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| a ney A ata iS NA ia iva ase

TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

LONDON.

—. 7 _ 7

a oe a. =

b aa Bs

THE

FRANSACTIONS

OF THE

+s ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

LONDON.

THIRD SERIES.

ge eee pein

> on

> ary

+. +.

NF by, ete

ee SO | oe

VOL. Vv.

LONDON:

PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY BY H. T. ROWORTH,

164, KING’S CROSS ROAD.

SOLD AT THE SOCIETY’S APARTMENTS, 12, BEDFORD ROW,

AND BY LONGMAN, GREEN, READER AND DYER,

PATERNOSTER ROW.

1865—1867.

LONDON:

PRINTED BY H. T. ROWORTH,

KING’S CROSS ROAD.

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

= +

COUNCIL.

1865.

F. P. Pascor, Esq., F.L.S., &c.

W. W. Saunpers, Esq., ER. Sue Vebe Lu: S. ., &C.

FREDERICK SmirH, Esq. .

H. T. Stanton, Esq., F.L.S., F. G. .

Samveu Stevens, Esq., F.L.S.

Epwin SHEPHERD, Esq.

J. W. Dunning, Esq., M.A., PLS. P.ZS., Bios

Rev. Hamiet Cuarx, M.A., F.L.S.

R. M‘Lacuian, Esq, M.A., F.L.S.

Frepreric Moors, Esq.

Avaustus F. Suepparp, Esq. .

Epwarp SHEPPARD, Esq., F.L.S.

J. JENNER WEIR, Esq., F.L.S.

1866.

Sir Jonn Lussock, Bart., F.R.S., V.P.L.S., &c.

F. P. Pascoz, Esq., F.L.S., &.

W. W. Saunpers, Esq., F.R.S., V.P.L.S., &e.

J. O. Westwoop, Esq., M.A., F.L.S., &e.

Samvuen Srevens, Esq.,F.L.S.

Epwin SHEPHERD, Esq.

J. W. Dunnine, Esq., M.A., F. chs S., &o.

H. W. Batss, Esq., F.Z.S..

R. M‘Lacutan, Esq., F.L.S. .

Freperic Moors, Esq.

Aueustus F. SuHepparp, Esq. .

Aurrep R. Wauuace, Esq., F.Z.8., F. R. G. S.

J. JENNER WEIR, Esq., F.L.S.

1867.

Sir Jonn Lussock, Bart., F.R.S., V.P.L.S., &e.

FREDERICK Surrn, Esq. . 4 5

H. T. Stainton, Esq.,F.B.5S., Be

J. O. Westwoop, Esq., M.A., F.L.8., &.

Samvueu Strvens, Esq., F.L. S. :

J. W. Dunnine, Esq., M.A., F.L.S8., &. .

Davin Sxarp, Esq., M.B. :

H. W. Bartss, Esq., F.Z.S.

R. M‘Lacutan, Esq., F.L.S.

Freperic Moors, Esq.

G. §. SaunpErs, Esq.

Aueustus F. Suepparp, Esq. .

J. JENNER WEIR, Hsq., F.L.S. .

President.

Vice-Presidents.

Treasurer.

Secretaries.

. Other Members

of Council.

President.

‘ Vice-Presidents.

Treaswrer.

t Secretaries.

Other Members

of Council.

President.

f Vice-Presidents.

Treasurer.

} Secretaries.

Other Members

of Councit.

CONTENTS.

es Ee

Explanation of the Plates

Errata : ‘

List of Members

MEMOIRS.

I. Trichoptera Britannica; a Monograph of the British

Species of Caddis-flies. By R. M‘Lacuuan, F.L.S.

Il. Ailanthiculture ; or, the Prospect of a new English In-

dustry. By AuexanpER Wauuace, M.D., M.R.C.P.

III. Descriptions of new or little-known Genera and Species

of Exotic Trichoptera ; with Observations on certain

Species described by Mr. F. Walker. re R.

M‘Lacutan, F.L.S8.

IV. List of the Longicornia collected “ee the late Mr. P.

Boucwarp at Santa Marta. PY F. P. Pascoz,

F.L.S., &e.

V. Catalogue of Buprestidw collected - the late M. Mouhot

in Siam, &c., with Descriptions of New Species. By

Epwarp SAUNDERS.

VI. Notes on some Hymenopterous Insects collected by Mr.

Peckolt at Catagallo, South Brazil. By Freprrick

Suiry, late Pres. Ent. Soc.

VII. Notes on the Butterflies of Meus By Roxanp

TRIMEN.

VIII. New Genera and Species of Psocidw. By R. M‘Lacunran,

F.L.S. : :

IX. A New Genus of Hemerobiide, and a new Genus of

Perlide. By R. M‘Lacuuan, F.L.S.

X. On the Oak-feeding Silkworm from Japan, Bombyx

Yamamai (Guérin-Méneville). By AnexanpER Wat-

Lace, M.D., M.R.C.P. . c : C : 3 .

XI. Descriptions of Six new Species of Buprestide belonging

to the Tribe ee Lacordaire. By Epwarp

SAUNDERS. : : 4

XII. Additions to the Catalogue of British ESA) with

Descriptions of New Species. By G. R. Crorcu, B.A.,

and Davip SHarp, M.B. ‘ :

247

279

297

XIII.

XIV.

XY.

XVI.

XVII.

XVIII.

XIX.

CONTENTS.

Crambina, Pterophorina, and Alucitina, collected in

Palestine by the Rey. O. P. Cambridge in 1865 ; deter-

mined and the New Species described by Professor

P. C. ZELLER.

Choreutide and Crambina collected in Egypt by the Rey.

O. P. Cambridge in 1864; determined and the New

Species described by Brofesson P. C. ZELLER.

A Monograph of the Genus Hestia; with a Tabular View

of the Danaide. By A. G. Burier, F.Z.S.

On some Variations observedin Bombyx Cynthia in 1866;

By ALEXANDER Waxuace, M.D., M.R.C.P.

Notes on the Genus Raphidia. By Dr. H. A. Hacen.

Descriptions of New Species of Mantispide in the Oxford

and British Museums. By J. O. Wersrwoop, M.A.,

F.L.S., &c., Hopeian Professor of Zoology.

Notes on rare, and descriptions of new, species of

Buprestide collected by Mr. James Lamb in Penang.

By Epwarp SaunDERs.

Descriptions of New Species of Cryptoceride. By

FREDERICK SmitH, V.P. and late Pres. Ent. Soc.

Description of a New Carabideous Insect from Japan.

By Cuartes O. WATERHOUSE. - : - :

Note on a Genus of Dynastid-Lamellicorns belonging to

the Family Pimelopide. By Cuartes O. WATERHOUSE.

On a Collection of Butterflies formed by Thomas Belt,

Esq, in the interior of the Province of Maranham,

Brazil. By H. W. Barss, F.Z.S.

Observations on Dzierzon’s Theory of Reproduction in

the Honey-bee. By Joun Lowe.

Descriptions of some New Species of Diurnal Lepidoptera.

By W. C. Hewirson, F.L.S.

Journal of Proceedings for 1866.

” ” for 1867.

Index

453

461

467

485

493

501

509

523

529

531

535

547

561

lxix

. @XXxili

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

—<——

Plate I.—XIV. ; : : : : See pp. 177—183.

Plate XV.—XVI. : : ; : ; See p. 245.

Plate XVII.—XIX. . “ : > : See p. 278.

Plate XX. . é ; : : : ‘ See p. 296.

Plate XXI. 2 : . : : : See p. 322.

Plate XXII. : : : : 5 3 See p. 4383.

Plate XXIII. . : : : : , See p. 460.

Plate XXIV. c ; : : : : See p. 466.

Plate XXV. : ; j : : : See p. 521.

Plate XXXVI... : : : ; : See p. 528.

Plate XXVII._. . : C ‘ 5 See p. 533.

ERRATA.

Page 28, line 3 from bottom, for ‘figs. 11, 12,” read ‘ figs. 10, 11.”

74, ,, 5 from bottom, insert ‘‘ Expanse of fore-wings, 6-9 lines.”

469, lines 1, 5, and12 from bottom, for ‘‘ Leucothoe”’ read ‘‘ Leuco-

noe.”’

Kist of Members

OF THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF LONDON.

JANUARY 27, 1868.

LIST OF MEMBERS

THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF LONDON.

—O—

Honorary Klembers,

Bourman, Carl H., Stockholm.

Guérin-Méneville, F. E., Paris.

Hagen, Dr. H. A., Cambridge, U.S.A.

Lacordaire, J. T., Liége.

Leconte, Dr. John L., Philadelphia.

Lefebvre, Alexandre, Bouchevilliers, prés Gisors, Département de |’ Kure.

Milne-Edwards, H., Paris.

Pictet, J. C., Geneva.

Zeller, P. C., Meseritz.

Zetterstedt. J. W., Ph.D., &c., Lund.

ORDINARY MEMBERS AND SUBSCRIBERS.

Date of

Election.

1866

1849

1867

1856

1857

1850

1867

1849

1865

1867

1861

1851

1866

1854

1866

1864

1849

1841

1860

1865

Marked * are Original Members.

Marked + have compounded for their Annual Subscriptions.

Marked 8. are Annual Subscribers.

Adams, Henry, F.L.S., 19, Hanover Villas, Notting-hill, W.

Allis, Thomas H., York.

Archer, F., 3, Brunswick Street, Liverpool.

Armitage, Edward, 8, Hall Road, St. John’s Wood, N.W.

Atkinson, W. S8., M.A., F.L.S., La Martiniére, Caleutta.

Babingion, Professor C. C., M.A., F.R.S., &c., Cambridge.

Baly, J. 8., F.L.S., 4, Francis Terrace, Kentish Town, N.W.

Barbier-Dickens, 1bis Rue Paradis-Poissoniére, Paris.

Barlow, F., St. Andrew’s Street, Cambridge.

Barton, Stephen, Maudlin Street, Bristol.

Bates, Frederick, Stockdale Terrace, Leicester.

Bates, Henry Walter, F.Z.8., President, 40, Bartholomew

Road, N.W.

Beaumont, Alfred, Greave, Meltham, Huddersfield.

Bicknell, Perey, Beckenham, 8.E.

Birt, Jacob, 30, Sussex Gardens, Hyde Park, W.

Blackburn, Thomas, Grassmeade, Southfields, Wands-

worth, S.W.

Blackmore, Trovey, The Hollies, Wandsworth, 8.W.

Bladon, J., Albion House, Pont-y-pool.

Bond, Fred., F.Z.S., 203, Adelaide Road, N.W.

Bonyouloir, Vicomte Henri de, 15, Rue de Université, Paris.

Borrer, W., M.A., F.L.8., Cowfold, Horsham.

Borthwick, Richard, Alloa, N.B.

Bowerbank, J.S., LL.D., F.R.S., &c., 2, East Ascent, St.

Leonards.

Boyd, Thomas, 17, Clapton Square, N.E.

Boyd, W. C., Cheshunt, Herts.

Braikenridge, Rey. G. W., M.A., F.L.8., Clevedon, near Bristol.

Brewer, J. A., High Street, Reigate.

Brown, Edwin, Burton-on-Trent.

Browne, Rey. T. H., High Wycombe, Bucks.

Brunton, T., Glenarm Castle, Larne, Antrim.

Burnell, E. H., 32, Bedford Row, W.C.

Candéze, Dr. E., Glain, Liége.

Carey, A. D., Ahmedabad, India.

xil

Date of

Election

1867

1865

1853

1867

1857

1865

1867

1849

1853

1866

1837

1855

1865

1851

1867

1849

1865

1851

1865

1858

1865

1855

1865

1857

1865

1855

ORDINARY MEMBERS AND SUBSCRIBERS.

Clarke, Alex. H., 16, Furnival’s Inn, E.C.

Clarke, C. B., M.A., F.L.8., Calcutta.

Cole, W:, 123, Hemingford Road, Islington, N.

Colquhoun, Hugh, M.D., 16, Grosvenor Terrace, Glasgow.

Cooke, Benj., 119, Ardwick Place, Manchester.

Cox, Colonel C. J., Fordwich House, Canterbury.

Cox, Herbert E., Rosenheim, Reigate.

Croker, T. F. Dillon, 19, Pelham Place, Brompton, 8.W.

Crotch, G. R., M.A., 8, Earl Street, Cambridge.

Dallas, W. S., F.L.8, The Museum, York.

Darwin, Charles, M.A., F.R.S., &¢., Down, Bromley, S.E.

Davidson, G. W., M.D., F.R.S.E., 13, Union Place, Edinburgh.

Davies, A. E., Ph.D., F.C.S., Royal College of Surgeons,

Edinburgh.

Davis, S. A., 4, Durham Place West, Seven Sisters Road, N.

Dawson, John, Carron, Falkirk, Stirlingshire.

De Grey and Ripon, Earl, F.R.S., &c., 1, Carlton Gardens, 8.W.

De Grey, Hon. Thomas, M.P., 23, Arlington Street, W.

Depuiset, A., 17, Rue des Saints Péres, Paris.

Desvignes, Thomas, Fir Tree Cottage, Woodford, N.E.

Devonshire, Duke of, K.G., F.R.S., &c., Piccadilly, W.

Dohrn, Dr. C. A., Pres. Ent. Verein, Stettin.

Dorville, H., Alphington, Exeter.

Dosseter, T. P., 12, Poultry, E.C.

Doubleday, Henry, Epping.

Druce, Herbert, 1, Circus Road, St. John’s Wood, N.W.

Duer, Yeend, Cleygate House, Esher.

Dunning, J. W., M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S., Secretary, 24, Old

Buildings, Lincoln’s Inn, W.C.

D’Urban, W. S. M., F.L.8., 4, Queen’s Terrace, Mount

Radford, Exeter.

Dutton, James, 2, Theresa Place, Hammersmith, W.

Eaton, A. E., B.A., 20, Russell Street, Reading.

Farren, W., 10, Rose Crescent, Cambridge.

Fenning, George, Lloyds, E.C.

Fletcher, J. E., Pitmaston Street, St. John’s, Worcester.

Fry, Alexander, F.L.S., 1, Holland Villas Road, Kensington, W.

Fust, H. Jenner, M.A., Hill Court, Berkeley.

Gloyne, C. P., Jamaica.

Godman, F. D., M.A., F.L.S., Park Hatch, Godalming.

Gorham, Rey. H. S8., Needwood Parsonage, Burton-on-Trent.

Gould, J., F.R.S., F.L.8., F.Z.S., 26, Charlotte Street,

Bedford Square, W.C.

Gray, John, Wheatfield House, Bolton, Lancashire.

Gray, John Edw., Ph.D., F.R.S., British Museum, W.C.

Green, Philip, 11, Finsbury Cireus, E.C.

Greene, Rey. J., M.A., Cubley Rectory, Sudbury, Derby.

Groves, W., Shortlands, Kent.

Grut, Ferdinand, 9, King Street, Southwark, S.E.

Guise, Sir W. V., Bart., F.L.8., Elmore Court, Gloucester.

Date of

Election.

1850

1867

1868

1864

1865

1861

1846

1866

1859

1865

1864

1851

1867

1843

1853

ORDINARY MEMBERS AND SUBSCRIBERS. xii

Guyon, George, Southcliff Cottage, Ventnor.

Haliday, Alex. H., M.A., F.L.S., Carnmoney, Antrim.

Hanson, Samuel, 123, Harley Street, W.

Harold, Baron Edgar von, 7, Carlstrasse, Munich.

Harper, P. H., 30, Cambridge Street, Hyde Park Square, W.

Hartwright, J. H., 164, Terrace, Kennington Park, S.

Haward, Alfred, Shirley Villas, Croydon, 8.

Hewitson, W. C., F.L.S., F.Z.8., Oatlands, Weybridge.

Higgins, E. T., M.R.C.S., 24, Bloomsbury Street, W.C.

Hobson, Captain Julian C., H.M. Staff Corps, Sattara, near

Bombay.

Howitt, Godfrey, M.D., Collins Street Kast, Melbourne.

Hudd, A. E., 1, Gloucester Row, Clifton.

Hume, William H., Orwell Works, Ipswich.

Hunter, John, Market Place, Faversham.

Ince, Joseph, F.L.S., F.C.S., 26, St. George’s Place, S.W.

Janson, E. W., Librarian, 2, Alma Road, Highgate Hill, N.

Jekel, Henri, Paris.

Jenyns, Rey. L., M.A., F.L.S., F.G.8., 1, Darlington Place,

Bath.

John, Evan, Llantrisant, Glamorganshire.

Jones, W. Stavenhagen, 793, Gracechurch Street, E.C.

Keays, F. Lovell, 4, Harringay Villas, Green Lanes, N.

Kirby, W. F., Royal Dublin Society, Kildare Street, Dublin.

Knox, H. Blake, 2, Ulverton Place, Dalkey, Dublin.

Kuper, Rev. C., M.A., Trellich, Chepstow

Lacerda, Antonio de, Bahia.

Laing, Arthur, 11, Morden Road, Blackheath, 8.E.

Latham, A. G., Weaste Hall, Pendleton, Manchester.

Lea, J. W., B.A., F.G.S., The Grange, Shepperton Green,

Chertsey.

Lewis, Rev. Evan.

Lier, H. H. H. van de, Delft.

Lighton, Rey. Sir C. R., Bart., Ellastane, Ashbourne.

Lingwood, R. M., M.A., F.L.8., Cowley House, Exeter.

Linnell, John, jun., Redstone, Redhill.

Llewelyn, J. T. D., M.A., F.L.8., Ynisygerwn, Neath.

Logan, R. F., Hawthornbrae, Duddingstone, near Edinburgh.

Lowe, W. H., M.D., Balgreen, Murrayfield, Edinburgh.

Lubbock, Sir John, Bart., F.R.S., &c., High Elms, Farnborough.

M‘Caul, 8., B.C.L., Rectory House, London Bridge, E.C.

M‘Intosh, J.

M‘Lachlan, Robert, F.L.S., Secretary, 1, Park Road Terrace,

Forest Hill, 8.E.

Marshall, Rev. T. A., M.A., The College, Milford Haven.

Marshall, William, Elm Lodge, Clay Hill, Enfield.

Mathew, G. F., R.N., F.L.S., Raleigh House, Barnstaple.

May, J. W., 9, Victoria Road, Finchley Road, N.W.

Meek, Edward, 14, Paradise Row, Old Ford, E.

Mercer, Albert, 24, Hemingford Road, Islington, N.

X1V

Date of

Election.

1864

1866

1853

1859

1861

1849

1868

1841

1840

1865

1854

1852

1851

1867

1866

1865

1857

1866

1865

1868

1861

1865

1866

1865

1861

1849

1865

1866

1857

1864

1862

1847

1851

1852

1867

1853

1863

1850

1848

1862

—- —

+ RN. + +.

~ >

ORDINARY MEMBERS AND SUBSCRIBERS.

Milnes, Rev. Herbert, Winster, Matlock-Bath.

Mniszech, Comte G. de, 22, Rue Balzac, Paris.

Moore, Frederic, 16, RochesterTerrace, Kentish TownRoad,N.W.

Mosse, G. Staley, 12, Eldon Road, Kensington, W.

Murray, Andrew, F.L.S., 67, Bedford Gardens, Kensington, W.

Newman, Edward, F.L.S., F.Z.S., M. Imp. L. C. Acad., 7, York

Grove, Queen’s Road, Peckham, S.E.

Newton, Professor Alfred, M.A., F.L.S., &c., Magdalene College,

Cambridge.

Owen, Richard, M.D., F.R.S., &c., British Museum, W.C.

Parry, Major F. J. Sidney, F.L.S., 18, Onslow Square, 8.W.

Parry, Thomas, The Bank, Merthyr.

Pascoe, Francis P., F.L.S.

Pickersgill, J. C., Hooley House, Coulsdon, Croydon, 8.

Preston, Rev. T. A., M.A., The College, Marlborough.

Pryer, H. J. S., 10, Holly Village, Highgate.

Pryer, W. B., Shanghai.

Ransome, Robert James, Ipswich.

Reeks, Henry, F.L.8., The Manor House, Thruxton, Andover.

Robinson, E. W., 43, Harmood Street, Kentish Town, N.W.

Rogers, C. O., St. George’s Terrace, Lower Clapton, N.E.

Rogers, W., 22, Cross Street, Clapham, S.

Rooke, Col. Willoughby §S., F.L.8., Guards Club, Pall Mall,S.W.

Rothney, G. A. J., Addiscombe.

Ruspini, F. O., 2, Havelock Villas, Pendleton, Manchester.

Rylands, T. G., F.L.8., F.G.S., Heath House, Warrington.

Salvin, Osbert, M.A., F.L.S8., &c., 16, The Grove, Boltons, 8.W.

Saunders, Edward, Hill Field, Reigate.

Saunders, G. S., Hill Field, Reigate.

Saunders, S. 8., H.M. Consul General, Corfu.

Saunders, W. F., F.L.S., Hill Field, Reigate.

Saunders, W. W., F.R.S., V.P.L.S., &c., Hill Field, Reigate.

Schaufuss, L. W., M. Imp. L. C. Acad., &e., Dresden.

Scholfield, R.S., M.A., Junior Carlton Club, Waterloo Place,S.W.

Schrader, H. L., Shanghai.

Sealy, A.F., M.A., India.

Semper, Georg, Altona.

Sharp, David, M.B., Bellevue, Thornhill, Dumfriesshire.

Shepherd, Edwin, 2, Leopold Villas, Hartfield Road, New

Wimbledon, 8.W.

Sheppard, Augustus F., Rose Bank, Eltham Road, Lee, S.E.

Sheppard, Edward, F.L.S., 18, Durham Villas, Kensington, W.

Sidebotham, J., 19, George Street, Manchester.

Signoret, Dr. Victor, 51, Rue de Seine, Paris.

Smith, E. A., 27, Richmond Crescent, Islington, N.

Smith, Frederick, 27, Richmond Crescent, Islington, N.

Spence, W. B.

Stainton, H.T., F.R.S., &c., Mountsfield, Lewisham, S.E.

Stevens, John 8S., 6, Holland Place, Brixton Road, 8.

Date of

Election

1837

1866

1854

1850

1856

1866

1838

1859

1853

1859

1866

1849

1866

1854

1862

1850

1858

1863

1866

1850

1866

1845

1855

1865

1849

1863

1843

1862

1866

ORDINARY MEMBERS AND SUBSCRIBERS. XV

Stevens, Samuel, F.L.S., Treaswrer, 6, Holland Place, Brixton

Road, 8.

Swanzy, Andrew, 122, Cannon Street, E.C.

Thompson, Miss Sophia, Barn Hill, Stamford.

Thompson, Thomas, Hull.

Thomson, James, 23, Rue de l’Université, Paris.

Thornborrow, W., 4, Provost Road, Haverstock Hill, N.W.

Thwaites, G. H. K., Ph.D., F.R.S., F.L.8., Ceylon.

Timins, Rev. Douglas C., M.A., Hilfield Park, Watford.

Tompkins, H., 3, Colonnade, Worthing.

Trimen, Roland, Colonial Office, Cape Town.

Turner, Thos., 5, Summerlands, Exeter.

Vaughan, P. H., Redland, near Bristol.

Verrall, G. H., The Mulberries, Denmark Hill, 8S.

Wailes, George, Burghfield Grange, Gateshead.

Walcott, W. H. L., 11, Vyvyan Terrace, Clifton, Bristol.

Walker, Francis, F.L.S., Elm Hall, Wanstead, N.E.

Wallace, Alexander, M.D., Beverley House, Colchester.

Wallace, Alfred R., F.Z.S., F.R.G.S., 9, St. Mark’s Crescent,

Regent’s Park, N. W.

Ward, Christopher, Halifax.

Waring, S. L., The Oaks, Norwood, 8S.

Waterhouse, G. R., V.P.Z.S., &c., British Museum, W.C.

Watson, John, Rose Hill, Bowdon.

Weir, J. Jenner, F'.L.S., 6, Haddo Villas, Blackheath, S.E.

Were, R. B., 35, Osborne Terrace, Clapham Road, S.

Westwood, Professor J. O., M.A., F.L.S., &c., Oxford.

White, Rev. W. Farren, Stonehouse Vicarage, Gloucestershire.

Wilkinson, 8. J., 7, Jeffrey’s Square, St. Mary Axe, E.C.

Wix, William, Isbells, Reigate.

Wollaston, T. Vernon, M.A., F.L.8., 1, Barnepark Terrace,

Teignmouth, Deyon.

Wormald, Percy C., 12, King’s Arms Yard, Moorgate Street, E.C.

Wright, EK. Perceval, M.A., M.D., F.L.S., &c., 10, Clare Street,

Dublin.

1865 §. Young, Morris, 7, Old Sneddon Street, Paisley,

TRANS AC ELON S

OF THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

LONDON.

I. Trichoptera Britannica ; a Monograph of the British

Species of Caddis-flies. By Rosert M‘Lacutan,

F.L.S.

[Read 6th March, 5th June, and 2nd Oct., 1865. ]

Ir is now five years since I resolved to take up the study of

that heterogeneous mass of insects forming the Linnean order

Neuroptera, my attention having been directed thereto by the

publication of Dr. Hagen’s papers on the British species in the

“ Entomologist’s Annual ;” and above all others the Caddis-flies

appeared to stand in need of diligent examination. I had often, when

in pursuit of Lepidoptera, captured these insects, either by accident

or design, and always looked upon them with interest, and then

formed the idea of working out a Monograph of the British Species,

which I now beg to bring before this Society. The completion

of it has been retarded by various circumstances, not the least of

which has been the difficulty of the subject. But I have had to

work nearly alone in this country, and with the exception of the

assistance kindly rendered by friends who have forwarded to me

any specimens they may have captured, I have had to rely almost

entirely upon my own exertions. Had it not been, therefore, for

the friendship and co-operation of Dr. Hagen, the authority par

excellence on these insects, it is probable that the publication of

this Monograph might have been postponed indefinitely. But

from the moment that I first announced my intention of under-

VOL. V. THIRD SERIES, PART I. —ocT. 1865. B

2 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Monograph of the

taking a work of this kind to Dr, Hagen, he has at all times

taken the warmest interest in it, and his assistance has been in-

valuable owing to his power of discriminating the often minute

structural characters, so subtle yet so decisive, to be found in

the Trichoptera, and to the opportunities he has had of investi-

gating the types of the species described by previous authors ;

it is to be regretted that most of these have ignored the existence

of structural specific characters, more difficult to investigate than

mere differences of coloration, but far more certain.

With respect to the synonymy,* I have endeavoured to make

it as complete as possible, and have indicated by an asterisk in

brackets—thus, (*)—all citations that I have been able to verify

by an actual examination of type-specimens, a plan that it would

be desirable to adopt more frequently in similar works. The

types of many of Pictet’s species are now lodged in the British

Museum, and have been carefully examined both by Dr. Hagen

and myself. I have also a considerable number of species named

by Dr. Brauer, contained in the Collection of European Neuroptera

formed by Professor Zeller, which is now in my possession.

The Collection of Curtis was inspected by me several times be-

fore it was sent to Australia, and that of Stepheus has been con-

stantly consulted. The papers by Dr. Hagen, revising the species

of Pictet (published in the Stettin “ Entomologische Zeitung’’), and

of Rambur (published in the ‘‘ Transactions de la Société Ento-

mologique Belge’), have been carefully studied, and I have had at

all times the benefit of a constant correspondence with the author

on difficult points. Still much remains to be done, and it is pos-

sible that many of the citations here given may prove erroneous,

when they can be tested by an examination of typical specimens.

Many of the species described in the works of Zetterstedt and

Kolenati stand greatly in need of identification in this manner.

I will now proceed to compare the number of species described

in this Monograph with those noticed by previous authors as

occurring in this country. Passing over Stephens’ * Catalogue”

and Curtis’ Guide” as being mere lists of names, I come to

* Since this was written I have received a copy of Dr. Hagen’s “ Phry-

ganidarum Synopsis synonymica,” just published in the ‘‘ Verhandlungen

der k. k. zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien.’’ This work is a

laboriously compiled list of the described Trichoptera of the whole world. It

will be found that the synonymy of our species agrees very nearly with

that given in this Monograph. Some few discrepancies occur, which time

and further knowledge will perhaps clear up. Many of the citations from the

old authors will always remain uncertain.

British Species of Caddis-flies. 3

Stephens’ ‘“Tllustrations of British Entomology,” as the first

work professing to give descriptions of all known native species.

In this work, in the sixth volume of the Mandibulata, published

in 1836—7, I find (excluding two species of Lepidoptera, erro-

neously described as Trichoptera) descriptions of 183 so-called

species. This has a very pleasing appearance so far as our

apparent richness is concerned, and is probably somewhat near the

number that really inhabit this country, when all shall have been

discovered, but concerning those then known it is altogether

illusory, some species being described under as many as six dif-

ferent names, and the two sexes sometimes placed in different

genera or in different sections. Moreover, in some cases, Stephens

had displaced names used in his Catalogue to give preference to

those employed by Curtis in his paper in the Philosophical

Magazine, applying these latter to the wrong insects, and thus

creating additional confusion.

After Stephens, nothing whatever was done for many years,

until, in 1857, Dr. Hagen made a short visit to this country, and

jotted down notes on the species in our Collections. After his

return home he drew up from these notes a Synopsis of the

British Species, which was published in the ‘ Entomologist’s

Annual” for 1859—61. In this work, which may be looked

upon as a masterpiece, considering that the descriptions were

drawn up from notes only, made during a hurried visit, the

number of species was reduced to 108, which included several

not previously recorded. This number I have found it necessary

to still further diminish, so far as relates to our knowledge at that

period, but there were also some few species then known which

were accidentally omitted or misunderstood by Dr. Hagen; the

true number known at that time being probably under 100. In

the present Monograph I give descriptions of about 126 species

(a few being rather doubtful), arranged in 43 genera, thus showing

a considerable addition to our Trichopterous Fauna during the

past four or five years, and this too the work of very few Ento-

mologists.

I sincerely hope that the publication of this work will induce

some of our Entomologists to devote their attention to these

much-neglected insects. Most of us in our first essays at ensnar-

ing the finny inhabitants of our lakes and streams, have made

personal acquaintance with the larve of the Caddis-flies, the

* Caddis-worms” as they are commonly called. I would beg then

that some of those with entomological proclivities should also

turn their attention to the insects produced from these larve. I

4 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Monograph of the

can promise them that the delights to be derived from the study

will amply repay them for the Jabour bestowed upon it; and I

feel assured that those who seriously occupy themselves in the

study of the Z’richoptera, will be the most ready to excuse the

omissions and imperfections of this Monograph.

Characters of the Order.

Antenne setaceous, multiarticulate. Ocelli three or none. Man-

dibles rudimentary (or absent ?). Maxillary palpi with the

number of the joints varying in the males; always five-jointed in

the females. Labial palpi three-jointed. Prothorax very short,

forming a collar. Wings four, membranous, deflexed in repose,

more or less pilose, with few transverse veins. Legs long;

cox elongated; tibiz usually furnished with long spurs; tarsi

five-jointed.

Eggs enclosed in a jelly-like substance.

Larve generally aquatic* and furnished with external respiratory

filaments. Legs six, and two anal crotchets; the first abdominal

segment with lateral and median processes. Residing in cases

which are either free or fixed.

Pupz remaining in the cases until shortly before the metamor-

phosis. Antenne and legs free. Mandibles strong and often

dentate; only used for the purpose of breaking through the case.

It is not my intention to enter into a lengthened examination

of the reasons that have induced Entomologists to consider these

insects either as forming a distinct Order, or as a part of the

Neuroptera. Among modern authors, on the one hand rank the

names of Kirby, Leach, Curtis, Stephens, Westwood and Kolenati ;

on the other, Pictet, Rambur, Brauer, Hagen, &c. It is with no

disrespect to the opinions of the latter gentlemen that I elect to

follow the example of most of my countrymen, and to consider

the Trichoptera as forming a distinct Order. It appears to me

that amongst the Newroptera (in the Linnean sense) are included

two or three Orders, each of co-ordinate value with those that

have been universally received as such, and which cannot be re-

tained in such close relationship without outraging the laws of

classification both metamorphotic and cibarian,

If the claims of the Trichoptera to be considered a separate

Order be admitted, the families still remaining in the Neuroptera

will be scarcely less discordant than before, and it follows that the

* The only well-authenticated exception is Enoicyla pusilla, Burm., which

is not a British species.

British Species of Caddis-flies. 5

Planipennes of Latreille (excluding the Perlide and Termittde) must

also be divorced from their former associates. ‘Therefore it seems

that either the Neuroptera of old must be divided into three dis-

tinct Orders, or that one of the plans should be adopted, in which

all the families with active pupe are retained in one Order, and

the rest (including the Z'richoptera) placed in another.* I prefer

the triple division,

There are those who are of opinion that it is not prudent to

separate the Trichoptera from their allies, the Lepzdoptera, but to

this I cannot consent, unless it be on the broad principle which

denies the existence of natural divisions. There can be no doubt

that there exist great analogies, but at the same time the 7'r-

choptera possess too many differential characters, both positive and

negative. The chief of these are the presence of three ocelli (if

any) and of mandibles in the pupa state, and the absence of the

basal spur on the costa of the posterior wings and of the flattened

striated scales. The form of the palpi and the arrangement of the

nervures in some of the Lepidoptera are almost precisely similar

to what is seen in the Z'richuptera, and in some genera, as for

instance Mormonia and Monocentra (if this genus be truly Tri-

chopterous), there is an approximation in the clothing to that of

Lepidopterous scales. Of all Lepidopterous genera that I have

examined Micropteryx appears to approach most nearly to the

T'richoptera in its general characters, and in the pupa of this genus

there is to be seen a process in front of the head which might be

considered equivalent to the mandibles of the pupa in Trichoptera,

but in an abortive condition.

It has often been asserted that the imagines of the T’richoptera

are unable to take nourishment, and from the imperfect state of

the oral parts this would appear probable, but experience proves

that they imbibe the nectar of flowers and other saccharine

matters very readily, though I do not pretend to say by what

means. Every Lepidopterist must have observed them on his

* sugared” trees, and on the flowers of ivy, &c., and Mr. Nietner

has recorded that in Ceylon he has seen some species by myriads

on the coffee-trees, when these were covered with the Aphis-secre-

tion known as honey-dew.

* Erichson proposes to transfer all the families with active pup to the

Orthoptera, forming them into a section of that order under the term Pseudo-

Neuroptera. While this would certainly tend to render the Neuroptera (in

the sense used by him) more homogeneous, it would have the effect of making

the families of Orthoptera more discordant. Are they not sufficiently so

already ?

6 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Monograph of the

Characters of the Families.

These divisions are most readily separated according to the

number of joints in the maxillary palpi of the males ; thus —

A. Not more than four joints . . Herrrorarporpea, Kolenati

(1848) InaqQuipaLPips,

Kolenati (1859).

@ Jomtsifour ). 5.9. ~ «= . bunycanma.

aa Joints three. . . . . . « Limnephilide.

aaa Joints two or three, differing

greatly in structure from those

ofthe females . . . . . Sericostomide.

aaaa Joints four. Insects minute and

very hairy . . . . . © Hydroptilide.

B. Five joints (similar to those

ofthe female) . . . . Isopanporpea, Kolenati (1848) =

JEquipatpip#, Kolenati (1859).

6 Palpi very hairy; terminal joint

flexible but simple. . . . . Leptoceride.

bb Palpi as a rule slightly hairy;

terminal joint very long and

multiarticulate . . . . . «. Hydropsychide.

bbb Palpi usually scarcely hairy; ter-

minal joint cylindrical . . . Rhyacophilide.

The larvee of the first five families live in portable cases ; those

of the other two, either free under stones, or in fixed cases.

For more detailed characters, see those given under each family,

remembering that these strictly apply only to British, or at any

rate to European, forms.

Generic characters.

There is probably no subject on which more difference of

opinion exists than that of genera, owing to these divisions being in

reality man’s invention for his own convenience, but nevertheless

indispensably necessary.

To a beginner in the study of the T'richoptera I would beg to

offer the following hints on this subject. Being satisfied as to the

family to which an insect under examination pertains, first ascer-

tain the number of the tibial spurs, as it is a recognized rule that

all the species of a genus should agree in this respect. The form

and proportions of the joints of the palpi should be next consulted.

Then the arrangement of the nervures of the wings* should be

* See the “Index wings” in Plate III. fig. 5, where the nervural nomen-

clature is explained. It must be remembered that although, as a rule, the

British Species of Caddis-flies. 7

carefully traced out, as this differs considerably in different genera,

“but much more so in some families than in others. I have en-

deavoured to render this latter subject more readily comprehen-

sible by giving outline figures of the neuration of each genus. In

the larger forms, the neuration can be readily traced by the aid of

an ordinary lens, but in the smaller it is necessary to use a com-

pound microscope with a low power object-glass (a ‘ three-inch”’

is sufficient for all ordinary purposes), taking care to entirely

denude the wing of its hairy clothing, and to place the detached

wing on a glass slide, and cover it with a piece of thin micro-

scopic glass, so as to flatten it out. ‘The transverse veins are

the most difficult to discriminate, but at the same time furnish

most important characters. Lastly, the general shape of the

wings and other minor differences must be taken into account.

Specific characters.

The Trichoptera have suffered, perhaps more than other insects,

from ignorance of the existence of characters whereby most of

the species may be separated almost without a possibility of error.

Many of them vary greatly in coloration, and as this was at one

time the chief character attended to by descriptive writers the

number of synonyms is something alarming.

Rambur was the first to point out that in the parts subservient

to the procreation of each species there are to be found structural

characters of the utmost value, which had been almost entirely

overlooked. ‘This step in advance was further greatly extended

by Dr. Brauer, and since much more so by Dr. Hagen. Such

indeed is the importance of these structural characters, that it is

absolutely necessary that all descriptive works on new species

should give full details of these parts, and, if possible, figures

also.

It is in the males that the anal appendices and generative

organs are most prominent and present the most appreciable

specific characters. (Rambur erroneously states the contrary.)

The arrangement of these appendices, &c., varies so greatly in

different genera, and even sometimes in different species of the

arrangement of the nervures in the Trichoptera is very little prone to variation

in different individuals of the same species, still occasionally specimens are

found in which some of the transverse veins are absent, or additional ones in-

serted, and even the longitudinal veins sometimes depart from the ordinary

plan. However these are rare occurrences, and not likely to mislead the

student, An extreme instance is figured at Plate IV. fig. 2.

8 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Monograph of the

same genus, that it is impossible to give any general description,

I may say however that in the males there are three pairs of”

appendices, properly so-called, some of which are wanting in

certain genera. Of these, two pairs are lateral and form the su-

perior and inferior appendices. Between the upper pair, there is

usually another pair, thin and pointed, forming the intermediate

appendices. Besides these there are generally an upper and

under penis-cover, and one or two pairs of sheaths. The form of

the penis itself must also be taken into consideration. The upper

margin of the last abdominal segment also varies in shape and is

often produced in the middle into a lobe, which is either a prolon-

gation of the margin itself, or proceeds from under it; the lower

or ventral margin less frequently possesses a lobe. The ventral

surface of the last segments often presents processes which are of

great specific value.

In the females the discrimination of the various parts is much

more difficult. There are usually two pairs of valves closing upon

a tubular piece, whence the eggs are protruded. Sometimes

there is a long exserted ovipositor.

When possible, it is always advisable to examine living speci-

mens, or those that have been recently killed, for it must be borne

in mind that some of the parts are membranous or fleshy, and often

undergo great changes of form in drying, and also that the drying

of the internal fluids, and the collapsing of the walls of the abdo-

men, cause even the horny parts to be unnaturally protruded or

retracted.

The outline figures of the appendices in the plates are all

lithographed trom my own drawings, made, when possible, from

fresh examples. No doubt in many of the more intricate forms

the drawings are susceptible of very great improvement.

Throughout this Monograph the following abbreviations are

used; ‘‘app. sup.” for superior appendices, ‘‘ app. intermed.” for

intermediate appendices, and ‘‘ app. inf.” for inferior appendices.

In the examination of these parts I use a simple quarter-inch

Jens, but a “Stanhope” or ‘ Codrington” will probably be found

more suitable to some sights; however, this is very much a matter

of habit.

Explanation of the Abbreviations of the Bibliographical references.

Brauer, Neurop. Aust. .. Brauer (F.), “ Neuroptera Austriaca; Wien,

1857. 8vo.

Burm. Handb. .. -» Burmeister (H.C. C.), “ Handbuch der Ento-

mologie,’’? Tom, 2, Abtheil. 2; Berlin,

1839. 8vo.

British Species of Caddis-flies. 9

Curt. Brit. Ent. .. -- Curtis (J.), “British Entomology ;’’ London,

Curt. Ent. Mag. .. ae

Curt. Phil. Mag. .. es

Dalm. Analect. Ent. =

De Geer, Mém. ..

Donoy. Brit. Ins, .. ee

Fab. Ent. Syst. .. ee

Fab. Mant.Ins. .. ee

Fab. Spec. Ins... ate

Fab. Syst. Ent. .. oe

1823-40. Gr. 8vo.

‘Characters of undescribed Genera

and Species of Insects,’”’ published in the

“ Entomological Magazine,’ Vol. 1, pp.

186-199; London, 1833. 8vo.

— ‘Descriptions of some nondescript

British Species of May-flies,” published in

the ‘ Philosophical Magazine’’ for 1834,

pp. 120-125, and 212-218.

Dalman (J.W.), ‘‘Analecta Entomologica;’’ Hol-

miz, 1823. 4to.

De Geer (C.), ‘‘ Mémoires pour servir a Il’ His-

toire des Insectes ;’? Stockholm, 1752-58.

4to.

Donovan (E.), ‘“‘ Natural History of British In-

sects ;’? London, 1792-1813. 8vo.

Fabricius (J. C.), ‘‘ Entomologia Systematica,”’

Tom. 2; Hafnie, 1793. 8vo.

—— ——_——__, * Mantissa Insectorum;’’ Haf-

niz, 1787. 8vo.

—_—————., “Species Insectorum ;’”’ Ham-

burgi et Kilonii, 1781. 8vo.

, Systema Entomologie ;’’ Flens-

burgi et Lipsia, 1775. 8vo.

Germ. Faun. Ins. Europ. .. Germar (E. F.), “‘ Fauna Insectorum Europe ;”’

Hag. Ent. Ann. o- ee

Hag. Linn. Ent. .. sé

Hag. Neurop. N. Amer. ..

Hag. Stett. Zeit. .. a9

Humm. Ess. ate oie

Kirb. & Sp. Int. Ent...

Kol. Gen. et Spec. Trichop.

Lat, Fam. Nat. ais ‘

Hafniz, 1817. 8vo.

Hagen (H. A.), ‘‘A Synopsis of the British

Phryganide,’’ published in the ‘* Entomo-

logist’s Annual ;’’ London, 1859, pp. 55-

108; 1860, pp. 66-85 ; 1861, pp. 1-16. 8vo.

, * Phryganea grandis und striata,’’

published in the ‘ Linnzea Entomologica,”’

Bd. 5, pp. 8363-369. 1851. 8vo.

, “Synopsis of the Neuroptera of

North America,’’ prepared for the Smith-

sonian Institution; Washington, 1861.

8vo.

——~-——,, Various Papers published in the

“Entomologische Zeitung;’’ Stettin,

1858-1861. 8vo.

Hummell (A. D.), ‘‘ Essais Entomologiques ;’’

St. Petersburg, 1822. 8vo.

Kirby (W.) and Spence (W.), ‘‘ Introduction to

Entomology,’’ ed. 4; London, 1838. 8vo.

Kolenati (F. A.), ‘‘ Genera et Species Trichop-

terorum,’’ Pars 1; Prage, 1848; 4to.;

Pars 2, published in the ‘* Nouveaux Mé-

moires de la Société des Naturalistes de

Moscou,”’ for 1858, pp. 141-296. 4to.

Latreille (P. A.), “Familles Naturelles du

Régne Animal ;” Paris, 1825. 8vo.

—_— —

10 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Monograph of the

Linn. Faun. Suec. «- .. Linné (C.), “Fauna Suecica,’”’ ed. 2, Stock-

holmiz, 1761. 8vo.

M‘Lach. Ent..Ann. .. M‘Lachlan (R.), Various Papers published in

the ‘Entomologist’s Annual’ for 1861-

1864; London. 8vo.

, “ On the Trichopterous Genus

Polycentropus and the allied Genera,”

published in the “ Entomologist’s Monthly

Magazine,’ Vol. 1, pp. 25-381; London,

1864. 8vo.

M‘Lach. Trans. Ent. Soc... ————-——,_ Papers. published in _ the

“Transactions of the Entomological So-

ciety of London,’ Ser. 3, Vol. 1; Lon-

don, 1862. 8vo.

Mull. Faun. Fridrichs. .. Miller (O. F.), “ Fauna Insectorum Fridrichs-

dalina ;’?’ Hafniz et Lipsize, 1764. 8vo.

Mull. Zool. Dan. .. .. —-———-, “ Zoologia Danica;’’ Hafnie,

1776. 8vo.

Oliv. Encyc. Méthod. «+ Olivier (A. G.), “Encyclopédie Méthodique.

Dictionnaire des Insectes;’’ Paris, 1787—

1825. Ato.

Pict. Recherch. we -- Pictet (F. J.), ‘* Recherches pour servir a

l’Histoire et a l’Anatomie des Phrygan-

ides ;”’ Genéve, 1834. 4to.

Ramb. Hist. Nat. Névrop... Rambur (J. P.), ‘‘ Histoire Naturelle des In-

sectes Névropteres ;’’ Paris, 1842. 8vo.

M‘Lach. Ent. Mo. Mag. -. ——-

Schrk. Ins. Aust. «+ .. Schranck (F. v. P.), “ Enumeratio Insectorum

Austrie indigenorum;’’ Vindelicor. 1781.

8vo.

Scop. Ent. Carn. «- «- Scopoli (J. A.), ‘Entomologia Carniolica ;”

Vindoboniz, 1763. 8vo.

Stephens (J. F.), ‘‘A Systematic Catalogue of

British Insects ;” London, 1829. 8vo.

—, “Illustrations of British Ento-

mology ;”’ Mandibulata, Vol. 6; London,

1836—7. 8vo.

Walker (F.), ‘ Catalogue of the Specimens of

Neuropterous Insects in the Collection of

the British Museum;’’ Part I.; London,

1852. 8vo.

Zetterstedt (J. W.), “ Insecta Lapponica ;” Lip-

siz, 1840. 4to.

Steph. Cat. aie .

Rrephaslliw iain, «ale < ote

Walk. Brit. Mus. Cat. .

Zett..Ins. Lapp.

Fam. PHRYGANIDE.

Antenne stout, about the length of the wings, basal joint thicker

than the others, but not much longer; ocelli always present;

maxillary palpi very slightly hairy, four-jointed in the males,

first joint very short, the three others longer; joints flattish,

often concave on the inner or under side, terminal joint ovate ;

British Species of Caddis-flies. 1]

maxillary palpi of the females five-jointed, basal joint short, the

others of nearly equal length; labial palpi with the three joints

of about equal length ; body robust; wings ample, the hairy cloth-

ing very short and slight, sometimes with longer erect hairs on the

nervures, neuration strong; anterior wings elongate, obtuse, but

usually less so in the females than in the males, discoidal cell

alway closed, long and narrow, subcosta united to the costa by a

transverse oblique vein placed at about two-thirds of its length

from the base (4grypnia excepted), anastomosis complete; pos-

terior wings very broad, rounded at the apex, folded when the

insect is in repose; legs strong, tibiz and tarsi usually spinose,

spurs always 2-4-4,*

Larva: Head oval, small, second segment narrowly transverse,

third and fourth broad, nearly quadrate, rounded at the sides, fifth

very narrow, produced at the sides and in the middle above, sixth

to twelfth nearly equal in size, depressed, carrying isolated respi-

ratory filaments, which are usually turned over the back, thirteenth

segment smaller than the preceding ones and furnished with two

hooks ; legs not very long, on the underside, between the two an-

terior legs, there is a pointed somewhat curved horny prolongation.

Pupa: Stout; mandibles small, not toothed internally ; abdomen

produced at the sides, which towards the apex are fringed with

long hairs; respiratory filaments as in the larva.

Case always a cylindrical tube of nearly equal diameter through-

out, + formed of small pieces of vegetable fibres cut in equal lengths

and arranged side by side in a spiral manner; sometimes the

leaves of water plants are used, and arranged in the same manner.

The case is always free when the occupant is in the larva state,

but before it changes to a pupa, it fixes the case at one end to

water plants, and draws together a few leaves or fibres over the

other.

Inhabit standing, or very slowly running, waters.

_ * Throughout this Monograph the usual plan of abbreviation in numbering

the tibial spurs has been adopted :—thus “‘ spurs 2-4-4’’ means that the an-

terior tibiz have two spurs (both apical); the intermediate tibize four spurs

(one pair apical, the other median); the posterior tibiz the same as the

intermediate : ‘‘spurs 1-3-4’? means that the anterior tibiz have one spur,

the intermediate tibize three spurs, and the posterior tibia four spurs; and so

on. Care must be taken not to confuse the spurs with the spines which are so

plentiful on the tibiz of some genera.

+ The larve have the power of turning themselves in the cases, and pre-

sent their heads indiscriminately at either end. I have watched a large larva

of Phryganea grandis, which had been deprived of its case, eject a larva of

Neuronia ruficrus, but the case of the latter being far too small, it soon rejected

it; and after wandering about houseless for a few days, and not having suit-

able materials at hand for the construction of a new home, it died.

12 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Monograph of the

This family may be readily distinguished by the four-jointed

maxillary palpi of the males, and by the number of the tibial spurs

being always 2-4-4. It comprises some of the largest and most

handsome insects in the Order, but is poorly represented in Great

Britain. The species, at any rate those that we possess, are

heavy-flying nocturnal insects. ‘The handsome continental Holus-

tomis phalenoides* is migratory, sometimes appearing in large

numbers, and then disappearing for years. No insect belonging

to this family, or to the Limnephilide, has yet been found south

of the equator, but I think it not impossible, that, when more is

known of the insect fauna of the southern parts of South America,

there may be found some southern exponents of these families.

The British genera are three in number, and may be tabulated

thus :—

A. Wings distinctly clothed with short hairs ; tibize

strongly spinose-f-0%) 6. 20 Seie-es ae ee hrysance:

B. Wings almost devoid of hairy clothing; tibiz

scarcely spinose.

a. Apex of anterior wings elliptical . . . . Neuronia.

b. Apex of anterior wings obliquely truncate . Agrypnia.

Genus Purycanea, Linné.

Antenne stout, basal joint short, bulbous. Head broad. Eyes

very prominent. Maxillary palpi of the male moderately hairy,

with very short basal joint, the rest of nearly equal length, concave

on the under surface, terminal joint narrower than the others; of

the female, with short basal joint, second and third of equal length,

broad, fourth and fifth of equal length, narrow. Labial palpi with

the three joints of nearly equal length, terminal joint ovate. Pro-

thorax very hairy. Mesothorax broader than the head. Anterior

wings broad, more elongate in the female, apex rounded, hairy

covering short but rather dense, neuration strongly marked, radius

strongly bent before its termination, discoidal cell long and narrow,

first apical cell reaching almost half along the discoidal, truncated at

the base, fifth apical cell very acute at the base; in the female the

posterior branch of the ramus thyrifer (or seventh apical sector) is

furcate, whereas in the male it is simple (in P. minor it is simple in

both sexes). Posterior wings shorter and broader than the anterior,

* This insect has been included in the British list (by Turton), but there

is no good evidence that it has really been found in these islands; neverthe-

less the habit of the species renders its occasional occurrence here not im-

probable. It is a North-European species, but not exclusively so, Scopoli

(P. speciosa) having included it in his “ Entomologia Carniolica.”’

British Species of Caddis-flies. 13

discoidal cell short and triangular, first apical sector united to the

radius by a transverse vein, fifth apical sector furcate in the female,

simple in the male. Legs stout, femora deeply grooved beneath,

tibize and tarsi with very short spines, the anterior more strongly

so than the others, spurs rather long, the pairs nearly equal. Ab-

domen robust, especially in the female; in the male the terminal

segment is strongly fringed with long hairs and furnished with

long prominent appendices; in the female the apical segment

beneath forms a hollow egg-pouch, with two superior and two

lateral valves.

Larva inhabiting standing waters, or very slowly running rivers.

(see Bil I fig;/10.)

Case composed of vegetable fibres or pieces of leaf, &c., cut

into equal lengths, and arranged side by side in a spiral manner

toward the left.

This genus, as now restricted, contains the largest species of

British Trichopterous insects. They are sluggishly-flying nocturnal

creatures, well known to all Entomologists, and possess a strong,

but not very disagreeable odour.

According to the neuration, it would perhaps have been better

to place P. minor in a separate genus. I have, however, seen a

female of P. grandis in which the seventh apical sector was

(aberrantly) not furcate.

We possess five species, as follows :—

A. Seventh apical sector of the anterior wings furcate in the

Female.

1. Phryganea grandis, Linné.

(Pl. II. fig. 23, case; Pl. III. fig. 1, neuration and palpi; Pl. IX.

fig. 1, appendices.)

Phryganea grandis, Linn. Faun. Suec. n. 1485 (1761), and

other authors; P. atomaria, Steph. (*) Ill. p. 206, 3 (1837) ;

Trichostegia grandis, Kol. Gen. et Spec. Trichop. pt. 1, p. 84, 1.

Antennz brown, with narrow yellowish annulations. Head

dark fuscous, with long cinereous hairs. Palpifuscous. Prothorax

thickly clothed with long cinereous hairs. Mesothorax dark fuscous,

darkest at the sides. Anterior wings in the male greyish-brown,

clouded and irrorated with dark brown; a somewhat conspicuous

elongated ashy spot in the sixth apical cell, and a smaller round

one at the base of the third; veins fuscous. Posterior wings dull

greyish-brown, palest towards the base ; apical veins broadly

margined with fuscous, In the female the anterior wings are

cinereous, clouded with brown; a rather broad interrupted blackish

14 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Monograph of the

streak runs from the base to near the apex, terminating at the

pale spot in the sixth apical cell. Legs testaceous; anterior

femora and the apices of the tarsal joints fuscous. Abdomen

brownish above, more ochreous beneath. In the male the ter-

minal abdominal segment is fringed with long reddish hairs ;

app. sup. long, cylindrical, curved inwards and downwards, with

thickened apices and with a short triangular tooth at the base;

app. inf. large, hollow, truncated at the extremity and lying close

together, the margins turned inwards and toothed; ventral lamina

broad, apex produced, obtusely rounded. In the female the

lateral valves are acute at the apices.

Expanse of fore-wings, ¢ 21—24 lin.; © 25—26 lin.

Larva dull pale reddish-white. Head with a straight central

and two lateral interrupted blackish lines, the latter converging

posteriorly. Pronotum with rather broad blackish margins.

A common and well-known insect in lake and marshy districts,

appearing in the summer and autumn months. The largest British

species of this order. Varies considerably in the intensity of the

markings, especially in the female.

2. Phryganea striata, Linné. (PI. IX. fig. 2, app.)

Phryganea striata, Linn. Faun. Suec. n. 1483 (1761), and

succeeding works; Hag. (*) Linn. Ent. p. 363; Brauer (*),

Neurop. Aust. p. 45, fig. 38, App.; P. Becknithi (Leach,.

MS.), Steph. (*) ll. p. 206, 2 (1837); P. fulvipes, Burm.

Handb. p. 934, 4 (1839).

Antenne black, with indistinct paler annulations, most distinct

towards the apex. Head piceous, clothed with pale brown hairs.

Palpi fuscous. Prothorax thickly clothed with brown hairs. Me-

sothorax piceous. Anterior wings cinereous, irrorated with dark

grey or brown, clouded with darker, a somewhat elongate more

or less indistinct pale spot in the sixth apical cell, and a small

round one at the base of the third; veins fuscous. Posterior

wings wholly brownish-grey, apical veins conspicuously dark

brown. Legs: anterior and intermediate thighs wholly fuscous,

tibia and tarsi testaceous, with broad blackish annulations; pos-

terior legs almost wholly testaceous. In the female the anterior

wings have a short longitudinal blackish line and shorter blackish

dashes. Abdomen piceous, paler beneath. In the male the last

abdominal segment is fringed above with long reddish hairs ; app.

sup. long, cylindrical, nearly parallel, with a rounded lobe at the

base, apices thickened and turned slightly upwards and outwards,

and furnished with long hairs ; app. inf. short, hollow, the margins

British Species of Caddis-flies. 15

obliquely rounded ; ventral lamina short, broad and rounded.

In the female the lateral lobes are broadly rounded.

Expanse of fore-wings, 6 17—22 lin.; @ 24 lin.

Appears in summer with the preceding species, and is, perhaps,

almost as common.

These two species are very generally mixed in collections.

To Dr. Hagen is due the credit of having first pointed out the

differences (Linnza Entomologica, Bd. 5, p. 363). P. striata is

always smaller, darker and more uniform in coloration, and the

female has but small traces of the dark band so conspicuous in

P. grandis; the structural differences in the appendices are most

conclusive, but a practised eye can readily separate them without

regard to these latter characters.

3. Phryganea varia, Fabricius. (Pl. UX. fig. 4, app.)

Phryganea varia, Fab. Ent. Syst. p. 77, 10 (1793); Donov.

Brit. Ins. 8, pl. 277, fig. 1; Pict. Recherch. p. 160, 31,

pl. 11, fig. 1; Steph. (*) Ill. p. 206, 4; Burm. Handb.

p- 934,2; Zett. Ins. Lapp. col. 1061, 4; Ramb. Hist. Nat.

Névrop. p. 471, 2; Brauer (*), Neurop. Aust. p. 45, fig.

app. 36; Hag. (*) Ent. Ann. 1859, p. 67, 3; Trichostegia

varia, Kol. Gen. et Spec. Trichop. pt. 1, p. 86, 2; P. annu-

laris, Oliv. Eneye. Méthod. p. 558, 16; P. variegata, Humm.

Ess. ii. 23, tab. 6, fig. 1 (1822).

Antenne testaceous, with broad black annulations. Head pi-

ceous, with grey hairs. Palpi fuscous. Prothorax thickly clothed

with grey and black hairs. Mesothorax piceous, with two me-

dian parallel lines of grey hairs. Anterior wings pale grey,

thickly clouded and spotted with blackish-brown, large dark and

light blotches alternating along the inner margin, two conspicuous

white spots, one rather elongate, in the sixth apical cell, and a small

round one at the base of the third; veins dark fuscous, some-

times much suffused towards the apex. Posterior wings smoky

grey, veins darker. Legs testaceous, the anterior and interme-

diate tibize and tarsi conspicuously, and the posterior indistinctly,

annulated with dark fuscous. Abdomen testaceous, somewhat

fuscous above, paler beneath. In the male the last abdominal

segment and app. sup. are fringed with very long reddish-ochre-

ous hairs, fuscous at the extremities ; app. sup. foliaceous, short,

broad and rounded; app. inf. long, curved strongly upwards, the

tips approximating ; penis long and exserted, pale yellow.

Expanse of fore- wings 13—18 lin.

Larva shining greenish, head and pronotum fawn-coloured ;

16 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Monograph of the

head witha straight median blackish line, and with two lateral black

lines uniting anteriorly ; pronotum bordered with black anteriorly

and posteriorly ; mesonotum and metanotum greenish, with paler

markings ; cox with a blackish line.

This prettily marked species is common at the end of summer

and inthe autumn. It frequents the neighbourhood of ponds,

small lakes and marshes, and is frequently found at the saccha-

rine mixture used by Lepidopterists to attract Noctue, and not

infrequently mistaken for a moth by the uninitiated.

4. Phryganea obsoleta, Hagen. (PI. IX. fig. 3, app.)

Phryganea obsoleta, Hag. (*) Stett. Zeit. 1858, p. 114.

Antennz dark fuscous, with testaceous annulations. Head

dark blackish-fuscous, sparingly clothed with grey hairs. Palpi

fuscous. Prothorax thickly clothed with greyish hairs. Meso-

thorax dark reddish or blackish-fuscous. Anterior wings pale

grey, with indistinct darker cloudings and reticulations ; apical

margin spotted with fuscous at the terminations of the apical veins ;

three small white spots, one at the base of the third apical cell,

another rather larger about the middle of the sixth apical cell,

and a third in the middle of the wing a little below the thyridium

(these markings are generally indistinct) ; neuration fuscous,

Posterior wings very pale grey, subhyaline ; neuration pale testa-

ceous, becoming fuscous towards the apex ; the extreme apical

edge narrowly fuscous. Legs dark testaceous, with a few black

spines; anterior and intermediate tibiae and tarsi with dark fus-

cous rings; posterior tibize and tarsi slightly fuscous at the knees

and apices. Abdomen dark blackish-fuscous. In the male the

upper margin of the last abdominal segment is furnished with a

fringe of long stiff yellow hairs ; the app. sup. appear to be want-

ing; app. inf. long, curved upwards, subcylindrical, the basal

portion externally fringed with long yellow hairs, the extreme

apex dilated and truncated, and furnished beneath with a long

thin slightly bent spine, which is directed downwards.

Expanse of fore-wings 13—15 lin.

A single male example of this species was taken on Skiddaw

in July, 1854, by Mr. T. Chapman of Glasgow; this is now in

my collection. I have since received a second example from Mr.

Bond, who obtained it from the late Mr. Heysham’s collection ;

it was probably taken in the North of England.

On the occasion of Dr. Hagen’s last visit to this country he saw

this insect, and, without close examination, named it Agrypnia

picta of Kolenati, and I brought it forward under this name, and

British Species of Caddis-flies. 17

noticed it in the Ent. Ann. for 1862, p. 26. I always had a sus-

picion that the insect was a true Phryganea, rather than an Agryp-

nia, and at the last moment I fortunately received from Dr, Ha-

gen types of P. obsoleta and A. picta, and have no hesitation in

declaring my insect to be the furmer; 4. picta must, therefore,

be erased from our lists for the present, but it is extremely likely

to be found in the northern parts of this island. The two species

bear very considerable superficial resemblance to each other, but

A. picta is decidedly narrower-winged, and with the apex more

sharply truncated (characteristic of the genus); the head is less

transverse ; the markings are somewhat the same, but in 4.

picta the small white spots are absent, and there is a dark fuscous

spot on each side of the pterostigma, almost encircling it; there

is also a fasciate brown band near the apex, which is not defined

in P, obsoleta. The form of the appendices is altogether different.

The published descriptions of both insects are too short to be of

much service. P. obsoleta might be mistaken for a small and

much faded example of P. varia, but the wings of the latter are

decidedly longer and narrower in proportion ; the anal appendices

of the males are also dissimilar, especially the app. sup., which

are invisible or wanting in P. obsoleta.

B. Seventh apical sector in the anterior nings simple in both

SEXES.

5. Phryganea minor, Curtis.

Phryganea minor, Curt. (*), Phil. Mag. p. 125, 6 (1834); Brit.

Ent. pl. 592; Steph. (*) Ill. 207,5; Hag. (*) Ent. Anon.

1859, p. 67, 4; P. mixta, Burm. Handb. p. 934, 1 (1839);

P. tortriceana, Ramb. Hist. Nat. Névrop. p. 471, 3 (1842);

Trichostegia minor, Kol. Gen. et Spec. Trichop. pt. 1, p.

87, 3.

Antennz testaceous, with fuscous annulations, the few first

joints altogether fuscous. Head piceous, with greyish-ochreous

hairs. Palpi fuscous. Mesothorax fuscous. Anterior wings

fuscous, thickly spotted and irrorated with grey or ochreous grey ;

on the costa the markings form large blotches, and on the inner

margin short oblique streaks, the last of which forms a nearly

complete fascia across the wing close to the apex ; there are also

a few dark, almost black, dashes; apical margin regularly spotted,

fuscous and grey alternating; neuration fuscous, Posterior

wings smoky-grey, subhyaline; neuration fuscous, somewhat

VOL. Y. THIRD SERIES, PART I,—ocT. 1865. c

18 Mr... M‘Lachlan’s Monograph of the

clouded at the apex. Legs testaceous ; anterior thighs wholly

fuscescent ; anterior and intermediate tibize with a broad blackish

ring at the apex, and the tarsi spotted with fuscous ; posterior

tarsi slightly fuscescent. Abdomen dark testaceous. In the

male the upper margin of the last abdominal segment is fringed

with long hairs ; app. sup. small, almost entirely concealed ; app.

inf. long, broad at the base, directed inwards and upwards, brown

at the tips, testaceous at the base; app. intermed. (?) long and

needle-shaped, curved inwards and upwards. In the female the

apex of the abdomen is very obtuse, with the appendices not

evident.

Expanse of fore-wings 83—10 lin. The female rather larger

than the male.

Until recently this was a scarce species. In 1863 Mr. Barrett

discovered it in abundance near Haslemere, Surrey, and in July

in that year I took upwards of forty examples in one day at his

locality. They hid themselves in the day-time in the chinks of

the bark of oak trees, which they greatly resembled in colour.

Genus Nevuronta, Leach, Stephens.

Antenne stout, basal joint short, bulbous. Head small, trans-

verse. Maxillary palpi of the male slightly hairy, basal joint

short, second and third joints broad, the third longer than the

second, terminal joint still longer, narrow, the joints thin and

compressed; of the female, with short basal joint, second and third

joints broad, the third rather the longest, fourth and fifth joints

narrow, of nearly equal length. Labial palpi with short broad

joints, first joint truncated at the summit, second joint rather

narrower, pyriform ; terminal joint broadest of all, ovate. Pro-

thorax very narrow, hairy. Mesothorax much broader than the

head, smooth and shining. Anterior wings broad, shining, with

scarcely any perceptible hairy clothing, apex elliptical ; neuration

very strongly marked, alike in both sexes, radius sharply bent

before its termination, discoidal cell long and narrow, first apical

cell reaching to the middle of the discoidal, fifth obliquely trun-

cated at the base. Posterior wings rather shorter than the

anterior, with elliptical apex, discoidal cell short and narrow, first

apical sector united to the radius. Legs moderately stout, tibiae

and tarsi with few very short spines, spurs short, equal. Abdo-

men robust, the male with long needle-shaped appendices ;

terminal segment in the female very broad, with shorter and

thicker appendices.

Larva inhabiting standing waters. (See Pl. II. fig. 17.) Case

British Species of Caddis-flies. 19

a cylindrical tube, composed of root-fibres and pieces of leaves

arranged in a spiral manner.

Of this genus we have in this country only one species, a dull-

coloured insect, but some of the Continental and American species

are remarkable for the sharpness and contrast of their markings.

Kolenati in the first part of the ‘‘ Genera et Species Trichopte-

rorum” incorrectly applies the generic term Anabolia to these

insects, but corrects his error in the second part (p. 284).

1. Neuronia ruficrus, Scopoli.

(Pl. II. figs. 1, 17, larva and pupa; PI. III. fig. 2, neuration and

palpi; Pl. IX. fig. 5, app.)

Phryganea ruficrus, Scop. Ent. Carn. 690 (1763); Hag. (*)

Stett. Zeit. 15, p. 87; Neuronia ruficrus, Brauer (*) Neu-

rop. Aust. p. 44; Hag. (*) Ent. Ann, 1859, p. 68, 5;

N. fusca, Steph. (*) Il. p. 234, 1, pl. 24, fig. 2 (1837 5)

P. striata, Burm. Handb. p. 935, 6 (1839); Oligotricha

chloroneura, Ramb. Hist. Nat. Névrop. p. 473, 3 (1842);

Anabolia analis, Kol. Gen. et Spec. Trichop. pt. 1, p. 80, 1

(1848).

Antenne black. Head shining black. Prothorax thickly

clothed with reddish-ochreous hairs, most evident beneath,

especially in life. Mesothorax shining black. Anterior wings

uniform, shining fuscous, the veins piceous and very distinct.

Posterior wings paler, but otherwise similarly coloured. Legs

fuscous ; posterior tibiae ochreous, fuscous at the base. Abdo-

men dull, blackish. In the male the upper margin of the last

abdominal segment has a fringe of long hairs in the middle, and

is furnished with a long triangular process, fringed with very

long somewhat ochreous hairs; app. sup. small, not very evident;

app. inf. very broad, shining black, furnished at the apex with a

long moveable spine-like process directed downwards. In the

female there are two short obtuse somewhat converging app.

intermed., and two longer curved app. inf., the latter not always

visible ; the abdomen of the female is broader and more depressed

than that of the male.

Expanse of fore-wings ¢ 14—15 lin.; 9 17—18 lin.

Larva dull green, with a slight reddish tinge. Head and prono-

tum yellowish, with two parallel slightly-interrupted black stripes,

meeting round the front of the head; these stripes are continued

down the meso- and meta-notum, but are less conspicuous there,

Respiratory filaments whitish. Legs marked with blackish. Anal

crotchets yellowish, marked with blackish at the base.

20 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Monograph of the

A not uncommon species in the metropolitan district, frequent-

ing ponds and canals, probably generally distributed. Appears

at the beginning of May, and lasts for some weeks.

When it first emerges from the pupa the wings are almost

colourless, and the veins not darker. The type of O. chloroneura

of Rambur was in that condition.

Genus AcrypniA, Curtis.

Antennz not very robust, basal joint stout. Head transversely

quadrate. Eyes very prominent and large. Maxillary palpi in

the male compressed, with short rounded basal joint, second

third and fourth joints long, the last somewhat ovate. Labial

palpi with very broad almost quadrate basal joint, second joint

shorter and smaller, third joint longest, narrow. Prothorax

hairy. Mesothorax scarcely broader than the head. Anterior

wings elongated, rather narrow, dilated before the somewhat

obliquely truncated apex, with very short and sparse hairy cover-

ing, costa rounded; neuration moderately distinct, not differing

in the sexes, radius with avery slight bend (in 4. Pagetana) before

the termination, discoidal cell narrow, first apical cell reaching

one-third along the discoidal, fifth acute at the base. Posterior

wings subhyaline, with elliptical apex, first apical sector united to

the radius by a transverse vein; discoidal cell short, broad and

almost triangular. Legs moderately stout, tibiz and tarsi almost

spineless; spurs short, of equal length. Abdomen in the male

much dilated towards the extremity, broad and somewhat de-

pressed, terminal segment fringed with long hairs, and furnished

with long corneous appendices ; penis broad, with needle-shaped

sheaths.

Larva inhabits marshes and still waters. Case “ consisting of

root-fibres of equal length, arranged close together in a spiral

turned to the right.” (Hagen.)

We have but one species in this country, which has, at first

sight, the appearance of belonging to the Lzmnephilide.

The typical specimen in the British Museum, from which

Curtis’ figure was taken, has a remarkably broad and depressed

abdomen, and Dr. Hagen seems to think that it has been acci-

dentally pressed flat (Ent. Ann, 1859, p.71); it would, however,

appear that the abdomen has a tendency to assume this flattened

appearance, at any rate after death, as I possess several speci-

mens in which the depression is almost as great as in Curtis’

type.

British Species of Caddis-flies. 21

I have never seen these insects alive, but they are said to repose

with their wings flatter than in other genera.

1. Agrypnia Pagetana, Curtis. (PI. III. fig. 3, neuration.)

Agrypnia Pagetana, Curt. (*) Brit. Ent. pl. 540 (1835) ;

Steph. (*) Ill. p. 229, 1; Kol. Gen. et Spec. Trichop. pt. 1,

p- 78, 1; Hag. (*) Ent. Ann. 1859, p. 70,6; Phryganea

egrota, Burm. Handb. p. 935, 5 (1839); P. levis, Zett.

Ins. Lapp. col. 1065, 22 (1840); Oligotricha strigosa,

Ramb. Hist. Nat. Névrop. p. 473, 4 (1842).

Antenne testaceous. Head testaceous, with pale yellowish

hairs. Palpi testaceous. Prothorax thickly clothed with pale

yellowish hairs. Mesothorax testaceous. Anterior wings pale

straw-colour, sometimes with an appearance of faint greyish

reticulations on the membrane towards the apex ; veins brown,

distinct. Posterior wings hyaline, yellowish at the apex;

veins scarcely darker, excepting the apical. Legs testaceous.

Abdomen brown, paler beneath. In the male the upper margin

of the last abdominal segment has a long fringe of yellow hair ;

app. sup. not visible; app. inf. curved: upwards, from the base

arises a long thin piece, curved upwards and inwards, reaching

to the upper margin.

Expanse of fore-wings 11—15 lin.

Not uncommon in the fen district of the eastern counties,

appearing in May, and probably continuing out all the sum-

mer and the early part of the autumn.

The females appear to be rare, for, although I have examined

upwards of twenty individuals, only two are of this sex.

A, picta, Kol., has been erroneously included in our lists. (See

remarks to Phryganea obsoleta, p. 16.)

Fam. LIMNEPHILID.

Antenne about the same length as the wings, basal joint always

much longer and stronger than the others; ocelli always present ;

maxillary palpi very slightly hairy, three-jointed in the males,

joints nearly cylindrical, basal joint short; maxillary palpi of the

females five-jointed; body less robust than in the Phryganide; an-

terior wings various in form, usually only slightly clothed with hair,

but sometimes with numerous strong erect hairs, neuration not

very strong, discoidal cell always closed (in both pairs of wings),

long andnarrow, subcostal vein not united to the costa bya transverse

22 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Monograph of the

vein beyond the middle, anastomosis complete ; posterior wings

broad, folded, discoidal cell similar in form to that of the anterior

wings ; legs strong, tibiz more or less spinose, spurs various, but

always with one spur on the anterior tibia (except in Cheto-

pheryx $ ).* ;

Larva: Head usually oval, small, second segment (pronotunr)

rather broadly transverse, almost quadrate, third (mesonotum)

rounded at the sides, fourth (metanotum) almost parallel at the

sides, fifth produced at the sides and in the middle above, remain-

ing segments nearly equal in size, furnished with isolated respi-

ratory filaments, hooks on the last segment small; legs long, a

horn-like prolongation between the first pair of legs beneath.

Pupa stout, mandibles small, not toothed internally ; abdomen

very broad, produced at the sides towards the apex and fringed

with hairs, terminal segment usually furnished with a pair of long

appendices, which however appear to bear no relationship to those

of the imago.

Case of various forms and composed of various substances:

according to the species that makes it, always more or less

tubular. In those genera the species of which inhabit standing

waters the case is always free whilst the occupant is in the larva

state, but in those that inhabit streams it is temporarily fixed

by one end to stones, &c. ;

The genera comprised in this family have been united with the

Phryganide by most authors; the three-jointed maxillary palpi

of the males will however readily separate them from that family.

The Limnephilide are usually insects of large size and powerful

flight, strictly nocturnal in their habits. They-may often be

found at a great distance from places where they could have been

bred, and are fond of taking refuge in the day-time in trees, and

especially in firs, and if disturbed dash out with great velocity ;

they are most numerous in temperate climates, but some species

are found very far north. One species, not yet found in this

country, lives out of the water in the larva state, a habit unique

in this Order,

The following is an attempt to tabulate the rather numerous

genera in this family :—

A. Spurs 1-3-4,

a. Anterior wings distinctly granulated,

shortand broad . . . . . . « Phacopteryx.

* In two European genera, Enoicyla, Rambur, and Peltostomis, Kolenati—

neither of which is represented in this country—the anterior tibiz of the males

have no spur. Peltostomis I know by description only.

British Species of Caddis flies. 23

b. Anterior wings not distinctly granulated,

elongate.

1. A dark line in apex of pos-

terior wings, apex pointed . Grammotaulius.

2. No dark line; apex not

pointed.

* Apex of anterior

wings more or less

truncated . . . Colpotaulius and

Limnephilus.

*® Apex of anterior

wings parabolic or

rounded. . . « Anabolia and Ste-

nophylax.

Bee pars f=S-3) 6 ale se et ey alesas,

Gaspurs: '2-8 a ge Oe Oe eo Eceligopteryz,

D. Spurs 1-2-4 : - 2 0 9 +6» Apatania.

E. Spurs 0-3- 3(8); 1- 3- 3 (9) caret as Chaatopterya.

Genus Cotrotautius, Kolenati.

Antenne moderately stout, tapering, basal joint about the length

of the head, very slightly curved. Head nearly quadrate. Max-

illary palpi of the male with short basal joint, second joint long,

third somewhat shorter than the second and slightly compressed ;

of the female, with short basal joint, second third and terminal

joints of nearly equal length, fourth shorter. Labial palpi with

broad and compressed basal joint, second joint narrower, terminal

joint oval, slightly longer than the others. Prothorax moderately

developed, very hairy. Anterior wings narrow, hairy covering

_rather dense, apical cilia evident; costal margin much rounded,

apical margin obliquely truncated, dorsal margin nearly straight,

neuration strongly marked, radius with a scarcely perceptible

bend before its termination, pterostigma never marked, apical

cells all reaching the anastomosis. Posterior wings very deeply

excised just below the rounded apex, hyaline, cilia evident. An-

terior tibiae with few spines and one moderately long apical spur ;

intermediate tibia strongly spinose, one long spur in the middle

and two at the apex, of which the inner is the longest ; posterior

tibiz also strongly spinose, with two long median and two apical

spurs, the inner the longest in both pairs.

Larva unknown.

This genus, first formed by Kolenati in the first part of his

‘* Genera et Species Trichopterorum,” has been adopted by Brauer,

24 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Monograph of the

but is considered as forming only a section of Limnephilus by Dr.

Hagen. The single British species has a general appearance and

habits so different from the species of that genus, that I think

it best to adopt Kolenati’s view and keep it distinct.

1. Colpotaulius incisus, Curtis.

(Pl. IIT. fig. 4, neuration; Pl. 1X. fig. 6, app.)

Limnephilus incisus, Curt. (*) Phil. Mag. p. 124, 17 (1834);

Steph. (*) Ill. p. 228, 48; Hag. (*) Ent. Ann. 1859, p. 73,

8; Limnephila striolata, Ramb. Hist. Nat. Névrop. p. 478, 9

(1842); Colpotaulius excisus, Kol. Gen. et Spec. Trichop. pt.

1, p. 48, 1 (1848); Limnephilus vulsellus, Walk. (*) Brit. Mus.

Cat. Neurop. pt. 1, p. 23, 17 (1852); Kol.?

Antenne testaceous, with indistinct darker annulations. Head

brownish in the middle, bordered with testaceous. Palpi tes-

taceous. Prothorax clothed with brownish hairs. Mesothorax

shining, brownish. Anterior wings straw-yellow, darkest towards

the dorsal margin, where there are sometimes well-defined brown

irrorations ; veins testaceous, with black hairs set at regular dis-

tances, giving them the appearance of being finely pointed with

black. Posterior wings hyaline, sometimes slightly yellowish at

the apex ; apical veins distinct, somewhat brownish. Legs tes-

taceous, with black spines and testaceous spurs. Abdomen grey-

ish-brown above, ochreous beneath. In the male the upper

margin of the last abdominal segment is rounded; app. sup.

broad, flat, very obtusely rounded, yellowish and fringed with

short hairs; app. intermed. short, divergent, shining brown,

scarcely visible ; app. inf. nearly obsolete, in their place is a thin

tuft of blackish hairs. In the female the extremity of the abdomen

is obtuse, with scarcely any appendices; from the middle of the

last segment above them arises ashort broad triangle, on each side

of which is a small hairy valve; lateral valves short, broad and

rounded.

Expanse of fore-wings 6—9 lines.

Appears in summer and autumn, frequents the sides of canals

and the weedy margins of ponds and marshes, and in the day-

time conceals itself under the herbage and dead leaves, &c.,

running about with great activity, if disturbed. The male seems

to be less frequent than the female, at least this is my experience.

Genus Grammorautius, Kolenati.

Antenne with long curved basal joint. Head above nearly

quadrate. Maxillary palpi of male with short basal joint, two

British Species of Caddis-flies. 25

others about equal, long; of the female with short basal joint,

fourth joint considerably shorter than the 2nd, 3rd or Sth.

Labial palpi compressed, first and second joints broad, ter-

minal joint oval. Prothorax moderately developed, hairy.

Anterior wings long, very narrow at the base, much dilated

before the acute apex, dorsal’ margin slightly convex, hairy

clothing very slight, cilia scarcely evident; neuration not very

strongly marked, radius with a marked bend before its termina-

tion, no coloured pterostigma, apical veins all reaching the

anastomosis. Posterior wings hyaline, with a slight excision just

below the acute apex, a long black apical line following the

course of the fourth apical sector. Tuibiz slightly spinose; an-

terior with one long apical spur; intermediate with one long

median spur and two apical, of which the inner is the longest ;

posterior with two long apical and two median spurs, the inner the

longest in both pairs. Anal appendices of the male arranged as

follows:—App. sup. large, broad and fureate; app. intermed.

large, flat and straight; app. inf. fine, hairy; sheaths furcate, the

points approximating ; penis with thickened apex. ‘The female

has two hairy app. sup., and between these two triangular obtusely

pointed valves.

The species on which Kolenati founded this genus appear to

me to bear him out in his idea, as they have a peculiar facies,

altogether different from most of the species of Limnephilus with

which they have been generally associated, and much resemble

each other, They are large insects inhabiting marshy districts.

The blackish apical line in the posterior wings is not constant,

as occasionally specimens are found (aberrantly) without any trace

of it; these are generally females.

1. Grammotaulius nitidus, Miller.

(Pl. IV. fig. 1, neuration; Pl. IX. figs. 7, 8, app.)

Phryganea nitida, Mull. Faun. Fridrichs. p. 65, 569 (1764);

Zool. Dan. p. 145, 1673 ; Grammotaulius nitidus, Brauer (*),

Neurop. Aust. p. 52, fig. 93, 94, app.; Lzmnophilus nitidus,

Hag. (*) Ent. Ann. 1859, p. 74, 10; P. lineola, Schrk. Ins.

Aust. p. 307, 613 (1781); G. lineola, Kol. Gen. et Spec.

Trichop. pt. 1, p. 39, 1; Limnophilus gracilis, Burm. Handb.

p- 932, 12 (1839).

Antenne pale dull yellowish. Head reddish, with short golden

yellow hairs. Palpi dull yellowish. Prothorax very thickly

clothed with long pale golden-yellow hairs. Mesothorax pale

reddish-brown. Anterior wings with the apex drawn out into

26 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Monograph of the

an acute point, pale straw-yellow, with a row of small fuscous

spots along the dorsal margin, and sometimes, but rarely, with

greyish irrorations; veins scarcely darker, but regularly and

closely pointed with minute black spots, from each of which

springs a hair. Posterior wings subhyaline, sometimes slightly

yellowish at the apex, a long black streak along the course of

the fourth apical sector. Legs pale testaceous, spines concolo-

rous. Abdomen ochreous. In the male the upper margin of the

last abdominal segment is obtusely rounded; app. sup. broad,

with a rounded notch dividing them into unequal parts, the upper

branch of the fork the broadest, the apices blackish, and fringed

with long hairs; app. intermed. straight, about as long as the

app. sup., broad, deep black, the apices very obtuse, almost trun-

cated; app. inf. small, finger-shaped, pale yellowish. In the

female there are two broad pointed superior valves, and two

lateral ones exceeding the superior in length.

Expanse of fore-wings 19—23 lin.

Not a common species; frequents marshes and fenny districts,

appearing in sammer and autumn.

This and the next were mixed in Stephens’s and Curtis’s Col-

lections; the shape of the anterior wings will alone readily

separate them.

2. Grammotaulius atomarius, Fabricius. (PI. 1X. fig. 9, app.)

Phryganea atomaria, Fab. Ent. Syst. p. 78, 15 (1793);

Grammotaulius atomarius, Kol. Gen. et Spec. Trichop. pt. 1,

p- 39,2; Brauer(*), Neurop. Aust. p. 52, fig. 95, 96, app. ;

Limnophilus atomarius, Hag. (*) Ent. Ann. 1859, p. 74, 10;

Limnephilus strigosus, Curt. (*) Phil. Mag. p. 122, 3 (1834) ;

L. lineola, Steph. (*) Ill. p. 213, 2 (1837); Limnephila

lineola, Ramb. Hist. Nat. Névrop. p. 474, 1; Phryganea

irrorata, Zett. Ins. Lapp. col. 1063, 11 (1840).

Antenne reddish-testaceous, rather darker at the tips. Head

dull pale reddish. Palpi reddish. Prothorax with dull testaceous

hairs. Mesothorax reddish in the middle, fuscous at the sides.

Anterior wings obtusely pointed at the apex which is much di-

lated, shining brownish-yellow, darker towards the dorsal mar-

gin, closely sprinkled with small brown spots (costal and sub-

costal areas excepted), a whitish spot at the thyridium; varies

much in the number of spots, in some examples they are very

numerous and confluent, in others wanting altogether. Posterior

wings subhyaline, slightly yellowish at the apex; most of the

veins conspicuously brownish; a blackish streak follows the

course of the fourth apical sector, and sometimes a blackish spot

British Species of Caddis-jties. 27

at the base of the third. Legs testaceous, more reddish be-

neath. Abdomen greyish-fuscous. In the male the upper margin

of the last abdominal segment is rounded; app. sup. broad,

emarginate almost to the base, the forks widely diverging, testa-

ceous; app. intermed. broad, straight, rather longer than the

app. sup., obtuse, black ; app. inf. small, slightly curved, yellow,

hairy. In the female the superior valves are broadly rounded,

the lateral valves longer and very acute.

Expanse of fore-wings 18-—19 lin.

Not a common species; frequenting the same localities as the

last, and at the same time.

The only other European species pertaining to Grammotaulius

is Phryganea interrogationis of Zetterstedt, which may be merely

a strongly marked variety of G. atomarius.

Genus Limnepuitus, Leach.

Antennze moderately stout, about as long as the wings; basal

joint as long as the head, slightly curved, hairy. Head quadrate,

small. Ocelli usually prominent and distinct. Eyes prominent.

Maxillary palpi in the males long, slightly hairy, the joints thin

and subcylindrical, basal joint short, the two others long and of

nearly equal length and thickness; in the females with short

basal joint, second, third and terminal joints of nearly equal

length, long, fourth shorter and somewhat thicker. Labial

palpi with broader joints, first and second of nearly equal

length, terminal joint longer, subovate. Prothorax moderately

developed, hairy. Mesothorax oval, much broader than the head,

very convex, usually with a broad depressed median line above.

Anterior wings long and narrow, dilated towards the apex, costa

more or less rounded, apical margin usually obliquely truncated,

dorsal margin gradually concave from apex to base, hairy cloth-

ing short and slight ; neuration not very strong ; radius slightly

bent before the termination, discoidal cell long and narrow, first

apical cell rather longer than the three following, all the apical

cells reaching the anastomosis (except in ZL. vittatus); usually

with longish erect hairs on the veins bordering the cubital cells

near the base of the wing; often with a coloured pterostigma.

Posterior wings hyaline, very broad, somewhat shorter than the

anterior, slightly excised below the apex; anal field very large,

discoidal cell similar in shape to that of the anterior wings, fourth

apical cell not so broad as the second, first apical sector in the

male with frequently a short blackish beard in the middle be-

neath. Legs strong; tibie and tarsi strongly spinose; anterior

tibiae with one rather long apical spur; intermediate tibize with

28 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Monograph of the

one long median and two long apical spurs, of which the inner is

rather the longest; posterior tibiae with two long median and two

apical spurs, the inner slightly the longest. Abdomen laterally

compressed, robust in the female ; in the male the upper margin of

the terminal segment is frequently produced ; appendices varying

much, but the species usually have broad and large superior

appendices, two long usually pointed intermediate appendices,

and two short somewhat upcurved inferior appendices ; penis

sheaths curved upwards and approximating, between them lies

the somewhat flattened penis; the female is furnished with two

pairs of valves, which are sometimes appendiciform.

Larve inhabiting standing waters of no great depth, or very

slowly running canals, &c. (See Pl. Il. fig. 11.) Some species

appear to breed in boggy situations in which there is scarcely ever

any surface water.

Case always free, composed of a great variety of materials, ac-

cording to the species and to the conditions under which it is placed.

The species are numerous. They are all strongly-flying in-

sects, and in the day-time may be frequently beaten from trees,

often at a great distance from water. Marshy and fenny dis-

tricts are the most prolific in species of this genus.

As might naturally be expected, the species exhibit consider-

able diversity of structure, and yet they bear to each other ana-

logies so great that it is impossible to satisfactorily group them

into distinct genera. ‘This has been attempted by Kolenati in his

Monograph, and I have fallen in with his ideas so far as regards

Colpotaulius and Grammotaulius, but am unable to apply his

arrangement to the rest of the species; however I have here

considered his genera as forming sections, with some slight

modifications,

In many species there is a certain character in the markings

very useful in describing them, viz., the existence of two more

or less distinct pale spaces, one placed obliquely about the

middle of the wing, and termed the fenestrated spot; the other

enclosing the anastomosing transverse veins, and termed the

anastomosal space.

A. Apical margin of anterior wings excised.

(Glyphotelius, Steph., Glyphidotaulius, Kol.)

1. Limnephilus pellucidus, Olivier.

(Pl. IV. figs. la, 16, 1c, palpi ;-Pl. IX. figs. 11, 12, app.)

Phryganea pellucida, Oliv. Encyc. Méthod. p. 541, 12;

Pict. (*) Recherch. p. 146, 17, pl. 8, fig. 4; P. transparente

British Species of Caddis-flies. pt

tachetée, De Geer, Mém. 2, p. 526, t. 12, fig. 1—19; Lim-

nephila pellucida, Ramb. Hist. Nat. Névrop. p. 485, 24;

Limnophilus pellucidus, Hag. (*) Ent. Ann. 1859, p. 72, 7;

Glyphidotaulius pellucidus, Kol. Gen, et Spec. Trichop. pt. 1,

p- 37, 23 Glyphotelius pellucidus, Brauer, Neurop. Aust.

p- 52; Limnephilus (Glyphotelius) pellucidula, Steph. (*) Ul.

p- 211,1; L.basaks, Curt. (*) Phil. Mag. p. 122, 1 (1834) ;

L. emarginatus, Curt. (*) Phil. Mag. p. 122, 2.

Antenne brown, indistinctly annulated. Head brown, paler at

the sides. Palpi greyish-brown, Prothorax with greyish hairs.

Mesothorax reddish-fuscous. Anterior wings with a deep notch

in the apical margin ; in the male yellowish-grey, thickly sprinkled

with brown spots; pterostigma, two rows of small dots towards

the dorsal margin, and large spots on the apical margin, dark

fuscous, the apical spots alternating with yellowish ones ; fenes-

trated spot oval, large; anastomosal space also large, often con-

fluent with the fenestrated spot and then forming one large

crescentic space ; veins fuscous ; in the female the anterior wings

are paler and more uniform, yellow, very closely irrorated with

small confluent brown spots more or less intense, the apical por-

tion entirely brown; pterostigma, and three smaller spots on the

apical margin before the notch, fuscous; the fenestrated spot is

narrow, often indistinct, the anastomosal space broken up into

several smaller spots. Posterior wings hyaline, apex brownish-

yellow, with two opposite sometimes confluent fuscous blotches

irrorated with paler ; in the female the apex is brownish-yellow,

without fuscous markings ; veins brownish. Legs pale testaceous,

with black spines, apices of the tibiz and tarsi slightly fusces-

cent. Abdomen dull greenish in life. In the male the upper

margin of the last abdominal segment is bisemarginate, somewhat

produced in the middle, over each notch is a broad crescentic

black spot; app. sup. flat, somewhat truncated at the fuscous

tips; app. intermed. broad, black, generally concealed; app.

inf. consisting only of a broad base with a few long hairs. In

the female the superior valves form two acute diverging tuber-

cles; lateral valves large, broadly emarginate, the lower portion

dilated.

Expanse of fore-wings 11—15 lin.

Larva with the head and two first thoracic segments of an

uniform brown with black streaks; the metathorax brighter an-

teriorly, with two black spots, and posteriorly with three triangles

formed of small brown spots. The abdomen greenish ; the feet

brown, without spots. (Pictet.)

30) Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Monograph of the

Case formed of leaves and other vegetable substances fixed

longitudinally, without any particular order.

A very common and generally-distributed species, inhabiting

the neighbourhood of ponds and marshes, and appearing in

summer and autumn. It is exceedingly variable, but may always

be recognised by the excised apical margin of the anterior

wings.

B. Apical margin of anterior nings entire.

(1.) Apical margin sharply truncated.

a. Anterior wings more or less stran-coloured or

yellowish ; large species ; the male generally has

a tuft of short black hair on the first apical

sector of the posterior nings beneath ; fenestrated

spot usually large and well defined. (Corre-

sponds very nearly to Chetolaulius, Kol.)

2. Limnephilus rhombicus, Linné. (Pl. IX. figs. 12, 13, app.)

Phryganea rhombica, Linn. Faun. Suec. n. 1486 (1761), and

other authors ; Limnephilus rhombicus, Steph. (*) Il. p. 214,

6; Limnophilus rhombicus, Burm. Handb. p. 932, 9; Brauer,

Neurop. Aust. p. 51, fig. 91, 92, app.; Hag. (*) Ent. Ann.

1859, p. 76, 12; id. (*) Neurop. N. Amer. p. 254, 2; Limne-

phila rhombica, Ramb. Hist. Nat. Névrop. p. 481, 17; Cheto-

taulius rhombicus, Kol. Gen. et Spec. Trichop. pt. 1, p. 45, 7.

Antenne reddish-testaceous. Head reddish-ochreous. Palpi

testaceous. Mesothorax reddish, darker than the head. Anterior

wings broad, pale greyish-yellow, the costal margin nearly hyaline,

clouded and irrorated with pale brown, darkest towards the dorsal

margin; fenestrated spot large, oval, with a brown dash on either

side, anastomosal space sometimes indistinct, filled in with brownish

markings; there are also some pale spots about the thyridium;

veins scarcely darker. Posterior wings hyaline, yellowish at the

tips, and with yellow veins; first apical sector in the male with a

small blackish beard. Legs pale testaceons, with black spines.

Abdomen ochreous, greenish beneath in life. In the male the

upper margin of the last abdominal segment is produced in the

middle into a broad rounded lobe, margined with black; app. sup.

large, boat-shaped, the lower margin narrowly black, with several

minute black teeth; a large projection or tooth in the middle, also

black; app. intermed. short, triangular; app. inf. short, with a

long tuft of blackish hairs at the apex. In the female a short

broad triangle arises from the middle of the upper margin of the

British Species of Caddis-flies. 31

last segment; superior valves with the apex produced into a long

fine point; lateral valves straight, rounded, darker than the

superior and equalling them in length.

Expanse of fore-wings 16—18 lin.

Larva with the head fawn-coloured, marked with three black

spots, of which the first is frontal and Y-shaped, and the others

lateral, extending from the eyes to the occiput, uniting and forming

an X. The two first thoracic segments fawn-coloured, bordered

with black and marked posteriorly with small black triangles.

Metanotum fawn-coloured, with four scaly black spots. Abdo-

men fawn-coloured, with numerous rose-coloured respiratory fila-

ments. Feet large, fawn-coloured, spotted with blackish. (Pictet.)

Case composed of fibres, pieces of grass and rushes, &c., cut in

equal lengths and arranged close together transversely, sometimes,

according to Pictet, of smal] stones and shells; before the larva is

ready to change, the case assumes a nearly oval form, and the

occupant then fixes it firmly to some object and closes the ori-

fice with fibres, &c. (See Pictet’s ‘‘ Recherches” for a long and

interesting account of these cases, and of the way in which they

are constructed.)

A common species by canals, ponds, marshes and all still waters,

appearing in summer and autumn. Varies little, chiefly in the

intensity of the brown coloration.

3. Limnephilus pavidus, Hagen.

(Pl. I. fig. 1; Pl. IX. fig. 14, app.)

Limnophilus pavidus, Hag. (*) Ent. Ann. 1859, p. 77 (not de-

scribed); Limnephilus pavidus, M‘Lach. Ent. Ann, 1862, p. 26.

Antenne reddish-testaceous. Head reddish-fuscous, paler at

the sides. Palpi reddish-testaceous. Mesothorax fuscous, slightly

reddish in the middle and at the shoulders. Anterior wings nar-

rower than in L. rhombicus, shining pale yellow, with brownish

markings, most evident along the middle and before the apex, where

they form a rather incomplete semilunate spot, the space between

which and the apical margin is unspotted; fenestrated spot small,

curved; anastomosal space large and distinct; veins fuscous,

fourth apical cell obtusely pointed at the base. Posterior wings

hyaline, slightly yellowish at the apex. Legs testaceous, with

black spines. Abdomen fuscous above, pale beneath. In the

male the upper margin of the last abdominal segment forms an

obtuse blackish point between the app.; app. sup. long, testaceous,

curved upwards, the somewhat acute points directed slightly

downwards, a sharp angle near the base of the lower margin,

which is furnished with a few small black teeth; app. intermed,

32 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Monograph of the

straight, broad, tapering, black, testaceous at the extreme base

app. inf. long, almost cylindrical, testaceous, curved slightly

upwards and inwards.

Expanse of fore-wings 14 lin.

The single known specimen is a male in the British Museum,

supposed to have come from Dr. Leach’s Collection. There is

nothing in the appearance of the insect against the supposition

that it is a native of this country, yet it must be considered rather

doubtful until the nativity be confirmed by more examples.

4. Limnephilus flavicornis, Fabricius,

(PI. II. figs. 24, 25, 26, case; PI. III. fig. 5, neuration; Pl. IX.

fig. 15, app.)

Phryganea flavicornis, Fab. Mant. Ins. t. 1, 245, 11 (1787);

Ent. Syst. p. 77, 12; Oliv. Encyc. Méthod. p. 541, 13;

Pict. (*) Recherch. p. 151, 20, pl. 9, fig. 2; Limnephilus fla-

vicornis, Steph. (*) Ill. p. 213, 3; L. dorsalis, Steph. (*) Il.

p. 213, 4 (1837); Limnophilus flavicornis, Burm. Handb. p.

932, 10; Brauer, Neurop. Aust. p. 50, fig. 88, 89, app.;

Hag. (*) Ent. Ann. 1859, p. 77, 14; Limnephila flavicornis,

Ramb. Hist. Nat. Névrop. p. 484, 23; Chetotaulius flavicornis,

Kol. Gen. et Spec. Trichop. pt. 1, p. 44, 6.

Antenne testaceous, with darker annulations. Head reddish.

Palpi testaceous. Prothorax clothed with greyish-yellow hairs.

Mesothorax fuscous, reddish at the shoulders. Anterior wings

almost hyaline, with a faint yellowish tinge, usually most evident

in the female, clouded and irrorated with pale gr ey; a row of fus-

cous dots along the basal part of the dorsal margin, and also some

fuscous dots anme the basal part of the middle; pterostigma usually

not marked; fenestrated spot large, anastomosal space also large

and round, these two spots only evident when the grey markings

are numerous; veins testaceous, sometimes streaked with fuscous,

the anastomosis usually entirely fuscous, but in some specimens

not darker than the other veins; all the apical cells of nearly the

same breadth, and all truncated at the base. Posterior wings

hyaline, slightly yellowish at the apex in some females ; first apical

sector with a short and distinct black beard in the males. Legs

testaceous, with black spines; apices of tarsi and tibia slightly

fuscous. Abdomen dull greenish in life, the incisions of the seg-

ments paler. In the male the upper margin of the last abdominal

segment is nearly straight; app. sup. large, foliaceous, the sides

almost parallel, oblique at the apex, which is excised, internally

about the middle there is a transverse row of blackish teeth; app.

British Species of Caddis-flies. 33

intermed. straight, nearly as long as the app. sup., fuscous; app.

inf. short, with a tuft of fuscous hairs at the apex; penis short,

obtuse, testaceous. In the female there is a short triangle from

the upper margin of the last segment; superior valves very broad

at the base, but produced into long slender hairy points.

Expanse of fore-wings 12—16 lines.

Larva greenish-yellow, with a very fine dark line down each side.

Head dark testaceous, with a Y-shaped spot in the middle, and two

broad curved streaks meeting behind, fuscous ; there are also some

minute fuscous irrorations on the side of the head. Pronotum

dark testaceous, the upper edge broadly margined with fuscous,

the lower margin with a tridentate fuscous band. Mesonotum

altogether fuscous above. Metanotum with scattered fuscous

spots. Legs testaceous, externally marked with fuscous. Anal

segments with a few black hairs. Anal hooks slightly marked

with fuscous externally.

Case varying greatly, according to the circumstances under

which the larva is placed, and, as it would appear, according to

the caprice of the inmate. Thus, it is formed sometimes entirely

of pieces of grass-stems or rushes, cut in equal lengths and arranged

side by side transversely (when vegetable matters are used they

are always arranged in this manner); sometimes wholly of small

stones ; sometimes of shells of various fresh-water mollusca; or of

all these substances mixed heterogeneously. Some cases are

formed half of one substance, pieces of grass for instance, and

the other half entirely of shells. I possess a case (PI. III. fig. 25)

that I have little doubt belongs to this species, which is made of

the minute shells of Valvata cristata, arranged in mosaic, to the

number of from 150 to 200, and with a few seeds of some water

plant placed in the middle, probably to strengthen it.

This is a very common and generally-distributed species, ap-

pearing in summer and autumn up to October. Specimens in my

collection from Germany are much more strongly marked than is

usual in native examples.

5. Limnephilus nobilis, Kolenati. (PJ. IX. fig. 16, app.)

Chetotaulius nobilis, Kol. Gen. et Spec. Trichop. pt. 1, p. 43, 3

(1848); Limnephilus nobilis, M‘Lach. Ent. Ann. 1864, p.

147.

Antenne testaceous, with slightly paler rings. Head greenish-

grey. Palpi testaceous. Prothorax testaceous, clothed with |

pale yellow silky hairs. Mesothorax greenish-grey. Anterior

VOL. V. THIRD SERIES, PART 1.—ocT, 1865, D

34 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Monograph of the

wings rather narrower than in ZL. marmoratus, hyaline, clouded

with very pale grey, the apex dark greyish-fuscous, with nu-

merous small pale spots; pterostigma dark fuscous, placed

obliquely and elongate ; aati spot broad but indistinct,

anastomosal space well marked; veins finely pointed with fus-

cous. Posterior wings hyaline, with a very indistinct testaceous

mark at the pterostigma; veins fuscous. Legs testaceous, with

black spines. Abdomen dark blackish-fuscous, the first segment

with an elongate testaceous depression in the middle above. In

the male the upper margin of the last abdominal segment is pro-

duced, somewhat broadly but shallowly emarginate in the middle,

with a black protuberance on either side; app. sup. very large,

broadly and obtusely spoon-shaped, standing out at a considerable

angle from the body; app. intermed. thick, straight, with a some-

what mucronate apex, testaceous at the base; app. inf. thick and

straight, obtuse, truncated, with a long tuft of hairs at the apex.

Expanse of fore-wings 15 lines.

I have seen but a single British example of this insect, which

was captured in September, 1862, at Ruislip reservoir, Middlesex,

by Mr. Wormald, and is now in his collection.

6. Limnephilus marmoratus, Curtis. (Pl. 1X. figs. 17, 18, app.>

Limnephilus marmoratus, Curt. (*) Phil. Mag. p. 123, 8 (1834) ;

Steph. (*) Ill. p. 214, 17; Limnophilus marmoratus, Hag. (*)

Ent. Ann. 1859, p. 77, 13; Limnephilus binotatus, Curt. (*)

Phil. Mag. p. 122, 5 (1834); Steph. (*) Ill. p. 215, 8; Z.

discoidalis, Curt. (*) Phil. Mag. p. 122, 6 (1834) ; Steph. @)

Ill. p. 214, 5; Limnephila vitrea, Ramb. Hist. Nat. Névrop.

p. 482, 19 (1842).

Antenne reddish-testaceous, with very faint darker annula-

tions. Head reddish, fuscous in the centre, sometimes entirely

fuscous. Palpi reddish-testaceous. Prothorax reddish, with pale

hairs. Mesothorax fuscous, reddish at the shoulders, and usually

with two impressed reddish lines in the centre, meeting poste-

riorly. Anterior wings very pale straw-colour, nearly hyaline,

the dorsal half of the wing with strong brown markings; an

oblique brown blotch is placed on either side of the fenestrated

spot, a large blotch at the anal angle and another in the apex ;

pterostigma with a somewhat elongated brown spot; these mark-

ings are generally irrorated with small spots of the pale ground

colour, and are sometimes all confluent, in which case the dorsal

half of the wing is almost entirely brown, the two usual pale spots

excepted ; in other examples the dark spots, and even the dark

British Species of Caddis-flies. 35

pterostigma, are almost wanting; fenestrated spot rhombic, large ;

anastomosal space large; veins fuscous, the anastomosis very ,

dark. Posterior wings hyaline, the apex yellowish, no black

beard on the first apical sector. Legs testaceous, with black

spines. Abdomen greyish-fuscous above, somewhat greenish be-

neath, the incisions of the segments paler. In the male the upper

margin of the last abdominal segment is rather produced in the

middle, and usually scabrous and black; app. sup. not large,

somewhat triangular and obtusely pointed, testaceous, the margins

fuscous, the lower edge toothed; app. intermed. broad, flat, tri-

angular, blackish; app. inf. short and rounded, testaceous, fringed

with long hairs. In the female there is a broad triangular plate

proceeding from the upper margin of the last segment; the supe-

rior valves are conical and hairy, testaceous.

Expanse of fore-wings 14—15 lines.

This insect has been bred by Mr. Parfitt. The case was com-

posed of vegetable matters, shells and stones mixed heterogene-

ously, often with a larger stone at one end; probably it is not

to be separated from some forms of the case of L..flavicornis.

A common and generally-distributed species in summer and

autumn, varying much in the number and intensity of the brown

markings.

Mr. Parfitt has reared a Dipterous parasite (Hydrotachina lim-

nephilt, Walker, MSS.) from the larvee of LZ. marmoratus.

7. Limnephilus lunatus, Curtis.

(PIvI1. fig. 28, case; Pl. IX. figs. 19, 20, app.)

Limnephilus lunatus, Curt. (*) Phil. Mag. p. 123,10 c (1834) ;

L. apicalis, Curt. (*) Phil. Mag. p. 123, 10 (1834); L.

nebulosus, Curt. (*) Phil. Mag. p. 123, 9 (1834); Steph. (*)

Ill. p. 215, 10; Phryganea lunaris, Pict. (*) Recherch. p.

152, 21, pl. ix. fig. 3 (1834); Limnophilus lunaris, Burm.

Handb, p. 931, 5; Limnephila lunaris, Ramb. Hist. Nat.

Névrop. p. 481, 18; Limnephilus affinis, Steph. (*) Ill. p.

217, 15 (1837), (not of Hagen in Ent. Ann. 1859); Phry-

ganea vitrata, Zett. Ins. Lapp. col. 1034, 13 (1840); Che-

totaulius vitratus, Kol. Gen. et Spec. Trichop. pt. i. p. 42,1;

Limnophilus vitratus, Brauer (*), Neurop. Aust. p. 51, fig.

86, app. ; Hag. (*) Ent. Ann. 1859, p. 75, 11.

Antenne reddish-testaceous, with slightly paler annulations.

Head reddish. Palpi reddish-brown. Prothorax clothed with

reddish hairs. Mesothorax reddish or reddish-fuscous. Ante-

36 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Monograph of the

rior wings rather narrow, yellow (or greyish-yellow), with fuscous

markings ; the dorsal half of the wing is often wholly fuscous,

with the exception of small dots of the pale ground-colour ;

pterostigma fuscous, small; the large oblique fenestrated spot,

a large anastomosal space (interrupted by the dark veins of the

anastomosis and by brown dots), and a semilunate spot at the

apex, all whitish-hyaline (in darkly-marked specimens these

spots are very conspicuous, in pale ones sometimes scarcely

visible). Posterior wings hyaline, yellowish at the tips; the

beard on the first apical sector in the males smal] and often absent.

Legs reddish-testaceous, with black spines. Abdomen greenish-

fuscous, paler beneath. In the male the upper margin of the

last abdominal segment is rounded and produced in the middle,

and bent slightly under, scabrous and blackish; app. sup. rather

small and triangular, testaceous; app. intermed. short and nearly

straight, black; app. inf. short, testaceous, with long blackish

marginal hairs. In the female the superior valves are testaceous,

with short, pointed, black tips; Jateral valves broad and truncated.

Expanse of fore-wings 10—14 lines.

Larva with the head yellow, with numerous black dots ar-

ranged somewhat in a V-shaped mark. Pronotum and mesonotum

also yellow, with numerous black dots; on the pronotum many

of these are arranged in two parallel rows. Metanotum dirty

greyish-ochreous, with a few scattered black dots. Legs yellow-

ish, spotted with black at the base, the tarsi wholly blackish-

fuscous. Abdomen dirty greyish-ochreous, with whitish filaments.

Anal crotchets yellow, marked with black, and with a few black

hairs.

Case a tube composed of small stones, &c., to the outside of

which are affixed long twigs, pieces of wood, husks, &c.; these

substances are often very much larger than the cases themselves,

and give them a peculiar appearance, as the larve crawl along

the bottom of ditches or ponds.

A very common species in summer and autumn.

With respect to L. affinis of Hagen, Ent. Ann. 1859, p. 79,

I do not at present feel justified in giving it a place in our Fauna.

I have seen types of L. affinis, which is certainly a very distinct

species, although closely allied to Z. dunatus. It differs in the

anterior wings being entirely of a straw-colour, without any fuscous

markings excepting a very distinct pterostigma, in the curved

apical line, which is broader than in L. dunatus, and in the pale

semilunate space between it and the extreme apical margin, which

is much narrower, reduced in fact toa mere line ; the fenestrated

British Species of Caddis-flies. 37

spot and anastomosal space are scarcely present, being indicated

only by pale dots. The app. sup. of the male are large and yellow,

triangular, with the apices much produced, acute, the lower

margin blackish and obsoletely toothed; the penis-sheaths are

very long.

The single type of L. affinis of Stephens is a female, and though

presenting some points of similarity to the Continental specimens,

is yet not to be distinguished from pale varieties of /unatus, and

I do not detect any appreciable difference from the latter in the

appendices. I therefore await the capture of both sexes of affinis,

before I think it prudent to consider it a British species.

In any case the name affinis will require to be changed, as it

has already been used by Curtis, to indicate costalis of Stephens,

over which name it has the right of priority (see p. 43).

8. Limnephilus stigma, Curtis. (Pl. TX. figs. 21, 22, app.)

to)

Limnephalus stigma, Curt. (*) Phil. Mag. p. 123, 106 (1834) ;

Steph. (*) Ill. p. 216, 12; Limnophilus stigma, Hag. (*)

Ent. Ann. 1859, p. 78, 15 ; Limnephila impura, Ramb. Hist.

Nat. Névrop. p. 476, 5 (1842); L. fulva, Ramb. Hist. Nat.

Névrop. p. 475, 4 (1842)?; Gontotaulius stigmaticus, Kol.

Gen. et Spec. Trichop. pt. 1, p. 55, 9 (1848).

Antenne reddish-testaceous, with faint darker annulations.

Head reddish, paler at the sides, and with a few scattered yellowish

hairs. Palpi testaceous. Prothorax reddish, with yellowish hairs.

Mesothorax reddish-brown. Anterior wings rather broad, yellow

or ochreous, thickly sprinkled with brown spots, which are very

variable in number and most numerous on the dorsal and apical

margins ; costal and subcostal areas always unspotted ; pterostigma

nearly round, piceous ; fenestrated spot small, oblique, indistinct ;

anastomosal space large, sometimes well marked ; a small whitish-

hyaline spot at the thyridium and another below it; veins tes-

taceous, closely set with short black hairs placed at regular

intervals, visible under a strong magnifying power. Posterior

wings subhyaline, yellowish at the apex, and sometimes with the

apical veins clouded with grey; the male with a small dark brown-

ish beard on the first apical sector below. Legs pale testaceous,

with black spines. Abdomen dull greyish-fuscous or greenish-

fuscous, evidently green in life. In the male the upper margin of

the last abdominal segment is produced in the middle into a long

tongue-shaped flap, the apex of which is bent under, scabrous and

blackish; app. sup. obtusely rounded, concave, testaceous, the

margins turned in, denticulate and black; app. intermed. short,

38 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Monograph of the

diverging, black ; app. inf. obtusely rounded, testaceous, with a few

long black hairs on the edges. In the female the lamina from the

upper margin of the last segment is of nearly equal breadth, pro-

duced into a slight point in the middle; the superior valves short

and conical; the lateral valves broad, not quite so long as the

superior, slightly emarginate.

