of 68°),

the Boro-pooloo remains unhatched, although in previous years

the hatching commenced about the 22nd of August, a full month

earlier. I expect, therefore, that B. Mori will eventually likewise

settle down again into an annual, That the hatching is in some

Silk-producing Bombycide. 317

measure to be attributed to the alteration of climate seems proved

by the fact that the Boro-pooloo removed from Bengal into Oudh

began to hatch for a second crop in the month of April, but was

checked by being placed in a colder temperature. (Dr. Bonavia’s

Report, 1864, p. 8.)

Of the moths of the different species I have said nothing because

I do not consider any one of them to be in a natural state; at

present, with the exception of size, the same description would

apply nearly equally well to all of them; and it is to be observed,

moreover, that, even taking each species separately, there will be

found a very great variety among the moths, so that it would be

next to impossible to decide as to which was to be regarded as a

typical specimen. Pale ashy-white, with a brownish band run-

ning parallel with the exterior margin of the upper wings, is the

usual appearance, although the band is often either partially or

altogether absent. This uncertainty must be attributed to the un-

settled condition of the insects, and will never cease until each is

restored to something like its original vigour of constitution.

Wild indigenous Species of India.

Turning now to the wild species of Continental India, we are

at once struck by the fact that, instead of being exclusively

restricted in their diet to the mulberry leaf, as are the domes-

ticated worms from China, one only of the four known species is

found upon that tree, while two of the others are respectively

restricted, it would appear, to the Ficus religiosa and Artocarpus

lacoocha, the food of the fourth species being unrecorded.

Besides this peculiarity, the wild species are remarkable for the

variety and beauty of the colours with which the worms are

ornamented, as well as by the presence of several longitudinally-

disposed rows of semi-horny spines in addition to the dorsal spine

on the penultimate segment, as possessed by all the Chinese

species.

These natural differences in the two sections of this group are

not, however, in my opinion, sufficient to warrant the inference

that the wild and the domesticated species belong to different

genera, any more than the presence or absence of tails, in the

species of the genus Papilio, could do so; for we see that in

respect to colour, the Chinese worms, when restored to some

degree of health, exhibit a very different appearance from that

of the worm in its usual sickly state, and that they actually make

a near approach to the uncultivated species. Besides which,

there are so many traits in the habits, manners, structure and

318 Captain T. Hutton’s Characters of

produce of the two sections that are common to both, that the

differences observable can be regarded only as specific and not

generic; and although the food of the wild species differs in some

instances from that of the domesticated races, yet in every case

the trees are found to belong to the same family, and to be closely

allied to the mulberry.

I consequently feel inclined to reject the Genus Theophila,

which Mr. F. Moore (see Trans. Ent, Soc., 3rd Series, 1. 315)

proposes to establish for the reception of the wild species ; more

especially since it is very doubtful whether one at least of these

could stand under either Bombyx or Theophila, while as regards

B. subnotata of Singapore, we know nothing of the larva, and

therefore cannot say whether or not it exhibits the spines and

other characteristics of the known wild larve; and the same may

be said of B. religiose.

It is this eagerness on the part of European systematists to

give names to the species contained in the Noah’s arks over

which they preside, that leads to so much positive confusion as to

what is, and what is not, a species,—a remark well illustrated by

the late creation of an Antherea under the specific name of

Mezankooria (see Trans. Ent. Soc., 3rd Series, i. 318), which

name is applied in Assam, by the native sericulturists, to distin-

guish the silk of the Mooga (Antherea Assama), when fed upon

the tree called Addakoory, from that produced by it when fed

upon other trees. A very similar mistake, at which the working

naturalist may, without offence, be permitted to smile, was

recently made by a French savant of some repute, who applied to

me for information regarding certain alleged species of Tussur

moths, known in India as Antherea Teriah, Anth. Dabrah, Anth.

Mooga, and several more, these being, not the names of insects, but

technical terms applied by the native cultivators of Beerbhoom to

particular qualities of cocoons of Antherea Paphia, which are

assorted according to size, colour, &c., under these various titles.

It would appear that while one school is labouring hard to

prove that all organized beings are the descendants of ‘ one

primordial type,” others are equally bent on proving that each

species is sui generis, and entitled to stand alone.

7. Bompyx Huttoni, Westw. (PI. XIX. fig. 4.)

Syn. Bombyx Huttoni, Westwood, Cab. Or. Ent. pl. 12, f. 4.

Theophila Huttoni, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 3rd

Series, 1. 314, 315.

This species, which feeds on the wild indigenous mulberry tree

of the North Western Himalaya, is apparently confined to the

Silk-producing Bombycide. 319

mountains, from the neighbourhood of Delia, at about 2,000 feet

of elevation up to 7,000 and even 8,000 feet. It does not appear

to occur in Nipal, but ranges westward from about Kemaon.

This worm is double-brooded, and yields two crops of silk in the

year ; this is of the very best quality, but unfortunately the worm

is so erratic and intractable, that hitherto all attempts to domesti-

cate it have proved abortive; it will not remain in the feeding

trays, like the Chinese worms, but wanders away until the brood

is lost. The only method of rearing it is to leave it at full

liberty on the trees, where it remains perfectly quiet and con-

tented, but has so many enemies to contend with, in the shape of

birds, flies, bugs and wasps, as to render a crop of silk very

precarious and almost unattainable, without constant watching

and expense, which renders the crop unprofitable.

As previously stated, I discovered this species at Simla in the

autumn of 1837, on the wild forest mulberry, and again after the

campaign in Afghanistan, at Mussooree in 1842, at which time

I sent it to Mr. Westwood, in England.

The wild mulberry-tree of the North Western Himalaya

usually comes into leaf about the first week in March, but of

course this is in a great measure dependent upon the situation,

elevation and temperature of the season.

The eggs of this silkworm are firmly attached to the bark of

the tree, sometimes on the trunk, but more generally on the

underside of the branches, where they remain spread out in

clusters and exposed all the winter to the action of the frost, but

where they are at the same time protected from the rain and

snow, so as to run no risk of being washed off by the dissolving

of their agglutinating gum.

The colour of the egg is a pale straw-yellow, which, unlike the

eggs of the Chinese races, is retained to the last. The egg is

considerably larger than those of 6, Mori. The young worm is

disclosed from the egg a few days after the opening of the leaf-

buds; the hatching is, however, very irregular and continues

sometimes even up to the end of April, although this is generally

dependent upon the situation of the tree.

In some seasons these worms are so numerous that the trees

are completely denuded of every leaf by the middle of May, and

in such cases the worms, after gnawing off all the leaves which

envelope the cocoons already formed, are compelled to descend

from the tree and spin among the leaves of the neighbouring shrubs

and bushes, while many that are still immature necessarily die of

hunger, or fall a prey to birds. The trees that have been thus

denuded speedily put forth fresh leaves, to be in due time consumed

ay Captain T. Hutton’s Characters of

by the autumnal brood. Trees thus stripped in the middle of

May will be again in full foliage by the end of the first week in

June.

It is curious to observe the instinctive knowledge which these

worms appear to possess of the approach of a hail-storm; no

sooner are the peals of thunder heard, than the whole brood

seems to regard them as a warning trumpet-call, and all are

instantly in motion seeking shelter beneath the thicker branches,

and even descending the trunk of the tree to some little distance,

but never proceeding so low down as to lose the protecting shelter

of the boughs. For rain they care nothing, but appear to be

able to distinguish between the coming of a heavy shower, and

the more pitiless pelting of the hail.

When the caterpillar is newly hatched its appearance, as seen

under a good lens, is as follows :—Head and pro-legs shining jet

black ; body dark brown, approaching to black ; the first segment

whitish-ash, the fourth pale rufous, as are the anal feet; tubercles

disposed in longitudinal rows, giving forth short tufts of hair; a

small anal tubercle on the penultimate segment: thus far there is

scarcely a difference between it and the young Chinese worm.

Length fully 1 of an inch: strong and robust, as compared with

the best domestic stock. In the course of a day or two, the four

anterior segments become greatly swollen and of a faint livid cream-

colour, the dorsal portion being mottled or dotted with deep

brown; the orange or rufous colour of the fourth segment some-

what deeper.

About the fourth day the four anterior segments become swollen

up very remarkably into a globular form, the dark spots being

apparently beneath the skin; the rest of the body dark brown, with

here and there a tinge of dull yellowish. On the fifth day they

prepared to moult. After the first moult, the second and third

segments form a globular ball, apparently out of all proportion to

the rest of the body; the general ground colour becomes creamy-

white, with the fourth segment yellow, the second and third being

dotted above with dull leaden-grey ; the remainder closely marbled

over, or variegated without any definite arrangement, with black,

grey, orange, ash and yellow blending like tortoise-shell; the

fleshy tubercles or spines short, conical and brown; skin smooth.

In the subsequent stages the general appearance remains the

same, except that the spines are long and taper to a point, being

fleshy at the base, but becoming somewhat horny towards the

summits; all bend backwards in a curve except the central one on

the penultimate segment, which lies down horizontally and points

forward.

Silk-producing Bombycide. 321

When mature the ground colour becomes yellowish-white

beautifully and closely marbled over with orange, dark ash-grey,

leaden blue and brown; the second and third segments swollen into

a large globose mass ; the anterior segment creamy-yellow, which

colour extends backwards on each side in a broad band through

the sixth segment. This resembles the ashy band apparent in the

worm of &. Mori, after reversion to its natural dark hue. There

are two dorsal rows of long, black, slender and sharp-pointed

spines commencing with the fifth segment, their base being orange-

brown, and the four anterior segments being without them, as in

Attacus Atlas; on the anal shield are four somewhat conical

orange-brown rudimentary tubercles, and rows of small ones

along the sides ; the dorsal portion of the four anterior segments

clouded or blotched with dull leaden-grey markings, apparently

showing from beneath the skin; on the third segment are two

brown spots or ccelli, marked within with several minute irregular

dots of bluish-white; on the front of the second segment are two

similar round spots, having a narrow edge and central dot of

bluish-white ; there are likewise several black spots both before

and behind these ocelli; on the fifth segment are two irregular-

shaped jet-black spots dotted with bluish-white, and from the

centre of these springs the first pair of dorsal spines, which are

altogether black : head mottled brown and grey.

It is, however, almost impossible accurately and minutely to

describe the distribution and blending of the various colours with

which the insect is ornamented.

The cocoon is spun within the leaf from the beginning of May

to the end of that month, according to the time of hatching, but

I have sometimes taken cocoons as early as the 15th of April and

again in September.

The figure of the moth, as represented on pl. 12 of Westwood’s

Cabinet of Oriental Entomology, is, in several respects, very faulty,

owing to the specimen sent to him having been injured during its

long journey.

Expanse of wing in the male 1? inch; of females in general

23, inches. A black transverse band crosses the upper part of

the abdomen at the waist, the posterior edge of which is bordered

by a narrow line of ash; on the reflected abdominal margin of the

hinder wings are two white spots; all the markings on the wings

are of the same character as those upon the wings of B. Mori,

but are far better defined and more intense than those in West-

wood’s figure. On the hinder wings the sub-marginal line is

ash-coloured, as is also that on the upper wing. The plumes of

322 Captain T. Hutton’s Characters of

the antenne are likewise much longer than in the figure, which,

taking it all in all, is very inaccurate.

In order if possible to reclaim this species and reduce it to a

state of domestication, I succeeded in 1859 in obtaining a reci-

procal cross between it and the Cashmere worm. In this experi-

ment the female wild moth was coupled with the male B. Mor,

and the female B. Mori with the male B. Huttoni; the coupling of

the latter was effected with the greatest difficulty, and the few

eggs obtained were all unprolific; this always proved to be the

case in repeated trials. With regard to the other attempt, the

difficulty was not so great, the domestic males eagerly sought the

wild females ; the latter, however, exhibited an unmistakable dis-

like of such pigmy sweethearts, though a few coupled and de-

posited eggs. Still very few of these were prolific, and the cater-

pillars produced from them retained all the intractable habits of

the wild stock, and were accordingly placed upon the trees, where

in due time they spun their cocoons. But neither in the cater-

pillar nor in the cocoon was there any perceptible difference from

the wild race, and although some of these females were again

crossed by hybrid males, the progeny was still to all intents and

purposes as decidedly B. Huttoni as at first.

From the refusal of the wild males to couple, and from the

great difficulty experienced in inducing the females to allow the

domestic males to approach, it may be said that a generic division

would be justifiable ; yet a certain coupling did take place and the

progeny was fertile, although the strength and health of the wild

race completely outweighed the influence of the degenerated

domestic stock.

It was with a view to the eventual cultivation of the silk of this

species that, after a lengthened correspondence, the Government

of India in 1858 consented to the formation of a mulberry plan-

tation at Mussooree under my superintendence, but having fully

satisfied myself in the course of the second year, that from the

intractable nature of the worm it would be impossible to domes-

ticate it, the Government was only too glad to foreclose the ex-

periment, while I having purchased the only tract of land suitable

and available for the experiment, was left to ‘‘pay the piper’ on

the plea that the purchase had never been ordered !

8. Bomsyx Bencatrensis, Hutton.

The Wild Bengal Silkworm. (PI. XIX. fig. 5.)

This species has apparently become exceedingly rare, if not

extinct, in the neighbourhood of Calcutta, where it feeds on the

Silk-producing Bombycide. | 323

Artocarpus lacoocha, and was discovered some years ago by the

late W. Frith, Esq., of Calcutta, who showed me specimens of

the moth in 1849, but stated that the worm fed on the mulberry

tree and was not uncommon about Moorshedabad. ‘The moth,

however, which he then showed me was totally unlike one pre-

sented by Mr. A. Grote, being larger and of a brown colour.

Can there be an undescribed species at Moorshedabad ?

Of B. Bengalensis I have never been able to procure the eggs,

although Mr. Grote has interested himself in the matter; he now

reports that for the last year or two the species has disappeared.

It is probable, however, that it might still be procurable in other

parts of Bengal where the bread-fruit tree flourishes. From a

well-executed coloured drawing of the larva, furnished through

the kindness of this gentleman, I am enabled to record its appear-

ance as follows:—Head brown; from the head to the middle of

the sixth segment ashy white or cream colour ; the second and third

segments wrinkled and slightly intumescent, bearing a few small

rufous spots; prolegs rufous brown, with blackish tips; from the

middle of the sixth segment to the anal feet pale rufous-brown, each

segment dotted with black ; stigmata oval white rings, with a black

centre; on the dorsal portion of the fifth segment are two slightly

raised round black spots, from the centre of which radiate narrow

white stripes, and from which rise the first or anterior pair of

dorsal spines, which are wholly black ; on the eighth segment are two

similar spots of a rufous-red colour with white rays, and bearing

two black spines ; all the other segments bear black dorsal spines,

with rufous bases; the spine on the centre of the penultimate

segment very large and strong, thick at the base or lower half,

and becoming suddenly attenuated and falcate, pointing back-

wards, the tip only black, the rest pale rufous; the dorsal spines

are represented as standing erect. Legs rufous-brown, each

bearing a pointed whitish stripe down its centre. The four an-

terior segments smooth and without spines. In point of size it

appears to be far inferior to the larva of B. Hultoni; the four

anterior segments make no approach to the globular mass which

characterises that part in the Himalayan species, neither does it at

all resemble it in the colouring.

The moth as furnished by Mr. Grote is of an ashy-white, and

the cocoon that of a true Bombyz.

324 Captain T. Hutton’s Characters of

9. Bombyx supnotata, Walker.

Syn. Bombyx subnotata, Walker, Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond. iii.

Zool. p. 188 (1859).

Of this species nothing more appears to be known than is con-

tained in Mr. Walker's description of the moth (wbz supra), and

that it was procured from Singapore by Mr. A. R. Wallace ;

neither the larva nor its food are mentioned.

In the absence of all information regarding the caterpillar,

whether it is spined, like the two preceding, or smooth, as in the

Chinese stock, it is impossible to decide upon the propriety of

placing this species in the proposed new genus Theophila.

10. Bomspyx Horsrietp1, Moore.

Syn. Bombyx Horsfieldi, Moore, Cat. Ind. Mus. ii, pl. xi.a,

fig. 5.

This is not a Continental species and is merely inserfed here

to complete the series; the moth is described and figured in

the Catalogue of the India Museum, but here again we know

nothing of the larva, cocoon or food.

Its habitat is Java.

11. Bomsyx Suerwitu, Moore, MS.

Syn. Bombyx Shernilli, Moore, in epistold.

Of this again the larva is unknown, and indeed the habitat is

doubtful too. According to Mr. F. Moore the specimen was

obtained from a collection said to have been made in the S. E.

Himalayas by the late Major J. L. Sherwill; but Entomologists

who have long collected in that quarter assure me that they have

never seen a specimen of Bombyx from thence. Nevertheless,

this is but negative evidence; and if once a specimen has been

obtained others may probably follow. According to Mr. Moore

it is “allied to B, Huttoni, and differs from it in being somewhat

larger, and of a greyer colour, the forewing having the apical

patch fuliginous instead of black, and it has only a single trans-

verse discal streak (instead of the two, as in B. Huttoni). A most

prominent character is that the abdomen is tipt with black, as well

as having the dark ashy waistband.”

Large light-coloured specimens are sometimes seen of B, Hut-

toni, but I do not remember ever to have seen the abdomen tipt

with black.

Silk-producing Bombycide. 325

12. Bompyx reticiosz, Helfer.

Syn. Bombyx religiose, Helfer, J. A. S. Beng. vi. p. 41.

Bombyx Huttoni, apud Moore, Cat. Ind. Mus.

The Joree Silkworm Moth, Helfer.

The Deo-mooga Silkworm, Hugon, J. A. S. Beng. vi. pp.

32, 41.

Habitat Assam, Sylhet.

Of this species, notwithstanding the number of years that have

elapsed since its discovery, and my repeated efforts to obtain it

through the assistance of gentlemen resident in Assam, nothing

more appears to be known than what Dr. Helfer recorded in

1837. It issaid to be somewhat rare, but this I suspect is rather

to be attributed to the want of research than to any actual scarcity,

since the insect appears to have been in considerable abundance

on the trees at the time when its discovery was made.

The larva of B. religiose is said to feed on the leaves of the

Peepul tree or Ficus religiosa, and for want of more recent infor-

mation I must content myself with the account furnished by Dr.

Helfer (ubi sup.), calling attention to the fact of the worm

bearing two names,—‘ The Joree” and ‘The Deo-mooga” silk-

worm, whence, together with one or two other circumstances to

be pointed out, I am inclined to think there are two species united

under this name, and that neither of them belongs to the genus

Bombyz.

It is to be observed that the species was discovered in Cachar

by Mr. Hugon in 1834, and he describes the worm as being

active, very slender in proportion to its length, scarcely 23 inches

long, of a reddish colour, and glazed, or shining. The moth, he

says, is “very much like that of the mulberry; so is the cocoon

also in appearance, colour and size.”

Now in describing the worm there is not the least allusion to

the slender semi-horny spines which are so remarkable both in

B. Huttoni and B, Bengalensis, while the slender glazed form is

again unlike those species, and seems to approach more closely to

the genus Ocinara.

In regard to the cocoon, while Mr. Hugon declares it to be

very like that of the mulberry worm, “ in appearance, colour and

size,” Dr. Helfer, on the other hand, declares it to be “ very

different from the cocoon of the mulberry moth.”

It is to be remembered, however, that Mr. Hugon spoke of an

insect which he discovered in Cachar, while Dr. Helfer describes

one discovered by Major Jenkins in Assam, where “it yields a

326 Captain T. Hutton’s Characters of

silk, if not superior, yet certainly equal, to that of B. Mori,

[? B. textor, or B. Croesi, probably]. The cocoon shows the

finest filament, and has very much silky lustre. Itis exceedingly

smooth to the touch, and very different from the cocoon of the

mulberry moth. The worm lives on the Pipul tree (Ficus

religiosa).”

It seems to have been entirely overlooked that Mr. Hugon in

Cachar found his worms on “ the Bur-tree (Ficus Indica),” and

that “in appearance, colour and size,” they were very like the

mulberry worm; while Major Jenkins in Assam found his on an

allied, but still a different tree, “ the Pipul (Ficus religiosa),” and

the cocoon was “ very different from that of the mulberry moth.”

Is it not quite possible that there may be two distinct species, the

Deo-mooga of Cachar, and the Joree of Assam?

What renders the uncertainty still greater is the fact that Mr.

Hugon himself “ was unable to determine whether the Joree and

Deo-mooga were the same, and was inclined, from the colour of

the cocoons and the slight observations he was able to make on

the latter, to think them distinct.” My own opinion, judging

from what has been advanced, and from the fact that the cocoons

are said to be less even than those of the Dasee (B. fortunatus),

is, that neither the one nor the other belongs to Bombya, but will

be found to be species of the allied genus Ocinara, an opinion

supported in some measure by the nature of the food, these insects

feeding on two species of Ficus, just as our two mountain species

at Mussooree are confined to the Ficus venosa.

Genus Ocinara, Walker.

The insects of this genus, although in some respects allied to

Bombyx, show likewise in the larva state a strong approach to the

Geometre, being characterized by knotty and dry bud-like ex-

crescences, which, with the rigid attitude assumed when at rest,

give the insect the appearance of a withered twig or piece of dry

stick. In those discovered at Mussooree the larvee appear to. be

almost entirely night-feeders, seldom moving during the day

from the position they have taken up, which is usually at the

end of a thin twig, along which they lie stretched out immovable,

and to which they are so much assimilated, both in colour and

ruggedness of appearance, as easily to pass unnoticed.

1. Octnara Moorer, Hutton,

The larva of this species feeds on the Ficus venosa, and is found

at Mussooree at an elevation of about 5,400 feet ; it spins a small

Silk-producing Bombycide. 327

white silken cocoon on the inner surface of the leaf, or even,

should it fall from the tree, under a tile or stone, or against a

flower-pot. There are certainly two broods during the summer

months, and I suspect as many as three or four.

The larva is of an earthy-brown colour, and covered with short

hairs ; it has a raised transverse ridge across the second segment,

in front of which is a blackish patch ; it has a very short truncated

spine on the middle of the penultimate segment, which usually lies

down pointing backwards, and even with the plane of the back ;

it is, however, capable of being raised into an erect position when

the insect is disturbed. The general appearance is rough and

bark-like, and the ventral line is thickly fringed, as are the feet

also, with rather long hairs.

The moth, judging from the description given by Mr. Moore of

his species O. Lida, appears closely allied to it, and were it not

that he makes no mention of the three black spots on the ab-

dominal margin of the lower wings, of a black dot on the disc

beneath, and gives palpi ferruginous instead of dusky black, I

should have been strongly tempted to consider them as identical.

The wings in both sexes are of a creamy white, partially suffused

with a faint ferruginous tinge; an indistinct undulating sub-

marginal line bearing a ferruginous mark on each nervure, the

largest being on the costal margin ; abdominal and outer edges of

the wings well fringed with long cilia, forming a well-marked

border ; an indistinct sub-basal wavy line with one or two in-

distinct ferruginous dots on the nervures; on the hinder wing is

a wavy, very indistinct pale-brown band at about one-third from

the margin; the fringe of the lower wings terminates in a pro-

jecting square patch, caused by the turning down or folding of the

remaining portion of the abdominal margin, on which are three

ferruginous dots. Body tricarinated, or having a dorsal and a

lateral line on each side composed of tufts of long scales of a

triangular form, and appearing like a projecting serrated line ;

colour very faint ferruginous, or sandy brown, very little darker

than the wings. Antenne bipectinated and faintly tinged with

ferruginous ; thorax, and forehead between the eyes, white ; eyes,

palpi, and inner side of forelegs, dusky black; under side ashy

white, the wavy brown bands and spots well defined, and there is

a black dot on the dise of the lower wings ; body beneath whitish.

Expanse of wing in the male 13 inch, in the female 2 inches.

The silk of this species is fine and elastic; the cocoon oval,

flattened beneath where in contact with the leaf, convex above;

it is enveloped in a light screen of floss silk, spread over it in

328 Captain T. Hutton’s Characters of

curls, and not web-like as in Bombyx. The cocoon is too small

to become valuable. I have taken cocoons both in May and in

August. The larva is usually found stretched along a thin branch,

to which it clings very closely, and is scarcely distinguishable

from the wood.

2. Octnara LacTEA, Hutton. (Pl. XIX. fig. 6.)

The larva of this species feeds likewise upon the Ficus venosa,

at the same place and elevation as the last, and is often found

with it on the same tree. It appears to be a far more abundant

species than the former, and is usually found stretched along the

extreme end of a twig, and so close that it appears to be part and

parcel of the branch; at other times it will be found obliquely

erect and stiff so as to resemble a dry stick. When very young

it resorts also to the edges and back of the leaf. It is without

hairs, and quite naked. The young worm is of a pale-yellowish

green, resembling the leaf-stalk upon which it rests; on the back

of the second segment is a slightly raised transverse ridge tinged

with brown, and on the fifth and ninth segments are two slightly-

raised round tubercles of the same colour; an anal horn, on the

penultimate segment, which is also light brown. When adult, the

colour changes to a russet brown like the bark of the tree, and

the transverse ridge and tubercles become well developed and

somewhat darker than the rest of the body; the anal horn or

spine generally appears as if truncated by the loss of the summit,

—yet such is not the case, as the extremity is retractile, and is

generally withdrawn into the lower part as a sheath; when the

animal is about to moult, or is disturbed and irritated, the sum-

mit of this spine is exserted, and instead of being brown, like the

base, is whitish; when exserted the whole stands erect, slightly

inclining backwards. It would be a difficult task to explain the

use of this curious contrivance, and | have been hitherto unable to

detect anything that could lead me even to conjecture what purpose

it can possibly serve.

The shape of the larva is similar to that of O. dilectula, as

figured in the second volume of the Lepidopterous Insects in the

India Museum, except that in the figure of the latter there are no

raised tubercles.

From the larva of the preceding species it differs both in shape

and habits. In O. lactea the entire form and appearance are those

of a Geometra, but it nevertheless progresses in the usual way like

the larva of Bombyx. In its manner of stretching from the twig

to an adjacent leaf while feeding, and in its habit, when at rest,

Silk-producing Bombycide. 329

of folding the prolegs together and obliquely raising all the

anterior segments of the body, as far back as the sixth, off the

surface of the twig or leaf, and at an acute angle with the plane

upon which it stands, it very strongly resembles a Geometra, and

gives one the idea of its forming a connecting link between that

curious genus and the Bombyces. It feeds principally at night

like the last, and in its younger stages is usually found at the

extreme end of a young leafy twig, the terminal bud of which it

strongly resembles. It spins a small compact cocoon, shaped like

that of the last, but of a sulphur-yellow colour instead of white, and

the flossy web which covers it is more closely woven into a kind

of network, with regular open circular meshes, The eggs are at

first of a very pale straw yellow, and are deposited in short lines

of three to eight in each; after a time a red dot appears in the

centre of the egg, and then, in a day or two more, the entire egg

changes to a dark stone-grey, and the young worm speedily

emerges.

The moth is small and white, often with the wings partially

hyaline and iridescent, though this, I am inclined to think, arises

from the abrasion of the scales, which are very loose and easily

rubbed off. The upper wing has an indistinct and nearly obsolete

submarginal and slightly undulating double line, with a minute

black dot on each nervure, and a larger one on the costal margin

flanked on each side by a smaller one. About the middle of the

costal margin, at a little distance within the wing, is a black spot

formed by two short parallel lines close together, and an almost

obsolete double-curved line near the basal angle, running from the

anterior to the posterior margin; both the wings are rounded ex-

ternally. The lower wing has also an obscure brownish sub-

marginal line without dots; a small black dot on the disc, which

however is not always present, and three well-defined black spots

on the fringe of the abdominal margin, which, as in the foregoing

species, is folded down. The under-side is dull white, with the

discal spots and submarginal lines more clearly developed than

above. Eyes and palpi black; antenna with white shafts and

ferruginous plumes: body densely clothed with long hair-like

scales; upper surface of body smoky ash-grey; thorax and

forehead between the eyes white.

Throughout July and August the larve of this species are

abundant at an elevation of 5,400 feet on the Ficus venosa, which

the natives term “ Doodli,” from the milky nature of its juices which

exude freely when a leaf is plucked. In the female of this moth

VOL. Il. THIRD SERIES, PART 1V.—MARCH, 1865. BB

330 Captain T. Hutton’s Characters of

there is a dorsal keel, serrated, and composed of long scales.

Expanse of female 1,6, inch, of male 1,3, inch.

38. Octnara Comma, Hutton.

This occurs in the Dehra Doon at the foot of the mountains,

where the moth is said to be usually found on the Mango tree, but

it has not yet been ascertained whether the larva feeds upon its

leaves or not.

The moth is white, both in wings and body, with a single

comma-like black mark about the centre of the anterior margin of

the upper wing and at a little distance from the margin; under-

side also white, with the comma mark a little less distinct, and on

the centre of the hinder wing is a very faint indication of a black

spot; antenne bipectinate, the shaft white, with faint ferruginous

plumes ; the face and palpi dull yellowish; the two anterior pairs

of legs each bearing two black spots on the outer edge; expanse

of wing in a female 1-9; inch.

Appears in July and August.

Besides these, I am informed that other Continental species

have been captured at Darjiling, but to these at present I have no

access.

There are likewise two species from Java, noticed by Mr.

Moore in the second volume of the Lepidoptera contained in the

India Museum. ‘These are—

4, Ocinara pivectuta, Walker.

Syn. Ocinara dilectula, Walker, List Lep. Het. Brit. Mus. pt.

vii. p. 1768 (1856); Moore, Catal. Lep.

Ind. Mus. ii. p. 381.

Habitat Java, where procured by the late Dr. Horsfield.

Like the species at Mussooree it is said to “ feed upon a species

of Ficus, bearing the native name of Weringin.” This circum-

stance seems to point out the species of Ficus as the natural

food of the genus, and makes me still more inclined to regard the

Bombyx religiose@ as belonging in reality to Ocinara.

5. Octnara Lipa, Moore.

Syn. Ocinara Lida, Moore, Cat. Lep. Ind. Mus. ii. p. 381.

This is likewise a Javanese species discovered by Dr. Horsfield,

but nothing is recorded of the larva or its food. The moth is

described in the above-named publication, and appears to be

closely allied to my O. Moorez.

Silk-producing Bombycide. 331

Genus Tritocna, Moore.

1. Trinocua vartans, Moore. (PI. XIX. fig. 1 2, fig. 2 9.)

Syn. Trilocha varians, Moore, Cat. Lep. Ind. Mus. ii. p. 382.

Naprepa varians, Walker, List Lep. Het. Brit. Mus. pt. v.

p- 1153 (1855).

This species, which is figured in vol. ii. of the Catalogue of

Lepidoptera in the India Museum, is said to have been presented

by J. N. Ward, Esq., from Canara, but nothing more is recorded ;

the figure given by Mr. Moore (ubi sup.) looks wonderfully like

an Ocinara.

Nore.—The larve here figured (Pl. XIX. figs. 1,2), which I believe to be

those of the male and female (the moths of both being also figured in the ori-

ginal drawings from which these are copied) were discovered in the neighbour-

hood of Caleutta, by Mr. A. Grote, by whom they were kindly forwarded to me.

They were found in February and March, feeding on Trophis aspera, other larvee

being also taken on Ficus indica and F, religiosa. Spins a small yellowish-white

cocoon, within the leaf or naked. Drawings of the same insect in all its stages

were made by Mr. Walter Elliot during his residence in Madras, the larve

there also being found on Ficus religiosa.—F. Moore, February, 1865.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XIX.

Fig. 1. Larva of Trilocha varians, g.

2. ” ” ” fo) .

3. an Bombyx fortunatus,

4. 5 Bombyx Huttoni.

5. De Bombyx Bengalensis.

6. 3 Ocinara lactea.

7 i Bombyx Mori, reverted.

8 “ ¥ » as Cultivated,

e"33an)

XV. Descriptions of new Genera and Species of Phy-

tophaga.

By J. S. Baty.

[Read 6th February, 1865.]

Pantocometes Downesii.

Glyptoscelis eneipennis.

= JSascicularis.

y albicans.

Myochrous Sallei.

= explanatus,

Yr armatus.

Corysthea ferox.

Lamprospharus (n. g.) Hebe.

+ 5-pustulatus.

FF lateralis.

PA scintillaris.

Chalcoplacis (n. g.) sumptuosa.

Chalcophyma (n.g.) cretifera.

a leta.

re tarsalis.

ea tuberculosa.

Endocephalus spilotus.

Colaspis elegantula.

Sophrena (n. g.) ornata.

Crepidodera elegantula.

- Brasiliensis.

Aphthona merens.

Fam.

List of Species.

Celomera ruficornis.

”

leta.

bipustulata.

Diabrotica coccinea.

”

pulchra.

puncticollis.

sublimbata.

Deyrollei.

tenella.

suturalis.

Hebe.

discoidalis.

4-vittautay

dimidiatipennis.

Saundersi.

subsulcata.

tetruspilota.

Uroplata 12-maculata,

”

Walkeri.

Stevensi.

Grayi.

terminalis.

16-guttata.

CLYTHRIDE.

Genus Crytura, Fabr.

1. Clythra (Pantocometes) Downesit.

Elongata, subcylindrica, czeruleo-viridis, nitida, subtus dense,

supra sparse pube grisea vestita; thorace transverso, angulis

posticis ]ate rotundatis, lateribus anguste flavo-marginatis ;

elytris distincte subremote punctatis, pube suberecta sparse

vestitis, fulvis, fascia transversa pone medium cerulea.

Mas.—Capite exserto, infra oculos prolongato, mandibulis pro-

ductis, acutis, intus fortiter lobatis, facie rugosa; thorace

lateribus rotundatis, antice convergentibus, disco sat profunde

transversim excavato, subremote punctato; pedibus anticis

longissimis.

334

Mr. J. S. Baly’s Descriptions of

Foeem.—Capite brevi, infra oculos non prolongato, mandibulis

brevibus; facie levi; thorace lateribus basi rotundatis, hinc

ad apicem convergentibus, disco minus distincte transversim

excavato, pedibus anticis non elongatis.

Long. # 4, ¢ 33 lin.

Hab. Bombay. Collected by E. Downes, Esq.

Fam. EUMOLPID &,

Genus Gryrtoscetis, Leconte.

1. Glyptoscelis ceneipennis.

Elongatus, parallelus, subcylindricus, obscure rufus, nitidus,

pilis albidis adpressis dense vestitus; antennis pedibusqne

pallidioribus, thorace transverso, sat crebre punctato, lateribus

rotundato-angustatis ; elytris viridi-zeneis, inordinatim punc-

tatis, transversim rugulosis, singulis apice productis, acumi-

natis, pilis fulvis et albis intermixtis vestitis, his hic illic in

fasciculis parvis congregatis.

Long. 3 lin.

Hab. Venezuela, Trinidad.

2. Glyptoscelis fascicularis.

Elongatus, parallelus, subcylindricus, obscure piceus, supra pilis

fuscis, subtus pilis albidis adpressis dense vestitus; pedibus

obscure rufis, antennis rufo-fulvis, ad apicem infuscatis ;

thorace vix transverso, lateribus fere rectis a basi ad apicem

convergentibus, minus crebre punctato, disco vittis quatuor

pilorum pallidorum, duabus internis antice abbreviatis, ornato;

elytris parallelis, apicem versus vix angustatis, singulis apice

paullo productis, acuminatis, inordinatim punctatis, trans-

versim rugulosis, obscure viridi-zeneis, pilis fuscis et albis

intermixtis vestitis, his hic illic fasciculatis.

Long. 4 lin,

Hab. Columbia. a

This insect is easily separated from the foregoing by its some-

what larger size, different coloration, and by the fuscous pubes-

cence of the upper surface of the body; the pale vitte on the

thorax are only visible in fresh specimens.

3. Glyptoscelis albicans.

Elongatus, subparallelus, subcylindricus, piceus, non metal-

licus, pilis adpressis obscure albidis dense vestitus, ely-

trorum pilis squamiformibus; antennis pallide fulvis, pedibus

New Genera and Species of Phytophaga. 335

rufo-testaceis; thorace subcylindrico, latitudine vix longiori,

lateribus fere rectis, a basi ad apicem angustatis; elytris crebre

punctatis, singulis apice vix productis, acutis.

Long. 4 lin.

Hab. (A

Genus Myocnrous, Erichs.

1. Myochrous Sallei.

Elongatus, angustatus, parallelus, subcylindricus, dorso depla-

natus, rufo-piceus aut piceus, squamulis adpressis albo-fuscis

dense vestitus; antennis pedibusque pallide rufo-testaceis,

genubus tarsisque obscurioribus ; thorace elongatulo, lateribus

obsolete tridentatis, cylindrico, basi subdeplanata, apice an-

trorsum valde porrecto; elytris fortiter punctato-striatis; tibiis

anticis intus ante apicem spina brevi armatis.

Long. 3 lin.

Hab. Mexico.

Thorax more than a third longer than broad, sides not dilated,

armed with three very minute teeth; anterior margin strongly

produced, entirely concealing the head from above.

This pretty species may be distinguished from M. explanatus by

the narrower body, and entirely different form of thorax.

2. Myochrous explanatus.

Elongatus, minus parallelus, convexus, dorso deplanatus, piceo-

zeneus, squamulis fuscis dense vestitus ; antennis, labro, pedi-

busque (genubus tarsisque exceptis) obscure rufo-testaceis ;

thorace longitudine paullo latiori, margine antico sat valde

porrecto, lateribus obsolete denticulatis, a basi ultra medium

sat explanatis, ante apicem abrupte desinentibus; dorso antice

convexo, postice deplanato; elytris minus parellelis, fortiter

punctato-striatis; tibiis anticis intus ante apicem spina

brevissima armatis.

Long. 33 lin.

Hab. Caracas.

Thorax rather broader than long, sides distinctly dilated,

gradually diverging from the base to beyond the middle, where

they abruptly terminate, their outer border furnished with three

or four indistinct teeth ; sides of elytra slightly oval.

3. Myochrous armatus.

Subelongatus, convexus, dorso modice deplanatus, obscure

piceo-zeneus, squamulis adpressis fusco-fulvis dense vestitus ;

336 Mr. J. 8. Baly’s Descriptions of

antennis obscure rufo-fulvis, aneo-maculatis; thorace Jatitu-

dine vix longiori, lateribus distincte tridentatis, margine apicali

antrorsum modice producto; elytris fortiter et rude punctato-

striatis ; tibiis anticis intus ante apicem spin4 valida armatis.

Long. 3 lin.

Hab. Brazil.

Thorax scarcely longer than broad, sides moderately dilated,

abruptly terminating before the apex, armed with three distinct

teeth, anterior margin moderately produced ; upper surface trans-

versely convex, slightly flattened at the base, closely and coarsely

punctured. Elytra oblong-subovate, convex, scarcely flattened

along the suture.

Genus Corycra, mihi (olim).

Since the publication of the above genus (Journ. Entom. ii. 221),

I find that the word Corycia had been already used in Lepidoptera ;

I therefore propose to substitute Corysthea as the generic name.

Genus CorystTHEA.

1. Corysthea ferox.

Oblonga, convexa, obscure cuprea, nitida; antennis pallide fulvis,

ad apicem infuscatis; thorace elytris latitudine fere aquali,

subcrebre punctato; elytris punctato-striatis, singulatim infra

basin transversim impressis; tibils posticis spina valida

armatis ( ¢ ).

Long. 3 lin.

Hab. Cayenne.

Face coarsely punctured, forehead impressed with an oblong

fovea, vertex smooth, nearly impunctate. Thorax about equal in

width to the elytra, sides slightly rounded and subparallel behind

their middle, obliquely converging in front ; above convex, anterior

angles strongly deflexed, surface distinctly and somewhat closely

punctured. Elytra slightly attenuated towards their apex, the

latter regularly rounded; above convex, slightly deflexed from

before their middle to the apex; basilar space in each elytron

bounded outwardly by a perpendicular, and below bya transverse

depression, the latter, however, not reaching to the suture ; surface

finely but distinctly punctate-striate, the striae becoming some-

what confused towards their apex. Body beneath smooth and

shining, the middle portion of the metasternum entirely occupied

by a large transverse concave depression; apical segment of

abdomen transversely sulcate.

New Genera and Species of Phytophaga. Sue

Genus Lamprospuxrvs, mihi (olim).

In a paper in the Annals and Magazine of Natural History

(1859, p. 124), I described some species of Eumolpide as belong-

ing to the genus Lamprospherus, the characters of which, as then

understood by me, I at the same time laid down; subsequent study

however of the group has shown me that the insects then described

belong to no less than three very natural genera, confounded by

me under one common head. I propose in the present place to

give briefly the diagnostic characters of these three genera, retain-

ing for one of them my old name—Lamprospherus.

Genus Lamprospu rus.

Corpus breviter ovato-rotundatum aut rotundatum, valde con-

vexum. Caput in thoracem insertum, perpendiculare ; an-

tennis gracilibus, filiformibus, longitudine corporis breviori-

bus. Thorax basi elytrorum latitudini fere equalis, margine

laterali inferiori non incrassato; supra convexus, nunquam gib-

bosus, lateribus muticis, basi aut rotundato-angustatis aut

rotundatis, hinc ad apicem angustatis. lytra levia aut

confuse aut subseriatim punctata, limbo inflexo obliquo.

Pedes mediocres ; femoribus posticis muticis; unguiculis

appendiculatis. Prosternum latitudine paullo longius, rarius

transversum, sulcis suturalibus inter prosternum et episterna

antica obsoletis ; episternt antici angulo externo antico ad

thoracis angulum non producto.

Type Lamprospherus collaris, mihi, (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.

1859, p. 124).

1. Lamprospherus Hebe.

Ovato-rotundatus, valde convexus, fulvo-rufus, nitidus; vertice,

thorace, elytrorumque tertio postico viridi-zneis; antennis

pedibusque pallide fulvis, tibiis posticis intus curvatis, apice

acuminatis ; elytris seriatim punctatis ; abdomine medio piceo.

Long 13 lin.

Hab. Amazons.

2. Lamprospherus 5-pustulatus.

Ovato-rotundatus, valde convexus, niger, nitidus; antennis

pedibusque fulvis; abdomine, elytrorumque singulorum

apice et pustulis duabus magnis, und basali, alter pone

medium posita, rufo-testaceis.

Long. 13 lin.

Hab. Amazons.

338 Mr. J. S. Baly’s Descriptions of

Antenne slender, filiform; head and thorax distinctly but not

closely punctured ; elytra more coarsely and deeply punctured, the

puncturing arranged in irregular rows; striz near the lateral

border sulcate, their interspaces subcostate. Hinder pair of

tibize inwardly curved, their apex produced, acuminate.

3. Lamprospherus lateralis.

Valde convexus, subrotundatus, postice paullo angustatus,

niger, nitidus; thoracis lateribus late fulvis; pedibus

nigro-piceis, femoribus tibiisque anticis obscure fulvis;

elytris fortiter subseriatim punctatis, apice obsolete acumi-

natis.

Long. 12—2 lin.

Hab. Brazil.

4. Lamprospherus scintillaris.

Rotundato-ovatus, valde convexus, viridi-zeneus, nitidus, subtus

obscurior; labro antennisque flavo-fulvis, his apice infuscatis ;

thorace remote punctato; elytris eneis, sat fortiter sub-

seriatim punctatis.

Long. 2 lin. |

Hab. Amazons.

Genus Cuatcoptacts, Chev., M.SS.

Corpus rotundatum, semiglobosum. Caput in thoracem pro-

funde insertum, breve, perpendiculare ; antennis gracilibus,

subfiliformibus, corporis dimidio paullo longioribus. Thorax

transversus, latitudine elytrorum paullo angustior, margine

inferiori laterali incrassato ; supra convexus, nunquam gib-

bosus, lateribus integris, muticis. /ytra confuse subseriatim

punctata, interstitiis levibus; limbo inflexo horizontali,

plerumque concavo. Pedes mediocres, modice robusti ;

femoribus posticis muticis; tibiis paullo compressis ; un-

guiculis appendiculatis. Prosternum subquadratum, sulcis

suturalibus inter prosternum et episterna antica obsoletis ;

episterni antici angulo externo antico ad thoracis angulum

non producto.

Type Chalcoplacis abdominalis, mihi, (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.

1859, p. 124).

1. Chalcoplacis sumptuosa.

Subrotundata, valde convexa, nigro-cerulea, pedibus fulvis,

supra aurea; antennis nigris, basi fulvis; elytris distincte

New Genera and Species of Phytophaqa. 339

punctatis, utrisque infra basin transversim excavatis, lzeete

purpureis, limbo inflexo leviter concavo.

Long. 2 lin.

Hab. Amazons.

Epistome slightly depressed, subtrigonate, its surface granulose ;

face broad, its lower portion slightly concave ; forehead impressed

with a short, longitudinal groove; eyes black, their inner edge

obsoletely notched; surface of head and thorax finely but sub-

remotely punctured. Elytra rather more coarsely punctured than

the preceding parts.

Genus CuatcorHyMa.

Corpus breviter ovato-rotundatum aut rotundatum, valde con-

vexum. Caput in thoracem insertum, perpendiculare ;

antennis gracilibus, filiformibus, corporis longitudini zqualibus

aut paullo brevioribus. Zhorax transversus, elytrorum

latitudini aqualis aut g etiam paullo latior, margine laterali

inferiori incrassato; supra convexus, interdum gibbosus,

lateribus rotundatis, plerumque dentatis aut emarginatis,

rarius simplicibus. lytra irregulariter aut subseriatim

punctata, seepe tuberculata vel costata, limbo inflexo obliquo

aut subhorizontali, aut plerumque plano. Pedes subelongati,

graciles; femoribus posticis subtus unidentatis, unguiculis

appendiculatis. Prosternum subquadratum, sulcis suturalibus

inter prosternum et episterna antica obsoletis; episterni

antici angulo externo antico ad thoracis angulum non pro-

ducto,

Type Chalcophyma @ruginosa, mihi, (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.

1859, p. 125).

“1. Chalcophyma cretifera.

Breviter ovato-rotundata, valde convexa, cuprea, subnitida,

subtus nigra; pedibus obscure rufo-fulvis ; antennis pallide

fulvis, extrorsum infuscatis; thorace rude rugoso, dorso

bimamilloso, lateribus bidentatis; elytris rude punctatis,

rugosis, cretis elevatis brevibus nonnullis longitudinaliter

dispositis instructis.

Long. 2 lin.

Hab. Amazons.

Head coarsely punctured, face impressed with a longitudinal

groove, the surface on either side obliquely strigose ; antennz

equal in length to the body, very slender, filiform. Thorax very

coarsely rugose-punctate, sides armed about their middle with

340 Mr. J. S. Baly’s Descriptions of

two short but stout teeth; middle of disc strongly raised, the

gibbosity being separated, by a broad longitudinal sulcus, into

two mamillose protuberances; the bases of each surrounded by

a broad ill-defined circular groove. Elytra even more coarsely

rugose than the thorax: on their surface are numerous short,

strongly elevated ridges, which are arranged in three or four lon-

gitudinal rows. Four hinder thighs each armed beneath with a

short tooth.

2. Chalcophyma leta.

Ovato-rotundata, valde convexa, nitida, subtus zneo-picea,

supra metallico-viridis ; antennis rufo-fuscis, his basi tarsisque

fulvis; thorace lateribus rotundatis, ante medium angustatis,

obsolete bidentatis, dorso convexo, ad Jatera crebrius, disco

remote foveolato-punctato ; elytris fortiter sed remote punc-

tatis, punctis substriatim dispositis, interstitiis planis, 1m-

punctatis; femoribus quatuor posticis subtus obsolete uni-

dentatis.

Long. 14 lin.

Hab. Amazons.

Antenne slender, rather longer than the body; above bright

metallic green, beneath zeneo-piceous, with a faint violaceous

tinge.

3. Chalcophyma tarsalis.

Ovato-rotundata, valde convexa, cuprea, subtus nigro-picea,

nitida; pedibus purpureo-eneis; labro, tarsis, antennisque

fulvis, his obscuris, articulis septimo apice penultimo

ultimoque totis fuscis; thorace lateribus rotundatis, obsolete

bidentatis, dorso profunde foveolato-punctato ; elytris sub-

remote fortiter punctatis, infra basin transversim depressis,

modice elevato-costatis, costis antice interruptis ; femoribus

quatuor posticis subtus unispinosis,

Long. 2 lin.

Hab. Amazons.

Head punctured, face obliquely strigose on either side, im-

pressed in the middle with a broad, longitudinal furrow.

Thorax deeply impressed with numerous punctiform fovee,

which are rather less crowded in the middle of the disc; on the

centre of the Jatter are also four or five slightly raised impunctate

spaces. LElytra subacutely rounded at their apex, very convex,

their hinder portion obliquely deflexed; surface subremotely

punctate, the punctures arranged in irregular striae; on each

New Genera and Species of Phytophaga. 341

elytron are about eight broad but moderately raised costz,

which, entire towards their apex, are more or less interrupted on

the anterior portion of the elytron.

4, Chalcophyma tuberculosa.

Subrotundata, valde convexa, obscure znea aut cuprea, sub-

nitida, subtus piceo-enea; pedibus pallide rufo-piceis ;

antennis fulvo-fuscis, basi fulvis; thorace lateribus medio

angulatis et unidentatis, dorso rude rugoso, elevato-

reticulato, disco obsoletius gibboso, medio longitudinaliter

suleato ; elytris rugosis, tuberculis conicis numerosis hic

illic (praesertim ad basin et ad apicem) coeuntibus et cretas

longitudinales breves formantibus ; femoribus quatuor poste-

rioribus subtus unidentatis.

Long. 13—2 lin.

Hab. Amazons.

Head distinctly punctured, face obliquely strigose on either

side, impressed in the middle with a broad longitudinal furrow ;

antenne fusco-fulvous, the fifth, sixth and seventh joints being

stained with fusco-eneous ; two basal joints, together with the

labrum and palpi, bright fulvous; jaws nigro-piceous, epistome

piceo-zeneous. Elytra closely covered with small strongly raised

conical tubercles, which here and there coalesce and form short

longitudinal ridges: of these latter four at the base of each elytron

and two on the middle disc are more strongly raised than the rest.

Genus Enpocernatus, Chevr., Dej. Cat.

1. Endocephalus spilotus.

Anguste-oblongus, subparallelus, fulvus, nitidus ; oculis, mandi-

bulis, capitis macula, thoracis maculis quatuor subquadratim

dispositis, scutello elytrorumque maculis decem (his in serie-

bus transversis tribus, 2—4—4, prima infra, secunda

vix ante tertiaque pone medium dispositis) nigris; elytris

sat fortiter subcrebre punctatis.

Long. 33 —44 lin.

Hab. Amazons.

Genus Cotaspris, Fabr.

1. Colaspis elegantula.

Oblongo-elongata, rufo-fulva, nitida; antennis (basi praetermiss4)

oculisque nigris ; thorace transverso, lateribus medio angulatis;

elytris rugoso-, prope suturam substriatim-puncetatis, infra

Mr. J. S. Baly’s Descriptions of

basin transversim depressis, leete metallico-viridibus, utrisque

maculé magna orbiculata basali, vittaque lata vix ante medium

fere ad apicem extensa cupreis.

Long. 23 lin.

Hab. Amazons.

Fam,.GA.Lb.E R.U C LD A;

Sub-fam. HALTICIN A.

Genus SorpHRENA.

Corpus anguste ovale, convexum. Caput modice exsertum,

perpendiculare ; antennis brevibus, robustis, subincrassatis,

articulo Imo incrassato, 2do brevi, modice incrassato, 3tio

paullo elongato, 4to brevi, obtrigono, 5to ad 10um singulis

adhuc brevioribus, transversis, paullo ampliatis, leviter com-

pressis, 1lmo articulum basalem longitudine fere zequante,

subovato ; facie late carinata; oculis subrotundatis, pro-

minulis. Thorax transversus, lateribus rotundatis, an-

guste marginatis. Scutellum trigonum. Elytra_ thorace

paullo latiora, ovata, anguste marginata, limbo inflexo fere

horizontali; supra confuse punctata. Pedes modice robusti ;

coxis anticis vix elevatis, transversis; femoribus posticis in-

crassatis, subtus canaliculatis; ¢2bis posticis dorso tricarinatis,

apice spina brevi acuta armatis; tarsis posticis tibiarum

apicibus insertis.

Type Sophrena ornata.

1, Sophrena ornata.

Ovalis, modice convexa, flava, nitida; antennis extrorsum ocu-

lisque nigris; elytris postice rufo-fulvis; thoracis maculis

arcuatis duabus disco transversim positis, elytrorum linea

suturali antice, limbo laterali utrimque abbreviato, fascia

sinuaté prope medium posita, maculisque nonnullis disci

anterioris, nigro-piceis.

Long. 3 lin.

Hab. Amazons.

Genus CrepipopERa, Foud., Allard.

1. Crepidodera elegantula.

Elongata, subparallela, cupreo-zenea, nitida ; pedibus antennisque

flavis, his extrorsum fuscis; capite levi, vertice utrinque

foveis rotundatis (circa 5) leviter impressis; thorace vix

transverso, antice conyexo, levi, punctis minutis sparse im-

New Genera and Species of Phytophaga. 343

presso ; elytris setulis suberectis sparse vestitis, fortiter punc-

tato-striatis, interstitiis planis, ad latera convexiusculis,

Long. 1 lin.

Hab. Brazil.

Head triangular; lower portion of face clothed with long silky

hairs, facial ridge narrow, encarpe subtriangular, mouth obscure

fulvous; antennz rather longer than the head and thorax, stout,

distinetly thickened towards their apex, five or six basal joints

fulvous, the rest fuscous. Thorax rather broader than long, its

anterior margin sparingly clothed with silky hairs; sides nearly

straight and parallel, converging at their apex, broadly margined,

the anterior angles slightly thickened, obtuse. Elytra much

broader than the thorax, nearly four times its length, sides sub-

parallel; interspaces between the striz impressed with a row of

distantly-placed minute punctures.

2. Crepidodera Brasiliensis.

Subelongata, ovata, fulva, nitida; antennis extrorsum oculisque

nigris; capite thoraceque lzvibus, impunctatis; elytris

tenuissime sed regulariter punctato-striatis, striis ad latera

obsolete sulcatis; tarsis infuscatis.

Long. 1 lin.

Hab. Brazil.

Very similar in form to C. impressa: the antenne, their three

basal joints excepted, black ; elytra much more finely and regu-

larly punctured, each stria being formed of a single row of regu-

larly-placed punctures; sides of thorax rounded, converging at

apex, anterior angles very slightly thickened.

Genus Aputuona, Foud., Allard.

1. Aphthona meerens.

Breviter ovato-rotundata, convexa, nitida, supra nigra; antennis

obscure fulvis, extrorsum infuscatis; subtus picea, pedibus

fusco-fulvis ; thorace tenuissime subcrebre punctato ; elytris

subremote tenuissime punctatis.

Long. 14 lin.

Hab. Brazil.

Sub-fam. GALLERUCINE.

Genus Catomera, Erichs.

1. Caclomera ruficornis.

Subelongata, nigra, nitida; capite thoraceque coccineis; antennis

scutelloque rufo-fulvis ; elytris postice vix ampliatis, creber-

rime punctatis, opacis, nigro-sericels.

344 Mr. J. S. Baly’s Descriptions of

Long. 43 lin.

Hab. Brazil (Spirito Sancto).

Head sparingly clothed with long fulvous hairs, jaws black,

labrum fulvous; front and vertex impressed with a longitudinal

groove. Thorax transverse, sides obtusely angled about their

middle, emarginate posteriorly ; upper surface deeply transversely

sulcate, smooth and shining, impunctate and glabrous on the disc,

irregularly excavated, subrugose and sparingly pubescent on

the lateral margin. Elytra oblong, scarcely dilated posteriorly.

Under surface clothed with somewhat coarse adpressed pubescence.

Abdomen punctured, apical segment emarginate, impressed before

the apex with a distinct fovea.

2. Coelomera leta.

Elongata, subparallela, rufo-testacea, nitida, fulvo-sericea ;

femorum apice, tibiis, tarsis, antennisque nigris ; elytris nigro-

ceruleis, subnitidis, crebre punctatis, minute granulosis.

Long. 52 lin.

Hab. Rio Grande.

Front excavated, impressed together with the vertex with a

longitudinal groove. Thorax transverse, sides rounded, narrowed

behind the middle; upper surface broadly excavated transversely,

remotely punctured, disc glabrous, sides sparingly pubescent. Elytra

narrowly oblong, scarcely dilated posteriorly, moderately convex,

slightly flattened along the suture, clothed at the base and sides with

fulvo-sericeous hairs. Apical segment of abdomen emarginate.

I only know a single specimen of this species ; it is probable that

when in a fresh state the whole surface of the elytra is covered

with sericeous pubescence.

3. Cceelomera bipustulata.

Subelongata, pallide fulva, nitida, pube concolori vestita, supra

subopaca, fusco-sericea; vertice, thoracis disco, elytrisque

viridi-nigris ; antennis nigro-piceis, mandibulis nigris, tibiis

apice tarsisque fuscis ; thorace transverso, lateribus angulatis ;

elytris subparallelis, modice convexis, subfortiter crebre punc-

tatis, singulatim limbo exteriori pustulaque magna disci

medio posita obscure fulvis,

Long. 43 lin.

Hab. Ega, Upper Amazons.

Front and vertex impressed with a longitudinal groove. Thorax

transverse, transversely concave, closely punctured; the dark

patch on the disc is transversely-quadrate and covers nearly the

whole of the surface.

New Genera and Species of Phytophaga. 345

Genus Diasrortica, Erichs.

1. Diabrotica coccinea.

Elongata, convexa, nitida, subtus flava; abdominis apice pleu-

risque nigris; tarsorum articulis duobus ultimis fuscis; supra

leete coccinea; antennis flavis, harum articulis tribus ultimis,

oculis labroque nigris, epistomate piceo; thorace sub-

quadrato, lateribus subrectis, leviter sinuatis, apice con-

vergentibus, dorso levi, vix pone medium bi-foveolato ;

elytris subparallelis, postice vix ampliatis, singulatim apice

sinuatis, angulo suturali acuto; dorso subcrebre tenuiter

punctatis, profunde excavatis et sulcatis, basi et inter sulcos

ventricosis.

Long. 5 lin.

Hab. New Granada.

Front impressed with a short longitudinal groove, which runs

upwards and terminates on a level with the upper margin of the

eyes in a deep fovea. FElytra impressed on the outer dise below

the humeral callus with three or four large shallow foveze ;

in addition on the inner dise are three broad transverse grooves ;

the first of these, semicircular, bounds the basilar space beneath ;

the second slightly curved, but the reverse way of the former,

runs across the inner disc about its middle, and the third,

oblique, is placed a short distance below the second ; the basilar

space on each elytron and the surfaces between the transverse

sulci are slightly raised and thickened.

2. Diabrotica pulchra.

Elongata, subparallela, nigra, nitida; abdomine pedibusque flavo-

fulvis, illo basi tarsisque seepe infuscatis; tarsorum articulis

duobus ultimis nigris; antennarum articulis basalibus tribus

obscure fulvis, penultimis tribus albis; thorace transverso,

disco transversim, excavato, rugoso-punctato, fulvo, piceo-

infuscato ; elytris subelongatis, dorso subdeplanatis, rugosis,

elevato-vittatis, viridi-aneis, limbo Jaterali, apice, fascidque

transversa vix pone medium posita, fulvis.

Mas.—FElytris apicem versus prope suturam creta brevi elevata

instructis.

Long. 4—43 lin.

Hab. New Granada (Magdalena River).

VOL, Il, THIRD SERIES, PART IV.—MARCH, 1865, Gc

346 Mr. J. 8. Baly’s Descriptions of

Head smooth, impunctate, forehead impressed with an oblong

fovea. Thorax transverse, sides nearly straight, slightly sinuate

behind their middle, obliquely deflexed, slightly diverging from

behind forwards; disc depressed, broadly transversely excavated,

rugose-punctate. Elytra subelongate, subparallel, slightly dilated

from the base towards the apex, the latter rounded; surface

rugose-punctate, disc of each elytron with five or six elevated

vittee, which commencing below the base are gradually lost towards

the apex of the elytron, their surface equally rugose with the rest

of the disc; the curved ridge in the ¢ smooth and nitidous, the

fulvous colour of the apex extending upwards and covering its

hinder two-thirds.

3. Diabrotica puncticollis.

Elongata, nitida, subtus nigra, supra nigro-eenea ; pedibus pallide

flavo-fulvis ; tarsis antennisque pallide fuscis, his basi fulvis,

articuloseptimo abdomineque albis; thorace fortiter crebre

punctato, dorso utrinque foveolato; elytris subelongatis,

modice convexis, dorso subdeplanatis, crebre subrugoso-punc-

tatis, elevato-vittatis, subopacis, margine laterali apice

dilatato, fulvo.

Mas.—Elytris ante apicem prope suturam callo valido antice

excavato armatis.

Long. 3 lin.

Hab. Columbia.

Lower portion of face coarsely punctured; front obliquely

strigose on either side, impressed in the middle with a longitudinal

groove. ‘Thorax transverse, sides nearly straight, slightly di-

verging in front, sinuate behind their middle, all the angles pro-

minent; disc closely and coarsely punctured, slightly flattened in

the middle, impressed on either side with a deep fovea, the medial

space between the two excavations being also depressed. Elytra

subelongate, subparallel, slightly dilated towards the apex, mode-

rately convex, flattened along the suture; each elytron with six

or seven smooth elevated vittee, the interspaces closely punctured,

subrugose. The elytra in the ¢ are armed with a large smooth

semi-lunate protuberance, placed transversely close to the suture,

the concavity looking forwards.

New Genera and Species of Phytophaga. 347

4, Diabrotica sublimbata.

Elongata, viridi-fusca, nitida; abdominis segmentorum mar-

ginibus femoribusque pallidis; antennis nigris, articulis duobus

ultimis (ultimi apice excepto) albis ; thorace elytrisque pra-

sinis, illo dorso bi-impresso, fusco-signato, his intra mar-

ginem unicostatis, crebre punctatis, sutura linedque submar-

ginali nigro-fuscis.

Long. 23 lin.

Hab. Amazons.

Thorax subquadrate, sides nearly parallel, slightly sinuate, con-

verging towards their apex; upper surface flattened, impressed

in the middle with two large foveee; three small patches placed in

a triangle on the disc, together with a submarginal vitta on either

side, fuscous. Elytra subelongate, slightly increasing in width

from the base towards their apex, moderately convex, closely

punctured; on each elytron, just within the lateral border, is a

broad costa, which, commencing at the humeral callus, termi-

nates a short distance below the middle of the elytron; surface

immediately within the costa sulcate. Body beneath clothed with

coarse adpressed griseous hairs.

5. Diabrotica Deyrollei.

Elongata, nigra, nitida; antennarum articulis duobus ultimis basi

albis; epistomate, femoribus (his nigro-lineatis) thoraceque

pallide flavis; hoc levi, dorso obsolete bi-impresso, vitt&

nigra tenuissima basi dilatata instructo; elytris oblongis,

subparallelis, medice convexis, subopacis, minute granulosis,

sat fortiter subcrebre punctatis, obscure viridi-eneis, utrisque

fascia Jat&é prope medium, utrinque abbreviata, antice et

postice emarginatA, maculisque rotundatis duabus, altera

infra basin alteraque subapicali, flavo-albis.

Long. 4 lin.

Hab. New Granada (Magdalena River).

Front triangularly impressed above the eyes. Thorax transverse,

sides nearly straight and parallel, converging at their apex, anterior .

angles produced into an obtuse tooth; dise smooth, faintly ex-

cavated on either side. Elytra narrowly oblong, subparallel,

apex regularly rounded; surface finely granulose, somewhat

coarsely punctured.

I have named this species after M. H. Deyrolle of Paris.

cc2

3148 Mr. J. S. Baly’s Descriptions of

6. Diabrotica tenella. (0

Elongata, viridis, nitida; pectore,‘abdomine, pedibus antennisque

flavis, his articulis quatuor ultimis nigro-fuscis; thorace sub-

quadrato, levi, dorso bifoveolato ; elytris paullo ampliatis,

apice subtruncatis, prope suturam leviter obsolete sinuatis,

prasinis, subnitidis, crebre punctatis.

Long. 33 lin.

Hab. Mexico.

Front impressed with a large fovea; mouth fulvous. Thorax

subquadrate, sides nearly straight and parallel, slightly converging

at their apex, anterior angles tuberculate ; disc moderately convex,

flattened at the base, smooth, impunctate, impressed on either side

behind the middle with a large fovea.

7. Diabrotica suturalis.

Elongata, nigra, nitida; antennis sordide albis, basi infuscatis ;

thorace transversim excavato, piceo, apice, superficiei infe-

rioris lateribus, femoribusque pallide fulvis, his dorso versus

apicem, tibiis tarsisque fuscis; elytris subelongatis, paullo

ampliatis, modice convexis, dorso subdepressis, tenuiter

subcrebre punctatis, sordide fulvis, vitté lata suturali a basi

fere ad apicem extensa, medio constricta, nigra.

Mas.—Elytris apicem versus prope suturam creta elevata brevi

instructis.

Long. 4 lin,

Hab. Cayenne.

Front impressed with a longitudinal groove, which runs upwards

to the vertex, its middle impressed with a distinct fovea. Thorax

transverse, sides nearly straight and parallel, sinuate behind the

middle, converging in front, obliquely deflexed ; upper surface

nitidous, remotely punctured, broadly excavated transversely,

either side of the excavated portion being more deeply excavated

than the centre, and forming two distinct foveze on its surface.

8. Diabrotica Hebe.

Subelongata, nigra, nitida; vertice thoraceque trifoveolato

rufo-piceis; femoribus antennisque flavis, harum articulis

quinque basalibus dorso piceis, articulo ultimo apice nigro ;

elytris ampliatis, subventricosis, singulatim apice obsolete

sinuatis, sat fortiter suberebre punctatis, castaneis, margine

New Genera and Species of Phytophaga. 349

laterali, parte tertia postica fascidque lata vix pone medium

posita, marginem non attingente, sordide flavis.

Long. 4 lin.

Hab. Columbia (Bogota).

Front impressed with a large deep fovea. Thorax transverse,

sides nearly straight, slightly converging from base to apex, an-

terior angles thickened ; disc subremotely punctured, impressed on

either side with a deep oblique fovea, a third smaller and rotundate

being placed in the centre of the base, just in front of the scu-

tellum.

9. Diabrotica discoidalis.

Subelongata, pallide flava, nitida; capite, scutello, pectore,

femorum linea dorsali, tibiis tarsisque nigris; antennarum

articulis tribus ultimis (ultimi apice excepto) albis; thorace

vix transverso, dorso levi, non foveolato; elytris a basi

apicem versus ampliatis, convexis, tenuiter punctatis, disco

nigris, fascia latissima mediali, antice posticeque profunde

sinuata, limbum non attingente, flava.

Long. 42 lin.

Hab. Banks of Napo, Ecuador.

Front impressed with a deep fovea. Thorax scarcely broader

than long, sides nearly straight, slightly converging from base to

apex, more quickly narrowed at the apex itself, posterior angles

produced into an obtuse tooth; disc smooth, remotely and obso-

letely punctured ; in the middle of the basal margin is an indistinct

depression. Elytra finely punctured, subovate, somewhat en-

larged posteriorly, lateral margin broadly dilated.

10. Diabrotica 4-vittata.

Elongata, subtus nigra; thorace, metasterno plaga utrinque,

abdominisque segmentorum marginibus sordide albis; supra

sordide alba, ore, vertice, antennis totis, thoracis plagis

duabus scutelloque nigris; thorace transverso, dorso levi,

bifoveolato ; elytris sat ventricosis, fortiter crebre punctatis,

subopacis, utrisque vitta submarginali, altera intra suturam,

maculaque subapicali nigris.

Long. 43 lin.

Hab. Brazil.

Front impressed with a deep fovea. Thorax transverse, sides

nearly straight, slightly diverging from base towards the apex,

sinuate behind the middle; disc smooth, impunctate, deeply im-

350 Mr. J. 8. Baly’s Descriptions of

pressed on either side, the space between the fove being also

depressed ; the two black patches, triangular in shape, are placed

one on each of the fovez, the surfaces of which they more than

cover. Elytra moderately inflated, gradually increasing in width

from their base towards the apex, the latter regularly rounded ; the

two longitudinal vittee, which are moderately broad, commence at

the base and terminate each a short distance from the sutural

angle, the spot which ought to form their point of junction being

occupied by a small square patch; in some individuals the sub-

marginal vitta is continued onwards and is united with the patch

itself.

11. Diabrotica dimidiatipennis.

Subelongata, nigra, subnitida; elytris a basi apicem versus am-

pliatis, dense punctatis ; capite (ore, antennis oculisque pre-

termissis), thorace bifoveolato, elytrorumque dimidio antico

flavo-fulvis.

Long. 4 lin.

Hab. Peru.

Front impressed with a longitudinal groove, which, dilated at its

middle, extends upwards to the vertex ; antenne entirely black.

Thorax transverse, disc smooth, impressed on either side, just

behind the middle, with a large oblique fovea. Scutellumtriangular.

Elytra closely and somewhat coarsely punctured.

12. Diabrotica Saundersi.

Subelongata, nigra, subopaca; capite, thorace bifoveolato, elytris-

que fulvis, subnitidis, his ampliatis, dimidio postico nigro,

opaco, granuloso, impunctato ; antennarum articulis dorso

piceo-maculatis, tribus ultimis nigro-piceis.

Long. 44 lin,

Hab. Quito.

Front impressed with a deep groove, which terminates just above

the upper margin of the eyes in a deep fovea; antenne fulvous,

their joints more or less stained above and at the apex with

piceous, three terminal joints pitchy-black. ‘Thorax broader than

in D. dimidiatipennis, impressed on either side, just behind the

middle, with a very oblique fovea. Elytra much broader than the

thorax, gradually increasing in width from base towards the apex,

very convex; fulvous portion of their surface, which extends

from the base to immediately before their middle, subnitidous, less

closely and deeply punctured than in D. dimidiatipennis ; black

portion very opaque, impunctate, minutely granulose.

New Genera and Species of Phytophaga. 351

13. Diabrotica subsulcata.

Subelongata, obscure viridi-nigra, nitida ; abdomine, femoribus

antennisque flavo-fulvis, his articulo ultimo fusco; tibiis tar-

sisque pallide flavo-viridibus; thorace subquadrato, dorso

leevi, non foveolato, lateribus et infra late viridi; elytris a

basi apicem versus ampliatis, subcrebre punctatis, disco ante

medium obsolete bisulcatis, margine laterali apiceque lete

viridibus, margine apicali rufo- piceo.

Long, 3% lin.

Hab. New Granada (Magdalena River).

Thorax rather longer than broad, sides nearly straight and

parallel, dise not impressed with the usual foveee. Middle disc

of each elytron with two ill-defined slightly-curved longitudinal

grooves, which, commencing at the base, terminate below the

middle of the elytron; interspace slightly thickened.

14. Diabrotica tetraspilota.

Subelongata, robusta, pallide rufo-fulva, nitida; genubus, tibiis,

tarsis antennisque flavis, harum articulis quatuor ultimis

elytrorumque maculis magnis quatuor nigris; unguibus piceis;

thorace transverso, dorso levi, non impresso; elytris sub-

ovatis, valde convexis, infra basin transversim sulcatis, sub-

remote tenuiter punctatis.

Long. 5 lin.

Hab. Mexico.

Front impressed with a large fovea. Sides of thorax straight

and parallel, converging at their apex ; disc shining, impunctate.

Elytra subovate, slightly dilated posteriorly, somewhat broadly

margined: on the disc of each are placed two large black

patches ; one just below the base, subtrigonate, with all its angles

rounded ; the second immediately below the middle, subrotundate.

Fam. HISPID &.

Genus Urortara,.Chevr. M.S.

1. Uroplata 12-maculata.

Subcuneiformis, subdepressa, fulva; antennis thoracisque

lateribus nigris ; elytris obscure metallico-purpureis, utrisque

maculis sex fulvis.

Long. 3 lin.

Hab. Santarem. Collected by Mr. Bates.

Narrowly wedge-shaped, subdepressed, bright fulvous ; antenne

352 Mr. J. S. Baly’s Descriptions of

moderately robust, subfusiform, slightly compressed, two basal

joints short, nearly equal; the first strongly, the second mode-

rately dilated; third nearly equal in length to the two pre-

ceding; fourth, fifth, and sixth short, equal; seventh slightly

longer; eighth and three terminal joints closely united, their

articulations distinct. Head smooth, impunctate; eyes pitchy

black. Thorax at the base more than half as broad again as

long; sides rounded, narrowed and sinuate in front; above

subcylindrical, transversely excavated near the base; middle

of disc with a shallow longitudinal groove; surface coarsely

punctured, the punctures crowded at the sides. Scutellum

smooth, its apex obscure purple. Elytra broader than the

thorax, slightly increasing in width towards the posterior angles,

the latter produced into a flattened spine, its apex bidentate ;

sides narrowly margined, their outer border coarsely serrate,

serrations more distant when approaching the posterior angles ;

apex obtusely rounded, its margin slightly dilated, serrate ;

above subdepressed, each elytron with four elevated coste, the

two outer ones less raised, the second from the outer margin

being interrupted for nearly the whole of its length ; suture also

raised, interstices each with a double row of deep punctures ;

dark metallic purple, each elytron with six bright fulvous

spots ; one at the base, the second oblique placed on the inner

disc before its middle; two others beyond the middle, placed

obliquely, the outer one attached to the lateral margin; the fifth

transverse, subapical, confluent at the suture with its fellow on the

opposite elytron, and the sixth narrow and transverse, placed on

the apical margin, also confluent at the suture. Beneath shining

fulvous; anterior pair of thighs simple.

2. Uroplata Walkeri.

Elongata, postice vix ampliata, subdepressa, fulva; thoracis vittA

laterali maculisque indistinctis duabus elytrisque viridi-me-

tallicis ;, his serratis, apice truncatis, angulo postico acuto, vix

producto, utrisque tricostatis, maculis quinque fulvis in-

structis.

Long. 33 lin.

Hab. Brazil.

Head strongly produced between the eyes, vertex smooth, im-

pressed in the middle with a deep fovea; antennz longer than the

head and thorax, robust, indistinctly thickened towards their

apex; two basal joints equal, subovate, very slightly thickened ;

third equal in length to the two preceding; fourth about half the

New Genera and Species of Phytophaga. 353

length of the third; the fifth still shorter; sixth transverse, two-

thirds the length of the fifth; seventh not quite equal in length to

the fifth, and, together with the four terminal joints, indistinctly

thickened and slightly compressed, the apical joint acute ; sutural

lines between these last four joints entirely obsolete. Thorax at

the base rather more than one half as broad again as long, sides

nearly straight behind, narrowed and slightly rounded in front ;

basal margin deeply sinuate on either side, its middle portion pro-

duced into a short broadly truncate lobe, the surface of which is

oblique and deeply impressed with a transverse groove ; above

subcylindrical, somewhat flattened in the middle, hinder portion

of disc transversely excavated ; surface closely covered with large

round deep punctures. Scutellum transverse, subpentagonal.

Elytra broader than the thorax, subparallel in front, scarcely

dilated towards the hinderangles; lateral border narrow, indistinctly

toothed ; produced at the hinder angle into a flattened nearly rec-

tangular plate, the apex of which is armed with one or two strong

teeth ; interspaces between the costa deeply gemellate-punctate ;

third interspace dilated for a short space, commencing just below

its middle; the puncturing in that portion of the surface being

less regularly placed; each elytron with five large fulvous patches

placed as follows—one on the humeral margin; a second on the

inner disc, just below the basilar space, common and forming with

its fellow on the opposite elytron a large subcordate patch, from

the upper and outer angle of which a narrow ramus passes upwards

along the second costa to the base of the elytron, where it is dilated

and forms a small spot; the third quadrate, placed on the outer

disc, about its middle, attached to the lateral border, and extend-

ing across the elytron as far as the first costa; the fourth, com-

mencing at a point parallel with the lower edge of the third, is

placed on the inner disc, common like the second, and extends

downwards nearly to the apex of the elytron, its hinder half being

outwardly dilated, and forming a transverse subapical fascia,

abbreviated on the outer disc by the extreme edge of its dilated

portion; it is confluent with the fifth patch, which is placed on the

outer margin halfway between the middle and apex.

3. Uroplata Stevensi.

Elongata, subcuneiformis, subdepressa, fulva; antennis nigris ;

thoracis lateribus vittaque elytrisque viridi-zeneis; his quad-

ricostatis, angulo postico in spinam compressam acutam

lateraliter productis, apice obtuse truncatis, utrisque quad-

354 Mr. J. 8. Baly’s Descriptions of

ricostatis, et maculis quinque fulvis instructis; corpore

subtus obscure fulvo ; pedibus flavis.

Long. 3 lin.

Hab. San Paulo, Upper Amazons.

Elongate, subcuneiform, subdepressed. Antenne moderately

robust, subfusiform ; their basal joints nearly equal in length, the

first two thickened, the third slender; fourth and fifth each rather

shorter, equal; sixth about equal to the third, seventh distinctly

elongate; eighth and three following closely united, their articu-

lations obsolete. Head smooth, front indistinctly impressed

between the eyes, vertex with a dark metallic green patch.

Thorax nearly one third broader at the base than long; conic,

sides slightly sinuate, the anterior angles produced into a small

obtuse tooth; above convex, transversely excavated near the

hase, basal lobe transversely grooved ; surface rugose-punctate ;

fulvous, a narrow line on the extreme lateral margin, together with

a broad vitta down the middle, metallic green. Scutellum sub-

quadrate, its apex rounded, surface smooth, impunctate. Elytra

broader than the thorax, humeral angles rounded ; sides nearly

parallel, scarcely diverging posteriorly, narrowly margined, their

outer edge serrate, posterior angles produced laterally into a large

flattened acute spine; apex obtusely truncate, its outer edge

toothed ; above subconvex, flattened along the suture, shoulders

slightly prominent ; each elytron with four elevated cost, the

suture also costate, interspaces each with a double row of deep

regular punctures, first interspace from the suture with a third

row at its base; metallic green, each elytron with five bright

fulvous patches; the first elongate, extending from the base to

beyond the middle, its base and apex curving inwards; the second

small, placed just below the scutellum, common, confluent at

its outer edge with the first; the third narrow, on the outer border

just above the posterior angle ; the fourth subapical, common and

forming a broad transverse patch ; and the last narrow, placed on

the apical border, rufous. Beneath obscure fulvous ; legs yellow;

thighs simple.

4, Uroplata Gray.

Late oblonga, subcuneiformis, depressa, subtus nitida, rufo-

picea ; pleuris prothoraceque nigris; pedibus fulvis, tarsis infus-

catis; supra subnitida; capite nigro, thorace scutelloque fulvis,

illo vittulis quinque nigris ; elytris apice obtusis, serratis, an-

gulo postico lamina compressa trigona obtusa, postice serrata,

dorso concava, lateraliter valde producta, instructis; utrisque

New Genera and Species of Phytophaga. 355

quadricostatis, costis duabus exterioribus apice confluentibus,

tertia medio fere interrupta ; obscure nigro-purpureis, maculis

parvis numerosis disci, maculaque transversé communi ante

apicem, fulvis ; femoribus anticis subtus spina brevi armatis.

Long. 2 lin.

Hab. Brazil.

Head moderately produced between the eyes, vertex lon-

gitudinally grooved ; antennz longer than the head and thorax,

robust, subincrassate, two basal joints short, equal, the basal one

slightly thickened, third rather longer than the second, fourth

scarcely equal to the third, fifth and sixth very short, transverse,

nearly equal, the sixth however being visibly shorter than the

fifth, seventh nearly as long as the two preceding. taken conjointly,

thickened, and forming with the four terminal joints an elongated

slightly-compressed club ; the sutural lines between the last four

joints obsolete. Thorax twice as broad as long, sides obliquely

narrowed from just above the extreme base to the apex ; upper

surface subcylindrical in front, flattened and transversely excavated

on the hinder disc, deeply impressed with large deep round pune-

tures, which, closely crowded on the sides, are irregularly placed

at much more distant intervals on the disc ; whole surface of basal

lobe excavated, depressed. Scutellum transverse, its apex obtuse.

Elytra scarcely broader at their base than the thorax ; humeral

callus laterally prominent, its apex not extending beyond the lateral

border, obtuse; sides gradually dilated from below their base to

the hinder angles, narrowly margined, their outer edge distantly and

irregularly serrate; hinder angles produced slightly outwards and

obliquely upwards and scarcely backwards inte a triangular plate,

the upper surface of which is deeply concave, its apex obtuse, and

its apical border armed with four or five coarse teeth; upper sur-

face flattened, interspaces deeply gemellate-punctate, the first irre-

gularly punctured at the base, a space on the outer disc just below

the middle, extending between the second and fourth costz, irre-

gularly punctured.

5. Uroplata terminalis.

Elongata, apicem versus vix ampliata, subdepressa, obscure

fulva, subnitida; pedibus flavis; vertice macula utrinque,

antennis, thorace utrinque vitta lata laterali, abdominisque

segmento ultimo, nigris; elytris apice obtusis, distincte

subfortiter serratis, angulo postico parum prominulo, ro-

tundato, utrisque tricostatis, linea suturali postice abbre-

350 Mr. J. S. Baly’s Descriptions of

viata, margine apicali, vittaque lata laterali, postice abbre-

viata, introrsum late emarginata, obscure metallico-viridibus.

Long. 33 lin.

Hab. Amazons.

Head moderately produced between the eyes, vertex keeled in

front, furnished posteriorly with an oblong fovea, orbital margin

black; antennze nearly half the length of the body, moderately

robust, subincrassate, two basal joints nearly equal, the first

thickened, the second ovate, third half as long again as the

second, fourth nearly one half shorter than the third, fifth and

sixth each gradually decreasing in length, four last joints

nearly cylindrical, seventh one-fourth shorter than the third,

slightly thickened, and together with the four following joints

forming a somewhat compressed indistinct club ; sutural articula-

tions between the last four obsolete. ‘Thorax nearly twice as

broad as long at the base, narrowed from base to apex, sides dis-

tinctly bisinuate, apical angle armed with a short, curved, obtuse

tooth ; above subcylindrical, flattened and transversely excavated

on the hinder disc; this latter portion smooth, nearly impunctate,

remainder of the surface closely covered with large deeply-im-

pressed punctures; basilar lobe broadly truncate, its surface oblique,

transversely grooved. Scutellum transverse at the base, sides

narrowed towards the apex, the latter obtusely truncate. Elytra

broader than the thorax, narrow, subparallel in front, very slightly

dilated towards the hinder angle, the latter scarcely produced; lateral

border very narrow, very remotely armed with small teeth ; apical

border moderately dilated, its edge obtusely rounded, coarsely

serrate; each elytron with three raised costa, their interspaces

deeply gemellate-punctate; interspace between the second and

third cost irregularly punctured for a short space below its

middle. Black apical segment of abdomen marked on either

side with a small fulvous spot.

6. Uroplata 16-guttata.

Elongata, dorso subdepressa, picea, subnitida ;_pedibus, antennis

extrorsum, thoracis vitté elytrorumque guttis 16 pallide

fulvis ; elytris utrisque tricostatis, parallelis, apice rotundatis,

angulo postico obsoleto.

Long. 13 lin.

Hab. Brazil.

Head not produced between the eyes, vertex longitudinally

grooved ; antennz short, robust, cylindrical, incrassate, gradually

New Genera and Species of Phytophaga. 357

increasing in thickness from their base upwards ; basal joints very

short, transverse, second and third nearly equal, each about one

half as long again as the first; three following joints gradually de-

creasing in length from the third, transverse; seventh nearly equal

to the two preceding united, and conjointly with the four apical

joints forming a narrowly-ovate club, the sutural lines between the

four latter joints obsolete, the six basal joints pitchy-black. Thorax

rather broader than long, sides nearly straight behind, rounded and

narrowed in front; anterior angles armed with a subacute tooth ;

subcylindrical above, transversely excavated on the hinder disc ;

surface deeply and closely impressed with large punctures, rugose

on the sides; basal lobe depressed. Scutellum smooth, tri-

angular, its apex broadly truncate. Elytra parallel, broader than

the thorax, apex regularly rounded, margin narrowly dilated,

serrate, sides indistinctly sinuate along their middle; each elytron

with three strongly-raised coste, their interspaces deeply gemellate-

punctate.

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PRIZE ESSAYS.

As an inducement to the study of Economic Entomology, and

with a view to increase the practical utility of the Entomological

Society, the Council offers Two Prizes of the value of Five

Guineas each to be awarded to the authors of Essays or

Memoirs, of sufficient merit and drawn up from personal obser-

vation, on the anatomy, economy, or habits of any insect or group

of insects which is in any way especially serviceable or obnoxious

to mankind. The Essays should be illustrated by figures of the

insects in their different states, and (if the species be noxious)

must show the results of actual experiments made for the pre-

vention of their attacks or the destruction of the insects them-

selves.

On former occasions the Council has selected a definite subject,

as e. g., the Coccus of the Pine Apple, the larva of Agrotis Segetum

(the large caterpillar of the turnip), &c. The consequence was,

that competition was diminished or not called into play. On the

present occasion, therefore, the selection is left to the candidates

themselves, provided only that the subject be one fairly belonging

to the Economic branch of Entomology.

The Essays must be sent to the Secretary at No. 12, Bedford

Row, with fictitious signatures or mottoes, on or before the 31st

December, 1865, when they will be referred to a Committee to

decide upon their merits ; each must be accompanied by a sealed

letter indorsed with the fictitious signature or motto adopted

by its author, and inclosing the name and address of the writer,

The Prize Essays shall be the property of, and will be pub-

lished by, the Society.

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XVI. On the Species of Agra of the Amazons Region.

By H. W. Barss, F.Z.S.

[Read 3rd April, 1865. ]

Tue genus Agra is too well known to Coleopterists to render

necessary a detailed description in this place. It is composed of

a series of elongated forms of metallic colouring, belonging to

the Truncatipennes division of the great tribe Carabici; and in

Lacordaire’s system constitutes, with Calleida, Cymindis and many

allied genera, the first Group of the Lebiides: Dromius forming

the type of the second Group, and Lebia of the third Group of

the same Family (or as he terms it Zribu, in accordance with the

French nomenclature of assemblages of genera). As a genus

Agra is distinguished from its nearest relative Calleida by the

head being constricted behind and forming a distinct neck, and

by the mentum having a strong tooth in the middle of its emar-

gination. Both genera have the terminal joint of the labial

palpi hatchet-shaped, and also strongly-bilobed penultimate joints

to the tarsi, and claws thickened and pectinated. The form of

the prothorax, which is not usually admitted in the Carabici as

offering generic characters equal in value to those furnished by

the oral organs and tarsi, is a leading feature in distinguishing

Agra from Calleida and the other allied genera, and is the cha-

racter which, combined with the form of the head, gives the dgre

their peculiar facies; this part of the body having an elongate

conical shape instead of presenting a distinct, more or less plane,

pronotum, quadrate or cordate in outline. It is, moreover, always

sculptured, the mode of punctuation being common to series of

allied species, so as to admit of serving as a character to group

them into natural subordinate assemblages.

Of the genera familiar to European Entomologists, Cymindis is

the nearest related to this favourite tropical group. An American

genus recently separated from Cymindis, namely, Apenes of Le-

conte, forms a still nearer approximation, as it presents bilobed

penultimate tarsal joints. But the Cymindes differ greatly from

the Agre, in facies, in the form of the claws, and also in habits,

being terrestrial species found under stones and about the roots

of herbage, at most climbing the stems of shrubs, whilst the 4gre

are wholly arboreal. In this they are like the Calleid@, but the

VOL, II. THIRD SERIES, PART V.—SEPT. 1865. DD

360 Mr. H. W.<Bates on the

Calleidé are all diurnal insects, and are seen actively coursing up

and down the stems and the foliage of shrubs and trees in the

day-time, whilst the Agr@ are scarcely ever thus seen, being

found (with only one exception known to me). concealed in curled-

up leaves, and motionless in the day-time. The Calletde are

found in the tropical and subtropical zones over the whole earth,

but the 4gre@ are peculiar to tropical America, and they increase

in number of species in approaching the line of the Equator.

They are the most purely arboreal in their habits of life of all the

related genera, it might be said even of all the Geodephaga; their

broad tarsi with brushy-palms and divergent pectinated claws

adapting them for clinging to stems and foliage as beautifully as

the similar structures in Chrysomelideous insects do in the case

of those purely phytophagous tribes. The 4gre prey doubtlessly

on the small larvee and soft-bodied insects which abound in the

masses of adherent and interwoven or folded leaves of the trees

on which they are found ; but being seen almost always motion-

Jess by day, and therefore probably nocturnal feeders, I never had

the opportunity of observing them in the act of feeding.

There is very little else to be recorded of the habits of these

elegant and most interesting insects. I have noticed, however,

that they possess the crepitating power, which exists in so many

other genera of the Section and reaches its acme in Brachi-

nus and Pheropsophus. It is however very feeble, the explosion

being not audible and perceptible only when the insects are held

by the fingers near the posterior part of their bodies, when a slight

explosion is felt, producing a sensation of warmth in the fingers,

followed by a temporary stain diffused by the acid over the hinder

part of the elytra.

Although it has always been a favourite group with collectors,

the 4gre have been, until recently, great rarities in European

cabinets; Count Dejean, up to the year 1837 (the date of his

last Catalogue), possessed only 13 species. ‘The German collec-

tions, however, were much richer, chiefly owing to the assiduity

with which several German collectors, who were encouraged to

travel in Brazil on the marriage of the Emperor of that country

with an Austrian Archduchess in 1817, searched for the rarer

species of various groups of insects. One of these was Sieber,

valet to Count Hoffmannsegg, whose master sent him to Para to

collect, where in a short time he gathered some of the choicest

species. Klug, in consequence, was able in 1824 to describe and

enumerate 20 species, most of which were represented in the

Berlin Museum; and in 1834 (in his Jahrbiicher) he increased

Species of Agra of the Amazons Region. 361

the number to 28. Since then, the researches of numerous

collectors in Brazil and New Granada, Moritz in Venezuela,

Sallé in Mexico, Bar in Cayenne, and myself in the region of the

Amazons, have enabled the Baron de Chaudoir, our best autho-

rity on the genus, to examine himself and describe 87 species,

which added to others described by various authors, but unknown

to M. de Chaudoir, make a total of 124 species described up

to the present time. To this number I am enabled to add, in

the following pages, 16, in addition to the large number pre-

viously described by M. de Chaudoir from my collection, which

advances the number of known species to 1406. The general

rarity and retiring habits of the 4gre, together with the extreme

narrowness of the range of most of the species, lead us to think

that even this large number will eventually be greatly augmented,

so that Agra will become one of the most numerous genera of

the Geodephaga. The species form a most difficult study ; this,

however, is saying little, for in the present state of the science all

the large groups of the Geodephaga are in the same predicament ;

the slight but sure differences in the general form, colour and

sculpture, outline of head and thorax, requiring great labour and

patience, and a well-trained eye, to discriminate one species from

another. That the great majority of Agre so discriminated are

perfectly sound species [ have no doubt whatever, this conclusion

being grounded on the evident physiological and permanent

separation of several of their closely-allied species which [ found

inhabiting one and the same locality. Such species as 4. varians

and 4. cytherea; A. chalcoplera and A. biseriata, are cases in

point: the absolute structural characters which separate these are

detected only by a practised eye, but they are constant, and the

two groups of individuals in each case show, by the absence of con-

necting forms, their physiological separation, or, in other words, the

absence of intercrossing. In other cases the closely-allied forms

inhabit distant localities ; the physiological test is not then appli-

cable, and we have to decide on their probable distinctness from

the analogy of the other cases. Some few species remain of which

single specimens only were found ; these are described as distinct

only when there is a certainty, or at least great probability, of

their being so. When much doubt existed I have preferred de-

scribing them as doubtful varieties, under the head of the next-

allied species.

In the 4gre@ well-marked secondary sexual characters, in most

cases, offer excellent characters for distinguishing closely-allied

species. The genus is remarkable amongst the Carabici on this

DD2

362 Mr. H. W. Bates on the

account. In the great majority of genera of Carabici, as is well

known, the males are distinguished from the females by the

dilatation of the anterior and sometimes of the middle tarsi; the

number of joints dilated and the nature of the clothing of the

palms affording characters whereby to distinguish genera and sub-

families. But the other parts of the body offer only very slight

differences in the sexes. In the 4gre@ the differences are numerous

and varied. In some species the anterior tarsi show a dilatation

of the first joint in the male; and in others it is the hind feet

that exhibit this partial enlargement: the femora in the males of

nearly all are strongly thickened; and in one series of species

the middle and hind tibize are peculiarly bent and flattened, and

hirsute on their inner side in the same sex. This latter character

is accompanied in the same species by dense patches of hairs

arising from closely-punctured spaces in the middle of the meta-

sternum and abdominal segments. Some species again possess

this hairy clothing, without the existence of any peculiarity in the

shape of the tibiae: this clothing in others often extends to the

bases of the femora and the hind trochanters. In all the species

whose males are thus clothed the under surface of the body of

the females is naked and the tibia simple; but in a numerous

group this sex offers a singular peculiarity in the antenne ; the

eighth to tenth joints being out of proportion shorter than the

rest, and the eighth generally extremely abbreviated. The males

also have generally more broadly dilated palpi, as is the case in

the Carabi and other genera having these organs hatchet-shaped.

There is this to be noted, however, in the genus, that, whilst some

species show these sexual differences in a high degree of perfec-

tion, there are others in which they are reduced almost to nd.

The Baron Chaudoir, in his chief work on the Agre, published

in the Annals of the Entomological Society of France, 1861, has

divided the genus into two, viz. Agridia and Agra. Agridia is a

tolerably natural group, and may be adopted or not according as

the student has analytical or synthetical tendencies, but the sharp-

ness of its definition from Agra is much affected by the inter-

mediate character of the first group of the latter genus (the

Agre spurie of Chaudoir). I have followed M. de Chaudoir in

the subordinate grouping of the genus, which seems to me most

natural.

Lastly, I may say, by way of hint to future collectors in

Tropical America, that the best season for Agre is the showery

weather at the commencement of the rainy season, especially if

the preceding dry period has been of long duration. When the

Species of Agra of the Amazons Region. 363

weather is, however, very showery, it is of little use hunting for

them ; and it is only in certain peculiar states of the weather that

more than a solitary specimen can be found ina day’s search.

When the season seems to be favourable to them, beating should

be resorted to, and then by perseverance a good series of speci-

mens may be obtained of many species in a few days. All kinds

of forest yield them; the dry scattered woods and the lofty

virgin forests containing each their peculiar species ; in the former

they are small in size, the large and handsome kinds being found

only in the more luxuriant parts of the great wilderness.

Baron Chaudoir, who described in his paper above mentioned

all the new species of mine of which I could afford him duplicates,

has since kindly compared the remaining species with his own

rich collection, and given me manuscript descriptions of many of

them. Out of the forty-seven species of Agridia and Agra here

recorded as found in the Amazons region, forty-two were found

by myself, and of these thirty-one were new species.

Genus AcripiA, Chaudoir.

Mentum lobis valde angustis, acutissimis, intus acute carinatis.

Tibie compresso-dilatate. ars supra glabri, articulis latis

brevibus, compressis, subquadratis ; unguiculis brevissimis.

1. Agridia Batesii, Chaudoir.

Agridia Batesii, Chaud. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1861, p. 111.

A. subcylindrica, nigra, nitida, thorace supra viridi- vel violaceo-

tincto, elytris latissime viridibus; capite angustato, postice

elongato, sensim attenuato; thorace angustato, antice atte-

nuato, dorso convexo, punctato, transversim strigoso, lateri-

bus haud carinatis; elytris angustis, cylindricis, humeris

rotundatis, apice truncatis, apud suturam dehiscentibus,

angulis suturalibus acutis, exterioribus in dente productis,

punctato-striatis, punctis transversis, confertis.

&$ Segmentis ventralibus medio punctatis et fusco-hirsutis ;

segmento apicali medio inciso.

g Abdomine glabro, segmento apicali leviter emarginato ;

antennarum articulis 7-10 reliquis brevioribus.

Long. 63—8 lin. f ¢.

Ega.

This very handsome species was seen only on the foliage of low

trees unconcealed, and seems to be of diurnal habits.

364 Mr. H. W. Bates on the

2. Agridia pheenicodera, nv. sp.

A. subcylindrica, postice paulo dilatata, nigra, nitida; thorace —

violaceo, lateribus cupreis ; elytris letissime viridibus ; capite

angustissimo, postice valde elongato, haud attenuato.

@ Antennarum articulo 8"? sequentibus multo breviori.

Long. 5 lin. @.

Very similar to 4. Batesii, the difference in the shape of the

head and in the length of the eighth antennal joint in the ¢ being

the only characters which induce me to believe it a distinct spe-

cies. The head is much narrower and longer in proportion to its

width than in the corresponding sex of 4. Batesii ; indeed there

is no other species in the genus known to me which can be likened

to it in point of narrowness, its greatest width not much exceeding

that of the anterior part of the thorax. As in A. Batesw, it is

greatly prolonged behind the eyes, but its sides are not straight,

as in that species, but a little bowed outwards, and it is not per-

ceptibly narrowed to the neck. ‘The thorax differs from that of

A. Batesii in its colour being violet, passing into brilliant purple

copper on the sides; the surface is not perceptibly wrinkled, and

the punctures are in many parts confluent. The elytra are of the

same rich silky metallic-green as in 4. Batesz.

Ega. On foliage, one example.

8. Agridia platyscelis, Chaudoir.

Agridia platyscelis, Chaud. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1861, p. 110.

A. angustata, postice paulo ampliata, nigra, nitida, elytris zneo-

olivaceis, pedibus palpisque apice piceo-rufis; capite ellip-

tico, glabro, pone oculos valde elongato, vertice convexo ;

antennarum articulis apice setosis ; oculis vix prominentibus ;

thorace capite paulo breviori, antice attenuato, subtus glabro,

supra transversim strigoso et postice sparse punctato, lateri-

bus lineatim punctatis et carinatis; elytris pone basin leviter

sinuatis, postea ampliatis, apice truncatis, angulis exterioribus

in dente productis, humeris rectangulatis; dorso punctato-

striatis, punctis transversis et confertis.

Long. 11 ling.

Ega. Concealed in folded leaves on trees in the depth of the

forest ; extremely rare. I met with females only; in this sex

the eighth to eleventh joints of the antennze are much shorter and

more slender than the preceding.

Species of Agra of the Amazons Region. 365

Genus Acra.

Mentum lobis apice rotundatis, intus haud carinatis. Tibi non

compressz, teretes. Zarst supra pilosi, articulis subelongatis,

haud compressis, cordatis aut trigonis; unguiculis minus

brevibus.

A. Mentum lobis longioribus, angustis, apice subacute rotun-

datis.

1, Agra erythropus, Dejean.

Agra erythropus, Dej. Spéc. Gén. i. 199.

+ Pr , Chaud. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1861, p. 112.

A. robusta, obscure anea; capite ovali, postice modice elon-

gato, rotundato-attenuato, oculis valde prominentibus; thorace

antice subito attenuato, Jateribus carinatis, episternis valde

convexis, supra planis, sparsim punctatis; elytris humeris

obliquis, pone medium ampliatis, apice peroblique truncatis,

angulis suturalibus acutis, externis dentiformibus, dorso pro-

funde punctato-striatis ; antennis pedibusque rufescentibus ;

tibiis latis, compressis, angulis externis terminalibus haud

prominulis; intermediis apice intus dilatatis.

Long. 10 lin. @

$ Segmentis ventralibus punctatis, sparsim hirsutis ; segmento

terminali dorsali inciso, ventrali late triangulariter emarginato;

pedibus robustis, tarsis latis, articulo ultimo brevi, posticorum

primo intus valde rotundato-dilatato.

Villa Nova, Lower Amazons. On foliage. Itis on the authority

of Baron Chaudoir that I refer the example I possess of this

species to 4. erythropus of Dejean, the description of this author

presenting no means of identifying the species with certainty. M.

de Chaudoir, who possesses the type specimens of Dejean, was

acquainted only with females of this and the other species of

section A,

2. Agra latipes, Chaudoir.

Agra latipes, Chaud. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1861, p. 112.

A. nigra, nitida, elytris aneo-tinctis ; capite ovali, angustato, —

pone oculos elongato, leviter rotundato-attenuato ; thorace

antice angustato, levi, medio linea impressa utrinque punc-

tato, lateribus carinatis, episternis modice convexis ; elytris

postice paulo ampliatis, apice peroblique truncatis, angulis

suturalibus acutis, externis dentiformibus, dorso grosse

punctato-striatis, punctis partim confluentibus ; tibiis com-

pressis.

Segmentis ventralibus medio crebre punctatis, dense fusco-

366 Mr. H. W. Bates on the

hirsutis ; femoribus (preesertim posticis) validioribus, tarsis

latioribus, posticorum articulo basali sequentibus multo ma-

jori, intus rotundato-dilatato.

¢ Antennis articulis 8-10 abbreviatis, 8"° brevissimo.

Long. 7—9 lin. ’

This species occurred more frequently than the preceding. I

met with it, however, only at Ega, about the commencement of

the rainy season.

B. Mentum lobis latis, breviusculis, apice late rotundatis.

a. Elytris foveolatis.

a. Capite elongato-ovato.

3. Agra enea, Fabricius.

Agra enea, Fab. Syst. Eleuth. 1. p. 224, n. 1.

i. oe ee Depspelep. LOS, mel

3 ss > Chaud; Ann-‘Soc. Ent. Fr: 1861, p.21t3.

A. elongata, zenea, nitida; capite ovato, postice rotundato-

attenuato, glaberrimo; prothorace supra grosse punctato,

postice coarctato; elytris lineatim confluenter foveolatis,

apice oblique subsinuato-truncatis ; pedibus piceo-cupreis.

$ Coxis posticis sementisque ventralibus medio confertim

punctatis et pilosis.

¢ Antennis articulo 8° valde abbreviato.

1 captured one individual of this species on a low tree in the

forest, at Manaos, on the Rio Negro, It is an inhabitant of

Cayenne.

4, Agra metallescens, Chaudoir.

Agra metallescens, Chaud. Bull. Mose. 1847, i. p. 95, n. 12.

This species, of which the female only is known, is closely

allied to A. @nea, but differs conspicuously in its darker bronze

colour. M. de Chaudoir possesses two examples from Para. I

do not recollect taking the insect myself; and the collections

_which I made in the neighbourhood of Para, in the years from

1848 to 1850, were sent to England without my reserving a set

of the Coleoptera.

5. Agra Megera, Thomson.

Agra Megera, Thomson, Arch, Ent. i. p. 399.

as »» » Chaud. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1861, p. 113.

A. elongata, robusta, nigra, supra oblivaceo-zenea; capite

oblongo, pone oculos subquadrato, basi subito constricto ;

thorace capite vix longiori, grosse confluenter punctato, inter-

so. ee

—

Species of Agra of the Amazons Region. 367

stitiis glabris, elevatis ; elytris regulariter lineatim foveolatis,

apice oblique flexuoso-truncatis, angulis suturalibus pro-

ductis; tarsis elongatis, fulvo-hirsutis.

$ Mesosterno et segmentis ventralibus (apicali excepto) punc-

tatis et longe fulvo-hirsutis ; femoribus crassis, tibiis inter-

mediis intus pone medium unco armatis, posticis medio

angulatis et intus dente instructis, pone medium intus hir-

sutis ; tarsis haud dilatatis.