Expanse of fore-wings 14—15 lines.

Apparently a very local species, appearing in summer and

autumn. Stephens gives the New Forest and neighbourhood of

London as localities. It is abundant at Ruislip reservoir, Middle-

sex, and I have it also from Folkestone and Killarney.

This species is subject to great variation; Curtis’ types and

most of those of Stephens have yellowish wings without markings,

and sometimes without the dark pterostigma, but I have not seen

any recent specimen from which this is absent; on the other

hand, in some specimens the brown spots are all confluent, and in

this case the whole wing is rich brown, excepting the anterior

margin and the fenestrated spot and anastomosal space, which then

appear very conspicuously paler.

Notwithstanding the doubt expressed by Dr. Hagen as to the

identity of Z. fulva and impura of Rambur, I am inclined to think

(without having seen the types) that they form only one species.

The descriptions of Rambur are good and the details on the

appendices of both apply exactly to our insect; it is also to be

remarked that of L, fulva he had only seen a single specimen, the

narrowness of the wings in which might be owing to an accidental

deformity.

9. Limnephilus borealis, Zetterstedt. (FI. IX. fig. 23, app.)

Phryganea borealis, Zett. Ins. Lapp. col. 1062, 7 (1840);

Chetotaulius borealis, Kol. Gen. et Spec. Trichop. pt. 1, p.

42, 2; Limnophilus borealis, Brauer, Neurop. Aust. p. 50,

fig. 85, app.; M‘Lach. Ent. Ann. 1861, p. 57.

Antenne brown, with paler annulations. Head dark fuscous,

paler at the sides. Palpi reddish-testaceous. Prothorax thickly

clothed with greyish hairs. Mesothorax fuscous. Anterior

wings rather narrow, shining yellow; the costal margin slightly

elevated at the pterostigma; the whole wing rather thickly clothed

with short dusky pubescence; a rather large fuscous blotch

extends obliquely from the base of the sixth apical cell to the

anal angle, and there is sometimes a faint fuscous cloud in the

apex; pterostigma piceous, very distinct, slightly prolonged ;

fenestrated spot narrow; anastomosal space most evident on the

British Species of Caddis-flies. 39

apical side of the anastomosis, forming one or two detached spots

on the inner side; veins pale fuscous, costal and apical edges and

anastomosis dark fuscous; long black hairs on the cubital veins.

Posterior wings hyaline, the apex yellowish. Legs testaceous,

with black spines. Abdomen piceous. In the male the upper

margin of the last abdominal segment is truncated; app. sup.

yellow, large, broadly and obtusely boat-shaped ; app. intermed.

very short, the apices hooked and black ; app. inf. short and broad,

truncated. —

Expanse of fore-wings 13—15 lines.

This species was discovered in some abundance by Mr. Winter,

in the Fens of Norfolk and Suffolk, appearing in May and con-

tinuing for some months. I possess single examples from

Killarney and Enniskillen in Ireland, and there was also an old

specimen in Curtis’ Collection.

10. Limnephilus politus, M‘Lachlan. (PI. IX. fig. 24, app.)

Goniotaulius concentricus, Kol. Gen, et Spec. Trichop. pt. 1, p.

55, 10 (1848), not of Zett. (1840) ; Stenophylax concentricus,

Hag. (*) Stett. Zeit. 1859, p. 133; M‘Lach. Trans. Ent.

Soc. 3rd ser. 1. 240; Limnophilus vibex, Brauer, Neurop.

Aust. p. 51 (1857) ?, not of Curt. (1834).

Antenne reddish-testaceous, with faintly darker annulations.

Head fuscous. Palpi reddish-testaceous. Prothorax clothed

with yellow hairs. Mesothorax dark brown. Anterior wings

rather broad, pale shining greyish-yellow, the dorsal and apical

portions spotted with grey or greyish-fuscous (varying in different

individuals) ; a conspicuous fuscous line (being in reality a lon-

gitudinal vein) near the dorsal margin. Posterior wings hyaline,

yellowish atthe apex. Legs ochreous, with black spines. Abdo-

men greyish-fuscous, the terminal segment somewhat testaceous.

In the male the upper margin of the last segment is produced in

the middle into a short rounded lobe, the margin of which is

rolled under, scabrous and black ; app. sup. large, broad, spoon-

shaped, the greater part of them concealed under the projecting

margin of the last segment, testaceous, internally furnished with a

transverse row of small black teeth, placed at about the middle ;

app. inf. broad, straight, acute and divergent, blackish, only visible

from below ; app. inf. rather long, obtuse, testaceous, with black-

ish hairs at the tips ; penis-sheaths long, suddenly inturned at the

tips; penis thin, much exserted, shining brown, issuing from a

short tubular piece with truncated margins.

_ 40 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Monograph of the

Expanse of fore-wings 12—16 lines. The female somewhat the

smaller.

Common in the Norfolk Fens in autumn. I have also seen it

from Hartlepool, Willesden, Killarney, &c.

This species, though probably widely distributed, is not con-

tained in the collections of Curtis or Stephens. It is an insect

not well understood, and, unless there be a nearly allied species, is

liable to great variation in Continental examples, both in size and

coloration.

There appears to be little doubt that it is not the true concen-

tricus of Zetterstedt, and I have therefore given it a new name.

The position of the insect is also a matter of some uncertainty.

Kolenati assigns to it about the same position as I have here given

but Dr. Hagen places it at the end of the first section of Sten

phylax. As 1 have elsewhere stated (Tr. Ent. Soc. 3rd ser. 1. 240),

the shape of the wings agrees more with Limnephilus than with

Stenophylaz, and the fourth apical cell in the posterior wings is

decidedly narrower than the second, whereas in Stenophylax (and

Anabolia) they are of the same breadth. The posterior wings of

the male are not furnished with a beard.

11. Limnephilus elegans, Curtis. (PI. IX. fig. 25, app.)

Limnephilus elegans, Curt.(*) Phil. Mag. p. 124, 17 b (1834);

Brit. Ent. pl. 488; Lamnophilus elegans, Hag, (*) Ent.

Ann, 1859, p. 79, 17; Phryganea signifer, Zett. Ins. Lapp.

col. 1063, 9 (1840); Chetotaulius signifer, Kol. Gen, et

Spec. Trichop. pt. 1, p. 46, 8.

Antennz reddish-ochreous. Head reddish, fuscous in the

middle above. Palpi reddish-ochreous. Mesothorax reddish.

Anterior wings yellowish-brown, shining, with whitish-hyaline

longitudinal streaks, viz., two long ones towards the costal and

dorsal margins respectively, a shorter one in the middle of the

disc, about five in the apex, occupying the first, second, fourth and

fifth apical cells, and an oval one at the base of the sixth; ptero-

stigma yellowish-brown. Posterior wings hyaline, with the tips

faintly yellowish. Legs reddish-testaceous, with black spines.

Abdomen reddish-ochreous. In the males the upper margin of

the last abdominal segment is cut off straight ; app. sup. broad,

flat, with a deep circular notch on the apical margin, the edges

blackish, with long hairs; app. inf. small, yellow, with a few

blackish hairs at the apex.

Expanse of fore-wings 12—14 lines.

British Species of Caddis-flies. 41

This species appears to be as rare as it is beautiful; the only

recorded localities are the New Forest and Delamere Forest, and

I saw (but did not capture) a single specimen at the Black

Forest, Rannoch, Perthshire. The figure in Curtis’ ‘ British

Entomology” is very good.

I saw in the Museum of the Jardin des Plantes at Paris several

specimens of a Limnephilus from Iceland, which I believe to be

identical with Z. elegans.

b. Anterior nings more or less grey or brown ; the male nith-

out a black beard on the posterior wings ; fenestrated spot

smaller. (Corresponds to part of Goniotaulius, Kol.)

12. Limnephilus griseus, Linné. (PI. IX. figs. 26, 27, app.)

Phryganea grisea, Linn. Faun. Suec. n. 1484 (1761), and other

authors ; Goniotaulius griseus, Kol. Gen. et Spec. Trichop.

pt. 1, p. 53,8; Limnophilus griseus, Brauer, Neurop. Aust.

p- 50, fig. 76, 77, app.; Hag. (*) Ent. Ann. 1859, p. 80, 18;

Neurop. N. Amer. p. 262, 273; Limnephilus fenestralis,

Curt. (*) Phil. Mag. p. 123, 12 (1834) ; Steph. (*) Ill. p.

218,17; L£. marginalis, Steph.(*) Ill. p. 218, 16 (1837);

L. bipunctatus, Steph. (*) Ill. p. 218, 18 (1837); L. obli-

quus, Steph. (*) Ill. p. 219, 20 (1837); L. signatus, Steph. (*)

Ill. p. 219, 19, part (1837); L. luniger, Steph. (*) Ill. p.

219, 21 (1837); Limnephila variegata, Ramb. Hist. Nat.

Névrop. p. 482, 19 (1842).

Antennz fuscous, with distinct paler annulations. Head black-

ish-fuscous, posteriorly reddish. Palpi dull reddish-brown.

Prothorax reddish, clothed with long blackish hairs. Mesothorax

dark blackish-fuscous. Anterior wings narrow; in the male

nearly uniformly brownish-grey, with a few darker spots and

clouds in the apex and towards the dorsal margin, with scattered

whitish spots; pterostigma brown; fenestrated spot narrow,

oblique ; anastomosal space forming only two or three pale spots

on the apical side of the anastomosis ; veins brownish, the anas-

tomosis dark fuscous, long black hairs on the cubital veins. In

the female the anterior wings are whitish-grey, with numerous

black and fuscous markings, giving the wings a variegated ap-

pearance, varying greatly according as the dark spots are more or

less coalescent; pterostigma dark fuscous, frequently with paler

irrorations ; fenestrated spot large and distinct, white; anasto-

mosal space large, white and irregular, generally broken up into

several smaller spots; there is usually a distinct pale spot at the

42 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Monograph of the

termination of the sixth and seventh apical cells, and another

about the arculus; some of the veins regularly spotted with black

and white. Posterior wings hyaline, apex pale grey; veins tes-

taceous, the ramus discoidalis and ramus subdiscoidalis fork at

about the same distance from the base. Legs testaceous, with

black spines, the thighs and the apices of the tibiz and tarsi

somewhat fuscous. Abdomen dark fuscous above, ochreous be-

neath, and with narrow ochreous lateral lines. In the male the

upper margin of the last abdominal segment is not produced ;

app. sup. spoon-shaped, obtuse, yellow; app. intermed. pointed,

straight, lying against each other, not diverging ; app. inf. large,

yellow, concave exteriorly, and with two shining black teeth at

the apex. In the female there is in the middle a twice-divided

tubular piece springing from a broad base; on each side of this is

an appendage very similar in form to the app. sup. of the male,

and below these on each side a broad obtusely rounded lateral

valve.

Expanse of fore-wings 10—11 lines.

Larva grey, with lateral lines and a depressed dorsal line,

brown, the anal segment with long black hairs, respiratory fila-

ments white; head yellowish-brown, with an oblong median spot

formed of eight or ten piceous dots, occiput with an oblique line

on each side connivent posteriorly (vitta postice connivente), formed

of piceous dots arranged more or less in rows ; pronotum and

mesonotum yellow, the posterior and lateral margins with nume-

rous piceous dots; metanotum with four corneous scales; legs

yellow, the joints narrowly annulated with piceous. (Iolenati.)

Case sometimes composed of pieces of grass or leaves placed

obliquely, sometimes of stones; cylindrical. (Kolenati.)

This very variable and widely-distributed species would appear

to be far more common on the Continent than in this country.

It appears in May and following months ; and most of the spe-

cimens that I have taken have been beaten from fir trees in

heathy districts ; apparently most common in the New Forest.

I have seen an example from Haiti, and possess another from

the river Amoor ; both of these resemble European specimens in

every particular.

13. Limnephilus bipunctatus, Curtis. (Pl. X. figs. 1, 2, app.)

Limnephilus bipunctatus, Curt. (*) Phil. Mag. p. 123, 13, part

(1834) ; Limnophilus bipunctatus, Hag. (*) Ent. Ann. 1859,

p. 82, 19; Limnephilus griseus, Steph. (*) Il. p. 217, 13

British Species of Caddis-fiies. 43

(1837); Limnephila obscura, Ramb. Hist. Nat. Névrop.

p- 483, 21 (1842); Limnophilus tuberculatus, Brauer, Neurop.

Aust. p. 50, fig. 80, app. (1857)?

Antennz brown, with paler annulations. Head reddish-brown,

blackish anteriorly. Palpi reddish. Prothorax reddish-brown,

with long slightly darker hairs. Mesothorax blackish, with two

impressed reddish median lines. Anterior wings broader than in

L. griseus, rusty brown, with numerous small pale dots, a row of

fuscous dots in the middle towards the base, and sometimes a few

similar dots on the dorsal margin ; pterostigma brown ; fenestrated

spot and the indistinct anastomosal space greyish-yellow, and there

is also a greyish-yellow spot, often indistinct, on the inner side of

the pterostigma; veins fuscous, with pale dots, the anastomosis

conspicuously darker. Posterior wings greyish-hyaline, brown-

ish-grey at the apex; veins brown, the ramus discoidalis forks

sooner than the ramus subdiscoidalis. Legs reddish-brown with

black spines, the apices of the tibize and tarsi slightly fuscous.

Abdomen blackish, reddish-ochreous beneath, and with lateral

lines of the same colour. In the male the upper margin of the

last abdominal segment has a rounded projection in the middle,

bent under, black and scabrous, the sides prominent; app. sup.

yellow, obtusely triangular; app. intermed. lying close together,

broad, triangular, yellow, the superior margins blackish ; app.

inf. scarcely evident, margined with long blackish hairs. In the

female there is a broad obtusely rounded lamina proceeding from

the upper margin of the last segment, on each side of which is

a long finger-shaped appendage, from beneath which arises a

straight deeply cleft tubular piece; the lateral valves are short

and broad, almost truncated.

Expanse of fore-wings 12—14 lines.

Not acommon species. The recorded localities are the New

Forest, neighbourhood of London, and Scotland ; I possess it also

from the fens of Norfolk and from Torquay.

I have considerable doubt as to the propriety of retaining

Curtis’ name for this species. In his collection this and L,

griseus were both present under the name of bipunctatus, and his

description offers no very evident proof which species he had

before him when writing it.

14, Limnephilus affinis, Curtis. (Pl. X. fig. 3, app.)

Limnephilus affinis, Curt. (*) Phil. Mag. p. 123, 14 (1834); ZL.

costalis, Steph. (*) Ul. p. 217, 14 (1837); Limnophilus costa-

44 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Afonograph of the

lis, Hag. (*) Ent. Ann. 1859, p. 83, 213 Goniotaulius anas-

tomosis, Kol. Gen. et Spec. Trichop. pt. 1, p. 52, 5 (1848).

Antenne fuscous, with paler annulations. Head reddish-fus-

cous, paler at the sides. Palpi reddish-testaceous. Prothorax

reddish-fuscous, with long hairs. Mesothorax fuscous. Anterior

wings narrow, grey with an ochreous tinge, clothed with short

pale pubescence; there are numerous greyish-fuscous freckles

and a row of fuscous dots along the middle of the wing, and a dis-

tinct fuscous dot just behind the arculus; pterostigma pitchy

brown, often with paler dots; fenestrated spot indistinct, most

evident when the wings are closed; anastomosal space still less

evident ; longitudinal veins pale fuscous, dotted with blackish-

fuscous, the anastomosis distinctly blackish-fuscous; the colora-

tion of the anterior wings varies according as the spots are more

or less coalescent. Posterior wings greyish-hyaline, the apex

slightly darker, and with a brownish-grey pterostigma more or

less distinct; the ramus subdiscoidalis forks sooner than the ramus

discoidalis. Legs testaceous, with black spines; the anterior tibize

have exteriorly a row of fuscous dots, the apices of all the tibize

and tarsi are likewise fuscous. Abdomen dull fuscous above,

ochreous beneath, and with ochreous lateral lines. Jn the male

the upper margin of the last abdominal segment is rounded off;

app. sup. small, yellow, the apical margin slightly emarginate ;

app. intermed. curved strongly upward, brown, the tips black ;

app. inf. short, rounded, with a fringe of black hairs at the base.

In the female there is no appearance of the usual valves, but there

is a broad inflated ring at the apex, from which proceeds a tubular

piece.

Expanse of fore-wings 9—14 lines.

A very common species in woods in the neighbourhood of

London, but by no means confined to woods, as I have seen it

abundantly in a little marshy spot on the wide sandy expanse known

as Dawlish Warren, in Devonshire; probably generally distri-

buted. I have found it as early as the 21st April and as late as

the beginning of October.

15. Limnephilus auricula, Curtis. (Pl. X. figs. 4, 5, app.)

Limnephilus auricula, Curt. (*) Phil. Mag. p. 124, 11 (1834) ;

Steph. (*) Ill. p. 220, 22; Limnophilus auricula, Hag. (*)

Ent. Ann. 1859, p. 82, 20; Limnephilus obscurus, Curt. (*)

Phil. Mag. p. 124, 15 (1834); Steph. (*) Ill. p. 220, 24;

Phryganea nigridorsa, Pict. (*) Recherch. p. 158, 28, pl. 10,

fig. 5 (1834) ; Limnephilus geminus, Steph. (*) Ul. p. 220, 2°

British Species of Caddis-flies. 45

(1837); L. signatus, Steph. (*) Ill. p. 219, 19, part (1837) ;

Limnephila guttata, Ramb. Hist. Nat. Névrop, p. 485, 25

(1842); Goniotaulius fenestratus, Kol. Gen. et Spec. Trichop.

pt. 1, p. 52, 6 (1848).

Antenne fuscous, with slightly paler annulations. Head black.

Palpi testaceous. Prothorax fuscous, sometimes reddish, Meso-

thorax black, with two more or less distinct reddish median lines

above. Anterior wings of the male shining greyish-ochreous,

rather thickly clothed with short dusky pubescence ; pterostigma

pale brown; fenestrated spot very indistinct, formed of two

smaller spots; anastomosal space only visible as several scarcely

evident pale spots at the base of the cells; a distinct pale spot at

the thyridium; veins yellowish, many of them with blackish hairs

placed at regular intervals. In the female the anterior wings are

more tinged with brown, especially towards the apex ; the ptero-

stigma less distinct, the fenestrated spot and anastomosal space

both larger and much more distinct, and the part of the wing be-

tween these spots is usually darker. Posterior wings hyaline, grey-

ish at the apex, and with a pale greyish pterostigma most evident in

the male. Legs testaceous with black spines, the terminal tarsal

joints darker. Abdomen fuscous above, paler beneath, and with

pale lateral lines. In the male the upper margin of the last ab-

dominal segment is broadly produced; app. sup. finger-shaped,

testaceous, curved upwards, the tips curved slightly downwards

and fringed with long hairs ; app. intermed. short, curved down-

wards, concealed in the cavity of the last segment ; app. inf. fur-

cate, the upper branch longest, blackish at the apex, the lower

branch bent inwards, and also blackish at the apex. In the

female there is a long triangular projection from the upper mar-

gin of the last segment, very acute at the apex; this lies closely

upon a cylindrical tubular piece, the apex of which is blackish and

obsoletely toothed.

Expanse of fore-wings 8—9 lines.

Larva remarkable for its very small head and thorax. Head

and pronotum black. Mesonotum with a scaly plate of the same

colour. Metanotum with five scaly points. Abdomen fawn-

coloured. Feet slender, blackish. (Pictet.)

Case almost cylindrical, composed of fragments of dead leaves

eut into equal-sized pieces and joined together at the edges.

When the Jarva is about to change it closes the ends with stones.

(Pictet.)

A common species in summer and autumn, probably frequent-

ing both standing and running waters.

46 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Monograph of the

c. Anterior nings straw-colour, yellonish or brownish ; small

species ; the male without a black beard ; fenestrated spot not

marked, though there is sometimes an approximation to it.

(Corresponds to part of Goniotaulius, Kol.)

i. Fifth apical cell in the anterior wings not reaching the

anastomosis, very acute.

16. Limnephilus vittatus, Fabricius.

(Pl. LE. fig: 27, case; Pl. IIL. fig..6,meuration; Pl. X° figs, 7,8;

app-)

Phryganea vittata, Fab. Ent. Syst. Suppl. p. 201, 16-17 (1798);

Pict. (*) Rechereh. p. 157, 27, pl. 10, fig. 49; Zetts Ins.

Lapp. col. 1064, 16; Limnephilus vittatus, Steph. (*) Ill. p.

225, 39; Limnophilus vittatus, Brauer, Neurop. Aust. p. 49,

fig. 74, 75, app.; Hag. (*) Ent. Ann. 1859, p. 84, 22; Lim-

nephila vittata, Ramb. Hist. Nat. Névrop. p. 485, 26; Go-

niotaulius vittatus, Kol. Gen, et Spec. Trichop. pt. 1, p. 49, 1;

Limnephilus consobrinus, Curt. (*) Phil. Mag. p. 124, 19

(1834); Steph. (*) Ill. p. 224, 35 ; Phryganea elegans, Pict.

(*) Recherch. p. 157, 26, pl. 10, fig. 3 (1834); Limnephila

elegans, Ramb. Hist. Nat. Névrop. p. 486, 27; Limnephilus

notalus, Steph. (*) Ill. p. 224, 36 (1837); L. substrigosus,

Steph. (*) Ill. p. 224, 37 (1837); L. bipartitus, Steph. (*)

Ill. p. 225, 38 (1837) ; L. preustus, Steph. (*) Il. p. 226, 41

(1837); Goniotaulius flavus, Kol. Gen. et Spec. Trichop.

pt. 1, p. 50, 2 (1848).

Antenne testaceous, with very indistinct paler rings. Head

reddish-ochreous, sometimes darker in the middle, with two raised

tubercles on the posterior margin. Palpi testaceous. Prothorax

with long reddish hairs. Mesothorax reddish-ochreous, varying

to fuscous. Anterior wings pale yellowish; a fuscous streak

runs from near the base to the apex, distinctly interrupted by a

whitish spot at the thyridium; the dorsal portion of the wing

below this streak is more or less pale fuscous, or freckled with

fuscous ; this streak is sometimes entirely absent, and numerous

intermediate varieties occur; pterostigma pale brownish, some-

times absent; veins pale fuscous. Posterior wings hyaline, with

an indistinct brownish pterostigma. Legs testaceous with black

spines. Abdomen greyish-fuscous above, ochreous beneath. In

the male the upper margin of the last abdominal segment is much

produced, and in the middle there is a somewhat truncated pro-

jection ; app. sup. and app. intermed. not visible; app. inf. rather

British Species of Caddis-flies. 47

long with blackish tips. In the female there are small hairy

superior valves.

Expanse of fore-wings 8—11 lines.

Larva with the head, pronotum and mesonotum brown with a

darker central line ; the pronotum with two lateral black points ;

metanotum fawn-coloured, with four scaly points; abdomen fawn-

coloured ; feet brown. (Pictet.)

Case long, slightly curved, smaller at the posterior extremity,

formed of sand and very small stones. (Pictet.)

A common species in this country, appearing in summer and

autumn, and probably frequenting both standing and running

waters. I have reason to believe that this and the next frequently

breed in spongy bogs.

The varieties are very numerous, and from this cause the num-

ber of synonyms is rather astonishing. Stephens, for instance,

described it under six different names. The short acute fifth

apical cell will at once distinguish it from all other native species;

occasionally varieties do occur in which this cell reaches the anas-

tomosis, but it always remains very acute.

il. Fifth apical cell in the anterior nings reaching the

anastomosis.

17. Limnephilus centralis, Curtis. (Pl. X. figs. 9, 10, app.)

Limnephilus centralis, Curt. (*) Phil. Mag. p. 124, 22 (1834);

Steph. (*) Ill. p. 227, 43; Limnophilus centralis, Hag. (*)

Ent. Ann. 1859, p. 85, 23; Limnephilus terminalis, Curt. (*)

Phil. Mag. p. 124, 21 (1834); Z. ochraceus, Curt. (*) Phil.

Mag. p. 124, 16 (1834); Phryganea Slava, Pict. (*) Re-

cherch. p. 156, 25, pl. 10, fig. 2 (1834) ; Limnephilus flavus,

Steph. (*) Ill. p. 226, 42; ZL. punctatus, Steph. (*) Ill. p.

226, 44 (1837); LZ. elongatus, Steph. (*) Ill. p. 227, 45

(1837); ZL. fuliginosus, Steph. (*) Ill. p. 227, 46 (1837) ;

L. ustulatus, Steph. (*) Ill. p. 228, 48 (1837); Limnephila

nebulosa, Ramb. Hist. Nat. Névrop. p. 477, 8 (1842).

Antenne testaceous, with darker annulations. Palpi testaceous.

Head, prothorax and mesothorax reddish, the prothorax with

long reddish hairs. Anterior wings greyish-yellow with brownish

markings, varying very much in number and intensity; there is

usually a brownish dash from near the base to the apex, formed of

small points united, leaving a pale apical space and often an ap-

pearance of the fenestrated spot and anastomosal space; veins

fuscous ; the fifth apical cell has atruncated base. Posterior wings

48 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Monograph of the

hyaline, with the apex very pale yellowish. Legs pale ochreous,

with black spines. Abdomen ochreous. In the male the upper

margin of the last abdominal segment is much produced, with a

rounded projection in the middle; app. sup. small, somewhat

obtuse, scarcely projecting from under the last segment; app.

intermed. diverging, broad at the base, the apices acute and some-

what mucronate, black; app. inf. with the tips approximating and

clothed with greyish hairs.

Expanse of fore-wings 9—11 lines.

Larva with the head and thorax brown. Pronotum with

darker bands anteriorly and posteriorly ; mesonotum with two

lateral black points; metanotum with four scaly points. Ab-

domen fawn-coloured. (Pictet.)

Case similar to that of Z. vittatus but shorter and less pointed.

(Pictet.)

A very common species, found in the same localities and at

the same times as JZ. vittatus, to which at first sight it bears

considerable resemblance. This is also a very variable insect

and suffers under the same burthen of names as the last. Ex-

amples are sometimes found in which the anterior wings are

almost wholly fuscous (excepting a pale apical blotch), with pale

irrorations ; these are usually from the North of England or

Scotland.

18. Limnephilus flavescens, Stephens.

Limnephilus flavescens, Steph. (*) Ill. p. 223, 33 (1837), (not of

Hagen in Ent. Ann. 1859).

Antennz brownish, with paler annulations. Head and thorax

reddish-brown. Palpi pale-ochreous. Anterior wings narrow,

of a uniform very pale straw-yellow, costal edge brownish ; veins

brownish, set with blackish hairs; these hairs are much longer

towards the dorsal margin; a whitish spot at the thyridium, and

another below it at the arculus. Posterior wings hyaline, faintly

yellowish at the tips. Legs pale ochreous, with black spines.

Abdomen greyish-fuscous, paler beneath. In the male the last

abdominal segment is considerably produced, the upper margin

cut off regularly ; app. sup. small, obtuse, the tips only visible

from under the projecting upper margin; app. inf. visible only as

a tuft of blackish hairs.

Expanse of fore-wings 12 lines.

The type in Stephens’ Collection is the only known example

of this species; it is said to have been taken at Ripley, in June.

British Species of Caddis-flies. 49

At present I cannot but consider that it is a little doubtful, yet I

am unable to refer the specimen to any other British species. It

is to be hoped that further acquaintance with these insects will

throw additional light on this matter.

The description in Ent. Ann. 1859, p. 86, belongs to L. ignavus,

Hag., which is certainly not identical with flavescens.

19, Limnephilus ignaous, Hagen. (PI. X. fig. 6, app.)

Limnophilus ignavus, Hag. (*) Stett. Zeit. 1858, p.116; L.

Jflavescens, Hag. (*) Ent. Ann. 1859, p. 86, 24 (not of

Steph.)

Antennz reddish-testaceous, with indistinct paler annulations.

Head and thorax reddish-brown. Anterior wings pale reddish-

brown, with indistinct paler irrorations most evident along the

costal margin and at the apical portion ; pterostigma darker; a

pale-whitish dot at the thyridium, and another below it. Posterior

wings hyaline, pale brown at the apex, and with brownish veins.

Legs reddish-testaceous, with black spines ; the tips of the tibize

and of the tarsal joints blackish. Abdomen greyish-ochreous.

In the male the upper margin of the last abdominal segment is

slightly produced in the middle; app. sup. small and obtusely

rounded ; app. intermed. short, broad and triangular, black; app.

inf. prominent, irregularly and obtusely spoon-shaped, testaceous,

with a few long marginal blackish hairs. Sometimes the anterior

wings are entirely without paler irrorations.

Expanse of fore-wings 10 lines.

Of this species I know only two British specimens; one in

Curtis’ Collection, mixed up with Z. luridus ; the other in my

own Collection, formerly in that of Mr. Weaver, and probably

taken by him in Scotland.

I have yet another species belonging to this group, but unfor-

tunately only a single female specimen, from which I cannot draw

up a satisfactory description; it is from the Norfolk fens,

(2.) Apical margin less sharply truncated, somewhat rounded ;

hairy clothing more dense. (Corresponds to Desmotau-

hus, Kolenati.)

20. Limnephilus extricatus, M‘Lachlan. (PI. X. figs. 11, 12, app.)

Desmotaulius hirsutus, Kol. Gen. et Spec. Trichop. pt. 1, p.

57, 3 (1848), (not Ph. hirsuta of Pict., 1834); Limnophilus

hirsutus, Hag. (*) Ent. Ann. 1859, p. 87, 25.

Antennz fuscous, with testaceous annulations. Head reddish-

VOL. V. THIRD SERIES, PART 1.—ocT. 1865. E

50 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Monograph of the

fuscous. Palpi pale fuscous. Prothorax reddish-fuscous, with

long hairs. Mesothorax reddish-fuscous. Anterior wings rather

broad, grey, with a yellowish tinge, with numerous brown

freckles over the whole; a fuscous streak from the middle

of the base, and another along the sutural margin; the wings

are very uniform in colour, and vary very slightly; veins

fuscous, the longitudinal ones with paler points, the anasto-

mosis rather darker; the discoidal cell about the same length as

the footstalk. Posterior wings hyaline, slightly grey at the

apex; veins yellowish-fuscous, the ramus discoidalis forks rather

before the ramus subdiscoidalis. Legs greyish-testaceous, with

black spines. Abdomen fuscous above, ochreous beneath. In

the male the upper margin of the last abdominal segment is

deeply emarginate, bent under, black and scabrous, with a some-

what cylindrical projection on either side; app. sup. yellow,

somewhat spoon-shaped, slightly curved; app. intermed. very

short, triangular, with black tips; app. inf. large, the tips intensely

black and furnished with two teeth. In the female there are

short triangular superior valves, covering a short tubular piece.

Expanse of fore-wings 12—13 lines.

Not very uncommon in some localities in the neighbourhood of

London, &c., appearing at the end of summer.

This and the two following species demonstrate most forcibly

the value of the characters afforded by an examination of the anal

appendages in the T'richoptera. These three species are at first

sight so very similar that an experienced Entomologist might be

readily pardoned for considering them identical, yet the-appen-

dices prove that they are very distinct, and further examination

shews other distinctive characters in the neuration, &c.

21. Limnephilus hirsutus, Pictet. (Pl. X. figs. 13, 14, app.)

Phryganea hirsuta, Pict. Recherch. p. 159, 29, pl. ii. fig. 10

(1834) ; Hag. (*) Stett. Zeit. 1861, p. 117.

In general form and colour almost entirely similar to the last

species, but smaller ; the anterior wings rather narrower, especi-

ally in the male; the discoidal cell much longer and narrower,

being nearly twice the length of the footstalk. In the male the

upper margin of the last abdominal segment is broadly rounded,

with long hairs on the surface of the segment; app. sup. broadly

and obtusely spoon-shaped, yellow; app. intermed. almost as long

as the app. sup., widely diverging ; app. inf. short, yellow, fringed

with long hairs. In the female there are two short superior valves.

British Species of Caddis-flies. 51

Expanse of fore-wings 10—11 lines.

Apparently a rare species, frequenting running streams, and ap-

pearing in summer. I possess it from the neighbourhood of

London, Folkestone, Ringwood, Dublin, and Rannoch.

Dr. Hagen’s remarks concerning this species, in his revision of

Pictet’s Phryganide in the Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1859, p. 140, should

be cancelled, and reference be made to the same Journal for

1861, p. 117.

22. Limnephilus luridus, Curtis. (PI. X. figs. 15, 16, app.)

Limnephilus luridus, Curt. (*) Phil. Mag. p. 124, 26 (1834);

L. irroratus, Steph. (*) Hl. p. 223, 32 (1837).

In form and colour very similar to the two last species; the .

anterior wings more rounded at the apex, the colour more ochre-

ous, with fewer freckles, and the veins of the anastomosis con-

spicuously darker; the discoidal cell scarcely so long as in L.

hirsutus, but longer than in L. extricatus. In the posterior wings

the ramus discoidalis forks far before the ramus subdiscoidalis, and

thus the discoidal cell is much longer than in the other two spe-

cies. The coloration of the whole insect is generally redder than

in the allied species. In the male the upper margin of the last

abdominal segment is truncated; app. sup. very long and thin,

curved upwards, slightly dilated at the tips; app. intermed. very

long, straight, not diverging, pitchy black, obtuse at the tips; app.

inf. scarcely visible ; penis-sheaths very large and long, curved

strongly upwards, reddish-yellow. In the female there are two

long thin greyish appendices, which may be called app. sup.; these

are curved inwards; between these proceed two long, straight,

needle-shaped, yellowish points (app. intermed.), and below these

are two concave appendices drawn out into a fine point, their

bases uniting and forming a tube; on each side are two broadly

triangular hairy lateral valves (or app. inf.).

Expanse of fore-wings 11—12 lines.

I possess this species from the Norfolk fens, Ringwood, West-

moreland, and Rannoch. Stephens gives the neighbourhood of

London as a locality.

In my notes on this species in Ent. Ann. 1862, p. 28, I have

erroneously described the penis-sheaths as app. inf., and applied

the name irroratus to L. extricatus (hirsutus, Kol.). See Ent.

Ann. 1864, p. 148. I know of no other species of this genus in

which the female has such complicated and highly-developed anal

appendices.

52 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Monograph of the

23, Limnephilus sparsus, Curtis. (Pl. X. figs. 17, 18, app.)

Limneplhilus sparsus, Curt. (*) Phil. Mag. p. 123, 23 (1834);

Steph. (*) Ill. p. 223, 81; Limnophilus sparsus, Hag. (*)

Ent. Ann. 1859, p. 88, 26; Limnephilus tenebricus, Curt. (*)

Phil. Mag. p. 123, 23 b (1834); Steph. (*) Ill. p. 222, 29;

L. vinculum, Curt. (*) Phil. Mag. p. 124, 25 (1834);

Steph. (*) Ill. p. 222, 28; L. fuscus, Steph. (*) Ill. p. 221,

25 (1837); L. punctatissimus, Steph. (*) Ill. p. 221, 27

(1837); Limnophilus punctatissimus, Brauer (*), Neurop. Aust.

p- 51, fig. 72, 73; Limnephilus fuscatus, Steph. (*) Ill. p.

222, 30 (1837); Limnephila fuscata, Ramb. Hist. Nat.

Névrop. p. 483, 22; Desmotaulius Megerlei, Kol. Gen. et

Spec. Trichop. pt. 1, p. 57, 2 (1848).

Antenne black, with indistinct testaceous annulations. Head

and prothorax dull blackish, with grey and black hairs inter-

mingled. Palpi and mesothorax blackish. Anterior wings

fuscous, thickly sprinkled with pale yellow dots, most numerous

towards the costa; on the dorsal margin, below or enclosing the

thyridium, is a large yellow spot, and another less distinct, almost

opposite, on the costa; there is also frequently a large yellowish

space about the anastomosis; pterostigma indicated by a spot

rather darker than the ground colour; a darker streak along the

middle towards the base, and the dorsal margin also darker;

varies very much according as the yellow spots are more er less

confluent; sometimes they are aimost entirely absent, excepting

the large spot on the dorsal margin; sometimes there is no

marked pterostigma. Posterior wings hyaline, the apex fusces-

cent, with a darker pterostigma; veins fuscous. Legs testaceous,

with black spines; anterior and intermediate tibiz with dark

fuscous rings. Abdomen greyish-fuscous, with paler lateral

lines. In the male the upper margin of the last abdominal seg-

ment is much produced, rounded, with a blackish projection in the

centre; app. sup. truncated, hollow; app. intermed. short, con-

cealed in the cavity of the last segment; app. inf. short, black,

with a tuft of long hairs at the tips. In the female the lateral

valves are united into a tube, deeply notched on either side.

Expanse of fore-wings 8—11 lines.

A common species, frequenting standing waters, and appearing

in summer. It is a most variable insect; Curtis described it

under three different names; Stephens retained these and added

three more.

British Species of Caddis-flies. 53

24. Limnephilus fumigatus, Germar.

Phryganea fumigata, Germ. Faun. Ins. Europ. fase. 13, tab.

21 (1817); Desmotaulius fumigatus, Kol. Gen. et Spec. Tri-

chop. pt. 1, p. 58, 4; Limnophilus fumigatus, Hag. (*) Ent.

Ann. 1859, p. 89, 27; Limnephila fuscicornis, Ramb. Hist.

Nat. Névrop. p. 486, 28 (1842); Limnophilus cingulatus,

Brauer (*), Neurop. Aust. p. 51, fig. 70, 71 (1857).

Antennz dark reddish-fuscous, almost black. Head and pro-

thorax black, with long and thick black hairs. Palpi dark testa-

ceous. Mesothorax dark piceous. Anterior wings broad, entirely

smoky fuscous, dorsal margin darker; long black hairs on the

cubital veins; a small whitish spot at the thyridium ; veins fus-

cous. Posterior wings smoky subbyaline, darkest at the apices ;

veins fuscous. Legs dark testaceous, with black spines. Abdo-

men blackish above, brown beneath. In the male the upper

margin of the last abdominal segment is considerably produced

but regularly rounded off; app. sup. obtusely triangular or

rounded, hairy; app. intermed, short and concealed; app. inf.

rounded, blackish and covered with long black hairs. In the

female there is a tubular piece, which is notched above and pro-

duced into a somewhat curved acute projection on either side.

Expanse of fore-wings 14—15 lines.

Not a common species, frequenting canals and still waters, and

appearing at the end of summer and in autumn. London, Exeter,

Burton-on-Trent and Hastings are known localities. It isan insect

that F have never seen in the day-time; it probably conceals

itself at the roots of reeds, &c., not appearing till it is quite dark.

Specimens have been taken at sugar by Lepidopterists.

Genus Anasotta, Stephens,

Antenne stout, basal joint long, thick, nearly straight. Head

slightly narrowed in front, hinder part with two raised coloured

tubercles. Maxillary palpi of the male with short basal joint,

second joint long, nearly cylindrical, terminal joint rather shorter

than the second, subcompressed ; of the female with short basal

joint, other joints longer and of nearly equal length. Labial palpi

with very short basal joint, second joint longer, narrow, terminal

joint still longer, broader, oval. Prothorax very small, hairy.

Anterior wings long, narrow at the base, dilated before the apex

which is parabolic, shining ; hairy covering very short and slight ;

neuration strongly marked; radius slightly bent before its termi-

nation: all the apical cells reach the anastomosis ; pterostigma not

54 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Monograph of the

marked. Posterior wings subhyaline, with a very slight sinua-

tion below the apex; fourth apical cell as broad as the second.

Tibiz strongly spinose; anterior with one apical spur; interme-

diate with one median spur and two apical, of which the inner is

the longest ; posterior with two median and two nearly equal apical

spurs. Abdominal appendices varying considerably according

to the species. In 4. nervosa and its allies the app. sup. of the

male are very large and concave; app. intermed. broad, finely

pointed, straight and divaricating; app. inf. with a fine straight

point ; the female has large and broad superior valves.

Larvee inhabiting canals and not very swift streams. Case a

tube wider at one end, composed of small stones and sand, to

which are affixed longitudinally long pieces of twigs or straws.

This genus is difficult to separate by any very certain characters

from Limnephilus (section Desmotaulius) on the one hand and

from Stenophylax on the other. Brauer’s character of the com-

parative width of the 2nd and 4th apical cells in the posterior

wings seems to be constant, but is nevertheless of slight generic

value, yet it may be used with advantage in separating this genus

from Limnephilus. The dark unicolorous appearance and para-

bolic apex of the anterior wings of these insects are so different

from most of the species of Limnephilus, that at first sight it would

appear an easy matter to separate them, but L. fumigatus (p. 53)

has so much the facies of an Anabolia that it requires no little reso-

lution to retain it in the other genus. With Stenophylaz the rela-

tionship is still nearer ; the best character appears to consist in the

habit of the larva, which in the latter genus inhabits swiftly run-

ning streams and temporarily fixes its case to prevent being swept

away. But slight differences of habit should not carry much

weight when unaccompanied by any striking structural characters,

and I do not feel quite sure that I am right in separating the two

genera.

We possess only two species of Anabolia in this country, so

different that no difticulty can be experienced in distinguishing

them, but on the Continent there are several most closely allied.

1. Anabolia nervosa, Curtis.

(Pl. II. fig. 2, larva; fig. 29, case; Pl. IV. fig. 3, neuration ;

, Pl. X. figs. 19, 20, app.)

Limnephilus nervosus (Leach, MS.), Curtis (*) Phil. Mag. p.

124, 27 (1834); Anabolia nervosa, Steph. (*) ll. p. 230, 1;

Hag. (*) Ent. Ann. 1859, p. 90, 28; Phryganea fusca, Pict.

(*) Recherch. p. 153, 22, pl. 10, fig. 1 (1834) ; Limnephila

British Species of Caddis-fties. 55

JSusca, Ramb. Hist. Nat. Névrop. p. 487, 29; Anabolia lurida,

Steph. (*) Ill. p. 230, 2 (1837); A. nigricornis, Steph. (*)

Ill. p. 232, 6 (1837); A. destituta, Hag. (*) Ent. Ann. 1859,

p--20,°29; Kol?

Antenne dark uniform blackish-fuscous. Head blackish-fus-

cous, with two paler tubercles behind. Palpi brownish-testaceous.

Prothorax rather thickly clothed with yellowish hairs. Meso-

thorax dark chesnut-brown, blackish in the middle. Anterior

wings uniform dull pale fuscous, with an ochreous tinge; a whitish

spot at the thyridium; veins darker than the membrane. Poste-

rior wings subhyaline, apical portion brownish. Legs greyish or

brownish-testaceous, with black spines; tibize blackish at the

apex, and there is also a blackish spot about the median spurs ;

tarsi somewhat fuscescent. Abdomen blackish, with ochreous

lateral lines which often disappear in dead specimens. In the

male the upper margin of the last abdominal segment is cut off

straight; app. sup. large, obtuse, blackish, concave, with a rather

prominent tooth on the lower margin; app. intermed. broad,

pointed, diverging, nearly as long as the app. sup.; app. inf. with

a large broad base from which proceeds a small obtuse projecting

piece. In the female the superior valves are broad, flat, de-

pressed in the centre and almost truncated; two fine spine-like

points proceed from the middle of the margin of the last segment,

above the superior valves (these points, which may be termed

app. intermed., are very liable to be broken off and are generally

invisible in dry examples) ; the lateral valves are somewhat conical

and obtuse.

Expanse of fore-wings 12—15 lines.

Larva: Head and pronotum fuscous, corneous ; mesonotum

also corneous, fuscous, with darker and lighter clouds, and a rather

conspicuous short black line on each side posteriorly ; metanotum

and first abdominal segment paler fuscous; the rest of the abdo-

men dirty-whitish; anal crotchets tipped with fuscous, with a few

black hairs at the base; legs pale reddish-fuscous, black at the

joints, slightly hairy. This larva is subject to very considerable

variation ; sometimes the head and thoracic segments are prettily

marbled with fuscous and yellowish, as figured and described by

Pictet.

Case composed of vegetable matters and small stones inter-

mixed, with long pieces of twigs attached externally; these are

often much longer than the tube and extend far beyond it pos-

teriorly.

56 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Monograph of the

An extremely abundant insect, frequenting running streams

and also canals, &c., appearing in autumn in immense numbers.

It is occasionally found on the blossoms of the ivy.

On the Continent are found other species very closely allied to

this, but differing greatly in the structure of the appendices. With

respect to A. destituta, described by Dr. Hagen in Ent. Ann.

1859, p. 20, I can say with certainty that the type specimen of 4.

nigricornis, Steph., on the authority of which Dr. Hagen intro-

duced 4. destituta (considering them identical), is only a small and

somewhat distorted example of 4. nervosa. I know A. destituta

of Kolenati only from description.

2. Anabolia ccenosa, Curtis.

Limnephilus ccenosus, Curt. (*) Phil. Mag. p. 123, 24 (1834) ;

Anabolia coenosa, M‘Uach. Ent. Ann. 1864, p. 149.

Antenne black, with very indistinct paler annulations. Head

black. Palpi dark fuscous. Prothorax conspicuously ochreous,

with yellowish hairs. Mesothorax black, ochreous at the point

of articulation with the scutellum. Anterior wings pale shining

fuscous, thinly clothed with greyish hairs, and with long black

hairs on the cubital veins; a slightly paler spot at the arculus;

neuration slightly darker than the membrane; first apical cell

longer than the second, obliquely truncated at the base ; second

and fourth equal in length, straightly truncated at the base ; third

longer than the second and somewhat acute. Posterior wings

subhyaline, iridescent, tinged with pale brownish at the apex ;

discoidal cell extremely long and narrow. Legs fuscous with

black spines. Abdomen fuscous. In the male the upper margin

of the last abdominal segment is shallowly emarginate in the

middle, with a scabrous black protuberance on either side of the

emargination and a pale space between; app. sup. small, rounded

and black ; app. inf. directed upwards, the apical portion intensely

black, the extreme apex obtuse and furnished with obtuse black

ridges or teeth; penis bright testaceous.

Expanse of fore-wings 11 lines.

There were three specimens of this insect in Curtis’ Collection.

He mentions Scotland as the locality, but at the time of publishing

his paper in the Philosophical Transactions appears to have

known of only one example. A male specimen (from which the

above description has been made) is in Mr. Newman’s'’ Collection,

and was probably captured by him near Leominster. .

It differs considerably from the group of A. nervosa.

British Species of Caddis-flies. 57

Genus Stenopuytax, Kolenati.

Antenne, head, palpi, legs, &c., with the same characters as

in Anabolia (p. 53). Anterior wings slightly broader at the apex,

rather more hairy, with well-marked paler spots at the thyridium

and behind the anastomosis; apex parabolic or circular. Pos-

terior wings as in Anabolia. Abdominal appendices in the male

varying according to the species; app. intermed. curved, diva-

ricating; app. inf. sometimes well developed; penis-sheaths

apparently simple, fine, needle-shaped and curved; penis thin.

Larva inhabiting swiftly running streams. Case a straight

cylindrical tube composed of small stones, temporarily fixed at

one end to large stones, &c. When about to change to a pupa,

the larva closes the case with larger stony fragments, retires to a

cavity in a large stone or to some other convenient place, and there

fixes it firmly.

As before mentioned (p. 54) this genus is very closely allied

to the preceding and differs chiefly in the habits of the larve.

The anterior wings are, however, decidedly broader than in the

species of dnabolia, and this character will readily separate the

perfect insects of Stenophylax from Limnephilus. 1n this respect

they resemble the larger species of Halesus, and were included in

that genus by Stephens. The quadricalcarate posterior tibize

will readily separate them.

These are large insects of powerful flight; they are very fond

of taking refuge in fir trees in woods and are readily beaten from

their hiding-places. They also come rather freely to sweet mix-

tures placed on trees to attract moths.

1. Stenophylax hieroglyphicus, Stephens. (PI. X. fig. 21, app.)

Halesus hiernglyphicus, Steph. (*) Ill. p. 210, 5 (1837); Ana-

bolia hieroglyphica, Brauer, Neurop. Aust. p. 48, fig. 58,

59, app.; Stenophylax hieroglyphicus, M‘Lach. Trans. Ent.

Soe. 3rd ser. i. 234; Halesus vibex, Steph. (*) Ill. p. 209,

3 (1837); Stenophylax vibex, Hag. (*) Ent. Ann. 1859,

p- 92, 31; Limnephila striata, Ramb. Hist. Nat. Névrop.

p: 479, 11 (1842); Stenophylax striatus, Kol. Gen. et Spec.

Trichop. pt. 1, p. 64, 4.

Antenne, head and palpi reddish-ochreous. |Mesothorax

brownish, paler in the middle above. Anterior wings parabolic at

the apex, pale reddish-grey, thickly sprinkled with pale yellowish

‘dots, the anterior margin (area costalis and subcostalis) and dorsal

margin (area suturalis) entirely pale yellow; the large pale yel-

58 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Monograph of the

low fenestrated spot, generally enclosing the whitish thyridium, is

usually connected with a more or less distinct semilunate anasto-

mosal space about the bases of the apical cells; veins brown,

those of the anastomosis somewhat darker; upper margin of

the discoidal cell rather deeply excised. Posterior wings whitish,

subhyaline, yellowish towards the tips. Legs reddish-ochreous,

with black spines. Abdomen brownish-ochreous above, paler

beneath. In the male the upper margin of the last abdominal

segment is cut off nearly straight, with a slight depression in the

centre ; app. sup. concave internally, base broad, anterior margin

deeply excised, the apex curved strongly inwards and very acute,

the margins darker-coloured ; app. intermed. slightly diverging,

blackish towards the tips; app. inf. only evident as a broad

obliquely-truncated basal piece, fringed with long hairs; penis-

sheaths with the tips slightly converging, piceous.

Expanse of fore-wings 17—21 lines:

The commonest species of the gente, appearing in May, and

continuing for some months.

I have not been able to make a comparison of the female ap-

pendices of this and the next species from living examples, and

have thought it advisable to say nothing about them in the de-

scriptions. Both possess prominent lateral valves and a deeply

trifid vulvar scale.

2. Stenophylax vibex, Curtis. (PI. XI. fig. 1, app.)

Limnephilus vibex, Curt. (*) Phil. Mag. p. 125, 30 (1834), and

coll. part ; Stenophylax vibex, M‘Lach. Trans. Ent. Soe. ser.

Seale COS.

Antenne, head, palpi and thorax similar to the last species.

Anterior wings precisely similar in form, and nearly so in

coloration, perhaps slightly brighter ; the pale anterior margin

is much broader and includes the area discoidalis. Posterior

wings and legs as in the last species. Abdomen more decidedly

ochreous above. In the male the upper margin of the last

abdominal segment is cut off nearly straight; app. sup. obtusely

spoon-shaped, the lower margin with a not very evident angle ;

app. intermed. widely diverging ; app. inf. with a broad base pro-

duced into a rather acute point (when viewed laterally), fringed

with long hairs ; penis-sheaths as in the last species.

Expanse of fore-wings 18—20 lines.

Apparently less common than the preceding but widely dis-

tributed. The place of capture of Curtis’ specimen is unknown; |

British Species of Caddis-flies. 59

but I have seen specimens from near London, Haslemere, the Isle

of Wight, Exeter, Leominster (?), Thorne Moor, Scarborough,

and other localities.

This and the preceding are so closely related, that it is impossi-

ble for any but a practised eye to separate them without examining

the appendices; yet the much broader pale anterior margin of

the fore-wings is a constant and good character, and one that

will be always confirmed by an examination of the anal parts.

Stephens’ Collection does not contain this species; the single

example in Curtis’ Collection was mixed with the next following,

but [ think it advisable to apply Curtis’ name here. This does

not appear to be known on the Continent, at least Dr. Hagen did

not know it when I sent examples to him, and had not noticed

the peculiarities of Curtis’ specimen, considering it the same as

S. hieroglyphicus, to which he applied the name of vibex.

3. Stenophylax striatus, Pictet. (Pl. XI. fig. 2, app.)

Phryganea striata, Pict. Recherch. p. 132, 1, pl. 6, fig. 1

(1834) ; Stenophylax striatus, Hag. (*) Stett. Zeit. 1859,

p- 133, 2; Ent. Ann. 1859, p. 92, 32; M‘Lach. Trans, Ent,

Soc. ser. 3, i. 235.

In form and coloration very similar to S. hieroglyphicus, but

smaller, The sides of the mesothorax darker, and the pale

space about the anastomosis not evident. In the male the upper

margin of the last abdominal segment is produced in the middle

into a large triangular flap, which is bent under and densely

scabrous and black; app. sup. small and yellow, concave, the

apical margin only is visible from above; app. intermed. needle-

shaped, shining brown, the tips convergent; app. inf. not pro-

duced or pointed, broad, oblique, fringed with long hairs ;

penis-sheaths nearly parallel, shining brown; penis greatly ex-

serted, about the same length as the sheaths.

Expanse of fore-wings 14—18 lines.

Not a common species. 1 have examples from various loca-

lities, but can only speak with certainty of Leominster and

Huddersfield.

4, Stenophylaz lateralis, Stephens. (PI. XI. figs. 3, 4, app.)

Halesus lateralis, Steph. (*) Il. p. 210, 6 (1837) ; Stenophylax

lateralis, M‘Lach. Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 3, i. 236; Halesus

latipennis, Steph. (*) Lll. p. 209, 4 (1837) ; Limnephilus tene-

brosus, Curt. (*) Coll.

Antenne, head and palpi reddish-testaceous. Mesothorax

60 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Monograph of the

black at the sides. Anterior wings broader and more rounded at the

apex than in the three preceding species; brown, thickly sprinkled

with small pale dots; the margins scarcely paler, the inner margin

most so; a pale spot at the thyridium, and sometimes smaller

ones at the base of some of the apical cells; varies in intensity of

colour; neuration dark fuscous. Posterior wings subhyaline,

the apex yellowish. Legs ochreous, with black spines. Abdo-

men greyish-ochreous. In the male the upper margin of the

Jast abdominal segment is produced in the middle into a broad

lobe, which is bent under, densely scabrous and black (very simi-

lar to that in the last species); app. sup. small, scarcely visible

from above; app. intermed. short, triangular, slightly divergent,

testaceous ; app. inf. prolonged upwards, broad and obtuse,

yellowish ; penis-sheaths parallel, shining brown; penis very

short, scarcely apparent. In the female there is a broad dorsal

plate, with the apex produced and obtuse, and on each side of

this an unequally-triangular acute lateral valve.

Expanse of fore-wings 17—19 lines.

A widely-distributed species, apparently not uncommon. The

broad obtusely-rounded apex of the anterior wings, and their

generally darker colour, will serve to separate it readily from

the three preceding.

The description in Ent. Ann. 1859, p. 93, 33, applies to pilosa,

Pictet, which has not been found in this country. The present

species is No. 6 (from the Righi) in Dr. Hagen’s Synopsis of

Stenophylax in the Stett. Ent, Zeit. 1859, p. 133.

5. Stenophylax dubius, Stephens. (Pl. XI. fig. 5, app.)

Anabolia dubia, Steph. (*) Ill. p. 232, 7 (1837); Hag. (*) Ent.

Ann. 1859, p. 90, 30.

Antenne reddish-ochreous, annulated with brown. Head,

palpi and thorax reddish-ochreous. Anterior wings short, much

dilated and very obtuse at the apex, pale reddish-brown, pubes-

cent, sprinkled with rather numerous small pale dots, especially

towards the apex; the pale dot at the thyridium conspicuous ;

neuration rather darker; first apical cell long, extending about

one-third along the upper edge of the discoidal cell. Posterior

wings subhyaline, tinged with brown. Legs ochreous, with black

spines. Abdomen ochreous. In the male the upper margin of

the last abdominal segment is produced in the middle into a broad

triangular flap, which is bent down, but not scabrous or black ;

app. sup. and intermed. hidden under the flap; app. inf. long,

directed upwards, coming to a fine point at the apex.

British Species of Caddis-flies. 61

Expanse of fore-wings 12 lines.

The only known specimen is Stephens’ type, said to have been

taken ‘in June, in the vicinity of the metropolis.”

The short broad wings and the length of the first apical cell

readily distinguish this species from its congeners. So far as I

am aware there is not any closely-allied European species, but

S. punctatissimus of Walker from North America is scarcely dis-

tinguishable at first sight, and apparently differs only in the app.

inf. being blunt and truncated at the tips.

6. Stenophylax cingulatus, Stephens. (PI. XI. fig. 6, app.)

Halesus cingulatus, Steph. (*) Ill. p. 209, 2 (1837); Stenophy-

lax cingulatus, M‘Lach. Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 3, i. 237.

Antenne, head, palpi and mesothorax reddish-ochreous, the

last darker at the sides. Anterior wings pale greyish-yellow, im-

maculate, the extreme costal margin brownish. Posterior wings

subhyaline, slightly yellowish at the tips. Legs ochreous, with

black spines. Abdomen dark blackish-fuscous above, with broad

ochreous rings at the divisions of the segments ; beneath wholly

ochreous. In the male the upper margin of the last abdominal

segment is nearly straight; app. sup. prominent, furcate, the

outer fork the longest; app. intermed. short and triangular,

black; app. inf. long, directed upwards, rather obtuse at the

apex ; penis much exserted.

Expanse of fore-wings 18 lines.

A single specimen in Stephens’ Collection, said to have been

taken in “ Devonshire in July.”

I have some suspicion that this may be only an old faded ex-

ample of one of the two succeeding species, in which the app.

sup. are protruded more than ordinarily. The pale abdominal

rings I do not see, however, in any other.

Stenophylax testaceus of Pictet, described in Ent. Ann. 1859,

p- 93, 34, and there given as synonymous with Halesus cingulatus

of Stephens, has not yet been discovered in this country.

7. Stenophylax stellatus, Curtis.

(Pl. IV. fig. 4, neuration and palpi; Pl. XI. figs. 7, 8, app.)

Limnephilus stellatus, Curt. (*) Phil. Mag. p. 125, 32 (1834) ;

Halesus stellatus, Steph. (*) Ill. p. 210, 7; Stenophylax stel-

latus, M‘Lach. Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 3, 1. 238; Limnephilus

latipennis, Curt. (*) Phil. Mag. p. 125, 31 (1834); Stenophy-

62 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Monograph of the

lax latipennis, M‘Lach. Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 3, 1. 237;

Phryganea pantherina, Pict. (*) Recherch. p. 137, 6, pl. 6,

fic. 1 (1834); Stenophylax pantherinus, Kol. Gen. et Spec.

Trichop. pt. 1, p. 67, 8; Hag. (*) Ent. Ann. 1859, p. 94,

35; Anabolia pantherina, Brauer, Neurop. Aust. p. 49, fig.

56, app.

Antenne dark brown, with slightly paler annulations. Head,

palpi and thorax dark brown above. Anterior wings pilose,

mouse-grey, with elongated pale spots in the cells; a large

somewhat bilobed pale spot at the thyridium, and two or three

greyish markings at the base towards the dorsal margin. Poste-

rior wings greyish, subhyaline, darker at the tips. Legs greyish-

brown, with black spines. Abdomen dark blackish-fuscous

above, paler beneath. In the male the upper margin of the last

abdominal segment is cut off straight; app. sup. concealed in the

last segment, small, apparently divided; app. intermed. acute,

divergent, testaceous, the upper half blackish; app. inf. produced

into a long cylindrical style, directed upwards, testaceous, black

at the apex, which is knobbed, the lower part fringed with long

yellowish hairs; penis-sheaths and penis small, scarcely visible.

In the female above, there is a large, open, emarginate, tubular

piece.

Expanse of fore-wings 14—16 lines.

Larva with the head and thorax brown. The pronotum with

several black markings on its posterior portion, which are joined

to those on the mesonotum, which is margined by a black line.

The metanotum has four scaly points from which arise hairs.

Abdomen yellow, very stout, with few respiratory filaments.

The feet strong, fawn-coloured. (Pictet.)

Case formed of stony fragments placed in a regular manner, and

attached to the underside of stones in running waters. (Pictet.)

A not uncommon species by most swiftly-running streams, ap-

pearing in summer and autumn. Scotch specimens are darker

than Southern ones.

In Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 3, i. 237, I separated latipennis of

Curtis as a distinct species, but am now disposed to think that it

belongs here; the types were certainly paler than is usual in

stellatus, but they may have been faded. The description in

Ent. Ann., 1859, p. 94, 36, applies to areatus of Kolenati, a

species excessively similar in general appearance, but differing in

the app. inf., which are produced into a long acute point. This

species has not yet been discovered in Britain.

British Species of Caddis-flies. 63

8. Stenophylax radiatus, Rambur. (PI. XI. fig. 9, app.)

Limnephila radiata, Ramb. Hist. Nat. Névrop. p. 479, 12

(1842); Stenophylax radiatus, Hag. Stett. Zeit. 1859, p.

136, 3; M‘Lach. Trans. Ent. Soe. ser. 3, i. 239.

Very similar in general appearance to the preceding. In the

male the app. sup. are decidedly bilobed, the inner lobe shorter

than the outer and black with the margins crenulated ; this inner

lobe appears to be joined to the base of the app. intermed. ;

app. inf. produced into a long upwards-directed flattened piece,

the apex of which is truncated and folded, shining black.

Expense of fore-wings 14—18 lines.

Apparently a very local species. I have taken it at Dawlish,

Devon, in September, and have seen examples from other loca-

lities.

The different form of the app. inf. is, perhaps, the only decided

character by which this can be separated from the preceding.

The app. sup. are apparently different, but these parts in this

group of Stenophylar are so greatly concealed (or retracted)

in the last segment, that it is difficult to examine them with any

great degree of accuracy. There seem to be several allied

European species, which can be separated only by an examination

of the appendices, and chiefly of the app. inf.

9. Stenophylaax infumatus, n. sp.

Antenne and head dull black. Palpi dark blackish-fuscous.

Prothorax reddish-fuscous, with black hairs. Mesothorax black ;

a deeply impressed longitudinal medial line, with a shorter im-

pressed line on each side. Anterior wings uniformly dark smoky

fuscous, with conspicuous blackish veins ; a white dot at the thy-

ridium and another below it at the arculus; cubital veins with

long black erect hairs. Posterior wings pale smoky fuscous,

darker at the apex. Legs fuscous, with black femora; tibiz

and tarsi with black spines. Abdomen black above, brownish

beneath. In the male the superior margin of the last abdominal

segment is regularly rounded and somewhat testaceous ; app. sup.

subtriangular, testaceous, the apex slightly produced and black ;

app. intermed. placed close together, short, broad and triangular,

testaceous, the tips obtuse and deep black ; app. inf. arising from

near the middle of the ventral margin, placed close together,

curved upwards, band-shaped, long, obtuse, fuscous, the extreme

apex black and scarcely thickened ; when viewed from below they

64 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Monograph of the

are scen to approximate at the base and tips and recede gradually

in the middle, owing to the curvature; penis and its sheaths not

visible.

Expanse of fore-wings 17—18 lines.

I found this species not uncommonly about some of the moor-

streams in the Black Forest at Rannoch, Perthshire, in the be-

ginning of June, 1865, but saw only the male. It is recognizable

by its uniform smoky-fuscous coloration, resembling in no small

degree Limnephilus fumigatus, and by the absence of markings on

the wings, save the two pale dots; the form and arrangement of

the appendices differ somewhat from the other species of the

group, especially the insertion of the app. inf.

The discovery of this insect was made too late for me to give

figures of the appendices, which must be reserved for a future

occasion.

Genus Hatesus, Stephens.

Antennz moderately stout, basal joint nearly as long as the

head. Head somewhat produced in front between the antenne.

Eyes large, prominent. Maxillary palpi in the male long and

thin, joints slightly compressed, basal joint short but not much

thicker than the others, two succeeding joints long and of nearly

equal length ; in the female the basal joint is short, the second, third

and fifth are long and nearly equal, the fourth a little shorter than

the fifth and slightly stouter. Labial palpi with short basal joint,

second and third joints longer and nearly equal. Prothorax small

but distinct, hairy. Mesothorax large, oval, very convex above,

and with a broad median impressed line. Anterior wings slightly

hairy, narrow at the base, but expanding very much towards the

apex, which is parabolic; dorsal margin gradually curved from

base to apex; neuration moderately strong, costal space broad,

radius with a slight bend before the termination, discoidal cell

long and narrow, all the apical cells reaching the anastomosis.

Posterior wings hyaline or subhyaline, scarcely so long as the an-

terior but much broader, with large anal space; in some species

there is a fold following the course of one of the costule, in

which is concealed a pencil-like tuft of long hairs. Legs long,

tibize and tarsi spinose ; anterior tibiz with one rather long apical

spur ; intermediate and posterior tibize each with one rather short

median and two rather long and slightly unequal apical spurs.

Abdomen not very robust, laterally compressed ; the male is fur-

nished with not very prominent appendices, and sometimes with

large serrated penis-sheaths ; the extremity of the abdomen in the

British Species of Caddis-flies. 65

female is more obtuse, and is apparently furnished with two large

valves which close round and form a tube.

Larve inhabiting swiftly-running shallow waters. Case com-

posed in some species of imbricated vegetable fragments, in others

of small stones, &c.; it is always temporarily fixed.

The British species comprised in this genus are very discordant

in size and general appearance, but agree in possessing trical-

carate posterior tibiz; at the present time only three species

have been recorded as native, but very many more are known on

the Continent, though they are for the most part undescribed.

It is most probable that several others occur among the mountain

streams of Scotland and Ireland.

A. Posterior wings of the male not furnished with a pouch.

1. Halesus digitatus, Schranck. (PI. IV. fig. 5, neuration.)

Phryganea digitata, Schrk. Ins, Aust. n. 616 (1781); Oliv.

Encyc. Méthod. p. 556, 8; Pict. (*) Recherch. p. 138, 7,

pl. 7, fig. 2; Halesus digitatus, Steph. (*) ll. p. 208, 1;

Kol. Gen. et Spec. Trichop. pt. 1, p. 69,1; Brauer (*),

Neurop. Aust. p. 47; Hag. (*) Ent. Ann, 1859, p. 95, 387 ;

Limnophilus digitatus, Burm. Handb. p. 933, 14; Limnephilus

radiatus, Curt. (*) Phil. Mag. p. 125, 28 (1834); L. htero-

glyphicus, Curt. (*) Phil. Mag. p. 125, 29 (1834); Lim-

nephila tessellata, Ramb. Hist. Névrop. p. 478, 10 (1842).

Antenne and palpi reddish-testaceous. Head testaceous, some-

what fuscescent. Mesothorax testaceous in the middle, shining

blackish-fuscous at the sides. Anterior wings pale greyish-

yellow; the veins of the anastomosis, and usually those of the

apex, broadly margined with grey; long grey streaks in the

apical cells, and between most of the longitudinal veins, some-

times forming large grey blotches; costal margin unmarked.

Posterior wings hyaline, yellowish at the apex, and with yellow

veins. Legs ochreous, with black spines. Abdomen greyish-

fuscous above, paler beneath,

Expanse of fore-wings 18—23 lines.

Larva frequenting running waters. Head and thorax brown,

with black markings, forming somewhat regular figures; on the

head are a number of small raised black lines. Thorax granu-

lated with black, darker in the middle, and with two stripes pos-

teriorly. Mesothorax with a longitudinal fawn-coloured line ;

varied with brown and black. Abdomen yellow, with few respi-

ratory filaments. Feet strong and fawn-coloured. (Pictet.)

VOL. V. THIRD SERIES, PART I.—ocT. 1865, F

66 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Monograph of the

Case very firm; composed of little twigs and other vegetable

débris, placed longitudinally. At the posterior part of the case

there are often placed longer and stronger twigs, which extend

considerably beyond the tube, and form a sort of tail; these are

cut off when the larva is about to change. (Pictet.)

A common species in many places in September and October.

It varies considerably in the extent to which the wings are

marked with grey ; some examples are also much yellower than

others.

2. Halesus guttatipennis, n. sp.

(Pl. Lig. 25) Plex ig 0 app.)

Antennz and palpi blackish, Head and mesothorax dull

blackish. Prothorax with a few yellowish hairs. Anterior wings

pale greyish-fuscous, with numerous rather indistinct pale irrora-

tions, most plentiful towards the apex; pterostigma slightly

brownish; neuration fuscous ; a small whitish hyaline mark at the

thyridium ; all the apical cells nearly equal in width, none of them

acute at the base. Posterior wings whitish-subhyaline, slightly-

brownish-grey at the apex. Legs testaceous, with black spines ;

thighs greyish-black, testaceous at the knees; tarsi fuscescent.

Abdomen dull-blackish, with reddish-ochreous lateral lines. In

the male the upper margin of the Jast abdominal segment is pro-

duced in the middle and bent under like a lip; app. sup. testa-

ceous, obtusely spoon-shaped, scarcely projecting beyond the

segmental margin; app. intermed. testaceous, directed upwards,

the tips approximating; at the base of the app. intermed. is a

horizontal, nearly quadrangular plate, the outer margin of which

is excised ; app. inf. fuscous, somewhat testaceous, the tips trun-

cated and rather thickened, provided with long hairs ; penis appa-

rently unfurnished with sheaths, much exserted, whitish-yellow,

the apex slightly notched.

Expanse of fore-wings 12 lines.

Of this I have seen but one specimen (a male) taken by Mr.

Edwin Brown, probably near Burton-on-Trent. Several closely-

allied species are found on the Continent (some of them yet

undescribed), but I cannot find that this has hitherto been

noticed.

b. Posterior nings of the male furnished nith a pouch in which is

placed a pencil of long hairs. (This pouch is usually closed

and nearly invisible in dead specimens.)

British Species of Caddis-flies. 67

3. Halesus annulatus, Stephens. (PI. XI. figs. 11, 12, app.)

Anabolia annulata, Steph. (*) Tl. p. 231, 4 @ (1837); 2. tes-

tacea, Steph. (*) Ill. p. 231, 3 (1837); A. flavipennis,

Steph. (*) Ill. p. 231, 5 (1837), not of Pictet; Halesus flavi-

pennis, Kol. Gen. et Spec. Trichop. pt. 1, p. 71,5; Hag. (*)

Ent. Ann. 1859, p. 95, 88; Brauer, Neurop. Aust. p. 47,

fig. 46, app. ?

Antenne brown. Head dark brown, with scattered ochreous

hairs. Palpi reddish-ochreous. Prothorax testaceous, with

ochreous hairs. Mesothorax dark brown. Anterior wings

greyish-yellow, rather thickly clothed with short yellowish pubes-

cence; immaculate, excepting the usual pale dot at the thyridium,

and a somewhat browner tinge at the pterostigma; neuration

fuscous; first apical sector extending to about one-fourth the

length of the discoidal cell. Posterior wings greyish-subbyaline,

with fuscous veins; the pencil of hairs in the male yellowish.

Legs ochreous with black spines. Abdomen brownish, the

margins of the segments paler. In the male the upper margin of

the last abdominal segment is truncated, with a space covered with

short black setz in the middle, above which is an oval black swell-

ing; app. sup. yellow, very small and hairy; app. intermed. not

visible, but in their place is a short horizontal square plate, with

an intensely black outer margin; app. inf. short, directed slightly

upwards, testaceous-black at the acute apex; penis short and ob-

tuse. In the female the last abdominal segment above is furnished

with long hairs directed forwards; the lateral valves are large and

divided at the apical margin, the lower fork longer than the upper,

Expanse of fore-wings 9—11 lines.

A not uncommon insect about swiftly running streams with

a rocky bottom, especially in mountainous districts; appearing

in summer and autumn. Examples from the North of England

and North Wales are darker than southern specimens.

There are several allied continental species ; amongst these may

be cited H. flavipennis, Pictet, and H. chrysota, Rambur.

Genus EcciisorTeryx, Kolenati.

Antenne slender, basal joint stout, scarcely so long as the head.

Head subtriangular, produced above between the antennz, and

margined with a row of hairy tubercles. Ocelli very prominent.

Maxillary palpi in the male with the first joint short, second and

third of nearly equal length; in the female the basal joint is short,

second and fourth longer, of nearly equal length, third and

68 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Monograph of the

terminal joints still longer. Labial palpi with short basal joint,

second longer and somewhat clavate, third still longer and cylin-

drical. Prothorax distinct, slightly hairy. Mesothorax some-

what broader than the head, ovate, with a flattened space above.

Anterior wings with very short and sparse hairy covering, shining,

very narrow at the base, dilated before the parabolic apex ; neu-

ration strong and distinct; radius with a shallow bend before the

termination, discoidal cell long and narrow, all the apical cells

nearly equal in breadth. Posterior wings rather broader and

shorter than the anterior, apex obtusely rounded, anal space

moderate, with longer marginal cilia; discoidal cell as in the an-

terior wings ; apical cells all long and narrow; near the base there

isalong fold in the male, in which lies a pencil of long hairs. Legs

long and slender, tibiz and tarsi spinose; anterior tibize with one

apical spur; intermediate tibiae with two equal apical spurs;

posterior tibize with one median and two equal apical spurs.

One species occurs in this country; another, L. Moravica,

Kolenati, (unknown to me), is found in the Moravian Alps.

1. Lcclisopteryx guttulata, Pictet.

(Pl. 1V. fig. 6, neuration; Pl. XI. figs. 13, 14, app.)

Phryganea guttulata, Pict.(*) Recherch. p. 143, 13, pl. 11, fig.

4 (1834); Ecclisopteryx Dalecarlica, Kol. Gen. et Spec.

Trichop. pt. 1, p. 75, 1 (1848); Brauer (*) Neurop. Aust. p.

46, fig. 41, app.; E. gultata, Hag.(*) Ent. Ann. 1859, p. 97, 41.

Antenne testaceous. Head fuscous. Palpitestaceous. Pro-

thorax clothed with reddish-brown and blackish hairs. Meso-

thorax fuscous. Anterior wings pale fuscous, with small indis-

tinct whitish spots; a rather distinct larger whitish spot at the

thyridium, and another at the arculus; pterostigma darker than

the rest of the membrane; neuration distinct, dark blackish-

fuscous. Posterior wings smoky grey, subhyaline; neuration

darker ; the pouch in the male ochreous. Legs greyish-testaceous,

with darker thighs and black spines. Abdomen reddish-fuscous.

(I have seen no specimens in sufficiently good condition to enable

me to make a description of the anal appendages, and have there-

fore contented myself with copying Brauer’s figures.)

Expanse of fore-wings 8—]2 lines.

Found in the North of England; Mr. Beaumont takes it com-

monly at Huddersfield; and in June of the present year I captured

it in some abundance at a stream running into Loch Rannoch, and

also at Currie near Edinburgh. Unfortunately I did not make a

description of the appendices from fresh specimens. The pale

British Species of Caddis-flies. 69

dots on the anterior wings are often absent, excepting those at

the thyridium and arculus.

Genus PuacoprEryx, Kolenati.

Antenne very stout towards the base, narrowing gradually ;

basal joint as long as the head. Head with the angles somewhat

rounded, almost smooth, but with a tuft of hairs between the

antennae, Maxillary palpi in the male with short basal joint,

second and third of nearly equal length, subcompressed ; in the

female with short basal joint, second, third and terminal joints of

nearly equal length, fourth rather shorter. Labial palpi with

short, broad and flattened basal joint, second joint rather longer,

thin, terminal joint still longer. Prothorax distinct, hairy. Meso-

thorax broader than the bead, rather angular at the sides, nearly

smooth. Anterior wings short, scarcely dilated towards the ob-

liquely rounded apex ; apical margin with a shallow sinuation at

the termination of each apical sector; the whole of the mem-

brane, with the exception of the costal and dorsal margins, is dis-

tinctly granulated, and from each granulation springs a short

decumbent hair; the cubitus posticus and its branches have

longer somewhat erect hairs; neuration strong, radius with a

scarcely perceptible bend, discoidal cell long and narrow, apical

cells all broad, but the first and fifth broader than the others.

Posterior wings hyaline, slightly broader than the anterior, pos-

terior margin excised, discoidal cell similar in form to that in the

anterior wings. Legs rather short, tibize and tarsi strongly

spinose ; anterior tibize with one apical spur; intermediate tibiz

with one median and two equal apical spurs; posterior tibize with

two short median, and two longer equal apical spurs. Abdomen

robust, laterally compressed ; terminal segment in the male fur-

nished with very large angular superior appendices ; intermediate

appendices very broad, triangular; inferior appendices small; pe-

nis-sheaths hairy; in the female the terminal segment has two

superior, and two lateral, rounded valves.

Larva unknown; probably inhabiting standing waters.

At present there is known only one species of this genus. The

short distinctly granulated wings, with depressed hairs, are very

characteristic.

1. Phacopteryx brevipennis, Curtis.

(Pl. I. fig. 3; Pl. LV. fig. 7, neuration; Pl. XI. fig. 15, app.)

Limnephilus brevipennis, Curt. (*) Phil. Mag. p. 125, 33 (1834) ;

Phacopteryx granulata, Kol. Gen. et Spec. Trichop. pt. 1,

p- 59, 1 (1848).

Antenne reddish-brown, with slightly darker annulations,

70 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Monograph of the

Head, prothorax and mesothorax castaneous, the prothorax with

long brown hairs. Anterior wings shining brownish-testaceous,

darkest towards the dorsal margin, the apical edge narrowly fus-

cous, the hairs springing from the granulations black, and there

are long black hairs on the veins towards the dorsal margin; veins

fuscous; three small whitish spots, one at the base of the third

apical cell, one at the thyridium, and the third below it at the

arculus. Posterior wings hyaline, testaceous towards the apex,

and with brown veins. Legs testaceous, with black spines. Ab-

domen fuscous above, reddish-ochreous beneath. In the male

the app. sup. are very large, foliaceous, angular, cut off very

obliquely beneath, testaceous, the lower margin fuscous; app.

intermed. short and broad, triangular, concave internally, united

at the bases, the apical portion intensely black; app. inf. very

short, obtusely pointed. The female appears to be furnished with

large obtuse superior valves, and lateral valves of about the same

breadth and length.

Expanse of fore-wings 10 lines.

I am only acquainted with four British examples of this sin-

gular insect; one in Curtis’ Collection, of which I know not the

locality ; two in my own Collection, taken by Mr. Fereday at

Scarborough, in September, 1862; and one taken by Mr. B.

Cooke at Bowden, Cheshire.

Genus CuzrTorTeryx, Stephens.

Antenne slender, basal joint stout, slightly curved, a little

longer than the head. Head transversely quadrate, with a few

long scattered hairs. Maxillary palpi in the male with short

broad basal joint, two succeeding joints of nearly equal length,

the second shorter than the third; in the female the basal joint is

short and stout, second, third and fourth joints about equal in

Jength and thickness, terminal joint rather longer and thinner.

Labial palpi with the three joints of nearly equal length, first and

second broad, third narrower. Prothorax distinct, hairs few and

long. Mesothorax slightly broader than the head, subrotund,

with a broad flat space above. Anterior wings very short, narrow

at the base, expanding greatly towards the broadly rounded apex ;

costa much arched; almost the whole of the membrane is thickly

covered with very distinct granulations, from each of which springs

a long erect bristle-like hair; marginal cilia rather long, cubital

veins with very long erect hairs; neuration very strong, radius

not deeply bent before the termination, discoidal cell long and

narrow, apical cells short and broad. Posterior wings hyaline,

British Species of Caddis-flies. 71

rounded, inferior margin not excised ; cilia evident ; discoidal cell

similar to that in the anterior wings, apical cells narrow. Legs

rather long, tibiz and tarsi strongly spinose ; anterior tibize in the

male without a spur, in the female with one rather long apical

spur; intermediate and posterior tibiz in both sexes with one

median and two rather long and nearly equal apical spurs. Ab-

domen robust, especially in the female; in the male the terminal

segment has short and broad superior appendices, upcurved and

hook-shaped intermediate appendices, and rather long and very

hairy inferior appendices; the penis-sheaths appear to be united

into a boat-shaped cover, notched at the extremity, and in which

lies the very small penis; in the female the terminal segment bas

a large convex superior piece, closing round and forming an open

tube. :

Larva inhabiting clear running water. Case a slightly curved

cylindrical tube, composed of vegetable matters and stones inter-

mixed, and temporarily fixed. When the larva is about to change

to a pupa, it closes its case with larger stones.

All previous writers have represented that the anterior tibiz are

furnished with a spur in both sexes, a mistake that has evidently

arisen from the fact that in the male the anterior tibize in dead

specimens are always strongly pressed against the thighs, unless

the legs have been stretched out whilst drying.

The species are somewhat difficult to separate, and I can only

satisfy myself as to the existence of one in this country.

1. Chetopteryx tuberculosa, Pictet.

(PI. IV. fig. 8, neuration and palpi; Pl. XI. figs. 16, 17, app.)

Phryganea tuberculosa, Pict. (*) Recherch. p. 140, 9, pl. 7, fig. 4

(1834); Chetopteryx tuberculosa, Kol. Gen. et Spec. Trichop.

pt. 1, p. 73, 2; Hag. (*) Ent. Ann. 1859, p. 96, 39; C. vil-

losa, Steph. (*) Ill. p. 233, 1 (1837), not of Fab.?, Pict. ?,

Kol.; C. brevipennis, Steph. Ill. p. 233, 2 (1837), not of

Curt. ; Limnephilus echinata, Curtis (*), Coll.

Antenne reddish-brown. Head dark reddish-brown, a blackish

mark towards the base of the antennze. Palpi reddish-testaceous.

Prothorax reddish-brown, with a few long blackish hairs. Meso-

thorax reddish-brown, darker at the sides. Anterior wings brown-

ish-yellow, clothed with long brown hairs both on the membrane

and on the veins; veins yellow; cilia pale yellow; the granulations

in the apical cells are usually placed singly towards the base, in

two irregular rows in the middle portion, and often three or four

together near the margin; first, second, third and fourth apical

cells broad and nearly equal, fifth narrower and acute, sometimes

72 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Monograph of the

scarcely reaching the anastomosis. Posterior wings hyaline,

yellowish towards the apex and with testaceous veins. Legs

dark testaceous with black spines, the tarsi fuscescent. Abdomen

greyish-fuscous. In the male the upper margin of the last abdo-

minal segment is produced in the middle into a short rounded

Jobe, bent under and covered with short black setze; app. sup.

small and rounded; app. intermed. broad, flat and acute,

curved very strongly upwards, the tips shining fuscous; app. inf.

curved upwards, rather acute, testaceous, with long hairs. In the

female the superior valves appear to be united into a very deeply

emarginated tube, the lateral pieces of which are greatly produced

and obliquely truncated ; the opening of the tube very large.

Expanse of fore-wings 6—12 lines. The females always the

largest.

Larva: Head and thorax of a bright fawn-colour, mixed with

black spots. Mesonotum with a black line on all sides. Meta-

notum with four scaly points. Abdomen greyish fawn-coloured,

the first segment darker and with fewer respiratory filaments than

the others. Feet of a clear brown. (Pictet.)

Case composed of pieces of leaves and wood, disposed Jongitu-

dinally and irregularly. (Pictet.)

Frequents running streams, and appears in September and

October; common in various parts of England, especially in the

Lake district.

In the “ Entomologist’s Annual,” 1859, p. 96, Dr. Hagen gives

two species as natives of this country, viz., C. villosa, Fab., Pict.,

Kol., and C. tuberculosa, Pict. As I have before remarked, I

cannot admit that we have two species. In Stephens’ Collection

there are six males and four females, all labelled villosa, whilst

there is not a single specimen placed as brevipennis, although in

the “ Illustrations” it is said to be a common species. It would

seem probable, therefore, that Stephens discovered afterwards

that brevipennis of Curtis was a very different insect, and referred

his species to villosa. ;

With respect to the other described species of this genus, Dr.

Hagen informs me that C. fusca, Brauer, differs from all the others

in having the app. intermed. forked in the male, and on the ventral

surface of the antepenultimate segment in the female there is a

transverse row of strong black spines, little visible in the male.

In what has been considered as C. villosa of Fabr. by Kolenati

and Brauer (and perhaps Pictet’s species is the same), the app.

inf. of the male have a long cylindrical process, and the females

are apparently considerably smaller than the males. C. rugulosa,

British Species of Caddis-flies. 73

Kolenati, is perhaps distinct, differing in the form of the app. inf.

C. irregularis, Kolenati, is not sufficiently known,

I think the number of rows of dots in the apical cells is not

a character of much value, as I have found it to vary consider-

ably in the same individual.

Genus Apatania, Kolenati,

Antenne slender, basal joint not so long as the head. Head

transversely quadrate, hairy. Maxillary palpi in the male with

rather short basal joint, two succeeding joints longer, of nearly

equal length, cylindrical, terminal joint obtuse; in the female the

basal joint is short, second, third and fifth long, nearly equal, the

second joint obconical, the fourth much shorter. Labial palpi

with the first and second joints nearly equal, terminal joint longer,

somewhat club-shaped. Prothorax very small and narrow, slightly

hairy. Mesothorax broader than the head, broadly ovate, with

few scattered hairs. Anterior wings narrow, thickly clothed with

short hairs and with rather long marginal cilia; costal and dorsal

margins nearly straight, apex acutely rounded; neuration strong,

radius without a sharp bend, a transverse vein unites the radius

to the costa at the termination of the subcostal nervure ; discoidal

cell long and very narrow, most of the apical cells narrow, the

fifth scarcely reaching the anastomosis, very acute, the transverse

veins forming the lower portion of the anastomosis nearly in a

line with the upper. Posterior wings hardly broader than the

anterior, scarcely dilated at the anal angle, subhyaline; marginal

cilia long; discoidal cell not closed. Legs slender, tibize and tarsi

with few spines ; anterior tibiae with one apical spur; intermediate

tibize with two equal apical spurs ; posterior tibize with two equal

median and two apical spurs. Abdomen moderately stout ; penis-

sheaths broad, penis. flattened.

Larva unknown, probably inhabiting lakes and streams.

This genus is easily recognizable by the number of tibial

spurs and by the hairy clothing being much more dense than in

the other genera in this family, as well as by the neuration being

considerably different in character. ‘The nearly straight anasto-

mosis in the anterior wings, the open discoidal cell in the posterior

wings, and other minor characteristics, exhibit a divergence from

the general type of neuration in this family. The form of the

palpi shews, however, that this is the proper place for the

genus,

We have at present but one recorded native species; others are

74 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Monograph of the

known on the Continent. They much resemble each other in

outward appearance, but are easily separated by the forms of the

anal appendices of the males.

1. Apatania vestita, Kolenati.

(Pl. 1V. fig. 9, neuration and palpi; PI. XI. fig. 18, app.)

Apatania vestita, Kol. Gen. et Spec. Trichop. pt. 1, p. 76, 1

(1848); Hag. (*) Ent. Ann. 1859, p. 98, 42.

Antenne, head and thorax black; the head and prothorax with

greyish pubescence. Anterior wings pale greyish-fuscous, thickly

clothed with short brownish-grey pubescence, rather darker at the

pterostigma ; a pale spot at the thyridium and another on the costa

just before the pterostigma; veins fuscous ; discoidal cell concave

on its superior margin ; first apical cell narrow at the base ; second

and fourth of nearly equal breadth throughout, truncated at the

base; third much longer than the second, base slightly narrower,

two-sided; fifth very acute, scarcely reaching the anastomosis ;

sixth extending further than all the others, two-sided at the base ;

the others short and broad. Posterior wings subhyaline, with fine

greyish pubescence and long grey cilia. Legs with the thighs

fuscous, testaceous towards the knees; tibiae and tarsi testaceous,

with fuscous spines; terminal tarsal joints somewhat fuscous.

Abdomen blackish with reddish-brown lateral lines; the three

terminal segments fringed with long hairs; app. sup. apparently

absent; app. intermed. fine, slightly curved, hairy, united at the

base into a broad plate, yellow; between and above the app.

intermed. is a long fine needle-shaped yellow spine, exceeding

them in length, and directed slightly downwards; app. inf. very

long, bisarticulate, curved strongly upwards, the joints of nearly

equal length ; first joint stout, rather dilated towards the truncated

extremity, fuscous and fringed with long fuscous hairs, second

joint obtuse at the apex, which has a slight downward curve,

yellowish at the base, fuscous at the apex, the whole very thickly

clothed with short fuscous hairs; upper penis-sheaths broad,

approximating, yellow at the base, fuscous towards the obliquely

truncated apex; penis not so long as the upper sheaths, yellow,

the apex split; beneath the penis lie two very small needle-shaped

fuscous lower sheaths.

An old specimen is in Mr. Newman’s Collection. I possess

examples from the Lake District, and in June last captured it in

abundance on the shores of Loch Rannoch. I found females of

an Apatania at Arundel which may belong to this species, but

British Species of Caddis-flies. 75

until I see the males I cannot speak with certainty.* Mr. Eaton

has also taken females near Blandford, which may likewise belong

here.

It is not a settled question, whether this be truly Kolenati’s

species; several closely allied forms are found on the Continent

which are readily separable by the appendices of the males, but

descriptions in which these parts are omitted are almost useless.

One (unnamed) species is found both in the North of Europe and

in North America.

Fam. SERICOSTOMID.

Antenne about as long as or shorter than the wings, generally

rather stout, the first joint usually longer than the head, strongly

hairy, the succeeding joints short; ocelli absent; maxillary palpi

in the males two- or three-jointed, usually broad, hairy, and curved

up over the face, varying very much in form in the different

genera; in the females five-jointed, rather hairy, the basal joints

thicker than the others, terminal joints nearly cylindrical, straight ;

anterior wings usually rather short and broad (excepting Serico-

stoma), with a dense hairy clothing; neuration generally indistinct

unless the hairs are removed, varying much in the different genera

and frequently differing in the sexes; discoidal cell generally

closed; posterior wings broad, folded, rather shorter than the

anterior ; legs not very long or strong, almost without spines, the

anterior tibize always with two spurs, the number varying on the

others. Abdomen short and sometimes rather stout. In the

male the appendices vary much in the different genera, and are

often of a complicated structure.

Larva frequenting running waters: Head small and transverse.

Pronotum and mesonotum rounded at the angles (Sericostomes,

Pictet), or with the anterior angles greatly produced ( Trichostomes,

Pictet). Abdomen with the sides nearly parallel; the processes

on the second segment not strongly developed; respiratory

filaments short and few in number. Legs short; anal crotchets

very short. Pupa with the mandibles edentate.

Case a cylindrical tube formed of sand, smaller at one end and

tapering gradually (Sericostomes), or short, broad and flattened,

with larger fragments of stones fixed on each side (Trichostomes),

Comprises those genera in which the maxillary palpi of the

* In August, 1865, I took upwards of thirty specimens at Arundel; all are

females. I am now disposed to consider this form as distinct; it is darker,

broader-winged, and more densely pubescent than 4. vestita. The capture of

the male can alone decide the question.

76 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Monograph of the

males not only differ in the number of joints from those of the

females, but are constructed in quite a different manner.

The following is a tabular arrangement according to the number

of the tibial spurs :—

Spurs 2-2-4. . . . . . « Sericostoma and Notidobia.

Spurs 2-4-4, . . . . © » Goéra, Silo and Mormonia.

Q-

Spurs 2-3-3. . . . . . « Brachycentrus.

A Continental genus (Dasystoma), species of which are very

likely to be discovered here, has only 2-2-2 spurs.

Genus Sericostoma, Latreille.

Antenne shorter than the wings, the basal joint thick, shorter

than the head. Maxillary palpi in the male broad, closing to-

gether and forming a mask in front of the head, externally clothed

with adpressed hairs and internally furnished with long close hairs.

- Labial palpi long, the three joints of nearly equal length. In the

female the maxillary palpi are very long, the basal joint very

short; second joint longer than any of the others; third, fourth and

fifth joints of nearly equal length; the terminal and penultimate

joints are much thinner than the others. Labial palpi of the

female much shorter than in the male, the joints scarcely half as

long. Prothorax thickly clothed with hair. Mesothorax broad,

oval, convex, sulcated in the middle above. Anterior wings long

and narrow, the apex elliptical, costal margin nearly straight;

hairy clothing thick and short; the radius quite straight; discoidal

cell narrow, obliquely truncated ; the first apical cell reaches

almost to the base of the discoidal; a transverse vein connects

the discoidal cell with the radius, an oblique one closes the

discoidal cell; nearly ina line with this is one closing the space

below the discoidal, and another placed opposite the base of

the discoidal closes the long cellula thyridii, Posterior wings

considerably shorter than the anterior but slightly broader, also

with a very close hairy clothing ; the discoidal cell appears to be

open; cilia long, especially near the base of the posterior margin.

Legs short; tibize with few very short spines; anterior and inter-

mediate tibize with two equal apical spurs; posterior tibiee with

two equal apical and two similar median spurs. Abdomen

robust. In the male the app. sup. are small and obtuse,

bandlike; the app. intermed. lie close on each side of the penis

and are split at the extremities, the points usually differing in

lengths; app. inf. very large, narrow at the base, the apex greatly

dilated and notched, very hairy; penis very long and much ex-

serted ; penis-sheaths (this term perhaps more properly belongs to

British Species of Caddis-flies. 77

what I have called app. intermed.) placed on each side of the ventral

margin of the last segment, nearly cylindrical ; between them at

the base is a triangular plate-like projection.

Larva with the head small and transverse, corneous. Pronotum

broader than the head, also transverse and corneous, the superior

angles not produced. Meso- and meta-nota scarcely corneous,

of about the same consistency as the abdomen. (See PI. II. figs.

12, 19.) Abdomen nearly cylindrical. Feet short, hairy.

Case a cylindrical tube formed of fine sand, somewhat smaller

at the tail-end, and slightly curved.

The extraordinary form of the maxillary palpi in the males will

readily separate that sex, and leave no doubt as to the genus to

which the insect belongs, but the females are not equally fortunate

in this respect, and differ widely from the males in the form of the

palpi. Stephens, in his Illustrations, describes as a separate genus

Potomaria, Leach, MSS. ; all the types of his three species of this

genus are females of Sericostoma, yet he describes the male of Poto-

maria. He also characterizes the anterior tibize as without spurs,

a statement entirely at variance with the types in his Collection.

In his characters of Sericostoma he again errs in saying that the

anterior wings are without transverse neryures, as any one can

see for himself by simply removing the hairy clothing.

1. Sericostoma Spencit, Kirby.

(Pl. IV. fig. 10, neuration; Pl. XI. fig. 19, app.)

Prosoponia Spencit, Kirb. & Sp. Int. Ent. ed. 2, vol. 3, p. 488

(1830) ; Sericostoma Spencii, Steph. (*) Ill. p. 184, 1, pl. 33,

fig. 2; Hag. (*) Ent. Ann. 1859, p. 100, 43; S. Latreillii,

Curt. (*) Phil.. Mag. p. 214, 1 (1834); SS. collare, Pict.

Recherch, p. 176, 1, pl. 14, 1 (1834); Brauer (*) Neurop.

Aust. p. 43, fig. 35, app.; Hag. (*) Stett. Zeit. 1859,

p- 147, 1; Prosoponia collaris, Kol. Gen, et Spec. Trichop.

pt. 1, p. 90, 3; Potomaria analis, Steph. (*) Ill. p. 183, 1,

pl. 34, fig. 4 (1836); P. assimilis, Steph. (*) Ill. p. 183, 2

(1836); P. hyalina (*) Steph. Ill. p. 183, 3 (1836).

Antennz brown, not annulated. Palpi in the male blackish,

fuscous externally, internally with long yellowish hairs. Head

and prothorax clothed with bright yellow hairs, most evident in

the female. Meso- and meta- thorax shining black. Legs with

blackish thighs and testaceous tibize and tarsi, Anterior wings

uniform golden brown; in the female there are frequently greyish

blotches at the anal angle and on the opposite costal margin; the

78 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Monograph of the

blotches are most conspicuous during life ; sometimes the whole of

the anterior wings in the female is blotched and spotted with

grey. Posterior wings dark fuscous. Abdomen dull blackish,

with testaceous appendices. In the male the prongs of the app.

intermed. appear to vary slightly in length, sometimes the upper

is rather the longer, sometimes the lower, and occasionally they

are equal; the penis-sheaths are thickened and incurved at the

tips; the triangular plate between the sheaths short and obtuse.

Expanse of fore-wings 9—14 lines.

Larva with the head and pronotum chestnut-brown ; the latter

with a clearer central line; meso- and meta-nota and abdomen

citron-yellow ; legs fawn-coloured. (Pictet.)

Common everywhere about running streams; appearing in

summer and autumn.

There is a possibility that two species may be here united, and

that one of them is the S. mulliguttatum of Pictet and Hagen, but

I have failed to discover any difference by which to separate

them, save a very slight variation in the length of the prongs of

the app. intermed. Nevertheless I have seen European species in

which these sheaths furnish good specific characters.

Genus Noriposra, Stephens.

Antenne slightly shorter than the wings, the basal joint thick

and short. Maxillary palpi in the males small, bent upwards, not

forming a mask, without long internal hairs; labial palpi long,

the joints of nearly equal length. In the female the maxillary

palpi have a short basal joint; second much longer and thicker

than the others; fifth very short. Anterior wings narrow at the

base, the apex obtusely rounded, hairy covering close, discoidal

cell small and closed, the first apical cell reaching almost to its

base. Posterior wings shorter than the anterior, and of about the

same breadth ; discoidal cell closed ; cilia, especially the basal,

long. Legs rather short; anterior and intermediate tibize with two

rather long apical spurs ; posterior tibiae with two pairs of rather

long equal spurs. Abdomen subcylindrical in the male, broad

and somewhat depressed in the female. Male provided with small

superior and large hairy inferior appendices; in the female the

apex of the abdomen forms a large open pouch.

Larva probably similar to that of Sericostoma. Case a cylin-

drical slightly curved tube, composed of sand and very small

stones agglutinated together ; closed at each end with vegetable

débris, when the inmate is in the pupa state.

We possess only one species of this genus.

British Species of Caddis-flies. 79

1. Notidobia ciliaris, Linné.

(Pl. V. fig. 1, neuration; Pl. XI. figs. 20, 21, app.)

Phryganea ciliaris, Linn. Faun, Suec. n. 1497 (1761); Miill.

it Fridrichs. p. 84, 565; Zett. Ins. Lapp. col. 1070,

; Notidobia ciliaris, Kol. Gan et Spec. Trichop. pt. 1, p.

ae Brauer (*), Neurop. Aust. p. 43 ; Hag. (*) Ent. Ann.

1859, p. 101, 44; Phryganea atrata, Fab. Ent. Syst. p.

78, 17 (1793); Sericostoma atratum, Pict. (*) Recherch. p.

178, 3, pl. 14, fig. 5; Ramb. Hist. Nat. Névrop. p. 497, 7 ;

Notidobia atrata, Steph. (*) Dil, pe b86, 1

Antenne dark brownish-black. Head and thorax shining

black, scarcely hairy. Palpi black, the maxillary (in the males)

clothed externally with long hairs. Anterior wings uniform black-

ish, with a brownish tinge, somewhat shining. Posterior wings

rather paler and more transparent. Legs with blackish thighs ;

anterior and intermediate tibize and tarsi slightly testaceous ; pos-

terior tibize and tarsi decidedly paler. Abdomen dull black. In

the male the upper margin of the terminal segment has a sub-

marginal fringe of short black hairs ; app. sup. very small and

rounded; app. inf. large, testaceous, curved upwards, obtusely

rounded and fringed externally with long black hairs; app.

intermed. forming a tube above the long exserted penis, which

rests between two sheaths, approximated at the base, but diverging

at the tips. In the female the terminal segment forms an open

mouth-shaped pouch, which is usually filled with a bundle of yel-

lowish eggs; when empty, during life, there may be seen two small

Bedeatces on each side of a short testaceous ovipositor.

Expanse of fore-wings 10—11 lines.

A common species in many localities, preferring clear running

waters; appearing at the end of spring and in early summer, and

is very conspicuous as it sits on the blades of grass bordering the

stream.

The character given by Rambur, “ailes supérieures sablées

dans leur partie antérieure de petites marques blanchatres arron-

dies,” is without doubt owing to those wings having been marked

by the pressure of the fingers in the capture of the insect.

Genus Gorra, Hoffmansegg.

Antennz not so long as the wings, rather stout, basal joint thick

and straight, longer than the head. Head nearly quadrate, very

hairy. Maxillary palpi in the male small, somewhat spoon-shaped,

up-curved and thickly clothed on the outside with long thick

80 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Monograph of the

hairs ; labial palpi with a short basal joint, second and third joints

equal, long and cylindrical. Maxillary palpi in the female with

the two basal joints very short, third and terminal joints long and

equal, fourth joint also long but rather shorter than the third;

labial palpismaller than in the male. Prothorax small and hairy.

Mesothorax somewhat cordate. Anterior wings rather broad,

with the apex obtusely rounded, hairy clothing dense; radius

not bent before the termination ; discoidal cell long and narrow,

closed ; just above the anal angle in both sexes there is a small

circular space always without hairy clothing, formed by the sudden

arching of one of the branches of the ramus thyrifer. Posterior

wings shorter than the anterior and less densely clothed; dis-

coidal cell open ; a single transverse vein connecting the lower

branch of the ramus discoidalis with the ramus subdiscoidalis.

Legs short, nearly spineless; anterior tibize with two short,

nearly equa}, apical spurs; intermediate and posterior tibiz each

with two pairs of long equal spurs. Abdomen moderately

robust ; appendices complicated ; in the male there are long finger-

shaped app. sup., large app. inf., and fine app. intermed., with

a long exserted penis; ventral surface of the antepenultimate

segment furnished with a transverse row of spines. In the female

there are two long hairy superior valves.

Larve inhabiting running streams and canals. The anterior

angles of the pro- and meso-nota prolonged in front. (See Pl. II.

fig. 13.) Case moveable, broad and flattened beneath, formed of

small stones with larger angular fragments placed along either side.

During the larva state the tail-end has a membrane closing over

the opening, with only a very small central hole allowing a free

circulation of the water. Professor Westwood has remarked that

eases of this kind are furnished with a grating at each end during

the pupa state.

1. Goéra flavipes, Curtis.

(Pl. II. fig. 3, larva; fig. 30, case; Pl. V. fig. 2, neuration ;

Pl. XI. figs. 22, 23, app.)

Silo flavipes, Curt. (*) Ent. Mag. vol. i. p. 189, 4 (1833);

Goéra flavipes, Curt. (*) Phil. Mag. p. 215, 4; Steph. (*)

Ill. p. 197, 2; Trichostoma capillatum, Pict. (*) Recherch. p.

173, 1, pl. 13, fig. 8 (1834); Brauer, Neurop. Aust. p. 43;

Spathodopteryx capillata, Kol. Gen. et Spec. Trichop. pt. 1,

p- 95, 1; Goéra capillata, Hag. (*) Ent. Ann, 1859, p. 102,

45; Trichostoma fuscicorne, Pict. (*) Recherch. p. 174, 38,

pl. 13, fig. 10 (1834), according to the type; Goéra fusci-

British Species of Caddis-flies. 81

cornis, Hag. (*) Ent. Ann. 1859, p. 102, 46; G. pilosa,

Steph. (*) Ill. p. 187, 1 (1836); Lasiostoma fuloum, Ramb.

Hist. Nat. Névrop. p. 492 (1842).

Antennz reddish-ochreous, paler in the female. Head, palpi

and prothorax ochreous. Mesothorax testaceous. Anterior

- wings pale silky golden brown or brownish-ochreous, larger and

paler in the female; the first apical cell scarcely reaches to the

middle of the discoidal. Posterior wings smoky-grey, somewhat

iridescent. Legs with the thighs slightly fuscous, tibia and tarsi

ochreous. Abdomen reddish-brown. In the male the app. sup.

are broadly and obtusely finger-shaped ; app. intermed. straight,

fine, diverging slightly at the tips; app. inf. large, hairy, with

the apex produced; penis long, much exserted, cylindrical, with a

long flattened apex, apparently with two pairs of fine needle-

shaped sheaths, of which the lateral pair are longer than the

lower; ventral spines about nine in number, the middle one

much longer than the others, the exterior ones very small. The

female is provided with two long, hairy, pointed superior valves,

Expanse of fore-wings 9—12 lines,

Larva: Head, thoracic segments, and first abdominal segment

yellowish, faintly spotted with darker ; two small black spots on

the pronotum, and a median paler space. Legs yellowish, with a

blackish line at the base externally, and also at the knees and

apex. Abdomen dull greyish-yellow, with white respiratory fila-

ments. Anal crotchets marked with black externally, and with a

few long black hairs at the base.

A common species in summer about running waters.

There can be no doubt as to the identity of the types of capil-

latum, Pict., and fuscicorne, Pict., yet he describes the larve of

the two as differing considerably. The figure and description of

that of capillatum agrees very nearly with what I consider to be

the larva of this species, and which I have described above.

That said to pertain to fuscicorne bears far more resemblance to

the larva of a Silo in the markings, and I cannot but think that

some error has occurred.

Genus Sino, Curtis.

Characters very similar to those of Goéra, but differing as fol-

lows :—The maxillary palpi in the male are longer and more

cylindrical, rather widely divaricating. The naked almost circular

spot near the anal angle of the anterior wings is absent. In the

male there is always a longitudinal fold or pouch near the middle

VOL. V. THIRD SERIES, PART 1.— ocT. 1865, G

82 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Monograph of the

of the posterior wings, running parallel with the costal margin,

and extending from the base to about two-thirds the length of the

wing; this pouch is beset with coarse clavate hairs. The anal

appendices are somewhat similar to those of Goéra, but Silo ap-

pears to possess a more or less developed lobe between the app.

intermed, in the male ; the ventral surface of the antepenultimate

segment in the male is furnished with spine-like teeth.

Larva inhabiting running waters, and similar in form to that of

Goéra. Case also similar, but smaller.

The larve of this genus are particularly subject to the attacks

of an ichneumon (4grioptypus armatus), the life-history of which

we owe to the researches of Professor Von Siebold. (See

“‘Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung,” 1861, p. 59.) It would

appear that infested larve spin a long appendage to their cases, in

the shape of a narrow silken band exceeding in length that of the

case; the use of this band is not evident.

Kolenati has misapplied the generic term Silo to a very different

insect.

The species may be divided into two sections, according to the

comparative length of the first apical cell in the anterior wings.

Several of both sections occur on the Continent.

A. First apical cell in the anterior wings not extending beyond

the middle of the discoidal. (Pl. V. fig. 3 6.)

1. Silo pallipes, Fabricius.

(Pl. V. fig. 3, neuration; Pl. XII. figs. 1, 2, app.)

Phryganea pallipes, Fab. Spec. Ins. 1, p. 388, 6 (1781); Silo

pallipes, Curt. (*) Phil. Mag. p. 215, 1; Steph. (*) Ill. p.

187, 1; Hag. (*) Stett. Zeit. 1859, p. 145, 1; Ent. Ann.

1859, p. 103, 47; Zrichostoma picicorne, Pict. (*) Recherch.

p. 174, 2, pl. 13, fig. 9 (1834); Aspatherium picicorne, Kol.

Gen. et Spec. Trichop. pt. 1, p. 97, 2; Trichostoma nigri-

corne, Pict. (*) Recherch. p. 175, 4, pl. 13, fig. 11 (1834);

Goéra vulgata, Steph. (*) Ill. p. 188, 3 (1836).

Antenne, head, palpi and thorax blackish-fuscous ; the basal

joint of antennze, head and prothorax clothed with light brownish

hairs, especially in the female. Anterior wings brownish-black in

the male, very dark reddish-brown in the female. Posterior

wings smoky-black, with purplish iridescence; cilia grey; the

fold in the male conspicuously black. Legs pale testaceous, the

thighs fuscescent. Abdomen dark brownish-black, with ochreous-

grey lateral lines. In the male there is a straight obtuse shining

testaceous lobe between the app. intermed.; app. sup. long,

. ~t" @heew

British Species of Caddis-flies. 83

finger-shaped, straight, dilated towards the apices ; app. intermed.

long and needle-shaped ; app. inf. with a broad dilated base end-

ing in two finger-shaped prolongations of equal length; ventral

surface of the antepenultimate segment with one long central tes-

taceous spine, and three or four smaller ones on each side; an

indication of these spines is also to be found oa the penultimate

segment in the form of small tubercles. In the female there are

two obtuse hairy superior valves.

Expanse of fore-wings 6—9 lines, the females the largest.

Larva: Head, pronotum and mesonotum dark pitchy-brown ;

three paler spots on the pronotum. Metanotum testaceous, with

brown markings. Legs pitchy-brown externally. First abdomi-

nal segment testaceous, the others yellowish, Anal crotchets very

small, brown.

Very common in summer and early autumn about small rivers

and streams.

The types of picicorne and nigricorne, Pictet, seem to be iden-

tical, The larvae are described as somewhat different, but this

may be owing to variation. The figure of that of nigricorne

accords moderately well with what I take to be the larva of S.

pallipes.

B. First apical cell in the anterior wings extending to near the base

of the discoidal. (PI. V. fig. 3c.)

2. Silo fumipennis, n. sp. (Pl. XII. figs. 3, 4, app.)

Antenne, head, palpi and thorax black ; in the female the basal

joint of antennze, head and prothorax clothed with pale hairs.

Anterior wings in the male smoky-black, somewhat shining; in

the female greyish, subhyaline, not thickly clothed with yellowish

hairs. Posterior wings pale smoky-black, subhyaline, with grey

cilia ; the fold in the male not conspicuously darker. Legs dark

reddish-brown; thighs somewhat fuscescent, especially the anterior.

Abdomen dull blackish, with paler lateral lines, most evident in

the female. In the male the lobe is very long and pointed, con-

spicuously testaceous; app. sup. very small and obtuse; app.

intermed. forming two long, narrow, obtuse blades, placed close

together, slightly separated at the tips, and acting as an upper

cover to the penis; app. inf. somewhat pointed, the apex appa-

rently bifid; ventral surface of the antepenultimate segment with

one long central spine, and from two to four smaller ones on each

side. In the female the superior valves are longer and more

pointed than in the last species.

G 2

84 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Monograph of the

Expanse of fore-wings 83 —10 lines, the females the largest.

I found this species on the 10th June, 1864, at Sutton-at-Hone

by the river Darenth, but not commonly. I have since seen a

female taken near Blandford by Mr. Eaton, which may belong

here.

This belongs to a section of the genus of which there appear

to be several very closely-allied species found in Europe.

According to information with which I have been favoured by

Dr. Hagen, 7. picicorne, Rambur, and species Nos. 8,9, 10 and 11

(the last, S. obtusus, Hagen, and probably identical with pici-

corne), noticed in the Stettin Zeitung for 1859, p. 146, have all

similarly formed appendices to fumipennis, but all differ in being

brownish in colour instead of black. 4S. niger, Hagen, differs in

the form of the superior appendices, which are long. SS. auratus,

Hagen, from Corsica, should be sufficiently distinguishable by its

paler colour.* JI am of opinion that the number of spines on the

ventral surface of the antepenultimate abdominal segment does

not furnish a character of any specific value, as I find in English

specimens of fumipennis that they vary from 3 to 4 on each side

of the long central one, and in two specimens in my collection

from Prussia, which otherwise are precisely similar, there are only

two small spines on each side.

The figure of the lateral view of the appendices of the male is

copied from Dr. Hagen’s drawing, and is, I think, correct, only

that the app. inf. do not appear to me to be so deeply bifid as is

there represented. Unfortunately at the time I captured my

specimens I did not recognize them as being new, and neglected

to make an examination while they were yet fresh.

Genus Mormonia, Curtis.

Antenne thin, slightly longer than the wings, the basal portion

sometimes fringed in the male (Helictomerus) ; basal joint very

long and hairy, somewhat curved, longer and thinner in the fe-

males than in the males. Head small, hairy. Maxillary palpi in

the males two-jointed (?), very hairy, club-shaped (Mormonia) ;

or long and band-like, coiled round somewhat like a watch-spring

(Helictomerus). In the females these palpi are very long, the two

basal joints short, the first stouter; third joint nearly as long as

* Two species of Silo described by Meyer-Dur in the “ Mittheilungen der

Schweizerische Entomologische Gesellschaft,” 1864, p. 223, under the names

Aspatherium frigidum and A. medium, are quite unknown to Dr. Hagen and

myself,

British Species of Caddis-fties. 85

the two first united; fourth about as long as the second; fifth

nearly as long as the third and fourth united. Labial palpi long ;

first joint short ; second long; third still longer, and thinner than

the others. Mesothorax robust, ovate. Anterior wings rather

narrow, the apex elliptical; very hairy, sometimes with short

clavate hairs in the males, resembling scales (M/ormonia in part) ;

sometimes the costa in the males is furnished with a long back-

curved fringe (Helictomerus) ; apical fringes very long; discoidal

cell long and narrow, closed; the female is furnished with two

more apical forks than the male. Posterior wings nearly similar

in shape to the anterior, but somewhat shorter ; fringes very long;

discoidal cell closed ; neuration varying in the sexes as in the ante-

rior wings. Legs moderately long; anterior tibiz with two

moderately long apical spurs; intermediate and posterior tibize

each with two pairs of long and equal spurs. Abdomen short and

slender. In the males the superior appendices are very small;

app. intermed. sometimes long; app. inf. very long, curved round

and approximating at the tips; penis exserted and thickened at

the apex. In the females the apex of the abdomen is obtuse, with

a cleft piece, perhaps representing the valves.

Larva and case similar to those of Scricostoma ; inhabiting run-

ning streams.

In all groups of insects there are some which apparently set at

nought the recognized rules of classification, and while the close

relationship of the different species is most evident, yet they

differ in such a manner, that, if the usual laws of generic dis-

tinctions be strictly applied, each individual species should form

a separate genus. These vagaries of nature are most curious and

interesting, but at the same time they puzzle the would-be clas-

sifier, and prove to him the intensely artificial character of all

attempts to break the indivisible chain of natural organisms.

The genus Mormonia is almost an extreme instance of this (as it

were) propensity to natural experiment. The different species

all present general characters of the greatest resemblance inter se,

yet the form of the palpi, a character almost universally acknow-

ledged as one of generic value, differs more or less in each,

and sometimes to a great extent. I am unwilling to unnecessarily

multiply genera, and have therefore divided our three species into

two subgenera, Mormonia and Helictomerus, leaving it to future

students to adopt or reject this division as they think fit.

A. Antenne not fringed in the male; maxillary palpi in this

sex short and clavate (or ovate) ; costal margin nithout a

86 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Monograph of the

long in-turned fringe, or this is visible only at the extreme

base. (Mormonia.)

(1.) Mazillary palpi, and all the mings in the male,

clothed nith short, black, clavate hairs, resembling

scales, easily removable; posterior mings in the

male with a long curved longitudinal pouch or fold

in the middle, which is free from clavate hairs.

1. Mormonia hirta (Fab. ?), Curtis.

(PI. V. fig. 4, neuration and palpi; Pl. XII. figs. 5, 6, app.)

Phryganea hirta, Fab. Spec. Ins. 1, p. 391, 19 (1781)?; Goéra

hirta, Curt. (*) Phil. Mag. p. 214, 6 (1834); Mormonia

hirta, Steph. (*) Hl. p. 189, 2; Hag. (*) Stett. Zeit. 1859,

p. 150, 1; Ent. Ann. 1859, p. 104, 48; M. gracilicornis,

Curt. (*) Phil. Mag. p. 215, 5 (1834); M. maculicornis,

Curt. (*) Phil. Mag. p. 215, 3 (1834); M. nigromaculata,

Steph. (*) Ill. p. 189, 1, pl. 32, fig. 2 (1836); MM. immaculata,

Steph. (*) Ill. p. 189, 3 (1836); Lepidostoma squamulosum,

Ramb. Hist. Nat. Névrop. p. 493, 1 (1842). |

Antenne dark brown, annulated with pale yellow ; basal joint

greyish-brown, clothed with long hairs. Head clothed with grey-

ish-brown hairs. Palpi black. Mesothorax brown. Anterior

wings greyish, subhyaline, thickly sprinkled with short black

clavate hairs; a tuft of in-turned black hairs at the base of the

costal margin. Posterior wings similar in colour, but less closely

sprinkled with clavate hairs; fringes of all the wings grey. Legs

greyish-ochreous. Abdomen above fuscous, the margins of the

segments ochreous; beneath wholly ochreous. In the male the

upper margin of the last abdominal segment is produced in the

middle into a triangular lobe, on each side of which are two

straight and pointed app. intermed.; app. inf. long, directed

upwards, dilated in the middle, furnished with a fringe of long

straight hairs directed downwards ; at the base of the app. inf. on

each side there is a slender sheath, clubbed at the tip and directed

strongly upwards; from beneath may be seen two very short

inferior sheaths.

The female is generally paler coloured than the male; the

wings greyish-ochreous, with a faint appearance of two darker

spots beyond the middle; the hairs simple; the apex of the abdo-

men obtuse, furnished with a nearly quadrate deeply-cleft plate,

which may be considered as the superior valves united.

Expanse of fore-wings 73—9 lines.

British Species of Caddis-flies. 87

A common species in summer about streams,

It is extremely uncertain if this be the species intended by

Fabricius ; in fact, there is nothing whatever in his description to

indicate that his species really belongs to this genus, or even to

this family.

(2.) Maxillary palpi and wings in the male clothed with

ordinary hawrs ; posterior mings in the male mith-

out a longitudinal pouch.

2. Mormonia irrorata, Curtis. (Pl. XII. fig. 7, app.)

Goéra irrorata, Curt. (*) Phil. Mag. p. 214, 2(1834); Mormonia

irrorata, Hag. (*) Ent. Ann. 1859, p. 104, 49; MW. minor,

Steph. (*) Ill. p. 189, 4 (1836); Hag. (*) Stett. Zeit. 1859,

p. 151, 9.

Antenne brown, with ochreous annulations; basal joint en-

tirely brown, with brown hairs. Head thickly clothed with

golden-yellow hairs. Maxillary palpi in the male small, oval,

yellow, clothed with yellowish-grey hairs, Mesothorax brown.

Anterior wings greyish, thickly clothed with ochreous hairs; a

few blackish hairs on the costal margin near the base; fringes

grey. Posterior wings grey, with paler fringes. Legs ochreous.

Abdomen fuscous, the appendices yellow. In the male there isa

rather long lobe from the upper margin of the last abdominal

segment; app. sup. small and obtuse; app. inf. long and slender,

coiled round almost upon themselves.

Expanse of fore-wings 5—6 lines.

This little species is widely distributed, but apparently nowhere

abundant. [It delights in the spray of waterfalls. I have found

it frequenting the dribbling springs that escaped from the sides

of an old slate-quarry, and it must have bred amongst the damp

moss that grew there, as the water formed no stream beneath. I

possess it from Freshwater (Isle of Wight), Saltash (Cornwall),

various localities in South Devon and North Wales, from Wor-

cester, Huddersfield, Haslemere, &c. Northern examples are

darker than those from the south,

B. Antenne in the male fringed internally mith long hairs on their

basal portion ; maxillary palpi in the male long, band-like,

curved upwards ; costal margin in the male furnished mith

a long in-turned fringe along the greater part of its length.

(Helictomerus. )

88 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Monograph of the

3. Mormonia basalis, Kolenati.

(Pl. I. fig. 4;° Pl. V. fig. 4¢, max. palp., fig. 4f, ant.; Pl. XII.

fig. 8, app.)

Goéra basalis, Kol. Gen. et Spec. Trichop. pt. 1, p. 98, 1 (1848);

Mormonia basalis, Hag. (*) Stett. Zeit. 1859, p. 150, 6;

M‘Lach. Ent. Ann. 1863, p. 133; Goéra hirta, Burm.

Handb. p. 924, 1.

Antenne yellow, annulated with brown; fringed with pale grey

in the male; basal joint dark brown, clothed with pale yellowish

hairs. Palpi clothed with yellowish hairs. Mesothorax brown,

thickly clothed with brown hairs, Anterior wings grey; the costal

margin furnished with a long in-turned brown or silky fringe almost

to the apex; fringes of the apical and dorsal margins grey. Pos-

terior wings grey, somewhat iridescent, with grey fringes. Legs

greyish-ochreous. Abdomen greyish-fuscous. In the male there

is apparently no trace of either app. sup. or intermed.; app. inf.

very long, directed upwards and converging at the tips, semi-

cylindrical, sulcate on the inner edge; there is a boat-shaped -

convex upper penis-cover, beneath which is the thin penis, fur-

nished with two hooks at the tip.

The female is paler coloured than the male and not provided

with an in-turned costal fringe; the abdomen clothed with long

scattered yellow hairs.

Expanse of fore-wings 9—10 lines.

Frequents streams and appears in summer. Has been taken

by Mr. Parfitt near Exeter, by Mr. Newman near Leominster,

and by myself near Hythe.

Genus Bracuycentrus, Curtis.

Antenne as long as the wings, thin; the basal joint thick, as

long as the head. Head transverse, much broader than long.

Maxillary palpi of the males apparently three-jointed, the joints

of nearly equal length, but the middle one stouter than the others ;

slender, curved up in front of the head, with long hairs; in the

female the basal joint is very short, succeeding joints longer and

cylindrical, the third the longest. Labial palpi with the second

and terminal joints equal, the basal shorter. Prothorax indistinct.

Mesothorax oval, channelled in the centre above. Anterior

wings with rounded costa, the apex elliptical, much produced ;.

hairy clothing very slight; cilia short; neuration strong and con-

spicuous; radius deeply bent before the termination; discoidal

cell short, broad and angular; the seventh apical sector simple in

British Species of Caddis-flies. 89

the male, forked in the female. Posterior wings shorter than the

anterior, about the same breadth; discoidal cell open; posterior

branch of ramus discoidalis simple in the male, forked in the

female; anterior branch of ramus subdiscoidalis simple in the

male, trifid in the female; thus there are two apical forks in these

wings in the male and four in the female. Legs rather long,

tibia spineless ; anterior tibize with two short apical spurs ; inter-

mediate and posterior tibize with one short median and two short

apical spurs. Abdomen slender in the male, rather robust in the

female ; anal appendices not well developed.

Larva unknown to me. It has been suggested that a singular

quadrangular case, formed of vegetable matters, may belong here ;

see Pl. II. fig. 34, and Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1864, pp. 114, 115.

This kind of case has been found in Devonshire by Dr. Leach and

Mr. Parfitt.

One species only is known to inhabit this country.

It appears to me that Rambur is correct in describing the

maxillary palpi of the males as three-jointed, as I fancy I can

distinguish the sutures readily ; nevertheless the separation of the

joints in these palpi in the males of this family is always attended

with some uncertainty.

1. Brachycentrus subnubilus, Curtis.

(Pl. V. fig. 5, neuration and palpi; Pl. XII. fig. 9, app.)

peer cones subnubilus, Curt. (*) Phil. Mag. p. 215, 3(1834) ;

Steph. (*) Ill. p. 182, 1; Hag. (*) Ent. Ann. 1859, p. 105,

50; B. concolor, Steph. (*) Il. p- 182, 2 (1836); B. costalis,

Steph. (*) Ill. p. 182, 3 (1836); Digs anea tincta, Zett. Ins.

Lapp. col. 1071, 14 (1840); Pogonostoma vernum, Ramb.

Hist. Nat. Névrop. p. 490 (1842); Hydronautia maculata,

Kol. Gen. et Spec. Trichop. pt. 1, p. 93, 1 (1848); HZ. verna,

Brauer (*), Neurop. Aust, p. 44 (1857).

Antenne, head, palpi and thorax black. Prothorax with a few

grey hairs. Anterior wings greyish-brown, with large yellowish

spots on the membrane and smaller spots round the apical margin;

these spots are formed of yellowish pubescence, which is generally

absent except in very fresh examples; veins fuscous, Posterior

wings also greyish-brown, with pale-grey cilia. Legs with the

thighs dark-grey, tibiz and tarsi testaceous. Abdomen blackish.

In the male the last segment above is produced into a triangular

plate, on each side of which is a large triangular app. sup.; the

app. inf, are dilated at the end and clothed with yellowish hairs,

90 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Monograph of the

and are only visible from beneath. In the female the upper

margin of the last segment is fringed with long hairs ; the superior

valves appear to be united into a cover for the ovipositor, notched

in the centre above.

Expanse of fore-wings, g 7—8 lines, @ 11—12 lines.

Apparently a local species, appearing in spring; it is said by

Stephens to occur in the metropolitan district, but I have never

been able to find it there. Found about Exeter, at Pitlochry

(Perthshire), and apparently in abundance near Burton-on-Trent.

Kolenati says, with respect to insects of this genus, ‘“‘ Immensa

sed preecipue in regionibus septemtrionalibus prodeunt copia, ut

nautis sint incommodo.”

Fam. HYDROPTILIDE.

Antenne stout, shorter than the wings, moniliform; ocelli

present or absent; maxillary palpi in the males four-jointed, the

joints somewhat cylindrical and hairy; in the females five-jointed ;

labial palpi with a thickened apical joint; anterior wings very

narrow, exceedingly hairy, neuration not visible unless the hairs

be removed; posterior wings rather narrower than the anterior,

less hairy, but with very long fringes, not folded; legs rather

stout, the anterior pair without tibial spurs ; abdomen moderately

stout for the size of the insects. All the species are minute.

Larva frequenting both standing and running waters: Head

and thoracic segments small; the abdomen much enlarged ; external

respiratory filaments absent.

Case flat, ovate, membranous.

The species of which this family is composed bear at first

sight far more resemblance to Micro-Lepidoptera than to Tri-

choptera, and are constantly mistaken for the former. They

are of very active habits, so much so as to render their capture

difficult, although where they occur, most of them swarm in innu-

merable numbers. At present very little is known concerning the

specific, or even the generic differences, and the accounts given by

various authors are very conflicting. The largest known species

does not exceed 43 lines, the smallest 2 lines, in expanse.

We apparently possess only two genera :—

A. Ocelli present. Anterior wings with the

costal and dorsal margins nearly parallel ;

apex somewhat obtuse . . . . . . . Agraylea.

B. Ocelli absent. Anterior wings running to

an acute point at the apex Sie 2 Lo Hadroptia

British Species of Caddis-flies. 91

Genus AcrayLeEa, Curtis.

Antenne stout, the basal joint scarcely longer than the others.

Head densely hairy. Ocelli present. Maxillary palpi of the

males with a short basal joint, the rest long and nearly equal ; in

the females the joints are nearly equally long, excepting the basal

which is very short. Labial palpi with two short basal joints; the

third longer and much dilated, conical or rather, perhaps, spoon-

shaped, it being concave within. Mesothorax nearly smooth,

scarcely so broad as the head. Anterior wings very hairy, with

long fringes, narrow, of nearly equal breadth throughout, the

costal and dorsal margins straight, the former sloping off rather

abruptly before the somewhat obtuse apex; the subcostal nervure

and radius short, uniting before their junction with the costa;

discoidal cell open (?); the twe branches of the ramus discoidalis

ending in long apical forks; the upper branch of the superior fork

of the ramus thyrifer ends in a shorter apical fork ; thus there

are three apical forks in these wings. Posterior wings narrower

and shorter than the anterior, less densely hairy, but with very

long fringes; neuration very similar. Legs short and moderately

stout; all the thighs considerably dilated; the anterior tibiz not

spurred ; intermediate tibize with a pair of long and very unequal

apical spurs, and one short median; posterior tibiz hairy, two

pairs of long and very unequal spurs. Abdomen moderate. In

repose the wings are pressed together almost vertically.

Larva unknown. Dr. Hagen suspects that some singular cases

found by Bremi may belong to this genus. In these the case of

the larva is oblong, somewhat widened in the middle, flat, open

at each end and transparent; the case of the pupa is less trans-

parent, with an appendage at each corner by which it is fastened

to water plants. The contained larvz possessed strongly dilated

forelegs, and did not resemble Hydroptila larve. (For a detailed

account of these cases, see the Stettin Entomologische Zeitung for

1864, p. 115.)

Agruylea may be separated from Hydroptila by the broader

and more obtuse anterior wings, the undoubted presence of ocelli,

the form of the terminal joint of the labial palpi, &c. They are

also less gregarious in their habits.

I have been unable to detect transverse veins in any of the

wings; nevertheless [ do not feel certain that they are absent, for

Kolenati figures and describes the discoidal cell in the anterior

pair as being closed by a transverse vein, and indicates another,

uniting this cell to the radius or subcosta.

92 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Monograph of the

1. Agraylea multipunctata, Curtis. (Pl. V. fig. 6, neuration.)

Agraylea multipunctata, Curt. (*) Phil. Mag. p. 217, 2 (1834);

Steph. (*) Ill. p. 153, 1; Hag. (*) Ent. Ann. 1859, p. 106,

51; A. seamaculata, Curt. (*) Phil. Mag. p. 217, 1 (1834);

Steph. (*) Il. p. 158, 2; Hydrorchestria sexmaculata, Kol,

Gen. et Spec. Trichop. pt. 1, p. 103, 1 (1848); H. argyri-

cola, Kol. Gen. et Spec. Trichop. pt. 1, p. 104, 2.

Antenne dark blackish-fuscous. Head blackish, clothed with

golden-yellow hairs. Palpi yellow. Mesothorax black. An-

terior wings blackish, with numerous golden-yellow spots, some of

which are larger than the others; apical cilia blackish, inter-

rupted with yellow. Posterior wings grey; fringes dark grey,

those of the apical portion of the costa darker than the rest. Legs

greyish or brownish-ochreous. Abdomen greyish-black.

Expanse of fore-wings 35 —44 lines.

Occurs in summer and autumn about both standing and running

waters, but preferring the latter. Found in various parts of the

country, probably nowhere abundant and frequently overlooked.

TI examined Curtis’ types, and could detect no differences in

his two species that I could consider specific. It is liable to con-

siderable variation in the number and size of the golden spots on

the anterior wings; I possess an example, in perfect condition, in

which these spots are altogether wanting, the wings being uni-

formly black ; this was taken in company with the ordinary form.

Probably there may be sexual variations in the adornment, but

at present we know too little of the species to speak with cer-

tainty on this point. The anal appendages are very minute and

highly complicated.

Genus Hyproptiza, Dalman.

Antenne stout. Head densely hairy. Ocelli absent. Maxil-

Jary palpi four-jointed in the males. Labial palpi with the ter-

minal joint thickened and cylindrical. Anterior wings densely

clothed with long shaggy hair, and with long fringes ; very narrow,

acutely pointed; neuration very strong, appearing as if dotted

under the microscope (these dots are perhaps the tubercles

whence spring the hairs), probably varying in the sexes or in the

different species. Posterior wings very narrow; fringes very

long; apex very acute; costal margin strongly excised from before

the middle up to the apex; one transverse vein. Legs rather

short; anterior tibiz without spurs; intermediate tibize with one

British Species of Caddis-flies. 93

rather long median, and two apical spurs in the male (only the

apical spurs in the female); posterior tibize with two pairs of

rather long spurs. Abdomen slender; stouter in the female, in

which sex the apex is acute.

Larva with small head -and thoracic segments; abdomen much

dilated ; no external respiratory filaments. (See Pl. II. fig. 4.)

Case oval or reniform, membranous. (See Pl. II. fig. 31.) In-

‘habiting both standing and running waters.

Such are briefly the only characters that I can give of this most

puzzling genus. I confess that I have never been able to satisfy

myself, from personal observation, as to the comparative lengths

of the joints of the palpi, and scarcely as to the number of these

joints.

The characters given by various authors are very discordant.

Dr. Hagen has lately sent me specimens (in alcohol) of a minute

insect taken in Prussia, which, although it bears a complete

superficial resemblance to what he and I consider as Hydroptila,

is nevertheless very different in structure, so much so in fact, that

it cannot even be placed in this family. The maxillary palpi are

five-jointed in both sexes, the two basal joints being very short ; it

possesses large and evident ocelli, and the spurs are 0-3-4 in both

sexes ; besides these characters the posterior wings do not appear

to me to be excised on the costal margin. The existence of this

form (which may probably be found in this country) may par-

tially account for the discrepancies in the published characters of

Hydroptila, but these are no doubt in a great measure due to the

extreme minuteness and hairiness of the insects.

That the species I consider as Hydroptila really belong to that

genus as figured by Dalman, I have little doubt, but Dalman

mentions that the anterior tibize are spurred at the apex. Neither

is Dr. Hagen nor am I aware of the existence of any similar form

with this character, but Dr, Hagen informs me that he possesses

Hydroptila, or at any rate an insect of the same form, in which

the spurs are 0-2-4 in both male and female.

The following is a brief reswmé of the principal characters as

given by various authors. Pictet says, ‘‘ palpes maxillaires 4 cinq

articles dans les deux sexes,” but gives nothing whatever about

the spurs: unless he had the insect noticed by Dr. Hagen before

him, I imagine that he has not rightly defined the number of

joints, Zetterstedt omits all description of the parts of the mouth,

and gives the number of spurs on the posterior tibiz only. Bur-

meister places Hydroptila in his first section, ‘ Kiefertaster bei

beiden Geschlechtern 5-gliedrig und von gleicher Gestalt;” with

respect to the spurs he says, ‘die vordersten ohne oder mit sehr

94 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Afonograph of the

kleinen Endsporen, die mittleren mit grossen Endsporen.”

Rambur reproduces Dalman’s description, and criticises (with

justice) Pictet’s assertion, that the terminal joint of the maxillary

palpi is ovoid, a mistake that may have arisen through some con-

fusion with the labial palpi. Kolenati,.whose description is the

most complete, indicates four joints to the maxillary palpi of the

males, and five to those of the females: the number of spurs,

0-2-4. Brauer is uncertain as to the number of joints, and indi-

cates 0-2-4 spurs. Stephens says, “ maxillary palpi 5-jointed,”

without any distinction of sex, in his characters of the family

Hydroptilide: in his generic description of Hydroptila, he appears

to have copied Pictet in saying, that the terminal joint is ovoid;

with respect to the spurs he says, *‘¢ntermediate and posterior tibize

furnished with two pairs of long spurs,” in which he is manifestly

wrong.

The neuration appears to vary considerably in the number of

apical forks, but I am not able to say if this variation be specific

or sexual, or both. I have been unable to detect any transverse

nervules in the anterior wings, but in a drawing of the neuration

of a Madeiran species (H. atra) sent to me by Dr. Hagen, he

indicates the presence of at least two such nervules. Will this

likewise prove a specific character ?

With respect to the specific characters founded on the coloration

of the antenne, I feel convinced that these are, in a great part,

only sexual; this has, in fact, been proved by Mr. Parfitt, who

has taken individuals with spotted and with unicolorous antennz

in copula ; in this case the females had the spotted antenne, and

this quite accords with my own views, deduced from an exami-

tion of the species in my collection.

Finally, I will add, that for the successful examination of Hy-

droptila two things are necessary ; one, that the observer should

carefully study the habits and appearances of the insects, in their

own localities; the other, that a number of individuals of both

sexes should be placed in alcohol, for it is impossible to discrimi-

nate the parts of the mouth, &c. in dry specimens, owing to the

dense hairy clothing.

1. Hydroptila tinedides, Dalman. (PI. V. fig. 7, neuration.)

Hydroptila tinedides, Dalm. Analect. Ent. p. 26, tab. 3, fig. 4

(1823) ; Steph. (*) Ill. p. 152, 1; Kol. Gen. et Spec. Tri-

chop. pt. 1, p. 105,12; Hag. Ent. Ann. 1859, p. 107, 53; H.

pulchricornis, Pict. Recherch. p. 224, 1, pl. 20, fig. 10 (1834);

H. brunneicornis, Steph. (*) Il. p. 152, 2.

Antennz testaceous, narrowly annulated with fuscous; in the

British Species of Caddis-flies. 95

female there are long fuscous spaces, which do not however appear

to be constant either in number, position or length; the male also,

apparently, sometimes exhibits traces of similar dark spaces.

Head clothed with fuscous hairs. Palpi testaceous. Mesothorax

dark blackish-fuscous. Anterior wings rather short, greyish or

blackish-fuscous (the female the darkest); there are several whitish

spots, some of which form indistinct transverse fasciz ; fringes

grey or blackish, with generally a few whitish hairs in the costal

portion towards the apex, and others on the dorsal margin. Pos-

terior wings grey, with concolorous fringes. Legs testaceous,

sometimes brownish. Abdomen fuscous (greenish in the female),

with pale margins.

Expanse of fore-wings, ¢ 23—3 lines, 2 4 lines.

Frequents streams. Extremely abundant in some localities,

entering the rooms of houses situated near its breeding-places, and

causing the windows and ceilings to appear as if thickly dotted

with dark atoms; very nimble and difficult to capture.

It is probable that this is Dalman’s species. The types of Ste-

phens’ two species are certainly identical. Some of the males

appear to have spotted, and others unicolorous, antennz; but the

amount and position of the spots seem to be very variable ; hence

I conclude that this character has no specific value.

I know nothing of H. vectis of Curtis, not having made a suffi-

cient examination of the types. It is given by Dr. Hagen as dis-

tinct (in Ent. Ann. 1859).

2. Hydroptila angustella, n. sp. (PI. I. fig. 5.)

Antenne of the male fuscous, with a pale whitish space near

the apex; of the female whitish, very faintly annulated, with

three fuscous spaces, one about the middle, the second near the

apex, and the third occupying the extreme apex. Head clothed

with whitish-yellow hairs. Mesothorax fuscous. Anterior wings

very narrow, dark fuscous, with an appearance of darker blackish

streaks; the dorsal margin (especially in the female) broadly

margined with whitish-yellow, from the base almost to the apex ;

fringes grey, whitish-yellow on the costa and the pale dorsal

margin. Posterior wings pale grey, with paler fringes; a few

whitish hairs in the fringes of the costa in the female. Legs

very pale whitish-testaceous. Abdomen greyish-fuscous, with

silvery whitish margins, most evident in the female.

Expanse of fore-wings, ¢ 3 lines, ¢ 4 lines.

Of this species I possess three examples, two of which (¢ and

96 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Monograph of the

@ ) were taken at Forest Hill (Kent) and Arundel, in the sum-

mer and autumn, in both instances in the vicinity of standing

water; the third I found near Kingston-on-Thames in July, 1865.

I have been unable to identify them with any described species ;

the female is a very distinct-looking insect, in consequence of the

broad pale dorsal margin. There is a specimen in the Stephen-

sian Collection, mixed up with the types of his HZ. sparsa.

3. Hydroptila costalis, Curtis.

Hydroptila costalis, Curt. (*) Phil. Mag. p. 218, 3 (1834);

Steph. (*) Ill. p. 153, 5; Hag. Ent. Ann. 1859, p. 108, 55;

H. brunneicornis, Pict. Recherch. p. 226, 3, pl. 20, fig. 12

(1834)?; Kol. Gen. et Spec. Trichop. pt. 1, p. 106, 37;

H., sparsa, Steph, (*) Ul. p. 152, 3 (1836).

Antenne whitish, finely annulated with fuscous. Head clothed

with whitish hairs. Palpi pale testaceous. Mesothorax brown.

Anterior wings narrow, greyish-fuscous, with scattered silvery-

white spots on the disc; fringes grey, a long, pale whitish space

in the costal fringes, and the apical fringes also whitish. Posterior

wings pale grey, with paler fringes. Legs testaceous, the tarsi

faintly annulated with brown. Abdomen pale brownish, with

paler margins.

Expanse of fore-wings g 33 lines.

I possess examples from Scotland, which I compared with

Curtis’ types.- I have only seen males, and know nothing of the

habits of the species.

H. sparsa of Stephens appears to me to be clearly identical

with costalis. The types of the former are three in number, of

which one is the same as my angustella (p. 95).

Fam. LEPTOCERIDZ.

Antennz as long as or longer than the wings, often several

times as long; basal joint generally long and stout, the remaining

joints usually long, thin and cylindrical ; ocelli absent ; maxillary

palpi five-jointed in both sexes, very hairy, the basal joint short,

some of the succeeding joints very long, terminal joint not very

long, flexible, but not multi-articulate ; anterior wings long and

narrow (in the British genera), generally clothed with a short

dense pubescence, neuration often differing in the sexes, discoidal

cell generally closed; posterior wings shorter and generally

broader than the anterior, usually folded, hairy clothing less

British Species of Caddis-flies. 97

dense; legs not very long, spineless, or with few and very short

spines; spurs variable in number in the different genera ; abdomen

short.

Larva with the head very small, oval; pronotum rather broader

than the head, the sides rounded, corneous ; mesonotum much

broader, also corneous; metanotum still broader, not corneous ;

first abdominal segment produced into a hump in the middle

above, and with smaller projections at the sides, the other seg-

ments subcylindrical, nearly equal at the sides; the respiratory

filaments very short, placed in tufts of three or four on a common

base; posterior legs usually very much longer than the others.

Case usually formed of fine sand, and in shape a cylindrical

straight or curved tube, generally smaller at one end; sometimes

formed partly of vegetable matters, and sometimes entirely of

silk, without any apparent addition of extraneous substances.

I have found it impossible to tabulate the genera satisfactorily ;

they may, however, be placed in two divisions, thus :—

Spurs 2-4-4 . . . « « Odontocerus and Molanna.

Spurs 2-2-2, 1-2-2 or 0-2-2 Leptocerus, T'rienodes, Mystacides

and Setodes.

For more precise information, I must refer the student to the

detailed characters, and to the outline figures of the neuration.

Genus Opontocrerus, Leach.

Antenne moderately stout, longer than the wings, serrated in-

ternally ; the basal joint stout, as long as the head. Head trans-

verse. Maxillary palpi hairy, the first three joints stout ; basal

joint short, second somewhat longer, the remaining three joints

nearly equal, considerably longer than the second. Labial palpi

very small, with short basal joint and elongate terminal joint.

Mesothorax ovate. Anterior wings long, considerably dilated

towards the apex, which is elliptical ; hairy clothing dense; neu-

ration strong and distinct; discoidal cell open; in the female

there is one more apical fork than in the male. Posterior wings

considerably shorter than the anterior, folded; the anal portion

more produced in the male than in the female, in which latter sex

there is also an additional apical fork, as in the anterior wings.

Legs rather short; anterior tibize with two moderately long,

equal, apical spurs; intermediate and posterior tibize each with two

pairs of unequal spurs, Abdomen rather robust; the male with

well-developed and complicated appendices; the female furnished

with large superior valves.

VOL. Y. THIRD SERIES, PART I.—ocT. 1865, H

98 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Monograph of the

The female considerably larger than the male.

Larva inhabiting clear running waters; the posterior pair of

legs short. Case formed of small stones and sand, cylindrical,

curved, smallest at the hinder extremity; when the larva is

about to change it closes the larger opening of the case with a

single flat stone. These larve are subject to the parasitic attacks

of Agriotypus (see p. 82), and when thus attacked spin a silken

band-like appendage.

1. Odontocerus ulbicornis, Scopoli. (Pl. VI. fig. 1, neuration.)

Phryganea albicornis, Scop. Ent. Carn. 1, 689 (1763); Oliv.

Encye. Méthod. 6, p.155, 2; Mystacides albicornis, Pict. (*)

Recherch. p. 162, 1, pl. 12, fig. 1; Odontocerus albicornis,

Steph. (*) Ill. p. 192, 1, pl. 34, fig. 1; Brauer (*), Neurop.

Aust. p. 18, 42; Hag. (*) Ent. Ann. 1860, p. 67, 55; Molanna

albicornis, Kol. Gen. et Spec. Trichop. pt. 2, p. 244, 1, pl. 4,

fig. 47; O. maculipennis, Curt. (*) Phil. Mag. p. 214, 2

(1834); Steph. (*) Ill. p. 193, 23 Mystacides cylindrica,

Pict.(*) Recherch. p. 164, 2, pl. 12, fig. 2 (1834).

Antenne whitish-ochreous. Head and prothorax blackish,

clothed with grey hairs. Palpi fuscous. Mesothorax black. Ante-

rior wings ochreous-grey in the male, hoary in the female, with pale

fuscous apical blotches, which are often indistinct ; transverse veins

usually conspicuously fuscous. Posterior wings smoky-grey, with

fuscous veins. The anterior pair of legs wholly fuscescent ; inter-

mediate and posterior pairs with fuscous thighs and ochreous tibice

and tarsi. Abdomen dull lurid-fuscous. In the male there is a

band-like testaceous lobe, hairy at the tip, proceeding from the

riddle of the truncated upper margin of the last abdominal seg-

ment; app. sup. fuscous, large, flattened and obtuse, rather longer

than the lobe; app. intermed. still longer, fine and needle-shaped,

approximating at the tips; app. inf. strong, thick and obtuse,

curved slightly upwards. In the female the superior valves are

large and triangular,

Expanse of fore-wings, g 13—14 lines, 9 16—18 lines.

Larva with the head and thorax fawn-coloured, pointed with

black. On the head there is a regular frontal spot, and two

series of points extending from the eyes to the occiput. The three

thoracic rings are narrowly bordered with black, and have several

points of the same colour, Abdomen whitish. Feet fawn-coloured.

(Pictet.)

Not a very common species, but found about clear and swift

streams in most parts of the country; specimens from Scotland are

darker.

British Species of Caddis-flies. a8

The question of the identity of MJ. a/bicornis, Pict., and M.

cylindrica, Pict., seems difficult to solve. Dr. Hagen mentions

that he has examined numerous specimens without being able to

arrive at any decision, acknowledging that the types present no

seizable characters, an opinion in which I cordially agree with

him. These types (now in the British Museum) I have carefully

examined, and can discover no difference whatever; yet Pictet

describes the larvee of the two as somewhat different. Till it is

proved to be otherwise, I cannot but think that this may be an

accidental or ordinary case of variation.

Genus Moranna, Curtis.

Antenne scarcely longer than the wings, stout, not serrated

internally; basal joint thicker, short. Head transversely quadrate.

Maxillary palpi very hairy; basal joint short; second rather

longer; third longer than the second; fourth and fifth still longer,

equal. Labial palpi smail; basal joint short, the others longer

and equal. Mesothorax robust, ovate. Anterior wings long and

narrow, hairy clothing not dense, the costal and dorsal margins

almost parallel, apex rounded; neuration distinct; no discoidal

cell; the female with an additional forked apical ceil. Posterior

wings folded, broader than the anterior, the dorsal margin with a

small lobe-like projection at the extreme base; in the female there

is an additional forked apical cell, or sometimes two more; cilia

evilent, long at the anal portion. Legs rather long; anterior

tibiz with two short apical spurs; intermediate and posterior

tibia with two pairs of short equal spurs. Abdomen short,

rather robust; anal appendices complicated.

In repose the wings are folded round the body.

Larve inhabiting both still and running waters. Head very

small, elongated. Pronotum small and transverse, corneous. Me-

sonotum large, nearly quadrate, the corners rounded. Metano-

tum stilllarger. (See Pl. II. fig. 14.) Anterior and intermediate

legs with the joints dilated, the first tarsal joint furnished with

a very long spur; posterior legs thin, longer than the others, the

tarsal joint not spurred, Abdomen subcylindrical; the first

segment with a very large, conical, dorsal protuberance, the lateral

protuberances nearly obsolete; respiratory filaments in tufts,

arranged in two rows; anal crotchets small.

Case composed of fine sand, broad, convex above, flat or slightly

concave beneath; the upper surface at the superior end is pro-

duced considerably beyond the mouth, and forms a semicircular

H 2

100 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Monograph of the

shield, protecting the larva when it protrudes its anterior seg-

ments in search of food, &c. The habit of the larva is to crawl at

the bottom, the convex side of the case being always uppermost.

These cases are certainly the most curious of all those fabricated

by native species of this Order; they were long ago described

and figured by De Geer, Mém. ii. pl. xv. figs. 15—17.

1. Molanna angustata, Curtis.

(Pl. II. fig. 5, larva; fig. $2, case; Pl. VI. fig. 2, neuration and

maxillary palpus; Pl, XII. fig. 10, app.)

Molanna angustata, Curt. (*) Phil. Mag. p. 214, 1 (1834);

Steph. (*) Ill. p. 203, 2; Kol. Gen. et Spec. Trichop. pt.

2, p. 246, 2, pl. 4, fig. 46; Hag. (*) Ent. Ann. 1860, p. 68,

56; M, nigripalpis, Steph. (*) Ill. p. 203, 1, pl. 33, fig. 3

(1836); Nais plicata, Ramb. Hist. Nat. Névrop. p. 504

(1842).

Antenne testaceous. Head and thorax clothed with yellowish

hairs. Palpi reddish-testaceous, sometimes fuscescent. Meso-

thorax brownish. Anterior wings ochreous-yellow, paler in the

female, the veins conspicuously brownish. Posterior wings smoky-

grey, with paler fringes. Legs pale testaceous. Abdomen reddish-

brown. In the male there is a lobe proceeding from the middle

of the upper margin of the last segment, forming a cover to the

penis, with a needle-shaped point on either side (probably the

app. intermed.) ; app. sup. rather large, straight, flattened, obtuse,

fringed with long hairs; app. inf. long, the tips thin, curved up-

wards and inwards, the apices approximating or nearly so. In

the female the apex of the abdomen is obtuse, with no very evident

appendices,

Expanse of fore-wings 10—14 lines; the females the largest.

Larva: Head, pro- and meso-nota shining-testaceous ; the head

furnished with a conspicuous V-shaped black mark; _ posterior

margin of the pronotum broadly margined with black; some fus-

cous dots rather thickly placed, forming a blotch-like mark in the

middle of the mesonotum. Metanotum and abdominal segments

dull dirty brownish-ochreous, the respiratory filaments whitish.

Legs testaceous, marked with black at the base.

This curious insect is common in most parts of the country, but

especially in the metropolitan district, frequenting both standing

and running waters. It is of nocturnal flight, and I have taken

it flying steadily at night at long distances from water. During

the day it conceals itself among reeds and other water plants, and

rests in a peculiar manner, with the wings folded round the body

and the legs laterally extended. ,

British Species of Caddis-fties. 101

Genus Leptocerus, Leach.

Antennz very long, twice or more than twice the length of the

wings, shorter in the females, very thin, the joints long; basal joint

as long as the head, bulbous. Head transverse. Maxillary palpi

very long and hairy; basal joint short; second and third very

Jong; fourth and fifth shorter, equal. Labial palpi small, with

the joints nearly equal, the second stouter. Prothorax very small

and densely hairy. Mesothorax rather large and elongate. An-

terior wings long and narrow, slightly dilated towards the ellip-

tical apex, costal margin straight, dorsal margin slightly concave 5

hairy covering dense; neuration usually indistinct ; radius scarcely

bent before the termination; discoidal cell very long and narrow,

closed, connected with the radius by a transverse vein; the anasto-

mosis usually oblique; first apical cell never reaching the anasto-

mosis; in the males the anterior branch of the ramus thyrifer is

simply forked, in the females it is twice forked. Posterior wings

much shorter than the anterior, folded, subtriangular; discoidal cell

open (sometimes aberrantly closed) ; fringes short. Legs short ;

all the tibize furnished with a pair of apical spurs only, those on the

anterior tibiae very short. Abdomen subcylindrical. In the male

the appendices are very complicated; there is generally a bifid

lobe from the upper margin of the last segment, beneath which,

on either side, are seen the app. sup., which vary considerably

in different species, but are usually straight and finger-shaped ;

the app. inf. are long and curved, usually claw-shaped, and per-

haps bisarticulate; the penis probably has always a projecting

superior cover and sheaths. In the female the most prominent

appendices are two lateral valves.

Female generally smaller than the male.

Larve inhabiting standing and running waters, Head small

and much elongated. Pronotum small. Mesonotum and meta-

notum broad. Anterior and intermediate legs rather short, the

joints slightly dilated; posterior legs very long. Abdomen sub-

cylindrical, the sides nearly parallel; the first segment with a

large median dorsal hump, the lateral humps very small.

Case a cylindrical tube of fine sand, larger at one end, generally

more or less curved, and sometimes with vegetable débris affixed

outside.

The species of the elegant insects which constitute this genus

are rather numerous and difficult to separate, owing to the fact that

many of them vary considerably in colour and markings. The most

certain characters are to be found in the anal appendices of the

102 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Monograph of the

male, though at the same time these are difficult to discriminate.

I find in the app. sup. the most easily seizable characters. The

genus is here restricted to those species presenting the sexual

differences in the neuration noticed in the generic description; a

reference to the outline figures of the neuration in this and the

succeeding genera will convey a better idea than could be expressed

by words.

The perfect insects are diurnal or crepuscular in their habits ;

some species dancing over the surface of the water by swarms in

the bright sunshine. Where a species occurs, it is usually seen

in great abundance.

1. Leptocerus nervosus, Fabricius. (PI. VI. fig. 3, neuration.)

Phryganea nervosa, Fab. Ent. Syst. Suppl. p. 201, 16, 17

(1798); Coquebert, Icon. Ins. Fab. 14, t. 3, fig. 1; Ceraclea

nervosa, Steph. «*) Ill. p. 194, 1; Kol. Gen. et Spec. Tri-

chop. pt. 2, p. 242, 2, pl. 4, fig. 453; Leptocerus nervosus,

Hag. (*) Ent. Ann. 1860, p. 68, 57; Phryganea barbata,

Zett. Ins. Lapp. col. 1071, 47 (1840); Mystacida venosa,

Ramb. Hist. Nat. Névrop. p. 508, 1 (1842); Mystacides

venusus, Brauer, Neurop. Aust. p. 41, 5.

Antenne blackish, beneath annulated with white to beyond the

middle, basal joint deep black. Head and palpi deep black, the

former sometimes with a few greyish hairs. Mesothorax dcep

coal-black. Anterior wings yellowish-cinereous, with the veins

deep fuscous and very strongly marked ; a somewhat paler yel-

lowish anal spot. Posterior wings smoky, with the veins scarcely

darker. Legs fuscescent, the tibize and tarsi somewhat paler ; the

thighs with short greyish hairs. Abdomen black. In the male

there is a short triangular plate projecting from the middle of the

upper margin of the last segment; app. sup. broad and short,

the apices very obtuse and directed inwards ; app. intermed. two

fine needle-shaped points; app. inf. rather small, directed up-

wards and apparently with a small apical joint; penis short, the

sheaths strongly incurved, with the tips thickened.

Expanse of fore-wings 12—14 lines.

Not an uncommon species by rivers in various parts of the

country. Near London it is found on the Thames about Kew,

&e., and also on the Lea. It has been reported from Killarney,

Ireland. Occurs at the end of May and in June, and flies very

rapidly over the surface of the water in the bright sunshine in

calm weather, It is easily recognizable, having a somewhat dif-

British Species of Caddis-flies. 103

ferent facies to the rest of the genus, the thorax being less hairy,

and the posterior wings more decidedly triangular,

2. Leptocerus grossus, M‘Lachlan. (PI. XII. fig. 11, app.)

Leptocerus grossus, Steph. (*) Cat. p, 320, 3644 (1829) ;

M‘Lach. Ent. Ann. 1862, p. 313; Z. cinereus, Steph. (*)

Il]. p, 199, 17 (1836), not of Curtis; Hag. (*) Ent. Ann.

1860, p. 69, 58; L. notatus, Hag. (*) Stett. Zeit. 1858,

p- 122, not Mystacida notata, Ramb.

Antenne pale brown, annulated with whitish almost to the

apex. Head very thickly clothed with browish-ochreous hairs.

Palpi brown. Mesothorax dark brown, with two rows of ochre-

ous hairs above. Anterior wings with the apex dilated and

obliquely truncated, pale reddish-brown, not thickly clothed,

anal spot paler (but scarcely visible in dead examples) ; neuration

distinct, fuscous. Posterior wings subhyaline, greyish, with yel-

lowish anal fringes. Legs ochreous, the apices of the tarsal joints

in the four anterior legs brownish. Abdomen dark brown, with

pale ochreous lateral lines. A small triangular plate from the

middle ef the upper margin of the last abdominal segment in the

male, on each side of which are placed the very large, broad and

acute, somewhat triangular, yellow app. sup. ; app. inf. small,

curved inwards. (I have not been able to examine fresh speci-

mens. )

Expanse of fore-wings 11—15 lines.

A few specimens have been taken by Mr. Wormald at Ruislip

Reservoir, Middlesex, and I also possess it from the Fen District.

It is the largest British species. I have adopted Stephens’

Catalogue name solely to avoid giving a new one, though Ste-

phens afterwards misapplied Curtis’ name cinereus to this species,

The description of cinereus in Ent, Ann, 1860, p. 69, also belongs

here.

8. Leptocerus fulvus, Rambur. (Pl. XII. fig. 12, app.)

Mystacida fuloa, Ramb, Hist. Nat. Névrop. p. 509, 3 (1842) ;

Leptocerus fulvus, M‘Lach, Ent, Ann. 1862, p. 31; Mysta-

cides ochraceus, Kol. Gen. et Spec. Trichop. pt. 2, p. 250, 2,

pl. 3, fig. 27 (1859), not of Curtis.

Antenne pale ochreous, with brownish annulations along two-

thirds of their length. Head densely clothed with yellowish-ocbre-

ous hairs. Palpi brown. Mesothorax brown, witha few ochreous

hairs. Anterior wings brownish-ochreous, the extreme costal

margin and an anal spot (indistinct in dead examples) yellowish ;

104 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Monograph of the

(if the hairs be removed these wings are pale brown); neuration

indistinct. Posterior wings subhyaline, dark smoky-grey, with

paler fringes. Legs ochreous, the tarsi very faintly annulated

with brownish. Abdomen fuscous, with pale lateral lines. The

lobe from the middle of the upper margin of the last abdominal

segment in the male triangular, entire, the apex much produced ;

app. sup. large, broadly triangular, fringed with long yellowish

hairs ; app. inf. small, with the curved tips (or small apical joint ?)

directed downwards, and with a short, cylindrical, obtuse tooth

at the base on the ventral surface; there are also two fine curved

needle-shaped sheaths, and what appear to be broad boat-shaped

upper and lower penis-covers. The apex of the abdomen in the

female is obtuse, without prominent appendices.

Expanse of fore-wings 11—13 lines.

This species was found commonly by Mr. Wormald in August,

1862, at the Ruislip Reservoir, Middlesex; and I have also re-

ceived it in some numbers from the Fen District. It is not con-

tained in the collections of Curtis or Stephens. LZ. annulicornis

of the latter author is distinct ; the description under that name

in Ent. Ann. 1860, p.70, pertains to L. fulvus.

In the ‘Synopsis synonymica” Dr. Hagen makes Phryganca

ochrata, Zett. (Ins. Lapp. col. 1072, 49), synonymous with ZL.

fulvus, without however giving the former name the right of pri-

ority. This cannot be correct, since P. ochrata is said to be of

the same size as P.(Mystacides) 4-fasciata, or not much more than

half the size of ZL. fulvus. What P. ochrata really is, | do not

know; possibly T'rienodes bicolor (p. 111) or Setodes reducta

(p. 120).

4, Leptocerus bimaculatus, Stephens. (PI. XII. fig. 13, app.)

Leptocerus bimaculatus, Steph. (*) Ill. p. 197, 11 (1836), not

of Linn.; Hag. (*) Ent. Ann. 1860, p. 79, 59; L. albogut-

tatus, Hag. (*)Stett. Zeit. 1858, p. 122 ; Mystacida albima-

cula, Ramb. Hist. Nat. Névrop. p. 509, 2 (1842) ?

Antennz brown, annulated with white to the apex. Head and

palpi brown, clothed with grey hairs. Mesothorax brown, darkest

at the sides. Anterior wings brown, with a large whitish or

ochreous spot at the arculus, most distinct in the female; fringes

greyish-brown; neuration indistinct. Posterior wings greyish,

subhyaline ; fringes grey, except at the apical portion of the costal

margin, where they are white. Legs grey, the tips of the tarsal

joints and the anterior tibie brown. Abdomen greyish-brown

(greenish when alive), with white lateral lines. In the male there

British Species of Caddis-flies. 105

is a short, obtusely triangular, entire lobe, proceeding from the

middle of the upper margin of the last segment ; app. sup. short

and very broad, obtusely rounded ; app. intermed. yellow, straight,

cylindrical, the tips dilated and abruptly turned upwards; upper

penis-cover apparently absent ; app. inf. rather thick, obtuse,

blackish at the base, closely adpressed against the lateral margins

of the last segment. In the female there are two short trun-

eated lateral valves,

Expanse of fore-wings 11—13 lines.

Apparently a scarce and local species. I possess it from Kew

and Ringwood, and have seen specimens from Exeter, Burton-on-

Trent, &c.

The large pale spot at the arculus is very conspicuous in living

examples.

5. Leptocerus annulicornis, Stephens. (PI. XII. figs. 14, 15, app.)

Leptocerus annulicornis, Steph, (*) Ill. p. 199, 15 (1836); Z.

annulatus, Hag. (*) Ent. Ann, 1860, p. 70, 61 (not of

Steph.)

Antenne dark blackish-brown, distinctly annulated with white

for two-thirds of their length. Head fuscous, clothed with white

hairs. Palpi greyish-fuscous. Mesothorax dark fuscous, with

two lines of white hairs down the middle. Anterior wings brown,

slightly darker towards the apex ; a yellowish spot at the arculus

(indistinct in dead specimens); apical fringes white; neuration

indistinct. Posterior wings grey, subhyaline ; fringes grey, ex-

cepting at the apical portion of the costa, where they are white.

Legs whitish, Abdomen greyish (greenish when alive), with

pale lateral lines. In the male there is a small lobe from the

middle of the upper margin of the last segment; app. sup. short

and broad, subtriangular; below the app. sup. is a very large

broad, obtusely rounded, yellow upper penis-cover ; app. inf.

dark brown, cylindrical, directed upwards, perhaps with a very

small second (terminal) joint; beneath the cover lies the short,

thick and obtuse penis. In the female there are two short, broad,

obtusely rounded lateral valves, .

Expanse of fore-wings 9—10 lines.

Not a common species; appearing in summer. I possess it

from Burton-on-Trent and Kew, and have seen specimens from

other localities ; Stephens says ‘ near London.”

This bears a certain resemblance to the last, but is smaller,

and has the anterior wings narrower at the base and more dilated

106 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Monograph of the

towards the apex. The pale apical fringes, paler legs, and the

large upper penis-cover, &c., also distinguish it.

6. Leptocerus cinereus, Curtis.

(Pl. VI. fig. 3b, max. palp.; Pl. XII, figs. 16, 17, app.)

Leptocerus cinereus, Curt. (*) Phil. Mag. p. 214, 11 (1834);

L. aureus, Steph. (*) Ill. p. 197, 8 (1836), not of Pict. ;

L. annulatus, Steph. (*) Ill. p. 197, 9 (1836); ZL. seminiger,

Steph. (*) Ill. p. 199, 16 (1836); Mystacides bifasciatus,

Kol. Gen. et Spec. Trichop. pt. 2, p. 253, 5, tab, 3, fig. 26

(1859).

Antenne black, annulated with white on the basal half; basal

joint and head thickly clothed with cinereous hairs. Palpi

fuscous. Mesothorax fuscous, with a few cinereous hairs in the

middle. Anterior wings narrow, brownish-cinereous, with pale

grey spots on the dorsal margin, and an indistinct pale grey fascia

towards the apex, most conspicuous towards the costa and not

reaching the inner margin; (these markings are scarcely visible in

dry specimens, but are conspicuous during life, especially in the

female); fringes cinereous, interrupted with grey at the termina-

tions of the apical veins. Posterior wings smoky-grey; neuration

dark fuscous, almost black. Legs silvery-grey, the anterior pair

darker ; tarsi spotted with fuscous at the joints. Abdomen grey-

ish-fuscous with pale lateral lines. In the male the divisions of

the dorsal lobe are dark fuscous, subtriangular; app. sup. very

long and thin, nearly straight and very hairy ; below these are

two long and needle-shaped testaceous app. intermed. (or upper

penis-covers ?) which appear to be united at the base, but divide

into two curved points, the apices of which converge ; app. inf.

proceeding from a large blackish basal piece, up-directed, elbowed

in the middle, the apex acute and testaceous; the penis appears to

be bent strongly downwards, the apex dilated into a knob. In the

female there is also a bilobed superior plate, broader but some-

what similar to that of the male; below these two lobes are two

larger ones, whence proceed two short obtusely-rounded lateral

valves.

Expanse of fore-wings, ¢ 9—11 lines, 9 83—9 lines.

A common species about slowly flowing rivers. Along the

Thames it appears in the greatest abundance in summer and

autumn. It flies in the evening just above the surface of the

water, and if we proceed along the river in a boat at that time,

the numbers appear so great, that as they diverge on either side

British Species of Caddis-flies. 107

from the splash of the sculls, they form two continuous lines, ex-

tending for miles. When in copuld they soar to considerable

heights, the female alone using her wings, and carrying with her

the male hanging helplessly.

I have found, but much less commonly, specimens of slightly

larger size, with the wings brown rather than cinereous, and with

the markings more distinct and yellower in colour. I am not

certain whether these may not prove distinct, but am unable to

detect any difference in the arrangement of the appendices.

I strongly suspect that M/ystacides annulata of Pictet is identical

with ZL. cinereus ; there is a type in the British Museum, but I

cannot speak positively as to its identity.

7. Leptocerus aterrimus, Stephens. (PI. XII. figs. 18, 19, app.)

Leptocerus aterrimus, Steph. (*) Ill. p. 200, 20 (1836); M‘Lach.

Ent. Ann. 1862, p. 32; L. ater, Steph. (*) Ill. p. 196, 5

(1836); ZL. caliginosus, Steph. (*) Ill. p. 201, 9 (1836);

L, niger, Steph. (*) Hl. p. 196, 6 (1836), part; Phryganea

nigra, Lett. Ins. Lapp. col. 1072, 53; Mystacides niger,

Kol. Gen. et Spec. Trichop. pt. 2, p. 257, 10, pl. 3, fig. 31;

Leptocerus perfuscus, Steph. (*) Ill. p. 196, 7 (4836), var.

. Antenne brownish-black, annulated with white on the basal

third. Head and palpi black, clothed with brown hairs, Meso-

thorax rather shining black. Anterior wings dull dark brownish-

black; an ochreous spot at the arculus (little visible in dead

specimens), Posterior wings rather paler, and the neuration

more distinct. Legs brown, the tarsi with paler rings. Abdomen

blackish-brown witb pale lateral lines. In the male the app. sup.

are short and very broad, obtusely rounded and fringed with long

pale hairs; app. inf long and curved upwards, attenuated towards

the apex. In the female there is a divided superior lobe, somewhat

like that of the male ; lateral valves small, obtuse and yellowish.

Expanse of fore-wings 8-—10 lines.

Common in summer about ponds and canals, especially in the

neighbourhood of London.

With the typical form there are generally to be seen individuals

with much paler (reddish-brown) anterior wings ; these may be

frequently found in copu/d with the black specimens, and are simply

varieties,

The type of L. perfuscus of Stephens appears to be one of these

light-coloured specimens, rather paler than usual. I possess

several examples from Germany almost precisely similar. It ~

108 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Monograph of the

appears probable that this form is Mystacides tinedides of Brauer,

as a specimen from Professor Zeller’s Collection is so labelled.

8. Leptocerus dissimilis, Stephens. (PI. XII. fig. 20, app.)

Leptocerus dissimilis, Steph. (*) Hl. p. 197, 10 (1836); Hag. (*)

Ent. Ann. 1860, p. 72, 64; JL. assimilis, Steph. (*) Ill. p.

198, 14 (1836); Mystacida vetula, Ramb. Hist. Nat. Névrop.

p- 512, 12 (1842)?; Mystacides fennicus, Kol. Gen. et Spec.

Trichop. p. 252, 4, pl. 3, fig. 25 (1859) ?

Antenne dark brown, annulated throughout with white. Palpi

greyish-brown. Head clothed with pale greyish-white hairs.

Mesothorax testaceous. Anterior wings brown, darkest towards

the apex ; a yellowish spot at the arculus (most conspicuous in

the living insect with the wings closed); fringes dark brown,

becoming blackish-brown at the anal angle. Posterior wings

greyish subhyaline, with grey fringes. Legs white, the tarsi

annulated with brown. Abdomen brown, greenish beneath in the

female, with whitish lateral lines. From the middle of the upper

margin of the last abdominal segment in the male there proceeds

a triangular lobe, the apex of which is produced; beneath this

lobe on either side are two broad pieces (app. sup.?), much

rounded on the external edge and nearly parallel on the internal,

their apices produced into a fine point ; beneath there is a broadly

oval and obtuse upper penis-cover, in which lies the small penis

(visible only from beneath); app. inf. large, furcate, the forks

widely divaricating, the lower branch longest and thinnest, the

upper minutely toothed towards the apex.

Expanse of fore-wings 6—9 lines. The females considerably

smaller than the males.

Occurs in summer about slowly-flowing rivers in many places;

not uncommon near Kingston-on-Thames ; abundant at Ringwood ;

Killarney, in Ireland.

9. Leptocerus bifasciatus, Olivier. (PI. XII. figs. 21, 22, app.)

Phryganea bifasciata, Oliv. Enecye, Méthod. vol. vi. p. 558, 20

(1791); Aystacides bifasciata, Pict. (*) Recherch. p. 166, 5,

pl. 12, fig. 3; Brauer, Neurop. Aust. p. 41; Leptocerus bi-

fasciatus, Hag. (*) Ent. Ann. 1860, p. 73, 69; L. affinis,

Steph. (*) Ill. p. 198, 13 (1836); Mystacides affinis, Kol.

Gen. et Spec. Trichop. pt. 2, p. 258, 11, pl. 3, fig. 30.

Antenne black, the basal half conspicuously annulated with

British Species of Caddis-flies. 109

white. Head, palpi and mesothorax black. Anterior wings

black, a white spot near the base towards the dorsal margin, a

conspicuous white spot at the arculus and another opposite to it

on the costal margin, the two nearly meeting and forming an in-

terrupted fascia ; beyond this is an oblique white spot towards the

costa near the apex; (these markings are most distinct in the

females and are sometimes scarcely visible in the males, especially

in dead specimens). Posterior wings black. Legs brownish, the

anterior and intermediate tibize and tarsi whitish, the tarsi spotted

with brown. Abdomen blackish with pale lateral lines. In the

male the app. sup. are long, finger-shaped and hairy; beneath

them is a long and somewhat pointed upper penis-cover ; app.

inf. curved upwards, the apex furnished with a small second

joint. In the female there are two pointed valves.

Expanse of fore-wings 64—9 lines.

Larva with the head and thorax pale yellow. On the head is a

series of black points, forming an almost complete circle. The

divisions of the thorax bordered with black, with hairs of the same

colour. Abdomen greenish, with the respiratory filaments short

and distant. Feet yellow, with black hairs; the posterior pair

very long. (Pictet.)

Case cylindrico-conical, slightly curved, composed of sand and

small stones. (Pictet).

An abundant species in many places, frequenting rapid streams

and appearing in summer and autumn. It delights to fly in

swarms in the bright sunshine, and also in the evening, just above

the surface of the water. Particularly abundant about Haslemere

in Surrey, and Dawlish in Devonshire.

10. Leptocerus albifrons, Linné. (PI. XII. figs. 23, 24, app.)

Phryganea albifrons, Linn. Faun. Suec. n. 1495 (1761); Syst.

Nat. ed. 12, p. 910, 18; Oliv. Encye. Méthod. vi. p. 517,

86; Zett. Ins. Lapp. col. 1072, 51; Mystacides albifrons,

Pict. (*) Recherch, p. 168, 8, pl. 13, fig. 5; Brauer, Neu-

rop. Aust. p. 41; Kol. Gen. et Spec. Trichop. pt. 2, p.

259, 12, pl. 3, fig. 29; Mystacida albifrons, Ramb. Hist. Nat.

Névrop. p. 510, 6; Leptocerus albifrons, Hag. (*) Ent. Ann.

1860, p. 73, 68; Phryganea interrupta, Don. Brit. Ins. vol.

16, pl. 551 (1813), not of Fabr.; Leptocerus interruptus,

Steph. (*) Ill. p. 198, 12; LZ. bilineatus, Steph. (*) Ill. p. 200,

21 (1836).

Antenne black, annulated with white. Vertex and basal joint

110 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Monograph of the

of antennze clothed with snow-white hairs. Palpi fuscous. Meso-

thorax shining black. Anterior wings dark brown ; a snow-white

line near the base reaching half across the wing; a spot on the

costa at the pterostigma, another opposite to it on the dorsal

margin, and frequently a third between, smaller, all forming an

interrupted snow-white fascia; an oblique white spot on the costal

margin near the apex. Posterior wings smoky-greyish, subhyaline

and iridescent. Legs greyish, the intermediate legs paler; tarsi

annulated with white. Abdomen blackish, with grey lateral

lines.

In the male the app. sup. are short, broad and obtuse, hairy ;

beneath the bifid lobe of the last segment proceeds a straight

acute upper penis-cover ; below this is the short testaceous

penis; app. inf. curved upwards and inwards, furnished with a

small second joint at the tips. In the female there are two short

and obtuse lateral valves.

Expanse of fore-wings 8—9 lines.

A common insect about streams, appearing in summer and

autumn. Easily recognized by the white vertex and spotted wings.

I have received from Mr. Parfitt specimens of a Leptocerus

taken near Exeter, which he considers distinct from ZL. albifrons.

They are larger and darker than the ordinary form, with the

white markings very indistinct, and show scarcely a trace of the

white hairs on the vertex. The legs and antenne are also

darker. The appendices are very similar, but [ am not sure that

the males possess the long upper penis-cover found in albifrons.

I hope, by a sight of fresh specimens, to be able to decide if it

really be distinct.

Genus Trr@noprs* (new genus).

Antenne thin, more than twice the length of the wings, basal

Joint stout and as long as the head. Maxillary palpi very long

and hairy; the first two joints broad, of nearly equal length;

third joint very long; fourth and terminal joints shorter, nearly

equal. Labial palpi small. Mesothorax convex, ovate. Ante-

rior wings narrow, somewhat dilated towards the apex ; costal

margin straight; hairy clothing very dense; neuration very in-

distinct, unless the hairs be removed ; discoidal cell long and

* Jn a “Synonymic List of the British Trichoptera,’’ published in the

Entomologist’s Annual for 1865, I used the term Triena; this having heen

previously employed, I have changed it to Trienodes.

British Species of Caddis-flies. 111

narrow, closed ; first apical cell short, not reaching the anastomo-

sis; the inferior branch of the ramus discoidalis appears to be

twice-forked, the three veins meeting and forming a more or less

distinct trident (differing according to the species), Posterior

wings rather shorter and broader than the anterior, folded. Cos-

tal margin slightly excised before the apex ; discoidal cell open;

in the male the upper branch of the ramus subdiscoidalis crosses

the lower branch of the ramus discoidalis, an arrangement which

is somewhat modified (in 7’. bicolor) in the female (see Pl. VI.

fizs. 4, 4a). Legs not long; the anterior tibia furnished with a

pair of minute apical spurs; intermediate and posterior tibia

each with a single pair of longer apical spurs. Abdomen thin in

the male, rather robust in the female. App. sup. in the male

finger-shaped, placed close together on the middle of the upper

margin; app. inf, long and curved; penis very long and exserted.

In the female (of 7. bicolor) there are two enormously developed

lateral valves. The female is always larger than the male.

Larva unknown, inhabiting still waters.

I have formed this genus to receive two species, which, from

the arrangement of the nervures, &c., cannot be retained in any

of the previously described genera. A reference to the figures

will give a better idea of those characters in the neuration, so

difficult to explain in words.

1. Trienodes bicolor, Curtis.

(Pl. VI. fig. 4, neuration, maxillary palpi, antenna; Pl. XII.

figs. 25, 26, app.)

Leptocerus bicolor, Curt. (*) Phil. Mag. p. 214, 15 (1834); L.

rufogriseus, Steph. (*) Hl. p. 201, 24 (1836); Mystacida

Jferruginea, Ramb. Hist. Nat. Névrop, p. 512, 10 (1842);

Phryganea tineoides, Scop. Ent. Carn. p. 267, 694 (1763) 2;

Leptocerus tineoides, Hag. (*) Ent, Ann. 1860, p. 72, 66.

Antenne brown, broadly annulated with white to near the

apex, basal joint clothed with reddish-brown hairs. Palpi red-

dish-brown. Head and thorax black, clothed with reddish-brown

hairs. Anterior wings very narrow in the male, broader in the

female; uniform reddish-brown; the two forks of the lower

branch of the ramus discoidalis meet near the transverse vein

closing the discoidal cell, with a long transverse vein beneath

them (thus the third and fourth apical cells are acute at the base).

Posterior wings black. Legs greyish-brown. Abdomen fuscous,

with pale lateral lines. In the male there is a short lobe from the

1412 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Monograph of the

middle of the upper margin of the last abdominal segment, on

each side of which are placed the long, narrow, finger-shaped

hairy app. sup.; beneath the lobe is the very long and narrow upper

penis-cover, which is curved strongly downwards; on either side

of this cover, and rather below it, is a needle-shaped, upcurved

stile, which may be considered as the app. intermed.; app. inf.

long and thin, the apex directed slightly downwards ; the ventral

margin of the last segment thickly fringed with yellow hairs. In

the female there are two very large obtuse lateral valves.

Expanse of fore-wings 63—9 lines.

Occurs in summer about standing waters; not uncommon in

the metropolitan district.

It is possible that this may be the Phryganea tineoides of Scopoli,

and it has been referred to that species by Dr. Hagen. But I think

it best to retain Curtis’ name, as there must be uncertainty as to

what was intended by Scopoli. His diagnosis is simply “ dle

antice fusco-ferruginee. Antenne corpore triplo et ultra longiores,

fusce, albo-annulate.” Afterwards he says, “ dle postice fusce,”

which gives some probability to the assumption that this was the

species described.

2. T'rienodes conspersa, Rambur. (Pl. VI. fig. 4d, neuration.)

Mystacida conspersa, Ramb, Hist. Nat. Névrop. p. 514, 16

(1842); Setodes conspersa, Hag. (*) Ent. Ann. 1860, p. 76,

74; Leptocerus longicornis, Steph. (*) Ill. p. 201, 23 (1836),

not of Linn.; Mystacides rufogriseus, Kol. Gen. et Spec.

‘Trichop. pt. 2, p. 261, 14, pl. 4, fig. 40 (1859).

Antenne whitish, annulated with brown on the basal half. Head

clothed with whitish hairs. Palpi fuscous. Anterior wings

rather dilated towards the apex, grey, thickly sprinkled with

fuscous atoms, a large paler space a little before the apex ; fringes

pale fuscous, interrupted with whitish ; neuration indistinet, the

third and fourth apical cells straightly truncated at the base.

Posterior wings smoky-grey, with golden and purple iridescence ;

fringes grey, occasionally interrupted with white. Legs silvery,

the tarsi faintly annulated with fuscous. Abdomen brownish-

ochreous, with paler lateral lines. In the male the app. sup. are

rather short, slender and hairy; app. inf. apparently bisarticulate,

the apical joint curved upwards; above the app. inf. on either side

there is apparently a nearly quadrate lateral plate, slightly excised

at the apex. Female possessing very small lateral valves.

Expanse of fore-wings 63—10 lines.

we British Species of Caddis-flies. 113

A rare insect in this country. It has been taken in summer at

Ringwood, Exeter, Hyde Park, &e.

The neuration of the posterior wings does not differ in the sexes

of this species. In both, the arrangement of the nervures is as in

the female of 7. bicolor. (See Pl. VI. fig. 4.)

Genus Mysracipss, Latreille.

Antenne thin, about twice as long as the wings, the basal joint

thick and as long as the head. Eyes larger and placed closer

together in the male than in the female. Maxillary palpi long and

hairy ; the basal joint longer than in Leptocerus ; second and

third joints very long, nearly equal and somewhat flattened, the

hairs arranged in two rows; fourth and terminal joints shorter

and thinner, nearly equal. Labial palpi very small. Mesothorax

ovate, very convex. Anterior wings long and narrow, with

dense short hairy clothing; in repose the apices are inflexed and

approximate; costal margin nearly straight, with a small notch

near the apex ; neuration alike in both sexes; discoidal cell long

‘and narrow, closed ; first apical cell long; anastomosis oblique.

Posterior wings rather shorter than the anterior, and about the

same breadth, folded; about the middle of the costal margin

there is a row of minute hook-shaped bristles, which fit into a nar-

row fold on the dorsal margin of the anterior wings, and connect

the wings when extended (analogous to what is found in the [Hy-

menoptera); discoidal cell open; the ramus discoidalis does not

appear to reach the radius, but has its origin in the membrane ;

fringes very long. Legs rather long; the anterior tibiz appear to

have no spurs; intermediate and posterior tibiz each with one

pair of short apical spurs. Abdomen thin. In the male there is

a variously-shaped lobe projecting from the upper margin of the

Jast abdominal segment ; app. sup. Jong and finger-shaped ; app.

intermed. long with fine needle-shaped points ; app. inf. curved

upwards; there is also a large ventral plate, generally with a

forked apex, differing in form according to the species. In the

female there are two very large dilated lateral valves.

Larva inhabiting standing and running waters, similar to that of

Leptocerus. Case a tube composed of fine sand, to the outside of

which are affixed pieces of twigs and other vegetable matters.

In the works of most writers on these insects the genus Mysta-

cides has included all the long-horned Leptoceride (Pictet even

includes Odontocerus), but it was restricted by Hagen (Ent. Ann,

1860) to the three species (all of which inhabit this country) in

VOL. V. THIRD SERIES, PART 1.—ocT. 1865. I

1l4 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Monograph of the

which the apices of the anterior wings are inflexed in repose.

Besides this character, the absence of spurs on the anterior tibia,

the presence of costal crotchets, the arrangement of the veins and

of the anal appendices, all prove this genus (as restricted) one of

the most natural in the Order. It is probable that Latreille in-

tended it to comprise the allied species of Leptocerus, Setodes, &c.,

but as his typical species belongs here, the name can be very

justly retained.

1. Mystacides atra, Pictet. (PI. XII. figs. 27, 28, app.)

Mystacides atra, Pict. (*) Recherch. p. 109, 9, pl. 11, fig. 4

(1834); Hag. (*) Ent. Ann. 1860, p, 75, 71; MM. ater,

Burm. Handb. p. 919, 4; Brauer (*), Neurop. Aust. p. 41;

Leptocerus nigricans, Steph. (*) Ill. p. 195, 4 (1836).

Antenne blackish, the basal portion annulated with white, but

not conspicuously. Palpi dull black. Head and mesothorax

shining black. Anterior wings black, with a metallic lustre; the

veins darker. Posterior wings smoky-black, subhyaline, with

paler fringes. Legs dark dull-brown. Abdomen blackish-brown.

In the male there is a triangular membranous lobe (little evident

in dry specimens) from the middle of the upper margin of the last

abdominal segment; on either side of this is a needle-shaped

app. Intermed. ; app. sup. long and very fine, slightly hairy; app.

inf. broad at the base, the apical portion claw-shaped and curved

upwards, dark testaceous; ventral plate produced in the middle

into a short slightly forked lobe. In the female there is a supe-

rior membranous median lobe, with a semicircular emargina-

tion, and with a short straight finger-shaped appendage on either

side; lateral valves very large, narrow at the base, the apical

portion very greatly dilated.

Expanse of fore-wings 8—9 lines.

Larva slender, of a clear fawn-colour, with black spots forming

X-shaped markings on the head and two first thoracic segments.

Metanotum with two black points. Abdomen fawn-coloured,

with very small respiratory filaments. Legs fawn-coloured,

spotted with black. (Pictet.)

Case thin, formed of vegetable remains and grains of sand, with

twigs placed longitudinally on the outside. (Pictet.)

Frequent in standing and very slowly running waters, and ap-

pears in summer and autumn.

British Species of Caddis-fties. 115

2. Mystacides nigra, Linné.

(PI. II. fig. 6, larva; Pl. VI. fig. 5, neuration and maxillary

palpus; Pl. XII. figs. 29, 30, app.) :

Phryganea nigra, Linn. Faun. Suec. n. 1490 (1761), and other

works ; Mystacides nigra, Lat. Fam. Nat. p. 437; Pict. (*)

Recherch. p. 169, 10, pl. 12, fig. 5; Ramb. Hist. Nat. Névrop.

p- 511, 8; Hag. (*) Ent. Ann. 1860, p; 75, 72; MM. niger,

Burm. Handb. p. 919, 5; Leptocerus niger, Steph. {*) Ill.

p- 196, 6 (part); Phryganea azurea, Zett. Ins. Lapp. col.

1072, 52 (1840); Setodes azurea, Kol. Gen. et Spec. Tri-

chop. pt. 2, p. 263, 1, pl. 3, fig. 33.

Antenne black, distinctly annulated with white on the basal

half. Head and thorax shining black. Palpi dull black. Eyes

dull red in the living insect. Anterior wings narrower than in

the last species; metallic bluish-black, with a dull darker

central oblique fascia; fringes dark greyish-black. Posterior

wings dark smoky-grey, with concolorous fringes. Legs blackish,

with a silvery reflexion in certain lights; tarsi annulated with

darker. Abdomen dull blackish. In the male the app. sup. are

very slender, black and slightly hairy ; app. intermed. testaceous,

curved, very acute, the points crossing; app. inf. broad at the

base, with a short obtusely rounded lobe directed upwards; ven-

tral plate very large, broad and pubescent, produced in the middle

into a lobe which is forked at the end, the branches being long

and widely divaricating. In the female. there is a short mem-

branous median superior lobe, with a semicircular emargination,

and on either side a fine straight finger-shaped appendage ; lateral

valves narrow at the base, the apical portion greatly dilated and

somewhat truncated.

Expanse of fore-wings 63—8 lines. -

Larva resembling that of the preceding, but smaller and with

the black spots covering to a greater extent the pale ground

colour. (FPictet.)

Case similar to that of the last. (Pictet.)

A common and very elegant species, appearing in summer and

autumn.

Leptocerus sepulchralis, Walker, from North America, is very

closely allied to, or identical with, AJ. nigra. The types are

unset and in bad condition; the form of the ventral plate in the

male appears to differ slightly, but I am not satisfied that there

is any good specific difference.

116 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Monograph of the

3. Mystacides quadrifasciata, Fabricius, (Pl. XU. figs. 1, 2, app.)

Phryganca quadrifasciata, Fab, Syst. Ent. p. 308, 17 (1775);

Zett. Ins. Lapp. col. 1072, 50; Leptocerus quadrifasciatus,

Steph. (*) Ill. p. 200, 22; Mystacida quadrifasciata, Ramb.

Hist. Nat. Névrop. p. 511, 9; Mystacides quadrifasciata,

Brauer, Neurop. Aust. p. 41; Hag.(*) Ent. Ann. 1869, p.

75,73; Setodes quadrifasciata, Kol. Gen. et Spec. Trichop.

DE. 2+ 209, 2, pl. 0, we. 3.

Antenne whitish, annulated with dark fuscous. Head and

mesothorax shining blackish-fuscous. Palpidark fuscous. Anterior

wings golden-yellow, with three broad transverse fuscous fasciz ;

thus the wings appear to have four golden and three fuscous .

bands of about equal breadth; fringes fuscous. - Posterior wings

smoky-fuscous, subhyaline, with grey fringes. Legs ochreous.

Abdomen brown, with pale lateral lines. In the male the app.

sup. are long and fine, hairy ; app. intermed. closely approximat-

ing,

below these is to be seen the testaceous upper penis-cover (or

penis ?), bent downwards at the tip; app. inf. short, directed up-

wards ; ventral plate produced in the middle into a short, straight,

truncated lobe. In the female the Jateral valves are scarcely nar-

rower at the base, afterwards curved strongly downwards; above

them on each side is a short hairy finger-shaped appendage.

Expanse of fore-wings 8—9 lines.

triangular at the base, running to an acute point, straight ;

A common species in summer about standing waters and the

shallow expansions of the margins of slowly flowing rivers.

Varies greatly in colour; in strongly marked individuals the

dark bands predominate; in others there is not a trace of these,

the wings being entirely golden-yellow.

Genus Sztroprs, Rambur.

Antenne very long and thin, more than twice as long as the

wings; basal joint stout, as long as the head. Maxillary palpi

Jong and hairy ; first joint rather long; second and third joints

very long; fourth and terminal joints shorter (perhaps these palpi

vary according to the species). Labial palpi very small. Meso-

thorax robust, convex and ovate. Anterior wings very long and

narrow, but slightly dilated before the apex ; hairy clothing dense,

sometimes very long; discoidal cell closed ; first apical cell long ;

anastomosis usually straight. Posterior wings usually not folded,

narrow; the costal margin generally somewhat convex in the

middle; discoidal cell open; fringes very long. Legs rather

British Species of Caddis-flies. 117

short ; anterior tibiae with one apical spur (two in some species) ;

intermediate and posterior tibia each with one pair of apical

spurs. Abdomen thin, Appendices complicated, varying greatly

according to the species. The female generally larger than the

male,

Larva similar to that of Leptocerus, inhabiting standing and

running waters. Case a cylindrical tube, smaller at one end, com-

posed of fine sand or entirely of silk.

This genus probably stands in need of subdivision, as some of

the species are rather discordant.

According to the neuration, we may divide it into two sections,

and again I must ask the student to refer to the figures. (See

Pl. VI. fig. 6; Pl. VII. fig. 1.)

A. Upper branch of the ramus thyrifer in the anterior mings

simple.

1. Setodes ochracea, Curtis.

(Pl. VI. fig. 6, neuration and maxillary palpus.)

Leptocerus ochraceus, Curt. (*) Brit. Ent. vol. 2, fol. 57 (1825);

Steph. (*) Ill. p. 195, 1; Phryganea hectica, Zett. Ins.

Lapp. col. 1072, 48 (1840) ; Mystacides hecticus, Kol. Gen.

et Spec. Trichop. pt. 2, p. 251, 3, pl. 5, fig. 54; Mystacida

obsoleta, Ramb. Hist. Nat. Névrop. p. 509, 4 (1842) ; Phry-

ganea pilosa, Mill. Zool, Dan. p. 145, 1761 (1776) ?; Mys-

tacides pilosus, Brauer, Neurop. Aust. p. 41; Leptocerus

pilosus, Hag. (*) Ent. Ann. 1860, p. 74, 70.

Antenne pale ochreous, the articulations marked above with

brown at the sutures. Palpi greyish-ochreous. Head and tho-

rax testaceous. Anterior wings ochreous, the cilia at the anal

angle greyish; neuration prominent, the three transverse veins

forming the anastomosis placed in a slightly oblique line. Poste-

rior wings whitish, subhyaline. Legs pale ochreous ; the anterior

tibiae with one very minute apical spur. Abdomen testaceous.

Expanse of fore-wings 10 —13 lines.

Occurs not uncommonly in summer about ponds and other

standing waters, such as those in the parks of London. It is an

elegant species and cannot well be confounded with any other.

The figure in Curtis’ British Entomology is good but rather too

darkly coloured.

2. Setodes intaminata, n. sp.

Antenne whitish-ochreous. Head dark brown, clothed with

ochreous pubescence. Eyes intensely black. Palpi greyish-

118 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Monograph of the

ochreous. Mesothorax brown. Anterior wings somewhat dilated

towards the obtuse apex, uniform pale greyish-ochreous without

markings; fringes ochreous ; neuration indistinct, scarcely darker

than the membrane; the three transverse veins forming the

anastomosis irregular ; that closing the discoidal cell very strongly

curved ; that uniting that cell to the cellula thyridii very oblique,

placed rather nearer the base than the former; that closing this

cell placed still nearer the base and oblique, but in an opposite

direction to the one above it. Posterior wings pale grey ; fringes

greyish-ochreous. Legs whitish-ochreous. Abdomen greyish-

brown. The last abdominal segment in the female is furnished

with two somewhat triangular diverging valves; beneath them

appears to be a large concave egg-pouch.

Expanse of fore-wings 10 lines.

I have seen but one example of this—a female—which is in my

own collection. It was taken by Mr. Winter in the Norfolk

Fens. We must await the capture of more specimens, and espe-

cially of males, before a complete description can be given. It

certainly does not appear to have been previously described. The

size is greater than that of any other European species strictly

pertaining to Setodes (in the sense in which I understand that

genus), excepting S. ochracea, with which it agrees in its uniform

eoloration, though otherwise abundantly distinct ; the arrangement

of the transverse veins forming the anastomosis is peculiar and

characteristic.

3. Setodes lacustris, Pictet. (Pl. XIII. fig. 3, app.)

Mystacides lacustris, Pict. (*) Recherch. p. 171, 13, pl. 13,

fig. 7 (1834); Setodes testaceus, Hag. (*) Ent. Ann, 1860,

p- 77,77 (not of Curtis).

Antenne greyish-ochreous, with fine and distant darker annu-

lations, most evident in the female. Head clothed with ochreous

hairs. Palpi grey. Mesothorax ochreous, with a few hairs of

the same colour, Anterior wings greyish-ocbreous (paler in the

female), with dark grey spots; some of these uniting form a line

along the anastomosing transverse veins, and the apical margin is

regularly dotted with grey; fringes grey; the three transverse

veins of the anastomosis are straight, that closing the discoidal

cell placed rather nearer the apex than the others. Posterior

wings greyish, subhyaline, with grey fringes. Legs pale greyish-

ochreous, the anterior tibia with apparently two very minute

apical spurs. Abdomen dark dull greenish, with whitish lateral

British Species of Caddis-flies. 1s

lines. In the male the upper margin of the last abdominal seg-

ment is produced in the middle into a short triangular lobe, on

each side of which are placed the broad, obtuse and very hairy

app. sup.; app. inf. sharply elbowed, the apical portion directed

strongly upwards; above the app. inf. there appears to be a large

triangular upper penis-cover. (In dry specimens the parts are

confused and not easy to discriminate, excepting the app. inf.)

Expanse of fore-wings, ¢ 6—7 lines, 9 74—8 lines.

Not an uncommon species about still waters in summer ; flying

on calm evenings just above the surface.

I am not certain if this be really Pictet’s species ; the type in

the British Museum is much rubbed, and has Jost its abdomen;

Dr. Hagen informs me that he thinks there may be two closely

allied species, one smaller than that here described, and probably

the true lacustris of Pictet.

I think it probable that the three varieties figured by Kolenat

(Gen. et Spec. Trichop. pt. 2, pl. 3, figs. 35, 36, and pl. 4, fig.

37), are distinct species ; fig. 36, perhaps, representing our lacus-

tris.

S. notata, which I erroneously recorded in the Ent. Ann. for 1862,

p. 33, is the male of this species. Rambur’s notata is allied, but

different.

4. Setodes testacea, Curtis. (PI. XIII. fig. 4, app.)

Leptocerus testaceus, Curt. (*) Phil. Mag. p. 213, 13 (1834), not

of Steph. or Hag.

Antennz ochreous, marked with blackish at the sutures of the

articulations above. Head, palpi and thorax ochreous. Anterior

wings densely hairy, dark ochreous, slightly brownish, the fringes

greyish at the anal angle; the three transverse veins forming the

anastomosis rather conspicuously darker than the others, placed

nearly in a straight line. Posterior wings hyaline, with long grey

fringes. Legs ochreous. Abdomen greenish; the three or four

last segments in the male have on each side above a large oval

space of a different texture, minutely and thickly punctuated ; a

broad plate, obtusely rounded in front, covers the whole of the

terminal segment above, and extends far beyond it; this plate is

of a similar texture to the spaces above mentioned, and is punc-

tuated in the same manner; app. sup. small, finger-shaped, with

a lobe between them, beneath which is a large boat-shaped tes-

taceous piece, which may be considered as the upper penis-

cover; app. inf. very large, with an oval base; the apical portion

120 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Monograph of the

branched, the forks widely divergent, the lower the longest. In

the female the abdominal spaces are wanting, and there is not a

vestige of the broad cover over the last segment; the lateral

valves are rather large, dilated, and testaceous.

Expanse of fore-wings 7% lines.

This singular species seems to be rare. I have seen but

few examples, and only one female. Mr. Parfitt finds it near

Exeter ; and I have taken it in June by the River Mole near Box

Hill, also at Ringwood in Hampshire, and possess it from Kings-

ton-on-Thames and Killarney. ‘The curious abdominal spaces

and the cover over the last seginent render the identification

of the male easy.

B. Upper branch of the ramus thyrifer in the anterior nings

forked.

5. Setodes reducta, M‘QLachlan.

(Pl. VII. fig. 1, neuration; Pl. XIII. fig. 5, app.)

Leptocerus bicolor, Steph. (*) Ill. p. 201, 25 (1836), not of

Curtis; Hag. (*) Ent. Ann. 1860, p. 73, 67.

Antenne whitish, unspotted. Palpi fuscous. Head and thorax

thickly clothed with reddish-brown hairs. Anterior wings very

pubescent, brownish-ochreous, slightly paler about the anasto-

mosis ; an appearance of a faint blackish line round the apex,

and the apical cilia towards the anal angle also blackish-grey ;

the three transverse veins forming the anastomosis placed in an

oblique line. (The pubescence must be removed before the neura-

tion can be seen.) Posterior wings purplish-black. Legs grey-

ish; anterior tibia with one distinct apical spur. Abdomen

greyish (greenish when alive), with pale lateral lines. In the male

the app. sup. are small, broad and rounded ; app. inf. coming to

an obtuse point; (the parts are not prominent, and difficult to dis-

criminate exactly).

Expanse of fore-wings 6 lines.

Widely distributed about small rivers and streams, especially in

the south, but scarcely known in collections. Abundant in June

and July at Haslemere, in Surrey ; also in Devonshire, the New

Forest, near Darenth, North Wales, &c.

6. Setodes tinetformis, Curtis.

(Pl. II. fig. 33, case; Pl. XIII. fig. 6, app.)

Leptocerus tineiformis, Curt. (*) Phil. Mag. p. 214, 16 (1834) ;

L. elongatus, Steph. (*) Ill. p. 201, 261 (1836) ; Setodes elon-

British Species of Caddis-flies. 121

gata, Hag. (*) Ent. Ann. 1860, p.76, 75; S. aspersella, Ramb.

Hist. Nat. Névrop. p. 516, 3 (1842)?

Antennz dark fuscous, annulated with white on the basal half,

Head clothed with cinereous hairs. Palpi fuscous. Mesothor: x

fuscous. Anterior wings long and very narrow, pointed at the

apex; cinereous, the longitudinal veins regularly dotted with

blackish; fringes greyish-ochreous; the three transverse veins.

forming the anastomosis placed successively rather behind one

another, that closing the discoidal cell being nearest the apex.

Posterior wings grey, subhyaline, with grey fringes. Legs greyish-

ochreous. Abdomen greyish, with pale lateral lines. In the

male there are two needle-shaped styles, which I consider app.

intermed., but apparently no trace of app. sup.; app. inf. very

large, dilated at the apex and notched, hairy, very similar in

shape to those of the genus Sericostoma ; below the app. intermed.

is a large upper penis-cover (or perhaps the penis itself?)

Expanse of fore-wings 6—S} lines.

Has been bred by Mr. Parfitt of Exeter, but I have no de-

scription of the larva. Case a straight tube, 63 lines long, taper-

ing almost to a point at the smaller end; construcied of silk,

without any extraneous substance attached to the outside; the

mouth nearly circular and dilated.

A delicate species, frequenting slowly-flowing rivers, and ap-

pearing in summer; not common.

In Curtis’ Collection two species were placed under the label

tineiformis, but the description shews that this was intended to

bear the name. In Stephens’ Collection three species are in-

cluded under the one label, but here also his description shows that

this was intended. The types of attenuatus, Stephens, I believe

to be examples of this, in which the hairy clothing of the wings

has been rubbed off,

7. Setodes interrupta, Fabricius.

(PINT. fig. 65. Plo XIIT.. figs.7 5 app;,)

Phryganea interrupta, Fab. Syst. Ent. p. 307, 13 (1775);

Mystacides interruptus, Burm. Handb. p. 919, 6; Setodes

interrupta, Brauer, Neurop. Aust. p. 41; Kol. Gea et Spec.

Trichop. pt. 2, p. 268, 6, pl. 3, fig. 345° "Ms Lach, Ent. Ann.

1862, p. 33.

Antennz dark brownish-black, annulated with white on the

basal third. Head black. Palpi clothed with silvery-white

hairs. Mesothorax shining black, Anterior wings black, with

122 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Monograph of the

white markings, viz., a broad band at the extreme base, reaching

nearly across the wing ; a narrower band before the middle, also

reaching nearly across the wing; two large triangular opposite

spots, one on the costa and one on the dorsal margin, a little

beyond the middle; and about eight small spots round the apical

margin; neuration indistinct, the three transverse veins forming

the anastomosis placed in an oblique interrupted line. Posterior

wings grey, with grey fringes. Legs somewhat fuscescent, with

a silvery lustre. Abdomen black with pale lateral lines. In the

male there are two long needle-shaped and curved app. intermed.,

the left hand one being nearly twice the length of the right

(1 have examined five males, and in every one I find that the

app. intermed. are thus unequal; this in a single specimen I

should have considered accidental) ; between these app. intermed.

is an enormously long and slender needle-shaped upper penis-

cover; app. inf. very long and slender, hairy, the points turned

upwards. In the female there are two slender superior valves,

and two broad and obtuse lateral valves.

Expanse of fore-wings 63—73 lines.

This elegant species was described by Fabricius from an English

specimen in 1775, but was not re-discovered in this country until

the year 1859, when a single example was taken at the canal at

Taunton by Mr. Parfitt, the only native specimen that I have seen.

I possess a fine series of the insect from Prussia.

The name interruptus was erroneously applied by Donovan and

Stephens to Leptocerus albifrons, Linn,

Fam. HYDROPSYCHIDE.

Antenne fine with long joints and longer than the wings, or

stouter with short joints and shorter than the wings; ocelli

generally absent; maxillary palpi alike in both sexes, long,

searcely hairy, the terminal joint longer than the others, flexible

and multiarticulate, or appearing to be made up of a number of

very small joints, the sutures of which are readily seen in some

genera, but are indistinct in others; labial palpi also with the

terminal joint multiarticulate ; anterior wings generally dilated

towards the apex, usually thinly clothed with hair, but sometimes

with long and thiek hair; discoidal cell closed; posterior wings

folded, usually shorter and broader than the anterior; legs spine-

less, with the spurs variable in number, the posterior tibize always

(in British genera) with two pairs of spurs.

Larve elongate, tapering at the extremities, especially pos-

British Species of Caddis-fties. 123

teriorly ; in some the head and three thoracic segments are all

corneous, in others the metanotum is not corneous; mandibles

strongly dentate; legs short; terminal abdominal segment with

long anal crotchets ; respiratory filaments arranged in tufts, or not

visible externally.

Pupa rather stout, lying free within the case ; mandibles inter-

nally dentate; abdomen not fringed, sometimes with external

respiratory filaments.

Case a fixed heap of small stones, or sometimes a channel is

formed of sand on the surface of a large stone. The larve some-

times live free beneath stones and only form cases when about to

metamorphose.

Most of the genera inhabit running waters, but some frequent

ponds and canals.

As the genera in this family are in most instances founded on

characters afforded by the neuration, especially of the apical por-

tion of the wing, the following scheme for numbering the apical

forks (suggested by Dr. Hagen) will be found very serviceable,

and I only regret that I could not see my way clear to the

intelligible adoption of it in the other families.

Taking the genus Hydropsyche as the most complete example,

we find in the anterior wings that the two branches of the ramus

discoidalis fork at the ends, forming a cell ; these we call forks

Nos. 1 and 2. Again, both the branches of the upper or an-

terior branch of the ramus thyrifer fork at their extremities ;

these furcations we call forks Nos. 3 and 4. Finally, the lower

branch of the ramus thyrifer (the ramus clavalis of Kolenati)

forks at the end, and forms fork No. 5.

In the posterior wings a similar arrangement may be seen.

Thus the two branches of the ramus discoidalis fork and form

Nos. 1 and 2; the upper branch of the anterior branch of the

ramus subdiscoidalis forks and forms No. 3; and the lower branch

of the ramus subdiscoidalis forks and forms No. 5; fork No. 4

is never present in these wings.

A reference to the Garnes of the neuration of these genera

(Plates VII., VIII.), in iaihiigh all the forks are ehaabicuieds will

render this arrangement easily understood.

The genera may be arranged according to the presence of the

forks in the anterior wings, thus :—

Forks 1, 2, 3,4, 5 . « Hydropsyche, Diplectrona, Philo-

potamus, Plectrocnemia, Polycen-

tropus, Ecnomus,aud Neureclipsis.

Forks 1, 2,3,5 . : « Wormeldia.

Forks 2,3,4,5 . . . Vinodes, Psychomia, and Cyrnus.

124 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Monograph of the

Or the usual tabular arrangement according to the number of

spurs may be used, thus :—

Spurs 3-4-4 . . . Plectrocnemia, Polycentropus, Cyrnus,

Ecnomus, and Neureclipsis.

Spurs 2-4-4 . . .« Hydropsyche, Tinodes, Diplectrona,

Philopotamus, Wormaldia, and Psy-

chomia.

Genus Hypropsycue, Pictet.

Antenne thin, usually longer than the wings and with the joints

long, each joint, excepting the apical ones, having a dark oblique

raised band; basal joint very short, thicker than the others.

Head transverse, hairy. Ocelli absent. Maxillary palpi long;

basal joint short; second, long and thick; third and fourth joints

shorter; fifth as long as the others united. Labial palpi with two

short basal joints and a long and thin terminal one. Mesothorax

robust, broadly ovate. Anterior wings narrow at the base, much

dilated at the obliquely truncated apex; hairy clothing short and

thin; discoidal cell short and closed; a transverse vein on both

the upper and under sides of the discoidal cell, another closing

the cellula thyridii, another below this cell, and two others towards

the base of the wing; forks 1, 2, 3, 4.and 5 all present, fork 1 short.

Posterior wings folded, shorter and broader than the anterior,

the apical portion of the costal margin shallowly excised; anal por-

tion strongly developed ; fringes very short; discoidal cell closed ;

one transverse vein above, and two or three below it; forks 1, 2,

3 and 5 present. Legs long; intermediate legs of the females

dilated ; anterior tibize with two short (sometimes scarcely evident)

equal spurs ; intermediate aud posterior tibiae each with two pairs

of long and rather unequal spurs. Abdomen slender in the male,

robust in the female. In the male there is a narrow horny lobe

from the upper margin of the last abdominal segment, connected

with a broad membranous dorsal plate, beneath which, and _per-

haps united to it, is an emarginate piece which may be considered

the penis-cover; what I consider to be the app. sup. are two small

pieces on the lateral margins a little above the app. inf.; the app.

inf. are very long and bisarticulate, the first joint long and nearly

straight, the second shorter and curved inwards, so that the tips of

the two appendices approximate; the penis is long and extensile,

and apparently without sheaths; at the apex it-is swollen and

cleft, and often with subapical protuberances. In the female

the apex of the abdomen is obtuse, and is furnished with a re-

tractile piece which is corneous above; beneath this, and connected

with it, is a fleshy semicircular apparatus, the margins of which

British Species of Caddis-jlies. 125

are furnished with fleshy papillae, which usually disappear in dried

specimens ;* inside this is the opening whence the eggs are pro-

truded.

Larva with the head small and nearly quadrate, truncated

anteriorly, and furnished with short and broad internally-dentate

mandibles ; pronotum transverse, shorter than the head, corneous ;

mesonotum broadly transverse, also corneous; metanotum broadly

ovate, with a large corneous plate above. (See Pl. II. fig. 15.)

Legs short, the posterior the longest, slightly hairy. Abdomen

subcylindrical ; on the ventral surface of each segment there is a

dense tuft of respiratory filaments on each side; these are even

found on the under-side of the thoracic segments; anal segment

furnished with two long processes surmounted by horny hooks and

long hairs. Case an irregular fixed heap of stones, in which the

pupa (PI. IT. fig. 20) lies free. Inhabits running streams.

Considering that most of them are of moderately large size, the

species of this genus are perhaps the most difficult of all to satis-

factorily separate. ‘he anal appendices, so certain and evident in

their characters in most genera, here present very few differences

in the various species; besides, as many of the parts are mem-

branous or fleshy in their nature, they dry up into very different

forms in dead individuals of one species; however, these usually

all-important characters are not to be despised even here, and an

attentive examination of living specimens may yet help to clear up

much of the uncertainty surrounding this perplexing genus.

A. Third joint of the maxillary palpi longer than the fourth.

Antenne scarcely so long as the nings ; the jaints not marked

mith oblique dark lines, (Small species.)

1. Hydropsyche albipunctata, Stephens.

(Pl. VII. fig. 2 e, maxillary palpus.)

Tinodes albipunctatus, Steph. (*) Ill. p. 164, 7 (1836); Hy-

dropsyche angustata, Pict. Recherch. p. 208, 10, pl. 19, fig. 6

(1834)?; Steph. Ill. p.174, 9; H. ventralis, Curt. (*) Brit.

Ent. p]. 601 (1836)?; H. lepida, Hag. Ent. Ann. 1861, p. 13,

105 (not of Pictet).

Antenne brown, the basal portion annulated with yellow.

Head and prothorax thickly clothed with yellow hairs. Palpi

* It is probable that the number and position of these papilla may be a

means of specific diagnosis ; but from the fact of their disappearing in drying,

the application of the character becomes almost impossible,

126 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Monograph of the

greyish-ochreous. Mesothorax dark blackish-fuscous. Anterior

wings greyish-yellow, faintly clouded and reticulated with pale

greyish-fuscous ; a large yellow elongate spot on the dorsal

margin just before the anal angle, and the apical margin is regu-

larly spotted with yellow and greyish-fuscous alternately; these

markings are most distinct in the female. Posterior wings grey,

subhyaline, iridescent; fringes grey. Legs greyish-ochreous.

Abdomen fuscous, paler beneath; greenish in the female during

life. In the male the upper margin of the last abdominal segment

is fringed with long yellow hairs ; app. inf. with a long and straight

up-directed basal joint, pale yellow, with an oblique brown line at

the apex, where there is a tuft of brownish-yellow hairs, terminal

joint very small; penis long and slender, cylindrical, yellow, the

apex much thickened and directed abruptly downwards, brown.

In the female there is a broad fuscous lobe proceeding from the

upper margin of the last segment, with a small semicircular notch

on the middle of its anterior edge; lateral valves large, nearly

quadrate, yellow, the margin excised.

Expanse of fore-wings 6—74 lines.

Very common in autumn along the Thames about Kingston;

occurs at Ringwood and Exeter; also in North Wales, Ireland

(Loch Derg), &c., but apparently not generally distributed.

After having compared specimens of this insect with types of

H. angustata and H. lepida, Pictet, Dr. Hagen informs me that

he is doubtful if our species be identical with either, but adds that

it is certainly the lepzda of his synopsis in the Ent. Ann.

B. Third joint of the maxillary palpi shorter than the fourth.

Antenne as long as or longer than the wings, the joints

of the basal portion marked with oblique dark lines. (Large

or middle-sized species. )

a. Eyes small. Vertex transverse, much broader than

long.

2. Hydropsyche pellucidula, Curtis.

(Pl. VIL. fig. 2, neuration, palpi, leg, antenna; Pl. XIII.

figs. 8, 9, app.)

Philopotamus pellucidulus, Curt. (*) Phil. Mag. p. 213, 8 (1834);

Hydropsyche pellucidula, Steph. (*) Ill. p. 172, 4; Philopo-

tamus lanceolatus, Curt. (*) Phil. Mag. p. 213, 10 (1834)?;

Hydropsyche tenuicornis, Steph. (*) Ill. p. 171, 2 (1836) ;

Kol. Gen. et Spec. Trichop. pt. 2, p. 234, 5?; H. hibernica,

British Species of Caddis-flies. 127

Steph. (*) Ill. p. 173, 5 (1836)?; H. maxima, Brauer,

Neurop. Aust, p. 40 (1857).

Antenne brown. Head fuscous, thickly clothed with yellowish-

white silky pubescence. Palpi fuscous. Mesothorax dark black-

ish-fuscous, clothed with whitish pubescence in the middle. An-

terior wings broad, grey, thickly irrorated with pale yellow spots,

with a larger elongate spot behind the anal angle; these spots are

distinct in the living insect, but fade and become very indistinct

in dry specimens. Posterior wings pale grey, subhyaline, the

fringes dark grey. Legs uniform greyish-brown, Abdomen

blackish-fuscous, brownish-ochreous beneath, and with pale lateral

lines. In the male the superior horny lobe (see the generic de-

scription, p. 124) is narrow, blackish and pointed, the membranous

parts beneath it are yellow; app. sup. blackish, triangular; app.

inf. with the basal joint very long, entirely yellowish, apical joint

scarcely half the length of the basal, slightly dilated at the tip ;

penis shining dark testaceous, the apex deeply divided, with a

very conspicuous angular subapical projection on either side.

Expanse of fore-wings 12—14: lines.

Not an uncommon species in summer about streams. The

largest of the British (perhaps also of the European) species, and,

unless there be others closely allied, distinguishable by its size,

combined with the prominent lateral projections below the apex

of the penis. The types of H. hibernica are probably individuals

just emerged from the pupa, and which consequently had not

acquired their full measure of coloration.

8. Hydropsyche lanceolata, Stephens.

(Pl. I. fig. 7; Pl. XIII. figs. 10, 11, app.)

Hydropsyche lanceolata, Steph. (*) Ill. p. 173, 6 (1836); H.

atomaria, Steph. (*) Ill. p. 171, 1 (not of Pict.); H. guttata,

Steph. Ill. p. 172, 3 (1836)?; Phalopotamus instabilis, Curt.

Phil. Mag. p. 213, 7 (1834) ?; Mydropsyche Danubi, Brauer,

Neurop. Aust. p. 40, (1857) ?.

Antenne yellow, brown towards the apex; the oblique dark

lines very conspicuous. Head thickly clothed with whitish-

yellow pubescence. Palpi brown. Mesothorax pitchy-black.

Anterior wings rather narrow; grey, thickly spotted with yellow,

some of the spots on the dorsal margin and near the apex

Jarger than the others; several short black lines placed on the

longitudinal veins of the dorsal half of the wing. Posterior wings

pale greyish, subhyaline, the fringes darker. Legs testaceous.

128 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Monograph of the

Abdomen blackish, with whitish lateral lines. In the male the

superior horny lobe is short, narrow and black, the membranous

parts beneath it yellow; app. sup. short, subrotund, yellowish ;

app. inf. yellow, the basal joint cylindrical, dilated towards the

apex, the upper side marked with brown and furnished with long

hairs, apical joint short, yellow, obtuse, scarcely dilated; penis

cylindrical, testaceous, darkest at the tip, which is deeply cleft,

with a scarcely-perceptible lateral subapical projection.

Expanse of fore-wings 10—12 lines.

A widely-distributed species. Smaller and with narrower wings

than the last, and more sharply marked. It varies exceedingly

in coloration; examples from the north are much darker than

those from the south. The almost entire absence of subapical

projections on the penis will serve to distinguish it from allied

native species, but I am uncertain whether it has been found

and named on the Continent; I have never seen a continental

example.

This is certainly not the H. atomaria of Pictet. Dr. Hagen

informs me that a type of H. Danubu of Brauer, in his collection,

agrees with lanceolata in coloration ; a specimen of Danubii in my

collection (from Zeller), named by Dr. Brauer, does not at all re-

semble this, and in colour is scarcely distinguishable from angusti-

pennis of Curtis.

4, Hydropsyche angustipennis, Curtis.

(Pl. II. fig. 8, larva and pupa.)

Philopotamus angustipennis, Curt. (*) Phil. Mag. p. 213, 9

(1834) ; Hydropsyche angustipennis, Steph. (*) Hl. p. 178,

7; Philopotamus fulvipes, Curt. (*) Phil. Mag. p. 213, 9b

(1834)?; Hydropsyche fulvipes, Curt. (*) Brit. Ent. pl. 601 ?;

Steph. (*) Ill. p. 174, 8; Hag. (*) Ent. Ann. 1861, p. 15,

107.

Antenne brown, the oblique dark lines not conspicuous. Head

thickly clothed with yellowish pubescence. Palpi brown. Meso-

thorax dark blackish-fuscous. Anterior wings golden-brown,

faintly irrorated with paler spots (when alive); a pale elongate

spot on the dorsal margin (conspicuous when alive); fringes paler

than the ground colour. Posterior wings smoky, with pale

fringes. Legs pale brownish-ochreous. Abdomen dark blackish-

fuscous, with whitish lateral lines. In the male the superior

horny lobe is short, black and obtuse, the membranous parts be-

neath it bright yellow; app. sup. blackish, obtusely triangular ;

British Species of Caddis-flies. 129

app. inf. blackish, the first joint slightly dilated at the apex, the

apical joint of nearly uniform thickness; penis shining blackish,

slightly contracted behind the thickened divided apex.

Expanse of fore-wings 9—12 lines.

Larva: Head and two first thoracic segments dark fuscous; a

pale ring encircling the eyes, and two pale oblique spots on the

disc of the head ; lateral and posterior margins of the mesonotum

bordered with black, the posterior margin three-lobed, the middle

lobe the smallest. Metanotum dirty-whitish, with a broad nearly

quadrate brown corneous plate, the posterior edge of which is

concave. Legs yellowish, marked with black at the joints. Ab-

dominal segments dull brown, the three terminal segments paler,

the peduncles bearing the anal crotchets pale ochreous, with a tuft

of long black hairs at the base of the crotchets.

Not an uncommon species about streams, appearing from May

to October. Especially abundant along the little river Ravens-

bourne, about Lewisham, &c.

The types of H. fulvipes of Curtis are two females, which are

more distinctly irrorated than is usual in this species ; nevertheless

I have little doubt that they belong here.

5. Hydropsyche contubernalis, n. sp. (Pl. XIII. fig. 12, app.)

Antenne whitish, brown towards the apex, the oblique black

streaks very conspicuous on the basal portion. Head _ thickly

clothed with silky whitish pubescence. Palpi brown. Mesothorax

black, with a median line of whitish pubescence. . Anterior wings

brown, thickly irrorated with whitish spots; a large whitish spot

on the dorsal margin towards the apex, preceded by a long brown

space; apical fringes greyish-brown, interrupted with whitish.

Posterior wings grey, with grey fringes, the neuration hardly

darker. Legs pale fulvous. Abdomen black, with broad reddish

or whitish lateral lines. In the male the superior horny lobe is

short and black, the membranous parts beneath it yellowish ; app.

sup. very small, obtuse and blackish ; app. inf. with the first joint

thin and cylindrical, much dilated towards the apex, testaceous,

the apical portion blackish-brown externally, apical joint cylindri-

eal, hardly dilated, pale yellow; penis shining deep brownish-

testaceous, cylindrical, the apex scarcely thickened and slightly

cleft, without any apparent lateral subapical projections,

Expanse of fore-wings 8—9} lines.

I have found this species commonly in summer and autumn

along the Thames, between Kew and Richmond, and am unable

VOL, V. THIRD SERIES, PART I,—-ocT. 1865, K

130 Mr, R. M‘Lachlan’s Monograph of the

to identify it with any described species. It varies in the number

of the pale spots and very slightly in size ; the only British species

agreeing with it in this respect is H. ophthalmica. It may possibly

be the H. guttata of Pictet.

b. Eyes (of the male only?) large. Vertex nearly quadrate,

slightly longer than broad.

6. Hydropsyche ophthalmica, Rambur.

Hydropsyche opthalmica, Ramb. Hist. Nat. Névrop. p. 505, 2

(1842); M‘Lach. Ent. Ann. 1864, p. 152.

Antenne whitish, with very distinct oblique black lines. Head

thickly clothed with whitish pubescence. Palpi whitish-grey.

Mesothorax blackish. Anterior wings whitish, reticulated with

grey, with blackish spots towards the dorsal margin; apical

margin grey and whitish alternately. Posterior wings pale whitish-

subhyaline. Legs pale whitish-ochreous; the apex of the ter-

minal joint of the anterior and intermediate tarsi blackish. Ab-

domen brownish above, ochreous beneath. In the male the

superior horny lobe is very short and brown, the membranous

parts beneath it yellow; app. inf. greyish-white, the basal joint

much dilated in its apical portion and externally marked with

black, apical joint much incurved and scarcely dilated at the tip;

penis testaceous, much swollen below the apex, which is darker

than the other parts.

Expanse of fore-wings 84—9 lines.

Occurs along the Thames about Kingston, Kew, &c. in autumn.

The peculiar structure of the eyes will readily distinguish this

species from all others.

I am inclined to think that the male only possesses the enlarged

eyes. his insect is very common in August along the Seine at

Paris, frequenting the river-walls and the interiors of the baths,

as I observed in August, 1864. The only female Hydropsyche

that I saw there had eyes of the ordinary size, and, as I found the

male of no other species of this genus, I think it may pertain to

ophthalmica.

Genus TrinopeEs, Leach.

Antennz moderately stout, shorter than the wings, obsoletely

dentate internally ; basal joint short, not much thicker than the

others. Head convex above, hairy. Ocelli absent. Maxillary

palpi long and thin; basal joint short; second longer; third as

long as the two first united; fourth as long as the second; fifth

British Species of Caddis-flies. 131

longer than the third, and thinner. Labial palpi very small, with

two short basal joints and a longer terminal one. Mesothorax

robust. Anterior wings long and narrow, with an elliptical some-

what-dilated apex; hairy clothing short, rather dense, varying

according to the species; a naked circular space in both sexes near

the base, at the point where the ramus discoidalis parts from the

radius ; discoidal cell closed, short and broad; forks 2, 3, 4 and 5

present ; two transverse veins, besides the one closing the dis-

coidal cell, towards the apex, and two others towards the base.

Posterior wings shorter than the anterior, considerably dilated

before the apex, which is obliquely rounded ; discoidal cell open;

forks 2, 3 and 5 present; fringes long. Legs long; intermediate

tibiae and tarsi not dilated in the female; anterior tibia with two

short apical spurs; intermediate and posterior tibia each with

two pairs of short unequal spurs. Abdomen slender, In the male

a short pointed lobe proceeds from the upper margin of the last

segment; beneath this is a large horny cover of the penis, and on

each side of this, two needle-shaped app. intermed.; app. sup.

long, finger-shaped and hairy; app. inf. large, bisarticulate, the

terminal joint usually cleft. In the female the apex of the abdo-

men ends in a short and rather pointed ovipositor.

Larva inhabiting running waters ; long and slender, with short

feet; without external respiratory filaments.

Case sometimes merely a silken serpentine tube on the surface

of stones, closed with débris when the larva changes to a pupa; or

composed of small stones, similar to that of most of the other

genera in this family.

The species are difficult to separate, but the appendices furnish

the best characters. I can satisfactorily determine only three

native species, but it is probable that we have several others.

1. Tinodes lurida, Curtis.

(Pl. VII. fig. 3, neuration and max. palp.; Pl. XIII. figs.

13, 14, app.)

Tinodes luridus, Curt. (*) Phil. Mag. p. 216, 5 (1834); Steph. (*)

Ill. p.163,4; Hag.(*) Ent. Ann. 1861, p, 10,99; 7’. pallescens,

Steph. (*) Ill. p. 162, 1 (1836); 7. flaviceps, Steph. (*) Ul.

p- 162, 2 (1833); TZ. wanthoceras, Steph. (*) Ill. p. 163, 3

(1836); T. pallipes, Steph. (*) Ill. p. 163, 5 (1836); T.

annulicornis, Steph. (*) Ill. p. 163, 6 (1836); Hag. (*) Stett.

Zeit. 1860, p. 283, 3; Philopotamus longipennis, Ramb. Hist.

Nat. Névrop. p. 504, 6 (1842); Tinodes Waenerti, Kol. Gen.

K 2

132 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Monograph of the

et Spec. Trichop. pt. 2, p. 223, 3 (1859)?; T. flavipes,

Hag. (*) Stett. Zeit. 1860, p. 282, 1.

Antenne yellowish, closely annulated with fuscous. Head and

mesothorax clothed with golden-yellow hairs. Palpi fuscous.

Anterior wings greyish, subhyaline, clothed with very short yel-

lowish pubescence; fringes greyish-yellow ; neuration distinct,

fuscous. Posterior wings paler, with longer yellowish-grey

fringes. Legs yellowish. Abdomen conspicuously ochreous when

alive, brown after death. In the male there is a short fleshy lobe

from the middle of the upper margin of the last segment; on each

side of this lobe are the needle-shaped testaceous app. intermed. ;

app. sup. long, finger-shaped, curved and hairy, yellow; app. inf.

bisarticulate, the basal joint large, ovate, with a sharp spine on

the upper margin, apical joint smaller, deeply bifid, the two di-

visions acute at the apex; in dead examples the spine on the first

and the two forks of the apical joint are seldom visible, the

latter being usually pressed closely together and apparently inse-

parable. In the female the abdomen terminates in a short trian-

gular ovipositor.