® Pedibus teretibus, mesosterno abdomineque glabris ; antennis

articulo 8° valde abbreviato.

Long. 11—13 lin.

This is the largest known species of the genus, and is at once

distinguishable from its nearest relatives by the quadrate shape of

the head in both sexes. I met with it only at Ega, where it

occurred sparingly on leaves of trees in the forest. Baron

Chaudoir was unacquainted with the true male at the date of his

monograph quoted above, and described that sex of an allied

species, our 4. anguinea, as the male of 4. Megera.

6. Agra anguinea, vn. sp. (Pl. XX. fig. 6, $.)

A. Megere forma et colore simillima, sed minor; capite multo

angustiori, haud quadrato, parte postica quam thoracis apice

vix latiori, pone oculos leviter attenuato ; thorace medio

paulo dilatato.

$ Trochanteribus posticis segmentisque ventralibus medio

dense, mesosterno medio sparsim, punctatis et pilosis ; tibiis

intermediis prope apicem intus dentatis; posticis a medio

usque ad apicem intus incrassatis et pilosis; femoribus

validioribus.

@ Pedibus teretibus ; antennis articulo 8"° valde abbreviato.

Long. 103—11 lin.

Found also at Ega, in the same situation as 4. Megera. The

great differences in secondary sexual features between the males

of this form and of 4. Megera forbid their being classed as be-

longing to the same species; for it has been generally allowed

by attentive students that these characters offer the best guides

in distinguishing species, and they may well be so considered,

since marked sexual differences afford strong presumption of the

non-existence of intercrossing, the surest indication of persistent

separation between closely-allied forms. I should not, however, be

surprised at intermediate forms of the male sex being found between

A, Megera and A. anguinea, or any other similarly-related species.

368 Mr. H. W. Bates on the

7. Agra infuscata, Klug.

Azra infuscata, Klug, Entom. Monogr. p. 15, pl. i. fig. 3.

A. angustior, elongata, nigro-zenea, pedibus interdum rufescen-

tibus; capite (g) pone oculos conico, (@) rotundato-

attenuato; thorace grosse rugoso-punctato ; elytris apice

oblique truncato, angulis suturalibus acutis, haud productis

nec reflexis, dorso lineatim foveolato.

é Femoribus validioribus, tarsorum anticorum articulo basali

magno, dilatato; mesosterno, trochanteribus posticis, seg-

mentorum ventralium plagis duabus, confertim punctatis et

pilosis ; tibiis intermediis prope apicem intus dente parvo

armatis, posticis pone medium leviter dilatatis, hirsutis.

¢ Pedibus abdomineque simplicibus ; antennis articulo 8°

brevissimo.

Long. 93—10 lin.

Para, Santarem (banks of Tapajos) and Ega, Upper Amazons.

This species differs from A. anguinea in pretty nearly the same

degree as the latter does from the giant 4. Megera. It has a wide

range; I have specimens before me from localities 1,100 miles

apart in a straight line from east to west.

8. Agra reflexidens, Chaudoir.

Agra reflexidens, Chaud. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1861, p. 114.

A. elongata, nigro-zenea, foveolis elytrorum viridi-nitentibus ;

capite maris robustiori, feminee angustiori, ovali, pone oculos

sensim attenuato; thorace ut in 4. anguinea et A. infuscata,

interstitiis paulo latioribus, levissimis ; elytris apice oblique

truncatis, angulis suturalibus valde productis, dentiformibus,

paulo reflexis.

$ Femoribus validioribus ; segmentis ventralibus intermediis

medio punctatis et pilosis; tibiis intermediis intus flexuosis,

apice subito dilatatis, posticis pone medium vix hirsutis.

® Antennis articulo 8"° valde abbreviato; pedibus abdomineque

simplicibus,

Long. 93 lin.

FEga. In the same situations as the three preceding species, and

once taken in copuld. The prolongation of the sutural angle is a

good character whereby to distinguish this species, as it exists in

both sexes ; it forms a distinet tooth or spine owing to its length

and to the truncation being a little sinuated or incurved as it ap-

proaches the angle.

Species of Ayra of the Amazons Region. 369

9. Agra mustela, n. sp.

A. angustata, antice valde attenuata, nigro-zenea, antennis piceo-

rufis, articulis apice nigris ; capite angusto, maris pone oculos

conico vel in lineis rectis attenuato, femine elliptico vel

leviter rotundato-attenuato; thorace gracili, grosse punctato,

spatiis magnis levibus, episternis haud convexis, punctis

grossis sparsis ; elytris pone basin sinuatis, deinde ampliatis,

apice truncatis, angulis suturalibus vix acutis, dorso lineatim

foveolatis.

$ Metasterno sparsim, trochanteribus segmentisque ventrali-

bus plagiatim dense punctatis et longe fulvo-pilosis; tibiis

intermediis et posticis intus densissime hirsutis, his medio

leviter angulatis, illis prope apicem dente parvo instructis ;

femoribus validioribus.

@ Antennis articulo 8"° valde abbreviato ; pedibus abdomineque

simplicibus.

Long. 8 lin.

Ega. In the same situations as the preceding. It differs from

A. infuscata, to which it is most closely related, by its smaller

size and the less oblique truncation of the elytra, which causes the

sutural angle to be less acute than in the allied species. The

male differs from the corresponding sex of A. infuscata by the

almost glabrous metasternum. These points of difference, it must

be confessed, are much less important than those which separate

the rest of these allied forms, and it is not without hesitation that

I have described the present one as distinct.

10, Agra femorata, Klug.

Agra femorata, Klug, Entom. Monogr, p. 36, pl. ii. fig. 8.

A. elongata, subcylindrica, nigerrima, foveolis elytrorum viridi-

punctatis; capite elongato-ovali, pone oculos rotundato-

attenuato; thorace subcylindrico, prope apicem subito an-

gustato, supra levi, punctis lineatim ordinatis, episternis

sparsim punctatis; elytris postice minime ampliatis, apice

transversim utrinque bisinuato-truncatis, tridentatis, dorso

lineatim foveolatis, foveolis hic illic confluentibus.

$ Metasterno leviter, segmentis ventralibus 2—4 utrinque

plagis dense punctatis et pilosis; tibiis intermediis et posticis

apices versus intus breviter hirsutis, his medio leviter incras-

satis, illis prope apicem dentatis; femoribus validioribus.

¢ Antennis articulo 8° abbreviato; elytris dente truncature

mediano breviori.

Long. 6—8} lin.

370 Mr. H. W. Bates on the

Baron Chaudoir has communicated the following note on this

species, founded on the specimens brought home by me :—

‘‘ Ta description-de Klug convient trés-bien aux individus que

j'ai sous les yeux, et je ne doute point qu’ils ne se rapportent a

cette espéce, mais Klug a tort de dire que le ventre est lisse et

glabre, car la poitrine du male est pointillée et pubescente sur le

milieu et les avant-derniers segments de l’abdomen offrent prés du

milieu deux touffes de poils longs (surtout les deux antérieurs),

s¢parés par un espace glabre mais finement rugeux. La femelle

seule est lisse. Villa Nova et Obydos.”

I beat a pair of this species, in copuld, out of a flowering bush

at Villa Nova, on the lower Amazons.

11. Agra scrutatriz, n. sp.

A. meerenti forma et sculpturd simillima; differt elytris linea

recta truncatis, antennis articulo 8’°() brevissimo. Nigro-

genea, thorace pedibusque eneo-piceis ; capite elliptico, tho-

race gracili, elytris angulis suturalibus leviter productis,

externis acute dentiformibus.

@ Antennis articulis 8—11 reliquis brevioribus, haud graci-

lioribus, 8¥° sequenti dimidio breviori.

Long. 7 lin.

Ega. Oneexample. M. de Chaudoir gave it as his opinion that

this was simply a variety of 4. meerens. The great difference in

the truncation of the elytra and the relative length of the eighth

antennal joint compel me to consider it a very distinct form.

12. Agra merens, Chaudoir.

Agra meerens, Chaud. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1861, p. 119.

A. femorate simillima, minor, nigra, viridi-zeneo tincta, pedibus

piceo-nigris ; capite angustiori, elliptico; elytris in utroque

sexu postice ampliatis, foveolis passim discretis, apice utrin-

que transversim bisinuato-truncatis, tridentatis, dente sutu-

rali haud producto.

é Metasterno glabro, segmentis ventralibus 2-3 medio utrinque

punctatis et sparsim pilosis ; tibiis posticis medio leviter an-

gulatis, pone medium breviter hirsutis.

@ Antennis articulis 8-11 gracilibus, 8° sequenti paulo bre-

viori.

Long. 7—8 lin.

Ega. Concealed in leaves of trees in the forest.

Species of Agra of the Amazons Region. 371

13. Agra callictis, n. sp.

A. gracilis, nigra, pedibus pallide flavis, geniculis tibiisque apice

nigris, tarsis rufescentibus ; capite elliptico; thorace angusto,

dorso levi, lineatim punctato, episternis grosse punctatis ;

elytris postice paulo ampliatis, apice flexuoso-truncatis, an-

gulis suturalibus haud productis, supra lineatim foveolatis,

foveolis partim viridi-tinctis; antennis gracilibus, rufescen-

tibus, nigro-maculatis.

¢ Antennis articulis 8-10 preecedentibus minoribus, 8"° sequenti

quarta parte breviori.

Long. 7 lin.

I found this extremely elegant and rare species only at Para.

M. de Chaudoir, on the examination of my specimen, concluded

it to be the female of 4. geniculata of Klug, but the difference

in general form is far greater than that which exists between the

sexes of all other species whose legitimate partners are known, and

besides the colour of the legs differs considerably.

14, Agra geniculata, Klug.

Agra geniculata, Klug, Entom. Monogr. p. 80, pl. 1. fig. 4.

A. robustior, nigra, pedibus saturate flavis, geniculis, tibiis apice

tarsisque nigris, antennis nigris ; capite elongato, pone oculos

conico; thorace medio subdilatato, postice valde constricto,

antice subito angustato, dorso interstitiis latis levibus, epi-

sternis sparsim punctatis ; elytris lineis foveolarum in strils

subimpressis, foveolis viridi-tinctis, apice subflexuoso-trun-

catis, angulis suturalibus haud productis.

$ Metasterno medio, segmentis ventralibus 1-3 utrinque

spatiis exiguis punctatis et sparsim pilosis ; tibiis simplicibus,

tarsis nigro-hirsutis,

Long. 7 lin.

Santarem. Beaten from bushes on the borders of woods. I

believe I also found this species at Para in the early years of

collecting.

15. Agra subenea, Chaudoir.

Agra subenea, Chaud. Ann, Soc. Ent. Fr. 1861, p. 120.

A. valde angustata, nigro-enea, elytris cuprescentibus; capite

angusto, pone oculos elongato, lateribus rotundato, vix atte-

nuato, apud collum subiter constricto; thorace gracili, antice

sensim attenuato, lineatim punctato, interstitiis latis levibus,

372 Mr. H. W. Bates on the

episternis confertim punctatis; elytris angustis, pone medium

paulo ampliatis, apice flexuoso-truncatis, angulis externis

solum dentiformibus ; supra lineatim foveolatis, apices versus

striatis.

¢ Antennis articulo 8° sequenti non breviori.

Long. 53 lin.

Hab. Ega.

é (?) Robustior, colore obscurior ; capite latiori, thorace punc-

tis majoribus, confluentibus ; abdomine glabro, pedibus sim-

plicibus, femoribus paulo validioribus.

Long. 53 lin.

Hab. Para.

Baron Chaudoir described this species from a female, agreeing

in every respect with a second example of the same sex in my

collection. I have no specimen of the male from the same

locality, but believe the one found at Paré and described above

belongs to the same species. I met with single individuals of the

same or closely-allied species at other localities; it is impos-

sible to decide whether they are distinct or not until further

material is obtained.- Meantime the following diagnoses may be

useful :—

(a.) A. Chryseis, 2.

Major, nigro-znea ; elytris late ceneis, antennis pedibusque ru-

fescentibus ; thorace ut in 4. subenea, elytris truncaturé vix

flexuosa, foveolis minoribus.

Long. 64 lin.

Hab. Santarem.

(b.) A. curtula, &.

Minor, robustior, nigro-gnea, elytris aeneo-cupreis; capite

thorace latiori, oblongo-quadrato, angulis posticis rotundatis ;

thorace prope apicem attenuato, dorso grosse rugoso-punc-

tato, episternis plagiatim punctatis; elytris truncatura prope

angulum externum sinuata, deinde usque ad suturam recta,

foveolis plurimum confluentibus ; antennis immaculatis pedi-

busque rufescentibus ; abdomine glabro, pedibus simplicibus.

Long. 5 lin.

Hab. Villa Nova.

A. gracili affinis, (Lucas, Voy. de Castelnau, Entomologie, pl. ii.

fig. 6, a.)

If these two are to be considered as belonging to the same

species as 4. subenea, I think it will be necessary to combine all

three with 4. ruficornis of Klug, which is also an inhabitant of

Species of Agra of the Amazons Region. 373

Para. A. ruficornis seems to differ from the typical subenea only

in its larger size and duller colouring. The following diagnosis,

condensed from the description of Klug, will serve to facilitate

comparison :—

(c.) A. ruficornis, Klug, Entom. Monogr. p. 33, pl. il. fig. 6.

Valde attenuata, nigro-znea, foveolis elytrorum violaceo-zneis,

antennis pedibusque rufo-piceis; capite perangustato, tho-

race profunde et irregulariter punctato; elytris apice trun-

catis, tridentatis, dente externo acuto, secundo approximato

obtuso, interno obtusissimo.

¢ Long. 63 lin.

Hab, Para.

16. Agra femoralis, Chaudoir.

Agra femoralis, Chaud. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1861, p. 120.

A. angustata, znea, elytris cuprescentibus, antennis (articulo

basali piceo excepto), tibiis tarsisque testaceo-rufis, femoribus

piceis, nitidis; capite angusto-ovato, pone oculos minus elon-

gato, rotundato-attenuato, oculis magnis; thorace angusto,

antice sensim attenuato, grosse punctato, interstitiis glabris,

tenuibus; elytris postice vix ampliatis, truncatura prope

angulum externum sinuat& angulum medianum formante,

deinde usque ad suturam fere recta; elytris foveolis in striis

impressis ordinatis.

4 Metasterno, tibiis segmentisque ventralibus fere glabris ;

tarsis anticis articulo basali a basi dilatato.

Long. 64 lin.

Ega.

The species was not uncommon, but I have neglected to reserve

specimens of both sexes for my own collection.

17. Agra tibialis, Chaudoir. (BE SX fic 272.)

Agra tibialis, Chaud. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1861, p. 121.

A. femorali forma, colore et sculptura similis ; major, elytris

oblique subflexuoso-truncatis, nullomodo bisinuatis ; eenea, an-

tennis tibiis tarsisque rufescentibus, femoribus nigro-piceis ;

corpore subtus utroque sexu glabro.

¢ Tarsis anticis articulo primo abrupte dilatato.

@ Tarsis anticis articulo primo simplici, antennis articulo 8’°

nullomodo abbreviato.

Long. 8—9 lin.

374 Mr. H. W. Bates on the

Widely distributed over the Amazons region; being found at

Par4 and at Ega. Ina Para example before me the femora are

pitchy-rufous and the elytra more coarsely foveolated than in the

Evga specimens.

f. Vertice utrinque pluripunctato piloso.

18. Agra mesta, Chaudoir.

Agra mesta, Chaud. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1861, p. 123.

A. robusta, nigra, nitida; capite ovali, pone oculos rotundato-

attenuato, pluripunctato; thorace medio dilatato, antice

valde subito attenuato, supra grosse lineatim confluenter

punctato; elytris truncatis, angulis suturalibus et externis

valde productis, supra alternatim striato-punctatis et striato-

foveolatis ; antennis pedibusque piceo-nigris.

@ Antennis articulo 8° nullomodo abbreviato.

Long. 83—93 lin.

Ega.

fo)

b. Elytris distincte punctato-striatis.

a. Thorace toto dense punctulato.

19. Agra pulchella, Chaudoir.

* Agra pulchella, Chaud. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1861, p. 126.

A. nigro-enea, elytris cupreis, nitidis, certo situ viridi-mican-

tibus; capite ovali, postice elongato, rotundato-attenuato, oc-

cipite lineola impressa ; thorace subcylindrico, prope apicem

subito’ attenuato, punctulato, linea impressa antica dorsali,

lateribus tenuiter carinatis, episternis crebre punctulatis,

glabris; elytris apice truncatis, angulis externis leviter pro-

ductis, suturalibus acutis, dorso punctulato-striatis, intersti-

tiis planis; antennis rufescentibus.

¢ Metasterno, segmentis ventralibus (anali excepto), medio

laxe punctatis et pilosis.

? Corpore subtus glabro; antennis normalibus.

Long. 4—43 lin.

Ega.

20. Agra brevicollis, Klug.

Agra brevicollis, Klug, Entom. Monogr. p. 25, pl. 1. fig. 9.

A. nigro-znea, elytris cupreis, certo situ viridi-micantibus; capite

angustato, postice rotundato-attenuato ; thorace brevi, sub-

conico, prope apicem subito attenuato, supra lineola dorsali

impresso, punctulato, punctis seepius confluentibus, subtus

Species of Agra of the Amazons Region. 37

distinctius punctulatis ; elytris truncatis, dente externo acuto,

interno obtuso,

é Segmentis ventralibus medio cinereo-tomentosis ;_ meta-

sterno sub-hirto.

yas

Long. 53 lin.

Para. This species, which I did not myself meet with, is evi-

dently closely allied to 4. pulchella ; it is larger, however, and the

ventral segments are much more densely pilose in the male.

21. Agra Chaudoirii, n. sp.

M. de Chaudoir has kindly drawn up for me the following de-

scription of this species :—

“Nigra; thorace nigro-zeneo; elytris rubro- aut virescenti-

‘cupreis, anguste viridi-marginatis, fulgentibus; antennis

extus piceis, articulis singulis nigro-terminatis. Caput

elongato-ovatum, subangustum, basi sat abrupte stran-

gulatum, lave, basi uni-foveolatum, utrinque unipunctatum,

oculis sat prominulis. Thorax quoad formam ut in 4. Cy-

therea, capite Jongior, eoque cum oculis fere crassior, latitu-

dine duplo. longior, parce pilosus, ovatus, crassiusculus,

antice breviter attenuatus, lateribus ad apicem brevissime,

ante basin obsolete sinuatis, totus sat dense regulariterque

punctatus, carinula laterali subelevata, utrinque subcrenata,

integra. HKlytra fere omnino ut in A. Cytherea, thorace

antice fere duplo latiora, posterius ampliata, modice elongata,

apice suboblique truncata, bidentata, dente externo acuto,

suturali subproducto, obtuso, intra dentem externum sub-

sinuato ; supra modice conyexa, sat tenue punctato-striata,

interstitiis planiusculis, punctorum seriebus in 3° et 5° fere

obsoletis.. Femora ¢ valida, pectore medio et vitta latius-

cula abdominis fere ad apicem dense pubescente-punctulatis,

Femina subtus glabra, pube murina.”

Long. 63 lin.

Ega. In the Collections of Baron Chaudoir and H. W. Bates.

22, Agra bicostata, n. sp.

The following is a description of this species drawn up by M.

de Chaudoir :—

‘“* Przecedenti valde similis, eadem magnitudo, color idem; differt

capite paulo angustiori, basi minus abrupte strangulato, tho-

race antice brevius attenuato, costa laterali evidentiori, et

VOL, Il. THIRD SERIES, PART V.—SEPT. 1865, EE

376

Mr. H. W. Bates on the

fere duplici, supra medio apice breviter costato; elytra

similia, paulo minora, apice acute tridentata, dente suturali sat

producto, intermedio minore, apice haud rotundato ; antennis

articulis singulis apice haud nigrescentibus; ¢ abdomine

subtus basi glabra, segmentis tribus ultimis medio tantum

pubescentibus.”

Long. 6 lin.

Ega. Collections of Baron Chaudoir and H. W. Bates.

23. Agra brevicornis, n. sp.

“Przecedenti primo intuitu similis, minor. Caput subelongato-

quadratum, basi abrupte quadrato-constrictum, lve, basi

unifoveolatum et utrinque unipunctatum; oculis sat prominu-

lis. Thorax quoad formam non differt, attamen paulo bre-

vior, supra minus confertim et sat irregulariter punctatus,

supra medio apice subtricostatus, carina laterali elevata,

integra, exteriori subobsoleta. LElytra paulo breviora, nec

latiora, minora, similiter punctato-striata, apice recte trun-

cata, dentibus non prominulis, nec rotundatis. Antenne

breviores, thoracis basin vix attingentes, articulis tribus basali-

bus nigris, ceteris rufis. Color obscure cupreus.” (Chaudoir.)

Long. 53 lin. @

Para. One example in my own Collection.

24, Agra rubrocuprea, n. sp.

M. de Chaudoir has given me the following description of my

specimens of this species :—

“A. @neipenni certe affinis, differt capite evidenter latiori, magis

rotundato, oculis sat prominulis, thorace paulo minus

elongato, antice brevius attenuato, ante basin vix strangulato,

costa laterali magis elevata; elytris basin versus -minus

attenuatis, magis parallelis, apicis angulo suturali subacu-

tiore. g subtus pectore medio, abdominisque toti fere ad

apicem vitta lata media pubescenti-punctulatis, pube murina;

¢ glabra; colore nigro-picea, nitida, thorace virescenti,

elytris rubro-cupreis, splendidis ; antennee extus ferruginez,

articulis singulis nigro-terminatis; pédes rufo-picei: ¢ ris

femora parum incrassata.”’

Long. 43 lin.

This brilliant little species occurred only at St. Paulo, and was

very rare. Col]. Baron Chaudoir and H. W. Bates.

Species of Agra of the Amazons Region. 377

25. Agra eneipennis, Chaudoir.

Agra eneipennis, Chaud. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1861, p. 127.

A. pulchelle similis; gracilis, nigro-zenea, thorace elytrisque

subobscure viridi-zeneis; capite angustato-oblongo, pone

oculos modice rotundato-attenuato, vertice foveola impresso ;

thorace elongato, postice coarctato, apicem versus subito

attenuato, omnino punctulato ; elytris gracilibus, intra dentem

externum valde sinuatis, supra punctato-striatis ; antennis

rufescentibus,

é 2 subtus glabra.

Long. 43 lin.

Ega. Coll. Baron Chaudoir and H. W. Bates.

26. Agra aurata, n. sp.

A. rubrocupree similis, differt capite magis ovato, thorace

medio crassiori, lateribus magis rotundatis, ante basin evi-

dentius strangulato, czterum similiter punctato ; elytris

dentibus apicalibus, presertim intermedio, acutioribus.

é pectore medio tantum punctulato-piloso, abdomine toto

levi, glabro ; femoribus anterioribus coxisque posticis subtus

basin versus punctato-pilosis; elytris subluteo-auratis, cupreo

viridique micantibus; antennis ferrugineis, articulis duobus

basalibus piceis : specimine subimmaturo,

Long. 44 lin.

Villa Nova. One specimen.

27. Agra gaudiola, n. sp.

A. parva, nigro-znea, elytris late purpureo-cupreis; capite

ovato, pone oculos minus elongato, latiusculo, collum versus

subito strangulato; thorace postice angustato, antice prope

apicem attenuato, supra regulariter punctulato; elytris bre-

vibus, apice obtuse subtridentatis, recte truncatis ; antennis

ferrugineis, articulis tribus basalibus obscuratis.

Long. 3 lin. @.

Ega. One example.

f. Thorace plagiatim punctato.

28. Agra excavata, Klug.

A. excavata, Klug, Entom. Monogr. p. 20, pl. i. fig. 6.

A, nigro-znea; capite breviter ovato, pone oculos paulo elon-

gato, rotundato-attenuato, vertice foveola media orbiculari;

EE2

378 Mr. H. W. Bates on the

thorace brevi, antice subito attenuato, dorso plagiatim con-

fluenter grosse punctato; elytris punctato-striatis, apice

sinuato-truncatis, bidentatis ; antennis robustis, rufescentibus.

Long. 5 lin. ¢.

Beaten in some numbers from bushes, on one occasion at

Santarem.

29. Agra varilosa, Klug.

Agra variolosa, Klug, Entom. Monogr. p. 18, pl. i. fig. 5.

A. nigro-znea; corpore toto piloso; capite (ut in 4. excavata)

breviter ovato, vertice foveola et linea longitudinali impresso ;

thorace longiori, multo angustiori, antice sensim attenuato,

supra grosse confluenter punctato; elytris truncatis, biden-

tatis, supra punctato-striatis, striis alternis foveolatis ; anten-

nis robustis, ferrugineis.

Long. 5 lin. 2.

Taken once only, at Tunantins on the Upper Amazons.

Klug’s specimens came from Bahia.

30. Agra biseriata, Chaudoir.

Agra biseriata, Chaud. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1861, p. 129.

A. variolosé similis, at minor, eneo-fusca, pilosa; capite an-

gustiori, pone oculos minus quadrato, postice punctato-piloso ;

thorace antice sensim attenuato, lateribus pilosis; elytris

subsinuato-truncatis, bidentatis, supra punctato-striatis, strils

secunda tertiaque sex-foveolatis, pilosis; antennis gracilibus

pedibusque testaceo-rufescentibus.

é Metasterno medio dense breviter piloso, abdomine glabro.

Long. 44 lin.

Ega. One of the commonest species on the leaves of low trees.

31. Agra foveigera, Chaudoir.

Agra foveigera, Chaud. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1861, p. 130.

A. biseriat@ similis, major, vix pubescens, nigra, vix metallica ;

capite breviter ovato, postice haud punctato, vertice foveola

magna; thorace gracili, antice sensim attenuato, lateribus haud

pilosis ; elytris sinuato-truncatis, dentibus duobus elongatis ;

supra punctato-striatis, striis 2°44, 4‘, 6' foveolatis, inter-

stitiis planis; mesosterni episternis punctatis; antennis

pedibusque gracilibus, nigris.

$ Metasterno medio dense hirsuto; tibiis posticis arcuatis,

intus late sulcatis.

Long. 53—6 lin.

Ega. Much less common than 4. biseriata.

Species of Agra of the Amazons Region. 379

32. Agra immersa, Klug.

Agra immersa, Klug, Entom. Monogr. p. 21, pl. i. fig. 7.

A. biseriate simillima, differt elytris cupreis.

Long. 4 lin.

Para. Collected by Sieber. I think it very likely this is only

a geographical variety of the same stock as A. biseriata. I do

not find the species among my own Para collections.

33. Agra chalcoptera, Klug.

Agra chalcoptera, Klug, Entom. Monogr. p. 23, pl. i. fig. 8.

», elegans, Chaud. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1861, p. 130.

A, biseriate similis, gracilis, nigro-nea, pilosa, elytris viridi-

zeneis vel viridi-cupreis; antennis valde elongatis, rufescentibus,

basi piceis ; capite ovato, pone oculos rotundato-attenuato ;

thorace a medio usque ad apicem attenuato, lateribus cano-

pilosis ; elytris truncatis, angulis suturalibus haud productis ;

femoribus piceis, tibiis tarsisque rufescentibus.

$ Metasterno et abdominis basi medio punctato-pilosis ; tibiis

posticis simplicibus.

Long. 43—6 lin.

Equally common with A. biseriata at Ega; also found at Para,

where Klug’s specimens were taken many years ago by Sieber.

34. Agra graminea, D. sp.

This species has a general resemblance in form to 4. chalcoptera,

Klug, but differs in its much more slender figure, the bright

-brassy-green colour of its thorax and elytra, and in other points.

Baron Chaudoir has given me the following comparative descrip-

tion of it :—

“Color fere ut in 4. chalcoptera, Klug, (elegans, Chaud.), sed

supra potius viridis, non cupreus; antenne pedesque simi-

liter colorati. Quoad formam, A. tenui, Chaud., (Rev. &

Mag. Zool. 1863, p. 9) affinis; caput pone oculos magis

attenuatum, thorax pone medium paulo magis incrassatus,

intra carinam externam elevatam et juxta lineam medianam

evidentius irregulariter punctatus. Elytra paulo latiora, minus

parallela, postice magis ampliata, apice omnino recté truncata,

angulo externo minus acuto, striis multo grossius punctatis,

interstitiis convexiusculis. Subter levis, nitida. 4. chalcoptera

differt capite multo angustiori, basi haud foveolato, linea tenul

tantum notato; thorace magis filiforme, omnino aliter punc-

tato; elytris angustioribus, interstitiis alternis haud seriato-

380 Mr. H. W. Bates on the

foveolatis, apiceque obsolete dentatis ; corpore subtus vires-

cente, paging: superioris colore gramineo.”’

Long. 5 lin.

I found one example only of this pretty species, at Ega, on the

Upper Amazons.

35, Agra exarata, Klug.

Agra exarata, Klug, Entom. Monogr. p. 88, pl. ii. fig. 9.

A. nigra, elytris eeneis, subcyaneis ; capite ovato, pone oculos

modice elongato, rotundato-attenuato (¢ ), levi, lineola im-

pressa occipitali; thorace robusto, medio ampliato, antice

apicem versus attenuato, rugoso-punctato, haud piloso;

elytris postice ampliatis, tridentatis, supra punctato-striatis,

striis ramulis interstitiorum interruptis; antennis pedibusque

piceo-nigris.

$ Metasterno segmentisque ventralibus medio et femoribus

basi subtus dense rufo-pilosis, subcrispatis.

Long. 8 lin.

One example, taken at Tunantins on the Upper Amazons.

Klug’s specimen, taken at Para, was a female.

36. Agra cytherea, Thomson. (PI. XX. fig. 3, %.)

Agra cytherea, Thomson, Archiv. Entom. i. p. 134.

A. nigro znea, thorace zneo, elytris splendide viridi-metallicis,

cupreo micantibus ; capite maris pone oculos subconico,

feminz rotundato-attenuato; thorace glabro, rugoso-punc-

tato; elytris elongatis, postice ampliatis, bisinuato-truncatis,

subtridentatis, dente externo solum producto, punctato-

striatis, interstitiis planis ; antennis rufo-piceis, basi aneo-

piceis, pedibus eeneo-piceis.

$ Metasterno segmentisque ventralibus medio densissime pilo-

sis; femoribus anticis interdum basi pilosis.

Long. 73—83 lin.

Ega. A common species, on trees in the forest.

37. Agra punctato-striata, Chaudoir,

Agra punctato-striata, Chaud. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1861, p. 134,

A. cytheree simillima, paulo minor; capite maris pone oculos

rotundato-attenuato ut in femina, haud conico; thorace supra

magis punctato; colore piceo, thorace supra zneo; elytris

viridi-auratis, cupreo micantibus.

Species of Agra of the Amazons Region. 381

$ Metasterno segmentisque ventralibus medio minus dense

pilosis.

Long. 7 lin.

This species, which I cannot think is more than a local form of

the same stock as 4, cytherea, occurred at Para and on the Lower

Amazons, 4. cytherea being confined to the neighbourhood of

Ega on the Upper Amazons. Baron Chaudoir, on whose autho-

rity I have referred my specimens to his species, records a

wide range for it, he having two specimens, one from the Rio

Negro (Amazons) and the other from South Brazil.

38. Agra varians, Chaudoir.

Agra varians, Chaud. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1861, p. 133.

A, cythere@ forma similis, differt in colore, certe species dis-

tinctissima ; nigra, elytris obscure viridibus, interdum zeneis

et rubro-cupreis; capite pone oculos paulo latiori, feminz

subquadrato, maris rotundato-attenuato ; elytris apice triden-

tato, dente intermedio validiori, suturali obtuso, supra magis

fortiter punctato-striatis.

Long. 7—8 lin.

Sull more common than 4. cytherea at Ega. I convinced my-

se!f on the spot that the two species kept themselves perfectly

distinct, and no intermediate forms were found which could prove

that they ever intercrossed.

39. Agra optima, n. sp.

M. de Chaudoir has given me the following description of this

species :—

“4. splendid, Dej., valde affinis, forsan hujus speciei femina.

Differt capite postice latiori, pone oculos magis rotundato,

thorace crassiori, lateribus etiam magis rotundato; elytris

paulo brevioribus, apice tridentatis sed dente suturali haud

producto, obtuso, nec reflexo; antennis brevioribus, articulo

8° breviusculo: elytris colore rubro-cupreis, splendidis.”

Long. 93 lin. @.

Villa Nova.

M. de Chaudoir adds, after comparing my specimen with De-

jean’s type in his own collection, that the affinity with 4. splen-

dida (Dej.) is very great, and that, excepting the sexual diffe-

rences, he finds no distinctive character except in the conformation

of the tip of the elytra, which usually offers no difference in the

382 Mr. H. W. Bates on the

two sexes; this case, however, might offer an exception. De-

jean’s example of 4. splendida came from Latreille, and is supposed

to have been received from Peru.

40. Agra cuprea, Klug.

Agra cuprea, Klug, Entom. Monogr. p. 41, pl. in. fig. 2.

A. varianti colore simillima, obscure zenea, vel viridis vel aneo-

cuprea; differt corpore multo robustiori, elytris apice valde

acute tridentatis; capite ovato, pone oculos rotundato-

attenuato (3), subquadrato, vertice leviter impresso ; thorace

robusto, medio subdilatato, supra interstitiis lavibus, latius-

culis ; elytris punctato-striatis, striis alternis serie punctorum

majorum, apice acute tridentatis ; antennis piceo-rufis, articulis

basalibus pedibusque nigris.

é Elytris angulo suturali modice producto; metasterno, femo-

ribus anticis posticisque intus, et segmento ventrali ultimo

dense rufo-pilosis.

2 Elytris angulo suturali in dente longissimo producto, antennis

articulo 8" breviusculo.

Long. 83 lin.

Ega and St. Paulo; Upper Amazons.

41. Agra laticeps, n. sp.

A. robusta, nigro-znea, elytris obscure viridi-eneis ; capite

late ovato, pone oculos paulo elongato, citd rotundato-

attenuato, vertice haud impresso; thorace medio valde di-

latato, antice subiter sinuato-attenuato, supra plano, lineatim

subirregulariter punctato, haud rugoso, carina laterali pro-

minula, episterno sparsim punctato; elytris latiusculis, apice

truncatis, angulo suturali parum producto, supra obscure

zeneo-viridibus, punctato-striatis, striis 2™44, 4, 6 serie

punctorum impressis ; antennis nigris, articulis singulis basi

rufis; pedibus nigris.

é Segmentis ventralibus postice (basali etiam antice) sparsim

punctato-pilosis.

Long. 9 lin.

Ega. Rare.

42. Agra pheogona, n. sp.

Baron Chaudoir has supplied the following description of this

remarkable species :-—

“A. Feisthameli (Buquet) valde affinis; differt magnitudine mi-

Species of Agra of the Amazons Region. 383

nore, capite pone oculos minus elongato, magis trigono, cum

palpis nigro, antennis gracilioribus, articulis duobus baseos

paulo obscurioribus ; thorace paulo breviori, multo minus et

subtilius et ad lineam mediam vix punctato, episternis lavibus ;

elytrorum striis in fundosubtiliter rugosis, genubusque nigris.”

Long. 7 lin. ¢

The antennz (with the exception of the two basal joints) and

the legs (except the black knees) are clear reddish-yellow ; the

sutural and external angles of the elytra are produced into long

teeth,

Villa Nova. One example.

Klug has also described the following species, which seem to

me to differ from all the foregoing and which I did not myself

meet with. ‘Their place in this genus is uncertain.

43. Agra multiplicata, Klug.

Agra multiplicata, Klug, Entom. Monogr. p. 39, pl. iil. fig. 1.

A. nigro-znea; occipite subimpresso ; thorace subelongato ;

elytris punctato-striatis, apice tridentatis, purpurascentibus,

supra transversim plicatis; capite attenuato-elongato; an-

tennis rufo-piceis.

Long. 63 lin. ¢?

Para.

44. Agra clavipes, Klug.

Agra clavipes, Klug, Jahrbiicher, p. 58.

A. picea ; capite postice vix attenuato, obsolete impresso; thorace

cicatricoso, conico; elytris subeneis, punctato-striatis, apice

tridentatis.

Long. 8 lin. &

Para.

Klug compares it with 4. femorata; but it evidently belongs to

a quite different group and may be a slightly immature example of

his 4. cuprea. Klug was not aware of the sexual differences in

the thickness of the femora.

( 385 )

XVII. New Species of Agra in the Collection of Mr. W. W.

Saunpers. By H. W. Bares, F.Z.S.

[Read 1st May, 1865.]

Wuitst engaged in studying this difficult genus in the preparation

of the foregoing paper on the Amazonian species, I have been en-

trusted with the examination of the Collection of Agr@ belonging

to Mr. W. W. Saunders, and finding therein four well-marked

new species, have obtained permission to describe them by way of

supplement,

Agra Valentina. (Pl. XX. fig. 7, 2.)

A. robusta, nigra; capite ovato, pone oculos usque ad collum

sensim rotundato-attenuato ; antennis nigris, articulis (2 ) 8—

11 abbreviatis, 8° brevissimo, ovato; thorace capite haud

longiori, medio Jato, antice subito attenuato, episternis con-

vexis, dorso plano, postice vage punctato; elytris oblique

truncatis, apice suturali dehiscenti, angulo externo acuto,

dorso striato-punctato, punctis latera versus majoribus, re-

motioribus, striis 2-3 foveolis variis; pedibus nigris, tibiis

compressis, tarsis articulo ultimo lato.

Long 9 lin. 9

Closely allied to 4. latipes, Chaudoir (Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1861,

p- 112), but more robust, and the elytra quite free from metallic

lustre. ‘The head is similar in shape, i. e. somewhat regularly

oval and impuncetate, but it is a little shorter; the thorax differs

in being much broader in the middle, and the breadth is still fur-

ther increased by the convexity of the episterna; the surface is

more even and the punctures more scattered and less deeply im-

pressed. The elytra are of the same shape as in 4. latipes, being

sinuated before the middle and then again dilated before the apex,

but the rows of punctures differ greatly in having each a number

of much larger punctures, and in the lateral rows having all the

punctures larger and more distant. The legs and tibie are similar

in form, but the basal joint of each tarsus is rather broader and

has a mere rounded outline ( ¢ ) than the same sex of 4. latipes ;

the claw joint is broad.

One example, from Columbia (Venezuela).

386 Mr. H. W. Bates on New Species of Agra

Agra dominula, (Pl, XX. fig. 5, 9+)

A. nigro-picea, nitida; antennis pedibusque piceo-rufis, geniculis

obscurioribus ; capite oblongo-ovato, pone oculos oblongo,

imprimis sensim, deinde collum versus citius attenuato ;

thorace capite vix longiori, medio vix dilatato, apicem versus

leniter attenuato, episternis convexis, impunctatis, dorso trans-

versim strigoso, irregulariter punctato, punctis haud profundis ;

elytris apice oblique flexuoso-truncatis, angulis externis

breviter productis, acutis; dorso profunde punctato-striatis,

punctis raro confluentibus, interstitiis angustis, levibus ;

pedibus validis, tibiis apices versus compresso-dilatatis, tarsis

articulo primo dilatato, unguiculari lato.

Long. 11 lin.

Allied to 4. erythropus (Dejean), but much larger and propor-

tionally more elongated and the elytra far more deeply and strongly

punctate-striate. The lateral lobes of the mentum are elongate

and subacute, and the species therefore belongs to the same small

section as 4. erythropus and A. latipes. The four terminal joints

of the antenne are shorter and more slender than the preceding,

the eighth being very short and oval, almost globular in shape.

There is no trace of metallic glimmer on the body, but the whole

surface is of a fine lustrous dark pitchy-black, the antennze

dark reddish and the legs rather lighter and clearer pitchy-red,

with the knees dusky. The tibicze are compressed, but are not per-

ceptibly dilated until towards the apex, and the basal joint of each

tarsus (¢) is much broader than the others, with its sides rounded.

This grand species, of which a single example is in Mr. Saun-

ders’ Collection, is from Peru.

Agra Saundersii. (Pl. XX. fig. 4, $.)

A. magna, nigra, nitida, femoribus (apicibus exceptis) flavis;

capite elongato-quadrato ; thorace angusto, antice attenuato,

constricto, dorso grosse lineatim punctato, episternis vix con-

vexis, parce punctatis ; elytris postice ampliatis, oblique trun-

eatis, angulo suturali valde producto, externo mucronato,

dorso profunde lineatim foveolatis, foveolis discretis, fundo

metallicis, interstitiis reticulatis.

Long. 12 lin. 3

Closely allied to 4. geniculata (Klug) and having a great resem-

blance to it in shape and colour, but it is nearly twice the length

and bulky in proportion. The head is very much prolonged

behind the eyes and but very slightly narrowed (in straight lines) to

in the Collection of Mr. W. W. Saunders. 387

the neck, at which point it is strongly constricted on all sides. The

elytra are proportionally more dilated near the apex than in 4.

geniculata, and the sutural angle is much more produced, resem-

bling in this respect 4.rufescens ; their surface is marked with im-

pressed rows of distinct regular fovez, the bottoms of which have

a slight brassy lustre, and the interstices both longitudinal and

transversal are narrow, so that the surface appears almost reticu-

lated. The legs are robust and shining black, except the middle

part of the femora, which is yellow; the middle and hind tarsi

are elongated, the basal joints being also elongated and slender.

The antennz are shining black (apical joints wanting).

Male.—Middle of metasternum and a space in the middle of

the hind part of the three basal ventral segments punctured and

pubescent. Anterior tarsi with the basal joint rotundate-dilatate ;

middle tibize with a strong tooth within (and hirsute) near the

apex ; posterior tibiz strongly bent inwardly in the middle and

thickened and hirsute thence to the apex.

This large and handsome species is from Peru; there is a

single specimen only in Mr. Saunders’ Collection.

Agra occipitalis. (Pl. XX. fig. 1, $.)

A. nigra, thorace elytrisque zeneis, his certo situ subeupreo-mi-

cantibus ; capite elliptico, ante oculos modice protenso, pone

oculos valde elongato, vix attenuato; thorace angusto, grosse

lineatim punctato ; elytris flexuoso-truncatis, angulis suturali-

bus nullomodo, externis breviter, productis, supra lineatim

foveolatis (haud striato-impressis ), foveolis interdum elongatis,

fundo multipunctatis ; antennis pedibusque nigro-piceis.

é tibiis posticis leniter incurvatis, a medio usque ad apicem

intus dense hirsutis.

Long. 6 lin. ¢

Allied to 4. merens, Chaud. (Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1861, p. 119)

and A. scrutatrix (ante, p. 370); the head is broader and less

narrowed behind the eyes than in the ¢ of 4. merens, and the

insect differs from both species in its brighter brassy colour, with

faint coppery reflexions towards the apex of the elytra. The head

is of an elliptical shape, and the part behind the eyes is much

longer than the anterior part. The fovez on the elytra have no

trace of lying in impressed lines as is the case with the species

above quoted, and some of the fovez are elongated, with a few

obscure bluish punctures at their bottoms.

One example, from Brazil.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XX.

Fig. 1. Agra occipitalis, Bates. ¢.

2. ,, tibialis, Chaudoir. @.

3. 4, cytherea, Thomson. ¢.

4. ,, Saundersii, Bates. @.

5. 4, dominula, Bates. 9.

6 », anguinea, Bates. @.

5, Valentina, Bates. 9.

( 389 )

XVIII. Descriptions of some New Species of Hymenop

terous Insects belonging to the Families Thynnide, Masa-

ride and Apide. By Freperick Smita, V.P. Ent. Soc.

[Read Ist May, 1861. ]

Tue insects described in the present paper, with one or two ex-

ceptions, are the property of F’, Du Boulay, Esq., who has placed

them in my hands for examination. Amongst these are some of

the finest species of the various genera to which they belong,

particularly, I may point out, those of the rare genus Paragia,

three new species of which add greatly to the interest of this

small collection of Australian Hymenoptera, But the most

remarkable insect described is a bee, belonging to the section of

leaf-cutting bees; this I have characterised as forming a new

genus (Thaumatosoma), principally from the circumstance of its

possessing elongated capitate antenne ; I know but of one other

instance in which a bee has true capitate antenne ; this is in a

species of Tetralonia from Brazil.*

Fam. THYNNIDZ.

Genus THynnuvs.

Thynnus ventralis.

T. luteus; antennis abdominisque segmentis apicalibus nigris ;

alis fuscis.

Female.—Length 10 lines.

Pale luteous, the antenne and tips of the mandibles black ; a

transverse black line on the vertex, from which two angular

stains emanate, each enclosing one of the posterior ocelli; the

pit, in which the anterior ocellus is situated, is also black ; all the

sutures of the thorax black; the wings dark brown; the basal

joint of the tarsi more or less obscurely ferruginous, the rest of

® A description of this species is given, post, p. 398. There are three

genera of “ long-horned bees,’’ in which the males have their antennz fre-

quently as Jong as, or in some cases even longer than, the body. The first

genus established, Eucera, is at once known from the others by the species

having only two submarginal cells in the anterior wings; the other genera,

Tetralonia and Melissodes, have each three submarginal cells, but Tetralonia

has 6-jointed maxillary palpi and 4-jointed labial palpi, whereas Melissodes

has both maxillary and labial palpi 4-jointed.

390 Mr. F. Sunith’s Descriptions

the joints black ; abdomen with the fourth and following segments

black; the fourth with two transverse ovate yellow macula, the

fifth with two minute spots; beneath black.

Hab. Swan River.

Genus Aivurus.

Atlurus agilis.

JE. niger; capite thoraceque ferrugineo-variegatis ; abdomine

ferrugineo, segmento primo nigro; alis hyalinis, nervuris

nigris. '

Male. — Length 6 lines.

Black ; the clypeus, the scape in front, and the mandibles, fer-

ruginous; the cheeks with a long cinereous beard; the head

closely and coarsely punctured. The thorax beneath, the legs, a

large macula beneath the wings, and the pro- and meso-thorax

ferruginous, the latter with an oblong black patch extending from

its base to the apex; the scutellum ferruginous; the post-scutellum

yellow; the sides of the metathorax clothed with long cinereous

pubescence ;_ the wings hyaline, the nervures black; the legs

more or less black or fuscous above; abdomen ferruginous, with

the basal segment black; the thorax is coarsely punctured, the

abdomen with distant shallow punctures, except the basal seg-

ment, which is closely and finely punctured.

Hab. Swan River.

Genus RHAGIGASTER.

Rhagigaster simillimus.

R. niger; macula sub alis abdominisque segmentis duobus api-

ealibus ferrugineis; tibiis tarsisque testaceis.

Male.—Length 8 lines.

Black; head and thorax rugose and covered with short cinereous

pubescence; a large oblong ferruginous macula beneath the

wings, which are hyaline, their nervures black; the tibiae and

tarsi rufo-testaceous, with the claw joint fuscous; abdomen

black and shining, the two apical segments ferruginous, the tip of

the ultimate one black.

Hab. Swan River.

Rhagigaster flavifrons.

R. niger; capite antice flavo ; thorace ferrugineo.

Female.—Length 8 lines.

Black; the head distantly and finely punctured; the anterior

portion of the head as high as the vertex of the eyes, and the

of some New Species of Hymenopterous Insects. 391

mandibles yellow; the head subquadrate, slightly narrowed be-

hind ;_ thorax ferruginous, finely and closely punctured, with a

number of larger scattered punctures; the articulations of the

legs and the tarsi rufo-testaceous ; abdomen elongate and shining,

the second segment transversely striated, the apex ferruginous

and longitudinally striated.

Hab. Swan River.

Fam. MASARIDZ.

Genus Paraeta, Shuck.

This genus was established in the year 1837, at which time

only a single example was known; since that period nine addi-

tional species have been described. I here add three new and beau-

tiful species to the list, making the total number thirteen. In

the generic characters given by Shuckard and drawn from the

type Paragia decipiens, the trophi are not characterized, but

Saussure has figured them in his Monograph of the Family Masa-

ride, in which this genus is placed—the maxillary palpi being six-

jointed, the labiai four-jointed. ‘That this is not a social genus of

wasps, I think is proved by an examination of the tarsal claws,

which are bifid, a character nowhere found hitherto amongst the

social Vespide, but characteristic of all the solitary species. The

type specimen described by Shuckard is now in the British

Museum, and proves to be in a discoloured, bad condition; I

therefore add, in the list of the species of the genus, a more cor-

rect description, drawn from specimens obtained from Adelaide

in the finest state of preservation. All the known species are

from Australia and Tasmania.

1. Paragia decipiens, Shuck. Trans. Ent. Soc. ii. 82, pl. vill.

figs 35:2

Sauss. Mon. Masar. p. 54.

P, nigra, opaca; abdomine sulphureo.

Female.—Length 9 lines.

Black, opaque; head and thorax shagreened, with two confluent

yellow spots between the antennz ; a narrow interrupted line on

the anterior margip of the prothorax and a minute spot beneath

the wings sulphur-yellow; wings dark fuscous, palest at their

posterior margins ; abdomen sulphur-yellow, the base of the first

segment black, from which a narrow black line emanates and runs

down the upper surface of the segment to its posterior margin.

Male.—This sex has the clypeus, an abbreviated line on the

inner margin of the eyes, two minute spots between the antennee,

VOL. II, THIRD SERIES, PART v.—SEPT. 1865, FF

392 Mr. F. Smith’s Descriptions

and the scape in front, yellow ; the anterior tibiz are yellow in

front; the second segment of the abdomen is produced beneath

into a large pointed tubercle.

Hab. Adelaide.

2. Paragia tricolor, Smith, Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 2, i. 41, pl. v.

figs 152d\.

5, Smithii, Sauss. Mon. Masar. p. 55, 3, t. 2, fig. 1, ¢.

Hab. Adelaide.

8. Paragia Saussurii, Smith, Cat. Vesp. p. 2, 3, 2.

» tricolor, Sauss. Mon. Masar. p. 54, 2, 2 (nec Smith).

Hab. Perth, W. Australia.

4. Paragia odyneroides, Smith, Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 2, i. 42,

pl. ‘v. fig. 2:

Sauss. Mon. Masar. p. 56, 4.

Hab. Hunter River, Australia.

5. Paragia australis, Sauss. Mon, Masar. p. 57, 5, 3, 2.

Hab. Tasmania.

6. Paragia bicolor, Sauss. Mon, Masar. p. 58, 6, .

Hab. Australia.

7. Paragia bidens, Sauss. Mon. Masar. p. 59,7, 8, ¢.

Hab. Adelaide.

8. Paragia predator, Sauss. Mon. Masar. p. 59, 8, ¢.

Hab. Australia.

9. Paragia pictifrons, Smith, Cat. Vesp. p. 2, 9, 2.

Hab. Swan River.

10. Paragia deceptor, Smith, Trans. Ent. Soc, ser. 3, 1, 56, 9.

Hab. Adelaide.

11. Paragia calida.

P. nigra; capite thoraceque profunde punctatis, flavoque varie-

oO 9 ’

gatis; abdomine aurantiaco; segmentis primo et tertio

nigris; alis fuscis.

Male. —Length 6 lines.

Black; the head and thorax thickly covered with deep con-

fluent punctures; the clypeus, an oblong-shaped macula widest

at the apex above it, and a line on the inner orbit of the eyes

not reaching their summit, yellow; the prothorax bordered with

orange along its anterior margin; the tibie and tarsi ferruginous,

the anterior tibize with a fuscous stain behind, and the intermediate

and posterior pairs with a similar stain outside ; the wings fuscous,

of some New Species of Hymenopterous Insects. 393

the anterior pair very dark along the anterior margin; abdomen

bright orange-red, the first and third segments black, the latter

with its posterior margin narrowly bordered with orange, the

margin waved anteriorly; the basal segment with a central longi-

tudinal line, not deeply impressed, and the line is orange towards

the posterior margin of the segment ; the second segment narrowly

black at its basal margin, most broadly so in the centre.

Var.—The orange border to the prothorax recurved at the

lateral angles, and enclosing a triangular black shape on the face

of the truncation ;. the compressed tooth on the lateral margins

of the metathorax orange-red ; the basal segment of the abdomen

with only two united bilobed black spots.

Hab, Adelaide.

12. Paragia venusta.

P. nigra, aurantiaca multipicta; abdominis basi et segmento

tertio aurantiacis; alis hyalinis, anticis margine anteriori

fusco.

Female.—Length 5 lines.

Black, opaque ; the clypeus, a coronet-shaped spot above and a

line at the inner and outer orbits of the eyes, not reaching to their

summit, the prothorax, an epaulet over the tegule, the scutellum,

a minute spot on the mesothorax before the scutellum, a spot on

each side of the metathorax, another beneath the wings, and the

legs, all orange-yellow ; the coxe black; the wings hyaline, with

the anterior margin of the superior pair dark fuscous ; the basal

segment of the abdomen, an interrupted narrow band at the basal

margin of the second, the third segment, the apical margin of

the two following, and the sixth segment entirely, orange-yellow ;

beneath, the third segment entirely, and the apical margin of the

first and second segments, orange.

Hab. Swan River.

13. Paragia vespiformis.

P. nigra; capite thoraceque flavo-variegatis ; abdomine fasciis

quinque flavis; alis subhyalinis.

Female.—Length 7 lines.

Black and opaque; the clypeus, base of the mandibles exte-

riorly, a broad stripe along the inner margin of the eyes extend-

ing upwards from the base of the mandibles to the insertion of

the antenne, a shorter narrow stripe above the broad one, and

also a short thin line above each antenna, yellow; behind the

eyes there is also a yellow stripe; a narrow line on the anterior

FF2

394 Mr. F. Smith’s Deseriptions

margin of the thorax, a minute spot in the middle of the mesothorax,

the inner margin of the tegula, the posterior margin of the scu-

tellum, and a large ovate spot on each side of the metathorax,

yellow; a subtriangular spot beneath the wings, and the legs

beneath, yellow ; a yellow spot on the intermediate and posterior

coxe, all the trochanters, the base of the anterior and interme-

diate coxe, as well as the anterior tibia, black; the wings sub-

hyaline, the nervures black; a broad yellow fascia, slightly inter-

rupted in the middle, on the margin of the basal segment of the

abdomen ; the three following segments have each a narrower

interrupted fascia; on the apical margin of the fifth segment an’

entire fascia, emarginate in the middle; beneath yellow, the second

segment having a transverse black spot at its basal margin, and

the three following having each a narrow central black stripe at

the basal margin; the sixth segment black, with the tip more or

less yellow.

Hab. Swan River.

Fam. APID #&, Leach.

Genus THauMATOSoMA, n. g.

Labial palpi four-jointed, the two basal joints elongate, their

length about equal, the third and fourth joints minute and sub-

clavate, inserted at the apex of the second joint; the labial palpi

and the labium of equal length. The maxillary palpi two-jointed,

minute; the basal joint short, stout and cylindric, the second

about the same length as the first, but much more slender and

pointed at the apex. The basal lobe of the maxille shorter than

the apical one, which is elongate, lanceolate and curved. Head

as wide as the thorax; eyes large, lateral and elongate-ovate ;

the ocelli three in a triangle on the vertex, the posterior pair

placed in a line with the posterior margin of the eyes ; the labrum

elongate, produced and rounded anteriorly; the antenne capitate

(in the male), elongate, reaching to the middle of the abdomen,

the club compound, formed of the two apical joints compressed

and pyriform. ‘The anterior wings have one marginal and two

submarginal cells, the latter receiving both the recurrent ner-

vures, the first near the basal, the second near the apical angle of

the cell. ‘The legs simple. Abdomen oblong, the sides parallel,

rounded at the base and apex.

It will be seen that the above characters, with the exception of

the capitate antenna, are those of the genus Megachile ; but the

exceptional character is so remarkable when possessed by a mem-

ber of the great family Apid@, that I have thought it desirable to

depart from the rigid observance of those Jaws which usually

of some New Species of Hymenopterous Insects. 395

regulate the formation of genera. The insect, for the reception of

which I have established the present genus, is perhaps strictly

a species of Megachile, since in that genus we find an infinite

variety in the form of some organs in the male sex of different

species ; we have one species found in this country, Megachile

Willughbiella, of which Mr. Kirby observes, “ This sex (male) of

our insect exhibits a peculiarity which none of those that are

related to it in the form of the anterior tarsus possess ; the last

joint of its antenne is larger than any of the rest, which gives

them some resemblance to those of a Papilio.” The antennze

thus described are, however, exactly like those of the majority

of the males of Megachile, with the exception of the apical joint,

which is compressed, and, when viewed laterally, presents the

club-shaped form alluded to. In the insect here described the

antennee are extremely slender and elongate, as in the genus

Eucera, with the two apical joints forming a knob, or club, as in

the beautiful Lepidopterous genus Argynnis.

Thaumatosoma Duboulau. (Pl. XXI. fig. 1.)

Male.—Length 5 lines.

Black, the head and thorax opake, very finely and closely

punctured; the face with a thin clothing of long silvery pu-

bescence, that on the clypeus is more dense, shorter, and has a yel-

lowish tinge ; the antenne ferruginous, with the apical knob or

club black. The sides of the thorax with a thin cinereous pubes-

cence ; the wings subhyaline, their nervures black; the tegule

rufo-testaceous behind. Abdoinen shining and closely punctured ;

the posterior margins of the segments with a narrow fringe of white

pubescence ; the fourth segment clothed with fulvous; the fifth

and sixth finely rugose, the latter slightly but widely emarginate ;

the seventh segment concealed beneath the sixth, its margin

armed on each side with a short acute tooth, and also having two

longer blunt marginal spines which are equidistant from each

other and from the lateral spines; the basal segment produced

beneath into a blunt projecting node.

The specimen described is in bad condition; judging from the

ragged state of the wings, and the rubbed thorax and abdomen, it

must have been long disclosed at the time of capture ; the white

abdominal bands are nearly obliterated. I have named it, as a

mark of compliment and encouragement to its captor, F, Du

Boulay, Esq.

Hab. West Australia.

396 Mr. F. Swith’s Descriptions

Supplementary Paper.

[Read 7th August, 1865. ]

In addition to the figure and details of Thaumatosoma Duboulan,

I have added to the Plate some remarkable forms of antennz of

other species of Aculeate Hymenoptera, and herewith append short

descriptions of the insects themselves.

There are two or three known species of bees, the males of

which have the apical joint of the antenne compressed, so that

when viewed sideways, as Mr. Kirby remarks, “ it gives them

somewhat the appearance of those of a Papilio;” such is the

the antenna of Nomia Kirbi, as will be seen by the figure, but

this, when viewed from above, appears to be of the ordinary form ;

in the case of Thaumatosoma it is quite different, and the imitation

of the antenna of a Papilio is complete; all the joints of the

flagellum are attenuated and thread-like, except the two apical,

which are enlarged, and swollen into a knob.

Fam. MUTILLIDZE.

Genus PsamMoTHERMA, Latr.

Psammotherma flabellata. (PI. XXI. fig. 6.)

Male.—Length 5 lines.

Black ; strongly punctured ; the prothorax and tegule ferru-

ginous; the antennz bipectinate ; the wings brown ; the posterior

margin of the first and second segments of the abdomen narrowly

edged with white pubescence, the third segment clothed with

similar pubescence.

The female has the pro- and meso-thorax entirely red.

This species of Mutilla is from Senegal.

Fam. POMPILID &, Leach.

Genus Crenocrerus, Dahlb.

Ctenocerus ramosus. (PI. XXI. fig. 4.)

Male.—Length 3? of an inch.

Black, the mandibles and labrum ferruginous; the antennz

ferruginous, with the scape black and furnished beneath with a

long dense floccus of black hair; the wings yellow and subhya-

line; the apex of the wings with a dark brown border; the

neuration pale ferruginous; the anterior tibiz and tarsi ob-

scurely ferruginous; the head very convex in front; the thorax

ot some New Species of Hymenopterous Insects. 397

elongate, longer than the abdomen, and also wider; the meta-

thorax oblong and covered with a dense black pubescence; the

abdomen covered with a sericeous reflexion,

The female closely resembles the male, and is similarly

coloured; the antenne are simple, dusky above, ferruginous

beneath, two or three of the apical joints being entirely so; the

abdomen is very smooth and shining and as long as the head and

thorax.

Length ,9, of an inch,

This species was taken by Dr. Kannemeyer, at Burgerdorp, a

Dutch settlement in South Africa.

The only character that separates this insect from many species

of Pompilide is the pectination of the antennz of the male; it is

however, perhaps, desirable to retain Dahlbom’s genus for the

reception of such species as have similar antenne ; the type is the

Ctenocerus Klugii, Dahlb., subsequently described by Lucas under

the name Clavelia pompiliformis, Ann. Ent. Soc. Fr. 1852.

Fam. ANDRENID&, Leach.

Genus Lamprocotieres, Smith.

Lamprocolletes cladocerus, Smith. (Pl. XXI. fig. 3.)

See Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 3, i. 57.

Black; the face and cheeks clothed with hoary pubescence,

the mandibles ferruginous at their apex ; the joints of the antenne

bipectinate, the pectinations irregularly toothed ; thorax shining,

finely punctured, thinly clothed with hoary pubescence; the

wings hyaline and iridescent; the claw-joint of the tarsi ferru-

ginous, the calcaria pale testaceous; abdomen shining, mar-

gins of the segments depressed ; finely punctured, and with a

thinly scattered hoary pubescence.

Male.—Length 4 lines.

Taken near Sydney, Australia.

This remarkable bee is still unique in the British Museum.

The beautiful ramose antennz of the male present perhaps the

most remarkable example of those organs known in the entire

tribe of the Aculeata ; such an extraordinary departure from the

normal form of antenna could scarcely have been looked for in

the Apide, and if met with at all, might with much greater proba-

bility have been expected to occur amongst the Z'enthredinide.

398 Mr. F. Sinith’s Descriptions

Genus Noma, Latr.

Nomia Kirbii, Westw. MS. (PI. XXI. fig. 5.)

Male.—Length 7 lines.

Black ; the head narrower than the thorax, the face and pos-

terior margin of the vertex with a thick sooty-black pubescence ;

the antenne a little shorter than the thorax, the apical joint com-

pressed; the thorax clothed with short sooty pubescence ; the

wings dark brown; the anterior tibiz and tarsi fringed behind

with sooty pubescence; the intermediate femora incrassate and

compressed beneath into a semidentate process; the posterior tibia

also much swollen, forming a subtriangular mass which has a tooth

at its inferior angle; abdomen ovate and shining, being thinly

covered with sooty pubescence.

This species is from Brazil; it formed part of the Collection of

the Rev. W. Kirby, and is now in the British Museum.

Fam. APIDE.

Genus Tretratonia, Spin.

Tetralonta mirabilis, (Pl. XXI. fig. 2.)

Male.—Length 3 an inch.

Head and thorax black; the clypeus, Jabrum and mandibles

yellow, the base of the former black and the apex of the latter fer-

ruginous; the face, cheeks and hinder margin of the vertex thickly

clothed with long pale fulvous hair; the antennze elongate, ex-

tending to the middle of the abdomen; the scape, first and base

of the second joint of the flagellum black, the third to the eighth

joints, which are cylindric and of about equal length, ferruginous

and of the usual form, the three following attenuated to the thin-

ness of a hair, the apical joint being black, flattened and pear-

shaped ; the thorax clothed above with fulvous pubescence, much

paler beneath; the tegule, base of the nervures of the wings and

the legs ferruginous; the wings subhyaline, the nervures fusco-

ferruginous, the costal nervure blackish ; abdomen reddish-brown,

the basal margins of the segments with broad fascize of fine short

pale downy pubescence.

The species is from Rio.

Notwithstanding the remarkable form of the antenne of this

insect, I leave it for the present in the genus Yetralonia; should

other species occur with similar antennal peculiarities, they may be

conveniently separated from Tetralonia, and constitute a new genus.

of some New Species of Hymenopterous Insects. 399

Genus CuHaticopoma.

Chalicodoma ceelocera, Smith. (Pl. XXI. fig. 7.)

This species was described in the Catalogue of Apide, pub-

lished by the Trustees of the British Museum; it was there in-

cluded in the genus Megachile; subsequently Herr Gueinzius

forwarded from Port Natal both sexes of the insect and the nest,

which proved it to belong to the genus Chalicodoma, which con-

structs mud nests on walls, &e. The sexes are similarly coloured,

black and pubescent, with the abdomen bright fulvous-red, except

the basal segment, which is black ; the wings are dark brown; in

the male sex, the antenne are clavate and hollowed out beneath,

and the anterior tarsi are expanded as in the males of Megachile.

Length A of an inch.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXI.

(All the figures are considerably magnified.)

Fig. 1. Thaumatosoma Duboulaii, @; 1a, antenna.

2. Tetralonia mirabilis, g, antenna.

3. Lamprocolletes cladoverus, $; 3a, antenna; 3b, underside of antenna.

4. Ctenocerus ramosus, g, antenna ; 4a, underside of ditto.

5. Nomia Kirbii, @, antenna.

6. Psammotherma flabellata, antenna ; 6a, underside of a few joints of ditto.

7. Chalicodoma celocera, g, antenna; 7a, underside of ditto.

() °40)Rer)

XIX. Descriptions of New Phytophaga from Western

Australia. By the Rev. Hamuet Crark, M.A., F.LS.

{Read Ist May and 5th June, 1865. ]

In laying before the Society a paper containing descriptions of

certain new species of Phytophaga from Western Australia, I

desire to offer a few remarks gn Entomological papers generally

—their object, their legitimate scope, and their value.

I will begin with what is a self-evident proposition ; that papers,

like those which are honoured by a place in our Transactions,

may be of the greatest importance to the cause of science; or

they may be to its very serious injury—and this latter even when

the writers have a real aptitude for and are thoroughly conscien-

tious in their self-imposed studies.

Papers are really valuable when—and indeed only to the degree

to which—the information which they supply (its accuracy, its

completeness) is sufficient to outweigh the labour that will be

required on the part of future students in order to obtain access

to them, and to master their contents; for it is well to remember

that the author of the most perfect paper in the world is not only

by writing it undertaking work himself, but he is most certainly

making future work for others; the more he can save the time of

others the more useful is his work—the more his paper taxes

the time of others the less profitable is his work : this simple fact,

if we admit it, at once suggests one aspect which gives in part the

measurement of the value of any paper, as an addition to Ento-

mological literature: its limit and scope should be clear and well

defined, and within that limit it should be, as far as its subject

will permit, exhaustive: it may comprehend a genus, or a group

of genera; or it may comprehend a country or a continent: but

it should comprehend something, and be limited to something,

and within that range it should aim at being as perfect as time and

material will allow. I will grant that there is a great charm in

being able to wander at will over a vast domain; to describe from

one continent a beautiful species ; from another continent to seek

to fix a striking form as a new genus; to travel from one group

to another—from the old world right across to the new—and all

within the limits of a few pages! But what infinite labour is all

402 Rev. H. Clark’s Descriptions

this causing to future students! or rather, I would say, how great

is the risk that some future student, either by accident or indo-

lence, may ignore part of the contents of such a paper altogether.

The husbandman who marks out a small portion of unreclaimed

land, and then brings the whole of that portion under cultivation,

is doing far better work than he who fearlessly charges at the

whole sweep of country up to the very horizon; the Jabour of the

former will bear fruit long after the very name of the latter has

been forgotten.

And it is worthy of notice, that that which most permanently

benefits science is that which also contributes most renown to the

writer himself. He who has thoroughly mastered one single point

will certainly stand out among us more clearly than he who has

ranged over a hundred points and mastered none; to do little,

and make that little available for others, is far better than to do

much and to add infinitely to the labours of others. It is not

the happy possessor of a collection—crowded though it may be

in types, or most ample in material—whose name will be most

esteemed by our successors; for collections pass away from hand

to hand, and leave behind them hardly the name of him to whom

they have been the care of years: it is not necessarily even the

irrepressible writer, who has added a hundred papers to our lite-

rature; it is indeed certain that such a man has been indus-

trious, but it does not by any means follow that that industry

has been wisely applied. He rather will be spoken of as ex-

cellent, who—it may be with small opportunities —it may be with

less brilliant talent than that of many others—has in his studies

kept always before him a sense of the vastness of the range of

Natural Science; a desire to benefit others, rather than to amuse

himself; and hence a resolution to touch nothing that he cannot

complete.

I offer these remarks as a preface to a very unpretending

paper, with no sort of intention of criticizing any papers pub-

lished by the Society, except my own; but because 1 desire that

our literary efforts, which will hereafter give the character to

ourselves, may not suffer when compared with those of others ;

and because I am conscious myself of an absolute proneness to the

failing to which I refer—a tendency to discursiveness in Entomo-

Jogical work.

The following descriptions of insects represent part of a very

interesting little collection of West Australian Phytophaga, which

has been placed in my hands by Mr. Du Boulay. Mr. Du Boulay’s

of New Phytophaga from Western Wiicien ten 403

method of entomologizing has been this: he rides some score

miles every day through the bush; he provides himself with

a strong canvas bag, which generally in his gallops is drag-

ging behind him—very much I imagine after the manner of a

dredging-net at a yacht’s stern in a ten-knots’ breeze. At oppor-

tune moments during the day this bag is examined ; its apex is

found crammed with insect life; three or four of the largest and

most striking specimens are selected; the rest are tossed away,

and the gallop resumed. I have reason to know that for the

future our friend, who is really as keen an Entomologist and as

true a lover of nature as any one I know, will take better care of

the residuum of the contents of his sweeping-net. He excused

himself to me for his natural-selection tendencies by stating that

he believed that he was the only one in Australia or Europe who

was sufficiently advanced to care for such things. Mr. Du Boulay,

on his return to West Australia, will be envied by many of us

as having it within his power to explore an almost unknown and

most interesting Entomological Fauna.

List of new Species hereinafter described.

Curysometip®. Paro)sis, seventeen species; see tabular

analysis below.

Chalcolampra undulatipennis.

laticollis.

Australica a@neonitens.

Chalcomela subpunctata.

Eumotripa. Geloptera Duboulan.

nodosa.

Thaumxstomerus viridis.

Edusa aureoviridis.

setosa.

hispidula.

nigro-@ned.

Ocnus viridis.

Fam. CHRYSOMELIDE.

Genus Paropsis, Oliv.

The species of Paropsis described in this paper may be tabu-

lated as follows :—

[1.] Corpore ovato, depresso.

(1) P. mediovittata.

(2) P. apicata.

404

Rev. H. Clark’s Descriptions

[II.] Corpore brevi, subrotundato, satis gibboso.

[A.] Elytris levibus.

1, Elytris striato-punctatis.

(a) Elytris rufo-fulvis, vel testaceis.

(3) P. ameena.

(4) P. captiosa. e

(5) P. maculicollis.

(b) Elytris maculatis.

(6) P. purpureo-aurea.

(7) P. tessellata.

(8) P. nigroconspersa.

(9) P. sanguineotincta.

(10) P. transversomaculata.

(11) P. intertincta.

(12) P. nigritula.

2. Elytris confuse punctatis.

(13) P. nigropicta.

[B.] Elytris rugosis, vel subtuberculatis.

(a) Elytris concoloribus (punctis ipsis forsitan tinctis).

(14) P. incurva.

(15) P. perparvula,

(b) Elytris maculatis, vel aliter tinctis.

(16) P. nervosa.

(17) P. verrucipennis.

1. Paropsis mediovittata.

Elongato-ovalis, depressa, striato-punctata, rufo-flava, sutura

laté fulvo-rufa : caput crebre punctatum, vel rufo-flavum vel

testaceum ; thorax transversus, basi subsinuata, lateribus

rotundatis, versus apicem contractis, marginatis, angulis an-

ticis haud prominentibus; crebré sed minuté punctatus,

ad Jatera puncta profundiora; scutellum subelongatum,

lateribus subrotundatis, impunctatum, nitidum ; elytra apice

attenuata, depressa, punctato-striata, punctis minutis aqua-

libus ordinatis, interstitia subtiliter punctata; rufo-flava,

vitta media rufo-fulva apud suturam utrinque strias duas

amplectens, apex ipse quoque rufo-fulvus; corpus subtus,

pedes et antenne flavo-testacel.

Long. corp. lin. 4—2# ; lat. lin. 23—2.

P. mediovittata belongs to that sub-section of this large genus,

which includes those species that have elongated and flattened

of New Phytophaga from Western Australia. 405

bodies ; it is closely allied in form to P. scaphoides, Baly (ined.),

which also I have received from Western Australia.

In Mr. Baly’s Collection as well as in my own.

2. Paropsis apicata.

E minutis, depressa, ovalis, punctato-striata, flava, in exemplo

desiceato ad scutellum et apicem sanguineo-notata: caput

crebré punctatum, rufo-flavum, labro ad medium fusco-notato;

thorax vix triplo longitudinem latitudine superans, margine

antico angulato-emarginato, postico sinuato, transverso,

angulis anticis breviter rotundatis ; confertim et inaequaliter

punctatus, punctis versus latera majoribus; flavus, vel

rufo-flavus, margine antico tenuiter rufo-fusco, et dorso

medio obscure rufo; scutedlum triangulare, impunctatum,

rufo-flavum; elytra lata, depressa, apice rotundata, striato-

punctata, punctis crebris minutis, interstitiis minute punc-

tatis et versus apicem elevatis ; margines utrinque minuté et

confusé punctati; quoad colorem (in exemplo unico desiccato)

flava, apice late et regione scutellari sanguineis, color autem

flavus incertus et adumbratus est, interdum fusco ambigue no-

tatus; corpus subtus flavum, abdomine fuscato; pedes flavi,

genubus et tarsis rufo-flavis: antenne rufo-fusce, apice sub-

incrassate.

Long. corp. lin. 2; lat. lin. 12:

A single example from which the above description is taken

suggests, by its appearance, that the living insect may be quite

different in colour, and probably of singular beauty ; it will be

recognised from all species of a similar size by the well-pronounced

coloration of the apex and its somewhat less distinct triangular

post-scutellary marking.

3. Paropsis ameena.

Lata, circularis, depressa, striato-punctata, pallide flava, san-

guineo-colorata: caput antice sinuato-transversé foveolatum,

crebré punctatum, flavum, labro rufo-flavo, medio fusco-tincto;

thorax penitus longitudinem latitudine triplo superans, an-

gulis anticis prominulis et obtusis, posticis rotundatis, latera

rotundata et tenué marginata, margine anteriori valdé ex-

cavato et marginato; valde punctatus, crebrius ad latera,

utringue ad latera laté impressus, rufo-flavus, flavo-

notatus, notis tribus longitudinalibus, apud apicem medium

406

Rev. H. Clark’s Descriptions

connexis, media recta, lateralibus valde sinuatis; margines

etiam obscure flavi; scutedlum elongato-triangulare, lave,

impunctatum, rufo-flavum, medio flavo; elytra ampliata,

satis depressa, apice rotundata, striato-punctata, punctis

crebris minutis et ordinatis, interstitia subtilissime punctata

et rugosa, margines ampliati et confuse et fortiter punctati;

flavo-sanguineo omnino tincta, marginibus exceptis flavis ;

corpus sublus et pedes pallide flavi; antenne fusce, articulis

1—4 flavis.

Long. corp. lin. 33; lat. lin. 3.

It is possible that the sanguineous coloration of the elytra may

be in some examples absent. The species may be distinguished

by its almost circular and depressed form, and the regular even

and minute punctuation of its elytra.

Champion Bay.

4, Paropsis capliosa.

Lata, subcircularis, post medium paulum ampliata, vix depressa,

humeris utrinque subtuberculatis, striato-punctata, pallide

flava: caput ad labrum transversé et subcirculariter foveo-

latum, crebré punctatum, pallide testaceum, labro ad medium

nigro-tineto, et macula utrinque nigra minut& apud basin ;

thorax longitudinem mediam latitudine plus duplo superans,

angulis anticis obtusis distinctis, lateribus marginatis et

rotundatis, angulis posticis rotundatis ; indistincte sed ad

latera crebrius et fortius punctatus; sculel/um elongato-

triangulare, impunctatum, leve; elytra lata, post medium

ampliata, apice breviter rotundata; juxta humeros utrinque

oblique visos tuberculum breve apparet; striato-punc-

tata, punctis ordinatis confertis et minutis, interstitia vix

lzevia sed minutissime punctata vel rugosa, (strie ad

Jatera et ad apicem paulum profunde videntur, haud ut

in P. amcend obsolete et leves), margines ampliati et for-

titer punctati; corpus sublus et pedes flavi; antenne fusce,

articulis basalibus rufo-testaceis,

Long. corp. lin, 33 ; lat. lin. 3.

P. captiosa is nearly allied to P. ameena (ante, p. 405), both in

general form, size and punctate striation of the elytra; after a

careful examination I am persuaded that it represents a separate

and

a new species: when viewed laterally it is decidedly less

depressed, more globose; when viewed obliquely, a tubercular

elevation near the shoulders stands out distinctly, and makes the

of New Phytophaga from Western Australia. 407

shoulders more prominent than in P. amena. The outline also,

from above, is somewhat different; in P. amcna it is broadly

subcircular, in P. captiosa it is somewhat dilated behind the

middle.

Champion Bay.

5. Paropsis maculicollis.

Rotundato-ovalis, punctato-striata, flava vel flavo-testacea:

caput fovea lineari ad apicem transvers& subsinuata, crebré

punctatum, flavum, basi et maculis duabus juxta basin (ali-

quando confluentibus et basi connexis), etiamque interdum

lined apicali, nigris; thorax latitudine duplo longitudinem

superans, angulis posticis rotundatis, anticis haud prominulis,

margine apicali valde emarginato et sinuato; punctatus

(punctis crebris minutis et inaequalibus, latera versus magnis

et confertis), flavus, maculis quibusdam in forma literae W

ordinatis (interdum conjunctis, interdum insulatis, et in nu-

mero circa decem); sculellum subtriangulare, minutissime

punctatum, nigro-fuscum ; e/ytra brevia, lata, striato-punc-

tata, flava vel fusco-flava, punctis minutis raris nigris ordinatis

sed intervallis inzequalibus dispositis, interstitia etiam evi-

denter punctata; corpus sublus rufo-testaceum ; pedes testacel,

genubus fuscis ; antenne flave, apicibus fusco-adumbratis.

Long. corp. lin. 23; lat. lin. 2.

A well-defined little species, notable by its thoracic maculations,

and the minute black and sparingly-distributed punctures of its

elytra.

6. Paropsis purpureo-aurea.

Rotundato-ovalis, satis depressa, punctato-striata; dum viva,

purpureo-aurea, mortua et desiccata, flavo-testacea, fusco-

maculata: caput linea anticé sinuato-transversa, punctatum,

flavum ; thorax transversus, latitudine haud elytra sed longi-

tudinem ipsius plus duplo superans, lateribus rotundatis,

angulis posticis rotundatis, anticis haud prominulis, crebre

punctatus, punctis in disco minutis inaequalibus, ad latera

confertis et majoribus; quoad colorem flavus, disco medio

confuse fusco-ornato ; scutellum subcordiforme, impuncta-

tum; elytra satis lata, marginibus ampliatis, striato-punctata,

punctis minutis confertis et equaliter ordinatis, interstitia

etiam punctis crebris ornata ; quoad colorem obscuré notata,

flavo-testacea, utrinque circulo magno scutellari, alteroque

VOL. II. THIRD SERIES, PART V.—SEPT. 1865. GG

408 Rey. H. Clark’s Descriptions

apicali subelongato maximo, macula etiam laterali ante-

media elongaté; corpus subtus flavum; pedes et antenne

pallide flavi.

Long. corp. lin. 33; lat. lin. 22. Z

Mr. Du Boulay says that the example from which this deserip-

tion is taken was, when alive, inconceivably brilliant and lovely ;

it was one single gem of bright metallic purple and burnished

gold, and so attractive that he carried it for some days in his

handkerchief in the bush; at last it died, he looked for it but

could not find it, and only saw, to his utter bewilderment, in its

place an obscure-looking flavous insect, as it presents itself to

me. According to his description (which accords exactly with

the present markings), the elytra are golden, with a broad well-

formed ring of brilliant purple (extending over half the breadth

of the elytra) on either side near the scutellum, and another

oblong ring which occupies the whole apical part of the elytra ;

between the two rings, near the side, is a third longitudinal

purple marking; the margins of the elytra are broadly and

palely golden; the thorax is golden, with a magnificent centre-piece

of purple.

I have had much pleasure in receiving a kind offer from Mr.

Du Boulay, that on his return to his Australian home he will

prepare coloured drawings of species of this genus when in a living

state, and forward them to me, together with the specimens from

which the drawings were made. In this way, and it appears to me

in this way only, can we make our descriptions of this genus of

value to Australian Entomologists,

Champion Bay.

7. Paropsis tessellata.

Ovata, satis rotundata, vix depressa, punctato-striata; exempli

mortui et desiccati corpus subtus, pedes, et antenne rufo-

flavi, elytra pallide testacea, fusco-maculata: caput antice

linea obsoleta juxta epistoma curvata, leviter punctatum,

rufo-flavum ; thorax longitudine latitudinem vix triplo su-

perans, lateribus rotundatis et satis ampliatis, margine

antico lato valdé emarginato, angulis anticis subprominulis,

sparsim punctulatus, rufo-flavus, maculis utrinque in medium

(vel macula transversé adumbrata indeterminata) fuscis; scu-

tellum triangulare, lave (rarissime punctatum), flavo-fuscum ;

elytra brevia, longitudine amplitudinem superantia, punctato-

striata, punctis aqualibus sed ineequaliter distributis, pallidé

fusca, maculis 20—80 quadratis in singulo elytro pallidé

of New Phytophaga from Western Australia. 409

testaceis; corpus subtus pallidé flavum ; pedes flavi, genubus

et femoribus supra fusco-adumbratis ; antenne rufo-flave.

Long. corp. lin. 333 lat. lin. 23.

P. tessellata is conspicuous among other species by the peculiar

tessellated pattern of its elytra; frequently the closely arranged

order of punctures is interrupted, in each interruption appears a

rectangular flavous marking, in the centre of which is a single

puncture ; the ordinary punctures are black on a fuscous ground,

the isolated punctures are fulvous on a flavous ground.

I have received two examples of this species from Mr. Du

Boulay, one of which is in Mr. Baly’s cabinet, the other in my

own.

8. Paropsis nigroconspersa.

Late ovata, subrotundata, vix depressa, rufo-testacea, nigro-

maculata et conspersa: caput sparsim punctatum ; thorax

transversus, margine posteriori subrotundato in medio am-

pliato, lateribus paulum rotundatis et caput versus com-

pressis, angulis anticis obtusis, posticis modice rotundatis ;

sparsim punctatus, lateribus punctis crebrius ornatis ; scutel-

dum triangulare, impunctatum, nitidum; elytra satis brevia

et rotundata, striato-punctata, punctis profundis modicis

ordinatis, versus Jatera media autem confusis, plerumque

nigris; macule etiam nigre post-mediz longitudinales

suturales elytra ornant; macula inter strias 1 et 2 post

scutellum, elongata; inter strias 3 et 4 major, interstitium

totum ad medium elytri occupans ; inter strias 4 et 5 series

macularum minorum, et inde ad latera minores inordinate

plus minus distribute ; apicem versus majores et plus con-

fertee, ad humeros quoque (ad strias 7 et 8) macula major

insulata; corpus subtus, pedes et antenne rufo-flavi.

Long. corp. lin. 3—2}; lat. lin. 2.

Two specimens are before me, which differ but slightly the

one from the other. The species may be recognized among its

punctate-striate congeners by the double lines of elongate mark-

ings near the suture, and the lateral more irregular and insular

markings.

I received both specimens, ¢ and 2, from Mr. Du Boulay,

from Champion Bay.

9. Paropsis sanguineotincta.

E minoribus, ovalis, subparallela, ad apicem attenuata, striato-

punctata, rufo-testacea, nigro-vittata, medio sanguineo-tincta :

GG2

410

Rev. H. Clark’s Descriptions

caput supra labrum transversé arcuate foveolatum, crebré

punctatum, ad basin nigro-marginatum ; thorax transversus,

lateribus rotundatis juxta angulos anticos vix rotundatos

subcompressis, angulis posticis obtusis; crebré et minuté

punctatus, punctis ad latera fortioribus ; scutellum sub-

cordiforme, impunctatum, rufo-testaceum; elytra satis par-

allela, thorace paulum latiora, apicem versus attenuatiora,

utrinque striis 10 punctorum ornata, punctis confertis et

ordinatis, interstitia minutissimé punctata; in elytro singulo

sutura et vittee quatuor interrupte nigrz; prima scutel-

laris, brevis, inter strias 2 et 3; secunda inter strias 4 et 5,

apicem attingens, sed in medium interrupta; tertia brevis,

juxta apicem apud striam 7; quarta marginalis, sed longo

intervallo a margine separata, apud striam 9, et humeros et

apicem penitus attingens, sed in medio interrupta; strie 2, 3

et 4 juxta apicem sese attingunt; in medio elytrorum

utrinque macula magna roseo- vel sanguineo-tincta ; pedes,

corpus subtus et antenne rufo-flavi.

Long. corp. lin. 23; lat. lin. 13.

A lovely little species, marked with four interrupted but bold

vittze of black, and having in the middle of each elytron an in-

determinate marking of bright rufous.

Champion Bay.

10. Paropsis transversomaculata.

E minoribus, depressa, late ovalis, marginata, striato-punctata,

flava, maculis nigris ornata: caput ineequaliter punctatum,

flavum, labro rufo-tincto, basi maculis duabus magnis nigro-

rufis ornata; thorax latitudine plus duplo longitudinem

excellens, angulis posticis et anticis obtusis, emargina-

tione anterior! profunddé, haud circulari sed utrinque ob-

tusé angulata; crebré confusé et inzqualiter punctatus,

punctis ad latera confertis et majoribus, flavus, macula

utrinque insulata magna dilut& rufo-fuscé, marginibusque

_ tenuiter rufo-coloratis ; scutellum elongato-triangulare, im-

punctatum, rufo-fuscum; elytra lata, ovata, post medium

Jatiora, apice rotundata, depressa, late marginata, striato-

punctata, punctis equalibus ordinatis nigris, interstitiis etiam

subtiliter punctatis ; margo latus, planus, punctis sparsis con-

fusis ad latera ornatus ; elytra flava, macularum serie lunata

transversa mediand, alteraque apicali; mediana e maculis

tribus penitus confluentibus vix striam lateralem attingentibus

constat, series postica ad striam 9 extendit; macula utrin-

of New Phytophaya from Western Australia. 41

que exterior major et latior, et apud humeros quoque ma-

cula insulata nigra; corpus subtus nigrum ; pedes et antenne

rufo-flavi.

Long. corp. lin. 24; lat. lin. 14.

This species may be recognized by its depressed and broadly

ovate form, the markings on its head and thorax, and the two sub-

circular transverse rows of fuscous markings on the elytra.

A single example in my collection is from Champion Bay.

11. Paropsis intertincta.

Late ovalis, subdepressa, punctato-striata, rufo-flava, maculis

nigris ornata: caput minuté punctatum, labro ad medium

nigro-notato, basi nigrum; thoraa transversus, latitudine

longitudinis duplum aquante, angulis anticis rotundatis,

posticis obtusis; crebré et minuté punctatus, punctis apud

latera majoribus et confertis; scutel/um triangulare, impunc-

tatum, fuscum ; elytra rotundata, subdepressa, post medium

latiora, punctato-striata, punctis minutis confertis, interstitiis

minuté punctatis; rufo-flava, maculis nigris ornata, serie

subcirculari circa scutellum, alterdque post medium circa

apicem (interdum penitus obliterata), macula etiam longi-

tudinali Jaterali ante medium: antenne, corpus subtus, et

pedes rufo-flavi.

Long. corp. lin, 24; lat. lin. 13.

P. intertincta is allied to P. transversomaculata, but abundantly

distinct ; the punctures of the elytra are much more minute, and

the maculation of the elytra is entirely different. In the species

before us the medial subtransverse row of maculations is inflected

towards the apex; in P. transversomaculata it is inflected towards

the base.

Champion Bay.

12. Paropsis ngritula.

E minimis, depressa, late ovalis, striato-punctata, rufo-flava,

elytris nigris: caput sparsim punctatum, flavum, labro ad

medium fuscato ; thorax transversus, latitudine longitudinem

plus duplo superante, lateribus subrotundatis et marginatis,

angulis anticis obtusis, posticis subrotundatis ; minuté punc-

tatus, fortius ad latera, flavus, margine antico fuscato;

scutellum subtriangulare, lve, nigrum ; elytra lata, depressa,

striato-punctata, interstitiis subtilissime punctatis ; antenne

412 Rev. H. Clark’s Descriptions

flavo-testaceze; pedes testacei; corpus subtus nigrum, ab-

domine fuscato.

Long. corp. lin. 14; lat. lin. 1.

Notable by its minute size, its depressed form, and its black

punctate-striate elytra.

13. Paropsis nigropicta.

Rotundato-ovalis, subtiliter punctata, rufo-sanguinea, nigro-

maculata: caput punctatum, rufum, labro et basi (oculos ad

latera amplectenti) nigris; thorax transversus, valde declivis,

basi superne visi transversa, lateribus subrotundatis, angulis

vix acutis, margine anteriori valde sinuato-emarginato ;

punctatus, punctis ineequalibus minutis crebris, rufo-

sanguineus, macula utrinque nigra circulari insulata magna

ornatus; scutellum magnum, triangulare, lave, nigrum ;

elytra rotundata, brevia, pone medium sub-ampliata, punctata,

punctis confertis inzequalibus vix ordine dispositis, rufo-

sanguinea nigro-maculata, maculis quatuor, 1* ante-laterali

subtriangulari vel subcirculari plerumque insulata, 24 scu-

tellari circulari magna margines basalem et suturalem

attingenti et maculam rufam intra sese amplectenti, 3* post-

media transvers& ineequali interdum in maculis duabus

divisa, 4% apicali ad suturam etiamque ad marginem hemi-

elytrorum extendenti; antenne rufe; corpus subtus nigrum,

abdomine rufo-marginato; pedes rufi, femoribus nigro-ornatis.

Long. corp. lin. 21; lat. lin. 13.

The four examples before me vary but little from each other

either in size or degree of coloration; the insect is quite distinct

from other known species of the group.

14, Paropsis incurva.

Late ovalis, globosa, elytris transversé visis subgibbosis,

fusco-rufa: caput antice utrinque transversé foveolatum,

crebreé et leviter punctatum; thorax longitudinem latitudine

triplo superans, angulis anticis breviter rotundatis, posticis

late rotundatis, punctatus, punctis sat minatis et crebris,

apud latera fortioribus; scutellum triangulare, levissime

punctatum ; elytra lata, globosa, marginibus paulum ampli-

atis, striato-punctata, punctis brevibus inzequalibus, inzequa-

liter subordinatis, interdum etiam confusis interdum obso-

letis, ad margines paulum majoribus et rarius distributis,

of New Phytophaga from Western Australia. 413

elytra quoque leviter et crebré verrucosa et transversim

rugosa, rugis omni parte dispartitis ; corpus subtus rufo-ferru-

gineum, metasterno medio fusco-adumbrato; pedes et antenne

rufo-flavi.

r . 1-s .

Long.*corp. lin. 33; lat. lin. 3.

This species may be recognized from other species with ver-

rucose elytra, by the gibbous form of the medial elytra when seen

sideways, and by the comparatively undeveloped and generally

distributed rugosities on the surface of the elytra.

Champion Bay.

15. Paropsis perparvula.

Late ovalis, subcircularis, convexa, subtuberculata, confusé

punctata, rubiginosa: caput crebré punctatum, spatio basali

brevi leevi ; thoraz transversus, Jatitudine longitudinem triplo

superans, crebré et satis fortiter punctatus, angulis anticis

distinctis, posticis rotundatis, lateribus etiam rotundatis ;

scutellum late triangulare, leave, rufo-flavum, marginibus

rufo-fuscis ; elytra satis convexa, rotundata, confuse et cre-

bré punctata, punctis versus suturam et apicem seriebus or-

dinatis ; tubercula etiam rarius apparent, inaequalia ple-

rumque insulata juxta suturam apicalem penitus ordinata ;

corpus subtus et antenne flavo-fusce ; pedes flavo-rufi.

Long. corp. lin. 24; lat. lin. 2.

P. perparvula, though belonging to the very difficult and ex-

tensive sub-group of tuberculated species, is, I believe, easily to

be recognized—at all events it abundantly differs from all Western

Australian species with which I am acquainted. I have several

species in my Collection, received for the most part from M.

Damel, from the North and North-West districts: the species

before us may be recognized easily among them all by its small

size, the close irregular punctuation of the elytra, which becomes

near the apical suture arranged in striz, and by the absence of

any dark fuscous spots on the elytra.

Champion Bay.

16. Paropsis nervosa.

Late ovalis, vix gibbosa, vibicibus transversis apud elytra or-

nata, punctata, rufo-castanea: caput apud labrum fovea

lineari subtransversA ornatum, inequaliter rugosum, plaga

circulari utrinque media subdepressa nigra, labro etiam ad

414

Rev. H. Clark’s Descriptions

medium nigro; thorax longitudinem latitudine triplo supe-

rans, angulis anticis rotundato-obtusis et prominulis, posticis

rotundatis, lateribus rotundatis et tenuiter marginatis, margine

anteriore lat@ emarginato; ad medium carina obsoleta longi-

tudinalis; punctatus et vermiculariter subrugosus, macula

utrinque magna nigr& penitus quadrat& inter medium et

marginem, et in his maculis rugis fortioribus et distinctis ;

scutellum triangulare, punctatum ; elytra satis gibbosa, post

medium paulum ampliata, marginibus extensis, apice vix

rotundato sed paululum producto; fortiter et crebré punc-

tata, punctis nigro-fuscis, apud humeros utrinque tuberculo

unico paulum elevata, ad latera et ad medium vibicibus

interruptis 2 vel 3 ornata, etiamque tuberculis vix crebris

apud apicem sed juxta suturam post-mediam crebrioribus

et seriebus 2 ordinatis; quoad colorem rufo-castanea, ma-

culé fuscA magn indeterminaté ad scutellum, altera in

tuberculum humerale, iterumque vitté subobsoleta rufo-

fusca a humeris ad apicem continuata; corporis subtus pro-

thorax flavus, metathorax rufo-flavus nigro-tinctus, abdo-

men crebré punctatum, rufum; antenne rufo-flavee; pedes

flavo-testacel.

Long. corp. lin. 2¢; lat. lin. 24.

P. nervosa may be distinguished by its strongly punctate elytra,

which are marked by a single medial transverse raised band, and

one or two others, smaller and more interrupted, nearer the apex ;

the almost quadrate (not circular) markings of the thorax, and

the rufo-flavous markings on the elytra, amply distinguish it from

allied species.

17. Paropsis verrucipennis.

Late ovalis, gibbosa, verrucis et quasi vibicibus transversis

ornata, rufo-castanea, nigro-maculata: caput crebré puncta-

tum, rufo-castaneum, labro ad medium nigro-notato; thorax

triplo longitudinem latitudine superans, angulis posticis ro-

tundatis, anticis obtusis, lateribus rotundatis; crebré punc-

tatus, punctis confusis ineequalibus ad latera magnis ;

rufo-castaneus, utrinque ad latus macula circulari magna;

scutellum subcordiforme, ad medium subdepressum, minute

punctatum ; e/ytra gibbosa, infra scutellum rotundato-elevata,

marginibus post medium paulum ampliatis, apice rotundato ;

verrucis inequalibus post medium seriebus ordinatis tecta,

of New Phytophaga from Western Australia. 415

ad latera notis transversis elevatis ineequalibus 1 vel 2 vel 3

ornata; pedes rufo-flavi; corpus subtus et antenné rufo-fusce.

Long. corp. lin. 3; lat. lin. 23.

The group of species of this genus that has the elytra of a rufo-

ferruginous colour and adorned with tubercular elevations, either

in the form of isolated warts or transverse weals, is very nume-

rous, and the species in some instances are both closely allied and

subject to variation of sculpture. The species before us however

presents no difficulty of definition; it is in form very gibbous;

behind the scutellum the whole of the elytra, when viewed

laterally, is raised into a hump-like elevation; their surface

is covered with warty elevations, arranged near the apex in

irregular striz, and near the sides interrupted by and changed

into transverse elevated ridges, more or less clearly defined ;

the broad circular lateral markings of the thorax also render this

species conspicuous among its congeners.

Genus CuHatcotampra, Blanch.

1. Chalcolampra undulatipennis.

Oblongo-ovalis, subparallela, eneo-metallescens, elytris punctis

etiamque tuberculis obsoletis ornatis: caput inter oculos

transversé subdepressum, ad margines oculorum crebré et

fortiter punctatum, juxta labrum utrinque oblique et brevi-

ter foveolatum (fovezee margine impunctato), versus basin

leviter et sparsim punctatum; thorax magnus, transversus,

latitudine elytra equans, declivis, lateribus leviter rotundatis,

margine anteriori fortiter emarginato, basali transverso recto ;

utrinque leviter apud margines depressus, et sparsim sed

fortiter punctatus, apud discum rarissime punctis magnis

sed crebré minutissimis ornatus ; scutellum transverso-

triangulare, impunctatum, lve, nitidum; elytra parallela,

versus apicem subattenuata, etiamque declivia, punctis raris

satis magnis ordinatis, etiam quasi tuberculis subelevatis

ornata, ordinibus quinque dispositis; corpus subtus rufo-

zeneum, abdomen autem nigrum, segmento apicali in medio

fortiter impresso ; pedes nigro-zeneo metallici, genubus tarsis-

que rufo-metallescentibus ; antenne rufo-fusce.

Long. corp. lin. 4; lat. lin. 24.

Very nearly allied to Chalcolampra verrucosa, Clark (Journ.

Entom. ii. 250), but broader, of a more decided green metallic

416 Rev. H. Clark’s Descriptions

colour, and with the elevations on the elytra much less distinctly

expressed.

I have received a single specimen of this species from Swan

River.

2. Chalcolampra laticollis.

Oblongo-ovata, subparallela, eneo-nigra, striato-punctata :

caput leviter et sparsim punctatum, punctis ad apicem et

juxta oculos crebrius instructis, labro rufo-ferrugineo ;

thorax latitudine longitudinem duplo superans et elytra

zequans, lateribus ampliatis et rotundatis, sparsim punctatus,

punctis apud latera majoribus et crebris ; scutellwm triangu-

Jare, impunctatum ; elytra parallela, apice declivia, striato-

punctata, punctis minutis confertis et plerumque ordinatis,

striis ipsis versus medium obsoletis; corpus subtus rufo-fus-

cum; pedes rufo-flavi ; antenne pallide rufee. —

Long. corp. lin. 4; lat. lin, 2.

This species resembles Australica irrorata, Baly ; the thorax

has its sides more rounded in front; the head and thorax are

much more punctate; and the stripe-like punctures of the elytra

are more evenly arranged and less crowded.

Champion Bay.

Genus Austratica, Chevr.

1. Australica eneonitens.

Elongato-ovalis, satis parallela, crebré punctata, therace fusco-

zeneo vel viridi-zeneo, elytris viridi-zneis: caput fortiter et

crebré punctatum, fusco-nigrum, labro rufo-flavo; thorax

transversus, lateribus ampliato-rotundatis, punctatus, punctis

satis crebris juxta latera confertis; scutellum subtriangulare,

impunctatum, lave; elytra parallela, punctata, punctis crebris

et satis magnis Juxta suturam seriebus 2 vel 3 inordinatis

dispositis, alibi confusis; corpus swbtus eneo-nigrum ; pedes

rufi, genubus fuscis; antenne rufee.

Long. corp. lin. 24; lat. lin. 1.

This pretty little species is quite distinct from its congeners,

and may at once be recognized by its bright blue colour: it

will by reason of its parallel form be placed near to 4. Water-

houst, Baly, (Trans. Ent. Soc. 3rd ser. i, 620.)

Champion -Bay.

In Mr. Baly’s collection, and also in my own.

of New Phytophaga from Western Australia. 417

Genus Cuatcometa, Baly.

1. Chalcomela subpunctata.

C. pilule (Clark, Journ. Entom. ii. 251) affinis ; fere rotundata,

zeneo-nigra, subtiliter punctata: caput foved lineari minuta

subtransversa alteraque longitudinali versus apicem, sub-

tiliter et creberrimé punctatum, labro rufo-flavo; thorax

ut in C. piluld sed crebrius subpunctatus; scutellum late

triangulare, impunctatum, nitidum ; elytra rotundata, striato-

punctata, punctis haud ut in C. piluld magnis et inzequalibus

sed minutis confertis et ordinatis, interstitia subtiliter punc-

tata etiamque subtilissimé rugosa; corpus subtus, pedes et

antenne nigro-enel.

Long. corp. lin. 24; lat. lin, 24.

This species may readily be separated from C. pilula by its more

regular stripe-like punctures on the elytra; the punctures are

smaller and more closely arranged: it differs also in the minute

thread-like fovea on the head.

Champion Bay.

Fam. EUMOLPID.

Genus Getortera, Baly, Journ. Entom. i. 283.

1. Geloptera Duboulaii.

Oblonga, convexa, parallela, punctata vel reticulata, plerumque

metallico-violacea: caput in medio foveolatum, fortiter punc-

tatum, violaceum; thorax transversus, lateribus antice

constrictis et depressis, marginatis et dentibus obsoletis

3 vel 4 armatis, margine basali subsinuato et in medium

marginato; confusé confertim et inzequaliter punctatus ;

scutellum subcirculare, impunctatum, viride; elytra versus

apicem striis 2 vel 3 utrinque brevibus ornata, interstitils

elevatis, disco transversé et fortiter reticulato; metallico-

violacea, marginibus tenuiter viridibus ; corpus subtus viride,

abdomine fusco ; pedes rufo-metallici; antenne rufe.

Long. corp. lin. 4; lat. lin. 23.

This species, which I name in honour of its captor, is entirely

different from the other two species of the genus, G, tuberculata

and G, geniculata, both of which, found at Swan River, are com-

mon in collections.

In the collection of Mr. Baly, as well as in my own.

418 Rev. H. Clark’s Descriptions

2. Geloptera nodosa.

Subelongata, obscure cuprea, confusé punctata, nodis ornata:

caput labro nigro, punctatissimum, vel nigro-cupreum vel

nigrum; thorax vix transversus, angulis anticis compressis,

fortiter et rugosé punctatus, nodis 4 in medio instructus ;

sculellum transversé subcirculare; elytra satis elongata,

apice attenuata, fortiter et confertim punctata, obsolete

tuberculata, tuberculis plerumque insulatis; corpus subtus

nigro-fuscum, abdomine pube adpressa pallida obtecto;

pedes rufo-fusci ; antenne nigro-fusce.

Long. corp. lin. 3—24; lat. lin. 13}—14.

In appearance this species approaches G. tuberculata, but is

much smaller and more parallel: it is more elongate than G.

geniculata.

In the collection of Mr. Baly, and also in my own.

Genus THAUMASTOMERUS.

Genus novum ex Eumolpidis, late ovatum. Caput verticale,

antice subproductum. Palpi articulo ultimo turgido, incras-

sato, haud ut plerumque in genere Ldusd subelongato.