Expanse of fore-wings 7—9 lines.

Common in summer and early autumn about streams.

I cannot separate the various species named by Stephens, and

consider them all to belong to one. 7. annulicornis, given by Dr.

Hagen as distinct, seems to be only a small female of this.

The species of this genus shew the necessity of making careful

examinations of living specimens, as the parts of the appendices

are far less distinguishable after death.

2. Tinodes pusilla, M‘Lachlan. (PI. XIII. fig. 15, app.)

Tinodes pusillus, Curt. (*) Phil. Mag. p. 216, 4 (1834, not de-

scribed) ; M‘Lach. Ent. Ann. 1862, p. 37.

Antenne fuscous, indistinctly annulated with yellow. Head

thickly clothed with yellow hairs. Palpi fuscous. Mesothorax

dark fuscous, with a few brownish-yellow hairs. Anterior wings

broader at the apex than in the last species; hairy clothing much

denser, greyish-yellow, with concolorous fringes ; neuration very

indistinct. Posterior wings subhyaline, iridescent, with yellowish

fringes. Legs greyish-yellow. Abdomen brown (in dead ex-

amples). In the male there is a long fleshy lobe from the middle

of the upper margin of the last segment, beneath which lie the

needle-shaped app. intermed., the points only being visible; app.

sup. very long, finger-shaped, slightly dilated at the base, very

British Species of Caddis-flies, 133

hairy; app. inf. with an oval basal joint and a forked terminal

one, the upper prong very long and curved, the lower bristle-like ;

below the app. intermed. is a long, curved upper penis-cover.*

E:xpanse of fore-wings 6—6} lines.

I have taken this in summer by a small streamlet in the Warren

at Folkestone, but do not know for certain of other localities.

The description of the appendices is made from dead examples,

but will probably be found pretty correct.

This and the next may be readily separated from the group to

which durida belongs, by the more obtuse and more densely hairy

anterior wings; and the palpi appear to be proportionably longer.

3. Tinodes assimilis, n. sp. (Pl. XIII. fig. 16, app.)

In size and form almost entirely similar to the last; differs in

the structure of the appendices. The lobe from the upper

margin of the last abdominal segment is very similar but shorter ;

the app. intermed, the same; app. sup. much more dilated at the

base ; the basal joint of the app. inf. broad, obovate ; the terminal

joint thin and bristle-like; from the lower side of the base of the

app. inf. (perhaps united to it) proceeds a long, curved, cylin-

drical process, the apex of which is directed inwards and

downwards.

I have seen but few specimens; I possess it from Haslemere,

and from a locality now unknown to me.

The differences in the structure of the appendices seem to

indicate with certainty that the species is good.

It is right to mention that at the time I examined Curtis’

Collection I was not aware of the existence of this species, but

I think nevertheless that I rightly determined his pusillus.

Genus Psycuomta, Latreille.

Antenne short and thick, about half the length of the wings;

the two first joints stouter than the rest. Head small and hairy.

Ocelli absent. Maxillary palpi not very long; basal joint short,

each of the three following about twice the length of the first,

dilated and flattened; the fifth thinner, scarcely so long as the

two preceding joints united. Mesothorax moderately robust,

* T. cinerea, Hagen, from Madeira, is very closely allied to this, and per-

haps may not be specifically distinct. In the types of that species I do not,

however, see the lower bristle-like branch of the inferior appendices; but the

specimens are gummed on card, and difficult to examine satisfactorily. See

** Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine,” vol. ii. pp. 78, 79.

134 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Afonograph of the

short. Anterior wings long and narrow, somewhat dilated to-

wards the elliptical apex ; hairy clothing long and dense; fringes

long; radius not bent; discoidal cell short and triangular, closed

by an oblique transverse vein; a transverse vein uniting the upper

margin of the discoidal cell to the radius, and two others placed

below that cell (perhaps another more towards the base); forks

2, 8, 4 and 5 present. Posterior wings not folded, much shorter

than the anterior and very narrow; the costal margin suddenly

and acutely elevated about the middle; beyond this elevation the

margin is slightly excised to the apex; fringes very long; no

discoidal cell; perhaps one or two transverse veins; forks 2, 3 and

5 present. Legs moderately long, the intermediate tibiz and

tarsi dilated in the female; anterior tibize with two minute apical

spurs; intermediate and posterior tibiae each with two pairs of

rather long and unequal spurs. Abdomen slender. In the male,

there is sometimes a pointed lobe from the middle of the upper

margin of the last segment ; app. sup. and inf. sometimes both

present, or the app. inf. are absent. In the female the apex of

the abdomen is furnished either with a very short ovipositor, or

with a very long upeurved one.

Larva unknown; frequenting slowly-flowing rivers.

The species are small, unicolorous, and difficult to separate,

but the two here described cannot possibly be confounded,

1. Psychomia gracilipes, Curtis.

(Pl. VII. fig. 4, neuration; Pl. XIII. fig. 17, app.)

Anlicyra gracilipes, Curt. (*) Phil. Mag. p. 216, 1 (1834); 4.

latipes, Curt. (*) Phil. Mag. p. 216, 2(1854); 4. subochracea,

Steph. (*) Ill. p. 160, 3 (1836); 4. ciliaris, Steph. (*) Il.

p- 160, 4 (1836); Hag. (*) Ent. Ann. 1861, p. 12, 103;

Psychomia annulicornis, Pict. Recherch. p. 222, 1, pl. 20,

fiz. 7 (1834) ?; Ramb. Hist. Nat. Névrop. p. 500.

Antennz whitish, annulated with dark fuscous. Head covered

with dense yellowish pubescence. Palpi brownish. Mesothorax

reddish-brown, Anterior wings rather acute at the apex; pale

greyish-ochreous with long yellowish fringes. Legs pale-ochreous.

Abdomen reddish-brown. In the male the only apparent appen-

dices are the app. sup., which are long and crooked with curved

tips. Inthe female the abdomen ends ina short, nearly triangular,

upturned ovipositor.

I:xpanse of fore-wings 4—53 lines; the females the largest.

An extremely abundant species about some slowly flowing

British Species of Caddis-flies. 135

rivers, appearing in summer. Along the Thames about Kew and

Richmond it is found in myriads, taking refuge in the herbage

on the banks.

2. Psychomia pheopa, Stephens. (PI, XIII. figs. 18, 19, app.)

Anticyra pheopa, Steph, (*) Ill. p. 159, 1 (1836); A. graci-

lipes, Steph. (*) Ill. p. 159, 2 (1836); Tinodes pusillus, Kol,

Gen. et Spec. Trichop, pt. 2, p. 226, 10 (1859); Psychomia

pusilla, Hag, (*) Stett. Zeit. 1860, p. 290, 5; P. (Homoe-

cerus) derelicta, M‘ Lach. Proc, Ent, Soc. 1863, p. 152.

Antenne blackish-brown, faintly annulated. Head and palpi

blackish-brown., Anterior wings obtusely rounded at the apex,

black with a brownish tinge; fringes concolorous. Posterior

wings blackish, subhyaline, with blackish frmges. Legs brownish-

testaceous, the tibiz and tarsi darker. Abdomen blackish, paler

beneath, with testaceous appendices. In the male there proceeds

a short, acute, somewhat curved lobe from the middle of the upper

margin of the last abdominal segment; app. sup. long and narrow,

directed upwards, dilated towards the tips and somewhat hairy ;

app. inf. nearly as long as the app. sup., directed upwards, appa-

rently bisarticulate, the basal joint being short, the terminal joint

long and obtuse; from between the app. inf. projects the obtuse

and truncated apex of the penis (or upper penis-cover?). In the

female the apex of the abdomen is furnished with a long and thin

ovipositor, which is dilated and somewhat flattened at the base,

the apical portion being directed strongly upwards.

Expanse of fore-wings 5—6 lines. The females the largest.

In this country not nearly so common as the last species,

occurring about rivers in summer and autumn.

Genus Diptectrona, Westwood.

Antenne slender, scarcely so long as the wings, distinctly ser-

rated on the inner side; basal joint short, rather thicker than the

rest. Head broad and hairy. Ocelli absent. Maxillary palpi

long; the four first joints of nearly equal length, the basal joint

the shortest; terminal joint thinner, nearly as long as the others

united. Mesothorax short and robust. Anterior wings short,

narrow at the base, but greatly dilated before the broadly ellip-

tical apex ; hairy clothing short and not very dense; discoidal cell

short, closed; radius considerably bent before its termination ;

about four transverse veins towards the apex, and two others

more towards the base; forks 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 all present.

136 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Monegraph of the

Posterior wings shorter than the anterior and about the same

breadth ; discoidal cell closed ; forks 1, 2, 3 and 5 present; fringes

short. Legs short; intermediate tibize not dilated in the female ;

anterior tibiae with two unequal apical spurs; intermediate and

posterior tibize each with two pairs of long and nearly equal

spurs. Abdomen short and slender, more robust in the female.

In the male there is a long filamentous process on each side of

the abdomen, placed between the fourth and fifth segments; a

rather prominent lobe proceeds from the upper margin of the last

segment, beneath which is the short penis, thickened at the slightly

notched apex; app. sup. apparently wanting; app. inf, long and

bisarticulate.

Larva unknown, frequenting streams.

Diplectrona, Westwood= Aphelocheira,* Stephens.

The serrated antenne and short broad form will readily enable

the student to identify this genus. The lateral abdominal fila-

ments in the male are very curious, and unique in the Order ; they

are present in 4. flavomaculata, Steph., and 4. meridionalis, Hagen

(from Corsica), but are wanting in 4. Ladogensis, Kol. (from

Russia), and in 4. obesa, Hag. MSS. (from Lapland). The two

Jatter species are much larger and differ in general habit, perhaps

forming a new genus.

1. Diplectrona flavomaculata, Stephens.

(Pl. VII. fig. 5, neuration; Pl. XIII. fig. 20, app.)

Aphelocheira flavomaculata, Steph. (*) Ill. p. 179, 1 (4836); wb.

pl. 32, fig. 3 (var.?); M‘Lach, Ent. Ann. 1862, p. 36.

Antennze brown, slightly annulated, the serrations darker.

Head thickly clothed with golden-brown hairs. Palpi brown.

Mesothorax dark-brown, with brown hairs. Anterior wings

greyish-brown, obscurely spotted with yellowish; three rather

Jarge dark brown spots towards the anal angle; fork 1 not

reaching the transverse vein closing the discoidal cell; fork 2

* The generic name Aphelocheira, employed by Stephens, cannot be re-

tained, it having been used by Westwood to designate a genus of Hemiptera,

in the Magazine of Natural History for 1833, three years prior to the publi-

cation of the sixth volume of Stephens’ Illustrations (Mandibulata).. In

his “Generic Synopsis,’? Westwood changed Aphelocheira to Diplectrona,

and this is the next oldest name. This, however, is not equivalent to Diplec-

trona of Brauer (Potamaria, Kolenati), which is allied to—if indeed it be

really separable from—Tinodes. I cannot admit Kolenati’s objection to

Diplectrona—viz., that the same name had been previously employed in

Ornithology

British Species of Caddis-flies. 137

very long, extending to near the middle of the cell; fork 3 short.

Posterior wings greyish-black. Legs pale-brownish ochreous.

Abdomen fuscous. In the male the lobe from the upper margin

of the last segment is somewhat emarginate at the apex; app. inf.

with the basal joint long and nearly straight, thickened at the tips,

the second joint shorter and thinner, curved inwards and upwards,

the tips approximating ; penis with a dark shining-brown apex.

Expanse of fore-wings 6—7 lines.

A local insect, appearing in summer and the beginning of

autumn. Occurs near Plymouth and Corwood in Devonshire,

Hastings and Scarborough ; common in Hawthornden, near Ros-

lyn, N. B.

Pictet’s name was applied to this insect by Stephens with a

mark of interrogation; the fuvomaculatus of the former author is

a Polycentropus; it is not probable that the two genera, as now

characterized, can be confounded, and it is better to retain Ste-

phens’ name than to increase the number of synonyms.

Genus Putitorotamus, Leach.

Antenne stout, slightly shorter than the wings; basal joint

swollen, much shorter than the head; the remaining joints short.

Head large, convex above, very hairy. Eyes prominent. Ocelli

present. Maxillary palpi long; two basal joints short and stout,

scarcely longer than broad ; third joint longer than the two first

together, somewhat flattened ; fourth somewhat shorter than the

third ; fifth nearly as long as the others united. Labial palpi

much smaller, two basal joints moderately long, the third nearly as

long as the other two united. Mesothorax about as broad as the

head, scarcely hairy. Anterior wings short and rather broad, with

the tips elliptical, the costal and dorsal margins slightly rounded ;

hairy clothing short and dense ; a transverse vein unites the costa

and subcosta before the middle ; discoidal cell short, closed ; apical

forks 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 all present, 1, 3 and 4 short ; an oblique

transverse vein unites the upper edge of the discoidal cell to

the radius ; a straight one unites the lower branch of the inferior

fork of the ramus discoidalis to the upper branch of the superior

branch of the ramus thyrifer ; another closes the cellula thyridii,

and two others are placed further towards the base of the wing,

Posterior wings almost as long as and nearly similar in form to

the anterior ; ferks 1, 2, 3 and 5 present; discoidal cell closed.

Legs long ; intermediate tibige and tarsi not dilated in the female ;

anterior tibiae with two rather long and equal apical spurs ; in-

138 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Monograph of the

termediate tibia with two pairs of long and unequal spurs; pos-

terior tibize with two pairs of long and equal spurs. Abdomen

short and stout, especially in the female. From beneath the

upper margin of the last segment in the male proceeds a beak-

shaped plate, placed over another smaller plate; app. sup. small

and almost square ; app. inf. very long and bisarticulate, the second

joint fureate, with a large upper fork curved at the apex, and a

thinner nearly straight lower fork; penis cylindrical, directed

downwards. The apex of the abdomen in the female is very ob-

tuse, with two small rounded lateral valves,

Larva inhabiting streams. Head elongate, the sides nearly

parallel, somewhat truncated in front. Prcnotum short, small,

nearly quadrate ; this and the head corneous. _Meso- and meta-

nota broader, of the same consistency as the abdomen. Legs

moderately long. Abdomen tapering behind, without external

respiratory filaments; anal crotchets moderately long.

Pupa elongate, the mandibles strongly dentate at the tips (PI.

II, fig. 21); apex of the abdomen furnished with long appendices.

Case an irregular heap of stony fragments.

The pretty insects comprised in this genus attract the attention

of the least observant. ‘They are found in great numbers about

swiftly-running streams, preferring those of small size with rocky

bottoms, such as are found in mountainous districts,

1. Philopotamus scopulorum, Stephens.

(Pl. VII. fig. 6, neuration, maxillary palpus, antenna; Pl. XIII.

fig. 21, app.)

Philopotamus scopulorum, (Leach, MS.), Steph. (*) Ill. p. 169,

1 (1836); Hag. (*) Stett. Zeit. 1860, p. 277, 2; Ent. Ann.

1861, p. 8, 98; Kol, Gen. et Spec. Trichop. pt. 2, p. 210, 4,

pl. 2, fig. 15; P. variegatus, Steph. (*) Ul. p. 169, 2 (1836) ;

P. montanus, Steph. (*) Ill. p. 170, 3 (1836); Hydropsyche

montana, Pict.(*) Recherch. p. 210, 12, pl. 18, fig. 5; Philo-

potamus tigrinus, Brauer (*) Neurop. Aust. p. 39 (1857).

Antenne brown, annulated with yellow. Head black, with

golden-yellow hairs. Palpi fuscous. Mesothorax black. An-

terior wings brown, thickly spotted with yellow, many of. the

spots being often confluent ; first apical cell (fork 1) reaching as

far, or nearly as far, as the transverse vein closing the discoidal

cell. Posterior wings blackish-grey, spotted with yellow round

the apical margin; veins fuscous. Legs fulvous, the thighs

fuscescent. Abdomen black. In the male the dorsal lobe from

British Species of Caddis-flies. 139

the last segment is beak-shaped, with a rather broad end; app.

sup. small and obtuse; app. inf. large, the basal joint rather

shorter than the terminal, the upper portion of the terminal joint

with the apex curved downwards and rather broad. In the female

the lateral valves are obtuse.

Expanse of fore-wings 9—12 lines.

A common species about small swiftly-flowing streams and

rivers, especially in mountain districts ; continues all the summer

and till late in the autumn.

A nearly allied species is P. variegatus, Scopoli, Brauer, which

is included in Dr. Hagen’s Synopsis (Ent. Ann. 1861, p. 7, 96),

but I have not been able to find it either alive or in any of our

English collections. It differs from P. scopulorum in having the

antenne wholly yellow; the first apical cell is shorter, and the

terminal joint of the inferior appendices is narrower and _ less

obtuse.

2. Philopotamus scoticus, M‘Lachlan.

Philopotamus scoticus, M‘Lach. Ent. Ann, 1862, p. 34, fig. 5.

Antenne brown, annulated with yellow. Head black, clothed

with golden-yellow hairs. Palpi fuscous. Mesothorax black.

Anterior wings rich yellow, with numerous, more or less conflu-

ent, fuscous streaks and blotches; first apical cell not reaching

the transverse vein closing the discoidal cell. Posterior wings

purplish-fuscous, the costal and dorsal margins narrowly edged

with yellow; pterostigma and spots round the apical margin also

yellow. Legs ochreous, with fuscescent tibiz. Abdomen black.

Expanse of fore-wings 11 lines.

I know of only one example, a female, in the collection of the

British Museum, from Rannoch, Perthshire. It is possible that

it may be only a highly coloured variety of P. scopulorum, yet

I have seen no specimens clearly intermediate. If it be a species,

it is the handsomest in the genus. I did not find it on the occa-

sion of my visit to Rannoch in 1865; P. scopulorum was there,

but of the ordinary colour, or perhaps rather darker than southern

examples,

3. Philopotamus montanus, Donovan.

(Pl. IL. fig. 7, larva; Pl. XIII. fig. 22, app.)

Phryganea montana, Donov. Brit. Ins. vol. xvi. pl. 548, fig. 1

(1813)? ; Philopotamus montanus, Brauer (*), Neurop. Aust.

p- 39, fig. 25; Hag. (*) Stett. Zeit. 1860, p. 277, 3; Ent.

140 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Monograph of the

Ann. 1861, p. 8, 97; Kol. Gen. et Spec. Trichop. pt. 2, p.

209, 8, pl. 2, fig. 14; Phryganea Charpentieri, Zett. Ins.

Lapp. col. 1068, 35 (1840)? ; Philopotamus variegatus, Ramb.

Hist. Nat. Névrop. p. 502 (1842).

Antenne dark fuscous, with indistinct pale annulations. Head

black, with yellow hairs. Palpi fuscous. Mesothorax black.

Anterior wings dark brown, thickly spotted with yellow; first

apical cell reaching nearly as far as the transverse vein closing

the discoidal cell. Posterior wings smoky-grey, with an indis-

tinct yellowish spot at the pterostigma. Legs fulvous, darker

externally. Abdomen black. In the male the upper arm of the

terminal joint of the inferior appendices is curved stongly up-

wards, and rather broad and obtuse; the lower branch straight as

in the other species.

Expanse of fore-wings 11—14 lines.

As British this species rests on the authority of three or four

examples in the British Museum from Dr. Leach’s Collection.

Stephens’ insect of this name is only scopudorum, and that of

Donovan, although the name has been adopted both by Drs.

Brauer and Hagen, seems to me to be more than doubtful.

The form of the inferior appendices in the male readily sepa-

rates this from all others.

With respect to the comparative length of the first apical cell

in the anterior wings, I find that in several Continental examples

in my collection, it is quite as long in montanus as in scopulorum.

Genus Wormatpia (new genus).

Antenne stout, shorter than the wings ; the basal Joint swollen,

shorter than the head. Head moderately large, rather hairy.

Ocelli present. Maxillary palpi long; the two first joints short,

stouter than the rest, the second joint the shorter; third joint

very long; fourth short, scarcely longer than the second ; fifth

about as long as the third. Labial palpi small, with two mode-

rately long basal joints and a very long terminal one. Mesothorax

short and broad. Anterior wings moderately broad, with a broadly

elliptical apex ; hairy clothing short and dense; a transverse vein

unites the costa and subcosta before the middle; discoidal cell

closed, rather elongate; two transverse veins nearly in a line

below the discoidal cell, and two others placed towards the base ;

forks 1, 2, 3 and 5 present. Posterior wings shorter than the an-

terior, but nearly similar in shape; discoidal cell closed; forks

3, 2, 3and 5 present. - Legs Jeng; intermediate tibia and tarsi

British Species of Caddis-flies. 114

not dilated in the female; anterior tibia with two moderately

long and equal apical spurs ; intermediate and posterior tibiae each

with two pairs of long unequal spurs. Abdornen short. The second

joint of the inferior appendices in the male is simple. In the

female the abdomen ends in a long compressed ovipositor,

Larva unknown, frequenting swiftly-running streams.

This genus I have named after Mr. P. C. Wormald, one of the

few Entomologists who have paid attention to the Zrichoptera. It

is allied to Philopotamus, but differs in the form of the palpi and

in the neuration of the wings, as was pointed out by Dr. Hagen

in the Stettin “ Entomologische Zeitung” for 1860, p. 279. The

species are small and unicolorous,

1. Wormaldia occipitalis, Pictet

(Pl. VII. fig. 7, neuration and maxillary palpus; Pl. XIII.

fig. 23, app.)

IT ydropsyche occipitalis, Pict. (*) Recherch. p. 211, 14, pl. 19,

fig. 8 (1834); Philopotamus occipilalis, Hag. (*) Stett. Zeit,

1860, p. 279; M‘Lach. Ent. Ann, 1863, p. 135; Aphelocheira

subaurata, Steph. (*) Ill. p. 180, 2 (1836) ; Philopotamus longi-

pennis, Brauer, Neurop. Aust. p. 39 (1857); P. Ramburii,

Kol. Gen. et Spec. Trichop. pt. 2, p. 207, 1 (1859) ; LZydro-

psyche brevicornis, Pict. Recherch. p. 211, 13, pl. 19, fig. 7

(1834) ?

Antenne brown, annulated with yellow. Head fuscous, clothed

with yellowish hairs. Palpi fuscous. Mesothorax shining brown.

Anterior wings yellowish-grey, the veins towards the base clothed

with long yellow hairs. Posterior wings subhyaline, smoky-grey.

Legs ochreous. Abdomen greyish-fuscous above, paler beneath.

In the male the upper margin of the last abdominal segment is

rounded off, slightly excised; app. sup. small, blackish ; app.

inf, long, testaceous, the apical joint rather broad and obtuse at

the tip; penis-cover (or penis?) somewhat pointed, yellowish.

The ovipositor of the female is long and yellowish,

Expanse of fore-wings 6—7 lines.

Not an uncommon species about swiftly-running streams,

especially in the North and West of England. Stephens gives

the metropolitan district as a locality, but I have not seen recent

specimens from thence. It decidedly prefers mountaincus dis-

tricts, appearing in summer and autumn.

142 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Monograph of the

2. Wormaldia subnigra, M‘Lachlan.

(Pl. XIII. figs. 24, 25, app.)

Philopotamus columbina, Hag. (*) Stett. Zeit. 1860, p. 279.

Antenne brown, annulated with yellow. Head black, with

yellowish hairs. Palpi blackish-fuscous. Mesothorax blackish-

fuscous. Anterior wings dark brownish-black, with long blackish

hairs on the basal veins, Posterior wings dark smoky-grey, sub-

hyaline. Legs dark brownish-testaceous. Abdomen dull black.

In the male the upper margin of the last abdominal segment is

deeply notched in the middle ; app. inf. with the basal joint fus-

cous, the apical joint somewhat testaceous, rather more acute at the

tips than in the last species. The ovipositor of the female is

fuscous at the base, testaceous at the apex.

Expanse of fore-wings 53—6 lines.

Has been taken by Mr. Wormald in North Wales in the autumn,

and by Mr. Parfitt and myself in Devonshire at the end of

summer.

May be separated from the last species by its generally darker

colour, and especially by the notch in the upper margin of the last

abdominal segment in the male.

Dr. Hagen informs me that columbina of Pictet is a small true

Philopotamus.

Genus Prirctrocnemia, Stephens.

Antenne rather stout, placed close together at their bases ;

basal joint rather stouter and longer than the others. Head

hairy, nearly quadrate. Ocelli wanting. Maxillary palpi very

Jong; two basal joints very short and stouter than the others ;

third long; fourth rather shorter; fifth as long as the others

united, very slender. Labial palpi small, with a long terminal

joint. Prothorax distinct. Mesothorax short and robust. An-

terior wings narrow at the base, much dilated before the elliptical

apex ; hairy clothing short and rather dense; a transverse vein

unites the costa and subcosta near the middle; discoidal cell

closed, long and narrow, its upper edge united to the radius by an

oblique transverse vein; forks 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 all present, fork 1]

very short; two transverse veins towards the apex below the dis-

coidal cell, another in the middle of the wing, and perhaps others

near the base. Posterior wings folded, broader than the anterior,

anal portion well developed, the apex broadly rounded ; discoidal

cell short, closed, united to the radius by a transverse vein, and

with two others below it; forks 1, 2 and 5 present; fringes short.

British Species of Caddis-flies. 143

Legs long, the intermediate tibia and tarsi not dilated in the female ;

anterior tibiae with one long median and two long apical spurs ;

intermediate and posterior tibize each with two pairs of long un-

equal spurs. Abdomen short and thin. In the male there is a

short lobe from the upper margin of the last segment, beneath

which lies a penis-cover ; app. sup. small and broad ; app. inf.

long and pointed.

Larva inhabiting streams; elongate. Pronotum very small and

transverse. Legs moderately long. Abdomen without external

respiratory filaments, but fringed with hairs; anal crotchets

very long.

Pupa furnished with external respiratory filaments, one placed

on each side of each segment.

Case a heap of small stones lightly held together. A firmer

case is constructed when the larva is about to change to a pupa.

1, Plectrocnemia conspersa, Curtis. (Pl. VII. fig. 8, neuration.)

Philopotamus conspersus, Curt. (*) Phil. Mag. p. 213, 5

(1834); Plectrocnemia conspersa, Hag. (*) Ent. Ann. 1861, p.

2, 87; M‘Lach, Ent. Mo. Mag. vol. i. p. 26; JZydropsyche

senex, Pict. (*) Recherch. p. 219, 28, pl. 19, fig. 1 (1834) ;

Plectrocnemia senex, Steph. (*) Ill. p. 168, 1; Brauer,

Neurop. Aust. p. 39.

Antennz brown, annulated with yellow. Head fuscous in fresh

specimens, with a tuft of silvery hairs between the antenne.

Palpi testaceous. Prothorax clothed with pale yellowish-white

hairs in the middle and with blackish hairs on each side. Meso-

thorax brown. Anterior wings ashy-grey, with fuscous markings

forming irregular oblique streaks and reticulations ; apical margin

regularly spotted with fuscous; fringes yellowish. Posterior

wings pale grey, with darker veins, most conspicuous at the apex ;

fringes pale grey. Legs testaceous. Abdomen fuscous above,

paler beneath. In the male there is a short obtuse lobe from

the middle of the upper margin of the last segment ; beneath this

is a longer and rather pointed upper penis-cover; app. sup.

broad, oval and hairy ; app. intermed. lying inside the app. sup.,

small and crooked at the tips; app. inf. long and hairy, placed

close together at the base, gradually decreasing in size towards the

prolonged apex, which is strongly directed upwards. Inthe female

the apex of the abdomen is blunt, with two small valves.

Expanse of fore-wings 9—12 lines.

Larya with the head fawn-coloured, with black points forming a

144 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Monograph of the

circle in the middle. Pronotum small and short, also fawn-

coloured. Meso- and meta-nota and abdomen fawn-coloured,

tinged with rose ; the abdominal segments marked with longitu-

dinal sinuose impressions ; the last segment with a short base and

two long pedicels terminated by simple hooks. Feet fawn-coloured.

(Pictet.)

A widely spread but not common insect, frequenting the neigh-

bourhood of streams in summer and autumn,

Genus Potycentroprvus, Curtis.

Antenne stout, not so long as the wings; basal joint rather

thicker and longer than the others. Head hairy. Ocelli absent.

Maxillary palpi long; the two basal joints short; the third long ;

the fourth about half the length of the third; the fifth nearly as

long as the others united. Mesothorax robust. Anterior wings

rather short, narrower at the base, dilated and obliquely rounded

at the apex; hairy clothing short and dense; the neuration

almost entirely similar to Plectrocnemia. Posterior wings folded,

shorter and broader than the anterior, the costal margin slightly

concave ; anal portion well developed ; fringes short ; discoidal

cell closed or open; forks 1, 2 and 5 present, or 2 and 5 only.

Legs moderately long; intermediate tibia and tarsi strongly di-

lated in the female ; anterior tibiz with one rather short median

and two smaller and equal apical spurs; intermediate and pos-

terior tibia each with two pairs of rather long and unequal spurs.

Abdomen short, somewhat robust. The appendices are compli-

cated and vary according to the species.

Larva inhabiting standing and running waters; similar in form

to Plectrocnemia ; living under and on stones, and drawing to-

gether débris with light silken threads; several larve often live

under one common covering. When about to metamorphose a

case of stones is constructed.

In the “ Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine,” vol, i. pp. 25—

31, I have given a resumé of the British genera and species of

Hydropsychide with tricalcarate anterior tibiz ; the generic cha-

racters being principally based on differences of neuration. As

therein stated, the species of this genus divide themselves natu-

rally into two sections, which some may even feel disposed to

consider distinct genera.

A. In the posterior wings, discoidal cell open, forks 1,2 and 5

} (spoat) ? ’

present ; two first coslule united near the middle by a short

transverse vein.

British Species of Caddis-flies. 145

1. Polycentropus flavomaculatus, Pictet.

(Pl. VIII. fig. 1, neuration; Pl. XIII. figs. 26, 27, app.)

Hydropsyche flavomaculatus, Pict. Recherch. p. 220, 29, pl. 19,

fig. 2 (1834); Polycentropus flavomaculatus, M‘Lach. Ent.

Mo. Mag. vol. i. p. 27; P. irroratus, Curt. (*) Brit. Ent.

p- 554 (1835); Steph. (*) Ill. p. 178, 7; Hag. (*) Ent. Ann.

1861, p. 3, 88; P.pyrrhaoceras, Steph. (*) ill. p. 177, 3 (1836) 5

P. fuliginosus, Steph. (*) Ill. p. 177, 4 (1836); 2. concinnus,

Steph. (*) Ill. p. 178, 5 (1836); P. trimaculatus, Steph. (*)

Ill. p. 178, 6 (1836); P. subpunctatus, Steph. (*) Ill. p. 177,

1 (1836), part.

Antenne brown, annulated with yellowish. Head fuscous,

clothed with pale golden-yellow hair. Palpi fuscous. Meso-

thorax dark blackish-fuscous. Anterior wings fuscous, with

numerous small golden-yellow spots; some of these on the costal

margin are rather larger than the others; apical margin regularly

spotted. Posterior wings smoky-grey, with greyish fringes. Legs

testaceous, the thighs fuscescent. Abdomen blackish-fuscous,

paler beneath. In the male there is a broad membranous lobe

from the middle of the upper margin of the last segment, the apex

of which is somewhat dilated, truncated and excised; from be-

neath this lobe proceed the app. intermed., which are somewhat

claw-shaped, and widely divergent; app. sup. small, broad and

very obtuse ; app. inf. large, slightly concave and broadly rounded

at the apex.

Expanse of fore-wings, $ 7 lines, 9 9 lines.

A common species, frequenting streams, appearing at the end

of spring, and continuing all the summer. It is very abundant

in the metropolitan district.

2. Polycentropus multiguttatus, Curtis. (Pl. XIII. fig. 28, app.)

Polycentropus multiguttatus, Curt. (*) Brit. Ent. p. 544 (1835)?;

Hag (*) Ent. Ann. 1861, p. 4, 89; M‘Lach. Ent. Mo.

Mag. vol. i. p. 27; Plectrocnemia irrorata, Brauer (*),

Neurop. Aust. p. 40 (1857); P. atomaria, Kol. Gen. et

Spec. Trichop. pt. 2, p. 212, pl. 1, figs. 10, 11 (1859).

Antenne brown, annulated with yellow. Head fuscous, with

pale golden-yellow hairs. Palpi dark testaceous. Mesothorax

dark fuscous. Anterior wings fuscous, thickly sprinkled with

golden-yellow spots; some of these on the costal margin are

larger than the others, and alternate with large spaces of the dark

VOL. V. THIRD SERIES, PART I.—ocT. 1865. L

146 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Monograph of the

ground colour; apical margin regularly spotted. Posterior wings

smoky-grey, with dark grey fringes. Legs brownish-testaceous.

Abdomen dark fuscous, paler beneath. The lobe from the upper

margin of the last abdominal segment in the male more pointed

than in flavomaculatus ; the app. intermed. very sharply elbowed

in the middle, the apical half directed outwards horizontally at

nearly right angles; app. sup. long and pale yellow, the tips

acute and suddenly incurved ; app. inf. very similar to those of

flavomaculatus.

Expanse of fore-wings, ¢ 7—8 lines, @ 9—10 lines.

This species is very likely overlooked. I possess four or five

examples from various localities, one of which is Haslemere. It

may readily be separated from the last by the form of the app.

sup.; in size it is somewhat larger, and rather paler in colour.

I do not feel certain that this is P. multiguttatus of Curtis, as

I noted that the species of this name in Curtis’ cabinet was iden-

tical with Cyrnus trimaculatus (p. 149), but this may have been an

error. The citation of Brauer’s name is from a specimen from

Zeller’s Collection named by Brauer himself. Kolenati’s name is

given on the authority of a specimen sent by him to Dr. Hagen.

B. In the posterior wings, discoidal cell closed, only forks 2 and 5

present ; two first costule not united by a transverse vein.

3. Polycentropus subnebulosus, M‘Laeblan.

(Pl. VIIL. fig. 2, neuration; Pl. XIV. fig. 1, app.)

Polycentropus subnebulosus, Steph. (*) Cat. p. 317, 3598 (1829);

M‘Lach. Ent. Mo. Mag. i. 28 (1864); PB. multiguttatus,

Steph. (*) Hl. p. 178, 8, part (1836), not of Curtis; P. pyr-

rhoceras, Hag. (*) Ent. Ann. 1861, p. 4, 90 (not of Steph.).

Antenne brown, annulated with yellow. Head fuscous, with

greyish-yellow hairs. Palpi fuscous. Mesothorax dark fuscous.

Anterior wings fuscous, thickly but not very conspicuously irro-

rated with pale yellow; slightly worn examples appear entirely

pale fuscous; some long dark spaces of the ground-colour on the

costal margin. Posterior wings smoky-grey. Legs externally

fuscous, internally ochreous. Abdomen fuscous, paler beneath.

In the male the lobe from the upper margin of the last abdominal

segment is very long and narrow, the app. intermed. lying close

on each side of it, and bent under at the tips in a haustellate

form; app. sup. rather small, yellow, the tips slightly narrowed

and bent downwards; app. inf. brown, small and nearly qua-

drate.

Expanse of fore-wings, $ 7 lines.

British Species of Caddis-flies. 147

A common species near Haslemere in Surrey, and I have also

seen specimens from the Fen district, Kew and Dorsetshire. Like

the last, it is probably overlooked. I believe it frequents stand-

ing waters.

The extraordinary form of the lobe and of the app. intermed.

render the discrimination of this species easy.

The female is unknown to me, unless it be the next following.

4, Polycentropus Parfitti, n. sp.

Antenne brown, annulated with yellow. Head blackish-fus-

cous, thickly clothed with golden-yellow pubescence. Palpi

fuscous. Mesothorax dark blackish-fuscous. Anterior wings

pale greyish-brown, very thickly and evenly irrorated with small

golden-yellow spots of uniform size; apical margin regularly

spotted with yellow; costal fringe blackish, apical fringe dark

grey. Posterior wings greyish, subhyaline; costal fringes dark

blackish-grey, the rest pale grey ; subcostal vein yellowish. Ab-

domen dark blackish-fuscous, the incisions of the segments some-

what paler, especially beneath; the appendices yellow. Above

there is a semicircular piece, forming a nearly complete tube; below

this on the middle of the lateral margin is a small shining obtuse

piece, curved inwards; below this again is an obtuse app. inf.

Expanse of fore-wings 8—9 lines.

Of this I have seen but two examples, taken at Taunton by

Mr. Parfitt, on the 20th June, 1860.

I am unable to decide whether these dry specimens are males

or females. At any rate, they are totally different from anything

with which I am acquainted ; and I hope, by an examination of

fresh examples, to decide both the sex and the stability of the

species. Supposing that they are females, the only known species

to which they can be referred is P. subnebulosus, of which I have

seen males only; nevertheless, that species is not in Mr, Parfitt’s

Collection, and the insects here described hardly agree with it in

ornamentation, though apparently identical in neuration.

5. Polycentropus picicornis, Stephens. (Pl. XIV. fig. 2, app.)

Polycentropus picicornis, Steph. (*) Ill. p. 177, 2 (1836);

M‘Lach. Ent. Mo. Mag. vol. i. p. 28; Cyrnus pulchellus,

Steph. (*) Ill. p. 175, 2, part (1836); Polycentropus pulchellus,

Hag. (*) Ent. Ann. 1861, p. 5, 92.

Antennz very dark fuscous, narrowly annulated with yellow ;

‘paler in the female. Head dark fuscous, with rich golden-yellow

hair. Palpi fuscous. Mesothorax dark fuscous, nearly black.

148 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Monograph of the

Anterior wings dark fuscous, with numerous small rich golden

spots with a reddish tinge; on the costal margin, large spaces of

the ground colour and conspicuous golden spots alternate. Pos-

terior wings dark blackish-grey. Legs brown, darker externally.

Abdomen dark blackish-fuscous, scarcely paler beneath, In the

male the lobe from the upper margin of the last segment (during

life) is broad, with a truncated and emarginate apex, appearing

more pointed in dry specimens; app. sup. small and somewhat

triangular; app. inf. larger, rather broad and directed upwards.

Varies in the number and intensity of the golden spots; in

some examples the anterior wings appear entirely golden-yellow,

and sometimes in fresh examples of the female the wings are en-

uirely fuscous.

Expanse of fore-wings, ¢ 6—63 lines, 2 7—8 lines.

A common species about standing waters, appearing In summer.

It is wonderfully active, and runs with facility on the surface of

the water.

Without doubt more species of this genus (as here restricted)

will be found in this country.

Genus Cyrnus, Siephens.

Antenne not so long as the wings, basal joint but little longer

or stouter than the others. Head very hairy. Ocelli absent.

Palpi the same as in Polycentropus. Mesothorax robust. An-

terior wings rather narrow, especially at the base, but slightly

dilated before the rounded apex; hairy clothing short and dense,

but easily removed ; neuration somewhat like that of Polycentro-

pus, but.only the forks 2, 3, 4 and 5 present. Posterior wings

slightly folded, shorter and rather broader than the anterior ;

costal margin slightly concave; anal portion angular, scarcely

developed ; no discoidal cell; forks 2 and 5 present. Legs mode-

rately long; intermediate tibia and tarsi dilated in the female ;

anterior tibia with one median and two equal apical spurs; in-

termediate and posterior tibiae each with two pairs of long un-

equal spurs. Abdomen slender. In the male there is usually a

short lobe from the upper margin of the last segment; app. sup.

small; app. inf. large, with broad apices; sometimes there are

straight app. intermed. In the female there are small, but rather

prominent, lateral valves.

Larva unknown ; inhabiting standing and slowly-flowing waters.

The more slender form and the differences in the neuration will

readily separate these insects from Polycentropus, which they

otherwise greatly resemble.

British Species of Caddis-flies. 149

1. Cyrnus trimaculatus, Curtis.

(PI. VIII. fig. 3, neuration; PI. XIV. fig. 3, app.)

Philopotamus trimaculatus, Curt.(*) Phil. Mag. p. 218, 4 (1834) ;

Polycentropus trimaculatus, Hag. (*) Ent. Ann. 1861, p. 4,

91; Cyrnus trimaculatus, M‘Lach. Ent. Mo. Mag. vol. i. p.

29; C. unipunctatus, Steph. (*) Ill. p. 175, 1 (1836); C.

pulchellus, Steph. (*) Ill. p. 175, 2, part (1836).

Antenne brown, with yellowish annulations. Head fuscous,

clothed with greyish-yellow hairs. Palpi brownish-ochreous.

Mesothorax fuscous. Anterior wings fuscous, rather thickly

irrorated with very small golden-yellow spots, of which two or

three at the anal angle are rather larger than the rest, and alternate

with spaces of the dark ground colour; upper margin of the dis-

coidal cell rather angulated at the point where the transverse vein

unites it to the radius; cellula thyridii short, the transverse vein

closing it placed almost in a line with that closing the discoidal

cell. Posterior wings smoky-grey, with concolorous fringes. Legs

ochreous, posterior tibiz and tarsi somewhat darker. Abdomen

brown, scarcely paler beneath. The lobe from the middle of the

upper margin of the last segment in the male is very short; app.

intermed. short and straight; app. sup. very small; app. inf.

large, short and broad, yellow, concave within, the apex almost

truncated. In the female there are two short lateral valves.

Expanse of fore-wivgs, ¢ 5—6 lines, @ 7—8 lines.

A common species in summer and autumn about canals, marshy

dikes, slowly-flowing rivers, &c.

2. Cyrnus flavidus, M‘Lachlan. (Pl. XIV. fig. 4, app.)

Cyrnus flavidus, M‘Lach. Ent. Mo. Mag. i. 29 (1864).

Antenne very pale brown, with yellowish annulations. Head

pale brown, with yellow hairs. Palpi pale browni!sh-ochreous.

Anterior wings narrow, pale yellow, rather thickly but indistinctly

reticulated with pale greyish-fuscous; apex regularly spotted

with pale fuscous; discoidal cell not angulated; cellula thyridn

rather long, the transverse vein closing it placed much further

towards the apex than the one closing the discoidal cell. Legs

pale yellow. Abdomen brown above, ochreous beneath. In the

male the lobe from the upper margin of the last segment is small

and rounded; app. intermed. absent; app. sup. larger than in the

last species, obtuse at the apex; app. inf. larger, somewhat con-

cave internally, the apex very obtuse, but more rounded than in

C. trimaculatus.

Expanse of fore-wings 6—8 lines. :

150 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Monograph of the

The only locality that I know to produce this species is the

remnant of the Croydon Canal at Forest Hill, Kent, where it

occurs in May and June. As this locality will probably be shortly

destroyed, it is to be hoped that the species will be found else-

where.

It is allied to Philopotamus urbanus, Ramb., but appears to be

distinct. Dr. Hagen, who possesses the type of uwrbanus, says

that it differs from flavidus in that the anterior wings are almost

entirely pale without darker markings, and has some slight dif-

ferences in the comparative length of the forks. Moreover, it

possesses evident fringes on the anterior wings, and rather long ones

on the posterior. In C. flavidus the anterior wings have scarcely

any evident fringes, and those on the posterior are very short.

Plectrocnemia aurata of Kolenati is also apparently an allied spe-

cies, yet the neuration, according to the figure, seems to possess

fork 1 in the anterior wings, which, if correct, will preclude its

being placed in Cyrnus.

Genus Ecnomus, M‘Lachlan.

Antenne much shorter than the wings, the basal joint scarcely

longer or stronger than the others. Head hairy. Ocell!i absent.

Maxillary palpi with two rather short and equal basal joints; two

following scarcely longer and somewhat dilated; fifth as long as

the others united. Mesothorax short and robust. Anterior

wings long and very narrow, very slightly dilated before the

elliptical apex ; hairy clothing short and dense ; a transverse vein

unites the costa and subcosta near the middle; the radius and

subcosta unite beyond the middle, but divide again before their

termination; discoidal cell closed, short and broad; forks 1, 2, 3,

4 and 5 present, No. 1 very short; four transverse veins towards

the apex, and one towards the base. Posterior wings scarcely

folded, very narrow at the base, but considerably dilated before

the very obtuse apex; costal margin slightly elevated in the middle,

somewhat excised towards the apex; anal portion not developed ;

forks 2 and 5 only present; one transverse vein, uniting the ramus

discoidalis and ramus thyrifer; no discoidal cell. Legs long ;

intermediate tibiae very slightly dilated in the female; anterior

tibiae with one very short median and two moderately long apical

spurs; intermediate and posterior tibia each with two pairs of

Jong and unequal spurs. Abdomen rather slender. In the male

the only visible appendices are the inferior, which are largely

developed ; between these on the ventral surface arise two long

curved sheaths,

British Species of Caddis-flies. 151

Larva unknown ; inhabits standing waters.

The long narrow form, the structure of the hind wings, the

somewhat differently formed palpi, the character of the appen-

dices, and the general facies of the insect, all prove the necessity

for placing it in a genus apart. At present only one species is

known.

1. Eenomus tenellus, Rambur.

(Pl. VIII. fig. 4, neuration and maxillary palpus; Pl. XIV.

fig. 5, app.)

Philopotamus tenellus, Ramb. Hist. Nat. Névrop. p. 503, 4

(1842); Ecnomus tenellus, M‘Lach. Ent. Mo. Mag. vol. i. p.

30; Polycentropus concinnus, Hag. (*) Ent. Ann. 1861, p. 5,

93.

Antenne yellow, narrowly annulated with brown. Head thickly

clothed with greyish-yellow hairs. Palpi yellowish, slightly

brownish externally. Anterior wings pale-greyish, very thickly

irrorated with pale-golden spots, most of which are more or less

confluent ; a rather large dark spot at the pterostigma, and similar

but smaller spots placed regularly along the costal and apical

and part of the dorsal margins; fringes grey, mixed with pale

yellow. Posterior wings pale grey, with long greyish-yellow

fringes. Legs pale ochreous, the anterior and intermediate tarsi

annulated with brown; the anterior tibia have also a brown

apical ring. Abdomen brown, the apical segments and appendices

yellowish. In the male the upper margin of the last abdominal

segment is much produced; the app. inf. very long, the tips in-

curved and furnished internally with small black teeth; below and

between the app. inf. are two long upcurved appendices which I

eonsider to be properly the penis-sheaths, though they may be

called app. intermed.

Expanse of fore-wings 6—7 lines.

This has been taken in the Fen district by Mr. Winter, and

also in Hyde Park in June by Mr. Wormald. It is not contained

in Stephens’ or Curtis’ Collections.

Genus Nevrecuipsis, M‘Lachlan.

Antennz rather stout, shorter than the wings, the basal joint

scarcely longer or thicker than the others. Head very hairy.

Ocelli absent. Maxillary palpi with two very short basal joints ;

third rather long and dilated; fourth shorter than the third and

also dilated; fifth about as long as the two preceding joints united.

152 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Monograph of the

Labial palpi very small; two basal joints rather elongate and

flattened; third about as long as the others united. Mesothorax

short and robust. Anterior wings narrow at the-base, rather

dilated towards the elliptical apex; hairy clothing short and dense;

no transverse vein uniting the costa and subcosta near the middle;

discoidal cell elongate, closed, a transverse vein unites the upper

margin with the radius, another unites the lower margin with the

cellula thyridii, another closes this cell, and a fourth unites the

base of this with the inferior branch of the ramus thyrifer; forks

1, 2, 38, 4 and 5 all present. Posterior wings folded, shorter and

broader than the anterior ; costal margin nearly straight ; discoidal

cell closed, two transverse veins below it; forks 1, 2, 3 and 5 all

present. Legs rather long; intermediate tibize and tarsi slightly

dilated in the female; auterior tibize with one very short median

and two longer apical spurs ; intermediate and posterior tibize each

with two pairs of long and unequal spurs. Abdomen short. In

the male a long lobe proceeds from under the upper margin of

the last segment; app. sup. very small; app. inf. large and

elongate.

Larva unknown, inhabiting standing and slowly-flowing waters.

‘The absence of the transverse vein uniting the costa and sub-

costa In the anterior wings, and the presence of fork 3 in the

posterior, readily separate this from all the other genera with

tricalearate anterior tibiee.

1. Neureclipsis bimaculata, Linné.

(Pl. VIII. fig. 5, neuration and maxillary palpus; Pl. XIV.

fig. 6, app.)

Phryganea bimaculata, Linn. Faun. Suec. n. 1487 (1761), and

other works ; Polycentropus bimaculatus, Hag. (*) Ent. Ann.

1861, p. 6, 95; Kol. Gen. et Spec. Trichop. pt. 2, p. 215,

pl. 1, fig. 6; Neureclpsis bimaculata, M‘Lach. Ent. Me.

Mag. vol. i. p. 31; Phryganea Tigurinensis, Fab. Ent. Syst.

Suppl. p. 20), 18—19 (1798); Anticyra robusta, Walk. (*)

Brit. Mus. Cat. p. 122, 5 (1852).

Antenne brown annulated with yellow, paler in the female.

Head fuscous with greyish hairs. Palpi yellow; the two terminal

joints fuscescent. Mesothorax dark blackish-fuscous. Anterior

wings smoky-grey, the hairy clothing varied with pale yellow,

especially towards the base; a little beyond the middle there is

a large irregularly formed pale yellow spot on the disc, and

beyond this and sometimes connected with it, a similarly coloured

British Species of Caddis-flies. 153

semilunate spot more towards the costa; fringes pale yellowish ;

in the female these wings are much paler and the yellowish spots

are indistinct. Posterior wings smoky-grey with concolorous

fringes. Legs greyish-ochreous, paler in the female. Abdomen

dark blackish-fuscous, slightly paler beneath. In the male there

is a long straight narrow yellow lobe from the upper margin of

the last segment, the apex of which is truncated ; app. sup. very

small; app. inf. very long, yellow, cylindrical, the tips approxi-

mating. '

Expanse of fore-wings, ¢ 6—7 lines, 2 9—10 lines,

A common species in many localities, frequenting canals and

slowly-flowing rivers. In Ireland it is abundant near Dublin and

also at Killarney. It is wanting among the Stephensian types,

but exists in Curtis’ Collection under the MS. name of memo-

rabilis. This insect is very widely distributed, Dr. Hagen having

even received it from the Slave Lake in North America.

Fam. RHYACOPHILIDA.

Antennze moderately stout, as long as, or shorter than, the

wings; ocelli generally present; maxillary palpi alike in the

sexes, scarcely hairy (except in Berea), the last joint usually

cylindrical ; anterior wings usually with but slight hairy clothing,

broad and dilated towards the apex ; posterior wings generally

broad and folded ; legs nearly spineless, but furnished with long

spurs, varying in number in the different genera.

Larva elongate, decreasing in size at the extremitics; head and

pronotum corneous ; mesonotum and metanotum of the same con-

sistency as the abdomen; legs short; first abdominal segment

without protuberances, terminal segment provided with long anal

hooks ; respiratory filaments arranged in tufts, or these filaments

are entirely absent externally.

Pupa elongate; mandibles internally dentate; abdomen not

fringed at the sides, without external respiratory filaments. It is

contained in an oval cocoon within the case, the cocoon being

composed of a gelatinous material which hardens into a tough

membrane.

Case a fixed heap of small angular stones placed beneath a

large stone. The larve live almost free beneath stones, retir-

ing into the cases on the approach of danger and when about to

assume the pupa state.

Most of the genera frequent swift streams.

154 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Monograph of the

The following is a tabular arrangement of the British genera :—

Spurs 3-4-4 . . . . . . «© Rhyacophila.-

Spurs 2-4-4. . . . . « « Agapetus and Glossosoma.

Spurs 2-2-4 So eure elt a vor AREnCE Oe

Spurs 0-4-4 (3), 1-4-4 (¢) . . Chimarra.

Genus Ruyacopuita, Pictet.

Antenne rather shorter than the wings ; basal joint thick, shorter

than the head. Head nearly quadrate. Ocelli present. Max-

illary palpi with the first two joints very short and nearly globular,

the others cylindrical and nearly equal, the third slightly the

longest. Labial palpi with two broad and dilated basal joints and

a somewhat longer and thinner cylindrical terminal joint. Meso-

thorax short and robust. Anterior wings narrow at the base,

dilated towards the elliptical apex; costal margin somewhat

rounded ; hairy clothing very slight; neuration strong and dis-

tinct; an oblique transverse vein uniting the costa and subcosta

near the middle; radius slightly bent before its termination ;

discoidal cell open (in all the wings); a straight transverse vein

uniting the lower branch of the ramus disccidalis to the upper

branch of the ramus thyrifer, and an oblique one, placed more

posteriorly, uniting the two branches of the ramus _ thyrifer.

Posterior wings similar in form to the anterior, but somewhat

shorter. Legs long, anterior tibiae with one median and

two long equal apical spurs; intermediate and_ posterior

tibia each with two pairs of long and nearly equal spurs.*

Abdomen slender in the male, robust in the female. In the

antepenultimate ventral segment in the male there is a small

pointed tubercle; the upper margin of the last abdominal seg-

ment is produced into a lobe varying according to the species,

sometimes very long; app. sup. small, lying under this Jobe and

often concealed by it; app. inf. very long and bisarticulate ;_ penis

long, furnished with two valves and with long needle-shaped

sheaths on either side. In the female the extremity of the ab-

domen is obtuse; at the apex are seen two somewhat hairy valves

fitting round a short thick tubular piece, from the interior of which

the small ovipositor can be exserted at will.

Larva inhabiting swiftly-running streams ; elongate, flattened ;

head and first thoracic segment small and corneous (see Pl. 11.

fig. 16); mandibles simple; two last thoracic segments and the

abdomen soft; legs short and thick ; abdominal segments broadly |

transverse, each (and also the two last thoracic segments) provided

with a large tuft of respiratory filaments on each side; anal

crotchets very long and claw-shaped.

rad

British Species of Caddis-flies. 156

Pupa long and narrow, with small head and prothorax; man-

dibles externally provided with one large, and several smaller

teeth (see PI. II. fig. 22); abdomen without respiratory filaments

or fringes. ‘These pupz shortly before they assume the perfect

state are very active when taken out of the cases. I have seen

one walk across an ordinary-sized round table, and use every

endeavour to escape. In the pupe of the males the anal appen-

dices are highly developed, so much so that it is often possible

by this means to identify the species to which they belong.

Case an oval heap of stones into which the larva occasionally

retires ; the cocoon of the pupa is long and brown.

We possess four recorded species of this numerous genus, three

of which are recent discoveries. ‘There can be no doubt that more

will yet be found, especially in the mountain districts of Scotland

and Ireland.

A. Terminal joint of the inferior appendices in the male not

cleft.

1. Rhyacophila dorsalis, Curtis.

(Pl. II. fig. 9, larva and pupa; Pl. XIV. figs. 7, 8, app.)

Philopotamus dorsalis, Curt. (*) Phil. Mag. p. 213, 6 (1834);

Rhyacophila dorsalis, Hag. (*) Stett. Zeit. 1859, p. 153, 1;

Ent. Ann. 1860, p.79, 78; Philopotamus longipennis, Curt. (*)

~ Phil. Mag. p. 213, 6 6 (1834); Rhyacophila vulgaris, Steph.

(*) Ill. p. 165, 1 (1836); Crunophila vulgaris, Kol. Gen, et

Spec. Trichop. pt. 2, p. 196, 3, pl. 1, fig. 3?; Rhyacophila

stigma, Steph. (*) Ill, p. 166, 2 (1836); &. opaca, Steph. (*)

Il]. p. 166, 3 (1836).

Antenne brown, with paler annulations, Head and _ thorax -

dark reddish-brown. Palpi brown. Anterior wings greyish

brown, thickly irrorated with small pale-yellowish spots, many of

which are confluent; a large rhombic whitish, spot, with darker

irrorations, is placed about the middle of the dorsal margin in

each wing, and when the wings are closed, these spots meet and

form one very conspicuous dorsal blotch; between this spot and

the base are one or two longitudinal fuscous streaks; apical margin

spotted with greyish ; pterostigma shghtly darker; veins brown;

the female is always darker, with the paler irrorations and dorsal

spot less conspicuous; the coloration varies very much in dif-

ferent individuals. Posterior wings greyish, subhyaline, with a

brownish pterostigmatic mark. Legs testaceous. Abdomen

156 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Monograph of the

dark brown above, ochreous beneath. In the male the lobe from

the upper margin of the last segment is very long and nar-

row, band-like, with a dilated truncated apex ; app. sup. flat and

short, placed on each side of the lobe, and [ am not certain but

that these appendices have a moveable piece attached, concealed

under the lobe; app. inf. very long, the basal joint longest, the

terminal joint notched a little before the obtuse apex on the upper

edge ; sheaths usually curved strongly downwards; penis nearly

cylindrical. In the female the valves are large and somewhat

hairy, the truncated apical margins slightly excised.

Expanse of fore-wings 10—13 lines.

Larva with the head yellowish, with a blackish marking in front

oneach side before the eyes; an assemblage of brown spots on

the middle of the dise forming a stellate marking; hinder edge

notched, narrowly dark brown. Pronotum yellowish, broadly

margined with brown on the hinder edge. Meso- and meta-nota

and abdominal segments dull greenish when alive, the respira-

tory filaments pinkish. Legs yellowish, with brown spots; anal

crotchets yellowish, with blackish lines. :

Inhabits clear swiftly-running streams, all over the country ;

appearing from the end of spring tll late in the autumn.

The true R. vulgaris of Pictet is very closely allied to this spe-

cles, but appears to be distinct; nevertheless the characters are

by no means striking. In vulgaris the penis-sheaths are always

curved upwards, and the penis itself is more crooked and pro-

vided beneath with a large obtuse tooth or tubercle; but I have

seen examples of dorsalis in which the sheaths had an upward

tendency. R. vulgaris probably occurs here, but is overlooked.

2. Rhyacophila obliter:ta, M‘Lachlan.

(Pl. I. figs. 8, 8*; Pl. VIII. fig. 6, neuration and palpi;

P]. XIV. fig. 9, app.)

Rhyacophila obliterata, M‘Lach. Ent. Ann. 1863, p. 134, fig. 7.

Antennz brownish, with paler annulations. Head and palpi

brown. Mesothorax dark reddish-fuscous. Anterior wings pale

yellowish, faintly reticulated with pale grey, and with brownish-

grey spots, somewhat arranged in two transverse rows; a large

brownish-grey blotch, with ‘well defined edges, placed on the

dorsal margin near the base, marks the inner edge of the pale

dorsal blotch ; a distinct whitish hyaline dot at the thyridium ;

veins brown; in the female the wings are narrower and pale

brown, with indistinct yellowish irrorations, the dot at the thy-

British Species of Caddis-flies. Wa,

ridium more conspicuous, and the veins darker. Posterior wings

subhyaline, faintly yellowish at the apex, and with the-ptero-

stigma also yellow. Legs testaceous. Abdomen fuscous above,

ochreous beneath, with testaceous appendices. In the male the

lobe from the middle of the upper margin of the last segment is

short and very broad, almost square, but with the corners rounded,

concealing the app. sup.; app. inf. very long, first joint shortest

and truncated, second joint longer, broad at the base, then sud-

denly very obliquely excised, the apex much produced and slightly

incurved ; sheaths very short and straight; penis apparently di-

lated and notched at the end. In the female the truncated mar-

gins of the valves are rather suddenly and deeply notched.

Expanse of fore-wings 12—13 lines,

This species is common along all the mountain torrents of

North Wales in September, often at considerable elevations. I

have also seen examples from North Devon, Staffordshire and

Scarborough.

I believe that the female described in the Ent. Ann. 1863

belonged to R. dorsalis ; however, I met with undoubted females

of obliterata (described above) in the autumn of 1863; they are

much rarer than the males.

Of the described European species belonging to this section,

R. obliterata is allied in form to R. fasciata, Hagen, of which I

possess a continental example. This differs in its decidedly fasci-

ated anterior wings, and in the form of the superior lobe, which

is much longer, and does not entirely cover the app. sup.

R. vulgaris, Pict., as before mentioned, is very closely allied to

R. dorsalis, Curtis. R. paupera, Hagen (which I possess from

Sweden), is somewhat similar to dorsalis but darker, the penis-

sheaths straight, the superior lobe narrow, but not dilated at the

apex, and not so long as the app. sup. A&. torrentium, Pict. (=A.

Armeniaca, Guérin), is the largest of the European species, and

differs considerably from the others. MR. ferruginea, Scopoli,

Hagen, somewhat resembles fasciata in the form of the appen-

dices, and still more the next following, R. septentrionis, with

which it may perhaps be identical.

3, ‘Rhyacophila septentrionis, n. sp.

Rhyacophila ferruginea, Hag. Stett. Zeit. 1859, p. 133, 42

Antenne testaceous, with indistinct paler annulations. Head,

palpi and mesothorax pale brown; the former with scattered

golden hairs. Anterior wings broad, the apex nearly elliptical,

158 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Monograph of the

golden-grey, thickly reticulated with dark grey ; dark greyish-

fuscous spots round the apical margin, one at the termination of

each apical sector; the pale dorsal blotch is ill defined, and is

indicated by an irregular pale space, scarcely reticulated ; a simi-

lar but still more indistinct paler space occupies the whole of the

lower two-thirds of the apical portion of the wing; neuration

fuscous. Posterior wings pale greyish, subhyaline ; apical veins

darker grey, sometimes margined with grey at their points of in-

sertion in the apical margin. Legs testaceous; the tips of the

anterior and intermediate tibize externally fuscous; tibial spurs

dark brown. Abdomen fuscous, ochreous beneath, testaceous

at the apex above, and with testaceous appendices. In the male

the superior lobe is short, rather attenuated at the base, but soon

greatly dilated, the apical portion being nearly orbicular ; app. sup.

nearly concealed under the lobe, the external edge rounded, slightly

excised in front; app. inf. rather short, the basal joint broad, with

the sides parallel, the apical joint scarcely shorter than the basal,

and of equal breadth, the apex very obliquely truncated; penis

furnished above with a short broad dark chestnut-brown superior

cover; lower sheaths bent slightly downwards (their direction

varies in dead specimens), dark shining chestnut-brown, clear

testaceous at the extreme base.

Expanse of fore-wings 123 lines.

I took five examples (all males) in the middle of June, 1865,

at a little stream running into the sea on the coast of the Firth of

Forth, near Longniddry. The discovery was made too late for

me to give figures of the appendices.

I have some doubt in announcing this as a new species, since the

form of the appendices agrees very well with the figure of those of

R. ferruginea, sent to me by Dr. Hagen. I submitted an example

to that gentleman, and he says that it is larger and darker than

his continental types of that species, and may be distinct. &. fer-

rugined is described as “die kleinste Art” of the group (the true

genus Rhyacophila) to which it belongs.

B. Terminal joint of the inferior appendices in the male cleft.

4. Rhyacophila munda, M‘Lachlan. (Pl. XIV. fig. 10, app.)

Rhyacophila munda, M‘Lach. Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 3, vol. i.

p. 309 (1862); Ent. Ann. 1863, p. 135, fig. 6.

Antenne brown, annulated with yellow. Palpi pale brown.

Head and thorax fuscous, with a few golden-yellow hairs. An-

British Species of Caddis-flies. 159

terior wings pale golden-brown, with scattered ashy-grey spots

and an ashy-grey transverse band before the apex; a silvery-

white spot at the thyridium, and another below it ; towards the

base are some short blackish streaks, the outer ends of which

mark the inner edge of the very ill-defined dorsal blotch; apical

margin spotted with grey at the terminations of the apical veins ;

pterostigma yellowish-brown; veins fuscous; the female is

smaller, with much narrower wings, pale fuscous, with ashy-grey

irrorations, one or two silvery spots below the thyridium, and

short blackish streaks near the base. Posterior wings greyish,

with a faint yellowish tinge, subhyaline ; pterostigma, and the

apical veins, brownish. Legs pale testaceous; anterior and inter-

mediate tibize with a broad fuscous ring at the apex, the tarsi

pale brownish. Abdomen fuscous above, ochreous beneath ;

appendices testaceous. In the male the lobe from the upper

margin of the last segment is very short and truncated, with a

straight channel-like depression in the centre, apical margin

excised; app. sup. very small, only the broad apices visible;

app. inf. with long basal joint, with the apex truncated and the

edges turned inwards, apical joint shorter, the apex deeply di-

vided, forming two teeth, of which the lower is the larger and

more obtuse, the upper smaller and acute; sheaths very long

and curved upwards. In the female the truneated margins of

the valves are regularly excised.

Expanse of fore-wings 9—12 lines.

This pretty species occurs commonly in autumn in South Devon

along all the streams having their origin on Dartmoor, such as

the Meavey, Yealm, Erme, Teign, &c. I have also found it

along the River Ceiriog at Chirk, North Wales, and near Bala.

Of the female I have seen but two examples.

The other described European species belonging to this section

differ considerably from R. munda. R. aurata, Brauer, possesses

a long superior lobe, and widely diverging prongs to the terminal

joint of the app. inf. R. venusta, Pict. MS. (from Curtis’ collec-

tion of Pictet’s types) is very similar to aurata in general appear-

ance, but the prongs of the app. inf., although distant, are nearly

parallel ;* this species is in the Brit. Mus., taken by Dr. Leach

* The pupa figured by Pictet in his ‘‘ Recherches,’ pl. 15, fig. 1°, evi-

dently belongs to R. venusta, and not to R. vulgaris, to which he refers it.

The same remark applies to the figure of the appendices, pl. 4, fig. 29.

In the explanation of the figures on plate 4, fig. 29 is said (perhaps acci-

dentally) to represent the last segment of the female pupa, and fig. 30 that of

the male, whereas the converse is truly the case.

160 Mr. R M‘Lachlan’s Monograph of the

in Italy. WR. stigmatica, Kolenati, I am unacquainted with; the

green pterostigma should make it easily recognizable.

There is another group of species, none of which have yet been

found in Britain, of which R. umbrosa, Pict., may be taken as the

type. These should form a new genus; they differ in being

smaller and of a different facies, and especially in the structure of

the larvee, which (according to Pictet) do not possess external

respiratory filaments. Dr. Hagen proposes to apply Kolenati’s

name Crunophila to this group, the latter author having dis-

carded Rhyacophila, in consequence of its having been previously

used for a genus of birds.

Dr. Hagen has also remarked (Stett. Zeit. 1859), on the exist-

ence of two unnamed species, which, in the structure of the per-

fect insects, seem intermediate between Rhyacophila and Cruno-

phila; one of these I possess from the Carinthian Alps.

Genus Grossosoma, Curtis.

Antenne shorter than the wings; basal joint thick, shorter than

the head. Head transverse. Ocelli present. Maxillary palpi

with two short and thick basal joints, the others longer, thin and

cylindrical. Mesothorax ovate. Anterior wings narrow at the

base, dilated before the elliptical apex; hairy clothing very slight,

costal margin nearly straight; at the extreme base of the dorsal

margin there is a small obtuse lobe; in the male there is at the

base of these wings a somewhat kidney-shaped, hairy, callous ap-

pendage, which can be elevated at pleasure; neuration -rather

strong and distinct ; the radius very slightly bent ; discoidal cell

large, short, broad and angular, connected with the radius by an

oblique transverse vein; another transverse vein connects the

lower margin of the discoidal cell with the upper branch of the

superior branch of the ramus thyrifer, and another connects the

two branches of this vein, placed at the point where the superior

branch fureates. Posterior wings shorter, and more obtuse at the

apex, than the anterior; discoidal cell closed; two transverse

veins below it; the anal portion of the extreme base produced

into a short rounded lobe, furnished with a longitudinal veinlet,

and fringed with a tuft of hairs. Legs short; the intermediate

tibize and tarsi strongly dilated in the female; anterior tibize with

two short apical spurs; intermediate and posterior tibia each with

two pairs of long and nearly equal spurs. Abdomen thin; on the

antepenultimate segment there is a horny lobe on the ventral

surface, and a smaller one on the penultimate ; app. sup. long,

British Species of Caddis-flies. 161

apparently two-jointed ; app. inf. absent; from the middle of the

ventral margin of the last segment proceeds a long horny lobe.

The apex of the abdomen in the female is obtuse, forming a

cylindrical tube, from which proceeds a small ovipositor-

Larva inhabiting running waters; without external respiratory

filaments. Case formed of stones, arranged in an irregular heap.

Cocoon thinner than in Rhyacophila.

1. Glossosoma Boltoni, Curtis.

Glossosoma Boltoni, Curt. (*) Phil. Mag. p. 216, 1 (1834);

Steph. Ill. p. 161, 1; Hag. (*) Ent. Ann. 1860, p. 82, 81;

Kol. Gen. et Spec. Trichop. pt. 2, p. 200, 2; Rhyacophila

vernalis, Pict. (*) Recherch. p. 189, 13, pl. 15, fig. 4 (1834) ;

Burm. Handb. p. 909, 3.

Antennz brownish-testaceous, annulated with brown. Head,

palpi and mesothorax brown, the head clothed with sparse grey-

ish pubescence. Anterior wings brownish-grey, the apical portion

clothed with pale golden pubescence, forming rather indistinct

spots round the apical margin at the arculus and on the disc,

which are most conspicuous in the male and during life; neura-

tion brown; fringes grey. Posterior wings greyish, subhyaline,

with grey fringes. Legs brownish-testaceous, the spurs dark brown.

Abdomen dull dark-brown above, somewhat ochreous beneath. In

the male, the ventral surface of the antepenultimate segment has

a broad obtuse spoon-shaped lobe; the penultimate segment has

a small projecting triangular tooth; a broad rounded cover-like

lobe proceeds from the upper margin of the last segment, forming

as it were a continuation of it; beneath this are two nearly

straight pieces, which I consider the app. intermed.; app. sup.

lying on each side of the lobe, apparently bisarticulate, the basal

portion short and broad, the apical portion obtuse and curved,

beset with rather long brown hairs; app. inf. apparently wanting;

penis (or penis-cover?) broad, the apical portion fringed with

black hairs; ventral lobe very long, dilated and concave in the

middle, the apical portion produced into a long fine point; all

the appendages yellow. In the female there is a small tooth on

the ventral surface of the antepenultimate segment ; and the apex

of the abdomen is provided with a slender exserted ovipositor.

Expanse of fore-wings 9—10 lines.

Larva with the head and pronotum black, the latter hexagonal

inform. Mesonotum and metanotum clear red, bordered laterally

with black. (Pictet.)

VOL. V. THIRD SERIES, PART 1.—ocT. 1865. M

162 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Monograph of the

Not a common species, appearing in May ; found near Exeter

and in other localities.

2. Glossosoma fimbriatum, Stephens.

(Pl. VIII. fig. 7, neuration; Pl. XIV. figs. 11, 12, app.)

Glossosoma fimbriata, Steph. (*) Ill. p. 161, 2, pl. 32, fig. 1

(1836); Brauer, Neurop. Aust. p. 37; Kol. Gen. et Spec.

Trichop. pt. 2, p. 199, 1, pl. 1, fig. 7; Hag. (*) Ent. Ann.

1860, p. 82, 82; Tinodes obscurus, Steph. (*) Ill. p. 164, 8

(1836); Khyacophila decolorata, Pict. Recherch. p. 191, 16,

pl. 16, fig. 13 (1834) ?

Almost entirely similar to the last, but smaller; the antennz

paler and more distinctly annulated; the wings with few traces

of the golden spots; anal appendages and ventral lobes appa-

rently precisely similar.

Expanse of fore-wings 6—8 lines.

Common in autumn about streams, especially in hilly districts.

I have a strong opinion that this is only a variety of G. Boltoni,

perhaps an autumnal brood of that species. It is apparently

much more common than Boltoni, but I have had no opportunity

of collecting in suitable localities at the time when the latter should

occur.

According to a type sent by Prof. Pictet to Dr. Hagen, Rhyaco-

phila decolorata of the former author is a small species of Glosso-

soma, and perhaps identical with this.

The words “ head ochreous,” in Stephens’ description, are not

borne out by his types; this part being dark brown, concolorous

with the mesothorax.

Genus Acaretus, Curtis.

Antenne rather stout, shorter than the wings; the basal joint

short, thicker than the others. Head witha thick tuft of hairs on

the vertex. ‘Ocelli present. Maxillary palpi with two short and

thick basal joints; third joint longest, rather thinner than the two

basal ones; terminal joint thinner than any of the others. Labial

palpi very small. Mesothorax stout. Anterior wings densely

clothed with hair, with long fringes; narrow at the base, dilated

before the rounded apex; neuration moderately strong; radius

nearly straight; discoidal cell closed, short and rather broad ; a

transverse vein connects the lower edge of the discoidal cell with

the upper branch of the superior branch of the ramus thyrifer,

and another connects the two branches of this vein; there are

also two transverse veins near the base of the wing; three forks

below the apex. Posterior wings small with very long fringes ;

British Species of Caddis-flies. 163

no discoidal cell; three apical forks; two transverse veins about

the middle placed nearly in a line, and another below these more

towards the base. Legs long; the intermediate tibize and tarsi

dilated in the female; anterior tibiae with two short apical spurs ;

intermediate and posterior tibiz each with two pairs of equal

spurs. Abdomen short and rather robust. In the male there is

a horny lobe on the ventral surface of the antepenultimate seg-

ment, and sometimes a tuft of hairs on the penultimate ; app. sup.

very small or absent; app. inf. large and spoon-shaped ; the penis

is furnished with a cover formed of two lateral pieces connected

by an extensile membrane ; sheaths long and needle-shaped. The

female has a long extensile ovipositor from which filamentous

processes can be projected at will.

Larva inhabiting running waters; apparently gregarious ; ab-

domen without respiratory filaments, but furnished with hairs.

Case formed of stones placed irregularly. I have found these

cases in innumerable quantities covering the lower surface of large

stones.

The species are small insects of dull colours, with great external

similarity of appearance. The anal appendices furnish easily

recognizable characters, and the neuration should also be carefully

examined. We possess two species.

1. Agapetus fuscipes, Curtis.

(Pl. VIII. fig. 8, neuration ; PJ. XIV. fig. 13, app.)

Agapetus fuscipes, Curt. (*) Phil. Mag. p. 217, 1 (1834);

Steph. (*) Ill. p. 156, 2; A. ochripes, Curt. Phil. Mag. p.

217, 2(1834); Rhyacophila tomentosa, Pict. Recherch. p. 189,

11, pl. 16, fig. 9 (1834); Agapetus funereus, Steph. (*) Ill.

p- 156, 1 (1836); Hag. (*) Ent. Ann. 1860, p. 81, 79; 4.

comatus, Steph. (*) Ill. p. 157, 4 (1836).

Antennz and palpi blackish-fuscous. Head and thorax black,

with yellowish hairs. Anterior wings greyish-fuscous, with yel-

lowish hairy clothing; fringes greyish-fuscous. Posterior wings

greyish-fuscous, somewhat iridescent, with concolorous fringes.

Legs fuscous. Abdomen black. In the male there is a long

curved testaceous horny lobe, placed on the ventral surface of

the antepenultimate segment, reaching beyond the base of the

anal appendices, rather dilated at the extremity; app. sup.

wanting; app. inf. long, dilated at the base, the tips produced,

dentate internally ; penis-covers straight, with an extensile mem-

brane between them; sheaths long and needle-shaped, the tips

M 2

164 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Monograph of the

projecting rather beyond the app. inf. and curved upwards and

outwards, hook-like. In the female there is an exserted ovi-

positor furnished with extensile filaments.

Expanse of fore-wings 34—5 lines.

Common about streams in many parts of the country. The

long lobe on the ventral surface of the abdomen of the male renders

this species easily recognizable.

The type of 4. setiferus, Steph. Ill. p. 157, 5, is wanting.

2. Agapetus comalus, Pictet. (Pl. XIV. figs. 14, 15, app.)

Rhyacophila comata, Pict. Recherch. p. 194, 21, pl. 16, fig. 17

(1834); Agapetus laniger, Steph. (*) Ill. p. 156, 3 (1836);

A. ciliatus, Hag. (*) Ent. Ann. 1860, p. 81, 80.

Antenne and palpi fuscous. Head and thorax pale fuscous,

with yellowish hairs. Anterior wings greyish with an ochreous

tinge, somewhat iridescent; fringes concolorous. Posterior wings

pale grey, with concolorous fringes. Legs ochreous, somewhat

fuscescent. Abdomen pale fuscous. The lobe on the ventral

surface of the antepenultimate segment in the male short, straight

and obtuse, not reaching nearly to the apex of the abdomen; on

the penultimate segment is a tuft of long hairs; app. sup. very

small ; app. inf. long, dilated at the tips, not toothed within; penis-

covers straight, with an extensile membrane between them;

sheaths needle-shaped, quite straight, about the same length as

the app. inf. In the female there is a notched tube whence pro-

ceeds the ovipositor, which is furnished with extensile filamentous

processes.

Expanse of fore-wings 4—44 lines.

Occurs about rivers in many parts of the country; very abun-

dant along the Dee near Llangollen, in autumn. It is a paler and

more delicate species than the last, and may be readily separated

by the form of the ventral lobe in the male.

Genus Bera, Stephens.

Antenne slightly shorter than the wings, stout; the basal joint

very long and thick, very hairy, with a tooth (or tuft of long

hairs?) internally in the male; thinner in the female. Head

nearly without hairs. Ocelli absent. Maxillary palpi very hairy;

first joint short, the rest longer and nearly equal. Labial palpi

with short basal joint, the two others longer and cylindrical.

Mesothorax flattened above, smooth and polished. Anterior

wings narrow at the base, much dilated before the apex, which is

British Species of Caddis-flies. 165

obtusely rounded; hairy clothing very dense and long, with long

fringes; in the male there is a callous cornucopia-shaped knob-

like appendage at the base (analogous to that in Glossosoma) ;

neuration very fine and indistinct, even under the microscope ;

discoidal cell open; in the male the two branches of the ramus

discoidalis are simple, in the female the lower branch is forked ;

in the male the superior branch of the ramus thyrifer is simple,

the inferior branch forked, and each branch again furcates; in the

female the superior branch is forked and the lower prong again

divides, the inferior branch is twice forked at the apex. Pos-

terior wings shorter than the anterior, but nearly as broad ; apex

broadly rounded ; fringes very long; neuration alike in the sexes,

but in the male there is a shallow curved fold or pouch in the

middle of the wing directed towards the apex and beset with thicker

hairs; forkstwo. The transverse veins are apparently absent in all

the wings. Legs rather short ; intermediate tibia not dilated in the

female ; anterior and intermediate tibize each with a pair of apical

spurs ; posterior tibia: with two pairs of spurs.* Abdomen short,

thin in the male, stout and somewhat depressed in the female.

In the male the ventral surface of the antepenultimate abdominal

segment has a smal] horny lobe, and the penultimate segment a

pencil of hairs ; the appendices vary considerably according to the

species, they are usually thin and style-like, often curved. In the

female the terminal abdominal segment is very broad and turned

upwards, the upper and lower margins widely separated and

forming an oval cavity in which the eggs are carried; the ante-

penultimate segment with a small ventral tubercle analogous to

that in the male.

Larva unknown; inhabiting standing or slowly-running waters.

The small black insects comprised in this genus are very diffi-

cult to separate satisfactorily. The shape of the anterior wings

and the form of the anal appendices in the males seem to furnish

the best characters; but they stand in need of further investi-

gation.

The synonymy of the species of Berea is in a very confused

state, and is likely to remain so. The different species resemble

each other so greatly that it is impossible to apply the descriptions

of various authors, as these have all neglected any investigation of

the structural characters. I regret exceedingly that I am unable

to speak with certainty of those described by Curtis (forming his

genus Thya), as J was unacquainted with good characters whereby

* In Kol. Gen. et Spec. Trichop. pt. 2, p. 227; Brauer, Neurop. Aust.

p- 38; Hag. Neurop. N. Amer. p. 296, and ‘“‘ Synopsis Synonymica’’ (Sys-

tema), Berea is erroneously said to have 2-4-4 spurs.

166 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Monograph of the

to separate them, at the time when his Collection was sent to the

Colony of Victoria. The character given in the description of

T. pullata, ‘superior wings with a few obscure whitish spots,” is

imaginary; perhaps these wings were marked by the fingers in the

capture of the insect. Of the species of Rhyacophila described by

Pictet, R. penicillus, melas, barbata, nigrocincta and articularis, pro-

bably all belong to Berea ; the few types existing are females and

indeterminable. Of the species described by Stephens, the types of

B, albipes are absent from his Collection, and those of the other

two species are unfortunately females. Kolenati admits three

species, but appears to have been personally acquainted with one

only ; this I cannot identify with any of ours. We probably pos-

sess more species than are here given; I am acquainted with at

least one other Continental species.*

I am doubtful as to the propriety of superseding Curtis’ generic

name Thya, which has the right of priority. That name was cer-

tainly employed previously by Dr. Leach to designate a genus of

Crustacea, but the two genera are never likely to be confounded.

The strict application of the rule that forbids the identity of

generic names in the Animal Kingdom (and some writers would

even apply this to the whole range of natural productions), is

productive of great inconvenience, and is driving modern authors

to the creation of names, purely imaginary, and which admit of

no explanation.

1. Berea pullata, Curtis.

(Pl. VII. fig. 9, neuration; Pl. XIV. figs. 16, 17, app.)

Lhya pullata, Curt. Phil. Mag. p. 215, 7 (1834) ?; Berea

albipes, Steph. Ill. p. 158, 1 (1836) ?; 5B. Marshamella, Steph.

lll. p. 158, 3 (1836) ?.

Antenne, head, palpi, thorax, wings and abdomen black.

* Mr. Eaton has taken, at Cambridge, in 1865, a minute black insect with

the facies of Berea, which appears to be identical with Silo minutus, Kol. (Gen.

et Spec. Trichop. pt. 1, p. 101, 1), and probably with Phryganea minuta,

Linn. (Faun. Suec. n. 1501). Dr. Hagen has compared Mr. Eaton’s insect

with types of §. minutus sent to him by Kolenati, and also with specimens sent

by him to Kolenati, and named by the latter. But it is to be remarked that,

according to the generic description, Kolenati’s Silo should have 2-4-4 spurs,

whereas our insect has only 2-2-4, and the figure of the neuration does not

agree ; however, in the face of this double determination, there can be no

doubt that this generic description is erroneous. The insect is probably allied

to Berea, but differs considerably in the neuration. I have not sufficient

materials in hand for a description. As before mentioned (p. 82), Kolenati

misapplied Curtis’ generic term Silo; and a new name willhave to be adopted

for this species.

British Species of Caddis-flies. 167

Wings very broadly rounded at the apex. Legs with black

thighs, and brownish-black tibize and tarsi. In the male the app.

sup. are broad and obtuse, black; app. intermed. long, fine,

needle-shaped, curved and testaceous ; app. inf. long and slender,

very strongly curved inwards, the tips testaceous; the ventral

margin of the last abdominal segment is produced in the middle

into a narrow truncated lobe; the horny lobe on the ventral

surface of the antepenultimate segment is subtriangular, black,

testaceous at the apex. In the female the dorsal and ventral

margins of the last segment form an egg-pouch, whence are pro-

truded two broad and obtuse appendices.

Expanse of fore-wings 45—54 lines.

Occurs not uncommonly about standing and slowly-running

waters in summer.

The size (6 lines) given by Curtis makes me think that this

is the species intended by him, but I have never seen an example

so large, and when I compared my specimens with his, I did not

notice that the latter exceeded mine in this particular, 1 am

strongly of opinion that Marshamella of Stephens is identical, but

the single type is a female, which has not appreciably narrower

wings, as the description would lead us to expect.

It appears evident to me that Dr. Hagen had this species

before him, when drawing up the characters of the genus in the

Stettin Zeitung, 1859, pp. 163, 164. The description of the ap-

pendices there given agrees precisely with 6. pullata, but does

not apply to other species, especially as regards the prolonged lobe

from the middle of the ventral margin of the last abdominal seg-

ment, which I do not see in any other.

2, Berea Maurus, Curtis. (Pl. X1V. fig. 18, app.)

Thya Maurus, Curt. Phil. Mag. p. 215, 4 (1834)?; Berea

pygmea, Steph. Ill. p. 158, 2 (1836) ?.

Antenne, head, palpi and abdomen black. Wings narrower

than in the last species, the apex more pointed; black, with a

faint brownish tinge, which is especially evident on the fringes of

the posterior pair. Legs dark brownish-black, the tarsi some-

what paler. In the inale the appendices differ greatly from B.

pullata ; app. sup. long, slender, needle-shaped, curved strongly

inwards, testaceous; app. intermed. apparently absent, but in

their place is a long obtuse lobe proceeding from the upper mar-

gin of the last segment; app. inf. placed on a triangular base,

short, ending in two short widely divaricating branches, black ;

168 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Monograph of the

ventral margin of last segment not produced in the middle ; ven-

tral horny lobe slender and testaceous,

Expanse of fore-wings 43 lines.

I possess two examples, one of which is from Taunton. It is

probably equally common with the preceding, but overlooked.

The characters given by Curtis, “ wings narrower and more

Janceolate,” render it probable that this is rightly determined.

The two female types of pygme@a, in Stephens’ Collection, also

appear to have decidedly narrower wings.

Genus Curmarra, Leach.

Antenne thin, not so long as the wings, the basal joint not

longer or stronger than the others; placed very widely apart.

Head rounded, densely clothed with hair. Ocelli present. Maxil-

lary palpi long; basal joint short, second joint very long with a

tuft of hairs at the apex, third shorter than the second, fourth still

shorter, fifth rather longer than the fourth and somewhat flexible.

Labial palpi long, basal joint thin, second joint longer and much

dilated, third joint flexible. Mesothorax robust. Anterior wings

narrow, the costal and dorsal margins nearly parallel, apex

rounded; hairy clothing short and rather dense; discoidal cell

apparently open; just before the ramus discoidalis furcates it is

interrupted by a small naked cell-like space, and both branches

of it end in long furcations ; upper branch of the anterior branch

of the ramus thyrifer forked, the lower simple. Posterior wings

shorter and rather broader than the anterior, rounded at the

apex; a small closed discoidal cell ; otherwise the arrangement

of the apical veins is very similar to that of the anterior wings.

Legs moderately long, the intermediate tarsi somewhat dilated

in the female; anterior tibiz in the male spurless, in the female

with one short apical spur ; intermediate and posterior tibize each

with two pairs of rather long spurs. Abdomen robust, especially

in the female. Anal appendices small.

Larva unknown ; inhabiting swift torrents.

1. Chimarra marginata, Linné.

(PI. VIET. fig. 10, neuration and maxillary palpus.)

Phryganea marginata, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 910, 14 (1766) ;

Fab. Syst. Ent. 307,115 and other authors; Chimarra mar-

ginata, Curt. (*) Brit. Ent. pl. 561; Steph. (*) Ill. p. 191, 1,

pl. 33, fig. 4; Burm. Handb. p. 910, 1; Ramb. Hist. Nat.

British Species of Caddis-flies. 169

Névrop. p. 498; Kol. Gen. et Spec. Trichop. pt. 2, p. 205, 1,

pl. 1, fig. 5; Hag. (*) Ent. Ann. 1860, p. 84, 86.

Antenne dark fuscous, nearly black, not annulated, basal joint

clothed with yellow hairs. Head and prothorax thickly clothed

with yellow hairs. Mesothorax deep blackish-fuscous. Anterior

wings dark smoky-fuscous ; costal margin broadly yellow nearly

to the apex, an oblique yellow stripe reaches from the middle

of the base to the anal angle, and the dorsal margin is narrowly

yellow ; apical cilia yellow. Posterior wings smoky-fuscous,

witha broad yellow pterostigma. Legs brownish-ochreous. Ab-

domen dark blackish-fuscous. In the male there appear to be

two small hooked app. sup., the apices turned outwards, and be-

tween these two small divergent app. intermed.; app. inf. ap-

parently wanting.

Expanse of fore- wings 6—8 lines.

This peculiar insect, which, from its structure and coloration,

cannot be confounded with any other species, is common about

waterfalls and torrents in many parts of these islands. It delights

to sit on the green mossy boulders usually to be found in moun-

tain streams. It occurs in summer in various localities in Devon-

shire, Wales, the North of England, &c., and also in Scotland,

and at Killarney in Ireland.

Note.—The two species of Lepidoptera, erroneously described as Trichoptera,

and referred to at p. 3, are as follow :—

1. Acentropus niveus (Phryganea nivea), Oliv., Steph. Ill. p. 150, 1=Zanele

Hansoni, Steph.—Acentropus Garnonsii, Curt. Brit. Ent. pl. 497.

2. Narycia elegans, Steph. Ill. p. 154, 1, pl. xxxiii. fig. 4, identical with

Lampronia melanella, Steph. Il]. Haustell. iv. 358, 8—Xysmatodoma melanella,

Zell., Sta.

Kolenati inserts N. elegans in part 2 of his Gen. et Spec. Trichop. p. 294,

but does not appear to have been personally acquainted with the insect; his

figure, pl. v. fig. 62, is an exact copy of that of Stephens.

170 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Monograph of the

SYNOPSIS OF THE DIVISIONS, FAMILIES,

AND GENERA.

Order TRICHOPTERA,

—

I. INEZQUIPALPID#.

II. EQUIPALPIDE.

Div.

Div. I. INEZ QUIPALPIDZ.

| Div. Il. HQUIPALPIDA,

Fam. 1. PHRYGANID&. |

Fam. V. LEPTOCERIDZ.

VI. HYDROPSYCHID.

VII. RHYACOPHILID&.

Il. LIMNEPHILID.

Ill. SERICOSTOMID &.

IV. HYDROPTILID.

Fam. I. PHRYGANIDE. Gen. vil. ANABOLIA, Steph.

Gen. i. Purycanea, Linn. Piyeauen, es

Teenie Limnephilus, Curt.

Sus te : Limnephilu, Ramb.

ii. Neuronta, Leach. - ‘ 2

Phryganea, Auct viii, SreNopuyLax, Kol.

Oligotricha, Ramb. Pa sie tae

9 us, .

Anabolia, Kol. (olim). fe ; ia Steph

abolta, + .

205 Srp Ty Ce Limnephila, Ramb.

neues ee Limnephilus, Curt.

ieoUcliglearDD ix. Haxesus, Steph.

Fam. 11. LIMNEPHILIDZ.

Gen. iv. Cotrorautius, Kol.

vi.

Limnephilus, Curt.

Limnephila, Ramb.

. Grammoravtivs, Kol.

Phryganea, Auct.

Limnophilus, Burm.

Limnephilus, Curt.

Limnephila, Ramb.

Limnepnitus, Leach.

Phryganea, Auct.

Limnophilus, Burm.

Limnephila, Ramb.

Glyphotaulius, Steph.

Glyphidotaulius, Kol.

Chatotaulius, Kol.

Goniotaulius, Kol.

Desmotaulius, Kol.

Xl.

Xll.

Phryganea, Auct.

Limnophilus, Burm.

Limnephilus, Curt.

Limnephila, Ramb.

Anabolia, Steph.

. Eccrisorreryx, Kol.

Phryganea, Pict.

Puacopreryx, Kol.

_Limnephilus, Curt.

Cutorreryx, Steph.

Phryganea, Pict.

xiii, Apatanta, Kol.

Fam. III. SERICOSTOMIDZE,

Gen. xiv.

Sericostoma, Latr.

Prosoponia, Kirby.

Potomaria, Steph.

Gen. xv.

British Species of Caddis-flies.

Norrpvosra, Steph.

Phryganea, Auct.

Sericostoma, Pict.

xvi. Gorra, Hoff.

Silo, Curt.

Trichostoma, Pict.

Spathiodopteryx, Kol.

Lasiostoma, Ramb.

Siro, Curt.

Phryganea, Fab.

Trichostoma, Pict.

XV.

Aspatherium, Kol.

Goera, Steph.

Mormonta, Curt.

Phryganea, Fab.

Goera, Curt.

Lepidostoma, Ramb.

XVill.

Bracuycentrus, Curt.

Phryganea, Zett.

xix.

Pogonostoma, Ramb.

Hydronautia, Kol.

Fam. LV. HY DROPTILID AS.

Gen. xx. AGrayxea, Curt.

Hydrorchestria, Kol.

xxi. Hyproptira, Dalm.

Fam. V. LEPTOCERID&.

Gen. xxii. Oponrocerus, Leach.

Phruganea, Scop.

Mystacides, Pict.

Molanna, Kol.

Moranna, Curt.

Nais, Ramb.

XXIil.

xxiv. Leprocerus, Leach.

Phryganea, Auct.

Ceraclea, Steph.

Mystacida, Ramb.

Mystacides, Pict.

Triznopves, M‘Lach.

Phruganea, Scop.

XXV.

Leptocerus, Curt.

Mystacida, Ramb.

Mystacides, Kol.

Setodes, Hag.

Gen, xxvi.

XXVIl.

171

Mysracrpes, Latr.

Phryganea, Auct.

Leptocerus, Steph.

Setodes, Kol.

Mystacida, Ramb.

Setopes, Ramb.

Phryganea, Auct.

Leptocerus, Curt.

Mystacides, Pict.

Mystacida, Ramb.

Fam. VI. HY DROPSYCHID.

Gen. xxviii.

XXIX.

XXX,

XXX.

XXXL.

XXXL,

XXXIV.

XXXV.

XXXVI.

XXXVIi-

XXXVIll.

Hyprorsycue, Piet.

Tinodes, Steph.

Philopotamus, Cuit.

Tinopes, Leach.

Philopotamus, Ramb.

Psycnomra, Latr.

Anticyra, Curt.

Tinodes, Kol.

Dirvectrrona, Westw.

Aphelocheira, Steph.

Puttorotramus, Leach.

Phryganea, Auct.

Hydropsyche, Pict.

Wormatpia, M‘Lach.

Hydropsyche, Pict.

Philopotamus, Ramb.

Aphelocheira, Steph.

Precrrocnemria, Steph.

Hydropsyche, Pict.

Philopotamus, Curt.

Porycentropus, Curt.

Hydropsyche, Pict.

Plectrocnemia, Kol.

Cyrnus, Steph.

Philopotamus, Curt.

Polycentropus, Hag.

Ecnomus, M‘Lach.

Philopotamus, Ramb.

Polycentropus, Hag.

Nevurectipsis, M‘Lach.

Phryganea, Auct.

Polycentropus, Hag,

Anticyra, Walk,

172 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Monograph of the

Fam. VII. RHYACOPHILID&.

Gen. xxxix. Ruyacopuina, Pict.

Philopotamus, Curt.

Crunophila, Kol.

Gen. x]. Griossosoma, Curt.

Rhyacophila, Pict.

Tinodes, Steph.

Gen. xli. Acaperus, Curt.

Rhyacophila, Pict.

xlii, Berza, Steph.

Thya, Curt.

xlii. Cuimarra, Leach.

Phruganea, Auct.

—= >>

Synonymic Catalogue of the Species.

Gen. i. Purycanea, Linn.

Sp. 1. P. grandis, Linn.

atomaria, Steph.

2. P. striata, Linn.

Beckwithii, Steph.

fulvipes, Burm.

3. P. varia, Fab.

annularis, Oliv.

variegatau, Humm.

4. P. obsolela, Hag.

5. P. minor, Curt.

mista, Burm.

tortriceana, Ramb.

Gen. ii. Neuvronra, Leach.

Sp. 6. N. ruficrus, Scop.

fusca, Steph.

striata, Burm.

chloroneura, Ramb.

analis, Kol.

Gen. ii. AGrypnia, Curt.

Sp. 7. A. Pagetana, Curt.

egrota, Burm.

levis, Zeit.

strigosa, Ramb.

Gen. iv. Cotroravutius, Kol.

Sp. 8. C. incisus, Curt.

striolata, Ramb.

excisus, Kol.

vulsellus, Walk.

Gen. v. Grammotautius, Kol.

Sp. 9. G. nitidus, Mull.

lineola, Schrk.

gracilis, Burm,

Sp. 10. G. atumarius, Fab.

strigosus, Curt.

lineola, Steph.

irrorata, Zett.

Gen. vi. Limnepuitus, Leach.

Sp. li. L. pellucidus, Oliv.

pellicidula, Steph.

basalis, Curt.

emarginatus, Curt.

12. L. rhombicus, Linn.

13. L. pavidus, Hag.

14. L. flavicornis, Fab.

dorsalis, Steph.

15. L. nobilis, Kol.

16. L. marmoratus, Curt.

binotatus, Curt.

discuidalis, Curt.

vitrea, Ramb.

17. L. lunatus, Curt.

apicalis, Curt.

nebulosus, Curt.

lunaris, Pict.

affinis, Steph.

vitrata, Zett.

18. L. stigma, Curt.

impura, Ramb.

fulva, Ramb.?

stigmaticus, Kol.

19. L. borealis, Zett.

20. L. politus, M‘Lach.

concentricus, Kol.

viber, Brauer.

British Species of Caddis-flies. 173

Sp. 21. L. elegans, Curt.

signifer, Zett.

22. L. griseus, Linn.

fenestralis, Curt.

marginalis, Steph.

bipunctatus, Steph.

obliquus, Steph.

signatus, Steph.

luniger, Steph.

variegata, Ramb.

23. L. bipunctatus, Curt.

griseus, Steph,

obscura, Ramb.

tuherculutus, Brauer ?

24. L. affinis, Curt.

costalis, Steph.

anastomosis, Kol.

25. L. auricula, Curt.

obscurus, Curt,

nigridorsa, Pict.

geminus, Steph.

signatus, Steph.

guttata, Ramb.

Senestratus, Kol.

26. L. vittatus, Fab.

consobrinus, Curt.

elegans, Pict.

notatus, Steph.

substrigosus, Steph.

bipartitus, Steph.

preustus, Steph.

flavus, Kol.

27. L. centralis, Curt.

terminalis, Curt.

ochraceus, Curt.

flava, Pict.

punctatus, Steph.

elongatus, Steph.

fuliginosus, Steph.

ustulatus, Steph.

nebulosu, Ramb.

28. L. flavescens, Steph.

29. L. ignavus, Hag.

flavescens, Hag.

30. L. ertricatus, M‘Lach.

hirsutus, Kol.

Sp. 31. L. hirsutus, Pict.

32. L. luridus, Curt.

irroratus, Steph.

33. L. sparsus, Curt.

tenebricus, Curt.

vinculum, Curt.

fuscus, Steph.

punctatissimus, Steph.

fuscatus, Steph.

Megerlei, Kol.

34. L. fumigatus, Germ.

fuscicornis, Ramb.

cingulutus, Brauer.

Gen, vii. AnaBorra, Steph.

Sp. 35. A. nervosa, Curt.

Jusca, Pict.

lurida, Steph.

nigricornis, Steph.

destituta, Hag.

36. A. cenosa, Curt.

Gen. viii. SrenopHyiax, Kol.

Sp. 37. S. hieroglyphicus, Steph.

vibex, Steph.

striata, Ramb.

38. S. viber, Curt.

39. S. striatus, Pict.

40. S. lateralis, Steph.

latipennis, Steph.

41. S, dubius, Steph.

42, S. cingulatus, Steph.

43. S. stellatus, Curt.

latipennis, Curt.

pantherina, Pict.

44. S. radiatus, Ramb.

45. S. infumatus, M‘Lach.

Gen. ix. Harrsus, Steph.

Sp. 46. H. digitatus, Schrk.

radiatus, Curt.

hieroglyphicus, Curt.

tesselluta, Ramb.

47. H.guttatipennis, M‘Lach.

48. H. annulatus, Steph.

testucea, Steph.

jiavipennis, Steph.

- 174 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Monograph of the

Gen. x. Ecciisopteryx, Kol.

Sp. 49. E. guttulata, Pict.

Dalecarlica, Kol.

guttata, Hag.

Gen. xi. Puacopreryx, Kol.

Sp. 50. P. brevipennis, Curt.

granulata, Kol.

Gen. xii. Cuarorreryx, Steph.

Sp. 51. C. tuberculosa, Pict.

villosa, Steph.

brevipennis, Steph.

Gen. xiii. Aratranta, Kol.

Sp. 52. A. vestita, Kol.

Gen. xiv. Sericostoma, Latr.

Sp. 53. S. Spencii, Kirby.

Latreillit, Curt.

collare, Pict.

analis, Steph.

assimilis, Steph.

hyalina, Steph.

Gen. xv. Norrposra, Steph.

Sp. 54. N. ciliaris, Linn.

atrata, Fab.

Gen. xvi. Gorra, Hoff.

Sp. 55. G. flavipes, Curt.

capillatum, Pict.

Fuscicorne, Pict.

pilosa, Steph.

fuivum, Ramb.

Gen. xvii. Srtto, Curt.

Sp. 56. S. pallipes, Fab.

picicorne, Pict.

nigricorne, Pict.

vulgata, Steph.

57. S. fumipennis, M‘Lach.

Gen. xviii. Morsonta, Curt.

Sp. 58. M. hirta, Fab.

gracilicornis, Curt.

maculicornis, Curt.

nigromaculata, Steph.

immaculata, Steph.

squamulosum, Ramb.

59. M. irrorata, Curt.

minor, Steph.

60. M. basalis, Kol.

hirta, Burm.

Gen. xix. Bracnycenrrus, Curt.

Sp. 61. B. subnubilus, Curt.

concolor, Steph.

costalis, Steph.

tincta, Zett.

vernum, Ramb.

maculata, Kol.

Gen. xx. AGraytea, Curt.

Sp. 62. A. multipunctata, Curt.

sexmaculata, Curt.

argyricola, Kol.

Gen. xxi. Hyprortita, Dalm.

Sp. 63. H. tineoides, Dalm.

pulchricornis, Pict.

brunneicornis, Steph.

64. H. angustella, M‘Lach.

65. H. costalis, Curt.

brunneicornis, Pict. ?

sparsa, Steph.

Gen. xxil. Oponrocervs, Leach.

Sp. 66. O. albicornis, Scop.

maculipennis, Curt.

cylindrica, Pict.

Gen. xxiii. Moranna, Curt.

Sp. 67. M. angustata, Curt.

nigripalpis, Steph.

plicata, Ramb.

Gen. xxiv. Leprocrrus, Leach.

Sp. 68. L. nervosus, Fab.

barbata, Zett.

venosa, Ramb.

69. L. grossus, M‘Lach.

cinereus, Steph.

notatus, Hag.

70. L. fulvus, Ramb.

ochraceus, Kol.

71. L. bimaculatus, Steph.

alhoguttatus, Hag.

albimacula, Ramb. ?

72. L. annulicornis, Steph.

annulatus, Hag.

73. L. cinereus, Curt.

aureus, Steph.

annulatus, Steph.

seminiger, Steph.

bifasciatus, Kol.

British Species of Caddis-flies. 175

Sp. 74. L. aterrimus, Steph.

ater, Steph.

caliginosus, Steph.

niger, Steph.

perfuscus, Steph.

75. L. dissimilis, Steph.

assimilis, Steph.

vetula, Ramb.?

JSennicus, Kol. ?

76. L. bifasciatus, Oliv.

affinis, Steph.

77. L. albifrons, Linn.

interrupta, Don.

bilineatus, Steph.

Gen. xxv. Trrznopes, M‘Lach.,

Sp. 78. T. bicolor, Curt.

rufogriseus, Steph.

ferruginea, Ramb.

tineoides, Scop. ?

79. T. conspersa, Ramb.

longicornis, Steph.

rufogriseus, Kol.

Gen. xxvi. Mysracrpes, Latr.

Sp. 80. M. atra, Pict.

nigricans, Steph.

81. M. nigra, Linn.

azurea, Zett.

82. M. quadrifasciata, Fab.

Gen. xxvii. Srroprs, Ramb.

Sp. 83. S. ochracea, Curt.

hectica, Zett.

obsoleta, Ramb.

pilosa, Mull.?

84. S. intaminata, M‘Lach.

8d. S. lacustris, Pict.

testaceus, Hag.

86. S. testacea, Curt.

87. S. reducta, M‘Lach.

. bicolor, Steph.

88. S, tineiformis, Curt.

elongatus, Steph.

aspersella, Ramb.?

89. S. interrupta, Fab.

Gen, xxviii. Hyprorsycue, Pict.

Sp. 90. H. albipunctata, Steph.

angustata, Pict.?

ventralis, Curt. ?

lepida, Hag.

91. H, pellucidula, Curt.

lanceolatus, Curt. ?

tenuicornis, Steph.

hibernica, Steph. ?

maxima, Brauer.

92. H. lanceolata, Steph.

atomaria, Steph.

guttata, Steph. ?

instabilis, Curt.?

Danuhii, Brauer?

93. H. angustipennis, Curt. ?

fulvipes, Curt.

94. H. contubernalis, M‘ Lach.

95. H: ophthalmica, Ramb.

Gen. xxix. Trnopes, Leach.

Sp. 96. T. lurida, Curt.

pallescens, Steph.

Jlaviceps, Steph.

zanthoceras, Steph.

pallipes, Steph.

annulicornis, Steph.

longipennis, Ramb.

Jflavipes, Hag.

Waenerii, Kol.?

97. T. pusilla, M‘Lach.

98. T. assimilis, M‘Lach.

Gen. xxx. Psycuomia, Latr.

Sp. 99. P. gracilipes, Curt.

latipes, Curt.

ciliaris, Steph.

subochracea, Steph.

annulicornis, Pict.?

100. P. pheopa, Steph.

gracilipes, Steph.

pusillus, Kol.

derelicta, M‘Lach.

Gen. xxxi. Dipnrcrrona, Westw.

Sp. 101. D. flavomaculata, Steph.

176

Gen. xxxii. Purtopotamus, Leach.

Sp. 102. P. scopulorum, Steph.

variegatus, Steph.

montanus, Steph.

tigrinus, Brauer.

103. P. scoticus, M‘Lach.

104. P. montanus, Don.

Charpentieri, Zett.?

variegatus, Raib.

Gen. xxxiii. Wormatora, M‘Lach.

Sp. 105. W. occipitalis, Pict.

subaurata, Steph.

longipennis, Brauer.

Ramburii, Kol.

brevicornis, Pict. ?

106. W. subnigra, M‘Lach.

columbina, Hag.

Gen. xxxiy. PLecrrocnemta, Steph.

Sp. 107. P. conspersa, Curt.

senex, Pict.

Gen. xxxv. Porycenrropus, Curt.

Sp. 108. P. flavomaculatus, Pict.

irroratus, Curt.

pyrrhoceras, Steph.

Suliginosus, Steph.

concinnus, Steph.

trimaculatus, Steph.

subpunctatus, Steph.

109. P. multiguttatus, Curt.

irrorata, Brauer.

atomaria, Kol.

110. P. subnebulosus, M‘Lach.

multiguttatus, Steph.

pyrrhoceras, Hag.

111. P. Parfitti, M‘Lach.

112. P. picicornis, Steph.

pulchellus, Steph.

Gen, xxxvi. Cyrnus, Steph.

Sp. 113. C. trimaculatus, Curt.

unipunctatus, Steph.

pulchellus, Steph.

114, C. flavidus, M‘Lach.

Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Monograph of the

Gen. xxxvii. Ecnomus, M‘Lach.

Sp. 115. E. tenellus, Ramb.

concinnus, Hag.

Gen. xxxviii. Neurecirpsis, M‘Lach.

Sp. 116. N. bimaculata, Linn.

Tigurinensis, Fab.

robusta, Walk.

Gen. xxxix. Ruyacopnita, Pict.

Sp. 117. R. dorsalis, Curt.

longipennis, Curt.

vulgaris, Steph.

stigma, Steph.

opaca, Steph.

118. R. obliterata, M‘Lach.

119. R.septentrionis, M‘Lach.

Serruginea, Hag. ?

- 120. R. munda, M‘Lach.

Gen. xl. GLossosoma, Curt.

Sp. 121. G. Boltoni, Curt.

vernalis, Pict.

122. G. fimbriatum, Steph.

obscurus, Steph.

decolorata, Pict. ?

Gen. xli. Acapetus, Curt.

Sp. 123. A. fuscipes, Curt.

ochripes, Curt.

tomentosa, Pict.

funereus, Steph.

comatus, Steph.

124. A. comatus, Pict.

laniger, Steph.

ciliatus, Hag.

Gen. xlii. Berza, Steph.

Sp. 125. B. pullata, Curt.

albipes, Steph. ?

Marshamella, Steph. ?

126. B. Maurus, Curt.

pygmea, Steph. ?

Gen. xliiii Carmarra, Leach.

Sp. 127. C. marginata, Linn.

Fig. 1

10.

11.

12.

33.

British Species of Caddis-flies. 177

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

PLATE I.

Fig. 1. Limnephilus pavidus.

. Halesus guttatipennis.

. Phacopteryx brevipennis.

. Mormonia basalis, ¢.

. Hydroptila angustella, 2.

. Setodes interrupta.

. Hydropsyche lanceolata,

« Rhyacophila obliterata, g.

es ” ? Q.

PLATE II.

eon nr ff ww

. Larva of Neuronia ruficrus; 1a, pupa.

Anabolia nervosa.

Goera flavipes.

Hydroptila (after Pictet).

Molanna angustata [not good].

Mystacides nigra (after Pictet).

Philopotamus montanus (after Pictet).

Hydropsyche angustipennis ; 8a, pupa.

Rhyacophila dorsalis ; 9a, pupa.

Outline of head and thoracic segments of larva of Phryganea.

5 as 5 Limnephilus.

3 5 PA Sericostoma.

A 5 5 Goera.

5 a 5 Molanna.

5p 9 os Hydropsyche,

53 ss +3 Rhyacophila.

Mandible of pupa of Neuronia.

A Limnephilus.

“5 Sericostoma (after Pictet).

a Hydropsyche.

= Philopotamus (after Pictet).

”

PF Rhyacophila.

. Case of Phryganea grandis.

Limnephilus flavicornis

5 Hf \ different forms.

” ”

FS vittatus (after Pictet).

Ap lunatus.

Anabolia nervosa,

Goera fluvipes.

Hydroptila (after Pictet).

Molanna angustata.

Setodes tineiformis.

34. Quadrangular case of uncertain genus. See p. 89.

VOL. V. THIRD SERIES, PART I1.—ocT. 1865. N

178 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Monograph of the

PLATE III.

Fig. 1]. Neuration of Phrygunea grandis, g; 1a, apical portion of wings

of 9; 1b, maxillary palpus of ¢; 1c, labial palpus of ¢; 1d,

maxillary palpus of 9.

2. Neuration of Newronia ruficrus ; 2a, maxillary palpus of ¢; 26,

labial palpus of ¢; 2c, maxillary palpus of 9.

3. Neuration of Agrypnia Pagetana.

4. 5 Cotpotaulius incisus.

5. 39 Limnephilus flavicornis.

Inpex wincs. A, anterior wing: a,subcosta; b, radius; c, ramus

discoidalis ; d!, superior branch of ramus thyrifer; d?, inferior

branch of ramus thyrifer; e, cubitus; f, pterostigma ; g, dis-

coidal cell, which is either ‘‘ closed” by a transverse vein, as in

this species, or without any transverse vein, in which case it is said

tobe ‘‘ open”; h, cellula thyridii ; i, thyridium, a pale spot found

in many species ; j, arculus, frequently indicated by a pale spot ;

k 1—k 9, apical cells ; 1, apical sectors; the anastomosis is the

row of transverse nervures placed about the middle of the wing ;

it is said to be ‘‘complete” when a transverse vein is placed

between each of the longitudinal ones (not counting the costa

and subcosta ), and ‘* incomplete’’ when some of these transverse

veins are absent.

B, posterior wing: a, ramus discoidalis; 6, ramus subdis-

coidalis ; c, cubitus; d, costule ; e, pterostigma ; f, discoidal

cell; g 1—g 7, apical cells ; h, apical sectors.

6. Neuration of apical portion of wings of Limnephilus vittatus.

PLATE IV.

Fig. 1. Neuration of Grammotaulius nitidus; 1 a, maxillary palpus of

Limnephilus pellucidus, @; 1 6, maxillary palpus of 9; lc,

labial palpus.

2. Neuration of apical portion of wings of a Limnephilus centralis in

which the arrangement is very abnormal and unequal; 2 a, right

wings ; 2.a,, left wings. (I have not seen another instance of

aberrant neuration that bears the slightest analogy to this.)