Antenne filiformes, elongate, tenues. Thorax transversus,

angulis anticis valde depressis et acutis, marginibus lateralibus

subrotundatis, anteriori emarginato, posteriori sinuato. Scu-

tellum quadratum, apice obtuso. Llytra lata, thorace paulum

Jatiora, posticé subattenuata, punctata, nitida. Abdomen

segmento penultimo tertio latiore. Femora antica robusta,

margine inferiori ad medium angulato; media valde incras-

sata, brevia, arcuata (latitudo media penitus tertiam partem

longitudinis eequat); postica attenuata, ad medium subglo-

bosa. Tibie anticzee ad basin leviter incurvatz, versus

apicem latiores, margine juxta apicem obtusé angulato ;

mediz breves, robustz, inflectae, subcylindrice ; postica

elongate, graciles. TZ'ars: antici et postici articulo basali

lato et magno, secundo minuto triangulari, penultimo pro-

funde bilobato, ultimo curvato; medii articulo basali secun-

dum vix superante. Unguiculi limbi ambo robusti, hamis

ipsis minutis valde incurvatis et brevibus,

The above diagnosis is taken from a single example of a most

abnormal form of Eumolpide. Generally it resembles the species

of Edusa, but is somewhat broader and less parallel; its striking

peculiarity consists in the strange incrassation of its medial fe-

of New Phytophaga from Western Australia. 419

mora. I am told by its captor that the species jumps with

strength and quickness.

I have, from the same collection, a single example of what |

take to be the female of the same species, resembling the typical

form in every particular except the incrassation of the femora.

Thaumastomerus viridis.

Late ovatus, postice subattenuatus, punctatus, viridi-metalli-

cus, nitidus: caput verticale, ad medium subdepressum,

punctatum, labro rufo-fusco; thoraa crebré et inzequa-

liter punctatus ; scutellum impunctatum; elytra lata, subde-

pressa, punctata, punctis apud latera penitus veluti in rugis

transverse ordinatis ; corpus subius nigro-viride ; pedes rufi;

antenneé graciles, rufee, articulis ultimis fuscatis.

Long. corp. lin. 3; lat. lin. 2.

Champion Bay. Taken by Mr. Du Boulay.

Genus Enusa, Chevr.

1. Edusa aureoviridis.

Brevis, lata; elytra striato-punctata et transversé rugosa ;

sparsim albo-pubescens, aureo-viridis: caput leviter punc-

tatum ; thorax transversus, angulis anticis depressis et acutis,

fronte media prominenti, angulis posticis breviter rotundatis,

margine basali transversé sinuato, lateribus submarginatis,

crebré et leviter punctatus, ad latera rarius pubescens ;

scutellum laté cordiforme, subtilissimé punctatum; elytra

brevia, robusta, apice paulum elongata, striato-punctata,

transversé rugosa, rugis minutis confertis versus suturam

evidentioribus ; lavia, nitida, versus apicem subtiliter pu-

bescentia; corpus subtus nigrum; pedes et antenne rufi.

Long. corp. lin. 23 ; lat. lin, 13.

2. Edusa setosa.

Robusta, punctata, eneo-nigra, pube albida obtecta: caput

apud labrum utrinque breviter et oblique foveolatum,

punctatum, basi sparsim pubescente, labro rufo; thorax

transversus, margine basali arcuato, minuté punctatus, pube

tenui albida vel omnino vel sparsim tectus ; scutellum quadra-

tum, apice rotundato, leviter punctatum; elytra robusta,

punctata, punctis crebris indistinctis et confusis, transversé

rugosa, rugis minutis juxta suturam et basin evidentioribus,

pube albida adpressa levi obtecta; corpus sublus nigrum,

420 Rev. H. Clark’s Descriptions

testaceo-pubescens; pedes rufi, antenne rufe, articulis ad

bases fusco-adumbratis.

Long. corp. lin. 23; lat. lin. 13.

3. Edusa hispidula.

Robusta, subtiliter punctata, nigra, pube crassa ornata vel

obtecta: caput pube pallida omnino obtectum, labro testaceo;

thorax transversus, omnino albido-pubescens (pube vix ut

in E, setosd tenui sed spissa crassa et adpressa), infra pubem

aureo-metallicus Wel nigro-aureus, haud niger; scutellum

quadratum, apice rotundato, leviter punctatum; ut thorax,

pubescens ; elytra robusta, levissime punctata, in exemplo

unico pube crassa ad apicem et praesertim ad basin penitus

obtecta, in exemplis integris sine dubio omnino obtecta ;

corpus subtus fuscum, sed pube albida tenui frequenti obtec-

tum; antenne et pedes rufi.

Long. corp. lin, 24; lat. lin. 13.

4, Edusa nigro-enea.

Robusta, transverse rugosa, pallidé pubescens, nigro-zenea ;

caput punctatum, subtiliter pubescens, labro rufo-fusco;

thorax transversus, angulis anticis valde depressis, margine

basali sinuato et leviter marginato, crebré et inaequaliter

punctatus, ad Jatera sparsim pubescens; scutellum quadra-

tum, apice late rotundato, impunctatum ; e/ytra lata, paulum

thorace latiora, transversim rugosa, rugis minutis inaequa-

libus juxta suturam evidentioribus ; versus latera et apicem

sparsim pubescentia; corpus subtus impubescens, nigrum ;

pedes rufi; antenne rufée, articulis apud bases nigro-fuscatis.

Long. corp. lin. 3; lat. lin. 12.

Genus Ocnus.

Genus novum ex Lumolpidis, elongatum, parallelum, satis

depressum, metaliicum. Caput haud verticale, penitus

porrectum, labri margine anteriori emarginato, haud ut in

genere Hdusd subrotundato.vel transverso. Z'horax quad-

ratus, angulis anticis depressis et penitus rotundatis, margine

postico sinuato. Scutellum quadratum, apice transversé

obtuso. Llytra parallela, thorace paulum latiora, apice

declivia. Antenne filiformes, graciles, versus apicem paulum

incrassatee, Pedes plerumque ut in genere Ldusd.

of New Phytophaga from Western Australia. 421

This genus is based upon examples which are imperfect ; it is,

however, abundantly different from Edusa in its much more

parallel, less robust, and more elongate form, in the less mani-

fest inclination of the thorax, and in its more porrect head, and

distinctly emarginate labrum.

1. Ocnus viridis.

Rugosus, viridis, pedibus rufis: caput punctatum, labro levi

rufo ; thorax quadratus, fortiter punctatus ; scutellum leviter

punctis ad apicem ornatum ; elytra parallela, depressa, trans-

versé rugosa et punctata, rugis apud medium distinctis

versus apicem obsoletis ; antenne pallide rufee, apicibus

fuscis ; corpus subtus nigrum, abdomine nigro-viridi; pedes

rufi.

Long. corp. lin. 3; lat. lin. 14.

( 423)

XX. Descriptions of New Species of Bombyces from North

Eastern India. By Freprertc Moore.

[Read 5th June, 1865. ]

1. Bompyx SHERwILLI, n. sp. (PI. XXII. fig. 1.)

Female.—Greyish-brown. Fore-wing with two dark brown curved

lines near the base, and a third obliqtely traversing the disc from

the costa to the inner margin, two short lines at the end of

the discoidal cell, and a submarginal line recurving from near

the apex to the outer angle, the falcated space at the apex

being fuliginous. Hind-wing darker brown, with numerous mi-

nute grey irrorations, and having a_ pale-margined submarginal

line ; on the inner margin are two black and white spots. Body

with a dark ashy waistband and a black anal tuft.

Expanse of female 23 inches.

Habitat. N. E. India (Capt. J. L. Sherwill).

Remark.—This species is allied to Bombyx Huttoni, Westw.,

but may be distinguished from it by being somewhat larger and

of a greyer colour, the fore-wing having the apical patch fuli-

ginous instead of black, and it has only a single transverse discal

streak. A prominent character is that the abdomen is tipt with

black. See this species noticed, ante, p. 324.

2. Saturnia Crvosa, n. sp. (PI. XXII. fig. 2.)

Wings milky-white, each with an ordinary-sized black ocellus,

with a yellow circle partly surrounded by a bluish-white lunule,

and a central vitreous streak. Across the dise is a dark zig-zag

double line, terminating at the apex by black streaks and bounded

outwardly by a broad brown band; outer margin pale brown ;

near the base of the wing an irregular dark brown band, mar-

gined inwardly with pink. Thorax and abdominal tuft brown.

Expanse 43 inches.

Habitat. N. E. India (Capt. J. L. Sherwill).

VOL. Il. THIRD SERIES, PART V.—SEPT. 1865. HH

424 Mr. F. Moore’s Descriptions

Remark.—This species is closely allied to Sat. Pyretorum

(figured in Westw. Orient. Ent. pl. xxiv), but differs in the

fore-wing in the broader and less dentated transverse zig-zag

double line—this, at the apex of the wing, having the space

beneath the lowest black streak white ; the irregular transverse

band before the ocellus is situated more towards the base of

the wing, commencing from the base of the discoidal cell and not

medially between it and the ocellus, as in S. Pyretorum; the

extreme base of the wing is white. In the hind-wing the ill-

defined transverse streak is nearer the base; and the submarginal

band and the zig-zag double line are broader.

8. Saturnia LinpiA, n. sp. (PI. XXII. fig. 3.)

Greyish-brown, wings suffused with pink, each having a small

black ocellus, with a reddish-brown circle, margined within on the

inner half by a white lunule; a dark zig-zag double line across

the disc, terminated on the fore-wing at the apex with a black

streak and a pale space, the outer line being the darkest ; between

this and the outer margin is a double series of brown lunules ;

across the base of the wing from near the base of the discoidal

cell to the inner margin is an irregular black line with an inner

border of pink; nearer the base is a dark suffused streak ; the

front of the thorax is dark grey, the top of the same dark brown.

Expanse of male 3%, female 32 inches.

Habitat. N. E. India (Capt. James Lind Sherwill).

Remark.— Allied to Sat. Grote, figured in P. Z. S. (1859), An-

nulosa, pl. Ixv. f. 2. °

4, Lorpa Miranpa, n. sp. (Atkinson, MS.)

Wings buff-yellow. ‘Thorax and costal margin of fore-wing, to

within one-third of its length, purple-grey. Ocelli clay-brown,

of an uniform oval shape, each having a pale central streak and a

pure white curved line, the ocellus of the fore-wing being also

bordered with black on its inner half. Both wings with an irre-

gular transverse crimson line near the base, a single and a double

zig-zag black line across the disc, the latter on the fore-wing

terminating at the apex in a purple-grey and crimson patch di-

vided by a short zig-zag white line, and having beneath it a small

black patch; there is a submarginal ser‘es of double pale clay-

brown lunules, the division between them being by a pale white

line. The sexes are alike in colour and markings.

Expanse of g 53 ins., of 2 5 inches.

Habitat. Darjeeling.

of New Species of Bombyces from N. E. India, 425

Remark.—For the discovery of this fine species of Loepa we

are indebted to Mr. W. S. Atkinson of Calcutta. It may be

known at once from L. Katinka (Westw. Orient. Ent. pl. xii.

f. 2) by its much larger size. Having recently examined several

specimens brought home by Mr. A. E. Russell, and which are

now being distributed in various collections, I have taken this

opportunity of securing the name which has been given to it by

its discoverer,

DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXII.

Fig. 1. Bombyzr Sherwilli.

2. Saturnia Cidosa.

3. > Lindia.

Hebe

( 427 )

XXI. Descriptions of New Genera and Species of Phy-

tophaga. By Joseru S. Baty, F.LS.

[Read Sth August, 1865.]

List of new Species.

Scelodonta Murray.

Colasposoma igneicolle.

JSulvicorne.

viridiceneum.

viridivittatum.

Podontia scaphoides.

maculatissima.

Mouhoti.

Blepharida Chiliensis.

Notozona histrionica.

Jlavipustulata,

Batesii.

Adorium tarsatum.

sordidum.

Hylaspes (n. g.) longicornis.

Buphonida (n. g.) evanida.

A getocera lobicarnis.

Hopii.

Coelomera Batesit.

ornata.

Cinzia.

Fam. EUMOLPIDE.

Genus ScreLoponta, Westw.

Scelodonta Murrayi.

Subelongata, subcylindrica, viridi-eenea, nitida, supra rugoso-

punctata; thorace transversim elevato-strigoso ; elytris tuber-

culatis.

Long. 24 lin.

Hab. Old Calabar.

Bright metallic green. Head coarsely rugose, epistome pro-

duced at its apex into two ill-defined obtuse teeth, front flattened,

impressed in the middle with a longitudinal groove, orbital

428 Mr. J. 8. Baly’s Descriptions of

grooves strongly marked; eyes entire, prominent; antennz

scarcely more than half the length of the body, slender, their

outer half black, five outer joints slightly thickened. Thorax

rather longer than broad, sides rounded, notched at the base,

slightly converging from just behind their middle to the apex, la-

teral border narrowly margined, finely crenulate; upper surface

closely covered with numerous short transverse raised striz.

Elytra coarsely rugose-punctate, each with eight or nine longi-

tudinal rows of tubercles, the rows absent from the basal por-

tion of the inner disc near the suture, and from the transverse

portion of the elytron immediately below the basilar space; to-

wards the apex of the elytron the tubercles form short longitu-

dinal costes. Thighs armed beneath with a short acute spine.

Genus Cortasposoma, Laporte.

Colusposoma igneicolle.

Late oblongum, convexum, viridi-zeneum; tarsis antennisque

(his basi fulva exceptis) piceis ; thorace aureo; elytris late

metallico-ceeruleis, margine laterali suturaque viridi-zneis.

Long. 24 lin.

Hab. Siam.

Head punctured, impressed between the upper portion of the

eyes with an ill-defined semicircular groove ; labrum and a space

on the inner orbit aureous, a small patch at the base of either an-

tenna bright metallic blue; antenna nearly equal to the body in

Jength, slender, filiform, four lower joints obscure fulvous, stained

on their upper surface with piceous, basal joint stained above

with a fusco-zneous patch. Thorax at the base nearly three

times as broad as long ; sides rounded at the base, obliquely con-

verging and slightly rounded from behind their middle to the

apex, lateral margin reflexed ; upper surface deeply but not very

closely punctured. Scutellum semiovate, igneo-zeneous. Elytra

nearly four times the length of the thorax, sides parallel, apex

broadly rounded; above convex, transversely depressed below

the basilar space, deeply but not coarsely punctured, the punc-

tures arranged in ill-defined longitudinal striz ; on the outer disc

in front are numerous coarse strongly-raised irregular transverse

rug; on the hinder portion of the outer disc, as well as near

the suture, are a number of elevated longitudinal coste.

Colasposoma fulvicorne.

Late ovatum, convexum, subtus czruleo- aut violaceo-eneum,

supra viridi-aneum ; antennis pallide fulvis, articulis duobus

New Genera and Species of Phytophaga. 429

ultimis apice piceis; capite thoraceque subremote punctatis ;

elytris fortiter subseriatim punctatis, antice rude transversim

rugulosis, postice ad apicem longitudinaliter costatis.

Var. A. Corpore subtus nigro-piceo, supra cupreo.

Long. 3 lin.

Hab. Siam.

Head subremotely punctured, front impressed with a broad

longitudinal groove ; epistome triangular, its apex obsolete; la-

brum obscure fulvous. Thorax at the base nearly three times as

broad as long; basal margin truncate and slightly oblique on

either side, medial lobe nearly obsolete, its apex broadly obtuse ;

sides converging and slightly rounded from base to apex; upper

surface smooth, subremotely punctured. Elytra each slightly

excavated in the middle below the basilar space, coarsely punc-

tured, interspaces raised into coarse irregular transverse reticula-

tions ; towards the apex of the elytra they form broad longitu-

dinal costee, which are most distinct near the suture and outer

margin.

Colasposoma viridieneum.

Anguste oblongo-ovatum, convexum, viridi-zeneum ; tarsis an-

tennisque piceis, his basi fulvis; capite thoraceque fortiter

et crebre punctatis, illo plano, utrinque intra insertionem an-

tennarum longitudinaliter elevato, hoc ante apicem transversim

costato; elytris fortiter puvctatis, crebre transversim elevato-

reticulatis.

Long. 2¢ lin.

Hab. Siam (Laos),

Bright metallic green, breast and abdomen rather more ob-

scure than the rest of the body. Head closely and coarsely

punctured, subrugose; face depressed and flattened between the

eyes, the lateral margin of the depressed portion thickened and

forming a raised longitudinal edge close to the insertion of each

antenna, sutural lines between the epistome and face entirely ob-

solete ; labrum and palpi pale fulvous, ‘Thorax more than three

times as broad as long, basal margin truncate on either side, medial

lobe distinctly produced; sides rounded, converging in front ;

upper surface closely and deeply punctured, immediately behind

the apical border is a narrow transverse distinctly raised line,

which extends about one-fourth part across the thorax,

430 Mr. J. 8. Baly’s Descriptions of

Colasposoma viridivittatum.

Late ovatum, convexum, obscure cupreo-piceum, supra aureo-

cupreum ; antennis fulvis, articulis quinque ultimis apice

infuscatis ; capite thoraceque crebre punctatis, illo facie

inferiori, hoe limbo viridi-aneis ; elytris fortiter subcrebre

punctatis, extus ad lJatera transversim elevato-rugulosis,

limbo angusto (basi preetermissA) vittaque lat& a basi fere

ad apicem extensa viridi-aneis.

Long. 3 lin.

Hab. Banks of the Niger.

Face excavated between the eyes, the extreme vertex, together

with the lower two-thirds of the epistome, metallic green; labrum

fulvous, the whole surface of the head closely covered with oblong

punctures, epistome obliquely strigose. Thorax at its base nearly

three times as broad as long, sides rounded and narrowed from

base to apex, anterior and posterior angles acute ; upper surface

closely covered with somewhat oblong punctures, the centre of

the dise rather less closely punctured. Elytra more deeply but

less closely punctured than the thorax, the punctures arranged in

ill-defined longitudinal striz ; the surface below the basilar space

not depressed,

Fam. GALLERUCID.

Sub-fam. HALTICIN A.

Genus Popont1a, Dalm.

Podontia scaphoides.

Elongato-ovata, postice paullo attenuata, convexa, fulvo-fusca,

nitida; antennis extrorsum, pectore, femorum apice tibiisque

piceis ; thorace ante medium utrinque flexuoso-impresso, basi

breviter bisulcato; elytris obscure fusco-fulvis, flavo-irro-

ratis, fortiter punctato-striatis, striis apicem versus leviter sul-

catis, punctis piceis.

Long. 4—44 lin.

Hab. Northern China.

Antenne scarcely half the length of the body, four lower joints

flavous, the rest piceous. Thorax more than twice as broad as

long, sides straight and parallel, converging in front, anterior

angles produced into a short slightly recurved tubercle ; upper

surface smooth, the anterior impressions strongly incurved, their

apices almost confluent; from about the middle of their outer

New Genera and Species of Phytophaga. 431

edge a single row of punctures extends halfway to the lateral

margin; on each side just within the outer border are two distinct

fovez ; in the middle, immediately in front of the basal margin,

is a third, less defined ; the general surface of the dise finely but

subremotely punctured. Elytra narrowly ovate, narrowed towards

their apex, strongly punctate-striate, the striz lightly sulcate to-

ward their apex, where also their interspaces become obsoletely

convex ; near the apex of each elytron is a large moderately deep

depression ; the small flavous spots are scattered irregularly over

the whole surface of the elytra,

Podontia maculatissima.

Elongata, convexa, fulvo-picea, nitida; antennis (basi excepta)

nigris ; thorace ante medium utringue oblique impresso, basi

longitudinaliter bisulcato ; elytris pallide castaneis, basi et ad

latera nigris, fortiter punctato-striatis, striis (praesertim ad

apicem) sulcatis, interspatiis convexiusculis, pustulis flavis

numerosis seriatim dispositis ornatis.

Long. 5 lin.

Hab. Port Essington, Australia.

Thorax twice as broad as long, sides subparallel, sinuate behind

their middle, slightly produced just beyond the latter, thence

quickly converging to their apex, anterior angles tuberculate ;

basal margin sinuate on either side, medial lobe slightly produced ;

upper surface smooth ; on either side in front is an oblique groove,

which commences at a little distance within the anterior angle and

terminates just below the middle of the thorax; from its outer

edge a transverse branch is given off which passes almost directly

outwards to about the middle of the lateral margin, its surface

being impressed with a single row of deep punctures; on either

side at the base is a short longitudinal sulcus, external to which,

between it and the outer border, is a deep fovea; the whole sur-

face of the disc is free from punctures, with the exception of a

broad semicircular space on its hinder portion, which is impressed

with large deep punctures. Elytra narrowly ovate, slightly nar-

rowed posteriorly, sides nearly parallel, each elytron impressed

with eleven rows of deep punctures, the first row short; the

punctures are regularly placed in a single line on-each stria;_ the

striz (the middle of the basal portion of the disc excepted) sul-

cate.

Podontia Mouhoti.

Elongata, convexa, castanea, nitida; antennis elytrisque flavis,

’ b ’

his piceo-marmoratis, fortiter punctato-striatis, striis apicem

432 Mr. J. S. Baly’s Descriptions of

versus sulcatis, punctis piceis; thorace basi longitudinaliter

bisulcato, antice utrinque flexuoso-impresso.

Long. 5 lin.

Hab. Mountains of Laos, Siam; collected by the late M.

Mouhot.

Very similar in form, sculpture and coloration to P. maculatis-

sima; narrower than that insect, and the pattern on the elytra dif-

ferently arranged. Antenne flavous, rather more than half the

length of the body. Thorax narrower than in P. maculalissima,

the two anterior grooves more strongly flexuose, and the branch

which they send from the middle of their outer edge shorter and

not reaching more than halfway to the lateral border; on either

side at the base, placed just within the short longitudinal groove,

is a large patch of coarse deeply impressed punctures. The

elytra are punctured in a similar manner to the preceding insect,

the strize are, however, not impressed on the anterior half of the

surface, but are more deeply sulcate on the hinder portion, the

interspaces (plane in front) becoming strongly convex behind;°

the castaneous markings are chiefly congregated in masses, which

form three large ill-defined transverse patches, placed longitudi-

nally down the middle of the back.

Genus Brepuaripa, Chevr.

Blepharida Chitiensis.

Anguste ovata, valde convexa, pailide rufo-fusca, nitida ; capite

thoraceque fulvis; antennis (basi excepta) nigris; elytris

fortiter punctato-striatis, punctis piceis, striis (praesertim ad

apicem) sulcatis, vitta submarginali irregulari lata macalisque

numerosis disci albidis.

Long. 33 lin.

Hab. Chili.

Antenne moderately robust, half the length of the body, four

lower joints obscure fulvous, stained above with piceous, the rest

black; face coarsely but not closely punctured, vertex nearly

impunctate. ‘Thorax more than twice as broad as long, sides ob-

tusely rounded, converging in front, anterior angles produced into

an obtuse tubercle, hinder angles rounded, nearly obsolete ; upper

surface irregularly punctured. Elytra impressed each with eleven

regular rows of deep piceous punctures, the first row short; rows

distinctly but slightly suleate on the sides and towards the apex

of the elytron, interspaces flat, obsoletely convex towards their

apex; each elytron covered with a number of small irregular

New Genera and Species of Phytophaga. 433

very pale yellowish-white spots ; in addition, near the outer border,

is a broad irregularly-defined submarginal stripe of the same

colour ; this stripe, commencing at the humeral angle, continues

entire for two-thirds of the length of the elytron, it then becomes

gradually broken up and lost in the general colouring of the surface.

Four hinder tibiz armed each with a short stout obtuse tooth.

Genus Nortozona, Clark.

Notozona histrionica,

Anguste ovata, valde convexa, corallina, nitida; antennis ex-

trorsum scutelloque nigris ; antennarum basi elytrisque flavis,

his regulariter punctato-striatis; margine Jaterali, sutura

ad apicem, maculis magnis tribus (duabus infra basin, una

ante apicem), fasciaque lata centrali utrinque abbreviata,

nigris; femoribus posticis subtus unispinosis, '

Long. 4 lin.

Hab. Mexico.

Antenne rather more than half the length of the body, five upper

joints black, the basal one fulvous, the remaining joints, toge-

ther with the base and apex of the seventh, yellow. Thorax

three times as broad as long, sides slightly rounded and con-

verging from base to apex, anterior angles produced into a slightly

recurved subacute tubercle; hinder angles distinct, obtuse ;

basal margin sinuate on either side near the middle portion,

which is obtusely lobed; upper surface faintly excavated within

the lateral border; the base impressed on either side with an

indistinct fovea; on the hinder disc, just in front of the

base, is also a small shallow depression ; surface minutely but not

closely punctured ; on the middle of the thorax is a single semi-

circular row of larger punctures, which, commencing on either

side on the apical border, extends backwards two-thirds across the

disc. Elytra impressed each with eleven rows of distinct punc-

tures, placed in a single regular line on each row, the first row

short, interspaces smooth, impunctate, very faintly convex, the

extreme lateral margin, together with the hinder half of the suture,

narrowly edged with black; at the apex of the lateral border, as

also on the suture, a very narrow line of rufous is interposed

between the black colour and the edge of the elytron, so that the

black line becomes submarginal ; on each elytron are three large

black patches and a broad transverse band of the same colour;

this band, which is placed across the middle, is abbreviated on

both the extreme sutural and lateral borders; of the patches

434 Mr. J. S. Baly’s Descriptions of

two are parallel, and placed just below the basal margin, the outer

one subtrigonate and attached by a slender line to the base itself,

the inner one subrotundate ; the third, also subrotundate, occupies

the middle disc about halfway between the transverse fascia and

the apex of the elytron. Body beneath clothed with coarse ful-

vous hairs. Hinder thighs very robust, armed beneath with a

short stout tooth.

Notozona flavipustulata.

Elongato-ovata, convexa, rufo-testacea, nitida; antennis, tibiis

tarsisque piceis, femoribus flavis, apice rufo-piceis; elytris

distincte punctato-striatis, singulis apice et pustulis magnis

tribus flavis.

Long. 3¢ lin.

Hab. Brazil.

Head short; labrum flavous; facial plates subquadrate ; an-

tenn four-fifths the length of the body, piceous, paler towards

the apex. Thorax nearly three times as broad as long, sides

rounded, scarcely converging in front, anterior angles thickened,

hinder angles nearly obsolete ; upper surface finely but not closely

punctured ; in the middle, just in front of the basal margin, is a

short ill-defined transverse depression. Elytra distinctly punc-

tate-striate, the punctures placed irregularly on each stria;

the flavous patches are all transverse, and are arranged as

follows: one at the base; another about the middle, slightly

oblique, and forming a broad fascia abbreviated at either end;

whilst the third, which also forms an abbreviated band, is placed

about halfway between the middle and the apex.

Notozona Batesii.

Elongato-ovata, convexa, flava, nitida; antennarum articulis

intermediis, tibiis tarsisque nigris ; elytris distincte punctato-

striatis, singulis puncto humerali maculisque tribus inter se

et cum illis elytri alterius seepe confluentibus pallide cas-

taneis.

Long. 33 lin.

Hab. Amazons.

Antenne rather more than half the length of the body, four

lower joints obscure flavous, stained with piceous above, three

upper joints dirty white, the others entirely black. ‘Thorax very

similar in form and punctuation to N. flavipustulata, but with-

out the transverse depression at its base. Elytra punctured as

New Genera and Species of Phytophaga. 435

in N. flavipustulata; the spots on the surface of each are placed

longitudinally on the middle disc, one below the base ; the second,

about the middle, is attached at the suture to its fellow on the

opposite elytron; the third, larger than the others, is placed half-

way between the middle and the apex, and is also confluent at

the suture, frequently sending a ramus along the suture itself to

join the second patch,

Sub-fam. GALLERUCIN &.

Genus Aporium, Fabr.

Adorium tarsatum.

Ovale, sordide flavo-album; oculis antennisqueextrorsum nigris ;

thorace tenuissime, elytris tenuiter punctatis; subtus nigro-

piceum, abdominis vitta centrali segmentorumque marginibus

albo-flavis; pedibus flavo-albis, femorum maculis, tibiis apice

tarsisque nigro-fuscis.

Long. 6 lin.

Hab. Northern China.

Subdiaphanous. Face impressed with a deep triangular fovea,

at the apex of which is a small black spot; antenne less than

half the length of the body, robust, slightly thickened towards

their apex, third joint equal to the fourth, five apical joints black,

the sixth fuscous. Thorax rather more than twice as broad as long,

sides rounded, converging towards the apex, their lateral border

slightly but distinctly reflexed; surface of disc minutely punc-

tured. Elytra ovate, their basal margin slightly excavated; surface

finely punctured, humeral callus bounded externally by a semilunate

depression ; lateral margin moderately dilated, shoulders scarcely

prominent in front, obliquely rounded.

Adorium sordidum.

Late ovatum, pallide fulvo-fuscum, corpore subtus pedibusque

fusco-variegatis ; tarsis, abdominis maculis, antennarumque

articulis 5 ultimis nigro-fuscis ; thorace tenuissime punctato ;

elytris sordide fulvis, distincte subcrebre punctatis, margine

laterali modice dilatato, pallide fulvo-fusco.

Long. 53 lin.

Hab. Northern China.

Broader and shorter than 4. tarsatum. Face impressed with a

triangular fovea; antennz robust, filiform, the third joint scarcely

longer than the fourth, Thorax more than twice as broad as

456 Mr. J. S. Baly’s Descriptions of

Jong, sides rounded, ccnverging towards their apex, broadly

reflexed; upper surface minutely punctured. Scutellum trian-

gular. Elytra very slightly excavated at their base, sides mode-

rately dilated, shoulders obliquely rounded; upper surface dis-

tinctly punctured ; humeral callus bounded externally by a curved

groove.

Genus Hytaspes.

Corpus oblongum, convexum. Caput exsertum, parvum;

facie perpendiculari, trigona; oculis prominulis, ovato-rotun-

datis, integris ; antennis 11-articulatis, corporis longitudine

paullo longioribus, serratis, articulo Imo curvato a basi ad

apicem incrassato, 2do et 3tio minutis equalibus, caeteris com-

pressis, singulis longitudine tribus preecedentibus aequalibus,

basi angustatis, intus ad apicem angulato-dilatatis. Thorax

transversus, utrinque transversim sulcatus. J/lytra thorace

Jatiora, parallela, convexa, infra basin non transversim im-

pressa, punctato-striata, Pedes sat elongati ; coxts anticis con-

tiguis; femoribus posticis non incrassatis; (2bis posticis quatuor

apice spina minut& armatis. Mesosternum obsoletum. Meta-

sternum inter coxas intermedias in spinam validam obtusam

productum.

Type Hylaspes longicornis.

The peculiar form of the antennz will at once distinguish the

present genus from Laphris, Doryxena, and other allied forms with

which it has in common a metasternal spine.

Hylaspes longicornis.

Elongato-oblonga, flava, nitida; antennis (basi excepta) tibiis

tarsisque nigris,

Long. 5 lin.

Hab. Himalayas.

Pale yellow. Head smooth; epistome flat, trigonate; eyes

black ; antennee rather longer than the body, tapering at the base

and apex, their three lower joints fulvous, the rest black. Thorax

twice as broad as long, sides straight, narrowly margined, anterior

angles oblique, thickened; upper surface impressed with a broad

transverse groove, which is less deep and nearly interrupted in the

centre of the disc; surface remotely punctured. Elytra parallel,

regularly rounded at their apex, convex, finely punctate-striate,

the puncturing less regular and Jess distinet on the sides and

APEX.

New Genera and Species of Phytophaga. 437

Genus Buruonrpa.

Corpus elongatum, modice convexum. Caput exsertum, supra

tumidum ; facie brevi, perpendiculari; antennis gracilibus, fili-

formibus, articulo 3tio quarto breviori; ocudis prominulis, in-

tegris. Thorax transversus, dorso plus minusve transversim

excavatus. Scutellum trigonum. £lytrathorace latiora, apicem

versus paullo ampliata, apice rotundata, modice convexa, dorso

plus minusve deplanata, irregulariter punctata, pube adpressa

brevi vestita, limbo inflexo obliquo, ante medium desinente,

interdum obsoleto. Pedes graciles ; coxis anticis erectis, con-

tiguis ; femoribus posticis non incrassatis ; f2biis omnibus apice

muticis ; wnguiculis bifidis, aut acute appendiculatis.

Type Buphonida evanida.

The swollen head separates this genus from Galleruca, next

to which it must be placed.

Buphonida evanida.

Elongata, convexa, fusco-fulva, nitida; oculis nigris; elytris

crebre punctatis, pallide rufo-violaceis, metallico vix tinctis,

limbo laterali vittaque suturali, hac postice abbreviataé, me-

tallico-czeruleis.

Long. 4 lin.

Hab. Southern India.

Head strongly exserted, smooth and shining, glabrous, finely

but somewhat distantly punctured, the whole impressed with a

fine longitudinal groove, which extends from the front edge of

the epistome backwards to the neck; epistome and _ facial

plates transverse; eyes black; antenne two-thirds the length

of the body. Thorax short, three times-as broad as long, surface

glabrous, impunctate on the disc, sides finely but not closely

punctured; on either side is a deep transverse groove. Elytra

much broader than the thorax, nearly five times its length, sides

distinctly dilated posteriorly; closely punctured, clothed with

adpressed fulvo-fuscous hairs.

Genus Acertocrra, Hope.

A getocera lobicornis.

Subelongata, robusta, convexa, pallide rufo-fulva, nitida; an-

tennis flavis; genubus, tibiis, tarsis elytrisque nigris.

Mas.—Antennarum articulis 24 ad 8"™ brevibus, 9"° elon-

gato, valde incrassato, extus leviter excavato, apice extus in

438 Mr. J. S. Baly’s Descriptions of

lobum compressum obtusum oblique producto, 10™ ad

J2mem filiformibus.

Fcem.—Antennis subfusiformibus, articulis cylindricis non dila-

tatis.

Long. 53 lin.

Hab. India.

Head elongate, front impressed with a deep fovea, eyes and apex

of jaws black. Antenne entirely flavous; basal joint (¢) thick-

ened; second short, moniliform ; third and fourth nearly equal,

each rather longer than the second, obconic; fifth rather shorter

than the fourth; sixth, seventh and eighth very short, transverse,

gradually increasing in thickness (all the preceding joints are

cylindrical, and truncate at their apices); ninth equal in length to

the four preceding, greatly swollen, its outer edge lightly exca-

vated, its apex at the outer angle strongly produced into a flat-

tened obtuse lobe; three following joints filiform, of normal

thickness, gradually tapering to the apex, conjointly rather longer

than the ninth joint: in the 9 the antenna are lightly subfusi-

form, the joints being entirely cylindrical and of normal form;

the basal joint is moderately thickened ; the second short, obconic ;

the third more than one-half longer than the second ; the fourth

and fifth equal, and each rather longer than the third (the three

preceding joints gradually increase in thickness from base to apex) ;

the sixth and two following nearly equal in length (the seventh

rather the longest), rather shorter than the fifth, somewhat thicker

than the preceding; ninth, tenth and eleventh equal, slightly

elongate; twelfth shorter, acute; the last three joints gradually

diminish in thickness from the ninth. Thorax transverse, sides

narrowly margined, their anterior half dilated; upper surface

smooth, sparingly punctured, impressed just behind the middle

with a deep bisinuate groove. Scutellum semiovate, its apex ob-

tuse. Elytra oblong, slightly dilated posteriorly, convex, each

impressed with a broad sulcation, which, running close to the

suture and bounding the inner margin of the basilar space, curves

outwardly along the lower edge of the latter and terminates at the

junction of the inner and outer discs ; about the middle of each

elytron, near the lateral margin, is a broad transverse excavated

space ; general surface obsoletely punctured.

Agetocera Hopi.

Subelongata, robusta, convexa, flavo-fulva, nitida; antennis

apice, tibiis (basi excepta) tarsisque nigris; elytris obscure

purpureis, subcrebre punctatis.

New Genera and Species of Phytophaga. 439

Mas.—Antennarum articulis 24° ad 7™"™ brevissimis, 8° elon-

gato, valde incrassato, 9"° difformi, extus valde emarginato,

ceteris filiformibus, duobus ultimis nigris.

Foem.—Antennis filiformibus.

Long. 6 lin,

Hab. Northern India.

The male of this species may at once be known from the same

sex of the preceding insect by the eighth joint of its antenne

being the most swollen (instead of the ninth), the apex of this

joint being obtuse and without the slightest trace of lobe or pro-

cess; the ninth joint, however, is also dilated and compressed, and

has its outer edge deeply notched; the three terminal joints are

longer, rather more slender, and of equal thickness throughout ;

front smooth, impressed with a large deep fovea. Thorax rather

broader, sides dilated in front as in 4. lobicornis ; upper surface

smooth and shining, impunctate, impressed behind the middle

with three deep fovez, two transverse, placed one on either side,

are the remains of the transverse sulcation found in the former

species; the third, shallower and less distinct, is placed in the mid-

dle, rather behind the two others, just in front of the basal

margin. Elytra sulcate at their base and with the transverse late-

ral excavation as in A. lobicornis; in addition, a broad suleation ex-

tends nearly the whole length of the elytron just within the

lateral border. In the 2 the antenne are filiform, very slightly

tapering to the apex: second joint short; third, fourth and fifth

each about the length of the first; sixth to the eighth each rather

shorter, equal; ninth about equal to the first and second; tenth

and eleventh gradually increasing in length ; these three last joints

rather less robust than the preceding.

Genus Caromera, Erichs.

Ceelomera Batesii.

Lete metallico-cerulea aut purpurea, viridi vix tincta, subtus

pube adpressa fulva dense vestita; antennis nigris; thorace

elytrisque crebre punctatis et pube brevissima indutis, his

é valde, 2 modice ampliatis, fascia lata fulva prope medium

posita ornatis.

Long. 9 lin.

Hab. Upper Amazons.

This species is very closely allied to C. equestris, Fab.; the

latter insect is bright metallic green on the upper surface of the

body, its elytra being at the same time more closely and coarsely

VOL. Il. THIRD SERIES, PART V.—SEPT. 1865. it

440 Mr. J.S. Baly’s Descriptions of Phytophaga.

punctured and almost granulose; the transverse fulvous band is

also much narrower in the middle and somewhat dilated pos-

teriorly on either side as it approaches the lateral border of the

elytron, its hinder margin thus forming a regular curve, the con-

vexity of which is directed forwards: in C. Batesii the hinder

edge is almost straight; in all its other characters the present

species agrees entirely with C. equestris.

Coelomera ornata.

Nigra, subtus pube adpressa tenuissima vestita; elytris ¢ valde

ampliatis, brevissime fulvo-sericeis, crebre punctatis, subgra-

nulosis, fulvis, subopacis, plagd magna ovata transversa vix

pone medium posita, vitta lata suturali a basi ad plagam ex-

tensa, plagaque humerali subelongaté a humero fere ad

medium continuata, obscure viridibus aut ceruleis.

Long. 9 lin. :

Hab. Bogota.

Almost entirely similar in form to C. Batesii, but rather more

flattened above. Thorax finely and less closely punctured, broadly

excavated transversely, disc glabrous, sides clothed with a few

silky hairs. Body beneath somewhat sparingly clothed with fine

silky pubescence.

Coaclomera Cinzia.

Nigro-picea, pube adpressa fulvo-fuscd vestita, supra fulvo-

testacea, subnitida; oculis antennisque nigris; elytris postice

late explanatis, crebre punctatis, pube brevissima obsitis,

parte tertia apicali czruleis.

Long. 7 lin.

Hab. Upper Amazons.

Closely resembling C, Batesii in form, but distinguished from

that species and from C. ornata by its totally different coloration.

The third joint of the antenne is about equal in length to the

first and second taken conjointly, and nearly twice as long as the

fourth; the fifth equal to the fourth; the sixth and four follow-

ing joints gradually decrease in length; the eleventh is rather

longer than the tenth. Thorax transversely concave, sides deeply

excavated, laterai border reflexed in front.

> 44h

XXII. Characters of a new Genus and Species of Chalci-

dites. By F. Waker, F.L.S.

[Read 2nd October, 1865. |

Tue Hymenopterous insect here mentioned is from North

Australia, and is in the possession of F. Smith, Esq., who has

kindly allowed me to describe it. Its apparent resemblance to

some of the ant tribe is very striking, and the purpose of this

mimicry has been often noticed in recent publications. It seems

to have most affinity to the Cleonymide ; but like some other

exotic genera it has a peculiar structure, which distinguishes it

from all the hitherto defined groups of Chalcidites.

Genus Myrmecopsis.

Mas.—Corpus robustum, apterum. Caput scabrum, sparse

pubescens, transversum, thorace non angustius; facies

transverse sulcata. Oculi magni. Ocelli tres. Mandibulz

parve. Antennz flagelliformes, apud os inserta, thorace

vix breviores ; articulus 1"° facie non brevior; 2% elongatus;

5¥s 1m dimidio, 2° duplo longior; 4"% et sequentes breves;

13" longé conicus, 12™° longior. Thorax scaber, sparse

pubescens. Prothorax transversus, quadratus, bene deter-

minatus ; latera marginata. Mesothorax brevissimus; scutum

parapsidum suturis distinctis; scutellum scuto multo brevius.

Metathorax quadratus, bene determinatus, mesothorace

brevior, margine postico setoso aciculato bidentato. Petiolus

brevissimus. Abdomen ellipticum, glabrum, convexum, apice

setosum, thorace latius et multo brevius, segmento uno dorsali.

Pedes robusti; tibize calcaribus parvis; tarsi subarcuati, 5-

articulati; femora antica subincrassata.

Male.—Body stout, with hardly any rudiments of wings. Head

and thorax scabrous, thinly pubescent. Head fully as broad as

the thorax ; face vertical, with transverse furrows. Eyes large,

not prominent. Ocelli three, as usual. Mandibles small. Antenne

nearly as long as the thorax, inserted close to the mouth, imcreas-

ing in breadth from the Ist joint to the 7th, tapering thence to

the tips; Ist joint or scape as long as the face; 2nd elongate; 3rd

VOL, II, THIRD SERIES, PART VI.—FEB. 1866. EK

442 Mr. F. Walker’s Notes on Chalcidites.

twice the length of the 2nd, and more than half the length of

the Ist; all the following joints short, 13th elongate, conical,

longer than the 12th. Prothorax quadrate, much developed,

broader than long, with a slight rim along each side. Mesothorax

very short, hardly as broad as the prothorax. Scutum hardly

half the length of the prothorax; sutures of the parapsides dis-

tinct. Scutellum much shorter than the scutum. Metathorax

quadrate, well developed, shorter than the mesothorax; hind

border with a short stout spine on each side, and with a ridge in

the middle. Petiole extremely short. Abdomen elliptical, smooth,

shining, convex, broader and very much shorter than the thorax,

with only one dorsal segment; tip setose. Legs stout; tibize

with two short apical spurs; tarsi 5-jointed, slightly curved, the

Joints successively decreasing in length; fore-femora slightly in-

crassated.

Myrmecopsis nigricans.

Mas.—M. viridi-nigra ; antenne nigre, basi fulve ; abdomen

cupreo-nigrum ; pedes rufi, tarsis nigricantibus.

Male.—Greenish black. Antenne black; 2nd, 3rd, 4th and

5th joints tawny. Abdomen cupreous-black. Legs red; tarsi

blackish.

Length of the body, 2# lines.

Hab.—Northern Australia.

( 443 )

XXIII. Remarks on Captain Hutton’s Paper “‘ On the

Reversion and Restoration of the Silkworm.” By

Captain J. MircuEx., Superintendent of the Govern-

ment Museum, Madras. (Communicated by the Sz-

CRETARY.) |

[Read 6th November, 1865.]

Tue passage in Captain Hutton’s Paper with which my remarks

are concerned is as follows :—

“Tn the introductory remarks to my ‘ Monograph on the Genus

Attacus,’ IT have shown, after Kirby and Spence and other autho-

rities, that the gum from the reservoirs, being conveyed to the

mouth by the constriction of certain muscles, passes through two

small orifices in the lip, and the two fibres thus formed, being taken

up and tnisted together by the hook-like processes in the mouth

appointed to that office, become one fibre of silk on coming into

contact with the cold external air.”* (The Italics are mine.)

Now it is quite certain the authorities referred to by Captain

Hutton could not have examined, with sufficient optical assistance,

silk taken directly from the cocoon, or they would have seen that

no such twisting takes place, but that the two filaments are laid side

by side in the cocoon, and adhere together until separated by the

solution of the gum in the process of manufacture. I have

examined cocoons, and reeled raw silks, contained in the Museum

Collection, and have, in every instance, found a double filament.

But in bleached spun silk the filaments are single, because the

gum which held them together has been washed away in the

process of bleaching.

I have only the introduction to Kirby and Spence, which does

not contain the information referred to by Captain Hutton, but I

am aware that other writers, upon whose authority we ought to be

able to rely, have stated that the silkworm spins a single thread—

such, for instance, as T. R. Jones, at p. 297 of the first edition

of his undoubtedly interesting work ** A General Outline of the

Animal Kingdom;” Dr. Carpenter, at p. 110 of the second

volume of his “ Zoology ;” “The Micrographic Dictionary,” at

p- 360 of the first edition, article “Spinning Organs ;” and there

are probably other authorities that might be quoted who have said

* Vide ante, p.159.

KK 2

444, Captain J. Mitchell's Remarks, §c.

that the filament is single. A correct description of the way in

which the silk is deposited in the cocoon will be found at p. 200

of Adams’ Essays on the Microscope, published nearly seventy

years since.

It is, I believe, commonly supposed that the silk spun by every

species of silk-producer, that is usually manufactured, is alike in

form; but that is not the case. All the ordinary silk that I have

examined is cylindrical, or nearly so; but the common Tussah silk,

fronr Antherea Paphia, is flat, and I have satisfied myself that each

filament consists of a large number of very fine fibres held together

by some substance that makes it very difficult to separate them.

I have, however, succeeded so far as to justify me in saying that

the filament is compound, and that the finest fibres I have obtained

measure about s<45 th of an inch in diameter.

The filaments spun by Altacus Atlas and Actias Selene also

appear to be compound, but the structure is not so marked as in

Antherea, and I have not yet tried to separate their fibres.

The foregoing remarks on Tussah silk are founded on observa-

tions made some days since. I have just had time before closing

this letter to re-examine some that have been in water for many

days, and I find the filaments are gradually breaking up into their

component fibres, and 1 hope they will eventually all separate and

enable me to mount specimens for permanent record.

I have only to add that, having had occasion to write to Captain

Hutton, I pointed out the mistake about the filament, and he said

in reply, that if I had discovered the two filaments were laid side

by side and not twisted, I ought to make the fact known, as at

present the idea prevailed amongst Entomologists that the two

fibres were twisted after issuing from the orifice in the lip.

XXIV. On the British Species of Agathidium.

By Davip Suarp.

[Read 6th November, 1865.]

Turoven the kindness of my Entomological friends, I have

recently been able to examine the specimens of our native Aga-

thidia contained in most of the principal collections, and have

thought the following short notes on the genus might not he

altogether unacceptable. I have also examined the Stephensian

collection in the British Museum, and believe the account given

below of the insects placed in that collection under the generic

name of Agathidium will be found correct.

Stephens in his “Illustrations of British Entomology ”’ has de-

scribed three species of Agathidium, which he supposed to be un-

described by foreign authors, viz :—Agathidium ruficolle, A. affine,

and A. rufipes ; and for the first two of these he cites the names

of Dermestes ruficollis, Marsham, and Dermestes affinis, Marsham.

Neither of these names is used in the following descriptions of the

British species, for D. ruficollis, Marsham, is synonymous with the

previously-described Amphicyllis globus of Paykull, and though the

Stephensian type of Ag. affine is an example of the species sub-

sequently described by Erichson as 4. levigatum, I do not think

Marsham’s name can be adopted, his (as also Stephens’) de-

scription being totally inadequate to allow a foreign author to

recognize the species intended to be so designated ; nor do I think

it advisable that a name now so well known as that given to this

species by Erichson should be supplanted on the mere authority

of a type; (there being, moreover, two other species in Stephens’

cabinet of which the type is a specimen of 4. levigatum, Erich.)

Of Agathidium rufipes there is no type in the author’s cabinet ;

and it is quite impossible from the description to ascertain to what

species it is intended to apply.* For these reasons, therefore, I

have adopted the names unanimously used by foreign writers on

the genus.

1. Of A. ruficolle there are three examples in Stephens’ ca-

binet ; they are all Amphicyllis globus, Payk.

* Erichson, however, gives d. rufipes, Steph., as a synonym of A. alrum,

Paykull; and, perhaps, on the whole, the description in the “ Illustrations”

is most applicable to the species generally known by the latter name.

446 ‘ Mr. David Sharp on the

2. Of A. globus the only specimen is much mutilated, but

appears to be a pale variety of 4. nigrinum, Sturm.

3. A. atrum, four examples; the type is 4. atrum, as are also

two of the others; the fourth being 4. levigatum.

4. A. ferrugineum, one specimen; it is a pale variety of 4.

nigrinum, Sturm.

5. A. seminulum, two specimens; the one supposed to be the

type is A. marginatum, Sturm, the other being really

A. seminulum.

6. A. orbiculatum, two examples, both of which are 4. leui-

gatum, Erichson.

7. A. mandibulare, a single specimen; it is 4. marginatum,

Sturm.

8. A. nigrinum, four specimens; the type is A. levigatum,

as are also the other three examples.

9. A. affine, one specimen ; itis also 4. levigatum, Erichson.

10. 4. carbonarium, two specimens; the type has a label

marked ‘‘aquaticum” attached to it; both are Chetarthria

seminulum.

11. A. minutum, two specimens, both of which belong to the

genus Clambus.

12. A. nanum, seven specimens, all of which are, I think, Clam-

bus pubescens.

Thomson in his ‘ Skandinaviens Coleoptera” has separated

three species of Agathidium (A. lavigatum, A. seminulum and A.

badium) from the rest of the genus, and made for them a new

genus, Cyphoceble ; this, however, I have not been able to retain,

for its characters are not constant in the three species that com-

pose it. For instance, 4. levigatum, Erich., and A. seminulum,

Linn., are considered to belong to Cyphoceble, whilst 4. atrum,

Paykull, is still left in the genus 4gathidium ; and yet there is as

much difference in the structure of the metasternum between

levigatum and seminulum as between levigaium and atrum; on

the other hand seminulum approaches atrum in the relative position

of the coxze more than /evigatum does.

1. Agathidium nigripenne, Kugel.

Head and thorax bright red, extremely finely and obsoletely

punctured ; elytra black, rather thickly and not finely punctured,

with a well marked sutural stria extending from the apex nearly

to the base ; legs and antennz red, the two first joints of the club

of the latter rather darker, 7th joint larger than either the 6th or

British Species of Agathidium. 447

8th. with the anterior tarsi dilated, an obtuse tooth at the apex

of the posterior femora, and a very minute fasciculus of hairs on

the metasternum.

Long. 1—1§ lin.

The bright scarlet colour of its head and prothorax at once dis-

tinguishes this pretty species from all its congeners. It appears

to be very rare (if found at all) in the south, but is not uncommon

in the north of England and in Scotland, at the oozing sap of

recently-felled trees.

2. Agathidium seminulum, Linn.

Above pitchy black, underside, with the legs and antenne,

pitchy red; head and prothorax very finely and obsoletely punc-

tured; elytra with a well marked sutural stria extending from

the apex more than half-way to the base, their punctuation rather

fine and close ; metasternum with the middle of the‘anterior part

much depressed towards the front and very evidently separated

by a well-marked margin from the posterior part. ¢. Anterior

and middle tarsi dilated; apex of posterior femora truncate, and

with an obtuse tooth.

Long. 1 lin.

Not common, but found sometimes among dead leaves and

moss. I have no proof of its occurrence in the north of England

or Scotland.

3. Agathidium levigatum, Erich.

Black, with the sides of the thorax, legs, and antennz pitchy

brown, the first two joints of the club darker; upper surface

impunctate and without any sutural stria on the elytra; meta-

sternum with a middle space not much depressed towards the front,

and evidently separated by a margin from the posterior part.

$ with the anterior and middle tarsi dilated ; metasternum with a

small brush of hairs arising from a slight depression.:

Long, 1 lin.

Common all over the country, occurring among refuse vegetable

matter and sometimes in sandpits.

4. Agathidium atrum, Payk.

Black, with the sides of the thorax, legs and anteme pitchy

brown, club of the latter sometimes darker and the third joint

very long (about as long as the three succeeding); head and

elytra rather closely and evidently, thorax very finely and obso-

448 Mr. David Sharp on the

letely, punctured; sutural stria of the elytra well marked and

extending more than half-way to the base; metasternum with a

slightly curved transverse line. ¢ with the anterior and middle

tarsi dilated at the base, posterior femora truncate at the apex and

with a well-marked acute tooth; metasternum with a bunch of

hairs arising from a shallow fovea.

Long. 14 lin.

Differs from A. seminulum in its larger size, darker colour,

more evidently punctured head, longer third joint to the antenne,

and the different structural characters of the ¢. Common both in

England and Scotland among dead leaves and moss, occurring also

now and then in sandpits.

5. Agathidium varians, Beck.

Brownish-yellow, shining, disc of the thorax and elytra pitchy

red, the club of the latter darker ; head with largish but faintly

impressed and distant punctures, with two shallow foveze between

the eyes, and an ill-defined transverse impression where the thorax

meets it; thorax extremely finely and obsoletely punctured ;

elytra with a sutural stria reaching quite half-way to the base,

almost impunctate. g with the anterior and middle tarsi slightly

dilated, and with a slender but elongate bunch of setz on the

centre of the metasternum ; ? with the tarsi 4, 4,4. The ¢ some-

times, though rarely, has the left mandible a little prolonged and

bent at the apex.

Long. 1 lin.

Found sometimes in considerable numbers among refuse vege-

table matter, moss, etc., both in the north and south of England

and in Scotland.

6. Agathdium clypeatum, nov. sp.

Piceum, prothoracis limbo, antennarum scapo, pedibusque tes-

taceis; capite fere levigato, clypeo depresso; prothorace

parce et obsolete, elytris parce sed evidentius punctatis, his

stria suturali medium attingente.

é tarsis anterioribus et intermediis dilatatis; metasterno fas-

ciculo pilorum parvo instructo ; mandibula sinistra elongata,

falcata.

@ tarsis 4, 4, 4.

Long. #—1 lin.

Colour and size of A. varians, but not quite so broad and rather

more acuminate behind. The underside, the basal eight joints of the

antenne, and the legs and margins of the thorax, testaceous. Club

British Species of Agathidium. 449

of the antenne black ; these are short and with the third joint not

so long as the two succeeding. The head is very sparingly and

obsoletely punctured, the punctures more evident behind the

eyes. The clypeus is depressed, so as to leave the front of the

head emarginate. Thorax rather narrower than the elytra, its

sides faintly and sparingly, the disc extremely finely and obsoletely

punctured. Elytra with the humeral angles well marked but very

obtuse, sparingly and finely punctured, with a sutural stria ex-

tending more than half-way. In the male the left mandible is

produced into a long pointed horn.

This species is perhaps the A. piceum of Erichson, but the

humeral angles seem to be not so rectangular as the description of

that species would lead one to expect. Moreover Erichson says

nothing of the remarkable emargination of the head behind the

mandibles.

Found by Mr. Janson on fungi in Headly Lane, Mickleham,

some years ago, and by Mr. Bold in Northumberland. Dr. Power

has also captured a single specimen at Headly Lane: this was

supposed to be 4. mandibulare, Sturm, a species of which I have

seen no British example, and which must, I am afraid, be (at any

rate for the present) erased from our lists.

7. Agathidium rotundatum, Gyll.

Black, the sides of the thorax, legs and antenne pitchy ; club of

the latter black, with the apex sometimes lighter; head and

thorax very finely punctured, the punctuation on the disc of the

latter being very obsolete; elytra with a well-marked sutural

stria, extending beyond the middle, pretty thickly and finely

punctured, the punctures being more evident towards the apex

and sides. Of the male there are two well marked forms. In

one the left mandible is armed with a straight pointed thorn-like

horn reclining on the head. In the second this mandible is merely

a little thickened and curved. In both of these forms the anterior

and middle tarsi are slightly dilated and there is a small bunch of

hairs springing from the metasternum.

Long. % lin.

Common in the North of England and Scotland under the ‘bark

of fir stumps; the more developed form of the ¢ seems to be

rare. The smallest of our British Agathidia, small males of A.

marginatum alone being equally diminutive.

8. Agathidium convexum, nov, sp.

Nigrum, nitidum, prothoracis limbo piceo ; antennis pedibusque

rufis ; capite equaliter punctulato ; prothoracis disco obsolete,

450 Mr. David Sharp on the

lateribus cum elytris parce subtiliter punctulatis, his stria

suturali medium haud attingente; mesosterno subtiliter

carinato.

é tarsis anterioribus et intermediis dilatatis ; metasterno fas-

ciculo pilorum parvo instructo.

¢ tarsis 5, 4, 4.

Variat colore, interdum piceo-rufum (forte immaturum).

Long. 3—4 lin. 3

Closely allied to the preceding, but larger, with a short neatly

impressed sutural stria, and the club of the antennz concolorous.

Head finely and pretty closely punctured. Antenne with the

third joint as long as the two succeeding, the club concolorous ;

thorax scarcely narrower than the elytra, sparingly and obsoletely

punctured, the sides more thickly and evidently so. Elytra very

convex, sparingly and faintly but evidently punctured, with a

short narrow sutural stria not reaching to the middle; humeral

angles asin A. rotundatum. The male sometimes has the left man-

dible a little elongated and pointed.

This species is about the size and has very much the appear-

ance of 4. marginatum, Sturm, but differs from it in the following

respects :—The elytra possess a short but evident sutural stria,

and their punctuation is less close and distinct, the antenne are

unicolorous, the female has the anterior tarsi five-jointed. From

description it also appears to be closely allied to 4. hemorrhoum,

Erich., but to be larger and with less evident punctuation (espe-

cially on the elytra) than that species.

Rare; most of the specimens I have seen come from Scotland,

where it has been taken by Mr. Hislop. I have found it at Ran-

noch in Perthshire; also taken by Dr. Power at Hampstead (on

the authority of his specimens A. piceum was erroneously intro-

duced into our lists). I have also found one or two other speci-

mens in collections mixed up with 4. marginatum, Sturm,

9. Agathidium marginatum, Sturm.

Black, very convex, with the margins of the thorax and elytra

towards the apex more or less pitchy ; antennz and legs pitchy-

red, with the first two joints of the club of the former darker ;

elytra without any sutural stria, pretty thickly and evidently,

the head and thorax very finely punctured. $ with the anterior

and middle tarsi slightly dilated at the base; metasternum with a

very small fasciculus of hairs; @ with tarsi 4, 4, 4.

Long. ? lin.

British Species of Agathidium. 451

This insect cannot be confounded with 4. levigatum, which is

the only other British species without any sutural stria; the well

marked humeral angles of the elytra (more nearly rectangular

than in most of its allies) of 4. marginatum will at once distinguish

it from that species.

Rare ; occurs very sparingly both in the North and South.

Found once by Mr. F. Smith in some numbers in Charlton pit.

10. Agathidium nigrinum, Sturm.

Pitchy black, with the antennz, except the club, and the legs, a

little lighter; head tumid behind the eyes, very closely and

extremely finely punctured; thorax very transverse, very closely

and obsoletely punctured, not so wide as the elytra; these with

their humeral angles nearly right angles, punctuation rather fine

and not close, sutural stria well marked and reaching beyond the

middle. @ with the anterior and middle tarsi a little dilated, and

a very minute bunch of hairs on the metasternum.

Long. 14—14 lin.

This fine insect is distinguished from all our other indigenous

speciés, except 4. rhinoceros, by its head being tumid behind the

eyes; this character, together with the well marked nearly rect-

angular humeral angles of the elytra, at once separates it from

A. atrum, which is the only other species that ever equals it in

size.

Rare ; found sometimes in sandpits in the south, at fir stumps

in Scotland, and is also taken by Mr. Bold in Northumberland.

11. Agathidium rhinoceros, nov. sp.

Globoso-ovatum, nigro-piceum; antennis articulis 4—8 intus

subproductis ; capite prothoraceque parce punctatis, hoc

Jateribus antrorsum angustatis; elytris punctulatis, humeris

fere rectis; stria suturali medium attingente.

é mandibula sinistra vel cornuta, vel producta, vel mutica ;

tarsis anterioribus et intermediis dilatatis ; metasterno fasci-

culo pilorum inconspicuo instructo.

2 tarsis 5, 4, 4.

Long. 1} lin.

Var.—Piceo-rufum.

Pitchy black, with the legs and scape of the antennz lighter ;

head with the temples tumid behind the eyes and with two broad

shallow foveze behind the mandibles, together with the thorax

452 Mr. David Sharp on the British Species of Agathidium.

finely punctured, the latter with its sides narrowed anteriorly,

though but little rounded; elytra closely and evidently punc-

tured, with the humeral angles nearly right angles.

Allied to 4. nigrinum, but smaller and narrower, with the elytra

more acuminate behind and the punctuation of the upper surface

more distinct throughout, but more sparing on the head. Judging

from Thomson’s description of 4. arcticum, it must also be

closely allied to that species, but in 4. arcticum the foveze between

the eyes appear to be wanting and the tarsi in the male are not

dilated, nor does there appear to be any form of that sex with

an armed mandible.

In A. rhinoceros the development of the left mandible of the

@ is more remarkable than in any other species of the genus with

which I am acquainted, but it varies extremely and is generally

entirely wanting, having the mandible simple, as in the other sex.

Sometimes there is a long blunt horn curved backwards and

springing from the mandible a little before its apex, while some-

times the mandible itself is prolonged and bent upwards into a

horn; there are several distinct varieties of the first-mentioned of

these forms, and the second gradually shades off to the unarmed

variety.

This species was found by Mr. Bishop and myself in consider-

able numbers under the bark of a small fir stump at Rannoch in -

the beginning of August, 1864. 1 know of no other examples.

With this species I conclude the list of the British Agathidia, so

far as our collections at present go. There are, however, several

other species, some of which at least are likely to occur in this

country. Among these may be mentioned A. badium, Ziegl., in-

termediate between A. levigatum and A. seminulum, pitchy in

colour, with the elytra slightly punctured and with no sutural

stria; A. confusum, Bris., like rotundatum, but with the punctua-

tion of the elytra more marked and with the anterior tarsi in the

¢ only four-jointed ; 4. mandibulare, also like rotundatum, but

impunctate ; A. arcticum, Thomson, is also not unlikely to occur

in some of the northern parts of Scotland when those districts

shall be properly searched.

( 453 )

XXV. Observations on some remarkable Varieties of Sterrha

sacraria, Linn., with general Notes on Variation in

Lepidoptera. By R. M‘Lacatan, F.L.S.

[Read 4th December, 1865. ]

Ar the last Meeting of this Society (see Journal of Proceedings,

6 Nov. 1865, p. 124), I exhibited some bred specimens of Sterrha

sacraria, showing an extraordinary amount of variation. It has

been strongly urged upon me that I should not allow these ex-

amples to be distributed without leaving a suitable record of their

peculiarities, and I have therefore drawn up the following notes,

and have taken advantage of the occasion to make a few remarks

on variation in Lepidoptera generally, especially in the British

species.

With respect to §. sacraria, I will first repeat what has been

already recorded, viz., that on the 19th of last August, my nephew,

Mr. W. J. Wilson, when walking with me in a lane near Worthing

in Sussex, captured a damaged female of this insect which imme-

diately commenced depositing eggs ; but she laid only seven, and

I imagine that she had previously almost exhausted her stock, as

her abdomen was thin and collapsed. This female example

(Pl. XXIII. fig. 1) differed in nowise from the ordinary typical

form and size of the species (expanse of wings 11 lines), The

eggs I at once sent off to my friend the Rev. John Hellins, chap-

lain of the county prison at Exeter, so well known for his success

and skill in breeding Lepidoptera. One egg unfortunately was

destroyed in transit, but the remaining six all hatched on the 29th

of the same month. As the larva and its usual food-plants were

quite unknown (excepting from an unpublished figure by Herr

Carl Plétz of Greifswald, who attaches it to a species of Chamo-

mile), Mr. Hellins, as is his usual custom with all larvee of Geo-

metride with whose food be is unacquainted, offered the young

larvee Polygonum aviculare, and they at once commenced feeding

on that plant, and thrived well. On the 19th of September one

larva commenced spinning, and by the 30th of that month all had

changed to pupae. On the 15th of October the first imago, a

female, emerged ; two other females came out on the 17th, and a

fourth on the 19th; this was kept alive with the idea of pairing

her, but she died on the 25th, just before the fifth example, a male,

454 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Observations on

made its appearance ; the last pupa likewise produced a male on

the 28th; thus about a fortnight elapsed between the appearance

of the first and last moths. The larvee were beautifully figured

by Mr. W. Buckler of Emsworth, Hants (a copy of this figure is

here given on P]. XXIII.), and have been most minutely described

by Mr. Hellins in the “ Entomologists’ Monthly Magazine,” vol.

ii. pp. 134,166. With respect to the moths produced from these

eggs, I can only say that they show an extraordinary amount of

variation inter se, and bear little resemblance to the parent moth,

or to what has been always considered as the typical form of the

species, and I have little hesitation in saying that had any one of

them been taken at large, it would hardly have been referred to

this species. I will describe them seriatim.

No.1. ¢. (Pl. XXIII. fig. 2.) Anterior wings uniformly rosy-

grey; the apical cilia rosy-pink; no discal spot; the oblique

transverse line blackish, becoming grey on the inner side, and

merging into rosy at its junction with the hind margin. Posterior

wings pale silky grey, broadly blackish-grey on the costal and

apical margins, and with a well-defined central blackish-grey line ;

cilia whitish-yellow. Head and thorax greyish-ochreous, Legs

and antennez dark fuscous.

Expanse of wings 134 lines.

No.2. @. (Pl. XXIII. fig. 3.) Anterior wings uniformly grey-

ish-yellow, suffused with rosy ; the apical cilia bright rosy, bor-

dered by a narrow yellow line at the base ; a small purplish discal

spot; costal margin purplish for about a third of its length from

the base; oblique transverse line purplish, becoming rosy inter-

nally and bordered on each side by an indistinct yellowish space.

Posterior wings silky whitish-grey, bordered with darker grey,

and with an indistinct dark-grey central cloud; cilia very pale

whitish- yellow. Head and thorax pale dirty greyish-yellow. Legs

and antenne dark blackish-fuscous.

Expanse of wings 12 lines.

No. 3. @. (Pl. XXIII. fig. 4). Anterior wings smoky-buff ;

apical cilia bright rosy, with a very narrow yellowish line at the base ;

a very distinct, but small, blackish discal spot, with an indistinct

smoky cloud below it ; costal margin purplish-grey at the extreme

base; oblique transverse line black, becoming grey internally.

Posterior wings silky whitish; the veins grey, especially at their

terminations on the costal margin. Head and thorax dirty grey-

ish-yellow. Legs and antenne dark blackish-fuscous.

Expanse of wings 13 lines.

some remarkable Varieties of Sterrha sacraria. 455

No.4. 9. (Pl. XXIII. fig. 5.) Anterior wings greyish-ochreous ;

apical cilia pale rosy, with a distinct pale yellow line at the base ;

discal spot distinct, elongate and blackish, with a purplish-grey

cloud below it, more towards the base; costal margin purplish-

grey for about a third of its length from the base; oblique trans-

verse line blackish externally, purplish internally, slightly and

indistinctly margined with yellowish. Posterior wings pale silky

whitish, with an indication of a broad greyish central band. Head

and thorax concolorous with the anterior wings. Legs and

antenne fuscous.

Expanse of wings 12 lines.

No. 5. ¢. (PI. XXIII. fig. 6.) Anterior wings uniformly pale

buff; apical cilia paler; a very distinct small black discal spot,

with a slight indication of a greyish blotch below it; costal mar-

gin greyish at the extreme base; oblique transverse line deep

black, paler internally. Posterior wings silky whitish, slightly

greyish at the costal portion of the apical margin, and in the

centre. Head and thorax concolorous with the anterior wings.

Legs and antennz fuscous.

Expanse of wings 133 lines.

No. 6. 9. (Pl. XMIII. fig. 7.) Anterior wings pale yellow,

the spaces between the veins filled in with rosy- pink, hence the

veins appear conspicuously yellow, with the rose colour predomi-

nating on the ground; cilia bright rosy, with a narrow yellow line

at the base; discal spot small and blackish; costal margin rosy

for about one-half of its length from the base; oblique transverse

line very broad, narrowly blackish externally, and broadly rosy

internally. Posterior wings silky whitish, with a broad and well-

defined central grey band. Head, collar and petagia greyish-

yellow, the thorax rosy-grey in the middle. Legs and antenne

pale fuscous.

Expanse of wings 12 lines.

This specimen, though it is apparently the most curious of

all, in reality more nearly approaches a recognized form, figured

by Esper (Die Schmetterlinge, pl. xxx. fig. 10, 11), under the name

of sanguinaria, and which has been justly considered as a variety

of sacraria by modern authors.

With respect to the geographical distribution of the species, I

may say that it is found over almost all the warmer portions of the

old world. Linnzeus described it from an example from Barbary

(Systema Nature, ed. 12, p. 863, 220), and it has been received

from all parts of the African continent, from Algiers to the Cape ;

‘in India and Asia Minor it is not uncommon, but I am not sure

456 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Observations on

that it has been observed in Australia. In Europe it is common

in the South, chiefly in the autumn months, and Mr. G. F.

Mathew has recorded (“ Weekly Entomologist,” vol. ii. p. 83),

that in October at Lisbon and Gibraltar it was the most common

Lepidopterous insect. Duponchel, however, mentions June as the

time of its appearance, and says “Elle se tient suspendue a

lextrémité des tiges de gramen dans l'état de repose” (“¢ Lépidop-

téres de France,” tom. vili. pl. 178, fig. 7). In Sweden it was

recorded as long since as 1784 by Thunberg (Dissert. Ent.

Insect. Suecica, pt. 1, p. 14), but I am uncertain if it has since

been observed there; indeed Herrich-Schaffer (Schmett. von

Europ.) doubts the correctness of Thunberg’s observation, but

the latter’s description and remark, “ Pyralis sacralis—mag-

nitudine et facie omnino P. forficalis,” can surely leave no uncer-

tainty on this point. In England it has only been observed in the

south and was unknown until 1857. Since then about twenty

- specimens have been taken, all in the autumn, and often at gas-

lamps; the year 1865 has produced at least half of the native

examples. It has not been observed further north than London,

but several have been found in the suburbs of the metropolis.

Thus Africa may be considered its head-quarters, and it is almost

invariably found in boxes of insects from thence.

The position of the insect in repose has been remarked by

several writers, and is in itself sufficient to separate Sterrha from

Aspilates, in which latter genus sacraria was at one time placed.

It would seem to rest head downwards, after the manner of a

Crambus, with its wings crossed at a very acute angle, and in this

respect it has been compared by Zeller (Isis, 1847, p. 492) to the

well-known Cilia spinula, and Hellins (Ent. Mo. Mag. vol. ii.

p- 135) also makes the same comparison, without being aware of

Zeller’s observation.

We have yet almost everything to learn of the habits of the

creature. Are there two broods or only one brood in the year ?

Does it hibernate in the imago state? For my part I shall not be

surprised if it prove to be only single-brooded, the imago hiber-

nating and not appearing after hibernation until the summer is

well advanced. |

I now come to the subject of the recorded variability of the

species. The figures given by Esper, Duponchel, Freyer, &c.,

vary little, and Guenée (Phalénites, vol. ii. p. 175) says, ‘ Elle

se retrouve, sans autre différence que le bord terminal un peu plus

droit, en Algérie, dans l'Afrique centrale, en Abyssinie, et dans le

nord de I'Inde.” I have examined thirty-two examples in the

collection of the British Museum, chiefly from Africa and India,

some remarkable Varieties of Sterrha sacraria. 457

and they are remarkably constant, save that two females from

South Africa pertain to the form known as sanguinaria. Zeller

(“ Isis,” 1847, p. 491) gives the fullest information on this point;

he indicates seven forms (including the type), chiefly differing in

the presence or absence of a discal point, in the colour of the

transverse fascia, and (slightly) in the ground-colour,

The great amount of variation exhibited in these English bred

examples opens up the question of the right that the so-called

species of Sterrha, allied to S. sacraria, have to be considered as

distinct. S. sanguinaria, Esper, has already been disposed of as

a variety of sacraria. There then remain—

(1.) 8. Labdaria, Cramer (Papil. Exot. pl. 181, p.), from Surinam ;

now known only from the figure, which extremely resembles S.

sacraria ; the only instance, supposing the locality to be correct, of

a Slerrha occurring on the American continent.

(2.) S. anthophilaria, Hiibner, from South Russia; with the

. anterior wings of the typical sacraria, and with the posterior

wings blackish, with a central pale band.

(3.) S. rosearia, Treitschke (Schmett. von Europa, vol. vi. pt. 2,

p- 298), from the Ionian Islands and South Russia, figured by

Duponchel (pl. 178, fig. 8), and by Herrich-Schaffer (antho-

philaria, fig. 29); differing from the typical sacraria slightly in the

form of the wings, with the colour of the anterior entirely rosy-

grey, and with the posterior wings of anthophilaria (much re-

sembling the hereinbefore described No. 1); given by Evers-

mann as a variety of sacraria, and by Staudinger (‘Catalog

Lepidopteren Europas,” p. 76) as perhaps a variety of the female

of anthophilaria. :

(4.) S. plectraria, Guenée (Phalénites, t. ti. p. 176, pl. viii. fig. 7),

from Abyssinia; differing from sacraria by its larger size, more

triangular wings, and different coloration,

(5.) S. participata, Walker (Brit. Mus. Cat. Lep. pt. xxi. p.

1060, 7), from Namaqua Land; with reddish anterior wings, and

a dark purplish-red broad oblique band, white discal spot, and

pinkish-purple apical cilia.

(6.) S. peculiata, Walker (loc. cit. 8), from Natal; with red-

dish-ochreous anterior wings, and a pale discal spot.

S. florilegaria, Zeller, Guenée, from Caffraria, I put out of the

question, because Guenée states that, despite its resemblance to 8,

sacraria, he is uncertain if it really pertains to the genus.

After examining the six English specimens, bred from the same

brood of eggs, I can come to no other conclusion than that all

VOL. Il. THIRD SERIES, PART VI.—FEB. 1866. Til

458 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Observations on

these supposed species should probably be referred to Sterrha

sacraria, for most of them really approach more nearly to the

typical form of that species than do most of the bred examples.*

I deeply regret that Mr. Hellins was unable to obtain eggs

from these examples, so as to prove if they would continue to

vary in like manner, or would all or in part revert to the typical

form, for I cannot but consider it a very extraordinary circum- ~

stance that not one of them should have in any degree approached

to this form. ‘To what are we to attribute this variation? I

ask the question, but confess that I see no satisfactory method

of answering it. ‘‘ Unusual food-plant” will no doubt be sug-

gested by some. I cannot admit this explanation, because I have

no belief in the power of the food of the larva to produce any

immediate and striking effect upon the imago; such an effect

must be the work of ages, combined with previous isolation ;

besides as S. sacraria is almost cosmopolitan, even the typical

form, it is reasonable to suppose, is by no means confined to

any one plant. I rather look to climate, but here again I do

not understand the immediate effect. It may be worth remarking

that these examples show precisely the peculiarities that one

would expect in a delicate tropical or semi-tropical species

adapting itself to a colder climate, for their texture is denser,

and their general form more robust.

I will now make a few general remarks on variation in Lepidop-

tera, chiefly based upon observations of British species. Britain

has been emphatically styled by Guenée “le pays des variétés,”

and it is well known that British specimens are always desired by

continental collectors. Indeed I could not help remarking, when

looking over some of the Parisian collections, on the absence

from or rarity in them of what we are wont to consider as

the typical forms of many species. This great richness in

varieties may be due, first, to our insular position; secondly, to

our anomalous and variable climate; and thirdly, and perhaps

chiefly, to the diversity in the geological structure of these islands.

I, of course, place out of the question sexual variation, and also

the so-called cases of “hermaphroditism” or “ gynandromorphism,”

* This suggestion is of course based on incomplete evidence; for should

the larve of these forms prove to be constantly distinct from each other and

from that of S. sacraria, that would establish the right of all or any of them

to be considered as species. I may add that, through the kindness of

Mr. Doubleday, I have examined specimens of anthophilaria received from

Dr. Staudinger ; these differ from any variety of sacraria that I have seen in

the direction of the oblique fascia, which leaves the costa before the apex,

whereas in sacraria it leaves the costa at its junction with the apical margin.

Variation in Lepidoptera. 459

considering these latter more in the light of monstrosities ; also

those cases which must come under the head of accidental varia-

tion; likewise variation in the broods of species that have two

generations in the year. In this country the species of the genus

Selenta are familiar examples of the latter, and a more remark-

able one is found on the continent in the case of Vanessa Prorsa.

Local variability is therefore the chief head under which to class

Variation in the imago.

Many species become more or less ‘“ melanised” when oc-

curring in the North of England and Scotland, the darkening

becoming more marked the further we proceed northwards.

Among these may be cited, Spilosoma fuliginosa, S. mendica ( $ ),

Liparis monacha, Crocallis elinguaria, Hypsipetes elutata, Melanthia

rubiginata, Cidaria testata, C. populata, C. suffumata, Notodonta

dromedarius, Ceropacha flavicornis, C. or, C. duplaris, Acronycta

rumicis, Xylophasia rurea, X. polyodon, Luperina testacea, Celena

Haworthii, Rusina tenebrosa, many species of A grotis, Noctua festiva,

N. neglecta, Trachea piniperda, Teniocampa gothica, T. leucographa,

T. miniosa, Orthosia lota, all the genus Dianthecia, Polia chi,

Aplecta nebulosa, A. tincta, A. occulta, Hadena adusta, H. dentina,

Calocampa vetusta, together with many species of Tortrices and

Tineina. On the contrary there are a few species which become

paler the further we proceed north. As instances of this 1 may

cite Fidonia piniaria, in the male of which those portions of the

wing which are rich yellow in southern examples, become white in

northern ones ; and Cidaria corylata, in which, in northern examples,

the ochreous bands entirely disappear, and the black markings are

_much less extensive, being frequently broken up into grey spots.

Another instance may be cited in which locality actually changes

and confuses the normal sexual variation in the colour; I allude

to Hepialus humuli, in which the sexual characters in the colora-

tion are generally so well marked, but in the Shetland Islands

a form of this species is found with the male frequently coloured

as in the female. Variation tending towards melanism, but of a

peculiarly smoky character, is found in many species from the

northern districts of England, especially the country about War-

rington (but disappears again still further north), and this district

would appear to be peculiarly adapted to the production of

varieties. I may mention Lpunda viminalis, Amphidasys betularia,

Hypsipetes impluviata, Tephrosia biundularia, and Cidaria russata,

as instances in which this smoky form predominates in that

locality; and Mr. Doubleday remarks that aberrations of Arctia

caja, Spilosoma menthastri, and Abraxas grossulariata, are much more

LL 2

460 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Observations on

frequent there than in other parts. It appears to me then not dif-

ficult to imagine that should this district suddenly become isolated,

these forms would of necessity develope into what we should very

fairly call species. Many North American insects are very

similar to ours; some of these are considered identical, others

possessing rather wider differences are called distinct species ;

surely here is a very clear case of “developmental” handywork.

Again, to slightly diverge from the subject of British Lepidoptera, 1

would add that a very slight acquaintance with exotic Rhopalocera

has convinced me of the probability of the developmental theory,

for we find there the greatest difficulty in distinguishing between

what are to be considered as species and what as varieties, because

differences of locality produce forms which, though closely allied,

present certain minor differential characters; no doubt these are

rightly termed “species,” but still we cannot doubt their com-

mon origin. In Europe the genus Erebia is an instance of this,

and precisely the one in which we should expect to find such a

result, because as these insects appear to require a certain low

average temperature, they naturally are chiefly found in mountain

districts, which from upheaval, or from sinking of the surrounding

country, have become isolated, and present the most favourable

conditions for gradual development. To return to my subject, I

may ‘say that there are some few British species which present

dimorphic forms of the female only, as in the familiar instances

of Colas Edusa and Argynnis paphia. Others again present almost

endless variation, without regard to locality, such as most of the

species of the genus Miana, several Geometrid@, the genus Peronea,

&c. In another British insect there exist two forms, which

though I think without doubt of common origin, are yet entitled

to rank as distinct,—I allude to Lasiocampa quercus, which on the

northern moors, and in some similar isolated positions in the south,

presents the form known as L. callune, which differs remarkably

in habit from Z. quereus, and in which the larva differs slightly,

correlated with still smaller differences in the imago. Metrocampa

margaritaria, which is double-brooded in the south of England, has

only one brood in Scotland, and I believe there are other analogous

instances; it is also well known to all Scotch Lepidopterists that

many species habitually remain there in the pupa state for two,

three or four years, although in the south this would form quite

the exception in the same species; this retardation of development

may probably have some effect in causing variation, according to

the observations of M. Bellier de la Chavignerie.

I now come to consider variation in the larval condition. I

have been kindly favoured by Messrs. Hellins and Buckler (than

Variation in

Lepidoptera.

461

whom none are more competent to speak on the subject) with the

following table, which I reproduce in eatenso :—

Species.

Vanessa Atalanta.

V, cardui.

Arge Galathea,

Thecla quercus.

Smerinthus populi.

Acherontia Atropos

Sphinx convolvuli.

Cherocampa }

elpenor.

Macroglossa }

stellatarum.,

Zygena filipendule.

Orgyia pudibunda.

Trichiura crategi.

Pecilocampa |

populi. J

Saturnia carpini.

Rumia crategata.

Odontopera

bidentata.

Crocallis elinguaria.

Ennomos fuscan-

taria,

E, angularia.

Biston hirtarius.

Amphidasys betu-

laria.

Boarmia repandata.

B, rhomboidata.

Tephrosia hiundu-

laria,

Food-plant.

Urtica dioica.

Carduus.

Graminacee.

Quercus.

Populus ; Salix,

Solanum tuberosum.

Convolvulus ; Impa-

tiens, &c.

Epilobium ; Vitis ;

Fuchsia, &e.

Galium, various

species.

Lotus corniculatus,

&e.

Polyphagous.

Prunus spinosus ; Sa-

lia; Crategus, &e.

Populus; Quercus ;

Salix ; Prunus; Be-

tula. &e.

Calluna ; Salix ;

Rubus, Xe.

Prunus spinosus ;

Crataegus, &c.

Frarinus ; Hedera

Helix, &c.

Salir; Prunus;

Crategus, &e.

Quercus; Ligustrum

vulgare.

Quercus ; Fagus?

Salix; Quercus,

&c., &e.

Salix; Rubus; Cra-

tegus ; low plants.

Variation of Larva.

Various shades of

ground-tint.

Various shades of,

ground tint ; lines

more or less distinct

and bright.

Ochreous or green.

Various shades of warm

brown ; greenish.

One or two tints of

Notes on Imago.

C.—constant.

(0,

Rather varia-

b’e in tints.

Cc;

Variable in

green ground colour ;|tint of ground-

sometimes more or

less blotched with red.

Brown or yellowish.

Green or brown, &c.

Green ; brown.

Green; lead-colour ;

olive- brown.

Green ; yellowish-

reen.

Green ; yellow; brown ;

white? &e.

Brown; white; black;

red spots, &c.

Brown ; blue; grey,

&e.

Spots yellow or pink.

Green, red spots ; brown-

grey, green spots, &c.

Grey; brown; white ;

green.

Brown; grey; green-

ish ; ochreous, &c.

Green; brownish-grey,

&e.

Brownish ; green ;

(sometimes smooth).

Dark brown; greyish-

brown ; slaty.

Greenish ; grey;

brown, &c.

Grey; whitish-

ochreous, &c,

Ligustrum ; Hedera ;; Warm brown ; reddish ;

Crategus ; Ulmus ;

Spartium ; Vitis ;

Trifolium ; Clema-

tis, &c.

Larix and ?

dirty white, with black

markings, &c.

Reddish ; blackish ;

ochreous-grey.

colour.

Tolerably

constant.

Tolerably

constant,

(oF

Rather

variable.

Cc.

Permanent

varieties.

Variable.

462

Species.

Food-plant.

Gnophos obscurata. |Cistus ; Sanguisorba ;

Hemithea

thymiaria.

Halia wavaria.

Macaria nolata.

M. liturata,

Fidonia atomaria.

Ligdia adustata.

Hybernia rupi-

capraria.

H. leucophearia.

H. progemmaria.

Cheimatobia ~ }

brumata. if

Oporabia dilutata. | Prunus ; Acer; Cas-

Larentia césiata.

L, pectinitaria.

Emmelesia

decolovaria. }

E. glchemillata.

Eupithecia

linariata. }

E. pulchellata.

E. centaureata.

E. satyrata.

E. castigata.

E. virgaureata.

E, tripunctata.

E. fraxinata.

Potentilla, &e.

Quercus ; also low

plants.

Ribes.

Salix; Betula.

Pinus.

Callunu aud Erica.

Evonymus europeus.

Prunus; Crategus ;

Calluna; Ribes, &e.

Quercus.

Quercus; Betula;

Ulmus; Prunus, &e.

Quercus ; Pomus ;

Crategus, &e. &e.

taneus; Betula ;

Quercus; Laurus,

&e.

Vaccinium vitis-idea.

Galium.

Seed vessels of

Lychnis,

Galeopsis tetrahit.

Flowers and seeds of

Linaria.

Flowers and seeds of

Digitalis.

Flowers of Senecio;

Solidago ; Clematis ;

Sarifraga ; Reseda,

&e. &e.

Flowers of low

plants.

On any plant.

Flowers of Solidago

and Senecio.

Flowers of Angelica.

Fraxinus.

Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Observations on

Variation of Larva.

Greyish ; ochreous ;

blackish.

Green; reddish.

Green ; purplish-

brown.

Yellowish-green ;

brownish-green ;

brown; purplish,

Green; smoky, &c.

Pale green; grey ;

ochreous; brown;

pinkish-red.

Bright green; pale

brown.

Pale green ; blue-

green; smoky.

Whitish ; pale green ;

olive-green ; brownish.

Pale buff; blue-green ;

smoky.

Pale greenish-grey ;

various shades of green.

Green; green, covered

with red markings.

Full green ; rich red.

Deep brown; grey, Xc.

More or less green.

Red or brown.

Yellow; green; brown.

Pale green ; green ;

smoky.

Whitish-green ; _full-

green ; yellow; buff;

with ted, purple,

blackish or green

markings.

Green; puce; brown

or red markings.

Different shades of

brown and grey.

Red-brown; darker-

_ brown.

Pale-green ; full-green ;

olive-brown; deep

brown.

Full-green ; yellow-

green ; puce; uniform

or with rich pattern.

Notes on Imago.

C.—constant.

Variable.

(G6

Variable.

GC:

Cc.

Variable.

Tolerably |

constant.

Variable.

Mostly

constant.

O} et Ga “me

Rather

variable.

Scarcely

variable.

Cc.

Species.

Enpithecia vulgata.

E. expallidata.

E, absinthiata.

E. minutata.

E, assimilata.

E. nanata.

E. dodoneata.

E. lariciata.

E. exiguata.

E, sobrinata.

E. pumilata.

E. coronata.

Hypsipetes elutata.

Melanippe rivata.

M. subtristata.

M. galiata,

M. fluctuata.

Anticlea badiata.

A, berberata.

Chesias spartiata.

Camptogramma

Sluviata.

Scotosia rhamnata.

Cidaria russata.

Variation in Lepidoptera.

Food-plant.

Crategus ; also

various flowers.

Flowers of Solidago. | Yellow; yellow-green ;

full green; uniform or

richly marked.

Flowers of Senecio ;| Yellow-green ;

puce ;

piok, blackish, brown,

or green markings.

Achillea; Artemi-

sia ;

Calluna vulgaris.

Ribes nigrum ;

Humulus.

Calluna vulgaris.

Quercus.

Pinus lariz.

Cornus ; Crategus.

Juniperus com-

MUNIS.

Agrimonia ; Sene-

cio ; Potentilla ;

Spartium, &e.

Flowers of Clematis.| Various shades of green,

Salix caprea.

Galium,

Galium.

Low plants.

Rosa canina.

Berberis.

Spartium scoparium.

Low plants.

Rhamnus catharticus.

Polyphagous,

Agrimonia ;

Centaurea, &c. &c.

Rose- pink ;

white; green; yellow,

&e.

Green ;

Variation of Larva.

Red-brown ; olive;

blackish, &c.

brown ;

Greenish ; rosy-pink.

Green ; pink; purplish.

Olive-green ; red-

brown.

Full green ; puce ;

brown.

Full green ; puce.

Green ; olive; light-red ;

uniform, or with red

or brown pattern or

lines.

Clematis; Scahiosa ;|Whitish ; pinkish ; yel-

low; brown; purple;

uniform or with mark-

ings.

to]

olive and brown.

Various shades of

brown.

Green, with brown or

reddish markings.

Brown, &c.

Pale ochreous ; dark

brown ; variable

markings.

Brown ; green; uniform

or with markings.

Pale green ; purplish-

Ochreous ; purplish-

red.

Dark green ; yellow,

Cc.

Yellowish-green ; green-

ish brown ;

brown.

Green ; black and

yellow.

out purple red line.

olive ;

with

olive ;

reddish-

yellowish -

green ; with or with-

463

Notes on Imago.

C.—constant.

Mosily

constant.

Variable.

Mostly

constant.

Cc.

Very variable.

CG;

[on

Variable.

Rather

variable.

Cc.

Variable.

464

Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Observations on

nce

Species.

Cidaria silaceata.

C. prunata.

C. populata,

Notodonta camelina.

N. dictea.

N. dicteoides.

Xylophasia rurea.

Mamestra brassicae.

Gortyna flavago.

Rusina tenebrosa.

Grammesia trilinea.

Agrotis porphyrea.

Triphena orbona.

T. pronubu.

Noctua plecta.

N. C-nigrum.

N. ditrapesium.

N. triangulum.

N. neglecta.

N. wanthographa.

Teniocampa gracilis.

T, cruda.

Dianthecia

carpophaga.

D. capsincola.

Epunda lichenea.

tater

meticulosa,

Hadena chenopodii.

H. contigua.

H., oleracea.

Food-plant.

Epilobium.

Rihes rubrum and

grossularium.

Vaccinium vitis-

idea.

Quercus ; Fagus ;

Corylus.

Salix caprea, &c.

Betula.

Graminacee.

Poly phagous.

In stems of Cnicus ;

Arctia ; Verbascum ,;

Digitalis, &e.

Low plants.

Plantago.

Calluna and Erica.

Polyphagous.

Roots of Grami-

nacee, &c.

Low plants.

Various.

Erica and Salix

caprea.

Graminacee, &c.

Salix; Rubus.

Chiefly Quercus.

Seeds of Silene

inflata.

Seeds of Silene and

Lychnis.

Variation of Larva,

Green ; pinkish-green.

Brown; grey; pale

green.

Brown ; reddish-green,

&e.

Green ; lilac; reddish.

Green ; brown.

Green ; purple.

Various tints of och-

reous, reddish, and

dark brown.

Green ; grey; brown.

Purplish-grey ; yellow-

ish flesh-colour.

Rich red ; reddish-

brown ; brown.

Dark grey ; ochreous.

Dark green; buff;

red.

Many tints of grey and

brown.

Green ; olive-green ;

various shades of

brown.

Various shades of

brown; ochreous ;

green,

Grey ; brown.

Various tints of ochre-

- ons, red and brown.

Various tints of ochre-

ous, red] and brown.

Orange ; brown; green.

Many tints of buff and

brown,

Green ; red-brown.

Green; black; brown ;

puce.

Many tints of buff and

ochreous.

Buff; brownish;

greenish.

Senecio vulgaris, &c.| Brown ; green; grey.

Polyphagous.

Chenopodium and

Atriplea.

Salix,

Low plants.

Green ; brown;

ochreous.

Green; brown; with

or without red lines.

Green ; bright red.

Green ; brown.

Notes on Lmago.

C.—constant.

Variable.

Mostly

constant.

C. |

Variable. |

Rather

variable.

Cc:

Variable.

Rather

variable.

Mostly

constant.

Variable.

Variation in Lepidoptera. 465

Notes on Imago.

C.—constant.

Species. Food-plant. Variation of Larva,

Hadena pisi. |Erica; Spartium ;} Dark-green ; crimson. Rather

Salix ; Pteris, &c. ; variable.

perbaps polypha-

gous.

Cucullia chamo- Anthemis. Pink ; green; yellow. C.

mille.

C, lychnitis. Verbascum nigrum Green ; yellow. C.

and lychnitis.

Heliothis marginata.| Ononis; Betula. Green; red; smoky. C.

H, peltigera. Hyoscyamus ; Green; red ; uniform C.

Ononis. or with pattern.

Stilbia anomala. Graminacee. Green ; brown. C.

Mr. Hellins then adds a list of species which, though very

variable in the imago state, are constant or nearly constant in the

larval. Among these may be cited Arctia caja, Hadena protea,

Teniocampa instabilis, Anchoscelis lunosa, Apamea oculea, &c.

A glance at the foregoing table will show that often when the

imago is most constant, the larva shows the greatest tendency to

variation ; this is especially marked in the species of the genus

Eupithecia. To what then are we to attribute this variability in

the larva? I have before expressed my doubt as to the effect of

food in causing variation in the imago; not so, however, in the

larva, for I believe that variability in the latter is caused in a

great measure, but indirectly, by food, and that the object of such

variation is, as Mr. Hellins has justly surmised in his letters to

me, mimicry. Not that the larva of one species mimics that of

another, but rather the plant on which it subsists. In fact the

prevailing colours of the majority of Lepidopterous larve are

green and brown, and admirably assimilate to those of the foliage

and stems of plants and shrubs. This is especially noticeable in

the majority of the larvee of Geometride, which are not strictly

nocturnal feeders as are most of the Noctu@, which retire to some

place of congealment during the day, when they would be the

most liable to the attacks of birds. The larvae of many species

of the genus Lupithecia show this power of mimicry to very great

advantage. These are, for the most part, flower feeders, and

have evidently the power of assuming the same colour as that of

the flowers on which they feed. Some five years since I, one

autumn, collected about a hundred larve of Eupithecia absin-

thiata, and I remarked that when found on Senecio Jacobea, they

466 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Observations on

were yellowish, when on Centaurea nigra reddish, when on Matri-

caria whitish, &c.; afterwards I placed them all on Senecio Jacobea,

they being then nearly full grown. I did not find that they showed

a tendency to become yellowish ; and this proved to my mind, first,

that it was necessary for the larva to have fed on the one kind of

flower from the egg in order to acquire this power of mimicry, and

secondly, that the colour of the larva could not be caused by the

food showing through the somewhat transparent integuments.

Hence, it appears that the colours of Lepidopterous larvee are in

a great measure adapted to save them from being carried off by

birds and other enemies, and it is reasonable to suppose that in

those cases, where the colours do not ‘assimilate with, or are

directly opposed to, those of the food-plant, some other circum-

stances may exist, rendering such mimicry unnecessary. The

larvee of most internal feeders, which are not greatly exposed to

external enemies, show little variation, either in particular species

or as a whole.

I conclude, therefore, that food has an immediate though in-

direct effect in producing variation in the larva, but that in the

imago it possesses this attribute in a very small degree. In

the latter we must look to other and more subtle causes. That

mimicry does not exist in the imago to the same extent as in the

larva appears evident, but I cannot believe that Nature is ever

aimlessly prodigal, and, no doubt, the causes of variability in the

imago-state are as potent as in the larva-state, but at present they

are, for the most part, beyond our comprehension.

With respect to range of variation I will say but little. Tt

appears to me that ordinarily varieties have a tendency to revert

to what we consider as the type, but that under certain cir-

cumstances, not only will they not so revert, but that the diver-

gence will gradually become wider, until eventually they develope

into what is considered as a species. 1 do not say that I am pre-

pared to accept the ‘development theory ” to the full extent to

which some would apply it; but that it is a reasonable way of

accounting for phenomena, which otherwise cannot be satisfac-

torily settled, must, I think, be evident to all who endeavour to

rid themselves of hereditary prejudices. ‘The acceptation, partial

or entire, of this theory is not so disastrous as some would appear

to consider it. The most inveterate describer of new species

need not fear that the darling object of his existence is useless

and aimless if well done, for the process of development is of

necessity so immeasurably slow, that to all intents and purposes,

a faithful description of a new “ form” or “species” is as useful

Variation in Lepidoptera. 467

to a naturalist holding the one view as to another who prefers

to adhere to old ideas; it is only that the one looks upon the

origin of that species in a different light from the other.

I must ask my readers to bear with me for one moment whilst

I diverge from the Lepidoptera to refer to another Order to which

I have paid more particular attention—the Neuroptera. It is a

fact that cannot be too strongly insisted upon, that in this Order,

the secondary or auxiliary sexual appendages present almost

infallible characters for the separation of species. Were these

characters perfectly infallible, were there not some forms in a tran-

sitional or variable condition, this would, I consider, be fatal to

the ‘development ” theory, but such forms or species do exist,

and, for instances, I refer to De Selys Longchamps and Hagen’s

** Monographie des Gomphines,” in which it is shown that in two

species at least, Gomphus (Onycogomphus) forcipatus (pp. 28-40,

pl. ii.) and Cordulegaster annulatus (pp. 333-837, pl. xvii.), the anal

appendices present rather remarkable variations in form accord-

ing to locality, and, perhaps, correlated with certain differences in

coloration. I have no doubt that other instances could be cited,

and I believe that even in the T’richoptera parallel cases may be

found.

In bringing these notes to a close I must glance at a very

elaborate paper “ On phytophagic Varieties and phytophagic

Species,” by Mr. Benj. D. Walsh, of Rock Island, Illinois (a

writer thoroughly imbued with Darwinian views), published in the

Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia, vol. 1.

pp. 403-430. In this paper he classes variation by food under

twelve different heads (pp. 427-428), which are. too lengthy to

reproduce here. So far as I understand him, Mr. Walsh is also

opposed to the notion of food being an immediate cause of varia-

tion’in the imago, but he argues that in some insects there are cer-

tain more or less constant forms attached to particular plants, and

as a rule breeding only inter se, which are very closely allied, and

which he considers as only phytophagic species, but, nevertheless,

quite worthy to be considered and named as distinct. Under this

rule would come many of the British species of Micro-Lepi-

doptera,* and I fancy that had Mr. Walsh been extensively ac-

* In the genera Gelechia, Elachista, Lithocolletis, Nepticula, &c., there are

certain groups of closely-allied species, each of which apparently feeds exclu-

sively on different species of the same family of plants. In Lithocolletis this

is especially noticeable in the group of species (L. pomifoliella and its allies)

attached to the fruit-bearing Rosacee. On the contrary, we often see totally

distinct species of one genus living side by side in the same leaf. I wish to

468 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Observations on Lepidoptera.

quainted with the American species of this group, he would have

laid more stress on it to illustrate his views.

In taking leave of this subject, I tender my sincere thanks to

Mr. Hellins and Mr. Buckler for their kindness in assisting me

with notes.

be distinctly understood that I am directly opposed to the view held by some

Entomologists, that these cognate forms are immediately occasioned by the

difference of the food-plant, though they may have originated from that cause,

and are thus what Mr. Walsh terms ‘‘ pbytophagie species.”’

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIII.

Fig. 1. Sterrha sacraria, 9; the parent of the following :—

la. Larvee of S. sacraria ; on Polugonwm aviculare.

2—7, Varieties of S. sacraria, bred from eggs laid by fig. 1. [Unfor-

tunately, Art has failed to re-produce the beauty of Nature. ]

( 469 )

XXVI. Description of Papilio Godeffroyi, n. sp.

By Geore Semper,

[Read 4th December, 1865.]

Papilio Godeffroyi.

(Plate XXIV. fig. 1, 3; fig. 2, 9).

Pap. alis caudatis; $ nigro-fuscis ; anticis striga apicali albido-

sulphurea ; posticis supra fascia virescenti-flavida, subtus

lunulis septem cceruleis, maculisque submarginalibus rufes-

centibus; 2 fuscis, fascia anticis albido-sulphurea, posticis

virescenti-flavida, subtus omnibus alba, lunulis septem

coeruleis, alterisque submarginalibus rufis.

Exp. al. g 9895); 9 ¢99"Met 116"2;

Hab. Upolu, Samoa Islands.

Male.— Upperside glossy black ; fore-ning with a short curved

band of six yellowish spots near the apex, and irrorated with some

yellowish atoms in the discoidal cell and along the exterior

margin ; hind-ning tailed, with a transverse outwardly-sinuated

yellowish-green fascia, irrorated with black atoms, and connected

at the anal angle with an ill-defined red-brown lunule; the space

between the sinuous band and the exterior margin is irrorated

with some bluish atoms. Underside black ; fore-wing having the

curved band paler and irrorated near the posterior angle with

bluish-white atoms; Aind-nwing with a fascia of seven lunules of

bluish atoms, and a series of seven pale rufous lunules parallel to

the exterior margin, the one at the anal angle touching the bluish

fascia ; indentations on the upperside pale-yellowish, on the under-

side white.

Female,— Upperside dark-brown ; fore-wing witha transverse fascia

of yellowish spots from the anterior to the posterior margin, the

six first like those of the male, but larger, the other five parallel

to the exterior margin ; irrorated along the exterior margin and in

the discoidal cell with yellowish atoms ; hind-ning tailed, with

a transverse outwardly-sinuated yellowish-green fascia, margined

outwardly by a series of seven lunules of bluish atoms, the fifth

and sixth from the anterior margin being larger than the others;

near the exterior margin is a series of seven red lunules, the first

and second from the anterior margin being indicated only by some

470 Mr. G. Semper’s Description of Papilio Godeffroyi.

red atoms; the one at the anal angle touching the seventh bluish

lunule. Underside dark brown ; fore-wing as above, except the

colour, the fascia and irrorations being white; hind-wing with a

small transverse fascia of whitish spots, margined outwardly by a

series of seven bluish lunules; with seven red lunules disposed as

on the upperside, but larger ; indentations on both sides white.

In the collections of M. Godeffroy and Geo. Semper.

Recently discovered by Dr. Greffe, by whom three specimens

have been sent to M. Godeffroy, to whom I have dedicated this

beautiful species in acknowledgment of his great zeal for the

advancement of science, especially through the exploration of the

Pacific Islands.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIV.

Fig. 1. Papilio Godeffroyi, $, upper and under side.

M) ”? a” a oD ”

Craze)

XXVII. New Genera and Species of Gallerucide.

By J, 5. Bary, F.L.S.

[Read 6th Nov. 1865, 5th Feb, 1866.]

Genus SypuaAxta.

Corpus robustum, ovatum, postice paullo ampliatum, valde con-

vexum, sericeo-pubescens. Caput modice exsertum, facie

perpendiculari; antennis corporis dimidio zqualibus, robus-

tis, vix fusiformibus, articulis cylindricis, primo a basi ad

apicem incrassato, curvato, secundo brevi, tertio quam primo

longiori, quarto quam tertio paullo breviori, czteris ad

apicem brevioribus et inter se fere equalibus. Thorax trans-

versus, transversim excavatus. LElytra ovalia, confuse punc-

tata. Pedes robusti; covis anticis erectis, contiguis ; femori-

bus posticis non incrassatis ; tibiis omnibus apice muticis;

tarsorum posticorum articulo basali duobus sequentibus con-

junctis vix breviori; wunguiculis muticis, basi incrassatis.

Prosternum fere obsoletum.

Type, Syphaxia (Monocesta) spectanda, Clark.

Syphaxia may be known from Monocesta by its unarmed ungui-

culi and its much shorter antennze ; and the body is shorter and

more convex, as well as more regularly ovate, than in the majority

of the species of Monocesta.

Sp. 1. Syphaxia spectanda, Clark.

Monocesta spectanda, Clark, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1865, p. 315.

In the Rev. H. Clark’s specimens, the antenna are wanting ;

in the specimen before me (which also came from Cayenne) the

antennze are nigro-fuscous, with the exception of the bases of the

four lower joints, which are flavous.

Genus Cuorina.

Corpus elongatum, parallelum, convexum, sericeo-pubescens.

Caput exsertum, facie perpendiculari; an/ennis modice ro-

bustis, corporis longitudine brevioribus, filiformibus, apicem

versus vix incrassatis, articulis cylindricis, primo a basi ad

apicem incrassato, curvato, secundo brevi, tertio elongato,

quatuor sequentibus longitudine perparum decrescentibus,

4:72

Mr. J.S. Baly’s New Genera

Thorax transversus, lateribus medio angulatis, disco trans-

versim depresso. J¢lytra thorace paullo latiora, parallela,

subcylindrica, confuse punctata. Pedes subelongati, robusti ;

coxis anticis erectis, contiguis; femoribus posticis non in-

crassatis ; tibiis omnibus apice muticis; tarsorum posticorum

articulo basali’ duobus_ sequentibus longitudine equali;

unguiculis muticis, basi incrassatis. Prosternum fere obso-

letum.

Type, Chorina (Monocesta) cincta, Clark.

Chorina may be distinguished from Syphazia by the longer and

rather more slender antennw and by its parallel body; from

Monocesta (in which genus the two species have been placed by

Mr. Clark) the simple unguiculi at once separate it; the body is

also

Mr.

more parallel than in Monocesta, approaching in that respect

Clark’s very natural genus Dircema.

Sp. 1. Chorina cincta, Clark.

Monocesta cincta, Clark, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1865, p. 315.

Sp. 2. Chorina obliquenotata, Clark.

Monocesta obliquenotata, Clark, loc. cit.

Genus Ceroroma, Erichson.

Sectio 1. Thorax profunde sulcatus, sulco plus minusve quadri-

sinualo ; elytra valde costata.

1. Cerotoma DeGandei.

Nigra, nitida, pedibus flavis (antennze desunt); epistomate

rude sed subremote punctato, medio longitudinaliter cari-

nato, vertice subcrebre punctato ; thorace punctato, profunde

transversim sulcato, sulco quadrisinuato ; elytris valde cos-

tatis, costis duabus internis fere obsoletis, interspatiis for-

titer bifariam punctatis, apicem versus obsolete transversim

costulatis, flavo-fulvis, fascia laia subapicali nigra. (Foem.)

Long. 44 lin.

Hab. Banks of Napo, Ecuador.

2. Cerotoma heterocera.

Pallide flava, nitida; antennis infuscatis aut piceis, articulis

quatuor vel quinque ultimis albidis ; capite thoraceque pal-

lide rufo-piceis, illo vertice rugoso-punctato profunde uni-

foveolato, hoc subcrebre punctato profunde transver-

sim sulcato, sulco quadrisinuato, lateribus flavo-limbatis ;

and Species of Gallerucide. . 473

elytris fusco-violaceis aut pallide violaceo-piceis, valde cos-

tatis, costis duabus interioribus minus distinctis.

A. Elytrorum limbo laterali maculisque quaftuor, duabus prope

medium, duabus ante apicem positis, flavis.

B. Elytrorum limbo exteriori, fascia prope medium plus

minusve distincta, maculis duabus subapicalibus, costisque

nonnullis flavis.

C. Corpore fulvo, elytris immaculatis.

Mas.—Capite inter oculos lamina bilobaté armato, lobis ad

apicem deorsum curvatis, facie inter Jaminam et antennarum

insertiones modice concava, levi; epistomate bisexcavato,

utrinque spina subacuta curvaté armato; antennarum arti-

culis tertio quartoque incrassatis, compressis, conjunctim

emarginatis, tribus basalibus flavis, nigro-maculatis.

Foem.—Capite mutico; epistomate rude rugoso, medio longitu-

dinaliter elevato; antennis simplicibus.

Long. 4 lin.

Hab. Amazons.

In the Rev. H. Clark’s collection, some specimens of this

species bear the name of “ heterocera, Illig.”” I have retained the

name, although I cannot find any reference to Illiger’s description.

As may be seen above, this insect varies greatly in coloration ; it

is somewhat larger and decidedly more robust than any of the

other species described in the present paper.

3. Cerotoma congener.

Pallide flavo-fusca, nitida, supra pallide picea; vertice rugoso,

profunde unifoveolato; thorace distincte punctato, profunde

transversim sulcato, sulco quadrisinuato; elytris fortiter

punctatis, valde costatis, costis duabus interioribus fere

obsoletis, interspatiis irregulariter transversim costulatis,

limbo exteriori costisque nonnullis flavis.

Mas.—Capite inter oculos lamina bilobatd instructo, °lobis

acutis, ad apicem vix deflexis ; epistomate medio longitudi-

naliter carinato, utrinque profunde excavato, ad utrumque

Jatus spina curvata subacut4é armato; antennarum articulis

tertio quartoque incrassatis et compressis, conjunctim emar-

ginatis, quatuor basalibus flavis, primo ad apicem secundo

tertioque dorso nigris, quinto ad octavum piceis, tribus

sequentibus sordide albidis, ultimo apice nigro,

Long. 3 lin.

Hab. Amazons.

VOL. II, THIRD SERIES, PART VI.—-FEB. 1866. MM

474 Mr. J. S. Baly’s New Genera

Similar in form to, but smaller than, C. helerocera ; epistome in

the ¢ with the lobes of the facial plate subacute, scarcely de-

flexed. 7

4, Cerotoma excavata.

Pallide fusca aut picea, nitida; pedibus pallide flavis, femori-

bus dorso, posticis apice, tibiis extus, posticis totis, tarsisque

fuscis; thorace albo-flavo, basi interdum longitudinaliter cana -

liculato, profunde transversim sulcato, sulco quadrisinuato ;

capite elytrisque piceis, his valde costatis, interspatiis fortiter

punctatis, irregulariter transversim costulatis, basi extremé,

fascia lata prope medium apiceque flavis; abdominis seg-

mentis aut flavis aut flavo-marginatis.

Mas.—Capite inter oculos in lamina bilobaté producto, lobis

obtusis, apice deflexis, facie supra laminam profunde exca-

vata; epistomate medio longitudinaliter carinato, utrinque

profunde excavato, utroque latere spina curvata apice

subacuta; antennis pallide flavis, articulis intermediis infus-

catis, tertio quartoque incrassatis et compressis, conjunctim

excavatis.

Feem.— Epistomate rude rugoso, medio longitudinaliter carinato ;

antennarum articulis tertio quartoque longitudine equalibus,

sexto quam quinto distincte breviori.

Long. 3—38 lin.

Hab. Nauta, Upper Amazons.

Narrower than C. transversofasciata ; similar in pattern, but

paler; front and epistome very deeply excavated, the latter only

bispinose.

5. Cerotoma transversofasciata.

Flavo-alba, nitida; pectore abdomineque nigris, hujus seg-

mentis flavo-marginatis; capite, scutello elytrisque nigro-

piceis; his valde costatis, interspatiis bifariam punctatis,

irregulariter transversim costulatis, fascid apicali alterAque

prope medium flavo-albis; thorace profunde transversim

sulcato, sulco quadriflexuoso; antennarum articulis quatuor

ultimis sordide albidis, ultimo apice nigro; tibiis tarsisque

plus minusve infuscatis, °

Mas.—Capite inter oculos lamina bilobata instructo, lobis

obtusis, apice deflexis; epistomate quadrispinoso ; anten-

narum articulis tribus basalibus flavis nigro-maculatis, tertio

quartoque incrassatis et compressis, conjunctim emarginatis.

Pe eee weer

and Species of Gallerucide. 475

Fem. —Epistomate rugoso, medio longitudinaliter carinato.

Long. 4 lin.

Hab. S. Paulo, Upper Amazons.

C. transversofasciata, although equally long, is much narrower

than C. heterocera; the male is known by the four spines (instead

of two) on the epistome ; in addition to the two lateral ones, which

are broad and compressed with obtuse apices, there are two

‘others, subacute, placed on the anterior edge of the epistome.

6. Cerotoma limbifera.

Flava, nitida; antennis piceis, articulis quatuor ultimis flavo-

albidis; capite thoraceque rufo-testaceis; illo vertice unifoveo-

lato, epistomate ruguloso, medio elevato-carinato ; hoc plus

minusve distincte punctato, profunde transversim sulcato,

sulco obsolete quadrisinuato; elytris valde costatis, interspa-

tiis bifariam punctatis, irregulariter transversim costulatis,

violaceo-piceis, rufo-testaceo-limbatis. (Jam.)

Long. 3— 33 lin.

Hab. Amazons.

Narrower in form than C. transversofasciata, smaller and dif-

ferently coloured ; third and three following joints of the antennz

equal in length.

7. Cerotoma Amazona.

Sordide flava, nitida, pedibus fulvis; capite thoraceque pallide

piceis; illo vertice minus profunde unifoveolato, epistomate

tumido, levi, basi obsolete carinato, antennarum articulis

quinque ultimis albidis, ultimo apice nigro; hoc levi, profunde

transversim sulcato, sulco distincte quadrisinuato; elytris

valde costatis, costis duabus interioribus minus elevatis,

interspatiis fortiter punctatis, transversim costulatis, pallide

violaceo-piceis, limbo marginali, fascia transversa prope

medium positaé extus abbreviataé, maculadque rotundata sub-

apicali flavis. (/cem.)

Long. 3 lin.

Hab. Nauta, Upper Amazons.

Rather narrower than C, heterocera, smaller, and separated from

that species by the smooth epistome.

8. Cerotoma contubernalis.

Flava, nitida; antennarum articulo ultimo apice nigro; capite

pallide piceo, vertice profunde unifoveolato, subrugoso ; epi-

M M 2

476

Mr. J. S. Baly’s New Genera

stomate rude rugoso, medio longitudinaliter carinato ; thorace

subcrebre punciato, profunde transversim sulcato, sulco

quadrisinuato ; elytris fortiter punctatis, valde costatis, costis

duabus internis fere obsoletis, interspatiis minus distincte

transversim costulatis, violaceo-piceis, limbo exteriori fascia-

que prope medium extus abbreviata, flavis. (/cem.)

Long. 3 lin.

Hab. Amazons.

Broader and rather more convex above than C. pulchra; the

fifth joint of the antenne very slightly shorter than the fourth.

9. Cerotoma pulchra.

Flava, nitida; antennarum articulis intermediis piceis, ultimo

apice nigro; capite thoraceque rufo-testaceis ; illo vertice

profunde foveolato, sparse punctato, epistomate medio longi-

tudinaliter carinato, rude sed minus crebre punctato; hoc

ad latera flavo-marginato, distincte punctato, profunde trans-

versim sulcato, sulco quadrisinuato ; elytris piceo-violaceis,

valde costatis, interspatiis bifariam punctatis, irregulariter

transversim costulatis, limbo exteriori, fascia lata prope

medium, maculaque transversa subapicali limbo apicali af-

fixa, flavis. (cem.)

Var. A. Elytris pallide flavis, fascié basali plagaque sub-

apicali pallide rufo-piceis.

Long. 33 lin.

Hab. Amazons.

The coarsely punctured epistome will at once separate this species

from C. Amazona.

10. Cerotoma perplexa.

Sordide flava, nitida, tibiis ad apicem tarsisque obscurioribus,

supra piceo-violacea ; antennis crassiusculis, nigris, articulis

quatuor basalibus subtus fulvis, quatuor ultimis albidis,

secundo brevissimo, tertio et tribus sequentibus longi-

tudine aqualibus ; epistomate rugoso, medio longitudinaliter

carinato; vertice subremote punctato, minus profunde unifo-

veolato; thorace subremote punctato, profunde transversim

sulcato, sulco distincte quadrisinuato; elytris fortiter punctatis,

valde costatis, cost prim& minus distincta, interspatiis irregu-

lariter transversim costulatis.

Long. 33 lin.

Hab, Amazons.

and Species of Gallerucide. 477

Antenne rather thicker than in either of the two preceding

species ; the third and three following joints equal in length.

11. Cerotoma alternata.

Flava, nitida; ore, vertice, pectore scutelloque piceis; antennis

nigro-piceis, articulis octavo apice tribusque ultimis albidis,

ultimo apice nigro, tertio quam quarto distincte longiori;

vertice minus profunde unifoveolato; epistomate inequaliter

ruguloso, medio longitudinaliter carinato; thorace leevi,

_profunde transversim suleato, sulco sat distincte quadrisinu-

ato; elytris minus profunde punctatis, costatis, costis alternis

minus distinctis, interspatiis planis, pallide violaceo-piceis,

plaga apicali costisque alternis flavis. (Faem.)

Long. 3 lin.

Hab. Amazons.

Smaller than, but similar in form to, C. heterocera; the third,

fourth and fifth joints of the antenne gradually decreasing in

length.

Sectio II. Thorax impressus vel sulcatus, sulco nunquam quadri-

sinuato ; elytrorum coste vel obsolete vel indistincte.

12. Cerotoma Deyrollei.

Nigra ; capite, thorace, scutello, abdomineque castaneis ; pedibus

flavo-fulvis ; antennis, elytrorumque limbo inflexo et fasciis

tribus (harum prima basali, punctum humerale nigrum in-

cludente, secunda prope medium, tertia apicali) flavis; epi-

stomate subremote punctato, basi longitudinaliter carinato ;

thorace tenuiter subcrebre punctato, disco profunde trans-

versim bifoveolato. (F'aem.)

Long. 2# lin.

Hab. Magdalena River, Columbia.

13. Cerotoma quadripustulata.

Nigra, nitida; capite, thorace scutelloque castaneis; thorace

tenuiter punctato, arcuatim transversim sulcato, sulco utrin-

que profundius impresso; pedibus antennisque flavis, his

extrorsum fuscis; elytris tenuiter punctatis, utrisque fascia

ante medium antice emarginata utrinque abbreviata, macu-

J4que subrotundata infra medium, flavis.

Mas.—Facie infra antennarum insertionem profunde excavata 5

antennis simplicibus.

478 Mr. J. S. Baly’s New Genera, &c.

Foem.—Facie non excavata ; epistomate convexo, remote punc-

tato, basi obsolete carinato.

Long. 23 lin.

Hab. Guatemala, Mexico.

14. Cerotoma Erichsont.

Nigra, nitida; pedibus, capite thoraceque flavis, vertice pallide

castaneo ; thorace vix transverso, tenuissime punctato, disco

obsolete transversim impresso, vitta lata media, basi et apice

abbreviata, medio fulvo-lineata, nigro-piceo; elytris subfor-

titer punctatis, utrisque limbo inflexo, plaga humerali, fascia

transversa4 centrali, margine apicali, vittaque obliqua sub-

apicali, flavis.

Mas.—Epistomate pube concolori dense vestito, basi trans-

versim elevato; antennarum articulo tertio elongato, com-

presso, a basi apicem versus dilatato, apice extus profunde

emarginato, quarto modice elongato, apice in spina acuta

prolongato.

Long. 22 lin.

Hab. Nauta, Upper Amazons; Peru.

15. Cerotoma Salvinii.

Nigra, nitida; capite (ore excepto) thoraceque pallide castaneis ;

hoe transverso, lateribus obtuse angulato, dorso subremote

punctato, utrinque leviter impresso; pedibus antennisque

flavis; elytris minute squamoso-reticulatis, subfortiter punc-

tatis, utrisque limbo laterali, plaga oblonga subbasali, fasciis-

que duabus (una media, altera subapical flexuos4) flavis.

Var. A. Elytrorum signaturis fere obsoletis.

Mas.—Capite inter oculos Jamina bilobaté armato; facie infra

laminam transversim concava, utrinque ad latus creta trans-

versa elevata instructa, margine’ apicali spinis duabus cur-

vatis armatad; antennarum articulo tertio elongato, com-

presso, a basi apicem versus incrassato, apice profunde

emarginato et spina acuta armato, quarto brevi, vix dilatato,

apice spina acuta transversa armato.

Fom.—Capite mutico; epistomate nigro-piceo, rugoso, basi

tumido.

Long. 2% lin.

Hab. Panama. Collected by Mr. Salvin.

XXVIII. Descriptions of new Hesperide. By W. C,

Hzwitson, F.L.S., F.Z.S.

{Read 6th November, 1865, lst January, 5th February, 1866. ]

Fam. HESPERID.

Genus Pyrruoryea, Hiibner, Westwood.

1. Pyrrhopyga Sela.

Pyrrhopyga Pityusa g, Hewitson, Ex. But. vol. ii. pl. 60.

2. Pyrrhopyga Azeta.

Alis atris, albo czruleoque fasciatis; anticis maculis tribus

fenestratis ; posticis fasciis tribus.

Upperside, male, black. Anterior wing with two transverse

bands of white near the base ; two longitudinal bands parallel to

the inner margin, three spots in an oblique band beyond the

middle, and a small spot nearer the apex, all pale blue ; a central

trifid spot, a small spot (part of the oblique band of blue spots),

and a quintifid band near the apex, all transparent white. Pos-

terior wing with three oblique transverse bands: the first and

second white, the outer band blue. The abdomen banded with

white.

Underside as above, except that the outer band of the posterior

wing is much broader near the costal margin, and is there divided

into three.

Exp. 2 inches.

Hab. Amazon (St. Paulo).

In the Collection of W. C. Hewitson.

Resembles nearly Erycides Papias.

3. Pyrrhopyga Ahira.

Alis atris, albo ceruleoque fasciatis ; anticis fascia angulari;

.posticis fascia lata,

Upperside, male, black. Anterior wing with two transverse

bands of white near the base; a broad trifid band of silver-blue,

at first longitudinal and parallel to the inner margin, afterwards at

a right angle with the same, and towards the apex three indistinct

480 Mr. W. C. Hewitson’s Descriptions

spots of the same colour. Posterior wing crossed near the base

by a band of white, and at the middle by a broad band of pale

blue. The abdomen banded with white.

Underside as above, except that the longitudinal portion of the

band of the anterior wing is absent.

Exp. 2.2, inches.

Hab. Amazon (Para).

In the Collection of W. C, Hewitson.

4. Pyrhopyga Zonara.

Alis atris, albo czruleoque fasciatis; anticis maculis tribus

fenestratis ; posticis fasciis duabus.

Upperside, male, black. Anterior. wing with a central trifid

band, a bifid spot beyond it, and a quadrifid spot near the apex,

transparent white; a transverse band of white near the base, a

similar band of blue, a linear spot near it, a similar spot beyond

the middle, and a linear band parallel to the outer margin, also

pale blue. Posterior wing with a band of white parallel to the

inner margin, a short band of blue beyond the middle, and two

minute spots of the same colour near the anal angle. The ab-

domen banded with white.

Underside as above, except that there are two additional blue

spots near the apex of the posterior wing.

Exp. 2.3, inches.

Hab. Amazon.

In the Collection of W. C. Hewitson.

Very closely allied to P. Vulcanus, but of different form, and

with two bands only instead of four on the posterior wing. The

body very large.

5. Pyrrhopyga Oneka.

Alis nigris, fascié communi ochracea ; anticis fascia apicali.

Upperside dark brown. Both wings crossed near the middle

by a band of ochreous spots. Anterior wing with an apical band

of similar spots.

Underside as above, except that the posterior wing has an

ochreous spot near the base. Head, palpi and anus scarlet.

Exp. 2,35 inches.

In the Collection of the British Muscum.

Near.to P. Xantippe.

‘of new Hesperide. 481

6. Pyrrhopyga Aspitha.

Alis atris, ad basin ferrugineis; anticis macula tripartita fenes-

trata; posticis dentatis, fimbria alba.

Upperside, male, dark brown. The body, a transverse band

near the base of the anterior wing, and a broader band on the

posterior wing, rufous-yellow; a triangular trifid band of trans-

parent white at the middle, the outer margin of the posterior

wing dentated and fringed with white. The abdomen banded

with white.

Underside as above, but without the bands of hair.

The female differs from the male in being of a darker rufous

colour and in having more of the hair, and a minute white spot

(sometimes two) on the costal margin near the apex.

_ Exp. 159; inch.

Hab. Amazon (Para and St. Paulo).

In the Collection of W. C. Hewitson.

Resembles P. Coritus of Cramer.

7. Pyrrhopyga Thelersa.

Alis ceruleo-atris, ad basin ferrugineis ; anticis macula tripar-

tita fenestrata,

Upperside dark blue; the body and base of both wings covered

with bright rufous hair. Anterior wing with a large trifid central

spot of transparent white; the outer margin of the posterior wing

not dentated, and not fringed with white. The abdomen banded

with white.

Poort green-blue, with a few rufous hairs at the base.

Exp. 23 inches.

Hab. Amazon (St. Paulo).

In the Collection of W. C. Hewitson.

This may be a variety of P. Aspitha. It is, however, much

larger, of a different colour, and without the white fringe to the

posterior wing.

8. Pyrrhopyga Pedaia.

Alis viridi-atris ; anticis macula tripartita fenestrata ; capite

anoque sanguineis.

Upperside, male, body and wings blue-black. The forehead,

the palpi, the femora of the anterior legs and the anus scarlet.

Anterior wing with a central trifid spot of transparent white.

Posterior wing fringed with white.

482 Mr. W. C. Hewitson’s Descriptions

Exp. 2-4 inches.

Hab. Amazon (Ega).

In the Collection of W. C. Hewitson.

Scarcely differs, except in the antenna, from Erycides Arinas

of Cramer.

9. Pyrrhopyga Hadora.

Alis viridi-atris ; anticis macula tripartita fenestrata.

Upperside, male and female, blue-black, The neck scarlet ;

the palpi and femora white. Anterior wing with a central

trifid spot of transparent white. Posterior wing fringed with

white.

Exp. 2.2, inches.

Hab. Amazon (Para and Ega).

In the Collection of W. C. Hewitson.

Very closely allied to P. Pedaia. There is a variety of the

female of this species in which the posterior wing is dentated.

10. Pyrrhopyga Passova.

Alis viridi-atris ; posticis macula anali sanguinea.

Upperside, male and female, green-black. The forehead, palpi,

anus, and anal angle of the posterior wing, scarlet.

Underside with the base of both wings broadly white.

Exp. 2 inches.

Hab. Amazon (Ega) and Cayenne.

In the Collection of W. C. Hewitson.

Differs from P. Meenas only in having the anal angle of the

posterior wing more lobed, and scarlet.

11. Pyrrhopyga Gazera.

Alis atris; posticis marginibus czeruleis.

Upperside, male, black. The head, the palpi and anus scarlet.

Anterior wing glossed with green on the costal margin. Posterior

wing with a marginal band of glossy blue, the margin broadly

fringed with white.

Underside blue-black, with black hair near the base of both

wings.

Exp. 15%, inch.

Hab. Amazon (St. Paulo).

In the Collection of W. C. Hewitson.

of new Hesperide. — 483

12. Pyrrhopyga Aziza.

Alis atris ; posticis marginibus griseo-ceruleis, infra dimidio

basali albo.

Upperside black. The head, palpi and anus scarlet. Posterior

wing with the outer margin broadly bordered with pale blue,

divided by the nervures.

Underside, posterior wing with more than the basal half (the

base itself excepted) white.

Exp. 1,9; inch.

Hab. New Granada.

In the Collection of W. C. Hewitson.

13. Pyrrhopyga Garata.

Alis atris ; posticis margine albo, infra griseo-irroratis.

Upperside blue-black. The head, palpi and anus scarlet.

Posterior wing bordered with white.

Underside as above, except that the posterior wing is irrorated

with pale blue between the nervures from the middle to the outer

margin.

Exp. 2 2-2, inches.

Hab. Surinam. :

In the Collection of W. C. Hewitson.

14. Pyrrhopyga Gortyna.

Alis atris ; posticis macula alba, angulo anali sanguineo.

Upperside, male, black. The forehead, palpi, anus, and anal —

angle of the posterior wing, scarlet. Posterior wing with a large

white spot at the apex.

Underside black. Posterior wing with the basal half white.

Exp. 1,8, inch.

Hab. Amazon (Ega).

In the Collection of W. C. Hewitson.

Near P. Hyperici of Hubner.

15. Pyrrhopyga Galgala.

Alis atris ; anticis fascia lineari rufescenti.

Upperside black. The neck, forehead, palpi and anus scarlet,

Anterior wing crossed obliquely near the middle by a linear band

of orange-yellow ; the whole of the outer margin fringed with

white.

484. Mr. W. C. Hewitson’s Descriptions

Underside as above, except that the band of the anterior wing

is shorter, and that the posterior wing is crossed by a similar band.

Exp. 2 inches.

Hab. Venezuela.

In the Collection of W. C. Hewitson.

16. Pyrrhopyga Hadassa.

Alis fuscis; marginibus aurantiacis; thorace fasciis duabus

sanguineis.

Upperside, female, rufous-brown ; the outer margins of both

wings orange ; a longitudinal band on each side of the thorax, and

the anus, scarlet.

Exp. 2 inches.

In the Collection of W. C. Hewitson.

Closely allied to P. Amyclas of Cramer, but differs from it in

having the longitudinal bands on the thorax, in which it resembles

P. Scylla of Ménétries.

17. Pyrrhopyga Telassa.

Alis fuscis, marginibus aurantiacis ; posticis infra maculis dua-

bus sanguineis.

Upperside, female, rufous-brown ; the outer margins orange,

narrow ; a longitudinal band on each side of the thorax, and the

anus, scarlet.

Underside as above, except that there are two scarlet spots at

the base of the posterior wing.

Exp. 2 inches,

In the Collection of W. C. Hewitson.

18. Pyrrhopyga Zereda.

Alis czeruleo-nigris ; posticis margine aurantiaco.

Upperside, female, glossy blue; the posterior wing bordered —

with orange; the neck with a few scarlet hairs.

Exp. 2 inches.

Hab. Ecuador.

In the Collection of W. C. Hewitson.

Near to P. Amyclas, Cramer, as well as to the two preceding

species.

of new Hesperide. 485

19. Pyrrhopyga maculosa.

Alis nigris; anticis maculis decem albis, una minutissima ;

posticis infra dimidio basali aurantiaco.

Upperside, male, blue-black. Anterior wing with ten white

‘spots; three in a line across the middle, three between them and

the apex (one very minute), and four on the costal margin near

the apex. Posterior wing with the fringe alternately black and

white.

Underside. Anterior wing as above, except that there is a spot

of orange near the kase. Posterior wing with the basal half

orange.

Exp. 2.3, inches. s

Hab. Bogota.

In the Collection of W. C. Hewitson.

Genus Erycipes, Hiibner, Westwood.

1. Erycides Telmela.

Alis viridi-atris ; anticis macula tripartita fenestrata; posticis

angulo anali sanguineo.

Upperside blue-green. The head, palpi, fore-femora, the anus

underneath, and the anal angle of the posterior wing, scarlet. An-

terior wing with a central trifid spot of transparent white, and

occasionally nearer to the apex a minute spot of the same

colour.

Underside as above, except that the outer margins of both

wings are broadly brown, irrorated with grey.

Exp. 2 inches.

Hab. Amazon (Para).

In the Collection of W. C. Hewitson.

Very near to, if not a variety of, EZ. Cleanthes of Latreille.

2. Erycides Thrasea.

Alis atris ; infra marginibus griseis.

Upperside, male, brown. The head and neck, palpi, fore-femora

and anus, scarlet.

Underside brown, glossed with blue; the outer margins from

the apex to the middle of each wing broadly grey.

Exp. 1,7, inch.

Hab. Amazon.

In the Collection of W. C. Hewitson.

Also near to E. Cleanthes, but without spots.

486 Mr. W. C. Hewitson’s Descriptions

Genus Hesprrrta, Swainson.

I have adopted the genus Hesperia as characterized by Swain-

son. Some of the species now described are put by Professor

Westwood into his genus Goniloba. I have so often expressed

my opinion as to the worthiessness of descriptions only of nearly-

allied species of Lepidoptera, that I wish to state here, that I

only consider these descriptions as temporary, to secure to myself

the pleasure of figuring them one day ere long as my own spe-

cies. I have selected for this purpose those only which are most

conspicuously characteristic and easily distinguished from each

other.

1. Hesperia Aigita.

Alis fuscis; anticis maculis quatuor-vitreis in triangulum dis-

positis ; posticis infra maculis quatuor argenteis.

Upperside dark brown; the base of both wings ochreous,

Anterior wing much elongated, with four central transparent spots

in the form of a triangle, the middle spot within the said triangle.

Posterior wing marked below the apex with an indistinct opaque

ochreous spot.

Underside ochreous-brown. Anterior wing with the basal half

dark brown, the spots as above. Posterior wing with the inner

margin and anal angle dark brown; four central silver spots,

one triangular and larger than the others.

Exp. 2,3, inches.

Hab. Para. ,

In the Collection of W. C. Hewitson.

Near to H. Epitus of Cramer, plate 343, but differs from it

in its much greater length of wing and in the position of the silver

spots. It is from the Collection of Mr. Bates.

2. Hesperia Astria.

Alis fuscis; anticis maculis septem vitreis, quatuor in medio

dispositis ; posticis infra maculis sex—octo argenteis.

Upperside dark brown; the base of both wings ochreous.

Anterior wing with seven pale-yellow transparent spots; four

central, in the form of a triangle, the middle spot within the said

triangle, and three together, minute, before the apex. Posterior

wing with one semi-transparent spot.

Underside rufous-brown. Anterior wing as above, except that

there is a yellow spot on the costal margin which joins one of

the vitreous spots. Posterior wing with six or eight silver

of new Hesperide. , . 487

spots ; one at the base, minute ; the spot nearest the costal margin

sometimes absent, and that nearest the apex sometimes very

minute.

Exp. 159—23%, inches.

Hab. Rio Janeiro.

In the Collection of W. C. Hewitson.

Also near to H. Epitus of Cramer, but differs from it in the

number and position of the silver spots.

8. Hesperia Anchora.

Alis fuscis; anticis maculis quatuor vitreis, tribus in triangu-

lum dispositis ; posticis infra maculis duabus argenteis.

Upperside dark brown; the bases of both wings ochreous.

Anterior wing with four transparent spots in the form of a tri-

angle; the middle spot within the said triangle. Posterior wing

with one minute opaque yellow spot.

Underside rufous-brown. Posterior wing with two central

silver spots, one large and triangular, the other small. *

Exp. 1,8, inch.

Hab. Para.

In the Collection of W. C. Hewitson.

Also near to H. Epitus, from which it differs in the position

of the silver spots. It is from the Collection of Mr. Bates.

4, Hesperia argentea.

Alis fuscis ; anticis maculis septem vitreis, quatuor in medio

dispositis ; posticis infra fasciis duabus latis argenteis.

Upperside rufous-brown. Anterior wing with seven trans-

parent pale-yellow spots, four near the centre but placed widely

apart, three together minute before the apex. Posterior wing

with one opaque yellow spot.

Underside rufous-brown. Anterior wing with the vitreous

spots as above; the spot nearest the costal margin touches a spot

of yellow on the margin; the spot nearest the apex is covered

by a band of lilac; the spot near the inner margin is obscured

by a white spot. ‘Posterior wing crossed obliquely by two broad

silver bands connected in the middle, the outer margin touching

the lower band, pale rufous.

Exp. 1-9, inch.

Hab. Guatemala.

In the Collection of W. C. Hewitson.

Allied to H. Epitus, from which it scarcely differs on the

upperside. Below it differs remarkably from it and the species

488 Mr. W. C. Hewitson’s Descriptions

described above. One of my specimens was kindly presented to

me by Mr. O. Salvin.

5. Hesperia Chalestra.

Alis fuscis; anticis maculis octo vitreis, quatuor in medio

dispositis ; posticis maculis quatuor; his infra fascidé macu-

lisque tribus albis.

Upperside dark-brown; the base of both wings ochreous.

Anterior wing with eight transparent spots; four in the centre,

three together towards the apex, the eighth very minute and

below the latter. Posterior wing with four spots, less trans-

parent. —

Underside rufous-brown. Anterior wing as above, except that

the apical spots and the outer central spot are united by an

ochreous spot. Posterior wing crossed obliquely by a broad

white band, outside of which are three minute white spots; the

anal angle and outer margin are also white.

Exp. 1,9; inch.

Hab. Minas Gueres.

In the Collection of W. C. Hewitson.

6. Hesperia Cunaxa.

Alis fuscis; anticis maculis novem vitreis, quinque in fasciam

dispositis; posticis infra fascia punctoque albis.

Upperside dark brown. Anterior wing with nine spots, four

of which only are transparent; five in an oblique band across the

wing; three together towards the apex, and one minute above

the largest spot of the band. Posterior wing with one bifid yellow

spot. ‘

Underside rufous-brown. Anterior wing as above, except that

the two lowest spots of the band are united by a spot of white.

Posterior wing crossed obliquely by a band of white, inside which

is a minute white spot.

Exp. 1,8, inch.

Hab. Northern America.

In the Collection of Dr. Boisduval.

| 7. Hesperia Ceraca.

Alis fuscis; anticis maculis septem vitreis, quatuor in medio

dispositis ; posticis maculé alba; his infra fasciis duabus

argenteis.

Upperside dark brown. Anterior wing with seven transparent

of new Hesperide. 489

spots; four near the middle, one of which is bifid; and three to-

wards the apex. Posterior wing with one white spot.

Underside rufous. Anterior wing as above, except that the

basal half is dark brown, and that there is an ochreous spot on

the costal margin. Posterior wing crossed obliquely by two

bands of silvery white.

Exp. 2,3, inches.

Hab. Rio Janeiro.

In the Collection of W. C. Hewitson.

8. Hesperia Ethoda.

Alis fuscis; anticis maculis quatuor vitreis, posticis tribus

ochraceis opacis; his infra fascia lata alba.

Upperside dark brown; the base of both wings ochreous.

Anterior wing with four large central pale-yellow transparent

spots. Posterior wing with three ochreous spots.

Underside rufous. Anterior wing as above, except that the

basal half is dark brown, and that the two lower spots are united

in one. Posterior wing crossed obliquely by a band of white,

broadest in the middle.

Exp. 2,2; inches.

Hab. Rio Janeiro.

In the Collection of W. C. Hewitson.

9. Hesperia Elia.

Alis fuscis ; anticis maculis decem vitreis albis ; posticis fascia

vitrea alb&; his infra dimidio basali albo.

Upperside dark brown. Anterior wing with ten transparent

spots; six in an oblique band from the middle of the inner

margin to near the apex, the last two spots of the band near

together and minute; three minute subapical spots; the tenth

spot within the cell. Posterior wing with a central transverse

band of four transparent spots.

Underside rufous-brown. Posterior wing with the basal half,

except the costal margin, silvery-white.

Exp. 1,9, inch.

Hab. Sumatra.

In the Collection of W. C. Hewitson ; from Mr. Wallace.

10. Hesperia Attina.

Alis fuscis; anticis maculis octo vitreis, tribus in medio dis-

positis ; posticis dimidio interno albo.

Upperside dark brown, Anterior wing with eight transparent

VOL. Il. THIRD SERIES, PART VI.— FEB. 1866, NN

490 Mr. W. C. Hewitson’s Descriptions

white spots; three large ones in the middle, three towards the

apex minute, and two below the latter, also small. Posterior

wing with the inner half white.

Underside as above, except that the anterior wing has a band

of lilac at and below the apex, and that the posterior wing is

white, except the costal margin, a large space at the anal angle,

and the nervures, which are dark brown.

Exp. 23 inches.

Hab. India and Java.

In the Collection of W. C. Hewitson.

A very large species.

11. Hesperta Azona.

Alis fuscis; anticis maculis quinque vitreis, duabus pone medium

dispositis ; posticis macula alba anali.

Upperside dark brown. Anterior wing with five transparent

white spots; two beyond the centre, three minute towards the

apex. Posterior wing with a large white anal spot.

Underside as above.

Exp. 2 inches.

Hab. Macassar.°

In the Collection of W. C. Hewitson ; from Mr. Wallace.

12. Hesperia Barea.

Alis fuscis; anticis maculis sex albis vitreis pone medium

dispositis ; posticis macul&é magna anali alba; his infra albis.

Upperside dark brown. Anterior wing with six transparent

white spots; three in a line beyond the centre, and forming a

right angle nearly with the three subapical spots. Posterior wing

with a large white anal spot.

Underside. Anterior wing as above, except that the apex and

costal margin are broadly rufous. Posterior wing white, with

the costal margin and a band of spots on the outer margin rufous-

brown.

Exp. 1.8, inch.

Hab. Sumatra.

In the Collection of W. C. Hewitson; from Mr. Wallace.

Nearly allied to H. Azona, from which it differs in form as

well as in the white underside of the posterior wing.

of new Hesperide. 491

13. Hesperia Belistida.

Alis fuscis ; anticis maculis quinque aut sex obscuris; posti-

cis dimidio interno albo; his infra albis, macula centrali

anoque fuscis.

Upperside dark brown. Anterior wing with six very obscure

pale spots ; three beyond the middle parallel to the outer margin,

and three before the apex. Posterior wing with a large space of

white from the middle to the inner margin. The abdomen white.

Underside. Anterior wing with the basal half dark brown,

the margins and apex broadly rufous; crossed from the inner

margin towards the apex by an irregular band of white spots; the

subapical spots and a spot within the cell white ; the outer margin

at and below the apex lilac. Posterior wing white, tinted with

lilac at the base; a broad band of lilac at the apex and outer

margin ; a central spot of rufous-brown and an apical spot of

dark brown.

Exp. 1-7, inch.

Hab. Para.

In the Collection of W. C. Hewitson,

14. Hesperia Bursa.

Alis fuscis ; anticis maculis octo vitreis, tribus in fasciam dis-

positis ; posticis macula centrali argentea.

Upperside dark brown, with eight transparent white spots ;

three forming a transverse band, three as usual before the apex,

one towards the middle of the outer margin, and one (minute)

near the middle of the inner margin. Posterior wing with a large

central Justrous white spot.

Underside rufous-brown. Anterior wing as above, except that

there are some rays of pale yellow near the apex. Posterior

wing with the basal half pale yellow, traversed by nervures of dark

brown.

Exp. 1,3, inch.

Hab. Para.

In the Collection of W. C. Hewitson; from Mr. Bates.

15. Hesperia Cesina.

Alis fuscis; anticis fascié maculata obliqua alba; _ posticis

macula centrali alba.

Upperside dark brown. Anterior wing with a band of seven

white spots from the inner margin towards the apex, the three

NN 2

492 Mr. W. C. Hewitson’s Descriptions

usual subapical spots represented by two very minute points.

Posterior wing with a large central white spot.

Underside rufous-brown, Anterior wing as above. Posterior

wing- with a broad central band of white. The club of the an-

tennz white.

Exp. 1,4, inch.

Hab. Waigiou.

In the Collection of W. C. Hewitson; from Mr. Wallace.

16. Hesperia Calvina.

Alis fuscis ; anticis maculis sex vitreis (duabus coalitis), in

medio dispositis ; posticis macula centrali alba.

Upperside dark brown. Anterior wing with six transparent

white spots, two in the middle united, three towards the apex, and

one, minute and more opaque, near the inner margin. Posterior

_wing with a central white spot.

Underside as above, except that the minute spot near the inner

margin is enlarged and united with the spot above it, and that the

spot on the posterior wing is yellow.

Exp. 1,4, inch.

Hab. Para.

In the Collection of W. C. Hewitson.

17. Hesperia Catina.

Alis rufo-fuscis; anticis fasci& trifid& flava; posticis infra

margine apicali flavo.

Upperside dark brown. Anterior wing with a trifid band of

yellow. Posterior wing with the apical fringe yellow.

Underside as above, except that the apical margin of the pos-

terior wing is yellow.

Exp. 1,9, inch.

Hab. Amazon (Tapajos).

In the Collection of W. C. Hewitson; from Mr. Bates.

Nearly allied to H. Itea and Haworthiana of Swainson.

18. Hesperia Cathea.

Alis fuscis ; anticis maculis tribus vitreis in triangulum dispositis,

apice albo; posticis infra fascia longitudinali grisea.

Upperside dark rufous-brown. Anterior wing with three

transparent central pale-yellow spots placed in the form of a

triangle ; the apex white.

Underside as above, except that the anterior wing has the

of new Hesperide. 493

apical half tinted with lilac and the nervures paler, and that. the

posterior wing has a longitudinal band of lilac-white and some of

the nervures lilac. The antenne ringed with white; the club

white.

Exp. 2 inches.

In the Collection of W. C. Hewitson.

19. Hesperia Certima.

Alis fuscis; anticis maculis quatuor vitreis, duabus in fasciam

junctis ; posticis maculis tribus vitreis in fasciam dispositis.

Upperside dark brown. Anterior wing with four transparent

central spots, two of which form a transverse band. Posterior

wing with three small transparent spots ina line beyond the middle.

Underside lilac-grey. Anterior wing with the basal half dark

brown; the spots as above ; three indistinct brown spots towards

the apex. Antenne with a white ring below the club,

Exp. 2 inches.

Hab. Venezuela.

In the Collection of W. C. Hewitson.

On the underside this species closely resembles H. Baroches of

Latreille ; it is of the same lilac-grey, and has the three small

triangularly-placed spots which are characteristic of that species.

20. Hesperia Colenda.

Alis fuscis; anticis maculis tribus vitreis; posticis margine

abdominali et angulo anali aurantiis.

Upperside dark brown. Anterior wing with three transparent

white spots, the two largest united and forming a transverse band.

Posterior wing with the inner margin and anal angle rufous-orange,

the fringe at the apex white. :

Underside. Anterior wing as above, except that the apex is

rufous, and that there is a large subapical lilac spot crossed by a

zig-zag line of brown. Posterior wing rufous-brown, with the

base, two transverse bands, and a band towards the outer margin,

all lilac; the anal angle orange, Club of the antennee white.

Exp. 147, inch.

Hab. Venezuela.

In the Collection of W. C. Hewitson.

21. Hesperia Crotona.

Alis fuscis ; anticis fascia trifidi punctoque vitreis albis; pos-

ticis infra rufo-fuscis, basi, apice fasciisque tribus lilacinis.

Upperside dark brown. Anterior wing with a trifid oblique

494 Mr, W. C. Hewitson’s Descriptions

band and a minute spot between it and the outer margin trans-

parent white.

Underside rufous-brown. Anterior wing as above, except that

it has two lilac spots towards the apex. Posterior wing with the

base, the apex, and three irregular bands, lilac.

Exp. 1,3, inch.

Hab. Venezuela.

In the Collection of W. C. Hewitson.

22. Hesperia Coryna.

Alis fuscis ; anticis maculis quatuor vicreis, duabus in medio

dispositis ; posticis infra argenteis, margine costali fasciisque

duabus rufis.

Upperside dark brown, Anterior wing with four. transparent

spots, two central, and two towards the apex.

Underside. Posterior wing of brilliant silver; the costal and

outer margins and two longitudinal bands rufous.

Exp. 154 inch.

Hab. Amazon.

In the Collection of W. C. Hewitson.

23. Hesperia tessellata. :

Alis fuscis; anticis maculis quatuor vitreis, tribus in medio

dispositis, et strigis duabus basalibus; posticis infra albo

nigroque tessellatis.

Upperside dark brown. Anterior wing with two bands of

yellow from the base, and four transparent white spots, three

central in the form of a triangle, and one towards the apex. Pos-

terior wing with the centre ochreous.

Underside. Anterior wing with two bands of yellow spots

towards the apex. Posterior wing pale yellow, with the nervures,

some spots near the base, a band of similar spots beyond the

middle, the outer margins, and a spot at the anal angle, all dark

brown. The fringe of both wings white, spotted with brown.

Antenne ringed with white at the base of the club.

Exp. 1,35 inch.

Hab. Macassar.

In the Collection of W. C. Hewitson; from Mr. Wallace. -

24, Hesperia Litana.

Alis fuscis ; anticis maculis novem vitreis, duabus in fasciam dis-

positis ; posticis tribus.

Upperside dark brown. Anterior wing with nine transparent

——

of new Hesperide. 495

spots; two forming a central band; three as usual towards the

apex; three below the last described and parallel to the outer

margin, and one near the inner margin. Posterior wing with three

transparent spots.

Underside rufous-brown, with the outer margins of both wings

broadly grey. Anterior wing with the spots as above, except that

the lower spot of the central band and the spot near the inner margin

are united. Posterior wing with the basal half brown, marked with

some darker spots and a spot of white; crossed beyond the

middle by a band of white, which is broad near the costal

margin and marked with a brown spot, narrow and formed of

small spots where it crosses the middle, and bordered outside by

spots of brown.

Exp. 1,8, inch.

Hab. Venezuela.

In the Collection of W. C. Hewitson.

25. Hesperia Lutetia.

Alis fuscis ; anticis maculis novem vitreis, posticis tribus ; his

infra rufo-fuscis, fasciis flavis, macula centrali opacd, margine

apicali ochraceo.

Upperside dark brown, the bases of both wings canescent.

Anterior wing with nine transparent spots; one in the cell, five

in an oblique band, and three before the apex. Posterior wing

with a transverse central band of three spots.

Underside rufous-brown. Anterior wing as above, except that

the longitudinal band of spots is extended to the apex. Pos-

terior wing with a band of pale yellow near the base composed of

two triangles ; a central spot of dark brown, bordered outwardly

with yellow ; the apical margin broadly grey.

Exp. 1,9; inch.

Hab. Rio Janeiro.

In the Collection of W. C. Hewitson.

Allied to H. Dalman of Latreille.

26. Hesperia Opigena.

Alis fuscis; anticis maculis octo vitreis, posticis quatuor in

fasciam dispositis ; his infra fusco cinereoque nebulosis.

Upperside dark brown. Anterior wing with eight transparent

spots; one in the cell, four in an oblique band, and three before

496 Mr. W. C. Hewitson’s Descriptions

the apex. Posterior wing with four spots, forming a transverse

band.

Underside as above, except that the posterior wing is crossed

before the middle and on the outer margin by broad bands of

prey.

Exp. 1,8, inch.

In the Collection of W. C. Hewitson.

So nearly like H. Lutetia in general appearanee that (if the

Hesperide are subject to such great variation) it may be only a

variety of it, The underside of the posterior wing is very

different.

27. Hesperia Ovinia.

Alis rufo-fuscis ; anticis maculis septem vitreis, posticis tribus

in fasciam dispositis ; his infra cinereo-rufis, maculis sex albis.

Upperside rufous-brown. Anterior wing with seven trans-

parent spots. Posterior wing with three (one bifid).

Underside rufous-brown. Anterior wing as above, except that

it is irrorated with grey near the apex. Posterior wing densely

irrorated with grey, and marked with five white spots before the

middle and a sixth near the inner margin, forming part of the band

of transparent spots.

Exp. 1535 inch.

Hab. Nicaragua.

In the Collection of W. C. Hewitson.

28. Hesperia Perea.

Alis rufo-fuscis; anticis maculis septem vitreis; posticis infra

basi fuscis, fascia maculata margineque exteriori lilacinis.

Upperside dark brown, covered with rufous hair, chiefly near

the base. Anterior wing with seven transparent spots; one in the

cell, four in an oblique band, and two before the apex.

Underside. Anterior wing as above, except that some of the

nervures and the outer margin are lilac. Posterior wing with the

base, a spot in the cell, a transverse band of spots (some of them

white), and spots near the outer margin, lilac.

Exp. 1,6, inch.

Hab. Rio Janeiro.

In the Collection of W. C. Hewitson.

of new Flesperide. 497

29. Hesperia Ophiusa.

Alis rufo-fuscis; anticis maculis novem vitreis, posticis sex in

fasciam dispositis ; his infra cinereis, fascia maculata triangu-

lari, margine exteriori rufo-fuscis.

Upperside rufous-brown. Anterior wing with nine transparent

spots; one in the cell, five in an oblique band, and three before

the apex. Posterior wing with a straight transverse band of six

transparent spots, and between them and the base two less distinct

ochreous spots.

Underside. Anterior wing as above. Posterior wing grey,

bordered with white spots and forming an acute angle near the

middle of the outer margin, which is rufous brown.

Exp. 13 inch.

In the Collection of W. C. Hewitson.

30. Hesperia Memuca.

Alis rufo-fuscis ; anticis maculis quinque vitreis, posticis fascia

flava ; his infra coccineis, fasciis duabus flavis.

Upperside rufous-brown, Anterior wing with five transparent

spots; three forming a central oblique band, and two before the

apex. Posterior wing with a transverse curved central pale-yel-

low band.

Underside. Anterior wing rufous-brown, darkest in the middle ;

the apex grey, and a band below it rufous and yellow; the three

transparent spots united in one. Posterior wing rufous, crossed

by two broad bands of yellow; one at the base on the costal mar-

gin, the other in the middle, bordered outside with dark brown.

Exp. 13 inch. ;

In the Collection of Dr. Boisduval,

A beautiful species, near to HZ, Phyneus of Cramer.

31. Hesperia Phaetusa.

Alis fuscis ; anticis maculis sex argenteo-vitreis, posticis dua-

bus ; his infra rufo-fuscis, basi albis.

Upperside dark rufous-brown. Anterior wing with six silvery

transparent spots ; one in the cell, three forming a central band,

and two before the apex. Posterior wing with two spots.

Underside dark rufous-brown, Anterior wing with the spots

as above, except that the one near the inner margin is larger and

498 Mr. W. C. Hewitson’s Descriptions

united to the spot above it; the costal margin from the base to

the middle and rays near the apex ochreous-yellow. Posterior

wing with the base broadly white, marked with indistinct brown

spots.

Exp. 1,4, inch. .

Hab. Amazon (Ega).

In the Collection of W. C. Hewitson; from Mr. Bates.

32. Hesperia Physcella.

Alis rufo-fuscis ; anticis maculis septem vitreis, posticis dua-

bus; his infra fascia lata marginali alba.

Upperside dark rufous-brown. Anterior wing with seven

transparent spots ; four forming a central oblique band and three

before the apex. Posterior wing with two minute spots below the

middle.

Underside rufous-brown. Anterior wing as above. Posterior

wing with the outer margin broadly white.

Exp. 1-8, inch.

Hab. Rio Janeiro.

In the Collection of W. C. Hewitson.

Near to H. Virbius of Cramer, which has the white border on

both sides of the wing.

33. Hesperia Marsena.

Alis rufo-fuscis ; anticis maculis septem vitreis ; posticis infra.

rufis, fascia longitudinali alteraque transvers& maculata

argenteis.

Upperside rufous-brown, Anterior wing with seven trans-

parent spots; two in the cell, two central, and three before the

apex.

Underside. Anterior wing as above. Posterior wing rufous,

with a Jongitudinal band near the costal margin from the base to

beyond the middle, a linear spot near the base and inner margin,

and a transverse central band of four spots, all silvery white; a

line of minute white spots below the transverse band.

Exp. 2,8, inches.

Hab. Sumatra.

In the Collection of W. C, Hewitson; from Mr. Wallace.

— es

of new Hesperide. 499

34. Hesperia Rona.

Alis rufo-fuscis; anticis maculis quinque vitreis ; ‘Posticis

infra ceruleo-viridibus, fasciis duabus rufis.

Upperside rufous-brown. Anterior wing with five transparent

spots; two in the cell and three forming an oblique band.

Underside. Anterior wing as above, except that the outer mar-

gin and a spot near the apex are green. Posterior wing green ;

the nervures, two transverse bands and the outer margin rufous-

brown.

Exp. 13 inch.

Hab. Amazon (Para).

In the Collection of W. C. Hewitson.

35. Hesperia Amana.

Alis rufo-fuscis; anticis maculis sex vitreis; posticis infra

ceruleo-cinereis, macula media fusca, venis albis.

Upperside rufous-brown, Anterior wing with six transparent

spots ; two in the cell, three forming an oblique band, and one

before the apex. Posterior wing paler.

Underside. Anterior wing as above, except that the costal

margin and apex are glossed with brilliant lilac-blue, in which the

nervures are white. Posterior wing lilac-blue, the nervures white,

the centre clouded with brown.

Exp. 13 inch.

Hab. Amazon (Para).

In the Collection of W. C. Hewitson; from Mr. Bates.

36. Hesperia Almoda.

Alis rufo-fuscis; anticis maculis quinque vitreis; posticis

infra cinereis, macula centrali fasciisque duabus fuscis,

Upperside dark brown ; the base of the anterior wing and most

of the posterior wing rufous-brown. Anterior wing with five

transparent spots; three forming an oblique band, and two (one

very minute) before the apex.

Underside. Anterior wing rufous-brown, the costal margin and

apex lilac-grey. Posterior wing lilac-grey, with a spot at the end

of the cell and two macular transverse bands of brown,

Exp. 13 inch.

In the Collection of Dr, Boisduval,

500 Mr. W. C. Hewitson’s Descriptions

37. Hesperia Noseda.

Alis rufo-fuscis ; anticis maculis quatuor vitreis, posticis macula

vitrea; his infra cinereo-rufis.

Upperside rufous-brown. Anterior wing with four transparent

spots ; two ina band across the middle. Posterior wing with one

spot nearer the apex than usual.

Underside. Anterior wing with the basal half rufous-brown ;

the apical half rufous and lilac-grey, marked with three brown

spots in the form of a triangle. Posterior wing rufous and lilac-

grey, the anal angle brown. The antennz with a white ring below

the club.

Exp. 1.8, inch.

Hab. Amazon (Tapajos).

In the Collection of W. C. Hewitson; from Mr. Bates.

This species belongs to the group of which A. Certima and

H. Cathea (ante, pp. 492, 493) form part.

38. Hesperia Sala.

Alis fuscis; anticis maculis quatuor vitreis; posticis infra

cinereis, maculis fuscis in circulum dispositis.

Upperside dark brown. Anterior wing with four transparent

spots ; two in the cell, minute.

Underside grey. Anterior wing dark brown near the base ;

with three minute brown spots before the apex. Posterior wing

with a spot near the middle, forming the centre of a circle of several

similar brown spots.

Exp. 1,3, inch.

Hab. Singapore.

In the Collection of W. C. Hewitson; from Mr. Wallace.

39. Hesperia Ogygia.

Alis rufo-fuscis; anticis maculis quinque vitreis, quatuor in

‘medio dispositis ; posticis infra rufis, maculis duabus fascidque

transversa fuscis.

Upperside rufous-brown. Anterior wing with five transparent

spots; four together in the middle.

Underside rufous. Anterior wing with the base and centre

of new Hesperide. 501

brown. Posterior wing with two brown spots before the middle

and a transverse band of similar spots at the middle.

Exp. 1,3, inch.

Hab. Sumatra.

In the Collection of W. C. Hewitson; from Mr. Wallace.

40. Hesperia Phiditia.

Alis fuscis; anticis maculis sex vitreis, posticis macula vitrea ;

his infra rufo-ochraceis, fascia fusca.

Upperside dark brown. Anterior wing with six transparent

spots ; two of which form a central band, three before the apex,

and one near the inner margin. Posterior wing with one large

spot.

Underside. Anterior wing as above, except that the costal and

outer margins are broadly rufous-grey. Posterior wing ochreous,

crossed at the middle by a band of four brown spots.

Exp. 1,3, inch.

Hab. Sumatra.

In the Collection of W. C. Hewitson; from Mr. Wallace.

PRIZE ESSAYS

THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

——

As an inducement to the study of Economic Entomology, and

with a view to increase the practical utility of the Entomological

Society, the Council offers Two Prizes of the value of Five

Guineas each to be awarded to the authors of Essays or

Memoirs, of sufficient merit and drawn up from personal obser-

vation, on the anatomy, economy, or habits of any insect or group

of insects which is in any way especially serviceable or obnoxious

to mankind. The Essays should be illustrated by figures of the

insects in their different states, and (if the species be noxious)

must show the results of actual experiments made for the pre-

vention of their attacks or the destruction of the insects them-

selves.

One of the Prizes offered for 1865 was awarded to Alexander

Wallace, Esq., M.D., M.R.C.P., of Colchester, for his Essay

on “ Ailanthiculture.”

On some former occasions the Council has selected a definite

subject, as e. g., the Coccus of the Pine Apple, the larva of Agrotis

Segetum (the large caterpillar of the turnip), &c. On the present

occasion, the selection is left to the candidates themselves, pro-

vided only that the subject be one fairly belonging to the Economic

branch of Entomology.

The Essays must be sent to the Secretary at No. 12, Bedford

Row, indorsed with mottoes, on or before the 30th of November,

1866, when they will be referred to a Committee to decide upon

their merits ; each must be accompanied by a sealed letter indorsed

with the motto adopted by its author, and inclosing his name and

address.

The Prize Essays shall be the property of, and will be pub-

lished by, the Society.

PRINTED BY C, ROWORTH AND SONS,

_ BELL YARD, TEMPLE BAR,

a hed Z : Fey

’

JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON,

1864.

February 1, 1864.

Freperick Smitu, Esq., Member of the Council, in the chair.

Donations to the Library.

The following donations were announced, and thanks voted to the donors :— Pro-

ceedings of the Royal Society, No. 59; presented by the Society. ‘ Sitzungsberichte

der K6énigl. bayer. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Munchen, 1863, ii. Part 1; by

the Academy. ‘Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, Vol. vi. Parts 3—6; by the Entomo-

logical Society of the Netherlands. ‘The Zoologist’ for February ; by the Editor.

‘ The Journal of the Society of Arts’ for January ; by the Editor. ‘The Atheneum’

for January ; by the Editor. ‘The Reader’ for January ; by the Editor.

The following addition, by purchase, was also announced: —‘ Genera des Co-

léoptéres d'Europe,’ Livr. 117 a 120.

Election of President.

The Secretary gave notice that, in consequence of Mr. Stainton having declined to

accept the Presidency, the Meeting to be held on the 7th of March next would be

made Special, for the purpose of electing a President; and that the Council recom-

mended Mr, Francis P. Pascoe for election to the vacant office.

Exhibitions, §c.

The Rev. Hamlet Clark exhibited a collection of Australian Phytophaga, com-

posed partly of specimens from the cabinet of Mr. C. A. Wilson, of Adelaide, and

partly of the proceeds of Mr. F. G. Waterhouse’s journey of exploration across the

interior of Australia.

Mr. S. Stevens exhibited specimens of butterflies of exotic hue, but of home ma-

nufacture ; they were made of feathers, and intended for personal ornament.

2 .

Prof. Westwood remarked that great destruction of specimens of the more beauti-

ful species of butterflies had taken place in Paris; large prices (larger than Entomo-

logists could afford) had been given for the finest and most brilliant examples, which

were used for ladies’ head-dresses, &c., and of course destroyed in an evening. The

feathery imitations were equally beautiful, more lasting, and would render unnecessary

the wholesale destruction of the originals.

The Secretary exhibited part of the head of a coffee-cask recently received from

Ceylon by Mr. R. L. Thomson, of Alderney Road, Mile End; the wood was

thoroughly riddled by larve, apparently of the genus Anobium.

Prof. Westwood remarked that a Committee had for some time been engaged

at South Kensington upon the question of the injury done to ancient wood-carving.

The Report of that Committee will shortly be ready, and he thought it would be

found both interesting and valuable.

Sir J. Hearsey exhibited a collection of Coleoptera from India and China ; the

principal part from the former country.

Prof. Westwood exhibited a specimen of “ wild silk” placed in his hands by Mr.

Daniel Hanbury; it had come from the State of Salvador, Central America, and was

the work of a colony of larve described as “ dark bluish, feeding on an oak bearing

large acorns,” the moth being “ dirty gray.” The Professor discussed at some length

the probability of the silk being made economically useful.

Mr. F. Smith exhibited a collection of wasps’ nests—one of Vespa rufa, the rest of

V. vulgaris; they were in various stages of formation, the earliest consisting of only a

single cup containing the first egg, others consisting of three or four cups, whilst

others again were more complete. The whole had been artificially obtained

by Mr. Stone, who tempted the wasps to build by excavating holes in banks and fur-

nishing them with foot-stalks ; in fact, Mr. Stone appeared to possess the power of

inducing wasps to build nests of almost any shape he pleased.

Mr. T. W. Wood (who was present as a visitor) exhibited a mass of conjoined

‘cells which had been found embedded in a piece of Honduras mahogany at Chatham

Dockyard ; the cells were in form like the honey-pots of a humble-bee, brittle and

very light, and composed apparently of comminuted or triturated and agglutinated

wood and earth. Mr. Bates suggested that they might possibly be chambers of a spe-

cies of Termes, though he thought they were too large. No other Member hazarded

a conjecture as to the origin of the phenomenon.

Prof. Westwood exhibited a further selection from the captures in the Zambesi

country of the Rev. H. Rowley, and read the following description of a gigantic spe-

cies of Moluris :—

Mouuvris (PHANEROTOMA) RowLEIAna, 2. sp.

Species magna et insignis, M. Bertolonii fere equalis. Capite et pronoto nigris,

opacis, punctatissimis ; prothorace subquadrato, lateribus rotundatis, latitu-

dine majori paullo ante medium. Elytris oblongo-ovatis, prothorace paullo

latioribus, luteo-villosis, singulis costis quatuor obliquis nigris nitidis instruc-

tis; sutura nigra, nitida. Corpore subtus et pedibus nigtis, subnitidis, punc-

tatissimis ; abdomine leviori.

Long. corp. unc. 135 prothoracis, lin. 6; elytr. lin. 14.

Habitat prope fluv. Shire, Zambesi.

Revdo. H. Rowley capta, et ad Museum Entomologicum Oxonie benevole com-

municata.

Prof. Westwood also read the following descriptions of two anomalous Carabideous

beetles :-—

Genus De tinius, Westw.

Genus novum Carabidorum, Steropi madidi habitu et statura. Antenne breves,

graciles, geniculate, articulo basali tertiam partem occupante. Caput me-

diocriter porrectum, labro in medio marginis antici prominenti. Mandibule

graciles, acute, intus edentate. Maxille spina rigida apicali lobo interno,

spinulisque margine interno armate. Palpi maxillares externi articulo api-

cali mediocre subsecuriformi. Palpi labiales magni, articulo ultimo magno

securiformi. Mentum in medio emarginature porrectum, truncatum. Pro-

thorax subquadratus, lateribus rotundato-curvatis. Elytra ovalia. Tibie

antice haud palmate, margine interno emarginatz.

Sp. 1. D. Esstnerontl, n. sp.

Niger, subnitidus ; capite sulcis duobus inter antennas, pronoto sulcu medio in

fossula parva ovali ante marginem posticum terminato, sulcisque duobus

prope angulos posticos notato ; elytris striatis, costaque submarginali proditis.

Long. corp. lin. 8.

Habitat Port Essington, in Australia. In Mus. Hopeiano Oxoniz.

Genus Spanus, Westw.

Genus novum Carabidorum, statura et habitu Miscodere ; Axinidio et Dispherico

affine. Caput parvum, porrectum. Prothorax globosus. Elytra ovalia, gib-

bosa, basi pedunculata. Labrum breve, profunde emarginatum, Mandibule

apice acute, dente parvo subapicali marginis interni armate. Maxille lobo

interno elongato, apice obtuso, longe ciliato. Palpi externi maxillares et

labiales longi, fere equales, articulo ultimo maximo, inflato, apice truncato.

Mentum late emarginatum, margine antico incisure recto. Labium parvum,

subtriangulare ; paraglosse elongate, tenuissime, setose. Tibie antice haud

palmate, intus pone medium emarginate. Tarsi quatuor antici articulis

quatuor basalibus brevibus, latis, subcordatis.

Sp. 1. S. Nararicus, n. sp.

Niger, glaberrimus; ore, antennis et pedibus piceo-rufis; capitis vertice oblique

bi-suleato; pronoto sulco tenui mediano impresso; elytris stria profunda

prope suturam, alteraque marginali, puncto prope basin, alteroque subapicali

singulatim impressis.

Long. corp. lin. 33.

Habitat in Natalia. D. Guienzius. In Mus. Hopeiano Oxonie.

Mr. Waterhouse exhibited a specimen of Psammodius porcicollis and a specimen

of Onthophilus exaratus, and read the following notes respecting them :—

“The specimen of Psammodius porcicollis 1 found mixed, in Kirby’s British col-

lection, with the Psammodius sulcicollis, which it greatly resembles ; the specimen of

Onthophilus exaratus I have had for many years in my own British collection, where

it stood with a specimen of Onthophilus sulcatus, and was supposed to be the same

species ; the two insects in all probability having never been compared till within the

last few days, when, having determined to clean them, and mount them on card, I

then perceived that they were distinct species. The history of the specimen is un-

known to me, but I believe it was given me as the O. sulcatus. Both the insects

exhibited, it would appear, are known only as inhabitants of South Europe. It is

hoped that this notice will induce our Entomologists to examine their British col-

lections, with the view of ascertaining whether they contain these species, and can

furnish us with any information respecting them.

“‘ Psammodius porcicollis (Aphodius porcicollis, [lliger, Magazin fiir Insectenkunde,

ii. p. 195, 2, 1803) has the same thickly tuberculated head, the transverse ridges on

the thorax, and strongly sulcated elytra, as in P. sulcicollis ; its colouring, moreover,

is the same, being pitchy black, with the legs and fore part of the head dull rufous;

but it differs in being decidedly larger. The oblique ridges seen on the head of P.

sulcicollis, and which converge and meet at an angle near the hinder part of the head,

are scarcely to be traced in P. porcicollis, nor are the large punctures which are

visible in the former insect on the back of the head. The thorax is relatively more

ample in P. porcicollis, and the coarse punctures in the transverse sulci are more nu-

merous and more evident, especially on the hinder part of the the thorax, behind the

posterior transverse ridge: the elytra are more strongly suicated, and the punctures in

the sulci are larger, and separated from each other, for the most part, only by narrow

transverse ridges; the interstices of the strie are broader; and lastly, the outermost

interstice is continued from the base of the elytron only about half-way towards the

apex, so that the two outermost striz become confluent beyond that part. The corre-

sponding interstice in P. sulcicollis is at first (near the humeral angle of the elytron)

united for a short distance with the much more prominent interstice which is nearest

to it, and then is free, and extends to the apex of the elytron.

“« Onthophilus exaratus, De Marseul, Essai Monographique sur la Famille des His-

térides, Ann, de la Soc. Ent. de France, 3me série, iv. p. 552, sp. 2. Hister exaratus,

Illig. Magaz. vi. 48, 25 (1807).— The insect exhibited is as large as the largest speci-

mens of O. sulcatus, and is placed by De Marseul and others in the section of the

genus in which there is an odd number of longitudinal ridges (5) on the dorsal surface

of the thorax,—a section which includes our O. sulcatus; whilst our common smaller

species, O, striatus, is placed in the section having an even number (6) of ridges on

the thorax. Of course in the former case there would be a mesial ridge, and the spe-

cies of the second section would be destitute of a mesial ridge, and thus two distinct

types of sculpturing might be said to exist in these very closely-allied insects,—a pe-

culiarity which would not be in accordance with our general experience. The O. exa-

ratus, however, shows that such is not the case. All the species have six ridges. The

differences in the three species are, that in O. striatus the four ridges on the dorsal

surface of the thorax are equidistant and entire, and they extend from the base to the

apex of the thorax ; the other two ridges are short, confined to the hinder half of the

thorax, and situated, one on each side, rather nearer to the lateral margin than to the

dorsal ridges. In the other two species the above so-called four dorsal ridges are

interrupted, the outer pair vanishing on the anterior third of the thorax, and the

middle pair interrupted about midway between the base and apex uf the thorax, and

reappearing, more widely separated, on the fore part. In O. sulcatus the two middle

ridges are almost united into one ridge, being separated only by a slender impressed

line. In O. exaratus the two corresponding ridges are distinctly separated by a shal-

low, densely punctured groove ; the space between them and the nearest adjoining

ridge on either side is, however, fully three times greater than that which separates

the middle pair. O. sulcatus has the abbreviated outermost ridge on either side well

developed and glossy. In O. exaratus jt is represented by a mere swelling, nearly as

densely punctured as other parts of the thorax. In both inscets there are four large

shallowish fovew near the hinder margin of the thorax, separating the ridges; in O.

striatus the fovex can scarcely be traced ; here the sides of the thorax at the base are

- parallel for a short distance, then they converge suddenly to the front. In O. sulca-

_ tus they converge from the base to the apex, but present a gently convex outline, and

_ the part immediately below the anterior angle is somewhat incrassated and slightly

rounded. In O. exaratus the sides of the thorax also converge, but are straight, ex-

cepting towards and near the anterior angles (which are depressed), where they gently

bend inwards. The surface of the thorax is moderately densely and moderately finely

punctured in O. sulcatus; in O. exaratus it appears under a common lens to be

densely covered by very minute longitudinal scratches, separated by equally minute

ridges; under a strong lens, however, punctures are visible, more especially on the

hinder part of the thorax, but these punctures are confluent in the longitudinal

direction. . striatus presents a nearly similar condition of the sculpturing, but it is

scarcely so dense and delicate on the disk of the thorax. The elytra are rather less

convex in Q. exaratus than in the other two species ; in all they are covered by sharply

impressed lines, separated by minute longitudinal ridges, besides which in O. striatus

the dorsal surface of each elytron presents six equidistant and equally developed

cost, and a row of somewhat isolated punctures between them. In O. sulcatus the

‘intermediate coste—t.e., the first (or that nearest the suture), third and fifth—are

wanting, or rather they are not distinguishable (excepting in a slight degree in certain

parts) from the very minute longitudinal ridges filling up the interspaces; of these

there are five, the central one representing the costa; there are six rows of somewhat

isolated punctures, as in O. striatus. O. exaratus presents an intermediate condition,

for each elytron has six costz, but the alternate ones are rather less raised ; the punc-

tures are much larger in their transverse diameter, filling up almost the whole inter-

space between the coste. The first, third and fifth cost (being those which are less

elevated) are depressed, and punctured in parts. There are other differences in these

insects observable in the structure of the legs and antenne, but those already pointed

out will render them easily distinguishable.”

Major Parry read the following :—

Further Remarks on Mr. James Thomson’s ‘ Catalogue of Lucanide,

“ Mr. James Thomson having kindly placed at my disposal for examination the

type-specimens of some interesting species of Lucanoid Coleoptera formerly belonging

to Count Dejean’s collection, as well as of those species described by himself in bis

recently-published ‘ Catalogue of the Lucanidz, I have drawn up a tabular statement

upon the synonymy of the species in question. To this I have added a few observa-

tions, and the whole may be considered as an Addendum to my Remarks upon Mr,

Thomson’s ‘Catalogue’ which have been already published in the Society’s ‘ Trans-

actions. Iam now able to state that the opinion therein expressed, that several of

the species in question had previously been published, has, after a careful examination

of the type-specimens, been fully corroborated. To those Members who are more par-

ticularly interested in the Lucanoid Coleoptera, the types of Count Dejean’s species,

now exhibited, together with the handwriting of this celebrated Entomologist, cannot

but prove interesting.

Mr. J. Thomson's Species. Synonymous with

1. Prosopocoilus bulbosus, Hope (var. mi- Macrognathus Spencii, Hope, Cat. p. 6,

nor), Thoms. Cat. p. 396. (var. max.)

2. Cladognathus astericus, 9 ,Zhoms.Cat. Prosopocoilus occipitalis, Hope, Cat. pp.

p. 417, n. sp. 4,13.

3. Dorcus axis, $, Dej. Cat.(var. minor). Dorcus bucephalus, Perty.

. D.semirugosus, $ (var.minor), Zhoms. D. Tityus, Hope, Tr. Ent. Soc. iv. p. 74.

Cat. p. 422, n. sp.

5. D.exaratus, 2 (Dej)., Thoms. Cat. p. DD. lineato-punctatus, Hope, Cat. p. 23.

426.

6. D. Ceramensis, ¢, Thoms. Cat. p.424, D. concolor, Blanchard, Voy. Pole Sud.

n. Sp. iv. 138, pl. ix., fig. 10.

7. D. Diabolicus, ¢, Thoms. Cat. p.428, D. Niponensis, V. Vollenhoven, Tijd. v.

n. sp. Ent. iv. p. 1138, pl. vii. fig. 3.

8. Agus cicatricosus, ¢, Dej. Cat. Aigus Chelifer, M‘Leay, Hor. Ent. p. 113.

9. Sclerostomus leiocephalus, g, Thoms. Dorcus femoralis,Guerin, Rev. Zool. 1839,

Cat. (var. minor). p- 303.

10. Scortizus cribratus, 2, Thoms. Cat. p. Sclerostomus Neotragus, g', Westw. Tr.

429, n. sp. Ent, Soc., 0. 8., iii. p. 207, pl. xi. fig. 3.

11. Nigidius cornutus, Thoms. Cat.p.401. Figulus tilobus, Westwood, Ent. Mag. v.

p. 263.

12. Figulus Australicus, Thoms. Cat. p. F. regularis, West. Ent. Mag. v. p. 263.

432, n. sp.

13. F. vulneratus, Thoms. Cat. p.433, n. sp. ? F. anthracinus, Klug., Ins. Madagascar, p.

85.

14, Ceratognathus Westwoodii, ¢,7homs. Ceratognathus punctatissimus, West. Tr.

Cat. p. 433, n. sp. Ent. Soc. ser. 3, i. p. 433, pl. xv. fig. 4.

15, C. Helotoides, 2, Thoms. Cat. p.434, Sinodendron ?areolatum, West. Tr. Ent.

nN. Sp. Soc. ser. 3, i. p. 430, pl. xiv. fig. 2.

“ Professor Westwood’s descriptions of the two last species were subsequent to

those of Mr. J. Thomson.

CanTHaroLeTHRus Luxrerit, ¢. Doreus Luxerii, Buquet, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr.

(1843). Cantharolethrus Georgius, Thoms. Cat. p. 411 (1862).

“In alluding to the priority of Mons. Buquet’s description of this interesting

insect from Columbia (vide Tr. Ent. Soc. ser. 3, vol. i. p. 446), I referred to its con-

nexion with the Chiasognathide rather than with the Lucanida, in which family Mr.

Thomson has located it, placing the genus immediately before Lucanus. Upona

further examination of the species in question, I am now disposed to modify my former

opinion, although not to the extent of placing Cantharolethus next to Lucanus; I

think it has greater affinity to Cyclommatus, Macrocrates and Leptinopterus; to Cy-

clommatus in the triangular and depressed form of the head, the smooth and polished

character of the elytra, and the unarmed four posterior tibiw ; to Macrocrates in the

robust and porrect mandibles, and more especially in the peculiar, slender and elon-

gate antenne, with their lengthened basal joint; and finally, to Leptinopterus in the

ciliated and strongly acute posterior angle of the prothorax, more especially to be

noticed in L. Fryi, Parry, a figure of which species, as well as of C. Luxerii, it is my

intention shortly to publish ; in this latter respect there is evidently a strong con-

nexion with Chiasognathus and Sphenognathus.

AL GUS CICATRICOSUS.

“ This insect, formerly belonging to Count Dejean’s collection, is stated on the

label to have been received from Java. I cannot but think this to be erroneous. In

the first place, I have had the opportunity of examining various collections containing

numerous series of well-known previously-described species from Java belonging to

the genus Agus, and I have never as yet been able to recognize another specimen of

the insect alluded to. Secondly, numerous examples of it (now before the Meeting)

have lately been received, both from Cambudia and Malacca, evidently identical with

Count Dejean’s species, and found (upon examination with a specimen in the British

Museum collection notified as received from Mr. M‘Leay) to be likewise identical with

Agus Chelifer, described by that Entomologist in the ‘ Hore Entomologice, p. 113,

and stated to be from Australia. The last-mentioned habitat must also be incorrect,

in corroboration of which opinion I may further add that Nigidius cornutus, described

by Mr. M‘Leay (id. cit.) with the habitat of Australia, has recently been received both

from Cambodia and Malacca ; examples in the collections of Mr. W. Saunders and

Count Mniszech being identical with a typical specimen in the British Museum.

** Mons, Reiche, in his ‘ Critique’ upon Dr. Burmeister’s ‘ Handbuch der Entomo-

logie’ (wide Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. vol. i. ser. 3, p. 82), states Count Dejean’s insect to be

identical with Dorcus cicatricosus of Wiedemann, from Java. In this I cannot agree,

as, according to Wiedemann’s description in the ‘ Zoologisches Magazin,’ vol. ii. p.

108, it is evident that the insect there characterized represents a female, no allusion

at all being made to the male. Wiedemann’s species is no doubt, as suggested by Dr.

Burmeister, the female of Augus acuminatus, Fab., a species far from uncommon in

Java.

“ With all these facts before me, I have but little hesitation in referring Count

Dejean’s species to Hgus Chelifer of M‘Leay with the habitat of Cambodia and Ma-

lacea instead of Australia, and a distinct species from Agus acuminatus of Fabricius.

“ The interesting series of this species now exhibited, with their extraordinary va-

riety of form and sculpture, shows the very great difficulty the Entomologist must ex-

perience in deciding as to the identity of species from a brief written description only,

seeing that the same species may be most conscientiously described under three or

four different names,—a fact which has, to my knowledge, already in several instances

occurred.

“To obviate this inconvenience I would suggest to Entomologists who may here-

after describe any of the Lucanoid Coleoptera to have regard to and to notify the

state of development of the specimens described. In using this expression I allude

exclusively to the growth of the mandibles, those organs being of primary importance

in this group of Coleoptera, exhibiting as they do the most anomalous character of the

group, especially as regards their dimensions in comparison with the insect itself, and

their extraordinary variability in form and sculpture. An acquaintance with nume-

rous series of species of the different genera sufficiently establishes that three distinct

forms of development exist; these may be specified as—var. max., var. med., and var,

minor ; and if future describers will notify from which form their description is drawn

up, such a notification will, I feel confident, considerably assist the student, and per-

haps also prevent other Entomologists from describing as new species insects which,

after all, are only subordinate modifications of form of species previously well known

and described.

ProsopocoiLus BuLBosus, Hope ¢ (var. minor), Thoms. Cat. p. 396.

“‘T have examined the unique specimen in the Hopeian collection which was de-

scribed by Mr. Hope (together with Lucanus bulbosus and other species) under

the name of Lucanus Spencii in the ‘ Transactions of the Linnean Society,’ vol. xviii.

p- 589. Ihave no hesitation in regarding L. Spencii and L. bulbosus as identical.

The type-specimen of L. Spencii is one with fully-developed mandibles. The name

of Spencii has a slight priority (vide the publication alluded to), and, as well out of

deference to the memory of that distinguished Entomologist, ought, I think, to be

retained. The var. miuvor of this species appears to be far from uncommon ; but the

specimen in the Hopeian collection is the only one on record of the var. max.

CrratoenatHus HetortorpeEs, 9, Thoms. Cat. p. 434.

“This species is the last of those described by Mr. Thomson in his ‘ Catalogue,

and, as I suggested in my former remarks, proves to be identical with the insect de-

scribed and figured by Professor Westwood under the name of Sinodendron? areola-

tum, 2 (vide Tr. Ent. Soc. 3rd ser. vol. i. p. 430). The general appearance of this

species is, as notified by Prof. Westwood, far more in accordance with the genus

Sinodendron than with Ceratognathus, but, as the male is at present unknown

(although Mr. Thomson appears inadvertently to have described it), it must still

remain a matter of doubt to what genus it ought to be referred. Professor Westwood,

in a note at the end of his paper (lid. cit. p. 437), suggests that, in the event of the

two species proving identical, the unintelligible nomenclature and description of Mr.

Thomson ought to prevent the retention of the name he has given: although partially

agreeing in this respect, the point is fairly open to discussion, and I should be glad to

hear Members express their opinions upon it.”

March 7, 1864,

Frepertick Smira, Esq., Member of the Council, in the chair.

Special Meeting—A Special Meeting was held, pursuant to notice, for the purpose

of electing a President in the place of Mr. Stainton, who declined to accept the

office.

The Chairman appointed Messrs. Haward and Sharp to be Scrutineers. A ballot

was then held, and Francis P. Pascoe, Esy., F.L.S., &c., was declared to be duly

elected President for 1864.

Ordinary Meeting.—The following donations were announced, and thanks voted to

the donors :—

Donations to the Library.

‘Académie Royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique:

- Bulletins des Séances de la Classe des Sciences, Année 1862;’ ‘ Annuaire 1863 ;’

presented by the Academy. ‘Proceedings of the Royal Society, No. 60; by the

Society. ‘ Proceedings of the Natural History Society of Dublin, Vol. iv. Part 1; by

the Society. ‘ Proceedings of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Liverpool during

the fifty-second Session, 1862-63,’ No. xvii.; by the Society. ‘Sitzungsberichte der

Konig]. bayer. Akademie der Wissenschafien zu Minchen, 1863, II. Heft 2 & 3; by

the Academy. ‘Notes on the Indian Bombycide, by Capt. Thomas Hutton; by the

Author. ‘The Classification of Animals, based on the Principle of Cephalization ;

Part 2, On Fossil Insects from the Carboniferous Formation in Llfhois ;’ by James D.

Dana; by the Author. ‘Chilonidarum et Crambidarum Genera et Species,’ Scripsit

P. C. Zeller; by the Author. ‘The Intellectual Observer,’ Nos. 25 and 26; by the

Publishers. ‘The Zovlogist’ for March; by the Editor. ‘The Transactions of the

Linnean Society of London,’ Vol. xxiv. Part 2; by the Society. ‘The Journal of the

Society of Arts’ for February; by the Society. ‘The Atheneum’ for February; by

the Editor. ‘The Reader’ for February ; by the Editor, ‘ Verhandlungen des Natur-

forschenden Vereines in Brinn, Band I. 1862; by the Society. ‘Wiener Ento-

mologische Monatschrift, Vol. vii. Nos. 1—12; by M. Lederer.

The following additions by purchase were also announced :—‘ Fauna Austriaca:

Die Fliegen (Diptera)? von J. Rudolph Schiner. ‘Berichte wher die Wissen-

schafilichen Leistungen im Gebiete der Entomologie, von Dr. A. Gerstaecker, 1853

—1861; Berlin, 1855—1863.

Election of Member.

R. W. Fereday, Esq., of Oakley Station, Christ Church, Canterbury, New Zealand,

was ballotted for and elected a Corresponding Member.

Exhibitions, &c.

Mr. Waterhouse exhibited two species of Aleochara hitherto unrecorded as

British :—

1. A. procera, Kraatz, Ins. Deutschl. p. 97 = Ocalea procera, Erichs. Gen. et Sp.

Staph. p.61. Found at Reigate by Mr. Linnell.

2. A. fumata, Erichs. lib. cit. p. 166, Kraatz, lib, cit. p. 93. Found in Scotland

by Mr. Morris Young and by Mr. Waterhouse himself.

Mr. Waterhouse also exhibited specimens of Aleochara brunneipennis, Kraatz, =

sanguinea, Kirby, and called attentiun to the fact that that species was identical with

the A. merens, 7’homs., as he had ascertained both from the description and by com-

parison with a specimen received from Thomson by Mr. Crotch.

Prof. Westwood exhibited the sexes of Ramphorhina Petersiana, a splendid Goliath

beetle, brought from the Zambesi by the Rev. H. Rowley, the female being then for

the first time exhibited; also several species of Lepidoptera from the Zambesi,

amongst which was a new species of Charaxes, which considerably resembled an

Argynnis, and of which the following description was read:—

: Cuaraxes ARGYNNIDES, Westw.

C. alis anticis apice rotundatis, margine apicali in medio emarginato; posticis

sinuatis, bicaudatis; omnibus supra saturate fulvis, limbo apicali nigro, fulvo-

maculato; anticarum cellula discoidali nigro bimaculata, macula externa cur-

vata, et macula trifida terminata; pone medium al maculis quinque in lineam

curvatam dispositis; posticis striga undata interrupta, e maculis minutis fuscis

formata, per medium ale currente, limbo nigro, serie duplici Junularum fulvarum

submarginalium ; anticis subtus disco magis rufescenti, macula tripartita sub-

costali pone medium notatis; posticis obscurioribus, dimidio basali maculis

irregularibus albidis, nigro antice marginato, limbo griseo luteo albido fuscoque

striolato.

Exp. alar. une. 26.

Habitat Zambesi, Africe. D. Rowley. In Mus. Hopeiano Oxoniz.

At first sight this butterfly might almost be taken for one of the Fritillaries, Atella

Phalanta, to which tails had been added. To some of the Vanissidans, such as Eurema

Paullus, it also bears a considerable resemblance; but its nearest direct ally is the

African Charaxes Neanthes of Hewitson, from which, however, it is very distinct,

belonging to a different section of the genus.

Prof. Westwood also read the following description :—

Papitio Hewitsonu, Westw.

&@ Corpore nigro, albo-punctato; alis anticis elongato-ovalibus, posticis subro-

tundatis; anticis supra nigris, immaculatis; posticis fuscis, venis nigris, angulo

anali macula fulva in marginem analem extensa, et duplici serie macularum

grisearum submarginalium fere indistincta inter venulas medianas notatis; alis

infra rufo-fuscis, posticis macula anali, fulva supra, punctis duobus nigris

maculisque duabus cuneatis griseis coronata, serieque submarginali macularum

grisearum hastiformium; ani lobis duobus oblongis magnis, singulo macula

oblonga albo-notato.

Exp. alar. une. 3%.

Habitat in Borneo. In Mus. Hewitsonio.

Syn. Papilio Slateri, 2, Hewitson, Exot. Butt. ii, Papilio, tab. iv. fig. 9.

Mas Papilionis Slateri (Bdv. M.S., Hewitson, 1]. c.), ex India Orientali (Sylhet),

differt alis anticis magis triangularibus, posticis etiam subtriangularibus, anticis

nigris, macula tripartita pallide cerulea ad apicem cellule discoidalis, striisque

novem longitudinalibus ejusdem coloris inter medium et apicem extensis;

posticis fuscis vel rufo-fuscis, macula parva fulva ad angulum ani, nigro supra

eincta, in marginem analem haud extensa; alis subtus rufo-fuscis, anticis

macula parva ovata ad apicem are@ discoidalis, et serie fere obsoleta macularum

grisearum inter medium et apicem; posticis macula ad angulum analem nigro

supra cincta, et serie submarginali macularum plus minusve distincta et squamis

griseis formata notatis; ani valvulis nigris, singulis macula oblonga alba

notatis.

Prof. Westwood also read the following descriptions of new species of Coleoptera:

Genus APATETICA, Westw. Cab. Orient. Entom.

Apatetica NITIDULOIDES, Westw.

A. nigra, nitida, punctata, elytris chalybzis, antennis extrorsum paullo crassioribus,

prothorace lateribus rotundatis, dilatato-marginatis, antice multo angustiori,

disco rude punctato, elytris profunde punctato-striatis, angulo externo postico

acuto, abdomine pone elytra triangulariter porrecto, tarsis anticis dilatatis,

antennis pedibusque nigris.

Long. corp. unc. ¥.

Habitat in Java. In Mus. D. Wallace.

Genus SYNTELIA, Westw.

Genus novum Trogositidum, Platycerum Caraboidem simulans. Corpus oblongum,

subdepressum, glabrum. Caput porrectum, subquadratnm. Mandibule magne,

porrecte, intus irregulariter dentate. Maxille bilobex, lobis simplicibus longe

ciliatis, interno brevi ovali, externo elongato, Palpi omnes subfiliformes, articulis

extensis equalibus. Mentum subquadratum. Labium setosum, profunde in-

cisum. Antenne in fossulis obliquis faciei infer receptz, breves, 1 l-articulate,

subgeniculate; clava magna, depressa, ovata, fere solida, 3-articulata. Pro-

thorax capite paullo major, subquadratus, tenue marginatus, antice parum latior,

angulis anticis rotundatis. Tibie omnes extus spinose. Tarsi simplices,

5-articulati, articulo ultimo elongato, clavato. Prosternum ante coxas anticas

prominens. Abdomen 5-articulatum, articulis tribus intermediis brevioribus.

Sp. 1. Synrevia Inpica, Westw.

S. chalybxo-nigra, nitida, capite sparsim punctato, prothorace levi, lateribus et

versus angulos posticos punctato, elytris tenue punctato-striatis, stria prope

suturam alteraque subhumerali profundis, podice punctato.

Long. corp. unc. ;6.

Habitat in India Orientali. In Mus. Hopeiano Oxoniz (olim nostro).

Sp. 2. Synrevia Mexicana, Westw.

S. precedenti simillima, chalybwo-nigra, nitida, capite valde convexo, parum

punctato, pronoto convexo, in medio postice depresso, irregulariter at rude

punctato, presertim versus latera et marginem posticum, elytris striato-punctatis,

punctisque majoribus strias transversim conjungentibus notatis, podice puncta~

tissimo, metasterno impressioue media ovali, lineaque longitudinali impressa.

. 6

Long. corp. une. §.

Habitat in Mexico. In Mus. Mniszech.

Prof. Westwood also remarked that. Spanus Natalicus, Westw. (ante p. 3), was

possibly identical with Dyschiridium ebeninum, Chaudoir, although there seemed

to be some discrepancies in the structure of the trophi.

Prof. Westwood also exhibited larve of Endrosis fenestrella, which had been sent

to him by a correspondent, and which were accused of having made numerous holes in

a carpet which had been laid down new in September or October last: on taking up

the carpet, the larve were found on or in the interstices between the boards of the

floor, but the larva-cases did not appear to be formed of particles of the carpet.

Mr. Stainton remarked that the only evidence against the Endrosis larve was their

propinquity to the carpet; he had never hitherto detected that species in the com-

mission of similar injury.

Mr. Bond, however, bad no doubt that they would attack carpets; he himself |

had once had a coat destroyed by them.

Prof. Westwood said that another correspondent had called his attention to the

injury done to the leather binding of books by Ptinus hololeucus, a well-known beetle,

which he believed to have been imported into this country from Russia some thirty

years ago in a cargo of leather, and which was now thoroughly naturalized. This also

was a case of first conviction, for he had not before met with any instance of this insect

doing actual harm.*

Mr. S. Stevens exhibited a collection of Coleoptera and Lepidoptera from Old ,)}

Calabar.

Mr. 8S. Stevens also read a letter from Mr. John Young, on the subject of the

swarms of small ants found in his house in Guildford Street; see ‘ Proceedings’ for

October, 1863. Mr. Young stated that he had removed the pest by the use of

Dumont’s Insect-destroying Powder, by puffing the powder into the crevices from

which the ants issued, and laying it on the ledges, &c., on which they appeared.

Mr. Waterhouse exhibited several portions of nests of bees, wasps and hornets, in

illustration of the paper mentioned below.

Papers read.

Mr. Baly read a paper entitled “ A Catalogue of Cassidide collected by Mr, A. R.

Wallace in the Eastern Archipelago, with Descriptions of the New Species.”

The Secretary read the first part of a paper, by Mr. Pascoe, entitled “ Longicornia

Malayana; or, a Descriptive Catalogue of the Species of the three Longicorn Families,

Lamiide, Cerambycide and Prionide, collected by Mr. A. R. Wallace in the Malay

Archipelago.”

Mr. Waterhouse read a paper “ On the formation of the Cells of Bees,” in which

the Author defended what may be termed the circular theory of formation, which was

first promulgated by himself nearly thirty years previously.

A discussion ensued, in which Mr. Bates and Prof. Westwood took part: Mr. Baly

mentioned some observations made by himself on the formation of the nests of certain

wasps, as corroborating Mr. Waterhouse’s view; and Mr. A. R. Wallace expressed

his concurrence in the theory. Mr. Frederick Smith, however, was not of the same

opinion, and promised to bring before the Society, at its next Meeting, certain facts

which, to his mind, were conclusive against the circular theory.

* See ‘ Journal of Proceedings’ for September, 1862.

April 4, 1864,

F. P. Pascor, Esq., President, in the chair.

Mr, Pascoe thanked the Society for electing him to fill the Presidential Chair;

and nominated as Vice-Presidents Mr. Stainton, Mr. A. R. Wallace and the Rey.

Hamlet Clark.

Additions to the Library.

The following donations were announced, and thanks voted to the donors:—

‘Sitzungsberichte der Konigl. bayer. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Minchen,’

1863, II. Heft 4; presented by the Academy. ‘The Zovlogist’ for April; by the

Editor. ‘The Classification of Animals based on the Principle of Cephalization.

No. III. Classification of Herbivores;’ ‘Note on the Position of Amphibians

among the Classes of Vertebrates;’ by the Author, James D. Dana. ‘Stettiner

Entomologische Zeitung,’ 1864, Nos. 1—3; by the Society. ‘Exotic Butterflies,

Part 50; by W. W. Saunders, Esq. ‘The Natural History of the Tineina,’ Vol. viii.,

containing Gracilaria, Parti., aud Ornix, Parti.; by H. T. Stainton, Esq. ‘The

Intellectual Observer, No. 27; by the Publishers. ‘The Reader’ for March; by the

Editor, ‘The Journal of the Society of Arts’ for March; by the Society.

The following additions by purchase were also announced :—Grenier, A., ‘ Cata-

logue des Coléoptéres de France. De Marseul, S. A., ‘Catalogue des Coléoptéres

d'Europe et du Bassin de la Méditerranée en Afrique et en Asie,’ deuxiéme edition.

Election of Member.

_ P. H. Harper, Esq., of 30, Cambridge Street, Hyde Park Gardens, was ballotted

for and elected a Member of the Society.

Exhibitions, &c.

Mr. Frederick Smith—after remarking that his attention had been called to a note

appended by the Editor of the ‘ Zoologist’ (Zool. 8975) to an extract from his Address

to the Society on the 25th of January last, the passage extracted being that relating

to the luminosity of Fulgora, and the note being in the following words, “ I believe the

Honduras fire-fly with intermittent light is an Elater; if so, the Fulgora question

remains in statu quo,’—said that he had since had supplied the further evidence of

another eye-witness of the luminosity of the lanthorn-fly. Mr. James Smith, of

23, Wilton Row, Queen’s Road, Dalston, made the following statement :—

“The Fulgora candelaria is found most plentifully between the months of May

and August; it is occasionally seen in the winter, but these, I think, are hybernated

specimens; it is then not luminous, and very much faded. In the summer it has a

pale blue or green light at the end of the snout, which may be considerably augmented

by a gentle pressure of the insect; it is brightest in the female. It is common throughout

all China, and called the ‘ Star of Eve,’ ‘ Eye of Confucius,’ ‘ Spark-fly’; and the same

insect is called, in the winter, the ‘ Flying Elephant,’ perhaps in reference to its long

proboscis. When the insect is settled the light is more luminous than when it is

flying, and when the male and female have mated it is wholly extinguished. The

male, I believe, does not survive many hours, as I never caught one in the summer

which was not luminous. They fly in swarms, and I have repeatedly taken two or |

three species in the same swarm. They are most plentiful in gardens, though they

are found everywhere. The Chinese ladies catch them and imprison them in a fine

gauze net, and wear them in their hair.” ,

Mr. W. F. Evans said that Sir John Barrow’s experience was in favour of the

luminosity of Fulgora.

Mr. Newman remarked that his note on Mr. F. Smith’s former statement was con-

fined to that part which referred to the Honduras fire-fly, z.e. to Fulgora laternaria,

not F. candelaria. Nothing that had been adduced that evening had any bearing upon

the luminosity of F. laternaria.

Mr. Bates said that Fulgora laternaria was pretty common on the Upper Amazons;

he had been aware of Madame Merian’s statement, and had observed the insect

closely ; but he had never found it luminous, and, what was stronger than the negative

evidence of any single observer, there was no rumour or idea existing amongst the

natives to the effect that it was luminous. The natives were well acquainted with the

insect, which was the subject of fables current amongst them ; for instance, a tale was

told of one of these insects having emerged from the forest and attacked a boat’s crew

of nine persons, eight of whom were killed by the poisonous creature, and the pilot

only escaped by jumping into the river. But though the fly was thus reputed to be

venomous, there was no story current of its being luminous. Mr. Bates himself was

of opinion that Fulgora laternaria was not luminous, and (strange as it might seem)

that the Honduras correspondent on whose statement Mr. F. Smith relied had

attributed to the Fulgora what, in fact, was the luminosity of a Pyrophorus.

Mr. Newman (on behalf of Mr. Butler, who was present as a visitor) exhibited a

number of insects embedded in amber and gum-anime differing from those of which an

account was given by Hope in the first and second volumes of the Society’s ‘ Trans-

actions.’ The amber was from the Baltic, the gum-animé (which, by the bye, was a

resin, not a gum) from the East Indies; one of the amber-insects was peculiar from

having enclosed with it a globule of air and a globule of water.

The President exhibited several new Australian Longicomia, presented to him by

Mr. F. G. Waterhouse, of Adelaide, some of which were taken by that gentleman

during the recent exploring expedition under Stuart; among the more interesting was

a new genus, in some respects connecting those remarkable and isolated forms Bimia

and Hesthesis. Also a considerable number of new species from Gawler, near

Adelaide, part of a large collection for which he was indebted to Mrs. Kruesler and

Mr. Odewahn; one of these had the appearance of a Malacoderm, for which, at the

first glance, it might very readily be taken. It might, in fact, be regarded as another

case of “mimetic resemblance”; but if so, there was this peculiarity about it, that the

stronger insect was here imitating the weaker, which seemed not quite consistent with

the theory that the imitated form was copied with a view to the protection of the

imitating.

Mr. A. R, Wallace said that the case was quite consistent with the theory of

mimetic resemblances, and that that theory did not depend upon the relative strength

or weakness of the imitated or imitating forms; an insect might be very weak in

structure, and yet be a proper subject for mimicry; many insects of weak structure

were extremely abundant, were, in fact, dominant species; such species no doubt

possessed some protection against their enemies with which we were unacquainted,

and of which other species of stronger structure were deprived ; and having that

protection, whatever it might be, they were on that account fit and likely subjects for

imitation. So far from conflicting with the theory, he felt no surprise whatever at

finding a structurally-stronger insect mimicking a Malacoderm.

The President also exhibited diagrams of the under surface of the abdomen of the

:females of Obrium cantharinum and other Longicornia, showing the presence of large

lumps or tufts of hair on particular segments; he was anxious to ascertain whether

-such a structure was invariably present in the female; he had reason to believe that in

.Some Australian genera (Penthea and Sympbyletes) it was not invariably present, but

further observation was required. If it should prove that it was not invariably present

in the female, this would furnish another instance of “ dimorphism,’ by which he

(Mr. Pascoe) meant a case where there was an addition to or alteration of a part or

organ; the term, in his opinion, ought to be confined to such a phenomenon, and was

not applicable to simple variation, such, e.g., as variation in colour.

Mr. A. R. Wallace exhibited specimens of Papilio Memnon, P. Pammon, P. The-

seus, P. Ormenus, P. Erectheus and P. Tydeus, for the purpose of illustrating his views

on “ polymorphism.” Mr. Wallace remarked that he did not apply the term “ dimor-

phism” to simple variation; on the contrary, he regarded “ polymorphism,” of which

“dimorphism” was but the first and least complicated stage, as a totally different

phenomenon from “ variation,” and one which required a separate name. Under the

common term “ variety” many distinct phenomena were confounded; he proposed to

confine that term to those cases in which there was indefiniteness and irregularity in

the variation. “ Variation,” then, was an indefinite and inconstant phenomenon, the

instances of which passed from one to the other by irregular, often by insensible, grada-

tions; “polymorphism,” on the other hand, consisted in the existence of several

distinct forms of the same insect which do not graduate into each other. Thus, in

Papilio Memnon, the male was in each locality constant; it had rounded hind wings,

and was always nearly black, with a few ashy rays; the female, however, existed under

two distinct forms; the first had the wings shaped like those of the male, but had a

very different colouration, being more or less olive-coloured, and often banded on the

hind wings with whitish yellow, and with marginal black spots; the second form of

female differed remarkably from the first, the hind wings being produced into a large

spatulate tail, and marked with white patches radiating from the base. Both these

forms exhibited varieties in the same locality, but there were no connecting links

between them. The males paired with both forms of female, and in each case the

resulting brood assumed the distinct forms above described. This was a case of

dimorphism. Papilio Pammon was a parallel case; there was a form of female

resembling the male, and there was a second aberrant form of female, viz. the form

which had been called P. Polytes: he believed that P. Romulus would prove to be a

third form of the female of P. Pammon, though of this he had not evidence at present;

but the male of P. Romulus had never been found, whilst the females occurred along

with P. Pammon in every collection from India: if that were so, then P. Pammon

would exhibit an instance of trimorphism. P. Ormenus was certainly trimorphic, for

three distinct forms of female were found, all differing greatly from the male; and

Mr. Wallace had reason to believe that to some males of Papilio as many as four

distinct wives must be assigned. These forms had hitherto been glassed as varieties,

but the physiological differences presented by them were striking.

Mr. Wallace further distinguished between a “variety” and a “local form” or

“race,” denoting by the latter term a form which kept distinct from the parent stock }

and propagated itself independently: such a form was not a “ variety” by reason of its |}

constancy and the absence of intermediate links, and could not be considered a

* species” by reason of the comparative unimportance of the characters in which it

differed from the type-form. The subject of Mr. Wallace’s remarks had been treated |}

by him at length in a paper recently read before the Linnean Society: he further

illustrated the phenomenon of polymorphism by the following hypothetical case:— |}

Imagine the discovery of an island inhabited by white men, and black (negro), red

(Indian), and yellow (Chinese) women, and in which the union of these variously-

coloured parents produces children which always resemble one or other of the four

above-mentioned forms, no intermediate forms ever occurring; the boys are always

white, whilst the girls are black, red or yellow, but without any necessary connexion

with the colour of the mother, so that a black girl may be the offspring of a white

father and of either a black, red or yellow mother. Such a phenomenon would

certainly be an extraordinary one, but it was exactly parallel to what took place with

the exhibited species of Papilio.

Gen. Sir John Hearsey remarked that so long ago as 1831 he had captured Papilio

Pammon and P. Polytes in copula, had killed the pair in situ, and so sent them to

Prof. Westwood ; in which position they were to be seen at Oxford to this day.

Mr. Waterhouse enquired whether there was any evidence of the fertility of the

abnormal females, since on theoretical grounds it might almost be expected that they

would be unproductive.

Mr. Wallace replied that he believed one of the abnormal females then exhibited

could be seen to be full of eggs.

Prof. Westwood exhibited a butterfly recently received at the Oxford Museum

from M. Snellen van Vollenhoven; the specimen was from Ceram, and it appeared to

him to differ from Papilio Peranthus only in its large size and to some extent in its

colouring; he found no structural difference whatever, and he begged to exhibit it as

P. Peranthus, var.; it seemed to him to be precisely one of Mr. Wallace’s “local

forms,” but Mr. Wallace informed him that he should describe it as a new species.

Mr. A. R. Wallace said that if structural difference was necessary to constitute a

species, two-thirds, or probably nine-tenths, of the existing species must be abolished ;

the difference between a local form and a species was one of degree only, and in his

opinion the butterfly exhibited possessed characters sufficient to entitle it to specific

rank.

Prof. Westwood read the following descriptions of two new species of Phasmidz :—

HETEROPTERYX Hope, Westw.

Lata, subdepressa, mesothorace conico; fulvo-lutea (viridis? dum viva), tegminibus

opacis, pallide stramineis; spinulosa, spinis parvis, capitis vertice spinis octo

coronato, mesonoto in medio partis postice spinis duabus minutis armato; parte

detecta supera oviductis segmento nono dorsali abdominis fere duplo longiori,

elongato-lanceolata, angusta, sensim ad apicem attenuata, apice ipso furcato.

(Femina.) ©

Long. corp. lin. 6; proihor. lin. 7; mesothor. lin. 93; metathor. lin. 9; abdom.

segm. 6 basal. lin. 27; segm. 3 apic. lin. 11; oviduct. lin. 6=Jong. tot. circ. unc. 64.

In Mus. Hopeiano Oxoniz (Coll. Bell). Habitat z,

Closely allied to H. Grayii, but much larger, though with the spines much smaller;

the tegmina and wings extend to the extremity of the second dorsal segment of the

abdomen.

Puytirum FEeseEANUM, Westw.