3. Neuration of Anabolia nervosa.

4. FS Stenophylax stellatus ; 4 a, maxillary palpus of ¢@;

4b, maxillary palpus of 9; 4 c¢, labial palpus.

5. bs Halesus digitatus.

6. oe Ecclisopteryx guttulata.

We af Phacopteryx brevipennis.

8. Be Chetopteryx tuberculosa ; 8 a,an apical cell, magnified;

8b, maxillary palpusof ¢; 8e, maxillary palpus of

¢; 6d, labial palpus.

9. ay Apatania vestita ; 9a, maxillary palpusof ¢; 9 4, labial

palpus.

10, s Sericostoma Spencii.

British Species of Caddis-flies. 179

PLATE V.

Fig. 1. Neuration of Notidobia ciliaris.

”

Goera flavipes.

Silo pallipes, §; 3a, of posterior wing of 9; 35, dis-

coidal cell and first apical sector of 9; 3c, the same

of Silo fumipennis.

Mormonia hirta, 8; 4a, of 9; 46, maxillary palpus

of g; 4c, labial palpus ; 4d, maxillary palpus of 9 ;

4e, maxillary palpus of Mormonia (Helictomerus)

basalis, @; 4, basal portion of antenna of the

same.

Brachycentrus subnubilus, $; 5a, of apical portion of

wings of 9; 5b, maxillary palpus of $3; 5c, labial

palpus of g.

Agraylea multipunctata.

Hydroptila tineoides.

PLATE VI.

Fig. 1. Neuration of apical portion of wings of Odontocerus albicornis, & ;

la, of 9.

3 3 Molannaangustata, $; 2a,

of 9; 2 5, maxillary

palpus.

3. Neuration of Leptocerus nervosus, $ ; 3a, of apical portion of anterior

wing of 9; 36, maxillary palpus of Leptocerus

cinereus.

Trianodes bicolor, ¢; 4a, of posterior wing of 9; 48,

maxillary palpus; 4c, basal portion of antenna;

4d, neuration of apical portion of anterior wing of

Trienodes conspersa.

Mystacides nigra ; 5 a, costal crotchets on posterior

wing (magnified) ; 5 b, maxillary palpus.

Setodes ochracea ; 6a, maxillary palpus.

PLATE VII.

Fig. 1. Neuration of Setodes reducta.

Co)

SD ae

”

Hydropsyche pellucidula ; 2a, maxillary palpus; 2b,

labial palpus; 2c, intermediate leg of ¢; 2d,

of 9; 2e, maxillary palpus of Hydropsyche albi-

punctata; 2 f, basal portion of antenna of H.

pellucidula.

Tinodes lurida ; 3 a, maxillary palpus.

Psychomia gracilipes.

Diplectrona flavomaculata.

Philopotamus scopulorum; 6 a, maxillary palpus; 6 5,

basal portion of antenna.

Wormaldia occipitalis ; 7 a, maxillary palpus.

Plectrocnemia conspersa.

N 2

180

Fig. 3.

Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Monograph of the

PLATE VIII.

Fig. 1. Neuration of Polycentropus flavomaculatus.

ae subnebulosus.

Cyrnus trimaculatus.

Ecnomus tenellus ; 4a, maxillary palpus.

Neureclipsis bimaculata ; 5 a, maxillary palpus.

Rhyacophila obliteratu; 6 a, maxillary palpus; 6 6,

labial palpus.

Glossosoma fimbriatum.

Agapetus fuscipes.

Berea pullata.

Chimarra marginata ; 10a, maxillary palpus.

PLATE IX.

Fig. 1. Anal appendices of Phryganea grandis, g, above; 1a, side.

”

striata, g, above; 24, side.

obsoleta, g, side.

varia, g, above; 4a, side.

Neuronia ruficrus, ¢, above.

Colpotaulius incisus, ¢, above; 6a, side.

Grammotaulius nitidus, g, side.

Fe @, above.

atomarius, @, side.

Limnephilus pellucidus, ¢, above; 10a, side.

0 » @, above; 11a, side.

rhombicus, ¢, above ; 12a, side.

3 , 2, above; 13 a, side.

pavidus, g, above; 14a, side.

fiavicornis, 9 , above; 15a. side.

nobilis, @, above; 16a, side.

marmoratus, g, above; 17 a, side.

“5 » 2, above; 184, side.

lunatus, g, above; 19a, side.

» » @, above ; 20a, side.

stigma, g, above; 21a, side.

» » 9, above ; 22 a, side.

borealis, g, above ; 23a, side.

politus, g, above ; 24a, side; 246,

beneath.

elegans, g, above ; 25a, side.

griseus, g, above; 26a, side.

» » 9, above; 27a, side.

PLATE X.

”

Anal appendices of Limnephilus bipunctatus, g, above; 1 a, side.

7 » 9, above; 2a, side.

affinis, 8, above; 3a, side; 36,9,

above; 3c, side.

auricula, g, above; 4a, side.

» » @, above; 5a, side.

British Species of Caddis-flies. 181

PLATE X.—continued.

Fig. 6. Anal appendices of Limnephilus ignavus, ¢, above; 64, side.

Te S Ad vittatus, g, above; 7 a, side.

8. Pe re » » 2, above; 8a, side.

9. as Ae centralis, ¢, above; 9a, side.

10. “> Pr fs , 9, above ; 10a, side.

11. Pe eatricatus, g, above; 114, side.

2 - is » » 9, above; 12a, side.

13. 5 “p hirsutus, g, above ; 13a, side.

14. a a » » 9, above; 14a, side.

nS: i a luridus, g, above ; 15a, side.

16. A i » » &, above; 16a, side.

17. mA 4 sparsus, g, above; 17a, side.

18. .s 3 »» » 2, above; 18a, side.

19. a Anabolia nervosa, g, above; 19a, side; 19 b,

beneath,

e 20. Pe » » 9, above; 20a, side.

21. PA Se aaiyiee Taevoalyphiei. g, above; 21 a,

side ; 21 6, beneath,

PRAM xd.

Fig. 1. Anal appendices of Stenophylax vibex, g, above; 1 a, side; 1 b,

beneath.

2 3 3 striatus, g , above; 2a, side.

se s3 lateralis, , above; 3a, side.

4, 3 yr » 9 9» above.

5, -_ PP dubius, g, above; 54a, side.

6. Ke Be cingulatus, g, above ; 6a, side.

Ue a 3 stellatus, g, side; 7 a, app. inf.,

magnified.

8. r »» » 9, above; 8a, side.

9. 4; ie radiatus, ¢, side; 9a, app. inf.,

magnified.

10. 55 Halesus guttatipennis, ¢, above; 10a, side;

10 b, beneath.

11. Pr », annulatus, g, above; 11a, side.

2 ss 3 53 , 2, above, 12a, side.

13. $3 Ecclisopteryx guttulata, g, above (after Brauer).

14. 5 93 » 4 9, above (after Brauer).

15. + Phacopteryx brevipennis, g, above ; 15a, side.

16. : Chetopteryx tuberculosa, #, above; 16a, side;

16 b, beneath.

17. ip £ p , 9, above; 17a, side;

17 b, beneath.

18. op Apatania vestita, $, above ; 18 a, side.

19. A Sericostoma Spencii, ¢, above, 19 a, side; 19b,

lower sheaths.

20. i Notidobia ciliaris, #, above; 20 a, side.

Dike s ne » » Q, above.

29. - Goera flavipes, g, above ; 22 a, side.

23. ” » » @, above; 234, side.

182

Fig.

Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Monograph of the

PLATE XII.

. Anal appendices of Silo pallipes, g, above; ia, side.

an » » 9, above; 2a, side.

», jumipennis, $, above; 3a, side.

7 ae » , above; 4a, side.

Mormonia hirta, , above ; 5 a, side.

ne 3, » 2, above.

i irrorata, g, above; 7a, side.

a basalis, ¢, above; 8a, side.

Brachycentrus subnubilus, g, above; 9a, side.

Molanna angustata, g, above; 104, side.

Leptocerus grossus, g, above; 11 a, side.

5 Sulvus, &, above; 124, side.

Fi bimaculatus, g, above; 13a, side.

; annulicornis, g, above; 14a, side.

a es » @, above.

KS cinereus, @, above; 16a, side.

3 » » &, above; 174, side.

rt aterrimus, ¢, above; 18 a, side.

— » » @, above.

s dissimilis, @, above ; 20a, side.

7 bifasciatus, g, above; 21 a, side.

ee » 2, above.

As albifrons, #, above ; 23 a, side.

9 » » @, above.

Trienodes bicolor, g, above ; 25a, side.

a » » §, above; 26a, side.

Mystacides atra, g, above; 27 a, side; 27 b,

beneath.

es » » &, above; 28a, side.

= nigra, 6, above; 29a, side; 29 5,

beneath.

re » » @, above; 30a, side.

PLATE XIII.

Fig. 1. Anal appendices of Mystacides 4-fasciata, g, above; la, side; 1b,

beneath.

33 * , 9, above ; 2 a, side.

Setodes lacustris, ¢, above; 3a, side.

», testacea, g, above; 4a, side.

», reducta, g, above; 5a, side.

», tineiformis, ¢, above; 6a, side.

», interrupta, g, above; 7a, side.

Hydropsyche pellucidula, g, above; 8 a, side;

8 b, penis be-

neath, magnified.

a = » ¥, above ; 9a, side.

Fig.

Wale

12,

13.

14,

15,

16.

18.

19.

20.

22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

British Species of Caddis-flies. 183

PLATE XIIL.—continued.

Fig. 10. Anal appendices of Hydropsyche lanceolata, g , side ; 10a, beneath ;

106, penis beneath,

magnified.

3 , 2, above; lla, side.

contubernalis, @, above; 12 a,

side ; 12 b, penis beneath, magnified.

Tinodes lurida, ¢, above ; 18a, side.

”

”?

”

»» » 9, above; 14a, side.

pusilla, g, above; 15a, side.

assimilis, g, above; 164, side.

Psychomia gracilipes, #, above ; 174, side.

”

pheopa, g, above; 18a, side.

6 9 Sa Sue

Diplectrona flavomaculata, g, above.

Philopotamus scopulorum, @, above; 21 a, side.

es montanus, ¢, above ; 22 a, side.

Wormaldia occipitalis, g, above ; 23 a, side.

», subnigra, g, above.

sf » » 9, above.

Polycentropus flavomaculatus, ¢, above; 26 a,

side.

Pe - , 9, above; 27 a,

side.

¥ multiguttatus, 9, above; 28 a,

side.

PLATE XI1V.

. Anal appendices of Polycentropus subnebulosus, g, above ; i a, side.

' picicornis, g, above; 24, side.

Curnus trimaculatus, g, above; 3a, side.

flavidus, $, above ; 4a, side.

Ecnomus tenellus, g, above ; 5a, side.

Neureclipsis bimaculata, g, above; 6a, side.

Rhyacophila dorsalis, g, above ; 7a, side.

e »» » 9, above ; 8a, side.

BS obliterata, g , above; 9a, side.

a munda, @, above; 10a, side.

Glossosoma fimbriatum, , above ; 11 a, side.

”

fe » 9, side.

Agapetus fuscipes, &, above; 13a, side; 136,

”

beneath.

comatus, , above; 14a, side; 14 4,

beneath.

, 9, above; 15a, side.

»>

Berea puilata, g, above ; 16a, beneath.

”

» » Q, above; 17a, beneath,

Maurus, &, above; 18a, beneath,

184 British Caddis-flies.

INDEX TO FAMILIES AND GENERA.

PAGE| PAGE

AGAPETUS +6 AC «- 162 | Moranna xe sit ete 99

AGRAYLEA ae Ae ale 91 | Mormonia 56 s6 aie 84

AGRYPNIA ae = is 20 | MysracipeEs is we fe IS}

ANABOLIA ere 30 eile OO :

NEURECLIPSIS .- AG Ae. ty

APATANIA 50 50 sa 8 a

NEURONIA aie 40 fe 18

Brrma.. a - -- 164 | Norrposra 50 are °? 78

BracHYCENTRUS 60 60 88

OponToceRUS .. ate ae 97

CH#TOPTERYX -- 30 0 70

Gaiman a oe .. 168 | Puacopreryx .. oe 55° | GY

CoLporauLius «. te .. 23 | Puttoporamus .. 46 50 Gs7/

Cyrnus re ie .. 149 | ParyGanea Se se se ld

PHRYGANIDZ& ae ae 10

DiIpLectRONA .. Ae ag 1G)

PLECTROCNEMIA Ae jogo ae

EccisoprERyx o -» 67 | Porycenrropus.. oe -- 144

Ecnomus ee oie -» 150 | PgycHomra aie ay cruaultas

Grocscsomin, i Pe os RHYACOPHILA ee aie Ae a) Uy:

Gouna. © >. 15. «79 | RPHYACOPHILIDE..~ ... 168

GRAMMOTAULIUS ote 444 24

SERICOSTOMA .. ate ats 76

Hatesus st he es 64 |

| SERICOSTOMIDZ .. ss 75

HybDRopsyCcHE .. ae vee e124 = a

MADROPSYCHID E.. | psc 4122cisi eee oe) ages oe eee

Sito 30 60 ae 40 81

Hyproprina .. afr ds 92 : .

HYDROPTILIDA ss.) 4.0 GOale 8 ee a

LEPTOCERIDEA .. .. 96 | TINODES:- “e- © ss se lu

Tearouenue a fe iyi | TRIZNODES ot iG se HO

LIMNEPHILID.-% oe ee 21 WorMALDIA 2 140

LIMNEPHILUS .. 30 ae 27

BAD. 6. (866

II. Adlanthiculture; or, the Prospect of a new English

Industry. By ALexaAnpeR Wauuace, M.D. Oxon.,

M.R.C.P. Lond.

“No amount of failure can destroy the effect of a single instance of suc-

cess: for where one experiment has succeeded, there is every reason to believe

that further investigation must lead to the discovery of the elements which

will render success certain.’’* (Rep. Acclim. Soc. 1862.)

Axout the year 550, a.p., two monks, having procured in India

the eggs of the silkworm moth (Bombyx Mori), concealed them

in hollow canes and hastened to Constantinople ;{ there this new

race speedily multiplied, and Sericiculture (or the cultivation of

silk-producing insects) spreading thence into Sicily, Italy, France,

&c., became in Central and Southern Europe an extensive and

staple industry, vieing in importance with Viticulture and even

with Agricuiture itself.

In the 14th and 15th centuries, and especially in the early

part of the 17th, during the reign of James I., many efforts

were made to introduce this industry into England, but our

climate proved too variable and cold, particularly in the spring

months, for the well-doing either of the tree or of the insect ;

for a temperature of 40° F. proves fatal to the young caterpillar

of B. Mori, which emerges from the egg in the month of May,

a time when in this country there are few or no leaves on the

mulberry tree for its sustenance; hence all efforts to cultivate

B. Mori for the sake of its silken produce have in England

been precarious and unsuccessful. But European Sericiculture,

dependent for the last thirteen centuries on the mulberry tree and

on the three or four varieties of the Bombyx Morit which feed on the

leaves of that tree, presents to a far-seeing eye at the present time

an entirely novel prospect. Within the last few years new species

of silk-producing Bombyces have been introduced into Europe,

feeding on a variety of food plants, some of which are indigenous,

* [To the Memoir endorsed with the above Motto was awarded a Prize

offered by the Council of the Society for 1865, for an Essay on Economic

Evtomology.—Sec. Ent. Soc.]

{ Kirby & Spence, Introd. Entom. i. 333 (ed. 2).

{ See Captain Hutton’s paper on Silkworms, Trans. Ent. Soc., 3rd series,

i, 299.

VOL. V. THIRD SERIES, PART II, —-APRIL, 1866. o

186 Dr. Wallace on

some already naturalized, some undergoing the process of accli-

matization. These new and valuable species have been brought

some from the far East, some from the far West, many thousands

of miles during their stages of torpidity, a result possible only

through the rapid transit afforded in the present day by the aid of

steam; they vary much in their habits and economy, but are

mostly hardy, requiring out-of-door culture ; their cocoons differ

much in shape, size and in quality of the silk from the cocoon of

B. Mort, and they require a far different treatment, both during

their growth, and subsequently, for the purpose of unwinding the

thread from the cocoons and reeling it into a compound thread

fit for the manufacturer.

The cause which has led to the search for and the introduction

of new species of silkworms into Europe is the great failure in

the crop of cocoons of the B. Mori, owing to a disease called

‘‘ La Gattine,” which has raged epidemically in the silk-producing

districts for the last ten years or more. In illustration of the

great loss caused by this disease, I quote from “The Times” of

Sept. 25th, 1865, as follows: “In Tuscany the silk crop is now

gathered in and the result is ascertained; last year 55,000, this

year 42,000 kilogrammes of cocoons are harvested. Previous to

the disease 480,000 kilogrammes were annually gathered, and, as

more mulberry trees have since been planted, the average ought

now to have been 500,000 kilogrammes. The silk crop in the

valley of Niceola, a province of Lucca, is better than last year,

the cocoons being from seed procured from the island of Sardinia

and some from Japan.”

In order therefore to replace the loss caused by the ravages of

this epidemic (for which there is known no remedy), the French

government commissioned M. Guérin-Méneville, an able and per-

severing investigator of natural science, Ist, to introduce new races

of the B. Mori from its original habitat, in order to strengthen,

by reverting to the old stock, the constitution of the silkworm,

which was supposed to have become deteriorated by European

residence and treatment; 2ndly, to suggest means, if possible,

whereby the ravages of the epidemic might be lessened ; and, 3rdly,

to introduce and naturalize other and hardier species of silk-pro-

ducing Bombyces. Under the immediate surveillance therefore of

this distinguished naturalist, experiments have been carried on in

various parts of France by a band of zealous and spirited co-

operators, and more especially by permission of the Emperor in a

laboratory at the Imperial Farm of Vincennes, where the soil is

of the lightest and most sterile character. These experiments

have already resulted in the acclimatization of two new species,

Ailanthiculture. 187

and in the introduction of many more, some at least of which we

may hope will in time prove valuable additions to European Seri-

ciculture. ‘The two species referred to are Bombyx Ricini, from

India, feeding on Ricinus communis and Ailanthus glandulosa, and

having from four to five generations in Europe annually, and

Bombyx Cynthia, from China, feeding on Ailanthus glandulosa,

and having from two to three generations annually ; both* are

extremely hardy and thoroughly naturalized in Europe. Among

the latter are five oak-feeding species, namely, Bombyx Mylitta

from Northern India, which produces there the Tusseh silk ;

B. Pernyi from China; B. Yamamai from Japan, spinning a silken

thread of the best quality, and greatly esteemed on that account

in Japan—thousands of cocoons of this species have already been

reared in France; B. Roylei from the lofty Himalayan plains bor-

dering on Cashmere; and Saturnia Polyphemus from America, the

silk of which is very fine and apparently of great value. There

are also other species awaiting trial of naturalization, viz., Satur-

nia Cecropia, a plum-feeder, and S$. Prometheus feeding on wild

cherry, poplar, &c., both from America; another species, name

unknown, is reported as shortly to arrive from Australia, feeding

on plum; while living specimens of Bombya Atlus, the largest

known species, have been exhibited in Paris, but without oppor-

tunity for fecundation. ‘Two other species are indigenous in French

colonies, one at Cayenne, called Bombyx Hesperus, feeding out of

doors on a tree called “Café Diable” but thriving equally well on

the Ailanthus glandulosa ; the other at Senegal, B. Bauhinia, feed-

ing on the jujube tree ; the silk of each of these is likely to be of

value.

Of these species, the silk of some promises to equal the best

mulberry or Japanese silk, of others to produce a serviceable

fabric useful for inferior purposes. It is clear therefore that in

European Sericiculture new ideas and results have been already in-

troduced, and it is as yet impossible to foresee what changes may

ensue. As regards English Sericiculture, it is worth while con-

sidering whether the dream of the 14th century, which James the

First vainly strove to realize, may not now be near its completion,

and that ere long English ladies may produce silk for their own

vestments.

-Of the two species now naturalized in France, B. Ricint and

B. Cynthia, the latter only seems suited for this country. Ex-

periments carried on in Great Britain since 1861, by myself and

* B. Ricini is perhaps only a variety of B. Cynthia, the result of prolonged

domestication and of differences in climate, soil, and food-plant.

188 Dr. Wallace on

various other observers, have satisfactorily proved that this insect,

Bombyx Cynthia, will thrive well in this climate, in fact equally

well with the tree (Ailanthus glandulosa) on which it feeds, and

which has been naturalized in Europe more than 110 years ; similar

statements have been received with reference to this insect and tree.

from the Middle and Southern parts of Europe.

Ailanthiculture in England demands only a practical demonstra-

tion to assure success, all induce many to engage in a novel and

promising industry. I propose therefore to investigate this sub-

ject as far as it has hitherto been practic: lly tested in England.

But it may be objected that the price of labour in rine) country

is, by comparison with other countries, too dear to enable us to

compete successfully with them. I reply, that after the first plan-

tation, the principal labour required is that of women and children

in rearing the silkworm, gathering the cocoons, and spinning the

silk; that much less labour is necessary in Ailanthiculture than in

mulberry silk culture ; that there is but little margin for much dif-

ference in cost between women’s labour in England and elsewhere ;

that it is very desirable to find suitable labour for women and

children in rural districts ; that silk mills are common in England,

and their owners (in process of time) will buy the new material and

thus save the cost of carriage ; that the Ailanthus tree will flourish

on very sterile soils, and thus lands hitherto not in cultivation, as

for instance Dartmoor and Bagshot Heath (where Ailanthiculture

is now being carried on), the embankments of railways, Irish bogs,

Scotch mosses and other wastes may be cultivated with profit;

and, lastly, practical experience in moist climates, as in England

and Holland, seems to indicate that the Ailanthus tree grows more

luxuriantly than in the arid soils of France, and that the insect

attains a larger size and spins a larger cocoon; nay, it has been

stated, that the silk of English cocoons is more glossy and of su-

perior quality to the French specimens. But 1 do not conceal

from myself that great difficulties attend the development of new

ideas, before they can be practically successful. ‘The potatoe, now

a daily article of diet, had to struggle for a long time against pre-

judice and inexperience, and it required three centuries of cultiva-

tion before the tuber which Raleigh brought over from America

became developed into the ‘* Regents,” “ Flukes” and “ Ash-leaved

Kidneys” of our tables. It is remembered how in time of scarcity

of corn, at the close of the last century, the lower orders refused to

substitute the potatoe as an article of diet in language such as this,

** Shall we give our children pig’s muck ?”

But to aHoeeedl now with the subject of Ailanthiculture :

In the year 1856 a few living cocoons of a new silkworm were

Ailanthiculture. 189

sent by the Abbé Fantoni, a Piedmontese missionary, from the

province of Shan Tung, lat. 35°—40°, in the north of China, situate

just south of Pekin, to some friends at Turin. The climate of

that part of China, as I am informed bya relative who has resided

there, is very similar to the climate of Northern Germany, that is,

it differs from our English climate only in the winter being a little

colder, and the summer somewhat hotter, and that alternations of

temperature so common in this country are rare there, the seasons

being more thorough. Received in November, 1856, these cocoons

hatched out the following year, and towards the middle of May,

1857, the first living specimen of Bombyx Cynthia was born in

Kurope. Fertile eggs were obtained, and two generations were

that year successfully reared at Turin.

In 1858, onthe 5th July, at Paris, M. Guérin-Méneville received

from Turin quills containing eggs of the insect, as well as three

fertile females engaged in depositing eggs, which were the same

day exhibited at the Académie des Sciences; under the care of

M. Méneville these eggs were successfully reared, the insect was

distributed over many parts of Europe and her colonies, and has

since thriven and multiplied in a marvellous degree.

But it was a puzzle at first to know how to feed these worms ;

the name of the tree on the leaves of which they fed in China was

to the Abbé Fantoni a mystery, but as he described it in his

letters as being very like the Acacia leaf, when the young Euro-

pean brood hatched out, all kinds of leaves of that likeness were

submitted to their taste, and fortunately among them there chanced

to be some Ailanthus leaves; these they selected, ate greedily,

aud perfected therewith all their changes. It was therefore con-

cluded, and rightly, to be their proper food.

In 1861 Bombyx Cynthia was introduced into England, M.

Guérin- Méneville having sent over eggs to Lady Dorothy Nevill

of Dangstein, near Petersfield, Hants; she wrote in reply as

follows,* August Ist, 1861, “ J’ai beaucoup de plaisir a vous ap-

prendre que les vers-a-soie de l’Ailante ont réu8si au-dela de mes

désirs quant a l’éclosion. Ifs sont magnifiques comme grosseur ;

mais malheureusement nous n’avons pas eu assez d’arbres pour

leur fournir une nourriture suffisante, ce qui fait que beaucoup ont

éié perdus. Les vers qui ont fait des cocons les ont produit moins

beaux sansdonte par le manque de feuilles pour se nourrir, Ni le

froid, ni de fortes. pluies, rien ne parait avoir nui a leur parfaite

aeclimatation.”

‘‘Depuis Lady Nevill a fait parvenir plusieurs cocons de sa

* Rapport de M. Guérin-Méneville 4 S. E. le Ministre de I’ Agriculture,

1862,

190 Dr. Wallace on

récolte, qui sont remarquable par leur grosseur et leur richesse

en soie. Le climat maritime et un peu humide de |’Angleterre,

serait-il favorable a l’amélioration de cette espéce ?”

It is, however, due to Mr. F. Moore, of the East India Museum,

to state that he first in England possessed and reared this species ;

larvee of which, feeding on the castor-oil plant, Ricinus Palma

Christi, and hatched from eggs sent by M. Guérin-Méneville,

were exhibited by Mr. Moore before the Entomological Society

of London in October, 1859.

In 1863 Lady D. Nevill thus writes,* ‘ Last summer (1862) I

netted over three dozen trees, and placed 500 worms on them;

they yielded 480 cocoons: a bird got under the net and took off

some before it was arrested in its mischievous career. No wind

or weather seemed to hurt the worms, and we kept some of the

later ones on the trees when even the leaves were frost-bitten,

but the worms did not seem to suffer. I have no doubt as to

their hardiness. The three dozen trees about five feet high would

have fed at least 2,000 worms if we had had them, as the more

the worms devour the leaves the stronger the latter shoot forth.”

And in “The Queen” for February 28, 1863, was published an

account by Mr. Frank Buckland of ‘what he saw at Dangstein in

the preceding summer. ‘Her ladyship has set apart a portion

of her beautiful and well-ordered garden, and has planted it with

young Ailanthus trees, covering them over with a light canvass-

made building: a precaution rendered necessary by the birds, who

pick off the young worms. Onentering the building I saw, for the

first time, the living worms; they were in the highest state of

perfection and really beautiful things to look at: not white-faced,

pale-looking things like the common silkworm, but magnificent

fellows from 23 to 3 inches long, of an intense emerald-green

colour, with the tubercles tipped with a gorgeous miarine-blue.

Her ladyship pointed out to me how the silkworms held on to the

leaves: they cared nothing for the rain, less for the wind: their

feet have greater adhesive power than the suckers of the cuttle

fish ; and their bodies are covered with a fine down [powder ? ],

which turns the rain drops like the tiny hairs on the leaf of a

cabbage. Many of them had made their cocoons, picking out

snug quiet corners, and were working away like diligent and

useful weavers as they are. Lady Nevill explained how readily

and at what little expense they were cultivated, and that she

found a ready market for all the cocoons she could grow: a

gentleman in Paris having offered to take all she could supply for

* See Report of the Acclimatization Society for 1863, pay a}

Ailanthiculture. 191

French manufacture.” Such was the first.success in England ;

and never, I venture to predict, will this new and magnificent

Bombyx fail to find ardent admirers and cultivators in this country.

In 1862, at Lady D. Nevill’s town house, I first beheld these

beautiful larvee feeding on the leaves of the dilanthus glandulosa.

In 1863 1 became possessed, through the kindness of her ladyship,

of some eggs and procured others from France, and I obtained that

summer, as also in 1865, two generations. In confirmation of

the statement that the cocoons in England were remarkable for

their size, M. de Roo van Westmas, writing from the Nether-

lands, a moister and more temperate clime than France, in August,

1864, says* ‘The acclimatization of B. Cynthia has perfectly

succeeded, and presents a remarkable fact, viz., that the race is,

without doubt, ameliorated. The moths are larger and more

vigorous than those of the preceding year. The females laid last

year from 100 to 150 eggs, but now give from 300 to 350, and

what is still more remarkable is, that the eggs are larger and

heavier, for whereas before a gramme contained 540—560, now

I find only 440—460 in that weight: this fact appeared to me of

such importance, that I counted the eggs in five grammes taken

from a weight of thirty grammes. I found the number 2,261, which

gives an average of 452 eggs toa gramme.” <A gramme being

equal to 153 grains (nearly), this gives twenty-nine or thirty eggs

to the grain. My own experience tallies exactly with that of M.

de Roo; specimens bred in 1865, the progeny in part of French

eges purchased in 1863, exhibited as the result of two years’

acclimatization in England a marked improvement in size, colour,

&c., in all their stages, as contrasted with their French progenitors,

and the cocoons were finer in 1865 than in 1864, Lady Dorothy

Nevill also reports that the English eggs and cocoons are finer

than the French. If this be proved by further observation it

becomes an important argument in favour of English Ailanthi-

culture, for a larger cocoon implies a greater weight of silk.

It is now time to describe the food-plant, with a view to show

that it is well fitted for English Sericiculture. In 1751, little

more than 110 years ago—an interval providentially sufficient to

enable the tree to become known and acclimatized in Europe and

its colonies, before the insect which converts its juices into silk

was introduced—the Royal Society of London received from the

Abbé Incarville, a French missionary in China, the first seeds of

the Ailanthus glandulosa ; cultivated by Miller and Carteret Webb,

this tree spread over the continent: from its appearance it was

192 Dr. Wallace on

mistaken for a Sumac, for the Rhus Vernix, and hence named tlie

Vernis du Japon, or Japan Varnish Tree, under the idea that it was

really the tree which produces that precious varnish so much

employed in Japan and China. Linnaeus himself was of that

opinion, but the real tree was afterwards introduced, and the

Ailanthus was then called the False Varnish Tree. In 1771 it

was introduced into the Jardin des Plantes; Desfontaines there

studied the tree, and, recognizing a new species and genus,

gave it the name of Ailanthus.* It was at first cultivated as

an ornamental tree, for which purpose it is well fitted, being

very hardy in our climate, standing severe winters well, and pro-

ducing an abundant crop of leaves, especially if stooled. It will

grow well on any soil, and is said to flourish even on sandy dunes.

It has been planted for the purpose of Ailanthiculture on the Landes

of France and the sandy dunes of Holland, where, according to M.

Milly of the former place and M. C. D. Huet of Haarlem, it grows

well.¢ In London squares and parks are to be seen many luxuriant

trees showing their indifference to a smoky atmosphere. By the

sea side it thrives admirably. In Colchester there are many trees

of from thirty to fifty years old, several fifty feet high, and some

higher. I have observed these to flower and seed in warm summers,

but I have not yet succeeded in rearing trees from English seed.

The genus Ailanthus belongs to the family Rutacee and to the

tribe Xanthorylee, or yellow-woods; it contains three or four

species: the Ailanthus glandulosa of Desfontaines is a large

and beautiful tree, having a straight trunk and rounded head,

reminding us somewhat of the walnut. Its roots run along near

the surface of the soil and shoot up suckers a great distance off ;

the stem is very straight, covered with a smooth greyish bark ;

the pith is large in the stem and in the bough ; the leaves in this

climate usually appear in the first week in May, but in 1865,

* Desfontaines, Mémoire sur un nouveau Genre d’Arbre, Ailanthus

glandulosa, Y Ailanthe glanduleux; Mém. Acad. Paris. 1786, p. 265, pl. viii.

“I drber Coli de Rumphius, Hort. Amboin., que les Indiens appellent

Ailanthe dans leur langue, est une espéce qui nous paroit appartenir au genre

que nous venons de décrire; c’est pourquoi nous avons conserve cette dénomi-

nation pour nom générique.’”’ L’Heritier, Stirp. nov., fascic. 6, p- 179, (1785),

says ‘‘ dilanthi nomen clariss. Renatus L. Desfontaines, qui hoe genus ante-

penultimo anno in Actis Parisinis stabilivit, ab altera ejusdem videlicet

generis specie apud Amboinenses teste Rumphio Aylanto i.e. Arbor Celi

nuncupata, mutuatus est.’”’ Desfontaines’ Mémoire, however, is printed

amongst those for 1786 and does not appear to have been published before

1788.

t+ Revue de Sériciculture, 1863, p. 75; 1861, p. 191.

-Ailanthiculture. 193

owing to the early spring, they appeared the last week in April :

they fall at the end of October. If the tree is kept stooled so as

to provide a luxuriant foliage, the buds break earlier than in the

large trees, and the leaves may be retained to the 10th of Novem-

ber, or even for a fortnight later in a warm, sheltered nook. The

growth of the tree is most luxuriant; from seven to ten feet is no

unusual length of shoot in a single summer in good soil, when

the tree is young or has been stooled. A correspondent from

Suffolk mentions ten and even twelve feet as the growth of a

single shoot in 1865, besides another shoot of seven feet from the

same tree—four years old; and in Devonshire eight feet is no

unusual growth, The circumference of such shoots would be from

two to three inches. The height of a seedling one year old

averages from* nine to eighteen inches, the second year from

three to five feet. The tap roots are long and strong; in one

seedling, four inches above the soil, the tap root was four feet long.

In rapid growth it exceeds even the Italian poplar. It is not

uncommon in France to see copses of five or six years cld of the

same size and having as much wood fit for firewood as an oak

plantation of eighteen to twenty years old; admitting, therefore,

of a fall every ten years, and in favourable conditions of soil, &c.,

every eight years.*

Repeated measurings give an annual increase averaging about

an inch and a half in the circumference of the tree. ‘The leaf-

stalks are of great length ; some I have measured were three feet

and a half to four feet long, pendant with a graceful curve at the

Jower third of their length ; the leaflets are large, some measuring

eight and half inches in length by three in breadth, from thirteen

to seventeen on a leaf-stalk : near the base of the leaf the margin is

toothed, and at the extremity of the tooth is a little gland, emitting

a strong resinous odour, whence the name glandulosa ; of these

teeth and glands there are generally two, three, or more on each

leaflet. The same odour seems to be communicated more or less

to the leaf, also to the larva, and in a less degree to the imago of

Bombyx Cynthia.

The flowers are both male and female and some hermaphrodite,

they appear at the end of July, exhale a strong scent, and are

of a greenish-yellow colour, fasciculate, and arranged in a

terminal panicle; the calyx and corolla are in five divisions; the

stamens are 10 in the male, 2 or 3 in the hermaphrodite flowers ;

the carpels are from 3 to 5.. The seed-pod somewhat resembles the

keys of an ash tree, is compressed, long, membranous, tongue-

* Notice sur l’Ailante glanduleux, par A. Dupuis, p. 12.

194 Dr. Wallace on

shaped, swollen in the middle, containing a single seed, which is

hard and lenticular. In early autumn the colour of the seed-pods

becomes a bright-red, and they remain hanging a little after the

leaves have fallen.

Throughout Middle and Southern Europe generally, and in

England in favourable warm seasons, this tree flowers and seeds

freely. The seeds sprout and grow readily in England, they

should be gathered in November, dried, and planted in March,

April, or May, broadcast or in rows, covered lightly with about

an inch of soil, and they will appear in from three to six weeks ac-

cording to the season: with the exception of the maple there are

hardly any shrubs or trees whose seeds germinate so rapidly. On

June 23rd, 1865, some seeds were sown under glass ; on July 15th,

twenty-two days afterwards, they were up, and- by the end of

October made little trees, about nine inches in length, with fair

roots. Like the Sumac it throws up numerous suckers from its

roots, so that in this way and by means of the seeds it is easily

propagated. There is also a third way less productive, for if the

roots of a tree be cut in pieces like a potatoe, they will, under

favourable circumstances, throw up shoots and in time form

vigorous trees. In planting out or moving, all the severed roots

should be collected, cut up, and replanted near the surface in a

warm spot. ‘The reproduction, therefore, of this tree is very easy

and simple. Its duration of life averages 100 years.* It is said

to be very free from the attacks of wood-boring insects, as Scolytus,

Cossus, &c.

This tree prefers a warm aspect, but being very brittle requires

in exposed sites some shelter from the winds. In long continued

drought it maintains its verdure better than any other tree known;

in September, 1865, when other trees in Paris were deprived of

their leaves, owing to the severe drought, the Ailanthus trees

planted on the Boulevards and in front of the ** Passage de l’Opéra,”

preserved their foliage completely, and afforded a welcome shade

to the grateful citizens.} The tree has also been planted in

France to clothe mountainous slopes where but little else will

grow, with a view to fix the soil and avoid the disastrous results

of avalanches and land-slips ; it has similarly been used on the

banks of railways and rivers, its spreading branching roots serving

that purpose well. It thrives, as before stated, on the chalky

plains of Chalons, on the sandy Landes, and in the Steppes of

Russia.

* Dupuis, Notice sur I’ Ailante glanduleux, p. 5.

+ Guérin-Méneville, Revue de Sériciculture, 1865, p. 248.

Ailanthiculture. 195

The wood of the Ailanthus glandulosa is yellowish-white,

satiny, sometimes veined with green, equalling in beauty the

maple, of a close texture, very hard, and polishes well. The

quality of the wood is best when grown on a gravelly soil; its

great fault is its brittleness, or rather its want of elasticity, but it

is said that after a time it gains as great a hardness and solidity

as the walnut. It is recommended to treat it similarly to that

tree, and immerse it in water for several months and then dry it

thoroughly. It then remains unaffected by weather and may be

used freely in the most delicate cabinet work.

As there are conflicting opinions on the subject of its value,*

it may be well to cite the opinion of M. Guérin-Méneville in its

favour ; that it may have the full force of his own language I

transcribe the passage in French + :—

« J’ai profité de la bonne volonté d’un ingénieur trés-distingué du

Port du Toulon, de M. Raoulx, ingénieur des ponts et chaussées

a la direction des travaux hydrauliques, pour faire des essais sur

ce bois, comparativement 4 ceux que l’on fait journellement pour

apprécier les qualités des bois employés a la construction des

vaisseaux de Ja marine impériale. M. Raoulx a soumis du bois

d’ailante (de 25 4 30 ans) 4 toutes les expériences que l'on fait

subir aux autres bois. I] m’a autorisé a faire connaitre les résultats

remarquables et inattendus qui font le sujet de cette note et montrent

que le bois de l’ailante est réellement supérieur a celui du chéne

et méme de Il’orme, le bois par excellence pour le charronnage, &

cause de sa force et de sa flexibilité. Dans le travail de M.

Raoulx on trouvera un tableau dans lequel le poids, la densité, la

tenacité, et la flécheimmédiatement avant larupture, ou la flexibilité,

de tous les bois employés dans les chantiers du Port du Toulon,

sont indiqués d’aprés un grand nombre d’expériences faites toutes

dans les mémes conditions. Voici les moyennes de celles qui ont

été faites sur les trois espéces de bois citées plus haut.

\ Densitét Tenacité§ - Flexibilité]]

“ Ailante"3 Expér. moyennes 0°713 32°812 0°033.

“Orme 7 ,, . 0°604 24867 0-023.

“Chéne 10 ,. 9 0°751 19°743 0°027.

** Ce bois prend trés-bien le poli et le vernis. D'une densité a

peu prés égale a celle du chéne, il posséde une tenacité presque

* See Proc. Ent. Soc.1865, pp. 112, 121.

+ Revue de Sériciculture, 1865. No. 7, p. 178.

+ Pésanteur spécifique.

§ Charge de rupture par centimetre carré.

|| Fleche immédiatement avant la rupture.

196 Dr. Wallace on

double et une flexibilité supérieure, et j’ai appris des ouvriers qui

ont travaillé, qu’il ne fatiguait nullement les outils, tout en étant

trés dur.”

We may therefore await fresh investigation before considering

the question of the value of the wood of the Ailanthus tree defi-

nitely settled as worthless.

I have thought it needful to go at some length into the description

of the Ailanthus tree and its habits, for much of the success of

Ailanthiculture in England depends on the luxuriant yet hardy and

quick growth of this tree, and on its rapid reproduction. In planting

with a view to Ailanthiculture, a warm sunny aspect is desirable, as

well as shelter from the force of the wind, for I have observed that

the leaves if exposed to a gale of wind get torn or stripped off the

trees, and fall to the ground, carrying with them the larve, or

that the long leaf-stalks dash against and bruise the larve, and

further that while exposed to the force of a gale the larve are

unable to feed, being forced to cling tightly to the leaves to prevent

falling. Moderate winds do no harm, but some protection from

violent gales is necessary. For that purpose I planted Jerusalem

artichokes in a double row about every twenty yards in my

Aitanthery (or plantation of Ailanthus trees devoted to the rearing

of the Bombyx Cynthia), which consists of a hedge of about five

to seven rows of trees in breadth, extending for the space of half.

a mile along a strip of ground, about a rod wide, by the side of

the branch to Wivenhoe from the Colchester station of the Great

Kastern Railway. By thus interposing a series of Jerusalem

artichokes I found a great advantage; the trees were more luxu-

riant, cold winds were kept off, the caterpillars fed up more

rapidly, and, in spinning their cocoons, took advantage of the large

leaves of the artichoke and resorted thither in great numbers. It

is recommended to plant the trees with an alley between every

five rows, to facilitate hoeing of the weeds, observation of the

Jarvee, and interference where necessary. In this climate on

good soil the trees may be planted at first from two fo three feet

apart, if on inferior soil not further apart than two feet each way 3

the object being to afford a dense screen of foliage to the young

silkworms, so that they can readily travel from one to another

tree by means of the interlacing leaves. If the seed is sown

for the purpose of forming a permanent plantation, the larvae may

be placed on the trees in the third year of their growth; if how-

ever two-year old seedlings are planted out, then in their fourth

year larvae may feed on them; so that in Ailanthiculture a small

crop may be obiained the second or third year after planting, a

Ailanthiculture. 197

result widely different from mulberry culture, where trees obtain

the age of ten or fifteen years before coming into bearing.

For example, in March, 1864, I planted on the railway bank

above mentioned 3,000 trees, two-year old seedlings from France ;

in 1865, 1,340 of these attained sufficient luxuriance, 1. e., a mini-

mum of three feet high, to enable me to feed them off, and I got

a crop of 5,368 cocoons from these, besides feeding them off a

second time with a second brood, giving an average of about four

cocoons to each tree; many of these trees attained a height of

eight feet in the present year. ‘They were planted at a distance

of two feet from tree to tree, in rows which were some two feet,

some three, and some four feet apart, but only the trees planted two

feet apart were sufficiently close to enable the silkworms to travel

readily from one tree to another when necessary. In course of

time, however, as the stools increase in size every other tree may

be taken out, leaving the stools four feet apart. In poorer and in-

ferior soils a minor degree of luxuriance may justly be expected,

and it will then become necessary to plant a little closer, and pro-

bably to wait a little longer before placing the worms on the trees :

each winter the shoots are to be cut back to a height of eighteen

inches or two feet from the ground, like an osier bed, in order to

bring the shoots within easy reach, and to favour their luxuriance.

In this way too the leaves are thrown out earlier and last longer

on the trees.

The.trees may be planted by the spade or plough ; by the former

900 a-day have been planted on the light soil of France, by the

latter a good many more.

Ailanthiculture is never likely to supplant, but rather to supple-

ment Agriculture, by bringing into cultivation land hitherto un-

touched; and if the late Lord Palmerston may be considered as

a public benefactor, who by sowing bent in sandy regions made

grass grow where it had never grown before, how much greater a

benefactor would he be thought who introduced a profitable in-

dustry where nothing had previously been cultivated ?

Hoeing will be necessary during the summer to keep down the

weeds, but when the trees are once established, the expense of

keeping up the plantation will be trivial. Annexed is a French

calculation of the cost of planting by M. Ernest Rousseau, who

planted six hectares with Ailanthus trees at Rabutiniére in

Sologne* (a hectare being 2°47 acres). ‘The land, previously un-

tilled, was prepared with mattacks in rows 32 inches wide, and 18

inches deep, at the price of 23 centimes the metre, or about 3d. the

* Rapport aS, E. le Ministre del’ Agriculture, par M. G. Méneville, p. 35,

198 Dr. Wallace on

40 inches; in the hectare there were 50 rows, each 80 inches

apart from one another, and 100 metres long; the trees were

planted 900 a-day, by plunging the spade into the soft ground,

pressing it forward, and slipping the plant into the crevice behind

the spade.

50 rows of 100 metres=5,000 metres in length.

5,000 metres in length at 245 centimes .. 125 francs.

Planting 900 trees per day, 6 days, at 3

francs per day .. oe es apne aull Oak nage

5,000 trees at 15 francs the thousand a, lta oaias

6 hectares=15 acres, nearly ........Total 218 francs, or

about £8: 15s.

Such an account of the expenses of planting seems almost too

favourable for belief, and could only be obtainable in very light

soils.

In describing the domestic habits of Bombyx Cynthia, it will

perhaps be the most convenient to begin with the winter life, and

trace its progress through the various seasons of the year. It

remains through the winter in the cocoon, whereas Bombya Mort

passes that season in the egg state. My cocoons are now strung

up in rows or chaplets of 50 or 100 each, threaded on twine and

suspended in a room for the winter : or they may be kept in clothes-

baskets or bags: they may however hang out of doors on the

trees. Every winter I allow a few cocoons to remain hanging

where spun. In the succeeding summer these produce large

healthy moths, but at a later period than those housed, since the

colder temperature to which they are subject during the winter and

spring retards their development. Consequently, if (in order to

provide for a second brood) it is wished to hatch out the moths

early in the spring, the cocoons must be kept housed during the

Winter at a temperature of 40°—45° F., which, towards the end of

February, should be raised to 60° F. (in a kitchen or green-house),

and in March to 70° or 80° F., when the moths will emerge in

April ; their progeny will in England, in ordinary seasons, emerge

from the cocoons in time to allow another generation to spin their

cocoons. In order to provide food for the early larve so forced, a

few Ailanthus trees in pots should be placed in a green-house,

so as to provide foliage in April, and during the first and second

week in May, after which time the trees in the open air have

plenty of leaves.

By this plan in 1865 Lady Dorothy Nevill obtained eggs in

May, and was thus enabled to rear a second brood, whose cocoons

Ailanthiculture. 199

I saw finished on my visit there in the last week in September. If

housed but not forced, the moths will probably begin to hatch out

the last week in May and during June; but if they pass the winter

out of doors, not till the end of July. A higher or lower temperature

hastens or retards their development and growth in all their several

stages: below 50° F. they are dormant; above 50° and below

70° their growth progresses steadily and healthily; above %0°

their vital activity is greatly accelerated, and the duration of their

several stages is proportionately lessened. Of this important

character of constitution | have observed so many instances as to

be thoroughly convinced of its existence and value as regards

English Ailanthiculture.

For a day or two before emerging the pupa case stiffens, turns

a dark colour, and shows the white streaks and ocelli on the body

of the enclosed imago ; then when the weather seems likely to be

fine and favourable the pupa case splits open at the top of the head,

and by the struggles of the insect is gradually pushed down ;

little by little the insect emerges, dilating the aperture at the apex

of the cocoon which has been left for an exit; the elastic walls

serve as a means whereby the pupa case may be forced backwards

and got rid of, It is a quaint and curious sight to see the pretty

creatures emerge and spread their wings. We will suppose the

chaplets of cocoons strung up ina green-house at a temperature of |

90° in the first week in June, with a south-west wind; a shower in

the morning has moistened the air (or if not, man has supplied the

desired moisture by syringing with a hydropult the floor and walls

of the green-house); at 4 o’clock, p.m., there are no insects out,

5 o'clock and none emerge ; we now go in to tea; at 5°30 there are

two out, with wings soft but fully developed, one a magnificent

female of a tawny-yellow colour; three more have but just

emerged, as may be noted by their tiny wings, curiously curved

and bellyed out ; and now if we watch we shall have a good chance

of seeing one escape from its winter prison, and become a glorious

thing of life. See! a quiver and a shake runs through that

chaplet! which is the cocoon wherein newly-born life struggles

to be free? Another and another struggle and we detect the

individual cocoon; see! a greyish-yellow face emerges, then the

head, then a leg, then the opposite one, now a third leg; then a

wing on the same side is partially pulled out, the shoulders being

bent over on the opposite side, then a fourth leg (the first two

pairs), and now bending first to one side and then another the limp

wings are withdrawn from their cases and emerge from the cocoon,

and then with the last pair of legs the large lax abdomen tumbles

200 Dr. Wallace on

over the side, and as it were drags the willing insect down to the

base of the cocoon, where, firmly fixing its pretty tiny feet, the

moth rests to gather strength for the next task, that of expanding

and drying its wings. The whole process of birth does not occupy

a minute.

The moth (see P]. XV.) has long been familiar to us in collec-

tions of insects sent over from China; the head and antennez are

greyish-brown, the latter strongly pectinated in the male, less so

in the female; the thorax and abdomen are of a lighter greyish-

yellow; at the junction of the thorax and abdomen is a broad

ereyish-white transverse band, on the first abdominal segment

another narrower band arched, and then follow six pair of white

tufts of scales, with six larger tufts intermediate closely approxi-

mating, the last two segments are tinged with greyish-white.

On the underside are two rows of ocelli on either side the

abdomen, having a greenish-brown centre, a purple-brown ring,

and an outer white margin; of these rows the superior is the most

definite ; the feet are graceful, light greenish-brown underneath,

above margined at the sides with greyish-white fringe.

Two or three marginal brown lines, becoming streaky in the

lower wing, border their hind margins, and are somewhat inter-

rupted before reaching a black ocellus, placed near the faleate tip

of the upper wing. This ocellus shades into purple inferiorly and

is surmounted by a white crescent; a zig-zag line runs from it to

the tip. Transversely across the wings runs a narrow white

streak, wavy where it admits the approach of the large lunules,

bounded internally by a narrower dark green brown line, exter-

nally by a broad rosy band shading off into a lighter hue; outside

of which is a broad greenish band dusted over with small dusky

atoms; within the white transverse lines, which nearly form an

equilateral triangle, is a space of a darker greenish hue, containing

four lunules, one in each wing ; the outer tip of each lunule rests on

the curve of the rosy band already described, interrupting the white

line. These lunules are at their outer portion denuded of scales

and transparent, in their middle are yellowish-brown, darkening

towards the edge into the ground colour of the wings; from the

inner tip of the lunules in the upper wings run two white streaks,

one to the costa nearly at right angles, the second towards the

base of the wing ina straight line with the lower margin of the

Junules, and continuous with the white band at the junction of the

thorax and abdomen.

In the lower wing there is a similar white streak, arched mid-

way between the lunule and the base of the wing, continuous with

Ailanthiculture. ~ 201

the transverse white streak at its upper margin, and curving round

to intersect the inner margin of the wing, which is very fully

feathered.

The falcation of the upper wing is most strongly marked in the

male; in the female the under wing is broader and fuller, the

better to support in flight her weighty abdomen.

Expanse of wings 5 to 6 inches.

It is quite a mistake to suppose, as is often alleged, that pupa,

if taken out of the cocoon and left to themselves, cannot produce

insects. If the pupe are kept moist, the insects will in due time

be born, and go through exactly the same process as above de-

scribed; but not having the help of the cocoon to push back the

pupa case from their lax wings, they frequently manage to get

only two or three wings free, and the pupa shell remains attached

to the fourth wing (generally an under wing), which therefore is

never developed. From this cause many insects are crippled if

taken out of their cocoon before birth; and when once crippled

they seem to possess no sexual power or desire, and are incapaci-

tated alike for flight and copulation ; for I have found by repeated

trials that coition among cripples rarely if ever takes place.

If the weather is changing from a lower to a higher tempera-

ture, the moths will emerge more freely, and even anticipate such

a change; if however it be falling to a lower temperature they do

not come out so well. One night, 29th August, 1862, two males

and two females emerged (second crop), the thermometer being

65° F. in the greenhouse. On the 27th eleven, and on the 28th

fifteen had emerged, so that I could not understand the sudden

diminution: but during the night, which was cold and dewy, the

temperature fell. Of four pairs put together to copulate, only

two pairs were found joined in the morning, which was quite un-

usual, The following morning however was warm and sunny, and

at 9 a.m. when I entered the greenhouse I found (which also was

quite unusual) seven newly-born imagos; during that day eleven

more moths emerged. It was, therefore, quite plain that the

changed temperature, before it was perceptible to man, operated

so as to prevent the exit of the insects at the usual hour. It also

to a certain extent prevented coition, and this happened more

or less-so frequently that I was almost enabled to predicate a

shower or a cold night by the absence or presence in abundance

at the usual hour of newly-born imagos.

The usual hour of exit from the cocoon was from 6 to 8 p.m.:

some however would be born during the night, and were found

expanded and quiescent in the morning ; some few also were born

VOL, V, THIRD SERIES, PART 11.— APRIL, 1866, P

202 Dr. Wallace on

about 10 a.m. and a few about 2 or 3 p.m.; those born before

9 p.m. generally flew and paired that night.

That the cocoons should be suspended in chaplets or strings is

I think desirable for this reason, that it is requisite that the large

limp wings of the newly-born insect should hang perpendicularly

prone, so that their own gravity may further their expansion ;

the abdomen, being lax, is bent at first downwards, but afterwards

slightly upwards, the under surface of the insect being uppermost

during thé operation; and this is exactly the natural position

assumed by the insect at the base of its cocoon. But should the

moth rest against any perpendicular object, this help of position

is entirely lost: as the wings expand, they are folded back over

the thorax, having now to support their own weight; and the

experience of this position proves that a great many so resting are

more or less crippled.

Now supposing the chaplets to be suspended in festoons, and

the moths to be emerging, how best are we to attain our next

object, their coition and the deposition of eggs? The imagos

during the day are extremely tame, bear handling very well, and

seem inclined even if let go to fly back again for shelter whence

they were dislodged; but if once escaped and fairly on the wing

they soon soar away over trees out of sight. A very pretty and

graceful movement to and fro of the wings is a common salutation

when any one approaches, and the same waving of the wings more or

less accompanies all their proceedings. One variety of the French

“ boites aux mariages” is a three-chambered box, not less than

eighteen inches high by eighteen inches wide and about three feet

long. It may be made larger or smaller; the sides and top are

open, but lined with canvass or zinc; the top is so constructed, in

three pieces, as to enable each compartment to be examined sepa-

rately. Divided into three separate chambers, it serves first to

hold the cocoons, whence issue the insects ; secondly, as a receptacle

(the middle chamber) for the emerged insects to pair; thirdly, to

keep fertile females apart for the deposition of their eggs.

But this plan does not answer so well as a design of my own

of zine cylinders (which I will presently describe) for these reasons :

first, that the insects just born have not the same facilities for

expanding and drying their wings, and consequently will be more

crippled ; secondly, that it is larger and more cumbrous to move

about where space may be limited; thirdly, that it does not afford

equal facilities for coition or egg-laying, or for close observation

during these actions; fourthly, that manipulation of the insects and

the collection of eggs is not so easy.

Ailanthiculture. 203

These cylinders are constructed of the cheapest ordinary perfo-

rated zinc, and are formed by soldering one end to the other of

previously measured lengths, so cut in sizes as to form when

soldered cylinders of different diameters, thereby enabling one

_ cylinder to slip inside another. One end is left open, the other is

covered with gauze or canvass; to each cylinder belongs a round

or square top of a little larger size, made of elm or deal.

Height. Diameter.

Dimensions of cylinders, 103 inches x 8# inches.

” 9 11 ” x 9 ?

99 99 1 rg ” x 9 » 93

fi Ms Roe a Eon ae gO

Cylinders of equal diameter but less height (8 inches diameter

x 4 inches high) are useful for placing the insects in when newly

born. They may be held by their wings if developed, or by the

shoulders if otherwise; the males are placed in one cylinder, the

females in another, to the number of 8 or 10 in each; a glance will

tell the initiated which are the sexes, and towards night it is easy

to adjust- the numbers, so that an equal number of males and of

females may be introduced into one of the larger cylinders, and

the wooden lid placed on it: this is then carefully put away in a

quiet place. If looked at in the morning, it will be found that the

pairs are united; this will happen as the rule, but in some cases,

either from a sudden falling of the temperature, or if some of the

insects are not quite ready for coition, or have been developed

rather late in the evening, they do not pair. If so, carefully re-

move the wooden lid, take out those that have not paired, and

leave behind those in copulation, which will remain quiescent till

dusk. When they separate, the female instantly, as if there was

no time to lose, begins to lay her eggs. Those not paired will

probably do so the following night. After coition has ceased, the

males should be let go if not required for other purposes: M.

Méneville gives them to his chickens.

A male will serve more than one female successfully, as I have

proved by an experiment below quoted. It is curious also that,

even if no impregnation takes place for want of a male or other-

wise, eggs are deposited by the female the third or fourth night

after exit; hence coition ought normally to take place on the first

or second night after exit: and further I have observed, that if the

male happens to remain without coition for two or more nights, it

is very doubtful whether, even if he should have access to a fresh

female, coition will ensue. Coition must, therefore, in both sexes

204 Dr. Wallace on

follow within forty-eight hours after birth to be generally suc-

cessful.

Experiment, August 20th, one ? of the second brood emerged,

after thirty-six days spent in cocoon; on the 2Ist, a second 2 came

out in the evening after thirty-four days’ interval in cocoon; on

the 23rd a ¢ emerged ; coition ensued that night with the second

female. (I was afraid the first 2 might be stale, so to make sure

I excluded her from the cylinder “aux mariages.”) The female

separated the following night from the male and Jaid eggs to the

number of 170; the following nights she laid 54, then 42, 27, 17 and

8; the last two lots were composed of eggs smaller in size, making

a total of 318 eggs. After she had left the male on the evening of

the 24th, I placed the same male with the first female, which

had been kept in a cool place to retard its development, but

which had already begun to lay eggs, 38 in number; the same

night coition ensued, and as no other imagos but these three

were out, no mistake could possibly arise; the night after coition

she laid 121 eggs, then 45, 7, 13, 14, in all 238 eggs; the eggs

laid by her before coition neoved to be of course barren. I

numbered these lots 1 and 2 and kept them distinct, having

dated them, and I placed them on Ailanthus trees under precisely

the same conditions; the larvae hatched out well and seemed to

be vigorous, but I thought that the second lot were smaller and

passed more slowly through their changes, and certainly fewer

remained to be sent Geen from the nursery to the larger plan-

tation, ViZ.

Noo: 318 eges: of these, placed out of doors on the trees, 266

hatched out Sept. 7th ; they passed through their Ist moult Sept.

12th—15th, five days’ interval; they commenced their 2nd moult

on Sept. 16th, four days’ interval; and of these 130 were sent

down to the Ailanthery by the railway side on the 20th Sept. : on

Oct. 5th they were passing through their last moult.

No. 2. 172 larvee hatched out a 200 eggs; on Sept. 19th they

commenced their 2nd moult, and, on the 20th, 67 only were left

to go down to the railway.

It is clear, therefore, that a male can if necessary be used twice

for coition, but it is very probable that the resulting generation

will be possessed of inferior vitality.

During coition the males remain sometimes suspended in mid-

air from the bodies of the females, sometimes clinging to their

bodies. When the females require the male they call, or rather

extrude their ovipositor and generative apparatus; the males

fluttering near seem attracted by a sense unknown to us, and,

Ailanthiculture. * 205

rapidly approaching, settle on the under-surface of the abdomen

of the female, and at once unite, being not dos-a-dos, but face to

face. Subsequently the male hangs down in mid-air, or slips into

the usual position, i. e. tail to tail, both clinging to the cylinder.

The eggs are laid at night in little masses among the interstices

of the zine, which are just large enough to allow the eggs to be

pressed through, so that many are really deposited by the ovi-

positor of the @ on the outside of the cylinder. Each morning

with the finger and thumb the eggs may be easily rubbed off

the zinc and collected, the females meanwhile being placed in a

fresh cylinder ; while depositing the eggs the females, as is the

case with many other insects, keep up a noisy fluttering.

The duration of life in summer weather is eight days; but, as

in all the stages of this insect, a higher or lower temperature

quickens or retards vital activity, so it may be kept alive for three

or more weeks at a temperature of 50° or less, as in November.

Each day the eggs are to be collected and kept in a separate

parcel. A good mode of keeping the eggs is on blotting or filtering

paper, on a square of glass and under a glass funnel, or in a glass

tumbler having blotting paper inside and covered at the top: the

object being to obtain an unvarying rather moist temperature of

about 70° F., the blotting paper should be moistened in dry

weather once daily, and a warm place be secured. but if the sun’s

rays fall directly upon the eggs, they run the risk of being over

heated and dried ; in this way many beginners lose their eggs.

The eggs will batch out in from eighteen to twelve days or

less, according to the temperature to which they are exposed :

thus in 1865, eggs laid May 24th, commenced to hatch out June

11th (eighteen days); eggs laid June 6th, 7th, hatched 22nd,

23rd (sixteen days); laid June 25th—28th, hatched July 9th

(fourteen days); laid July 7th, 8th, hatched 21st, 22nd (thirteen

days); while eggs laid Sept. Ist, 2nd, hatched on the 13th, and

others laid Sept. 4th, 5th, hatched on the 16th, 17th (interval

twelve days).

Almost invariably the eggs begin to hatch out about 6 a.m.,

and continue to emerge in greatest quantity till 8 a.m. ; after that

time few come out till next morning, so that they require early

matutinal attention, and if neglected at that tender stage will

soon perish. It is, however, easy to calculate the day of their

birth according to the temperature, especially after the first batch

of eyes has hatched out; the exact interval required for their

development thereby determined, the date of the emergence of

future batches may easily be guessed at.

206

Dr. Wallace oz

I subjoin a few calculations of the weights of eggs.

(1.) Aug. 4th.

fifteen days’ old.

Various eggs laid 18th—22nd July, i. e. about

No. of Eggs. Average,

1 grain A 39 26 39

2 grains 80 40

3 110 37

4 ai 153 38

4 158 a 39%

4 oe 156 3 39

3 ee 195 39

6 oe 230 383

These eggs were taken out of a batch of 2, 650; many of them

were sell some addled; the weighing machine was an ordinary

one, with glass receptacles, for weighing drugs, requiring to be

suspended by one hand. This was the first trial made to weigh

the eggs, and I believe greater nicety was attained subsequently,

as the result of greater practice.

(2.) Aug. 30th. Eggs laid 28th, 29th Aug., total 608.

These were a better specimen, being larger and healthier eggs.

: No. of Eggs Average.

1 grain ee 32 ee 32

2 grains .. 66 54 33

3 C 101 ae 34

5 170 oe 3b

8 oe 272 ote 34:

10 fe 324 : 324

(3.) Out of 309 eggs, laid Aug. 29th, oth, weighed on 30th.

No. of Eggs. Average.

1 grain ate 27 Ae ht ghtoligs (s

2grains.. 55 46 274

3 ES 97 s3 32

4 34 129 ake 32

; 5 171 if 34

6 58 199 sa 33

7 403 239 ae 34

8 an 270 ote 34

9 301 334

(4.) Eggs all large an fine, laid Oct. 12th—1 8th, weighed

Oct. 18th.

No. of Eggs, Average.

I grain ae Qi Ae 27

2 grains 55 St 274

8 8] no 27

Ailanthiculture. 207

It seems, therefore, that the number of eggs to the weight of

1 grain varied from forty to twenty-seven (compare M. de Roo’s

calculation, ante, p. 191). I think this is to be explained in the

following way ; the first moths that emerged were much smaller,

and laid fewer eggs than those produced later in the season; their

eggs, too, were certainly not so large as those laid afterwards; a

larger proportion of larvz also were observed to hatch out of the

eggs laid later in the season. It would seem, therefore, that in

selling eggs by weight, the finer and larger the brood the fewer

they would be, while the more numerous the eggs the greater pro-

portion would be lost before attaining perfection. I think most

people would prefer having the smaller number but the finer eggs.

As to the number of eggs laid by a single female, I have the

following observations: one @ of the second brood in 186%

emerged 26th August, coition took place that night, and by Sep-

tember 3rd she had laid 262 eggs in all.

1864. July 4th—9th .. 1 @ laid 185 eggs.

14th ee FL MOG) F208

21st a SY ye 290

Oct. 29th—Nov. 8th 1 9 ,, 246

Eggs. Average.

1865. May 24th .. 1 9 laid 102. 108

July 7th—15th 42 ,, 938 .. 2344

10th—21st 42 ,, 835 .. 209

Aug. 24th .. 1 Ss 59) 288 act) ae

be Sy tll | x LS eens

It would therefore seem that the number of eggs laid by indi-

vidual females varies from 100 to 300 and upwards, and that the

earlier in the season the insect appears the fewer the eggs laid.

It would, perhaps, be a safe calculation to expect from 150 eggs

to 200 from each female.

The number of males generally preponderates over that of the

females ; as, for instance, out of 104 cocoons in 1865 set apart for

obtaining a second brood, by Sept. 2nd there had emerged thirty-

nine females, forty-six males; from these thirty-five pairs were

obtained. Subsequently nine females and six males were born

between Sept. 3rd and 21st; from these but one pair was ob-

tained, one cripple emerged, and two or three cocoons did not

produce anything. From these 36 pairs 8,438 eggs were ob-

tained, giving to each fertile 6 an average of 235 eggs, or about

83 eggs to each cocoon. The males generally proponderate at

the beginning, the females towards the end of the time of exit. It

will therefore be impossible to obtain fertile pairs from all that

208 Dr. Wallace oz

emerge ; some will be wasted at the beginning, some at the end

of the season, some will be cripples.

Again, of my main crop in 1865 of about 600 cocoons, 563

moths emerged between May 22nd and July 27th; of these 20

fertile pairs were obtained; their eggs laid from May 24th to

July 26th were 37,000 in number, or about 160 eggs to each

female, and about 65 eggs to each insect.

The eggs are much larger than those of &. Mort (but that

insect lays twice as many); they are about the size of the eggs of

Lasiocampa Quercus or Odonestis Potatoria, are oval, equally large

at both ends, white or greyish-white, and scantily marked with

black spots or specks or streaks, owing to the particles of gum

without (see Pl. XVI.j. When the eggs are near hatching they

flatten a little, lose their weight and assume a greyish tint, pro-

duced by the caterpillar inside ; when empty they still are of a

greyish tint; the shell is very hard and tough, it is difficult to cut

it with a knife, and will resist a considerable amount of pres-

sure; when deposited it is covered during the act with a thin

gum, which binds it tolerably firmly to adjacent objects; when

the gum is dry the egg may easily be detached by pressure, and,

if placed on moist paper, will adhere to the paper as if originally

Jaid thereon.

Various modes have been adopted to incubate the eggs ; some

retain them in glass vessels, others in boxes, some in muslin bags

attached to the tree; in all cases a slight amount of moisture

must be rendered to imitate nature. ‘The simplest plan undoubt-

edly would be to place them in muslin or paper bags on the tree,

sheltered by some cover from rain and weather, so that when the

young worms are hatched they may at once eat the living leaf as

in a state of nature ; care must be always taken to number and

mark the bags with the date of the deposition, and to keep all

eggs of the same parcel as nearly as possible of the same date.

Some have confined the fertile female among Ailanthus trees netted

over, when she will readily deposit her eggs on the leaf-stalks ;

others gum the eggs on paper, and cutting out a certain number

attach these again to the tree. I prefer, however, as more con-

venient and admitting of easier observation, the mode I have re-

commended of keeping the eggs on bibulous paper under a glass

funnel in a warm moist spot; and the night before they hatch

out pinning on the tree a little paper or muslin bag, containing

not more than 100 eggs; the pin which fastens the bag should be

pushed into the leaf-stalk just below the base of a leaflet, and the

leaflet folded down into the bag and there retained by a second

Ailanthiculture. 209

pin, so that the young worms on emerging at once crawl on to

the tip of the leaflet, and being on its concave under-surface are

protected equally from wind, wet and sun, and in a few days mi-

grate further.

There is a reason why I have restricted the number of eggs to

100. I have frequently put more on, often 500, sometimes more

than 1,000, but I have found that smaller quantities do better,

because at first the young larve are very gregarious and the under

surface of the leaf is so crowded that its green colour can scarcely

be seen; it then happens that portions of the leaf are eaten off and

fall to the ground, having small larve upon them, and these larvze

mostly perish, Again, if there is much wind, leaf chafes against

leaf, and the larvee at the edge fall down ; also during their moults,

if too numerously crowded, those backward to change are eaten

off*by their companions who have already moulted, and so tumble

to the ground; once on the ground, very few when young re-

ascend, but fall a prey to their enemies. Hence I advise not to

put more than 100 eggs on a single leaf.

The eggs will not I believe retain their vitality during the winter,

as is the custom with L. Mori. Indeed it seems contrary to nature

that an egg, which naturally emerges in about fourteen days, should

retain its vitality uninjured during six months’ cold; however, I tried

last winter to keep some eggs laid late in the autumn, in November;

I placed them in a chip-box and exposed them out of doors to all

weathers, but not one hatched out in the spring ; so in the previous

winter I placed some in ice, but they all lost their vitality. Simi-

larly in Guernsey Dr. Collins tried, but failed, to keep eggs alive

during the winter, Though B. Mori may have an advantage over

B. Cynthia in passing the winter in the egg-stage, inasmuch as

it can more easily be carried from one country to another, and

obtains a lengthened period for the sale of the eggs, yet I am

inclined to think that as regards English Sericiculture it is better

to possess a species which, like B, Cynthia, passes the winter in

cocoon. For protected as it is by a stout silken cocoon, it needs

but little other protection from winter’s frost and cold. Healthy

and fine specimens emerged in the following summers, though ex-

posed out of doors to the severe weather of 1863-4, 1864-5; it is

possible that in the egg-state the insect may be less hardy. But

further, the eggs of LB. Mori hatch out and require food early in the

spring ; not so B. Cynthia, whose imago being the first to appear in

the spring, more time is afforded for the development of the food

of the larva; and whereas Z. J/ori requires sustenance in May and is

killed by a temperature of 40° F, in the tender stage of the newly-

210 Dr. Wallace on

born larva, the larva of B. Cynthia is not born till the end of June

or the beginning of July, when the weather is warm and there is

abundance of food.

The larvae (see Pl. XVI.), when newly-born, are from } to +3

of an inch long, and of a pale light yellow colour; but soon after

feeding, a number of black spots and dark-coloured tubercles, ar-

ranged in rings, become so conspicuous as to give the idea that

the larvee are black with yellow rings; after the first moult the

yellow ground becomes more manifest, and they attain a length of

2 to 2 of an inch. Soon after the second moult they become grey-

ish-white from the presence of a grey waxy powder secreted from

the tubercles; the spots are a bluish-black; they now grow

nearly to 1 inch in length. After the third moult the ground

colour alters to a pale blue-green, with tubercles of the same

colour; the spots, which are regularly arranged in four rows,

remain of a bluish-black, while the head, feet and last segment

are of a golden colour. After the fourth moult the larva has a

length of 1} inch; the green colour becomes more intense, the

extremities of the tubercles, the tips of the hind feet, the collar

and parts of the last two segments become of a beautiful marine

blue, while golden colour still adorns the head and hind claspers and

the last two segments; the larva now eats enormously and attains

a length of 3 inches to 34 and 4 inches when extended, with a

thickness of 3 an inch.

Now suppose the twelve days have elapsed and that to-morrow

morning the eggs will hatch out,—how shall we best treat them ?

Undoubtedly I believe even if the weather be wet and windy, it will

be easiest for us and best for the larvae to put them over-night in

little bags on the sheltered side of a sheltered tree as before de-

scribed. If however we have not the means to do so, a similar

plan may be adopted with a tree grown in a pot, and kept in a

sunny window or a green-house: by so doing we avoid all trouble

of feeding, and rear a larger per-centage of larvae. The next best

plan will be in early morn to lay fresh-gathered leaflets, say three

or four attached to their piece of leaf-stalk, lightly over the newly-

born worms ; they will soon craw] on to this, and may be then car-

ried and pinned through the leaf-stalk toa neighbouring tree. But

if there are no trees to feed them on, then in all probability a much

larger per-centage of young larve will die, as moist succulent food

seems a necessity for them in their early life, and if treated as

are the mulberry silkworms with leaves strewn over them, they will

crawl on them, but wither away and dry up with the withering of the

leaf, and from 90 to 95 per cent. will most surely die. Clearly

Ailanthiculiure. pp (i |

then this plan will not do; but by plunging the leaf-stalk in water

in bottles, or better still, by following the mode practised by Dr.

Knaggs of rearing larvae on common plates, or the before-men-

tioned wooden tops of the zine cylinders, which without damaging

their use as covers may have holes cut in them so as to allow the

leaf-stalks to be plunged through into a jam-pot full of water

below, the loss of larvae will not be very great, provided they are

kept in a cool moist place. The larve will not however grow

quite so rapidly as when placed on the living tree and exposed

to the sun-light and free circulation of ‘air. They do not evince

any desire to stray from their food, and therefore do not require

to be covered over, so Jong as the food is fresh, but they will soon

leave it if it becomes dry. The earliest born seem to be the

largest and grow most rapidly, while there are generally, even from

egos laid on the same day, some that are not born till twenty-four

and forty-eight hours after; these seem to proceed from the

smaller eggs, which, possessing less vitality, produce a feebler

offspring, like the last pig ina litter. It is perhaps just as well

that these should die, for they then give no further trouble, con-

sume no food, and as it were improve the stock by weeding out

the sickly ones.

It is a curious experience to have hanging in one’s Ailanthery,

say a dozen bags of eggs laid on succeeding days, hanging on

different trees, and to be able with certainty to point out to

visitors in the evening a bag full of eggs and tell them to come in

the morning before breakfast, and they will find the little worms

spread over the under surface of the leaf feeding. There is a very

curious satisfaction in witnessing the almost absolute certainty and

regularity with which their growth and development proceeds,

without requiring, as it would seem, any interference at the hand

of man. But before describing that most interesting state of its

existence, the larva, I ought, in order to render my allusions more

clear, to describe my Ailantheries, or plantations of Ailanthus trees.

Having changed my residence in March, 1865, I planted early in

April 34 young trees of different ages, in 5 rows about 234 feet

apart each way, in a small walled-in garden about 20 yards from

my house, having a south-east aspect and completely overlooked by

the windows facing that way; a wall of 5 feet high enclosed two

sides of the garden, and it was easy to look over the top of this

without frightening away any birds that might be on the ground

or on the trees. Of these trees two died and two more made

but little growth, but I had 30 trees of sufficient luxuriance of

foliage to place thereon the young larve. On these trees I placed

about 18,000 eggs for my first brood, beginning July 17th with

21g Dr. Wallace on

eggs laid from July Ist to July 10th; these hatched out and passed

through their first two moults in this nursery and then, beginning

August 3rd, were transferred to the larger Ailanthery, where they

finally fed up and spun their cocoons, The nursery was not

covered in or protected in any way, except that in order to pre-

vent the ants from getting at the young larve (which they will

carry off ), 1 surrounded the stems of the trees with cotton wool ;

this, however, proved a great embarrassment to those larvae which

fell to the ground, as it hindered them from re-ascending the

trees, and I shall not repeat it another year, though I must add

I did not see any ants about the trees till after the cotton wool

was all gone. It is however just possible that the cotton wool

operated as a protection to the silkworm in an indirect way. For,

watching over the dwarf wall and from the windows of the house,

I frequently saw sparrows who had occupied some nests which the

swallows built under the roof (having driven those birds away),

fly down hastily to the little garden, pick off a piece of wool and

return to their nest. It may be that their attention was fixed

upon cotton wool, and a guilty sense of thieving hurried their

actions, so that they failed to observe the young larve feeding

just above their heads; anyhow, I never could observe that they

committed depredations on the larvee, though I frequently watched

them by means of an opera-glass for the purpose of detection.

The larger Ailanthery was planted on a narrow strip of ground

about a rod wide, running for half a mile along a branch of the

Great Eastern Railway. Just after the branch leaves the main line,

it makes a sweep back towards the town of Colchester; in this

sweep, protected from the north and open to the south and west,

runs a narrow strip of ground, intended for a second set of rails

when needed. Here were planted in 1863, in March, 3,000 two-

year old Ailanthus trees obtained from France. About 700 were lost

that year, owing to the prolonged drought in the spring; the rest

made little progress that year, The soil is a deep rich loam,

very sticky and plastic in wet weather ; the trees were planted 2

feet apart, in rows some 2 feet distant, some 3 feet, some 4 feet.

Of these trees about 1,340 were sufficiently luxuriant in 1865 to

allow of a crop of silkworms; many of their shoots were from 6 to

8 feet along, and an inch in diameter. Hither the young larvae,

when half-grown, were brought down in boxes, and distributed

over the plantation, allowing from 5 to 10 to each tree according

to its luxuriance. In order to convey them, the entire leaf on

which they rested in the morning was cut off the tree, and the leaf-

stalk cut up into leneths, depending on the number of worms

Ailanthiculture. ote

thereon; these lengths were placed in boxes and carried down,

then a pin was thrust through the leaf-stalk of the cut leaf into

the stalk of a living leaf, and the larvee soon migrated from the

dead to the living foliage. In practice the process was easy and

entirely done by a boy of 12 years old, who was installed as sole

attendant at 6d. a-day wages, during the season. It was desirable

to choose a fine morning for this process, as sunshine rendered the

worms active, and desirous of fresh food. It was necessary after-

wards for a day or two to go over the ground carefully, and pick

up any that had fallen down, and it was also found necessary to

have paper or muslin bags pinned to the trees, wherein to place

any larvee which were then changing their skins, or which had

crawled away from their cut leaves on to the box.

With the exception then of the cotton wool placed round

the trees, there was no attempt at protection in any form for the

silkworms. From my experience in 1865, I think that a covered-

in-nursery for the protection of the worms during their early stages

would be highly desirable and likewise economical, in lessening

the ravages of their enemies and of bad weather ; and I purpose

another year (and [ recommend others to do the same) to cover

over with canvass the trees intended for a nursery.

I am convinced from actual observation, first, that from 15 to

20 per cent. of the eggs laid in 1865 never came out, since having

examined three different lots of 100 each I found severally 19, 16

and 15 eggs unfertile ; secondly, I believe that a very large propor-

tion, probably half of the larvee hatched out, perished before leaving

the nursery, partly from my want of skill in managing their early

stages, partly because they were too crowded on the leaves, but

mainly from attacks of spiders, lady-birds, earwigs, &c., &c.;

whereas I believe from constant observation that if the loss in the

large Ailanthery was calculated as between two and three thousand,

it would be greatly in excess of the reality. My eggs which were

laid on July 1st and successive days began to batch out on the

13th of the same month; but it was not till the 25th July, by which

time 10,000 eggs were hatched out, that having tried various modes

of establishing the young worms on the trees, by the advice of

Dr. Maclean, a very observant and astute naturalist, I hung up my

eggs in paper cots on the trees, thereby effecting a considerable

saving in life, labour and time; for the preceding batches of eggs

had been deposited and hatched out upon papers, which, the leaves

of the trees being tied up in a bunch, were deposited therein,

whence, if much wind arose, they were violently ejected, and the

baby worms scattered on the ground; again, many of the worms

214 Dr. Wallace on

never left the papers, and so were starved to death. Another mode

which I adopted, when I had but a few to deal with, was to dip a

stiff badgers-hair brush in water, and, passing it under the young

larva, detach him with a jerk and deposit him on the leaf of the

living tree placed in a pot, but in this mode also a great mortality

ensued. I found that a violent wind also detached many from

the leaves, by inducing friction of one leaf against another, so that

the worms rubbed against soon fell off. I ‘have observed too that

after much wind, generally among older larva, some few are

found with discolorations on one or two segments as if bruised,

and these subsequently die. Doubtless therefore a great mor-

tality ensued among the young larvz owing to my inexperience

and meddlesome manipulation.

But to return to the young larve: till after their second moult

they are gregarious, the under surface of the leaves is sometimes

completely hidden by their numbers ; they feed and grow rapidly,

but comparatively less so during their first stages than after their

last moult; they pass through their first moult of skin in from 7 to

10 days after birth, and become of a light-yellow colour, whereas

after birth their dark rings give them a dusky look ; their second

moult takes place 5 or 6 days after the first, and they now secrete

from their tubercles a waxy powder, which throws off rain ; they

undergo their third moult in about 6 days more, they then get very

powdery and assume a greyish-blue colour, the tubercles are

studded with the white powder, and they look, especially by moon-

light, like huge sugarplums ; another 6 days brings on another

moult, their last before spinning ‘This period is a very critical one ;

immediately after this change the larva eats enormously and grows

very rapidly, increasing in size as much as sixfold in 9 days, and

it is now that the formation of silk takes place within the two

elongated and convoluted tubes situate one on each side between

the tracheze and intestinal canal. The larva is peculiarly hand-

some in this its last robe; and it seems strange that, conspicuous

as it becomes while resting at the end of a leaf-stalk which it may

have denuded of foliage, it does not seem to be noticed by

passing birds. It is especially common at this period of their

growth to see a tree one day covered with foliage and bare the

next, while the voracious larve are gnawing down the tender ends

of the leaf-stalks or are wandering off to other trees in quest of

food. It is a startling surprise to see one day bare leaf-stalks

where thick foliage existed 24 hours before.

Now and during the spinning-time an Ailanthery presents a

most lively and animated look, huge fat larvae 4 inches long are

seen feeding away right heartily, others are resting, preparing

Ailanthiculture. 215

themselves for their last effort, others already have begun their

cocoons. Ata coup-d’cil in a space of 20 yards you may see

hundreds of these fine and beautiful creatures in a state of nature,

unprotected and completely exposed to the glance of every passing

bird, and it was most surprising to me that they-did not attack

them; yet I never saw a bird in my Ailanthery, except on one

occasion when I started a thrush out, though I saw hundreds of

sparrows in the adjoining fields, and though blackbirds and

thrushes were numerous in the neighbouring gardens. I would on

this point offer a few remarks: Ist, being by the side'of a rail-

way the noise of passing trains might operate to keep some birds

at a distance; 2nd, being a new crop the birds may not have found

them out or have become sufficiently acquainted with their habits

and the foliage of the Ailanthus tree to look for them in plantations

of those trees. I would moreover add that the fact of changing

their head-quarters from the nursery to the larger Ailanthery must

operate against their being found out by the birds ; for, supposing

that a young colony is hatched out, it might and probably would be

some days before they were found out by the birds ; then if they

were moved off to another spot at a distance, the same birds would

never find them again, and the birds of the new locality, never

having seen larve on Ailanthus trees before, would be slow to

look for them there. But I think they are not attractive to birds,

except to the tomtit, robin and rook, two of which are very mis-

chievous, and all three naturally very destructive to insect life.

The tomtit may be avoided by avoiding plantations and trees which

these birds frequent; the robin will be found only near houses

and farms, and the neighbourhood of rookeries may likewise be

shunned. But there are other reasons why birds probably will not

ravage the larve to the extent which many persons might fancy.

For it would be well to avoid carrying on extensive rearing of larve

in early summer, when sparrows, &c., are in great quest of larve

for their brood. ‘There are also two other great inducements to

postpone Ailanthiculture to a later period: Ist, because there is

in June a scanty foliage on the trees compared with the luxuriance

of August; 2nd, the moths of an early crop would probably emerge

in the autumn and their eggs consequently be useless. It will

therefore be wise to postpone the main crop till midsummer, and

I should prefer to commence when the cherry season begins, an

event which always attracts all birds towards gardens, and will

therefore leave the Ailantheries pretty quiet.

This will be the month of July, which in my opinion in this

country is the best time to commence Ailanthiculture; the early

stages of the larvee are then commenced in the cherry season, and

216 Dr. Wallace on

the later stages during harvest; during the middle stages, the

silkworm being no longer gregarious is scattered uvver the trees,

and being of moderate size is less conspicuous and likely to

escape detection. The weight too of the foliage is continually

increasing up to the end of September, so that the largest ciop of

cocoons may be obtained by beginning in July, and putting on

relays of larvee, without actually having two generations,

For the development of the insect is so very readily accelerated

or retarded by a higher or lower temperature, that it would be

perfectly easy to ensure, after a little practice, a succession of

moths to come out every day in the year, by exposing the cocoon

to artificial heat or cold. Hence without absolutely having two

generations, we might allow the trees to obtain considerable vigour

during May, June and half July, before placing any worms

thereon; the shoots will then be four feet or more high; then for

the first three weeks of the life of the insect the trees will grow

faster than the larvee can consume the leaves; during their third

stage the larve eat more, and during their last stage, which would

be the end of August and beginning of September if the eggs

were laid July Ist to 14th, the trees may be completely stripped.

A slight growth of young leaves at the top will subsequently take

place, from six to eight leaves being emitted, sufficient to enable

the tree to recover from the check which it has received from

being denuded of foliage.

For it must not be imagined, as many relate, that the tree

throws out the more vigorous and Juxuriant growth, in proportion

as it has been fed down by the larvee. The late Mr. Knight, the

celebrated horticulturist, laid it down as an axiom in horticulture,

that the growth of a plant is in proportion to the amount of foliage

exposed to sunlight; it follows then that of two trees, one being

fed off by larve, the other untouched, the growth of the latter will

be far greater than of the former; this is exactly what I have

observed during the past summer. Where the larve were placed

so thickly on the trees as to create a complete denudation, the

growth for the year, though luxuriant, was not nearly so luxuriant

as of those where the silkworms were placed on sparingly, while

trees which had no larvee placed on them grew more luxuriantly

than either. That the trees do receive a check from having their

foliage eaten is in accordance with nature and with the result of

these comparisons, notwithstanding any assertions to the contrary.

It follows then that as our object is to attain each year the greatest

amount of luxuriance of foliage to be consumed as food by silk-

worms and transmuted into silk, we must so manage as to give

the least possible check to the growth of the tree. If now we

Ailanthiculture. DNF

propose to have two crops as in France,* our first crop must be

placed on the trees in early summer (June and July), and the first

vegetation will be fed off the tree while it is yet young and by

comparison small; a check follows, in another six weeks or two

months a fresh vegetation is ready for the silkworms again to be

fed off. I am convinced in my own mind that by this means a

loss of luxuriance occurs, and that a far greater weight of foliage

in this country would be obtained by allowing the tree its full

growth till August and September, and then placing on it the

larvee half-grown. In this way for three months the tree is in full

vigour of vegetation; its roots are spreading, its foliage massive,

its trunk increasing in size, its vigour so superabundant as then

not to receive harm from an entire denudation of leaves, while a

second growth of leaves appears, after the worms have spun their

cocoons, sufficiently vigorous to make up for the check it has re-

ceived. Moreover, it is evident that the labour and cost required

for the one crop will be much less than that required for two crops :

nevertheless, experience may probably teach in time, that on some

warm and sunny spots two crops may pay better than one.

With reference to their enemies : when small, ants carry them off

—this was much complained of by Lady Dorothy Nevill, and also

was observed by Mr. Calvert of East Bergholt, Suffolk, as occur-

ring in his Ailanthery; I suspect the Formica rufa would prove a

formidable enemy. Still it is an easy matter to destroy ants’ nests

in the neighbourhood of Ailantheries to such an extent that the

loss from them would be slight. Spiders, earwigs and lady-

birds (?) prey upon the young larve, wasps find them out when

half-grown, (i. e. before they become greyish-white), and carry

them off; T’o avoid all these enemies 1 suggest that a nursery be

formed for the protection of the young larve tll near their third

moult. The nursery should be covered in with canvass or other

material, having a mesh so small that these enemies would be

excluded. One tree in full vigour ought to nourish at least 5,000

Jarvee up to their middle age; I fed last summer more than 1,000

larvee up to middle age on a tree planted last March, which con-

sequently had attained a very moderate amount of luxuriance.

Carabi and other Geodephaga wiil destroy the larve. I was

much vexed in the summer of 1864 to find some of my finest

* In the Revue de Sériciculture, 10th December, 1865, M. Meéneville

states that he obtained in his laboratory, in the summer of 1865, four genera-

tions of B. Cynthia, and that the last generation bad produced eggs, so that a

fifth brood might have been attempted, but it was feared that the cold of

October would destroy them.

VOL, V. THIRD SERIES, PART II,—-APRIL, 1866, Q

218 Dr. Wallace on

larvee, when nearly full fed, mutilated in a very strange manner ;

they were resting on the leaf as usual, but with head erect and

face looking black. On closer inspection I found the face eaten

away, nearly gone, and a brownish ichor exuding from the wound ;

in a few days they died, starved, being unable to eat. I was

puzzled for some days, but observing that this always took place

in the night, and that I never found any larve so attacked in the

day-time, I suspected a new enemy other than I knew of. Taking

my lantern I sallied out when dark to make a close examination ;

{ found the common large garden Carabus violaceus fastened to the

face of a larva sucking its juices; whether it selected that part

for attack I know not, but I am inclined to think, from the

habit of the larva to turn round and face any object which

touches it, after the manner of the larva of the puss-moth, and

even to open its jaws as if to bite, that when the Carabus ap-

proached the larva, it presented its face as if to attack and was

then pinned by the Carabus, who when he got his jaws in would

soon suck the juices, which exude very freely. This enemy

was very quickly and easily got rid of. I sunk some pots in the

ground and placed therein pieces of meat as baits; the Carabi

came in numbers, tumbled in, and could not get out. Other

insect enemies are various parasitic Diptera, which lay their eges

in the body of the larva; one is a species of V'achina, another a

larger, and another a smaller fly. It is also asserted that the

ichneumon of the common cabbage-butterfly will deposit its eggs

in the body of the larva of B. Cynthia, but this I have not observed.

With reference to these enemies I would make this observation,

that when acres of ground produce thousands and millions of

cocoons the loss from these enemies will be comparatively trivial,

because it will always be worth while to examine the cocoons soon

after they are completed, it being an easy matter to detect the

sound from the unsound; and those which are ichneumonised wi!l

be so treated (probably at once sent to be wound off) as to

ensure the death of the parasite. Furthermore, it is highly

probable that the habits of these parasites may not sufficiently

coincide with the habits of our larvz to enable them for succeed-

ing generations to establish themselves as regularly parasitic on

Bombyx Cynthia.

I said it was easy to separate the sound from the unsound co-

coons: it is done in this way; first, the silk of the unsound cocoons

is darker, often of a dead rusty-brown colour ; secondly, the cocoon

is often much softer; thirdly, when shaken fourteen days after its

commencement, the pupa within does not rattle; this is an un-

Ailanthiculture. 219

failing sign of damage. I have repeatedly found cocoons which

gave no rattle when shook, and almost without exception I

have found that damage had accrued to the larva within, gene-

rally from parasites, which had prevented the change into pupa.

One remarkable instance I met with: I tried the pupa, it was

softer and browner than usual, and did not shake; I inferred a

parasite. Before however cutting open the cocoon I tried another

plan; I manceuvred the end of a pencil so as to get it within the

opening of the cocoon, which by-the-by is much more difficult to

manage in a sound than in an unsound cocoon, and [ found it to

impinge at once on a solid round body, giving a sensation similar

to that presented by a pupa; if a shrunken larva be within

the cocoon the sensation of impingement is quite different and

the pencil goes in further before impinging: being puzzled I cut

open the cocoon and found therein a pupa-case, not however of

the usual light yellow-brown colour, but darker and crackling to

the touch; it came apart and a yellowish-white parasitic larva

was within, elongated to a point at one end, occupying nearly the

whole of the pupa-case. I have kept this parasite, hoping to hatch

it out, but the test of shaking the cocoon fully disclosed there was

mischief within. I am not clear whether these cocoons are of equal

value for winding purposes with the sound cocoons, but I incline

to think they will turn out to be of less value.

Amongst birds, tomtits are the most destructive; they plunge

their beaks inside the larva, making a holeat theside, and suck thence

the juices; thrushes are reported to do the same. Mr. Calvert tells

me, that a robin created much havoc in his Ailanthery; and Lady

Heathcote writes, that a flight of rooks discovered her Ailanthery

one morning and carried off some fifty larvee, which were on small

stunted trees. Probably too sparrows would commit depredations,

and magpies be mischievously inclined. The starling and jackdaw

are to be feared. Still I am inclined to think that by choosing a

time in summer when there are other and greater attractions for

birds, by the use of a gun and of scarecrows, by avoiding the neigh-

bourhood of rookeries and plantations where tomtits abound, and

by limiting the time as much as possible during which the larvee

are “en plein air” without protection, a crop may be harvested

without much loss from birds.

Another serious enemy to this larva is a disease which I

observed last summer, coincident in point of time with the occur-

rence of the potatoe disease, during the prevalence of very heavy

and prolonged rain for a period of nearly three weeks from

August 10th to 28th ; the ground was previously very warm from

220 Dr. Wallace on

the prolonged drought and heat. The disease was first observed on

the 19th of August, which was a warm sunny day, but the preceding

days had been rainy and stormy, with one or two cold nights and

north-west winds. I quote from my diary : ‘ about six larva were

either found on the ground, or were banging from the leaf-stalk,

head downwards, clinging by their hind claspers ; they were of a

pale lilac tint, soft, slightly livid, some darker-looking, more

sanious, these had been in process of passing through their last

moult; some of those still feeding-up looked pale and livid, these

subsequently fell off and died, previously turning livid, and if

squeezed emitting a sanious black gore; they seemed, too, when

alive, colder to the touch than was natural.” The larvee which were

between their second and third moult, also those which had passed

through their fourth moult and had fed afterwards, seemed to

escape this epidemic, but the malady chiefly attacked the larvee

which were undergoing, or on the eve of undergoing, or had just

undergone, their last moult ; hence I conclude this to be a critical

period for the constitution of the worm. I find, too, this note:

‘In the garden near the house a larva, which had been since the

23rd instant moulting for the last time and completed this change on

the 26th instant, not having fed afterwards, was found soft and

dead on the ground on the 27th.”” Hence I infer that if the period

of moulting, owing to the weather, be prolonged beyond the normal

period, a great loss of vitality and a tendency to death ensues.

After the 28th no more deaths from this disease were observed ;

at that time the weather again became warm and sunny. I calcu-

lated that at least 200 were lost from this disease, which lasted

about ten days, during which time I picked up about twenty

a-day, but it is quite possible that some escaped my observation.

I ought to mention that some parts of my plantation were

severely visited by this disease, others scarcely at all affected ;

that the former portions were in close vicinity with potatoes which

had been planted in rows between each row of Ailanthus trees

and in some interspaces, and just at that particular time the

disease attacked the potatoe haulm, and I had the haulm pulled

up and gathered in heaps. At a distance from the potatoes there

were scarcely any instances observed of diseased larvee; but, on

the contrary, the larve on those trees which were nearest to the

heaps of decaying potatoe haulm were nearly all destroyed by

this singular epidemic. I am, therefore, inclined ina great measure

to attribute it to a vitiated atmosphere permeating their trachee

and poisoning their blood juices at a critical time when they were

weakened by the prolongation of their last moult. This one thing

Ailanthiculture. ya Ae

1 am quite clear upon, that I plant no more late potatoes near my

Ailanthery. A similar epidemic attacked other larve in the same

spot, for I found outstretched on a plantain leaf the larva of a

Noctua which had evidently perished in the same way: it was

cold, porrected, stiff, easily ruptured, and emitting a dark-green

sanious fluid. Mr. Calvert, of East Bergholt, found some of his

silkworms affected in a similar manner. And this epidemic

appears to be identical with that which was observed to attack

many worms at Lady Nevill’s, at Dangstein, and which destroyed

all the larvae of Bombyx Yamamai when just commencing their last

moult. At Dangstein, too, I found on inquiry that potatoes had

been planted near the Ailanthery, and that these potatoes had been

much diseased.

It would seem therefore that at the last moult these larve are

especially susceptible of cold winds, prolonged rain and epidemic

influences—another argument for so distributing the crop over

a moderately-prolonged time, that if one portion of the crop was

affected, the rest would escape.

It would not be safe to conclude from the experience of merely

one year obtained from a few localities; nevertheless, 1 may

express an opinion that, so far as I have seen, the loss from

weather and enemies would not be large enough to be felt in this

country, wherever acres of land are planted out for Ailanthi-

culture.

While the larve are feeding-up, the ground should be kept

quite clear of weeds, so that if any larvee fal! down, they will not

be diverted from the trunks of the trees by the stems of any

weeds ; otherwise they would craw] up on the nearest plant, and,

resting there, commence feeding, and subsequently perish, It is a

common custom to plant cabbages, potatoes or other vegetables

among the Ailanthus trees for the sake of economy ; I am con-

vinced it is a mistake, I myself fell into that error, and thereby

Jost a great many larva which fell from the Ailanthus trees and

never got back again; whereas, had there been no other shelter

near, some would have crawled back again up the stems of the

trees. And we may here note a beautiful instance of the adaptation

of the tree to the larva, in the emission of numerous suckers: the

roots contain a great many dormant eyes or buds, and where-

ever they get injured, an accumulation of sap takes place for

the purpose of healing the wound; the dormant buds in the

neighbourhood of the wound thus receive an extra supply of

nourishment, and in moist weather young shoots are emitted:

these young suckers serve to conduct the young larve which

Pies Dr. Wallace on

shave fallen on the ground back again to the trees, as their lower

leaves are in close proximity to the ground and their upper leaves

approach the foliage of the parent tree.

It has been asserted that the food of the earthworm consists

entirely of earth. Iam fully convinced that the earthworm is a

great enemy to the young larve which fall: it is, however, very

difficult to cateh a worm in the act of destruction. On moist

nights I have gone out to visit my Ailanthery with my lamp

(which is possessed of great reflecting power), in order to observe

whether any enemies were busy, and I have frequently noticed

young larve lying on one side on the ground, and a worm hastily

withdrawing into its hole. On examination the larva has been found

pierced and partially sucked, This has so often been observed

that I have no doubt that the earthworm is a great enemy to the

fallen larvae. And I was, therefore, always careful the last thing

before dark to pick up and replace on the tree all fallen larve.

On still days very few larvee fall, but on windy days, from

trees which are fully exposed, many worms are dislodged by

the friction of the leaves against each other: hence it is very

desirable to afford an artificial shelter from violent winds, as by

planting Jerusalem artichokes, &c,

The times of feeding of the larvee vary much with the tem-

perature ; I have observed them to feed at all hours of the day

and night. With a high temperature, especially in sunshine, they

are actively engaged moving about and feeding, but become torpid

when the temperature falls below 55° F. ‘They always keep on

the under surface of the leaf, and do not leave one leaf till they

have consumed it; they generally, when moving, ascend from a

lower to a higher leaf, except when nearly full grown, when there

is a great tendency exhibited to seek the lower leaves and spin

up inside these.. As far as I could observe they are partial to

moisture, and have seemed, when very young and shrunken for

want of succulent foliage, to be benefited by being sprinkled with

water ; so, too, on dewy nights and early in the morning they feed

with great avidity on the moist leaves.

The most interesting period, in which all the hopes of the crop

culminate, is the spinning time. When full fed, that is, about nine

days after the last moult—during which time an enormous appetite

has devastated the foliage and rendered it necessary, in al] proba-

bility, toremove some of the larve to fresh trees—the tubes con-

taining the silken gum have been filled, and a great increase of

size has been obtained; the larva now ceases to eat, remains

motionless for forty-eight hours, during which it empties its

Ailanthiculture. 223

abdominal canal, the “ frass” or excreta becoming moister and paler-

coloured, longer and conically pointed ; after this a viscid, clearer

fluid issues from the anus, the last segments of the body being

porrected for that purpose ; the waxy powder is no longer secreted,

the caterpillar assumes a yellower tinge, is slightly shrunken, and

proceeds to find a site for its cocoon. Owing to the large size

of the full-grown leaflet, one would serve for the purpose of

several larvz, so that we frequently find two or three cocoons on

one leaf; generally, however, they choose a medium-sized leaflet,

and commence their foundation (which subsequently becomes

what is called the envelope) on the upper surface of the leaflet ;

frequently, however, they crawl to the end of the leaf, where

several young and small leaflets are in close proximity, and there,

commencing on the under surface of these, they connect several

together. They seem especially partial to the very lowest leaves,

and many cocoons were there spun, some close to and touching the

ground. When the ground-work or outer envelope has been

commenced and coarsely spun along the upper surface of the

leaflet, the larva traverses the leaf-stalk towards the bough,

spinning around it a silken tube six inches or more in length.

Should it arrive thus at the stem of the bough it fastens around it

the end of the tube and then returns to the ground-work, spinning

as It goes back; this silken connection between the cocoon and the

tree on which it hangs is common to many of the Bombycide, and

is equally spun whether the cocoon is formed on the proper leaf,

or on a leaf of a weed or Jerusalem artichoke or celery, or is

formed iu a paper bag, and is evidently spun by design, that when

the time comes for the leaf-stalk to fall the cocoon may still hang

secure on the tree, being suspended by the silken thread, and be

there more safely protected from enemies, especially from mice,

than if allowed to fall on the ground. Another purpose is gained

by the insect in suspending its cocoon, viz., the imago is the

better enabled to expand its wings after its exit from the cocoon,

which, as I have before observed, is best effected when the moth

creeps down to the base of the cocoon and there places itself

with its wings folded downwards over its back, so that their

own weight helps them to attain their full size.*

Having first made a ground-work on the upper surface of the

leaf and completed his silken rope, the larva now returning to

the envelope strengthens it by stronger threads or shrouds, fixing

them across the leaf obliquely, so that when the gum dries the thread

contracts, and the leaf is observed to be curled inwards; the larva

* Vide supra, p. 202.

224 Dr. Wallace on

is seen occasionally to take the edge of the leaf in his jaws at this

stage, and pull it towards him, evidently to curl it the more. It

then, as it were, lays another coat of a strong substantial nature

on the envelope, and fills in with an open network the space be-

tween the curled edges of the leaf. That is the work of about

twelve hours, and if we visit the larva early the next morning, we

find the leaves still more curled, and the network more filled up, so

that the Jarva can but just be seen at work within. At this stage

the appearance is very beautiful ; the silk is of a very pure white

lace-like appearance, and sufficiently open to allow of the bluish-

green workman to be seen within; soon, however, the covering

thickens and we lose sight of him, though we hear his incessant

movements for several days; in about thirty-six hours from

the beginning the larva is hidden from sight, and the silk begins

to turn brown, mainly, I think, from an exudation issuing from

the anus of the larva, for the cocoon is now observed to become

very soft and wet, especially at the base; this dries in twelve

hours, leaving the cocoon of a browner colour but much harder ;

it may now be handled or even gathered without fear of injury to

its inhabitant. It is this exudation which, valuable as a preser-

vative to the cocoon, rendering it capable of transportation and

contributing to its preservation from the attacks of enemies and

from winter’s cold, yet throws a difficulty in the way of reeling

the silk. This gum must be got rid of before reeling can be

done, and one of the difficulties is to find a solvent which will get

rid of the gum without deteriorating the quality of the silk, and

at the same time render the manipulation of the cocoon easy for

reeling. For several days the larva may be heard at work lining

and relining the interior of the cocoon, which in time becomes

quite polished and hard, and when dissected the cocoon may be

taken off in layers or skins, as if skin after skin was added inside

till the work was done. ‘These skins are sometimes seven in

number.

During the process of spinning, we gain an insight into one of

the purposes of the tubercles. Nature doubtless never constructs

without a purpose, and often two or three ends are served by one

construction; during the growth of the larve the spines and

tubercles keep off the wet and prevent injury from external con-

tact, and the tubercles likewise secrete a waxy powder which,

besides keeping the insect dry, serves probably to deter its

enemies; but during the formation of the cocoon the tubercles

are seen to be of great use, in keeping the silken threads at some

little distance from the body of the larva, thereby allowing neces-

Ailanthiculture. 225.

sary room for movement, for as the silken threads contract they

would, were it not for the tubercles, close so tightly round the

body of the larva as to prevent it from completing its work ; but

observation of the insect during this process shows that the tu-

bercles not only keep the silken threads away from the body, but

further promote movement by acting somewhat as feet ; hence the

larva obtains freedom of movement within its case, and is able to

continue its work for nine or ten days, after which period it

remains quiescent for a period and then slips its ]ast skin over its

body, much in the same way as it has done in the previous moult-

ings, and becomes a pale yellow soft pupa, which soon hardens

and turns brown. Before completing this last change but one, the

larva assumes a curious and rather beautiful appearance; it seems

shrivelled and contracted in length, the tubercles approach close

together, and both extremities are somewhat recurved ; the colour

is of a vivid green, tipped on the tubercles and feet with a deep

blue. So shrunken and lessened it seems as to suggest the idea of

death, but the change into the pupa form soon assures us that all

is according to nature.

Tt not unfrequently happens that after beginning a cocoon the

work seems to proceed irregularly and unequally, and the cocoon

is then either abandoned or after much labour and pains turns out

an abortion; sometimes the Jarva has been disturbed by the

approach of other larva, endeavouring to eat up the leaf which he

has selected; sometimes he begins badly, either on the wrong sur-

face of the leaf, or on too small a portion of aleaf. In such cases,

where it is evident that a mistake has been made, if the work has

not gone very far it is best to remove the larva toa fresh and

suitable leaf, where he will again commence ; if however much silk

has been emitted, it will be better to take the larva away alto-

gether, and place him in a paper cot, or piece of brown paper

crumpled up, when he will generally spin a slender cocoon and

go through his changes.

After the cocoons are hardened, so as to stand a consider-

able amount of pressure, they may be gathered if required ;

to do this it is only necessary to cut the cable which attaches

the cocoon to the leaf-stalk, leaving a sufficient base of cable to

permit the threading-needle to be passed through it without in-

volving the cocoon ; the cocoons may be placed in baskets and

housed. ‘They would hang in safety all through the winter on the

trees, but as most people desire to house and secure a crop as early

as possible that they may estimate its value, so probably Ailan-

thiculturists will seek an early moment to harvest their cocoons ;

226 Dr. Wallace on

in such a case if the autumn temperature be warm, probably many

of the early cocoons will produce moths in September and October,

whose produce will be valueless, as the eggs cannot be kept alive

through the winter.

The cocoon (see Pl. XV. ) is of an elongated flask-shaped

form, of a colour more or less pale grey, verging into light grey-

brown, but occasionally of a rusty brown, especially in the earlier

and later cocoons; of very close texture, from 13 inch to 2% inches

long and about 3? of an inch broad, in girth 24 inches, varying in

size and weight according to the health and size of the larva;

hanging pendent from the leaf-stalk they frequently measure 4

inches from the stalk to the lower extremity of the envelope.

There are two classes of cocoons which furnish silk: one the

closed cocoon, of which the type is that of the B. Mori, spun

equally all round, requiring to be unwound before the moth

emerges; otherwise the moth emits a fluid from its mouth for the

purpose of dissolving the gum which binds the silken threads to-

gether, and makes an exit between the diverging threads, and the

cocoon, being left with a hole in it, becomes useless, as, in the

common method of reeling, the hot water enters the cocoon at the

hole, renders it too weighty to revolve, and the thread breaks

during the process.

But the second class of cocoons, which is a very extensive one,

and to which B. Cynthia belongs, has hitherto been much neglected

by the reeler, because of his ignorance how to manipulate success-

fully cocoons with a hole in them. These cocoons are so constructed

that an aperture is left at the apex for the exit of the moth, and

are therefore bottle- or flask-shaped cocoons, ‘“ naturellement

ouverts ;” the threads at the apex, which form the exit hole, are not

broken ‘off by the larva in the process of spinning, but are doubled

back in a continuous thread ; the larva may be observed during

the process stretching upwards the head, fastening a thread and

retreating with it as far inside as he can stretch, thus doubling and

redoubling the thread by a series of loops. These loops are set

in layers, of which there are several formed at different periods of

the work, corresponding to the different skins; they may be dis-

sected out of the cocoon, when it will be found that being in a con-

tinuous thread, there is no real impossibility, but only a mechanical

difficulty presented to the reeler who wishes to wind these cocoons.

Further it will be noticed that these layers of looped threads are

so grouped one inside another as to present a very great obstacle

to the entrance of an enemy, e. g., an earwig or a tomtit’s beak ;

they are not only very strong, but being folded inwards and con-

Ailanthiculture. 227

nected low down, they present a series of cul-de-sacs, in which any

object penetrating would be at once involved and entangled; the

silk too is very close and tough and requires considerable force and

perseverance to rend it. Hence, though I have cocoons which

have been attempted by tomtits, earwigs, Carabi, &c., I have not

observed that they ever succeeded in gaining an entrance into a

normal cocoon, though they might readily penetrate the slight

cocoon of a weak and sickly larva. Lastly, these loops all pre-

senting inwards are easily pushed back and opened outwards by

the insect when making its exit, and they likewise prevent the

pupa-case from following the newly-born imago. When the insect

has emerged it is very easy to recognise the fact, as the cocoon

is much lighter in weight, some of the flue from the body of the

moth is retained at the exit hole, and the latter is considerably

dilated and now admits the easy entrance of a pencil or probe, &c.

In about 10 or 12 days after commencing to spin, the larva

changes into a pupa, and then the cocoons may be strung up in

chaplets, care being taken, by shaking each cocoon, to test the

presence or absence of parasites; those cocoons of a darker

colour than usual, not a bright rusty brown but of a dingy hue,

should be suspected and carefully examined. Some time during

the autumn many of the parasites will emerge, but not all. But I

recommend that all doubtful cocoons be at once boiled to kill the

parasites, and then reeled.

The duration of life in the egg state varies from 10 to 18 days,

according to the temperature; in the larva state from 30 to 60

days; in the pupa state from 3 to 4 weeks in autumn, or during

the whole winter; in the imago state it is 8 days.

The finer the insect the longer time will it require for growth.

Introduced into France in 1856, the success of Ailanthiculture

is now sufficiently attested by the experience of successive years,

In England no one, so far as I am aware, except a Mr. Mongredien,

who has an extensive young Ailanthery at Bratton Clovelly, North

Devon, had on a large scale, prior to 1865, attempted Ailanthicul-

ture “en plein air.” It had been demonstrated by Lady Dorothy

Nevill and others, that the tree and insect throve well in our climate,

but it was feared that birds and other enemies would create such

havoc as to render the crop precarious, and this seemed likely

from experiments carried on in gardens on a small scale, a state

of things manifestly very different from that under which Ailane

thiculture must (if ever) be carried out in this country as an in-

dustry. Aeres and acres will be planted with Ailanthus trees in

the open air, away from woods, plantations or dwellings, either

228 Dr. Wallace on

on extensive commons or wild heaths, surrounded by meadows or

arable land, or on railway banks; these situations present a variety

of external features totally dissimilar from those of garden Ailan-

thiculture. Hence it was felt that the latter could only be ten-

tative as showing some of the difficulties likely to occur on a

large scale; while again it was clear that losses from birds,

wasps, &c., though fatal to the success of Ailanthiculture on a

small scale, would be in considerably less proportion when larvee

might be counted by thousands and millions.

The experiences in 1865 of four Ailantheries will be recounted

for the purpose of comparison and of affording some insight into

the probabilities ef success.

Lady Dorothy Nevill, of Dangstein, Petersfield, has about

forty trees, of which three dozen are in full bearing, covered

over with netting; here from 7,000 larve she obtained about

4,000 cocoons of the first brood, and the gardener expected

there would be about 1,000 more cocoons of the second brood,

many of which were spun-up by the last week in September.

During the two preceding years I believe her ladyship has

reared about 4,000 cocoons annually. Here we find that a

tree -will produce about 100 cocoons when in full bearing and

planted in good soil; these trees are planted I believe a yard

apart each way in three rows. Protection in the form of netting

was rendered necessary in this garden owing to the numbers of

tomtits which came from the plantations surrounding the house

and garden, and which would even tear through the netting if a

Jarva inside was near enough to be visible.