Parvum, lete viride, tegminibus fulvo-maculatis; capite et prothorace granulatis ;

abdomine subheptagono, lateribus segmentorum haud lobatis ; femoribus anticis

~ elongato-ovalibus, dimidio apicali marginis interni lobo semi-rotundo denticulato

armatis; tibiis omnibus gracilibus; femoribus intermediis elongato-ovalibus, nec

intus angulatis. (Famina.)

In Mus. Hopeiano Oxonie. Habitat Ins. Feejee.

Closely allied to and of the same size as P. lobiventre, but differs in the form of

the abdomen and legs. The male is very slender, having the abdomen elongate-

| lanceolate, with the margins entire, and the terminal joints of the antenne somewhat

thickened.

| Mr. S. Stevens exhibited a box of insects recently received from Mr. Diggles, of

“Moreton Bay, Queensland; they consisted principally of Lepidoptera, with a few

-Orthoptera, admirably preserved.

Mr. Sharp exhibited a single specimen of a beetle new to this country, the Stenus

Kiesenwetteri, which he had captured at Wimbledon. The species appeared to be a

rare one, but had occurred in Spain and in Bavaria.

Capt. Cox sent for exhibition some photographs of insects, the execution of which

excited the admiration of all ; they were very nearly, but rather under, the natural size.

The Secretary mentioned that the name of Sosxetra, proposed by Mr. F, Walker

for a new genus of Hymenoptera (Chalcidide), Trans. Ent. Soe. Ser. 3, vol. i. p. 370,

must, according to the ordinary rules of nomenclature, be sunk, since the same author

had, at p. 84 of the same volume, described a new genus of Lepidoptera under the

same name. i

Mr. Frederick Smith said that in stating the contents of the late Mr. Curtis’s

British Collection, in his Address to the Society at the last Anniversary Meeting, he

had made a serious mistake. See ‘Journal of Proceedings’ for 1863, p. 198. The

actual number of specimens wes as follows:—Coleoptera, 9405 ; Lepidoptera, 7200;

Hymenoptera, 7715 ; Diptera, 5878; Neuroptera, 1165; Hemiptera, 1673 ; Homoptera,

244 specimeus.

The Rev. Hamlet Clark communicated extracts from a letter recently received

from Mr. John Gray, who was collecting insects at the Cape de Verdes. The letter

was partly written from the Island St. Nicholas, under date 22nd of February, 1864, and

partly from Porto Grande, St. Vincent, 29th of February, 1864. Eight days had been

spent in St. Nicholas, but as regarded Entomology the, expedition was a failure ; it

was the mid-winter of that country, and more beetles could have been got out of any

turnip-field on avy Christmas-day in England than he had been able to procure there

from the whole of the vegetation put together. Nevertheless a few nice beetles were

captured—a handsome Dytiscus, a large tropical Gyrinus (Dineutes ?), and eight or

ten species of Harpalide, taken high up on the mountains (Nebria, &c.). Altogether,

however, a list could not be made of more than twenty species, of which about five

were Heteromera, several species of which were in profusion under every stone. There

were no signs anywhere of abundant insect-life; nothing was seen upon the walls of

the houses, nothing upon the flowers, nothing anywhere except the Heteromera under

stones. A few fine spiders had been obtained, and carefully preserved in spirits.

; D

Mr. Douglas C. Timins, under date of Cannes, March 29, 1864, communicated

the following notes of his entomological observations made during the winter munths

in the Departement des Alpes Maritimes :—

“ During the early part of November Papilio Podalirius and Gonepteryx Cleopatra,

appeared, though in small numbers, Cynthia Cardui and Vanessa Atalanta were

extremely abundant, and continued on the wing throughout the winter. Orthoptera

were very numerous in November and December: amongst them I noticed Acridium

lineola, Gryllis maculata, G.azurea, G. Italica, G. cerulescens, &c., Mantis religiosa

and others. Cicindelide were very abundant (the common C. campestris and

C. hybrida, as well as several other species). In the beginning of December I took

a great many specimens of Polyommatus Beeticus and the allied P. Telicanus: both

these species fly round the tops of bushes, very much after the manner of the Theclas,

between which genus and Polyommatus they form in habits, as well as in appearance,

a connecting link. P. Unionalis appeared in fir-plantations and Lycena Phleeas

abounded everywhere, as did Lasiommata Avgeria, L. Megera, L. Mera, Argynnis Lath-

onia and Macroglossa Stellatarum. The larve of Papilio Machaon and P. Podalirius

continued feeding until the middle of December, and this was also the case with

numerous other species which in England assume the pupa state some three munths

eatlier. During January few species of Lepidoptera were seen; Pieris Daplidice, how-

ever, appeared, and also fresh specimens of Colias Edusa and C. Myrmidone, and

battered ones of Vanessa Io, V. Atalanta, V. Antiopa, V. Cardui and V. Urtice.

Examining moss appears to be of little or no use in this locality; probably the

Coleoptera rarely hybernate in so mild a climate, and yet few were taken on the wing

or crawling about, except Carabus monilis and Chrysomela Populi, and some of the

genus Aphodius. This neighbourhood seems poor in Dytiscide, for I met with few,

and these only the commonest species. In February the weather was extremely bad,

and the only Lepidoptera which appeared were Lasiommata Ageria, L. Mera and

Colias Edusa; early in March Papilio Podalirius reappeared and Gonepteryx Rhamni

and G. Cleopatra also. During this month Colias Edusa, C. Myrmidone, Pieris

Daplidice (very common), Anthocharis Belia, Vanessa C-album, V. L-album, Pontia

Brassice and P. Chariclea, Thais Rumina, Thecla Rubi (very common), Polyommatus

Alcon (?) and Saturnia Carpini appeared; also Vanessa Io and the other common

Vanesside. Several species of Cicindelide occur now (March 24th) in the rocks, but

I have not yet been able to identify them all; and of Libellule, Ashna grandis,

Libellula forcipata, L. depressa, &c. A good many species of Hemiptera occurred in

December and January, but I have been obliged to reserve their nomenclature for

some future time, as I can obtain here no books on that order. Among the larve

found in December were Deilephila Euphorbie, D. Galii and Acherontia Atropos.

The pine woods have been full of the larve of one ofthe processionary moths, living in

society under white silky nets, and proceeding in lines or chains, sometimes thirty feet

long (each larva is hardly an inch and a half in length), to bury themselves preparatory

to assuming the pupa state: on reaching a suitable place for this purpose, the chain

of larve disperses, and each one proceeds to bury himself, usually, however, near his

comrades, so that when one pupa was found by digging, more were certain to be

obtained within a few inches of the same place.”

Paper read.

Mr. Frederick Smith read a paper “On the construction of Hexagonal Cells of

Bees and Wasps.” This was illustrated by the exhibition of a collection of nests,

among which were those of Icaria guttatipennis, Nectarina Lecheguana, Tatua morio,

Polistes tepidus, P. Tasmaniensis, Vespa vulgaris, Apis mellifica, &c.: among the

most remarkable was a nest of Polistes Tasmaniensis, in which a single central cell

had been prolonged and carried to a considerable distance above the level of the sur-

rounding cells; this prolongation was alleged to be hexagonal, and much use was

made of this in the course of Mr. Smith’s argument. Mr. Bates, however, took issue

with Mr. Smith on the hexagonality of this part, and declared it to be, in his opinion,

as nearly circular-cylindrical as possible. In contradistinction to the “circular

theory” expounded by Mr. Waterhouse at the previous Meeting, Mr. Smith’s might

be termed the “ hexagonal theory,” but it will give a better idea of the main argument,

if we denote his view of the construction of the cells as the “intentional theory.” The

hexagonal form of cell was described as “the ground plan laid down by the Great

Architect,” and the bees were the builders who carried out his designs: it was argued

that both bees and wasps begaw instinctively and with a primary intention to construct

hexagonal cells; aud so strong was the “ hexagonal principle” guiding them in their

operations, that one wasp, Apoica pallida, not only built hexagonal cells, but occasion-

ally formed the entire comb of a hexagonal shape. Reference was also made to the

artificial bases or foundations for cells used by the German bee-keepers, such founda-

tions being hexagonal ; and from this it was argued that these hexagonal ground-plans

must be exactly such plans as bees were accustomed to erect their cells upon, or at all

events that the fact of bees at once accepting the plan furnished them was strongly in

favour of the supposition that bees when left to their own resources construct a pre-

cisely similar basement. In fine, Mr. Smith could not regard bees and wasps as

creatures that would instinctively construct circular-cylindrical cells, but whose labours

always eventuated in the production of hexagonal ones; on the contrary, he regarded

them as creatures that would instinctively construct hexagonal cells, and the hexagons

actually produced were only the carrying into effect the original intention of the

builders.

Mr. Marshall (who was present as a visitor) asked Mr. Smith whether he thought

a hexagonal foundation would be laid in a case where it was not in contemplation to

form other cells in immediate juxta-position? or would a cell be hexagonal if there

were no other cells adjoining to force it into that form? In his opinion, the hexagonal

shape was due to the fact that there were other, as it were, competing cells around,

and to the pressure of such competing cells on that whose form they thus determined :

this also accounted for the fact that the exterior cells were circular. Competition and

pressure were the causes of the hexagonal shape of the cell.

Mr. Newman enquired to what extent Mr. Smith would carry his principle of

intention? Would he apply it equally to the case of the larva-cells of Microgaster

alvearius? Was it applicable to the aggregation of lenses in the eyes of insects? or

could it afford any explanation of the hexagonal form of pillars of basalt ?

Mr. Waterhouse thought he had, in his paper, anticipated and answered most, if

not all, of Mr. Smith’s objections to the circular theory; he admitted, however, that

the nest of Polistes Tasmaniensis presented a difficulty, but thought an isolated

instance of unnatural formation was insufficient to overthrow the theory ; he admitted

also Mr.Smith’s greater practical acquaintance with the nests of bees and wasps; but

he considered the vice of Mr. Smith’s paper to be that it overlooked or did not give

sufficient attention to the circular marginal cells: according to the “intentional

theory,” the marginal cells ought to be as exactly hexagonal as the rest, but this was

not the case; it was upon observations of the marginal cells that the “ circular i}

theory” was grounded, and for their form, as well as for the hexagonal form of the

surrounded cells, the circular theory accounted, whereas the intentional theory of

Mr. Smith applied to the central cells only, and left the other case entirely un-

explained. At any rate the two theories were before the Society, and he hoped the

two papers would be published together, so that Members, caring naught for either |

theory as such, might impartially draw their conclusions for themselves.

New Part of the ‘ Transactions.

A new Part of the ‘ Transactions,’ Series 3, Vol. i. Part 9, being the concluding

part of the volume, and the first published during the present year, was on the table.

May 2, 1864.

F. P, Pascoer, Esq., President, in the chair.

Donations to the Library.

The following donations were announced, and thanks voted to the donors :—

‘Mémoires de la Société de Physique et d’Histoire Naturelle de Genéve, Vol. xvi.

Parts 1 and 2; Vol. xvii. Part 1; presented by the Society. ‘ Proceedings of the

Royal Society, Vol. xiii. No. 61; by the Society. ‘Journal of the Proceedings of the

Linnean Society,’ Vol. vii. No. 28; by the Society. ‘Notes on Spherularia Bombi,

by John Lubbock, Esq., F.R.S., Pres. Ethn. Soc.; by the Author. ‘ Sitzungsberichte

der Konigl. bayer. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Munchen, 1863, II. Heft iv. ;

by the Academy.’ ‘The Journal of Entomology, No. 8; by the Proprietors. ‘The

Journal of the Society of Arts’ for April; by the Society. ‘The Reader’ for April;

by the Editor. ‘The Zoologist’ for May; by the Editor. ‘Stettiner Entomologische

Zeitung, 1864, Nus. 4—6; by the Society. ‘ Descriptions of New Geuera and Species

of Phytophaga, by J. S. Baly; by the Author.

Exhibitions, &c.

Mr. Dunning (on behalf of Mr. R. 8S. Scholfield, who was present as a visitor)

exhibited a specimen of Hydrilla palustris, captured by Mr. Scholfield in Quy Fen,

Cambridgeshire; the specimen was a male, and was disturbed from grass on the after-

noon of the 29th of May, 1862. This Noctua was introduced into the British List on

the authority of an example in the possession of Mr. Allis, taken some years ago near

York; but the species was not included (or rather was given as a ‘ Reputed British

Species”) in Mr. Doubleday’s ‘Synonymie List of British Lepidoptera’ (ed. 1859).

Captain Cox exhibited various coloured drawings of Lepidopterous larve ; and the

original of his “ larva-index” or “ larva-dictionary,’ the plan of which was described

by him at a recent Meeting of the Society. (See ‘Journal of Proceedings’ for 1863,

p. 186.)

Captain Cox also exhibited a number of Lepidopterous larve which had taken

possession and were consuming the contents of a large bin of bran; in the previous

year he had found Aglossa pinguinalis extremely abundant in his stables and out-

houses, and hence thought it probable that the larve were of that species; it was,

however, remarkable that the larve of so fat and greasy a moth should be nourished

on so dry a substance as bran. Mr. Dunning thought the larve were more probably

those of Pyralis farinalis; and Mr. Newman suggested Ilithyia sociella.

Prof. Westwood exhibited nine species of Charaxes (three of which*were unique

specimens) from the Zambesi, whence they had been sent by the Rev. H. Rowley;

each specimen was placed in a separate envelope, a considerable number might thus

be placed in a box, and the whole had travelled in this manner without sustaining

material injury.

Mr. A. R. Wallace exhibited various“species of Papilio, Eronia and Pieris, with

the intention of showing the effect of locality in producing change of form in insects.

Numerous species inhabiting the island of Celebes were produced, and in each case in

juxta-position therewith was its nearest ally from the adjoining islands. The Celebes

insects, in every instance exhibited, had the costa of the anterior wings much more

strongly arched than was the case with their congeners with which they were

compared. Mr. Wallace remarked that changes in colour which were due to locality

had been frequently noticed, but of instances of a change of form only few had been

recorded; Mr. Bates, however, had mentioned some as having come under his obser-

vation in South America. In the Eastern Archipelago, he (Mr. W.) had found that

the butterflies inhabiting the islands which formed the eastern half were generally

larger than those in the western half; and, especially in the Papilionide, that Celebes

and Amboyna produced the largest specimens. Some species which in India were

found with a large tail appended to their hind wings, possessed only a small tail in the

Indian Islands, which ceased altogether or was reduced to a mere tooth in the islands

of the Pacific; of this Papilio Agamemnon was an example. The island of Celebes

was as nearly as might be the centre of the Eastern Archipelago, and the butterflies of

that island, especially the Papiliones, possessed the peculiarity in the form of their wings

to which he had invited attention; sixteen or seventeen species of Papilio were found

in Celebes, and, with a single exception to be afterwards noticed, all were distinguished

from their allies in the other islands by having the upper wings strongly arched, in

lieu of a gentle and gradual curve, or, if he might so term it, a flat bend. The same

distinction existed also in many Pieride and in a few Nymphalide, but he had not

observed it in other groups of butterflies. Mr, Wallace bad a theoretical explanation

to offer of this phenomenon; he conceived that the insects had become modified in

form by the external circumstances to which they had been subjected, and that this

modification was to be accounted for by some physical or organic change which had

occurred in Celebes, but not in the now adjacent isles. Rapidity of flight was gene-

rally supposed to be the consequence or a property of the falcate form of wing; he

(Mr. W.) was inclined to think that the falcate form gave greater facility in twisting

or turning about; if that were so, the Celebes form of butterfly-wing would give the

insect this additional facility, and thus enable it more easily to escape from its enemies.

If, then, the Celebes insects were supposed to have been formerly subject to great per-

secution, those with the arched form of wing would have the best chance of escaping,

the less favoured forms would be gradually killed off, those that survived would owe

their existence to the form of their wings, their offspring would resemble and some few

would exceed them in the possession of the advantageous shape, and the specimens

with the best developed wings being naturally selected in each succeeding generation

would lead to the gradual and regular increase of the peculiarity. But then it might

be asked, How is it that only a few of the butterflies have the peculiarity in question ?

The answer was, that different insects preserve their existence by different means; one

may escape by means of its power of flight, the habits of a second may enable it to

avoid its foe, a third may owe safety to its colour, whilst a fourth may be positively

distasteful to animals which prey upon insects. Thus the Danaide, though slow of

flight, were very abundant and were the subjects of mimicry or imitation by other

species; in all probability they owed their immunity from destruction to the strong

and unpleasant odour which they indubitably possessed. It was manifest that where

another means of escape already existed, the principle of selection would not be

brought into play; the peculiar form of Wing would not be wanted, and therefore

would not be acquired. The obscure Satyride were doubtless protected by their

colour; the majority of the Nymphalide had already sufficient power of flight, aud

those of that group which had acquired the arched form of wing were precisely the

species which possessed only about the same power of flight as a Papilio. The single

Celebesean Papilio which had not assumed the arcuate form of wing was one belonging

to the Polydorus group, a group which was itself imitated by other Papiliones, and

which therefore was doubtless provided with some special defence, though the nature

of it was unknown to us.

Prof. Westwood, after remarking upon the pleasure he always derived from

Mr. Wallace’s speculations, whether he agreed with them or not, said that he was

unable to follow Mr. Wallace in tracing the phenomenon to the causes assigned by

him; arched wings were not necessarily, or even generally, accompanied by the

greatest rapidity of flight; and if the original form of the butterfly must be varied, if

one species must imitate another, he (Prof. Westwood) thought it far more probable

that the variation would consist in getting stronger muscles to their bodies, as in the

species of Charaxes he had that evening exhibited, rather than in a minute change in

the curve of the wing.

Captain Cox thought that the swiftest fliers had the straightest wings, as, e.y., the

Sphinges, where the costa was scarcely arched at all.

Mr. Newman also was unable to connect an arcuate wing with rapidity of flight,

and instanced the straight coste of the swift-flying Diptera.

Mr. F. Smith referred to some of the swiftest Hymenoptera, which had pointed

wings, but with perfectly straight coste.

Mr. Baly said that the arched form of wing might be advantageous in giving a

greater power of twisting and turning about, rather than in giving greater rapidity of

flight; and this, he thought, was what Mr. Wallace had suggested.

The President observed that the theory seemed to be based upon the supposition of

a gigantic persecution to which the butterflies had been subject; but was there any

evidence of the existence of such persecution? had Mr. Wallace ever seen the insects

actually pursued by birds or other enemies? It seemed to him that persecution, to

the extent to which it now occurred, was altogether inadequate to account for the

magnitude of the result attributed to it.

Mr. Bates said that he had frequently observed in South America that the paths

were strewn with the wings of butterflies; and in this country it was not an uncommon

sight to see the Pontie pursued by birds, and sometimes escaping by means of their

tortuous or “ dodging” flight.

Captain Cox had recently seen forty or fifty specimens of Brephos notha destroyed

by tom-tits in a single morning.

Mr. F. Smith remarked that, on the persecution principle, great change must be

impending in the shape of wing of the butterflies of the London district.

Prof. Westwood asked whether Mr. Wallace had observed the twisting or

“dodging” flight to be conspicuous in the butterflies which have largely-developed

wing-tails ? or whether the tails contributed to or affected the flight in any, and, if

any, in what manner?

Mr, Wallace replied that he had not observed that the wing-tails had any influence

upon the flight of the insect; he did not think they affected the rapidity, or that they

acted as a rudder, and he was at a loss to assign any use to those appendages. With

respect to the other puints which had been touched upon, there was in some cases an

increase of muscular power as well as an*increase of curvature of the wings, but the

wing of a butterfly was far more liable to variation than the body of the insect; that

organ was therefore more accessible to the operation of the principle of selection, and

a modification of its form was consequently more readily produced. Most of the

instances of swift-fliers with straight wings which had been adduced (as e.g. the

Sphinges) were insects with the strongest bodies and the greatest muscular power;

moreover, he did not maintain that any insect with arched wings would have a more

rapid flight than any other with straight wings; all that he had argued was, that, as

between two closely allied species, the one which had the wings most arched would

have the flight most rapid ; for instance, he should expect a Sphinx with arched wings

to fly more rapidly than a Sphinx with straight wings. But in truth, though he had

referred to the supposed concomitancy of faleate wings and a rapid flight, his own

notion was (as had been correctly stated by Mr. Baly) that the arched form was

chiefly useful in giving greater power of turning or twisting. As to the enquiry

whether he had seen the butterflies actually pursued, he admitted that he had not to

any great extent; he offered his explanation as a theuretical one; but he thought it

could scarcely be doubted that butterflies were subject to the attacks of numerous

depredators.

Paper read.

The Secretary read a paper, “ On the Reversion and Restoration of the Silkworm,”

by Captain Thomas Hutton, F.G.S., of Mussooree, N.W. India.

The author attributed the enormous loss of silkworms by “ muscardine” and other

diseases, and the consequent diminution of the crop of silk, to the combined effects of

bad and scanty food, want of sufficient light and ventilation, too high a temperature,

“and constant interbreeding for centuries of a debilitated stock. He asserted that there

was no such thing now in existence as a perfectly healthy domesticated stock of silk-

worms; and moreover, that it was useless to seek for healthy seed, for whether in

Europe, Persia, India or China, the worms were all equally degenerated, or, if there

were a difference at all, it was in favour of the European race. He had for several

years been experimenting upon Bombyx Mori, with a view, if possible, to reclaim the

worms, to restore to them a healthy constitution, and to induce them to revert from

their present artificial and moribund condition to one of vigour and permanent health.

The occasional occurrence in a brood of one or more dark gray or blackish-brindled

worms—the “ vers tigrés” or “ vers zebrés” of the French—contrasting strongly with

the pale sickly hue of the majority, must have been noticed by all who have had

experience in rearing silkworms; such occurrences have been always spoken of as

indicating variety arising from domestication. The author had endeavoured, by a

series of experiments, to ascertain the cause of this phenomenon, his conviction being,

either that the species had at some time or other been crossed by another of different

colours, and that Nature, as sooner or later she always would do, was making an effort

to separate them, or that the original colour of the worm had been dark, and an effort

was being made to revert from a sickly condition to the original healthy starting-point.

He accordingly picked out all the dark-coloured worms and reared them separately,

allowing the moths to couple only inter se, and the same with the white worms. In

the following spring the one batch of eggs produced nearly all dark brindled worms,

whilst the other batch produced white worms, sparingly interspersed with an occasional

dark one; these latter were removed into the dark batch, which was also weeded of its

pale worms. In the third year the worms were still darker than before, and were

always larger and more vigorous than the pale ones, giving larger and better-stuffed

cocoons. Just as the eggs of the third year had been collected, a violent gale of wind

upset the whole, but in the spring of 1862 the author recommenced de novo, and went

over the same ground again. The few dark worms picked out escaped disease

altogether, though reared in the same manner, in the same room, in the same

temperature, on the same quality of food as, and in close contiguity with the others.

In due time they spun cocoons, and produced moths, which, coupling inter se,

deposited a fair stock of eggs, with which the experiments were continued in 1863.

The eggs began to hatch on the 16th of March, and no sign of disease was apparent

until the moths came forth, when many still showed defects in the malformation and

dark spotting of the wings. As compared, however, with the previous year there was

decided improvement; still there were too many white worms in the brood, but there

was no symptoms of disease, the worms attained a larger size by a quarter of an inch

and produced larger cocoous, and the moths laid good-sized eggs, great numbers of

which adhered firmly to the paper upon which they were deposited, and many of the

male moths displayed unusual vigour in flying in search of the females. Bat still

more extraordinary was the fact that some of the eggs of Bombyx Mori of the spring

crop of 1863 began to hatch again for a second crop on the 7th of August; these were

all of the dark stock. The hatching continued throughout August, and occasionally

‘even to the 23rd of September, when, through fear that the supply of leaves might fail,

the eggs were removed to a temperature below 70° Fahr., in order to check the

hatching. The worms which were then hatched throve and spun good cocoons,

superior in size to those of the spring crop; in due time the moths appeared and were

fully twice as large as those of the spring, depositing large well-formed eggs. In the

beginning of December, to the author's dismay, more worms were hatched from the

spring batch, and they continued to come forth at the rate of forty or fifty daily in a

temperature of 53° Fahr., until, there being no more leaves upon the trees, the

remaining eggs were placed in the open air at night, in order that the hoar frost

might put a stop to further hatching. The whole of these worms were of the dark

kind, and no white ones appeared amongst them as in the spring. This circumstance,

so unusual with Bombyx Mori, the author attributed entirely to an accession of

health and strength in the black worms; he regarded the occasional occurrence of the

dark form in domestication as an attempted return on the part of Nature to the

original colours and characteristics of the species, and considered the whiteness of the

generality of the worms as a positive indication and proof of the destruction of the

original constitution; in fact, the dark worms were the original and natural worms.

This conclusion was further supported by arguments deduced from the strong

similarity in the disposition and arrangement of the markings to those of the existing

wild races in India, and by analogy to the general fading in domestic stocks of the

original colour, to give place to piebald and finally to white. The author had long

entertained the idea that the production of white cocoons (except in those cases

where the white was permanent and constant in all climates) was a strong sign

of degeneracy, the white cocoons being more abundant where the temperature

was high than in more temperate climes; the whiteness of the worms and the

white cocoons were both indications of failing constitution, evidencing the existence

of a higher temperature and more artificial treatment than was conducive to the

health of the insect. The author proceeded to argue that the good quality of the

silk produced was no proof of the general health of the insect; it was the quantity,

yather than the quality, of the silk that was affected by the present maladies ;

too great fineness of the silk was, in fact, au indication of too high a temperature, and

of the consequent degeneracy of the worm. After considering at some length the

question “ What species of mulberry-tree is best adapted for the nourishment of the

silkworm and for the production of good silk?” the author concluded by recommending

the sericulturist to separate his dark worms from his general stock, to set them apart

for breeding from, and to annually weed out all the pale-coloured worms; in the

course of three or four years he would be able to cast aside his present sickly stock,

and would have a stock far healthier than had ever befure been seen in Europe,

June 6, 1864.

H. T. Srainton, Esq., V.P., in the chair.

Donations to the Library.

The following donations were announced, and thanks voted to the donors:—

“The Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England, Vol. xxv. Part 1;

presented by the Society. ‘ Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-K6niglichen Zvuologisch-

botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, Band xiii; by the Society. ‘Monographie der

Oestriden, von Friedrich Brauer; by the Author. ‘The Transactions of the Ento-

mological Society of New. South Wales, Vol. i. Part 2; by the Society. *‘ Histoire

Naturelle des Araignées (Aranéides) par Eugéne Simon; by the Author. ‘ Sitzungs-

berichte der Naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft Isis zu Dresden,’ Jahrgang 1863;

by Herr L. W. Schaufuss. ‘The Zoologist’ fur June; by the Editor. ‘The Intel-

lectual Observer,’ Nos. xxviii. and xxix.; by the Publishers. ‘The Journal of the

Society of Arts’ for May; by the Society. ‘The Atheneum’ for April and May; by

the Editor. ‘The Reader’ for April; by the Editor. ‘The Entomologist’s Monthly

Magazine, No, 1; by the Editors. ‘The Entomologist,’ Vol. ii. Nos. 1 and 2; by

the Editor.

Election of Member.

Edward Revett Sheppard, Esq., of Rutland Lodge, Lee Park, Lee, was ballotted

for and elected a Member of the Society.

Exhibitions, §c.

The Secretary exhibited some leaves of the sugar-cane from Mauritius, with

numerous specimens upon them of an insect (a species of Coccus) which had lately

committed great ravages among the plantations of that colony: they had been sent to

him by Mr. James Morris, the representative in this country of the Mauritian Cham-

ber of Agriculture. Mr. Morris (who was present as a visitor) said that the insects

had attacked the young leaves as soon as they came out, both in Mauritius and

Réunion; they had never been noticed before, and were supposed to have been intro-

duced into the islands from France or Belgium. The sugar-growers were very

anxious to hear of some remedy; the employment of children to pick the insects off

and destroy them had been suggested, and the use of sulphur, which had been success-

fully applied for the vine-disease, had also been recommended. They had formerly

suffered considerably in Mauritius from the borer insect (Diatura Sacchari), and in

some quarters the injury was still continued; but at his (Mr. Morris’s) suggestion,

some of the planters dipped the heads of the canes, before planting, in a weak solution

of carbolic acid very much diluted in water, and it was found that the canes grew

vigorously and were not attacked by the borer.

Prof. Westwood remarked that the use of sulphur for the vine-disease had cer-

tainly produced a most beneficial result; the application of carbolic acid, which had

proved successful with the borer, ought to be tried as a preventative of the attacks of

the Coccus ; the young plants might be washed with the solution, but to get rid of the

insects when once they had settled upon the plants he apprehended that a manual

application would be required.

Mr. Bates asked whether there was any destroyer of Cocci which could be readily im-

ported. It would be difficult to organize an immigration of Coccophagi (Chalcidide).

Mr. F. Smith exhibited some singularly elaborate and beautifully coloured

drawings of Lepidoptera belonging to Mr. W. S. Atkinson, of Calcutta, and executed

by Indian artists ; among them were the sexes of Epicopeia Polydora, exhibiting pecu-

liar variation in the form of the hind wings, and the rare Calinaga Buddha, Moore.

‘Mr. F. Smith also exhibited a British female specimen of a Bombus which was

unknown to him; it was captured by his son on Deal Sands; the head resembled that

of B. hortorum, whilst the rest of the insect was like B. Lapponicus; he had as yet

been unable to determine the species.

Mr. F. Smith also exhibited a series of six wasps’ nests of most singular construe-

tion, belonging to Mr. Stone, of Brighthampton; each was built in a cubical wooden

box, and all were of different and fantastic shapes, one being an imitation of a stalac-

tite cave, whilst another not inaptly represented Stonehenge. The whole of the series

had been executed by the same colony of Vespa germanica, without a queen, in thirty-

eight days of September and October, 1862; No. 1 of the series was completed in two

days, No.2 in four days, No. 3 in seven days, No. 4 in fifteen days, No. 5 in five days,

and No.6 in five days. He had only that day received the nests, with a letter from

Mr. Stone, of which the following was an extract :— Of these nests I may remark that

the extraordinary thing is that one set of wasps should have executed the entire series,

and also the very short space of time in which some of the specimens were completed.

The fifth and sixth of the series are certainly very extraordinary productions. In the

roof of these examples the arrangement of the cones is beautifully shown.” Mr. Smith

hoped before the next Meeting to obtain information from Mr. Stone as to the means

employed to compel or induce the wasps to make these abnormal constructions.

Mr. F. Smith read the following further extract from Mr. Stone’s letter:-—

“‘The present season bids fair to be a more favourable one for our favourite Order

than any one since the disastrous year 1860. I think I never saw the commoner spe-

cies of Bombi so plentiful. Wasps, too, are in great force, and they commenced their

Jabours at an earlier period than I ever knew them do before. I took out of a chamber

I had formed the year before, and attached tu a peg I had then inserted, a small nest

of Vespa germanica so early as the 23rd of April last, and up to the present time

I have removed from chambers I formed this spring fifteen nests of various species and

of various sizes. I have one of V. germanica at work in a window of the house: from

this nest I am in daily expectation of seeing young wasps emerge.

“Two years ago I brought homé two nests of V. sylvestris, which produced a vast

number of young females in the autumn of that year. Last year none of the females

of this species were observed here, but this year they abound. This goes to confirm

the opinion you have expressed, and in which I agree, that female wasps occasionally

remain more than one winter in a torpid state, after leaving the nest in which they

were bred.”

The Secretary read the following, which had been communicated by a gentleman

residing near Chichester :—

“If you have no statistics of the occasional visitations of wasps in unusual

numbers, perhaps the following notes may interest the enquirers into such matters.

I have been a wasp-destroyer for many years, and to that end have paid for all queen

wasps taken in the months of April and May, and destroy all nests found during the

year. The queens appear when the gooseberry blooms and the hawthorn hedges begin

to be green. In some years large numbers have been obtained, and, if my accounts

sare at all a true test, there have been very few queens in some seasons, and in others

not enough to repay an idle boy for the trouble of collecting them. As the breed of

wasps is said to be dependent in some measure on the weather in the previous autumn

and winter, I have appended a few weather remarks in connection with the wasp

reports.

1836. Previous autumn wet, early spring wet, yet 123 dozens of queens were

collected.

1837 and 1838. Scarcely any wasps, only 3 dozens of queens in 1838.

1839. Much wet in the previous autumn, but spring rather dry: 287 dozens of

queens.

1840. Much wet in the previous autumn, the spring rather dry: 73 dozens of

queens.

1841. Cold and severe January, and about an average quantity of rain in

the spring, but queen wasps abounded to a very great extent: 586 dozens of

queens collected. No account of nests afterwards.

“ No report of wasps taken for some years, but it is supposed that they were scarce

here, or the boys would have been anxious to earn their pence.

1852 and 1853. Very wet, consequently against the breed of such insects. No

queens paid for.

1854. The four months, July to October, in 1853, very wet, but the spring of

1854 dry. No queens recorded as paid for, but the nests of wasps were very

early, very strong and remarkably abundant: nearly 100 nests were destroyed

within a few hundred yards of the homestead. The year 1854 was one of the

driest on record, and it was also remarkable for the almost total destruction of

hops by blight. Were the wasps sent to destroy or stay that evil? They are

great enemies to all insect life. In this year I was attracted by the wasps

collecting on the stems of some stunted silver-firs where the bark had been _

rubbed off in former years: on examination I observed that these spots were —

inhabited by some specimens of the Aphis tribe, large and rather light

coloured: they exuded very large drops of their feces, and this was the

attraciion to the wasps, who became gorged or drunk with it, so as to prevent

them from getting out of the way of the foot which crushed a dozen at once.

What species of Aphis was it likely to be?

1855. The spring of this year also very dry, but no wasps are recorded as paid for.

The years 1856 and 1857 were moderate as to rain, and 1858 was a very dry year.

In 1857 there were 144 dozens of queens and in 1858 94 dozens paid for.

No record of 1859, but 1860 was a year of wet and gloom: no queens and no

nests.

In 1861 no queens collected, and only 21 dozens in i862.

In 1863 no queens collected and very few nests to be found; there were some very

strong nests, but all known ones were destroyed.

Yet now, on the 20th of May, there have been brought in above 250 dozens.

Where do they come from after such a season of their scarcity as 1863?

‘My house is not very far distant from long tracts of wood, on the edge of the

southern slopes of the South Downs.”—W. L. W.

Mr. F. Smith enquired what was the object of destroying all the queens? Surely

such immense Visitations of wasps did not occur without there being some important”

function which the insects were sent to perfurm.

Mr. Tegetmeier mentioned a novel instance of intelligence and prevision in the

honey-bee. When a tenautless hive with empty combs is left in an accessible situa-

tion, it frequently happens that bees will visit it and clear out the refuse, and that a

swarm will then take possession of it; but it has not been previously recorded that the

bees will secrete wax in a tenantless hive for the .purpose of repairing the injured

combs and of fastening them more securely to the roof and sides. Being desirous of

stocking a moveable frame hive with a swarm that was expected to come off early in

May, Mr. Tegetmeier secured an empty comb in each frame and placed the hive

alongside the stock from which the swarm was expected to issue. The bees from that

stock immediately visited the empty hive, and carried out fragments of loose comb; on

raising the hive after it had been thus visited for a few days, he observed newly-

secreted scales of wax on the floor-board; and on careful examination he found that a

considerable quantity of new white wax had been secreted, and used for the purpose of

securely attaching the combs to the wooden frames. The difference between new and

old wax was so great as to preclude the possibility of one being mistaken for the other ;

and hence Mr. Tegetmeier could only conclude that the bees, with the intention of

taking possession of the empty hive, had assembled in it in considerable numbers and

clustered together to secrete wax, which they had then employed to strengthen the

attachments of the combs, so as to enable them to bear the weight of the honey, bee-

bread and brood, with which the cells would be filled shortly after a swarm should

take possession of the hive.

Mr. Tegetmeier also said that about two years ago he had brought under the notice

of the Society the fact that bees in the perfect state were in the habit of eating pollen

or bee-bread, which was previously supposed to be collected solely as food for the

larve; during the present year he had obtaived indubitable proof of the consumption

of pollen by the bees themselves, having captured several in the very act of eating it

on the alighting-boards or entrances to the hives. Microscopical examination showed

that in each instance the stomach was filled with pollen-grains; and Mr. Tegetmeier

thought there was no good ground for suspecting that the pollen thus eaten was after-

wards disgorged with the honey iu the stomach as food for the larve.

Mr. M‘Lachlan exhibited a case-bearing larva which had been found by Mr.

Douglas at Box Hill, apparently feeding on wild thyme. Prof. Westwood was of

Opinion that it was a larva of the Coleopterous genus Clythra.

Mr, Bates read the following extract from a letter recently received by him from

Mr. Roland Trimen, of Cape Town :-—

“T have just noticed a very remarkable instance of close imitation of a flower by a

spider. Leptoneura Clytns, a handsome Satyrus, is very abundant here just now.

Flowers are rather scarce at this season, and a tall straggling plant with yellow com-

posite flowers attracts these butterflies, with many other insects. As I approached a

plant upon which were several Clytus, [ observed that two specimens did not fly off

with the others, and found that each was in the clutches of a bright yellow spider.

I removed one of these butterflies, and as the spider shrunk up its limbs on the flower,

which it equals in size, it was scarcely distinguishable, so exactly similar was it in

colour. But it was after this that it assumed its astonishing likeness to the flower.

Recovering from its alarm (I suppose), it slowly moved to the side of the flower, and,

holding on to the stalk by its two hindmost pairs of legs, extended the two front pairs

upwards and laterally. In this position it was scarcely possible to believe that it was

not a flower seen in profile, the rounded abdomen representing the central mass of

florets, and the extended legs the ray-florets, while, to complete the illusion, the front

femora, appressed to the thorax, have each a longitudinal red stripe which represents

the ferruginous stripe on the sepals of the flower! As the other spider also assumed

the same attitude when robbed of his butterfly, and as both retained it for a consider-

able time (I left them so), I conclude that it is their ordinary mode of waiting for

their prey. I enclose the flower, and shall be glad to hear its name.”

Mr. Bates added that the flower was the Senecio pubigerus of Linneus, a very

common road-side weed-in dry ground, &c., about Cape Town, and the spider

belonged to the genus Salticus; he considered this case of mimetic resemblance

peculiarly valuable, since the purpose or object of the imitation was so plainly

manifest.

Major Parry sent for exhibition a male specimen (var. minor) of Odontolabis

Stevensii, the left antenna of which was trifid from the third joint, having three

distinct clave, whilst the right antenna was bifid from the extremity of the basal joint;

one of the latter limbs appeared to have been fractured, and in consequence the right

antenna did not exhibit two perfect clave. Major Parry communicated. the following

note :—

“1 beg to submit to the Meeting a brief account of an extraordinary and interesting

case of monstrosity produced in the antenne of Odontolabis Stevensii, one of the

Lucanvid Coleoptera, the right antenna being fureate from the apex of the basal joint,

whilst the left one exhibits a bifureate process, issuing from the third joint, that is to

say, the former being abnormal from the basal and the latter from the third joint; the

‘left antenna, moreover, possesses three distinct clave, the right one being in this respect

in its normal state, exhibiting, however, the partial development of a second one. In

regard to the malformation of the right antenna as exhibited in the present instance,

an exactly similar case was remarked by M. Buquet in another Coleopterous insect

belonging to the Buprestidae (Julodis Clovei, from Abyssinia), and notified by that

gentleman in the Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., accompanied by a figure (Ser. 2, vol. i. pl. iv.

[iii], fig. 1). It is in vain, I think, to suggest any cause for such an extraordinary

freak of nature, and I must therefore content myself with merely recording the fact.”

Mr. Stainton exhibited the pupa of Anchinia verrucella, one of the Tineina, which

in its angular form, and mode of suspension from its tail and ioe means of ra round

the body, resembled the pupa of a Pieris.

Dr. Alexander Wallace exhibited specimens, sent him by M. Guerin-Meneville, of i]

the silk produced by Bombyx Cynthia fed upon the Ailanthus; the specimens included

silk carded from the cocoon, spun silk, woven silk, and a skein of Ailanthine spun from

the cocoon in one continuous thread. Dr, Wallace said that he was engaged ina

series of experiments with a view to the introduction into this country of the cultiva-

tion of the wild silk-worms, from which it was hoped that the deficiency of the supply

of the silk of Bombyx Mori might be made up; he had planted a railway-embankment

near Colchester with the Ailanthus, which was found to be very hardy, and he had

preserved larve of B. Cynthia through a temperature of 32° Fahr.

Prof. Westwood expressed a fear that an out-door colony of silk-worms would not

succeed in this country so well as M. Guerin-Meneville’s; the existence of small birds,

which were practically extinct in France, would make a great difference in the result

of the experiment.

Mr. Newman remarked, with reference to the alleged deficiency of silk, that there

was no dearth of that article, that the English and French markets were overstocked,

and that silk which five or six years ago was worth thirty shillings a pound was now

not worth more than twenty-two shillings a pound.

Prof. Westwvod said that, however that might be, the quantity of silk produced in

France was diminished by one-third; and Dr. Wallace added that in many parts of

France the mulberry was being destroyed, and the vine planted in its stead.

. Prof. Westwood exhibited some extremely minute Acarideous insects, which he

had received from Mr, Chapman, of Glasgow, who had observed them in vast numbers

infesting the unopened buds of black currant trees, which they entirely destroyed by

withering up the embryo blooms. These creatures, almost invisible to the naked eye,

were of an elongated oval form, with an oval head and two pairs of short legs porrected

in front of the body, the penultimate joint of each emitting a long bristle; the

extremity of the body was obtuse, and also emitted two bristles, and the body itself

was marked with very numerous transverse rows of minute dark dots. These creatures

were also found dead in vast numbers on the inner surface of the sheathing-leaves of

the dried-up buds. On one of the diseased buds were also found several specimens of

a full-grown Acarus belonging to the genus Nothrus, and evidently forming a new

species distinct from any figured by Koch. The genus, or rather subgenus, Nothrus

forms part of the group Oribata, but Prof. Westwood was inclined to believe that the

minute creatures were not the young of the Nothrus, but of some species of Tetrany-

chus, some of the species of which are found upon trees, spinning extensive webs, as is

the case with T. telarius. The only other recorded instance of a four-legged state of

individuals among the Acaride occurred in the closely allied form figured by Dugés

in the ‘ Annales des Sciences Naturelles, 2nd series, vol. ii. pl. II. A, under the name

of the “ Acarien du galle de Tilleul,” found in galls on the leaves of the lime-tree,

which, from the structure of its palpi, mandibles and legs, M. Dugés was inclined to

refer to the neighbourhood of Tetranychus. In every other recorded immature state of

Acaride the animals possessed six legs. The question of the introduction of such

great numbers of these minute creatures within the closely-packed leaves of the

currant buds was difficult of explanation, but Mr. Stainton suggested that the eggs

had been introduced into the immature buds in the previous autumn.

Prof. Westwood also exhibited a remarkable new species of butterfly from East

India, which, although presenting all the general appearance of a species of the

Brazilian genus Brassolis in its robust body and wings and in the coloration of the

latter, belongs to the Lycenidw, having the veins of the fure wings arranged as in

Amblypodia Timoleon. The following are its characters :—

Genus Lipnyra, Westw.

Corpus breve, crassum. Caput mediocre, oculis magnis. Palpi minuti, obliqui,

supra vix visibiles, articulo ultimo ovali, apice acuto. Antenne recte, dimidio

apicali sensim clavate. Pedes valde abbreviati, crassi, omnes sex equales,

perfecti, tibiis omnibus ecalearatis; tarsorum unguibus integris, vec bifidis,

pseudonychiis conicis, pulvillo subbilobato. Alaz magne, obtuse, ecaudate ;

anticarum vena postcostali 4-ramosa, ramis duobus ante apicem cellule dis-

coidalis, alterisque duobus equidistantibus inter cellulam et apicem, cellula

clausa; posticarum margine costali angulato, cellula in angulum acutum

terminata.

Lienyra Brassouis, Westw.

L. fusca; alis anticis nigris, plaga magna hastata interno-basali, maculaque sub-

quadrata parva discoidali fulvis; alis posticis fulvis, limbo maculisque quaiuor

parvis disci nigris.

Expans. alar. une. 34.

Habitat Assam (Jenkins), Singapore (Horsley).

In Museo Hopeiano Oxoniz.

Paper read.

Mr. Francis Walker communicated a paper entitled “ Descriptions of undescribed

Chalcidites.” The whole of the species belonged to the genus Smiera, were discovered

by Mr. Bates in the Amazon country, and are now in the collection of the British

Museum.

July 4, 1864.

A. R. Waxtace, Esq., V.P., in the chair.

Additions to the Library.

The following donations were announced, and thanks voted to the donors:—

‘Proceedings of the Royal Society,’ Nos. 62, 63 and 64; presented by the Society.

‘Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society, Vol. viii. Botany, No. 29; by

the Society. ‘The Journal of Entomology, No. 10; by the Proprietors. ‘Catalogue

of the Coleopterous Insects of the Canaries in the Collection of the British Museum,

by T. Vernon Wollaston, M.A., F.L.S.; by the Author. ‘A Treatise on Insects

injurious to Gardeners, Foresters and Farmers, by Vincent K6llar: translated from

the German, and illustrated by engravings, by J. and M. Loudon, with Notes by

J.O. Westwood, Esq., F.L.S., &c.; by James Bladon, Esq. ‘Sitzbungsberichte der

Konigl. bayer. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Munchen, 1864, I. Heft. 1,2; by

the Academy. ‘Exotic Butterflies, Part 51; by W. W. Saunders, Esq. ‘ Hore

Societatis Entomologice Rossice variis Sermonibus in Rossia usitatis edite, Fasciculus

secundus; by the Entomological Society of Russia. ‘The Intellectual Observer,’

No. xxx.; by the Publishers. ‘The Zoologist’ for July; by the Editor. ‘The Ento-

mologist,’ Vol. ii. No.3; by the Editor, ‘The Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine,’

No.2; by the Editors. ‘Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung,’ Vol. 25, Parts 7—9; by

the Entomological Society of Stettin. ‘The Journal of the Society of Arts’ for June;

by the Society. ‘The Reader’ for June; by the Editor. ‘The Atheneum’ for June;

by the Editor.

The following addition by purchase was also announced :—‘ Entomographie de la

Russie, par Gotthelf Fischer. Tomes 1—3.

Exhibitions, &c.

Prof. Westwood directed attention to a paper in the second part of the ‘ Hore

Societatis Entomologice Rossice’ on the parasites of bats: not only were several

species of Pulicidee and of Nycteribia enumerated, but also species allied to the latter,

yet differing so much in structure as to necessitate the creation of new genera (or sub-

genera); he might remind the members present of the extraordinary mode of trans-

formation of Nycteribia, the larva state beiug passed within the egg, which was not

extruded from the body of the female until after the pupa state had commenced.

Mr. A. R. Wallace mentioned that he had found Nycteribiz in the tropics, but not

in large numbers, though probably a sufficient examination would shuw that each

species of bat was infested with its own peculiar species of Nycteribia.

Mr. Tegetmeier exhibited one of the frames from the bee-hive, mentioned in the

minutes of the previous Meeting, in which wax had been secreted for the purpose of

repairing the old comb and fastening it securely, with a view, as he thought, to future

occupation of the hive. He added that the expected swarm had not taken possession,

for the recent cold weather had killed the young queens, and the hive from which had

issued the bees which did the repairs had not swarmed at all.

Mr. A. R. Wallace inquired what evidence there was of any purpose or design of

taking possession of the empty hive? Had not the bees simply obeyed a mere

impulse to make wax?

Prof. Westwood asked whether it was certain that there had not been a “ false

swarm,” or that the queen had not been accidentally killed? If Mr. Tegetmeier’s

hypothesis were true, that the bees, without a queen, had repaired the old combs with

the intention of taking possession of them, how was the swarm to compel the queen

(who was commonly supposed to lead the swarm) to carry out their design and enter

the repaired hive?

Mr. Tegetmeier replied that it was a common occurrence for bees to visit a tenant-

less hive, in which comb was left, and clear out the refuse, after which a swarm would

take possession of the hive: in the present case the existence of the new wax was

indubitable, the scales on the floor-board showed that it had been recently made in the

hive, and it was found in those places, and those only, in which the old combs had

become detached from the sides of the frame and required support. Ifa queen had

95 (eho.

entered the hive she would immediately have laid eggs, and the bees would then have

remained. He believed that bees somehow or other decided beforehand upon the place

of which, on swarming, they would take possession ; it was difficult otherwise to account

for the perfectly straight and rapid flight of a swarm to a window or other suitable

spot, such selected spot being aften at the distance of a mile or two from their starting

point. His view was that the swarm carried the queen, and not that the queen led

the swarm.

Mr. Tegetmeier also exhibited a number of pieces of comb of the honey-bee

showing singular formations of cells; the specimens had been picked out of heaps of

old combs, and were not the result of special experiment or of artificial manufacture.

One piece of comb contained a row of sixteen central (not marginal) cells which were

pentagonal, two of the angles being right angles; a second piece contained a group of

cells, some pentagons, some hexagons, of various degrees of irregularity, in the middle

of a mass of the regular hexagonal form; a dependent piece of old comb had had

formed on its edge a number of shallow cells which were nearly hemispherical cups,

and which gradually ran into the hexagonal shape where they came in contact with

the regular cells of the old comb; other pieces contained cells which appeared to be

circular-cylindrical ; and a specimen of comb containing three queen-cells had on each

of those cells a number of hemispherical excavations. Mr. Tegetmeier was of opinion

that the cell of the hive-bee was invariably hemispherical at its commencement, and a

section of a cell which was not in contact with other cells was always circular; hemi-

spherical cups or depressions were hollowed out, these excavations were made near to

one another, almost in contact, and the bees enlarged them until they came in contact ;

the enlargement being continued to the full extent possible (or, in other words, the

bees gnawing away all the material so far as was cunsistent with the integrity of the

comb), the cells of necessity assumed the hexagonal form. He did not believe that

the pressure of contiguous cells upon each other had anything to do with the form of

the cell, nor did he believe in the existence of a “ hexagonal instinct” or “ geometrical

instinct” in the bee; the hexagonal*form was a consequence of the property of space

that, of seven circles of equal radii, six will just surround the seventh; if it had been

the case in nature that seven circles would just surround another of equal radius, then

the cells of bees, when in contact, would have been heptagoual, instead of hexagonal.

Mr. F. Smith remarked that Mr. Tegetmeier’s observation that a cell was invariably

commenced as a hemisphere, if true of the hive-bee, was not true of all wasps, those,

e.g., which built dependent nests, starting from a flat or plane base.

Mr. F. Smith read the following account, supplied by Mr. S. Stone, of Bright-

hampton, of the manner in which that gentleman had induced a colony of wasps to

construct the series of six nests, of extruordinary shapes, which were exhibited at the

previous Meeting of the Society :—

“ About the middle of the month of August, 1862, a large nest of Vespa germanica

was taken by a person residing at Stanlake, a village adjoining Brighthampton. It

was brought home by him, tied up in a handkerchief, and deposited for the night in a

room in his house. In the morning word was sent me that if I could go down and

fetch it away I might have it. Now it so happened that I could not go that day or the

next, so it was allowed to remain where it was; but, as might have been expected, the

insects very soon found their way through the handkerchief in which the nest was

enclosed, completely riddling it, when a second was tied round it, which of course soon

shared the fate of the first. It was then placed in a sack, such a one as those used by

farmers or millers, through which they were not long in making their way, although.

they must have found it tougher work than eating through the handkerchief. The

sack with its contents was next put into a hamper and tied down. On the third day

I had an opportunity of sending for it, and on its arrival proceeded to remove the

different coverings, and make some arrangement for placing the combs contained in

the nest (which, in consequence of the treatment to which it had been subjected, was

of course in itself a complete ruin) in a more favourable situation for work than the

one they then occupied. This was a ticklish piece of work, but somehow or other

I managed to separate two or three combs from the mass, which I reduced in size with

a pair of scissors, and running a wire through them placed them inside a small square

box (Nv. 1 of the series), the combs resting on the bottom of the box and the wire

reaching from thence to the top: I then fixed the box in the window of a room,

making an aperture through the back of the box to correspond with one in the window,

for the purpose of allowing the insects to pass out and in. The front of the box was

of glass, moveable at pleasure, by means of which I could introduce a constant supply

of sugar. I now collected together, in the best way I could, the workers belonging to

the nest, and introduced them into the box; they numbered, I should think, some-

where about three hundred, and as the box contained only three small pieces of comb

it was only possible for a limited number to work at them: the consequence was, that

by far the greater number, after providing themselves with materials, were compelled

to work wherever they could find room: the wire and all the sides of the box, except

the glass front, which was frequently being moved, were speedily covered with the

paper-like fabric, the produce of their labours. The insects were placed in the box on

a Thursday afternoon, and on the following Saturday the work had proceeded and was

proceeding so rapidly that I could perceive, if I let them go on till Monday, the box

would be filled with a mass of work without beauty or design, so I determined upon

fitting up another box in a somewhat similar way, and causing the insects to pass into

it from the one they then occupied. I accordingly*cut two or three more pieces of comb,

and passing a wire through them suspended them inside a box (No. 2 of the series) of

about the same size as the first, and similar thereto in other respects; then by tapping

upon and shaking box No. 1, I caused most of the insects to leave it and pass out

through the aperture in the window into the open air, then, by means of a sliding door,

preventing their immediate return, I took box No. 1 away, and in its place put box

No. 2; then, withdrawing the slide, the insects crowded into it and with seeming un-

concern began working away as before. The combs not resting upon the bottom of

the box, as in the former case, but being raised an inch or two above it, caused the

workers to form a structure differing considerably from the first. On the following

Wednesday the work had become so far advanced that I found it necessary to provide

the workers with a fresh box; a larger one (No. 3 of the series) was therefore procured,

and fitted up much in the same way as the last, and the insects were introduced into

it in the same way as before; in seven days a structure somewhat resembling the last,

but much larger, was raised, when another box (No. 4 of the series) was procured ;

this was provided with a moveable wooden back, which, when the building was finished,

was replaced by one of glass. The box was fitted up in a way quite different from the

preceding ones: two rows of pillars formed of wire, four in a row, the rows being about

two inches apart, reaching from the bottom to the top, were placed at regular intervals

across the box; at the base of each pillar, and also at the top, a small piece of comb

§ was fixed. The filling up of this design occupied the insects fifteen days, when another

§ box (No. 5 of the series) was procured: this was fitted up in a manner differing some-

what from the last; four pillars were placed across the box, a little behind the middle,

and two a little in advance, while between the two a short one, three or four inches

only in height, was inserted, atthe top of which, but not at the base, a small circular

piece of comb was placed, while at the bottom as well as the top of the other columns

pieces of comb were fixed: the erection of the singularly beautiful structure contained

in this box only occupied the workers five days, when a fresh one (No. 6 of the series)

was procured, fitted up in nearly the same style as the last: in other five days they

raised a structure very similar to the preceding one, when they were shifted into a

much larger box, fitted up in nearly the same way as the two previous ones had been,

but the weather becoming cold they did not make progress enough to bring their work

in this box to anything like perfection.

“One of the chief objects wasps have in view in their building operations is to

enclose the combs so as to ensure as bigh and as uniform a degree of temperature as

may be,—a thing essential in the hatching of the eggs and the well-being of the larve

when produced: thus by placing combs or pieces of comb in particular positions the

insects are literally compelled, in their endeavours to cover them in, to carry out the

design of the person so placing them.

““One reason why the work was not attached either to the back or front of cases

4,5 and 6 was, that the pillars or columns were placed at some distance from each of

those sides, and as there were no intervening combs, or pieces of comb, to be covered

in, the operations of the insects did not extend in either of those directions sufficiently

far to reach them during the period they were allowed to remain in each box.”

Mr. Stainton exhibited a new Gelechia, allied to G. nigricostella, and for which he

proposed the specific name of Lathyri, the moth having been bred by Mr. Brown, of

Cambridge, from larve which fed on Lathyrus palustris.

Prof. Westwood mentioned that the larve found by Captain Cox in a bin of bran,

and exhibited at the Meeting on the 2nd of May last(anie, p. 20), had proved to be

Pyralis farinalis.

’ Paper read.

Mr. Roland Trimen, of Cape Town, communicated a paper entitled “* Descriptions

of some new Species of Butterflies found in Southern Africa.” Sixteen species were

characterized, one of which belonged to the Pieride, one to Satyridw, six to the

Lycenide, and eight to the Hesperide. Ten out of the sixteen were discovered by

Mr. James Henry Bowker, Inspector of Mounted Police, who for several years has

devoted his leisure to the observation and cullection of the Flora and Fauna (especially ~

the Lepidoptera) of Kaffraria.

New Part of ‘ Transactions,’

A new part of the Society’s ‘Transactions’ (Third Series, Vol. ii. Part 1), being

the second quarterly Part for 1864, containing Major Parry’s Catalogue of the

Lucanoid Coleoptera, with descriptions of new, and remarks on some of the rarer,

species, and illustrated with twelve plates, was announced as ready for distribution.

August 1, 1864.

The Rev. Hamtet Crark, V.P., in the Chair.

Additions to the Library.

The following donations were announced, and thanks voted to the donors:—_

‘ Memorias de la Real Academia de Ciencias de Madrid, ia Ser. Tom. ie, par. 2a ;

2a Ser. Tom. le, par. 3a, Tom. 2e, par. la; presented by the Academy. ‘Schriften

der Konig]. Physikalisch-ckonomischen Gesellschaft zu Konigsberg,’ vol. 4, parts

1 and 2; by the Society. ‘ Bulletin de la Société Imperiale des Naturalistes de |

Moscou,’ 1863, Nos. 1 and 2; by the Society. ‘ Transactions of the Zoological Society

of London,’ Vol. v. part 3; ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London,’ 1863,

parts 1—3 ; by the Society. ‘ Proceedings of the Royal Society,’ Vol. xiii. No. 65; by

the Society. ‘ The Zoologist’ for August ; by the Editor. ‘ The Entomologist, Vol. ii.

No. 4; by the Editor. ‘The Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine, No. 3; by the

Editors. ‘ The Reader’ for July ; by the Editor. ‘ The Journal of the Society of Arts’

for July ; by the Society. ‘ British Moths and their Transformations, by H. N. Hum-

phreys and J. O. Westwood ; ‘ Essai Monographique sur la Tribu des Psychides,’ par

T. Bruand ; ‘ The Lepidopterist’s Calendar, by Joseph Merrin ; ‘ La Flore des Insect-

ophiles, par Jaques Brez; ‘Catalogue Synonymique des Coléopteres d’Europe et

d’ Algerie, par J. Gaubil ; ‘Genera et Index Methodicus Europeorum Lepidopterorum,’

a Doctore J. A. Boisduval; ‘ Europeorum Micro-Lepidopterorum Index Methodicus,

par A. Guenée; ‘ Die Tineen und Pterophoren der Schweiz,’ von Prof. Frey ; ‘ Letters

of Rusticus ; ‘ Wabre Parthenogenesis bei Schmetterlingen und Bienen,’ von C. T. E.

von Siebold ; ‘On a true Parthenogenesis in Moths and Bees,’ by C. T. E. von Siebold,

translated by W.S. Dallas; presented by J. W. Dunning.

The following addition, by purchase, was also announced :—‘ Berichte wher die

wissenschaftlichen Leistungen im Gebiete der Entomologie,’ 1888—1847, von Dr. W. F.

Erichson.

Exhibitions, §c.

Mr. Bond exhibited Gelechia pinguinella, a species new to Britain, fuund on the

trunks of poplars near London ; and a specimen of Nyctegretes Achatinella, one of the

rarer British Phycide, captured by Mr. Thomas Brown near Yarmouth.

Mr. J. Jenner Weir exhibited an albino variety of Eubolia bipunctaria, caught on

the South Downs.

Professor Westwood, in calling attention to the preparation, by Mr. Baker of

* Cambridge, of a larva of Zenzera AXsculi, took occasion to observe that the upholders

of the law of priority in nomenclature were bound to restore the name Zenzera in lieu

of Zeuzera: Zenzera was the name first given to the insect by Latreille, and it was

only by a typographical error that Zeuzera had ever appeared.

Mr. M‘Lachlan exhibited a specimen of Libellula striolata,*from Montpellier,

having the veins at the basal part of the anterior wings covered with specimens of a

red species of Acarus.

Prof. Westwood remarked that the Acari had probably taken up their position for

the purpose of sucking some fluid matter, which went to show that the wing-veins were

not (as had been supposed) mere horny matter, not containing fluid.

Mr. F. Smith doubted whether the Acari had placed themselves on the wing-veins

in search of food or suction; humble-bees were often covered with these insects, and

300 or 400 Acari might be found on a single specimen, so that the humble-bee actually

fell to the ground through their weight; he thought that the Acari fed on the comb,

and crawled upon the body of the humble-bee when within the nest, and so were

carried out. The presence of Acari on the dung-beetles (Geotrupes) also was

notorious.

Mr. Edwin Shepherd referred to the frequent occurrence of Acari on butterflies,

and thought they were picked up from the flowers which the butterflies visited.

Prof. Westwood directed attention to the editorial note appended to an article

headed “ Larval Reproduction in Insects,” at p. 56 of ‘The Entomologist,’ vol. ii.:

Mr. Newman there stated as a fact that the larve found by Prof. Wagner within the

Dipterous larve from Kasan were “ those of one of the Pteromalide which habitually

infests the larve of Diptera.” This might be so, but no grounds for the statement

were adduced, and it did not appear that Mr. Newman had had any opportunity of

investigating the point. It should be borne in mind that Prof. Wagner was perfectly

well aware of “the familiar parasitism of the Ichneumonide” before publishing his

discovery in Siebold and Kolliker’seZeitschrift, and in fact the course of his observa-

tions bad been guided by his knowledge of the habits of the Pteromalide. At any

rate, he (Prof. W.) protested against the dogmatic assertion of the editor of ‘The

Entomologist, as tending to shut out from further inquiry a question which, to say

the least, was as yet an open one,.and of which further investigation was most

desirable.

Papers read.

Mr. Baly read a paper entitled “ Descriptions of uncharacterized Genera and

Species of Phytophaga,” in illustration of which the new species were exhibited.

Mr. Hewitson communicated “ Descriptions of four new Butterflies” (with

drawings),—Heleyra Hemina from East India; Limenitis Labotas, from Menado;

L. Ligyes, from Northern India; and Laogona Lilea, from East India.

The Rev. H. Clark read “ Notes on the Genus Hydaticus of Leach, with descrip-

tions of new Species.” The new species were thirteen in number, viz. Hydaticus

Bakewellii, from Moreton Bay; H. Adamsii and H. aruspex, from China; H. vere-

cundus (from South America and Java?); H. Bowringii, from China and Australia ;

H. Ussherii, H. paganus, H. matruelis and H. fulvonotatus, from the Gold Coast;

H. nigro-marmoratus, from Angola; H. parallelus (from New South Wales and the

Cape of Good Hope?); H. histrio, from Northern India; and H. nigro-vittatus, from

Japan. ‘

September 5, 1864.

F. P. Pascor, Esq., President, in the Chair.

Ps Additions to the Library.

The following donations were announced, and thanks voted to the donors:—

‘Catalogue of North American Butterflies, by J. W. Weidemeyer; presented by the

Author, ‘Abhandlungen der Naturhistorischen Gesellschaft zu Nurnberg, Bd. 3; by

the Society. ‘The Zoologist’ and ‘The Entomologist’ for September; by the Editor,

‘The Entomologists’ Monthly Magazine’ for September; by the Editors. ‘The

Naturalist, Nos. 1—9; by the West Riding Consolidated Naturalists’ Society. ‘The

Intellectual Observer,’ Nos, 31 and 32; by the Publishers. ‘The Journal of the

Society of Arts’ for August; by the Society. ‘The Reader’ for August; by the

Editor. ‘The Atheneum’ for July and August; by the Editor.

The following addition by purchase was also announced :—C. G. Thomson, ‘ Skan-

dinaviens Coleoptera,’ Vol. 6.

Election of Member.

James Bladon, Esq., of Pontypool (already an Annual Subscriber to the Society),

was ballotted for and elected a Member.

Exhibitions, &c.

Mr. Dunning exhibited a number of full-fed larve of a Noctua (Agrotis segetum,

or A. exclamationis ?), which had been sent to him by Mr. J. D. Kay, from Branting-

ham, in the East Riding of Yorkshire. Mr. Kay had had a field of turnips, worth

£150, entirely destroyed by these caterpillars. Numerous similar instances from

various parts of the country were mentioned, and it was stated that their ravages were

not confined to the turnip-crops.

Mr. E. W. Janson exhibited four species ofgColeoptera hitherto unrecorded as

British, and communicated the following in reference thereto :—

“1, Euryusa sinuata, Aric.

Euryusa sinuata, Bric. Kaef. d. Mark Brand. i. 372, 1 (1839); Gen. et Spec.

Staph. 199, 1, tab. 1, f. 2 (1839). Kraatz, Naturg. d. Ins. Deutschl.

ii. 73, 1 (1856).

A single specimen, the only indigenous example of this interesting species which

I have seen, captured by the Rev. A. Matthews, many years since, in Oxfordshire.

It is readily distinguished from its near ally, E. laticollis, Heer, by its short pro-

thorax, the sinuate hinder margin of this segment, and its nearly rectangular posterior

angles.

“2. Leprusa anauis, Gyll.

Aleochara analis, Gyll. Ins. Suec. ii. 388, 11 (1810).

Oxypoda analis, Hric. Gen. et Spec. Staph. 154, 29 (1839).

Leptusa analis, Kraatz, Naturg. d. Ins. Deutschl. ii. 62, 2 (1856); Thomson,

Skand. Col. ii. 275, 1 (1860).

Captured during the past month in the Black Forest, Perthshire, by Mr. D. Sharp.

Differs conspicuously from L. fumida in its superior size, reddish brown hue, semi-

opaque surface, and more strongly and coarsely punctate abdomen.

“3, ALEOCHARA SPADICEA, Bric, (Var. major. Long. 2 lin.; elytris piceis.)

Ocalea spadicea, Eric. Kaef. d. Mark Brand. i. 300, 3 (1839); Gen. et Spec.

Staph. 61, 3 (1839).

Aleochara spadicea, Kraatz, Naturgesch. d. Ins. Deutschl. ii. 98, 18 (1856).

Taken by Mr. J. A. Brewer, in Cumberland, in the autumn of 1863.

I communicated this specimen to Dr, Kraatz, who returned it to me labelled “ Ab

Aleochara spadicea vix distincta.”

It appears to me not improbable that Aleochara procera, Hric’, Kraatz (Ocalea

procera, Hric), will ultimately prove to have been founded on large dark individuals of

the species now under consideration ; the specimen exhibited presenting, in its superior

size, piceous elytra, and foveolated prothorax, several of the characters assigned to

A. procera.

“4, Homatota noTHa, Eric. ‘

Homalota notha, Bric. Gen. et Spec. Staph. 126, 101 (1839); Kraatz, Naturg.

d. Ins. Deutschl. ii, 323, 127 (1856).

Gyrophena exigua, Heer, Faun. Col. Helv. i. 312, 7 (1839).

Gyrophena pilosa, Hampe, Steit. Ent, Zeit. xi. 348, 5 (1850); teste Schaum,

Slett. Ent. Zeit. xiv. (1853).

Captured by Mr. J. A. Brewer beneath rejectamenta of the River Medway.

The extraordinary resemblance which this species bears to the members of the

genus Gyrophena has, as will be remarked by the above synonymy, misled more than

one author concerning its true affinities.”

The Rev. Hamlet Clark exhibited a specimen of Buprestis ocellata, a native of

Central India, which had been found on board ship between Mauritius and Mada-

gascar, and upwards of fifty miles from land. Prof. Westwood thought the beetle had

probably been bred on shipboard.

Mr. B, T. Lowue (who was present as a visitor) said that he once took a specimen

of a moth belonging to the genus Audea at sea, and more than 200 miles from the

West cvast of Africa, which was the nearest land to windward at the time. The genus

Audea was previously known to contain two species only, both from Sierra Leone; but

the specimen captured as above had proved to be a new and undescribed species,

which, so far as he was aware, still remained unique. He had also noticed a butterfly

and several grasshoppers on board the ship, all of whick must, he thought, have been

on the wing for several days, during which they were borne over the sea by the trade-

wind.

Mr. S. Stevens exhibited a complete set of the species of butterflies and beetles

captured by Mr. Lowne in Southern Syria and Palestine, during the present year.

Mr. Lowne said that the greater part were captured in the months of April and

May. Amongst the butterflies, he called attention to a new Lycena, an Anthocharis,

probably new, two species of Gonepteryx, one from the valley of the Jordan, the other

(G. farinosa of Lederer?) from Hermon and Lebanon, and to a Papilio closely allied

to P. Podalirius, but in his opinion distinct. It differed from its European ally in the

greater length of the wing-tails, in the ocelli at their base, and in the markings on the

under side of the wings; he had not found P. Podalirius in Syria at all; the new

insect, which he regarded as the Eastern representative of P. Podalirius, had occurred

near Damascus only. With respect to the Coleoptera, Mr. Lowne said that the

country was generally but ill supplied with water, and was too dry for collecting; he

had found sweeping unproductive; some Geodephaga he had taken on the coast only ;

Heteromerous beetles were the most numerous insects, and occurred on flowers, under

stones, and in fact everywhere. But on the whole he considered the insect Fauna of

Syria poor in comparison with the Flora; like the latter, it was chiefly European in its

character, though some of the insects from the South partook of the African type.

Mr. J. R. Larkin, of Elm Cottage, Old Brompton Road, exhibited a novel form of

case for the reception of insects; the top and all the sides were of glass; the bottom

corked in the usual manner, and framed, so that the whole might be hung picture-

wise against a wall.

Mr. Tegetmeier read and presented to the Society an extract (probably) from a

provincial (Ipswich ?) newspaper of 1833, which contained an account of the first

scientific meeting of the Entomological Society of Loudon. [This extract is now

affixed to the first volume of the ‘ Transactions’ in the Library. ]

Mr. Tegetmeier also brought under the notice of the Society the letters recently

published in ‘The Times’ on the subject of bees and bee-keeping; and quoted

numerous errors into which the writer had fallen; such, e. g., as the statement that the

queen selects her husband and passes her honeymoon amid the flowers, that a swarm

of bees is as large as a bunch of grapes, that bees are affectionate and fond of

children, &c. It was to be regretted that a fictitious value had been given to so

worthless a compilation by insertion in the columns of an influential journal; many

of the statements of the writer had been answered and exposed by Mr. Woodbury in

the same journal, but as a further communication from that gentleman had been

refused insertion in that newspaper, Mr. Tegetmeier thought it right to give the

Members of the Society an opportunity of placing on record their opinions on the

matters in question, lest entomologists abroad should imagine that the letters of “ The

Times Bee-master” represented the amount of practical and scientific knowledge

current in this country on the subject under discussion.

Prof. Westwood and the Rev. Hamlet Clark also remarked upon the inaccurate

and improper manner in which the question had been treated by the anonymous

correspondent of ‘The Times.’

Prof. Westwood mentioned that he had recently been informed by a correspondent

of a disgusting practice which was alleged to prevail in the public parks of London;

the charge was nothing less than this, that lice were placed upon the public seats in

the parks, with a view to compel the frequenters of those places of resort to hire the

chairs which, for their private advantage, certain persons were allowed to let out ata

small charge.

Lieut. R. C. Beavan, Bengal Revenue Survey, communicated the following

“ Remarks on the Tusseh Silkworm of Bengal.”

“Syn.—AntuEerxa Paputa, Linn. Bombyx Paphia, Sykes, Trans. As. Soc. Lond.

iii. 541 (plate); Saturnia Paphia, Helfer, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vi. 42 (1837) ;

Tusseh Silkworm Moth, Hind. Helfer; Bughy Silkworm Moth of the Beer-

bhoom Hills, Roxburgh; Kolisurra Silkworm Moth of the Mahrattas, Sykes ;

Munga Silkworm Moth of the Méchis, B. H. Hodgson ; Koukuri Mooga of the

Assamese, Hugon, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. vi. 32 (1837).

“ Further mention by writers.—H orsfield’s ‘ Catalogue of the Lepidopterous Insects

in the East India House Museum,’ ii. 385, No. 916 (1858-9); Col. Gastrell’s

‘Report on Survey Operations in the District of Bancoorah;’ Capt. Walter

Sherwill’s ‘Report on Survey Operations in the Beerbhoom District ;’ Lieut.

Kittloe’s ‘Journey through the Forests of Orissa,’ Journ. As. Soc. Beng. viii.

680; Mr. F. Moore’s paper ‘ On the Silk-producing Bombycide of Asia,’ Proc.

Zool. Soc. 1859; Dr. Walker, ‘On the Natural Products of the Country about

the Pundeelah River in the Nizam’s Territory,’ Journ. As. Soc. Beng. part 2,

vol. x. (1841); aud various notices in Journal of Agri-Horticultural Society.

“ List of trees on which the Tusseh larva feeds.—Sal, or Sakwa, or Sakooa (Shorea

robusta, Roxb.); Badaam, or country almond (Terminalia catappa, Linn.) ;

Pullas or Dhak (Butea frondosa, Roxb.) ; Arsun (Terminalia alata or T. glabra,

Wight); Teak or Sagwan (Tectona grandis, Linn.); Bair or Byre (Zizyphus

jujuba, Lam.); Toot or Toout, “ Indian Mulberry ” (A/orinda citrifolia, Linn. ?) ;

Semul or cotton tree (Bombax heplaphyllum); Koossum or bastard safflower

(Carthamus tinctorius, Linn.)

“The tusseh silkworm is reared in considerable quantities in Maunbhoom, Ban-

coorah and Beerbhoom, and its silk, both in the raw and made-up states, forms one

of the principal articles of export from these and adjoining districts. In Maunbhoom

the arsun tree is planted by the natives in small plots near their villages for the pur-

pose of affording food to the larve, and the branches are annually lopped off, to prevent

the larve from getting beyond the sight and reach of those who watch them. The

larve when first born are placed on these trees, and forage for themselves until the

time arrives for them to change into the pupa-state, their keepers merely keeping off

birds, ants, snakes, squirrels and bats, all of which are said to feed on the worm,

though I am inclined to doubt its being the case with the last three animals. The

tusseh-breeders in Maunbhoom are either Bonries or Southals: many of them culti-

vate lac as well, which also requires to be watched, and as this insect thrives best on

the same tree as the tusseh, viz. the arsun, they are able to combine the two pursuits.

I am not aware that any animals prey upon the lac insect; ants are very fond of them,

but I fancy only on account of the sweet fluid exuded by this as well as other species

of Aphide, and not with murderous intent. These are obliged to be watched, in order

to keep them secure from the thieving propensities of the other villagers.”

After quoting at some length from Dr. Walker’s paper (ubi supra), and noticing

that many of the facts therein recorded applied equally well to other parts of the

country than the territory of the Nizam, the author proceeds:—

“Tn Maunbhoom the cocoons are sold at the rate of eighty to one hundred per

rupee by the tusseh-breeders. I have found it quite easy to rear the tusseh worm in

captivity. Having procured a batch of some fifty fresh cocoons from the Maunbhoom

' jungles in April, 1864, L proceeded to try the experiment, and being of opinion that this

species might be easily acclimatized on the mulberry in England, sent thirty-five

cocoons, through Mr. F. Buckland, to the Acclimatization Society, as well as some of

the eggs laid by the moths that came out of the remaining cocoons. I have not as yet

(July 18, 1864) had the advice of their safe receipt. With regard to those I have

reared myself, I take the following extracts from my note-book:—

* On the 4th and Sth of June the moths began to come out of their cocoons, and

continued to do so nearly every damp and rainy night afterwards. Out of my whole

batch only one had died. They invariably come out at night, and seem strictly noc-

turnal in their habits in the imago state. The average expanse of wing of the female

is 7 to 74 inches, and of the male 6} to 6} inches. The colour of the cocoons,

and of both sexes of the moths, varies considerably; the males are generally of a dark

fulvous-buff, fulvous-gray, and light slaty gray colour; the females fulvous-gray,

light gray, or bright grayish yellow. The sexes copulated freely in confinement,

always at night, and generally the second night after birth. The females do not try

to fly away, though the males do, and damage themselves much in the attempt. They

seem to prefer hanging bead downwards, and from the under side of a leaf: this

probably is a wise provision of Nature to keep them hidden during their diurnal sleep

by the leaf they may be on, from their numerous winged enemies. Of all the cocoons

I had only one came out during the day, and that early in the morning; they mostly

appear between midnight and 4 a.m. The moths are very tenacious of life; after being

kept twelve hours under chloroform they recover, and a pin dipped in prussie acid and

put through them has no other effect than to make them discharge a black liquid from

the wound. Fora long time I was quite at a loss how to put an end to the existence

of those I wanted as specimens, and at last found that the only effectual method was

to plunge them into boiling water, keeping only the body immersed, for about two

minutes. The female moth lives longer than the male; the latter dies after copula-

tion, which takes place more than once if he is disturbed at first. The females begin

to drop their eggs the second or third day after birth, often before impregnation, and

die after all are laid, z.e. in five or six days.

“On the 17th of June the first batch of worms made their appearance, and on

being placed on the young leaves of the Badaam or country almond (Zerminalia

catappa), began to feed greedily. The leaves are changed every morning, and kept in

a tumbler of water or damp mould, placed inside a gauze-covered box. Care had to

be taken, when the worms got large, to keep them supplied twice a day with fresh

leaves, morning and evening, and not to put too many together. I lost a large

number, more than half-grown, from overcrowding. The heat thus generated caused

them to get quite putrid, and one dead one in this state, unless speedily removed, will

cause quite an epidemic amongst the rest.

“ June 17. The tusseh worm when born is about one-fourth of an inch in length;

body hairy and of a chrome-yellow colour; head and tail black, a tuft of black hair

on the neck, just behind the head, and another smaller tuft of the same colour near the

tail; a row of minute black spots down the middle of the back connects these two;

there is also a row of similar black spots down either side above the legs. Head and

body fringed with yellow hairs. Head black and shining, and large in proportion to

body.

“June 21. The worms born on the 17th are now nearly an inch long, and have

lost the brownish tinge they had when first born. The colour is now a light green,

covered with little light green spines, each spine terminating in a tuft of light-

coloured hair. The head at first is black; behind it, and separated from it by a little

green band, is another patch of black; there are two little black spots or spines on the

second segment, and one on the anal segment; these spines are tufted with black hair.

The row of black spots down the back are of a bluish tinge, and those down the sides

appear to be the spiracles.

“June 21. (Second stage). The ground colour of the worm is now a bright

yellowish green; he is still about an inch in length, but thicker and broader, especially

about the head and shoulders. The black spots down the centre of the back have

entirely disappeared ; instead, on either side of where they were, are two rows of yellow

spines or dots, light yellow at the base, orange-yellow at the tips, and surmounted by

star-shaped tufts of black hair, the pair on the second segment the largest. The head

and prolegs brown. Four separated black spots, in place of the black patch on the head.

The row of spiracles is scarcely visible; on each side of them a row of yellow spines

has appeared, making, with those on the back, altogether six rows of these spines from

head to tail parallel with each other, and covered with tufts of hair. A brownish tinge

on last pair of legs and lower part of anal segment, the latter covered with hairs.

“ June 25. (Third stage). The caterpillar is now a little more than 13 inch long, of

a beautiful light green colour, with a yellow stripe down each side from the third seg-

ment to the tail, which has a brown triangular patch on each side, edged with light

yellow. The spots on the rows of spines on the back have changed to a glittering

golden yellow colour, the pair on the second segment surmounted by a star of black

hairs. The spots on the two rows down each side have also changed; they are now

orange at base and sky-blue at tips. Prolegs and head light brown, as also are the

hind legs, with small black spots and hairs above them. A yellowish collar of skin

round the head, with its attendant spines, which are yellow on the capital segment,

and, like the rest, surmounted by black hairs. The eight spiracles down each side

are plainly visible, between the two side-rows of spines and below the yellow band.

“ June 27. The caterpillar, when in a state of rest, hangs head downwards, prolegs

and head doubled up, and hanging only by its hind legs. They grow wonderfully

fast, and appear on the whole hardy, not requiring much care. At this stage they are

much like the figure of the larva of Actias Selene in Horsfield’s Catalogue.

“June 29 or 30. (Fourth stage). The caterpillar is now about two inches in

length. The spots on the two middle rows of spines are all of a glittering golden orange

colour, still surmounted by a few black hairs, but several pure white hairs have

appeared about them, on the back only, not extending down the sides. The upper

and lower rows of spots on the sides are of a bright blue colour. The head and pro-

legs of a rich brown; the spiracles orange-brown inside, edged first with black, then

with light yellow.

“July 4. (Fifth stage). Caterpillar much the same as before. The spots on the

sides, especially on the first few segments are like shining silver, based by blue, and

contrast beautifully with the golden hue of the spots on the back.

“July 13. The first caterpillar began to spin. Before doing so the blue spots

changed to a beautiful mauve-purple colour, which change, accompanied by increase

of length to 3} inches, about the 8th or 9th of July, may be called its sixth stage, for

although I did not see the skin cast, it might have been done during the night.

“ The larve invariably eat their skins after casting them.

“When about to change, the worm is 4+ inches in length. The process of

spinning is well described by Lady Gilbert, whose account T quote (from Horsfield’s

Catalogue) :—‘ The caterpillar commences its operations by drawing a few leaves

slightly together, as if to screen it from observation. It then spins a strong cord, com-

posed of many threads, altogether about the thickness of a crow-quill, at the end of

which it weaves the cocoon.’ One end of this cord is looped round a twig, and when hard

the cocoon cannot be detached without cutting the twig close to this loop. In the

Maunbhoom jungles the cocoons may be seen hanging from the bare branches of the Sal

trees in March, and are apparently constructed without any assistance from or connexion

with the surrounding leaves. Lady Gilbert continues :—‘ The cocoon is so transparent

for the first six and thirty hours that the larva may be distinctly perceived at work in

the interior; after that time the cocoon gradually acquires consistency by the continual

industry of the caterpillar, and becomes quite opaque from the addition of a glutinous

liquid with which it moistens the whole. When that dries the cocoon appears as if

covered with white powder, and in the course of a couple of days becomes perfectly hard.’

I have not observed this transparency of the cocoon. Some of my cocoons are

much darker than the rest, and some light yellow, though the worms have all had the

”

same food. Papers read.

Prof. Westwood read ‘ Descriptions of new Species of Sagrides and Megalopides

from the Old World and Australia.”

The Rev. Hamlet Clark read “ Descriptions of Species composing the genus

Schematiza, Chev. (Phytophaga, Gallerucidz).”

New Part of the ‘ Transactions,

A new part of the ‘ Transactions’ (Trans. Ent. Soc. Ser. 3, Vol. ii. Part 2), which

had been published since the previous Meeting, was on the table.

October 3, 1864.

F. P. Pascor, Esq., President, in the Chair.

Additions to the Library.

The following donations were announced, and thanks voted to the donors:—

‘Exotic Butterflies, by W. C. Hewitson, Part 52; presented by W. Wilson Saunders,

Esq. ‘Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society, Vol. viii. Part 1; by the

Society. ‘ Boston Journal of Natural History,’ Vol. vii. No. iv.; ‘ Proceedings of the

Boston Natural History Society,’ Vol. ix. Sheets 12—20; by the Society. ‘ Notes on

the Family Zygenide, by A.S. Packard, jun.; by the Author. ‘The Zoologist’ and

‘The Entomologist’ for October; by the Editor. ‘The Entomologist’s Monthly

Magazine,’ No. 5; by the Editors. ‘The Journal of the Society of Arts’ for October;

by the Society. ‘The Reader’ for October; by the Editor. ‘ Popular Natural History

of Great Yarmouth, by B. T. Lowne; by the Author.

The following addition by purchase was also announced :—‘ Genera des Colé-

opteres d'Europe,’ Livr. 121—123.

Exhibitions, &e.

The Secretary announced the arrival of, and exhibited, a miscellaneous collection

of insects from India, collected and presented to the Society by Lieut. R. C. Beavan,

Bengal Revenue Survey. Probably the most interesting specimen was a small

Mantis, which Prof. Westwood believed to be hitherto unique in his own col-

lection.

Mr. Janson exhibited an extensive series of insects of all orders collected by

Mr. Thomas Pullinger, R.N., chiefly in the vicinity of Rio Janeiro.

Major Parry sent for exhibition a box of beetles collected at Gibraltar by bis son,

Lieut. Parry, R.A.

Mr. 8. Stevens exhibited a large Curculio, from the body of which a number of

filamentous Fungi had grown. Prof. Westwood remarked upon the frequent occur-

rence of fungus-covered Curculionide, and suggested that it arose from those beetles

dying amongst decayed wood and in damp situations conducive to fungoid growth.

Prof. W. also alluded to the different kinds of “mould” found upon beetles, some of

which were soft, like cotton-wool, whilst others were hard and required to be actually

scrubbed off the specimen: he thought there were not less than six or eight kinds of

mould to be found on insects.

Mr. Bond, after referring to the exhibition at the previous Meeting (ante p. 38) of

larve of an Agrotis, which had proved very destructive to turnips, and giving corrobora-

live testimony to the extent of the damage done by the insects, mentioned that, on

opening a partridge which he recently shot, he found the crop full of the larve which

infested the turnips.

Mr. David Sharp sent for exhibition three species of Coleoptera new to the

British List, and one of them apparently undescribed: all three were recently cap-

tured by him in Scotland. The following description and notes were also com-

municated :—

“ |, AUTALIA PUNCTICOLLIS (nov. spec.).

Nigra, nitida, subtilius pubescens, antennarum articulo primo pedibusque piceis,

prothorace abdomineque evidentius punctatis, illo medio obsolete canaliculato.

Long. 1 lin.

With the facies of A. rivularis, but the size of A. impressa ; from the furmer of these

it differs by having its prothorax more evidently punctured, with the central channel

only perceptible anteriorly; the lateral fovee are not so deeply impressed, and those

at the base of the elytra shorter. Apex of the abdomen concolorous. From A. im-

pressa it is readily distinguished by its colour and punctured abdomen.

Four specimens from Rannoch, Perthshire; and one in Mr. Janson’s collection,

taken some years since in Shetland by the late Mr. Squire.

2. Tacurnus proximus, Araatz, Stett. Ent. Zeit. xvi. 25; Ins. Deutschl. 401.

Besides the characters pointed out by Kraatz as distinguishing this species from

T. humeralis, there appears to be a constant difference in the length of the elytra,

these being always relatively shorter in T. proximus.

Found by me in sheep’s dung at Rannoch, and about half a dozen specimens

under the same circumstances on Ben Lomond.

3. Lesreva monricota, Aiesenw. Stett. Ent. Zeit. viii.77. Redienb. Faun. Austr.

ed. ii. 245. Kraatz, Ins. Deutschl. 933.

I have seen three British specimens of a Lesteva, which I believe should be

referred to this species. Two taken by myself, one of them at Rannoch, the other in

the Isle of Arran. The third is in Mr. Janson’s collection, and was captured, I think,

on the Cheviots.”

The President exhibited a new Atractocerus and a new Cyphagogus, and read the

following notes respecting them :—

“The genus Atractocerus is one of the most remarkable amongst the Coleoptera,

and bears a greater resemblance to a Neuropteron than to anything in its own order;

and yet we find this genus, one of the most specialized of its class, distributed over

Africa, Madagascar, Java, the Malayan Islands, Australia and Brazil,—in fact, over

almost all parts of the world, excepting Europe. In the Malayan Islands, Mr. Wal-

lace discovered not less than twelve new species of this genus; Singapore and New

Guinea (Dorey), the two extremes, produced each one; Borneo (Sarawak) five; the

rest were scattered among the other islands. The only published species, A. morio,

Pasc., is the only one that appears to be common to three or four localities. If we

adopt the derivative hypothesis of the origin of species, it will follow that a connexion

must once have existed between the above-mentioned parts of the world, and this

would pretty nearly lead to the conclusion that all lands were once connected. The

Atractoceri would seem to possess a very low power of flight, and to be nocturnal.

The Molucea species, A. morio, has certainly no appearance of being an intermediate

form, as might have been expected. The Australian species now exhibited is new to

Science; I am indebted for my specimen to Mrs. Kreusler, of Gawler, South Australia,

a lady who, as I have previously testified, has been extremely fortunate in adding to

vur knowledge of the insect fauna of that colony, and to whom I have the pleasure of

dedicating the species.

ATRACTOCERUS KREUSLERE.

A. brunneo-ferrugineus; capite brevi; oculis rotundatis, prominulis, antice fere

contiguis; prothorace quadrato, subnitido, capite latiori; elytris oblongis, intus

sinuatis; alis obscure griseis; abdomine castaneo, nitido; pedibus attenuatis,

griseo-brunneis; pectore rufo-castaneo. Long. 12 lin. Hab. Gawler (Austral.

merid.).

To Mr. Odewahn, also of Gawler, I owe, among many rare and interesting insects,

a curious little Brentid belonging to the genus Cyphagogus of Major Parry, almost

identical with a species from Natal described by me two or three years ago under the

name of C. advena (Journ. of Entom. ii. 48). The type species is Indian, and has also

been found by Mr. Wallace in Aru, but belongs to another category of the genus.

I have dedicated the Australian species to Mr. Odewahn, and it may be thus charac-

terized, merely premising that C. advena has a much larger head with a bilobed or

emarginate muzzle, and this is almost all that distinguishes it :-—

CypHacocus OpEWABNII.

C. rufo-testaceus, nitidus; capite prothorace multo angustiore, rostro integro ; elytris

prothorace angustioribus, striato-punctatis; pedibus ut in C.advena. Hab.

Gawler (Austral. merid.).”

Mr. A. R. Wallace remarked that he thought the Atractoceri were wood-borers ;

he had always captured them at night, at a lamp or light, and had found them to be

rather quick flyers.

Paper read.

Mr. Baly read a paper intituled “Further Descriptions of New Genera and

Species of Phytophaga.” Two new genera, Charistena and Metaxycera are esta-

blished, both belonging to the Hispide and nearly allied to Odontota. Of Charistena,

C. ruficollis, Fabr., is the type, and seven new species are described under the names

of C. Lecontii (from North America), C. basalis (from the Amazons), C. Deyrollei

(Upper Amazons, Columbia), C. bellula (Bogota), C. elegantula (New Granada),

C. Pilatei (Teapa), C. trilineata (Yucatan). Of the genus Metaxycera, M. purpurata,

Guér., is the type, and three new species from the Amazons are described under the

names of M. rubroguttata, M. Amazona and M. sex-pustulata.

New Part of ‘ Transactions,

A new part of the ‘ Transactions’ (Third Series, Vol. iii. Part 1), containing the

first portion of Mr. Pascoe’s Longicornia Malayana, was on the table.

November 7, 1864,

F. P. Pascor, Esq., President, in the Chair.

Presentation to W. W. Saunders, Esq.

Prior to the scientific business of the Meeting, a handsome silver vase was pre-

sented by the President, on behalf of numerous Members of the Society, to W. Wilson

Saunders, Esy., F.R.8., &c., in acknowledgment of the generous aid which for years

he has bestowed upon everything tending to advance the Science of Entomology, and

in recognition of his unvarying kiudness and the constant and liberal support which

he has given to the Society.

Donations to the Library.

The following donations were announced, and thanks voted to the donors: —‘ The

Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society, Vol. xxy. Part ii.; presented by the Society.

‘Memoire sur le Pou a poche blanche;’ by the Author, M. E. Icery, D.M.C.P.

*Corynodinorum Recensio ;’ by the Author, the Rev. T. A. Marshall, F.L.S. ‘The

Zoologist’ and ‘ The Entomologist’ for November; by the Editor. ‘The Entomolo-

gist’s Monthly Magazine, No. 6; by the Editors. ‘The Journal of the Society of

Arts’ for October; by the Society. ‘The Reader’ for October; by the Editor. ‘ The

Atheneum’ for October; by the Editor. ‘ Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung,’ Vol. 25,

Nos. 10—12; by the Entomological Society of Stettin. ‘Amtlicher Bericht uber die

38ste Versammlung deutscher Naturforscher in Stettin im September, 1863 ;’ by Dr.

-C. A. Dohrn. ‘ Report of the Commission appointed to enquire into the causes of

decay in Wood Carvings, and the means of preventing and remedying the effects of

such decay ;’ by Professor Westwood.

Exhibitions, Sc.

Mr. Janson exhibited four species of Coleoptera belonging to Mr. Joseph Side-

botham, of Manchester, and all new to the British list. They were (1) Ceuthorhyn-

chideus Poweri, Rye; two specimens taken by Mr. Sidebotham in Silverdale, near

Lancaster, between the 14th and 18th of May, 1864, most probably by sweeping on

the borders of the woods near the shore ; (2) Lixus filiformis, Fabr.; a single specimen

(at first taken for L. bicolor) captured by Mr. Sidebotham by beating the oak or birch

in a wood on the side of Roundney Hill, near Devizes, early in June, 1864; (3)

Sybines canus, Herbst; two specimens taken by Mr. Sidebotham, by sweeping, in a

lane between Devizes and Pottern, early in June, 1864 ; (4) Peritelus griseus, Oliv. ;

several specimens were collected at Ventnor in April, 1864, by Mr. Wainwright,

probably by shaking herbage upon a sheet of paper, in which manner some bottles

full of Coleoptera had been obtained by that gentleman.

Mr. F. Smith exhibited three males and a female of a Bombus new to Britain, the

Bombus pomorum of Panzer: the males were captured some years ago, and lad been

placed in his collection as a variety of another species ; the female was the specimen

exhibited at the Meeting in June last (ante p. 26), and was captured at Deal.

Mr. Edwin Shepherd (on behalf of Mr. S. Carter, of Manchester, who was present

as a visitor), exhibited three males and a female of Sesia spheciformis, W.V., bred from

pupe found in the stems of alder-trees in the north of Staffordshire.

Mr. W. W. Saunders exhibited some galls which he had found in making an ex-

cavation at the foot of an oak about a month previously; the galls were attached to

the root of the tree, but were not in clusters, and were at a depth of four feet below

the surface ; each gall contained two or three larve, and during the last few days five

specimens of the perfect insect had gnawed their way out; at first a very small hole

was visible, through which, when it had been made large enough, a mandible was

pushed ; the insect continued its gnawing, an antenna was soon protruded, and gradu-

ally a perfect Cynips emerged. The whole of the five specimens were females, and

he believed that the whole brood would prove to be of that sex. These phenomena

suggested several queries not capable of easy answer: in the first place, how does the —

Cynips make its way to the surface through the four feet of sand or earth which lies

above it? Secondly, how does the parent manage to lay her eggs so deep in the ground?

Thirdly, how long are the galls in process of formation? Fourthly, it would seem

highly probable, from the observations of foreign entomologists on allied species, that

in Cynips aptera (to which the exhibited specimens were very nearly related if not

identical therewith) the male comes out in the spring, and in the spring only, whereas

here was a brood of females emerging in October. Another peculiar circumstance was

that the flies, since their escape from the galls, had made, in the box in which they

were confined, a web of considerable tenacity, not unlike that formed by the larve of

certain Lepidoptera.

Mr. F. Smith considered the specimens exhibited to be the Cynips aptera: in

Bishop’s Wood the galls might be obtained) in any quantity, and he had himself

reared hundreds of the fly, but all the specimens were females; he had collected

them at all times of the year, and never saw a male: so far as he was aware a male

Cynips (¢.e. of the true genus Cynips of Hartig) had never been observed.

Professor Westwood said that the males of Cynips were described by American

authors ; the occurrence of an autumn brood consisting of females only had also been

noticed, and to the phenomenon of one sex in one brood and the other in another the

term “ dimorphism ” had been applied. The spring brood, however, was said to yield

both males and females; the theory was that the females of the autumn brood were

agamous, but laid eggs,—that it was a case of parthenogenesis,—but that those of the

spring brood were fertilized in the ordinary manner by contact with the male.

Mr. W. W. Saunders exhibited three other kinds of gall which he had found during

a recent trip to Switzerland. ‘The first was found on a glaucous-leaved willow, and

occurred near the Lake of Brienz: it resembled a small fir-cone, or might even be

likened to the flower of a Centaurea: no larve were discovered, but traces of their

action were visible, and the cause of the excrescences was doubtless a Cynips. The

second kind was found in July near Coire, where a dwarf and stunted species of willow

was covered with red berries looking like so many red currants; these also were doubtless

due toa Cynips. The third kind was formed on the beech, and was an indurated

conical gall, so hard as with difficulty to be cut with a knife, but nevertheless made on

the leaf of the tree; it was hollow, with a large flat base in which the larva nestled,

and was found at Ragatz and at Interlaken and in other parts of Switzerland in July

and August.

Mr. Stainton exhibited a gall found on the oak near Bath, the exterior of which

was of a woolly texture and of yellowish colour.

Mr. Stainton also exhibited copies of the twenty-one plates designed to illustrate

Messrs. Douglas and Scott’s forthcoming volume on the British Hemiptera-Hete-

Toptera.

Mr. F. Smith (after mentioning that in a previous letter Mr. Stone had informed

him that he had noticed a number of workers of the common wasp busily engaged in

carrying young grubs out of the nest) read the following extracts from a letter addressed

to him on the 4th of November, 1864, by Mr. Stone :—

“ You ask why were the workers of Vespa vulgaris carrying out the young grubs?

I have no doubt whatever that it was in consequence of the grubs having become from

some cause or other in a diseased and sickly state; they appeared to be carried to a

distance and then dropped, just as is the case at the close of the season when the com-

munities break up. There was a nest of Vespa Germanica close by, and my first

impression was that it was by the workers from this nest that the grubs of V. vulgaris

were being removed, in order to feed their own larve upon them; bat having caught

several as they emerged, each laden with a grub, I found that that was not the case,

but that they were unquestionably the legitimate occupiers of the nest at which they

were captured. This nest became a ruin before the end of August, and that of V.

Germanica shortly afterwards, thus proving that disease of some kind had attacked

both communities.

“ Of the sixteen nests of Vespa sylvestris which I obtained, one was situated in the

thatch of an out-house, one was suspended from the roof of a temple dedicated to a

certain goddess who shall be nameless, one was suspended just inside a rabbit burrow,

and the rest were built in a variety of holes in the ground, mostly in banks by the side

of ditches or streams of water; several were in holes I had myself formed in banks.

Whatever hole they may select they invariably place their nest nearer to the entrance

than the other species of underground wasps.” In the majority of cases which have

come under my observation the nest has in fact been exposed to view, without the

trouble of digging for it.

“On opening some closed-up cells appropriated to queens or females in a nest of

Vespa vulgaris, I found one larva and one pupa differing in nothing that I could per-

ceive from those of Ripiphorus contained in the cells appropriated to workers, except

that they were something like double the size, in fact about as much larger as a full-

grown larva of a queen-wasp is larger than that of a worker. Are there two species

of Ripiphorus, or a large and a small variety? or if only one, would the large speci-

mens above-mentioned (which I have preserved in spirits) produce Ripiphorus as it

ought to be, and are those found in the cells of worker-wasps ouly starved examples

of the beetle?”

Professor Westwood replied that there was but one species of Ripiphorus, the well-

known R. paradoxus ; there was, however, considerable difference in the size of the

sexes, and it would be a singular result if it should turn out that female wasps pro-

duced female Ripiphori, whilst the workers produced the males. Since the different

food supplied to wasp-larve determined whether they should become females or workers,

it seemed not impossible that the sex of the parasitic Ripiphorus should depend upon

whether its larva fed on queen-larva or worker-larva. With respect to the disease

amongst wasps mentioned by Mr. Stone, it was probably akin to the disease amongst

bees known as “ foul brood :” the cause of this malady was unknown, some supposing

that it was attributable to the brood having become chilled, others regarding it as a

sort of cholera. But whatever the cause, there was no doubt as to the malignity of the

disease: if a hive once became infected, it attacked the houey therein, and bees fed on

that honey during the winter became also diseased. The hives of so experienced a

bee-keeper as Mr. Wvodbury were not free from this plague.

The Secretary observed that it might not be uninteresting to the Society to hear

from time to time of the welfare of the various provincial Societies which had been

founded with an object identical or cognate with our own. He had recently had the

pleasure of assisting at the opening of an Exhibition of Objects of Natural History,

held under the auspices of the Huddersfield Naturalists’ Society. Mammals, birds

and their nests and eggs, reptiles, fishes, mollusks, insects, herbaria and geological

specimens, were contributed by upwards of sixty local exhibitors, the majority of whom

were persons gaining their livelihood by manual labour. The stuffed birds formed

perhaps the most prominent feature. The insects consisted of eight cases of Coleop-

tera belonging to four exhibitors, seventy cases of Lepidoptera belonging to ten exhi-

bitors, and ten cases of miscellaneous insects belonging to seven exhibitors; nearly all

were indigenous species ; one or two curious hermaphrodites were shown (a very com-

plete one of Liparis dispar), and several of the cases contained singularly beautiful

varieties of Arctia Caja, Abraxas Grossulariata, and others of the commoner Lepidop-

tera, which varieties had for the most part been bred by the exhibitors, from the larva.

He was informed that the exhibition had been visited by hundreds daily, and had

proved a success both financially and otherwise.

Mr. C. A. Wilson, Corresponding Member, under date of Adelaide, August 26,

1864, sent the following :—

Notes on South-Australian Entomology.

“The following is a statement of the comparative number of species of each order

of insects found in the Colony of South Australia, and also of the principal families

of Coleoptera. Additional species will be continually found in parts which are now

for the first time becoming occupied. We are pressing forward both on the eastern

and western sides of this continent. By public and private enterprise the country

north of Champion Bay is now in the act of being made known. With the aid of the

Queensland Government, that to the north of Rockhampton on the north-east coast, up

to Rockingham, is also being colonized. Still further on the northernmost part, or Cape

York, shooting far away towards the equator, a settlement is being formed by parties

from England. And, lastly, by our own Government, the north-west coast near Arnheim’s

Land is now being surveyed for future occupation, in the neighbourhood of the spot

where Stuart’s small but adventurous band first saw the ocean after their passage

through the till-then-unknown interior from Adelaide. This will still leave almost

entirely untrodden the vast tract of country between Arnheim’s Land and the Queens-

land territory, passing by the south shores of the Gulf of Carpentaria, in returning

from which the lamented Burke and his party lost their lives; also the equally untried

country between the boundaries of our province and that of Western Australia, the

northern and central parts of which will probably long remain a sealed book, though

the time doubtless will come when the unknown shall be so no longer either to the

explorer or the naturalist.

“ What all these vast tracts will present to us of animal life, in addition to what is

already known, it is of course impossible to say, though pleasant to speculate upon.

Already from the neighbourhood of the Darling River, north-east of Adelaide, and

from Western Australia, various small and quite new species of the Marsupialia are

being forwarded to the Curator of our Museum, and new birds, reptiles and insects

will follow.

“Tn a rough but carefully-weighed estimate, after an acquaintance of many years

with the insects of this colony, I have come to the following conclusions. Taking the

number 20 for the Coleoptera, which have more admirers and have been more carefully

collected hitherto than any other order, the relative value of the seven principal

orders of insects in South Australia is as under: —

Relative number of species.

Coleoptera. - : : : 20

Hymenoptera. ° : : : : : elle

Lepidoptera. , : - : ; : A 64

Diptera. ° 6 . : : : . «4

Hemiptera and Heteroptera. : 2

Orthoptera - : : : : : ° 1

Neuroptera. : : F : $

“ The remaining orders, Thysanoptera, Aphaniptera, &c., have as yet yielded so

few species (of Strepsiptera, I believe, no species has yet been found) that I do not

notice them here. The number of the Coleoptera would be more nearly attained by each

of the three orders which immediately follow, if the latter were more looked after, as

in a few of the families of each there are hundreds of minute insects. In the list just

given, the Hymenoptera are principally supported by the families Ichneumonidae and

Apide ; the Lepidoptera by the numerous small moths; the Diptera by the Muscide ;

the Homoptera by the Cercopide ; and the Orthoptera by the Locustide. With the

exception of the last, this seems much the same as in European countries.

“The collections of Coleoptera in the Adelaide Museum, in Mr. F. G. Water-

house’s private cabinets, and my own, include by far the greatest number of known

South-Australian species. These, with several other small collections, give the fol-

lowing as (in round numbers) the now-known species of Coleoptera and of the seven

most numerous families :—

Total number of South-Australian Coleoptera, (say) 5000 species.

These in a few years will probably be nearly doubled.

Principal Families. Number in Collections.

Curculionide . ; : : . About 600 species.

Chrysomelide : : : 6 aye OU a5

Buprestide F ; - : j oe 00's Va,

Cerambycide ; : : F a LD

Carabide ; ; : - : » 200

Melolonthide : : Z : 1 LOOe +

Helopide ; : : : : LOOP

2000”

The Secretary, after mentioning that the subject of Dr. Icéry’s ‘ Mémoire sur le

Pou a poche blanche’ (of which a presentation copy was on the table) was identical

with the sugar-cane-infesting Coccus of which specimens were exhibited at the June

Meeting of the Society (ante p. 25), read a translation of the ‘Mémoire. The

following are abridged extracts therefrom :—

“ The Eggs and the Larve.—When the insect, improperly called a ‘louse,’ is

examined on the plant where it has fixed itself, two distinct parts may be remarked,

different in consistency and in colour; one, somewhat flattened transversely, of oval

form and of a brown shade, is the insect itself; the other, rounded, formed of a sort of

silk or white wool, constitutes the envelope of the pouch which secretes a considerable

quantity of very small yellowish grains, adhering together by means of a filamentous

substance similar to that which forms the envelope of the pouch. This substance, to

which a sugary taste has been attributed, seems, on the contrary, to be very irritating ;

placed on the mucous membranes it excites a violent inflammation. The small yel-

lowish grains are the eggs, the number of which is variable, according to the more or

less favourable conditions attending their production. They are of oval shape and °28

of a millimétre in their longer diameter. The mean quantity found in a pouch cannot

be estimated at less than 100 to 125. The hatching of the eggs begins at the peri-

phery of the pouch, the circumference of which is soon afterwards torn by the first

larve which appear. The gnawing of the pouch by ants, which are greedy in pursuit

of it, rapidly effects the exit of the young ‘lice’ and their dispersion over the sur-

rounding parts. It is only at the end of several days that all the larve have burst

through the filamentous matter, and abandoned the pouch which sheltered them.

At this time, the mother is almost dried up and looks like a brownish scale.

At the moment of detaching itself, the larva is still surrounded by a film of the

filamentous substance, which by its lightness and the surface which it opposes

to the breeze easily explains the carriage of the insect for great distances by

means of currents of air. Its oblong body is from front to back °4 millim. in

length; with three pairs of long and slender feet, the tarsus of which is formed of five

joints, and ends in a sort of claw which issues from between two long hairs. The

abdomen at the posterior and median part has a deep slit, which passes beyond two

small tubercles, on which are implanted two long filaments directed horizontally

backwards, and which have a slight curvature. The head has on either side a round

and prominent eye, and is armed with two long antenne bristling with short and

slender hairs. This larva is scarcely perceptible to the naked eye; it requires a strong

lens to see it distinctly. As soon as it leaves its mother’s pouch, it seeks a place

suitable for fixing itself. It is curious to see the activity which these small animals

then display; as quick in their movements as ants, they run from side to side,

and spread themselves* over the neighbouring leaves, which they seem to study

with care until they meet with the wished-for conditions for establishing their

new abode.

“ One remarkable circumstance peculiar to this insect is, that instead of improving

as it is developed, as takes place for the most part with other larvae, it on the contrary

gradually loses its primitive qualities, and at the end of some days transforms itself in

a manner not easy to be known again. Its tail and antenne fall off, its feet waste

away, its head becomes less distinct, its body grows round; and soon, incapable of

performing the slightest motion, it presents itself under the guise of a small whitish

and transparent body adhering closely to the leaf on which it has fastened itself. This

transformation, at one time slow, at another rapid, is dependent on the greater or

less facility which the larva meets with in fiuding a favourable locality, the object of

its active search. Thus withered leaves, exposure of the plant to a current of air, are

causes which retard the transformation; whilst a suitable exposure, tender and green

leaves, on the contrary, have the effect of making it more rapid. But, in any ease, it

is only at the end of several days that the larva begins to undergo the modifications of

which we have just spoken.

‘

“ Another particularity worthy of remark, and which is of paramount interest to us,

is the resistance which this larva offers to the ordinary means of destruction likely to

reach it. I have plunged it in water for twenty to thirty minutes, and at different

times, without being able to kill it. As soon as it had freed itself from all moisture it

resumed its habitual mode of procedure, and seemed to have lost none of its agility. And

what is astonishing, acetic acid (concentrated vinegar) and ammoniac acid are equally

powerless over it. Alcohol, on the contrary, acts on the insect with fatal promptness.

To kill it, it is sufficient to touch it with the tip of a point which carries a small drop

of spirits of wine. ‘This property might be made use of in opposing the insect, by

employing, to wet the leaves of the young canes which are attacked, the fermented

liquids which it is so easy to obtain in every manufactory. Strongly odoriferous sub-

stances and oil of naphtha, mixed in small quantities with liquids of inferior quality,

may also be utilized in the same manner, and render excellent service. The sul-

' phurous solution which is obtained when a mixture of sulphur and lime is boiled in

water, would likewise produce a favourable result in destroying the ‘louse,’ if it were

applied on a large scale. These are different substances, all injurious to the insect,

capable of easy employment, and to which it is sufficient for me to call attention.

“T was unwilling to speak of the larva without indicating summarily the means

which have appeared to me the most suitable for opposing it; because it is at this

period of its existence that it can be profitably and easily got at; later on, the remedy

will have lost its chief quality, that of preventing the adherence of the insect to the

leaf, and the mischief will have already been done.

“ The Female.—The female is the ‘ white-pouched louse, in the most general and

common acceptation of the term; it is she, in fact, that has been so designated, and it

is she only with which the planters are acquainted. She appears at first un the leaves

of the sugar-cane like a white dot, of a size and transparency such that she escapes a

rapid examination, even by persons accustomed to recognise her. ‘The hinder half of

the body is surrounded by a white circle formed by the secretion of the filamentous

wool which always precedes oviposition and accumulates as the eggs are laid.

“ Three weeks are generally sufficient for the accomplishment of the laying of the

eggs. The hatching soon follows; and the young ‘lice, before quitting their nest

for goud, often return under the roof offered them by their mother, whose body, even

after death, still shelters and protects them. The feet of the female insect disappear

or wither away, and later on dry up in coutact with the abdomen, where they may be

found for a long time in the form of yellow and tough fragments. No trace exists of

the antenne and tail, and the eyes are indicated only by two very small black dots

placed on eitber side the head, which merges in the body. The general form of the

insect is then elliptic, fattened on the abdominal side, and projecting from front to

rear on the median dorsal line. At its circumference the body, except in the rear,

where there is a deep slit, is thin and armed with filaments which serve to make it adhere

firmly to the leaf of the plant. In front these filamentous appendages, to the number

of four or five, often acquire a considerable length, and are doubtless designed to

facilitate suction. The mouth is a snout (une trompe), which extends beyond the head

and bends downwards; I have not been able to analyse the different elements of which

this snout is formed. The digestive tube, which runs from the mouth, ends in front of

the posterior abdominal slit in a sort of cloaca, a vast cavity which affords an outlet for

the excrementitious matters and the eggs. The abdomen is covered with transverse

folds, which become very manifest, and execute concentric intermittent movements

during the whole duration of the egg-laying. The whole abdominal tegument is fur-

nished with glandular follicles, designed for the secretion of the white matter; that of

the back is, on the contrary, perfectly smooth. On each side of the anterior part of

the body may be seen a pair of orifices communicating with some transverse conduits,

which inside divide themselves into branches; these are the stigmata and air-bearing

canals, which constitute the respiratory apparatus of the insect. The small round

bodies disposed in pairs on the lateral parts of the abdomen show the nervous gan-

glions, of which three very distinct pairs may ordinarily be recognized. The female

is apterous.

“Tt may be remarked that the female, however different its aspect from that of the

larva, does uot undergo what is conventionally called a complete transformation; it

is quite different with the male, which after the first modification experiences a com-

plete metamorphosis. As soon as the female has adhered to a leaf, plunging into it its

sucker and its filamentous appendages, she provokes in the nutritive functions of the

plant a disturbance which is the more manifest as the vegetation is less active. Thus,

as I have said above, the best remedy will be that which reaches the larva, or at least

the female, before the latter is closely fastened to the plant upon which she has

established herself.

“ The Male-—The larva from which the male proceeds is not distinguishable from

that of the female on its exit from the cottony down which forms the mother’s nest.

The similitude of all the young ones has always appeared to me to be perfect up to

the moment when the fall of the antenne and of the tail indicated the beginning of

the modifications which the insect was about to undergo. In this stage, the male larva

is denoted by the slightly brown coloration which it puts on, and the rigidity which

contracts its teguments. Whilst the female grows rapidly, preserving for a long time

its primitive white colour and its transparency, the male seems to progress less

quickly, and in some days becomes hard and blackish. It is then found fixed at

intervals on the leaves, looking like a dot whose very decided colour at once reveals its

presence. Examined with the microscope, it exhibits the structure already described

as that of the female, but the whole of its tegumentary envelope is nothing more than

a shell, which harbours in its median part a small gelatinous and transparent body,

whose rings, head and tail recall the larva of the Lepidoptera ; this is the larva of the

male ‘louse, which soon veils itself (se voile), increases in consistency, becomes of a

deep brown and changes to the nymph. When the male has undergone its meta-

morphosis, it pierces the shell and emerges from it by a hole contrived about the centre

of the envelope. It is a very small winged insect, 1} millimétre long, of thin and

elegant form, with rapid and abrupt movements; its body is of a beautiful metallic

black, its thorax has a large green disk, and its wings present brilliant red and violet

reflexions when the light of a lens is projected obliquely upon them. Its head is

adorned with facetted eyes, and with two antenne, which are relatively long and stout,

formed of seven joints. It has three pairs of feet, whose tarsi are surmounted by a sort

of slender spur. The tarsi are formed of five joints, and the first of these joints is as

long as the four others taken together. Its wings, which are membranous throughout

their whole extent, are four in number, and overlap each other laterally. The wings

of the first pair are much larger than those of the second pair, which they overlie on

all sides. The posterior part of the abdomen presents an orifice with whitish edges,

and by the side of it is found a retractile projection surrounded by some long and rigid

4s)

hairs. This little insect ordinarily remains on the plant where the females have fastened

themselves, and uses its wings only to skip short distances. Scarcely has it quitted

the shell in which its metamorphosis has been produced than it runs rapidly over the

leaves which bear the females, and, passing them in review successively, approaches

each of them, performing each time regular and uniform movements. With head

erect, wings half spread, and abdomen bent down behind, he hastily mounts the back

of the first female he meets, and after stopping there an instant, he faces about, and

with equal ardour rushes upon each of the females who may be nigh. The number of

males is much less than that of females; I believe that the males do not form more

than the tenth part of a whole brood.

“The characters enumerated above induce me to arrange this insect in the order

Hemiptera, and to place it amongst the Homoptera in a genus of the family of Gall-

insects. I would propose to call it Gasteralphe, a name which perfectly designates

the most prominent peculiarity of its external form.”

Professor Westwood remarked that it was perfectly clear, from the description and

from the plates, that the insect which Dr. Icéry supposed to be the male of the Coccus

was not a Coccus at all; it was a species of Coccophagus, a Hymenopterous (Chalci-

ditic) parasite upon Coceus. The female described was doubtless a true Coccus, the

male of which was, he presumed, still unknown. The action which the author had

mistaken for the impregnation of the female Coccus was, in fact, the deposition of the

eggs of the female Coccophagus in the body of the Coccus. Dr. Icéry’s observations

on the effect of different fluids on the larve were very interesting, particularly as to

the powerlessness of water and the rapid action of spirits of wine, which might be

explained by the fact that the downy matter surrounding the larve, being of the nature

of lac, was insoluble in water and soluble in spirit.

Mr. W. W. Saunders mentioned that for some years he had used spirits of wine in

his greenhouses for cleansing plants and clearing them from insects; he mixed the

rectified spirits and pure water in equal proportions, and this mixture, which was found

to answer better than undiluted spirit, was applied with a brush. _ It was very effica-

cious in the destruction of the common mealy bug (especially when young) and other

common pests, and he recommended it as worthy of application in the greenhouse

generally.

Professor Westwood called attention to the Report of a Commission which had

been appointed by the Committee of Council for Education to enquire into the causes

of decay in wood carvings, and the means of preventing and remedying the same.

The insects which in this country were found to be the most injurious, from their

habit of burrowing into the wood of furniture, were three beetles of the family Ptinide,

viz., Ptilinus pectinicornis, Anobium striatum and A. tessellatum. Numerous experi-

ments had been made with carbolic acid, chloroform and benzine, specimens of furniture

attacked by the worm being submitted to the action of the vapour of these different

substances; other specimens were saturated with corrosive sublimate dissolved in

methylated spirits of wine. The conclusions at which the Commission arrived were

(1), that the action of the worm may be arrested and the worm itself destroyed by

vaporization, more especially by the vapour of benzine ; (2), that carved work may be

completely restored by an injection of vegetable gum and gelatine, in order to fill up

the worm holes and strengthen the fabric of the carvings ; and (3), that after the worm |

has been destroyed, further attacks from it can be prevented by treating the carved

work with a solution of corrosive sublimate, either in methylated spirits of wine or |

parchment size, according to the character of the surface of the wood-work ; the

strength of the solution being sixty grains of chloride of mercury to a pint of fluid, |

whether methylated spirit or parchment size.

Paper read.

Mr. J. S. Baly read a paper entitled “ Descriptions of new Genera and Species of

Phytophaga,” in which sixteen new species were described, and four new genera

ytophaga, I ’

established under the names of Euphene, Sophrena, Nisotra and Glycernia.

December 5, 1864.

F. P. Pascor, Esq., President, in the Chair.

Additions to the Library.

The following donations were announced, and thanks voted to the donors:— |

‘Catalogus Specicrum Generis Scolia, conscripserunt Henricus de Saussure et Julius

Sichel ; presented by the Authors. ‘ Elaterides Nouveaux,’ par M. E. Candéze; by the

Author. ‘ Tijdschrift voor Entomologie,’ Vol. vii. Parts 1—5; by the Entumological

Society of the Netherlands. ‘Sepp, Nederlandsche Insecten,’ 2d Series, Nos. 35— |

46; by S.C. Snellen van Vollenhoven, Esq. ‘Synopsis des Agrionines, 4e légion:

Platycnemis, par M. Edm. de Selys-Longchamps; by Dr. Hagen. ‘ Die wirbellosen

Thiere der Provinz Preussen’; ‘ Die Odonaten und Nenropteren-Fauna Syriens und

Klein-Asiens ;’ by the Author, Dr. Hagen. ‘The Journal of Entomology,’ No. 11;

by the Proprietors. ‘The Zoologist’ and‘ The Entomologist’ for December; by the

Editor. ‘The Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine, No. 7; by the Editors. ‘The

Journal of the Suciety of Arts’ for November; by the Society. ‘The Reader’ for

November; by the Editor. ‘The Atheneum’ for November; by the Editor.

The following additions by purchase were also announced :—Voyage de Décou-

vertes de l’Astrolabe—Partie Entomologique, par le Docteur Boisduval; Fabricius

(J. C.), Species Insectorum; Paykull (G.), Fauna Suecica, Insecta; Paykull (G.),

Monographia Staphylinorum Suecie ; Paykull (G.), Monographia Caraborum Suecie ;

Gravevhorst (J. L. C.), Coleoptera Microptera Brunsvicensia nec non Exoticorum

quotquot exstant in Collectionibus Entomologorum Brunsvicensium ; Percheron (A.),

Monographie des Passales; De Laferte-Senectére (F.), Monographie des Anthicus ;

Sturm (Jacob), Catalog der Kaefer-Sammlung; Catalogue de la Collection Entomo-

logique du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris, par MM. Milne-Edwards, Blan-

chard et Lucas; Fairmaire (Léon), Essai sur les Coleoptéres de la Polynésie;

Fallen, Monographia Cimicum Sueciz.

Election of Members.

The Rev. Herbert Milnes, of Crich, near Matlock; William Hume, Esq., of

9, Gracechurch Street, London; and Trovey Blackmore, Esq., of The Hollies, Wands-

worth, were ballotted for and elected Members of the Society.

Exhibitions, &c.

Mr. J. Jenner Weir exhibited some microscopic preparations of the spiral tongues

of butterflies, for the purpose of showing the diversity of striation of the spiral tongue

in different species, and of certain papille existing at the end of that member; the

papilla in Vanessa C-album were very different from those of the closely-allied species

of Vanessa, whilst in the genus Argynnis they were found to be extremely brittle.

Mr. Bond exhibited a coloured drawing, by Mr. Buckler, of the larva of Acronycta

strigosa, feeding on hawthorn; and a photograph of a remarkable negro variety of

Abraxas Grossulariata.

The Rev. H. Clark exhibited a collection of Coleoptera made by Mr. Pickard-

Cambridge above Cairo.

Mr. W. F. Evans sent for exhibition a box full of Lamellicorn beetles, or frag-

ments of beetles, which had been picked out of some New Zealand wool; in some of

the fleeces there were thousands of them. He inquired whether the beetles were in

any way parasitic on the sheep, or sheep-tick feeders, or how they came to be in the

wool? Mr. McLachlan said that thousands of the beetles occurred also in Australian

fleeces. Mr. Janson determined the species to be Pyronota festiva; he believed that

in the course of their flight the insects came in contact with the sheep, and became

entangled in the wool so as to prevent their escape.

The President exhibited some globular spiders’ nests from South Australia, whence

they had been sent to him by Mr. Odewahn, of Gawler. The nests were found on

branches of trees; the spiders were hanging near them, and were described as looking

like the excrement of a bird, or as resembling the Longicorn beetle Onychocerus

Scorpio, whilst the nests bore a remarkable resemblance to the fruit of Leptuspermum,

one of the Myrtacew, the native tea-tree of Australia.

Mr. S. Stevens exhibited several pairs of Cheirolasia Burkei, one of the rare Go-

liath beetles, recently received from Afriea ; and read a letter addressed to him by M.

Du Chaillu, dated Fernand-Vaz River, 20th August, 1864, in which the writer an-

nounced the despatch to London of a large collection of insects, a live gorilla, anda

number of gorilla-skins and skeletons ; he intended to start in a few days for the inte-

rior, and would probably remain two years. Mr. Stevens mentioned that the gorilla

had died on its passage to this country, but the collection of insects had arrived, and

some of the Coleoptera were exhibited, including four or five species of Goliath beetles,

G. Savagei, G. Sayii, G. torquatus, G. micans, &e,

Mr. F. Smith exhibited a parti-coloured wasps’ nest belonging to Mr. Stone, of

Brighthampton. Mr. Stone had a nest of Vespa Germanica in a window on the

ground-floor, and in a corresponding position in the first-floor window, immediately

over the other, was a nest of Vespa vulgaris ; his attention was called to the nest on

the ground-floor by the different colours of different parts thereof, some of which were

found to be constructed of decayed wood, such as would be used by the common wasp,

but not by Vespa Germanica. Examination showed that the lower nest owed its con-

struction to the united labours of both species of wasps, the different material em-

ployed by each determining the colour of the portion built by that species. Further

observation proved that specimens of the common wasp, when returning homewards

with a low flight, entered the nest of V. Germanica, apparently by mistake, and de-

ceived by the similarity of situation of the two nests.

Mr. F. Smith also exhibited the large larva and pupa of Ripiphorus, found in

queen-cells of the common wasp, referred to at the previous meeting (ante, p. 49), and

read the following communication from Mr. Stone :—

“Tt is certainly not the fact that female Ripiphori are found exclusively in female

cells of wasps, and males in those of workers; for I have bred scores upon scores of

both males and females from the cells of workers; nor can I perceive any very great

difference in the size of the sexes, although the females are unquestionably somewhat

larger, and much more plump in appearance, than the males; still there is nothing

approaching the vast disproportion in size which exists between full-grown larve

found occupying the cells of queens and those found in the cells of workers. The

former must produce specimens of gigantic size. Then there must either be two dis-

tinct species, or there must be a permanently large and small variety, the former inva-

riably depositing its eggs in the cells of queens, the latter in those of workers ; or, if

there is only one species, and no permanent variety of the insect, it must be that the

difference in size arises solely from the fact that some larve have been placed, or by a

piece of good luck have placed themselves, in a situation in which they have met with

an abundant supply of food, thus enabling them to attain the full and proper size, and

so produce Ripiphorus as it ought to be; while the others must be looked upon as

diminutive examples of the insect, dwarfed and stunted by the limited and insufficient

supply of food allotted to the larve from which they were produced, May I direct

Prof. Westwood’s attention to page 294, vol.i., of ‘ An Introduction to the Modern

Classification of Insects’? He will there find the following statement :—‘ The larger

specimens of the Ripiphorus paradoxus, which are much more rare than the smaller

ones, are uniformly found only in the cells of female wasps.’ .This statement appears

to be made on the authority of the Rev. F. W. Hope, and from it I think may be

plainly seen that that gentleman did not consider these large examples to be ex-

clusively females, and the smaller ones, bred in the cells of workers, exclusively

males.”

Mr. Smith remarked that, according to Mr. Hope’s experience, the Ripiphorus was

found only in the nests of Vespa rufa, whereas Mr. Stone never found it in the nest

of Vespa rufa, but only in that of V. vulgaris. Prof. Westwood thought this apparent

discrepancy probably arose from some mistake in the nomenclature or synonymy of

the species of wasp, rather than from an actual difference of habit of the Ripiphorus

in different localities.

Mr. W. F. Kirby read the following :—

Notes on the Synonymy of certain British Butterflies.

“The following notes on priority are taken chiefly from Staudinger’s Cata-

logue.

“Genus Pyrameis, Hub., Doubl. §& Hew.—This genus, which can be immediately

distinguished from Vanessa by the rounded and scalloped hind wings, contains a

number of very closely-allied species from different parts of the world, and forms an

exceedingly natural group. It is admitted by many writers on exotic Ento-

mology; but our European writers generally place the only two European species

(Pyrameis Atalanta and P. Cardui) under the genus Vanessa. I think that so natural

and well-marked a genus should be universally admitted.

“Genus Melanagria, Meigen (Arge, Esp., Hub., Bd.) — This genus contains the

group of Hipparchie represented in England by Melanagria Galathea. The name

Arge is inadmissible, because it is the specific name of one of the European species.

Those who adopt the name Arge for the genus employ for the species Amphitrite, a

name subsequently given to it.

“ Erebia Epiphron, Knoch (Cassiope, Fab.) — If Staudinger is right in referring

Erebia Epiphron and E. Cassiope to the same species, the latter name must sink, as

Epiphron has the priority by ten years.

“ Erebia Medea, W. V. (Blandina, Fab.) — The name Medea should be retained,

as it has a priority of seventeen years.

“ Polyommatus Medon, Hufnagel (Agestis, W.V.)—The former name has a

priority of ten years, and should be retained.

“ Polyommatus Icarus, Rottemburg (Alexis, W.V.)—The name Icarus has a slight

priority, but that of Alexis is extremely objectionable, as there is an East Indian spe-

cies of Stoll’s (4 lianus of Fabricius) bearing that name. The British species in

question need not be confounded with the Icarius of Esper, a European insect, as we

can adopt Schneider’s name Amandus for that, as, if the two names are not simul-

taneous, it is probable that Schneider’s has the priority.

“ Polyommatus Semiargus, Rottemburg (Acis, W. V.) — Rottemburg’s name has a

slight priority over the other.

“ Pyrgus Malve, Linn. (Alveolus, Hub.) — Both Wallengren and Standinger

agree with Westwvod in assigning Linneus’s name to this insect. Illiger’s P.

Malvarum, to which Linneus’s description is generally referred, does not appear to

occur in North Europe at all.

“Genus Cyclopides, Hub. (Steropes, Bd.) — Boisduval’s name is quite inad-

missible, as it is the specific name of the type of his genus, for which he uses the name

Aracinthus, given to the insect eighteen years after the former one. His genus Syrich-

thus (Pyrgus, Hib.) is also objectionable, as it is the Fabrician synonym of the

North American Oileus of Linneus, a species most certainly belonging to Boisduval’s

genus Syrichthus.”

Papers read.

Mr. W. C. Hewitson communicated “ A Monograph of the Genus Ypthima, with

Descriptions of two New Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera.” The new genera Coenyra

and Xdis consist each of a single species— Coenyra Corycia, from Natal; and

Xois Sesara, from Fiji. Of Ypthima twenty-four species are enumerated, of which

seven are new, viz., Y. Inica (East India), Y. Itonia (White Nile), Y. fasciata (Sara-

wak, Sumatra), Y. Ceylonica (Ceylon), Y. Loryma (Macassar, Celebes), Y. Methora

(North India), and Y. Sepyra (Gilolo, Batchian).

Captain Hutton, of Mussooree, N.W. India, communicated a paper “On the Re-

version and Restoration of the Silkworm.” In this, the concluding part of a former

communication to the Society (see ‘ Transactions, 3rd series, ii. 143), the author de-

tails the progress of his experiments during 1864, with a view to the restoration of the

silkworm to its pristine state of health. The selected black worms were hatched on

the 2lst March, some of the eggs having been laid in the spring and others in the

autumn of 1863; all were decidedly unhealthy, the autumn batch less so than those

of the spring ; the latter were so terribly afflicted with jaundice, and with some disease

that turned the worms dull green, that the whole of them had to be thrown away. The

worms from the autumnal batch of eggs went on satisfactorily and spun good cocoons,

the moths from which deposited a goodly number of eggs at the end of May, and these

began to hatch for a second crop in September. With a few of this brood the author

expresses his intention of carrying on his experiments for amusement, but he now feels

fully persuaded that the constitution of the worm has been so thoroughly undermined,

that, although it may be restored to its natural appearance, it will never be able to

shake off the various diseases to which it has so long been subject. The only way

open to the sericulturist is therefore to re-seek, in the original habitat in China, for the

wild worms in their natural state of freedom on the trees, and, should any be pro-

curable, the entire stock in Europe may be gradually renewed. The author, after

arguing at length against the opinion of Indian sericulturists that the several forms of

domesticated silkworms are but varieties of a single species, then proceeds to evolve

eighteen silk-producing species of Bombycide, twelve belonging to the genus Bombyx

(six domesticated and six wild species), five belonging to the genus Ocinara, the

remaining one being the Trilocha varians of Moore.

New Pari of ‘ Transactions,

A new Part of the ‘ Transactions’ (Third Series, vol. ii. Part 3) was announced as

ready for distribution.

January 2, 1865.

F. P. Pascor, Esq., President, in the chair.

Additions to the Library.

The following donations were announced, and thanks voted to the donors:—

Hewitson (W. C.), ‘ Exotic Butterflies, Part 53; presented by W. W. Saunders, Esq.

Bates (H. W.), ‘The Naturalist on the River Amazons, 2 vols.; by J. W. Danning.

‘The Entomologist’s Annual for 1865’; by H. T. Stainton, Esq. ‘The Zoologist’

and ‘ The Entomulogist’ for December; by the Editor. ‘The Entomologist’s Monthly

Magazine’ for December; by the Editors. ‘The Journal of the Society of Arts’ for

December; by the Society. ‘The Reader’ for December; by the Editor. ‘The

Atheneum’ for December; by the Editor.

The following addition by purchase was also announced : — Gerstaecker (A.),

‘Bericht tber die wissenschaftlichen Leistungen im Gebiete der Entomologie

wahrend des Jahres 1862.’

Election of Members.

Edward Saunders, Esq., of Hillfield, Reigate, was elected a Member of the

Society ; M. H. Hartogh Heys van de Lier, of Delft, was elected a Foreign Member;

and Mr. James A. Brewer, of Newgate Street, London, was elected an Annual

Subscriber.

Exhibitions, Sc.

Mr. Bond exhibited a fine series of Ephestia ficella, bred from cork; specimens of

Depressaria olerella, a species recently added to the British list, and captured by

Mr. C.G. Barrett near Haslemere; and some remarkable examples of Hepialus

Humuli, captured during the past season by Mr. Rich, at Lerwick, in the Shetlands.

Of the last mentioned, some more extraordinary specimens from the same source had

been placed in the British Museum ; the males, instead of having their anterior wings

(as hitherto universally known) of an unicolorous white, varied from dull white to

_orange-brown and even brownish black, and the majority of them exhibited all the

markings usually found on the anterior wings of the females; the ground colour of

the females was in some cases dull orange-brown, in others dull dirty white. Thus

each sex appeared in the garb of the other. The number of the typical form of the

insect was a small fraction of the total number captured; and but for the occurrence

of the few normal specimens, the variety would doubtless have been regarded as a

completely distinct species.

Mr. A. R. Wallace exhibited some Longicorn beetles collected by Mr. James

Lamb at Penang and in the province of Wellesley. Mr. Lamb had collected Cole-

optera in that locality during the last four years, and amongst bis captures were a

couple of hundred species of Longicornia, of which upwards of seventy were laid before

the Meeting, nearly the whole of them being new to Science; many were referrible to

genera discovered by Mr. Wallace in Borneo and Singapore, whilst others were more

nearly allied to the forms occurring in Siam.

The Rev. Hamlet Clark (on behalf of the Rev. O. Pickard-Cambridge, who was

present as a visitor) exhibited a collection of Lepidoptera (including Micro-Lepi-

doptera), Hymenoptera and Orthoptera from the banks of the Nile. Mr. Cambridge

remarked that insect-life was not abundant in Egypt; the specimens exhibited

included every Micro-Lepidopteron which he saw. He also called attention to the

seed-pod of a Cassia, from which had emerged a Lycena ; but the pod had not been

opened, so as to show the pupa.

The Secretary read the following extract from a letter addressed to him by

Mr. Roland Trimen, dated Cape Town, November 12, 1864:—

“T observe in the Report of Proceedings on March 7th, 1864, p. 10, that Professor

Westwood described as a new species a butterfly from the Zambesi, under the title of

Charaxes Argynnides. There can be no doubt whatever that this insect is Nymphalis

Jablusa of my ‘Rhopalocera Afric Australis’ (Part I. p. 177), as I have carefully

compared Professor Westwood’s description with my own and with specimens of

N. Jahlusa, and have examined an example of this butterfly brought from the

Zambesi by a member of the mission party. The resemblance which this Nymphalis,

in coloration and marking, bears to the species of Argynnis is, as the Professor

states, very remarkable, and is noticed in my Catalogue (p. 178). It is singular, how-

ever, that no true Argynnis has been taken in South-Eastern Africa, the only Fritil-

lary known to inhabit the region being Atella Phalanta, which has no silvery spots on

the under surface of the wings; so that the silver-studded Jablusa can hardly be held

to present one of those remarkable cases of mimicry which have been lately shown to

be not uncommon amongst butterflies. The markings of the upper surface, however,

correspond very nearly with those exhibited by Atella Phalanta.”’

Mr. Dunning mentioned that the Rev. J. Collins, of Shepley Parsonage, near

Huddersfield, had recently captured in that neighbourhood a considerable number

(fifty or sixty specimens) of Dasypolia Templi; they were found in quarries, amongst

loose stones, in the ruins of old houses, or in heaps of stones by the road-side, &c., and

were generally very snugly ensconced, resting on the under side of the stones. The

time of capture was the end of November and beginning of December, which, how-

ever, was too late in the season, for very few males were found, and those were

generally dead. The specimens varied in colour, some having a yellowish tinge,

others being brown or nearly black; and it was necessary to leave them for a long

time on the setting-board in order that the wings might become stiff. Mr. Collins’

further mentioned that on two or three occasions he had found some eggs, which he

thought might prove to be those of D.Templi; and that he inclined to the opinion

that, in some cases at least, the food of the larva was the common ling or heath, or

the small sorrel.

Mx. F. Smith communicated the following notes by S. Stone, Esq., F.S.A.:—

Wasps and their Parasites in 1864.

“The year 1864 will long be remembered, on account of the magnificent weather

which prevailed throughout the whole of the spring, summer and autumn; the

abundance of fruit of almost every kind, and the extraordinary number of wasps

which were observed throughout the country. These insects made their appearance

and commenced their labours at an earlier period than I ever knew them do before.

“On the 23rd of April I removed, from a chamber I had formed the year before,

a small nest of Vespa germanica. It consisted of a foot-stalk with four cells

depending from it, two of which contained eggs, while above them a small umbrella-

shaped covering had been formed.

“During the season I have had opportunities of removing and thoroughly

examining one hundred and ten nests, viz., forty-five of Vespa germanica, twenty-

seven of V. vulgaris, twenty-one of V. rufa, sixteen of V. sylvestris, and one of

V.crabro. Of these I have preserved a fine series, from specimens the work of two

or three hours, to those which have occupied as many months. I have also a series

of most odd-leoking nests constructed by the workers of various colonies when the

original nests to which they belonged had been taken away.

“On the 30th of April I took out of a chamber I had constructed a few weeks

before a second nest of V. germanica: two coverings were in progress, and twelve

cells had been formed, most of which contained eggs. No sooner had this nest been

removed than the queen wasp set about the construction of another in the same

chamber, which I removed on the 2nd of May, when she immediately commenced

building a third, but a drenching and continuous rain which came on caused her to

desert this nest, which I removed on the 4th.

“On the 2nd of May I also removed from another chamber I had formed a small

nest, or rather the commencement of one, of V. germanica. It consisted of a single

cell at the extremity ofa foot-stalk. At1 p.m. this cell was empty; at 1h.30m, an egg

was found to have been deposited in it. At4 the specimen was removed, while the

queen wasp was out collecting building materials. On her return with the materials

she had procured she employed them in laying the foundation of a fresh nest in the

same chamber, which, in consequence of the rain above mentioned, was deserted the

next day. It consisted of a single cell with foot-stalk.

“* Between the above date and the 22nd I removed, from chambers I had formed,

eight small nests of various species, which had become deserted in consequence of

damp, or the attacks of enemies, among which the centipede appeared to take a

prominent part. Underneath two of the number a female or queen wasp was found

lying dead; but whether they were those belonging to the nests, or strangers, is

uncertain.

“On the 27th of June I took out of the head of a felled pollard elm a small

deserted nest of V. crabro, which was commenced on the 9th. It consisted of a foot-

stalk, to which were attached eighteen cells, some containing larve about one quarter

grown. A basin-shaped covering, two inches and a half in diameter, was formed over

the cells. It appeared to have been deserted about a week.

“On the 29th I took out a nest of V. rufa, which was in a very forward state,

both males and young queens having been produced in it. The crown was studded

with eggs of a species of Volucella.

“On the 11th of July I took out a rather small nest of V. rufa, in which I found

two females of Anthomyia incana in the act of depositing their eggs.

“On the 14th I took out a small nest of V. rufa, built by the workers left behind

when the original nest to which they belonged was removed on the 22nd of June.

It measured but about an inch in diameter, and contained one small comb, in the

cells of which were found eggs, larve of various sizes, and a few spun-up larve or

pupe.

“On the 18th I observed the workers belonging to a nest of V. vulgaris bringing

out the larve, some only about half-grown, which they carried to a distance and then

dropped, just as they are in the habit of doing at the close of the season when the

communities break up—a proof that at that time the colony was in anything but a

healthy state. This nest was close to one of V. germanica. The former became a

ruin before the end of August, and the latter soon afterwards; thus proving that

disease of some kind had attacked both communities.

“On the Ist of August I took out a nest of V. sylvestris. It was suffering frum

the attacks of a species of Acarus, which infested it in countless numbers: a female of

Anthomyia ineana was also found in it in the act of depositing her eggs. I also took

out a small nest of the same species built by a few workers belonging to one I had

removed on the 16th of July: the present specimen was a very rough-looking object,

it having been built among the tangled roots of the common couch-grass: it con-

tained many pupe or spun-up larve, besides eggs, and larve of various sizes. On

the same day I took out one of V. germanica, which had been constructed by workers

from a nest removed on the 16th of July: it consisted of a small comb with a hood-

shaped covering: in some of the cells were very small larve; in the rest eggs only.

I also took out a nest of V. rufa built by workers belonging to one removed on the

15th of July: it was a most singular-looking nest, in shape very like a mole (Talpa

vulgaris), and of mach about the same size.

“On the 2nd I took out a nest of V. sylvestris, constructed by workers from one

removed on the 11th of July: it contained great numbers of pupz, as well as larve

of various sizes, and some few eggs. The larve were suffering greatly from the

attacks of an Acarus, which, by sucking their juices, had reduced them to a deplorably

emaciated state, so that the destruction of the entire brood must, from this cireum-

stance alone, have speedily ensued. On that day I took out a nest of V. germanica,

constructed by workers belonging to one I had removed on the 4th of July. A queen

of the species had by some means contrived to introduce herself into this nest, where

she had become domiciled: it measured about three inches one way and two inches

the other. On the same day I took out a nest of V. rufa, produced by workers from one

removed on the 16th of July: it was very small, measuring but two inches and a

half in length by one inch in breadth: it contained a few spun-up larvae, beside

epgs, ce.

“On the 16th I brought home combs belonging to a nest of V. vulgaris, into

which, through the aperture leading to it, the gardener at Cokethorpe Park had, a few

evenings before, poured a quantity of gas tar. On opening the closed-up cells I found

several pupe of the parasite Ripiphorus paradoxus, and numbers of the perfect insect,

both male and female, but could not detect the presence of a larva.

“On the 19th I was more fortunate, for on taking out a nest of V. vulgaris and

proceeding to open the closed-up cells, I found a larva of the parasite firmly attached

to the full-grown larva of the wasp; the mouth of the former buried in the body of

the latter just below the head; its neck bent over that of its victim, whose body

appeared to be tightly compressed by that of its destroyer, showing the latter to be

possessed of a considerable amount of muscular power. It was of minute size when

discovered, and appeared to have only very recently fastened upon its victim; but so

voracious was its appetite, and so rapid its growth, that in the course of the following

forty-eight hours it attained its full size, having consumed every particle of its prey

with the exception of the skin and mandibles, which, from observations 1 have since

been enabled to make, these creatures retain in their grasp even after they have passed

into the pupa state. They scarcely appear to cease eating, except now and then fora

minute or so, from the time they first begin to feed till they have become full grown.

The larva is a singular-looking one. The head is bent forward under the body.

Between the segments it is more deeply furrowed than any larva with which I am

acquainted. A longitudinal furrow extends down the back from the head to the anal

extremity, cutting each segment across. The skin, during life, throughout the whole

course of this furrow, is perfectly transparent, so that the workings of the internal

organs may be plainly seen. The body of the larva while alive has the appearance of

a thin transparent skin filled with minute particles of curd. These appearances vanish

after death, when the body becomes dense, and has an appearance of solidity about it

which it had not before. Several pupe of the parasite were found in the nest, as well

as examples of the perfect insect. It also contained a number of cocoons spun

by the larve of Anomalon vesparum, with the larve still unchanged inside the

cocoons.

“ Between the above date and the 3rd of September I took out thirteen more nests

of V. vulgaris, which contained examples of Ripiphorus either in the larva, pupa or

perfect state. In one which had been destroyed by means of gas tar a few days before

I took it out, I was fortunate in discovering a small larva of Ripiphorus firmly attached

to its victim. Both were dead and had become partially dried, so that when im-

mersed in spirits they did not separate, but remained attached just as they were

before death. These are interesting, because in them may be seen the exact way in

which the parasitic larva fastens on ils prey. In another, which I took out on the

2nd of September, I found, on opening some closed-up cells appropriated to queens,

one larva and une pupa, which differed in nothing that I could discover from those of

Ripiphorus found in the cells of workers, except that they were something like double

the size; in fact, about as much larger as the larve and pupe of queen wasps are

larger than those of workers (ante, pp. 49, 58).

“Until the present summer I had not met with a specimen of Ripiphorus since

the year 1859, although I had made diligent search for it every succeeding summer.

What had become of it all that time, and how it was that all at once it made its

appearance in such numbers, are questions more easily asked than answered. Where

it occurs it appears to be very local, for I have never met with it except in one

particular part of Cokethorpe Park, within a space of ground about four furlongs in

length by two in width. I have searched yearly for it in nests obtained from other

parts of the park and the surrounding neighbourhood, but always in vain.

“Tn one nest of V. vulgaris, which I took out on the 24th of August, I found, in

addition to examples of Ripiphorus in the larva, pupa and perfect state, a number of

cocoons spun by the larve of Anomalon Vesparum, intermixed with which were those

of a much smaller species of Ichneumon, which made its appearance in the perfect

state a few days afterwards. Of what genus this may be I have yet to learn. Iam

not aware that an Ichneumon of this size has been described as an inhabitant of wasps’

nests; it may, therefore, possibly prove to be new.

“ Upon the crown of almost every nest I examined, after the season had become

somewhat advanced, I found eggs of Volucella; and my attention was in several

instances drawn to a nest by seeing a specimen of Volucella pellucens or of V. bom-

bylans hang about or alight near the entrance to it.

“The breeding of wasps in a semi-domesticated state in-doors was this year

attended with only partial success. I had at one time as many as eleven colonies of

various species at work in different windows of the house I have used as an establish-

ment for wasps for some years past, viz., five of Vespa sylvestris, two of V. rufa, two of

V. vulgaris, and two of V. germanica. These all went un satisfactorily enough for

some time, until at length, as the season advanced, the workers belonging to nests

round about the neighbourhood, which I had not been able to discover on account of

having but little time to search for them, began to increase, until their numbers

became enormous. These, attracted by the sugar with which mine were fed, came

crowding in swarms into the different boxes, thus at first impeding aud ultimately

putting a complete stop to the work, not, however, until many of my nests had become

fine specimens, and two very extraordinary ones had been produced.

“ The facts connected with the production of these two specimens are as follow:—

I had a colony of V. germanica at work in a box in the left hand corner of the window

of a room on the ground-floor, the nest having been removed from its original situation

under ground on the 10th of June. On the 18th [ took off the shell or covering,

which I put by for a specimen, having first neatly joined in the piece I had cut out in

order to take out the combs, which were then returmed to their place for further work,

a plan I generally adopt when I wish to obtain specimens of nests of various sizes

from one set of combs. At that period there was nothing remarkable about the nest.

About the same time I obtained one of V. vulgaris, which was placed in a box in the

left hand corner of a window immediately above. It was not long before I observed

that a strange variety of colouring was beginning to pervade the newly-formed covering

of the nest of V. germanica, and on looking more closely I could perceive that it was

partly composed of scrapings from sound wood, and partly from decayed, or touch-

wood; and on carefully scrutinizing the individuals composing the colony, it was

found to consist in part of V. germanica and in part of V. vulgaris. It appeared,

therefore, that a number of workers from the nest in the room above had attached

themselves to this one. There was another nest of V. germanica in full work in the

opposite, or right hand corner of this same window, and as no specimens of V. vulgaris

were ever found in it, I conclude that those which had joined the other community

made no mistake as to the corner of the window in which their own nest was situated,

but they miscalculated the height of the proper window from the ground, and so ‘ got

into the wrong box,’ but as they came provided with food or building material they

were not interfered with, but were allowed quietly to join in the work of the nest and

to make it their future home. Widely different would have been their reception had

they entered it for purposes of theft, or even if their intentions had appeared to be

suspicious; for although wasps will often allow strangers of their own species to enter

their nests without offering them any molestation, though they may have come for the

sake of plunder, they will not tolerate the presence of those of a different species under

such circumstances; indeed I never before knew them admit of strangers of a different

species under any circumstances.

“On the 20th of July I again applied the scissors to this nest in order to remove

the covering, which as before, afier joining in the piece I had cut out, I put by fora

specimen. I then took away the lower comb and reduced the others in size, returning

them to the box, and placing them in such a position that the insects should of

necessity produce a vase or goblet-shaped nest, which they did, and a splendid thing

it is, being, like the one previously formed, composed in part of paper manufactured

from sound wood by workers of V. germanica, and in part by paper manufactured from

touchwood by workers of V. vulgaris. From the comb and pieces of comb taken

away when the covering was last removed numbers of young wasps of both species

(V. germanica and V. vulgaris) were produced, thus proving beyond all question that

the workers of Vespa vulgaris had not only been assisting in the work of the nest of

V. germanica, but had also been depositing fertile eggs in the cells.

“Tam enabled to add another instance of the kind. Two nests were situated

almost close together in a drain at Cokethorpe Park, which I took out on the 27th of

August. One belonged to Vespa vulgaris, the other to V. germanica, and it would

appear that, at an early period in the season, workers from the nest of the former spe-

cies had attached themselves to the latter, their numbers increasing as the season

advanced, till at the above date the colony consisted of nearly an equal number of

each, as was evident from an inspection of the work, which appeared to be nearly

equally divided between the two; streaks composed of paper manufactured from

touchwood, alternating with stripes of that substance made from sound wood, as in

the case of the two nests previously described,

‘“‘ Tf, as I apprehend must have been the case in the present instance, the workers

belonging to the colony of V. vulgaris mistook thejr neighbour’s house for their own,

the entrances being so near together, it is rather extraordinary that those belonging to

V. germanica should not have made a similar mistake. They appeared, however, not

to have done so, or, if they did, the mistake, whenever it occurred, must in every

instance have been at once discovered and rectified, for no work of theirs was found in

the nest of V. vulgaris.

* T do not know how the case may have been in other places, but here I have not

met with a healthy colony of wasps since the beginning of September. An un-

accountable fatality began to attend them about that time, and in some few instances

at a much earlier period, so that nest after nest perished, till not a single nest was to

be found, and that long before the usual time for the breaking up of the different

cominunities. It was the same in 1854, the last year the cholera prevailed to a great

extent throughout the country. Then I took out numbers of deserted nests, both of

V. vulgaris and V. germanica, during the months of August and September, although

the weather at the time was of the most glorious character, while underneath the fruit

trees in the gardens at Cokethorpe Park, thousands of wasps were to be seen lying

dead. So, during the autumn of the present year, I noticed that in a row of young

newly-planted elms, many of the trees had, from some cause or other, numerous

punctures in the bark, from which the sap was oozing; around each of these punc-

tures were clusters of wasps imbibing the liquid as it oozed from the wounds; while

around the base of each wounded tree lay heaps of defunct wasps. They appeared to

sip on till they became powerless, and then to fall and die.”

Mr. F. Smith remarked that he had not previously noticed the diseases amongst

wasps to which Mr. Stone alluded, but during the past autumn, at Bournemouth, he

had found the insects dying and the colonies breaking up in the manner described by

Mr. Stone; in August he had found a nest of Vespa rufa all dripping with moisture,

and on examination it proved to be full of the larve of a Silpha, which had doubtless

been attracted by the dead and rotten larve of the wasp. He believed also that

Mr. Stone's observation of Acari infesting wasps’ nests was new.

’

ANNUAL MEETING,

January 23, 1865.

F. P. Pascog, Esq., President, in the chair.

An Abstract of the Treasurer's Accounts for 1864 was read by Mr. Wilkinson, one

of the Auditors, showing a balance in favour of the Society of £71 11s. 11d.

The Annual Report of the Council was read by the Secretary.

The President nominated Messrs. Walker and Wilkinson to act as scrutineers of

the ballots.

The following gentlemen were elected to form the Council for 1865 (namely), the

Rev. Hamlet Clark, Messrs. Dunning, M‘Lachlan, Moore, Pascoe, W. W. Saunders,

Edwin Shepherd, A. F. Sheppard, Edward Sheppard, F. Smith, Stainton, 8S. Stevens

and J. J. Weir.

The following gentlemen were elected to the folluwing offices respectively

(namely), Mr. Pascoe, President; Mr. S. Stevens, Treasurer; Messrs. Edwin Shepherd

and Dunning, Secretaries; and Mr. Janson, Librarian.

The President read an Address, at the conclusion of which a vote of thanks to

Mr. Pascoe for his services as President and his conduct in the chair was carried by

acclamation, and a request was preferred that the Address then delivered might be

published in the ‘ Journal of Proceedings.’ Mr, Pascoe returned thanks, and acceded

to the request.

A vote of thanks to the other Officers and Members of the Council for 1864 was

duly proposed, seconded and carried; and was acknowledged by Mr. S. Stevens.

A vote of thanks to Mr. Dunning, for the assistance given by him towards the

publication of the ‘Transactions,’ was proposed by Mr, Wilson Saunders, seconded

by the Rev. H. Clark, and carried. In replying thereto, Mr. Dunning took occasion

to remark that a considerable diminution of the cost of publication might be effected

if authors would take the trouble, in the first place, to write their papers more legibly,

and, in the second place, to revise the MS. instead of the proof-sheets; the sum

charged for “corrections” during the past year was sufficient to have paid for the

printing of another Part of the ‘ Transactions.” He would also suggest that authors

should write their papers before they read them; it was becoming far too frequent for

Members to profess to read papers of which fragmentary portions only were actually

in existence, and months often elapsed before the Society was able to obtain possession —

of the complete MS. in a fit state to send to the printer. For the last-mentioned

grievance the Secretary had the remedy in his own hands; and he announced that in

future no notice whatever, in the Minutes or otherwise, would be taken of any paper

of which the MS. was not delivered to the Secretary at the time of the author's reading

or professing to read such paper.

Report of the Council for 1864.

In accordance with the Bye-Laws, the Council begs to present to the Society the

following Report :—

The valuable donations to the Library have from time to time been announced;

costly and useful purchases of books have also been made; many volumes have been

bound; duplicates and other works on subjects entirely disconnected with the objects

of the Society have been expelled; new shelves have been procured; the whole

Library has been re-arranged ; and a complete Catalogue thereof has been prepared.

The 21st Bye-Law provides that “the Transactions shall be published quarterly.”

The Council has construed this to mean that a Part of the ‘Transactions’ shall

appear at least as often as once a quarter; for five Parts have been issued during the

year. Those Parts contain 470 pp. of letter-press, illustrated by 22 plates; accom-

panied, moreover, by 90 pp. of the ‘Journal of Proceedings ’—an issue unprecedented

in extent in the history of the Society. It has also been the aim of the Council to

print with as little delay as possible; the published ‘ Transactions’ for 1864 include

papers read before the Society down to the month of November inclusive. But

further, as in 1863 the entire stock of the Second Series was made up into volumes,

in 1864 the entire stock of the First Series has been rendered saleable: and the

result is, that, contrary to what has been the case for many years past, all the

publications of the Society, from its foundation, may now be obtained by those who

wish to possess them.

We turn now to the means by which these ends have been accomplished. An

Abstract of the Treasurer’s Accounts is before you: the receipts and payments for the

year may also be exhibited in the following form :—

REcEIPTS. PayMENTS.

£ £

Cash Balance, January 1, 1864 ... 41 | Liabilities, January 1, 1864 seo

Members’ Contributions ... 124 | Rent, three quarters ... ane 34

Sale of ‘ Transactions’ .. 70 | Librarian’s Salary bes ve Sas

Tea Subscriptions opr 8 | Tea, &c., 13 Meetings one 14

Interest on Consols_ ... .. 3 | Fire Insurance 653 ree

Sale of duplicate books, &c. 29 | Postage, Stationery, Attendance, } 21

Special Donations... sales Coals and General Management

Loan noc oes 45 | Library, Book-cases, &c. seeera8

First Series of ‘ Transactions’ 73

Third _,, a ... 182

Journal of Proceedings “00 13

£448 £441

These amounts of income and outgoing are strikingly in excess of those usually

found in the Balance-sheet of the Society, and some of the items call for a moment’s

notice. The Council refers with satisfaction to the sum of £70 derived from the sale

of the ‘Transactions, and regards it as a justification of the large expenditure on the

| publications and as a presage of the return to be expected from that investment. The

| total outlay on the publications is no less than £268; and even this does not denote

| the entire cost of their production; for the drawings and engraving of many of the

| plates, and in one case the prints of the plates themselves, have been presented to the

| Society. Donations thus made in kind are none the Jess worthy of remembrance,

though they do not appear in the Cash Account. But even with this assistance, the

| Council, having only the ordinary income of the Society at its disposal, and but for

| the extraordinary item of Special Donations, would not have been-able to publish

| more than one-third of what has actually appeared. Most of those donations were

expressly devoted by the donors to the payment of publishing expenses, and the sum

of £29, from the sale of books, &c., which is also of an exceptional nature, has like-

wise been applied to the same purpose. The last item on the credit side, £45 raised

by Joan, in an anticipation of the sale of part of the Society’s Consols, to be effected

when a convenient opportunity may arrive, and a more favourable price can be

obtained ; the entirety of this loan has been expended on the permanent improvement

of the Library; and (including liabilities outstanding) the total amount expended on

the Library exceeds £50. The result of the measures during the past year is, to leave

the Society with liabilities to the amount of £58, and assets to the amount of £130;

without estimating the stock of ‘ Transactions,’ the value of which cannot be less than

£300.

The number of Members has slightly increased. During the year there have been

elected eight Members (one of whom was previously a Subscriber) and one Sub-

scriber; one Member has resigned. ‘The result is to leave the number of Annual

Subscribers as before, with an apparent gain of seven Members. From this, however,

must be deducted the number of those who allow their contributions to fall into arrear,

-and then silently secede. In point of fact, the number of contributories has varied

little during many years. In round numbers, the Society consists of 140 Members, of

whom one-twelfth are foreigners, five being French. Contrast with this the Société

Entomologique de France, which has 320 Members, of whom one-third are foreigners,

twenty being English. How is it that the French Society has thus outgrown its

sister? How is it that the French Society counts eighty or ninety indigenous

Members more than ourselves? How is it that the French Society has nine times

as many foreign Members as we have? How is it that four times as many English-

men belong to the French Society as do Frenchmen to the English Society? The

answer is probably to be found in the fact that the French Society has habitually

given to each Member an equivalent for his subscription in the volume of the

‘Annales’ which it has annually produced.

Until recently, an Entomologist resident in the provinces, if asked to join this

Society, might well have replied, ‘“‘ What is the use of my joining? The distance

would prevent me from attending the Meetings, and as to the ‘ Transactions, I have

ovly to order them of my bookseller, and I can buy all you publish for less than the

subscription.” Experience seems to show that public spirit and the general interest

in the Science taken by many Entomologists is an iusuflicient incentive to them to

support this Society. In short, before the Suciety can expect any great increase in

the number of its Members, it must be prepared to give a guinea’s worth for the

guinea it receives.

Here, then, is the explanation of that policy of liberal expenditure which has been

followed for the last two or three years. The object has been to increase the comfort

of the Meeting-room and the usefulness of the Library—thus providing more espe-

cially for the metropolitan Members—and to publish such an amount of valuable

Entomological matter as shall be a fair return for his subscription to every provincial

or foreign Member. The price to the public of the ‘Transactions’ sent to every

provincial contributor during the last three years is £3 18s., during the last year

£1 14s.; and these can be obtained by Town Members at half price.

It was to attain this result—to place the Society in such a position that it should

be really worth while for Entomologists to join our body—that the Council has not

scrupled to avail itself of private aid. But now that by such assistance the point has

been gained, the Society ought to maintain the position for itself. To do this, our

income must be increased by an increase in the number of our Members. What

cannot be done for a hundred at a guinea a head may well be done for two hundred

at the same rate.

The number of our foreign Members is quite insignificant, whilst many well-

known British Entomologists are strangers to the Society. It is to our already

Members that we must trust to gain others; it is for you to enable the Society to

continue and extend its career of active usefulness, and prevent it from sinking into a

state of passive helplessness.

The scientific meetings of the Society have, as heretofore, attracted a goodly

attendance. And finally, the Council desires to record the pleasure with which it

recently beheld so many of our body unite to pay a tribute of respect to their

esteemed colleague, Mr. Wilson Saunders, in recognition of his many services

rendered to this Society and to Entomology.

January 23, 1865.

THE PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS.

GENTLEMEN,

On referring to the Addresses of my predecessors, I find that

they are generally divided into two parts, one relating to the finances,

position and management of the Society, the other to the progress of

Entomology as a Science. The Report you have heard from the

Council renders it unnecessary for me to enter into the first part;

I shall only say that I cannot congratulate you on any increase in our

reserved funds; on the contrary, you will see that there has been a

considerable diminution. It is right, however, to state that a large

portion of the assets arising from the sale of our collections was

expressly intended to meet the wants in our Library, and that these

wants have been, in a great measure, supplied. Our Library is now,

in fact, a very valuable one, while the Catalogue made by the inde-

fatigable exertions of our Secretary increases its value and completes

its usefulness.

Our Meetings continue to be well attended, and the exhibitions of

whatever relates to Entomology are on the increase ; at the same time

our ‘ Transactions’ have probably never been so important, and cer-

tainly never so extensive. ‘These, as you are aware, are supplied free

to our country Members and at half-price to those resident in town.

This privilege, I regret to say, is not so extensively used as might be

expected; indeed, when we consider the sale of our ‘ Transactions’

among the public, and the desire evinced by many continental

Societies, not exclusively Entomological, to obtain them in exchange,

it seems strange that the sale should be so limited among our own

_ Members.

We have not to deplore the loss of any of our Members during

the past year, but you will all have heard with deep regret of the

death of Dr. Baikie. He was well known to us as a most assiduous

Entomologist; and it is understood that he has amassed extensive

collections of insects, some of which are now at Haslar. After nine

years of exploration in the interior of Africa, he died a few weeks ago

at Sierra Leone, just as he was returning to this country.

It would not be possible, within the limits of an Address, to give

more than the titles of the books and articles on Entomological sub-

jects that have appeared during the past year. Therefore, omitting

the usual lists of papers which may be found in the Natural-History

journals and elsewhere, I shall confine myself to making a few obser-

vations on various subjects, which, I think, may better occupy our

attention for the quarter of an hour or so, during the intervals when

the ordinary business of the Meeting will permit. Ido so with less

reluctance, because, in due time, Gerstaecker’s Reports, each filling

annually a closely-printed volume of nearly 300 pages, will put you in

possession of everything that is printed or published all over the

world relating to the entire sub-kingdom of the Annulosa.

I would first call your attention to a paper on the sub-family Cory-

nodinz, entitled “ Corynodinorum Recensio,” by the Rev, T. A. Mar-

shall, in the ‘Proceedings of the Linnean Society’ (Zool. vol. viii.

p- 25). In the exhaustive account of the bibliography of the group

and the careful and conscientious treatment of the rich materials at

his command, the work is a model for all similar occasions. Iam |

sorry, however, that he has found it necessary to fall back on those

shadowy creations “sub-genera.” * The same author has also com-

menced, in the ‘ Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine’ (December, 1864),

a series of papers on the British Homoptera, which promises to be

very valuable: anything outside the limits of those engrossing orders,

the Lepidoptera and Coleoptera, cannot fail to be welcome.

J purposely refrain from saying anything of works in every one’s

hands, such as the ‘ Entomologist, the ‘ Entomologist’s Annual,’ the

‘Annals and Magazine of Natural History,’ &c., but in mentioning the

‘Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine, I am reminded of the excellent

descriptions of the Staphylinide, by Mr. Rye, and I think I shall find

you all responding to the wish that he would undertake to give us,

what we have been so many years asking for in vain, a descriptive

catalogue of British Coleoptera. There is no one who can do it

better.

And here I would suggest to our collectors the necessity of

following up, in this country, the examination of the under surface of

large stones deeply imbedded in the earth. My excellent friend,

M. Raymond, of Frejus, first led the way, I believe, to this kind of

exploration, in conjunction with other French naturalists, and par-

ticularly of M. F. de Saulcy, and the result has been the discovery of

considerable and always increasing number of new forms, such as

Anillus, Microtyphlus, Geodytes, Troglorhynchus and others; so that

there is every reason to believe that this hypogzeal fauna will exceed,

if it does not already do so, that of the grottoes. Hitherto no hypo-

geeal species has been detected in this country, but there is Ser no

reason why some of them may not be found.

An article by Mr. Roland Trimen, in the ‘ Quarterly Journal of

Science’ (October, 1864), is a well-written summary of the Geo-

graphical Distribution of the Genera and Species of Butterflies of

Madagascar. It appears that there are seventy-three species com-

prised in thirty-four genera; of the former twenty-eight appear to be

endemic, but not one of the latter. This result, as Mr. Trimen has

pointed out, scarcely tends to confirm the deductions Dr. Sclater has

made from a consideration of the number of endemic mammalian

genera in that island. It furnishes, however, another instance that

the zoological regions which may hold good for one class will not do

for another; among insects, we may say, not even for one order, for

* See some remarks on sub-genera in the ‘ Westminster Review, January, 1865,

p. 300.

while, for example, we find the Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera of New

Guinea and other Papuan Islands belonging, like the birds, to the

Australian Region, the Coleoptera of the two have scarcely a genus in

common that is not also almost cosmopolitan.

The first part of Mr. Andrew Murray’s long-expected Monograph of

the Nitidulide* appeared last autumn, in the ‘Transactions of the

Linnean Society’ (vol. xxiv. pp. 211—414). We all know Mr. Murray

to be a most indefatigable and pains-taking naturalist, and this work

more than bears out his reputation: the Introduction is admirable, and

we would especially call attention to his notice of the “ Habits and

Geographical Distribution” of the family, as an excellent example of

Science popularly treated. This part only treats of the two subfamilies

Brachypterine and Carpophiline, and it is accompanied by five

coloured quarto plates, representing about fifty species, with an

immense number of details: these are by Mr. Robinson, and, so far

_as I am able to form an opinion, they are exceedingly characteristic.

The Trustees of the British Museum have issued Mr. Wollaston’s

‘Catalogue of the Coleopterous Insects of the Canaries,’ a goodly

volume of more than 600 pages. The aumber of species ascertained

to belong to that group of islands amounts to_930.t Previously only

179 were known. The same scrupulous care and minute accuracy

characterize this as well a8 his previous works. So far as Entomology

is concerned, Mr. Wollaston may claim to have made the Atlantic

Islands his. own.

The second and concluding part of Mr. Blackwall’s ‘ History of the

Spiders of Great Britain and Ireland, recently published by the Ray

Society, has well supported the prestige acquired by its predecessor.

There are 304 species described, and most of these are figured on

twenty-nine magnificent quarto plates, accompanied by numerous

details. The services of Mr. Tuffen West, who, with all his well-

known ability, executed the plates in the first part, being, un-

fortunately, no longer available, the series in the second have been

supplied by Mr. Hollick with a skill which is scarcely or not at all

inferior. Mr. Blackwall has devoted a long life to the study of the

* Mr. Murray calls the family “ Nitidularie,” and, in opposition to the almost

universal custom, he designates the subordinate “tribes” by names, with one exception,

ending in “ide.” The * Nitidulide,” therefore, for Mr. Murray, are not co-ordinate

with the Nitidulide as you understand them, but only with one of its five sub-

families.

+ This number has already been very considerably augmented by Mr. Crotch and

his brother, upwards of 100 species, having, I believe, to be added to the list.

Araneidea, and this is a most worthy work crowning the edifice of his

labours. It seems ungracious, therefore, to say anything that should

for a moment lessen our appreciation of it; but it certainly would

have been a great advantage to the students of this volume if Mr.

Blackwall had said something of the diagnoses of the different genera, ”

and particularly had given some collective idea of thei, as they

occurred, under each family. At present we have to turn over about

380 pages if we would know what genera have a place in our Fauna.

As only one order is treated, it is also desirable that some notice

should have been taken of the other orders forming the great class

Arachnida. There is a difference of opinion on this subject, and we

should all have been much interested if one so competent as Mr.

Blackwall had put us in possession of his views respecting the

correlation of the spiders to the other groups of its class.

In the last and in a previous part of the Linnean ‘Transactions’

are some beautiful plates representing highly magnified views of the

under surface of the tarsi of insects. These are illustrative of a paper,

by Mr. Tuffen West, “On the Foot of the Fly” (vol. xxiii. p. 393).

Mr. West considers the pressure of the atmosphere the main agent by

which a fly is enabled to adhere to smooth surfaces, and that access

of air is prevented by the minute quantity of moisture which exudes

from the expanded tips of the “tenent” hairs. This alone, however,

Mr. West does not seem to think sufficient; he would supplement it

by what he calls the “grasping” power of the foot, “by molecular

attraction, and doubtless by other agents still more subtle, with which

we have at present scarcely any acquaintance.”

Mr. Blackwall,* who commenced his observations thirty years ago,

thinks that this hypothesis is “absolutely irreconcilable” with the

result of his own observations and experiments. He says that they

traverse the upright sides of the dome of the exhausted receiver of an

air-pump as long as their physical energy remains unimpaired, and

occasionally remain fixed to the glass after having lost the power of —

locomotion, a circumstance which he’ considers can only be explained

by admitting the adhesive property of the fluid emitted from the

extremity of the papilla on their pulvilli, Mr. Blackwall says the

“Spiders that are provided with tarsal brushes run with celerity on

the vertical surfaces of highly polished bodies, as those instruments

consist of numerous appendages slightly curved downwards and some-

what enlarged towards their extremity, which is densely covered on its

* Proc. Lin. Soc. Zool. vii. p. 159. A recent paper, not yet published, has been

read at the Linnean Society, in which these statements are re-aflirmed.

inferior surface with minute hair-like papille for the emission of

_ a viscid fluid, but which, from their organization, cannot possibly

contribute to the formation of a vacuum.” Neither of these hypo-

theses, nor the third, or simply mecianical one, is new, but the subject

_ is far from being settled, and it appears to me to be unlikely that any

one theory will apply in all cases, as there is an infinite variety in

every part of the structure of the feet in insects, each doubtless best

adapted to its own special purpose, or in some way modifying their

power.

In the ‘ Annales des Sciences Naturelles’ (1864, p. 64), M. E. Bau-

delot has given us an account of his experiments on the influence of

the nervous system on the ‘respiration of insects, which is “ completely

opposed to the ideas generally admitted.” He considers that the respi-

ratory function does not depend on any special organ (/oyer), but, on

the contrary, that each abdominal ganglion is an organ of locomotive

nervous power (¢rvervation). In the same work (p. 259) M. E. Clapa-

réde has entered into long details on the sanguiferous system and

circulation of the Lycosa. One of the most remarkable statements in

this article is that the heart, an elongated vessel in the median line of

the back, is surrounded on all sides (baigné de toutes parts) by venous

blood, which is contained in a kind of sac, provisionally named

“Jacune pericardiaque,” but whether this lacuna is the cavity of the

pericardium he is unable to affirm. In another place, however, he

says there is nothing to indicate the existence of a pericardium.

Elsewhere he positively denies the accuracy of some of M. Emile

Blanchard’s figures in his elaborate work the ‘ Organisation du Régne

Animal.’

With regard to Dimorphism, an important fact has been recorded

by Mr. Walsh (‘ Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Phila-

delphia,’ March, 1864, p. 443). He finds that part of the galls of

Quercus tinctoria produce males and females of Cynips spongifica in

June; those that remain until October and November, and also in the

following spring, produce Cynips aciculata, but females only. Mr.

Walsh appears to prove that the latter, although’ widely different in

many respects, is only a dimorphous form of Cynips spongifica.*

I have already expressed an opinion that in some cases dimorphism

may perhaps be dependent on second broods (‘ Proceedings’ of this

Society, April 7, 1862, p. 72), and if attention was paid to this subject

probably other instances might be found.

* See also ‘Annals and Magazine of Natural History,’ vol. xiv. p. 400 (1864).

I copy the following from the ‘Quarterly Journal of Science’

(vol. i. p. 515) : “Professor Wagner found, in June, 1861, under the

bark of a dead elm, some whitish apodal worms, which proved to be

the larve of insects. Each larva was filled with smaller larvae, at first

supposed to be parasitic; but the smaller larva were found, upon

closer examination, to be identical, even to the smallest details, with

the enveloping larve, by which identity Professor Wagner was led to

assume that the included larve represented a second generation pro-

duced by the enveloping larva. This would be a case of alternation

of generation, even more surprising than that of the Aphides.”

The Strepsiptera, or rather the Stylopide, after being settled com-

fortably, apparently, among the Coleoptera, have again had the ques-

tion of their location raised by Dr. Gerstaecker.* He places them with

the Neuroptera, principally for the following reasons:—1, the rudi-

mentary buccal organs; 2, the elongated free anterior and middle

coxe ; 3, the radiate venation of the posterior wings; 4, the short and

annular prothorax; and 5, the branchiform respiratory organs in the

larve. But the existence of the last is more than doubtful. Dr. Schaum

answers these reasons in a paper in Wiegman’s ‘ Archives,’ t just as

before he answered Von Siebold’s objections. The reasons advanced

for considering them as Coleoptera are—l, the coriaceous veinless

anterior wings; 2, the striking resemblance between their early (hexa-

pod) larve and those of Meloé; and 3, the perfect metamorphosis.

It may be remarked that these hexapod larve (in the second stage

they are apodal) have a singular resemblance to the Thysanura, which

are by some also considered to be Neuropterous, and it is worthy of

notice that the larva of Xenos Rossii{ (1am not aware if it is the case

with others) is saltatorial, just as the Thysanura are saltatorial.

One of the signs of the times is the number of new works, mostly

periodicals, some of them newspapers, devoted entirely or in part to

Natural History, and in which Entomology figures to a very con-

siderable extent. These, as might be expected, are intended for the

many, and they, no doubt, encourage as well as create a taste for

Science. But it is to be regretted that the writers are too often

incapable of recognizing what is obsolete or exploded, or have only

the knowledge which a rapid glance over an old volume might afford.

Thus one of these authorities informs us that “the genus Papilio of

* In the ‘ Handbuch der Zoologie.’

+ A translation will be found in the ‘Annals and Magazine of Natural History’

for January, 1865, p. 53.

+ §. 8. Saunders, Trans. Ent. Soc. N.S. ii. p. 125.

| Linnezus” is divided into six “ classes,” and he then enumerates them

from the Equites to the Plebeii. For that man Entomology has slept

for a century. Another authority tells us that “the Scarabei and

Carabide of Linneus” are the most important and extensive of the

_ families of the Coleoptera, and that these two leading families may be

divided into eight subfamilies or groups. These are—1, Pilularii;

2, Melolonthide; 3, Lucani; 4, Xylophaga; 5, Rhynchophora;

6, Ptinide; 7, Elateride; 8, Coccinellide. The Brachelytre (sic)

are represented as “a small group,* not, we believe, generally known

as belonging to the Coleoptera.” These subfamilies or groups, we are

told, include most of the common beetles of this country. It is

doubtful if they include one half. But, even in works of the highest

class, we now and then find a writer a little de trop, as, for instance,

when, in a recent Review, we have the lantern flies identified with the

Phasmidz. But one of the strangest bits of fatuity recently found a

place in the letter of a well-known writer in America, the cor-

respondent of a London newspaper. After a long account of some

peculiar and rather mysterious annoyances to which he had been

subjected, he says, “These most disgusting libels on the caterpillar-

tribe are but in a chrysalis state. They turn out to be, in the long

run, not reptiles, but insects.” The caterpillar tribe in a chrysalis

state! and then, not to be reptiles after all!! The insect referred to

is probably the Spilosoma Virginicum.

The letters of a “ Times Bee-master” might be appropriately referred

to here, but they appear, from the remarks of the Apiarians, at whose

hands they have received universal condemnation, to be rather a work

of the imagination than a statement of facts.

It would, I think, be very desirable if we could have a cheap series

of Introductions to the different Orders of Insects. The classical

work of Professor Westwood + is not only out of print, but is, perhaps,

on too bulky and expensive a scale to meet the popular want. Divided

into moderate and convenient portions, brought down to the present

hour, and the bibliography omitted as adding too much to the size, it

would form excellent bases for half-a-dozen Manuals, which might

embrace the whole class of insects. If there are any figures, they

should be the very best, and on steel in preference to wood.

Another class of books we want very much is that of “ Index-

Catalogues,” that is, lists of the published species of families, sub-

* This “small group” only contains about 730 British species.

+ ‘An Introduction to the Modern Classification of Insecis,’ 2 vols. 8vo, 1839,

orders, or orders, with references to the places where they are

described, or where anything valuable concerning them may be

found. The vast number of forms we deal with renders it quite im-

possible for any one to study effectively more than one or two large

groups,* and any information he may want beyond, he can only pro- —

cure by going over numerous works, and after all may miss what he

seeks, because it lies perhaps in some foreign journal, where its

existence is only known to the “ specialist.” I am happy to say that —

our colleagues, the Rev. Hamlet Clark and Messrs. Bates and Baly,

have such a Catalogue of the Phytophaga in the press, and I hope it

will be followed by others, but as such works will only meet the

wants of a limited class, there will be the risk of a loss on their

publication, to which many will not be disposed to submit. It

seems to me that such Societies as the Linnean or Zoological

would confer a great benefit on the working naturalist, and carry out

one of the purposes for which they were instituted, if they were to

facilitate our studies by the publication from time to time of Index-

Catalogues. Of course we should not expect them to confine the

work to insects. Every group of the animal kingdom might be taken

as opportunity occurred. The earlier British Museum Catalogues

were of this kind, and Dr. Gray deserves the gratitude of all zoolo-

gists for having originated them. Unfortunately these simple listst

soon grew into descriptive monographs, and, becoming expensive, lost

much of their utility. The Trustees, from some cause, have latterly

nearly dropped the publication even of these.

Mr. Frederick Smith has kindly informed me that the number of

specimens of insects added to the Collection of the British Museum

in the year 1864 has been 2813. Of these 1100 were presented,

chiefly by Earl Russell, the late Capt. Speke, Dr. Livingstone, J. K.

Lord, Esq., and Frederick Bond, Esq.

I have only time to say a few words, in conclusion, relative to our

collectors abroad. Mr. Bouchard, who has gone out to the southern

shores of the Gulf of Mexico, has, we hear, arrived at Santa Martha,

and he is much pleased with the appearance (entomologically) of the

country. Mr. Bartlett, the naturalist who accompanied Mr. Tristram

in his recent expedition to the East, has sailed for Para, whence he

proposes to ascend the Amazon, making his head-quarters about

* There are about 8000 genera in the Coleoptera alone.

+ Some of these were published at sixpence, eightpence and one shilling each.

They are now, I believe, out of print.

- ——

200 miles above the highest point attained by Mr. Bates. Mr. Read

_is, I understand, about to proceed to Bahia, following up the new line

of railroad through the virgin forests of that rich district. And, lastly,

it is in contemplation to send out a collector to the new settlement in

Northern Australia, a region hitherto quite unexplored.*

* T have to-day received a letter from M. Gaston Allard, Moulevrie, near Angers

(Maine et Loire), in which he informs me that he intends in the autumn to proceed to

Senegal for the purpose of collecting insects and plants. He bas already travelled in

Algeria, and is very anxious to meet with a companion for the journey.

Liabilities and Assets of the Society.

Liabilities. Assets.

2 £ 3 d, £ s. d.

Rent to Christmas ............ 11\ 5 0 Arrears of Subscriptions mt 932 0

Williams & Norgate, Books 2 9 6 } good,—(say)

Loan from Mr. Dunning ... 45 0 0 Ditto, doubtful, £44 4s, Od.

— Cash balance in hand ......... 7 4 5

£58 14 6 Consols, £109 14s. 9d. (say) 100 0 0

£130 6 5

Less amount of Liabilities 58 14 6

—

Balance ...... £71 11 11

Abstract of the Treasurer's Accounts for 1864.

RECEIPTS.

By Balance in hand January Ist, 1864 .. ove oe

Arrears of Subscriptions... so Ase 455

Subscriptions for 1864 (97) .. eve

Admission Fees ane Sea one oa :

Tea Subscriptions... tee soe eee vee

Sale of Transactions at Rooms vse ee eee

A at Longmans ... dee

One Year’s Dividend on £109 14s. 9d. Consols ...

Sale of Duplicate Books... eee we coe

» Waste Paper, &c. noc 406 SoC

», Old Copper-plates ... ese

Donation from J. W. Dunning, for completing Ist Series of 73

* Transactions’

; me towards ‘Publishing Expenses

‘ from F. Grut, Esq., for purchase of Books

Cash of M. Jekel, in respect of imperfect book

Loan, from Mr. Dunning aoe nae ase “ee

PAYMENTS.

To paid arrears for 1863:—Rent to Christmas ...

Robinson, Engraving ae

Newman, ‘ Proceedings,’ &c.

Roworths, ‘Transactions’ ..

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Librarian for attendance... Ri Age

» for sundry small payments. eee ove

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Attendance, Coals, &e. ee AnD oes

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ADOCOWR

JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.

1865.

February 6, 1865.

F. P. Pascor, Esq., President, in the Chair.

Mr. Pascoe returned thanks for his re-election to the Presidency, and nominated

as his Vice-Presidents, Messrs. Stainton, W. W. Saunders and Frederick Smith.

The President announced that, through the liberality of Mr. W. Wilson Saunders,

the Council was able to offer two Prizes, of the value of Five Guineas each, to be

awarded to the authors of Essays of sufficient merit on subjects connected with

Economic Entomology. Further particulars would be given at the next Meeting.

Donations to the Library.

The following donations were announced, and thanks voted to the donors:—

‘Mémoires de Académie Royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-arts de

Belgique, Tomes xxxii—xxxiv.; ‘ Bulletins de l’Académie Royale des Sciences, des

Lettres et des Beaux-arts de Belgique, 2me Série, Tomes vii.—xvii. 1859—64;

presented by the Academy. ‘ Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de

Moscou,’ 1863 Nos. iii. and iv., 1864 No. i.; by the Society. ‘Mémoires pour servir

a lHistoire Naturelle du Mexique des Antilles et des Etats-Unis. Par Henri de

Saussure. I1Ime Livraison. Orthoptéres—Blattides;’ by the Author. ‘ Proceedings

of the Royal Society, Vol. xiii. Nos. 66—70; by the Society. ‘Journal of the Pro-

ceedings of the Linnean Society (Zoology), Vol. viii. No. 30; by the Society. ‘The

Zoologist’ and ‘The Entomologist’ for February; by the Editor. ‘The Entomolo-

gists: Monthly Magazine’ for February; by the Editors.

Exhibitions, &c.

Mr. Brewer exhibited Corticaria truncatella of Mannerheim, a beetle new to

Britain, of which he had captured a considerable number of specimens, and Ceutho-

thynchus biguttatus, a rare British weevil; both species were taken at Worthing, at

the roots of sea-side plants.

Mr. Bond (on behalf of Mr. Rich, who was present as a visitor) exhibited further —

specimens of the Hepialus from the Shetlands, of which some were shewn at the

hitherto found only in those islands.

The President made some remarks on the geographical range of the genus Cossy- |

(not in Madeira), India, as far as Rangoon, but not in the Indian isles. Singularly

enough, however, a species closely allied to that from Rangoon had been taken at

Gawler, South Australia.

Prof. Westwood was able to add another locality to this list, for he had received a

fine large species from Zambesi.

Major Cox sent for exhibition a portion of a wooden dog-kennel infested with the —

dog-tick, Ixodes plumbeus; the specimens were very numerous, and during the

new, was also discovered on the wood. The Major communicated also the following

note :—

“My attention has been lately called to the attack of a parasite, which has

seriously infested the skin of dogs of my kennel: I believe it to be the Ixodes

Ricinus. The skin of all my dogs, as well puppies as grown up ones, has been

perfectly spotted by the immense number of these creatures. My ferrets have like-

wise been attacked. On applying the proper remedies, my man requested me to

examine the kennels: I have three large separate ones, and also a range of buildings,

twenty-four feet long, divided into three compartments, built up of wood against an

old brick wall, the flooring covered with cement: the first contains dogs, the second

and third pheasants for breeding. In the two latter the surface of the wall between

the bricks, wherever the pheasants could reach, is picked away in order to get at these

insects. ~In all the courses of the bricks, in all the joints of the wood-work, and in

the detached kennel which stood nearest to the building, I found the tick in every

stage of growth in immense profusion. I at once referred to Kirby and Spence, to

endeavour to obtain some information relative to the destructive habits of this peculiar

class of insects; but beyond mentioning that they directly attacked sheep, dogs, &c.,

by inserting their serrated houstellum into the skin and filling themselves with the

blood of the animal, they say nothing of the injury they commit upon wooden

buildings by working into the joints. Now it is to this point that I wish to call the

attention of the Society.

“Tt will be seen, by the accompanying specimen of wood taken from the dog-

kennel, how it has been destroyed. It is a question with me how creatures with a

mouth so peculiarly formed could have carried on the work of destruction as they have

done, for I found the whole of the roof of the kennel so injured and so thickly infested

by them, that I had it at once broken up and burnt on the spot. Do they perforate

the dry wood? and whence do they derive nourishment, for I believe they are suctorial

parasites? or does the wood perish by the presence of their excremental matter, and

so enable them to perforate deeper and deeper. The piece that I have sent up isa

good specimen to show how much injury they may do; in it will be found the insect

in all its stages, from the egg to its full-grown size; and, speaking of it in the latter

condition, I was not aware until now that it presented its large sacculated form,

except after feeding as a parasite upon the blood of some animal. I always considered

| it in its natural state to be a minute insect, the body of which became highly distended

as it continued to derive nourishment from the creature upon which it was preying.

I never made this class of insects my study, and therefore should be too glad to receive

any information from my brother entomologists on this subject. On examining the

piece of wood, I find there are several insects very much resembling the large gray

tick; but as some of these insects possess six legs, I do not know to what species

they belong, or in what condition they are. The egg is oblong, semitransparent, and

of a dirty brown colour, laid in masses.

“Whilst writing this I have been informed of a gentleman who had a pack of

harriers attacked in a similar way. A person in London was consulted in the matter:

he came down, and on inspecting the wooden building found it very much infested

with the tick; the greatest portion of it was, therefore, pulled down and rebuilt; but

ina very short space of time the new work was found to be infested as badly as the

old; in fact, the portion that had been permitted to remain contained a sufficient

brood to contaminate the recent structure. The dogs were nearly worried to death by

these parasites, and it ended by the whole building being pulled down and burnt.

I may mention that dogs and other animals infested by these insects can be easily rid

of them by simply putting on a muzzle and washing them with a solution of arsenic

(a weak solution) in soft soap, allowing it to remain on for a short time, and

then thoroughly washing it out of the hair. Two applications will be all that are

necessary.

“‘T have no doubt that in buildings slightly affected the insects may be eradicated

by a similar process, but when once they have been allowed to propagate and enter

the timber joists, nothing but the total destruction of every part contaminated will

secure safety. Thus the whole of my range must cume down and the wall be com-

posted before I can erect a new kennel. From my own costly experience, and the

instance above alluded to, I may fairly place the Ixodes Ricinus amongst that class of

insects which are indirectly injurious to man in the destruction of his property.

I think this a question of more than passing interest, considering how seriously large

flocks of sheep or kennels of dogs become affected, without our attention being properly

directed to the cause whence the mischief arises. In some districts the tick is much

more prevalent than in others; and, from what I have recently experienced, I have no

doubt that the insects have been allowed to accumulate amongst the decayed wood of

some of our half-perished homesteads, and as the flocks are constantly herded in them,

and the sheep naturally rub against the sides, it is easy to conceive, when such a state

of things exists as I have just witnessed, how soon a whole flock might become

infested.

**T omitted to mention that, in places suspected of being infested, the joists should

be examined during the hot sunshine, as these insects invariably come out to the edge

of the cracks to bask in the warmth, when they are easily detected.”

Mr. W. W. Saunders had seen Major Cox’s kennel last summer, before the

existence of the tick was known, and thought that the decay of the wood was

attributable to dampness, and not to the Ixodes, which view was corroborated by the

specimen of the wood which had been forwarded.

Prof. Westwood agreed that the destruction of the wood was not caused by the

Ixodes, but probably by damp, with the assistance perhaps of some Oniscide. The

exhibition was interesting, since it showed indubitably that the small brown creature,

which had hitherto been regarded as the juvenile form of the tick, was, in fact, the —

adult male.

Mr. Rich mentioned that he had found ticks to be most easily destroyed by rubbing

common grease into the skin of the dog or horse; a couple of applications would

generally be found sufficient.

* Paper read.

Mr. J. S. Baly read “ Descriptions of New Genera and Species of Phytophaga.”

March 6, 1865.

F. P. Pascoe, Esq., President, in the chair.

Donations to the Library.

The following donations were announced, and thanks voted to the donors :—

‘Proceedings of the Royal Society, No. 71; presented by the Society. ‘Linnea ~

Entomologica,’ vol. 15, ‘ Entomologische Zeitung,’ 1865, Nos. 1—3; by the Entomo-

logical Society of Stettin. ‘The Naturalist,’ Nos. 10—20; by the West Riding Con-

solidated Naturalists’ Society. ‘The Zoologist’ for March; by the Editor. ‘The

Entomologists’ Monthly Magazine’ for March; by the Editors.

Election of Members.

Herbert Jenner, jun., Esq., of Hill Court, Berkeley, Gloucestershire, and the

Rev. T. A. Marshall, M.A., of Hart Street, Bloomsbury, were elected Members.

Richard Lydekker, Esq., of Harpenden Lodge, St. Albans, was elected an Annual

Subscriber.

Prize Essays.

The President announced that, as an inducement to the study of Economic

Entomology, the Council had determined to offer Two Prizes, of the value of Five

Guineas each, to be awarded to the Authors of Essays or Memoirs, of sufficient merit,

and drawn up from personal observation, on the anatomy, economy, or habits of any ~

insect or group of insects which is in any way especially serviceable or obnoxious to

mankind. The Essays should be illustrated by figures of the insects in their different

states, and (if the species be noxious) must show the results of actual experiments

made for the prevention of their attacks or the destruction of the insects themselves.

On former occasions the Council selected a definite subject, as e.g., the Coccus

of the Pine Apple, the larva of Agrotis Segetum (the large caterpillar of the turnip),

&c. The consequence was, that competition was diminished or not called into play.

On the present occasion, therefore, the selection is left to the candidates themselves,

provided only that the subject be one fairly belonging to the Economic branch of

Entomology.

‘The Essays must be sent to the Secretary at No. 12, Bedford Row, with fictitious

signatures or mottoes, on or before the 3lst December, 1865, when they will be

referred to a Committee to decide upon their merits; each must be accompanied by

a sealed letter indorsed with the fictitious signature or motto adopted by its author,

and inclosing the name and address of the writer.

The Prize Essays shall be the property of, and will be published by, the Society.

Exhibitions, &c.

Mr. Bond exhibited specimens of a gall found on a willow tree near Cambridge ;

the tree was fifty feet high, aud almost every twig appeared to possess its gall, which

took the form of a premature terminal development of leaves in whorls, so as to

resemble a flower-head. He had observed the galls only the day before the Meeting ;

the leafy excrescences were then dry and withered, and he was unable to state what

was their colour when fresh.

Mr. W. W. Saunders remarked upon the similarity between this and the Swiss

gall which he had exhibited at the Meeting of November, 1864 (ante, p.48), in

which, however, the leaf-like processes were not spread out, but were adpressed to

the stem.

Mr. Bond also exhibited varieties of Colias Edusa and Vanessa Urtice, both

_ captured in Norfolk or Suffolk; each was remarkable from havivg the wings, par-

ticularly the hind wings, conspicuously blotched or suffused with dark patches.

Mr. T. W. Wood (who was present as a visitor) exhibited a variety of the male of

Apatura Iris, captured in Kent; it was remarkable for the absence of the usual white

markings on both the upper and under sides of the wings. He also exhibited a moth

from Bahia, belonging to the family Arctiide, and supposed to be new to Science.

Prof. Westwood, referring to the exhibition at the previous Meeting of Major

Cox’s Acari, said that he had at the time called attention to the position during copu-

lation of the small male, which anchored itself by means of its mouth upon the breast

of the female; he had since found that De Geer had observed the same fact, and had

figured it, but had misrepresented the position; the male appeared to continue in situ

for a considerable time, in fact for several days. Major Cox’s dogs must have been

very recently worried by the ticks, as many of the specimens taken home by the Pro-

fessor for examination were found to be full of blood. He had taken numerous eggs

off a portion of the kennel, and one female was discovered full of eggs; there were

also on the wood the shells of eggs which had hatched, the first skins of the larve, and

various stages of the insect; in the first and second stages they were dull yellow and

had only six legs; in the third stage they appeared to begin to suck, and though not

larger than a well-sized pin’s head, were distended with blood; in the fourth stage

they had eight legs, the sexual distinctions became visible and sexual intercourse was

carried on. The Cimex found on the wood had proved on examination to be a well-

known insect.

The President mentioned that he had also taken home a pair of the Ixodes in

copula, and had gummed the female down, in which position she had remained for a

fortnight, at the end of which she was found in the act of walking away. He remarked

upon the great vitality of female insects after impregnation and before the deposition

of eggs.

The President read the following :—

A Note on Generic Names having nearly the same Sound.

“It frequently happens that Iam called upon to defend the principle that no

generic name ought to be changed simply because it has a near resemblance to

another generic name of prior date. I have thought, therefore, that a short notice,

calling attention to the enormous evil involved in such changes, both as to the number

of names that would have to be cancelled, and to the uncertainty as to what should be

considered to be too near an approach to the older name, would be desirable. In such

closely sounding words as Cercus and Circus, Ectinus and Hetimus, Sypalus and

Sipalus, there could be no doubt; whether, having regard to our peculiar pronuncia-

tion, such names as Lina by the side of Lena, Centor by Sintor, or Dignomus by

Dinomus would be admissible, would not be a question out of England. Few, too,

would have any difficulty about Pteroclus and Pterocles, Drapetes and Drapetis,

Hephialtus and Ephialtes, Spondylis and Spondylus, but some may hesitate as to

Lema because of Lemur, Harpalus because of Hapalus or Colotes because of Calotes ?

Then would no one be found to assert that Hurops was too close to Euops, or Blax to

Blaps, or Astycus to Astacus? Hyperion has been found too near Hyphereon.*

Should we not also reject Tychius because of Trichius, Frixus because of Phrictus,

Typhea because of Tiphia? M.James Thomson ignores Desmocerus because of

Desmoderus, Orihostoma because of Orthosoma, Aphies because of Aphis. But com-

pare Thysia to Thyrsia, Frea to Phea, Nicias to Nysius, Alara to Hilara, and by the

saine standard we should reject them too. Then there are many names that, owing

to a radically different spelling, may not have struck us as being similar in sound,

such, for instance, as Allesia and Halyzia (as well as Alysia), Sitona and Cetonia,

Lichas and Lycus, Enema and Anema, Cyrtus and Syrtis, &c. One great authority

considers all names as practically identical which only vary in the termination. Thus

Ammobius is sunk because of Ammobia, while to replace it we have Ammophtorus,

notwithstanding that there is already an Ammophorus, and in the same family too.

Following up this rule, what is to become of Dromius after Dromia, Pachyta after

Pachytos, Mycetea after Mycetes, Pogonus after Pogonias, and so on? What are the

advantages to be derived from such changes? Ornithologists have no difficulty in

using Pica and Picus, Otis and Otus, &c. It is bad enough to have to alter the

names that are absolutely identical, and they are more numerous, I think, than is

generally imagined. It will be seen that I have entirely confined myself to the Cole-

optera, as being better known, in the names I have quoted that will require to be can-

celled, if the principle I contend against should be adopted. A word or two as to

making slight alterations to render, I presume, names more classical. This, I think,

ought not to be done except when some very gross error has been committed, as in the

celebrated Spavius case. Dr. Kraatz has just used the word Melarachnica avowedly

because the more correct form would be too long. On the other hand, Mr. Crotch, in

his ‘Catalogue,’ changes Hmus of Leach to Emys, but Leach, probably, very well

knew that this form of the word had been already appropriated to a genus of tortoises.

Mr. Crotch, therefore, must either coin a new word or go back to the old one. Is

there anything but confusion likely to follow such alterations ?”

Prof. Westwood thought it unadvisable to change generic names on the ground

discussed by Mr. Pascoe, or indeed on any ground except the precise identity of the

two appellations. He had, thirty years ago, compiled a catalogue of all the generic

* Prof. Westwood changed the first of these names to Campylocnemis, under

the idea that it had been previously used; Mr. Macleay’s genus, however, was

Hyphereon.

names then published, and in so doing he had made numerous alterations in the forms

given by the authors thereof, either because the names were too near to others of prior

date, or because they were not classically formed, or for other reasons which then

appeared to him sufficient. That Catalogue was still in MS., but if it ever should be

published, his experience had led him to the conclusion that the proposed alterations

ought to be rejected, and that for the avoidance of confusion, the original names, even

if not quite classical, ought to be retained. Even where two generic names were pre-

cisely identical, nut only in sound, but in spelling, he thought some modification of

the rule, as now generally understood, was admissible; he did not think it necessary

that the name of a genus of insects should be sunk and another substituted in its place

merely because it was subsequently discovered that the same name had been pre-

viously applied to a genus of plants, birds or fishes; it was sufficient if the same

generic name did not occur in duplicate in the same class of the animal kingdom.

Mr. W. W. Saunders thought that botanists had now abandoned the practice of

altering the names of genera of plants on the ground that such names had been

previously used for zoological genera.

Prof. Westwood directed attention to a translation, in the March number of the

‘Annals and Magazine of Natural History, of a paper by Schiddte on the Classifica-

tion of Insects, and in which the author compared the merits of Fabricius and Latreille

as philosophic classifiers, his conclusion being strongly in favour of the former. The

Professor combatted this view, and vindicated the scientific and philosophic eminence

of Latreille.

The President, whilst admitting the ability of the author, also criticized the paper

in many of its details, as e.g., where the author sets aside all the primary characters

whereby the Prionide are at once distinguished, for the purpose of establishing a cha-

racter in the stipes of the maxillary palpi, which is said to be moveable, but the adop-

tion of which character served only to group insects together which were, in fact,

widely separated, and thus to produce an unnatural arrangement; and again, where

the author argues in favour of the lamelle of the antennal club of the Lamellicorns

being a modification of hairs. Moreover, Schiddte’s observations appeared to be made

for the most part on the very limited fauna of Denmark.

Paper read.

Mr. M‘Lachlan read “ Trichoptera Britannica; a Monograph of the British

Species of Caddis-flies.”

In this paper, the result of five years’ study of the group, the author gives detailed

descriptions of 124 species, arranged in 43 genera, and full accounts of the habits of

the same, so far as they are known to the present time. Stephens, in his ‘ Ilustra-

tions’ (1836-37) described no less than 183 so-called British species; but some

species were there given under as many as six different names, and the two sexes of

the same insect were not unfrequently placed in different genera or sections. The

number was reduced to 108 by Dr. Hagen in his Synopsis of the British species pub-

lished in the ‘ Entomologists’ Annual,’ 1859—61, the true number known at that time

being probably under one hundred. The difference between that number and the

124 species now enumerated represents the additions to our Trichopterous fauna

during the last four or five years.

April 3, 1865.

F. P. Pascoe, Esq., President, in the chair.

Donations to the Library.

The following donations were announced, and thanks voted to the donors :—‘ The

Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England,’ 2nd series, Vol. i.; presented

by the Society. ‘The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, Vol. xxiv.

Part 3; by the Society. ‘The Journal of Entomology, No. 12; by the Proprietors.

Hewitson’s ‘ Exotic Butterflies, Part 54; by W. W. Saunders, Esq. Doleschall, C. L.,

‘Bijdrage tot de Kennis der Dipterologische Fauna van Nederlandsch Indie,’

Parts 1—3; ‘ Bijdrage tot de Kennis der Arachniden van den Indischen Archipel ;’

‘Tweede Bijdrage tot de Kennis der Arachniden van den Indischen Archipel ;’ by

A. R. Wallace, Esq. ‘The Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine’ for April; by the

Editors. ‘The Zoologist’ for April; by the Editor.

Election of Members.

Captain Willoughby 8. Rooke, of the Scots Fusilier Guards, and of Bigswear,

Gloucestershire; R.S. Scholfield, Esq., of the Junior Carlton Club; and Dr. Sichel,

of Paris, were severally ballotted for, and elected Members. Mr. Stephen Barton, of

Bristol, was ballotted for, and elected an Annual Subscriber.

Exhibitions, &c.

The President exhibited a new species of Bolboceras from South Australia, which

was found burrowing in the hard road at Gawler, near Adelaide, a habit similar to

that of the European B. gallicus. The Australian species was described by its captor,

Mr. Odewahn, as “ making a noise like a Longicorn, by moving the small pulvilli

beneath the hind coxa.’

The President read the following extract from the ‘Atheneum’ of the 18th of

March, 1865 :—

“ Bottesford Manor, Brigg, March 13, 1865.

“Tn Saturday’s ‘ Atheneum’ (p. 352), it is recorded, that at the Meeting of the

Entomological Society, held on March 6, ‘Mr. Bond exhibited specimens of a gall

found on a willow tree near Cambridge; the attack of the insect . . . caused a prema-

ture terminal development of leaves in whorls, so as to resemble a flower-head.’ Galls

of this kind are of very frequent occurrence on willows in this neighbourhood, and,

I believe, throughout the whole of Lincolnshire. They are so common here that

I have always supposed that they must be familiarly known to naturalists. They first

show themselves in the latter summer and early autumn, but are not easily discovered

until the tree sheds its leaves. When that happens the gall-leaves become prominent

objects. Their form is singularly like that of a small rose, and the likeness is increased

by the colour, which, in December and January, is a light brown, very often nearly

approaching red. As time goes on the brown becomes deeper, and when the green

leaves shoot forth in spring the galls drop off. The likeness to a rose is often so com-

plete that an uninstructed person might easily be led to the absurd conclusion that he

had seen roses growing on willows. That this opinion was current at one time is

proved by the following entry in the chronicle of John Capgrave, 1338: ‘In that same

Re et A OS CE

—

yere welowes bore roses, red and frech; and that was in Januarie,’ p. 207. This is

another proof to be added to those accumulating daily, that the strange histories to be

found in the records of past ages are not, for the most part, deliberate fables, but

truths ill understood, or facts seen out of their proper perspective. There is a story

told by an Irish writer, of a certain willow tree, which, having received the blessing of

~§. Coénginus, straightway began to bear apples. (Lau. Beyerlinck, Theat. Vite

_ Humane, t.1, p.921a). It is highly probable that the foundation of this legend must

be sought in a similar direction.

“Yours, &c.,

“‘ Epwarp PEacock.”

Mr. W. W. Saunders exhibited a number of galls collected during the previous

year in Southern Syria by Mr. B. T. Lowne. One was on a species of Acacia, from

Engedi; another was of scaly or flaky material placed round the stems of Atriplex

Italinus, from the Dead Sea; a third, probably the gall of a Dipterous insect, was on

a grass; a fourth kind occurred on Reaumuria, from Ain Terebeh, Dead Sea; a fifth

on Xrua Javanica, from Engedi; a sixth on a Salvia, from the same locality ; anda

seventh kind was found on a species of Tamarix, at Ain Terebeh. With respect to the

first two, Mr. Saunders was unable to say with certainty whether they were the nidi of

insects; the gall on the tamarisk bore great resemblance to that described and

figured in the ‘Transactions’ some years ago (see Trans, Ent. Soc. v. 27, pl. ii.

figs. 5—9), and was probably caused by one of the Buprestidae. Mr. Saunders hoped

to breed some of the perfect insects, and on a future occasion to supply further infor-

mation, or at all events to lay before the Society accurate drawings of the galls.

Mr. F. Moore exhibited a small collection of Lepidoptera lately received, by post,

from Captain A. M. Lang, from the North-Western Himalaya. It included various

Polyommati; a fine new Chrysophanus from Kunawur; a small Anthocharis, allied to

A. Cardamines, also from Kunawur; two undescribed species of Pieris—one allied to

P. Mesentina—from the Runang Pass (14,800 feet elevation); a specimen of Pieris

Daplidice, which was found in considerable numbers in the village fields along the

Spiti River; Gonepteryx Wallichii from the north of Simla; Parnassius Jacquemontii

and P. Hardwickii—the former from the bigh passes (18,000 feet) in Upper Kunawur,

Spiti and Tibet, the latter from the Runang Pass (14,800 feet). Of Nymphalide there

were Argynnis Kamala and A. Jainadeva from the Simla district and Kunawur;

a new Limenitis, allied to L. Sybilla, from North of Simla; a beautiful little Melitea

from the Kongma Pass leading from Kunawur into Chinese Tibet. Of Satyride, five

new species of Lasiommatus, Hipparchia and Erebia, from the mountain slopes of Spiti,

Upper Kunawar, and Tibet. Lastly, a single specimen of the curious form figured by

Bremer, in ‘ Lepidopteren Ost Sibiriens, as Callidula Felderi.

Mr. F. Moore also exhibited two Entomogenous Fungi found at Darjeeling by

Mr. A. E. Russell—similar to that figured in plate 277 of vol. iii. of Cramer’s Pap.

Exot., upon a species of Sphinx (Pachylia achemenides) from Surinam. One of these

parasitic Fungi was upon a male imago of the common Indian Lepidopterous insect,

Spiramia retorta (Noctuide, Fam. Hypopyrid), and the other upon the imago ofa

species of an undetermined Geometrideous genus. Both these moths had the fungus

springing, in more or less lengthened hair-like filaments, from the body, legs, palpi,

antenne, and along the nervures (but not from the membranous portion) of the wings

on the upper side. Mr. Moore was informed by Mr. M. C. Cooke that these peculiar

Fungi belong to the doubtful genus Isaria, the majority of the species of which are

parasitic on insects or exuvie: this genus is not regarded as autonomous, but as a

condition of the ascigerous genus Cordiceps (Entomogenous Spheriz).

Mr. Janson exhibited a large collection of insects, principally Lepidoptera and

Coleoptera, formed by Mr. A. E. Russell in Bengal and the Himalayas.

The President read the following extract from ‘ The Times’ of the 28th of March, _

1865 :—

“ French Honey.—A great portion of the immense quantity of honey consumed in

France is supplied from the island of Corsica and from Brittany. Corsica produced

so much wax in ancient times that the Romans imposed on it an annual tribute of

100,000 Ibs. weight. Subsequently the inhabitants revolted, and they were punished

by the tribute being raised to 200,000 Ibs. weight annually, which they were able to

supply. Wax is to honey in Corsica as one to 15, so that the inhabitants must have

gathered 3,000,000 kilogrammes* of honey. When Corsica became a dependency of

the Papal Court it paid its taxes in wax, and the quantity was sufficient to supply the

consumption not only of the churches in the city of Rome, but those in the Papal

States. Brittany likewise supplies a great quantity of honey, but of inferior quality to

that of Corsica. The annual value of the honey and wax produced in that province

is estimated at 5,000,000f.”

The President read the following note: —

“ Last July, when passing over the snow-fields on the top of Monte Moro, at an

elevation of about 8000 feet, I noticed here and there a sharply-defined cylindrical

hole in the snow, such as might have been caused by pressing a wine-cork into it.