Lady Heathcote writes from Hursley Park near Winchester,

as follows: “in 1865, the moths began to come out at the

end of April, but I had no fertile eggs till May 26th. The

caterpillars hatched on the 8th and 9th of June, and were put out

on the 19th, altogether about 1,600; from which I gathered

rather more than 800 cocoons. ‘This shows I think a greater loss

than ought to take place, but it arose in a great measure from the

trees being young and unfit to keep so large a number, so that the

caterpillars crawled off in search of food and many were lost. The

second crop of moths began to come out August 15th, and the

caterpillars were hatched the end of August, 2,000 or 3,000, and

were put out from September Ist to 16th. The season was mag-

nificent. The worms throve rapidly until the weather changed,

just as they ought to have begun to spin up. About the 9th—

10th October wet weather began; they seemed as if paralyzed and

would neither eat nor spin, or at best wasted their silk by begin-

Ailanthiculture. 229

ning a cocoon and leaving it unfinished. About thirty cocoons were

gathered out of doors, and as many more were got from worms

brought into the house as an experiment ; most of those brought in

revived and began to spin directly, but others were unable to do so.

Most of these cocoons of the second crop are inferior in size and are

darker in colour than those of the first crop. I think from the ex-

perience I now have had that it will not answer in this country to

attempt to raise a second crop of worms; instead of trying todo sol

should rather attempt to hatch the moths continuously, so as to keep

up a succession of caterpillars through June, July and August; but

I doubt that it will ever be safe to put any worms out later than

the 20th or 25th of August. My first plantation of Ailanthus trees

was made on a heathy sandy common, ona piece of land which had

been rejected by the farmer as not worth cultivation from the great

expense necessary to make it carry any kind of crop. It has how-

ever a hard loamy sub-soil, which, when trenched and pulverized,

makes a better soil than might at first be expected. About

an acre was trenched, a small portion only of which has-as yet

been planted with the Ailanthus. In December, 1862, I planted

250 trees about 18 inches high, in rows 12 inches apart; they grew

s!owly and were kept back by two very dry seasons, but this year

they have made vigorous shoots, and appear to have taken satis-

factorily to the soil, and I hope to extend the plantation consider-

ably. I propose now planting the trees in hedges, leaving a clear

space of full 6 feet between each hedge, and placing the trees

about 18 inches apart, and enclosing each hedge :

with thick hurdles or wattles at the side, witha ; é

moveable top made of sparrow-proof wire netting, in dole

in lengths of 4 feet or 5 feet, made waggon-roof ;

shape, so as to feed off the hedges in lengths as ki: ognnt

may be required. I have a second plantation in . .

good garden ground, where the trees have grown much more

rapidly and where I have reared the most of the cocoons I have

got. It is circular, formerly a rosary, about 45 feet in diameter,

entirely enclosed by sparrow-proof wire netting, 6 feet high at

the outside, rising to 8 feet in the centre. Many of the plants

in it were suckers thrown up by a large Ailanthus tree growing

close by, these have sent up shoots 6 feet and 7 feet high;

others were two-year old plants bought last winter, they have

done very well, making shoots 3 or 4 feet high and were planted

18 inches apart.”

Mr. Calvert, of East Bergholt, Suffolk, planted in the garden

close to his house, in the spring of 1863, 1,000 Ailanthus

230 Dr. Wallace on.

trees from eighteen inches to two feet apart each way and some

only one foot apart ; the soil was good and light, and in 1864, the

trees made good shoots, many of them five and six feet long; in

1865 some of the shoots were ten feet long, and the growth was

so luxuriant as to astonish all that passed by. Early in the

summer he netted over a portion, intending to place therein the

young worms, but the luxuriant growth soon escaped from the

netting, so that that method was abandoned, and the worms placed

in the Ailanthery without protection. On the 18th of November I

obtained his report; there were then still leaves on the summit of

the trees, though in exposed places they had all fallen by the 10th

November. Out of 1,700 eggs he obtained 458 cocoons ; of these

120 larvee were fed in-doors, the rest were fed on the trees.

Robins were observed to be troublesome, and likewise ants. It

should be borne in mind that, in estimating the number of cocoons

as obtained from any number of eggs, regard should be paid to the

proportion of eggs which do not hatch out, and likewise to the loss

which happens in the first ten days of larval life, before the time

arrives between the first and second moult, at which generally the

young larvee are counted and turned out for good, as was done by

Lady Heathcote in the preceding experiments. I consider that as

the eggs form a saleable object, and are the first origin of the

crop, so we should, in estimating our crop, calculate from the

number of eggs we operate with, rather than from the number of

young larvee which we place on the trees; for these give no clue

to the number of eggs necessary to produce them, and therefore

conceal the expenditure of the starting-point, viz. the number or

weight of eggs operated upon.

In 1865 for the first time I commenced to experimentalize on

a large scale entirely in the open air, having the two preceding

summers operated ona small scale both out of doors with and with-

out protection, and also in doors, in order to familiarize myself with

the habits of the larva, and with some of the difficulties of its culture.

I had about 600 cocoons to begin with, and about 2,300 Ailanthus

trees planted in rows, containing from four to six trees in a row,

along the margin of a railway as before described ; (see p. 212).

My plantation extended more or less interruptedly for half a

mile; the soil was a deep tenacious loam, capital corn land.

My first moth emerged May 22nd, my last July 27th, in all 563

moths emerged; of these 230 pairs were fertile, and laid in all

87,000 eggs. My first eggs were laid May 24th, the first larva

was hatched June 11th: my first cocoon was spun July 15th, an

interval of thirty-four days from June 11th; from this cocoon

: Ailanthiculture. 231

an imago emerged on August 20th, an interval of thirty-six days in

pupa. My second batch of eggs were laid June 6th, 7th; these

hatched out June 23rd, and commenced their cocoons July. 30th,

an interval of only twenty-eight days; from these the imagos

appeared August 23rd, &c., an interval of thirty-four days in

pupa. The fact of a larva feeding up in the short space of twenty-

eight days from the egg to the cocoon is remarkable, and due to

the facts that not only was the weather very warm, but the larvee

were kept under glass at a temperature of 90° to 100° for the

purpose of hastening their changes and obtaining a second brood.

A hundred and one cocoons were obtained for the purpose of

attempting a second brood; of these thirty-six pairs were fer-

tile; the first hatched out August 2Ist, the last September 21st :

eggs were laid August 23rd up to September 7th, in all 8,438:

the first batch of larvae hatched September 7th up to September

19th. Of these eggs about 8,000 were placed out on the trees in

the nursery and remained there till after the second moult of the

larvee, when they were transferred co the larger Ailanthery by the

railway side; out of the 8,000 about 3,250 were taken down; some

were sent away as specimens, and of the youngest lot of 620 none

were removed, as I wished to watch them at home; these larvze

throve well and grew rapidly till they approached their last

moult, when on October 10th stormy and cold weather set in, heavy

rains followed, and many of the larvae were dashed down. Their

growth seemed stopped, they became torpid and would not feed ;

and on the 20th seeing that the weather continued cold, windy

and wet, and that many were likely to perish, | brought into the

house the remainder of the larva. Of these very many never

“recovered; the rest were fed up to the 10th November with

Ailanthus leaves, and subsequently with celery leaves: those

which had not been knocked off the trees soon came round:

they did not however thrive, the leaves soon withered and seemed

devoid of juice, and it was quite plain that [ was just from

fourteen to twenty-one days behindhand. Up toa certain point

all had gone well, but with the setting in of stormy autumnal

weather all hope of acrop was lost. On the 24th October the first

cocoons were commenced, and in all about 400 cocoons were ob-

tained; these however are much smaller than and altogether in-

ferior to those of the first crop, and worthless for reeling.

I gather from this experiment that it would be hazardous to

depend for a crop upon eggs laid later than August 10th, but that

there is a fair chance of success with all eggs laid up to that date:

after the stormy weather set in on October 10th, the sap seemed

2a2 Dr. Wallace on

to stagnate in the leaves and no longer to afford a proper nutri-

ment. It may not be uninteresting to mark the ratio between

the eggs placed on the trees in the nursery and the larva taken off

when half-grown:

Eggs. Larvee, 2nd moult passed.

Lots 1, 2, 3 685 384 sent down to railway.

4, 608 328 N.B.—The proportion sent

a down will be seen to de-

5 815 185 crease regularly as the

season advanced; some

6 576 245 were given away, and

~ Po) about 270 more sent down

ts 805 420 which could not be pre-

8 1.602 515 cisely allocated to any

qi particular group.

9 1,017 406

10 1,175 380

1] 600 120

12 620 None.

8,003 2,983

Deduct, not sent down .......-. 620 270 sent down but not allocated

to any particular lot.

Totalese1 te 2578885 3,253

Thus rather more than one-half perished.

The first and main crop was, however, a decided success ;

18,678 eggs were reserved, beginning July Ist to 22nd; these were

hatched out in the nursery, and the larve retained there til] half-

grown, and then transferred to the Ailanthery by the railway side ;

other eggs were placed on different trees in neighbours’ gardens.

The larve began to hatch out July 13th, 14th; the first cocoons were

gathered August 24th, and continued to the end of September, but

even up to the middle of December a few cocoons were newly

observed and harvested: in all, 5,368 cocoons have been cathered

from the railway bank, and 197 from the gardens, generally very

large and fine: and from some there have already emerged moths

of finer appearance and expanse than their parents. A boy was

employed as conservator at Gd. per day to keep down weeds,

transfer larve, pick up those on the ground, and keep birds off,

if necessary ; but the last work was superfluous, as, with the ex-

ception of a thrush once observed ‘in the Ailanthery, no birds were

seen to frequent it. In this experiment the great loss seemed, as

I have before stated, to occur in the egg and young larval states,

and again at the last moult ; the former loss, which is necessarily

the greatest, is the least in importance, it being always easy to

provide many more eggs than are required for cocoons, and the

amount of foliage consumed by the young worms is so trivial as

Ailanthiculture. 9SG

not to be worth calculation, whereas the loss between the third

moult and spinning is more serious, and one that does not (like

the former) admit of repair; the time and foliage already consumed

by worms of that age cannot, towards the close of the season, be

replaced. Fortunately, however, the loss in the larger Ailanthery

was very trivial, as compared with what might have been expected

in a first experiment.

These are the only experiments on a large scale carried on

in England with which I am acquainted, and they are suffi-

ciently successful to encourage a hope that Ailanthiculture may

prove a profitable industry in many parts of Great Britain, One

especial advantage which it offers is, that it affords an intel-

Jectual and interesting occupation to women and children, the

need of which is much felt in our agricultural districts. As

bearing on this point I quote a paragraph from the Report of the

Acclimatization Society for 1865, p. 42:—I have introduced

a notice of the Bombyx Cynthia, as a silk-producing insect, in

some lectures recently delivered by me, and I am convinced that

this branch of industry may be most profitably introduced into our

union workhouses. There a large amount of labour is wasted

because it has not been profitably applied. Plant, therefore, the

Ailanthus shrub, and let the women and children attend to the

worms. Pay them a per-centage on the result, and divide the

inmates into sections, so that there may be honest rivalry. The

sections would be stimulated to exertion by the personal interest

each individual would have in the result, and section would soon

compete with section for superiority. I see no reason why in

reformatories, penitentiaries, and the like, some effort may not be

made to rear these worms. In fact wherever there is unapplied

child or female labour, it can be advantageously introduced. The

ratepayers would not alone benefit ; habits of industry and method

would be insensibly taught, and with care the present pauper

might become a silk grower, either for the capitalist, or on his own

account.”

Hitherto experience has been too brief to draw therefrom any

calculations as to ultimate profit, but in France the following

tables have been submitted to the Imperial Government by M.

Guérin-Méneville, as an approximation to the truth. Variations

in the cost of labour, in the quality of the soil, and in climate,

must, however, produce corresponding variations in the net re-

sult.

VOL. V. THIRD SERIES, PART II,—APRIL, 1866. R

Dr. Wallace on

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236 Dr. Wallace on

Ou bien, en moyenne, on aura dépensé chaque année 2,030 fr.,

et gagné net 7,916 fr. (beaucoup plus de 300 p. 0/0).

Si l’on réduit le bénéfice de moitié, sans diminuer la dépense,

dans les pays ot l’on ne pourra faire qu'une éducation chaque

année, on aura encore une moyenne de dépense de 2,030 fr. pour

un bénéfice de 3,958 fr. (ou prés de 200 p. 0/0).

Sil’on réduit encore tout cela de moitié, en supposant de grands

mécomptes, l’achat du sol, des frais de direction générale, etc.,

on aura encore, avec une dépense moyenne annuelle de 2,030 fr.,

un bénéfice net de 1,979 fr. (ou pres de 100 p. 0/0).

Il résulte de ces calculs un bénéfice moyen par hectare de

1,319 fr. sur une période de dix ans; ou, en d’autres termes, en

dépensant en moyenne 338 fr. sur un hectare, on aura, aussi en

moyenne, sur une période de dix ans, un bénéfice annuel de

1,319 fr.

Réduisant ce bénéfice de moitié, il reste encore un rendement

de 659 tr.

Si l’on réduit ce reste de moitié, l’on a encore 329 fr. produits

par 338 fr. (prés de 100 0/0 du capital) dans une période de

dix ans.

Note A. Les arbres seront plantés en allées de deux metres

de large, pour que la charrue puisse y passer, et espacés

entre eux d’un inétre. De cette maniére, il en va 5,000

a hectare ou 30,000 dans les six hectares.

Achat des arbres d’un an, de 12 a 20 fr. le

mille (a 20 fr.) eeeteeoee ewe t@eeeeeeeseeoeee eee 600 fr.

Mise en terre 4 7 centimes par pied...... 2.100

Weuxmlabours = stockton nico ohio. 300

Ho tales cic wisi eke eoeseecceveen 3.000 fr.

B. Main-d’ceuvre pour |’éclosion et la pose des jeunes

vers sur les taillis d’arbres : vingt journées de

femmes a I’hectare, a 1 fr. 50 c. par jour. +

Pour six hectares)! iit). oss top sletoherejate terete ce 180 fr,

Une gardienne pendant quinze jours, a

ir D0 -Ca par JOUN Tica telelais ci esimiotaiolerele 23

* Ces labours, destinés seulement a nettoyer le sol, ne seront nécessaires

que pendant les deux ou trois premieres années. Leur prix est trés variable

suivant les terres et les localités.

+ Cette dépense sera trés diminuée, si l’on met les jeunes vers sur les arbres

aussitét apres leur naissance.

+ Cette dépense peut é¢tre supprimée.

Ailanthicuiture. 237

Récolte des cocons: quarante journées a

Phectare (trésiexagéré)), <i). </efeldwlswis'stalicerman ep S60

Premiére récoltev se sco es Coleone 563 fr.

Denxiéme recoltes:...dseacoedese see 563

Pour frais imprevus’ u% sos... «ts cee 10

Total des frais de deux éducations ...... 1.146 fr.

C. Calculs en admettant qu’a la troisisme année chaque arbre

donnera seulement 1 kilogramme de feuilles,* ou, pour les six hec-

tares.... 30.000 k.| 10 k. de feuilles pour avoir 1 kil. de cocons.+

3.000 kil. de cocons pleins ou frais. Il y en a

de 400 a 500 au kilogramme.—En

MOVENNE's 2... . 450 cocons frais au kilogramme.t

_——

150000

12000

Total des cocons 1.350.000 §) 2.400 cocons au kil., cocons vides

150.000 du papillon. ||

6.000 ———-

1.200 562 kilog. de cocons vides, d’une

valeur de 3 francs le

kilogramme,

a 8 franes le kilog.] Ce qui fait

une somme totale

produite par

la premiére récolte, de...... 1.686 francs }

nt ; : Total)... (23.37/21.

deuxieme récolte ...... 1.686 francs § a an ete

* On sait que les Miriers mi-tiges ou nains de sept a huit ans, donnent

chacun jusqu’a 20 kilog. de feuilles 4 chaque pousse ou seve.

M, de Gasparin a établi que Ja quantité moyenne de feuilles de Maurier

produite par hectare, s’éléve 4 13,900 kilog. (Peligot., Ann. Soc. seric., t. XV,

p. 520), ces arbres étant plantés a grandes distances.

Quant aux Ailantes, ils donneront certainement plus de feuilles que les

Muriers, car on sait qu’ils pullulent d’une maniere extraordinaire. Dans peu

années, chaque pied recépé produira une énorme touffe ou cépée.

+ M. Hardy (Bull. Soc.@’accl., t. 11, p. 429) établit que 11 kilog. de feuilles

de Ricin donnés en magnanerie, produisent un kilog. de cocons frais du Ricin.

Mangée sur l’arbre, la feuille ne laissera pas de litiére: il en sera employé

[ For notes t § || Y see next page.)

238 Dr. Wallace on

Potali 3.372 fre

Calcul pour Ia quatriéme année, les arbres donnant

TKil. 1/2, Pajoute” oo 0 de aes owine ectncien ose = amen

la moitié du produit de 1 kil. de feuilles par arbre,

et jal erehaitel siete. els tereislo®. > vs lelkeis fe lelellr/ cisco) iwi alels's)« 5.058 fr.

La cinquiéme année, admettant 1/2 kilog. de plus par

AEDLEy JiaJOULE Same bre wie se vee viele ee cic oa ew me) P ISOR

——

produit de la moitié de la troisiéme année (ou 2 kilog.

par arbre), et Jal ....eeee seco eee eee wba ride gs, Orf44eir

La sixiéme année, les arbres donnent | kilog. de plus

ou 3 kilog., j’ajoute le produit de 1 kilog. ou.... 3.372

——

a ft. ee 10.116 fr.

La septiéme année, 1 kilog. de plus, donnant toujours 3.372

ou 4 kilog: par arbre, et j'ai .....-esceesseccssesce 13.488 fr,

beaucoup moins, peut-étre moins de 10 kilog., pour fatre 1 kilog. de cocons

frais.

{ Des pesées exactes montrent que 100 cocons pleins ou frais pesent 250

grammes (chaque cocon peése, en moyenne, frais, 2 gr. 50) c.). Done 400 co-

cons pésent 1,000 grammes. [See also Méneville, Education des Vers-a-Soie

de l'’Ailante, p. 16, where the average of five trials, made October 19th, 1860,

is stated as giving 413 cocoons to the kilogramme. }

§ Pour avoir 1,350,000 vers a soie, il faut avoir réservé de la récolte preé-

cédente 7,000 couples (ou 14,000 cocons males et femelles) qui donneront

chacun de 250 a 200 ceufs, ou 1,400,000 chenilles.—I] est évident que l’on

gardera prudemment beaucoup plus de 7,000 couples, afin d’avoir plus de

jeunes vers qu’il n’en faut, et d’étre ainsi en mesure de supporter les pertes

causées par les accidens imprévus, les oiseaux qui tromperont la surveillance,

etc., etc. Dans quelques années, la pratique sera en mesure de savoir au

juste toutes ces choses, comme on les connait si bien pour le ver a soie du

Mirier.

|| Des pesées faites a Alger, avec M. Hardy, sur des cocons vides prove-

nant de ]’éducation de M.-de Lamote-Baracé, ont donné 2,390 cocons au

kilog.—A Paris, les cocons de M. de Lamote et de M. de Cerisy, de Toulon,

ont donné 2.449 cocons au kilogramme.—Chaque cocon vide pese, en mo-

yenne, 0 gr. 416 milligrammes ou moins d’un demigramme.

4 Les calculs établissant le prix des cocons sont publiés dans les Bulletins

de la Société @ Acclimatation, 1856, n° 6, p, 264, et leurs résultats ont aussi

paru dans le Moniteur des Comices, t. V, p. 71, 20 novembre 1858. “ Quantau

prix des cocons vides, dit M. de Sacc, on pourrait le fixer a 3 fr. au minimum,

et 4 fr. au maximum.” Ces évaluations résultent d’un essai pratique fait par

MM. Schlumberger et de Jongh, grands filateurs de Guebwiller, avec le con-

cours de M.le Dr. Sacc, sur 26 kilog. de cocons du ver a soie du Ricin, analo-

gues, mais inférieurs a ceux du ver de I’ Ailante,

Ailanthiculture. 239

La huitieme année, | kilog. de plus (ou 5 kilog. par

ABBE} MOMMANE ivys: 5 is, sted ib wio’o alist oj Baie alershae ps SPLOT OUTS

——

COTS AOC SOE REISER ren eae riie ere eevee Gie E POTS

La neuviéme année, 1 kilog. de plus (ou 6 kilog. par

BERT); GOMNANC, -o.0:.°¢ « sra)ers.o.010, o:c:c.n a eraieielershe oie ore EeaTS

EGAN! ache PING 6 Sad wiiaata OLD LER ARBRE PINs Pe ee as

La dixiéme année, 1 kilog. de plus, donnant toujours 3.372

ou 7 kilog. par arbre ou touffe, et j’al ......00--.2+- 23.604fr,

It must be observed that no account is taken of rent or of the

cost of superintendence, and that the cost of planting the trees in

this country would greatly exceed the estimate in Note A. Never-

theless it must also be observed that the trees are planted in single

rows, 80 inches from row to row, and 40 inches from tree to

tree; whereas by planting the rows from 30 to 36 inches apart,

and each tree in the row 24 inches apart from the next, with an

alley 6 feet wide between every 5 rows, rather more than 34 times

as many trees may be planted on the same area. It is also more

than probable that in our moister climate a greater Juxuriance

will be obtained by the tree, and it has been observed that the

cocoons* and imagos are larger here than in France. Lastly, as

a method has been arrived at of reeling the thread, the value of

the cocoons will probably be doubled, 3 francs per kilogramme

being the price offered for them for the purpose of carding.

Hitherto I have examined from a practical point of view the

production of the raw material, the cocoon; and I am warranted,

I think, in expressing an opinion from the experiences brought

forward, and the knowledge attained of the habits of the insect,

that it can easily be produced in quantities in England. But a

very important question still remains untouched, viz., the price

which these cocoons will bring to the producer, 7. e., What re-

muneration may be expected for a given weight of cocoons ?

* As regards the weight of cocoons containing the chrysalis, an average of

four trials which I made on 28th December, 1865, gave 185 cocoons “to the

pound, or 407 to the kilogramme. ‘The cocoons were divested of their leafy

envelope, but otherwise remained as they were gathered, with the cable ora

portion of the cable attached; they were taken at random, and were not

selected for their size. M. Méneville calculates 450 “ cocons pleins’’ to the

kilogramme (ante, p. 237), or according to the more accurate measurement,

400 or 413 to the kilogramme (n. }, p. 238), but this is taking the weight

10 days after the formation of the cocoon, when there would be more moisture

present than during winter.

240 . Dnvaliace oe

The reply to this question will indicate the amount of stimulus

likely to be given to British Ailanthiculture. For no one without

the probable certainty of a fair pecuniary reward would embark

time and money in industrial Ailanthiculture. And here we are

beset by the difficulties which inevitably attend the introduction of

any new material. On the ultimate demand by the public for this

silk depend both the venture of the manufacturer and of the pro-

ducer, and the former will give scanty encouragement to the

latter, unless he sees his way very clearly to a larger profit than

usual when introducing a new fabric ; and this is not all, for there

are great difficulties attending the reeling of these cocoons, which,

as yet, have only been surmounted by a few individuals in France

and Italy, who have patented their methods. Time, therefore,

and patience are necessary for the solution of this important

question. Nevertheless there are not wanting facts which evi-

dently indicate that the demand for this silk is on the increase, and,

consequently, that the solution of the problem of Ailanthiculture

is not far distant. First, it is well known that the silk produced

in China and India from these cocoons is very durable and ser-

viceable, though inferior in lustre to the silk of the mulberry

worm; 2ndly, it is produced in Shan- tung and other provinces in

China in large quantities, and the importation into Europe is

greatly on the increase; 3rdly, owing to the great decrease in

the production of mulberry silk, owing to ‘Ja gattine,” there is

a larger demand for inferior silks; vide “Journal of Society of

Arts, 1863,” p. 776; “la gattine’ “has long led to a wish

on the part of those interested, that a more tees breed of silk-

producing worms could be introduced into Europe, even though

the produce was coarser and of a worse colour than the ordinary

mulberry silk ;” 4thly, our, French neighbours, already in advance

of us,*have so far introduced the produce into commerce, that

fabrics both from the carded and the reeled material (Ajlanthine),

as well as sewing silk, can be purchased in Paris, at the house

of Messrs. de la Grave and Dechaud, Rue de la Croix Rouge ;

lastly, it being known from specimens of the silk (Ailanthine)

reeled in one continuous thread imported from China, that a

method of reeling these cocoons was familiar to the Chinese,

French and Italian ingenuity devised methods whereby raw silk

can be reeled in a continuous thread from the cocoons of B.

Cynthia ; these methods, but recently introduced, require time and

practice to attain perfection; nevertheless, it is certain that the

thing has been done, and the material made therefrom exhibited

for sale in Paris at a moderate price. We are, therefore, far

Wty

Ailanthiculture. 241

advanced in our treatment of these cocoons, and in proportion as

the method of reeling is rendered simple and inexpensive, and the

fabric produced is appreciated by the public, a demand will arise

for cocoons, and the price rise considerably higher than that now

quoted, 3 francs per kilogramme.

So far as I am aware, no one in England knows how to reel

these cocoons. I, therefore, submit an account of the method in-

vented by M. Forgemol, forming part of a report addressed to the

Imperial Society of Acclimatization, in France,* ‘ On the reeling

of cocoons of Bombyx Cynthia and other species, naturally open,

as brought to perfection by our peculiar method ” :—

“The success of the great question of the cultivation of the

Ailanthus and other silkworms, whose cocoons are naturally open at

oneend, and which are capable of permanent naturalization, depends

on the reeling of these cocoons into a continuous thread to produce

raw silk (soie grége); without this there results but an inferior

coarse flock of silk, of value doubtless, but unsatisfactory as a

new material, because limited in its application to inferior pur-

poses. The industrial and agricultural triumph would have been

incomplete if these good and beautiful silks, now so familiar to

you, had not been obtained from the cocoons from the Ailanthus

tree. But the result is now obtained; these cocoons are now

reeled off to perfection in one thread; and if the actual method of

reeling still leaves something to desire, the path is so well marked

out that complete success will doubtless soon follow. In reality

the method of reeling the cocoons of the Ailanthus silkworm

applies to all cocoons naturally open (as of Arrindia, Aurota,

Selene, Cecropia, Hesperus, &c.).

“‘ That being clear, permit me to remind you, gentlemen, that

to you alone, and to an impulse received from you, is due the

discovery of this mode of reeling. And without prejudging the

future of these new productions, it seems right henceforth to pro-

claim that by this result your Society has rendered the most signal

services to agriculture and to industry. Certainly silks, both raw

and otherwise, obtained from open cocoons, will in future be one

of the greatest honours of the Society of Acclimatization. By

way of experiment, seeking to follow in your steps, I myself, a

short time ago, exhibited before you a particular method of reel-

ing open cocoons. This method has since been-studied anew,

and I have thought it right to bring before you the following

* Revue de Sériciculture comparée, 1864, No. 9, p. 248.

249 Dr. Wallace on

alterations. Let me remind you that the cocoons conveniently

prepared were placed within linen or some other fabric permeable

to water, were then passed through many waters in succession

containing soap and potass in order to separate the different

layers of silk which compose the cocoon, were placed not too

dry nor yet too moist in a vessel of a cup-shape (either one or

in compartments), and were then reeled when nearly dry—differing

from the method of reeling closed cocoons, which is done on the

surface of water more or less boiling.

“Such was our first method. The following are the modifica-

tions resulting from our experiences :—It seemed easier, and likely

to save time, to have a-plate divided into several cups, which might

be removed at will, and to place therein the cocoons for reeling.

This plate of any form should fit the bason of the ordinary wind-

ing machine, such as they use in the South of France. Each cup

is pierced with little holes in its centre, for the admission (if de-

sirable) of steam from the hot water in the bason, in order to

supply the necessary amount of moisture which the cocoons may

have lost. No change is made in preparing the cocoons and

reeling them when nearly dry, but they are placed in the moveable

cups pierced with holes fitting into the plate as described. These

plates, with moveable cups, are well suited to reel cocoons natu-

rally open, so long as they contain the chrysalis (plein), but seem

no longer to answer when the cocoons are empty (vides), that is,

when the moth has escaped.

‘In fact, the force used to draw apart and collect the single

threads (brins), no longer finds a counterpoise in the empty co-

coons, which do not remain in the cups, but are drawn out.

Hence it becomes necessary to give the empty cocoons a certain

weight, a certain resistance, sufficient to retain them “in situ,” but

not so great as to rupture the threads. After considerable expe-

rience, | conceived an apparatus intended to retain the empty

cocoons, and yet allow the reeling to proceed easily and rapidly.

This apparatus 1s composed of several skewers (broches), carrying

needles of varying height, and it is placed on a bason for the pur-

pose, if necessary, of keeping the cocoons in a state of slight

moisture, by means of steam from water beneath, more or less

boiling in the bason. These empty cocoons are reeled, as we

have already stated, when nearly dry, but’ yet they require a certain

amount of moisture, which is indispensable for the perfect tor-

sion of the several threads (brins) which go to form the one strand

(fil). The needles have, Ist, an olive-shaped head, which is capped

Ailanthiculture. 243

by the empty cocoon, suitably prepared beforehand and divested

of its outer envelope; 2ndly, a middle portion sliding through a

ring, secured by an upright (guide parti sur les broches) attached

to the skewer; and 3rdly, a base, with a blunt point, which re-

volves in a little cup worked in the thickness of the skewer.

«‘The needles are very moveable on their pivot, and the cocoons

being moveable also on the olive-shaped heads, turn on them in

every direction, following the position and direction of the threads

as they unwind. The head is olive-shaped to avoid making a

hole in the base of the cocoon during the movement and rota-

tion by the resulting friction, which must ensue were the

head pointed. The needles are of different lengths to allow

more cocoons than one to be reeled off at once, those of the first

skewer being the smallest, those of the second bigger, and so on

according to the number of the strands and the required thickness

of the thread. The skewers, armed with needles of different

height, after being capped with empty cocoons suitably prepared,

are placed on the bason so that two or more may be used at once.

So arranged, the skewers slide into a groove made in the frame of

the machine. ‘They are kept apart by a little bar of division fixed

at either extremity. When the cocoons are reeled the skewers,

whose needles are now free, are pushed forwards and removed;

they are immediately replaced by others prepared beforehand, and

placed ready at the end of the groove. There is no interruption

in reeling ; the mechanism of the skewers and needles is both

simple and easy. ‘These, as also the plate with moveable cups,

are easily and without cost adapted to the well-known machine,

which seems a great advantage since the old implement for reeling

closed cocoons is now made Seales almost without change, ie

the simple method which I have described.”

Mr. Forgemol afterwards observes, that he has, by means of

these needles, successfully reeled the cocoons of B. Mori, after the

exit of the moth, and produced therefrom silk as handsome and

durable as from cocoons reeled in the usual way.

I have now very feebly, and, I fear inadequately, attempted to

delineate a leaflet as it were from the great book of nature, as

yet undescribed in England. Numerous as are the benefits we reap

from nature, there yet remain, even at our feet, many of her secrets

uninvestigated, many undiscovered sources of industry and wealth,

Pisciculture has to be applied to our river and sea fisheries.

Ostreiculture is as yet in its infancy. Sericiculture, including

various new species of silk-producing insects, awaits examination.

244° Dr. Wallace on

The great question of the return of sewage to the soil, the in-

troduction and acclimatization of new species of plants, insects

and animals, are problems presented to this age for solution. It

is the duty of man, by patient investigation, to arrive at a correct

interpretation of nature’s laws, and apply them successfully to his

own benefit. ‘The process is a slow one, and many mistakes

iust be made before the truth can be elicited, but success in the

end is certain,

In conclusion, it is worth while to note the remarkable events

which have heralded the dawn of Ailanthiculture: 115 years ago

the Ailanthus glandulosa was brought to Europe, and _ thence-

forward acclimatized, but not for the purpose of Sericiculture : had

the silkworms been then imported, they could not have been

reared for many successive years for lack of foliage; time was

required for the tree to become naturalized, and to spread over

Europe, Canada, Australia, &c., to manifest its hardy and repro-

ductive nature, and to become known to cultivators. Then came

a severe epidemic disease affecting the varieties of the Bombyx

Mori feeding on the mulberry tree, causing severe loss to the

cultivators, and distress among the poor in the silk-producing

districts. Hence arose a cry to revert to the original silk-produc-

ing countries, China and Japan, for new and healthier races, and

also for new and hardier species. ‘These views received practical

encouragement from the Minister of Agriculture in France, and

from the Emperor. But without the aid of missionaries, those

pioneers of religion and civilization, neither the Ailanthus tree

nor the silkworm that feeds on it would ever have reached

Eu-ope, and the efforts of the French Emperor and of the silk

manufacturers would have been in vain. The missignary must

first pierce and penetrate China before the merchant can extract

her jewels. Various political movements, coincident in point of

time, opened up more thoroughly the Oriental silk districts to Euro-

pean research. The employment of steam power shortened consi-

derably the transit, and affording facilities of rapid movement, both

threw open to investigation regions hitherto unexplored, and per-

mitted the conveyance to Europe of living cocoons and eggs.

The Ailanthus silkworm is in 1856 discovered and sent to

Europe; its food plant, the Ailanthus tree, is already acclimatized,

and awaiting in abundance its advent, so that the insect is easily

multiplied and naturalized. Then comes a crisis in the cotton

trade: owing to the American war the supply fails, and substi-

tutes for cotton are eagerly sought after. Hence, Ailanthiculture

Ailanthiculture. 245

at once assumes an important aspect, and not merely have the

habits of the one species, Bombyx Cynthia, been carefully investi-

gated, as susceptible of acclimatization and successful cultivation,

but those also of other silk-producing insects of hardy nature,

such as Hesperus, Polyphemus, Cecropia, Yamamai, &c.

Thus the dream of the 14th century, which James I., in the

17th, vainly strove to realize, is now actually on the point of ful-

filment. Fortunate will it be for England,—fortunate, indeed, for

Ireland, if land, hitherto valueless, can be so tended as to furnish

with little care and slight cost a fabric warm and durable. Fortu-

nate will it be for women and children (especially for workhouse

habitués), if another health-giving industry be opened up for their

nimble fingers. °

I cannot but be deeply struck with the remarkable chain of

events which have preceded these novel projects, and I feel confi-

dent that at no very distant period Ailanthiculture will take high

rank amongst English industries.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

PLATE XV.

Bombyx Cynthia, imago and cocoons.

PuaTe XVI.

Bombyx Cynthia, egg, natural size and magnified ; and larve in four

stages, on leaf of dilanthus glandulosa.

PRIZE ESSAYS

THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

As an inducement to the study of Economic Entomology, and

with a view to increase the practical utility of the Entomological

Society, the Council offers Two Prizes of the value of Five

‘Guineas each to be awarded to the authors of Essays or

Memoirs, of sufficient merit and drawn up from personal obser-

vation, on the anatomy, economy, or habits of any insect or group

of insects which is in any way especially serviceable or obnoxious

to mankind. . The Essays should be illustrated by figures of the

insects in their different states, and (if the species be noxious)

must show the results of actual experiments made for the pre-

vention of their attacks or the destruction of the insects them-

selves.

One of the Prizes offered for 1865 was awarded to Alexander

Wallace, Esq., M.D., M.R.C.P., of Colchester, for his Essay

on * Ailanthiculture.”

On some former occasions the Council has selected a definite

subject, as e. g., the Coccus of the Pine Apple, the larva of Agrotis

Segetum (the large caterpillar of the turnip), &c. On the present

occasion, the selection is left to the candidates themselves, pro-

vided only that the subject be one fairly belonging to the Economic

branch of Entomology.

The Essays must be sent to the Secretary at No. 12, Bedford

Row, indorsed with mottoes, on or before the 30th of November,

1866, when they will be referred to a Committee to decide upon

their merits; each must be accompanied by a sealed letter indorsed

with the motto adopted by its author, and inclosing his name and

address.

The Prize Essays shall be the property of, and will be pub-

lished by, the Society.

LONDON:

PRINTED BY C. ROWORTH AND SONS,

BELL YARD, TEMPLE BAR,

ITT AD ae

hut ai Sidi LU s'Se

€ ORY

III. Descriptions of new or little-known Genera and

Species of Exotic Trichoptera; with Observations

on certain Species described by Mr. F. WALKER.

By Rosert M‘Lacutan, F.LS.

[Read 2nd October, 1865. ]

Tue greater number of the exotic caddis-flies described in this

paper were collected in the islands of the Malayan Archipelago

by Mr. A. R. Wallace, and are contained in the collection of Mr.

W. Wilson Saunders; others are in the British Museum or in my

own collection. ‘The paper may be considered as pretty well ex-

haustive of the new species existing in collections in this country,

excepting a few of which there are only solitary and much

damaged examples. I cannot but regret that in many instances

the descriptions have of necessity been drawn up from single

specimens. The number of new genera, compared ced that of

new species, is very considerable.

The more [ become acquainted with the value of generic cha-

racters in the Z'richoptera, the more am I convinced that, as in

Hymenoptera, the neuration of the wings (combined with the

leg-spurs and palpi) furniShes the safest starting-point for the

formation of generic divisions. The wing system is not absolutely

infallible, and is to a certain extent arbitrary, as indeed is the case

with all schemes devised to facilitate the classification of natural

objects, but it affords easily-seizable characters; care must,

however, always be taken to avoid mistaking sexual for generic

differences. In the family Limnephilide alone the wing-system

appears to fail, the neuration of all the genera being almost iden-

tical ; here too the palpi are of small value for generic diagnosis ;

and we are compelled to fall back upon the tibial spurs and other

characters.

With respect to the abundance or paucity of tropical and

southern T’richoptera, there are scarcely sufficient data to gene-

ralize upon. The number of known South American species is

very small, yet Mr. Bates informs me that on the Amazons they

were sometimes so abundant as to extinguish the lamps ; in the

VOL. V. THIRD SERIES, PART III.—JUNE, 1866, s

248 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Descriptions of .

Malayan Archipelago, however, Mr. Wallace says that he only

oceasionally met with insects of this Order. The number of

hitherto described extra-European species is about 260; of which

150 are from North America, and about 80 from Ceylon, leaving

only 80 for the greater part of the Asiatic continent and islands,

Australia, New Zealand, Africa and South America.

Fam. PARYGANIDZ:.

Genus PurycGanea, Linn.

1. Phryganea japonica, n. sp.

P. antennis nigricantibus, ad apicem ochraceis ; capite dense

griseo-piloso ; mesothorace rufo-ochraceo, utrinque nigri-

cante ; alis anticis ad apicem sinuato-excisis, griseo-cinereis,

griseo-reticulatis, vittis duabus vel tribus nigricantibus in

cellulis apicalibus positis, punctoque ad thyridium albido;

posticis pallide aurantiacis, ad apicem late nigricante-fuscis ;

pedibus griseo-ochraceis ; tarsorum articulorum apicibus,

tibiis anticis et intermediis ad apicem, posticisque totis, ex-

terne fuscis ; abdomine rufo-ochraceo. ¢ margine superiori

segmenti ultimi longe rufo-aurantiaco fimbriato ; appen-

dicibus superioribus brevibus, subtriangularibus ; intermediis

rectis, aciculatis, testaceis ; inferioribus subrotundatis, spina

brevi incurvata instructis; lamina ventrali ad marginem late

rotundata, (¢ et 9.)

Var. 9. Alis anticis vitta lata nigricante.

Long. corp. 9—11 lin. ; exp. alar. 26—382 lin.

Habitat in Japonia.

In Muss. Brit. et mihi.

Antenne blackish, becoming ochraceous at the tips. Head

thickly clothed with greyish pubescence. Palpi blackish. Me-

sothorax reddish-ocherous, blackish at the sides. Anterior wings

with the apical margin sinuated and excised ; yellowish cinereous,

reticulated with grey, and with a short black streak in some of the

apical cells ; a whitish indistinct spot at the thyridium. Posterior

wings pale orange, the apex broadly blackish-fuscous, in which

portion the veins appear darker. Legs greyish-ochreous; the

apices of the anterior and intermediate tibiz and of the tarsal

joints blackish-fuscous externally, as is the whole of the ex-

ternal side of the posterior tarsi; tibia with black spines.

Abdomen reddish-ochreous. In the male the upper margin

of the last abdominal segment is fringed with long reddish-

Genera and Species of Exotic Trichoptera. 249

orange hairs; app. sup. short and subtriangular; app. intermed.

very long, straight and needle-shaped, deep testaceous; app. inf.

in the form of a rounded basal piece, whence proceeds a short,

curved and acute spine; ventral lamina broadly rounded, In the

female the inferior valves are elongated, subtriangular, and some-

what acute,

Variety of the female: a broad, blackish fuscous band runs

through the middle of the anterior wings from the base to the

apex, enclosing a conspicuous pale spot at the thyridium.

This beautiful species in form and structure agrees with the

European P. grandis, excepting in the excised apical margin of the

anterior wings. In coloration it bears a remarkable resemblance

to Colpomera sinensis (Trans. Ent. Soc. 3rd ser. i. 302) from

North China, but the latter species differs in its narrow and sub-

falcate anterior wings and in the produced apex of the posterior.

The discovery of P. japonica has convinced me that Colpomera

can, at the utmost, be considered only as a section of Phryganea,

because in P. japonica there is clearly to be seen an approach to-

wards the alar formation of Colpomera in the excised apical margin

of the anterior wing, and the similarity of coloration is so striking

as to suggest the idea of the one being remotely descended from

the other.

2. Phryganea Maclachlani, White (Pl. XVII. fig. 1, 2).

Holostomis Maclachlani, White, Proc. Ent. Soc.1861, p. 26.

P, antennis nigris, ¢ ad apicem brumneis; capite et thorace

supra nigris, infra ochraceis; alis anticis rufo-aurantiacis,

confertim nigricante-reticulatis, maculis duabus albidis,

quarum una in cellula thyridii, altera in cellula apicali

sexta; alis posticis purpureo-fuscis, fascia latissima subapi-

cali aurantiaca; femoribus aurantiacis; tibiis, tarsis, abdo-

mineque nigris. (¢% et @.)

Long. corp. 9—12 lin.; exp. alar. 30—3¢4 lin.

Habitat in India orientali.

In Muss. Brit., Saundersiano, et mihi.

Antenne black, brownish towards the apex in the male. Head

and thorax dull black above, clothed with strong blackish hairs ;

beneath entirely reddish-ochreous. Palpi fuscous, the terminal

joint darker. Anterior wings reddish-orange, thickly reticulated

with blackish-fuscous ; with two dull whitish spots, one in the

250 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Descriptions of

cellula thyridii, the other in the sixth apical cell. Posterior wings

purplish-fuscous, a very broad orange-coloured band occupying

almost the entire apical third; the extreme apex fuscous, with

orange-coloured veins running through it. Legs with orange--

coloured femora, and black tibize and tarsi. Abdomen dull blackish,

the segments narrowly margined with greyish. In the male

the superior appendices are very small and nearly concealed by

the Jateral margins of the last segment ; app. inf. up-curved, trian-

gular, acute and black; penis furnished with an enormously

swollen testaceous apex.

This species was insufficiently characterized by Mr. Adam

White ; having recently received some remarkably fine specimens, I

have drawn up the foregoing description. I have removed the

species from the genus in which it was placed by Mr. White,

because the neuration differs in the sexes, as in Phryganea gran-

dis (that is to say, the female has an additional apical fork),

whereas in Holostomis phalenoides, &c., the neuration is alike in

both sexes. The antenne are finer and shorter than in P. erandis,

and the bright coloration of the wings contrasts strongly with

our dull-looking species; the pubescence is also much less

marked; the neuration, however, proves that it should be located

in Phryganea.

Fam. LIMNEPHILID.

Genus Limnepnitus, Leach.

1. Limnephilus (Glyphotelius) admorsus, n. sp.

L. magnitudine et facie omnino ZL. punctatolineati ; sed alarum

anticarum margine apicali profundius exciso. (Appendicibus

analibus defectis.) ?.

Habitat in Japonia.

In Mus. Brit.

In size and coloration entirely similar to the European Z. punc-

tatolineatus, De Geer (umbraculum, Kolenati), but differs re-

markably in the apex of the anterior wings, which is more pro-

duced in the costal portion, and afterwards much more deeply

and irregularly excised ; these wings have the two rows of dots

or streaks precisely as in the European species. The single ex-

ample is a female in good condition, excepting the apex of the

abdomen, which has been destroyed, and hence I am unable to

make a comparison of the anal appendices.

Genera and Species of Exotic Trichoptera. 251

Fam. SERICOSTOMID.

Genus Pycnocentria, nov. gen.

Antenne graciles, alis longitudine fere zequales; articulo basali

robusto, hirsuto, quam capite longiori. Caput transverse-sub-

quadratum, utrinque tuberculo elongato instructum. Palpi

maxillares (¢) bisarticulati; articulo basali brevi, 2° elongato,

robusto, sursum incurvato, pilis longioribus dense vestito ;

(¢) 5-articulati; articulo basali brevi; 2° elongato, robusto ;

3° secundo zquali, crassiori; 4° et 5° equalibus, brevioribus.

Alze anticae apicem versus dilatate ; (¢) plica longitudinali

apicem fere attingente et cellulam discoidalem obliterante ;

alze postice anticis breviores, Jatitudine zquales, apice ob-

tusee, (6) plica fere ut in anterioribus. Pedes hirsutius-

euli. Calcaria 2-2-4; paribus duobus tibiarum posticarum

juxtim positis, (¢ et 2.)

Antenne slender, about the length of the wings; basal joint

thick and strong, nearly straight, longer than the head. Head

transversely subquadrate ; an oblique, elongated, oval tubercle on

each side, placed close to the eye, and fringed with long hairs.

Maxillary palpi of the male two-jointed; the basal joint very

small and concealed ; the second joint long and thick, curved up

in front of the face between the basal joints of the antenne, and

furnished with long and strong hairs: of the female five-jointed ;

the basal joint short; the second long and stout; the third equal

in length to the second, but much thinner; the fourth and fifth

shorter and still thinner, nearly equal. Labial palpi small. Me-

sothorax smooth and polished, elevated in the middle. Anterior

wings clothed with short and dense pubescence, dilated before

the elliptical apex; in the male there is a Jongitudinal fold fur-

nished with coarse hairs, extending nearly the whole length of the

wing, and obliterating the discoidal cell, which is probably closed ;

the apical veins radiating. In the female this fold is absent, and

there is a long and narrow, closed discoidal cell. Posterior wings

shorter than the anterior, and scarcely so broad as the broadest

portion of the latter; obtuse at the apex; in the male with a

longitudinal fold extending obliquely from near the base to near

the apex of the costal margin, obliterating the subcosta and radius;

the discoidal cell closed; apical forks four. Legs moderately long

and slightly hairy; spurs 2-2-4; anterior and intermediate tibiz

furnished each with a pair of moderately long and unequal apical

252 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Descriptions of

spurs; posterior tibiz with two pairs of nearly equal spurs, the

first pair placed close up to the apical. Abdomen short.

A well-marked and distinct genus of Sericostomide, with some-

what the facies of the European genus Silo of Curtis, to which it

has some analogy in the presence of the longitudinal folds in the

wings of the male, but in Si/o it is only the posterior wings that

are thus provided. ‘The two pairs of spurs on the posterior tibiz

are placed closer together than in any other genus with which I

am acquainted,

1. Pycnocentria funerea, n. sp. (Pl. XVIII. fig. 1.)

P, antennis nigricante-fuscis ; capite et thorace castaneis, nigri-

cante-hirtis ; alis anticis posticisque nigro-fuscis, plicis dis-

tincte saturatioribus, illis macula ad angulum analem albida;

pedibus anticis griseo-ochraceis, intermediis et posticis fuscis,

tibiis ochraceis ; abdomine nigro-fusco ; apice superiore

lamina elongata, depressa, obtusa, appendices intermedias

preter apices incurvatos celante, instructo; appendicibus

inferioribus duplicibus, ramo superiore quam inferiore bre-

vioril et obtusiori; segmento antepenultimo ventrali (¢) la-

mina obtusa instructo. (¢ et @.)

Long. corp. 2 lin.; exp. alar, G6—64 lin.

Habitat in Nova Zealandia.

In Mus. Brit.

Antenne blackish-fuscous. Head and thorax dark cliestnut-

brown, clothed with blackish hairs. Palpi thickly clothed with

blackish hairs. Anterior and posterior wings dark smoky-fuscous,

almost black, the folds in the male conspicuously darker; in the

former there is a small whitish spot at the anal angle. Anterior

legs wholly greyish-ochreous ; intermediate and posterior legs

with fuscous femora and tibie, and ochreous tarsi. Abdomen

blackish-fuscous, the divisions of the segments paler. In the

male the upper margin of the last abdominal segment is produced

in the middle into a long flattened lobe, dilated at the base, but

afterwards attenuated, and obtuse at the apex; from under this

lobe project the curved points of the app. intermed.; app. sup. not

apparent, perhaps concealed under the lobe; app. inf. double,

consisting of two branches, the upper long, flattened, hairy and

somewhat obtuse, the lower longer, and ending in an acute point ;

penis long and exserted, perhaps provided with upper and under

sheaths. The female possesses a short obtuse lobe on the ventral

surface of the antepenultimate segment.

Genera and Species of Exotic Trichoptera. 253

Fam. LEPTOCERID.

Genus GaNnoneMa, nov. gen.

Antenne longiores, tenuiores; articulo primo inflato. Caput

fere quadratum, inter antennas productum. Ocelli nulli.

Palpi maxillares hirsuti; articulo primo brevi; 2° quam 1°

longiori; 3° quam 2° vix breviori; 4° quam 8° breviori; 5°

tenui, 3° quali. Ala anticee pube brevi sparse vestite,

apicem versus valde dilatatz ; margine costali arcuato, apicali

oblique rotundato; radio et sectore apicali primo confluenti-

bus; cellula discoidali elongata, angustata, occlusa; ale

posticee fere dimidio breviores; cellula discoidali aperta,

Calearia 2-4-4. Abdomen robustum. (@.)

Antennz very long and slender, more than twice the length of

the wings; basal joint bulbous, scarcely so long as the head.

Head nearly quadrate, produced into a broadly triangular pro-

longation between the antenne, and with a deep excavation near

the eyes, below the basal joints of the antenna. Eyes large.

Ocelli none. Maxillary palpi very hairy; the basal joint short;

the second very long; the third slightly shorter than the second;

the fourth much shorter than the third; the fifth about the length

of the third, thinner and flexible. Prothorax scarcely evident.

Mesothorax ovate, convex, sulcated in the middle above, scarcely

hairy. Anterior wings rather broad, much dilated towards the

apex; the hairy clothing slight, most dense along the costal margin ;

apical fringes very short; costa arched; apical margin obliquely

rounded, nearly elliptical ; dorsal margin concave ; radius straight,

confluent with the first apical sector shortly before its termination ;

discoidal cell long and narrow, closed, the apical half deeply

excised on the upper margin from the point where the first apical

sector branches off; first apical cell much longer than the sue-

ceeding ones; the inferior branch of the ramus discoidalis ending

in three apical sectors; cellula thyridii long and narrow, closed

by one transverse vein, and united to the lower edge of the dis-

evidal cell by another, Posterior wings short, scarcely half the

length of the anterior, broad, the costal margin slightly rounded ;

radius confluent with the first apical sector, as in the anterior wings ;

discoidal cell open; apical forks four. Legs very slender. Spurs

2-4-4; anterior tibize with a pair of minute apical spurs; inter-

mediate and posterior tibiae each with two pairs of rather long

and unequal spurs. Abdomen robust.

The neuration of the male probably differs in the inferior branch

254 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Descriptions of

of the ramus discoidalis being simply furcate, and thus ending in

only two apical sectors.

It seems to me probable that, notwithstanding the great dissimi-

larity in the shape of the anterior wings, the example from which

I have drawn up this generic description may be only a female of the

next genus (Asotocerus), and that the form of the wings may be

only a specific character. The neuration presents many points of

resemblance (excepting differences that are perhaps only sexual),

and the form of the antenne, head, palpi, &c., is identical. How-

ever the materials at my disposal are so slight, and the example

on which I have founded Asotocerus is so much mutilated, that I

think it best to place them in separate genera, rather than to run

the risk of associating two forms which may in reality be distinct,

‘especially as there are sufficient primd facie reasons for separating

them. Both genera are easily recognisable by the peculiar cha-

racter in the neuration, viz., the termination of the radius in the

first apical sector, and not, as is usual, in the costal margin.

1. Ganonema pallicorne, n. sp. (Pl. X1X. fig. 1.)

G. antennis albidis, basin versus indistincte griseo-annulatis ;

palpis griseo-fusco-hirsutis ; capite mesothoraceque fuscis ;

alis fuligineo-fuscis, anticis margine costali nigricante, pur-

pureo-iridescente, venis distinctis, nigricantibus ; pedibus

albidis. ( 9.)

Long. antenn. 16 lin.; corp. 5 lin.; exp. alar. 17 lin.

Habitat in insula Sumatra (Wallace).

In Mus. Saundersiano.

Antenne whitish, finely and indistinctly annulated with grey

towards the base. Head and mesothorax fuscous. Palpi clothed

with long greyish-fuscous pubescence. Anterior and posterior

wings dark smoky-fuscous, entirely without markings; the costal

margin, especially in the anterior wing, broadly blackish, with a

purple reflexion in certain lights; neuration strong and distinct,

blackish. Legs whitish. Abdomen greyish-fuscous. The last

abdominal segment (2) ends above in two large flat confluent

triangular plates, the edges of which are hairy; beneath, these

plates appear as a concave projecting cover.

Genus Asorocerts, nov. gen.

Antenne graciliores, alis triplo longiores. Ocelli nulli. Palpi

maxillares hirsutiores ; articulo basali brevi; 2° longissimo ;

Genera and Species of Exotic Trichoptera. 255

3° quam 2° paulo breviori; 4° etiam breviori; 5° 3° zequali,

tenuiori. Alz anticz sparse pilose; medio dilatatee, basin

versus anguste ; costa gradatim rotundata; margine apicali

abrupte truncato et inde margine dorsali oblique juncto;

radio ut in Ganonema ; alee postice anticis multo breviores,

subtriangulares ; cellula discoidali aperta. Pedes tenuiores.

Calcaria 2-4-4. (o ?.)

Antenne very long and slender, about three times the length

of the wings; basal joint bulbous, not so long as the head. Head

nearly quadrate, prolonged in front between the antenne, and

excavated below the basal joints of the latter. Eyes rather small,

Ocelli none. Maxillary palpi very hairy ; the basal joint short ;

the second very long; the third somewhat shorter; the fourth

still shorter; the fifth as long as the third, thin and flexible.

Mesothorax ovate, convex, sulcated in the middle above. An-

terior wings with slight hairy clothing, which is thickest on the

costal margin ; narrow at the base, much dilated in the middle ;

costa gradually rounded ; apical margin at first abruptly and

straightly truncated, and then very obliquely uniting with the

dorsal margin about the middle of the wing ; or perhaps it should

rather be said that the costal margin is abruptly bent down, form-

ing a nearly right angle at the point of junction with the apical

margin; dorsal margin nearly straight; neuration as in Gano-

nema, excepting that the two branches of the ramus discoidalis

are simply furcate. Posterior wings much shorter than the ante-

rior, subtriangular ; discoidal cell open; fringes short, longer at

the anal angle. Legs very slender. Spurs 2-4-4. (Abdomen

wanting. )

It will be seen that Asotocerus agrees in almost all its charac-

ters with Ganonema ; even the form of the wings may be only

a specific difference. The character of the neuration, and the

small size of the eyes, render it almost sure that the specimen

from which the above generic description has been drawn up is a

male, although the absence of the abdomen prevents absolute cer-

tainty on this point.

1. Asotocerus ochraceellus, n. sp.

(Pl, X VIL, fig..2; “Ble XiX. fig. 2)

A. antennis pallide ochraceis, nigro-annulatis ; palpis griseo-

ochraceis 3; capite mesothoraceque ochraceis; alis anticis

pallide ochraceis, marginem costalem versus late ochraceis;

256 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Descriptions of

alis posticis ochraceo-hyalinis, venis fuscis; pedibus ochra-

ccis. (Mas?.)

Long. antenn. 20 lin. ; corp. ?; exp. alar. 17 lin.

Habitat apud Sarawak, in insula Borneo (Wallace).

In Mus. Saundersiano.

Antennz pale ochreous, all the articulations narrowly ringed

with black. Head and thorax ochreous. Palpi greyish-ochre-

ous. Anterior wings pale ochreous, the costal margin and the

neuration bright ochreous. Posterior wings hyaline, thinly

clothed with ochreous pubescence ; neuration fuscescent. Legs

ochreous.

Genus NoTanaTOoLica, nov. gen.

Antenne graciliores, alis fere triplo longiores, in g quam in

longiores. Palpi maxillares hirsutiores ; articulis 1° et

4° longis, fere aqualibus; 2°, 3° et 5° zqualibus et singulis

4° duplo longioribus. Ale anticee elongate, angustz, sparse

pilosee ; marginibus costali et dorsali fere parallelis ; cellula

discoidali occlusa; ramulo superiore rami thyriferi ¢ fur-

cato, ¢ bifurcato; alze posticze late, anterioribus breviores,

subtriangulares. Pedes longi. Calearia 2-2-2. Abdomen

robustum, in @ subdepressum. Appendices inferiores in ¢

bisarticulate. (Mas et Foem.)

Antenne nearly thrice the length of the wings, longer in the

male than in the female, very fine; basal joint swollen, scarcely

so long as the head. Head transverse, hairy. Maxillary palpi

very hairy; the first and fourth joints moderately Jong, nearly

equal; the second, third and fifth equal, each about thrice the

length of the fourth. Mesothorax long, the sides nearly parallel.

Anterior wings very long and narrow, slightly hairy, most so in

the female; costal and dorsal margins nearly parallel, the apex

slightly dilated and elliptical; neuration strong; discoidal cell

closed, dilated and angular at the apical end; in the female there

is one more apical cell than in the male, owing to the upper branch

of the superior branch of the ramus thyrifer being twice forked

in that sex, and only simply forked in the male; the radius is

united to the discoidal cell by a transverse vein; another trans-

verse vein unites the discoidal cell to the ccllula thyridii; and

there are three others placed nearly in a straight line below it,

one of them closing the cell. Posterior wings broad, subtrian-

gular, shorter than the anterior; neuration alike in both sexes ;

Genera and Species of Exotic Trichoptera. 257

discoidal cell closed ; apical forks four, the first very small. Legs

long. Spurs 2-2-2, each tibia being provided with two small

and equal apical spurs. Abdomen robust, depressed in the female;

anal appendices well developed in the male, the inferior pair

bisarticulate ; in the female the apex of the abdomen is obtuse,

with two rounded’ superior valves.

A genus with the facies of Leptocerus, and formed to receive

the species described as Leptocerus magnus, Walker, L. oppositus,

Walker, LZ. canescens, M‘Lachlan, &c., together with some hi-

therto-undescribed species, which do not agree with Leptocerus

in the neuration. The group appears to be peculiar to Australia,

New Zealand, and the neighbouring islands of the Eastern Archi-

pelago.

_ I am now inclined to consider my L. canescens as merely the

female of L. magnus. I have received numerous examples from

Mr. Edwards of Melbourne, and in all cases the specimens of the

one are males, and of the other females. L. oppositus and L. cog-

natus are also nearly related to these, and may be only varieties,

but the difference of locality favours the suspicion that they are

distinct. L. cephalotes, Walker, from New Zealand, probably

also belongs to this genus, but the type is scarcely recognisable,

and L. exiguus, M‘Lachlan, should, perhaps, be added, but I

await the opportunity of further investigation.

The species will therefore stand as follows :—

i Notanatolica magna, Walker. (PI. XIX. fig. 3.)

Leptocerus magnus, Walk., Brit. Mus. Cat. Neurop., pt.. 1,.p.

73, 69, 6; L. canescens, M‘Lach., Trans. Ent. Soc., 3rd

series, 1. 306, 9.

I subjoin a description of the anal appendices. In the male

there is a broad rounded lobe from the middle of the upper mar-

gin of the last abdominal segment ; on each side of this are placed

the app. sup., which are small, elongated, obtuse, yellow, and

furnished with long hairs at the apex ; app. inf. bisarticulate, the

first joint broad and obliquely truncated at the apex, the second

joint double, the upper portion long and curved, the lower por-

tion shorter ; at the base of the app. inf. there is an additional

appendage, curved upwards, and fringed with long and strong

hairs; interiorly is to be seen a boat-shaped upper penis-cover

including the smal] penis. The female is furnished with a broad

rounded lobe, and two small obtuse superior valves,

258 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Descriptions of

2. Notanatolica opposita, Walker.

Leptocerus oppositus, Walk., op. cit., p. 73, 68.

8. Notanatolica cognata, M‘Lachlan.

Leptocerus cognatus, M‘Uach. loc. cit. 2 .

4. Notanatolica (2) cephalotes, Walker.

Leptocerus cephalotes, Walk., op. cit. p. 73, 67.

5. Notanatolica gilolensis, n. sp.

N. antennis pallide albido-griseis, basin versus indistincte

pallide annulatis; capite et thorace fuscis; palpis saturate

fuscis, griseo-pilosis ; alis anticis griseo-brunneis, griseo- et

brunneo-pilosis ; posticis fuligineo-fuscis, venis fuscis,; pedi-

bus pallide griseo-brunneis ; abdomine fusco, lineis utrinque

ochraceis. (Foem.)

Long. antenn. 22 lin. ; corp. 43 lin.; exp. alar. 16 lin.

Habitat in insula Gilolo (Wallace).

In Mus, Saundersiano.

Antenne pale whitish-grey, with very indistinct paler annula-

tions towards the base; the basal joint fuscous. Head and thorax

fuscous. Palpi dark fuscous, clothed with grey hairs. Anterior

wings greyish-brown, with grey and brown pubescence inter-

mixed; a whitish spot at the thyridium. Posterior wings smoky-

grey, subhyaline; the neuration dark fuscous, Legs pale grey-

ish-brown, Abdomen dark fuscous, with broad greyish-ochreous

lateral lines. In the female the superior valves are somewhat

elongated and obtuse.

In Mr. Saunders’ Collection is a male from New Guinea, which

I think belongs to this species, but it is smaller than the female

described above (exp. alar. 14 lin.), whereas in N. magna the

female is considerably smaller than the male. It differs in the

antennze being dark brown, with distinct white annulations (in

N. magna the coloration of the antennee differs in the sexes) and

in the darker colour of the legs. ‘The anal appendices are not in

a condition to be satisfactorily described, but they appear to be

arranged similarly to those of WN. magna.

Genus Setopres, Rambur.

The limits of this genus are at present ill-defined. The species

included in it by Rambur are discordant, and he places some spe-

Genera and Species of Exotic Trichoptera. 259

cies in his genus Mystacida which should more properly belong to

this. In my ‘“ Trichoptera Britannica” (ante, p. 116) I have shown

that Selodes may be divided into two sections according to the

neuration, and this seems to me the best character. The species

vary in the length of the joints of the palpi, and also in the spurs

of the anterior tibia ; this latter variation is of grave importance

in this Order, in consequence of the character being considered of

primary value. Rambur describes the anterior tibize as spurless,

and this is apparently the case in some European species, but I do

not feel sure that this is really so, because I can detect two very

minute and almost microscopic apical spurs on those tibiz in some

species; in others there is evidently one rather long apical spur,

with no visible sign of a second.

1. Setodes hemerobidides, n. sp.

S. antennarum articulo basali, capite, thorace, “pedibusque

griseo-albis ; alis nudis, latis, ad apicem obtusis, hyalinis ;

anticis fusco-nebulosis, preecipue ad basin marginis costalis ;

venis nigro-fusco striatis; ramulo superiore rami thyriferi

haud furcato; alis posticis hyalinis; pedibus albidis; tibiis

anticis unicalearatis ; abdomine viridescente; appendicibus

inferioribus longis, sursum incurvatis. (Mas.)

Long. corp. 23 lin. ; exp. alar. 7 lin.

Habitat ad Macassar, in insula Celebes ( Wallace).

In Mus. Saundersiano.

Antenne (broken) with the basal joint whitish. Head naked,

whitish, with grey streaks and a black mark externally at the in-

sertion of the basal joint of each antenna. Eyes whitish-ochre-

ous. Maxillary palpi whitish, the three first joints very long, the

second fuscous at the apex. Mesothorax greyish-white. An-

terior wings devoid of hairy clothing, broad, the apex obtuse ;

whitish-hyaline, with greyish-fuscous clouds, of which there is a

large one placed at the base of the costal margin, which is dilated ;

another is placed about the middle of this margin, and smaller

ones round the apex and about the anastomosis ; neuration scarcely

darker than the membrane, but marked with blackish-fuscous

streaks at the base, apex and anastomosis; the upper branch of

the ramus thyrifer is not forked; the three transverse veins,

forming the anastomosis, are straight, the first and third nearly

opposite, the second placed a little within the others towards the

base. Posterior wings hyaline, the veins slightly coloured. Legs

260 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Descriptions of

whitish : the anterior tibize furnished with one rather long apical

spur. Abdomen greenish. Inthe male the superior appendices

appear to be wanting, but there are two rounded lobes, from

between which arises a curved and pointed spine; inferior appen-

dices long, curved upwards, a little concave internally.

The single specimen is mutilated, having lost its antennz, ex-

cepting the basal joints. In its broad, hyaline and naked anterior

wings it bears a not remote resemblance to a species of /Zemero-

bius ; hence the specific name.

Norte. Setodes sexpunctata, Kolenati, from India (Gen. et Spec.

Trichop. pt. 2, p. 266, 3, tab. 3, fig. 28), cannot possibly pertain

to Setodes, or even to an allied genus. According to the neuration

of the figure, it should probably form a new genus. The arrange-

ment of the nervures in the posterior wings is not unlike that of

Polymorphanisus, Walker, but the veins of the anterior wings are

too different, supposing the figure to be correct.

Genus Anisocentropus, M‘Lachlan.

_ Trans. Ent. Soc. 3rd series, 1. 492.

1. Anisocentropus flavicaput, n. sp.

A. antennis fuscis, dimidio basali flavido-annulatis, articulo

basali flavido-ochraceo ; capite et palpis flavido-ochraceis, his

articulo ultinro fusco-terminato ; thorace supra et infra rufo-

ochraceo; alis anticis et posticis totis fuscis, his pallidioribus,

venis saturatioribus ; pedibus ochraceis, tiblis et tarsis pos-

terioribus fuscescentibus, fusco-pilosis; abdomine intense

fusco. (¢.)

Long. antenn. 7 lin.; corp. 3 lin.; exp. alar. 9 lin.

Habitat in Australia boreali (Damel).

In Mus. mihi.

Antenne dark blackish-fuscous, annulated with yellowish on the

basal half; basal joint bright yellowish-ochreous. Head and

palpi bright yellowish-ochreous, the terminal joint of the latter

tipped with fuscous, Eyes black. Thorax reddish-ochreous both

above and below. Anterior and posterior wings uniformly fus-

cous; the latter paler, subhyaline, an’ with dark fuscous veins.

Legs bright ochreous; the posterior tibiae and tarsi fuscescent,

with fuscous hairs. Abdomen dark blackish-fuscous, ochreous at

the apex, and with ochreous appendices.

A well marked species of Anisocentropus ; the anterior wings

possess a rather strong pubescence, and in this respect it bears

Genera and Species of Exotic Trichoptera. 261

more resemblance to the North-American, than to the Eastern

representatives of the genus.

The British Museum possesses yet two species, which agree

with Anisocentropus in the neuration, tibial spurs, and general

appearance, but differ somewhat in the maxillary palpi; these

have the terminal joint strongly fringed with long hairs, and

several of the joints have the appearance of being somewhat

dilated; but the differences seem scarcely sufficient to warrant

their generic separation. The single example of each species is

not in sufficiently good condition to enable me to draw up a satis-

factory description. They are from the Philippine Islands and

New Guinea respectively.

Fam. HYDROPSYCHID&.

Genus Macronema, Pictet.

1. Macronema Saundersii, n. sp.

(CPRORVAT ie 33d Pll RPK fies 42)

M. antennis fuscis, articulo basali et spatio longo in medio

flavis; capite purpureo-fusco, linea mediana flava; palpis

flavis ; mesothorace purpureo-fusco ; alis nitente-fuscis, albo-

signatis, anticis vittis tribus, duabus basalibus, una apicali, et

maculis triangularibus magnis, tribus ad costam, una ad

marginem dorsalem; alis posticis maculis costalibus albis ;

pedibus flavis, tibiis extrorsum obscurioribus ; abdomine

flavo; appendicibus superivribus rectis, angustis, acutis ;

inferioribus longis, sursum incurvatis; pene ad apicem

inciso. (@.)

Long. antenn. 11 lin.; corp. 4 lin.; exp. alar. 11 lin.

Habitat in insula Mysol (Wallace).

In Mus. Saundersiano.

Antennz fuscous, the basal joint and a long space in the

middle yellow. Head purplish-fuscous, with an impressed yellow

line in the middle. Palpi yellow, somewhat fuscescent. Meso-

thorax purplish-fuscous. Anterior wings shining fuscous; three

large triangular spots on the costa and one on the dorsal margin,

white ; two white basal vittae, the upper one short, the lower one

longer and uniting with the dorsal spot; in the apex a white

vitta, the basal end of which is slightly produced downwards ;

neuration dark fuscous. Posterior wings shining fuscous, with

three large white costal spots. Legs yellowish, the tibiae some-

262 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Descriptions of

what fuscescent externally. Abdomen yellow. The superior

appendices form two broad and divergent blades ; inferior appen-

dices very long, the joints nearly equal, the first straight, dilated

towards the apex, the second curved and also dilated towards the

obtuse apex; penis broad and obtuse, the apex slightly notched.

A very pretty and distinct species, belonging to the group of

M. hyalinum, &c., in the character of its coloration.

2. Macronema Wallacei, n. sp. (Pl. XVII. fig. 4, 2.)

M. antennis fuscis, ad basim flavo-ochraceis; capite, palpis,

mesothorace, pedibus, abdomineque flavo-ochraceis; alis

fuscis, nitidis; anticis ad basim flavo-albido striatis et

maculis magnis in medio albidis; posticis macula costali

magna albida. (@.)

Long. antenn. 11 lin. ; corp. 43 lin.; exp. alar. 113 lin.

Habitat in Nova Guinea (Wallace).

In Mus. Saundersiano.

Antenne fuscous, yellowish-ochreous at the base. The whole

of the body, palpi and legs yellowish-ochreous. Eyes blackish.

Anterior wings shining fuscous; at the base there are several

yellowish-white longitudinal lines, which are confluent and form

one large pale space at the extreme base; in the middle of the

wing are two very large white opposite blotches, one on the costa,

the other on the dorsal margin, each produced towards the apex ;

these blotches form a nearly entire broad band across the wing,

being separated by a very narrow line of the dark ground colour ;

the veins traversing them are yellowish ; neuration (except in the

pale spaces) dark fuscous. Posterior wings shining fuscous, with

a large white blotch on the middle of the costal margin reaching

more than half across the wing.

3. Macronema dulce, n. sp.

M. antennis flavis, basim versus vix fusco-annulatis, articulo

primo fuscescente; capite saturate fusco, maculis tribus in

fronte flavis; prothorace flavo-fusco; mesothorace antice

nigro, postice gastaneo ; palpis et pedibus flavis; alis pallide

fuscis, aurantiaco-iridescentibus, anticis vittis brevibus ad

basim albis, et fascia lata media, fere interrupta, alba; pos-

ticis spatio longo costali albo; abdomine ochraceo. (@.)

Long. antenn. 10 lin. ; corp. 33 lin.; exp. alar. 9 lin.

Habitat in insula Mysol (Wallace).

In Mus. Saundersiano. -

Genera and Species of Exotic Trichoptera. 263

Antenne yellow, finely annulated with fuscous at the divisions

of the joints towards the base; basal joint fuscescent externally.

Head rich dark brown, with three yellow spots in front. Palpi

yellow. Prothorax fuscous, somewhat ochraceous. Mesothorax

black in front, chestnut brown behind. Anterior wings pale

fuscous, with a brilliant golden reflexion ; two short whitish lines

at the base, one along the costa, the other in the middle; a broad

white fascia in the middle, nearly interrupted on the apical side

by a narrow prolongation of the dark ground colour. Posterior

wings similar in colour to the anterior; a long white space along

the costal margin; neuration in all the wings fuscous, except in

the pale spots, where it is yellow. Legs yellow. Abdomen

dull ochreous.

This species somewhat resembles the last, but may be instantly

separated by the coloration of the body.

The genus Macronema, as it now stands, may be at once recog-

nized by the remarkably small discoidal cell of the anterior wings ;

the neuration does not seem to offer any important variation in

the numerous species, but I am convinced that much remains to

be done in the way of subdividing the genus according to the

number or form of the spurs on the anterior tibiz. This has

been partially done by Kolenati (Gen. et Spec. Trichop. pt. 2, p.

239), who forms the genus Macrostemum of a section which he

says is characterized by the absence of anterior tibial spurs. I

have lately examined about twenty-seven species with a view to

ascertain if these could be arranged in any well-defined limits,

but the results are unsatisfactory, owing to their having been, for

the most part, obtained from single individuals of each species, in

some of which the spurs may havé been accidentally broken.

Moreover, I am sure that in some species the anterior spurs vary

in the sexes; as examples of this I will cite M/. capensis, Walker,

and M. fastosa, Walker. Again, some possess two long and equal

spurs on these tibiae, and others two very unequal spurs ; in some

there appears to be only one spur, and I think that others will

surely bear out Kolenati when he denies the existence of any

anterior spurs; yet appearances are sometimes deceptive, for on

examining three examples of M. apicalis, Walker, two of them

certainly appeared to have spurless anterior tibiae, whilst a third

exhibited two very minute spurs.

The following notes on the synonymy of this genus may be

useful :—

M. albovirens, Walker, and M. agraphum, Kolenati. Both

VOL. V. THIRD SERIES, PART II.— JUNE, 1866. A

264 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Descriptions of

these species are referred to Leptonema pallida of Guérin, by Dr.

Hagen in his “ Synopsis Synonymica.’” I have examined indi-

viduals that appear to pertain to the one and the other respec-

tively, and I am inclined to think that M. a/bovirens is a good and

distinct species, but that M.agraphum is identical with L. pallida.

M. albovirens, of which I have seen several examples, may be

distinguished by the green colour of the veins and the perfectly

colourless membrane of the wings; in M/. agraphum (L. pallida)

the veins are somewhat testaceous and the membrane distinctly

coloured in the areas mentioned by Kolenati.

M, signata, Walker, M. inscripta, Walker, and M. pulcherrima,

Walker, all from Sierra Leone, are possibly only varieties of one

species ; the two last, I think, are certainly identical.

Hydrcpsyche multifaria, Walker, has already been justly trans-

ferred to Macronema by Dr. Hagen.

H. vicaria, Walker, is also placed in Macronema and perhaps

justly, but the dense hairy clothing of the wings renders an exa-

mination of the neuration difficult without injuring the type.

Hydropsyche transversa, Walker, is certainly a Macronema, but

of a peculiar facies.

Leptocerus niveistigma, Walker, L. abjurans, Walker, and L,

quadrifurca, Walker (Trans. Ent. Soc. 2nd ser. vol. 5, pp. 176,

177), must form a section of Macronema. See the observations at

the end of this paper.

Genus STENopsycuE, nov. gen.

Antenne graciles, alis longiores, intus inconspicue serrate.

Caput subquadratum, “postice dilatatum, pilosum. Ocelli

magni. Palpi maxillares articulis duobus basalibus brevibus,

8° longissimo ; 4° vix 29° longiori; 5° preecedentibus in unum

zequali. Ala anticee elongate, anguste, lanceolate, ad

apicem acute, sparse pilose ; cellula discoidali parva, occlusa;

furcis apicalibus 14, 24, 3@, 44 et 5* instructee; postice valde

breviores, opace, furcis apicalibus 5* et 54 instructee. Pedes

modice longi. Calcaria 3-4-4. (¢.)

Antenne longer than the wings, fine, indistinctly serrated within,

the basal joint short. Head subquadrate, widened posteriorly,

hairy. Eyes very large, subglobose. Ocelli large and distinct,

oval. Maxillary palpi slightly hairy ; the first and second joints

short; the third very long; the fourth rather longer than the

second ; the fifth about the length of the others united. Labial

Genera and Species of Exotic Trichoptera. 265

palpismall; the first and second joints short, the latter the longer ;

the third equal in length to the others united. Mesothorax large,

hairy, somewhat trancated in front. Anterior wings long and nar-

row, the apical portion slightly dilated, the apex rather acute ;

hairy clothing slight; discoidal cell small, closed ; cellula thyridit

long ; apical forks 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 all present.* Posterior wings

much shorter than the anterior, and more than twice as broad,

opaque ; costal margin arched; apex obtuse; anal portion largely

developed ; discoidal cell small, closed ; apical neuration irregular;

forks 3 and 5 present; a transverse vein below the discoidal cell,

another below the first and more towards the apex, and a long

curved one from the base of fork 5 to the first of the costula.

Legs moderately long and slender. Spurs 3-4-4; anterior tibia:

with two short and nearly-equal apical spurs, and one short

median ; intermediate and posterior tibiae each with two long

median and apical spurs, the inner spur of each pair being the

longer. Abdomen long and moderately robust ; anal appendices

well developed and complicated.

Stenopsyche differs widely from any described genus of Hy-

dropsychide. The combined characters of the long and narrow

wings, the neuration, and the tricalcarate anterior tibia, will enable

it to be readily recognized. At present I know of only one spe-

cies, and of that only the male sex. It is probable, judging from

analogy, that the female may possess dilated intermediate legs,

1. Stenopsyche griseipennis, n. sp. (PI. XVII. fig. 5.)

S. antennis grisescentibus, ad basim indistincte annulatis ; capite

et thorace brunneis, griseo-pilosis ; oculis intense brunneis ;

ocellis flavis; alis anticis pallide griseis, confertim griseo-

fusco reticulatis et maculatis ; posticis totis sordide albidis ;_

pedibus testaceis, tibiis anterioribus et intermediis late fusco-

annulatis ; abdomine brunneo. (¢.)

Long. antenn. 14 lin.; corp. 7 lin. ; exp. alar. 20 lin.

Habitat in India orientali.

In Mus. mihi.

Antennz greyish, darker towards the apex, the basal portion

with indistinct darker annulations. Head and thorax brown, with

grey pubescence. Palpi brown. Eyes dark brown. Ocelli

bright yellow. Anterior wings pale grey, thickly reticulated and

* The numbering of the apical forks in the neuration of the wings of the

Hydropsychide is fully explained, ante, p. 125,

266 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Descriptions of

blotched with dark greyish-fuscous; the blotches are largest

towards the base and on the apex; costal margin with numerous

short transverse streaks. Posterior wings uniformly dull whitish,

opaque, the veins scarcely darker. Legs pale testaceous ; the

anterior and intermediate tibiae and tarsi broadly annulated with

fuscous. Abdomen brownish-testaceous. In the male a broad

elongated lobe proceeds from the middle of the upper margin of

the last abdominal segment, and is truncated and notched at its

apex; on each side of this lobe proceed the long, filiform, hairy

and slightly-curved superior appendices, and from beneath on each

side arises a fine cylindrical intermediate appendage, curved

strongly outwards at the tip; app. inf. broad and triangular at the

base, but ending in an elongated point; immediately below the

app. inf. are seen two thickened straight pieces, which I regard as

the lower penis-sheaths ; the penis is not apparent in my example.

The coloration of the anterior wings somewhat resembles that

of a faded example of Phryganea varia.

Genus LEPTOPSYCHE, nov. gen.

Antenne graciliores, alis triplo longiores; articulo basali inflato.

Ocelli nulli, Palpi maxillares longi; articulo basali brevis-

simo; 2° longiore, gracili; 3° et 4° brevibus, crassioribus,

fere equalibus ; 5° gracillimo, praecedentibus in unum aequali.

Ale fere nude ; antice elongate, angustee, ad apicem rotun-

datee ; venula transversa obliqua medium versus inter costam

et subcostam ; cellula discoidali aperta; furcis apicalibus 1?,

24, 34, 43 et 5 instructe ; postice late, breves, margine cos-

tali exciso; furcis apicalibus 27, 5? et 5% instructe. Pedes

graciles. Calcaria 2-4-4, Abdomen breve. Appendices

inferiores longee, graciliores. (Mas.)

Antenne very slender, about three times the length of the

wings; basal joint bulbous, scarcely so long as the head. Head

transversely subquadrate above, with a small tubercle between the

basal joints of the antenne; sides prominent, obliquely truncated.

Eyes small. Ocelli none. Maxillary palpi long and slender,

slightly hairy ; basal joint very short ; second long and slender;

third and fourth each about half the length of the second and

stouter; fifth very slender, thong-shaped, as long as, or longer

than, all the others united. Labial palpi small, the terminal

joint long. Prothorax forming a narrow collar. Mesothorax

obovate, with a rounded tubercle at each shoulder. Anterior

Genera and Species of Exotic Trichoptera. 267

wings shining, with very short and slight pubescence, narrow, the

apex elliptical; neuration fine; two oblique transverse veins

uniting the costa and subcosta, one before the middle of the

costa, and another near the termination of the subcosta; discoidal

cell open; celiula thyridii small, closed by a transverse vein ;

another transverse vein at the base of this cell, and yet another

below it towards the base of the wing; apical forks 1, 2, 3, 4 and

5 all present, fork 5 rudimentary. Posterior wings much shorter

and broader than the anterior ; anal portion well developed; cos-

tal margin excised before the apex; no discoidal cell; apical

forks 2, 3 and 5 present, fork 3 very small. Legs slender. Spurs

2-4-4; anterior tibize with two minute apical spurs; intermediate

with two pairs of long and very unequal apical spurs ; posterior

tibiae with two pairs of long and nearly equal spurs. Abdomen

short and-stout; inferior appendices long and slender.

‘There is not any described genus of Hydropsychide which

approaches this, either in general form, or in the arrangement of

the nervures; the open discoidal cell of the anterior wings is

peculiar, as it is generally closed in this family.

1. Leptopsyche gracilis, n. sp.” (Pl. XIX. fig. 8.)

L. antennis fusco-ochraceis, ad basim ochraceis ; capite, palpis

thoraceque ochraceis; oculis nigris; alis anticis nitente-

flavis ; posticis flavo-hyalinis, iridescentibus, venis flavo-

ochraceis; pedibus flavo-albidis, tarsis ochraceis ; abdomine

ochraceo ; appendicibus superioribus parvis, quadratis; in-

ferioribus longis, gracilibus, sursum incurvatis, forsitan bisar-

ticulatis. (¢.)

Long. antenn. 19 lin. ; corp. 4 lin. ; exp. alar. 13 lin,

Habitat in insula Dorey (Wallace).

In Mus. Saundersiano.

Antennz ochraceous, somewhat fuscous, at the base wholly

ochraceous. Head, palpi and thorax ochreous. Anterior wings

shining, semi-transparent, yellow, the apex slightly brownish-

ochreous. Posterior wings hyaline, tinged with yellowish, beau-

tifully iridescent ; neuration yellowish-ochreous. Legs pale yel-

lowish ; all the tarsi ochreous. Abdomen ochreous; superior

appendices very small, quadrate; inferior appendices long and

slender, curved upwards and approximating at the tips, apparently

bisarticulate, but the first joint is short and nearly concealed ;

penis thick,

268 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Descriptions of

Genus NesorsycHE, nov. gen.

Antenne graciles (alis longiores?), articulo basali brevissimo.

Caput planum, fronte magna. Ocelli nulli, Palpi maxillares

articulo basali brevi; 2° et 3° fere aqualibus, dilatatis; 4°

tenui, brevi; 5° gracili, 8° equali. Palpi labiales articulo

basali brevi; 2° longissimo, incurvato, subtus fimbriato ;

3° gracili. Ale anticee ad basin angusta, apicem versus

dilatate, apice obliquo, pilis brevibus vestite; cellula

discoidali occlusa; furcis apicalibus 1%, 23, 34, 4 et_5® in-

structe ; posticee breves, fere late ; cellula discoidali occlusa ;

furcis apicalibus 2* et 5* instructae. Pedes modice longi ;

ubiis intermediis (@) haud dilatatis. Calearia 8-4-3; cal-

caribus. apicalibus tibiarum posticarum valde inzequalibus,

uno modice elongato, incurvato, altero longissimo, robusto,

torquato. (Foem.)

Antenne slender, probably longer than the wings (broken) ;

the basal joint very short, scarcely thicker than the following.

Head smooth, subquadrate above, the front large and convex.

Ocelli none. Maxillary palpi with the basal joint short ; the second

and third joints nearly equal, broad and dilated, obliquely trun-

cated at the apex; the fourth shorter and much thinner than the

third; the fifth still thinner, not longer than the third. Labial

palpi with the basal joint short and small; the second very long,

curved, furnished beneath with a short and thick fringe of hairs ;

the third slender, not longer than the second. Prothorax well

developed. _Mesothorax smooth, convex, obovate. Anterior

wings narrow at the base, dilated towards the very oblique apex ;

hairy clothing very slight; discoidal cell short and broad, closed ;

a transverse vein unites the discoidal cell to the radius; there are

two others below this cell, and two placed towards the base of the

wing ; forks 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 all present, fork 1 very small. Pos-

terior wings much shorter than the anterior, and slightly broader,

rounded at the apex ; discoidal cell closed; forks 2 and 5 present.

Legs moderately long; the intermediate tibiz and tarsi not

dilated in the female. Spurs 3-4-3; anterior tibiz with two

moderately long and equal apical spurs, and one short spur placed

near the base; intermediate tibiee with two pairs of long spurs ;

posterior tibize with one short median spur, placed nearer the apex

than is usual, and two very unequal apical spurs, the outer mode-

rately long and of the ordinary form, the inner very long, nearly

Genera and Species of Exotic Trichoptera. 269

reaching the apex of the first tarsal joint, and much bent in a

somewhat spiral manner. Abdomen slender.

I know of no genus approaching this in the peculiar structure

of the labial palpi, or in the extraordinary form and arrangement

of the tibial spurs; on the posterior tibiae, 1 cannot detect any sign

of a second median spur, and the form of the inner apical one is

very singular.

1. Nesopsyche flavisignata, n. sp.

(Pl. XVI. fig..6 ;-Pl. XIX. fig:.6.)

N. antennis nigro-fuscis ; capite nigro, inter antennas flavo ;

palpis maxillaribus, mesothorace, abdomineque nigris ; palpis

labialibus flavis; alis anticis saturate fuscis, maculis magnis

flavis et macula snbocellata ad apicem albida; posticis fuscis,

ad apicem albido-nebulosis ; pedibus fuscis, testaceo-variis ;

tarsis omnibus testaceo-ochraceis. (§.)

Long. antenn.?; corp. 43 lin.; exp. alar. 11 lin.

Habitat ad Macassar, in insula Celebes (Wallace).

In Mus, Saundersiano.

Antenne blackish-fuscous, the basal joint yellow. Head black,

yellow between the antennae. Maxillary palpi black. Labial

palpi yellow. Mesothorax and abdomen black. Anterior wings

dark fuscous, with large yellow spots, of which a triangular one on

the dorsal margin, with a prolongation towards the base, is the most

conspicuous ; in the apex there is a large, almost circular, whitish

spot, enclosing a large pupil of the ground colour. Posterior

wings fuscous, slightly and narrowly yellowish about the middle

of the costal margin, and with an indistinct whitish cloud in the

~apex. Legs with all the cox blackish-fuscous; anterior femora

testaceous at the tips; intermediate and posterior femora testaceous,

fuscous at the base ; posterior tibia wholly fuscous; all the tarsi

tcstaceous.

Genus Hyprovsycue, Pictet.

1. Hydropsyche Edwardsii, n. sp. (Pl. XVI. fig. 7.)

H. antennis albido-ochraceis, apicem versus fuscis, articu-

lorum apicibus fusco-annulatis; capite et thorace fuscis,

albo-pilosis ; palpis griseo-fuscis ; alis anticis albis, margine

costali griseo, stria obliqua subapicali intense grisea ; posticis

270 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Descriptions of

margaritaceis, longe albo-fimbriatis ; pedibus griseo-ochraceis,

tibiis et tarsis posterioribus albis, albo-pilosis ; abdomine

griseo-albo, infra obscuriori ; appendicibus inferioribus bisarti-

culatis, articulo primo brevi, 2° longo, pallide viridi-albis ;

pene ad apicem testaceo, sub apicem haud_ tuberculato.

(Mas.)

Long. corp. 3 lin. ; exp. alar. 8 lin.

Habitat ad Melbourne in Australia (Edwards).

In Mus. mihi.

Antenne whitish-ochreous, fuscous towards the apex, and with

the tips of the joints annulated with fuscous. Head and thorax

fuscous, clothed with white pubescence. Palpi greyish-fuscous,

Anterior wings white, the costal margin greyish, and with a

dark-grey oblique transverse streak, extending from near the apex

of the costal margin half-across the wing; apical cilia greyish.

Posterior wings pure pearly-white, without any trace of darker

markings, and furnished with long white cilia. Legs greyish-

ochreous, the posterior tibize and tarsi white, with long white

hairs. Abdomen greyish-white, darker beneath. In the male the

inferior appendices are long and forcipated, the first joint very

short, the second extremely long, pale greenish-white ; penis tes-

taceous at the apex, without any apparent subapical projection.

An extremely delicate species, agreeing in all its most important

characters with the European representatives of the genus, but

differing in certain minor respects; the posterior wings being

broader, with the apical portion more strongly developed, the cilia

longer, and the posterior legs more hairy. ‘The second joint of the

inferior appendices is usually small in European forms, the first

being the longer.

Genus Sciops, nov. gen.

Antenne alis longiores, intus obsolete serrate. Caput quad-

ratum, supra politum. Ocellinulli. Palpi maxillares hirsuti ;

articulo primo brevissimo; 2° longiori; 3° vel 2° longiori;

4° 2° zquali; 5° tenuiori, precedentibus in unum zquali.

Ale fere glabra, lata: ; anticee apicem versus dilatata, sub

apicem vix excise, sed apice oblique truncato; cellula dis-

coidali occlusa; furcis apicalibus 1%, 24, 3%, 4* et 5? in-

structa ; posticee anticis Jatitudine aquales, vix breviores;

cellula discoidali occlusa; furcis apicalibus 14, 28, 34 et 54

instructae. Pedes breves ; tibils intermediis ( 9 ) haud dilatatis.

Genera and Species of Exotic Trichoptera, 271

Calcaria 2-4-4. Abdomen robustum; appendicibus inferi-

oribus ( ¢ ) forcipatis, triarticulatis. (¢ et .)

Antenne longer than the wings, slender, obsoletely serrated

within; basal joint very short. Head nearly quadrate above, the

disk smooth and polished. Ocelli none. Maxillary palpi long

and hairy ; the basal joint short; the second and fourth equal ;

the third nearly twice the length of the second ; the fifth very

slender, thong-shaped, as long as the others united. Labial palpi

small ; the basal joint short; the second longer; the third very

slender, much longer than the two others united. Prothorax

rather distinct. Mesothorax subquadrate. Anterior wings nar-

row at the base, but broad at the apex ; the apical margin obliquely

truncated, and very slightly excised just below the apex; hairy

clothing very slight, whence the wings appear smooth and polished;

neuration strong and distinct ; discoidal cell closed, rather large ;

a transverse vein below this cell, another closing the cellula thy-

ridii, and two others towards the base ; apical forks 1, 2, 3, 4

and 5 all present, forks 1 and 3 short. Posterior wings as broad

as the anterior, and but slightly shorter; fringes very short; dis-

coidal cell closed ; apical forks 1, 2, 3 and 5 present. Legs rather

short ; the intermediate tibia not dilated in the female. Spurs

2-4-4; anterior tibiae with two long and equal apical spurs; in-

termediate and posterior tibiae each with two pairs of long and

equal median and apical spurs. Abdomen robust; the apex

obliquely truncated in the female; the male provided with pincer-

like triarticulate inferior appendices.

This genus bears a certain amount of resemblance to Hydro-

psyche, but differs in the nearly-smooth and polished head and

wings, in the obsoletely serrated antenna, and in the form of the

palpi, &c. t

1. Sciops unicolor,n. sp. (Pl. XIX. fig. 7.)

S. antennis nigro-fuscis, ad medium ochraceis; capite polito,

nigro; palpis nigro-fuscis; mesothorace nigro; alis anticis

et posticis totis fuscis, nitidis, venis nigricantibus ; pedibus

et abdomine nigro-fuscis. ( 2.)

Long. antenn.?; corp. 43 lin.; exp. alar. 13 lin.

Habitat ad Tondano in insula Celebes (Wallace).

In Mus. Saundersiano.

Antenne bright fuscous, the middle portion bright ochreous.

Head shining black. Eyes, palpi, legs and abdomen dull blackish-

272 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Descriptions of

fuscous. Mesothorax dull black. Wings-totally shining-fus-

cous, with a purple reflexion in certain lights; the veins strong

and blackish.

2. Sciops oclomaculata, n. sp. (Pl. XVII. fig. 8.)

S. antennis flavo-ochraceis, ad basin et ad apicem_ obscurior-

bus; capite, thorace, abdomineque nigris; palpis ochraceo-

fuscis ; alis nigro-fuscis, nitidis, anticis albo-octomaculatis ;

pedibus fuscis, tarsis ochraceis; appendicibus superioribus

parvis, inferioribus longis, forcipatis, triarticulatis, nigris ;

pene valde exserto. (2.)

Long. antenn.?; corp. 3 lin.; exp. alar. 63 lin.

Habitat in insula Borneo (Wallace).

In Mus. Saundersiano,

Antenne bright yellowish-ochreous, somewhat fuscescent at

the base and apex. Head shining black. Eyes blackish-fuscous.

Palpi fuscous, somewhat ochreous. Mesothorax dul! black. All

the wings shining blackish-fuscous, with a purplish reflexion in

certain lights; neuration scarcely darker; on the anterior wings

there are about eight small whitish spots, regularly disposed.

Legs fuscous; all the tarsi ochreous, the anterior tibiee also

somewhat ochreous. Abdomen dull black ; superior appendices

small; inferior appendices long, black, pincer-like, the tips ap-

-proximating, triaruculate, the apical joint thinner; penis much

-exserted, and bent downwards.

Genus Portycentropus, Curtis.

1. Polycentropus orientalis, n. sp.

P. antennis et palpis pallidg flavidis; capite thoraceque fuscis ;

alis anticis pallide griseo-fuscis, aureo-maculatis, margine

costali longitudinaliter fusco-striato; alis posticis griseo-

hyalinis, cellula discoidali aperta, costulis duabus primis

non anastomosantibus ; pedibus griseo-ochraceis ; abdomine

supra fusco, infra ochraceo; appendicibus superioribus par-

vis, plano-pyriformibus ; inferioribus longioribus, subcylin-

dricis, testaceis, ad apicem truncatis, nigricantibus. (Mas.)

Long. corp. 2 lin.; exp. alar. 63 lin.

Habitat ad Macassar, in insula Celebes (Wallace).

In Mus. Saundersiano.

Antenne and palpi pale yellowish. Head and thorax fuscous.

Anterior wings pale greyish-fuscous, with golden yellow spots,

Genera and Species of Exotic Trichoptera. 273

most conspicuous on the costa; .costal margin with longitu-

dinal streaks of dark fuscous; neuration slightly darker. Pos-

terior wings hyaline, with a greyish tinge, iridescent. Legs

greyish-ochreous. Abdomen fuscous above, ochreous beneath.

In the male the superior appendices are small, flattened, pyri-

form, testaceous, and fringed with long hairs; inferior appendices

longer, subcylindrical, testaceous, the apex truncated, with the

corners rather produced and blackish.

The single example “is not in good condition, the wings being

much rubbed. In the neuration it agrees entirely with the group

of P. flavomaculatus, Pictet (vide “ The Entomologists’ Monthly

Magazine,” vol. i... page 27; ‘Trichoptera Britannica,” ante,

p. 144), except that the two first costule do not anastomose in

the middle.

Genus PsitocyorEMA, nov. gen.

Antenne graciles, alis vix longiores. Caput transversum,

inter antennas productum. Ocelli valde conspicui. Palpi

maxillares graciles; articulis duobus basalibus brevibus,

latis ; 3° elongato; 4° vix 3° breviori; 5° quam 3° longiori,

Mesothorax ovatus, in @ penicillo medio instructus. Ale

anticee in quiete fere plane, anguste, breviter et dense pi-

losze ; marginibus costali et dorsali fere parallelis; apice vix

dilatato, obtuso; basin versus spatiis nudis; cellula discoi-

dali occlusa, (et in P. mimico cellula parva abnormali infra

instructa) ; cellulis apicalibus longis, fere pariter angustis ;

furcis apicalibus 14, 2%, 38, 49 et 54 instructee; ale pos-

tice breviores, latiores; cellula discoidali aperta; furcis

apicalibus 14, 24, 34 et 5® instructee. Pedes modici. Cal-

caria 2-4-4,. Abdomen modice robustum. (Mas et Foem.)

Antenne very slender, slightly longer than the wings; basal

joint thick, shorter than the head. Head broadly transverse,

produced in front between the antenne, rugose, the hinder por-

tion forming a kind of raised collar. Ocelli very distinct, round.

Maxillary palpi slender, slightly hairy ; the two basal joints short

and broad ; the third longer and slender; the fourth shorter than

the third; the fifth thong-shaped, longer than the third. Labial

palpi with a slender terminal joint. Mesothorax ovate, with a

a raised tuft of hairs in the middle, in the male. Anterior wings

lying nearly flat when in repose, narrow, the margins nearly

parallel ; the apex somewhat dilated, obtuse and elliptical ; hairy

274 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Descriptions of

clothing short and dense ; on the cubital veins, in the male, are

tufts of raised hairs; before the middle of the wing there are

several cell-like spaces which are entirely glabrous ; neuration of —

the disk irregular; discoidal cell closed (in P. mimicum), with an

additional smaller cell placed below it, formed by the presence of

a transverse vein between the two prongs of the lower fork of

the ramus discoidalis); the apical veins long and parallel, forming

Jong narrow apical cells; apical forks 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 all present.

Posterior wings scarcely so long as the anterior and rather broader ;

pubescence scanty ; fringes moderate ; neuration irregular; forks

1,2,3 and 5 present. Legs moderately long, alike in both sexes.

Spurs 2-4-4, Abdomen moderately robust.

This singular genus differs from anything with which I am

acquainted, especially in the abnormal arrangement of the neura-

tion, and in the position of the wings in repose; in this latter

condition the single species known to me bears a striking resem-

blance to a Micro-Lepidopterous insect of the genus Depressaria.

1. Psilochorema mimicum, n. sp. (Pl. XVIIT. fig. 4.)

P. antennis fuscis, flavo-annulatis, ad apicem totis fuscis ;

capite et thorace castaneis; palpis brunneis; alis anticis

fuligineo-fuscis, aureo- et albo-signatis, fascia ante apicem

indentata albida, basin versus penicillis pluribus nigricanti-

bus; alis posticis griseo-hyalinis ; pedibus griseo-ochraceis,

tarsorum articulorum apicibus pallide flavo-annulatis; abdo-

mine nigricante-fusco ; appendicibus superioribus (¢) mi-

nimis, ad apicem clavatis, pilosis; inferioribus maximis,

latissimis, vix galeatis, intus concavis et dentibus parvis

multis nigris, margine exteriore late emarginato. (¢ et ¢.)

Long. corp. 3 lin. ; exp. alar. 73 lin.

Habitat in Nova Zealandia.

In Mus. Brit.

‘

Antenne fuscous, annulated with yellow, the apical portion

wholly fuscous. Head and mesothorax dark chestnut-brown.

Palpi brown. Metathorax polished chestnut-brown. Anterior

wings smoky-fuscous, with pale golden and whitish markings,

most plentiful on the dorsal half; a whitish indentated fascia a

little before the apex ; several raised tufts of blackish hairs along

the dorsal margin towards the base. Posterior wings greyish-

hyaline. Legs greyish-ochreous, the tips of the tarsal joints an=

Genera and Species of Exotic Trichoptera. 275

nulated with pale yellowish. Abdomen blackish-fuscous, the

appendices testaceous. In the male the superior appendices are

very small, slender at the base and clavate at the apex, hairy ;

inferior appendices very large and broad, concave, and furnished

with numerous minute blackish teeth internally, the outer margin

broadly emarginate ; between the app. inf., on the superior por-

tion, arises a long flattened and obtuse piece, which I regard as

the upper penis- cover,

Observations on the Species of Trichoptera described by

Mr. Walker, in Vol. V. of the 2nd Series of the Trans.

Ent. Soc., pp. 176—180.

Phryganea divulsa. The type is a female, not a male as is

represented by Mr. Walker. It is very closely allied to P.

cinerea, Walker, from Hudson’s Bay, and perhaps identical there-

with. Nevertheless the locality (Haiti*) renders its distinctness

possible, and one should see the male to be able to speak with

certainty.

Limnophilus griseus, from Haiti, does not differ from the ordi-

nary European form of that species. The specimen is a male,

without abdomen.

Leptocerus niveistigma, L. abjurans and L. quadrifurca, have no

resemblance to Leptocerus save the long antennze and the narrow

wings, and do not even belong to the Leptoceride. ‘The neuration

is identical with that of Macronema, and I consider them as form-

ing a section of that genus characterized by the narrow and

elongate anterior wings. In all three species the anterior tibiz

appear. to be spurless, but the apex of the tibize is very obliquely

truncated, and drawn out into a point, which might be mistaken

for a spur, only that it is above, instead of below, the insertion of

the first tarsal joint. The type of L. quadrifurca is a female, not

a male as described.

- * I suppose always that the locality ‘ Haiti’’ is correct; but both this

insect and Limnephilus griseus are forms that one would scarcely expect to

find within the tropics.

276 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s Descriptions of

Macronema percitans is a good species of that genus, with

possibly two very minute anterior spurs in the male.

Genus Musarna. This genus belongs to the Sericostomide and

not to the Leptoceride. It is in part identical with Barypenthus,

Burmeister, as has already been noticed by Hagen in his ‘ Sy-

nopsis Synonymica.” The single type of each of the three

species is a male and not a female as described; by some error

the words ‘ Mas et Feem.” and * Male and Female” are inserted at

the head of the generic diagnosis and description. The three

species are large and conspicuous insects, remarkable for their

very broad wings, those of A/. claudens being shorter than in the

others; they bear considerable resemblance to each other, but

according to recognized rules they must be placed in two genera.

In all three the maxillary palpi of the males are ascending, the

joints of nearly equal thickness and sparsely hairy; but in MM.

aperiens (Pl. XVIII. fig. 3) and M. interclusa, these palpi are four-

jointed, whereas in M. claudens (Pl. XVIII. fig. 2) they are only

three-jointed ; the terminal joint in the first two species is small.

The neuration of the wings is arranged in much the same manner

in all three, but again there is a striking difference, for in M.

aperiens and M., interclusa there is one more apical cell in both

pairs of wings than in M. claudens, the lower branch of the

ramus thyrifer in the anterior wings being bifurcate in the two

former and simply furcate in the latter, with a corresponding

difference in the forks of the posterior wings.*

M. claudens (P]). XVII. fig. 2) is identical with Barypenthus

rufipes, of Burmeister (Handb. Ent. ti. p. 929, 2); the diagnosis

of the latter is short and unsatisfactory, but the figure by Kolenati

(Gen. et Spee. Trichop. pt. 2, tab. iv. fig. 48) leaves no doubt on

the subject. It seems probable, however, that Burmeister, and it

is certain that Kolenati, included one of the other species of

Musarna of Walker under the generic term Barypenthus, for I

think that B. concolor of Burmeister is identical with AJ. aperzens

of Walker; and Kolenati, in his description of the genus Bary-

penthus, says that the maxillary palpi are four-jointed, although

Burmeister in his generic description states that the maxillary

palpi of the males are distinctly tiree-jointed ; this agrees with B.

‘rufipes, which must therefore be considered as the type of the genus,

* Inthe type of M. aperiens the sixth apical cell in the right anterior wing

is divided by a transverse vein, placed not far from the base of the cell; this

is wanting in the left wing, and is simply an aberrant variation, This vein

is indicated by a dotted line in Plate XVIII. fig. 3.

Genera and Species of Exotic Trichoptera. 277

The two genera, Barypenthus and Musarna, may therefore be

advantageously retained; J. claudens being transferred to Bary-

penthus, as identical with B. rufipes, and MM. aperiens and M,

interclusa remaining under Musarna, the former, however, being

probably identical with B. concolor. M. interclusa appears to be

distinct from M. aperiens from its universally darker colour, of

which even the legs and the underside of the abdomen partake.

Genus Curgia. This is possibly a good new genus, but the

type of C. braconoides bears extreme resemblance to Chimarra.

The description is very faulty. The second joint of the maxillary

palpi does not present ‘a spine at its tip,” as mentioned by Mr.

Walker; but at that spot there is a tuft of long bristle-like hairs,

quite analogous to what is found in Chimarra marginata. In the

diagnosis we find the words “ tibize posteriores calcaribus duobus

longis apicalibus,” and lower down, ‘tibia posticae calcaribus

doobus mediis ;” similarly in the description we find the-words

* posterior tibiae with two long apical spurs,” and lower down

hind tibiae with two middle spurs ;” the natural supposition is

that the words “ posteriores” and “ posterior’ were written: by

mistake for ‘* anteriores” and “anterior,” and this view Dr. Hagen

appears to have taken, and has thereby been misled into describ-

ing the spurs, in his ‘* Synopsis Synonymica,” as 2-3-4. In reality

the anterior tibia are without spurs, and the intermediate tibiz

have four spurs, instead of three. It is true that in the type-

specimen, one of the median spurs is broken off from one of the

intermediate tibige, and on the other one spur is closely pressed

against the tibi itself, and is difficult to see; but there it is,

without doubt, and as long as the others. Hence the spurs

of Curgia (¢) are 0-4-4. The neuration is very similar to that

of Chimarra marginata, but the cell-like spaces on the disk of

the wing of that genus are not represented in Curgia ; the apical

veins are quite the same. Iam not sure that Chzmarra possesses

a closed discoidal cell in the anterior wings, which is the case-in

Curgia, although here the transverse veins are transparent, and

not seen well, except from the underside. The type is a female.

I repeat that Curgia and Chimarra are very closely allied, and

jt is possible that if the former be really distinct, some (or all) of the

described exotic species of the latter should be transferred to it.

No locality is mentioned for Curgia braconoides ; the type ts

labelled “ St. Domingo.”

(278)

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

PuaTeE XVII.

1. Phryganea Maclachlani, 9.

2. Asotocerus ochraceellus, % 2.

3. Macronema Saundersii, 4.

4. Macronema Wallacei, 9.

3, 0+ Stenopsyche griseipennis, &.

6. Nesopsyche flavisignata, 2; 6% posterior leg.

7. Hydropsyche Edwardsii, g.

8. Sciops octomaculata, g.

Prate XVIII.

Fig. 1. Neuration of Pycnocentria funerea, &; 1* head and palpi, 1» posterior

leg, 1¢ anal appendices (above), 14 ditto (side), 1¢ neuration of g ;

1f maxillary palpus of 9.

» 2. Neuration of Barupenthus rufipes, $; 2% maxillary palpus, 2° labial

palpus, 2¢ anal appendices (above), 2¢ ditto (side).

» 38. Neuration of Musarna aperiens, ¢; 3* maxillary palpus, 3° anal ap-

pendices (above), 3¢ ditto (side.)

», 4. Neuration of apical portion of anterior wing, and of the whole of

the posterior wing of Psilochorema mimicum; 4* maxillary palpus,

4 anal appendices of $ (side), 4° ditto of 9 (side).

PuaTE XIX.

Fig. 1. Neuration of Ganonema pallicorne, 9; 1% maxillary palpus, 1? anal

appendices (above), 1° ditto (beneath).

», 2. Neuration of Asotocerus ochraceellus; 2* maxillary palpus.

» 3 Neuration of Notanatolica magna, 9; 3* maxillary palpus, 3 anal

appendices (above), 3¢ neuration of apical portion of anterior

wings of ¢, 34 anal appendices (above), 3° ditto (side).

», 4. Neuration of Macronema Saundersii ; 4* anal appendices, ¢ (side).

», 95. Neuration of Stenopsyche griseipennis, ¢; 5* maxillary palpus,

5> labial palpus, 5¢ anal appendices (above), 54 ditto (side),

5¢ ditto (beneath).

», 6. Neuration of Nesopsyche flavisignata, 9; 6% maxillary palpus,

6> labial palpus.

» 7 Neuration of Sciops unicolor, 9; 7* maxillary palpus, 7° labial palpus.

», 8. Neuration of Leptopsyche gracilis, @; 8% maxillary palpus, 8> anal

appendices,

CZ)

IV. List of the Longicornia collected by the late Mr. P.

Bouchard, at Santa Marta. By Francis P. Pascog,

F.L.S., &c.

[Read January Ist, 1866.]

Durtne the few months that the late Mr. Peter Bouchard spent

at Santa Marta, in the state of New Grenada, he made and sent

to this country two collections of insects. They were perhaps

more interesting than extensive, but, had he lived, he would pro-

bably have more fully justified the anticipations that were enter-

tained regarding the insect Fauna of that part of South America.

More devoted to the Lepidoptera than to the Coleoptera, his col-

lections of the Jatter were less numerous than might have been ex-

pected ; nevertheless they contained fifty-three species of Longi-

corns, and as twenty-five of these are new or not previously de-

scribed, I have thought that a list of them would be acceptable to

the Society.

The fifty-three species belong to no less than forty-five genera ;

of these forty are already characterized, four are hereinafter de-

scribed (two of them being of entirely novel form), and the

remaining one will be defined by Mr. Bates in the valuable

account which he is publishing of the species collected by himself

on the Amazons.

AcANTHODERES CIRCUMFLEXUS, Duval.

STEIRASTOMA* HIsTRIONIcCUM, White.

STEIRASTOMA LYCAON, N. sp.

S. nigrum, nitidum, interrupte griseo-pubescens ; prothoracis

spina bifida laterali vix producta, dente antico fere obsoleto ;

tarsis totis nigris.

Black, shining, strongly carinated above, the interstices covered

with a brownish-grey pubescence; head witha raised line in

front, not on the vertex; antennz about half as long again as the

body in the male, the scape smooth ; prothorax with the anterior

marginal tooth at the side almost obsolete, the bifid lateral spine

* Serville, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. iv. p. 24,

VOL. V. THIRD SERIES, PART III,— JUNE, 1866, ~ U

280 Mr. F. P. Pascoe’s List of the Longicornia

only slightly produced, the anterior part of it very small, disk

quadri-tuberculate, the central line replaced by a broad flattish

callus anteriorly; scutellum triangular; elytra short, ovate, the

dorsal keel very strongly marked and sending forth anteriorly a

short branch directed towards the apex of the scutellum, the inter-

mediate keel interrupted in the middle, and having at that point a

whitish spot, apices rounded; body beneath and legs black, shining.

Length 6 lines. |

Differs from S. histrionicum in the more feeble armature of the

prothorax, the ovate outline of the elytra, their prominent carinz

and rounded apices, the smoothness of the scape, and other

characters. There was only one specimen of this species. Very

little stress can therefore be laid on its size, otherwise it is the

smallest species of the genus.

SrerrAsToMA STELLIO (De}j.).

S. pubescens, albidum, fuscescente nebulosum; spina bifida

laterali valde producta, dente antico minuto; tarsis anticis

nigris, czeteris albidis, articulis duobus ultimis exceptis.

Covered with a short dense whitish pubescence ; the mesial line

confined to the vertex, cheeks below the eyes glabrous, black ;

prothorax with the anterior marginal tooth short, the bifid lateral

spine strongly produced, especially the anterior part of it, and

pointing forwards; disk dark brownish, with thin strongly-raised

smooth lines ; scutellum rounded behind ; elytra short, ovate, the

dorsal keel not strongly marked, crowned with a line of small

granules at the base, the intermediate and lateral keels still less

strongly marked, all covered by the pubescence, sides brownish,

between the base and middle a short oblique black line, behind the

middle an angular line forming with its fellow, though not quite

meeting on the suture, a W-shaped mark, along the suture a few

black spots, apices obliquely truncate; body beneath black, the

sides with a whitish pile; antenna a little longer than the body in

the male, covered with a short greyish tomentum; legs greyish,

the tibiz and tarsi varied with dark brown; the anterior tarsi

black.

Length 7 lines.