These holes were generally about an inch in depth, and at the bottom of each was

either a small lump that looked like peat, or more frequently an insect, invariably

either Dipterous or Ichneumonideous. I cannot account for the lumps of peat; but

I imagine that the insects, settling on the snow, became torpid from its low tempera-

ture, and sank gradually (or perhaps rapidly) into it, the hole being caused by the

melting of the snow by the radiation of heat from the insect. The solar rays on

mountain summits are asserted to be warmer than those falling on the plains, but

there is no doubt that the radiation from solid bodies at great elevations is very

marked. I took Cryptus tarsoleucus apparently not long alighted, and still feebly

moving a wing ora leg. Perhaps it is only in the finest weather that insects would

take so lofty a flight; however, a little lower down, Bombus montanus was not

uncommon, enjoying itself amongst the flowers of a Linaria, but surrounded on all

sides by patches of snow. Nearly up to the same point I frequently passed a little

black moth, Psodos trepidaria, taking its short trembling flight. Higher than either

of these, and among some short grass in the middle of the snow, I found a Byrrhus.

These were the last evidences of animal life observed. But as flowering plants extend

to upwards of 10,000 or even 11,000 feet, it would be interesting to learn if insect-life

in any form co-exists with them. A mammal, Arvicola nivalis, is found, I believe, at

the highest point of phanerogamic vegetation.”

In reply to enquiries, the President added that the insects in the snow were all

dark in colour, that the holes were on the slope of the mountain on which the sun was

shining directly, and that they were truly cylindrical, not hemispherical, or narrowed

* Qu. kilogrammes or pounds?

at the bottom. His explanation of the phenomenon did not meet with general

acceptance; it was objected that radiation was scarcely likely to produce a cylindrical

| excavation; and Mr. A. R. Wallace doubted whether an insect of so small bulk and

mass, and which could only give off by radiation the heat which it had first absorbed,

was capable, even though of dark colour, of absorbing sufficient to produce the con-

siderable melting of the snow around it which the President had described.

Prof. Westwood directed attention to Karsten’s recently-published ‘ Beitrag zur

Kenntniss des Rhynchoprion penetrans,’ and protested against the generic appellation -

there applied to the Chigoe or Jigger. Linneus was uncertain to what genus to refer

the insect, and Latreille suggested that a new genus was probably required for its

reception; the Rev. Lansdown Guilding had in MS. assigned to it the name Sarco-

phaga, which, however, had been previously employed amongst the Diptera. In a

paper in the ‘ Transactions’ of this Society (vol. ii. p. 199), Prof. Westwood had him-

self first given the generic characters and published the name Sarcopsylla; Dugés had

about the same written on the Jigger, but referred it to the genus Pulex, and Guérin-

Méneville, in the interval between the reading (May 1, 1837) and the publication

(1840) of his (Prof. W.’s) paper, had on the plates of the ‘Iconographie du Réegne

Animal’ employed the name Dermatophilus, but his description was not published tll

long afterwards. The name Sarcopsylla was entitled to stand, according to the rule

of priority, and Prof. Karsten was not justified in rejecting it, and falling back upon

Rhynchoprion, which had been formerly used for a genus of Acari. Prof. Westwood

also took credit to himself for having first shown that the Jigger was oviparous, not

larviparous or pupiparous; Prof. Karsten had now shown how the sexes might be dis-

tinguished before the female became gravid: the ‘ Beitrag’ also contained elaborate

details of the structure and anatomy of the Jigger, but it did not contain one word on

the generic arrangement, nor did it add one single fact to the natural history of the

species. He (Prof. W.) was anxious to know what became of the eggs after they were

deposited, (say) in the toe of a human being? where did they hatch? and where and

upon what did the larve feed? There could not be room for all the numerous eggs to

develope in such a situation as above supposed ; and moreover, in the vast majority of

instances the eggs could not be deposited in flesh at all.

Mr. Bates had had personal experience of the attacks of the Jigger, but was unable

to answer the Professor’s enquiries ; the common belief was that the body of the female

burst within the toe, that the eggs hatched therein, and that the larve fed upon the

flesh ; but he had never had anything but eggs (no larve or pupz) extracted from his

own person; if during the process of extraction the body of the female burst, he had

always applied tobacco-juice to prevent any ill effect.

; Paper read.

Mr. Bates read a paper “ On the Species of Agra of the Amazons Region.”

In the introduction, the author treats of the affinities and describes the habits of

this arboreal genus of Carabide peculiar to Tropical America, and then proceeds to

characterize sixteen new Amazonian species, whereby the total number of described

species is advanced to 140. Forty-seven species of Agra and Agridia are recorded as

occurring in the Amazons region; of these forty-two were found by Mr. Bates, and

thirty-one of them were new to Science.

The employment by Mr. Bates of the two forms Carabici and Carabide to denote

the same group of insects evoked from the President a strong protest against the in-

discriminate application of two names to the same thing; he insisted also upon the —

desirability—to prevent confusion, amounting to necessity—of having one uniform

termination for the names of groups of co-ordinate value and importance; and

further, that the proper termination for the name of a family was -ide, the form

almost invariably adopted by English entomologists, and which was now being adopted

also by the French. Prof. Westwood expressed himself in favour of the nomen-

clature introduced by Kirby, and the employment of -ide as the termination of

the name of a family or of a group of insects corresponding to one of the old Linnean

genera.

New Part of ihe ‘ Transactions.

A new Part of the ‘Transactions’ (Third Series, Vol. ii. Part 4) was on the table.

May 1, 1865.

H. T. Srarnron, Esq., V.-P., in the chair.

Donations to the Library.

The following donations were announced, and thanks voted to the donors :—‘ Pro-

ceedings of the Natural History Society of Dublin,’ Vol. iv. Part 2; presented by the

Society. ‘ Bulletin de la Société Linnéenne de Normandie, Vol.ix.; by the Society.

“Mémoires de la Société de Physique et d’ Histoire Naturelle de Geneve, Tome xvii.,

2e Partie; by the Society. ‘The Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine’ for May; by the

Editors. ‘The Zoologist’ for May; by the Editor.

Election of Members.

F. D. Godman, Esq., of Park Hatch, Godalming; J.T. D. Llewellyn, Esq., of

Ynisygerwn, Neath; and W. H. Groser, Esq., of 19, Claremont Square, London;

were severally ballotted for, and elected Members.

C. B. Clarke, Esq., Fellow of Queen’s College, Cambridge; Edward Clift, Esq.,

of Lewisham; and Mr. W. Farren, of 10, Crescent, Cambridge; were severally

ballotted: for, and elected Annual Subscribers.

Death of William Sharp MacLeay.

The Secretary read from a Sydney paper of the 30th of January, 1865, an obituary

notice of William Sharp MacLeay, whose death, at the age of seventy-two, occurred

on the 26th of that month. Mr. MacLeay was elected a Member of this Society in

1836 and a Member of the Council for 1837, but resigned prior to his departure for

Australia in 1839.

Exhibitions, &e.

Prof. Westwood mentioned that with reference to the jigger, the subject of some

discussion at the previous Meeting, Mr. F. Smith had called his attention to a passage

in Waterton’s ‘ Wanderings in South America,’ pp. 173, 174, as tending to show that

the larvze fed on the flesh in which they were deposited. He considered, however, that

further observation on this point was necessary.

Mr. 8. Stevens produced a Cassida, which he had hoped to have exhibited alive;

it had been found some days previously in London, near a newly-vpened case of

Orchids, but had unfortunately died a few hours before the Meeting. Mr. Baly

ties <<

recognized the beetle as belonging to the genus Prioptera, probably a new Hima-

layan species.

Mr. Stainton exhibited a nest of smooth (hairless) Lepidopterous larve found near

Marlborongh, hanging from a beech-tree by means of silken strings, which were at

first mistaken for threads.

Mr. Dunning read the following extract from the ‘Journal of the Society of Arts’

for the 14th of April, 1865 :—

“A new American Silkworm.—It appears, from ‘Silliman’s Journal, that after

numerous experiments, Mr. L, Trouvelot, of Medford, Mass., has succeeded in rearing

successfully, and in great numbers, Attacus Polyphemus, Zinn., and in preparing from

its cocoon an excellent quality of silk, possessing great lustre and strength, and pro-

nounced superior to Japanese and all other silks, except the best Chinese, by com-

petent judges. The silk is unwound by a simple process perfected by Mr. Trouvelot,

each cocoon yielding about 1500 yards. This insect is very hardy, being found

throughout the Northern States and Canada; and, as it feeds upon the leaves of oak,

maple, willow, and other common forest trees, may be reared easily in any part of the

country. Mr. Trouvelot has gradually increased his stock from year to year, by

raising young from the eggs of the few individuals first captured, until he has at

present seven waggon-loads of cocoons, the entire progeny of which he proposes to

raise during the coming season. The first public notice of his experiments with this

insect was given by Mr. Trouvelot at a meeting of the Institute of Technology, at

Boston, about a year ago, when he exhibited specimens of silk manufactured from it,

both natural-coloured and dyed.”

Mr. F. Smith read the following letter from Dr. T. C. Jerdon, dated “ Lahore,

March 16, 1865:”—

“T have at last got hold again, after a long absence, of the specimens of workers

of Dorylus, and they are, as you suggested, evidently, I think, Typhlopone. It is,

however, strange to say, quite a Termes in its habits, working under ground entirely,

and never coming outside except when the males are coming forth winged, when they

accompany them in swarms to the holes by which they,make their exit. I first

observed the workers at Mhow, in Central India, where they had undermined a house

so completely that the foundation had to be dug up, and I there saw the winged males

(Dorylus) issuing out of the same holes as the workers. I afterwards saw them twice

again ; the last time in a green-house of the Botanical Garden at Saharunpore, N. W.

Prov. They were issuing every morning and evening in great numbers from a hole

in the flooring (lime), and several winged individuals were with them, and these

entered houses at night: this was in February. I have met with Dorylus in every station

where I have been, and it is certainly curious that the workers are so litle known, as

they must have been observed occasionally by hundreds of Europeans. I have a lot -

in spirit, and enclose you three or four in this letter, enough, I dare say, to show if it

is the same species mentioned in your ‘ Catalogue, T. Curtisii, or not. Dr. Jameson

laughed me to scorn when I talked of digging up the flooring of his pet green-house,

but if I ever get an opportunity of another nest in a get-at-able situation, I will try

and get at the mystery of the female. Surely, however, some of the winged individuals

must be females; if not, then the only other conclusion is that the female always

remains apterous, and is impregnated in the nest; or, if winged, that she is kept a

forcible prisoner till her wings drop off. I would have written long ago, but was

separated from the bottle containing the workers.”

Mr. F. Smith thought there was now little doubt that Typhlopone was the worker

of Dorylus, as had been suggested years ago by Shuckard. The female, however, was

still unknown. ¥

Prof. Westwood enquired whether Mr. Smith was acquainted with the insect which

Gerstacker represented to be the female of Dorylus; it was very different from

Typhlopone. Mr. Smith replied that he had never seen the large female in question,

but he believed its connexion with Dorylus to be purely conjectural.

The Rev. Hamlet Clark exhibited an interesting collection of Phytophaga received

by him from Mr. Du Boulay, who captured them in the district of Champion Bay,

West Australia. Among the many novelties was a very abnormal form of Eumolpida,

unique in structure not only among Eumolpide but throughout the Coleoptera: the

male leaps vigorously and quickly when captured, and it is the only species of Eumol-

pide that is known to be saltatorial; but the peculiarity of the insect is, that it is not

the posterior but the medial femora which give this power of leaping: the posterior

femora are of ordinary form, or perhaps somewhat attenuate ; the medial, however, are

very robust, incrassated, sufficiently elongate and with strong and curved tibie.

Mr. Clark remarked that it might be a question whether the insect properly belonged

to the Eumolpide or to some other group: he stated that it had been carefully

examined not only by himself but by Mr. Baly, and that there seemed to be no doubt

on the subject. He proposed to create a new genus for the reception of this insect,

and to describe it under the name of Thaumastomerus viridis.

The Rev. H. Clark read from ‘ The Reader’ of the Ist of April, 1865, the following

extract from a review of Cameron’s recent work on ‘Our Possessions in Malayan

India ’—

“ The following account of that very common tropical phenomenon, the light of the

fireflies, is altogether new to us, and not quite intelligible. Does the author mean that

the little insects actually keep time with each other so accurately, that thousands of them _

scattered over a shrub or tree all put out their lights at the same instant, and rekindle

them with equal punctuality? If so, here is a new insect-wonder, before which the

economy of bees and ants will sink into insignificance :—‘ The bushes literally swarm

with fireflies, which flash out their intermittent light almost contemporaneously; the

effect being that for an instant the exact outline of all the bushes stands prominently

forward, as if lit up with electric sparks, and next moment all is jetty dark—darker

from the momentary illumination that preceded. These flashes succeed one another

every three or four seconds for about ten minutes, when an interval of similar duration

takes place, as if to allow the insects to regain their electric or phosphoric vigour.’

We commend this as a subject of investigation for those naturalists who are so.

fortunate as to live among fireflies.”

Mr. Clark added that, though he was utterly unable to give any explanation of the

phenomenon, he could so far corroborate Mr. Cameron as to say that he had himself

observed this simultaneous flashing ; he had a vivid recollection of a particular glen in

the Organ Mountains, where he had on several occasions noticed the contemporaneous

exhibition and extinction of their light by numerous individuals, as if they were acting

in concert.

Mr. M‘Lachlan suggested that this might be caused by currents of wind, which, by

inducing a number of the insects simultaneously to change the direction of their

flight, might occasion a momentary concealment of their light.

owen

Mr. Bates had never in his experience received the impression of any simultaneous

flashing ; on the contrary, he thought there was the greatest possible irregularity in

giving and extinguishing the light, and that no concert or connexion existed between

different individuals ; he regarded the contemporaneous flashing as an illusion, pro-

duced probably by the swarms of the insects flying amongst foliage, and being con-

tinually, but only momentarily, hidden behind the leaves. Mr. Bates further remarked

that the light-emitting insects were Lampyride, not Elateride (Pyrophori), which

rarely flew by night; the Lampyride had a weak vacillating flight, the number of

species was very large, and he had himself found eighty or ninety species; several

species would flit about together, and in the squares of Para he had captured three

distinct species; it would be curious if there were any concert or action in unison

between individuals of different species.

Mr. Clark remarked that the lights of the Lampyride and Elateride were perfectly

distinguishable ; it was the former which gave the intermittent flashing light.

Mr. W. W. Saunders had frequently observed the fireflies in Bengal, at Pondicherry

and at Madras; they usually flew at a height of ten to fifteen or twenty feet, amongst

the foliage; he had never noticed any flashing or regularity of intermission, and

thought that each individual was perfectly irregular and independent in the exhibi-

tion or extinction of its light.

M. Salle (who was present as a visitor) had never observed any flashing or regular

intermittency, or simultaneous emission or extinction of the light.

Prof. Westwood was unable to recall any analogous phenomenon ; the simultaneity

of the flight of Empis over standing water seemed to be the nearest in point.

The Rev. H. Clark mentioned that a lady residing near Buckingham Gate had

introduced into her garden a quantity of peat for horticultural purposes, and now found

that part of the garden to be very much infested with wood-lice. When asked for

a remedy, he had suggested the application of hot water, or the importation of toads ;

he was curious to know whether there was any affinity between the peat and the wood-

lice >—were the latter breeding in the peat, or feeding on it?

Mr. W. W. Saunders was in the habit of using a great deal of peat for horticul-

tural purposes, but he had not noticed that it was particularly acceptable to wood-lice,

which moreover would not be likely to occur in the places whence the peat was

brought.

Prof. Westwood remarked that wood-lice were fond of decaying wood, and the

taste of peat was probably not dissimilar; he did not think the creatures were intro-

duced with the peat, but they might be attracted to it, especially in the absence or

scarcity of their natural pabulum. Frogs, toads, or hedgehogs would eat up the wood-

lice; but the best way of extirpating them was to pour boiling water upon them,

which might be readily done, as they were always found to congregate in the angles of

a frame or other construction, or just within the frame, between the sides thereof and

the soil or manure within.

Mr. J. J. Weir did not find that frogs, toads, or birds kept down the wood-lice ;

he had tried numbers of frogs and toads, but they were ineffectual.

Mr. Stainton directed attention to a paper by Mr. B. D. Walsh “ On the Insects

Coleopterous, Hymenopterous, and Dipterous, inhabiting the galls of certain species of

Willows,” published in the proceedings of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia

for 1864. In this paper the author proposed to name and describe the galls found on

willows at Rock Island, Llinois, the insects which produce them, and also other insects

which habitually breed in the galls formed by true gall-makers, and which, as they

feed on the substance of the gall itself and only occasionally or incidentally destroy

the gall-making insect, may be appropriately considered as ‘‘ Inquilines” or Guest-

flies. Mr. Walsh enumerates five species of willow, Salix discolor, Muhl., which

yields three distinct galls; S. cordata, Muhl., which yields six galls; S. longifolia,

Muhl., which yields three; 8. nigra, Marshall, which yields two galls, aud 8. humilis,

Marshall, which yields no less than ten distinct galls; some of these galls, however,

occur on more than one species of willow. Besides the true galls, a Coleopterous

pseudo-gall was found on Salix longifolia. Of twenty-one undoubtedly distinct galls,

twelve are made by Diptera (Cecidomyidz) and six by Hymenoptera (Tenthredinide).

In addition to a great number of insects which occasionally inhabit these galls, there

are, of true inquilines, which seem to inhabit them exclusively, but without confining

themselves to one particular species of gall, seven Cecidomyidous species, two Tenthre-

dinidous species, and at least one, and probably four or five Coleoptera, besides seven

species of Micro-Lepidoptera. The author points out the danger of mistaking inqui-

lines for the true makers of the gall, and gives numerous instances in which saw-flies

are inquilinous in the galls ef gall-gnats, and gall-gnats inquilinous in the galls of

saw-flies. The same gall is often inhabited by several different species of inquilines,

and many species of guests habitually live in the galls of several different species of

hosts. Occasionally one and the same species is sometimes inquilinous in the galls of

other insects, and sometimes attacks natural substances in no wise connected with

galls. ‘‘ Nothing gives us a better idea of the prodigious exuberance of insect life

and of the manner in. which one insect is often dependent upon another for its very

existence, than to count up the species which haunt, either habitually or occasionally,

one of these willow galls, and live either upon the substance of the gall itself or upon

the bodies of other insects that live upon the substance of the gall. In the single

gall, Salicis brassicoides, n. sp., there dwells the Cecidomyia which is the maker of the

gall—four inquilinous Cecidomyie—an inquilinous saw-fly—five distinct species of

Micro-Lepidoptera, some feeding on the external leaves of the gall, and some burrow-

ing into the heart of the cabbage, but scarcely ever penetrating into the central cell so

as to destroy the larva that provides them with food and lodging—two or three

Coleoptera—a Psocus (Pseudo-Neuroptera)—a Heteropterous insect found abundantly

in several other willow-galls—an Aphis, which is also found on the leaves of the willow,

but particularly affects this gall—and, preying on the Aphides, the larva of a Chrysopa

(Neuroptera) and the larva of a Syrphide (Diptera)—besides four or five species of

Chalcidide, one Braconide Ichneumon, and one Tachinide, which prey upon the

Cecidomyize and the Micro-Lepidoptera ; making altogether about two dozen distinct

species, and representing every one of the eight Orders, if with Sieboldt, Erichson, and

Hagen, we refer Pseudo-Neuroptera to Orthoptera.”

Referring to the alleged discovery of Wagner that the larve of Cecidomyia breed

young ones,—that a second generation of larve is developed within the bodies of the

first, —the author expresses his firm belief that the young larve which crept out of the

bodies of Cecidomyta larve were nothing but larve of Chalcidide or Proctotrupide,

several species of which he knew from experience to breed inside the bodies of larva |

of willow Cecidomyiew. As to Wagner’s statement that the same newly-born larve

went through the same process a second time, he believes it to be a pure and simple |

delusion.

Mr. F. Smith was in possession of numerous rose-galls, from which had |

hatched several specimens of Nematus ; these, however, were not the makers of the

gall, but were either “inquilines” or they might have been in or on some other part of

the woud; the real inhabitants of the galls were now in the pupa state.

Papers read.

Mr. Bates read a paper “On New Species of Agra from the collection of Mr. W.

W. Saunders,” and described four new species: A valentina, from Venezuela;

A. dominula and A. Saundersii, from Peru ; and A. occipitalis, from Brazil.

Mr. F. Smith read “ Descriptions of some Species of Hymenopterous Insects

belonging to the Families Thynuide, Masarida, and Apide.” Most of the insects

were brought from Western Australia by Mr. F. Du Boulay. The new Thynnide

comprised Thynnus ventralis, Elurus agilis, Rhagigaster simillimus and R. flavi-

frons. Of Masaride there were three new species of Paragia, P. calida, P. venusta,

and P. vespiformis. But the most remarkable insect was a leaf-cutting bee with

antenne like a butterfly, for which a new genus was proposed, and it was described

as Thaumatosoma Duboulaii.

The Rev. Hamlet Clark read “ Descriptions of new Phytophaga from Western

Australia.” Five species of Paropsis, two of Chalcolampra, a Chalcomela, an Australica,

and two species of Geloptera were described; most of them from Champion Bay,

and captured by Mr. F. Du Boulay.

June 5, 1865.

F. P. Pascor, Esq., President, in the chair.

Additions to the Library.

The following donations were announced, and thanks voted to the donors :— Pro-

ceedings of the Royal Society, No. 72; presented by the Society. ‘ Transactions of

the Zovlogical Society, Vol. v. Part 4; ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society,’ 1864,

Parts I—3; by the Society. ‘Annales de la Société Entomologique de France,’ 4me

Serie, Tome iii., Tome iv. Trim. 1—3; by the Society. ‘ Essai Monographique sur le

Bombus montanus et ses Variétés,’ par Dr. Sichel; by the Author. ‘A Letter to the

Trustees of the British Museum on the Condition of the National Collection of Inver-

tebrata: by Philocosmos;’ by the Author. ‘The Zoologist’ for June; by the Editor.

‘The Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine’ for June; by the Editors.

The following addition by purchase was also announced :—‘ Genera des Coléoptéres

d’ Europe,’ Livraisons 124—127.

Election of Members. ’

Lieut. R. C. Beavan, Messrs. W. Borrer, G. R. Crotch, W. S. Dallas and T.G.

Rylands were severally ballotted for, and elected Members. Messrs. T. Brunton,

B. Cooke and R. J. Ransome were severally ballotted for, and elected Annual Sub-

scribers.

Exhibitions; &c.

The Rev. Hamlet Clark exhibited, and distributed amongst the Members, speci-

mens of a beetle from British Kaffraria, which appeared to be an entirely new form of

Parnides. The captor, Mr. J. H. Bowker, of the Mounted Frontier Police, sent the

following note respecting them:—“ Water beetles, very like Spanish flies, very

numerous in the Sunn (?) River: their habits are curious; whirling on a sunny day

over the edge of the fall, they then make a sudden dive through the fallen water, and

fasten to the face of the rock; they resemble in this way a flock of sea-birds when

feeding. I never saw them at any other spot.” Mr. Clark stated that the insect

approached most nearly to Macronychus, Miller (Illig. Mag ),a genus of Elmide, but

differed therefrom in the form of the head, the number of joints of the antenna, &c.;

its strong and broad claws and elongated robust legs would serve admirably to secure

the beetle to the face of a rock, but it was not very evident how its legs were adapted

for swimming.

The Rev. H. Clark read extracts from a letter recently received from Mr. Edwyn

Reed from Bahia; want of knowledge of the language had prevented Mr. Reed from

goiug up the country as soon as he had desired; he was proposing to spend May in

Valenca, and about June to proceed into the interior to the residence of a hospitable

timber-merchant on the borders of the primeval forest. His first collection of objects

of Natural History might very shortly be expected in London.

Mr. Janson read a letter from Mr. J. A. Brewer, dated Fayal, April 24, 1865,

reporting the capture of about 150 species of Coleoptera at St. Michael’s, by working

as in England in winter; there were no insects moving about, it being still (though

very warm) the winter of the Azores; many of those captured were apparently well-

known British species, whilst others were unknown to the writer; the majorily con-

sisted of Carabide and Staphylinide, with some Curculionide and a few Elateride.

Mr. F. Sinith exhibited a specimen of Apate capucina, taken by his son Mr. Edgar

Smith, in Bishop’s Wood, on the 21st of May last, running over fallen timber (oak) ;

he was not aware of the occurrence of the beetle in this country for some years, though

Mr. Hope bad formerly on one occasion captured half a dozen in Longmynd (or Long-

munt) Forest, Shropshire.

Prof. Westwood mentioned that Sir Thomas Pasley had formerly sent him a num-

ber of specimens from Pembroke Dockyard, where they were found burrowing in the

oak timber.

Mr. Bond exhibited the specimen of Dianthecia albimacula, the capture of which,

on the 8th of June, 1864, near Gosport, is recorded in ‘The Entomologist’s Monthly

Magazine, vol. i. pp. 237, 282.

Mr. Bond also exhibited a Saturnia Polyphemus and its cocoon; and a large

Ophion and its cocoon.

Mr. Stainton exhibited some galls on the leaves of an evergreen oak (probably

Quercus Ilex), brought by Mr. Burney from Mentone.

The President exhibited a Dorcadion, probably a new species, which he had

captured a month previously at Alicante.

Prof. Westwood mentioned that in the Burchell Collection, recently added to the

Oxford Museum, were specimens of larve preserved in a dry state by a means capable

of easy adoption; the larve were simply placed under heavy weights, so as to squeeze

out all the intestinal matter, and then dried rapidly ; the shape was of course lost, the

skins being as flat as the paper on which they were exhibited, but the colours were

admirably preserved.

Mr. F. Smith exhibited various Bombi, in illustration of some criticisms upon

Dr. Sichel’s ‘ Essai Monographique sur le Bombus montauus et ses Variétés, and

expressed his dissent from the conclusion of the author, that the numerous forms of

| Bombus therein mentioned were not true species, but merely varieties of the B. mon-

tanus of St. Fargeau.

Prof. Westwood directed attention to an article in ‘ The Gardener’s Chronicle’ of

the 3rd of June, 1865, by Mr. W. Carr, of Clayton Bridge Apiary, Newton Hall,

Manchester, in which the writer gives a detailed account of his observations, showing

that workers of the Ligurian bee produced perfectly developed males or drones, corro-

borating Mr. Stone’s experience as to the occasional prolificness of worker wasps.

The Professor also took occasion to remark upon the abundance of queen wasps during

the present year, notwithstanding the disease and destruction of the previous autumn,

as mentioned by Mr. Stone (ante, p. 66).

The Treasurer produced an extract from the ‘ Pall Mall Gazette’ of the 31st of

May, which stated that an exhibition of insects was about to be held in Paris.* The

exhibition was to be divided into two categories; the first to include (1) the producers

of silk, (2) the producers of honey and wax, (3) the insects used in dyeing, (4) insects

used for the table, and (5) insects used in medicine. The second category was to con-

sist of all the insects that prove destructive to cereals, vineyards, orchards, forests, and

woods used for building purposes.

The President said that amongst the insects used for the table might be included

the larva of a Macrotoma, which, under the name of “ Bardé,” was (as he was informed

by Mr. Du Boulay) considered quite a luxury in the Swan River district of Australia.

The larva in question had been erroneously attributed by Mr, Newman to a different

insect, which he had named Bardistus cibarius.

The Rev. H. Clark mentioned that, in company with Mr. Grut, he had been

present at a meeting convened by Lord Granville for the purpose of considering the

destination of some of the Exhibition Buildings at South Kensington, and was glad

to find the existence amongst those present of a very general feeling that more

Museums were required in London. He advocated the formation of district Museums

in different parts of the metropolis.

Prof. Westwood also spoke in favour of the establishment of more Museums, and

remarked that there were buildings in the metropolis suitable for, or capable of easy

adaptation to, such purposes, e.g. the building in the Surrey Gardens, only temporarily

occupied.

Mr. Grut said that a Committee had been formed to promote the institution of a

Museum of South London.

Mr. Edward Sheppard thought that, speaking with reference to Entomology, one

good central collection was all that should be aimed at in the metropolis ; that more

harm than good would be done by forming a number of petty collections; and that the

experience of this and other Societies in attempting to form collections should be

borne in mind.

The President advocated the formation of small collections of typical forms for

educational purposes.

* The exhibition is announced to open on the 15th of August, and will be held in

the Palais de Industrie, under the auspices of the Central Society of Agriculture, the

Minister of Agriculture and Public Works being the President of the Committee of

Organization.

100

Papers read.

The Rev. H. Clark read the concluding part of his ‘‘ Descriptions of new Phy-

tophaga from Western Australia ;” including twelve species of Paropsis, four of Edusa,

and one each of Thaumastomerus (n. g.) and Ocnus (n. g.).

Mr. F. Moore read a paper entitled “ Descriptions of new Bombyces from North-

Eastern India.” The species were four in number, viz. Bombyx Sherwilli, allied to

B. Huttoni; Saturnia Cidosa, closely allied to S. Pyretorum; S. Lindia, allied to

S. Grotei; and Loepa Miranda ; specimens of all of which were exhibited.

July 3, 1865.

F. P. Pascoe, Esq., President, in the chair.

Donations to the Library.

The following donations were announced, and thanks voted to the donors:—

‘Exotic Butterflies,’ by W. C. Hewitson, Part 55; presented by W. W. Saunders,

Esq. ‘Illustrations of Diurnal Lepidoptera,’ Part 2, Lycenide, by W. C. Hewitson;

by the Author. ‘The Natural History of the Tineina, Vol. ix. (Gelechia), by H. T.

Stainton; by the Author. ‘A Catalogue of the Lepidoptera of Devon and Cornwall,’

Part 2, by J. J. Reading; by the Author. ‘Resumen de las Actas de la Real

Academia de Ciencias de Madrid,’ 1862—63; by the Academy. ‘ Proceedings of the

Literary and Philosophical Society of Liverpool, 1863—64; by the Society. ‘The

Zoologist’ for July; by the Editor. ‘The Entomologist's Monthly Magazine’ for

July; by the Editors.

Election of Members.

Messrs. R. Borthwick, A. D. Carey, W. Cole, H. D’Orville, W. S. M. D’Urban,

A. E. Eaton, J. E. Fletcher, A. G. Latham, John Linnell, jun., G. F. Mathew,

A. Mercer, Dr. Colquhoun and Sir William V. Guise, Bart., were severally ballotted

for, and elected Members.

Messrs. A. H. Hudd, Evan John, E. Meek and Morris Young were severally

ballotted for, and elected Annual Subscribers.

Special Vote of Thanks.

On the proposition of Mr. Dunning, seconded by Mr. Stainton, a special vote was

unanimously carried, returning thanks to Mr. W. W. Saunders for his hospitable

reception of the Society at Reigate on the 23rd ult.

Exhibitions, §c.

Mr. Bond exhibited Eupithecia campanulata (H.-S.), a species new to Britain,

bred by the Rev. H. Harpur Crewe from larve found in a beech wood near Tring,

Herts, feeding on the unripe seeds and seed-capsules of the nettle-leaved campanula

(C. Trachelium, Linn.) in August, 1864. See Zool. 9260; Eut. Mo. Mag. i. 142.

The perfect insects emerged in June, 1865. Also Eupithecia pulchellata (S¢e.), bred

at the end of May last from pupze sent to him by Mr. C. S. Gregson, of Liverpool,

who found the larve on the foxglove (Digitalis purpurea).

101

Mr. Bond also exhibited three specimens of Toxocampa Craccz, bred from eggs

sent by the Rev. E. Horton to Dr. Knaggs; the larve fed for the first day on Lathyrus

pratensis, subsequently on Orobus tuberosus, and eventually had choice between the

last-mentioned plant and Vicia sepium, and fed freely and indifferently on either.

Mr. Stainton exhibited cocoons of Pyralis glaucinalis, sent to him by Mr. Edwin

Brown, of Burton-on-Trent, and which were remarkable for their broad and flat form ;

also larve of Cemiostoina Lotella, mining in the leaves of Lotus major, seut to him by

Mr. T. Wilkinson from Scarborough: a peculiarity of this species was that the egg,

after hatching, was distinctly visible in the mine as a bright metallic spot.

The Rev. Hamlet Clark exhibited a miscellaneous collection of beetles captured by

Lieut. Julian Hobson, at various times and in various localities in Central India,

whence the insects had been sent in glass tubes by post; and read the following

(addressed to the Editor of the ‘Ceylon Examiner’), also received from Lieut. Hob-

son :-—

“ Sir,—I shall feel thankful if any of your readers could inform me whether the

Lampyris, or glow-worms, met with in Ceylon, exhibit any variety in the number of

their phosphorescent lights; and if so by how many lights they differ.

“ Mr. Milne Edwards describes one species, a native of the hot regions of America,

which emits light from certain spots situated over the two or three last rings of the

abdomen. The tangun, also a native of America, is described as emitting light from

analogous spots over the prothorax. Sir Emerson Tennent, in the second volume of

his work on Ceylon, in a foot-note in p. 257, says he has seen the insect three inches

long, ‘ but without a proportionate increase of splendour.’ -

“T have caught an insect two inches long, and for the number and beauty of its

lights I never saw anything to equal it, nor indeed has any European or native to

whom I have shown it. The Lampyris in question is of a dirty pale orange colour,

and of the thickness of a goose-quill. It can contract or elongate itself at pleasure ;

has eleven segments or rings; with the exception of the first and last, is studded with

a pair of lamps of more than emerald brightness; constituting in all eighteen lamps,

nine on each side, each light being of the diameter of a small-sized goose-quill.

“ The insect exhibits slight streaks of black on the dorsum of the first two segments,

whilst the common Lampyris has well-marked black lines on the back of all its seg~-

ments; its habit is sluggish, and it differs from the common variety in this respect.

It would bury itself deep in the earth, rendered soft by a free sprinkling of water, and

never show itself unless forced out for examination. The common Lampyris would

shun the light of day; and at night, unlike its shy neighbour, would stealthily creep

out of its hiding-place, and, with tail erect, open the window of its single lamp and

shed forth a bright light all round. To examine the new insect, it is necessary to

touch him, and then it will curl itself up and impart the resemblance of a ring studded

with ‘jewelled lamps.’ M.

“Gampolle, 15th January, 1865.”

With reference to the discussion at the May Meeting (ante, p. 94) on the alleged

contemporanevus flashing of the light of fireflies, Mr. Clark read the following extract

from a letter received from Mr. Alexander Fry :—

“JI can confirm your observation that the fireflies of the genus Aspisoma of

Castelnau (corrected into Aspidosoma by Lacordaire) flit at night in great numbers

102

over low-lying damp fields, chiefly near water, emitting light by short flashes at

intervals of three or four seconds, the majority keeping time with each other, as if in

obedience to the baton of a leader. TI think it is only the fireflies of that yenns who

practise it. The numerous fireflies common in Mexico and North America belong

chiefly to the genera Ellychnia and Photuris, whose habits are different, so far as

I have bad opportunity to observe their congeners in Brazil.”

Mr. W. F. Evans said that, in consequence of the late President, Mr. F. Smith,

having called attention to Madame Merian’s statement respecting the emission of light

by the lantern-fly, he had sent a copy of the President’s Address (of the 25th of

January, 1864) and an outline drawing of Fulgora laternaria to his son, Mr. W. T.

Evans, of the Commissariat, at present in British Honduras, with a request that he

would endeavour to asceriain the fact: the following was an extract of a letter recently

received from him :—

“ Belize, 17th May, 1865.

“T have succeeded in my entomological researches about the lantern-fly. I had

one given to me (caught here) alive, and I myself saw it giving light. I kept itina

tumbler for about a day, and it sometimes did not give it, but at others it did. The

ants have eaten off two of its legs. I must wait for a chance to send it home.”

The Rev. Douglas C. Timins communicated the following “ Note of a Month’s

Collecting at Cannes ”:—

“The month of March being extremely cold for this climate, collecting did not

begin this year until April. The gay-coloured Gonepteryx Cleopatra was the first

note-worthy capture, and appeared in very great abundance in fields and marshes.

I took Papilio Podalirius very commonly on the blossoms of the peach and apricot:

when on the wing its flight is rather rapid, and the insect has a curious appearance,

darting about head downwards with its long tails up in the air, as it usually does.

Our English ‘Bath White’ (Pierts Daplidice) was common everywhere, and easily

known from its congeners by its rapid Hight: I mention this because I have read that

in the North this species flies slowly ; so does Vanessa Atalanta in England, but not

in the South. Indeed rapidity of flight is, so far as I can learn, characteristic of nearly

all the diurnals of Southern France, except Limenitis Candida and the different

Thais. Thecla Rubi and L. Candida were very common near wild thyme and cistus,

and the pretty Anthocharis Belia, with its green and silver markings, also. I took one

Papilio Feisthamelii and a great many different Thais. The only ‘coppers’ to be

seen were Chrysophanus Phleas and (rarely) C. Helle, or an allied species. Vanessa

Io, V. Cardui, V. C-album and V. Antiopa were very common; the latter had white

borders invariably, though many were fresh specimens, and were occasionally found

with their wings not dried, having but just emerged from the pupa: this species,

T believe, must be double-brooded in this locality. Of the genus Argynnis, Cinxia,

Lathonia and Provencialis (?) were common everywhere; A. Dia much less abundant.

The lovely little Polyommatus Hylas, though local, was common where found.

Polyommatus Alexis was as abundant as it is in England, and P. Corydon very rare

and local (not occurring on or near chalk). Colias Edusa was in profusion everywhere;

C. Helice, however, was uncommon: I took one true C. Myrmidune—a species which

is, I believe, quite new to these parts. Our English ‘holly blue’ (Polyommatus

Argiolus) was common on the top of cork trees, and there was also an allied species,

which I have not yet been able to identify. Our own Anthocharis Cardamines

103

abounded ; but the gay-coloured A. Eupheno (or Southern orange-tip) was exceedingly

rare and local. Towards the end of April, Papilio Machaon appeared, and also

Hesperia Althee and H. Lavatere. Coleuptera were in profusion everywhere, chiefly

Cicindelide and Chrysomelide ; Chrysomela Banksii and C. cerealis were, however,

_ rather rare. Numerous Orthoptera appeared, but none of any rarity. In the beginning

of May the lovely Limenitis Camilla appeared on the Ile S Marguérite; its flight is,

if possible, more graceful (though much more rapid) than that of its northern congener,

L, Sybilla. In company with this species flew Zygena Lavenduli, in woody glades

where no lavender grew, though it was totally absent from the mainland, where there

are miles of wild lavender! The pretty moth, Acontia luctuosa, now appeared; also

Epbyra omicronaria and various other Geometre. During the first week in May

I explored the mountains behind Grasse: I would advise every collector who happens

to be within reach to do the same, for these mountains contain a perfect treasury of

entomological wealth. During a few hours’ collecting I took seven species of diurnals

quite unknown to me, though I am pretty well acquainted with the French Fauna,

besides Anthocharis Eupheno and the cosmopolitan Oreina Adrasta, which I have

found in various parts of France, Switzerland and Italy. Sugaring is of no use in this

‘waste of sweets,’ where the air is literally loaded with perfume from acres of orange

trees and miles of full-blown roses, and the hills are covered with wild thyme and

lavender. Early in May I took Polyommatus Salmacis, which is certainly not a species

one wonld expect to meet with in the South, but the Fauna of Cannes is, as I have

mentioned before, very peculiar, comprising northern as well as southern species—

e.g. Anthocharis Cardamines and Eupheno, Gonepteryx Rhamni and Cleopatra, &c.:

I have no doubt whatever but that G. Cleopatra is a distinct species; Buisduval’s

statement to the contrary has been questioned, and the differences of the larva and of

the female (which, though very like G. Rhamni, is yet clearly distinct) seem to

establish the specific claim of G. Cleopatra sufficiently. I trust soon to be able to

communicate a monograph of the small but little-known genus Thais, based on per-

sonal observations of the species composing it in their various stages. Few as are the

species, their synonymy is completely confused. It seems to me that recent authors,

and especially Mr. Kirby, in his work on European Butterflies, have rather hastily

sunk several to the rank of varieties which a careful personal study would have led

them to retain as species. But it is only by observing the /iving insects that we can

arrive at the truth in matters of this kind; and if those who have the opportunity

would carefully study a single genus each in all the stages of the insects composing

it, much of the confusion which exists among the European Lepidoptera might be

cleared up. I have myself endeavoured to do this with the genera Thais and Zygena,

and hope soon to submit the results of my labours to the Society.”

Mr. W. F. Kirby remarked that, in the work referred to, he had in almost all cases

followed Staudinger as an authority.

Dr. Armitage (who was present as a visitor) exhibited the case of a female Oiketicns,

into the open end of which were simultaneously thrust the bodies of three males,

manifestly with a view to copulation with the single female within. The specimens had

been killed and were shown in situ; they were from Monte Video, and had been deter-

mined by Mr. F. Walker to be Oiketicus Kirbyi.

Prof. Westwood doubted whether the insect was O. Kirbyi, the case of which was,

according to his recollection, very different in structure; he believed that it was the

104

habit of the females of this genus never to quit the case, or rather, never to leave the

pupa-skin, but to turn the body round within the pupa-skin so as to bring the sexual

part in contact with that of the male; in the present case it would appear that copula-

tion had not actually taken place, but the males were destroyed in that position by

reason of their extended peves having been caught in the silken or woolly matter

which formed the interior lining of the case, and their escape thus prevented.

Mr. Dunning mentioned that, in the year 1850, when strolling in the vicinity of

Storthes Hall, Huddersfieid, in company with Mr. Inchbald, they had found two

males of Micropteryx calthella simultaneously in sexual contact with a single female:

unfortunately neither genticman had any entomological apparatus with him, and the

specimens could not be secured; they were, however, carried for upwards of a mile on

the dandelion-flower on which they were reposing, but after this interval the contact

was discontinued, and the moths flew away. (See Zool. pp. 2501, 2830, 2858, as to

this species frequenting the dandelion and other flowers.)

Mr. Bates read a letter from Mr. B. D. Walsh, of Rock Island, [linois, dated

April 22, 1865, from which the following are extracts: —

“‘T have read your paper on mimetic Lepidoptera with the greatest interest. I am

naturally of a sceptical turn of mind, and apt to require rigid proof uf everything ;

but although I had rather a prepossession against the truth of your theory befure

I commenced reading, I am now quite convinced that you are perfectly correct.

Judging from your figure of Leptalis Nehemia, the resemblance in shape of wings—

which I find to be a pretty constant character in Lepidoptera—is, if possible, still

more remarkable than the resemblance in coloration between Leptalis and Ithomia.

“ We have in this country a somewhat similar mimetic analogy between Danais

plenippus and Limenitis disippus, insomuch that a certain Professor in a popular book

on insects figures the latter under the name of the former! They do not fly in com-

pany, but as the former is strong on the wing, and the latter rather sluggish for a

butterfly, may it not be the case that by the resemblance birds have been deceived into

the belief that it is no use to pursue it? Plenippus is very common here, Disippus

rather rare.

“I have discovered within the last few days that the larva of this Disippus is

remarkable for hybervating in the immature larva state in a case made of a willow-leaf,

which it first secures by silken cabies to the twig. The case is made by cutting away

most of the terminal portion of the leaf, and then joining the remaining edges together,

so that the whole somewhat resembles the leaves of some pitcher-plants (Sarracenia).

As a rule, with the exception of Hesperide, which osculate with Heterocera, the

Rhopalocera do not roll up leaves to live in, though Cynthia Cardui makes a rude

kind of tent for itself, while the closely-allied Cynthia Huntera, unless my memory

deceives me, makes no tent at all. Mr. Lintner, in his paper, Proc. Ent. Soc. Philad.

iii. 63, says that he captured Disippus ‘early in May, appearing as if it had survived

the winter.’ It must have been larve that had ‘fed up’ in the spring that produced

his imagos. The second brood comes out late in the summer, after remaining only a

week or so in pupa, from larve which, so far as I have hitherto observed, do not con-

struct any cases to live in, seeing that they have no hybernation to go through in that

state. Thus it seems we have a kind of metagenetic habit of leaf-rolling, which

appears only in alternate generations. I found altogether 12—20 of these larva-cases

on Salix humilis, several containing litle larve, a quarter to half an inch long,

; 105

several with the larve close to or on the empty cases, and one with a dead larva in it.

Like the very young larve of Papilio Turnus and Asterias they are brown with a patch

of white on the middle of the back, so as to simulate the dung of a smal) bird; but

specimens which I am breeding have already moulted into nearly the coloration of the

full-grown larva. I know of no other butterfly here that hybernates in the larva state,

though there are plenty of moths that do so. Pieris Crategi is said by Godart to do

so normally, and Melita Dia and Euphrosyne seem to do so occasionally according

to Vaudoner (Westw. Intr. ii. 355).

“T notice that you give the Nymphalide genus Protogonius as mimetic, though,

probably for lack of room, it is omitted from your Table (Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiii. p.503).

What genus does it imitate ?

‘“‘T have been much struck by the statement which you repeat several times, that

Ithomiz copulate only with specimens coloured almost exactly like themselves. This

seems to harmonize well with Mr. Scott’s fact that the red variety of the primrose is

perfectly barren with the common primrose; and that the blue and red pimpernels are

also barren when intercrossed, according to Gartner, as quoted by Darwin. We have

in this locality Colias Philodice and C. Eurytheme, which differ only in coloration (the

first sulphur-yellow, the second a fine deep orange) and fly promiscuously together,

yet keep perfectly distinct from each other, intermediate grades and intercrosses not

occurring, except in a single instance, viz., I once found a pair in copula, one sex a

true Philodice, and the other with the upper wing only, if [ recollect right, coloured as

in Eurytheme, the lower wing as in Philodice.”

Mr. Stainton referred to ‘The Zoologist, pp. 7563—65, where the history of the

hybernation of the larva of the English species, Limenitis Sibylla, in the leaves of the

honeysuckle, is given at length by Mr. Newman, from the observations of Dr. Maclean,

of Colchester.

The following is extracted from a letter addressed to Mr. F. Smith by Mr. S, Stone,

of Brighthampton, near Witney, dated April 29, 1865 :—

“Great as was the number of female wasps which made their appearance last

spring, and early as was the period at which they commenced their labours, they have

this year appeared in still greater number, and have begun work at a still earlier

period. The weather to the end of March was bitterly cold, but a sudden change then

took place, and a more gloriously hot aud fine April I should think was never known.

On the 2nd of the month I observed a female wasp out for the first time, and the

forcing weather which had then set in svon brought them out in swarms. On their

first appearance I as usual began to form suitable cavilies in banks, &c., for the recep-

tion of nests, and on the 19th I tovk out from one of these cavities my first specimen ;

it belonged to Vespa Germanica, and consisted of a single cell at the extremity of a

foot-stalk. On the following day a nest of V. sylvestris was discovered attached to a

branch of a creeper growing beside a cottage-porch ; one covering of this nest had been

completed, a second was far advanced towards completion, and a third had been begun.

It contained a small comb consisting of nine cells, in six of which eggs had been

deposited. This nest must have been begun during the first, or at any rate before the

middle of the second, week in April—a period unprecedentedly early, so far as my

experience goes. Some idea of the number of queen wasps frequenting the neighbour-

hood this season may be formed when I state that, sitting quietly for half an hour the

other evening upon a spot around which were numerous deserted burrows of the

106

common mole, I observed no less than seven individuals enter these burrows, where

each of course had begun to form a nest within a few yards of me; and yesterday

(28th April) on examining a portion of the cavities or chambers I had recently formed,

I found that as many as thirty-five of them had become tenanted. There were nests

of all the four species most generally distributed, Vespa Germanica, V. vulgaris, V. rufa

and V. sylvestris; while all around might be seen individuals still in search of eligible

building sites.”

The President exhibited some young dog-ticks, quite recently hatched from eggs

laid in May by the identical female Ixodes which he had taken away from the

February Meeting of the Society (ante, p. 82), and which he had mentioned at the

March Meeting (ante, p. 85) as having been re-captured when attempting to escape

after having been gummed down to a card for a fortnight.

New Part of ‘ Transactions,

The first Part of Trans. Ent. Soc., Third Series, vol. iv., containing the commence-

ment of Mr. J. S. Baly’s Revision of the Malayan Phytophaga, was on the table.

August 7, 1865.

F. P. Pascoe, Esq., President, in the chair.

Additions to the Library.

The following donations were announced, and thanks voted to the donors:—

‘Proceedings of the Royal Society, Vol. xiv. Nos. 73—76; presented by the Society.

‘Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Koéniglichen Zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in

Wien,’ Vol. xiv.; by the Society. ‘Annales de la Société Linnéenne de Lyon,’

Nouvelle Serie, Tome x.; by the Society. ‘Annales des Sciences Physique et

d’ Histoire Naturelle, d’ Agriculture et d’Industrie, publi¢es par la Société Imperiale

d’ Agriculture, &c., de Lyon, 8¢ Serie, Tome vii.; by the Society. ‘ Ueber einige

Pflanzenverwuster, ‘ Entomologische Fragmente,’ ‘ Zoologische Miscellen, by Georg

Ritter von Frauenfeld; by the Author. ‘Cecidomyia destructor, Say, Wezengall-

miucke oder Weizenverwuster, ‘ Ueber eine bisher wenig beobachtete Getreidemotte

Tinea pyrophagella, Kllr”; by Prof. Haberlandt; by the Author. ‘ Ueber Getreide-

verwuster;’ by the Author, Gust. Ad. Kiinstler. ‘The Zoologist’ for August; by the

Editor. ‘The Entomologists Monthly Magazine’ for August; by the Editors.

The addition, by purchase, was also announced of C, G. Thomson’s ‘ Skandinaviens

Coleoptera,’ Vol. 7, Part 1.

Election of Members. ,

The Rev. Joseph Greene and Messrs. H.S. Gorham, H. Blake-Knox and Thomas

Parry, were elected Members; and Mr. W. Rogers was elected an Annual Sub-

scriber.

Exhibitions, &c.

Mr. M‘Lachlan exhibited one living and numerous dead specimens of the ant-lion

(Myrmeleon formicarius), together with the pupa-cases, and the larva and pupa in

spirits; he had brought the larve from Fontainebleau in August, 1864, and fed them |

on house-flies; they remained torpid fur about five months during the winter, |

107

and the perfect insects emerged at Forest Hill from the middle of July to the 5th

of August.

Mr. W. Wilson Saunders exhibited a living specimen of a species of Locustide of

a bright delicate yreen colour, of which he gave the following account:—About four

months ago, Mr. Marshall, of Edmonton, gave him three small locustideous larve

which were found in an Orchid-house, into which some Orchids from Mexico bad been

recently introduced; these larve were taken to Reigate and placed in an Orchid-

house under a glass cover, but as they were very sluggish and appeared to be dying,

Mr. Saunders’ gardener proposed to allow them a little fresh air; the result was that

all three escaped, and for three weeks nothing was seen of them. At the end of that

time one of them was found eating the under side of the leaf of a Cymbidium;

having been returned to its glass case, and again allowed to inhale fresh air, it again

effected its escape, upwards of two munths ago; four days before the Meeting the

specimen exhibited was found, afier it had completely spoilt a new Orchid (Cyano-

phyllum, x. sp.). It turned out that the creature was entirely nocturnal in its habits ;

by day it sat on a branch or leaf with its wings flat to the surface, the hind and middle

legs hidden under the elytra, and the fore legs stretched straight out, with the antenne

between and beyond them; in this position it was with difficulty distinguished from

the plant, and throughout the entire day it remained perfectly still, but at night was

active and ate ravenously. The insect seemed to be remarkably fond of wiping or

cleansing its feet and antenne; and throughout its exhibition the process of gradually

drawing the whole length of its antenne through the palpi was carried on.

Mr. Bates thought the fact of a locust feeding by night was new, and nocturnal

habits were the more remarkable in an insect of so bright a colour; he had met with

upwards of fifty species in South America, but did not remember one that was

nocturnal. The species exhibited belonged to the section of the group having the

ovipositor curved upwards from the base and sabre-shaped (probably to the genus

Steirodon), which suggested the question whether they laid their eggs from below, on

the under side of leaves. It was well known that the males of this family possessed a

drum-shaped organ on one wing-case, and a horny nervule like a file on the other

wing-case, by means of which they were able to produce sound; there was one species

which. was collected by the natives of the Amazons and kept in cages for its musical

qualities, as we keep canaries.

Prof. Westwood pointed out that the insect exhibited was not the locust of common

parlance, but belonged to the Gryllide ; he also explained that the sound-producing

organ was a tambourine, rather than a drum; and he suggested that the specimen was

East Indian, not American.

Mr. M‘Lachlan mentioned that a small species of Gryllus (Meconema varia?)

often paid nightly visits to the sugar of Lepidopterists.

The President said that he had requested further information from Mr. Odewahn

respecting the mode of production of the sound emitted by the Australian Bolboceras

which he had exhibited at the April Meeting (an/e, p.88); it appeared that the sound

was caused by the rotation of the hind cox in the cotyloid cavity; strie were

visible on the dorsal surface of the cox, and similar but smaller strie within the

cavity.

Mr. Edward Saunders exhibited Trachys pygmeus, recently captured by sweeping

in marshy ground near Lowestoft.

Mr. D. Sharp exhibited Cryptocephalus 10-punctatus, and the black variety

1038

Bothnicus of Linneus, from Rannoch; of the typical form he had found only the

female, but of the black form both sexes.

Mr. D. Sharp also exhibited a number of the larve of Eros Aurora, from Ran-

noch; they were found gregariously amongst rotten pine-chips, and though not (he

supposed) naturally pupivorous, they had whilst in his possession fed principally on

the pupz of other insects which happened to be in the same place of confinement;

both larvae and imago were very sluggish in their habits.

Prof. Westwood, on behalf of Mr. Wilson Armistead, of Virginia House, Leeds,

read the following :—

“Located in the midst of a smoky town and district, chiefly noted for its manu-

facturing industry, I am desirous of obtaining the aid of my friends who are more

favourably cireumstanced, in elucidating a somewhat neglected portion of Nature’s

productions. I allude to those curious excrescences. popularly known as Galls. These

are caused by the punctures of insects, chiefly Cynips, and are found of various

forms on the oak, the rose, the willow, the speedwell, and many other trees and plants,

sometimes presenting a very dissimilar appearance on the same plant, according to the

insect by whose enchanting wand they are, as if by magic, brought forth. It is matter

of surprise that these ‘little fairy palaces,’ as they have been aptly called, so ex-

ceedingly varied and beautiful—some round as an apple, tinted like it, red and yellow;

others like unripe currants; some resembling a honeycomb; some again miniature

artichokes; some velvet cushions; some coral beads; and others tufts of moss—it is

matter of surprise, I say, that these should have attracted apparently so little attention.

They are, however, now claiming a greater share of notice. ‘Two or more continental

observers have published works specially relating to them, one on the Galls of Switzer-

land, by M. Berni, and another by Dr. Hammerschmidt, who has made the subject one

of much research, giving drawings of 250 different kinds, and the insects producing

them. A good deal has also been done during the last few years towards elucidating

the American Galls. Count Osten-Sacken, the Russian Consul-General, has been a

chief originator of some researches into them, followed up by Mr. Walsh, of Illinois,

who has contributed valuable information respecting them to the Entomological

Society of Philadelphia, published in their ‘ Proceedings.’

“Having myself been an observer of Galls and similar excrescences for twenty

years or more, and having collected most of the British species, and some American

ones during a visit to that country, I am preparing a volume to contain the result of

these observations. This work will include drawings and descriptions, with some

attempt at classification. A coloured drawing of each will be given where practicable,

and a description of every known Gall, as far as my own observation extends, including

those described by others, not omitting some similar excrescences known as pseudo- or

semi-galls, whose production may be varivusly accounted for. An artist in London

has been engaged to make drawings from specimens for the volume now proposed, and

he has already produced some beautiful and faithful delineations. Being desirous of

making the work as complete as possible, I shall esteem it a favour if any naturalist

who may have observed or may possess any galls, wherever found, not hitherto known

or described, would communicate with me, and furnish any particulars respecting

them.

“JT may add that I am in want of specimens to draw from of the leafy gall

occurring on Genista tinctoria, of which I have description, but have not succeeded

in meeting with it; also the cottony or woolly gall of the oak.”

109

Mr. S. Stevens exhibited a collection of butterflies recently received from Mr. P.

Bouchard from Santa Marta; and read a letter from that gentleman, dated the 30th

of June, 1865, in which the writer stated that they were collected about 100 miles in

the interior, in a valley about seventy miles west of the Snowy Mountains, and about

the same distance from the Magdelena River; they had been brought from the

interior on a mule’s back; the writer had obtained very decent apartments in a house

where the next neighbour was thirty miles off, was in good health and spirits, and had

become used to the heat of the country.

Lieut. R. C. Beavan sent from Calcutta some exquisite drawings of the Tusseh

silk-worm and moth, which were exhibited.

With reference to a statement in the ‘ Journal of the Society of Arts’ of the 4th of

August, 1865, that “the silk-worm culturists in France announce the birth or hatching

of the larva of Bombyx Atlas; this gigantic moth has never before been seen alive in

Europe,” Mr. F. Moore mentioned that he had bred Bombyx Atlas in London more

than a year ago.

Prof. Westwood had been informed that the Yamamai silk had entirely failed this

year in Holland. He had recently reared some of the Ailanthus silk-worm, and

found them sluggish in habit, feeding only at night; with the exception of young

larve, less than half an inch long, he never found one to feed by day; when a moult

took place, and immediately after it had escaped from the old skin—at a time there-

fore when any movement must be inconvenient to it—the larva invariably turned

round and at once ate up the old skin; he had noticed that the skin was covered with

a light powder, and this appeared to be the attraction to the larva.

Referring to Mr. Stone’s communication, read at the previous Meeting (ante, p. 105),

on the number and early appearance of wasps, Mr. Stainton remarked that though

wasps were so numerous in the spring, there were scarcely any at the present time,

when fruit was abundant and ripe; for some weeks past he had seen two wasps and

two only.

Mr. W. W. Saunders corroborated Mr. Stainton as to the almost entire dis-

appearance of wasps, whereas earwigs were more plentiful than ever.

Prof. Westwood had not seen a wasp for two months; he thought their absence

was to be accounted for by-the remarkably heavy rain-falls which had occurred on two

or three occasions, in May, in June, and more recently, whereby the nests had been

swamped.

Mr. Saunders replied that that explanation was not applicable to the neighbour-

hood of Reigate, where the rain-fail, taken month by month, was not so great as last

year, when wasps were exceedingly abundant; and there had not been any single

rain-fall of one inch, whereas in previous wasp-abounding years, as much as three

inches had been registered at a single rain-fall.

Mr. Stainton observed, moreover, that a heavy rain-fall was local only, whilst the

extinction of the wasps appeared to be general.

Mr. C. A. Wilson, Corresponding Member, of Adelaide, communicated the

first portion of some “ Notes on the Buprestidae of South Australia,” which was

read.

Mr. Dunning exhibited a curious specimen of Fidonia piniaria, which he had

captured on the llth of June, 1850, in a pine wood at Farnley, near Huddersfield.

It was well known that the sexes of this moth were very different in appearance, and

were described by Linnzus as two species, the male as Phalena piniaria, “ alis fuscis,

110

bimaculatis; antennis pectinatis,” the female as Phalena tiliaria, “alis ferrugineis ;

antennis setaceis;” the specimen exhibited was what a hybrid between piniaria and

tiliaria might have been expected to be, if those forms had in fact been two species

instead of the sexes of one. The specimen was sexually a female, and the abdomen

was apparently distended with eggs; the general colour was midway between the

colours of the ordinary male and female, but the size and the markings were those of

the male. He had been puzzled to know how to describe it; he would not be without

precedent if he called it a “hermaphrodite,” or, adopting ihe nomenclature of Mr.

Newman (Zool. for 1851, Appendix, p. cxl., where the distinct phenomena often con-

founded under the term hermaphrodite were classified), a“ hemigynous” specimen. Mr.

Dunning doubted, however, whether an union in the single individual of the structural

differences between the sexes was not necessary to constitute hemigynism, or whether

an individual which presented the structure of one sex throughout, but the colour and

external markings of the other, was properly hemigynous; such an individual was

abnormal, certainly, but were the superficial differences from the typical form anything

more than skin-disease or cutaneous eruptions? The absence of any “ addition to or

alteration of a part or organ” prevented the application of the theory of “ dimorphism”

as enunciated by Mr. Pascoe (ante, p. 15); and the isolation of the case excluded alike

the “ polymorphism ” and “ Jocal form” of Mr. A. R. Wallace (ibid ; and Tr. Linn. Soe.

xxv. 5, 10), and the theory of “ mimetic resemblance” of Mr. Bates, to establish any

of which a solitary example was insufficient, and a large number of instances—a more

or less permanent race—was required. There seemed to be nothing left but to fall

back upon the old term “ variation ;” at the same time the variation was not simple,

casnal, aimless, but in a definite direction, as if designed; it was the case of a female

retaining essentially her sex, but having an unmistakeable bias or tendency to assume

the garb and outward appearance of the male; he would exhibit the insect as Fidonia

piniaria, an andromorphous variety of the female.

Mr. J. J. Weir suggested that “dichromatisin,” a ‘ dichromatic variety,” would

denote the phenomenon in question.

Prof. Westwood hoped never again to have heard the word hermaphrodite applied

to the abnormal forms under discussion; the best and only proper term was that given

by Prof. Lacordaire, “ gynandromorphous.” He thought that, at all events some cases,

where the differences were external only and not structural, were truly cases of gynan-

dromorphism. For instance, he had an Orange-tip butterfly (Anthocharis Cardamines),

which was female in every respect, except that on the tip of one fore wing were about

a dozen of the bright orange scales which characterized the male; he regarded that

Specimen as possessing in itself the rudiments of two distinct creatures, a male and a

female, and that the female influence had so far predominated as to have absorbed the

male, except in that small portion of the wing where the male influence prevailed.

With respect to variation generally, no attempt to classify the various forms and phases

of it had yet been made; the subject was a wide one, but it would have to be dealt

with, and in the hands of a Darwin might be made of surpassing interest and

value.

Paper read.

Mr. J.S. Baly read a paper entitled “* Descriptions of New Genera and Species of

Phytophaga.” Twenty-one species were described, five belonging to the Eumolpida,

the remainder to the Gallerucide ; two new genera were characterized under the name

of Hylaspes and Buphonida, both of the subfamily Gallerucine.

111

September 4, 1865.

Freperick Smita, Esq., V.-P., in the chair.

Additions to the Library.

The following donations were announced, and thanks voted to the donors: —‘ The

| Transactions of the Linnean Society, vol. xxv., part 1; presented by the Society.

by the Academy. ‘Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History,’ vol. ix.

(part); by the Society. ‘Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York,’

vol. viii, Nos. 1,2, 3; by the Lyceum. ‘Monographs of the Diptera of North

America, part 2, by Loew and Osteu-Sacken; by the Smithsonian Institution. ‘ Notes

on Humble Bees, and ‘ Notes on the Leaf-cutting Bee,’ by F. W. Putnam; by the

Author. ‘The Humble Bees of New England and their Parasites,’ by A. S. Packard,

jun.; by the Author. ‘ Remarks on some Characteristics of the Insect Fauna of the

White Mountains, New Hampshire, by S. H. Scudder; by the Author. ‘On the

Hymenoptera of Cuba, by E. T. Cresson; by the Author. ‘Catalogus specierum

generis Scolia,’ part 2, by H. de Saussure and J. Sichel; by the Authors. ‘ Stettiner

Entomologische Zeitung, 1865, Nos. 7—9; by the Entomological Society of Stettin.

‘Notice sur John Curtis’ and ‘ Rectifications de la Nomenclature de plusieurs Espéces

de Phasmides recemment décrites, by J. O. Westwood; by the Author. ‘The Zoolo-

gist’ for September; by the Editor. ‘The Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine’ for

September; by the Editors.

The addition, by purchase, of the 128th livr. of Duval, Migneaux et Fairmaire,

‘Genera des Coleoptéres d’ Europe, was also announced.

Election of Members.

Herr L. W.Schaufuss, of Dresden, was ballotted for and elected a Foreign

Member. The Rev. Sir C. R. Lighton, Bart., and H. T. Wood, Esq., were severally

ballotted for and elected Annual Subscribers.

Exhibitions, §c.

Mr. Bond exhibited an andromorphous female and a gynecomorphous male of

Fidonia atomaria, thus showing each sex in the garb of the other: coupling this with

the exhibition at the previous Meeting of the andromorphous female of Fidonia pini-

aria (an/e, p. 109), it seemed not unlikely that this peculiar form of variation might be

found to run through all the Fidoniz.

Mr. Bond also exhibited two specimens of Gonepteryx Rhamni, one of which, a

male, had a broad stripe along the costa of the left anterior wing of the pale colour

peculiar to the female, whilst the other, a female, had large patches of the right

anterior wing of the deep colour peculiar to the male: he regarded these as simple’

Varieties, and not as cases of gynandromorphism or of the union or blending together

of the two sexes in the same individual.

Mr. Bond also exhibited a variety of Ennychia anguinalis, having a broad patehy

whitish marginal band on all the wings, external to the usual narrow white fascia.

112

Mr. W.F. Kirby exhibited a dwarf male specimen of Polyommatus Icarus (Alexis)

measuring only 83 lines in expanse of wings. This pigmy was captured by Mr. Kirby

about the 20th of July last at the salt marsh at Hove, uear Brighton, and except in its

diminutive size did not present any variation from the ordinary form of the insect,

which was then very common in that locality.

Mr. Stainton exhibited a highly-magnified coloured drawing of the larva of

Laverna subbistrigella, together with pods of Epilobium montanum in which the

larve had fed, and which had, in consequence, a somewhat stunted and deformed

growth: the habit of the insect was discovered at Wiesbaden, and Mr. Barrett had

this year detected the larve at Haslemere, where the imago had previously been

captured.

Mr Stainton (on bebalf of Mr. Dorville) exhibited a specimen of Caradrina cubi-

cularis having a number of red Acari symmetrically arranged upon its wings.

Mr. Stainton mentioned that he had this year noticed an unusual abundance of

Chelifers on the legs of house-flies; the natural place for Chelifers would seem to be

amongst vegetation, and Dr. Hagen was of opinion that they attached themselves to

flies only for the purpose of locomotion ; with this he could not agree, for the Chelifer,

according to his observations, never quitted a fly to which it once attached itself, and

the fly was powerless to get rid of it. On one occasion he had seen a fly with three

Chelifers on one of its legs.

Mr. M‘Lachlan exhibited both sexes of Aishna borealis (Zetterstedt), taken by

him at Rannoch in June last. This dragon-fly was previously known as British by a

single example only, captured many years since in Scotland by Mr. Wilson, and now

in the collection of De Selys Longchamps.

Mr. M‘Lachlan also exhibited Sialis fuliginosa (Pictet, Brauer), a species new to

Britain, and taken at Rannoch. There were but two European species of this genus,

and both had now occurred in this country.

Mr. M‘Lachlan also exhibited two new British Trichoptera; one, a Rhyacophila,

from the neighbourhood of Edinburgh, allied to, if not identical with, R. ferruginea

(Hagen); the other a Stenophylax, from Rannoch, for which he proposed the name

of S. infumatus.

Mr. S. Stevens exhibited a box of Coleoptera, part of a collection made in Damara-

land by the well-known traveller Mr. Andersson; amongst them were a Phryssoma, a

Manticora (latipennis?), several species of Goliathus, G. Burkei, G. Layardi, and an

Eudicella, n. sp., allied to E. Smithii.

Prof. Westwood gave an account of a visit to the Exhibition of Insects and Insect-

products, which was opened at Paris on the 15th of August last. He mentioned par-

ticularly some bee-hives which were sold for If. 25c. each; and an octagonal bar-hive,

which was so constructed as to be capable of division into two distinct hives: d@ propos

of the silk-products, he meutioned that the silk-merchants were beginning to import

Ailanthine as an article of commerce, and that certain experiments had recenuy been

made at Toulouse with a view to test the quality of the Ailanthus wood; the tenacity

and density of Ailanthus (as given by three experiments) and of elm and oak (as given

by seven experiments) were comparatively as follow :—

AILANTHUS. Em. Oak.

Tenacity . : P 32:812 24867 19°743

Density ‘ : : ‘713 -604 ‘751

113.

Prof. Westwood added that he had recently observed one of his full-grown larva!

of Saturnia Cynthia, which had been fed on its natural food, the Ailanthus, had’

emitted from the anus one or two large drops of fluid: prior to their change to the

pupa state larve generally expelled as much fecal matter as possible; but was this

fluid discharge to be regarded as part, or an extension, of the same phenomenon?

was it the natural habit of the creature, or a symptom of disease ?

Mr Stainton referred to Duponchel’s account of the larve as affected with “une

légére diarrhée” when nearly full fed.

Mr. F. Moore had not observed any of his larve of Saturnia Cynthia to be simi-

larly affected; and he had fed some of them on Ricinus communis.

The Secretary read the following, communicated by Mr. S. Stone, of Bright-

hampton, under date of the 2nd of September, 1865 :—

“ Scarcity of Wasps.—The immense falling off in the number of anticipated

wasps’ nests which has taken place is most extraordinary. I had occasion to remark

in the spring on the swarms of queen wasps which made their appearance, and on the

unusual number of nests that were then to be found, I myself having observed no less.

than thirty-five in one day (April 28th), but one after another became deserted, some

in a few days after their commencement, others at periods more distant, till all had

become tenantless, none having attained to a size larger than about that of an orange.

I have found during the season sixty-one nests, but at the present time only two of the.

number are progressing; the others I added, as fast as they became deserted, to my

collection. The two above mentioned I removed some time ago to the interior of a

warm room in a house I have used for the purpose of rearing wasps and observing

their habits for some years past, where the work is at present being carried on; but

I am in daily expectation of seeing the insects succumb to disease, as was the case

with two other colonies I previously had at work in the same room: all seemed to be

going on well with them till the 5th of August, when a sudden diminution in the

number of workers, and a cessation from work, took place in both nests simultaneously ;

and on examining them two or three days afterwards I found that nearly all the

workers had disappeared, and that all the larve had sickened, died, and were in an

advanced state of decomposition, having turned perfectly black: and this was also the

case with very many of those that had spun themselves up and changed into pup;

whence I infer that an epidemic more fatal in its character than that of last year,

earlier in its appearance, aud far more wide-spread, attacked the family of social wasps,

and has resulted in their almost total destruction, That earwigs (which swarm to an

extent I never before witnessed), wood-lice and ants have been in some degree instru-

mental in causing the destruction of nests, especially during the earlier periods of their

formation, I have had abundant opportunities of proving; still that would hardly

account for the universal destruction that has occurred. I did not find that more

nests became deserted during the short periods of rain we occasionally had than

during periods of the most charming and delightful weather, or that nests situated in

moist ground fared worse than those in very dry situations.”

Mr. Baly mentioned that, contrary to what seemed to be the general experience,

wasps were this autumn abundant near Aberdeen.

Mr. F. Smith had spent the month of August at Bournemouth, and had not seen

a Single wasp, whereas in the same month of the previous year he could have obtained

in the same locality twenty or thirly nests any morning: he thought it not improbable

114

that wasps were actually starved to death during a long continuance of wet weather ;

this, however, would not account for their present disappearance.

Prof. Westwood said that one of his correspondents had lately inquired of him

whether earwigs were injurious to bees; Mr. Stone’s communication answered the

question with respect to wasps, and he had no doubt that earwigs, which were this

year unprecedentedly numerous, were equally injurious to bees, penetrating the hives

and consuming the larve.

Mr. Bond read, from the ‘Standard’ newspaper of the 2nd of September, the

following extract from the letter of a correspondent at Coburg :—

“Tn the centre of the town stands the large and handsome church of St. Maurice,

built in the early part of the fifteenth century, and having two towers, one unfinished,

as is often the case (and history gives the reason here, that Tully, in the Thirty Years’

War, carried off the money applicable to the purpose), the other reaching toa total

height of 263 feet, of which the uppermost part is placed over an open belfry, and has

a spiral termination of wood, covered with copper, out of which rises a long spindle, at

the top of which is a golden ball, and above that again is the weather-cock. Shortly

before five o’clock in the afternoon of the 28th of August, smoke was seen to issue

from the small spire above the belfry. The news soon spread that the church-tower

was on fire; the fire alarm was given, according to the German fashion, from the

church-tower itself, the brigade of volunteer firemen donned their helmets, and

rushed in all haste from their ordinary vocations to the post of danger, an express

messenger was sent to the burgomaster, who was gone to a neighbouring village, and

the whole population turned out to see the curl of smoke gradually ascending and

dissappearing in the clear blue sky above. Nor was their anxiety for the old church

without cause; twice before in its history, once in 1807 and again in 1812, had the

lightning set this very tower on fire. But whence now could the fire have come?

The spot whence the smoke issued was far above any place in the tower ever used or

visited ; the day was bright and clear, and there had not been, and was not, any sign

of a storm ; the heat of the sun, it is true, was excessive, but no one could remember

an instance where fire had been kindled by the lord of day. Whilst the spectators

eagerly discussed these questions, hundreds of .eyes were watching the ascent of the

firemen from point to point until they reached the belfry under the spire; a scaffold

was there hastily constructed, upon which a ladder was raised and the cause and seat

of the fire closely investigated. Sundry motions of the fireman on the ladder on high

excited no little mystery below, for he seemed to be engaged in conflict with wasps or

other warlike insects. The news soon sped to earth that the cause of all this commo-

tion was millions of ants which had settled in countless numbers upon the steeple;

indeed, all over the upper part of the tower: and as they rose to perform their gyra-

tions in the air had created that appearance of smoke which could not be detected as

a counterfeit from below. The mysterious motions of the man on the ladder were now

explained. They were his attenspts to beat off his insectile companions from himself,

upon whom they were quite as disposed to settle as upon the church steeple itself. I

am not sufficiently acquainted with insect life to be able to speak scientifically as to

the genus of ant that suceeeded in so distinguishing itself; but having seen several

that were brought down from the spire, I am able to say that they were an ant ofa

reddish colour, slightly larger than our common black ant, and of course furnished with

wings.”

115

Mr. Wormald had seen something very similar at St. Albans on the 26th of August,

when a swarm of small black ants presented the appearance of smoke issuing from the

Abbey.

Prof. Westwood directed attention to the remarkable form of Pteratomus, a

Hymenopterous insect, as figured by Mr. Packard in his paper “ On the Humble Bees

of New England and their Parasites;” the anterior wings were divided or cleft like

those of a plume-moth (Pterophorus).

New Part of ‘ Transactions.’

A new Part of the ‘Transactions’ (Tr. Ent. Soc., 3rd Series, vol. iii. Part 2),

containing Mr. Pascoe’s “ Longicornia Malayana” (continuation), and being the third

Part published during the present year, was on the table.

October 2, 1865.

F. P. Pascoe, Esq., President, in the chair.

Donations to the Library.

The following donations were announced, and thanks voted to the donors: —‘ The

Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England,’ 2nd Series, Vol. i. part 2; pre-

sented by the Society. ‘Proceedings of the Royal Society, No. 77; by the Society.

‘The Transactions of the Entomological Society of New South Wales, Vol. i. part 3;

by the Society. ‘ Hiibner (Jacob), Verzeichniss bekannter Schmetterlinge;’ by W. F.

Kirby, Esq. ‘ Exotic Butterflies, Part 56; by W. W. Saunders, Esq. ‘ Revision of

the hitherto-kuown Species of the Genus Chionobas in North America, by Samuel H.

Scudder; by the Author. ‘The Zoologist’ for October; by the Editor. ‘* The Ento-

mologist’s Monthly Magazine’ for October; by the Editors.

Exhibitions, &c.

Mr. W. F. Kirby exhibited a female specimen of Sterrha sacraria captured by his

brother near Brighton, on the 18th of July last.

Mr. J. J. Weir exhibited three specimens of Xylina petrificata, one of which bore

great resemblance in colour to X. semibrunnea.

Mr. W. F. Evans exhibited two malformed specimens of Vanessa Atalanta; one of

which, caught near Bradford, Yorkshire, in 1864, had the left antenna only half the

length of the right, notwithstanding that it possessed the usual number of joints; the

other, bred from the larva at Herne Bay, in August, 1865, had the wings on one side

considerably larger than on the other.

Dr. Alexander Wallace mentioned that a specimen of Argynnis Lathonia had been

seen, but not captured, by Mr. Harwood, at Colchester, during the previous week,

a rather unusual time for its appearance.

Mr. Bond exhibited dried larve of Acherontia Atropos, Sphinx Ligustri and

Macroglossa Stellatarum, preserved by Mr. Baker, of Cambridge, and retaining their

colour as in life.

Mr. S. Stevens exhibited a box of butterflies, collected in Labuan by Lieut. de

Crespigny.

116

Mr. M‘Lachlan exhibited specimens of two species of Stenophylax, which had

been sent to him by the Rev. G. F, Browne, St. Catherine’s College, Cambridge, and

which, together with an Ichneumon of the genus Paniscus, had been found in an ice-

cave in the Swiss Alps. In reply to Mr. Browne’s enquiry how the insects came to

be in such a situation, he (Mr. M‘L.) had been unable to give any explanation which

was applicable to the Ichneumon, but with respect to the caddis-flies he had suggested

or stream, up the course of which the larve had travelled. This had drawn from

Mr. Browne the following:—“ There was no communication with the outer air.

These'flies were found at a very considerable depth in the earth, down a rock-fissure,

a good hundred feet below our point of entrance, which was itself low down in a

face of rock. At the bottom of this we came to a chamber, ove corner of which was

shut up by a curtain of ice—hermetically sealed up. We hewed a hole through it—

all was utterly dark—and found only ice within, with a narrow low passage, about two

feet each way, leading lower still into the earth; stones sent down gave the sound of

water. The ice-roof of the ice-trough was thickly studded with these flies, standing

still, but running swiftly when disturbed. I caught two, lying flat on my back and

lowered by arope. The other two were found on my dress and beard when I was

dragged up again. The three that are alike [the Trichoptera] I have found in other

ice-caves; the fourth, something like a huge flying ant [the Ichneumon] I have not

found in such situations, Every one’s idea must have been, What could they want

with eyes?”

Mr. W. W. Satinders exhibited the bulb of an Orchid from New Grenada, which

was covered with and had been destroyed by two species of Coccus: the insects fixed

themselves on the bulb, which soon became wizened and withered, and the plant died

under their suction. Both species were of the kind known to gardeners as “ limpet-

scales,” one of theni being about twice as long as broad, whilst the other was round

and expansive, and looked like the half of a little bivalve shell; the young ones might

be killed by washing the plant with a mixture of water and spirits of wine, but when

they grew older and had a hard case over them this ceased to be effectual; and if

poisons were applied to kill them they reached the root and killed the plant like-

wise. There seemed to be a continual developmertt of these pests, and an entire

absence of periodicity in their appearance; young ones were produced continually,

and, though search had been made both by day and night, not a single male had

been observed.

Mr. S. 8. Saunders exhibited numerous specimens, preserved in spirit, illustrative

of the transformations of the Strepsipterous insect, Hylechthrus Rubi: amongst them

were, the apod larva in a Hyleus nymph, another exposed by removal of the last seg-

ments of the Hyleus, and one extracted entire; a male nymph in the pupa-case, the

operculum apart; a male imago with its wings erect, the pupa-case and operculum

apart; females on their first protrusion, and another extracted entire on the second

day. Also a parasite on Polistes Gallica, with the larve of each.

Mr. J. J. Weir enquired the use of the anal appendages of the earwig; there was

no doubt that Staphylinide used their appendages for the purpose of closing or

pressing in the wings after flight, and he believed it was mentioned in Kirby and

Spence that earwigs occasionally used theirs in opening their wings; he had observed

the small earwig (Zabia minor) perform in this manner; the wings were partially pro-

truded, and then pulled out by means of the appendages, and he had come to the con-

LET

clusion that this was the natural function, or at all events one of the functions, of

those organs, and doubted whether the wings could be expanded without the use of

the appendages.

Prof. Westwood was inclined to think that the appendages were more ornamental

than useful, and that their use, if any, was rather for the purpose of defence.

Mr. S. H. Scudder, Sec. Nat. Hist. Soc. of Boston, U.S. A. (who was present as

a visitor), exhibited two fossil specimens (one the reverse of the other) of a gigantic

Ephemera, which must have measured five inches in expanse of wings. This with

some other fossil insects had been found by Mr. Hartt in the Devonian series of North

America, in a ledge of rocks which ran out to sea, so that they could be examined

only at low tide; and respecting them Mr. Scudder read the following note:—

** On the Devonian Insects of New Brunswick.—There are in all ten specimens in

Mr. Harit’s most interesting collection of the fossil remains of insect-wings from

Lancaster, eight of which are reverses of one another, thus reducing the number to six

individuals; of these, one, a mere fragment, belongs, I think, to the same species as

another of which the more important parts of the wing are preserved, so that we have

five species represented among these Devonian insects, and these remains are all, I

suspect, composed of portions of the anterior wing alone. The data being thus frag-

mentary, the conclusions cannot be quite so satisfactorily determined as we could

wish, but we can still discover enough to prove that they are of unwonted interest.

Besides the peculiar interest which attaches to them as the earliest known traces of

insect life on the globe, there is very much in themselves to attract and merit

our closest attention. One of them is a gigantic representative of the family of

Ephemerina amovg Neuroptera, some three or four times the size of the largest

species now living, with which Iam acquainted. Another borrows some striking

points of the peculiar wing-structure of the Neuropterous family Odonata, and com-

bines with them those of families remote from that, and even belonging to a distinct

section of the Neuroptera, exhibiting to our view a synthetic type which combines in

one the Pseudo-neuroptera and the Neuroptera, and represents a family distinct from

any bitherto known. Other fossil insects, found in carboniferous concretions in

Illinois, and described in ‘Silliman’s Journal’ (N.S. xxxvii. 34), which Prof. Dana

has‘kindly allowed me to examine, also belong to hitherto unrecognized families,

exhibiting similar relations to these in-our-day-disconnected sections of Neuropterous

insects; and a third species of Mr. Hartt’s is a member of still another family of

Neuroptera, which finds its natural relations between the two described by Prof. Dana.

A fourth, of which only an unimportant fragment was found, would seem to belong to

the Neuroptera; but by some peculiarities of the minuter cross-veins, thrown off in

the middle of the outer edge of the wing, in a most irregular and unusual manner,

suggests no intimate relations with any known family, but must have belonged toa

group of large and weak-winged insects. The fifth and last to be mentioned is of very

striking interest, because, while it exhibits the peculiar venation which forms the well-

known tympanum or stridulating apparatus of the male, in the Orthopterous family

Locustarie (though differing somewhat from that), it also most resembles the Neu-

roptera in all or nearly all the other peculiarities of its structure, and suggests the

presence in the insect-faune of those ancient times of a synthetic type, which united

the characteristics of the Orthoptera and Neuroptera, in themselves closely allied:

this point, however, requires patient and severe investigation, and only my earliest

118

impressions are here recorded,—made, however, immediately after a close examination

into the relations of other fussil insects. I earnestly hope that this locality, from

which these remains were disinterred, may receive a most careful and thorough

examination. Hitherto the study of fossil insects has been mainly confined to those

of much more recent date, and has resulted in shedding comparatively little light upon

geological and paleontological questions; but these few remains, coupled with the

pair of insects found in Illinois, induce us ardently to anticipate that the future study

of fossil insects, drawn from such ancient strata as these, nay lead to as brilliant and

important results, in the elucidation of geological problems still open, in widening the

range of our paleontological horizon, and in our general knowledge of the history of

life on our globe in all its bearings, as have been reached by the study of the remains

of animals of a more substantial structure, but which have hitherto been denied to the

student of fossil Entomology.”

Prof. Westwood mentioned that at the recent Meeting of the British Association,

Prof. Grube had exhibited a fossil spider from the coal measures, which was perhaps

identical with one figured in Petiver’s ‘Gazophylacium,’

Mr. Scudder mentioned that in the Brodie collection were fossil forms very much

resembling some American spiders.

Mr. C. A. Wilson, of Adelaide, communicated another instalment of his notes

“On the Buprestide of South Australia.”

Prof. Westwood directed attention to M. Henri Deyrolle’s recent work, ‘ Descrip-

tion des Buprestides de la Malaisie, recueillis par M. Wallace’; Mr. A. R. Wallace’s

collection of Buprestide had become the property of Count Mniszech, and M. H.

Deyrolle had described no less than 355 species of that family.

The Secretary read the following account, with which he had been furnished, of

the recent

Paris Exhibition of Insects —‘ This curious exhibition has attracted the attention

of men of science and agriculturists, but most particularly of those who are interested

in the rearing of bees and silk-worms, which naturally occupy the chief places. The

collection of bee-hives, some shown in operation, and of other matters connected with

the rearing and management of these interesting insects, is considerable, and presents

forms, in some instances, strange to English eyes. In addition to the bees themselves

are specimens of their products and of the articles into which they enter, such as

honey, wax, mead or hydromel, sweetmeats and confectionary. The largest portion

of the exhibition, however, was occupied by matters connected with the production of

silk. An admirably arranged collection was shown by M. Jules Rieu, of Valréas, in

the department of Vaucluse, including the white and yellow cocoons of the Japanese -

silk-worms, introduced into France in 1863, and extensively bred by M. Rieu; green

cocoons also from Japan, introduced in the present year; silk spun from these various

cocoons; models of the frames and other materials used in the silk cultivation; and

specimens of the insects themselves iu the various stages of their existence.

M. Guerin-M éneville, M. H. Givelet, and others exhibited numbers of the Bombyx

Cynthia, and of other worms produced by the crossing of the former with the Bombyx

arrindia, feeding on the leaves of the Ailanthus, and also several chambers containing

cocoons and hundreds of enormous moths depositing their eggs. Others show products,

preparations and sketches of the Bombyx yamamai, a very large green worm that

feeds on the oak, aad of many other new and curious species. But the Ailanthus

119

worm seems to have attracted the greatest attention, and its cultivation is rapidly

extending. M. Givelet, who published a report on the subject not long since, read a

paper at the exhibition, and promises a more complete account of the best method of

bringing this worm into cultivation on a large scale during the coming winter. This

gentleman commenced planting the Ailanthus at the Chateau of Flamboin in 1860,

and, after some misfortunes and disappointments, completely succeeded in the

breeding and rearing of the worms. He reports that during the present season he

has collected about twenty thousand cocoons, and that about three times that number

are now on the trees in his plantation. The long continuance of hot weather had

greatly favoured the experiments made in the rearing of Bombyx Cynthia. In the

enclosure within the Jardin d’Acclimatation, in the Bois de Boulogne, may be seen at

the present moment a Jarge number of these worms of the third generation of this

season, feeding in the open air on the Ailanthus, or spinning their cocoons. The

creatures are of great size, and seem to be in perfectly healthy condition. ‘The

cocoons are geverally formed at the extreme end of the brauches, or rather of the

leaves, for the Ailanthus has long compound leaves, with many leaflets, like the ash,

where no bird, however light, could rest and make a meal of the occupant, and the

worms take the curious precaution, before commencing the cocoon, to attach several

threads of their web to the leaf-stalk as high as the third or fourth leaflet, so that, if

that on which the cocvon is fixed were to be broken from its stalk, it would still be

held pendant by these stay-threads. The Museum of Natural History at the Jardin

des Plantes, contributed a fine collection of insects, with specimens of timber and

other substances which have suffered from their ravages; also some remarkably large

specimens of lobsters and crayfish from American waters. Another remarkable

collection of insects is from Mr. T. Glover, the entomologist attached to the Depart-

ment of Agriculture at Washington. M, E. Mocquerys, of Evreux, has an admirable

exhibition of coleopterous and other insects which feed on the vine, cereals and other

industrial plants. Dr. Eugéne Robert contributed a series of sections of trees ravaged

by xylophagous insects, together with illustrations of the methods which have been

adopted by the authorities of Paris and other places, under his superintendence, for

their destruction. There were other collections of more or less importance, and,

amongst the curiosities of the exhibition, a landscape produced entirely by the

arrangement of various coloured beetles. Apparatus and powders for getting rid of

certain classes of noxious insects were numerous in the exhibition, amongst which,

judging from the number of medals and awards granted to the discoverer, the powder

produced from the flowers of the Pyrethrum Willemoti seems to hold the highest

place. It appears that the flowers of various plants of this family are extensively

used in Persia, Armenia, and other countries, for like purposes. The Persian powder

is said to be composed chiefly of the flowers of the Pyrethrum carneum, while the

Armenians prefer the Pyrethrum roseum.”

Dr, Alexander Wallace exhibited living specimens of Bombyx Cynthia in all its

stages,—eggs, larve in four successive stages, cocoons and imago,—bred by him

during the present year; also a branch of the Ailanthus glandulosa, having attached

it to a paper cot containing eggs, to illustrate the mode in which the eggs were

placed on the living tree out of doors the evening before hatching out. He also

exhibited the mode of keeping the cocoons during the winter, strung up in chaplets of

fifty each ; the perforated zine cylinders in which the moths were retained for copula-

120

tion and the laying of eggs; the method of gathering and hatching out the eggs; and —

specimens of the silken thread which the larva before spinning the cocoon wove from

the foundation of the cocoon along the leaf-stalk to the bough, so that though the leaf-

stalk in winter became detached from the bough the cocoon would still remain

suspended instead of falling to the ground. Specimens of the silk obtained both by

carding and winding were also shown, and several hundreds of the cocoon and imago

were distributed amongst the Members present. Dr. Wallace believed he was the

first person in England who had attempted to rear the Bombyx Cynthia on an

extended scale out of doors without any protection; Lady Dorothy Nevill was the first

in this country to rear the species successfully, but this was done under the protection

of nets; he was under great obligation to Lady Dorothy for having in the first

instance supplied him with eggs, aud with specimens of the Ailanthus; he had, in

March, 1864, planted out by the side of a railway (vide ante, p. 30) 3000 Ailanthus

trees, which were then two years old; some died owing to the prolonged drought in

spring, and during that year their growth was scanty; but in 1865 their growth had

been very rapid, shoots six feet long and an inch in diameter having been put forth

by many: the soil was a close loam. He had made another small plantation in his

garden for the purpose of observation and to serve as a nursery; on this he had placed

18,678 eggs, which were laid between the Ist and 22nd of July; they were laid in the

interstices or perforations of the zine cages, rubbed off upon blotting-paper, and a

glass placed over them; the paper could be moistened if necessary ; in twelve or four-

teen days, according to the greater or less heat, the eggs hatched, prior to which, how-

ever, batches of them were pinned in paper cots or bags on the trees in the

nursery: once established on tbe trees, the larve grew continuously, and when

about half-grown they were transferred to the trees in the larger plantation, and

distributed over them; from these he had, in September last, harvested 5318 cocoons,

very few of which were ichneumonized. No larve were observed to be eaten by birds,

though sparrows were abundant, and were seen to pick off the Aphides from cabbages

growing under the Ailanthus trees; he had lost about 200 by disease; but the greatest

destruction was in the nursery during the first two changes, when spiders, lady-birds,

earwigs and Carabi thinned their numbers to some extent; in 1864 wasps were ob-

served to carry off the young larve, and likewise ants; there appeared also to be a

parasitic fly (Tachina), and tom-tits were destructive to the larve. The growth of the

tree was most surprising, and after the leaves had been entirely consumed by the silk-

worms, another growth of foliage was emitted sufficient to nourish a second brood of

worms. Of his first brood, 563 moths hatched between the 22nd of May and the 27th

of July; of these 230 fertile pairs were obtained ; their eggs were laid from the 24th

of May to the 26th of July, and were 37,000 in number; the first larva from these

hatched on the 11th of June, spun up on the 15th of July, and emerged on the 20th

of August. Of another batch of larve, the eggs of which were laid on the 6th and 7th

of June, the first hatched out on the 23rd of June, spun up on the 20th of July, and

emerged asa moth on the 23rd of August,—an interval of thirty-four days,—which

was spoken of in France as a shurt period for the egg to develope into a cocoon,

whereas in this instance the change took place in twenty-eight days. Of his second

brood, 101 moths hatched between the 2Ist of August and the 21st of September;

thirty-six fertile pairs were obtained; their eggs were laid from the 23rd of

August to the 7th of September, and were 3438 in number; the first larva

from these hatched on the 7th of September, the last on the 19th of September,

121

and the first would in two or three days from that time be undergoing the last

moult prior to spinning. Thus, owing to the extraordinary warmth of the

season, a second brood would be obtained, and, by commencing earlier in the

year than he had done, this might be made more certain; indeed Lady Dorothy

Nevill had her second brood spun up in cocoon in September. The silk was for the

first forty-eight hours quite white; it then became moist, especially at the lower end of

the cocoon (perhaps from some emission of the caterpillar), and the colour changed to

dirty gray. The larve, cocoons and moths all seemed to be finer in this country than

in France, as if the soil and climate were more suitable ; and all that was now required

was machiuery to wind the silk, which had not yet been done in this country, though

it had in France and Italy. Dr. Wallace considered the experiment a great success,

and thought the possibility of cultivating the silk-worm in this country was proved ;

ailanthiculture had one great advantage over the culture of the mulberry silk-worm,

inasmuch as a crop of silk might be obtained from the Ailanthus tree in its third or

fourth year, and in ils teuth year it would be in full bearing, whereas it took from

twenty to twenty-five years to establish a plantation of mulberry-trees. It might be

roughly calculated that the trees might be planted at the rate of one to every square

yard, and one tree would yield fifty cocoons ; 1000 cocoons would produce 1 Ib. of silk,

which might be estimated to be worth £1 when spun: on the other hand, one boy

could attend to an acre of silk-worms, and all the manipulation of the worms might

be done by women and children of ten years old, so that the expenses would be

trifling.

Mr. Scudder mentioned that in America use had been made of the larve of

Bombyx Cynthia to make from the silken matter contained within them the fine lines

by which fish-hooks were fastened. He also referred to the success of M. Trouvelot in

cultivating the oak-feeding Bombyx Polyphemus (vide ante, p. 93), of which he had

brought over some cocoons for M. Guerin-Meéneville. M. Trouvelot had found the

birds to be his greatest enemies.

Mr. W. W. Saunders said the Ailanthus would grow almost anywhere, and seemed

to prefer a stiff soil; he had it growing on clay, and it had flowered, fruited and seeded.

With reference to Prof. Westwood’s statement, at the previous Meeting, as to the com-

parative density and tenacity of Ailanthus, oak and elm, he remarked that the qualities

which made wood useful as timber were strength, elasticity and durability, and that

Ailanthus was a poor and insignificant wood, and, like all quick-growing woods, would

be useless as timber.

The Rev. Hamlet Clark drew attention to a letter signed “S.G.O.” in ‘The

Times’ of the 30th of September, on the subject of the prevailing disease amongst

cattle, in which the author suggested a connexion between the extraordinary atmo-

spheric condition of the present season and the cholera, rinderpest, and other epidemics

which were rife. The following is an extract :—

“ Some particular atmospheric action, acting per se or in combination with existing

matters, whatever they may be, is at work pestilentially affecting animal life. If we

had the same opportunities for observation, and an equal interest in using them, I have

no doubt that we should find there is disease in the insect world, probably in all living

creatures, or at least in very many classes of them. * * * * It is reasonable to

122

assume that any atmospheric condition which seriously affects one class of animal life

shall more or less act on all such life * * * * Able writers have propounded

theories founded on the direct action of insect life as, under certain circumstances, —

likely to produce disease. * * * * Jt is quite true that the ova of certain insects

may exist for years unhatched; that then, from some peculiar cause, they at once

become living things, propagating with a rapidity almost beyond belief. * * * *

T have long since arrived at the conclusion, that as the first bricks of the structure of

all animals, all vegetation—the cells from which all alike commence—are, so far as

Science has ascertained, not only similar in apparent structure, but can be affected in

the same way by the same preparation,—that of cochineal used for microscopic investi-

gation,—we have much of our life in common with all life around us. I do not believe

there could be an ox-murrain, or pig or sheep disease, extensive sudden destruction of

any one crop growing on a large scale, mortality or excessive vitality of any class of

insect life, without some causes at work liable to produce disease in man and beast,

herb, every creeping and flying thing, directly connected with life on our common soil.

* * * * Corrupt animal or vegetable matters beget—I choose that term—vib-

rionic life, insect life, fungoid life; it is more than probable that this class of living

products, or products ready to become alive, partake of the nature of that from which

they are bred; it is, to me, quite possible they may require the same atmospheric action

to give them active life that caused the death of the beast from which they proceed.

* * * * JT believe the principles which apply to men, with a certain subordination

to the peculiar difference in some portions of the economy of life of animals, hold

good. Jam incredulous as to new diseases. When I am shown a man or beast of

novel construction, I shall expect to hear of new complications in their organism—

diseases of derangement of functions as new to us as the functions themselves. In

cholera and in malignant typhus, we have morbid action and disorganization in excess

—a destructive excess; in a less degree the animal economy shows the same morbid

tendency under many other complaints.”

Mr. Clark remarked that this theory, that the diseases affecting different classes of

animal life were due to the same cause, namely, the atmospheric conditions to which

those animals were exposed, seemed not improbable; and it would be interesting to

know whether any unusual amount of death or disease, any absence of life, or rather

any inferior vitality, in insects had been generally observed during the present season;

the almost complete disappearance of wasps seemed to be a case in point.

Mr. J. J. Weir thought the year was remarkable for the abundance of insect life ;

and even as regarded wasps, he had, both at Tunbridge Wells and in Somersetshire,

noticed a considerable (though not a large) number.

Dr. Alexander Wallace said that, as above mentioned, he had lost a number of his

Ailanthus silk-worms by disease ; it was during a period of three weeks in the wet

month of August, when many of the larve were observed to delay their last change of

skin, to become pale, then livid and sanious, and to fall to the ground; this was coin-

cident with the prevalence of the potato disease. He had planted potatoes between

the rows of Ailanthus trees and in some other interspaces, and when the disease first

showed itself, the potato-stems were pulled up and laid in heaps: the caterpillars in

the vicinity of the decomposing heaps died in greater numbers than those which fed at

a greater distance; when fine weather returned the mortality among the worms ceased

entirely. With respect to wasps, there had scarcely been a specimen visible at Col-

123

chester; plums and other fruit were rotting on the ground, and were consumed by

earwigs, bees, &c., but not a single wasp.

The President remarked that swarms of black flies (an Aphis) were commonly

regarded in France and Spain as precursors of cholera.

Prof. Westwood observed that, if wasps had been absent, all the common species of

domestic flies had been unusually abundant, and so far from exhibiting any depressed

vitality, had been excessively active and troublesome.

Papers read.

Mr. F. Walker communicated a paper entitled “* Characters of a new Genus and

Species of Chalcidites ;” the insect in question was from Northern Australia, and bore

a striking resemblance to some of the ant-tribe; it was described under the name of

Myrmecopsis nigricans.

Mr. M‘Lachlan read descriptions of some new British Trichoptera, supplementary

to, and intended to be incorporated with, his Monograph of the British Caddis-flies.

Mr. M‘Lachlan also read a paper entitled ‘‘ Descriptions of new or little-known

Genera and Species of Exotic Trichoptera; with Observations on certain Species

described by Mr. F. Walker.” The greater part of the species described were collected

by Mr. A. R. Wallace in the Malayan Archipelago; others were from India, Australia

and New Zealand. The new species were seventeen in number, the new genera

nine.

New Part of ‘ Transactions.

Trans. Ent. Soc., Third Series, Vol. ii. Part 5, being the fourth Part published

during 1865, was on the table.

November 6, 1865.

F. P. Pascor, Esq., President, in the Chair.

Additions to the Library.

The following donations were announced, and thanks voted to the donors:—

‘Philichthys xiphie, S¢p., monographisk fremstillet af V. Bergsoe ;’ presented by the

Author, ‘Nye Oplysninger om Philichthys xiphiw, Sip., af J. Steenstrup ;’ by the

Author. ‘Synopsis of the Bombycide of the United States, by A. S. Packard, jun. ;

by the Author. ‘ Materials for a Monograph of the North-American Orthoptera, by

Samuel H. Scudder; by the Author. ‘ Reports on the noxious, beneficial and other

Insects of the State of New York, by Asa Fitch, M.D., Reports 3—9, 1859-65; by

the Author. ‘The British Hemiptera, Vol. i. (Hemiptera-Heteroptera), by J. W.

Douglas and J. Scott; by J. W. Dunning. ‘ Memoires pour servir a l’Histoire

Naturelle du Mexique, des Antilles, et des Etats-unis,’ 1Ve Livraison (Orthopteres,

Blattides) ; by the Author, Mons. H. de Saussure. ‘ Blattaruam novarum Species

aliquot, conscripsit H. de Saussure’; by the Author. ‘The Zoologist’ for November ;

by the Editor. ‘The Entomologist,’ No. 21 ; by the Editor.

The addition, by purchase, of the 129th livr. of Duval, Fairmaire et Migneaux,

‘Genera des Coléoptéres d’Europe, was also announced,

124

Election of Members.

Samuel McCaul, Esq., B.C.L., of the Rectory House, London Bridge; and Henry

Reeks, Esq., of the Manor House, Thruxton, were severally ballotted for, and elected

Members.

Exhibitions, §c.

Professor Westwood, on behalf of Mr. 8S. Stone, exhibited a specimen of Acherontia

Atropos which had been born with only one antenna, the right-hand organ being

entirely wanting ; also the pupa-skin from which the moth had emerged, and which

showed a rudimentary antenna, which, however, was not placed in its normal position

aloug the side of the thorax, but projected out from the body and was then curved or

thrown backwards, like the horn of a cow or ram.

Mr. F. Smith had a new locality to mention for Acherontia Atropos; a living

specimen of the moth had been that day caught in the Reading Room at the British

Museum.

Mr. Dunning mentioned the capture of a specimen of Chcrocampa Celerio on

the 29th of September last, at Brantingham, near Brough, Yorkshire. It was taken

in the net, shortly after 6 p.M., whilst hovering over a bed of Geranium. The captor

was Mr. R. C. Kingston, the gentleman whose previous capture in 1846 of the same

species in the same locality, but on the flower of Physianthus albicans, was recorded

in the ‘ Zoologist’ (Zool. 1863). Mr. Kingston described the flowers of the Physian-

thus as forming an excellent insect-trap; they were very sweet and attractive, and on

the slizbtest touch to the stamens by the proboscis of an insect entering the nectary,

the stamens and anthers closed firmly round and held the insect fast; he had seen the

plant with dozens of insects upon it, amongst which Plusia Gamma was generally

most abundant. Mr, Kingston also mentioned the abundance at Brantingham (as

elsewhere during the present season) of Macroglossa Stellatarum, and of the larve of

Acheiontia Atropos; and ou the 380th of September he had taken spevimens of Cerastis

spadicea on ivy-bloom.

Mr. M‘Lachlan exhibited a female specimen of Sterrha sacraria captured near

Worthing ov the 19th of August last, and six specimens which had been reared by the

Rev. J. Hellins from eggs laid by the aforesaid female on that day. Seven eggs were

deposited, but one was crushed during transmission to Mr. Hellins; the remaiving

six all hatched on the 29th of August, the larve were fed on Polygonum aviculare,

spun up between the 19th and 23rd of September, and were all in pupa by the 30th.

The first moth, a female, emerged on the 15th of October, two more females on the

17th, a fourth female on the 19th, a male on the 25th, and Jastly another male on the

28th of October. A full description of the egg, larva and pupa has been published

by Mr. Hellins (Eut. Mo. Mag. ii, 134), and a coloured drawing by Mr. Buckler of

several varieties of the larva was exhibited. Of the six moths thus bred not one was

like its mother or bore any great resemblance to what has hitherto been considered to

be the normal Sterrha sacraria ; they differed also considerably from one another. Both

the males had the upper wings suffused with an exquisite rosy tint, and the under

wings, instead of being pure white, were clouded with fuscous ; one female had the

upper wings variegated with yellow and rose-colour, and the under wings yellowish ;

the remaining three females had the upper wings of a delicate buff, the oblique trans-

verse stripe being blackish, and the cilia in one instance buff, in the others rosy, whilst

the under wings were yellowish white. Auy of these specimens, if caught at large,

125

might very pardonably have been described as a new species; and the amount of

variation to which it now appeared that Sterrha sacraria was liable seemed to throw

doubt upon the specific distinctness of the several continental forms which had been

described as species allied to S. sacraria. In reply to enquiries, Mr. M‘Lachlan stated

that Polygonum aviculare was not previously known to be the natural food-plant,

but had been given to the larve experimentally and was eaten with avidity. M. Carl

Ploiz had figured the larva on a species of Chamomile, but as the moth occurred in

all parts it must either feed on some plant of very wide distribution or more probably

was polyphagous.