This is, I believe, the Stctrastoma stellio of Dejean, and, so far

as I am aware, it has not been published. The elytral carine are

much less prominent than usual, forming in fact little more than

angular lines, while those on the prothorax, and the bifid lateral

tooth, are strongly developed.

collected by the late Mr. P. Bouchard at Sta. Marta. 281

LAGOcHEIRUS ARANEIFORMIS, Linn.

JETHOMERUS* VERRUCOSUS, N. Sp.

AE. fusco-brunneus, tenuiter squamulosus ; elytris inzequalibus,

basi elevatis, cristatis, lineis verruciferis duabus_posticis

* Thomson, Essai, &c., p. 338 (Macromerus, Dej.) Two unpublished

4Ethomeri in my collection may here be described :—

1. £thomerus cretatus.

AE. fuscus, tenuiter squamulosus; elytris cervino-variegatis, basi cristatis,

pone cristam oblique excavatis et cretato-notatis, apicem versus haud

depressis, linea cretata signatis; femoribus anticis cretato-variegatis.

Much stouter than M. verrucosus, chocolate-brown, varied with dark fawn-

colour, and covered more or less with a minute scaly pubescence; cheeks,

side of the prothorax and anterior femora, except on the inner surface, with

close-set chalky scales; disk of the prothorax with a few coarse punctures

and two luteous tubercles, behind each of which is a black triangular patch ;

scutellum subquadrate, fawn, the sides dark brown; elytra irregular, raised at

the base, a narrow straight tuberculate crest on each side, space between the

crests and middle of the elytra fawn-coloured, with transverse pale lines, be-

hind the crest an oblong oblique excavation, marked with chalky white;

the apex not depressed, dark brown, with an oblique chalky line; body be-

neath dark brown; sides of the abdomen with white spots; coxe testaceous ;

legs greyish-testaceous, varied with brown; antenne greyish-testaceous, the

scape with a brown ring.

Length 53 lines.

Well distinguished. by the chalky lines on the elytra and unicolorous

antenne#., This species is sometimes found under the Fabrician name_ of

antennator. It is not, however, the one recently described by Mr. Bates as

that species.

2. Zithomerus analis.

/B. fusco-griseus, tenuiter squamulosus; prothorace albido, vittis duabus

nigris; elytris variegatis, apice subito depressis, albidis.

Fulvous-brown, with a pale-greyish squamosity ; head varied with greyish’

prothorax tuberculate as in the last, the middle greyish, the sides clouded

with brown; scutellum nearly semicircular; elytra irregular, a short curved

tubercular ridge on each side at the base, the interspace and sutural region

to beyond the middle fulvous-brown, this colour more or less varied with

brown on the rest of the elytra, except the apical portion, which is snowy-

white, behind the middle two curved tubercular lines, and a straight tuber-

cular line along the side; body beneath and legs varied with fulvous-brown

and dark brown, the latter with whitish rings on the femora and tibiz ;

antenne five times as long as the body, fulvous-grey, the scape and extremity

darker. '

Length 53 lines.

Resembles to a certain extent Z. Lacordairei in colour, but is less robust:

it is remarkable for the excessive length of the antenna.

982 <- Mr, F. P. Pascoe’s List of the Longicornia

spatium includente, Jateribus rngoso-punctatis et verrucosis,

apicem versus subito depressis; antennis, basi excepta,

omnino.pallidis.

Dark reddish-brown, with thin scaly pubescence ; head with a

white spot behind each eye; antennze very slender, about five

times as long as the body, very pale-yellowish, darker at the

base; prothorax strongly bituberculate, the sides behind the

lateral tooth greyish; scutellum semi-circular; elytra very irre-

gular, raised at the base, a narrow tuberculate crest on each side,

two warty lines beginning a little before the middle and passing

backwards to the apex, inclosing a comparatively smooth space

between them, posteriorly the elytra are rather suddenly de-

pressed towards the apex, the sides from the shoulders roughly

punctured and furnished with several prominent warty tubercles;

body beneath reddish-chesnut ; legs brownish, varied, especially

the femora, with darker.

Length 5 lines.

Nearly allied to 4. asperulus, White, but more uniformly

coloured, the tubercles at the sides slender and prominent, and the

spaces between the lines of tubercles on the dise more excavated.

This member of the group is also found at Rio.

Onycnocerus scorpio, Oliv.

ALPHUS*® ASELLUS, N. Sp.

A. fuscus, pube grisea albido-varia tectus ; prothorace trans-

verso, disco sige eet utrinque taberculates elytris apicem

versus attenuato-rotundatis.

Dark brown, covered with a dense grey pile, varied on the elytra

with whitish ; head with a broad elevated line on the vertex ;_ pro-

thorax transverse, disk nearly regular, with a few course punctures

at the base, and a short broad tubercle on each side; scutellum

triangular ; elytra gradually tapering from the base to the apex,

the approach to the latter, therefore, gradually attenuated, not

suddenly rounded ; body beneath, legs and antenne with a short,

slightly silky pubescence.

Length 6 lines.

An obscure species as regards colour, but distinguished by the

regular prothorax and tapering elytra. I owe the determination

of the genera of this and of the next species to Mr. Bates.

Sire

* J. Thomson, Essai, &e., p. 10.

collected by the late Mr. P. Bouchard at Sta. Marta, 283

ALCIDION®™ PRIVATUM, ND. sp.

A. breve, brunneum, pube griseo-ochracea tectum; prothorace

in medio depresso, immaculato; elytris obscure griseo-fas-

ciatis, apicem versus fusco- et griseo-strigosis, apicibus oblique

subtruncatis.

Reddish-brown, with a greyish-ochraceous pubescence; eyes

approximating om the vertex ; prothorax depressed in the middle,

a small callus posteriorly, a few coarse punctures at thé base and

apex ; scutellum triangular, rounded at the apex ; elytra subovate,

the centro-basal ridges well marked and clothed with short semi-

erect hairs, a broad but very indistinct band across the middle,

behind this a few streaky spots of dark brown and greyish,

apices slightly truncate, the inner angle rounded; body beneath

reddish-chesnut, pubescent at the sides; legs and antennz grey-

ish, annulated with dark brown,

Length 43 lines.

; Simmilae in colour to A. triangulare, Batés, but much stouter.

Alcidion is distinguished from the allied genera by the absence of

the lateral spine or tooth of the prothorax.

Lerturces } AMABILIS, Bates.

LrrTuRGES FIGURATUS, Nn. Sp.

L. testaceus, pube grisea tectus; capite inter antennas valde

coneavo; elytris rufo-castaneo-plagiatis, plagis plerumque

lateralibus et irregularibus, apicibus rotundato-obliquis ; an-

tennis pedibusque testaceis, illis articulorum apicibus nigri-

cantibus.

Fawn-coloured, caused by the dark testaceous derm blending

with the thin grey pubescence; head deeply excavated between

the antenne ; prothorax sparingly punctured; scutellum trian-

gular; elytra with reddish-chesnut patches, one forming an oblique

streak at the base, the shoulder entirely chesnut, behind this and

connected with it at the side a large squarish patch, a larger one

behind the middle almost meeting at the suture, and a smaller

spot toward the apex, the apices obliquely rounded ;_ body be-

neath and legs testaceous, the tips of the intermediate and poste-

rior femora and tibiz blackish ; antennz nearly twice as long as

the body, slender, testaceous, the tips of the joints blackish.

Lenoth 3 lines.

* J. Thomson, Essai, &c., p. 12.

} Bates, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, xii. p. 367.

284 Mr. F, P. Pascoe’s List of the Longicornia

Very distinct from all the numerous species described by Mr.

Bates. Lepturges is well distinguished from Leiopus by the

trapezoidal form of the prothorax, and the lateral spine placed at

its posterior angle, or rather it may be said that the lateral spine is

absent and the posterior angle produced.

CoLoBoTHEA* DISTINCTA, N. Sp.

C. cervina, ochraceo- et fusco-varia, praesertim prothorace plagis

duabus discoideis, extus flavo-marginatis; elytris apicibus

spina externa productis.

Densely pubescent, fawn-coloured, varied with buff-yellow and

dark brown; head fawn in front, two lines on the vertex and

the cheeks buff; antennz fawn, the fourth to the last joints, except

the seventh and ninth, pale at the bases; prothorax with two

brown oblong patches on the disk, each bordered externally with

a buffish-yellow stripe; scutellum triangular; elytra with two

principal buff spots, one nearly transverse behind the middle, the

other smaller and prze-apical, both bordered with dark brown, a

few spots towards the base, one especially near the apex of the

scutellum, behind the shoulder also a large dark spot anteriorly

bordered with buff, apices emarginate, the outer angle termi-

nating ina strong spine; body beneath and legs fawn, varied with

buff.

Length 4—443 lines.

This well-marked species is found also in Guatemala and Costa

Rica.

CoLopoTHEA N&VIA, Bates.

EutrYpanus Assuta, Bates.

CarTERIca } OPTATA, N. Sp.

C. nigra, et pallide flava; elytris subsulcatis.

Densely pubescent; head-pale yellow, the vertex black ; an-

tennze twice as long as the body, dark brown, the scape black ;

prothorax transverse, contracted at the base, yellow, a broad

central stripe and a narrower lateral one just above the acetabulum

black; scutellum semicircular, black; elytra black, a broad band

behind the middle, and the shoulders, pale yellow ; apices rounded

* Serville, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. iv. p. 69.

f¢ Thomson, Essai, &c., p. 19.

collected by the late Mr. P. Bouchard at Sta, Marta, 285

at the suture, and shortly angulated externally ; body beneath

yellowish, the abdomen smoky-black ; legs black, covered with a

short greyish-white pile, the under part of the anterior femora

yellowish.

Length 5 lines.

In this species the elytra are only very slightly sulcated, and

the interspaces can scarcely be said to be raised into lines as in

C. cinctipennis. The disposition of the colours is nearly the same

in both, but the yellow is very pale.

Onciperes Boucuarot, Bates.

Cypros, n. g.

Caput magnum, antice quadratum, clypeo bisinuato, tuberibus

antenniferis remotis. Ocudi tenue granulati, late emarginati.

Antenne breves, lineares; scapo subelongato, curvato, api-

cem versus incrassato; articulo tertio scapo «quali; quarto

breviore, ceteris perbrevibus. Prothorax cylindricus, mu-

ticus, capite haud latior, antice paulo armatus. E/ytra pro-

thorace multo latiora, fere parallela, brevia, basi callosa, apice

subito declivia. Pedes breves; femora incrassata; tarsi zequa-

les. Coxe antic subglobosee. Pro- et meso-sterna subelevata.

This genus, I think, will take its place near Eudesmus, Serv.,

notwithstanding its unarmed prothorax. It will readily be dis-

tinguished among the shorter and more compact Apomecynine

by its abruptly declivous elytra, and their basal callosities.

Cypros Leucurus, n. sp. (PI. XX. fig. 5.)

C. fuscus, pubescens; capitis prothoracisque lateribus, elytro-

rum apice, et corpore subtus, albis.

Dark brown, with a somewhat paler pubescence; head irregu-

larly punctured, varied with dark brown, grey and reddish-

brown, the cheeks behind the eyes white; prothorax irregularly

impressed with two or three curved transverse lines on each side,

a median stripe and the sides below white; scutellum rounded

behind ; elytra nearly impunctate and paler in the middle, the

sides coarsely pitted with shallow punctures, the intervals thrown

into transverse irregular folds, the declivous portion of the apex

white and nearly impunctate, callosity at the base with a stout

tooth-like spine anteriorly, i. c. on each side of the scutellum ;

boly beneath with a close whitish pubescence ; legs and antenne

286 Mr. F, P. Pascoe’s List of the Longicornia

brown, varied with white, the latter about half the length of the

body.

Length 6 lines. ;

SryenesIs, n. g.

Caput rotundatum, convexum, tuberibus antenniferis obsoletis.

Oculi grosse granulati, parvi, in medio emarginati. Antenne

breves, lineares, basi distantes ; scapo obconico ; articulo tertio

duplo longiore ; czeteris brevioribus et gradatim decrescenti-

bus. Prothorax cylindrieus, capite haud latior. Elytra pa-

rallela, elongata, prothorace paulo latiora. Pedes brevissimi ;

Jemora antica crassiora, tars? breves, zequales, articulis tribus

basalibus sub-latis. Coxe antice subconicee. Pro- et meso-

sterna simplicia, declivia.

In the South American series of Apomecyning this genus may

be placed near Agennopsis, Thoms., from which it differs in the

simple mesosternum, more cylindrical form, and shorter legs, the

hinder pair being placed nearly midway between the apex of the

prothorax and the end of the elytra.

STYGNESIS PUNCTIGER, N. sp.

S. fuscus ; prothorace confertim, elytris seriatim fortiter ‘punc-

tatis, illo lateribus griseo- pubescentibus.

Nearly cylindrical, brown; head remotely punctured; eye

nearly equally divided by the sinus; prothorax coarsely and

closely punctured, the disk nearly glabrous, the sides with a close

dull greyish pubescence ; scutellum triangular; elytra coarsely

seriate-punctate, somewhat irregular posteriorly, the intervals

thinly pubescent, the apices rounded; body beneath, legs and

antennze with a sparse greyish pile, the latter rather longer than

half the length of the body.

Length 3 lines.

TTESSARECPHORA ARACHNOIDES, J. Thoms.

T2NI0TES scaLaris, Fab.

PTYCHODES TRILINEATUS, Lin.

AMILLARUS APICALIS, J. Thoms.

The female has the elytra entirely black; the four posterior

legs and the antenne are also black.

collected by the late Mr. P. Bouchard at Sta. Marta, 287

ZEALE, n. g.

Caput antice subquadratum, convexum. Antenne basi dis-

tantes, fimbriatee, elongate ; scapocylindrico; articulo tertio

longiore ; ceteris gradatim decrescentibus. Prothorax bre-

viter cylindricus, basi paulo constrictus. Zlytra brevius-

cula, apicem versus sensim angustiora, lateribus haud cari-

nato-declivibus. | Femora subincrassata; tarsi mediocres,

zequales ; ungues bifide. Pro- et meso-sterna simplicia.

The absence of the carina on the line where the declivous por-

tion of the elytron commences is, I am inclined to think, one of.

the main distinctions between the. Amphionychine and the Phy-

teciine, and consequently the present genus will belong to the

latter. The affinities are not very obvious, but it is evidently not

to be placed in any genus hitherto described.

ZEALE SCALARIS, n. sp. (PI. XX. fig. 1.)

Z. nivea; antennis basi, capite inter oculos, prothoraceque ma-

culis nigris; elytrorum marginibus, apice, fasciisque tribus

ad suturam interruptis, nigris.

Pubescent, snowy white, barred and spotted with black ; head

white, a black band between the eyes, and two black spots in

front ; antennz twice as long as the body, the scape black, the

rest of the joints brownish-yellow tipped with black; prothorax

with four black spots, a central, an anterior, and two lateral ; scu-

tellum white; elytra white, the sides and four bands (not meeting

at the suture, and the last nearly apical) black, apices emarginate ;

body beneath dark brown on the breast, the abdomen yellowish,

the sides white ; legs yellow, the claws black,

Length 4 lines.

TsomertDA* amicta,n. sp. (PI. XX. fig. 2.)

I. fulvo-grisea ; prothorace utrinque macula magna lete cru-

enta ornato,

Covered with a yellowish-grey pubescence, with longer hairs

intermixed ; head yellowish; antennz longer than the body, fim-

briated, black, the bases of all the joints from the third inclusive

white ; prothorax transverse, the central line black, sides bright

* This genus will be defined by Mr. Bates in an early number of the Ann,

& Mag. Nat. Hist. The type is Amphionycha albicollis (Dej.)

288 Mr. F. P. Pascoe’s List of the Longicornia

blood-red; scutellum brown; elytra parallel, subtruncate at the

apices, yellowish-grey, the sides, end, and apex shading into

dark brown, a central yellowish stripe on each not extending to

the apex or base; body beneath yellowish, shaded with brown,

the third and fourth abdominal segments lemon-yellow, the last

segment black; legs yellowish ; the tarsi brown.

Length 5 lines.

Resembles I. albicollis (Dej.) in everything but colour, which,

however, is very marked. It may be, possibly, only a variety of

that variable species.

Hemitoruus? MURINUS, N. sp.

H. fusco-griseus; vertice, vittis duabus obliquis prothoracis,

et articulo quarto antennarum, albis.

Thinly pubescent, greyish-brown ; head brownish-yellow, very

convex in front, greatly depressed between the bases of the an-

tenne ; lip and mandibles black; palpi testaceous ; eyes promi-

nent, distant on the vertex; prothorax transverse, scarcely as

broad as the head, brownish-yellow, darker at the base, the sides

with an oblique scaly whitish stripe; scutellum dark brown ;

elytra nearly parallel, strongly anguiato-deflexed at the sides, the

apices rounded, brownish-grey, paler at the shoulders; body be-

neath dark brown, shining, the sterna pale pitchy; legs testa-

ceous, darker towards the tarsi; antennz brownish, sparingly

pilose, half as long again as the body, the third joint as long as

the fourth and fifth together.

Length 4 lines.

This species is only provisionally placed with Hemlophus.

Puza* crocata,n. sp. (PI. XX. fig. 3.)

P. flava, nitida; prothorace croceo ; capite, antennis, fascia ely-

trorum, et segmento ultimo abdominis, nigris.

Loosely pilose; head black, sparingly punctured ; prothorax

reddish-yellow, with a few scattered punctures ; scutellum trans-

verse ; elytra lemon-yellow, irregularly punctured, a broad black

band a little behind the middle ; body beneath pale yellowish, the

last abdominal segment glossy black ; legs yellowish; antenne

about as long as the body, black.

Length 4 lines.

* Newman, Entom,. i. p. 13.

collected by the late Mr. P, Bouchard at Sta. Marta, 289

A very distinct species. The central callus of the prothorax is

not nearly so elevated as is in the following.

PHA ASTATHEOIDES, n. sp.

P. rubra, nitida; elytris antennisque nigris.

Loosely and rather shortly pilose, reddish-orange, the elytra,

eyes and antenne only, black; head finely punctured; tips of

the mandibles brown ; antennz shorter than the body, the scape

punctured and shining; prothorax with small distant punctures,

the central callus very prominent; scutellum triangular ; elytra

shining, coarsely and rather irregularly punctured ; body beneath

and legs impunctate, glossy, with a few scattered lines.

Length 3—6 lines.

Also very distinct, but in colour approaching P. acromela,

Pase., which, however, inéer alia, has the body beneath, tibize and

tarsi black,

EvuRYPTERA* RUFICOLLIS, N. sp.

E. nigra; capite, prothorace, femoribusque anticis rufis ;

elytrorum apicibus rotundatis.

Coarsely pubescent, black; head and prothorax orange-red,

space between the eyes dark brown ; scutellum triangular ; elytra

narrow, parallel at the sides, the apices rounded, the whole sur-

face closely punctured ; body beneath black, the propectus and

anterior coxze yellowish; antennz nearly linear, more than half

the length of the body; anterior and intermediate tarsi subequal,

rather short, 7. e. not longer than the basal joint of the posterior ;

claw-joint small.

Length 43 lines.

The different proportions of the tarsi, the smallness of the

claw-joint, and the narrow elytra, separate this species from the

typical form of Luryptera.

Euryrrera ? LYCIFORMIS, D. Sp.

E. sericea, pubescens ; antennis, tiblis tarsisque pro parte, et

fasciis duabus elytrorum, nigris.

Silky, tawny-yellowish; antenna, tibize except at the base, the

last three joints of the tarsi, and two bands on the elytra, black ;

scutellum narrowly triangular; elytra gradually expanding from the

* Serville, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. iv. p. 222.

290 Mr. F. P. Pascoe’s List of the Longicornia

shoulders to near the apex, which is rather abruptly rounded,

first band directly before the middle, the second considerably be-

hind it and continued to the apex ; body beneath and legs yellow-

ish, slightly nitid, varied or clouded with black; antenne fusi-

form, hairy ; all the tarsi much shorter than the tibiae, the ante-

rior shortest, claw-joint small.

Length 44 lines.

The form of the antenna, and shorter tarsi with small claw-

joints, are also at variance with the ordinary characters of Hury-

plera; but as the genus appears to be a large one it will require

to be more thoroughly examined than has yet been done before

it can be decided how far the characters. mentioned will afford

sufficient grounds for the establishment of new genera.

AcYPHODERES BRACHYPTERUS, Chev.

Cuaris* coRINNA, N. sp.

C. nigra, fronte et fasciis tribus prothoracis flavis; elytris in-

fuscatis; pedibus fulvescentibus, tibiis posticis fusco-fasci-

culatis. ©

Black; head with a bright yellow pubescence in front; an-

tenne less than half the length of the body, fulvous, darker to-

wards the apex, and beyond the middle fusiform, with the joints

scarcely dilated ; prothorax black, with three bright yellow bands $

scutellum narrowly oblong, its apex and the base of the elytra with

bright yellow hairs, the rest of the elytra nearly glabrous, clouded

with brown, and having each a pale-yellowish spot cowards the

apex, which is slightly rounded externally ; body beneath brown-

ish, an oblique pale yellow line on each side of the metasternum,

the first abdominal segment pale ochreous ; legs fulvescent, the

posterior tibiae clothed on the apical half with long brown hairs,

their tarsi pale straw-colour.

Length 5 lines.

The limitations between the three genera Charis, Odontovert

and Acyphoderes are anything but well defined. Excellent gene-

ric characters may be drawn from the types of each, almost as a

matter of course, but the characters, as usual, shade off until

nothing reliable remains. In a rough kind of way, but one of

those which, I am sure, will be found in a multitude of cases,

the only conscientious course that can be pursued, Charis is

* Newman, Entom. i. p 21.

collected by the late Mr. P. Bouchard at Sta. Marta. 291

distinguished by the greater length of its hind legs, and globular

prothorax ; Odontocera by the globular prothorax but shorter

posterior legs—this excludes O. gracilis of Klug and its allies,

which Serville has formed into a ‘* subdivision ;” and Acyphoderes

by its flattish irregular prothorax, and its disk marked with three

elevated ridges—this excludes 4. crinitus, Klug. Our collections

contain numerous forms which it will be necessary to separate,

and this has been done already to a certain extent by M. J.

Thomson. The present species resembles Odontocera fasciata,

Oliv., in its banded prothorax.

CoMETES FLAVIPENNIS, Buq.

ListropTeRA ATRA, Chev.

Cosmisoma pLuUMicornis, Drury.

Described and figured by Drury, under the. name of Leptura

plumicornis, Mlustr., &c. iii. p. 74, pl. xlix. fig. 3. In the

Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1865, pp. 170, 171, four well-marked species of

Cosmisoma from the Argentine Republic have been described by

Prof. Burmeister.

RHOPALOPHORA* INTINCTA, N. Sp.

R. eneo-nigra, subnitida ; prothorace confertim punctato, rufo,

marginibus anticis et posticis exceptis ; elytrorum apicibus

sub-acutis ; antennis nigris.

Dark brassy-black, subnitid ; head rather closely punctured ;

prothorax very closely punctured, the disk equal, without any

depressions, constricted anteriorly, and suddenly contracted at

the sides posteriorly, dark red except at the constricted margins ;

scutellum broadly triangular; elytra closely punctured, flattish,

scarcely broader than the prothorax, each ending in a subacute

angle; body beneath brassy-green, the anterior pectus dark red;

legs with scattered long black hairs, tarsi short, the first and

second pairs subequal ; antennze about half as long again as the

body, black, the fourth joint rather more than half the length of

the third, and considerably thicker than the following, fimbriated

beneath.

Length 5 lines,

* Serville, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr, iii. p. 100,

292 Mr. F. P. Pascoe’s List of the Longicornia

This species and the following are only provisionally referred

to Rhopalophora,* the prothorax being differently formed, and

the tarsi, especially the second and third pairs, being much shorter.

The genus wants a revision notwithstanding M. Chevrolat’s

monograph.

RuHoPpALOPHORA MASTULA, Nl. Sp.

R. chalybeata, subnitida; prothorace confertim punctato, nigro;

elytrorum apicibus acute productis.

Generally resembling the last species, but smaller and slen-

derer, more of a blueish than a greenish hue; the prothorax black,

and the apices of the elytra prolonged into a short mucro; the

underside is bright steel-blue, the breast darker; antennze and

tarsi the same in form and proportion.

Length 3 lines,

Catuicuromay scitutum (Dej.).

C. aurec-viride ; elytris vittis duabus nigro-viridibus ; antennis,

tibiis, tarsisque nigris, femoribus luteis.

Bright golden-green; head brilliant metallic green, mandibles

iridescent at the tips; prothorax metallic green, slightly corru-

gated in the centre, with four dark green stripes ; scutellum tri-

angular, grooved in the middle; elytra bright green, each with

two dark stripes, one central, the other along the exterior margin;

body beneath brilliant green; femora luteous; tibiae and tarsi

black ; antennz rather longer than the body, black..

Length 6--8 lines.

A well-known species under the name of C. Cayennensis

(Dup.) Having an antipathy to geographical names, I ‘have pre-

ferred to adopt Dejean’s, relying on the authority of the British

Museum Catalogue. It will not come into any of M. J. Thom-

son’s new genera.

Curysoprasist BoucnarDt, n. sp.

C. aureo-viridis, pilis brevibus suberectis instructa; antennis

nigris, scapo subviride; elytrorum lateribus cuprescentibus,

apicibus subtruncatis, angulo exteriori haud producto,

Bright golden-green, with a short stiff sub-erect pubescence,

* That is, the genus as represented by R. collaris, Germ. (R. sanguinicollis,

Serv.)

+ Latreille, Regne An. v. p. 118, — t Serville, Ann. Soe. Ent. Fr. iii. p. 5,

collected by the late Mr. P. Bouchard at Sta. Marta. 293

and everywhere closely punctured, except on the abdomen and

antenne ; elytra with a coppery tint at the sides, the apices sub-

truncate, with the outer angle not produced but rather slightly

rounded ; abdomen luteous, impunctate ; femora bright green ;

tibiz and tarsi black; antennz black, the scape with a slight tint

of green.

Length 5 lines.

Closely allied. to an undescribed species known in collections

as Chrysoprasis pubescens, but differing essentially in the form of

the apices of the elytra and in the short stiff pubescence.

OrtHosToMA ABDOMINALE, Gyll.

CrRAGENIA BicoRNIs, Fab.

PHENIDNUS, Nn. g.

Caput breve, antice paulo productum., Antenne ¢ corpore

fere duplo longiores, serrate; ¢ breviuscule, 1 1-articulatz ;

scapo subpyriformi; articulo tertio vix scapo longiore, apice

paulo dilatato; czteris brevioribus et bilateraliter dilatatis.

Prothorax levigatus, utrinque pone medium angulato-den-

tatus, postice fortiter constrictus. Scutellum angusté trian-

gulare. £lytra subtrigonata, humeris prominulis, rotundatis.

Pedes mediocres, antici breviores; femora clavata. Pro-

sternum elevatum, sub-latum. Mesosternum declive, in medio

dentatum.

In some of its characters this genus is intermediate between

Lissonotus and Charinotes, differing from the former in the lateral

prothoracic spine and declivous mesosternum, from the latter in

its smooth prothorax and 11-jointed antennee—at least in the

female—while from both it differs in its elongated muzzle. The

only male in the collection has but ten joints to its antennz, the

last or perhaps two last having been lost. In this and the

allied genera forming the sub-family Trachyderine, the form of

the scutellum appears to have a real generic value ; in this genus

it has that of a long narrow triangle. ‘The species described

below bears a marked general resemblance to Lissonotus corallinus,

especially in its coloration,

PHENIDNUS LISSONOTOIDES, n. sp. (PI. XX. fig. 6.)

P. niger, subnitidus; elytrorum parte anteriori, abdomine,

pedibusque, tarsis exceptis, obscure rubris.

Black, glabrous, subnitid; head very slightly punctured ;_pro-

thorax nearly impunctate ; elytra with small scattered punctures,

294 Mr. F. P. Pascoe’s List of the Longicornia

shoulders and posterior part black, the rest dull red, apex rounded ;

body beneath black ; abdomen, femora and tibize dull red; tarsi

black.

Length 7 lines.

Lissonotus coraLLinus, Dup.

Lissonotus FLAvociInctus, Dup.

TRACHYDERES INTERMEDIUS, Dup.

ANCYLOSTERNUS SCUTELLARIS, Oliv.

Oxymerus Lesasi, Dup.

PTEROPLATUS VARIABILIS, Sallé.

Expurta DipyMA, Oliv.

Mecomerorus tatus, Fab.

Neoctytus* scEenicus, n. sp. (Pl. XX. fig. 7.)

N. fuscescens ; prothorace disco carinis tribus asperis ; elytris

basi cervinis, lineis tribus fuscis in triangulum (apice versus

scutellum) dispositis, in-medio linea cervina literam V. simu-

Jante, pone medium fascia flava subtriangulari.

Finely pubescent; head and prothorax dark brown, covered

with pale-greyish hairs, the latter with three dorsal ridges, each

marked with several transverse prominent tubercles ; scutellum

triangular; elytra fawn-coloured at the base, marked by two

oblique brown lines proceeding from near the apex of the scutel-

lum and joined posteriorly by a transverse line; behind this line

and almost in the middle of the elytra, a narrow V-shaped band,

behind the middle on each elytron a lemon-yellow patch, the two

forming a band of a broadly triangular shape, apices truncate

with a prolonged spine at the external angle; body beneath

chesnut-red, with a reversed V-shaped yellowish mark on the

metasternum; the base of the femora, tibia and tarsi. chesnut-

red, the clavate portion of the femora dark brown; antenne

reddish-brown, darker towards the tips.

Length 5—6 lines.

* J. Thomson, Mus. Scient., p. 57; replacing Rhopalomerus, Chev. (Ann.

Soc. Ent. Fr, 1860, p. 457), a name pre-occupied in the Diptera.

collected by the late Mr. P. Bouchard, at St. Marta. 295

Allied to N. impar, Germ., but the coloration at the base of

the elytra is totally different. I have retained the MS. name it

bears in M. Chevrolat’s Collection, now in the British Museum.

APILOcERA* PostTicA, n. sp. (Pl. XX. fig. 4.)

A. rubida, tertia parte apicali elytrorum griseo-sericea ; pro-

thorace oblongo-globoso, convexo, longitudinaliter plicato ;

antennis rubidis, apicem versus infuscatis,

Brownish-red, with erect scattered white hairs; head flattish in

front, thinly pubescent ; eyes nearly completely divided; antennz

reddish, the terminal joints dark brown, the spine of the third

joint as long as the scape; prothorax oblong-globose, very

convex, finely grooved or wrinkled longitudinally ; scutellum

large, subcordate; elytra with an oblong callosity on each side at

the base, before the middle a transverse narrow ivory line, not

extending to the suture, behind the middle a black glabrous

band; the posterior third covered with a greyish silky pu-

bescence; abdomen beneath black, breast and legs reddish, the

tibize and tarsi darker.

Length 3 lines.

Four or five species of Apilocera have been described by M.

Chevrolat. The form of the prothorax and its longitudinal

grooves will serve, inter alia, to distinguish this new member of

the group.

This genus has been long known in collections under the name

of Eplophorus, given to it by M. Chevrolat himself many years ago.

He places it near Tillomorpha, Bl., but in reality it is very closely

allied to Euderces, Lec., and, excepting the longer spine at the

apex of the third antennal joint, I scarcely see how it is to be

distinguished from the latter. Both have fusiform intermediate

and posterior femora, which differentiate them from Cyrtophorus.

Homeemota, Pasc., an Australian genus, is also closely connected

with the above, but there is not any spine to any of the joints of

its antenne.

PsALIDOGNATHUS MODESTUS, Fries.

I refer with some doubt the specimens sent by Mr. Bouchard

* Chevrolat, Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr., ser. 4, t. ii, p. 61. M. Chevrolat

writes Apelocera and Apilocera indifferently. The latter appears to be the

more correct.

VOL, V. THIRD SERIES, PART IIl.—JUNE, 1866. x

296 Mr. F. Pascoe’s List of Longicornia.

to this species, which is described in the Stockholm Kongl. Vet.

Akad. Handl., 1833, p. 327, tab..ix. fig. 19, fig. 3¢. The de-

scription is in Swedish, with a Latin diagnosis of five words.

It isa black shining insect with a short bifid lower lip, but differs

from M. Fries’ figures, which are exceedingly well executed, in

the obtuse not-pointed spine behind the eye, and the well-marked

apiculus terminating the sutural line; there are also two rather

“prominent raised lines on each elytron, which are not shown on

the plate. ‘The members of the genus Psalidognathus, judging

from the common P. Friendii, are very variable in size, colour,

and even in form, according to the sex ; and when this is the case

it is difficult to arrive at a satisfactory conclusion as to specific

distinctness without a large number of specimens. The males

differ from the females, inter alia, in the fore-tibize being thickened

and to a certain extent fusiform, with the inner margin clothed

with short closely-set hairs.

MacroponTIA CERVIcorNIs, Linn.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

PraTE XX.

Fig. 1. Zeale scalaris.

» 2. Isomerida amicta.

» 9%. Phea crocata.

», 4. Apilocera postica.

»» O« Cydros leucurus.

»» 6. Phoenidnus lissonotoides.

» + Neoclytus scenicus,

( 297 )

V. Catalogue of Buprestide collected by the late M.

Mouhot, in Siam, §c., with Descriptions of New

Species. By Epwarp Saunpers.

[Read 5th March, 1866.]

Bur little was known of the Entomological Fauna of the East

Indian Isles until Mr. Wallace sent over his large and valuable

collections, the study of which has given Entomologists a good,

though of course a far from perfect, knowledge of the insects of

those productive regions.

The Entomology of Siam is at present in a less advanced state,

but the collections sent home by the late M. Mouhot afford at

least an idea of the fine insects to be found there, and of which we

should doubtless have received a far greater number had not M.

Mouhot succumbed to the evil effects of the climate in the midst

of his entomological labours. Amongst the many beautiful insects

he collected the Buprestide stand in a prominent position, and I

have chosen these to form the subject of the present paper, as

being a family in which I am especially interested; and I think

that, as the Buprestide collected by Mr. Wallace have been so

ably described by M. H. Deyrolle, a list of the species obtained

by M. Mouhot in Siam may tend to increase the knowledge of this

family, and of the geographical distribution of its genera and its

species.

Altogether I find in his collections forty-four species, of which

I believe thirty-three to be new ; of the remainder, six are speci-

fically identical with insects collected in the East Indian Islands

by Mr. Wallace. There are three forms for which I propose to

create new genera, the first of which, Cardiaspis, should be placed

next to Dicereomorpha of H. Deyrolle, the second, Engycera, next

to Melobasis, and the third, Oncomeea, between Brachys and Pa-

chyscelus.

On the whole the species seem, as one might expect, to belong

more to the Indian Fauna than to that of the oriental islands.

All the species described in this paper are from my own col-

lection,

x 2

‘

298 Mr. E. Saunders’ Catalogue of Buprestide

Genus Sternocera, Eschs.

Sternocera equisignata (HH. Deyr. MS.), n. sp.

S. viridi-cuprea; thorace largissime ac valde punctato ; elytris

basi albifoveatis ; pectoris lateribus abdominisque segmentis

utrinque albimaculatis.

Shining green, with golden reflexions. Antenne bluish-

black. Head depressed, punctured, the punctures very large

and deep in front, so as to give it a somewhat rugose ap-

pearance; forehead with a slight median furrow. ‘Thorax at

the base almost twice as broad as long; sides rounded and

gradually diverging to the posterior angles; disk very smooth

and brilliant, covered with large remote punctures, the punctures

becoming closer together and in many cases confluent on the

sides, giving them a rugose appearance ; on the base at each side,

midway between the dorsal line and the margin, is a deep small

pit, formed as it were of two or three of the discal punctures.

Elytra finely punctured, a little wider than the thorax, almost

straight for about three-fifths of their length, then gradually con-

verging to the apex, which is trispinous ; on the margin behind

the shoulder on either side is a carina, which extends about

one-fifth of the entire length of the elytra, it then turns

inwards and becomes lost in an obsolete ridge; on each

side of the base is a fovea, filled with a white pubescence.

Abdomen punctured, the upper edge covered with a whitish

pubescence, which extends on to the under side of the first seg-

ment; an oblong longitudinal spot on each side of the breast, and

two spots on each of the four latter segments of the abdomen, co-

vered with similar pubescence; posterior margin of each segment

cyaneous; tip of the sternum blue-black. Legs punctured;

tarsi bronzy.

Length 16—18 lines ; breadth 63—73.

Pachbon.

Sternocera punctatofoveata, n. sp. ?

A. sp. pracedente differt elytrorum disco foveis minutis

sparso.

A variety of the preceding species ?

Differs by the elytra being scattered over with numerous faint

collected by the late M. Mouhot, Sc. 299

depressions formed by the accumulation of minute punctures ; the

punctuation of the thorax not so coarse ; in other respects simi!ar

to S. equisignata.

Length 183 lines ; breadth 7.

Siam.

Sternocera ruficornis, n. sp.

S. viridis ; capite dense punctato ; thorace valde largeque punc-

_tato; elytris S. @quisignate similibus; abdominis mar-

ginibus anticis aureo-pubescentibus; antennis pedibusque

testaceis,

Green, with blue reflexions. Antenne and legs testaceous, the

latter with a bronzy tint. Head with a slight dorsal furrow,

closely and deeply punctured, becoming rugose between the eyes.

Thorax at the. base once and a-half as broad as long; anterior

margin rounded and finely ciliated, sides widening till beyond the

middle, then nearly straight to the posterior angles; base slightly

sinuate; disk covered with large remote punctures, becoming

slightly larger at the sides; at the base on each side is a faint

oblong impression. Elytra nearly twice as long as broad, sides

rounded, widest a little behind the middle; apex with three

spines, the exterior ones the longest; disk finely punctured,

covered sparsely with very short white hairs, the punctures ar-

ranged in very irregular longitudinal strize; near the posterior

margin of each elytron are two rows of very minute pubescent

white spots ; base with two fovee filled with white pubescence.

Beneath punctured, the sides of the breast, the upper edge of

the abdomen, two transverse spots on the anterior margin of the

two middle segments (almost uniting in the middle), and a trian-

gular spot on each side of the apical segment, covered with golden

pubescence.

Length 17 lines; breadth 7.

Pachbon.

Closely allied to S. @quisignata, from which it differs by its

more closely punctured head; by its thorax, of which the punc-

tures are smaller and less deep; by the margins of the ab-

domen being covered with a golden pubescence, instead of

having a white spot on each side; and by its yellow antennz

and tarsi.

300 Mr. E. Saunders’ Catalogue of Buprestide

Genus CaToxanTHA, Solier.

Catoxantha gigantea, Linn.

Chrysochroa bicolor, C. & G. Monog. Bupr. i. Gen, Chrysochroa,

p- 3, pl. i. fig. 1.

Siam. :

Var. brunnea (Pl. XXI. fig. 1). Differs from the ordinary form

by having the whole upper surface purplish-brown, except the

tubercles on the thorax, which are of the ordinary colour;

and the yellow spots on the elytra are represented by dull-green

spots

Siam

Genus Curysocuroa, Solier.

Chrysochroa rugicollis, n. sp. (Pl. XXI. fig. 2.)

C. capite thoraceque igneo-cupreis, rugosis, nitentibus ; elytris

testaceis, fasciaé cyanea in medio, apiceque ejusdem coloris :

Subtus cyanea, pubescens, thorace pectorisque lateribus igneo-

cupreis.

Head coppery-red, brilliant and rugose; deeply and widely

furrowed between the eyes. Antenne bluish-black. Thorax

transverse, trapeziform, brilliant fiery copper, in some lights

purplish ; anterior margin almost straight, sides slightly in-

curved, posterior angles largely rounded and somewhat swollen,

base broadly and deeply lobed ; disk smooth and brilliant, with a

faint dorsal ridge covered with large irregular punctures, sides

impressed and very rugose. Elytra yellowish-white, much wider

than the thorax, about twice as long as broad, with four lon-

gitudinal ridges; sides slightly swollen beyond the middle, then

gradually rounded to the apex, which is somewhat truncate, and

has asmall sutural spine; the margin, the apical third, and an inter-

rupted band midway between it and the base, forming two somewhat

triangularly oval spots, the exterior sides of which are prolonged

so as almost to reach the shoulder, cyaneous. Underside of

thorax and sides of breast red-copper, pubescent ; abdomen, centre

of breast and legs blue; centre of abdominal segments green.

Length 23 lines; breadth 84,

Laas.

This species differs from C. Buguetii in having the thorax en-

tirely rugose and red, instead of the disk being blue and shining,

as it is in that species,

collected by the late M. Mouhot, §c. 301

Chrysochroa Saundersii (H. Deyr. MS.), n. sp.

C. capite viridi, punctato; thorace purpureo-brunneo, lateribus

aureo-cupreis; elytris thorace concoloribus, fascia testacea in

medio ornatis.

Head green on the vertex, golden in front, deeply punctured,

slightly furrowed on the top, deeply excavated and very rugose

between the eyes. Antenne blue-black. Thorax transverse, a

little more than once and a-half as broad as long at the base ;

anterior margin almost straight, very slightly emarginate in the

centre, the angles inclining forwards ; sides nearly straight; base

slightly sinuate, forming a broad and very shallow lobe ; disk with

a slight central ridge, covered with remote punctures, brown-

purple, sides brilliantly golden-copper and rugose, posterior

angles green, the angles themselves smooth and brilliant. Elytra

finely punctured, about a-fifth wider than the thorax, and three

and a-half times as long as the head and thorax together ;

shoulders largely rounded, sides slightly curved inwards as far as

the centre, where they bulge out very little, and then gradually

converge to the apex, which is rounded and multidentate, the

sutural spine longest ; suture and four ridges on each elytron, ap-

proaching each other at the apex, somewhat elevated ; elytra

brown-purple with greenish reflexions, each traversed by a broad

central testaceous band, which scarcely touches the suture,

and the margins of which are broadly edged with blackish-

blue. Beneath punctured, brilliant coppery ; each segment of

the abdomen posteriorly margined with green ; sides of the breast

and aspot on the anterior margin of each segment of the abdomen

covered with a shining golden pubescence ; two small spots on the

anterior margin of the Ist, 8rd and 4th segments shining black $

apical segment deeply notched. Legs punctured, green; tarsi

greenish purple.

Length 24—19 lines; breadth 8— 3.

Siam.

Differs from C. Edmwardsii, Hope, by the sides of the abdomen

beneath being covered with a golden sericeous pubescence, by

its more elongate form, and by the shape of the band on the

elytra.

Chrysochroa Mniszechii, H. Deyr.

Ann. Soc. Ent. Franc. 1861, pl. xvi. fig. 1.

Siam.

My specimen differs from M. H. Deyrolle's figure by being of

a bright green.

302 Mr. E. Saunders’ Catalogue of Buprestide

Chrysochroa Chinensis, C. & G.

Cast. & Gory, Monog. Bupr. i. Gen. Chrysochroa, p. 7,

pl. ii. fig. 5.

Siam, Pachbon.

Genus Curysoprema, Cast. & Gory.

Chrysodema aurostriata,n. sp. (Pl. XXI. fig. 8.)

C. cupreo-viridis; thorace aureo-punctato, lateribus rugose

foveatis ; elytris punctatis, utrisque lineis tribus elevatis et

viridibus, interstitiis aureo-cupreis: Subtus viridis.

Coppery, with greenish reflexions. Antenne blue-black.

Head green, punctured ; deeply and widely excavated between

the eyes. Thorax one-third broader than long at the base ;

anterior margin almost straight, sides straight, gradually widening

posteriorly, base slightly sinuate ; disk covered with golden punc-

tures, having a rather broad smooth dorsal line impressed at the

base ; sides rugose, each with a curved longitudinal rugose fovea,

reaching from the base almost to the anterior margin, coppery red ;

the disk on each side of the dorsal line tinged with the same

colour. Scutellum brilliant coppery. Elytra strongly punctured,

sides subparallel for two-thirds of their length, then gradually

rounding to the apex; the posterior margin denticulated for about

one-third of its entire length; suture, margin, and three somewhat

elevated ridges on each elytron, green; the interstices golden-

copper; two impressions on each elytron, one below the shoulder

extending from the second to the third ridge, and the other situate

about a third of the entire length of the elytron from the apex be-

tween the third and fourth, coppery red. Beneath punctured,

green, with coppery reflexions. Legs punctured, green.

Length 14 lines; breadth 5.

Laas. :

Genus Irtporanta, H. Deyr.

Iridotenia igniceps, n. sp.

I. capite cupreo; thorace viridi, remote punctato, lateribus

rugosis ; elytris thorace latioribus, basi impressis, margine

posteriore denticulato: Subtus punctata.

Green, with golden reflexions; head coppery red; antennz

black blue. Head punctured, deeply excavated and furrowed in

frout between the eyes, the excavation having on each side near

collected by the late M. Mouhot, Sc. 303

the vertex a somewhat polished elevation, Thorax once and a-

half as broad as long, anterior margin straight; sides rather

sinuous, gradually diverging posteriorly, base straight; disk re-

_ motely punctured, with a faint coppery dorsal line, met at the base

by a deep puncture; sides very deeply and rugosely punctured,

with a rugose fovea almost touching the lateral margin about one-

third of the entire length of the thorax from the base (this cha-

racter appears to be very variable, as in some specimens it hardly

exists at all). Scutellum small and brilliant. Elytra a little

broader than the thorax, irregularly impressed at the base; sides

rather sinuate as far as the centre, then converging to the

apex, which is obtuse; posterior margin denticulated; disk

punctured, the punctures becoming larger and closer together

as they approach the sides; just above the margin is a well-

marked carina, which extends from the shoulder to the apex.

Beneath punctured, covered with remote hairs, Legs punctured,

hairy.

Length 17—14 lines; breadth 54—43.

Camboja, Siam, Laas, Pachbon.

Allied to I. aurolimbata, H. Deyr., but differs by its deeply

punctured elytra, its much longer thorax, and its coppery head.

Genus Lampretis, Dejean.

Lampetis puncticollis, n. sp.

L. zxreo-viridis; capite rugoso; thorace rugose punctato,

linea dorsali levi, basi duabus impressionibus notata ; elytris

punctato-striatis, interstitiis foveis aureis numerosis minutis

interruptis : Subtus punctata.

Dark bronzy-green, with coppery reflexions. Head rugose

and flat in front; margins of the eyes: ciliated. Thorax twice as

broad as long; anterior margin nearly straight and somewhat

elevated, especially at the sides ; sides gradually rounded and di-

verging posteriorly ; base almost straight, posterior angles slightly

enclosing the base of the elytra; disk remotely punctured, with a

broad smooth dorsal line, met at the base by two deep punctures ;

sides deeply and largely punctured. Scutellum smooth and small.

Elytra scarcely broader than the thorax, gradually converging to

the apex, which is faintly ciliated ; each is armed at the apex

with two spines, the sutural ones obtuse; disk punctate-striate,

304 Mr. E. Saunders’ Catalogue of Buprestida

somewhat rugose on the sides, the interstices interrupted by num-

bers of small golden fovee filled with cream-coloured pubescence,

those on the margin much larger; margins green. Beneath

punctured, covered with grey hairs; prosternum quite smooth and

very brilliant; on each segment of the abdomen are two longitu-

dinal hairy bands, running parallel to the margins. Legs punc-

tured, hairy ; tarsi green.

Length 144 lines ; breadth 6.

Pachbon.

Lampetis psilopteroides, n. sp. (PI. XXI. fig. 10.)

L. capite viridi, rugoso; thorace brunneo, viridi-punctato, lateri-

bus rugosis; elytris punctato-striatis, interstitiis maculis

auratis multis interruptis ; prosterno bisulcato.

Green ; antenne greenish-black. Head green, rugose, with two

caring, one on each side, running parallel to the eyes, strongly

marked in front, less so behind, uniting posteriorly so as to form

a heart-shaped enclosure. Thorax almost twice as broad as long ;

anterior margin straight, sides straight, gradually diverging to-

wards the base, which is slightly rounded, with a small central

smooth space, somewhat triangular, just above the scutellum ; disk

brown, deeply punctured, punctures very irregular and golden,

sides rugose and green. Scutellumsmall and smooth, Elytra at

the base wider than the thorax, twice as long as broad ; shoulders

much enlarged, somewhat angulose; sides gradually converging

to the apex, a little swollen behind the middle; each elytron

armed with two spines, the sutural ones obtuse; disk punctate-

striate, rugose behind the shoulders, the interstices interrupted by

numerous golden spots, formed of small clusters of punctures ;

margins, suture and apex of elytra green ; posterior margin cari-

nated. Beneath rugose, golden-green on the sides, red-purple in

the centre; prosternum bisulcate, punctured. Legs green, punc-

tured; tarsi blue.

Length 15 lines; breadth 6.

Siam.

Lampetis viridicuprea, n. sp.

L. psilopteroidi: similis, sed ab illa differt thoracis lateribus plus

rotundatis ac minus rugosis, elytris minus acuminatis, et

prosterno trisulcato.

Golden-coppery, punctured. Closely allied to L. psilopteroides,

collected by the late M. Mouhot, §c. 305

but shorter and of a more oval form; the rugosities on the head

are somewhat similar, but the lateral carinze do not unite behind.

Thorax more quadrate ; the punctures more regular on the disk ;

sides less rugose and rounded. Scutellum slightly larger. Elytra

scarcely wider than the thorax; shoulders not enlarged; sides

Jess attenuated behind, subparallel for about two-thirds of their

entire length, then converging to the apex ; apical spines more

obtuse than in the preceding species. Elytra scarcely twice as

Jong as broad, the ground colour of the disk being lighter than in

the preceding, and the golden spots do not show so brightly

against it. Beneath similar ; prosternum trisulcate.

Length 14 lines; breadth 54.

Siam.

Lampetis affinis, n. sp.

L. speciebus duabus precedentibus affinis. A ZL. psilopteroide

differt mensura minore et humeris non prominentibus. A

L. viridicupreé forma angustiore, capite minus rugoso, pro-

sternoque bisulcato.

Closely allied to the two preceding species, between which it

almost forms a link. Smaller than Z. psilopteroides, from which

it differs by the want of the prominent shoulders, by the much

closer punctuation of the thorax, by the carine on the head not

uniting at the vertex, and by the denser punctuation of the pro-

sternum. From ZL. viridicuprea it differs by its narrower form,

by the rugosities of the head being less strongly marked, and

especially by its bisuleate prosternum.

Length 12 lines; breadth 43.

Camboja, Pachbon.

Obs. These three species are probably but varieties of one

another; but having only a very few specimens, I have been obliged

to keep them as species; they are very variable in punctuation,

and probably more specimens would show similar modifications

of form.

Lampetis fastuosa, Fab.

Var. B.—I have one specimen of a small narrow form of Lam-

petis, which I believe to belong to this species ; it differs from the

typical form in size only.

Length 9 lines; breadth 3.

Pachbon,

306 Mr. E. Saunders’ Catalogue of Buprestide

Genus Dicercomorrpna, H. Deyr.

Dicercomorpha cupreomaculata, n. sp. (Pl. XXI. fig. 7.)

D. capite rugoso; thorace purpureo-nigro, rugoso, foveis flavo-

I g ; g

pubescentibus; elytris cupreo-maculatis, apice bispinoso :

Subtus aurea, nigro-maculata, punctata.

Dark purplish-black, covered with golden coppery spots; the

spots clothed with a yellow deciduous pubescence. Head rugose,

with a faint irregular raised line on each side between the eyes;

the rugosities filled with a yellow pubescence. Thorax nearly

twice as broad as long; anterior margin and base almost straight ;

sides diverging to the middle, then nearly straight ; disk remotely

punctured, with a punctured dorsal furrow; sides rugose, the

elevated portions black and glabrous, the foveolets themselves

filled with whitish powdery pubescence ; near the posterior angle

on each side is a very deep pit; posterior angles green. Scutel-

lum smooth and brilliant. Elytra little wider than the thorax,

parallel for about two-thirds of their length, then rapidly con-

verging to the apex, which is somewhat truncate and ciliate ;

each elytron armed with two spines ; disk punctate-striate, black-

blue, covered with coppery foveolets, which in fresh examples

are filled with yellowish powdery pubescence; the shoulders and

two or three ridges on the elytra are slightly raised, especially

near the apex; apex and suture green. Beneath golden, punc-

tured, with a deciduous pubescence, spotted with black-blue.

Legs punctured, slightly hairy, green ; tarsi rather darker.

Length 12—9 lines; breadth 4—3.

Laas.

CarDIasPis,* n. g.

Caput parvum; oculi magni, in vertice approximati; anten-

narum cavez magne, ab epistomate infra marginate. Thorax

postice latissimus. £lytra ad humeros latissima, apice sex-

dentato. Scutellum magnum, cordiforme. Tarsi dilatati.

Head small; eyes large, very little prominent, approximate on

the vertex ; epistome slightly emarginate and elevated, forming the

inferior margins of the antennary cavities, which are very large;

their lateral margins are formed by two carine branching from

the epistome, which are produced along the edges of the eyes

without touching them. Antenne with the five basal joints rounded,

the remaining portion serrate ; first joint pyriform, second short,

* Kagdia, heart; a&zas, shield (scutellum).

collected by the late M. Mouhot, Sc. 307

third scarcely longer than the second, the second and third toge-

ther about equal in length to the first, the fourth and fifth longer,

the remainder about equal in length, dilated. Thorax widest

behind, very short. Scutellum very large, cordiform, slightly

carinated on each side. Elytra widest at the shoulders, sides

somewhat sinuate, apex sexspinose. Prosternum flat. ‘Tarsi

somewhat dilated.

Differs from Dicercomorpha, H. Deyr., by its large cordiform

scutellum, its general facies, and especially by the epistome being

carinated and produced on either side, so as to form the inferior

margins of the antennary cavities,

Cardiaspis Mouhotii, n. sp. (Pl. XXI. fig. 9.)

C. viridis, punctata; thoracis disco elevato; elytrorum apice

sexspinoso ac ciliato.

Bright green, punctured. Head deeply punctured on the

vertex, with a deep ovate fovea between the eyes in front, the

margins of which are elevated, irregular, quite smooth and bril-

liant. Thorax much enlarged behind, twice as broad at the base

as long; the anterior margin only half as wide as the base,

almost straight, smooth, lined with fine cilia of white hairs; sides

gradually rounded, elevated and smooth, base largely lobed, disk

deeply punctured and somewhat rugose, slightly elevated pos-

teriorly, the posterior angles of the elevation forming two bright

spaces on the base, each placed midway between the centre and

the lateral margin ; sides rugose, foveated irregularly along the

margin, and a slight fovea on each side of the discal elevation.

Scutellum very large, transversely cordate ; with a depression in

the centre and a deeply cut straight line on each side of it. Ely-

tra striate, wider than the thorax ; humeral angles much enlarged,

sides somewhat converging behind the shoulders, then swelling

out as far as the centre, whence they gradually converge to the

apex, which is truncate and armed with six strong spines, the two

external ones broad and pointing outwards; the apex is also

finely ciliated ; striae somewhat punctuated, the interstices more

deeply, punctures increasing in size and depth as they approach

the sides. Beneath punctured, covered with sparing white hairs;

apical segment more densely clothed, carinated along the centre,

and bidentate at the apex. Legs punctured, slightly hairy; tarsi

bluish-green.

Length 123 lines; breadth 53.

Laas.

308 Mr. E, Saunders’ Catalogue of Buprestide

Genus Castaia, Cast. & Gory.

Castalia bipustulata, Boisd.

Cast. & Gory, Monog. Bupr. ii. Gen. Castalia, p. 3, pl. i.

fig. 2.

Pachbon and Laas.

I have a variety of this species from Laas in which the spots

are almost obliterated, and the rest of the insect bright green”

instead of blue.

Genus Eneycera,* n. g.

Caput latum ; oculi minuti, remoti, prominentes ; antennarum

caveze minute, super epistoma posite ; epistoma emargina-

tum. Jlytra margine posteriori denticulato,

Head swollen, large; eyes small, prominent, very remote;

epistome emarginate; antennary cavities small, situated rather

close together, just above the epistome; antennz with the four

basal joints rounded, the remaining portion serrate; first joint

very long, second and third short, fourth longer, the rest about

equal in length, rather shorter than the fourth, dilated. Thorax

narrower than the head, widest behind. Elytra depressed at the

base, posterior margins denticulate, apex slightly rounded. Ab-

domen large. ‘Tarsi slightly dilated.

This genus in general form resembles Melobasis, but differs

essentially on comparison, especially in the position of the anten-

nary Cavities.

Engycera rufimarginata, n. sp. (PI. XXI. fig. 4.)

E. capite viridi, punctato; thorace quam capite angustiori,

viridi, punctato, transverseque striato ; elytris viridibus mar-

ginibus rubro-cupreis, striatis, interstitiis ipsis transverse et

rugose Striatis: Subtus cenea, punctata.

Head green, large, swollen, deeply and largely punctured, very

slightly furrowed on the vertex ; eyes remote, prominent. Thorax

green, narrower than the head, at the base once and a-half as

broad as long; anterior margin rounded; sides straight, widen-

ing to the base; posterior angles produced and acute; base nearly

straight; disk punctured, the punctures large, deep and regular,

* "Eyyus, near; xégas, horn.

collected by the late M. Mouhot, sc. 309

forming transverse lines posteriorly. Scutellum smooth and

green. Elytra wider than the thorax, not quite twice as long as

broad; sides denticulate, parallel for two-thirds of their entire

length, then converging to the apex, which is rounded; disk

green, striate, interstices punctured and rugosely striated trans-

versely; sides bright coppery, the colour extending almost half-

way across each elytron. Beneath dull bronzy, punctured, with a

few scattered fine whitish hairs. Legs punctured, green.

Length 43 lines; breadth 13.

Pachbon.

Engycera purpuriceps, n. sp.

E. viridis, capite purpureo, punctato; thorace quam capite

angustiori, antice punctato, postice transversim striato, an-

gulis posticis acutis ; elytris basi depressis, punctatis: Subtus

punctata,

Green; head purple; beneath bronzy. Head large, deeply

and closely punctured, purple in front, green on the vertex, which

is slightly furrowed; eyes large, prominent, extending considera-

bly beyond the thorax on either side. Thorax at the base once

and a-half as broad as long; anterior margin rounded; sides

straight, diverging considerably posteriorly ; posterior angles

acute; disk deeply punctured in front, the punctures forming

transverse strie behind. Elytra broader than the thorax, twice

as long as broad; sides parallel for two-thirds of their length,

then converging to the apex, which is slightly rounded ; each

elytron with a deep transverse furrow situated a little below the

base, the space between the base and the furrow being raised and

rounded ; shoulders prominent; disk striate, the interstices ru-

gosely striated transversely. Beneath punctured, clothed with a

scattered white pubescence. Legs punctured, slightly hairy.

Length 34—3 lines; breadth 13—1.

Pachbon, Laas.

Engycera enea, ni. sp.

E. nea; thorace quam capite non angustiori, punctato, trans-

versim striato; elytris thorace latioribus, basi impressis,

punctatis, transversim rugosis: Subtus punctata.

Dull bronzy. Head small, deeply punctured; eyes scarcely pro-

jecting beyond the thorax on either side. Thorax nearly twice as

310 Mr. E. Saunders’ Catalogue of Buprestide

broad as long; anterior margin almost straight; sides rounded,

slightly widening at the base ; posterior angles acute ; base straight ;

disk deeply punctured and transversely ridged. Elytra broader than

the thorax, almost twice as long as broad; sides straight for about

two-thirds of their entire length, then converging to the apex,

which is slightly rounded ; base with an irregular transverse fovea ;

basal margin rounded and elevated ; disk striate and transversely

rugose. Beneath and legs punctured, remotely hairy.

Length 4 lines; breadth 13.

Pachbon.

Genus Betionora, Eschs.

Belionota scutellaris, Fabr.

Fabr. Syst. Eleut. ii. 203, 94.

Laas.

Belionota fallaciosa, H. Deyr. — -

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belge, viii. 84.

Laas.

Genus Curysosoruris, Eschs.

Chrysobothris bistripunctata, H. Deyr.

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belge, viii. 111.

Pachbon.

M. H. Deyrolle gives Timor as the locality for this species ;

but as I have a specimen (sent me by the late M. A. Deyrolle)

from Celebes, there is no reason why its geographical range should

not extend to the Malay Peninsula.

Genus Acmzop_era, Eschs.

Acmeodera stlictipennis, C. & G.

Cast. & Gory, Monog. Bupr. i. Gen. Acmzodera, p. 26, pl.

viii. fig. 4.5.

Pachbon.

Genus Discoprres, Chevr.

Discoderes tricolor,n. sp. (Pl. XXI. fig. 5.)

PD. capite punctato, aureo-pubescente; thoracis lateribus

lineaque dorsali aureis; elytris dimidio basali rufo-cupreo,

apice nigro, fasciis duabus aureis transversis : Subtus nigro-

ceruleus, aureo-pubescens.

Head swollen, widely furrowed, bronzy, covered with a golden

collected by the late M. Mouhot, &c. dll

pubescence. Thorax once and a-half as broad as long ; anterior

margin produced; angles largely rounded; sides somewhat

straight; posterior angles cut off; lateral carinze very strongly

marked and arcuate; base sinuate; disk transversely striate,

the striz forming arcs of circles; margins and dorsal line bril-

liantly golden, leaving two black spots, one on either side of the

dorsal line. Scutellum golden. Elytra almost three times as long

as broad, sides parallel for two-thirds of their length, then con-

verging to the apex, which is largely rounded; basal half dull

coppery-red, very deeply punctured, the punctures arranged in

flexuose transverse striz; apical half blue-black, simply punc-

tured and pubescent, traversed by two bands of golden pubes-

cence, one forming its upper margin and extending over about

one-sixth of its length, the second about the same breadth near

the apex; just above the first band are two small spots of golden

pubescence, situated near the suture. Beneath blue-black, with a

scattered golden pubescence, anterior margin of each abdominal

segment thickly fringed with the same. Legs black, slightly

hairy.

Length 43 lines; breadth 13.

Laas.

Genus Crypropactytus, H. Deyr.

Cryptodactylus tristis, H. Deyr.

Ann, Soc, Ent. Belge, vill. 132.

Pachbon.

My insect agrees with M. H. Deyrolle’s description, but as I

have not seen the insect from which his description was compiled

I cannot refer it to his species without a slight doubt of its

identity.

Cryptodactylus ceruleus, n. sp.

C. ceruleus; capite punctato; thorace lateribus rotundatis,

punctato, punctis in semicirculos dispositis ; elytris minute

squamo- rugosis.

Entirely cyaneous-blue. Head punctured, furrowed between

the eyes. Thorax rather broader than long, anterior margin

slightly produced, sides very much rounded, expanding posteriorly

but almost imperceptibly ; lateral carinze very short, straight, and

near the margin; base sinuate, with a deep median lobe; disk

deeply punctured, the punctures arranged in semicircles and

transverse strie. Elytra twice as long as broad, sides slightly

VOL. V. THIRD SERIES, PART Iil.—JUNE, 18060. YX

312 Mr. E. Saunders’ Catalogue of Buprestide

sinuate as far as the middle, where they swell out a little, and

thence converge to the apex, which is rounded; disk minutely

corrugated, having the appearance of being covered with scales.

Beneath and legs punctured.

Length 33 lines; breadth 14.

Siam.

Genus Corasus, Cast. & Gory.

Corcebus aurofasciatus, n. sp. (Pl. XXI. fig. 6.)

C. capite viridi; thorace punctato, rufo-cupreo, lateribus

auratis ; elytris aureo-pubescentibus, maculis quatuor nigris,

duabus posticis in fasciam transversam connexis: Subtus

aureo-pubescens.

Head green, punctured, deeply and widely furrowed between

the eyes, with a scattered pubescence in front. Thorax globose,

anterior margin produced, sides slightly rounded, base with a

narrow lobe; disk dull coppery-red, very deeply punctured and

regularly striated, covered with a remote golden pubescence,

which becomes thicker and longer on the sides, giving them a

golden appearance. Scutellum dull coppery-red. Elytra scarcely

twice as long as wide, sides straight for about two-thirds of their

length, then converging to the apex, which is rounded; disk

rugose, covered with dense golden pubescence, interrupted by

two pubescent black spots (one on each elytron), situated about

one-third of their entire length from the base, extending to the

margin, and almost to the suture ; and midway between this inter-

rupted band and the apex is a complete band of the same colour.

Beneath deeply punctured, covered with golden pubescence. An-

tennz and legs bronzy, punctured and pubescent.

Length 43 lines; breadth 13.

Camboja, Siam.

Corcebus cupreomarginatus, 0. sp.

C. viridis ; capite thoraceque punctatis, hujus punctis in semi-

circulis dispositis ; elytris rugosis, lateribus cupreis: Subtus

viridis, rugosus.

Head green, swollen, very widely furrowed between the eyes,

punctured, the punctures arranged in transverse lines. Thorax

green, coppery-red on the sides, somewhat globose, once and

a-half as broad as long, anterior margin slightly rounded, sides

somewhat straight, angles rounded, base deeply lobed, the vertex

collected by the late M. Mouhot, &c. 313

of the elevated portion of the disk forming a centre to the con-

centric deeply punctured and somewhat vermicular striae with

which it is surrounded, Elytra twice as long as broad, sides

slightly sinuate for two-thirds of their length, then swelling out

beyond the middle and converging to the apex, which is largely

rounded and very slightly denticulate ; disk rugose, green, sides

coppery. Beneath and legs bronzy, punctured.

By the aid of a strong glass the whole insect is seen to be co-

vered with scattered hairs.

Length 4 lines ; breadth 13.

Laas.

Corcebus denticollis, n. sp.

C. capite viridi, punctato ; thorace antice viridi-ceruleo, postice

purpureo, lateribus denticulatis ; elytris purpureis, rugosis,

apice 4-spinoso, dimidio postico pubescentia cinerea

vestito.

Head green, punctured, furrowed between the eyes, pubescent

in front. Thorax green-blue in front, purple behind and on the

sides ; anterior margin slightly produced, sides rounded and regu-

larly denticulate, base largely lobed; disk very convex, rugose

and transversely striated; base and sides deeply foveated, the

foveze almost meeting at the base, giving the disk a very elevated

appearance. Elytra two-thirds as wide as long, dark purple,

sides swelling out beyond the middle, thence gradually rounded to

the apex, which is truncate and armed with four spines; the pos-

terior portion for not quite one-half of the length of the elytra is

covered with a grey silvery pubescence; disk covered with scale-

like rugosities. Beneath rugose, covered with a silvery pu-

bescence.

Length 4 lines; breadth 13.

Laas.

Corcebus violaceipennis, n. sp.

C. capite viridi, punctato; thorace viridi, rugoso, basi sinuato;

elytris violaceis, rugosis, apice rotundato et denticulato: Sub-

tus ceruleus, albipubescens.

Head green, punctured, deeply furrowed in front, covered with

a remote pubescence. Thorax green, once and a third as broad

as long, anterior margin almost straight, sides gradually rounding

from the anterior angles, base largely and deeply lobed; disk

“2

314 Mr. E. Saunders’ Catalogue of Buprestide

convex,’ remotely pubescent, and rugose, nearly surrounded by

the lateral foveze, which turn at the posterior angles and almost

unite at the base. Elytra twice and a quarter as long as broad,

violet-blue, sides parallel for two-thirds of their entire length,

then converging to the apex, which is somewhat truncate and

denticulate; disk remotely pubescent, rugose, the rugosities

having the appearance of scales; base transversely impressed.

Underside and legs blue, punctured, and covered with a whitish

pubescence.

Length 5 lines; breadth 2.

Laas.

Genus Metizsqaus, H. Deyr.

Melibceus cupricollis,n. sp. (PI. XXI. fig. 3.)

M. capite viridi, punctato; thorace cupreo, nitente, punctato et

striato; elytris violaceo-ceeruleis, punctatis et transversim

striatis: Subtus ceeruleus.

Head green in front, coppery on the vertex, punctured, pu-

bescént in front, slightly striated transversely. ‘Thorax once and

a-half as broad as long, brilliant and coppery; anterior margin

rounded, sides rounded, base deeply lobed; disk very convex

and raised posteriorly in the form of a transverse very obtuse

tubercle, deeply punctured and striated transversely, the striz

becoming longitudinal on the sides. Scutellum blue. Elytra.

violet-blue ; sides sinuate to beyond the middle, when they swell

out slightly and then converge in a curved line to the apex,

which is rounded ; disk deeply punctured and transversely ridged.

Beneath blue, very strongly punctured. Legs hairy.

Length 23 lines; breadth 1.

Laas. :

Genus Acritus, Mégerle.

Agrilus armatus, Fab.

Fab. Syst. Eleut. ii, 214, 155; Cast. & Gory, Monog. Bupr.

ii. Gen. Agrilus, p. 13, pl. ii. fig. 14,

Var. B.—Head and thorax golden.

Laas, Camboja.

I have five or six examples of this species from M. Mouhot,

nearly all of which differ slightly in the form and position of the

apical teeth of the elytra.

collected by the late M, Mouhot, Sc. 315

A grilus ornatwentris, n. sp.

A. capite thoraceque purpureo-nigris; hujus disco flexuose

transversim sulcato; elytris nigris, punctatis, utrisque ma-

culis duabus albis ornatis: Subtus niger, pectoris lateribus

maculisque duabus magnis in tertio abdominis segmento

albis.

Head dark purple, deeply excavated and transversely striated,

each side of the excavation having an obtuse tubercle. Thorax

dark purplish-black, once and a-half as broad as long; anterior

margin slightly rounded, sides nearly straight, angles largely

rounded; base lobed; disk strongly and flexuosely ridged trans-

versely, with two dorsal fovez, one situated at the base, the other

almost touching the anterior margin; sides foveated, lateral

carine very short and curved. Elytra nearly three times as long

as wide ; sides slightly sinuate till they reach the middle, then con-

verging to the apex, which is armed with two long external spines;

disk deeply punctured, sutural half depressed, leaving an elevated

ridge midway between the suture and the outer margin; each

elytron with two white pubescent spots, one small and placed

midway between the shoulder and the apex, the other much

larger and placed near the apex. Abdomen extending conside-

rably beyond the elytra in the middle on each side. Beneath

black, deeply punctured ; the sides of the breast and a large

somewhat triangular spot on the third segment of the abdomen

white and pubescent. Legs and antennz punctured,

Length 7 lines; breadth 13.

Laas.

Agrilus longicollis, n. sp.

A. capite thoraceque viridi-czruleis, punctatis, hoc etiam trans-

versim striato; elytris zreo-viridibus, minute rugosis, apice

denticulato : Subtus zreus, albipubescens.

Head punctured, blue-green, flat, slightly furrowed and trans-

versely striated between the eyes, hairy just above the mouth.

Thorax blue-green, almost as long as broad, narrower behind

than in front ; anterior margin rounded, sides rounded and gra-

dually converging to the posterior angles, which are acute, base

sinuate and deeply lobed; disk punctured and transversely stri-

316 Mr. E. Saunders’ Catalogue of Buprestide

ated ; posterior angles each with an oblong fovea, the fovez ex-

tending along the sides; near the anterior angle on each side is

a white pubescent spot. Elytra dull olive-green, three times as

long as broad ; sides slightly sinuate as far as the middle, where

they swell out slightly, and then gradually converge to the apex,

which is rounded and multidentate ; the central spine on each

elytron is longer than the rest ; disk minutely rugose, with a scaly

appearance, and slightly pubescent. Abdomen extending beyond

the elytra on each side, giving them an appearance of swelling

out considerably just beyond the middle ; on the first segment on

each side is a white pubescent spot. Beneath bronzy, covered

with a white pubescence. Legs punctured.

Length 43 lines; breadth 1,

Siam.

Agrilus octonotatus, n. sp.

A. capite ereo-nigro, punctato; thorace viridi-nigro, lateribus

flavipubescentibus ; elytris nigris, minute rugosis, utrisque

maculis tribus flavis ornatis : Subtus punctatus, pectoris late-

ribus flavipubescentibus, maculisque duabus in utroque abdo-

minis segmento albipubescentibus.

Head dull bronzy black, punctured, the punctures arranged in

transverse striz, above the mouth covered with a white pu-

bescence. Thorax dark greenish-black, narrower behind than in

front, anterior margin rounded, sides rounded, posterior angles

almost right angles, base with a deep lobe; disk deeply punctate-

striate transversely, dorsal line marked by two shallow depres-

sions, one at the base, the other near the anterior margin; sides

foveated, the surface of the foveze covered with bright yellow pu-

bescence. Elytra three times as long as broad, of the same colour

as the thorax, covered with scale-like rugosities ; sides subparal-

lel for two-thirds of their entire length, then converging to the

apex, which is multidentate, the central spines on each elytron

being longer than the rest ; each elytron with three spots of a yellow

pubescence, one at the base, the second about one-third of the

entire length from it, the other about one-third from the apex.

Abdomen bordering the elytra beyond the middle, exhibiting-a

yellow spot on each segment. Beneath punctured, pubescent ; the

sides of the breast covered with a yellow pubescence ; each seg-

collected bg the late M. Mouhot, Sc. 317

ment of the abdomen with a spot on either side of a white mealy

pubescence.

Length 43—33 lines; breadth 14—1.

Pachbon, Laas.

I have a smaller specimen from Laas with four spots on

each elytron, the fourth one very small and almost touching the

apex,

Agrilus leucostictus, n. sp.

A. niger; capite punctato; thorace transversim strigoso, disco

impresso ; elytris minute rugosis, apice sex-spinoso, utrisque

maculis tribus albis ornatis: Subtus punctatus, pectoris late-

ribus maculaque in tertio abdominis segmento albipubes-

centibus.

Head black, flat, deeply punctured, and transversely ridged.

Thorax black, once and a-half as broad as long ; anterior margin

rounded, sides rounded, base with a shallow lobe, lateral carinze

much arched behind ; disk strongly ridged transversely, with a

broad dorsal depression, which slightly widens at the base. Elytra

black, about three times as long as broad; sides almost straight

for about two-thirds of their length, then converging to the apex,

which is armed with six spines, the central spine on each elytron

being longer than the rest ; disk covered with very minute scale-like

rugosities, with three white pubescent spots on each elytron, one

near the shoulder, another midway between the apex and the base,

and the third, a larger one, about one quarter of the entire length

of the elytra from the apex. Abdomen bordering the elytra near

the centre, exhibiting a white spot on the first segment. Beneath

punctured, slightly pubescent, with the sides of the breast and a

spot on the third segment of the abdomen covered with a vel-

vety-white pubescence.

Length 43 lines; breadth 1}.

Siam.

Agrilus eneicollis, n. sp.

A. capite zreo-viridi, pubescente; thorace punctato trans-

verseque strigoso, lined dorsali aurea ; elytris minute rugosis,

pubescentibus, fascia nigra infra medium ornatis: Subtus

zreus, abdominis segmentis singulis maculis duabus albis

notatis.

Head bronzy-green, pubescent above the mouth, deeply fur-

rowed on the vertex, punctate-striate transversely and flat in

318 Mr. E. Saunders’ Catalogue of Buprestide

front. Thorax bronzy-green, broader than long; anterior margin

rounded, sides rounded, converging posteriorly, slightly emar-

ginate before they reach the posterior angles, base slightly lobed ;

disk transversely ridged, with a wide dorsal golden line not reach-

ing the anterior margin, each side with an oblong fovea reaching

the anterior angles, near which on either side is a small irregular

pubescent spot; posterior angles golden; lateral carine slightly

curved and near the margin. Elytra bronzy-brown, finely rugose,

twice and a-half as long as wide; sides nearly straight for more

than half their length, then converging to the apex, which is mul-

tidentate and rounded ; disk covered with a golden pubescence,

with the exception of an oblong marginal spot on each elytron ex-

tending from the shoulder for about one-half of the length of the

elytra and a transverse band situated about one quarter of their

entire length from the apex; on the base are two small round

spots of a dull-white pubescence. Abdomen bordering the elytra

beyond the middle, showing a dull-white spot on each side on its

first segment. Beneath bronzy, with a grey pubescence and two

spots of a dull white on each segment of the abdomen.

Length 5 lines; breadth 13.

Pachbon.

Agrilus ereus, n. sp.

A. wreus; capite aureo-pubescente ; thorace pubescente, punc-

tato, transverseque strigoso; elytris minute rugosis, pu-

bescentibus, apice rotundato ac denticulato, disco infra

medium fascia nigra ornato: Subtus punctatus, pubescens.

Bronzy. Head furrowed on the vertex, covered with a dense

golden pubescence. Thorax transverse ; anterior margin rounded,

sides rounded, slightly converging posteriorly, base very slightly

lobed, disk ridged transversely, with a shallow wide dorsal

furrow ; entire surface covered with greyish hairs, with the excep-

tion of a rather broad somewhat raised line on each side of the

dorsal furrow ; lateral caring slightly curved. Elytra twice as

long as broad, slightly sinuate for two-thirds of their length, then

converging to the apex, which is rounded and multidenticulate ;

surface finely rugose, covered with a greyish pubescence, excepta

band beyond the middle extending along the suture towards the

base ; suture slightly elevated posteriorly. Beneath bronzy, co-

vered with grey pubescence.

Length 33 lines; breadth 1.

Laas.

collected by the late M. Mouhot, §c. 319

Agrilus ceruleicollis, n. sp.

A. capite thoraceque ceeruleis, punctatis, transverseque striatis ;

elytris punctatis, zreo-pubescentibus, fascia cyanea infra

medium ornatis, apice rotundato et denticulato.

Head blue, slightly swollen, punctate, striate transversely, fur-

rowed on the vertex and between the eyes. Thorax blue, slightly

narrowed behind ; anterior margin slightly produced, sides almost

straight, lateral carine much arched behind; disk punctate, the

punctures arranged in flexuose transverse striz, sides slightly

foveated near the anterior angles, base lobed with a shallow

dorsal fovea. Elytra punctured, bronzy, covered with a greyish

pubescence, the apical two-thirds of their entire length cyaneous-

blue and smooth; sides straight for two-thirds of their length,

then converging to the apex, which is rounded and slightly den-

ticulate. (Abdomen wanting.) Under side of thorax and breast

blue, punctured, and slightly hairy.

Length 5 lines; breadth 13.

Siam.

Agrilus viridicupreus, n. sp.

A. capite purpureo-brunneo, transverse striato ; thorace zreo-

viridi, punctato transverseque striato, impressionibus duabus

discalibus ; elytris cupreo-viridibus, minute rugosis: Subtus

aureo-viridis, punctatus.

Head brownish-purple, punctured and transversely striated,

furrowed on the vertex. ,Thorax olive-green, once and a-half as

broad as long, anterior margin slightly rounded, angles produced,

sides rounded and slightly converging posteriorly, base with a

slight lobe; disk deeply punctured and transversely ridged,

dorsal line with two shallow impressions, one near the base, the

other almost touching the anterior margin. Elytra twice and

a-half as long as broad, sides straight for more than half their

length, apex rounded and denticulate; disk green and rugose,

sides with coppery reflexions. Underside and legs brilliant

golden-green, punctured.

Length 33 lines ; breadth 3.

Laas.

VOL. V. THIRD SERIES, PART IlI.— JUNE, 1866 Z

320 Mr. E. Saunders’ Catalogue of Buprestide

Genus Tracnys, Fabr.

Trachys fasciunculus, n. sp.

T. capite cupreo, rufipubescente ; thorace pubescentia rufa,

crinibus albis commixta; elytris pubescentia rufa brunnea

albaque commixta, fasciculis duobus comarum brunnearum

prope suturam positis: Subtus czeruleus.

Head coppery, deeply excavated between the eyes, covered

with a reddish-brown pubescence. Thorax twice and a-half as

broad as long, anterior margin emarginate, sides nearly straight,

base triangularly lobed; surface covered with a reddish pu-

bescence mixed with a few white hairs. Elytra scarcely longer

than broad, shoulders slightly wider than the thorax, sides gra-

dually converging to the apex; surface covered with brown and

red hairs intermingled with white, with two wavy bands of white

near the apex, and near the suture on each elytron are two fasci-

cles of long brown hairs, one close to the base, the other near the

apex. Beneath shining blue, punctured, and covered with scat-

tered white hairs.

Length 23 lines ; breadth 13.

Laas.

Oncomaa,* n. g.

Caput minutum; epistomate emarginato; antennis brevibus,

serratis. Thorax postice latissimus. lytra valde convexa-

Tibie dilatatee.

Head small; epistome slightly emarginate ; antennee short and

stout, the first joint pyriform, the second, third and fourth very

short and rounded, the remaining portion serrate and slightly

dilated ; eyes slightly prominent. Thorax very wide behind,

posterior angles slightly enclosing the shoulders of the elytra.

Elytra very convex, gradually converging to the apex, shoulders

rather prominent. Legs large, tibiz dilated, the outer margin in

the form of an arc of a circle ; tarsi small, somewhat dilated.

This genus is most nearly allied to Pachyscelus of Solier, but

its very convex elytra, and at the same time elongate form, I think

sufficiently separate it from that genus.

* "Oyxos, a lump, 60005, like.

collected by the late M. Mouhot, Sc. 321

Oncomeea cerulea,* n. sp.

O. cerulea; capite, thorace, elytrisque punctatis: Subtus

punctata, primo abdominis segmento ad medium brunneo-

pubescente.

Bright shining blue. Head deeply punctured. Thorax very

much wider behind than in front, at the base twice as broad as

long ; anterior margin nearly straight, sides very slightly curved ;

posterior angles acute, slightly enclosing the shoulders of the

elytra; base slightly lobed, disk punctured, more strongly so on

the sides. Elytra convex; shoulders slightly elevated, sides

rounded and converging to the apex; disk punctured, suture ele-

vated posteriorly, with a stria on each side of it. Beneath punc-

tured, the first segment of the abdomen with a patch of long

brown hair in the middle near the posterior margin.

Length 23 lines; breadth 13.

Pachbon.

* This insect may possibly prove to be the Galbella violacea described and

figured by Professor Westwood in the “ Cabinet of Oriental Entomology,”

p. 83, pl. xli., as suggested by him at the meeting of the Entomological So-

ciety at which this paper was read and the insect exhibited. I have not had

an opportunity of examining the type-specimen of Galbella, which is classed

by its author amongst the Ewenemide, though Prof. Lacordaire remarks (Gen.

des Col. iv. 104) that the genus is probably referable to the Throscide. Sub-

sequent examination however confirms me in the belief that the insect above

described is a true Buprestid.

(322% 5)

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Puate XXI.

Fig. 1. Catoxantha gigantea, Linn.; var. brunnea.

3, 2. Chrysochroa rugicollis, E. S.

3) 3+ Meliboeus cupricollis, E. 8.

s 4. Engycera rufimarginata, E.S.

3, 0+ Discoderes tricolor, E. 8.

3, 6. Corcebus aurofasciatus, E. S.

» %+ Dicercomorpha cupreomaculata, E. 8.

» 8. Chrysodema aurostriata, E. 8.

» 9. Cardiaspis Mouhotii, E. 8.

» 10. Lampetis psilopteroides, E. S.

(39%)

VI. Notes on some Hymenopterous Insects collected by Mr.

Peckolt at Catagallo, South Brazil. By FreprEricK

Situ, late Pres. Ent. Soc.

[Read 38rd September, 1866. ]

Some months ago Mr. Daniel Hanbury mentioned to me that a

correspondent (Mr. Peckolt) was desirous of obtaining the names

of certain bees and wasps collected near Catagallo. I readily

agreed to assist in furnishing the information required ; and the

insects have lately come to hand. They were sent in twelve small

stoppered bottles, in spirit, and each bottle contained a consider-

able number of some species of bee, wasp, or other hymenopterous

insect. A list of the insects was forwarded, and the vernacular

names were given; and they were divided into sections, namely,

those of bees, wasps, and ants.

The investigation of the contents of these vials proved specially

interesting, so much so as to induce me to believe that a short

account of the result of my examination of them will be accept-

able to the Society. I may premise that it will be found to

have added considerably to our knowledge of the economy of

the Trigone, the stingless honey-bees of Brazil.

I will, in the first place, give some account of the insects

placed by Mr. Peckolt in the section of wasps.

As far back as the year 1844, Mr. Curtis published a paper in

the Linnean Transactions (vol. xix. p. 250, pl. xxxi. figs. 1, 2)

on a species of saw-fly, which he named Dielocerus Ellisii, a very

beautiful insect, and one whose economy is exceedingly interest-

ing, from its being apparently proved to be a social species during

all its changes of condition. That the larve of many species of

Tenthredinide are social is a fact long known to Entomologists ;

but Dielocerus Ellisii was stated to undergo its final change in

a nest, constructed by the united labour of the community. This

nest was described as from four to five inches in length, by

about three at its widest diameter, its general outline being ob-

long-ovate, and of a silky texture, closely resembling the cocoon

of a Bombyx. The cocoons spun by the larve are of a soft and

pliable consistency, and, as the larve spin in close proximity to

each other, the cocoons, which otherwise would no doubt be of

VOL. V. THIRD SERIES, PART was pecelens dome AA

324 Mr. F. Smith’s Notes on

a cylindrical form, are pressed into somewhat irregular hexagons,

a section of them exhibiting a close imitation of the comb of a

wasp or honey-bee. The announcement by Mr. Curtis of a

species of saw-fly thus constructing one common dwelling-place

naturally produced considerable discussion. A fact so novel

elicited even indications of doubt whether there had not been

some mistaken observation on Mr. Curtis’s part. Such, however,

was certainly not the case. The insect is perfectly well known to

Mr. Peckolt of Catagallo, who calls it “ Marumbouda Seda,” the

silk Marumbouda, in allusion to the silken nest spun by the

larvee.

The second insect placed by Mr. Peckolt in the division of

wasps proved to be the Bombus violaceus, a common species in

Brazil, and known in the vernacular as ‘* Marumbouda Man-

gunga.”

The third in the list of Vespide is correctly assigned to that

family, being the Polybia pygmea of Saussure. This species

constructs a beautiful globular nest, the size of a rather large

orange. The combs are of the most exquisite construction, and

it is by no means an uncommon circumstance to find the outer

envelope of the nest ornamented with patches of delicate hexa-

gonal tracery.

The first species of honey-bee that I propose to notice belongs

to the stingless group; it is the Trigona Mosquito, named in the

list “ Abelha Mosquito,” the Mosquito bee. It is satisfactory to

find that this insect is identical with that forwarded from Brazil

to the International Exhibition of 1862, under the same ver-

nacular name, and described by myself in a paper published m

the Transactions of this Society, descriptive of the series of honey-

bees and wasps then exhibited (Trans. Ent. Soc., 3rd series, 1.

510). Some hundreds of specimens, together with the combs,

have been sent by Mr. Peckolt in two vials. Fortunately I dis-

covered both workers and females among them, and of the latter

half a dozen specimens. I had no difficulty in discovering the

queen, she being even more conspicuous than the queen of the

common hive-bee (Apis mellifica). Trigona Mosquito is the

smallest species of the genus that 1 have seen, the worker not

being more than two lines long. ‘The queen, when her abdomen

is distended with ova, is more than double that length. Her head

and thorax are about the same size as in the ordinary worker.

The abdomen is therefore enormously swollen and elongated,

giving her, in fact, very much the appearance of a gravid female

Hymenoptera from Catagallo. 325

Termite. Various conjectures have been promulgated by Hyme-

nopterists as to the probable economy of the genus Trigona.

Nests of enormous magnitude have been described, and their

inhabitants represented as countless in number ; so that the pro-

bability of more than one queen reigning in each community

appeared to me highly probable. I have myself indicated a

parallel economy between these bees and the social ants, whose

formicaria are tenanted by numerous prolific females. The dis-

covery, however, of a female under the conditions described ap-

pears to me to militate strongly against the supposed analogy

between TZ'rigona and Formica. The enormously developed abdo-

men of the queen, rather, I believe, indicates a parallel economy

between the Z'rigone and the Termitide. All the accounts of the

latter insects, with which I am acquainted, describe a single female

capable of depositing eggs in sufficient numbers to carry out all

the purposes of their multitudinously tenanted habitations. Such,

I believe, must also be the economy of the genus Z'rigona ; but

subsequent investigation is necessary to confirm or disprove my

conclusions.

Besides the gravid female I also discovered five other bees of

the same sex ; but these in no way differed, either in colour or

size, from the host of workers; and had I not been most carefully

bent on searching for that sex, they must inevitably have been

overlooked. The simple form of the posterior tibia alone dis-

tinguishes them, this joint in the worker being broadly flattened

and adapted for conveying pollen to the hive. These females I

regard as so many virgin queens, destined probably to lead forth

swarms and establish fresh colonies, as in the case of the common

hive-bee. I am not, however, aware of any instance of such

economy having been recorded; but if my conjecture respecting

the gravid female be correct, my latter supposition becomes highly

probable.

The following is the description of the female and worker :—

Trigona Mosquito.—Female : length a little over four lines ; head

and thorax nearly black; the antenne, clypeus, tegule, scutellum

and abdomen yellow; head narrower than the thorax ; wings ex-

tending to the second segment of the abdomen; the abdomen

twice as long as the head and thorax, much distended with eggs,

the segments much constricted ; the posterior tibia simple, not

expanded as in the worker.

Worker: length two lines, varying much in depth of colour,

according to age, adult specimens having the head and thorax black

AA2

326 Mr. F. Smith’s Notes on

above, and more or less yellow beneath; the abdomen brown,

when distended with honey, showing the pale membrane that

attaches the segments one to another, giving the appearance of

being banded with pale fasciz ; the coxee and femora dark brown;

the tibiae paler, with the tarsi honey-yellow ; the face is covered

with a short downy grey pubescence; the mandibles, labrum, and

the scape in front, yellow; the wings milky-white, the’ costal

nervure brown; the tegulze yellow; the scutellum usually more

or less pale.

In the Monograph, already referred to, on the stingless honey-

bees (Tr. Ent. Soc., 3rd series, i. 497), I have described males as

well as workers of T'rigona ; but the female was previously un-

known to me; neither do I recollect to have found that sex

noticed by any author. M. Guérin discovered six or seven females

of Melipona in a nest of M. fulvipes; but that sex of the genus

Trigona is, I believe, for the first time noticed in this paper.

Whether a colony of T’rigona at any period contains more than

one gravid female cannot be decided; but the fact of finding a

single one, and that one apparently the sole mother of the entire

brood, leads me to entertain the opinion that the swarms are

governed by a single queen, as in the case of the hive-bee. It is

true that colonies of these bees are described as containing a

countless host ; so are communities of Termites ; and in both cases

we find a female with a very similarly enlarged abdomen.

Another vial contained between five and six hundred of TZ'ri-

gona ruficrus, all apparently workers. This bee is called “ Abelha

Cachorro,” signifying the bee of. the dog. One circumstance is

noticeable. The mature bee is entirely black; but among the

multitude of specimens were found individuals of every shade of

colour between pale testaceous and black. ‘This is analogous to

what I have observed in our own social bees and wasps, in whose

nests individuals will be found, exhibiting stages more or less

approaching maturity. Wasps frequently emerge from their

cocoons destitute of all markings on the abdominal segments;

and banded species of our black humble-bees sometimes emerge

clad in uniform silver-grey, a few days serving to bring out the

perfect colouring of the insects.

Another bottle contained a very large number of specimens of

Trigona basalis, a species first described by myself in the Cata-

logue of Bees published by the Trustees of the British Museum.

Among them wasa single specimen of the male. This species is

about 33 lines long. The worker has the head, thorax, legs, and

Hymenoptera from Catagallo. 327

basal segment of the abdomen, black; the rest of the abdomen

is reddish-yellow above, but black beneath. The male is a little

longer than the worker, and is black, with the abdomen beneath

and at the sides reddish-yellow; the metathorax covered with yel-

lowish hair; the clypeus and scutellum pale testaceous, nearly

white ; the tips of the mandibles, articulations of the legs, and the

first joint of the tarsi, testaceous ; the antennz fulvous beneath ;

the head wider than the thorax ; the eyes larger than in the work-

ing bee, and more convex externally ; the wings fusco-hyaline,

with the stigma pale yellow.

Of the ants forwarded by Mr. Peckolt, one species is mentioned

as very destructive to coffee beans. This is a White Ant, and is

identical with, or very closely resembles, the Termes cumulans of

Hagen. The series of specimens consisted principally of small

workers, interspersed with examples of larger workers, or soldiers,

as they are usually called. It is a small species, the largest indi-

viduals not exceeding 22 lines in length. It is named “ Cupim

do Café,” the ant of the coffee, and is, Mr. Peckolt observes,

an important insect, on account of its ravages on coffee beans.

Another interesting ant, forwarded by Mr. Peckolt, is the

Cryptocerus elongatus, which is stated to be destructive to nests of

the Mosquito-bee. No particulars are given, so that whether we

are to regard these ants.as destructive to the honey collected by

the bees, to the wax, or to the bees themselves, must be a matter of

conjecture until we obtain further information. It is notwith-

standing a step towards the history of Cryptocerus that a species

of that genus is found in nests of the stingless honey-bees.

I am indebted to Mr. Bates for the signification of the verna-

cular names.

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VII. Notes on the Butterflies of Mauritius.

By Roxanp Trimen,

[Read 3rd September, 1866. ]

Havine during last year paid a brief visit to Mauritius, I am

enabled to lay before the Entomological Society a few Notes on

the Rhopalocera of that island, so interesting in its relation and

propinquity to Madagascar. My stay in the island was very

short, being confined to the first three weeks of July ; but, through

the kindness of many residents, I enjoyed such good opportunities

of collecting, that very few of the insular butterflies escaped my

notice.

Boisduval, in his “ Faune Entomologique de Madagascar,

Bourbon, et Maurice,” published in 1833, enumerates 20 species

of Rhopalocera as inhabitants of Mauritius, or, including his

Thymele (Ismene) Ramanatek, a doubtful native, 21 species. Of

these I met with 16, and was presented with 3 others by Mr.

Caldwell and Mr. Colville Barclay. Since my return to the Cape,

Lady Barkly has sent me another species; so that but one of

Boisduval’s list is wanting to my collection, and that is the doubt-

ful Mauritian insect just named.

In addition to the above I captured 4 species not known to

Boisduval as Mauritian, and was presented with another by Mr.

Barclay. These 5 insects, new to the Mauritius catalogue, are

distinguished by an asterisk *, while those species which I did

not myself capture, but which are included in Boisduval’s enu-

meration, are marked thus +.

1. Papilio Phorbanta, Linn.

This beautiful Papilio is common in Mauritius, and was the

first butterfly that I saw in the gardens about Port Louis. I met

with it also at Pamplemousses, Réduit, Riversdale, Rivicre du

Rempart, and Vakoa. Its flight (that of the g at least) is strong

and rapid, even more so than that of its African ally, P. Nireus,

though I did not see it soar to the height the latter commonly

reaches. When on the wing the bright green-blue patches are

conspicuous, causing the butterfly to resemble a large Diadema of

the Bolina group. Inthe Botanic Gardens at Pamplemousses I

330 Mr. R. Trimen’s Votes on

noticed that specimens were continually visiting trees of the Citrus

group, upon which Boisduval notes that the larve feed. I never

saw a living specimen of the $, and from what Mr. Caldwell,

who kindly gave me an example, stated as his experience, I be-

lieve it to be very scarce. In connection with the apparent rarity

of this sex, it is interesting to observe that M. Maillard * notes

the 9 of the very closely-allied Papilio disparilis of Bourbon

is much rarer than the ¢, the proportion of g to ¢@ being

20 tol. Mr. Bates (Proc. Zool. Soc., November, 1863), with

some doubt, includes a single specimen of P. Phorbanta in a col-

lection of Mr. Caldwell’s as a native of Madagascar. Judging

from what is known concerning the nearly-related forms in other

Archipelagic groups, it seems to me highly improbable that Phor-

banta co-exists with its very close ally Epiphorbas, in Madagascar.

In looking over Mr. Caldwell’s collection at Port Louis, I found

that his Madagascarene and Mauritian captures were mingled

together, and it is not improbable that in the collection submitted

to Mr. Bates for examination, an example of Phorbanta may have .

been inadvertently substituted for Epiphorbas.

2.* Callidryas Florella, Fabr.

This did not appear to be a common insect in Mauritius; but I

met with several specimens in Port Louis, at Réduit, and at Pam-

plemousses. It is a species widely distributed over Africa, and is

found in the Cape de Verde Islands; but I am not aware of its

occurrence in Madagascar, though, as Dr. Peters met with it at

Querimba, and M. Maillard found it ‘very common” in Bourbon,

there is good ground for imagining that it does inhabit the great

island.

A specimen of Florella was among a few other butterflies

shown to me as having been collected by Dr. Burrowes, of

H.M.S. “ Ariel,” at Zanzibar.

3.* Callidryas Rhadia, Boisd.

A species rather scarcer than C. Fiorella, but of quite similar

flight and habits. Taken at Réduit and at Pamplemousses, and

seen at Riversdale. This Callidryas has also an extensive African

range, though I find no record of its inhabiting Eastern Africa.

* “Notes sur I‘Ile de la Réunion (Bourbon),’’ Paris, 1862; a work, the

knowledge of which I owe to the kindness of Mr. Edward Newton, of

Mauritius.

the Butterflies of Mauritius. 331

There isa specimen from Mauritius in the collection of the British

Museum.

4.* Terias Rahel, Fabr.

I refer to this well-known African species T'ertas pulchella of

Boisduval, having been unable to discover any characters suffi-

cient to. separate the latter from the continental form. The breadth

of the black border varies slightly in the ¢. Specimens from

Madagascar, given me by Mr. Caldwell, are smaller and darker

than those I captured in Mauritius, and resemble the-example

figured in the “‘ Faune Entomologique de Madagascar, &c.” The

insect is very common in some localities, especially at Réduit and

in the Pamplemousses Gardens. Its flight is rather active, but it

usually keeps close to the ground, and settles among the herbage

at short intervals.

5. Terias Floricola, Boisd.

There is little to separate this insect from 7’. Hecabe, Linn.,

excepting its smaller size and the much narrower black border of

the fore-wing ; but as these characters appear to be constant, it is

perhaps as well, in a group of species so extremely difficult to de-

termine as are those of the genus Terias, to keep Floricola distinct

until further knowledge afford the means of deciding the question.

This butterfly is more generally common in Mauritius than 7’,

Rahel, and may be found in the same localities. In the Pample-

mousses Gardens I found it flying in company with 7. Rahel, and

on one occasion captured a specimen of each species, as the two

were sporting and chasing each other. M. Maillard states that,

in Bourbon, “‘ the 2 is much less abundant than the ¢.”

6. Eupleea Euphone, Fabr.

A common and conspicuous species, gregarious in its habits,

and to be found in gardens and wooded spots. Its flight is usually

about trees and shrubs, especially such as are in flower; and is

not unlike that of Danais Chrysippus, though more floating. The

% is rather duller in colour than the ¢, and has less of the

faint violaceous gloss. Both sexes have the peculiar odour so

remarkable in butterflies of this family; and the ¢, when han-

dled, protrudes a pair of curious anal appendages, consisting of an

elongate bright yellow filament, ending in a fascicle or tassel of

332 Mr. R. Trimen’s Votes on

radiating hairs of the same colour.* The species has been met

with in Madagascar, but there is no record of its inhabiting Bour-

bon. In Mauritius I found the insect most common at Réduit and

Pamplemousses. In the collection above referred to, said to have

been made by Dr. Burrowes in Zanzibar, I found a specimen of

Euphone, which differed in no respect from Mauritian examples.

7. Danais Phedone, Fabr.

Mr. Bates has very rightly (Proc. Zool. Soc., Nov. 1863)

placed this butterfly in the genus Danais, as it presents all the

structural characters of that group, though its peculiar facies and

colouring give it a strong superficial resemblance to Huploea Hu-

phone. In connexion with this likeness between the two species,

I may mention that I found D. Phedone much scarcer than 4.

Euphone, but almost invariably flying in company with the latter.

The @ is readily distinguished from the ¢ by the broader

ochreous band of the hind-wing, which occasionally unites with some

of the spots of the sub-marginal row. Mr. Bates (loc. cit.), in

noting a specimen from Madagascar in Mr. Caldwell's collection,

observes that Phedone “has hitherto been recorded only as in-

habiting the island of Mauritius ;” but I find that Boisduval

(Faune Ent. de Madag. &c., p. 37) mentions its occurrence in

Madagascar, “aux environs de Tamatave.” Its nearest ally seems

to be the abundant D. Hcheria, Stoll, of southern and south-

eastern Africa, the fore-wings of the two species almost coinciding

in colours and markings.

8. Danais Chrysippus, Linn.

I took a specimen of this well-known and widely-ranging species

in the woods at Vakoa, in the south-west of the island. This was

the only living example I saw. M. Maillard notes that in Bour-

bon this insect is richly coloured.

* Similar appendages exist in many Euple@;—I possessa ¢ of E. superba,

Herbst, in which these organs are exserted and conspicuous. A ¢ Danais

Echeria, Stoll, lately forwarded to me from Port Natal, also exhibits the same

appendages; though, among the many ¢@’s of this insect that I have captured,

I never found one that protruded them. Mr. Bates has recorded a similar

structure in two genera (Lycorea and Ituna) of Danaoid Heliconide,—a fact

interesting as tending to confirm his view of that group being closely related

to the true Danaide.

the Butterflies of Mauritius. 303

9. Atella Phalanta, Dru.

This butterfly is by no means uncommon in Mauritius, but it

is smaller and with stronger markings than those occurring on the

African continent. The largest specimens that I have seen are

from China. I found Phalanta most numerous at Pamplemousses,

but took it also at Terre Rouge and at Vakoa. It is stated by

M. Maillard to be “very common” in Bourbon, the @ being,

however, much rarer than the ¢.

10.4 Pyrameis Cardui, Linn.

I was surprised not to meet with this familiar acquaintance in

Mauritius, seeing that Boisduval mentions it as one of the insular

inhabitants. A Mauritian example, given me by Mr. Caldwell,

differs in no respect from the usual appearance of the species.

M. Maillard records the butterfly as a native of Bourbon.

11.¢ Pyrameis Hippomene, Boisd.

This handsome insect appears to be decidedly scarce in Mauri-

tius, and, according to M. Maillard, is rare in Bourbon. Mr.

Colville Barclay showed me the wings of a specimen taken by him,

some years ago, in the Moka district. From these, from some

specimens which I hastily examined in the Port Louis Museum,

and from Boisduval’s figures and description, I think that the

Mauritian form of the species may well be held distinct from the

south African form as a marked variety, if not as a sub-species.

The examples from Mauritius are considerably larger and darker,

with the apical region of the fore-wings and the tails of the hind-

wings much more produced ; the apical white spots of the fore-

wing are smaller, and the under-surface markings of the hind-wing

are brighter, with the strize more angulated.

12.* Junonia Rhadama, Boisd.

I was rejoiced to find this brilliant butterfly not uncommon in

Mauritius. I first saw it flitting about a grassy bank at the side

of the road at Terre Rouge, between Port Louis and Pample-

mousses, and instantly recognised the species by its size and

colour. The richness and glitter of the metallic-blue upper-

surface in a fresh ¢ is exquisitely beautiful, as the insect basks

with fully expanded wings in the tropical sunlight; and the @,

though less splendid, is by no means inconspicuous. In flight the

334 Mr. R. Trimen’s (Votes on

insect is a thorough Vanessa, often settling, but active, wary and

rapid. Boisduval’s figure (Faune Ent. de Mad. &c., pl. vii. fig.

2) gives but a faint idea of the size and beauty of Rhadama.. ‘The

outline of the wings varies much, but the angulation is more

marked in the 2 than inthe ¢. In both sexes there is a double

streak of a lighter blue than the ground-colour along the hind-

margin of the hind-wing; and, in the same wing, between the

lower sub-costal and discoidal nervules, a second ocellus, dull-

red, black-ringed (with a black-dotted violaceous pupil), which is

occasionally almost obsolete in the ¢, but always large and well-

marked in the @. In the latter sex, the small ocellus in the

fore-wing is more distinct ; the apical white dots in the same wing

are larger, while there is a row of four other white spots from the

costa, conspicuously margining the outer edge of the transverse

black streak ; and the blue is duller, and much obscured in the

basal regions of both wings. Some ¢ specimens present a fuscous

surface, in which the blue is almost obsolete. As in most species

of Junonia, the under-surface is very variable in both sexes,

chiefly in the number and distinctness of the ocelli: in some

examples it is throughout suffused with greyish, while in others

the whitish and blackish streaks and shadings are conspicuous.

I found this species at Réduit, in the Pamplemousses Gardens

(where it frequented the attractive flowers of Lantana), and once

in Port Louis. It was very interesting to learn, on the testimony

of many residents (including M. Bouton, Superintendent of the

Museum, Mr. Caldwell and Mr. Colville Barclay), that the but-

terfly was unknown in Mauritius till a few yearsago. It appeared

suddenly in 1857 or 1858, and was not rare from the first, several

specimens having been brought to the Museum at that time from

different parts of the Island. M. Maillard observes, that it is a

“‘yvery common” insect in Bourbon, and Dr. Peters found it at

Querimba on the Mozambique Coast; so that Rhadama, until

lately supposed to be a peculiar product of Madagascar, appears

to be not only extending its range, but to have been probably

African in its origin.

13.¢ Junonia Augustina, Boisd.

This fine and very peculiar looking Junonia is only known to

occur in Madagascar, Bourbon and Mauritius. In the latter

island it is rare, and, according to M. Maillard, is seldom to be

met with in Bourbon. I saw some faded examples in the Port

Louis Museum, and two or three, much damaged by insects, in a

the Butterflies of Mauritius. 335

case of Lepidoptera collected in Pamplemousses Gardens by the

son of the Superintendent. Mr. Colville Barclay gave me one of

two specimens in his possession, taken in the Moka district.

This example is a @, and presents on the fore-wing a transverse

sub-marginal row of four bluish-white spots, of which the first is

largest and is edged both above and below by violaceous scales.

On the under surface, the greenish-bronzy lustre is very appa-

rent; and there is a conspicuous white marking (not mentioned or

delineated by Boisduval) on the costa of the hind-wing, immediately

before and adjoining the reddish transverse streak. In spite of

the very different outline of wings, the general coloration of this

butterfly bears considerable resemblance to that of Eupleea Eu-

phone, and I can well imagine its escaping notice if flying in com-

pany with the latter species.

14. Neptis Frobenia, Fabr.

This does not appear to be common, as I only met with about

half-a-dozen examples. It haunts sheltered wooded spots, usually

keeping about a particular tree or tall shrub for some time. Its

flight is quite that of a Limenitis. I only found it in the Moka

district, at Réduit and Riversdale. Boisduval records the species

as a native of Madagascar. In Bourbon, where Frobenia does

not occur, its place is occupied by the nearly related form N.

Dumetorum, Boisd.

15. Diadema Bolina, Linn.

I chanced suddenly upon the only specimen of this well known

butterfly that I observed in Mauritius, at the edge of a small

plantation in the Moka district. Sir Henry Barkly saw another

example while I was in pursuit of the first: both were males. M.

Maillard notes the species as “not rare” in Bourbon, and (as

well as Boisduval) records the occurrence there of the pale variety

ofthe ¢ ,named Inaria by Cramer. It is very interesting to observe

how this insect, the 2 of which so precisely imitates the appear-

ance of Danais Chrysippus, almost rivals its model in geographical

range, though it does not appear to have yet extended into

Southern Europe. Its occurrence in parts of the New World,*

where Chrysippus is unknown, seems to be regarded by many

Lepidopterists as accidental; among others by Mr. Bates (Proc.

* A specimen from Jamaica is included in the British Museum Catalogue ;

Boisduval gives “ Guiana,” and Doubleday and Westwood, ‘‘ Guiana, Cay-

enne and Surinam,” as habitats of Bolina.

336 Mr. R. Trimen’s Votes on

Zool. Soc., Nov. 1863), whose laborious researches for eleven

years in South America give great weight to his opinion.

16. Cyllo Leda, Linn.

A very common butterfly in Mauritius, and distributed through-

out the greater part of Africa, Asia and Australia. It is always

found in shady spots, where it rests upon the ground or upon

dead leaves, often under low bushes, and, when disturbed, rises

with a heavy, flapping, but very irregular flight, and almost in-

variably settles before it has gone many yards. In the dark

alleys between the rows of sugar canes this butterfly may always

be found, though it is not easily caught in such narrow spaces.

Towards sunset the insect seems to become more active, and is

often met with flying about roads and open spots: indeed, at

Flacq, on the Eastern coast of the Island, I watched several

specimens of Leda chasing each other in the dusk of the evening

till it became too dark to see their movements any longer, but, as

long as they were visible, I noticed that their flight was circular

in its direction, and always near the ground, about one spot.

Many of the moth-like Hesperide, as is well known, are on the

wing about, or even a little after sunset, but Leda is the only in-

stance known to me of a butterfly belonging to the higher groups

that keeps such late hours. Besides the place named, Port Louis,

the mountain La Ponce, Réduit, Riversdale, and Riviére du Rem-

part, are localities in which I met with the species. M. Maillard

describes it as “ very common”’ in Bourbon.

17. Mycalesis Narcissus, Fabr.

This appeared to me to be certainly the most abundant butter-

fly in Mauritius. It was to be found everywhere in shady spots,

but seemed especially to prefer wood-paths, and the dry channels

of watercourses on the mountain sides. It is an active flier for a

Satyrus, though constantly settling. I took specimens in every

locality that I visited. It is “common” in Bourbon, according to

M. Maillard, and “ very common” in Madagascar according to

Boisduval. The latter author's remark that this insect presents a

paler and yellower under-surface in Madagascar is borne out by

some specimens from that Island given me by Mr. Caldwell,

which are both larger and universally paler than the Mauritian

examples.

the Butterflies of Mauritius. 337

18.* Libythea Cinyras, sp. nov. ?

I am unable to reconcile with any figure or description to

which I have access a Libythea given me by Mr. Colville Barclay.

Though at first inclined to consider it a variety of L. Myrrha,

Godt., I find upon examination that the differences it presents

warrant its being held a distinct species. In the fore-wing there _

is no longitudinal stripe from the base, but only a narrow, oblique,

fulvous spot at the end of the discoidal cell, and a good-sized,

rounded, fulvous spot (much as in the Indian LZ. Lepita, Moore),

situated upon the second median nervule, between the oblique

spot and the hind-margin ; while the three apical spots are fulvous

. in colour and narrowed and contiguous, forming an oblique angu-

lated streak. The hind-wing presents a rather broad irregular

fulvous sub-marginal band, commencing narrowly and abruptly

below the first sub-costal, and elbowed just below the second sub-

costal nervule; and an additional quadrate fulvous spot on the

costa beyond the middle. On the wnderside the spots of the fore-

wing are paler, that at the end of the cell being much larger than

above, while those near the apex (which is irrorated-grey) are

almost whitish; in the discoidal cell there is some faint fulvous

colouring before the spot. The hind-mwing is universally grey,

with brown hatchings; there is not any dark stripe along the

cellular fold, and the spot and band of the upper surface are indi-

cated by paler spaces.

A specimen in the South African Museum, captured by Mr.

E. L. Layard in Madagascar, does not differ from that just de-

scribed ; and, to the best of my recollection, a Libythea, shown me

by Mr. Waller, of the Zambesi Mission, which was taken near

the River Shire, presented the same characters. Mr. Layard’s

specimen possesses palpi and antennz, both of which are more

slender than those of Z. Myrrha, the former being also shorter

and convergent.

If this species be undescribed, I propose for it the name of

Libythea Cinyras.

Mr. Barclay informed me that this butterfly is very scarce in

Mauritius, and that the specimen he gave me was taken in the

Moka district.

19. Lycena Betica, Linn.

This species, so very widely distributed in the Old World, was

not so common in Mauritius as I had expected to find it, being

338 Mr. R. Trimen’s Notes on

almost confined to gardens, where it kept about the cultivated

pea. I met with it at Port Louis, Réduit, Pamplemousses and

Riversdale. M. Maillard notes the insect as occurring in Bour-

bon, and Boisduval states that it also inhabits Madagascar.