Mr. Bond exhibited four specimens of Acidalia mancuniata, Knaggs, and for com-

parison therewith, a series of its nearest allies, A. subsericeata and A. straminata ; also

a coloured drawing, by Mr. Buckler, of the larva, which, as well as the imago, differed

from those of the other species mentioned. This new insect had been both captured

and bred at Manchester and Shefiield ; in this case also the larve fed on Polygonum

aviculare, a plant which appeared to be very generally acceptable to the larve of Geo-

metre.

Mr. Bond also exhibited a number of admirable photographs, by Dr. Maddox, of

microscopic objects, e.g., the leaf insect of the sycamore, the Acarus of the fig, para-

sites of the field-mouse, the mole, the sparrow, the chaflinch, &c.

Mr. M‘Lachlan exhibited a partially andromorphous female of the dragon-fly,

Calepteryx splendens ; the left anterior wing was in colour precisely like that of a

male, but retained the female form of wing; the right anterior wing had only blotches

or dashes of the dark male colouring on the dorsal portion of the wing ; the specimen

was captured in France by M. Fallou, of Paris. De Selys Longchamps mentioned

the capture, in Prussia, by Dr. Hagen, of a female C. splendens the wings of which

were entirely coloured as in the male,

Mr. Janson exhibited Myrmedonia plicata, Hrich., a species new to Britain: a

dozen specimens had been captured at Bournemouth in August last, by Messrs. E. A.

and Edgar Smith ; they were found on an open heath, at the roots of grass, amongst

which was a nest of the ant, Tapinoma erratica. Mr. Janson remarked that the pre-

sence, in all the twelve specimens, of the curious conformation of the dorsal surface of

the fourth and fifth abdominal segments rendered it probable that this structure was

common to the two sexes, and was not peculiar to the male of Myrmedonia, as had

hitherto been supposed.

Mr. G. R. Crotch exhibited Mgialia rufa, Fubr., Erich, a species new té Britain,

of which several specimens were taken at Liverpool by Mr. F. Archer, but, with the

exception of that exhibited, had been accidentally destroyed ; also Lithocharis castanea,

Grav., Erich., which is the Medon Ruddii, Steph., whilst the species from the Isle of

Wight which is in many of our collections appears to be the L. maritima, Aubé

(Grenier, Cat. Col. Fr.); also Monotoma 4-foveolata, Aubé, of which three or four

specimens were formerly taken by Mr. Janson in Hainault Forest, and which was

readily distinguished from all the other species by its thoracic fovee ; this name was

introduced into the British list by Mr. Waterhouse, but afterwards withdrawn, his

insect proving to be M. rufa, Rede.

Mr. S. Stevens exhibited a box of insects of all orders, being a further portion of

the collection made by Mr. Andersson in Damara-land. Amongst them were Goliathus

Layardi, Eurymorpha Mouflleti, 2’. (cyanipes, Hope), an Atractosomus, &c. ; and a new

species of Acrwa from the Victoria Falls, Zambesi.

126

Mr. S. Stevens also exhibited a number of oak-spangles, the work of Cynips

longipennis, which had recently been found in profusion by Mr. Hewitson at Oat-

lands.

Mr. S. Stevens announced the death of Mr. P. Bouchard at Santa Martha, whither

he had gone to collect; and read a letter from Mr. Plant, dated Tamatavi, September

2, 1865, in which the writer recounted some of his entomological experiences in Mada-

gascar.

The President called attention to the account published in that morning’s news-

papers of the wreck of the “* Duncan Dunbar” on the reef Las Roceas, in long. 83°45!

W., and lat. 3° 52’ S., on the 7th of October. The vessel struck the reef at high water,

and became fixed upon the rock upon a small spot of which the passengers were landed.

“On landing it was found that the little islet 6r bank of sand was covered with pig-

weed, but there were no signs of water. . . . The island seemed quite covered

with birds, which from their very wildness took no more notice of men or women than

to move a few feet out of our way. The ground swarmed with a large species of earwig,

and was in many places honeycombed by the holes of land-crabs.” He was curious

to know what pig-weed was, and whether the so-called earwigs were really Forficule :

the reef was probabiy a recently-raised coral reef, and it would be very interesting to

learn what were the first insect-forms which effected a settlement upon the newly-

formed island.

The President read the following :-—

Note on Calamobius and Hippopsis.—When M. James Thomson, in his ‘ Essai, &c.,’

referred Stenidea to Blabinotus, he was immediately followed by Schaum, Grenier

and de Marseul in their respective Catalogues. I directly called attention to that

mistake, and it is now admitted. In his more recently published ‘ Systema Ceramby-

cidarum,’ M. Thomson refers Calamobius (Guérin) to Hippopsis (Serville), and in this

I am surprised to see that he has been followed by M. Léon Fairmaire in the ‘ Genera

des Coléoptéres.’ The two genera agree, it is true, in their slender habit, but they

are perfectly distinct, and do not belong even to the same sub-family. Calamobius

has 12-jointed antennz, with antennary tubers non-approximate and nearly obsolete,

small facets to the eyes, and small claw-joints; Hippopsis has 11-jointed antenne,

with well-developed tubers contiguous at the base and neatly erect, coarsely granulated

eyes, and large claw-joints, as long as the three other joints of the tarsus taken together,

whilst in Calamobius they scarcely form more than one-third of its length—a structure

indicating different habits of life.”

Mr. Hewitson communicated the following note :— .

“Tt is interesting and worthy of notice that, in the second part of the Annals of

the Entomological Society of France for this year, there is a tigure of a variety of Chry-

sophanus virgauree from Zerniatt, upwards of 5000 feet high in the Swiss Alps, which

has a row of pale blue spots on the posterior wing, exactly resembling specimens of

Chrysophanus Phlozas which we have lately received from the northern highlands of

India. This variety of C. Phloeas is figured in Cramer, pl. 186, under the name of

Timeus.”

The Secretary announced the receipt of a communication from Mr. G. J. Bowles,

Sec. Ent. Soc. of Canada, Quebec Branch, dated September 1, 1865, “ On the occur-

127

rence of Pieris Ray in Canada.” The principal part of it was an almost verbatim copy

of a paper originally published in ‘The Canadian Naturalist, and thence transferred

to the * Zoologist’ for 1864 ( Zool. 9371). The following was new matter :—

“The species is rapidly extending the limits of its habitat. It is already common

on both banks of the St. Lawrence for one hundred miles below Quebec; and this

summer I saw two specimens in the cabinet of a gentleman in Montreal, captured this

season in that city. It is still rare, however, in that locality. In the vicinity of

Quebec the species was exceedingly abundant in 1863 and 1864, flying by hundreds

over the fields and gardens, and was numerous even in the most crowded parts of

the city. This year, however, it has not been quite so abundant, probably owing to

the continued rains of August and September, 1864, which must have destroyed

myriads of the larve, and the cold and backward spring of this year. Early in March,

1864, the butterflies began to appear in houses, produced from pup# which bad been

suspended on the walls during the previous autumn. On the 6th of April—a time

when the ground is still covered with snow, and the only Lepidoptera to be seen are a

very few hybernating individuals of Grapta Comma or Vanessa Antiopa, lured from

their winter retreats to enjoy the sunshine—several specimens were taken in the open

air at Laval, about fifieen miles from Quebee. From that time the butterflies increased

in number, and, continuing through the whole summer, might be seeu even in October

feebly fluttering over the gardens in the outskirts of the city. From the fact of there

being no apparent diminution in their numbers during the season I infer that the

insect is at least treble-brooded, or that there is a succession of broods, new individuals

constantly emerging from the chrysalis to take the places of those that die off. The

caterpillars reared by me last year passed through their stages very rapidly. When

first taken, on the 8th of June, they were about a line long ; on the 19th they pupated,

and on the 26th of June the perfect insects appeared, making the whole period, almost

from the egg to the perfect state, only eighteen days.” In confirmation of his previous

observation, that ‘ living winter pupe brought into the warm house from the cold out-

side invariably shrivelled and died in a few days,” the author added, “ I have not yet

succeeded in procuring a butterfly from a chrysalis gathered on a winter day. It is

thus evident that, although the species is increasing in numbers and spreading rapidly

over a large extent of country, it is not yet fully acclimated.”

Papers read.

The Secretary read a communication from Captain J. Mitchell, Superintendent of

the Government Museum, Madras, entitled “ Remarks on Captain Hutton’s Paper

on the Reversion and Restoration of the Silkworm ” (published in the ‘ Transactions’

for 1864). The author disputed the statement, that, in the formation of silk, the two

fibres which emerge from the two small orifices in the lip are twisted together by

certain hook-like processes in the mouth, and insisted that the two filaments are laid

side by side in the cocoon, without twisting, and adhere together until separated by the

solution of the gum in the process of manufacture. It was also pointed out that the

Tussah silk, from Antherea Paphia, is flat, and not cylindrical, each filament consisting

of a large number of very five fibres which are extremely difficult to separate ; the

finest fibres which the author had obtained from this compound filament measured

about the 35-thousandth part of an inch in diameter. The filaments spun by Attacus

Atlas and Actias Selene also appeared to be compound.

128 |

Mr. Hewitson communicated ‘ Descriptions of New Hesperide,” consisting of

eighteen species of Pyrrhopyga and two of Erycides.

Mr. Baly read a paper entitled ““‘ New Genera and Species of Gallerucide,” in

which two new genera, Syphaxia and Chorina, and eleven species of Cerotoma (mostly _

from the Amazons) were described.

Mr. David Sharp communicated a paper “ On the British species of Agathidium,”

enumerating eleven species, of which three new ones were described under the names

of A. clypeatum, A. convexum and A. rhinoceras.

The Rev. D.C. Timins communicated some “ Notes on collecting European Lepi-

doptera.” After an exhortation to British Diurnal-Lepidopterists not to confine them-

selves to the narrow limits of their island, but to extend their range of study to the

European forms, the author gave the results of his own collecting at Boulogne-sur-Mer, |

Pierrefonds in the Forest of Compiégne, in the neighbourhood of Paris, at Neufebatel

and Thun; and, finally, expressed his desire to supply information to students of

European butterflies, either by indicating localities, recommending useful works, or

furnishing specimens of species which he had met with in sufficient plenty.

New Part of ‘ Transactions,

The ‘ Transactions of the Entomological Society,’ Third Series, vol. v. Part 1, con-

taining “ Trichoptera Britannica; a Monograph of the British Species of Caddis-

flies,” by Mr. R. M‘Lachlan, and being the fifth Part published during 1865, was

announced as ready for distribution.

Notice of Subjects for Discussion.

The President mentioned that the Council had been considering whether any and

what steps were practicable in the way of giving notice beforehand of papers intended

to be read or subjects introduced for discussion at the Meetings of the Society. If

such notice could be given, members would come better prepared for the consideration

of the question, and the interest and scientific value of the Meetings would be increased.

A compulsory rule, that notice must be given, would stifle rather than promote discus-

sion, if indeed it would not altogether exclude many subjects, which were, according

to the present practice, incidentally discussed on the exhibition of some specimen or

object of interest. and which exhibition it was that suggested and gave rise to the dis-

cussion. These incidental conversations, when confined within proper and reasonable

limits, formed one of the most valuable and interesting features of the Meetings, and

it was impossible to require previous notice of these, since Members themselves often

might not know until the very day of Meeting whether they would be able to attend,

or if so what insects they would have to exhibit. All that the Council could hope for,

and what he had been desired by the Council to request, was that, in future, when any

member intended to read a paper on or otherwise bring forward any subject of general

interest at a particular Meeting, he would announce the subject at the previous

Meeting, if possible, or subsequently at the earliest period to the Secretary, who would

give such publicity or notice as under the circumstances might be practicable.

129

December 4, 1865.

F. P. Pascor, Esq., President, in the Chair.

Donations to the Library.

The following donations were announced, and thanks voted to the donors :—‘ Me-

moires de la Société de Physique et d'Histoire Naturelle de Genéve, Tome XVIII,

le Partie; presented by the Society. ‘ Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Natu-

ralistes de Moscou,—1864, Nos. 2, 3 and 4,—1865, No.1; by the Society. ‘Tijd-

schrift voor Entomologie,’ Vol. VIII, Parts 1—4; by the Entomological Society of

the Netherlands. ‘ Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 1864, 4e tim.;

by the Society. ‘ Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung,’ 1865, Nos. 4—6, and Nos, 10—

12; by the Entomological Society of Stettin. ‘ The Journal of Entomology, No. 13;

by the Proprietors. ‘ Synopsis of the Bombycide of the United States, Part 2, by

A. S. Packard, jun.; by the Author. ‘ The Zoologist’ for December; by the Editor.

‘ The Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine’ for December; by the Editors.

Election of Members.

The Rev. W. Farren White, Stonehouse Vicarage, Gloucestershire; and John

Henry Hartwright, Esq., Terrace, Kennington Park, were severally ballotted for, and

elected Members.

Echibitions, §c.

The Secretary exhibited a collection of Lepidoptera, Coleoptera and Hymenoptera,

made at Moulmein and in the Salween Valley, British Burmah, in July and August,

1865, by Lieut. R. C. Beavan. Amongst the Coleoptera, Mr. Baly detected a new

species of Prioptera.

Mr. S. Stevens exhibited a box of admirably-preserved Lepidoptera from Santa

Marta, part of the collection of the late Mr. Bouchard ; and a specimen of Goliathus

giganteus captured by Mr. Du Chaillu about 100 miles inland from Fernand-Vaz,

and thence brought home in his pocket, being the only insect which he was able to

carry away with him on his recent hasty retreat from the interior of Western Africa.

Mr. Stainton exhibited a remarkable variety of Tinea cloacella, bred by Mr. C.S.

Gregson, from dead birch trees at Llangollen; the moth was entirely suffused with a

dark ruddy brown (almost coppery) colour.

Mr. F. Smith exhibited a series of bred specimens of the Tenthredinidous insect,

Creesus septentrionalis ; he had found the larve nearly full-fed on the 20th of August

last; in four or five days they buried themselves, and within a month the perfect flies

emerged, much to his surprise, as he had not expected them to hatch until next

spring.

Mr. McLachlan believed the fly to be double-brooded ; he had captured it at Ran-

noch in June last.

Mr. F. Smith (on behalf of Dr. J. E. Gray) exhibited specimens of a greasy-

looking Noctua, known as the “ Bugong” moth (probably the Agrotis spina, Guenée),

sent from Australia by Dr. George Bennett, and read the following extract from that

gentleman’s ‘ Wanderings in New South Wales’ (vol. i. p. 265) :—

——

130

“ Near this station [in the Murrumbidgee District] is a lofty table-mountain. It —

is named Bugong Mountain, from the circumstance of multitudes of small moths,

called Bugong by the aborigines, congregating at certain months of the year about

masses of granite, on this and other parts of the range. The months of November,

December and January are quite a season of festivity among the native blacks, who

assemble from far and near to collect the Bugong: the bodies of these insects contain

a quantity of oil, and they are sought after as luscious and fattening food. I felt very

desirous of investigating the places where these insects were said to congregate in

such incredible quantities, and availed myself of the earliest opportunity to do so.

After riding over the lower ranges we arrived a short distance above the base of the

Bugong Mountain. This was the place where, upon the smooth sides or crevices of

the granite blocks, the Bugong moths congregated in such incredible multitudes ; but

from the blacks having recently been here we found but few of the insects remaining.

From the result of my observations it appears that the insects are only found in such

multitudes on isolated and peculiar masses of granite: for what purpose they thus

collect together is not a less curious than interesting subject of inquiry. Captain Cook

mentions that at Thirsty Sound he found an incredible number of butterflies, so that

for the space of three or four acres the air was crowded with them; that millions were’

to be seen in every direction. The Bugong is doubtless the same species as that

observed by Captain Cook. The Bugong moths are found on the surfaces of the

masses of granite, and to procure them with greater facility the natives make smothered

fires underneath those rocks about which they are collected, and suffocate them with

smoke, at the same time sweeping them off in bushels-full at a time. A circular

space is cleared upon the ground, and on it a fire is lighted, and kept burning until

the ground is considered to be sufficiently heated, when, the fire being removed and

the ashes cleared away, the moths are placed thereon, and stirred about until the down

and wings are removed from them; they are then placed on pieces of bark, and win-

nowed to separate the dust and wings; they are then pounded into masses or cakes,

resembling lumps of fat, and may be compared in colour and consistence to dough

made from smutty wheat mixed with fat: the masses will not keep good above a week

unless smoked, when they will keep a much longer period: the taste is that of a sweet

nut.”

The President referred to the account given by Dr. Livingstone, in his African

travels, of midges being made into cakes.

Mr. F. Smith said that a correspondent of his had recently inquired of him whether

there was any truth in the statement that the soft-bodied little Atropos pulsatorium

makes a tapping noise like that attributed to Anobium; and the same correspondent ‘

also expressed his doubt as to Anobium making a tapping noise. On the latter point,

in spite of the oft-repeated and commonly received statement that the “ death-watch ”

makes a distinct tapping against (say) an old wainscot and on the outside of it, as if

for the purpose of notifying his presence to the female within, he (Mr. Smith) shared

the doubt of his correspondent, and believed that the only noise made by the Anobium

was caused by its gnawing the wood internally, and that there was no external tap-

ping atall. He had himself met with instances in which the internal gnawing of

wood by insects was distinctly audible, and, in particular, he mentioned the case of a

rustic garden-seat from which proceeded a noise like many watches simultaneously |

ticking, and which was solely caused by xylophagous insects.

—<—$——$ ————_ ---

131

Several Members said that, as they understood the popular account of the Ano-

bium, the tapping was not represented as being external ; it was the fact of the noise

being heard, whilst nothing was visible which could be suggested as producing it, that

caused the ignorant to dread the so-called death-watch.

The Rev. J. Greene exhibited eight moths bred by him from pupe which had

been sent to him by Mr. Batty, of Sheffield, as pupe of Acidalia subsericeata: from

these had emerged one moth which was undoubtedly A. subsericeata, one which did

not agree with any species known to him, and six which were clearly referable to the

recently-described A. mancuniata of Dr. Knaggs.

Mr. F. Moore produced for inspection a series of well-executed plates of the

insects of N. America, engraved by Mr. Townend Glover, of the State Department of

Agriculture: these plates were a portion only of an extensive series which Mr. Glover

has in preparation for his forthcoming work on the Insects of North America, and are

illustrative, in the different Orders, of many of the species in their various stages of

transformation ; accompanying them was also a series of plates illustrating the insects

destructive to the cotton plants, orange and lime trees, potato, &c., in America. Mr.

Glover has been officially engaged for some years past in the study of the insects

injurious to vegetation in America, and the results of some of his labours have been

published in recent volumes of the American Patent Office (Agricultural) Reports,

Mr. Janson also produced twenty-four plates of the same series, illustrative of the

Coleoptera of North America.

Mr. C. A. Wilson, of Adelaide, communicated another instalment of his “ Notes

on the Buprestidae of South Australia.”

Prof. Westwood exhibited three new Longicorn beetles, for which he proposed the

names of Cantharocnemis Livingstonii (from Zambesi), Cantharoctenus Burchellii

(from Damara-land), and Cantharoplatys Felderi (from the White Nile). The two

latter were clearly allied to Cantharocnemis, but differed therefrom and from one

another; he therefore proposed for them different sub-generic names, but in so doing

had endeavoured, by the form of name selected, to show their subordination to or

dependence upon the primary genus Cantharocnemis.

The President was unable to see the advantage of giving distinct names to sub-

divisions which were admittedly not genera. In the present case, by what name was

the insect to be known? Cantharocnemis Felderi? or Cantbaroplatys Felderi ? or

Cantharocnemis (Cantharoplatys) Felderi? If by the first, why introduce the name

Cantharoplatys at all? If by the second—then, either Cantharoplatys is in fact

treated as a genus whilst it is confessedly not of generic value, or the fundamental

rule of the binomial nomenclature, that an insect is known by the names of the genus

and species to which it belongs, is infringed. If by the third, the binomial nomen-

clature is abrogated, and a trinomial system introduced, without any advantage to

compensate for its greater cumbrousness and difficulty of retention in the memory. If

a newly-discovered form differed so much from previously-known forms as to be

incapable of admission into any established genus, it must of course be described as a

new genus and under a new name; but in his opinion there was not any subordinate

or intermediate stage between the species and the genus to which it was either neces-

sary or desirable that a distinct name should be applied.

Mr. Stainton thought that, in the state at which Natural History had arrived, and

owing to the immense variety of forms which had been and would doubtless continue

132

to be discovered, there was only a choice of difficulties from which he saw no escape :

on the one hand, if comparatively small differences were for generic purposes dis-

regarded, the genera became unmanageable in extent and incapable of precise descrip-

tion; on the other hand, if such differences were taken into account, there was no

limit to the creation of genera; almost every species would eventually be raised to

generic rank, or rather the genus would sink to the level of the species, and in fact be

lost as a distinct step in the ladder of classification.

Papers read,

Mr. Geo. Semper, of Altona, communicated a paper entitled ‘“ Description of

Papilio Godeffroyi, n. sp.”

Mr. R. McLachlan read a paper entitled “ Observations on some remarkable

Varieties of Sterrha Sacraria, Linn. with general notes on Variation in Lepidoptera.”

January 1, 1866.

F. P. Pascor, Esq., President, in the Chair.

Additions to the Library.

The following donations were announced, and thanks voted to the donors:—

‘Proceedings of the Royal Society, Vol. xiv. No. 78; presented by the Society.

‘Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society, Vol. viii. Zoology, Nos. 31 & 325

by the Society. ‘Bulletin de la Société Tmpériale des Naturalistes de Moscou,’

1865, No. 2; by the Society. ‘Verzeichniss der um St. Petersburg aufgefundenen

Crabroninen,’ von August Morawitz; by the Author. ‘ Ueber eine neue, oder vielmebr

verkannte Form von Mannchen unter den Mautillen, nebst einer Uebersicht der in

Europa beobachteten Arten, von August Morawitz; by the Author. ‘ Enumeratio

Animalium Musei Imperialis Academie Scientiarum Petropolitane, Lepidoptera,

Parts i.—iii., by E. Ménétriés; presented by A. Morawitz, Esq. ‘ Coleoptera Atlanti-

dum, being an enumeration of the Coleopterous Insects of the Madeiras, Salvages

and Canaries, by T. Vernon Wollaston, M.A., F.L.S.; by the Author. ‘Sepp,

Nederlandsche Insecten,’ 2nd Ser. Vol. i. Nos. 47—50; Vol. ii. Nos. 1—S8; by S.C.

Snellen van Vollenhoven, Esq. ‘The Zoologist’ for January; by the Editor. ‘The

Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine’ for January; by the Editors.

The addition, by purchase, of the following was also announced :—‘ Skandinaviens

Coleoptera,’ af C.G. Thomson, Tom. vii. Haftet ii; Duval, Fairmaire et Migneaux,

‘Genera des Coleopteres d'Europe,’ Livr. 130.

Election of Members.

Henry Adams, Esq., F.L.S., Captain Julian C. Hobson, C. O. Rogers, Esq., and

Dr. E. Perceval Wright, were severally ballotted for and elected Members. Thomas

Blackburn, Esq., and W. B. Pryer, Esq., were severally ballotted for and elected

Annual Subscribers.

{

133

Exhibitions, &c.

Mr. S. Stevens exhibited four large cases of Lepidoptera and Coleoptera from the

Himalayas, containing numerous rare species, and many of the Lepidoptera having

been bred from the larva.

Mr. Bates gave an account of Mr. Bartlett’s explorations in the Amazons country ;

he had gone up the Amazons River as far as Nauta, and had thence followed the

course of the Ucayli until he reached the eastern slopes of the Cordilleras: a collection

of objects of Natural History, including several thousand insects, the result of four

months’ labour, had been despatched, and might shortly be expected in England.

Whilst speaking of the Amazuns, Mr. Bates desired to mention that the local

authorities at Para, which was merely the chief town of a province of Brazil, had

recently voted £600 towards the expenses of scientific researches undertaken by

Agassiz.

Prof. Westwood read extracts from a letter from M. Snellen van Vollenhoven,

recounting some of his entomological experiences during the past season.

A conversation ensued respecting the female Lepidoptera which occur in autumn

with undeveloped ovaries. Mr. J. Jenner Weir inquired whether such females, after

hybernation, were found to have developed ovaries in the spring? It might be that

early hybernation was an aid to the development of the ovaries. Prof. Westwood

thought it probable that the ovaries were developed during the winter; the difficulty

was to say when the impregnation took place; this, in the case of wasps, must bé in

the autumn, since the males did not survive the winter. Mr. M‘Lachlan observed

that nearly all the hybernated specimens of Vanessa were females: but he had himself

taken Cerastis Vaccinii and C. spadicea respectively in copuld on sallow-blossoms in

the spring.

The following are descriptions of the three new exotic Longicorn beetles exhibited

by Prof. Westwood at the previous Meeting :—

CanTHAROCNEMIS LivINGSTONII, Westw.

C. piceo-niger ; mandibulis subfalcatis, intus ante medium dente conico parvo

armatis, apicibus oblique truncato-emarginatis; autennis subcrassis, capitis

(cum mandibulis) et pronoti longitudine; capitis disco ruguloso, postice levi,

punctato; pronoti marginibus lateralibus subserratis, lateribus rude punctatis,

disco sublevi nitido, tenuissime punctato, angulis posticis oblique emarginatis;

elytris subrugulosis, punctatis, et singulis costis 5 parim elevatis sed sat

distinctis notatis; tibiis anticis extus 4- vel 5-denticulatis, denteque forti

subapicali armatis, 4 posticis intus dense fulvo hirsutis.

Long. corp. lin. 153; mandib. lin. 24.

C. Spondyloide tertia parte major, magis nitidus et depressus, denticulis tibiarum

anticarum minoribus.

Habitat Zambesi. Dom. rev. H. Rowleio captus. In Mus. Hopeiano Oxonia.

Sub-genus novum CantHaroptatys, Westw.

A genere Cantharocnemide differt corpore magis depresso, mandibulis multo cras-

sioribus et dente subbasali armatis, antennis abbreviatis, elytris cicatricosis

(nec punctatis), juguli angulis lateralibus valde prominentibus.

134

CaNTHAROPLATYS FELDERI, Westw.

C. piceo-niger, subopacus; mandibulis subtrigono-falcatis, dente valido intus

prope basin armatis; antennis latitudinem capitis longitudine vix superanti-

bus ; capite et pronoto punctatissimis, hujus disco magis levi et subirregulari,

utringue circulariter subimpresso; capitis vertice longitudinaliter canalicu-

lato; pronoto transverso, postice latiori, angulis posticis fere rectangulariter

incisis ; elytris minute cicatricosis, punctisque minutis inter cicatrices dispo-

sitis, costis 3 longitudinalibus ordinariis vix distinctis ; tibiis anticis extus in

medio 2- vel 3-denticulatis, apice dente lato armatis, 4 posticis extus denticu-

latis ; femoribus subtus castaneis; metasterno fulvo velutino sericante, disco

crebre punctatissimo.

Long. corp. lin. 17; mandib. lin. 2.

Habitat in Africa, apud fluv. “ White Nile.” Dom. Feldero captus, et nomine

ejus honorato inscriptus.

Sub-genus novum CanrHARocTENus, Westw.

Cantharocnemidi proximum ; differt prothorace magis cylindrico, antennis duplo

longioribus, 18-articulatis, articulis duplo pectinatis, pedibusque longioribus.

CanTHAROCTENUs BurcHetiu, Westw.

C. piceo-castaneus, nitidus ; prothorace cylindrico ; mandibulis capitis longitudine,

falcatis, apice valde oblique truncatis, dente acuto apicali, altero subapicali

interno, basi etiam intus dente parvo conico nigro armatis ; antennarum arti-

culis omnibus (2 basalibus exceptis) infra ad basin dentibus 2 armatis, apice

infra in lobum latum tenuem deflexum producto, cujus margo incisus dentes

2 alios simulat (inde antenne singule 64 spinas habere videntur) ; capitis

vertice in medio canali longitudinali tenui instructo ; prothorace nitido, an-

gulis anticis rotundatis, posticis oblique truncatis, lateribus pone medium

spina parva armatis, disco nitido, utrinque pone medium tuberculo parum

eminente subnotato; elytris prothorace multo latioribus, nitidis, punctatissi-

mis, sutura striolisque 2 longitudinalibus levibus vix distinctis notatis; meta-

thorace subtus fulvo dense hirto ; tibiis anticis planis, extus in medium spinis

2 denticulisque nonnullis minutis armatis, apiceque extus in spinam latam

producto, 4 posticis extus denticulatis.

Long. corp. lin. 13; mandib. lin. 2.

Habitat “ Damara Land” Africe merid. Dom. Andersson captus. In Mus.

Hopeiano Oxoniz.

Papers read.

Mr. W. C. Hewitson communicated a further instalment of his ‘‘ Descriptions of

new Hesperidz,” including twenty-three species of the genus Hesperia. .

The President read a paper entitled “ A List of the Longicornia collected by the

late Mr. P. Bouchard at Santa Marta.” The species were upwards of fifty in number,

and four new genera were characterized.

135

ANNUAL MEETING.

January 22, 1866.

F, P. Pascor, Esq., President, in the chair.

An Abstract of the Treasurer’s Accounts for 1865 was read by Mr. Wilkinson, one

of the Auditors, and showed a balance in favour of the Society of £78 11s. 10d.

The Secretary read the following :—

Report of the Council for 1865.

“In compliance with the Bye-Laws, the Council begs to present the following

Report :—

“‘ The loss of two of our Honorary Members will be regretted by all entomologists.

Léon Dufour has been gathered to his fathers at a ripe and patriarchal age ; Science

can but deplore the too early death of Hermann Rudolph Schaum.

‘“* The recent increase in our numbers is a subject of warm congratulation. It is

true that the changes which time inevitably works have deprived us of the aid of

fifteen of our former supporters ; on the other hand we have, since the last Anniver-

sary, elected forty-one Members and eighteen Annual Subscribers: the result is a

clear addition of forty-four to the number of our Contributors.

** The Council has revived a practice which had for some years fallen into disuse,

of offering Prizes for Essays of sufficient merit on Economic Entomology. Three

competitors have entered the lists, and the result of the competition will be to-night

announced by the President.

“The ‘ Transactions’ of the Society maintain their scientific value. The thanks

of the Council are offered to those gentlemen whose liberality has provided or assisted

in providing the expense of many of the Plates illustrative of the various Memoirs.

The publications for 1864 were unprecedentedly extensive; they are exceeded by one-

sixth by the five Parts of ‘ Transactions’ issued for 1865, ‘The Council desires in

particular to call attention to the Trichoptera Britannica, in the first place as ren-

dering accessible to students an Order of Insects to which little attention has hitherto

beev paid, and in the second place as being a praiseworthy addition to the entomolo-

gical literature of our own country. Whilst desiring to assist in the advance of Entomo-

logy in its most general and catholic sense, and whilst repudiating all mere local

prejudice, or intention of limiting our range to the narrow bounds of these islands,

the Council is anxious to keep in view that primary duty which Nature imposes upon

us as British Entomologists, namely, the cultivation of British Entomology. As

regards the past, the fact that so little has recently appeared on British insects cannot

be charged as a fault against the Executive of the Society, which has published every

paper that has been offered to it; as regards the future, the Council declares

emphatically that contributions to the knowledge of British Insects will always be

received with welcome.

136

“The financial state of the Society may be summarized as follows :—

REcEIPTS. PaYMENTS.

£ £

Members’ Contributions ... ... 253 | Rent, Librarian’s Salary, and na 97

Sale of ‘ Transactions’ ose, sees 0 neral Management

Interest on Consols ... vee ove 3 | Library eae Misens eae ions matacs 15

Tea Subscriptions sai SOL woe 9 | Publications ose, ose) con cae | Sau

£341 ; £337

“Thus the actual income has exceeded the actual expenditure by £4; and com-

paring the 1st of January, 1866, with the Ist of January, 1865, we have this result: —

1865. 1866.

Cash Balance in hand ..........eeere ET Asa (Dds ees Lasso:

Excess of Assets over Liabilities... £71 lls. lld. ... £78 11s. 10d.

“Thus the number of recruits has enabled the Council to meet the large expenses

of the year without resort to extraneous aid, and without diminishing the resources of

the Society ; and the year 1866 opens with an increase to our productive strength of

forty-four member power.

“Tn fine, the Council bands down to the care of its successors, whom it is now

your office to appoint, the direction of a Society which it is pleased to think is both

increasingly useful and increasingly appreciated.

“ January 22, 1866.”

The following gentlemen were elected to form the Council for 1866 (namely) :—

Messrs. Bates, Dunning, Sir John Lubbock, McLachlan, Moore, Pascoe, W. W.

Saunders, Edwin Shepherd, A. F. Sheppard, 8. Stevens, Alfred R. Wallace, J. J. Weir,

and Prof. Westwood.

The following Officers for 1866 were afterwards elected (namely) : — President,

Sir John Lubbock, Bart., F.R.S., &c.; Treasurer, Mr. S. Stevens; Secretaries,

Messrs. Edwin Shepherd and Dunning; Librarian, Mr. Janson.

The President announced that one of the Prizes offered for Essays of sufficient

merit on Economic Entomology had been awarded to Alexander Wallace, Esq., M.D.,

M.R.C.P., of Beverley House, Colchester, for his Memoir “ On Ailanthiculture.”

The President then read the following Address :—

137

THE PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS.

GENTLEMEN,

The “ Annual Report of the Council on the general concerns

of the Society” having been laid before you in accordance with our

bye-laws, I shall confine the few remarks I have to make chiefly to

the progress of Entomology during the past year.

I must, however, congratulate you on the accession of fifty-nine

new Members since our last Anniversary, and I think I may say that

never were the prospects of the Society better, or the energy of its

Members more apparent.

Let us also take a glance at the career of one or two of those who

have gone from among us; for we have lost, by death, two of our

Honorary, three of our Ordinary, and one of our Corresponding

Members.

Few Entomologists have enjoyed a higher reputation than Prof. Dr.

Schaum, of Berlin. Born at Glogau in 1819, the nephew of Germar

at an early age exhibited a liking for our Science, and his inaugural

dissertation at the University of Halle (* Analecta Entomologica,’ pub-

lished in 1841) treated of Scydmenus, Cremastocheilus and Cetonia.

From that time down to his death his pen was never idle ; his nume-

rous contributions to Germar’s Zeitschrift, the Stettin Ent. Zeit., the

Berlin Ent. Zeitsch., the Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., the Transactions of

this Society, and many other scientific publications, are sufficient

evidence of his activity. His Catalogue of the Coleoptera of Europe

is too well known to require mention at my hands; the Hemiptera

and Orthoptera of Peters’ ‘ Reise nach Mossambique’ were the work

of our late colleague ; but undoubtedly his greatest undertakipg was

the continuation of Erichson’s ‘ Naturgeschichte der Insecten Deutsch-

lands,’ to which he contributed the Geodephaga.

Dr. Léon Dufour devoted himself chiefly to the study of the ana-

tomy and metamorphoses of insects; his numerous papers on these

and kindred subjects extend over a period of more than half a century.

138

Born at St. Sever (Landes) in 1780, he lived to the age of 85, and died

in his native town. Almost simultaneously with his election as one of

our Honorary Members, he was in 1860 chosen Honorary President of

the Entomological Society of France, a position corresponding with

that formerly filled in this Society by our own still-more-venerable

Kirby.

Sir Robert Herman Schomburgk was first brought into notice at

the Geographical Society by his exploration of Anegada, one of

the Virgin Islands; he afterwards explored the rivers Essequibo,

Corentyn, and Berbice. For his researches, by which Zoology and

Botany were much enriched, and during which he sent home the

Euryale Amazonica, now known as the Victoria regia, he obtained the

‘gold medal of the Geographical Society in 1840. In 1843 he inves-

tigated British Guiana, and for his services received thé honour of

Knighthood. In the latter years of his life he resided at Bangkok, as

Her Majesty’s Consul-General in the Kingdom of Siam. He returned

to this country in the autumn of 1864, but died at Berlin on the 11th

of March, 1865.

General Sir John Bennett Hearsey, K.C.B., was a cornet in 1808 ;

he was present at the battle of Seetabuldie and at the siege and cap-

ture of Bhurtpore; in the Punjaub campaign of 1848—49 he was

at Chilianwallah and Goojerat, and commanded the cavalry in the

pursuit and at the final surrender of the Sikh army. He was several

times wounded, and was made a K.C.B. for his services in the great

mutiny of 1857. At that time he was in command of the Bengal

division, with his head-quarters at Barrackpore. Speaking of a chief

of long standing in the service, “ who to the cost of humanity was in

charge of Meerut on that (first) day of evil omen,” the Competition

Wallah says, “ Such a chief was not in charge of Barrackpore at the

crisis when foresight, calmness and judicious severity broke up a bat-

talion of murderous scoundrels, and saved the capital of India from

the fate of Cawnpore. Hearsey at Meerut, Neill at Dinapore, and

Outram at Allahabad, might have saved much of the good blood that

was spilled, and much of the bad blood that remained.”* General

Hearsey served fifty-three years in India, thirty-four of them without

a furlough. He was a most zealous collector, and an untiring ob-

server. It was to him and other officers in India that Prof. West-

wood was indebted for the materials of that splendid work ‘ The.

* “ Macmillan’s Magazine,’ viii. p. 343.

139

Cabinet of Oriental Entomology.’ He died in October last, having

been for nearly twenty years a Member of our Society.

The death in early manhood of Mr. F. A. Jesse, who was also a

Fellow of the Linnean, Zoological and Geological Societies, and not

without hereditary claim to the regard of naturalists, has prevented

the fulfilment of the hopes inspired by his ability and scientific

tastes.

Of the recent loss of M. Achille Deyrolle we must all have heard

with regret ; he was only fifty-two years of age. His ‘ Guide du jeune

Amateur de Coléoptéres et de Lépidoptéres’ (1847, anon.) ; two papers

‘Sur des Carabiques trouvés en Brésil’ and ‘ Note pour servir 4 Phis-

toire des Carabes d’Espagne et du Portugal, in the Ann. Soc. Ent.

France, 1847 and 1852; and the Coleoptera in the Abbé Maillard’s

‘ Notes sur l'Ile de ]la Réunion,’ are the only works of his with which

Iam acquainted. But though he published little, there can be no

doubt that, by his influence and exertions, and particularly by the faci-

lities he afforded to Entomologists in their pursuit, he contributed

materially to the progress of our Science.

Perhaps I ought not to omit some notice of the late William Sharp

MacLeay, as one who was once a Member of our Society, and whose

work, entitled “ Hore Entomologice, has quite recently been pro-

nounced to contain “some of the most important speculations, as to

the affinities or relations of various groups of animals to each other,

ever offered to the world, and of which it is impossible to overrate the

suggestive value.” Born in London in 1792, he was in 1815 ap-

pointed to a diplomatic post in Paris, where he was thought to have

acquired his taste for Philosophical Zoology from the society of such

men as Cuvier, Geoffroy St. Hilaire and Latreille. In 1825 he was

sent to fill a higher office at the Havannah, and, after ten years’ resi-

dence there, retired from the public service. In 1839 he settled in

Australia, and continued to reside near Sydney until his death, at the

age of 72. His collections, especially of Australian insects, are un-

derstood to be very large and valuable, and will, no doubt, be turned

to good account by his nephew, Wm. MacLeay, Esq., F.L.S., M.L.A.,

&c., into whose possession they have passed.

I would now call your attention to the remarkable observations of

Prof. Wagner, of Kasan, respecting the larve-producing larve of the

Dipterous fly, Miastor metraloas. In this country they have attracted

“very little attention, but abroad they have been received with incre-

dulity, and his statement declared to be “ a pure and simple delusion.”

140

They have, however, been amply confirmed by Meinert, Von Siebold,*

Pagenstecher, Ganine,+ and others. In examining certain larve

Wagner saw “new larve crawling out of them,” and these, in from

seven to ten days, brought forth other new larve, and some of them

went on multiplying in this way throughout the winter. These larvee

seemed to him to have been developed from “ embryonal bodies” be-

longing to and arising from alterations in the organism. M. Pagens-

techer, however, differs from this view of their origin, and M. Ganine,

of Karkow, who has closely studied the reproductive organs, describes

them as two little sacs, placed in the eleventh segment of the body, in

which are developed the germs or pseudo-ova. This statement is, in

the main, confirmed by Dr. R. Leuckart,{ who affirms that this mode

of propagation is general among the Cecidomyinz, the sub-family to

which the Miastor belongs.

The notion that all insects pass through three definite stages after

their extrusion from the egg is so general that, notwithstanding several

well-known exceptions to the contrary, there are few Entomologists

who will not feel astonished at the statement of Sir John Lubbock,

that Chloéon,§ one of the Ephemeride, only attains its perfect state

after “a series of twenty moultings.” In point of fact there is no

metamorphosis, but a gradual development—not of all the organs,

however, with the same degree of rapidity—up to one of the later

stages, when a kind of retrograde movement takes place. That in the

earlier stages of these insects no trachez are present, is one of those

facts that should teach us how uncertain it is to assume anything from

analogy. It is an exception; the only one, itj is believed, yet

known.

It will be recollected that our Society has been occupied on two or

three occasions with discussions in regard to Mr. Walsh’s conclusicns

respecting the dimorphism of certain gall-flies. Mr. Walsh’s hypo-

thesis rests entirely on the identity of the galls, and this has been

* See ‘ Zeitschrift fir Zoologie, 1865, p. 106 et seg., for an account of Wagner's

discovery, and Von Siebold’s remarks thereon.

+ For various statements relative to the organization, &c., see Ann. des Sciences

Nat, 1865, pp. 259—291.

{ Wiegmann’s Archiv, &c., 1865, p. 286 e¢ seq.

§ Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiv. p. 61 (1863). The completion of this remarkable paper ,

has only recently been read to the Linnean Society, and the latter part-of the above

paragraph is given from memory.

14]

questioned by M. Reinhard, of Bautzen,* who says the galls of various

Species appear to be so transitional between other forms, that they

can only be known with certainty when the insect appears. Cynips

spongifica, produced from the summer gall, is considered by Reinhard

to be generically distinct from Cynips aciculata, produced from the

winter gall. To this new genus he gives the name of “ Amphibolips.”

It is suggested that the former may either be an inquiline of C. acicu-

lata, or that they simply agree in making similar galls.

Among the most generally interesting of entomological works are the

‘ Reports on the Noxious, Beneficial and other Insects of the State of

New York,’ by Dr. Asa Fitch. The sixth, seventh, eighth and ninth

have now been published at Albany, and, besides the descriptions of

several new species, life-histories, and the histories of their doings

good and bad, the latter unfortunately predominating, they abound in

highly-important information relative to the ravages of insects and

their remedies. Of the yellow-legged barley-fly (Eurytoma flavipes),

for instance, we learn that its depredations have been so great in the

central part of the State, that, unless some relief is found, “ barley

will hardly appear in our census reports.” It is worth remarking, by

the way, that the New York farmers appear from this to have no ob-

jection to making returns of the yield of they crops. In 1862 Crio-

ceris asparagi made its appearance on Long Island, and it would seem

that the injury done in the same year was so great as to threaten

“the total destruction” of the Asparagus, a most important crop in

that State, one little district alone—Oyster Bay—selling 20,000 dol-

lars’ worth annually. Fo:tunately it was very soon discovered that

the skunk (Mephitis americana) had a relish for these insects, and

this suggested the idea that they might prove as acceptable to other

animals less intolerable to man. Fowls were accordingly tried, and

with the best results; nor are the plants found to be injured by their

presence. One more notice: a new enemy to the bee has made its

appearance in the Nebraska territory, the Trypanza apivora (Asilidz).

Although one of the same family—perhaps more than one—is known

to attack the bee in Europe, it is only occasionally ; but in this case

it seems that in the season of 1864 no swarm had been thrown off (at

least up to the time of the report), and this was attributed to the de-

struction caused by the “ bee-killer,” as it has been termed.

* Berliner Entom. Zeitschrift, 1865, pp. 1—13. For a full report of this valuable

paper see Quart. Journ. of Science, ii. p. 670.

142

The long-expected volume of the Ray Society, on the British He-

miptera-Heteroptera, by Messrs. Douglas and Scott, was published

last summer. I must confess that my expectations of the work have

been disappointed. The plates by Mr. Robinson are exquisite, and

evidently great care has been taken by the authors of the descrip-

tions ; but the book is all descriptions; throughout there is no attempt

to differentiate either the genera or the species, * or to throw one ray

of light on their affinities or distribution. ‘“‘ Commencing with the

head and finishing with the abdomen,” as M. Guérin-Méneville ob-

served on another occasion, “is a very easy way of getting on, and

reduces the task to a merely mechanical operation, for it is only

necessary to put down all you see of an insect to describe it, and then

leave to the poor reader the care and trouble of picking out all that

seems good to him.” We should have been glad to know why some

names are exchanged for others of later date, or, in many cases, of

the authors’ own creation; and we would especially complain that all

names not adopted by the authors have been omitted from the index.

Messrs. Douglas and Scott, following Fieber, have distributed our

comparatively few British species into a number of little groups, sixty-

four altogether, which they call families.

A little work, entitled ‘The Animal Creation: a Popular Introduc-

tion to Zoology,’ by Professor Rymer Jones, has been published by

the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. As the books of that

Society are largely circulated, I deeply regret that the entomological

part was not written by one who had more acquaintance with the sub-

ject. For instance, the weevils are referred to “ Bruchus,” the

diamond beetles only coming under “ Curculio;” the “ long-horned

beetle (Prionus)” is given as an example of the “ Xylophagi,” and this

is illustrated by a poor wood-cut figure of the well-known stag’s-horn

(Macrodontia cervicornis) ; an Anobium represents Ptinus, and so on.

The work, if such mistakes had been avoided, would nevertheless

have been considerably below the present state of Science, even as a

popular publication.

The appearance of ‘ The Zoalocical Record’ is a new feature in

our literature. Nearly half the volume is devoted to Insects, and this

part is written by Mr. Dallas with that exhaustive care which leaves

little to be desired. The want of an Index, however, is to be

* Except such phrases as “ longish oval, stout,” for one genus, “ elongate oval,

broad,” for the next, or “ oval” for the third, occupying the line directly under each

genus; or, under the species, ‘‘ cinnamon-brown,” to contrast with “ brown-yellow,” &c.

1435

regretted. It is intended to publish a similar ‘Record’ annually,

and it will be a misfortune to Zoologists if such a work should fail

for want of adequate support.

In particularly calling your attention to the “ Entomological So-

ciety of New South Wales,” I cannot but congratulate its Members

on the position which their Society has taken, and the interest with

which we look forward to their ‘ Transactions. Two Parts have ap-

peared during the year. In the first (Part 3) there is a paper by the

Rev. R. L. King, “ On the Pselaphide of Australia.” This contains

a description of a very curious genus, Cyathiger, intermediate between

the Clavigerine and the rest of the Pselaphide. Another paper,

by W. MacLeay, Esq., is “On the Scaritide of New Holland :”

of course many new species are described, and a very useful catalogue

is given of all the Australian members of the sub-family, amounting to

102 species. The 4th Part is entirely taken up by the same author,

with a paper on “ The Genera and Species of Amycteride:” of this

great and exclusively Australian group there were nearly 200 species

in the late Mr. W. Sharp MacLeay’s collection alone: 182 species

are described, all belonging to the long-scaped portion of the sub-

family, the other portion being reserved. The descriptions are very

clear, especial attention being paid to the more important and diag-

nostic characters, so that the determination of species is thereby

vastly facilitated.

In the ‘ Transactions of the Linnean Society’ is an article entitled

“ Descriptions of Fifty-two new Species of Phasmidz from the col-

lection of Mr. W. Wilson Saunders, with Remarks on the Family, by

Henry Walter Bates, Esq.” The “remarks” are well worth studying

by every naturalist, and deserve to be borne in the minds of those

systematists who maintain that all genera should be exactly defined

and clearly separable from one another, and who believe that every

form, at its original creation, was “ endowed with certain features in

common with other allied species,” and thus received “ its generic as

well as its specific stamp.” The “great apparent diversity in the

family” does not amount to more than an irregular homogeneity, and

the classification is therefore very difficult: “in the Phasmide, as in

some other groups, Nature,” we are told, “in adapting her species to

their conditions of life, has, in the process of variation and adaptation,

involved all those parts of structure which usually yield, by their

partial constancy, characters for the definition of generic groups.”

The number of known species now amounts to 540.

In the ‘ Transactions of the Zoological Society’ two or three de- —

scriptive papers of new butterflies, by Mr. A. G. Butler, and a “ List of

144 | |

Lepidoptera collected in the N.W. Himalayas by Capt. A. M. Lang,” |

by Mr. F. Moore, have been the only ones pertaining to Entomology. |

Of Mr. Hewitson’s beautiful work, ‘ Exotic Butterflies, four Parts |

(53—56) have been published. Of the same author's ‘ Illustrations |

of Diurnal Lepidoptera,’ Part II. is devoted to the Lycenide, and

contains fourteen exquisite plates of those beautiful insects.

The British Museum has also published three Parts of Mr. Walker's |

Supplement to the ‘ Catalogue of Lepidoptera-Heterocera.’

Mr. Wollaston has given us a complete catalogue raisonnée of the

title of ‘Coleoptera Atlantidum.’ As he well observes, “ For a certain j

class of naturalists, islands possess a charm which is peculiarly their |},

own, — each one being in itself a kind of separate, miniature world.” |

I will attempt to give a kind of summary of Mr. Wollaston’s remarks

from his excellent and exhaustive introduction. The total number of |};

species is 1449; the Madeiras having 661, the Salvages 24, and the

Canaries 1007. Only 238 are common to these island groups, of

which number 38 have been probably introduced by commerce. Of |

the 1449 species 1039 are not found in the European region (including ~

North Africa), but of this large number Mr. Wollaston thinks that

only about 700 can be called wltra-indigenous, or the real autoch-

thones of the soil. It is worthy of remark that there are no Cicin- |

dele; that of the anthophilous Lamellicorns there are ten in the

Canaries and none in Madeira. Pimelia, with twelve species, is also

confined to the Canaries ; one of these is found at the very top of the

“ Peak,” at an elevation of more than 12,000 feet. The Buprestide

are represented by a single individual taken at Madeira—Agrilus 1|

Darwinii; the Canaries have six: the latter group has also six spe- _

one species has been detected at Porto Santo. Twenty-two species |

are wholly or partially blind. The"Curculionide have not Jess than

273 representatives, and the Staphylinide 204. The Euphorbias, |

have a fauna of not less than 74 species, and at least 50 of these are .

confined exclusively to them, by far the largest part being Canarian. |

They are found under the dead bark, only one—Haltica Paivee—being |

known to confine itself to the living foliage. It is to be regretted that . |

this remarkable fauna is slowly dying out, owing to the destruction |

145

constantly going on of these shrubs, partly in order to bring fresh

ground into cultivation, while the dead ones are sought for the sake

of fuel. In gradually-descending order after the Euphorbias, we have

the faunas of the pines, the Spartia, and the Semperviva, all principally

Canarian, the last having only five dependent species. Of the 423

genera into which the Coleoptera of these Islands are distributed, not

one is characteristic of the African* (or Ethiopian) region, or, as Mr.

Wollaston puts it, “a ¢ruly African element is perhaps scarcely indi-

cated.” At the same time the large number of endemic species, as we

have seen at least half of the whole number, would scarcely warrant

us, as Mr. Wollaston thinks, in referring them to the European (in-

cluding the Mediterranean) region; but when we consider the great

difference, comparatively, that exists between the Madeiras and the

Canaries, but which, as Mr. Wollaston himself observes, is no more

than what would naturally be looked for at stations distant from each

other to an equal extent on a continuous tract, we may, by parity of

reasoning, come to the conclusion that these island groups are no

further removed from the European fauna than, except as regards the

greater distance, they are from one another. Be this as it may, they

have no claim to the presence of a satellite fauna like Madagascar or

New Zealand, or to constitute an intermediate region like India or the

northern part of Mexico. ft The question of the origin of species on

these islands is but briefly touched upon, but the author evidently

inclines to the opinion that they were aboriginally stocked when they

were yet a part of a continuous land ; and if, as is the opinion of Sir

Charles Lyell, they were islands during the miocene era, an enormous

period must have elapsed since they were broken up, and detached

from the main-land. The influence of physical causes in modifying

species must, therefore, either have been exceedingly weak, if, after

so long an interval, all that we can trace is “some slight departure

from the normal standards ;” or, this alteration took place at the

commencement of the period when they became islands, and was

probably due “ to a combination of circumstances and conditions which

are altogether unprecedented and exceptional.” The latter is Mr.

Wollaston’s opinion, and as one of the proofs of its correctness he ad-

duces the thick beds of indurated mud and calcareous sand, full of semi-

fossilized land-shells (over 100 species), which “ display no perceptible

* T.e., Africa south of the desert and Upper Cataract.

+ I am speaking solely in reference to the Coleoptera. No definite limits as to

regions will apply to the various classes or even orders of animals collectively.

146

difference from their recent homologues,” and are in many cases con-

fined to the immediate vicinity of the same areas occupied by their

descendants. As there is reason to believe that these beds were

formed previous to the dissolution of the intermediate land, an incal-

culable time must have passed without appreciable change. The

whole of Mr. Wollaston’s introductory remarks are highly suggestive,

and the work itself bears on every page the evidence of the most

scrupulous care and research. I am very glad to see that Germat’s

names, Baris, Sibynia, Magdalis, Hypera, Sitona, &c., so arbitrarily

changed by Schéuherr, and whose changes have been so blindly

adopted by other Entomologists, have been restored by Mr. Wol-

laston.*

Here I should like to make a few remarks on genera and species, as

it is a subject which is likely before long to force itself on our atten-

tion more than it has yet done. I think the conviction is gaining

ground with all those who are studying species in large numbers,

that, except in isolated, or what in the present state of our know-

ledge appear isolated cases, species have no definite limitation. We

have come to that opinion very generally in regard to genera, but

in both equal difficulty seems to me to exist, the only difference being

that we are apt to fix on the idea of an individual to represent the

species, while we are, to a certain extent, distracted by the species

which represent the genus; and hence many have come to regard the

genus as an artificial creation. But although genera cannot be said

to have an absolute existence any more than species, and can only be

regarded as expressive of an idea, yet as such they have a relative

existence. That it is impossible to limit or define them with the

individual precision necessary to constitute an absolute fact is no

proof that they are artificial; indeed, when we consider how many

examples might be brought forward—the majority, perhaps, of large

* Mr. Wollaston has altered the name of his genus Eremotes, because of its being

too near Eretmotes: this should, by the same rule, be altered because of Eretmotus.

Then is not Syntomocerus, which is proposed to replace the former, much too near

Syntaphocerus ? What is to become of the author’s other genera? Will not Zargus

be too near Sargus? or Piotes to Piodes? or Melansis to Melasis? or Somatium to

Stromatium ? or Xenoscelis to Stenoscelis? and so on. Whilst on the subject of

generic names, may I be permitted to point out that the use of the letter & instead of

c, for the Greek y, is contrary to the Latin rule, and a very objectionable innovation ?

I am glad to see that certain German and French authors have restored the purity of

some names thus disfigured, e.g., Acis for Akis, Acimerus for Akimerus, CEceticus

for Oiketicus, &c.

147

groups—in which the genus is obvious, but the species are all but

_indeterminable, we might be almost tempted to agree with De Can-

_dolle, that genera are more natural than species. Another fallacy

seems to me to lie in the notion that genera, if weakly characterized,

are necessarily of doubtful value. As we find species extremely

closely allied, although certainly conventionally distinct, so may we

expect to find genera; indeed, to those who adopt the derivative

hypothesis of the origin of species, no other conclusion would be pos-

sible. It is partly owing to this view of the arbitrary nature of genera

that some naturalists, not Entomologists only, seem inclined to treat

the generic idea as comparatively unimportant, or who look on their

multiplication as unnecessary. Now, when we recollect that at least

500 genera are annually added to our lists, it is worth considering

more closely on what principles they should be based. Is a genus to

be limited to a homogeneous group of species? or is it to depend on

a rigorous set of technical characters? For, although there may be a

kind of via media, it is really one or the other that must be adopted.

To a certain extent it may be held that the two are correlative, but

this is perhaps rather the exception than the rule ; and the characters

will be secondary, of varying degrees of amount, a little more or a

little less, and very difficult, if not impossible, to convey clearly in

description ; or, if we rely on decisive technical peculiarities, it will

in many cases lead to the assembling together of species into genera

that would go far to destroy our notions of genera altogether. Prac-

tically nothing could be worse than to thrust guwasi-aberrant species

into otherwise well-marked genera, where no one would think of

seeking them. It is decidedly an advantage that one species should

give us a good idea of those associated with it, but that cannot be

done if the number of genera is to depend on the principle of

adaptation to the capacities or the memories of those who, in trying

to grasp everything, tell us that the difficulty and labour “threaten to

overwhelm them.” So will the ever-increasing number of new spe-

cies, if the inquirer will not satisfy himself with going thoroughly into

one or two groups only. One thing, however, is quite certain, that if

the genera of extra-European insects are to keep pace with the genera

of European, then we have not at present half the number that will

be requisite. I am far from thinking that every genus proposed is

necessary ; on the contrary, I regret the tendency of those who, con-

fining their attention solely to local faunas, too frequently exaggerate

the importance of scarcely appreciable minutiz. Such genera are,

148

however, rarely adopted. If time had permitted I should have liked

also to say a few words on the want of accord in classification: why

should the section of one be the family of another, or the tribe of a

third? why should one group be called Carabici, and other groups, of

corresponding rank, Scaphidilia, or Silphales, or Puiniores, and so on?

when a uniform termination would at once give us the key to their

correlatives, and a certainty in their meaning that we do not now

possess,

It is scarcely necessary for me to say anything of our Natural His-

tory periodicals. ‘They are all well known, and the exclusively ento-

mological are indispensable to your pursuit. The ‘ Zoologist,’ after

reaching to nearly 10,000 pages, has commenced a new series; while

the ‘ Natural History Review,’ a high-class biological quarterly, has

come to an unexpected end. The ‘ Kntomologist’s Annual’ appears

to be richer than usual in the number of species added to the British

lists. Of onr own ‘ Transactions’ I shall only allude to Mr. McLach-

lan’s excellent “ Monograph of the British Caddis-flies,” which I hope

will be followed by others of our more neglected groups.

Of foreign publications the most important is the seventh volume

of Prof. Lacordaire’s ‘ Genera des Coléoptéres. This, the greatest

entomological work that has ever appeared, is without parallel in zoo-

logical literature: it stands in the sane rank as Endlicher’s ‘Genera

Plantarum, or the ‘Genera Plantarum’ of Bentham and Hooker

in Botany. ‘The present volume concludes the Curculionide and

families allied to them. I quite agree with the author in considering

Cossonus and Calandra as belonging to the Curculionide, and no

more to be separated from them than Brachycerus or Apion. It is

not so satisfactory to see the Scolytide placed among the Rhyncho-

phorous groups; with Dr. Gerstaecker and M. Jekel, I should prefer

to see them excluded.

The parts of the ‘Genera des Coléoptéres d’Europe’ published

during the year relate exclusively to the Longicorns, which are divided

into thirty-six ‘ groupes,” and include several new genera, some of

which affect the nomenclature of our British species. This magni-

ficent work is now continued by M. Leon Fairmaire.

The ‘Systema Cerambycidarum’ of M. James Thomson is an

indispensable work to all students of the Longicorns, but its useful-

ness is considerably marred by the intricacy of the classification.

‘Hemiptera Africana descripsit Carolus Stal’ is a purely descriptive

work,

LSS CC ml

149

The seventh volume of ‘ Skandinaviens Coleoptera’ by C.G. Thom-

son brings us down to the Scolytide: we must all regret that so much

of this excellent work as is written in Swedish should be lost to us

by the use of that language.

M. Snellen van Vollenhoven’s ‘ Nederlandsche Insecten,’ a con-

tinuation of Sepp’s well-known work, has reached the second volume :

eight livraisons have appeared during the year.

M. Henri Deyrolle’s ‘ Description des Buprestides de la Malaisie

recueillis par M. Wallace’ is a handsome volume, enumerating and

describing not less than 355 species of this family. Many of the

larger genera and some of the sub-families are preceded by analytical

tables, which considerably facilitate their examination. Most of the

new genera are founded on characters which are not generally ad-

mitted to have any beyond a specific or sectional value ; nevertheless

they appear to form good groups.

In foreign periodicals for 1865 the following are amongst the more

‘important and systematic papers :—

In the ‘ Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Mos-

00 : —

Radochkoffsky (Octave), “ Les Mutilles Russes,” with 3 coloured

plates. Thirty-six species are described and figured.

Motschulsky (Victor), ‘Un Genre nouveau de Staphylinides.”

(Renardia,* near Boreaphilus, from New York). The same

author has numerous descriptions of Carabide collected by

himself in his travels.

Solsky (8.), ‘‘ Descriptions de quelques nouvelles espéces de Sta-

phylinides,” pp. 433—451.

In the “ Mémoires de l’Académie de St. Petersbourg,” Tome viii.

4 No. 1 :—

| Bremer (Otto), “ Lepidoptera Oest-Sibiriens, insbesondere des

Amur-landes,” a convenient digest, illustrated by 8 well-exe-

cuted coloured plates.

In the ‘ Tijdschrift voor Entomologie :’—

Van Vollenhoven (S. C. Snellen) ; descriptions of species of

Buprestide, Scutellerida and Achetide ; one of each.

In the ‘ Mémoires de la Société de Physique et d'Histoire Naturelle

de Genéve :—

Humbert (A.), ‘‘ Myriapodes de Ceylon,” pp. 1—62 and 5 plates

(Ato).

* Has this insect anything to do with the Staphylinide ?

150

In the ‘ Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung :-—

Dobrn (Dr. H.), “ Versuch einer Monographie der Dermapteren,”

continuation ; numerous new species.

Burmeister (Prof. H.), “ Longicornia Argentina.” Highty-one

species are enumerated, several new; the diagnoses are in

Latin.

Hagen (Dr. H.), “ Beitrige zur Kenntniss der Phryganiden ;”

descriptions of several Madeiran Phryganide ; also an enume-

ration of the Neuroptera found near Zurich.

In the ‘ Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift ’°—

Loew (Dr. H.), “ Ueber der europiischen Arten der Gattung Geo-

myza;” a second paper on Opomyza, and a third on Rhic-

noessa.

Kirsch (Th.), “ Beitrige zur Kaferfauna von Bogota ;” desc

tions of 141 new species.

In the ‘ Transactions of the American Philosophical Society’ (Phi-

ladeiphia) :—

Wood (H. C., jun., M.D.), “ The Myriapoda of North America ;”

a descriptive list of all the known species of America north of

Mexico.

In the ‘ Annales de la Société Entomologique de France’ are nu-

merous papers, principally on European insects, by MM. Boieldieu,

F. de Saulcy, Chevrolat, Fairmaire, Signoret, and other well-known

writers ; but as this work is read by most of you, it is unnecessary to

specify the articles.

Of ‘ L’Abeille,’ a cheap and useful publication, six Parts have ap-

peared during the year; four of these are devoted to M. de Marseul’s

Monograph of Buprestide, the other two to short notices, and a Mo-

nograph of Gallerucide by M. L. de Joannis. Neither of these

Monographs is yet finished, and the species included are those only

which belong to the European fauna, using that phrase in the

physical rather than the geographical sense, since the . so-called

European region includes Western Asia and Northern Africa.

The last Anniversary Address of the President of the Linnean So-

ciety was almost entirely devoted to an account of the Natural-His-

tory Transactions and Journals now publishing on the Continent.

They are immensely numerous, and are written in fourteen different

languages, only one of which—the Hungarian—is without any ento-

mological matter. It will probably be one day a question how far the

use of any other language than English, French, German, or Latin,

will entitle an author to claim the rights usually accorded to priority

151

of publication. It is very desirable that those who publish descrip-

tions of new species in provincial towns should take care that they are

at once made known in the three or four great centres of Science.

The law of priority has its duties as well as its rights, and it will be

very reluctantly admitted that a name, published in any widely-circu-

lated or well-known work, should be superseded by an earlier publi-

cation in some obscure local journal.

The following I owe to the kindness of Mr. F. Smith :—“ The

British Museum has added 4659 specimens to the Entomological Col-

lections, of which 3597 were presented, chiefly by Mr. W. Wilson

Saunders. The most valuable douation consisted of 3207 specimens

of Hemiptera, among which is a_ fine series of the species collected

by Mr. Wallace in the Eastern Archipelago. Among the purchases

may be mentioned a collection of larvz of Coleopterous insects, which

are to be figured and described in the Ann. Soc. Ent. de France. We

may also mention a purchase of 448 species of Chilian Coleoptera

from Dr. Germain’s collection, and of 180 species of Coleoptera from

Russia and Siberia.” What will probably give Entomologists the

greatest satisfaction is the acquisition of 343 species of Coleoptera

named by Dr. Leconte.

)

In vacating this chair, may I venture to hope that my performance

of its duties has justified your selection of me for that position? The

honour was unsought and unexpected, and will always remain a

source of the deepest satisfaction. In tendering you my most hearty

and grateful thanks for your support, I rejoice that in the person of

my distinguished successor you have chosen one who cannot fail to

increase the interest and efficiency of the Society.

A vote of thanks to Mr. Pascoe for his conduct in the chair was carried by

acclamation, and he was requested to allow his Address to be published in the

Journal of Proceedings. The vote was appropriately acknowledged, and the request

acceded to.

A vote of thanks to the other Officers for 1865 was also carried, and acknowledged

by Mr. 8. Stevens and Mr. Dunning.

152

Abstract of the Treasurer’s Accounts for 1865.

RECEIPTS.

£8. ds

By Balance in hand January Ist, 1865... Sor aes Aap ie 2 ae

Arrears of Subscriptions... one eee mae 56 .. L6 16iae

Subscriptions for 1865 (133)... = aoe oa mee eer, 139 1370

Admission Fees (81)... mae SOE Sac ae Ae a ey 2

Compositions (2) se 600 20 506 O06 O00 ec 1). @

Tea Subscriptions... 300 ot eee bon -- 9 ie

Sale of Transactions at Rooms ne 500 cso OOO) OuG

5 at Longmans ... se ate 26. 4

76 110

Dividend on £109 14s. 9d. Consols 500 Sas 60 3 S10

£348 14 1

PAYMENTS.

& ‘soa

To paid arrears for 1864:—Rent to Christmas ... ono SLL 6) 0

Williams & Norgate ose eee aLOMO

—— 1315 0

Fire Insurance to Lady- soe 1866 ... eee ee ove w)) hie

Librarian 5c noc coc wee o0c os» 18) 4aaG

Tea, &c., thirteen Meetings 13 13 0

Attendance, Coals, Christmas- boxes, Collector’s Commission, feo 3) "7a |

Postage, Parcels, Stationery, GCGsy gers 500 50° 60 12 13 2 |

Printing ‘Transactions, 3 Parts. ... eae eee bis . 150 8 7¢

» ‘Proceedings, Circulars, &c. .. ee sos 141989 |

Plates for ‘ Transactions, Bneraanus Printing and ‘Colouring wee! 165; (62G

Bookbinding ... oo Bee n0C ont Pree ere elite .

Rent, 3 quarters, to Michaelmas aes aes ove eee ws 3d 15°40

Balance in hand . a6 40° wee eee oe TT 4 ae

£348 14 1

Liabilities and Assets of the Society.

Liabilities. Assets.

isan: ££ 8. a il

Rent to Christmas ............ 11 5 0 Arrears of Subscriptions or 23 2 0

Loan from Mr. Dunning ... 45 0 0 good,—(say)

—— Ditto, doubtful, £39 18s. Od.

£56 5 0 Cash balance in hand ......... 11 14 10

Consols, £109 14s. 9d. (say) 100 0 O

£134 16 10

Less amount of Liabilities 56 5 O

Balance ...... £78 11 10

153

GENERAL INDEX.

Note.—Where the name only of an Insect is mentioned, the description of the

Insect will be found at the page referred to.

The Arabic figures refer to the pages of the Transactions ; the Roman Numerals to

the pages of the Journal of Proceedings.

PAGE _ PAGE

GENERAL SUBJECTS eccescecee 15d | HEMIPTERA .coeceeeteet sees 166

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GENERAL SUBJECTS.

Ailanthine an article of commerce, cxil.

Ailanthus Silkworm, notes on, cix, cxii, cxili, cxix, ¢xxi.

density and tenacity of the wood, exii, cxxi.

Amber insects, xiv.

Anniversary Address of the President, 23 January, 1865..1xx.

22 do. 1866..cxxxvii.

Ants, swarms of, producing alarm of fire, cxiv.

Azores, collecting at, xcviii.

Barley-fly, ravages of, exli.

Bartlett, Mr., in the Amazons region, cxxxili.

Bees, a new enemy to, cxli.

eating pollen, xxviii.

intelligence of, xxviii, xxxii.

onthe formation of the cells, 115, 131, xii, xviii, xxxiiie

singular forms of cells, xxxili.

the Times Bee-master, xxxix, xl, Ixxvii.

British Museum, entomological additions to, during 1864, 1865, Ixxviii, cl.

Bouchard, Peter, death of, exxvi.

‘* Bugong ” moth, of Australia, edible, exxix.

Cannes, collecting in neighbourhood of, xviii, cii.

Cape de Verdes, collecting at, in 1864, xvii.

154

GENERAL SUBJECTS—continued.

Chelifers on houseflies, note on, exii.

Coleoptera Atlantidum, cxliv.

Council for 1864, Report of, Ixviii.

1865, election of, }xvii.

Report of, exxxv.

1866, election of, exxxvi.

Curtis, the late Mr., his collection, xvii.

Development of ovaries during hybernation, cxxxili.

Deyrolle, M. Achille, death of, exxxix.

Dimorphism, xv, cxl.

Diseases in insects, cxxi, Cxxil.

Du Chaillu, M., letter from, lvii.

his return from Western Africa, cxxix.

Dufour, Dr. Léon, death of, exxxvii.

Earwigs, destructive to bees and wasps, ¢xiii, cxiv.

query respecting, cxxvi.

unusual abundance of, exiil, exiv.

use of anal appendages, cxvi.

Edible insects, xcix, exxx.

Exhibition of Insects in Paris in 1865, xcix, exii, cxviil.

Fireflies, simultaneous flashing of light of, xciv, xev, ci.

Fossil insects from the Devonian series of North America, cxvii.

Fungoid growth on beetles, xliv.

on moths, Ixxxix.

Galls, notes on, xlvii, xlviii, Ixxxv, Ixxxviii, Ixxxix, xev, xevi, xevill, evil, ex].

Genera, remarks on, exxxi, cxliil, exlvi.

Generic names having nearly the same sound, notes on, Ixxxv, cxlvi.

Gynandromorphism, remarks on, cx.

Gynandromorphous specimen of Anthocharis Cardamines, cx.

Calepterya splendens, cxxv.

Fidonia atomaria, exi.

piniaria, cix.

Hearsey, General Sir J. B., death of, cxxxviil.

Hermaphroditism, remarks on, ex.

Honey, production of, in France, xe.

Ice-caves, insects in, exvi.

Imitation of flower by a spider, xxix.

Insects at great elevations, Ixxxix, xe,

on board ship, XXXiX.

Larve, preservation of, xcviii, cxv.

Larval reproduction in insects, xxxvii, xevi, Ixxvi, cxxxix.

Local form, or race, xv.

Macleay, W.S., death of, xcii, exxxix.

Mimetic resemblance, xiv, xxix, civ.

Monstrosity of Acherontia Atropos, cxxiv.

of Vanessa Atalanta, cxv.

Museums in the Metropolis, xcix.

Nomenclature, remarks on, xxxvi, Ixxxvi, exxxi, cxlvi, exlviii, cl.

155

GENERAL SUBJECTS—continued.

Notice of subjec's for discussion, exxvill.

Officers for 1865, election of, Ixvii.

1866, do. CXXXVI.

Orchids, destroyed by Cocci, exvi.

Penang, new Longicorns from, Ixi.

Photography, applied to Entomology, exxv.

Polymorphism, xv, xvi.

President, election of, i, ix, Ixvii, cxxxvi.

Priority in nomenclature, xxxvi, Ixxxvi, cl.

Prize Essays on Economic Entomology, Ixxxi, 1xxxiv, cxxxvi.

Pyrethrum, powder from flowers of, used for destroying insects, cxix.

Ravages of Insects in the State of New York, exli.

Report of the Council, 23 January, 1865, Ixviii.

22 January, 1866, exxxv.

Saunders, Mr. W. Wilson, presentation to, xlvi.

Schaum, Prof. Dr, death of, cxxxvii.

Schomburgk, Sir Robert, death of, exxxviil.

Silk, formation of, double filament, 443, cxxvil.

from Salvador, il.

Silkworm, a new American, xciii.

Ailanthus, cix, exit, cxili, exix, Cxxi.

on the reversion and restoration of, 143, 295, xxiii, lix.

remarks on the Tusseh, xl.

South- Australian Entomology, notes on, lL.

Spirits of wine, for clearing plants from insects, lv.

Sub genera, remarks on, cxxxi.

Sugar-cane, injured by Cuccus, xxv.

Synonymy of British Butterflies, lviii.

Syria and Palestine, insects of, xxxix.

Treasurer’s Accounts, Abstract for 1864, Ixxx.

for 1865, cli.

Variation, as affected by locality, xxi.

note on, Xv.

in Lepidoptera, notes on, 453.

“Variety” and ‘‘species,” xvi.

Variety of Chrysophanus Virgauree, cxxvi.

Ennychia anguinalis, cxi.

Fidonia atomaria, ex.

piniaria, Cix.

Gonepteryx Rhamni, cx.

Sterrha sacraria, 453, cxxiv.

Tinea cloacella, cxxix.

Xylina petrificata, cxv.

Wasps, abundance of, xxvii, cv.

and their parasites in 1864, Ixii.

disease amongst, Ixvi.

disappearance of in 1865, cix, cxili, exxil.

notes on, xlvili, Ixii,

xa,

156

GENERAL SUBJECTS—continued.

Wasps’ nests, notes on, ii, xii, xxvi.

on the formation of the cells, 115, 131, xii, xvili, xxxiil.

particoloured nest, Ivii, Ixv.

remarkable nests of, xxvi, XXXiil.

Wood-earving, injury by insects, Report of Commission, lv.

Wood-lice, abundance and destruction of, xcv.

APHANIPTERA.

Jigger, nomenclature of, xci.

notes on, xCi, XCil.

Nycteribia, note on, xxxii.

APTERA.

Acari found on wings of Curadrina cubicularis, exii.

Libellula, xxxvi.

infesting wasps’ nests, Ixiii, Ixvii.

note on, xxx.

Alropos pulsatoria, query respecting, Cxxx.

Chelifers on houseflies, note on, cxii.

Ixodes plumbeus, destructiveness of, Ixxxii.

notes on, Ixxxili, Ixxxv, cvi.

ARACHNIDA.

Salticus, imitating a flower, xxix.

Spiders’ nest, globular, from South Australia, lvii.

COLEOPTERA.

Adorium sordidum, 435.

tarsutum, 435,

fEgialia rufa, new to Britain, exxv.

“igus blandus, 57.

chelifer, note on, 54.

cicatricosus, notes on, 52, vii.

glaber, 59.

impressicollis, 58.

Kandiensis, note on, 58.

labilis, 54.

lunatus, note on, 53.

platyodon, 56.

punctipennis, 58.

serratus, 58.

trilobatus, 59.

Agathidium, on the British species of, 445.

clypeatum, 448.

convexum, 449,

rhinoceros, 451,

157

COLEOPTERA—continued.

Agetocera Hopii, 438.

lobicornis, 437.

Agra, Amazonian species of, 359, xci.

new species of, 385,

anguinea, 367,

aurata, 377.

bicostata, 375.

brevicornis, 376.

callictis, 371.

Chaudoirii, 375.

Chryseis, var. ?, 372.

curtula, var. 2, 372.

dominula, 386.

gaudiola, 377.

graminea, 379.

laticeps, 382.

mustela, 369.

occipitalis, 387.

optima, 381.

ph@ogona, 382.

rubrocuprea, 376.

Saundersii, 386.

scrutatriz, 370.

Valentina, 385.

Agridia Batesii, 363.

phenicodera, 364,

platyscelis, 364.

Aleochara brunneipennis, note on, x.

fumata, new to Britain, ix.

procera, new to Britain, ix.

spadicea, new to Britain, xxxvill.

Alopena, characters of, 239.

collaris, 239.

Ametalla W.-nigra, 272,

Anobium, noise made by, cxxx.

Apate capucina, capture of, xcvili.

Apatetica Nitiduloides, xi.

Aphthona merens, 343.

Altractocerus, note on, xlv.

Kreuslere, xlvi.

Atysa, characters of, 238.

terminalis, 239.

Australica eneonitens, 416.

Parryi, 227.

Antalia puncticollis, xlv.

Bardistus cibarius, note on, xcix.

Batonota Godmanii, 242.

158

COLEOPTERA — continued.

Blepharida Chiliensis, 432.

Bolboceras, from S. Australia, burrowing in road, Ixxxvill

producing sound, mode of, Ixxxvitl, evil.

Buphonida, characters of, 437.

evanida, 437.

Buprestis ocellata, on board ship, xxxix.

Culamobius, note on, exxvi.

Calopepla Livingstonii, 239.

Cantharocnemis Livingstonii, cxxxi, cxxxili.

Cantharoctenus Burchellii, exxxi, Cxxxiv.

Cantharolethrus Luxerii, notes on, 6, vi.

Cantharoplatys Felderi, exxxi, cxxxili.

Ceralces ferrugineus, note on, 225.

spilota, 226.

Waller, 226.

Ceratognuthus Helotoides, note on, viii.

Cerochroa maculicollis, 232.

Cerotoma alternata, 477.

Amazon1, 475.

congener, 473.

contubernalis, 475.

De Gandei, 472.

Deyrollei, 477.

Erichsoni, 478.

excavuta, 474.

heterocera, 472.

limbifera, 478.

perplexa, 476.

pulchra, 476.

quadripustulata, 477.

Salvinii, 478.

transversofasciata, 474.

Ceuthorhynchideus Poweri, new to Britain, xlvii.

Ceuthorhynchus biguttatus, capture of, Ixxxi.

Chalcolampra undulatipennis, 415,

laticollis, 416.

Chalcomela subpunctata, 417.

Chalcophyma, characters of, 339.

crelifera, 339.

leta, 340.

tarsalis, 340

tuberculosu, 341.

Chalcoplacis, characters of, 338.

sumptuosa, 338,

Charislena, characters of, 251,

Ariadne, note on, 252.

basalis, 253.

159

COLEOPTERA—continued.

Charistena bellula, 253. ,

Deyrollei, 253.

elegantula, 254.

Lecontii, 252.

nigrita, note on, 252.

Pilatei, 254.

ruficollis, note on, 251.

trilineata, 255.

Cheirolasia Burkei, and other Goliath beetles, lvii.

Chiasognathus imherbis, note on, 6.

Jousselinii, note on, 6.

Latreillei, note on, 6.

Mnisxechii, note on, 6.

Reichti, note on, 6.

Chorina, characters of, 471.

Chrysomela Clarkii, 227.

Cladognathus, note on, 21.

approximatus, 33.

assimilis, 25.

attenuatus, 26.

bisignatus, 28.

cavifrons, note on, 32.

cinctus, note on, 22.

curvipes, g, 35.

decipiens, 31.

dorsalis, , 31.

elegans, 27.

e1imius, 33.

Slavidus, 27.

Sulvonotutus, 28.

Lafertei, 2, 23.

modestus, 29.

Natalensis, 36.

perplecus, 26.

politus, 21.

4-nodosus, 22.

rudis, 35.

Senegalensis, note on, 34.

Spencii, note on, 37.

squamilateris, 26.

suturalis, 25.

Tragulus, 9, 24.

Wallacei, 23.

Zebra, note on, 25

Clitena, characters of, 229,

limbata, 230.

meluncholica, 231.

160

COLEOPTERA—continued.

Clythra Downesii, 333, ,

tibialis, 224.

Walleri, 224,

larva of, xxix.

Calomera Batesiz, 439.

bipustulata, 344,

Cinzia, 440.

leta, 344,

ornata, 440.

ruficornis, 343.

Colaspis elegantula, 341.

Colusposoma fulvicorne, 428.

igueicolle, 428.

viridieneum, 429.

viridivittatum, 430.

‘Colophon, note on, 7.

Corticaria truncatella, new to Britain, Ixxxi.

Corycia, name Courysthea substituted for, 336.

Corysthea ferox, 336.

Cossyphus, geographical range of, Ixxxii.

Crepidodera Brasiliensis, 343.

eiegantula, 342.

Crioceris Asparagi, ravages of, cxli.

Cryptocephalus 10-punctatus and Bothnicus, var., at Rannoch, cvii.

Curculio, with fungoid growth, xliv.

Cyclommatus affinis, 40.

insignis, 41.

metallifer, 39.

Maitlandi, 40.

Cyclorasis Jekelii, 41.

subnitens, 42,

Cyphagogus Odewahnii, xlvi,

Delinius, characters of, iii.

Dendroblax Earlianus, note on, 65.

Diabrotica coccinea, 345.

Deyrollei, 347.

dimidiatipennis, 350.

discoidalis, 349.

Hebe; 348.

pulchra, 345.

puncticollis, 346.

4-vittata, 349,

Saundersii, 350.

sublimbata, 347.

subsulcata, 351.

suturalis, 348.

161

COLEOPTERA —continued.

Diabrotica tenella, 348.

tetraspilota, 351.

Ditomoderus, characters of, 45.

mirabilis, 45.

Dolichotoma Salvinii, 241.

Dorcadion, a new species of, xcviii.

Dorcus derelictus, 50.

Klugii, note on, 50.

luteus, note on, 51.

maszama, 51.

Doridea, characters of, 236.

insignis, 236.

Doryphora Salvinii, 225.

Edusa aureoviridis, 419.

hispidula, 420.

nigro-enea, 420.

setosa, 419.

Endocephalus spilotus, 341.

Eros Aurora, larva of, eviii.

Eurytrachelus Aais, note on, 48.

Saiga, note on, 49.

Thomsoni, 47.

Tityus, 46.

Euryusa sinuata, new to Britain, xxxvill.

Figulus scaritiformis, 64.

vulneratus, note on, 64.

Gallerucide, new genera and species of, 229, 259, 342, 430, 471.

Gustrolina thoracica, 228.

Geloptera Duboulaii, 417.

nodosa, 418.

Glyptoscelis eneipennis, 334.

albicans, 334.

fascicularis, 334,

Gnaphaloryz dilaticollis, 51.

sculptipennis, 52.

Goliathus giganteus, capture of, xxix.

Gonioctena Fortunei, 228.

Murrayi, 228.

Hemisodorcus Passaloides, g, 44.

Heterochthes, characters of, 17.

brachypterus, 18.

Hesarthrius Bowringii, 12.

Chaudoirii, note on, 11.

Deyrollei, 11.

Hippopsis, note on, exxvi.

Homalota notha, new to Britain, xxxviii.

Homoderus, characters of, 38.

Mellyi, 38,

162

COLEOPTERA—continued.

Hydaticus, notes on, 209.

Adamsii, 211.

arusper, 212.

Bukewellii, 210.

bihamatus, note on, 211.

bivittutus, note on, 218.

Bowringii, 214.

decorus, note on, 214.

fulvonotatus, 221.

grammicus, note on, 217.

histrio, 221.

Leander, note on, 217.

matruelis, 216.

nigromarmoratus, 220.

nigroviltatus, 222.

poganus, 215.

parallelus, 219.

4-vittatus, note on, 212.

stagnalis, note on, 218.

Ussherii, 214.

verecundus, 213.

vittatus, var., 218.

Hylaspes, characters of, 436.

longicornis, 436.

Letana, charécters of, 232.

histrio, 232.

Lamprima sumptuosa, 7.

Lamprospherus, note on, and characters of, 337.

Hebe, 337.

lateralis, 338.

5-pustulatus, 337.

scintillaris, 338.

Lampyrid@, luminosity of, xciv, xcv, Cle

Lampyris, supposed new form, ci.

Laphris, characters of, 231.

emarginata, 231.

Lema gravida, 223.

Leptinopterus Fryi, 43.

rotundatus, 43.

Leptusa analis, new to Britain, xxxviil.

Lesteva monticola, new to Britain, xlv.

Leucasteu antica, 279.

alripennis, 278.

concolor, 278.

dimidiata, 279.

Dohrni, 277, var., 278.

ephippiata, 280.

163

COLEOPTERA—coutinued.

Leucastea rubidipennis, 277.

Westermanni, 279.

Linu Adamsii, 229.

Lissotes Menalcas, note on, 63.

Lithocharis castaneu, note un, cxxv.

maritima, note on, Cxxv.

Lixus filiformis, new to Britain, xlvii.

Longicornia, new, from Penang, !xi.

Lucanide, remarks on Thomson’s Catalogue of, v.

Lucanoid Coleoptera, Descriptions of, 1—66.

Synonymic Catalogue of, 67.

Synopsis of, 105.

Lucanus cervus, note on, 8.

Hopei, 9.

laticornis, note on, 9.

maculifemoratus, note on, 10.

serirans, note on, 10.

Smithii, 10.

Macrocrates Bucephalus, note on, 44.

Macrotoma, larva of, edible, xcix.

Merynodera Balyi, 271.

Medon Ruddii, synonymy of, cxxv.

Mesomphalia Salvinii, 242.

Mesotopus Tarandus, 7.

Metaxrycera, characters of, 255.

Amazona, 257.

purpurata, note on, 256.

rubroguttata, 256.

serpustulata, 258.

trimaculata, note on, 256.

Moluris Rowleiana, ii.

Monotoma 4-foveolata, new to Britain, exxv.

Myochrous armatus, 335.

explaunatus, 335.

Sallei, 335.

Myrmedonia plicata, new to Britain, exxv.

Neolucanus, note on, 20.

Championi, 20.

cingulatus, 20.

Saundersii, 20.

Nigidius cornutus, note on, 63.

obesus, 63.

Notozona Batesii, 434.

Jlavipustulata, 434.

histrionica, 433.

Oenus, characters of, 420.

viridis, 421.

164

COLEOPTERA—continued.

Odontolabis, note on, 12.

Brookeanus, 15.

Castelnaudi, 14,

Cingalensis, 16.

Ludekingii, 13.

Mouhotii, 14.

Nigrita, note on, 17.

Sommeri, 16.

Stevensii, monstrosity of, xxix.

striatus, note on, 15.

Vollenhovii, 13.

Wollastonii, 14.

Oonotus, n. g., note on, 62.

Onthophilus exaratus, note on, iii.

Parnides, new form of, from Kaffraria, xcvii.

Paropsis ameena, 405.

apicata, 405.

captiosa, 406.

incurva, 412.

intertincta, 41.

maculicollis, 407.

mediovittata, 404.

nervosa, 413.

nigritula, 411.

nigroconspersa, 409.

nigropicta, 4)2.

perparvula, 413.

purpureo-aurea, 407.

sanguineotincta, 409.

tessellata, 408.

transversomaculata, 410.

verrucipennis, 414.

Pedrillia, characters of, 280.

longicornis, 280.

Penichrolucanus copricephalus, note on, 64.

Peritelus griseus, new to Britain, xlvii.

Phytophaga, descriptions of new genera and species, 223, 251, 259, 271, 333, 401,

427, 471.

Plagiodera celestina, 229.

cuprea, 229.

Platycerus Agassii, 60.

carulescens, 60.

Cuucasicus, 60.

Platyrantha, characters of, 233.

apicalis, 234.

nigricornis, 234.

ventralis, 235.

165

COLEOPTERA—continued.

Podontia maculatissima, 431.

Mouhoti, 431.

scaphoides, 430.

Peecilomorpha Balyana, 272.

Calabarica, 274,

Gerstaeckeri, 273.

Lacorduirii, 273.

luteipennis, 273.

murina, 274.

parvula, 274,

variabilis, 275.

Westermanni, aie

Prioptera, new species of, xcili, cxxix.

Prosopocoilus bulbosus, note on, viii.

Psammodius porcicollis, note on, iii.

Ptinide, injurious to wood-carving, remedy, ly.

Ptinus hololeucus, destructiveness of, xii.

Pyronota festiva, in New Zealand wool, lvii.

Ramphorhina Petersiana, female of, x.

Rhetus, characters of, 10,

Westwoodii, 11.

Ripiphorus paradozus, in wasps’ nests, xlix, lviii, Ixiv.

Scelodonta Murrayi, 427.

Schematiza, characters of and notes on, 259.

é@quinoctialis, 263,

amplicornis, 261.

annulicornis, 267.

antennalis, 267.

apicalis, 268.

dimidiata, note on, 264.

emarginata, 269.

Jlavofasciata, 264.

frenata, 264,

Hispiformis, 269.

lineaticollis, 266.

Lycoides, 260.

nigricollis, 266.

preusta, 265.

scutellaris, 268.

venusta, 263.

vicina, 262.

Sclerostomus Fairmaivrii, 61.

Philippi, 61.

Sibynes canus, new to Britain, xlvii.

Sinodendron Americanum, note on, 65.

Sophrena, characters of, 342,

ornata, 342,

166

COLEOPTERA—continued.

Spanus, characters of, iii.

Natalicus, ili.

note on, xil.

Stenus Kiesenwetteri, new to Britain, xvii.

Syntelia, characters of, xi.

Indica, xi.

Mezicuna, xi.

Syphawia, characters of, 471.

Tachinus pro.imus, new to Britain, xlv.

Temnaspis arida, 275.

Bengalensis, 276.

chrysopyga, 276.

Cumingii, 276.

lugubris, 277.

Thaumastomerus, characters of, 418.

viridis, 419.

saltatorial power of, xciv.

Theopea, characters of, 237.

elegantula, 238.

Mouhoti, 238.

pulchella, 237.

Trachys pugme@us, captured at Lowestoft, evii.

Uroplata 12-muculata, 351.

Grayi, 354.

16-guttata, 356.

Slevensi, 353.

terminalis, 355.

Walkeri, 352.

DIPTERA.

Cecidomyia, larve reproducing like larve, xxxvii, Ixxvi, xevi, exxxix,

House-flies, note on Chelifers frequenting, exii.

Miastor metraloas, larva of, reproducing larve, xxxvil, Ixxvi, xcvi, CXXXiX.

Tachina, parasitic on the Ailanthus silkworm, cxx.

Trypanea apivora, a new enemy to the bee, cxli.

EUPLEXOPTERA.

Earwigs destructive to bees and wasps, exill, Cxiv.

query respecting, Cxxvi.

unusual adundance of, cxill, cxiv.

use of the anal appendages, cxvi.

HEMIPTERA.

Coccus, destroying Orchids, cxvi.

injurious to the sugar cane, xxv, li.

parthenogenesis in ?, cxvi.

167

HEMIPTERA—continued.

Fulgora candelaria, luminosity of, xiii.

laternaria, luminosity of, xiv, Cie

Heteroptera, the British, by Douglas and Scott, exlit.

HYMENOPTERA.

lurus agilis, 390.

Amphibolips, a new genus of Cynipide, exli.

Apis Ligustica, workers producing males, xcix.

Bees, on the formation of the cells, 115, 131, xii, xvili, xxxiii.

singular formation of cells, xxxiii.

eating pollen, xxviii.

intelligence of, xxviii, xxxil.

Bombus pomorum, new to Britain, xxvi, xlvii.

Smithianus, capture of, ]xxxii.

Chalcidites, new genus of, 441.

Chalcis eurytomoides, 207.

Chalicodoma celocera, note on, 399.

Cresus septentrionalis, bred, cxxix.

Clenocerus ramosus, 396.

Cynips, notes on galls, xvii, xlvili, exl.

Dorylus and Tuphlopone, note on, xciil, xciv.

Eucera, note on, 389.

Eudoxinna, name substituted for Sosretra, 207, n.

Eurytoma flavipes, ravages of, exh.

Lamprocolletes cladocerus, 397.

Melissodes, note on, 389.

Myrmecopsis, characters of, 441.

nigricans, 442.

Nomia Kirbii, 398.

Paniscus, specics of, in Swiss ice-cavern, cxvi.

Puragia, note on, 391.

species of, 391-—394.

calida, 392.

decipiens, 391.

venusta, 393.

vespiformis, 393.

Psammotherma flabellata, 396.

Pleratomus, with divided anterior wings, cxv.

Rhagigaster flavifrons, 390.

simillimus, 390.

Smiera adaptata, 190.

adjuncta, 198.

admixta, 189.

adsita, 193.

emula, 192.

e@qualis, 200.

alienata, 195.

168

HY MENOPTERA—continued.

Smiera annexa, 204.

annulifera, 202.

aperta, 187. |

apparata, 205.

appressa, 186.

attacta, 206.

atlalica, 193.

basilica, 188.

blanda, 199.

celsa, 201.

cerina, 187.

certa, 183.

cognata, 204.

cummoda, 195.

composita, 188.

concitata, 183.

contacta, 184.

contermina, 194.

contributa, 201.

correcta, 191.

crocata, 186.

deducta, 206.

defuncta, 189.

demota, 205.

depicta, 203.

descripta, 197.

destinatu, 185.

detracta, 202.

dimota, 196.

disposita, 196.

efficta, 184.

eahauriens, 198.

exinaniens, 191.

expleta, 197.

scissa, 192.

terminalis, 200.

vacillans, 199.

Sosxetra, note on the name, xvii, 207, n.

Tetralonia, note on, 389.

mirabilis, 398.

Thaumatosoma, characters of, 394.

Duboulaii, 395.

Thynnus ventralis, 389.

Typhlopone, the worker of Dorylus, xcili, xciv.

Wasps, abundance or scarcity of, xxvil, cv, CixX, Cxlli, Cxxil.

and their parasites, xii.

notes on, xlvili, Ixii, Ixvi.

on the formation of the cells, 115, 131, ii, xii, xvili, xxvi, xxxiil, lvii, Ixv.

169

LEPIDOPTERA.

Acherontia Atropos, born with only one antenna, cxxiv.

Acidalia mancuniata, n. sp., bred from larvx, exxv, CXxXi.e

Acréa, n. sp., from Zambesi, cxxv.

Agrotis segetum, destructive to turnips, xxxviii, xliv.

Ailanthus silk, notes on, xxx, cxix.

Anchinia verrucella, pupa of, xxx.

Argynnis Lathonia, seen on the wing at end of September, cxv.

Attacus Polyphemus, note on, xcill, Cxxi.

Audea, n. sp. of, on board ship, xxxix.

Bombycide, characters of eighteen silk- producing species, 295.

Bombyx Arracanensis, notes on, 313.

Atlas, bred in England, cix.

Bengalensis, larva of, and notes on, 322.

Cresi, larva of, and notes on, 312.

Cynthia, notes on, xxx, Cix, exii, Cxili, Cxix, Cxxi.

fortunatus, larva and silk of, 312.

Horsfieldi, note on, 324.

Huttoni, history of, 318.

Mori, history and larva of, 303.

black larva of, 149, 153, 306.

Polyphemus, notes on, xciii, cxxi.

religiose, notes on, 525.

Sherwilli, 324, 423.

Sinensis, history of, 313.

subnotata, note on, 324.

textor, history of, 309.

** Bugong” moth, of Australia, exxix.

Butterflies from S. Africa, descriptions of, 175.

spiral tongue, striation and papilla of, Ivii.

synonymy of British, lviii.

Caprona Canopus, 180.

Caradrina cubicularis, with Acari on wings, cxii.

Cemiostoma lotella, larva of, ci.

Charazes, new species of, from Zambesi, xxi.

Argynnides, x.

identical with Nymphalis Jahlusa, lxi.

gCherocampa Celerio, capture of, exxiv.

Chrysophanus Virgauree, variety of, cxxvi.

Cenyra, characters of, 281.

Hebe, note on, 281.

Cyclopides inornatus, 179.

Dasypolia Templi, in abundance near Huddersfield, xi.

Depressaria olerella, new to Britain, Ix.

Dianthecia albimacula, captured in England, xeviii.

Dircenna Dercyllidas, 248.

Exdrosis fenestrella, destructiveness of larva, xii.

170

LEPIDOPTERA —continued.

Ennychia anguinalis, variety of, cxi.

Ephestia ficella, bred from cork, 1x.

Erebia Sabacus, 176.

Eronia varia, 175.

Erycides Telmela, 485.

Thrasea, 485.

Eteona Eupolis, 247.

Eueides Eurysaces, 248.

Eupithecia campanulata, new to Britain, c.

pulchellata, bred from Fox-glove, c.

Fidonia atomaria, andromorphism and gynxcomorphism of, cxi.

piniaria, andromorphous female of, cix.

Gelechia Lathyri, bred in this country, xxxv.

pinguinella, new to Britain, xxxvi.

Gonepterys Cleopatra, note on, cili.

Gobrias, 246.

Rhamni, varieties of, cxi.

Heleyra Hemina, 245.

Hepialus Humuli, remarkable specimens from the Shetlands, Ix, Ixxxii.

Hesperia Agita, 486.

Ze stria, 486.

Almoda, 499.

Amana, 499.

Anchora, 487.

argentea, 487.

Altina, 489.

Azona, 490.

Barea, 490.

Belistida, 491.

Bursa, 491,

Cesina, 491.

Calvina, 492.

Catina, 492.

Cathea, 492.

Ceraca, 488.

Certima, 493. 8

Chalestra, 488.

Colenda, 493.

Coryna, 494.

Crotona, 493.

Cunara, 488,

Elia, 489.

Ethoda, 489.

Litana, 494.

Lutetia, 495.

Marsena, 498.

Memuca, 497,

171

LEPIDOPTERA—continued.

Hesperia Noseda, 500.

Ogygia, 500.

Ophiusa, 497.

Opigena, 495.

Ovinia, 496.

Perea, 496.

Phaetusa, 497.

Phiditia, 501.

Physcella, 498.

Rona, 499.

Sala, 500.

tessellata, 494,

Hydrilla palustris, captured in England, xx.

Iolaus Bowkeri, 176.

Sidus, 176.

Laogona Lilea, 246.

Larve feeding on bran, xx, xxxv.

mode of preserving, xeviii.

Lasiommata Lasus, 248.

Leprea, 249.

Laverna subbistrigella, habit of, cxii. .

Leucochitonea bicolor, 180.

Limenitis Disippus, hybernation of larva, civ.

Labotas, 245.

Ligyes, 246,

Liphyra, characters of, xxxi.

Brassolis, xxxi.

Loepa Miranda, 424.

Lycena, emerging from pod of Cassia, xi.

Hintza, 177.

Micropteryx Calthella, two males in simultaneous sexual contact with one female,

civ.

Nisoniades Kobela, 180.

Noctua spina, the ‘‘ bugong” moth of Australia, exxix.

Nyctegretes Achatinella, captured at Yarmouth, xxxvi.

Ocinara comma, 330.

dilectula, note on, 330.

lactea, 328.

Lida, note on, 330.

Moorei, 326.

Oiketicus, habits of, cili, civ.

Pamphila niveostriga, 179.

Zeno, 179.

Papilio Godeffroyi, 469.

Hewitsonii, x.

Pammon and Polytes, in copuld, xvi.

Peranthus, note on, xvi.

polymerphism of various species, xv.

172

LEPIDOPTERA — continued.

Pieris Rape, naturalised in Canada, exxvii.

Polyommatus Icarus, dwarf of, exii.

Pyralis farinalis, note on larva, xxi, xxxv.

glaucinalis, cocoon of, ci.

Pyrgus Asterodia, 178.

Sataspes, 178.

Pyrrhopyga Ahira, 479.

Aspitha, 481.

Azeta, 479.

Aziza, 483.

Galgala, 483.

Garata, 483.

Gazera, 482.

Gortyna, 483.

Hadassa, 484.

Hadora, 482.

maculosa, 485.

Oneka, 480.

Passova, 482.

Pedaia, 481.

Sela, 479.

Telassa, 484.

Thelersa, 481.

Zereda, 484.

Zonara, 480.

Saturnia Cidosa, 423.

Cynthia, notes on, xxx, Cix, cxiil, cxix, xxi.

Lindia, 424.

Sesia spheciformis, bred, xlvii.

Silkworm, Ailanthus, notes on, xxx, cix, cxii, cxix, cxxi.

a new American, xCiii, cxxi.

on the reversion and restoration of the, 143, 295.

Remarks on Captain Hutton’s Paper on the Restoration of, 443.

Sterrha sacraria, capture of, cxv.

varieties of, bred from eggs, 453, cxxiv.

Tinea cloacella, variety of, exxix.

Toxrocampa Cracce, bred from the egg, ci.

Trilocha varians, note on, 331.

Tusseh silk-worm, remarks on, xl.

Vanessa Atalanta, malformations of, cxv.

Variation, notes on, 453.

Xois, characters of, 282.

Sesara, 282.

Xylina petrificata, variety of, cxv.

Yphthima, monograph of, 281.

Amphithea, note on, 289.

Aphnius, 292.

173

LEPIDOPTERA—continued.

Yphthima Arctoides, 284.

Arctous, note on, 283.

Asterope, note on, 283.

Baldus, notes on, 286.

Ceylonica, 288.

Chenu, note on, 285.

Sasciata, 287.

Hyagriva, note on, 291.

Inica, 284.

Ttonia, 287.

Lara, var. of Baldus, 286.

Loryma, 289.

Lysandra, note on, 287.

Methora, 291.

Motschulskiji, note on, 290.

Narasingha, note on, 291.

Nareda, note on, 284.

Norma, var. of Asterope, 283.

Pandocus, note on, 290.

Philomela, note on, 284.

Sukra, note on, 290.

Sempera, var. of Stellera, 285.

Sepyra, 292.

Stellera, note on, 285.

Tamatave, note on, 293.

Zenzera, note on the name, xxxvi.

Zeritis Chrysaor, 177.

Phosphor, 178.

Pyroeis, 178.

NEUROPTERA.

shna borealis, captured in Scotland, exii.

Calepterya splendens, andromorphous females of, cxxv.

Chloéon, note on the development of, cxl.

Ephemera, gigantic fossil, cxvii.

Fossil Neuroptera of New Brunswick, exvii.

Myrmeleon formicarius, bred in England, cvi.

Rhyacophila, new species of, cxii.

Sialis fuliginosa, new to Britain, cxii.

Stenophylax, in ice-caves in Switzerland, cxvi.

infumatus, a new species, Cxii.

Trichoptera Britannica, 1xxxvii.

ORTHOPTERA.

Gryllid@, a nocturnal species of, cvii,

Heteropteryx Hopei, xvi.

174

ORTHOPTERA—continued.

Meconema varia, frequenting the “ sugar” of Lepidopterists, evii.

Phasmide, new species of, xvi. ‘

Phyllium Feejeeanum, xvi.

Steirodon ?, new species of, evil.

STREPSIPTERA.

Hylechthrus Rubi, transformations of, cxvi.

LONDON:

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