20. Lycena Telicanus, Herbst.

Far more abundant than LZ. Betica. Lawns in gardens are

quite alive with this insect in the early forenoon; and I noticed

the species in every locality I visited. The great majority of

Mauritian examples consists of individuals considerably smaller

and darker than those generally met with in South Africa. The

range of the species is almost identical with that of Betica, though

the latter occurs further to the North.

21. Lycena Lysimon, Godt.

This is the third very widely distributed Lycena that inhabits

Mauritius, and to it I refer a butterfly that I found very common

in the island; though, in the absence of any careful figure or

minute description of Lysimon, I cannot positively affirm it to be

that species. The specimens exactly resemble others from dif-

ferent parts of South Africa and from Ceylon. Numerous ex-

amples were met with in waste ground in all parts of the island.

22. Pamphila Borbonica, Boisd.

Syn.—P. Fatuellus, Hpfr. (Peters’ “Reise nach Mossambique,”

Ins. p. 417, pl. xxvii. figs. 3, 4).

An abundant insect, frequenting flowers in gardens. Found at

Port Louis, Réduit and Riversdale. Boisduval observes that this

species is known in Bourbon as Hesperia Mathias, but at the

same time remarks that the Fabrician Mathias inhabits Coro-

mandel, and that Fabricius’s description “ convient moins a notre

Borbonica qu’a trente autres espéces différentes.” On examining

Latreille’s description of Mathias, Fabr., I find that there are two

points of distinction from Borbonica, viz., the possession of “ eight

or nine”’ vitreous spots in the fore-wing, while Borbonica has but

seven at the most; and of five white spots on the underside of

the hind-wing, while the number in Bordonica is constantly three.

The Mauritian insect inhabits South Africa, and is there asso-

the Butterflies of Mauritius. 339

ciated with a closely allied form, P. Mohopaani, Wallengren,

which may be easily distinguished by two viteous spots in the dis-

coidal cell of the fore-wing, and (in the ¢ ) by the discal streak.

23. Pamphila Marchalii, Boisd.

I did not meet with this insect, but observed a much injured

Pamphila in Mr. Caldwell’s collection which I referred to the

species. Since my return to the Cape, Lady Barkly has sent me

a g example, which was, I believe, taken in the grounds at

Réduit. The species is easily distinguished from P. Borbonica

by its rufous-brown colour, orange-mixed cilia and under surface,

and by the absence of spots, there being only two small discal

vitreous ones in the fore-wing (between the first and third median

nervules), and none in the hind-wing. The outline of the wings

also differs, being considerably less prominent in the apical region

of the fore-wing and in the anal-angular region of the hind-wing.

24, Nisoniades Sabadius, Boisd.

I met with this species only in wooded ground at Réduit, where

I noticed six or seven examples and took three. It is rapid and

active in its movements, frequently settling on the under surface

of leaves. It frequented the small blue flowers of a species of

Salvia abundant on the estate. ‘The wings are held fully expanded

when the butterfly is at rest. Mauritian specimens are smaller,

redder in tint, and less distinctly marked than the South African

examples of the species.

25. Ismene Florestan, Cram.

Not a common butterfly in Mauritius: I saw but four specimens

on the wing during my stay. Its flight is very swift, but is some-

what bustling, reminding one of that of the diurnal Noctuina, e. g.

the Plusig. Like the moths referred to, Florestan seems to

require much nourishment, and keeps steadily to flowers, from

which its long proboscis pumps the nectar in a most effectual and

business-like manner. The wings are elevated when the insect is

settled, the hinder pair being held slightly apart from the fore-

wings. I found this species at Port Louis, Pamplemousses and

Vakoa; and Lady Barkly has sent me examples taken at Réduit.

All these individuals belong to the type-form of the species; the

VOL. V. THIRD SERIES, PART 1V.—DEC,. 1866. BB

340 Mr. R. Trimen’s Votes on

form which has some black spots on the underside of the hind-

wings (J. Valmaran, Wlgr.), and which co-exists with the type in

Southern Africa, apparently does not inhabit Mauritius.

26. Ismene Ramanatek, Boisd.

I have not seen this species, but it is evident from Boisduval’s

description and figure in the “ Faune Entom. de Madag. &c.,”

that the insect is allied to Ismene Florestan. It is, however, con-

siderably smaller, and the white band on the underside is not only

much narrower and more sinuated, but continuous throughout as

well as closer to the hind margin.

The following Table exhibits the distribution, so far as known

to me, over the neighbouring islands, of the few butterflies in-

habiting Mauritius, and also indicates very roughly the range of

such of the species as prevail over wider regions of the globe.

341

the Butterflies of Mauritius.

*saroads Z

‘puyog “I

“MpADy “f

*eoLIOULY

‘soroads ¢ *soloads ¢ ‘soroads g ‘soloods g] ‘sotoads 6 *satoods g

*YaIDUDUDY “7 *YOIDUDUDYT tf

*uDysasory *T *UDISALOPT *T UDISILONT *T

“snupngny * J D0 *snapyqng * NT

*pauog.uog *q re *parU0g.log * J

suoush'T 7 *uounsh'T "7 suowmishT “T suoushy *'T UOWISh'T *'T

“snuporay 'T *snunaay, "T *snunoyay, 7 *snupaijay, "yT | “snupoyay *'T

‘DID “T ‘DIUM “T “DIUM *'T “DIUM *'T ‘DIUM “T

*spuhurg "7 re

*SMSSLIUDNT “JT | "snsswunat "Py | “Snssva4MAy “AT

*Dpa'T *O 20 ‘DpaT *O ‘vpaT *O ‘prt ‘dO “DpaT “9d

NOISE TOL oi TEESE (OE AMEE OL po anh ee Sa

“DUago.lT * NT

‘puysnsnpy "fp | ‘uusnsnpy *¢

‘nunpoyryy *f ‘puvpoyy *f *puppoyry *f

rauauoddryy *y QR sauawoddipy *

*InpLNy “d “InpLoy *d “nplny *d “INPLVD *d “INpIDD” * J “INPLDD *d

“DYUD)IDY J Vy *DYUDIDY J ‘V “DjUDIDY I A “DIUD)DY J ‘Vv

‘snddishayg sq | *snddashiayg sq | *snddashaya *q | *snddastiayg *q | *snddishuyg ‘Gg

"aUuopDU "CT on

‘auoydny “oT a

*Dj09LO) MT “T, EMC LONG, “Dpooond “L

T2840 OL 124 OE oF “a

BIpON OD ag ry

“0194074 “0 he °D11940).4 *O

“eleIysny ‘odoin ‘vISW “ROL W “IvoseSepe “uoqinog

ssmpuunvyy fo sayfiaying ay) fo uoynguysigg qooydnssoay ay) fo war “mjnqny,

‘satoads 9% ‘[210 J,

“3a, DUDUDY aUuausy

“U DISILO) aUdUsT

“snipDgny saporuosr ny

“yDYyIuD yy Dpydung

“paruoquog vjryduny

uounshT vivohy

*snupoyay, DUNT

‘Daun vumahT

‘svihuig vayrhiquvyt

“SNSSIIWD NT $2sa] vOK [YT

OR eGt OKO

“‘puyog DuAapnicCT

“pruaqo.t.g sujdayr

“DUNSNONP puoune

‘DuDpoYYy DruoUny

‘guamoddipy srampuh gy

‘npg stauvihg

DIUDIDY PIP

ssnddishuyg siounq

‘auopHry swuncT

sauoydny vaojdna

M090) J SOLA |

*ayoy sia,

‘oypoyy svhipyvd

*yyaio,g sphupyyvg

“‘pyupquoyg ourdog

“SNIJLINe WL

342 Mr. R. Trimen’s (Votes on

The very small amount of local peculiarity is markedly appa-

rent when shown in a tabular form, the only species which are

endemic being Papilio Phorbanta and Pamphila Marchali; or but

ql; of the whole Rhopalocerous fauna. As might be inferred from

the relative position of the islands, there is a large proportion of

the Mauritian species common to Bourbon (Réunion) and to

Madagascar, amounting in the former case to nearly, and in the

latter to quite, 3 of the entire number. As regards Madagascar,

it must be borne in mind how very little is known of its insect,

and indeed of its general, fauna; for it is worthy of note that the

five Mauritian species (apart from the endemic forms mentioned

above) not recorded to occur there are all natives of the African

Continent, and it seems most improbable that these species,

common to South Eastern Africa and Mauritius, should not in-

habit the great intermediate region.

Looking to Asia, one cannot but be struck by the entire absence

of any Oriental butterflies in Mauritius, the eight species common

to Asia and Mauritius being not only of universal distribution

throughout Africa, but, without exception, remarkable for all but

cosmopolitan range. The same remark applies to the Rhopalo-

cera of the neighbouring Island of Bourbon, the only species

common to it and to Asia being the eight just referred to. Those

naturalists who are disposed to assign an Indian (or South East

Asian) affinity to the fauna of Madagascar ought to find some

confirmation of their theory in the zoology of the islands lying

further to the eastward, but such evidence has not, to the best of

my knowledge, been forthcoming,* and, certainly, all that is

* As regards the Avi-fauna of Mauritius, J take the opportunity of men-

tioning that Mr. Edward Newton, who has for some years resided in that

Island, and availed himself to the utmost of his excellent opportunities of in-

vestigating the ornithology of the Mascarene group, has most kindly given

me notes on the range and affinities of the birds found in Mauritius. I have

thus Mr. Newton’s authority (and it is a high one), for stating that, of the

sixteen species which may be considered actual natives (there are thirty-two

residents) of the island, not one is known to inhabit Asia, and only one

(Ardea atricapilla) to occur in Africa, Yet the insular endemic species are

but two in number (Tinnunculus punctatus and Pale@ornis eques); while seven

species also inhabit Bourbon, and three range to Madagascar. Mr. Newton

himself sees reason to incline to the theory of Indian affinities ; but, from

his notes, I find that (excluding the Seychelles fauna from consideration) the

balance is fairly struck, when we turn to the bird genera, between Africa and

Asia, two genera of either region not occurring in the other having Mauritian

representatives. (Sea-birds are not included in the numbers given.)

— hp

the Butterflies of Mauritius. 343

known of the butterflies inhabiting those islands, as well as Mada-

gascar itself,* tends to establish an opposite conclusion.

The only indication} of connexion with typical Asiatic forms

is to be found in the two Euple@e, E. Euphone of Mauritius and

L. Goudotii of Bourbon, but neither species is known to inhabit

Asia, the latter being a native of Natal, and the former of Mada-

gascar and (if I am correctly informed as to Dr. Burrowes’ col-

lection) of Zanzibar.

It is reasonable to suppose that the collections of M. Maillard

and others have made fully known to us the Rhopalocera of

Bourbon, and it thus becomes interesting to note any differences

which occur between them and those found in the neighbouring

island. The two islands are not unlike in general character, and

are of nearly equal size, but Bourbon is much more rugged, with

mountains of greatly higher elevation, and possesses at least one

active volcanic centre. But twenty-two species of butterflies are

recorded as natives of Bourbon, and eighteen of these are also

found in Mauritius. Of the remaining four, two, Papilio dispa-

rilis and Neptis Dumetorum, seem to be peculiar to the island; a

third, Lycena Mylica, recorded by Guénée in M. Maillard’s

volume, is quite unknown to me; and the fourth, Eupleea Goudotii,

as already stated, is African. A certain parallelism is observable

between the species of either island which are not found in the

other; thus, in Bourbon, Papilio disparilis takes the place which

in Mauritius is occupied by P. Phorbanta ; Euplea Goudotii takes

that of Z. Huphone; while Neptis Dumetorum fairly represents N.

Frobenia. For the Mauritian Danais Phcedone no analogue appears

to exist; and, similarly, the Bourbon Lycena Mylica finds no

answering species in Mauritius.

It is much to be regretted that no record exists of the butter-

flies inhabiting Rodriguez, the third and smallest island of the

group, which lies much further to the eastward; for there can be

little doubt that an island which can boast its own Dodo, as well

* See my paper ‘‘ On the Butterflies of Madagascar,” in the “ Quarterly

Journal of Science,’’ 1864, p. 648.

+ The two species of Neptis can hardly be held to be evidence of Indian

relations ; for, though the genus is far more fully represented in South-eastern

Asia than in Africa, both N. Frobenia and Dumetorwm belong to the African

group of Neptis, which wants the longitudinal stripe from the base of the

fore-wings, and includes such species as N. Melicerta, Fabr. (= Agatha, Cram.)

of Western, Southern and Eastern Africa; N. Saclava, Boisd., of Southern

and Eastern Africa; and N, Ophione, Cram., of Western Africa.

344 Mr. R. Trimen’s Notes on the Butterflies of Mauritius.

as one or more endemic species of existing birds, and its peculiar

palm, ‘contains an entomological fauna of much interest, which

probably includes some endemic species, and would, if duly in-

vestigated, afford valuable data as to the eastward range of many

African forms, as well as further evidence on the vewata questio

of Indian affinities.

In conclusion I will only remark as regards Bourbon and

Mauritius, that the facts already placed on record afford the very

strongest grounds for believing that those islands have received

nearly all, if not the whole, of their Rhopalocera from Africa,

through the intervening region of Madagascar.

( 345 )

VIII. New Genera and Species of Psocide. By Ropert

M‘Lacutay, F.L.S.

[Read 5th November, 1866.]

Turs paper contains descriptions of such previously unde-

scribed species of exotic Psocide as have come under my notice.

Many of these are in the Oxford Museum, and have been kindly

placed in my hands by Professor Westwood. Two new genera

are described, one of which, Newrosema, is quite a novel form;

the other, Eremopsocus, more nearly approaches Psocus. The

number of species of Psocus is apparently very great, and it

will soon be necessary to examine how far it may be requisite to

transfer some of these to separate genera; some of the Ameri-

can and Ceylonese species will certainly have eventually to be so

separated. That I have not here taken the initiative on this point

is owing to the fact that I consider a still closer acquaintance

with allied forms prudent before proceeding further.*

Tuyrsopuorus, Burmeister.

Thyrsophorus bellus, n. sp.

T’. piceus ; antennis pilosis, nigricantibus, ad basin rufescenti-

bus ( articulo 3° haud incrassato); capite piceo ( ¢ infra

pallido) ; scutello pallide vario ; alis hyalinis, anticis maculis

in dimidio basali ( @ ) intense fuscis, fascia media ¢ vittaque

apicali testaceo-fumosis, pterostigmate triangulari, miniato,

venis nigricantibus ; pedibus castaneis; ¢ tibiis tarsisque

anticis et tarsorum intermediorum posteriorumque apicibus

infuscatis.

Var. (2 ?)—Alis anticis maculis in dimidio basali intense fuscis,

sed vitta apicali nulla; pterostigmate flavo marginato ; venis

apicalibus flavis.

Exp. alar. 5—53”.

Habitat in Brasilia (Dom. Bates).

In Muss. Oxon. et mihi.

* See postscript, p. 352.

346 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan on new Genera

A small but very beautiful species; the third antennal joint

in the female is thread-like throughout its length, whereas in the

male the apical half is gradually incrassated as in the other species

of the genus. It is probably variable in the markings of the

wings, perhaps independently of sex ; the example in my collec-

tion pertains to the variety above described, but the head is

wanting.

Thyrsophorus speciosus, Burm.

7’. speciosus (Klug, MSS.), Burm. Handb. ii. 782,1; 7’. Spinole,

Ramb. Névrop. p. 318.

Thyrsophorus pennicornis, Burm,

T. penncornis, (Klug, MSS.), Burm. Handb. ii. 782, 2; T. ramo-

sus, Walk. Brit. Mus. Cat. Neurop. pt. 3, p. 480, 5.

Thyrsophorus leucotelus, Walker.

Brit. Mus. Cat. pt. 3, p. 479, 4.

Hagen (Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1866, p. 238) thinks this may be the

female of T’.. speciosus. I scarcely think this possible, but should

rather refer it to 7. pennicornis. In the latter species the two

discoidal cells of the anterior wings are occupied by numerous

little ramose veinlets, which are wanting in T. leucotelus; other-

wise the two insects are very similar, but until it is proved that

the presence or absence of these ramose veinlets is only a sexual

character, I consider it prudent to keep them separate.

Thyrsophorus anticus, Walker.

Brit. Mus. Cat. pt. 3, p. 480, 6.

This may be at once distinguished by the thorax, which is

cornuted in front. Is this character present in both sexes ?

NEUROSEMA, Nn. g.

Caput modicum, postice emarginatum, supra fere planum, disci

medio linea impressa instructo, fronte convexiuscula; la-

brum subquadratum, emarginatum; palpi articulis cylindricis ;

antennz alis longitudine vix eequales, (probabiliter) 9-articu-

late, hirsute, articulis duobus basalibus parvis, 3° longis-

simo, incurvato, reliquis gradatim paulo brevioribus; oculi

magni, subglobosi, valde prominentes; oceHi minusculi, ap-

proximati. Prothorax cbtectus. Mesothorax capiti latitu-

dine equalis. Abdomen parvum. Ale antice elongate, ad

and Species of Psocide. 347

apicem subrotundate, pilosiuscula, ante apicem plica trans-

versa instructe ; venis numerosis hyalinis dense sed irregu-

lariter cribrosis, cellulis apicalibus numerosis : posticze parve,

vix angustate ; venis simplicibus, furcis apicalibus duabus,

vena transversa una. Pedes vix pilosi; tibiae plane, utrin-

que sulcate ; tarsi 2-articulati, posteriorum articulo 1° valde

elongato.

A very singular genus, on account of the deep transverse fold

or bend in the anterior wings just before the apex. These wings

are densely reticulated with numerous little hyaline veinlets dividing

the membrane into small cell-like spaces, which are more abun-

dant in some parts than in others, and are altogether absent in the

apical portion beyond the fold; some of these veinlets branch off

without meeting others, and are then abruptly terminated in the

membrane.

Neurosema apicalis, n. sp.

N. lurido-fusea ; antennis nigris, fusco-pilosis, albido-termina-

tis; capite lurido-fusco; labro nigricante; palpis albis,

articulo ultimo fusco-terminato ; alis anticis fuscis, cazeruleo-

plagatis, macula magna apicali sub-elliptica plicaque albidis,

venulis numerosis albido-hyalinis, pterostigmate sub-rotun-

dato, venula albido-byalina circumscripto ; alis posticis fus-

cis, immaculatis; pedibus piceo-fuscis, coxis anticis et tar-

sorum intermediorum posteriorumque articulo basali albidis,

hoc minuté nigro-punctato.

Var.-—Tarsis intermediis solum albidis.

Exp. alar. 7”

Habitat in Nova Guinea et insula Salwatty (Dom. Wallace).

In Muss. Oxon. et mihi.

A beautiful insect; the large blue blotches on the anterior wings

are visible only in certain lights.

EREMOPSOCUS, N. g.

Caput magnum, obtuso-triangulare, supra fere planum;_ palpi

articulo ultimo clavato ; antennz alis longiores, (probabiliter)

10-articulatz, articulo basali brevi, dilatato, 2° parvo, reliquis

valde elongatis, fere equalibus, d incrassatis sed gradatim gra-

cilioribus, pilis brevibus dense vestitis, 2 filiformibus. Pro-

thorax obtectus. Mesothorar magnus, prothorace _latior,

Scutellum elevatum. Abdomen parvum, ovatum. Ale an-

ticee amplee, ad apicem oblique rotundate ; venis ut in Psoco

lineato, cellula discoidali magna, quadrata, occlusa, cellule

348 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan on new Genera

marginales posteriores quatuor: posticee parva. Pedes hir-

sutiusculi; tibize cylindrice ; tarsi 2-articulati.

In structure similar to the species of Psocus of the lineatus

group, but remarkable for the different forms of the antennz in

the sexes, those of the $ being strongly incrassate, whereas in the

? they form a long jointed thread ; they are probably 10-jointed,

but some of the apical joints are obscure.

Eremopsocus infumatus, n. sp.

$. E.nigro-fuscus, nitidus ; antennis pedibusque nigris ; capite

oculisque nigro-fuscis; mesothorace lineis elevatis transversis

literam % formantibus instructo; scutello lineis elevatis radiatis

instructo ; alis anticis posticisque fuscis, nitidis, illis dimidio

apicali pterostigmateque saturatioribus, venis nonnullis disci

albido-hyalinis, pterostigmate magno, triangulari.

@. Pallide brunneus; abdomine infuscato; alis haud_nitidis ;

femoribus flavescentibus ; czeteris ut in é.

Exp. alar..¢d 7 4 9 8s

Habitat in Brasilia (Dom. Bates).

In Muss. Oxon. et mihi.

Psocus, Latreille.

A. Tarsi 3-articulati.*

a. Cellula discoidalis occlusa ; cellule marginales postertores

quatuor.

§ Plerostigma lberum.

Psocus griseipennis, n. Sp.

P. fuscus; antennis flavidis, fusco-terminatis; capite flavo-

griseo, naso verticeque nigro-striatis ; scutello abdomineque

flavido-variis ; alis anticis cinereis, fusco-griseo-marmoratis et

reticulatis, venis longitudinalibus albido et nigro alterne punc-

tatis, pterostigmate triangulari, antice elongato, griseo; alis

posticis hyalinis, costa ad apicem albido nigroque punctata ;

pedibus flavidis, tibiis hirsutiusculis, minute nigro-punctatis,

femoribus maculis et tibiarum tarsorumque apicibus infuscatis.

Exp. alar. 53—7”.

Habitat in Australia.

In Muss, Brit., Oxon., et mihi.

This may possibly be the P. australis of Brauer (Verh. zool.-

* In the species of Psocus with triarticulate tarsi, the second, or middle

joint, is always small, and generally requires a careful examination under a

high power, to define it with certainty.

and Species of Psocide. , 349

bot. Verein. in Wien, 1865, p. 908), with the description of which

it agrees moderately well if the coloration of the body and wings

are taken as reversed, but as no sectional characters are given for

that species, I think it more prudent to describe my examples as

new. In the coloration of the wings it somewhat resembles the

European P. variegatus.

An example in the Oxford Museum bears the locality-label

“Rio,” but this must be an error; it is apparently spread over the

whole Australian continent, A specimen from King George’s

Sound is smaller and darker, but not otherwise different.

Psocus fraternus, n. sp.

P. griseipenni similis, sed striis nasalibus punctatis, et antennis

nigro flavidoque annulatis.

Exp. alar. 43”.

Habitat in Assam (Dom. Jenkins).

In Mus. Oxon.

§§ Pterostigma cum vena furcata per venulam transversam con-

junctum.

Psocus pallipes, n. sp.

P. niger, nitidus ; antennis nigris, ad basin rufescentibus ; capite

abdomineque piceis ; alis anticis hyalinis, nebulis ad basin et

ad apicem fasciaque media transversa infuscatis, venis fuscis,

ad basin flavis, cellula 3* posteriori marginali ceteris valde

majore, 4* parva, triangulari, pedunculata; pterostigmate

in parte infuscato, elongato, subtriangulari; alis posticis

hyalinis, venis fuscis ; pedibus flavis, tarsis fusco-terminatis.

Exp. alar. 33”.

Habitat ad Adelaide in Australia meridionali.

In Mus. Oxon.

B. Tarsi 2-articulati.

b. Cellula discoidalis occlusa ; cellule marginales posteriores quatuor.

§ Plerostigma liberum.

Psocus femoratus, n. sp.

P. piceus, nitidus; capite piceo; (antennis defectis) ; oculis

ferrugineis ; ocellis rufescentibus ; alis anticis nitidis, nigro-

fuscis, ad basin et ad apicem saturatioribus, pterostigmate

elongato-triangulari, piceo, venis nigricantibus nonnullis disci

350 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan on new Genera

albido-marginatis ; alis posticis pallidioribus ; pedibus nigris,

femoribus (apicibus exceptis) flavis.

Exp. alar. 73”.

Habitat in China boreali. 5

In Mus. Brit.

Psocus grisescens, n. sp.

P. cinereus; capite immaculato; antennis flavidis, apicem

versus fuscescentibus, pilosiusculis; ocellis nigris ; alis

anticis pallide cinereis, obscure nebulosis, venis fuscis, non-

nullis przecipue in disco flavidis, pterostigmate elongato-

triangulari, griseo ; alis posticis hyalinis, venis fuscis ; pedibus

pallide cinereis.

Var.—Capite linea media nigra, postice furcata.

Exp. alar. 53—6}”.

Habitat in Natalia.

In Mus. Brit.

Psocus infectus, n. sp.

P. brunneus; antennis (articulis duobus basalibus exceptis)

nigris, hirsutiusculis; naso, oculis, ocellisque nigricantibus ;

mesothorace utrinque et antice nigro-piceo; abdomine

brunneo, flavo-vario; alis anticis griseo-hyalinis, fuliginoso-

nebulosis (praecipue ad angulum analem), nebulis irregularibus

ad basin et ad discam vittaque elongata apicali sulphureis,

venis fuscis, nonnullis sulphureis, pterostigmate griseo, tri-

angulari; alis posticis hyalinis, venis fuscis ; pedibus lurido-

testaceis, tibiis brunneis, tarsis nigris.

Exp. alar. 8”.

Habitat ad Bogota in Nova Granada.

In Coll. mihi.

Psocus reponens, Walker.

Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 2, v. 188.

Two examples of this species from Mexico (Coffin), in the

Oxford Museum do not differ from the Brazilian types described

by Mr. Walker. The words ‘veins white” in the description

(loc. cit.) are however incorrect ; the veins are dark fuscous.

Psocus cosmopterus, n. sp.

P. rufo-griseus ; antennis nigris, hirsutiusculis, ad basin rufo-

griseis; capite macula nigra in medio postice posita, oculis

nigro-signatis ; alis anticis sub-opacis, albidis, basi fascia ante

and Species of Psocide. 351

medium postice dilatata, punctis ad marginem posticum fas-

ciaque lata irregulari in dimidio apicali (ad marginem api-

calem bis excisa) fusco-nigris, pterostigmate sub-triangulari,

ferrugineo, venis nigris, nonnullis ad basin et ad discum ru-

fescentibus ; alis posticis hyalinis, venis nigris; pedibus tes-

taceis, tibiarum tarsorumque apicibus nigris.

Exp. alar. 7”.

Habitat ad Mount Ophir in Malacea (Dom, Wallace).

In Coll. W. W. Saunders.

Closely allied to P. Taprobanes, Hagen, and perhaps a local

modification of that species; differs in the pale head and thorax,

_ sub-opaque anterior wings, and the colour of the pterostigma ;

the wings also appear to be somewhat narrower.

Pterostigma cum vena furcata ner venulam transversam con-

junctum.

Psocus striatifrons, n. sp.

P. flavidus; antennis grisescentibus; capite flavido, lineis

numerosis in naso punctisque in vertice (in nebulis tribus dis-

positis) nigris; labro nigro-emarginato; oculis luridis;

ocellis nigris, nitidis ; scutello fusco, macula media striisque

elevatis radiatis quinque flavidis; abdomine flavido-vario ;

alis anticis hyalinis, fascia transversa interrupta ante medium

maculaque ad pterostigma fuscis, venis fuscis, costa radioque

albidis ; pterostigmate elongato, ad apicem dilatato ; alis pos-

ticis hyalinis, venis fuscis, pedibus flavidis, femoribus ad

basin et ad apicem tarsisque fuscis, tibiis nigro-punctatis.

Exp. alar. 3”.

Habitat in Australia meridionali.

In Mus. Oxon.

bb. Cellula discoidalis aperta ; cellule marginales postertores com-

plete, due, 2* elliptica, libera.

Psocus imbecillus, n. sp.

P. pallide flavidus ; antennarum dimidio apicali, abdomineque

infuscatis; alis pallide flavidis, venis vix obscurioribus, ptero-

stigmate elongato-ovali; pedibus pallide flavis.

Exp. alar. 23”.

Habitat in Mauritio.

In Mus. Oxon.

352 Mr. R.M‘Lachlan on new Genera and Species of Psocide.

I have examined one specimen gummed on card, and in bad

condition. It is probable that this species may frequent houses

and warehouses. I once saw a similar species in myriads in the

empty hold of a ship that had just discharged a cargo of tea from

China, but the specimens are unfortunately lost.

Postscript.—Since the introductory remarks to this paper were

written, Dr. Hagen has published in the Verhand. zool.-botan.

Gesellschaft in Wien, 1866, p. 203, (“ Psocinorum synopsis syno-

nymica’’), a plan for dividing the old genus Psocus into several

separate genera, which greatly facilitates a knowledge of the

family. It is based upon the number of tarsal joints, and the

neuration. ‘The genera proposed are Myopsocus, Elipsocus,

Psocus (proper), Cecilius (Curtis), Lpipsocus, Polypsocus, Peri-

psocus, Stenopsocus, Calopsocus, and Dypsocus. According to this

arrangement, the species above described as Psocus grisezpennis

and P. fraternus belong to Myopsocus; P. femoratus, P. gri-

sescens, P. infectus, P. reponens and P. cosmopterus to Psocus

(proper); P. striatifrons to Stenopsocus; and P. imbecillus to

Cecilius. P. pallipes appears to be the only described species

which, with the neuration of Stenopsocus, possesses tri-articulate

tarsi; for it I propose the generic name Propsocus.

=— =)

6858)

IX. A new Genus of Hemerobide, and a new Genus of

Perlide. By Ropert M‘Lacuuay, F.L.S.

[Read 3rd December, 1866.]

HEMEROPIDZ.

RaprisMA, n. g.

Caput sub prothorace occultum ; oculi globosi, parvi; antenne

breves, intus sub-serrate, pilose; palpi parvi. Thorax et

abdomen valde robusti; prothorace late transverso. Pedes

breves, pilosi. d/@ ample: antice sub-coriacee, pilose,

elongate, latee, sub-acuta, margine apicali obliquo; spatium

costale basi latissimum, venulis transversalibus numerosis,

furcatis, areolis numerosis (ad basin seriebus 3-5 dispositis)

irregularibus; sub-costa a radio separata, spatio sub-costali

venulis transversalibus numerosis instructo; sector primus

radio parallelus, sectores ceeteros emittens ; venule gradate

per-numerose, membranam in cellulis parvis dividentes :

postice anticis breviores, sub-hyalinze ; spatium costale an-

gustum ; vene fere ut in anticis.

Type.—Hemerobius viridipennis, Walker, Cat. Neurop. Brit.

Mus. pt. 2, p. 276, 1; from the East Indies.

A very remarkable genus of Hemerobide, on account of its

robust body, large size and subcoriaceous anterior wings. It

bears some resemblance to Jthone (incorrectly placed by New-

man and Walker in the Sialide), but differs in the breadth of the

basal portion of the costal area, in the absence of a recurrent

veinlet, in the details of neuration, and in the head, which is so

much retracted under the prothorax that the front alone is visible ;

it is probable that the living insect has the power of extending

the head, but in dead examples it is so greatly concealed, that

but for the antennz and eyes, it would be scarcely seen at all.

354 Mr. R. M‘Lachlan’s New Genus of Perlide.

PERLIDE.

STENOPERLA, 0, g.

Palpi maxillares articulis basalibus duobus brevibus, aquali-

bus, latis, caeteris planiusculis, 3° et 4° singulis 2° duplo

longioribus, 5° 4° breviori. Antenne breves, graciles, Ocelli

tres. Abdomen gracile, caudis analibus brevibus, gracilibus.

Ale quiescentes corpus circumvolventes: antice per-anguste,

elongate, venulis transversalibus numerosis regulariter in-

structee: postice anticis triplo latiores, plicata, venulis

transversalibus ubique regulariter instructe.

Type.—Chloroperla prasina, Newman, The Zoologist, 1845,

p- 853, 2; Hermes prasinus, Walker, Cat. Neurop. Brit. Mus.

pt. 2, p. 206, 10; from New Zealand.

In the form of the maxillary palpi, and in the numerous trans-

verse veins distributed pretty evenly over the whole of the pos-

terior wings, this genus approaches Eusthenia of Westwood. In

repose the wings form a nearly complete cylinder concealing the

body, as in Leuctra.

( 355 )

X. On the Oak feeding Silkworm from Japan, Bombyx

Yamamai (Guérin-Meéneville). By ALExaANDER WAL-

Lace, M.D., M.R.C.P.

In tenui labor, at tenuis non gloria, si .#

In consequence of the present dearth of silk, owing to repeated

failures during the last ten or more years in the cultivation of the

cocoons of Bombyx Mori, every variety of silken tissue is now

eagerly sought after, and commands relatively a high prize. Asa

result of this demand for inferior as well as superior material,

attention has been called to the cocoons of other silk-producing

Bombyces—a large and wide-spread tribe—and several of the

most promising species have been introduced into Europe, and are

now undergoing more or less successfully the process of acclima-

tization; so that there dawns before our view the prospect of an

extensive future cultivation and production of silken material in

Central and Southern Europe, and in many of her colonies pes-

sessed of suitable climate and soil. The naturalists who have

undertaken these investigations, at the head of whom stands

Mons. Guérin-Méneville of Paris, speak most confidently as to

the results of their experience, and express a firm belief that at no

distant day several valuable races of silkworms may be added to

our domestic menagerie. The most valuable perhaps of these

races, the Bombyx Yamamai, an inhabitant of Japan, forms the

subject of this Essay.

All that we know of the past history of this species is as follows :

For many years the Japanese have cultivated an oak-feeding silk-

worm as well as the mulberry worm; and according to some

writers, the profits arising from this species exclusively belonged

to the royal family, according to others its silken produce was

employed to make the rich vestments of the imperial family. In

* [To the Memoir endorsed with the above Motto was awarded a Prize

offered by the Council of the Society for 1866, for an Essay on Economic

Entomology.—Sec. Ent. Soc. |

VOL, V. THIRD SERIES, PART Y.— MARCH, 1867. cc

356 Dr. Wallace on the Ouk-feeding

cither case this valuable species was so highly esteemed, that the

punishment of death was by law inflicted on any one who exported

the eggs. ‘This then explains the reason why for so many years

this species was unknown to our naturalists, and its silk to our

merchants. It was not till the beginning of the year 1861 that

during the presence of the French fleet in the Japanese waters, the

attention of Mons. Duchesne de Bellecourt, French consul ge-

neral and chargé d'affaires at Japan, having been directed to the

beauty of the silken fabrics produced from the cocoons of the

Bombyx Yamamai, he was enabled to obtain some eggs, which

were transmitted to the Imperial Government of France, and finally

entrusted to the hands of the Imperial Society of Acclimatization.

Now fortunately there is no difficulty in procuring eggs of this

species in Japan, except that sometimes wooden eggs are fabri-

cated to deceive unwary customers. The eggs first sent over to

Europe were carefully tended in the Museum at the Jardin des

Plantes at Paris. Unfortunately nothing was known of the habit

of the insect, not even its food plant. When therefore the first

eggs hatched out about the 15th of March, 1861, the young worms

refused all the leaves presented to them, and perished. But in the

beginning of April an oak (Quercus cuspidata), placed under glass,

having put out some leaves, these were eaten by the young worms,

and hope was now entertained of rearing them. The President of

the Society of Acclimatization immediately obtained from Toulon

and Hyéres in the south of France young oak leaves, with which

the baby worms were fed from the 9th April till the time when the

oaks at Paris had sufficient foliage. These worms, about forty in all,

grew well up to their fourth moult, but being in the Serpent

house, the high temperature and close atmosphere proved injurious

to them; at least it was probably from that cause that in their

fifth stage all the worms (five only excepted) died off in a few days

of the same sickness, a black liquid oozing through the pores of the

skin. The remaining five made imperfect cocoons, but no moth

hatched out. Happily a few eggs of the same batch had been

sent to the learned Entomologist, Mons. Guérin- Méneville, that he

might name the species; of the few worms hatched out of these

eggs one only was born sufficiently late to obtain oak leaves, It

was sent to Mons, Année at Passy, where it throve under glass near

a door which was alwaysopen. It spun a very handsome cocoon,

whence a female moth emerged. This attempt, insufficient unfor-

tunately to propagate the race, yet sufficed for Mons. Guérin-

Méneville to give a name to the new insect, permitted a study of its

Silkworm from Japan. 357

habits, of its beauty as a larva, of the size, form and colour of the

cocoon, of the suppleness, brilliancy and clasticity of the silken

fibre ; and, lastly, of the physiological and scientific character of

the moth.* The chance of a second experiment under such circum-

stances was greatly to be desired ; therefore, Mons. Eugéne Simon,

the Agricultural Commissioner of the French government in China

and Japan, received a special mission to search out and send over

eggs of the Yamamai. But the Japanese law, entailing death on

any one detected in exporting the eggs,-was for some time an in-

surmountable difficulty ; and Mons. Simon was obliged to leave

Japan with his mission unexecuted. But happily he had made

the acquaintance of a savant devoted to the cause, Mons. Pompe

van Meedervoort, medical officer in the Dutch navy, and Director

of the Imperial School of Medicine at Nagasaki, who seeing the

importance of such a result was able most fortunately to attain it.

To Mons. Pompe van Meedervoort Europe owes the posses-

sion of this valuable species, the Bombyx Yamamai. Early in

January, 1863, this savant returned to Holland with a parcel of

eggs.t The principal portion of these were sent, according to a

promise made to Mons. Simon, to the French government, and by

it entrusted to the Imperial Society of Acclimatization, and by

them to Mons. Guérin-Méneville for distribution among the mem-

bers, &c 3 two other portions were retained by Mons. Pompe van

Meedervoort for his friends and his country, and a fourth portion

was given to Mons. Guérin-Méneville, through the kindness of a

Dr. Blecker, for distribution among those naturalists and sericicul-

turists who were not members of the Imperial Society of Acclima-

tization. Subjoined is the translation of a notice published by

Mons. Pompe van Meedervoort, relative to the introduction of the

Yamamai into Europe.t

**Mons. Duchesne de Bellecourt, Consul general and chargé

d'affaires of His Majesty the French Emperor at Japan, sent in

1861 some eggs of the Bombyx Yamamai to the Society of Ac-

climatization; with these eggs experiments were made showing

the great importance to Sericiculture of this new silk worm.

* In 1862, I had the honour to make the acquaintance of Mons.

* See a Memoir by Mons. Guérin-Méneville, “‘ Description of a new Oak-

feeding Silkworm from Japan;’’ extracts from the Revue et Mag. de Zoo-

logie, année 1861, pp. 227, 402, 435, pl. xi, xii, xill.

+ According to Mons. Guérin-Méneville, vide Revue de Sériciculture, 1863,

p: 34, thirty grammes in good condition.

+ Revue de Sériciculture, 1863, p. 288.

eo?

358 Dr. Wallace on the Ouk-feeding

Engéne Simon, Agricultural Commissioner of the French govern-

ment in China and Japan; he informed me of the great value of

the Bombyx Yamamai, and together we made every effort, but in

vain, to procure eggs of this species; we were told it was abso-

lately impossible to obtain them. Mons. Simon being obliged to

return, I made hiin a promise before he left to continue my efforts,

and, in case of success, to offer the eggs to the French government.

But the more I tried, the more I saw how difficult if not impos-

sible was the attempt. I applied in vain to the Japanese mer-

chants, the silk growers, to many native naturalists with whom I

was on friendly terms, lastly to the government, but all in vain ;

the reply was ‘the penalty of death is inflicted on any one who

may export these eggs.’ Another idea then possessed me, to apply

to one of my pupils. As the Principal of the Imperial School of

Medicine at Nagasaki, | was surrounded with students from the

different provinces of Japan, and amongst others from the provinces

of Etizenand Vigo, or Hugo, where alone the Yamamai silk worms

are reared. One of these youths, who had on several occasions

given me proofs of his extraordinary devotion, was selected by me

for the purpose; to him I explained the whole affair, and pro-

posed that he should go to Vigo at my expense, in order to collect

and send me as many eggs as possible. This brave young man,

whose name I have promised solemnly never to divulge, started on

the morrow, and after an absence of fifteen days secretly sent me

the eggs, which he had collected at much difficulty and danger to

himself. He told me that no one suspected the object of his

journey ; that was in Oct. 1862. My mission to Japan was

finished Nov. Ist, 1862; I started for Europe by the English

mail-packet, and undertook the charge of carrying these eggs to

Europe. ‘This was by no means an easy matter on board a steam-

ship in the tropics. If the eggs were kept in the cabin, a great

risk of their premature hatching was incurred, for the temperature

there in the month of November is above 95° F. and in the Red Sea

105° and more. I followed the advice of Mons. Simon, and placed

the eggs in the ice box on board ship, though often but little ice

was therein. T’o this precaution is due in a great measure their safe

arrival in Europe in good condition. Tarrived at the Hague early

in January, 1863, and at once sent out the eggs ; the greater part

was sent to the French government, and to the Imperial Society of

Acclimatization, according to the promise I had made to my friend

Mons. Simon. Another portion was sent according to a promise

made to a Mons. Bauduin, at Nagasaki, agent to the Dutch Han-

Silkworm from Japan. 359

delmaatchappij, and was divided between M. de Graf and M. de

Weckherli, Secretary to the Queen of the Netherlands. A third

portion I offered to my own government, and His Excellency the

Minister of the Interior transmitted them to the Dutch Entomo-

logical Society. Lastly, there remained a few more eggs, which I

handed over to the celebrated naturalist Dr. Bleeker, who had

asked for them for Mons. Guérin- Méneville.”

From this beginning the new species spread over Europe. In

1865 and 1866 several trials were made in England to rear the

species ; but, I believe, all have been unsuccessful.* The same

want of success has attended many trials in France, Holland, and

other countries ; but still several gentlemen have attained success

even ona large scale. Thus, Mons. Guérin-Méneville, at the Im-

perial farm at Vincennes, on a small scale, and Mons. Chavannes,

Professor of Zoology at the Academy of Lausanne, and Mons.

Personnat, at Laval, France, have succeeded in rearing thousands

of cocoons. Let us hope therefore that in England this Bombyx

may speedily be successfully cultivated; and [trust that, in writ-

ing this Essay, and collecting all that is known about this

beautiful but delicate insect, 1 may hasten the day when these

valuable cocoons may be grown ona large and remunerative scale

in Our own country.

In describing this Bombyx I propose to commence with the

egg stage, not only as being the first era in the life of the insect,

but also because it differs from the Ailanthus silkworm, B. Cynthia,

and resembles the mulberry worm, B, Mori, in passing the winter

in the egg state: so that the year commences with the egg

state, whereas in B. Cynthia the perfect insect first makes its

appearance in the early summer, after passing the winter in the

cocoon stage.

The egg of the Yamamai is large and spheroidal; but, in

consequence of the changes that take place within, it often

is slightly concave on the upper and under surfaces. _ Its

greatest diameter is from 4—-)5 of an inch; its smallest,

!s—-z of an inch. The shell is of a pale straw-pink colour

naturally, but is thickly coated over with a tenacious brown

gum, which gives it a mottled or marbled dark brown look. The

shell appears covered with a number of fine punctations exter-

nally, which are doubtless pores, in order to permit the entrance

* Two males, as I am informed, were reared in 1866, at York, by Mr.

Dossor, one from a cocoon sent him by Capt. Porrett; and two moths were

reared by some schoolboys, one at Louth, and the other at Wootton-under-

Edge.

360 Dr. Wallace on the Oak-feeding

of a minute portion of air. On its inner surface it is highly

polished, and of a pink tinge. The gum, whichis thick and strong,

and when moistened resembles glue in smell, serves not only to

retain the eggs in situ where deposited, during winter rains and

storms, but also as a protection against extreme cold, drought or

heat, &c. It is easily soluble in an alkaline fluid. Some few eggs

are destitute of gum, aud some possess much more than others.

This seems to be due to the accident of deposition, the first eggs

laid being the more thickly coated, the Jast ones more sparingly

covered. But this variation® in the quantity of the gum is not to be

taken as an evidence for or against fertility of the eggs,as I have had

white eggs which have hatched out their Jarvee, and brown eggs that

have failed to doso. A curious circumstancef connected with the

egg stage of the insect bas been observed by Mons. Guérin-Méne-

ville, that the young larva is fully developed a month after depo-

sition of the egg, and that he lies during the winter perdu within

the shell, in a dormant condition, until a vernal temperature and

moisture awake him to the active duties of life. This habit of

passing the winter within its own shell has not before been ob-

served in any young larva, and well deserves the close attention

of Entomologists. In consequence of this peculiar habit, great

care should be taken, in the transit of eggs through long dis-

tances in winter, not to expose them to high temperatures, lest a

premature activity should call the young worm into existence

before the food is ready.

In early spring, almost before the oak buds are ready,

the young larvee begin to emerge, unless retarded by being

placed in a cool north aspect. ‘This is the case with eggs

obtained from North France, and, to a greater extent, with

eggs that have been forwarded from Japan. I should there-

fore infer from this, as well as from the habits of the Jarvee, which

will be subsequently mentioned, that, in a state of nature, a cool

shady locality is selected by the female for the deposition of her

eggs, which are inserted into the crevices of the bark on the north

aspect of the tree, in order that the sun’s rays may not awake

* The same remark is made by Mons. Guérin-Méneville, Revue de Sérici-

culture, 1863, p. 295.

+ Vide Revue de Sericiculture, 1863, p.295. This discovery caused great

anxiety to Mons. Méneville, lest all the eggs might hatch out prematurely,

and the valuable race be lost to him for that time; but finding that the same

thing had happened to the possessors of eggs in other countries, he con-

cluded that it was a natural but curious condition peculiar to the Yamamai.

It was brought before the Entomological Society of France, but no analogous

instance was known to the members.

Silkworm from Japan. 361

them before the food is ready. I have observed, I believe, a some-

what similar shade-loving habit in the Lepidopterous larvae of

Notodonta trepida, These I have frequently found in pairs on

the cool north side of an oak tree, but I have never beaten them

from the sunny side. These larvee are considered by Entomolo-

gists as peculiarly difficult to rear, and the Bombyx Yamamai

larvee certainly resemble them greatly in that peculiarity, being

very delicate insects. The first sign observed of the young worm’s

existence is a little round hole, made in the side of the egg wall.

This is enlarged to the size of the head of the larva, and after a

pause, sometimes of several days, the larva emerges, generally in

early morning from sunrise to 9 a.m., few having been found by

me to emerge after that hour.

I should observe here that my descriptions of the eggs and of

the larvee, up to the last change, were made from specimens kindly

sent me by Mons. Guérin-Méneville and others; but inasmuch

as in their fourth stage all my worms perished, I am compelled

to finish my descriptions from the accounts of Mons. Méneville,

Mons. Personnat, &c.

Immediately after birth the young worm is said to expand in

volume in consequence of the air inspired, but probably also be-

cause the tubercles and spines, which were previously flattened

down inside the egg, are now erect and prominent. I agree there-

fore with the statement that the worm seems to grow even before

it has eaten.

Description of the newly-born larva: length 2 of an inch;

head of a pale oak colour, larger than any other segment; collar

of a lighter tint of the same colour, having four bright yellow

tubercles, situate two on the dorsum and two laterally, emitting long

curled bristles. The ground colour is a bright primrose, with

five velvet-black longitudinal lines, one dorsal and four lateral.

There are also four rows of tubercles, longitudinally placed in the

interspaces between the five lines, and a row of tubercles below

the lowest lateral line on each side, one set of six tubercles thus

belongs to each segment. From the upper row of tubercles

spring stout black bristles, curling outwards ; from the lower ones

spring white bristles. On the third and fourth segments are two

more elevated tubercles, forming a hump studded with very black

hairs. On the penultimate segment is another pair of elevated

tubercles, with similar bristles, and just anterior to these a black

velvety spot, The tubercles are at first light-coloured, but soon

assume a dark velvety hue. There are three white scaly patches,

one above, and two somewhat below and to the side of the anal

362 Dr. Wallace ou the Ouak-feeding

opening, these also soon turn black. The feet are of a dirty pale

straw colour. The bristles nearest the head are the longest,

and are used by the larva for the very singular purpose of combing

and arranging its hair after emerging from the egg; for while

inside their hairs have been pressed, and even slightly fastened

down by the moisture within, and, if not attended to after birth,

would soon dry and remain attached to the skin, and perhaps cause

the death of the larva; therefore one of the first efforts of the

newly-born larva is to bend its head backwards over the body

in a looped form, so that the anterior and posterior dorsal surfaces

are in apposition, then by bending to and fro laterally, the bristles,

especially the two anterior ones, act as combs to arrange the other

hairs.

About three or four days after birth, according to the amount of

food taken, the larva has grown to be half an inch long ; the vivid

primrose hue has been toned down with green, the tubercles are

more plainly visible, of a yellow tint, in pairs, six on each seg-

ment, situate midway between the black lines; the lower dorsal

line is now observed to begin at the fourth segment, and is re-

placed on the second and third segments by two black dots; the

three blue-black spots on the dorsum, and the black dot or tu-

bercle emitting bristles situate on each segment just above the

feet, are more elevated. The prolegs are brown at the tip, black

at the base, the claspers are dashed midway with a pale transverse

streak of a brown colour; the white scales at the anus are now of

a rich velvet black.

It would be impossible to describe all the varieties of tint

or ground colour found in the larva; suffice it to say, that I have

described the larva as I have seen it, and that my description

differs somewhat from the French, which also differ from the

accounts of the Japanese larva. It is probable that variations of

food, soil and climate produce corresponding variations in the

hues of this lovely larva. Erratic for the first few days the

young worm causes great apprehension in the mind of its owner,

especially for the first time of cultivation, lest the food or locality

be not suitable; nevertheless it will be seen that the leaves

are slightly nibbled, that frass has been ejected, and that the

larva is of a good colour, not dull or pinched, but if any thing

somewhat larger than before; these considerations, and a know-

ledge of its erratic habits, will re-assure the fortunate possessor

that all is going on well. A similar restlessness has been observed

in other larvae, chiefly of Bombyces, as, for instance, that of

Orgyia antiqua. It would seem to be the result of a natural

Silkworm from Japan. 363

instinct or requirement, to enable them ina wild state successfully

to reach their food, which may, if the egg be deposited at the base

of the tree, be situate at a considerable distance.

It would appear that there is a considerable thirst and desire

of drinking in these larva. Directions are given by those ac-

quainted with their habits, to moisten the oak leaves twice a day,

as if by rain, and I have observed that this guasz rain has a ten-

dency to check the vagabondizing, for the larvee may be observed

to place their heads down to the drops and drink them up, to all

appearance greedily, as if moisture were very necessary to their

existence, and then to repose in the mode common to the Bom-

byces, resting on the hind claspers, the fore part of the body thrown

upwards into a curve, the head deflected downwards, and the pro-

legs tucked together underneath.

Another observation, which soon forcibly strikes the possessor

of these larve, is the small quantity they consume in their early

life, very unlike the larve of B. Cynthia, whose appetite is most

voracious, and whose growth is rapid in proportion; but these

larvee eat very little, and consequently at first grow very slowly ;

this is probably so ordered lest the unfolding oak buds in early

spring might fail to furnish sufficient provender.

About ten days after birth the larva measures 2 of an inch.

It is now fuller in the body and eats more; the green tint now

predominates over the yellow ground colour; the belly of the

larva is of a transparent dull green; the tubercles on each seg-

ment have a broad, yellowish-green base, which gives a lighter

tint to the dorsal aspect ; the head is oak brown, a broad patch of

the same colour is continued to the second segment in the mesial

line, flanked by two lateral tubercles, which project like black

warts, emitting white spines. From the two dorsal rows of tu-

bercles spring curling dark spines, the four lateral rows emit

spines of a light colour. The first moult of my oldest larva,

which was born April 25th, took place May 22nd, an interval of

twenty-two days, whereas in 5. Cynthia the first moult or change

of skin takes place on the seventh day after birth, or even earlier

in vigorous larvee and warm weather; the larva prepares for his

moult by spinning a little silken web on the under surface of the

leaf, and, fastening thereto the hind claspers, it remains motion-

less and of a dull colour for three or four days ; then the skin is

rapidly cast off, and it reposes in its new glory for some hours to

harden the head, feet and external membranes. Altter the moult

the larva presents quite a different aspect, its length is 3 of an

inch, its colour a vivid grass-green, studded with six rows of

364 Dr. Wallace on the Ouk-feeding

tubercles, the dorsal and upper lateral rows being tipped with

orange-yellow, and furnished with long dark brown spines, but the

spines which belong to the hump on the third and fourth seg-

ments are longer, black and curling; the anus is margined with

blue, and three small black velvety patches still adorn that part; the

head is light chocolate-brown, and two brown dots stud the collar,

which is of a pale straw colour; the prolegs are brown, the

claspers pale green, having an indistinct transverse streak of a

dark chocolate, and a broader termination of the same colour.

The dorsal and lateral lines are now nearly suppressed. My

oldest larva made up for his second moult May 29th, and

changed June Ist, an interval (since the first moult, May 17th) of

fifteen days; just before moulting the larva had a glassy, shining

look ; length 58, inch when contracted and made up for changing ;

just after moulcing the colour is avivid grass-green, dotted all over

with minute straw-coloured specks; the spines are now much

longer, especially on the hump and anterior segments, -3, of an

inch long; the head and prolegs are pale, but soon acquire a

brick-dust colour; the collar is green, the dorsal tubercles are

lemon-yellow; the lateral tubercles are tipped with a faint blue

dot, the lateral stripe is yellow, it is suppressed on the three

anterior segments; the spiracles are of a pale reddish-brown,

the claspers are margined with brick-dust colour; the upper

anal flap is margined with pale blue, on the lower flaps is a

triangular patch of a brick-dust colour, margined externally

with creamy-white ; the length is one inch ; the larvee now begin

to eat enormously. The third moult took place on the 13th

June, leaving an interval of twelve days; previous to this

change the larva was 13 to 1? inches in length; colour grass-

green, paler on the dorsum, deeper on the sides and belly ;

head light brown, collar yellowish-brown, the upper four rows of

tubercles yellow, the two lower ones now tipped with blue;

the spines } of an inch long. After the third moult the larve in-

crease greatly in size up to 1# inches, and consume more food; the

colour is a vivid grass-green, the head is green, the collar is

tipped and studded with yellow-brown spots; a lateral line of a

yellow-brown colour, margined superiorly with darker brown, runs

from the posterior to the fifth segment, all the other lines are

suppressed ; on the sixth, seventh, and eighth segments the line

is flecked with a brilliant silver spot, that on the sixth being the

largest; the upper two rows of tubercles are faintly silvery, the

lower ones are tipped with blue ; there is a great increase of bulk

in the third and fourth as compared with the other segments; the

Silkworm from Japan. 365

prolegs are light-brown, claspers deep green, margined with rose-

brown; the two triangular brown patches at the anus are margined

with yellow and white, numerous short yellow hairs stud the

surface, especially the anterior and lateral aspects; the spines

curl from behind forwards. Between the third and fourth moults,

that is, in the fourth stage, my larvae, to my sorrow, all died, so

that my descriptions are from this point copied from M. Per-

sonnat’s work, ‘Le Ver a Soie du Chéne, Bombyx Yama-Mai.”

The interval between the third and fourth change lasts for seven-

teen days, four of which are comprised in the last moult, which is

the most trying and difficult to the larvae. It remains a long time

after moulting without feeding and even without moving its

place, often from twelve to twenty-five hours. Under the influence

of air and food the skin, at first pale, assumes the same tints and

exhibits the same differences of colour between the French and

Japanese reared specimens as in the preceding stages. In the

latter the segments from the fourth to the eleventh are traversed

by a yellowish-brown stripe, which enters the great brown tri-

angular patch separating on each side the three portions of the

anal segment. The head and margin of the claspers are of a

reddish-brown, tipped with green, and on each side on the third

segment, and often on the sixth below the spiracles, is placed a

lovely silvery spot of metallic lustre. In the French specimens the

lateral stripe is white, but interrupted and hardly visible at the

commencement of each segment, and changing into green at the

termination; the head is entirely green, like the rest of the body,

there are no metallic spots, the lateral tubercles are of a deep

blue, and spots of the same colour changing into dark green fre-

quently appear at the base of the claspers; these differences are

common to the fourth as well as the fifth stage. The worm

now grows rapidly, becomes enormous, attains a length of 33 to 4

inches, with a proportionate thickness. The tubercles have all

disappeared in a turgescence of the skin, which seems thickened

and appears to imbibe the air through an infinity of pores. The

metallic spots, which in the Japanese specimens to the number

of three, four or seven, are seen on each side, one on each seg-

ment,commencing at the fifth, are in the French specimens entirely

or almost entirely suppressed. The larva having eaten largely

during sixteen or eighteen days, according to the temperature,

becomes transparent, of a pale almost yellow green, as the time of

spinning approaches. He is now slightly erratic, as if seeking a

site for his cocoon; having made a choice, he empties his intestinal

canal, similarly to the Cynthia larva, emitting a large drop or two

366 Dr. Wallace on the Oak-feeding

of clear liquid, and then folding up in its long diameter a large

leaf, or uniting two or three smaller ones together to keep itself

concealed, it spins a network of coarse silk like the Cynthia, at-

taches it to the bough with a short rope formed of several strands

flattened, and then commences in earnest the more serious business

of its cocoon,

The cocoon of Bombyx Yamamai most closely resembles that

of B. Mori; the resemblance is often complete, except in point

of size; like it the shape is oval, it is closed at both ends, the

colour is greenish or golden yellow. It is much larger than that

of B. Mori; it measures in its largest diameter 14 to 24), inches,

in thickness 7%, to 1,4, inch. The largest are generally those of

the females, but some very fine cocoons have produced enor-

mous males. The worm commences to spin around hima web at

first transparent, but which soon thickens in proportion as the

new meshes are stretched across those first spun. The thread,

nearly always continuous throughout the cocoon, measures in

length from 870 to 1,100 yards. In the external layers the thread

is carried nearly round the cocoon, but in the internal ones circles

are formed more or less numerous, first at one end and then at the

other. By this arrangement the worm works more freely and

rapidly, and the moth makes its exit more easily, as the threads

which it detaches easily pull out, lengthen and stretch, facilitating

thereby the passage of the insect. Externally the silk is of a

deep green or yellow colour, but internally of a silvery whiteness ;

the inside is also finer and more brilliant. As with all silk-produc-

ing species the fibre is composed of a double thread, for the reason

that there are two orifices (spinnerets) in the larva through which

the thread is emitted; but there is one peculiarity which renders the

silk of B. Yamamai very superior, viz. :—that as is the case with

B. Mori, the fibre is covered with a gummy material, which is not

perfectly dissolved in the boiling water which contains the cocoons

during reeling, so that the two or more threads become during the

process as it were naturally agglutinated together and compose a

single strand. The cocoon throughout is strengthened with a

thick gum, but this softens readily in boiling water; this gum

seems to contain a calcareous element, for on drying the cocoon,

and rubbing or tearing it, a whitish powder tumbles out, which is

often distinctly visible on the surface of the cocoon. The larva

continues spinning during four or five days, little by little shrink-

ing up in his narrow prison ; afterwards he remains motionless for

five or six days, after which a new moulting occurs, and the worm

is changed into a pupa.

Silkworm from Japan. 367

This, when taken out of the cocoon at first soft and pale,

soon hardens and assumes a dark-reddish or black hue. It is

prudent to allow fifteen or sixteen days from the commencement

of the cocoon before moving them, so as to insure a thoroughly

perfect change. The pupa, in a normal state, hangs vertically ;

it is provided with a reservoir in front containing a particular

fluid, destined to dissolve the gum of the cocoon, to soften the

threads and to moisten the body of the insect, thus facilitating

the exit. This reservoir of fluid has been noticed by M. Guérin-

Méneville to be peculiar to all those species which possess closed

cocoons, viz., B. Mori, Pernyi, Mylitta, &c., and to be absent

from all those species which have open cocoons, viz., Cecropia, Pyri,

Cynthia, &e., and has been pointed out by him to belong to the

Yamamai.* Nevertheless I have observed that the face of B.

Cynthia is perfectly moist while emerging, and that after emerging

a drop of fluid, giving a feeble alkaline reaction, stands on the

palpi, and that the aperture of the cocoon is frequently left damp.

From thirty-nine to forty days elapse from the formation of the

cocoon to the exit of the moth. This magnificent Lepidopteron

measures 53 to 6 inches from tip to tip; on emerging it will expand

its wings suspended from the cocoon similarly to the habit of B.

Cynthia ; its birth takes place normally from five to eight p.m., so as

to be ready for flight that same night ; after a lapse of about three

hours the moth expands its wings flat, as is the custom of that

tribe; the ground colour of the wings varies much in individuals,

but the yellow variety is the most constant in the male, and the

brown variety in the female. The male is immediately recognised

by his very broadly pectinated antennae. Like the Bombyx Cynthia

the upper wing of the male is acutely falcate at the tip, but

broader and blunter in the female. This formation, common to

many of the large swiftly flying Lepidoptera, doubtless enables the

male to fly with great rapidity and directness of flight, while the

larger tip of the female is generally accompanied by a more

broadly developed under-wing, destined doubtless to contribute

mainly to the support of the body, which is heavy with its burden

of eggs. The abdomen is slender and short compared with the

size of the wings. The body and wings are on the upper surface

of a brilliant yellow, but sometimes more or less grey, brown or

dove-coloured ; the head, large, is always grey, spotted with white ;

some angular and transverse streaks intersect the wings at about

* Vide Mémoire sur le Bombyx Yama-Mai, par Mons. Guérin-Méneyille,

368 Dr. Wallace on the Ouk-feeding

the first fourth of their length. Nearly in the middle of each

wing isa somewhat triangular-shaped spot or eye(ocellus), but with

the angles rounded ; the transparent portion, which is produced by

an absence of scales, is bordered externally by several concentric

and semicircular lines severally of yellow, brown-violet and black

colours. The eye in its entire diameter measures from 4 to 4 of an

inch. It is a little larger on the lower than on the upper wings.

Between the eye and the inferior border runs a straight band,

white, bordered with grey, blended with a rose-lilac tint; this

streak runs across both wings. In the upper wings this band

starts nearly from the tip of the wing, and ends on the inner aspect

about 3 of an inch from the anal angle; in the lower wings it fol-

lows, at the distance of about 3 an inch, the undulations of the

external edge. The costa or front margin of the upper wings is

bordered with an ashy-blue streak, broad at the base and be-

coming narrower towards the apex of the wing, darker at the

outer, lightest at its inner edge. ‘The under-surface of the

wings is either yellowish-grey or brown, more or less shaded

according to the general tint, relieved by two or three darker

bands and spots of dark-grey; the ocellus is obscurely traced,

but the transparent portions are of course visible; the eyes,

shaded by the antennee, are of a blue-green, and emit when

examined by daylight rainbow hues, ‘‘rayons irisés,” which give

them a singular appearance. The feet are small, and covered

with long tufted hair, similar to those on the body, of the same

colour as the wings; the tarsi are dark-brown, and so are the ter-

minal hooks. The female has the antenne narrowly pectinated,

much less so than the male; the upper wings are larger than those

of the male, the tip of the wing less falcate ; the lower wings larger

and broader, the better to bear the heavier body of the female: as

to the markings they are mostly similar to those of the male, the

colour is generally of a browner tint than in the male. The moth

does not eat readily in captivity; in a state of nature it would

imbibe the juices of flowers through its proboscis. Copulation

generally is effected the first or second night after birth, after

which the eggs are deposited and the round of life begins again.

I will now relate the history of my unsuccessful experiment in

1866 to rear this beautiful and valuable Lepidopteron, and after-

wards mention a few other similar failures in other parts of Eng-

land. I could have wished it had been in my power to have

reported success even in a limited degree, but as yet I have heard

of none.

Silkworm from Japan. 369

March 19th, 1866. I received by post from Mons. Personnat,

of Laval, France, a letter, outside which was fastened a_pill-box,

perforated with a few holes; within the box, which fortunately had

not been crushed tn transitu, were some Yamamai eggs; on

examination 147 appeared to be sound and plump, covered with a

rusty brown gum; one, which appeared plump (and which after-

wards hatched out a larva), was of a straw-coloured white, it was

not depressed in the centre, but simply devoid of gum; twenty other

eggs were much depressed in the centre, and two were pierced ;

one egg was cracked, and contained on examination a fully-formed

dead larva; three more were doubtful, being flattened, but in a

less degree than the others: total 174. Their diameter was 51,

inch; thickness ,!; inch. The eggs, I remarked, much resembled

those of B, Pernyi, another oak-feeder from North China, which

had been sent to me ina former year by Mons. Guérin- Méneville.

In his note, Mons. Personnat advised me to keep them in a cool

airy place. On opening one of the eggs which were depressed in

the centre, for the purpose of examination, a yellowish dry serum

was contained within, caked; but there was no trace of a worm;

these then evidently were non-fertile eggs. The interior aspect of

the shell of the cracked egg, whence a dead larva was taken, was

polished and ofa pale flesh colour, J placed the 148 sound eggs

in one pill-box and the doubtful eggs in another pill-box, having

made holes for aération with a penknife in both the lid and bottom

of each box ; these boxes were placed within a second larger tin

box, which was used for collecting larvae and which had perforated

sides for aération; a little tow was placed therein to steady the

smaller boxes and the whole placed in a cellar, where by means of a

thermometer the temperature was found to stand at 50° F.; on the

20th, not being satisfied with the temperature of the cellar, fearing

that it was too high, I divided the sound eggs into two portions,

one of eighty-eight, the other of sixty, and placed them in fresh

pill-boxes as before and afterwards in two tin boxes, which were

both similarly made ; the smaller lot I placed in a porch having an

eastern aspect, where it was completely shaded from the sun’s rays,

and where the thermometer stood at 46°; with this box was also

placed the box containing the doubtful eggs, which, however, I

may as well at this point mention never produced a larva; the

other larger portion of sound eggs I placed in the N.E. corner of

my garden, under a wall where the sun’s rays could not penetrate.

The same situations were occupied by the eggs up to the 27th, on

which date I placed the second lot in the porch. I subjoin a list

370 Dr. Wallace on the Oak-feeding

of the temperatures daily observed by me by means of a registering

thermometer placed in the immediate vicinity of the tin boxes.

March 21. Rainy, sleety .. 50 oe 40° 8.

» 22. Minimum during night.. o. 34°

at Wa-m. es ae io8o

at noon, and at4 p.m... 40°

- 23. Minimum during night.. ser Or

at 9 a.m... ste sen 0;

at 1 p.m. and 4 p.m. -- 46°, 48°

» 24. Minimum during night. . se OO

at 9a.m.._ 35 os neetO>

atnoon.. ae oe 87

» 25. Minimum during night.. Se as

at 9va me ce os aes

at noon .. 04 So. Oe

» 26. Minimum during night.. ~~ -40°

at 9 a.Mineec ei ASS

atenoonw wee a 50 lS BEX

» 27. Minimum during night.. «a A602

at Qva.m,, 2 Ae Ap ihe

at noon .. 50 ss 04°

During the rise in temperature, it was found that the porch was

cooler than under the north wall; therefore both tin boxes were

moved to the porch.

March 28. At 9 a.m. oie sts 20 ABS, 200 ae

At noon .. ae ae Se eOAS Oo

» 29. Minimum during night... eg eh

at 9" ass eres 5 eo Oe

at midday .. as lie

» 380.-Minimum during night .. 202

at midday .. 34 So Oe

at 5 p.m. .. o. <6 2G"

under the north wall.. 58°

» 931. Minimum during night.. SO

at 9am. .. os o 290°

at midday .. ie se 290°

April 1, Minimum during night. . se t6e

atv9 acme) a. an ~- 90°

ata! p.m) ew es oe 48°

Silkworm from Japan.

April 2, Minimum during night ..

at; Saket ie

at T puma’ <.

Lost one egg while making an examination.

April 3. Minimum during night

”?

”

10.

12.

13.

14.

VOL. V. THIRD

atjOia.ma,

at/] p.miln «

- Minimum during night

atcOra mies oi

at ] p.m.) ov

Minimum during night

at 9 a.m.

at 1 p.m.

Minimum during night

ati Olam ars

atl p.m.

ate Oras erete

at; bp mies ere

. Minimum during night

ateQr ani, sr

at Je pinta

Minimum during night

DteO) aaltiepas ens

at noon...

Minimum during night

Abe Oa Nhs ares

at 1 p.m.

Minimum during night

Ate oaceeeee

at 4 p.m. ..

Minimum during night

at 9.30 a.m.

BGS Wap oe

Minimum during night .

at 9.30 a.m.

at 1 p.m.

Minimum during night

at 9.30 a.m.

at p.m. <.

SERIES, PART V.— MARCH,

. Minimum during night...

. 41°

1867.

44° F,

4.6°

48°

40°

4.2°

44°

40°

4.4,°

+; 0) 402

. 44°

46°

44°

. 48°

se 00m

40°

42°

4.6°

wep Aee

. 46°

50°

wos dian

sa: 46°

Be as

42°

45°

2 507

. 44°

. 50°

5Oo

2 VA

48°

54°

. 54°

520

56°

53°

47°

52°

ake)

- of

371

372 Dr. Wallace on the Oak-feeding

April 15. Minimum daring night .. «« 46°F.

at 9.30 a.m. te <5 OAS

at, I psmnines ie sion

,, 16. Minimum during night .. <8 50°

At OraeDe 61 30 se

atl p.m ti; es Sr ba

» 17. Minimum during night .. . «54°

Dt O rae srs ree — moe

at lL p.m. -.. ar Se 2008

» 18. Minimum during night .. 5 «82

atin aati aot S.C at Oe

at 2 p.m. ae 3. 662

» 19. Minimum during night .. eeoOr

at 9.30 a.m. a oe ode

at’ Zipsms!* 2 a0 ot 25.BP

» 20. Minimum during night .. 2's 200°

BtaliOha myers oe iss aianOlse

at EF p.m... oe ws 602

» 21. Minimum during night .. . 2-00?

Bie Serietthe oo 96 ~enn Ow

at2 p.m. .. oe se 002

» 22. Minimum during night .. a 462

Ab) arisen ste ss aie AS?

at l p.m. .. 50 w~ 040

», 23. Minimum during night .. 5 oes

at 10 a.m. .. os ae p0?

at lep mis: 2% tis soon

» 24. Minimum during night .. oe 44°

ateQsa.ment ae <a

at'Lypsms oe se 200)

» 25. Minimum during night .. oe ete

at 9a. ni. ie 39 meme On

at lap.ms 4. 4 rp Site)

» 26. Minimum during night . aie

Atro raat ele ee eon

I have thought it desirable thus to note and record the daily

temperatures, that the experience gained in this unsuccessful

attempt may at least be a guide to future, and, we will hope,

more successful experiments; and as the larva is ready in early

spring to emerge almost before the oak sprays are developed, it

becomes of the utmost importance to ascertain precisely at what

Silkworm from Japan. Sie

elevation of temperature the young larva is tempted to make its

exit, in order that a due supply of food may be at hand, either by

forcing the trees and thus obtaining an earlier foliage than can be

got out of doors, or else by so retarding the eggs in a cool atmo-

sphere as to prevent the exit till such time as the oak leaves are

ready: hence the extreme care in noting daily the temperatures.

I had provided myself with young oak trees four to five feet high

in pots, which had been placed in a greenhouse to force; on the

12th of April some of these had shoots six inches long, so that I

was prepared for the advent of my Yamamai larva, and was

looking forward with great eagerness to make their acquaintance.

On the 15th April, I noted in my diary that the oak buds in the

hedges were swelling; on the 18th, that the buds were breaking,

so that a week later it seemed as if the time had arrived for the

larvee and the buds to come out together, according to the accounts

of the habits of this insect. I had previously, on the 17th, received

through the kindness of Mons. Guérin-Méneville, eighty-three

more eggs of the Yamamai. Of these eighty-one were well rounded,

two were concavely flattened—one to a great extent on both sides

—the other had a central depression only on one side ; both these

eges contained, on examination, dried yellow serum—there was

no trace of a larva. Another egg, which was covered externally

pretty thickly with long mycelia of a fungus, I took for examina-

tion; but on chipping off with a sharp knife a small portion of

the shell, a movement within was visible of a living creature, and I

therefore proceeded no further. These eggs sent me were plump

oval ones, slightly flattened on two sides, about one-ninth of an inch

diameter, one-sixteenth of an inch in thickness; the remaining eighty

were placed in a pill-box, which was marked and deposited with

the others in the tin box in the porch. I now inspected the eggs

obtained from Mons. Personnat, which were in the two tin boxes ;

they seemed to be healthy; out of each lot I took two for ex-

amination; in each case one was unfertile, and the other con-

tained a living larva: I now equalized the numbers, so that seventy-

six eggs were in each pill-box, and replaced them. I placed

the three eggs, which I had examined and ascertained to contain

each a living larva, in a pill-box with a glass lid; and this pill-

box I placed in the greenhouse, thinking it necessary, now that

the shell was imperfect and could not so fully protect from cold,

that the larva should obtain a warmer temperature. On the 25th

I examined one of these eggs to see how matters progressed: I

extracted the larva, which seemed torpid, motionless, and as if

DD2

374 Dr. Wallace on the Oak-feeding

dead. _ I was about to stick a pin into it when | thought it moved

—certainly the head was no longer in its former position. It was

then placed in the sun, when it began to move briskly; it was

placed by itself in a box with two drops of water; it however

seemed to have received some damage, as it could not craw], but

lay on its side, prematurely born, and it subsequently died. On

the 26th, finding the temperature elevated nearly to 60° during

the day in the porch where the eggs were kept, and that the oaks

in the lanes were now breaking, and that the young larvee which

I had examined in the shell were lively and vigorous, it seemed

that the time had arrived for the natural birth of these creatures ;

knowing, however, that a little moisture would accelerate birth,

and that the moisture incidental to the month of April had been

sedulously withheld, and thinking that a pill-box enclosed inside

another tin box would be an unfavourable situation for the birth

of my little favourites, I determined that the hour was now come in

which it was needful no longer to retard the eggs, but to place

them under the most favourable conditions for hatching out.

Doubtless they would have remained some time longer in the

boxes without hatching, but I am inclined to think, from the

result of various experiments made with eggs of B. Cynthia as

well as with those of Yamamai, that to retard the development of

egos beyond a natural time, is to injure their vitality, and conse-

quently to diminish the chance of rearing healthy progeny. There-

fore, about 10 a.m., | removed the boxes into a room upstairs,

used by me as a dressing-room, 13 feet square and 9 feet high,

having an Eastern aspect, where the temperature stood at 61°.

Having counted the eggs in the three healthy lots, I found 80 in

the lot sent me by Mons. Guérin-Méneville, and 142 eggs sent me

by Mons. Personnat divided into two lots of 71 each: these three

lots were placed on separate pieces of bibulous paper, two or three

pieces of paper under each lot, on a wooden tray ; over each lot

of eggs was placed a glass funnel, open at the small end; the eggs

were not placed in the sunshine, but the window was open. It

was a sunny day, with a gentle east wind; the bibulous paper

was well moistened from outside the funnel, and, as a necessary

consequence, the eggs became moistened also, and a moist atmo-

sphere was kept up in the interior. At 3 p.m. I found one larva

born—it moved slowly and seemed weakly ; it was on the paper

close to its empty egg-shell, which was removed to avoid con-

fusion. An oak spray (from one of the trees in pots which had

been forced) was passed through a hole cut in a wooden tray,

Silkworm from Japan. PRS,

so that one end remained in some water placed in a jam-pot

beneath, upon which the tray rested; over the spray was placed

a cylinder having sides of perforated zinc, but covered at the

top with black gauze, put on to prevent loss of the larva by

straying. The larva was now gently but firmly detached from

the paper. It resisted at first, but soon yielded to the instrument

used, a fine pointed stiff badger’s-hair brush ; it was then placed

on an oak leaf of the spray, and a drop of water was deposited on

the leaf close by; the larva was soon observed to apply its mouth

thereto, and subsequent observation convinced me that this action

was the mode of drinking.

April 27th. ‘The minimum temperature 60°; at 9 a.m. 62°; at 11

a.m. 64°. During the night the larva rested at the edge of the

leaf, which was found in the morning to be slightly nibbled. At

7 a.m. a second larva came out, and at 11 a.m. two more; all the

four larvae were born from Mons. Guérin-Meéneville’s eggs; about

11 a.m., one of Mons. Personnat’s eges produced a larva: they

all seemed weakly, were placed on the oak spray in a similar way

and were supplied with water; the temperature at noon was 66°,

in shade out of doors it was 70°; it was therefore fortunate that I

had brought the worms indoors and had placed them so that they

could conveniently be watched; had they been out of doors

they probably would have emerged in greater number, owing

to the high temperature, 70°, and, not being so closely observed,

many might have perished; the oak spray was twice watered

with the jets from an eye douche, which made a capital syringe ;

several larvae were observed to feed, but the one first born seemed

to be drying up: temperature in greenhouse 75°.

For greater convenience I append a table of the numbers of the

larve as they daily emerged. (Total 252. Mons. Guérin- Méaeville

80 eggs. Mons. Personnat 142+3 opened+27 unfertile.)

Guérin-Méneyille. Daily Total. Personnat.

April 26 5% 1 are 1 a6 0

a ee a 3 a0 4 ar 1

» 28, cold day 0 ig 0 Ae 0

he Be <r 0 ou 0 se 0

» 30 oe 0 a 0 : 0

May 4 AC 1 ee 4 bee 3

“F 5 ee 5 <e 10 2€ 5

a 6 oe 3 are 6 ee 3

13 25 12

376 Dr. Wallace on the Oak-feeding

Guérin-Méneville. Daily Total. Personnat.

Brought forward .. 13 25 12

May 7 ol 3 oe 7 os 4

” 8 oe 3 on 9 Eis 6

9 9 ate i. cite se 10

yon te, ie 6 Sc a kes 5c 7

wo oll ote 7 as 14 fe 7

ont) AZ at 6 os 9 ee &

ke ar 1 ‘ 5 oe 4

tee ote 3 a4 9 ee 6

plo ane 1 ar 6 5

yt AG at: 2 = 4 : 2

sa tuhred Be 2 ve 3 se 1

wuts ais 2 6 os 4

Fe es a 3 5 oe 2

» «20 oe 1 56 fi 6

srineod eh 0 5 2 2

panes yas 2B 6: clue 4

9 23 as 1 . 1 : 0

cer 3 2 4 : 2

3) 20 ats 0 oe 0 oe 0

3) 726 os 2 3 ae 1

shee sie 0 1 ae 1

67 156 89

Total, 156 larve born out of 252 eggs.

Continuing my history of these eggs, on the 28th April I observed

that the eggs, which were in three separate lots, were looking

mouldy. 1 examined them with a lens; fine white threads of

mycelium were seen arising from various eggs and spreading over

the others. I then determined to wash the eggs, with a view of

arresting the growth of the fungus, which I considered inimical to

animal life. I therefore washed lot No. 2 in pure water and

No. 3 in a weak solution of liquor potassze (10 drops to an ounce

of water); in order to wash them I placed the eggs on a linen or

muslin cloth, and, forming it into a bag, I dipped the bag into

water and agitated it for some seconds. When the eggs were

removed they were a little lighter in colour, some of the gum

having been washed off; the water was not discoloured, but the

solution of liq. potassee was much discoloured, the gum having

been much softened and removed, but the colour of the eggs soon

* Onthe 24th May, one emerged at 5 p.m.

Silkworm from Japan. O77

became as dark as ever, owing to the large amount of gum with

which they were encased; the eggs were then placed on bibulous

paper to dry; from the moistened eggs a strong glue-like smell

emanated, and the gum adhered so tenaciously as to be drawn out

in strings before giving way. The third lot I managed to clean

somewhat by gently rubbing off the mycelium between my finger

and thumb, and by the help of a badger’s-hair brush,

April 28th. Temperature 65° in the shade out of doors; a gentle

shower fell. The larve had eaten and exuded a dry frass with

some difficulty: the ejecta remaining at the anal extremity at-

tached to the side flaps: the refraicheur (an instrument used for

obtaining a jet of scent or other liquid in the form of a fine spray)

was used five times at intervals; its effect was to saturate very

speedily the leaf and insects with a very fine spray, resembling

the effect of a Scotch mist; the larvae seemed to enjoy its use:

temperature at noon 64°, minimum during night 60°; during

the use of the refraicheur one larva tumbled or was blown off, it

was replaced and settled itself again on the leaf: the larvae seemed

somewhat shrunken, and had eaten very little. I took tender

sprays of several varieties of oak and placed thereon the young

larve and then used the refraicheur ; the Jarvee soon moved, and

subsequently fed sparingly ; two were discovered entangled in

each other’s embraces, and it certainly seemed as if one was suck-

ing the other, but after patiently disengaging them, an event of

some time, the one that I thought had been bitten seemed none

the worse, and no wound was discovered; but 1 could have de-

clared positively during the contretemps that one larva was

making a meal of the other, and it caused me anxiously to con-

sider how I could possibly rear them if cannibalism was a com-

mon trait: the refraicheur was used again after a few hours, all

five larvee were feeding sparingly. No young larve emerged

to-day, temperature 60°—62°, a gentle rain falling; the oak buds

in the garden were bursting, the leaves were | inch long,

April 29th. No larvee out; minimum temperature during night

50°, window being open; rain falling. On examining the eggs

which had been washed, No. 3, which had been treated with a

solution of liq. potassee, contained one egg which was covered

with mould; this I rubbed off between my finger and thumb, de-

nuding the egg of gum and leaving it a pale flesh colour. No. 2,

treated with water, remained clean, No. 1 (containing Mons.

Guérin-Méneville’s eggs) were getting mouldy again. The larvee

had scarcely eaten, but had exuded dry frass; they were sleep-

ing with their heads retracted and their front segments arched,

378 Dr. Wallace on the Ouk-feeding

the hump being the highest point ; they seemed vigorous and well

but very quiet, their movement being very slow and deliberate:

I began therefore to feel relieved in my mind of the anxiety which

I had felt on account of their having eaten so little, and to con-

sider that this spare diet was perhaps natural to them, in conse-

quence of the sparseness of foliage on the trees at the present

time; temperature out of doors at 5 p.m. 48°, indoors upstairs

55°; in the fields and lanes the oak leaves are now 1 inch long.

April 30th. Minimum temperature during night upstairs 50°;

weather cold, wind N.E. Sunshiny morning, at 8 a.m. temperature

75° in room, the eggs and thermometer being in the sunshine

daily for about an hour from 8—9 a.m.; at 10 a.m. temperature

65°. I placed oak sprays gathered from the hedges, having leaves

1 inch Jong, in water for the larva, using the feeding apparatus

before described ; one larva was observed to feed, the other larvee

had eaten during the night; they were more lively in the sunshine.

May ist. Minimum temperature during night 50, at 8 a.m. 52°;

cold day, no sun, rainy, wind N.E,; no eggs hatched; larve fed

in morning; frass ejected. ;

May 2nd. Mimimum temperature during night 50°, at 8 a.m.

52°; wind gentle, N.W., warmer, but weather dull and rainy:

the larva had fed and were thriving, but the one Jarva which

emerged from Mons. Personnat’s eggs seemed to get smaller and

ate very little; the frass was hard and remained attached to the anus,

it was removed by means of a stiff badger’s-hair brush ; the re-

fraicheur used freely.

May 3rd. Minimum temperature during night 50°, in sunshine

at 8 a.m. 60°: the larve fed better, emitted more frass, and

evidently grew larger. I placed the five young larve on an

oak tree about four feet high in a pot which had been forced

under glass : the upper buds were not all unfolded, and the leaves

were not fully expanded: I considered it therefore to be in a

state suitable to the young larvae; they settled well upon it; the

refraicheur was freely used.

May 4th. Wind gentle, warm, W., pleasant sunshiny morning ;

minimum temperature in night 50°, at 8 a.m. 75° in sunshine, in

shade 62°, at 11 a.m. 55°.* The Jarvee fed during the night, the

refraicheur used freely : three larvae emerged in the early morning,

two from No. 3, which had been treated with liq. potassee, and

one from No. 1 (Mons. G. Méneville’s) ; these larvee seemed to be

as large as or even larger than two of the five larvee which had been

* These temperatures are those of the room in which the larye were

feeding.

Silkworm from J apan. 379

out several days ; they were placed on the tree with the other five

and the refraicheur used. At 1 p.m, temperature 54°, wind KE. ;

one more larva emerged from lot 3, and it was also placed on the

tree. .

May 5th. This morning was sunshiny and warm; minimum

temperature during night 52°, at 8 a.m. 70°, increasing up to 85°

in sunshine, in shade 55°—60°. The larvee have all settled and

fed; at 8 a.m. three larvee of No. 1 and four out of Nos. 2 and 3

emerged ; at 9 a.m. two more of No. 1 and one other emerged ;

they were all placed on the tree. The two eggs which had pre-

viously been opened for examination (wherein a worm had been

seen of a bright yellow colour but motionless), and which had

been kept in a box in the greenhouse, this morning simul-

taneously gave birth to two lively larve.

May 6th. This morning the sunshine was excluded by a blind

being down ; minimum temperature during night 54°, at 8 a.m.

56°. I drew up the blind and let in the sunshine, the tem-

perature on the tray rose to 75° and 80°, and at 9 a.m. had

sunk in the shade to 65°; four larvae emerged, two from No. 1,

two from No. 3; about 7 pm. two more larvee emerged; the re-

fraicheur was freely used during the day: two larve dropped

from the tree looking weak and thin, they were replaced. All

my manipulations of these larvae were made by means of a stiff

pointed badger’s-hair brush, which was inserted under the larva,

and by means of a slight jerk and twist the little creature was

elevated and dropped into his place. The larve do not cling so

tightly with their claspers to a leaf as do the larvee of B. Cynthia,

which would perish and be torn limb from limb rather than be so

roughly treated.

May 7th. A warm night, minimum temperature 58°, in sun-

shine at 8 a.m. 75°, in shade 62°; at 8 a.m. two from No. 1 and

three others emerged, these were all placed on the same oak

tree. Twenty-five larvae were counted on the tree before those

newly-born were added, so that up to this time none had

perished.

May 8th. Minimum temperature during night 56°, at 8 a.m. in

sunshine 70°, at 8*30 a.m. 80°; seven larvae emerged by 9:30 a.m. ;

they were placed on an oak tree in the greenhouse by way of experi-

ment, as I thought that the room upstairs was too cool; the oak

tree was previously syringed by means of a hydropult; the young

larvee were observed to place their mouths to the water drops

and imbibe fluid, at least the water diminished: it was observed

380 Dr. Wallace on the Oak-feeding

that the thick integument about the anus, which was white on

emerging from the egg, was changed in one hour to a velvety-

black colour. On the oak tree upstairs two larvee were found

dead, dried up and shrivelled ; and one other, with dried frass

attached to the anus, was in a dying state. I was unable to find

more than five empty egg-shells this morning, though seven larvee

were found crawling about the tray as if newly-born, and as the

oak boughs overhung the eggs, it was possible that two larve

had dropped from the bough; I searched several times diligently

for the empty egg-shells, but they did not appear, so I was left

in doubt: but every morning when I removed the young larvee

just hatched, I was careful also to remove the empty egg-shells,

in order to prevent confusion in my numbers; and it was not

always easy to find these empty shells, as they differed in appear-

ance in no respect from the full ones, except in having an aper-

ture, and if the aperture happened to be beneath, or if two egg-

shells stuck together and the aperture was situate on the inner

side, it was difficult to detect the empty one, and I had fre-

quently to turn over each egg with my brush several times before

finding the empty shells. Of these seven larvz placed on an oak

tree in the greenhouse, one was found twice on the floor, and the

third time disappeared entirely ; the remaining six, together with

two others which had emerged during the day and were placed

with them, were all right at night; they were well syringed with

a hydropult, temperature 60°—75°; the larvae evinced an incli-

nation to climb to the highest twigs of the tree: upstairs the re-

fraicheur was freely used ; the habit of vagabondizing was appa-

rently excited in the larve in the greenhouse by the greater ex-

posure to the light and sun’s rays, and by the greater heat.

May 9th. Minimum temperature upstairs 60°, in greenhouse

51°; no sunshine, dull morning, The eight larve in the green-

house were counted, and found all right; they had fed. Upstairs

twenty-eight were on the tree, two only had died since the beginning,

one escaped in the greenhouse; thirty-six remained out of thirty-

nine born. During the day those upstairs wandered about very

much, and one more was missed in the greenhouse, seven only

being found on the tree in the evening; at 3 p.m. the hydropult

was used, and the house shut up for the night, by this means a

warm steamy temperature was maintained. During the afternoon

some ladies came to see my insect cabinets, which were in the

same room with the larva: upstairs. While exhibiting the drawers

a strong odour of camphor was given out: possibly it was from

Silkworm from Japan. 331:

this cause that many larvae were in the evening found straying down

away from the tree.

May 10th. Minimum temperature during night upstairs 54°;

at 8 a.m. in sunshine 70°—80°; at midday 60°. T received by the

morning post a box from the Society of Acclimatization of Great

Britain containing five parcels of eggs of Yamamai, done up in

paper, consisting ndepectively of 113, 99, 102, 101, 98, besides 22

eggs that were gone kt in all 585. ‘The box was packed with paper

SHaviagss : on examination of these eggs 102 were much depressed

in the centre, and had the appearance of unfertile eggs; but the

remaining 433 seemed sound. These eggs were placed along

with the other eggs, on bibulous paper 3) moistened under a

glass funnel, but kept in a separate lot.* About 3 p.m. two larvae

emerged from these eggs, fine healthy-looking larvae, and were

placed on a little seedling oak in the greenhouse, after the hydro-

pulting had been done. During the morning a larva just emerged

was placed on a young Ailanthus tree, now fairly in leaf, growing

in a pot placed in the room upstairs; this was done to see if

that food would nourish the larvee. It was observed that, after

emerging, the larve would drink freely; some larve upstairs

were noticed to be drying up, though the tree was freely syringed.

May 11th. Minimum temperature during night upstairs 57°,

a dull rainy morning, no sunshine; eleven larve emerged; of

these one was born about 10 p.m. the preceding night. No eges

hatched out of lot No. 4, which contained the eggs sent to me by

the Society of Acclimatization ; the syringe was ised freely ; the

larvae seemed to have recovered from their dry state, but they

are great vagabonds. My method of syringing was now altered.

I placed the flower-pot ina round shallow japanned bath, and used

an eye-douche to syringe with; by directing the nozzle upwards

a shower of quasi rain drops was directed to fall successively upon

all parts of the tree. The fluid was propelled by means of pressure

made by the hand on an India-rubber bottle; on removing the

hand the consequent expansion of the sides of the bottle sucked

in a fresh supply of water through a tube at the bottom, and fresh

pressure produced another shower. This apparatus was very

convenient for the purpose. The superfluous fluid was after-

* It was noticed of these eggs that many had little pieces of cardboard or

paper attached to them, as if they had been originally deposited on cards.

The glass funnel was placed over the eggs partly to maintain a more moist

and equable temperature, partly to prevent the young larve from straying,

and partly because the smooth surface of the glass offered no firm foot-hold

for the young larva, which were therefore easily detached and removed to

the oak- leaves.

382 Dr. Wallace on the Ouk-feeding

wards collected out of the bath by means of a sponge, lest the

Jarvee, falling down in their wanderings (which constantly hap-

pened), should be drowned. ‘The eleven larvae born to-day were

placed on freshly gathered oak boughs; the cut ends of them

being plunged through a wooden tray into water contained ina

jam-pot beneath; over the oak sprays were placed either glass or

zine cylinders, open at one end and covered at the other with

gauze. In the water I invariably dropped a small quantity of

brown sugar and a few drops of liquor potasse ; this mode having

been recommended to me formerly by Dr. Knaggs as tending,

in his experience, to keep the sprays fresher, and render the food

sweeter to the larve. The larva on the Ailanthus tree had not eaten,

but had wandered; this was repeated for several days; and finding

that he would not take to the new food, I transferred him to white-

thorn to make trial of that provender. In the greenhouse the

larve had eaten well, and seemed to have got on faster than those

upstairs. Of the two larvae from lot No. 4, placed on a seedling-

oak in greenhouse, one had eaten and the other not; the last

seemed weak and ailing, did not move, and would not cling to the

leaf; the oakling was therefore taken upstairs, placed in the bath

and watered freely. The larve on the tree in the greenhouse

now wander less, eat freely, and grow rapidly. During the day

one larva was observed to have frass in his jaws, which he

seemed to be trying to get rid of by working it up and down

against the side of the leaf; after several attempts he was suc-

cessful. TI came to the conclusion, which was afterwards verified

by observation, that he had picked it from the anus with his jaws,

having found a difficulty in getting rid of it in the usual way. On

another occasion I observed the curled bristles at the side of the

head made use of to detach dried frass which was attached to the

anus.

May 12th. Minimum temperature during the night 56°; at 9

a.m. 57°, no sunshine, rain falling; syringed the leaves well ;

the larve growing; the seven larve in the greenhouse doing well ;

removed the excreta of several from the anus; still some tendency

observed to wander. Two other larva, which came out to-day,

were placed on white-thorn; the others that emerged were placed

on oak sprays, gathered from the hedges. One larva was found

to-day injured with a wound in its left side.

May 13th. Cold, dry, no sunshine; five larvee emerged,

they seemed smal] and sluggish, and one lay curled up a long

time on the leaf, as if still inside the egg. Minimum temperature

during night 54°, during day 52°, but it afterwards got up to 60°,

Silkworm from Japan. 383

The food was changed to-day, and water changed also. In doing

so the fresh food was first arranged on a new tray with clean water,

and well syringed, and the stale oak sprigs taken out one by one

and examined; where any larva was seen it was cut off, leaf and

all, or part of the leaf if it was large, and then placed on the fresh

leaves; the larvae soon wandered off the stale pieces, which were

then thrown away. A pair of fine-pointed scissars and forceps

were used for this purpose ; and great care had to be taken, lest,

in using these implements, any damage was done to the larve.

Several larvee now made up for their first moult, by spin-

ning a little web along the mid-rib of the leaf, and fixing thereto

their hind claspers; at this time their colour was dull and

glassy. To-day the small larve are very torpid; the larve on

white-thorn have not eaten or passed any frass; the douche was

used several times to-day; the oak tree in the pot begins to be

much eaten, and the leaves are now crisp and less succulent; the

Jarve in the greenhouse are doing well; temperature during night

there 50°, during day 60°—70°,

May 14th. Minimum temperature upstairs 54°, dull morning,

no sunshine, no wind, cold, at 9 a.m. 54°; one empty shell found

among Lot No. 8, without a larva to account for it; the larvee

hatched yesterday are dull, listless and curled up; the larger ones

are feeding well. In the greenhouse the larve are more active

than those upstairs. Took a fresh oak tree upstairs and placed

it in the pot, and put thereon several larve, placed others in the

greenhouse, and three weakly ones on seedlings ; washed in water

the eggs of Lot No. 4, which were very mouldy.

May 15th. Dull morning, N.W. wind; minimum temperature

during night 50°, at 9 a.m. 54°, very cold day ; larve torpid, three

weakly ones on oakling seemed lifeless, and were removed. Seven

eggs of Lot No. 4 were removed as being unfertile.

May 16th. Minimum temperature during night 50°, at 9 a.m, 54°,

N.E. wind, cold and dull, but little sunshine; soaked some eggs

of No. 4 in water to get rid of the fungus; sent fifty egys of

No. 4 to Mr. Gascoyne, of Newark, by mid-day post, in a quill.

Three larve in the greenhouse seemed dead ; another larva, looking

very torpid, was removed from upstairs to the greenhouse, and

I removed three others towards evening ; the temperature of the

greenhouse is colder by night, viz. 45°, but in the day is warmer,

viz. 60°—70° than the room upstairs; several larve upstairs

look shrivelled, discoloured and are torpid.

May 17th. Minimum temperature during night 52° upstairs, at 9

a.m, 55°, in sunshine 70°, a fine bright day. The first larva moulted

384 Dr. Wallace on the Ouk-feeding

this morning; he was placed along with others on a tree in the

greenhouse, after hydropulting ;* changed the oak sprays upstairs.

It now seemed to me that some of my larve in the greenhouse

were gone, and in consequence I watched more closely, and soon

found a larva attacked by a spider, which I killed in the act; the

larva was wrapped up in a shroud of silken thread, which I could

not detach ; it seemed paralyzed and torpid. On further examina-

tion it was found to have been bitten near the head ;_ it remained

torpid, discoloured, and evidently dying for twenty-four hours,

when it was put into spirit. It was now quite clear how my

Jarve in the greenhouse had gone. The Jarve on white-thorn had

not fed, and were therefore transferred to oak. The leaves of the

tree upstairs, and which had been first fed upon, were dry, hard

and crisp, and the edges which had been nibbled were black and

studded with a thin film of mould; some of the larve thereon

seemed shrunken and discoloured, but the larvee in the greenhouse

were thriving. There were therefore difficulties both upstairs and

in the greenhouse to overcome, and I removed one of the two oak

trees and two trays of oak sprays into the greenhouse, the tem-

perature during the night of the 17th—1I8th being 47° in the green-

house, at 9 a.m. 65°; upstairs, minimum temperature during

night 54°, in shade 58°, in sunshine 80°; at 8 a.m. several larvee

were found shrivelled on the oak trees, evidently from the food

being too dry, and containing no suitable nourishment.

May 18th. The temperature in the greenhouse to-day being

high, many of the larvee were found wandering away from the

food, to get into the shade as it were. I removed therefore the

two trays upstairs, and the larvae soon settled down again on the

leaves to feed; the larva which had moulted for the first time fed

during the night. I took a fresh oak tree upstairs and brought

back several larve from the greenhouse, where the thermometer

stood at 65°—70°. I examined five eggs of No. 4 lot, by cutting

a bit of the shell out with a sharp knife. No. 1 contained a larva,

dead; No. 2, an aggregation of molecular granules, yellow and

soft, but no form of a larva; No. 3, a yellow molecular mass more

organized than No. 2, having a curled-up form, with a central

depression ; No. 4, a transparent solid yellow serum with a white

patch; these four eggs were very mouldy outside; No. 5 was not

mouldy, but had a plump, healthy look; it contained a larva inside,

well developed, but devoid of movement, dead. Of these five

* The larve bear a sharp stream of water directed on them with impunity;

they naturally cling tight, and, being on the under surface of the leaf, are

protected from the violence of the shower,

Silkworm from Japan. 385

therefore three were unfertile eggs, and the other two contained

Jarve which had perished, a bad look out for the rest of the eggs

of that lot, very few of which, only five eventually, batched out;

Mr. Gascoyne, of Newark, to whom [I sent fifty eggs, writes:

“I carefully removed the shells from a couple of the larve with

a view to ascertain if vitality existed. I found the young per-

fectly developed and full grown, filling the shell, but both were

quite dead. I have given them several hours tender nursing in

a genial atmosphere, but without effect; I expect that they have

been retarded too long by cold, and I know from experience that

if experiments of this kind are carried too far, the result is

death. I have little hope for the eggs from the appearances, but

will give them every chance under various mmfluences, and will

report. progress.” The same gentleman subsequently wrote :

“‘T divided the ova into three batches: one I placed in an atmo-

sphere of from 65° to 70°; the other two in still higher tem-

peratures; there are not yet (May 30th) signs of vitality in any one

of them. I yesterday opened another and found the young larva

.plump, moist, and I could fancy somewhat larger than before; I

could not perceive any signs of life; none of these eggs produced

a living larva.” I gave fifty more eggs to another Entomologist

residing near me, in the hepe that he might be successful, but he

also failed to obtain a living larva. A similar report was sent to me

by Mr. Waterhouse Hawkins: “ out of the many thousand egys

received this season, through the liberality of the Imperial Society

of Paris, and distributed to several members, we have not reared

a single specimen.”

The history of these eggs, I believe, is as follows: They

farmed part of a present sent over by the Tycoon of Japan to the

Emperor of the French, and were placed at the disposal of the

Imperial Society of Acclimatization, who kindly forwarded a por-

tion to the corresponding Society of Great Britain; these were

at first intended to be forwarded by ship to Australia with salmon

ova, but reached this country too late for that purpose. As in the

preceding spring some eggs of the Vamamaz had hatched out

prematurely, it occurred to Mr. Bush of the Acclimatization

Society, who had undertaken their charge, ‘‘ to retard the eggs in

1866 by sealing them up and keeping them in a cool place ;” indeed

I believe they were placed in ice ; and to this unfortunate retarda-

tion I attribute the loss of vitality in those ova which possessed

fully-formed worms. Certainly as the result was unhappily the

same in every case, the damage was done before the distribution

386 Dr. Wallace on the Oak-feeding

of the ova, otherwise some persons at least might have been for-

tunate enough to rear the larva. But another cause clearly

impaired the chance of success, viz. the large proportion of

unfertile eggs, as manifested by the large proportion of those

which contained no trace of larve, which indeed ought to be

fully formed one month after the egg is laid. Hence I think it

is clear that the eggs were in the first instance an unhealthy lot ;

and secondly that their passage to England, and subsequent retar-

dation in too cool a place, had taken away the remaining vitality.

By recording this unfortunate result I may warn others from

a similarly unhappy treatment of the eggs of this valuable race.

May 19th. A warmer night ; minimum temperature upstairs 54°,

in greenhouse 49°; at 9 a.m. 65° upstairs, in sun 90°, in shade

60°. Inthe greenhouse three were dead ; I was certain that many

larve in the greenhouse were missing, either having wandered or

been eaten by spiders; those on the sprays were doing well, but

rather restless.

May 20th. Minimum temperature in the greenhouse 53°, up-

stairs 58°; at 8 a.m. 62°; at 10 a.m. 70° in shade, in sunshine

97°; very warm morning, the sprays getting stale, and the larve

wandering. I occasionally found empty eggs and no larvee under

the funnel, so that it is probable that the young larve hatched

during the night and crept out of the top of the funnel, and wan-

dered over the table; changed the sprays to-day ; two more

deaths; the leaves of the oak trees in pots very dry.

May 2Ist. Kept my blind down this morning ; temperature

upstairs about 60°; only two larvae emerged; one larva was

sucked in the greenhouse during the night by a spider; four

have now moulted for the first time. Placed the sprays under

bell glasses to keep the food moist, but these were removed the

next day as not permitting sufficient ventilation; one egg of

No. 4 hatched out a small shrunken weakly larva, which was

placed in an air-tight glass bottle with some dry food ; this, how-

ever, had withered by the next morning, when the larva was

placed on a seedling oak having tender leaves ; the larvae were now

brought in from the greenhouse by degrees, and removed upstairs

for two reasons; one, that it was too hot for them by day, the

other that it was found impossible to kill off all the spiders in the

greenhouse, so as to prevent their destroying the larvee.

May 22nd. Minimum temperature during night in the green-

house 53°, upstairs 57°; at 8 a.m. 62°; at 9 a.m. 65° in shade, in

sunshine 100°. Nine have now moulted for the first time; the food

Silkworm from Japan. 387

flagged much this morning; took away the last larva from the

greenhouse ; changed the sprays, syringed them well.

May 23rd. Temperature much the same as 22nd. One larva

emerged ; washed the eggs in water, as they seemed again covered

with mould. Two of the lot No. 4 sank, the rest floated—opened

these two and found therein a little yellow serum, no trace of a

worm.

May 24th. Minimum temperature 60°, dull morning; three larvee

out vigorous. The larvae which were under glass cylinders seemed

less healthy than those under zine cylinders, being of a dirty

brown yellow hue, whereas the others were of a brighter tint.

This was probably due to a less perfect ventilation. One larva

of No. 3 was born at 5 p.m.

May 25th. Colder, minimum temperature upstairs 55°; at 8 a.m.

60°; changed sprays. The Quercus pedunculata is now in full

leaf; Q. sessiliflora is a fortnight later in coming out, and is now

scarcely in full leaf; the Turkey oak and moss-cup oak and

Q. dentata are also now just coming into leaf. Leaves of all these

varieties were given to the larve, and they seemed to thrive indis-

criminately on all; but the Q. dentata seems to havea crisp, less

tender leaf, and is therefore better adapted for the larvee later on.

On the first tray there are nineteen larvee which have now moulted

for the first time: on the second tray thirty-three larva com-

mencing their first moult; on the third tray seventeen larve about

a fortnight old; on the fourth tray twenty-two about one week old;

on the fifth tray five babies and four invalids; six more are left on

an oak tree in pot, passing through their first moult: total, 106

out of 161 in all born; therefore fifty-five are missing since birth.*

May 26th and 27th. Temperature about 60°; one larva, having

just moulted, turned torpid and of a pale colour, seemed shrunken,

the spines on the back no longer standing out stiff, but depressed ;

it subsequently died.

May 28th. Changed food ; 105 larve in the four trays.

May 29th. One larva out, the last that hatched; temperature

about 60°.

May 31st. Changed food on trays, and counted larvee; 106

doing well; temperature 58°--60°.

* It is always convenient, in rearing larve in quantity, to keep the lots as

nearly as possible of the same age, so that they all moult together. This is

carried to perfection in rearing the mulberry silkworms in France and Italy :

there the brood is hatched out in aday, the moults are passed to a day, and

the cocoons are all spun to a day, and the moths again emerge to a day.

VOL, V. THIRD SERIFS, PART V.—MARCH, 1867, EE

388 Dr. Wallace on the Oak-feeding

June Ist. One larva moulted for the second time. I had to help

this larva and also another, which was moulting for the first time,

by shifiing the old skin off the last two or three segments by

means of a fine-pointed pair of forceps. This operation becomes

necessary when the hind claspers have lost their grip of the silken

threads attached to the leaf, and there is no longer any back-hold

by means of which the larva can crawl out of his own skin. He

is able, by means of alternate extensions and contractions of the

segments of the body, to slip off the skin up to the hinder seg-

ments; but to get those parts free of the skin the feet require to

be attached to the leaf, and he then crawls out, leaving the skin

behind. [tis often necessary, in rearing larve, to help them

when by any accident their hind feet have lost their grip; and it

is effected very easily by laying hold of the old skin by a pair of

pointed forceps, and slipping it over the anus. This must be

done carefully, so as not to injure the tender claspers, and patience

is needed to watch the moment when the larva elevates his hind

feet. In withdrawing the skin, care must then also be taken

to withdraw the lining membrane not only of the last pair of

spiracles, but also of the intestinal tube. I have in this way fre-

quently operated with success both on Azlanthus and the Yama-

mai larve, holding them gently between the forefinger and thumb

of the left hand. But the skin of the Yamamai is much thinner

and more easily ruptured than that of B. Cynthia ;* and whereas

I have often, in half-grown and large larvee of Cynthia, removed

successfully the old skin, slipping it over the whole body, yet such

a proceeding is quite impossible with the Yamamaz, on account

of the thinness of the membrane. And further, I have observed

this difference, that the Cynthza larva fixes itself more tightly to

the leaf, and if accidentally detached, is quite unable to lay hold

again, chiefly because the silken threads, being separated from the

leaf, are entangled in the hind claspers ; whereas, in the Yama-

mai, | have seen the larva refix his grasp on the leaf successfully

almost up to the moment of change, so that fortunately there is

less fear of losing them from the accident by which so many larve

of Cynthia are lost, viz. by their losing their hold while moulting.

June 2nd. Many moulting ; one dead ; temperature rising 60°

—70°.

June 5th. Ten have moulted for the second time; counted

ninety-five alive.

* Tf a hole is once made in the skin, it is certain death; a ereen fluid

exudes freely, the larva shrinks and soon dies,

Silkworm from Japan. 389

June 9th. Ninety are now alive; changed food; examined the

eggs which had not emerged. Lot No. 1, the eggs contained fully

formed larvee in various stages of decomposition, a few eggs con-

tained dried serum; No. 2, contained dried-up worms undergoing

decomposition ; No. 3, contained worms either dried up or decom-

posing, brown, soft, shapeless; No. 4, the most mouldy ones

contained generally dried-up serum, or else larve highly decom-

posed ; the other eggs contained larvae shrunken but formed, soft,

and decomposing ; several eggs, which had cracks or holes made

by the larve in their shells, were examined and found to contain

larvae brown and drying up; one was mouldy.

On the 13th June, eighty-three larvae were counted. At every

change of food I was sorry to find that some larvee were dead,

and I am by no means sure that some were not nipped by their

comrades. I noticed this day that one larva, after moulting for

the third time, seemed flabby, inert, torpid, and soft as if dying.

This larva was also very wet, either from water which had fallen

upon it during syringing, which was done daily, or from having

fallen into a little pool of water. The larva was removed, the

water dried up, and a free circulation of air encouraged. After

an hour or two the skin began to dry, the muscles acquired firm-

ness, and the larva subsequently recovered entirely.

‘June 19th, there were only seventy-three larve.

June 23rd. Seventy. I then noted that the larvae were not

looking well, but had a muddy look. ‘The temperature now was

much higher—about 70° during the day.

June 26th. Found three or four larvae dead, and many others

showing black dusky specks over their bodies, just beneath their

skin; colour pale, the transparency changed to an opacity; they

seemed weaker; the temperature was now very high, 70° at

night, 75° during day, 90° in sunshine. I recognized the formid-

able malady described by French anthors,* which had frustrated

the hope of success so many times in different regions, the first

symptoms being an opacity of colour, and a number of minute

dusky specks. In accordance with the advice given by French

writers, who attribute this disease partly to insufficient ventilation

and partly to rearing the larvee on boughs kept fresh by means of

inserting their ends in water, I determined, first, to wash them

* This, according to Mons. Guérin-Méneville, is analogous to the disease

among the mulberry worms called “des flats,’’ or “ vaches.”— Revue de

Sériciculture, 1864, p. 197.

390 Dr. Wallace on the Oak-feeding

with water, which was effected by placing each larva, while clinging

to the oak spray, in a bason of water, and leaving him there for

one minute; and, secondly, to place them out of doors on some

young oak trees in the garden. This was done by pinning the

sprays to the oak boughs. After doing this I watered them very

freely by means of a watering-pot, twice during the day.

June 27th. They were watered again twice; temperature 70°

during night, 75°—80° by day ; several larvee were on the ground,

having dropped from weakness ; others were hanging prone, mo-

tionless, and flaccid, suspended only by their hind claspers. The

minute dusky specks had increased into spots, and even blotches,

which were most numerous in the folds of the segments, leaving

the middle part of the segment swollen, and of a lighter but

dirty yellow-green colour; the spots increased to irregular blotches,

and in some cases the body burst open, emitting a dirty opaque

putrilage ; in one Jarva which burst open a whitish patch ap-

peared, as if of mould.

June 28th. A very heavy rainfall, with thunder ; two or three

larvee were dead, but they were not so black as those which had

died before ; some that were on the trees seemed more hvely and

vigorous; they had eaten the leaves, and their colour was less

dusky, but the spots had not disappeared, though they seemed

fainter.

June 29th. About six dead; the temperature again warm and

sultry ; the watering by the water-pot was still kept up; the sur-

vivors look blotchy, only two or three looking at all healthy; in

some diarrhoea was observed, in others the skin burst ‘open even

before the blotches appear ; some of the leaves were eaten.

June 30th. Two more dead ; all the survivors were spotted; a

heavy shower of rain fell.

July 2nd. The last two days were showery; only six larve

were alive, but two of these looked healthy.

July 8th. Only one larva remaining, but a few dusky specks

were visible.

July 11th. The larva was alive, but spotted all over.

July 12th. Dead; one or two larvae seemed to have been much

worried by the little black ants, but these larvae were much

diseased, and exuding a sanious fluid; and it seemed to me, since

the other larvz were not attacked, that the ants had been attracted

by the fluids exuding from the bodies of the larvee.

I will now recount the experience of a lady in Devonshire who

obtained a batch of about 100 eggs. ‘* My oaks became covered

Silkworm from Japan. 391

with a black blight, and the worms which I put in the garden died.

I lost the first hatched (only thirty-three) on the plants in pots. I

found with you that the leaves are not succulent enough; and [

think the only oaks that will answer are the scrub sort ‘in the

hedges, which continually put forth fresh leaves, and on these

leaves I kept all I could preserve in bottles ;* still they died,

though I sprinkled the leaves with water. They showed a deter-

mination to commit suicide by getting into the water. About

thirty eggs did not hatch, though apparently good.”

A similar disease attacked Lady Nevill’s brood in 1865, and

destroyed her hopes of success ; and on the continent the same

disease has checked the cultivation in many places. I have this

year observed the same disease attack individuals of the B.

Cynthia, which had suffered from the continued cold and wet; but

in these worms the skin seems to be tougher and does not rupture

easily, though covered with blotches; the worms will remain

clinging to the leaves fora fortnight or more, though they eat but

little, and remain motionless ; but they are blotched in a similar

manner, and get soft after a time ; they generally die from diarrhoea,

but some spin their cocoons. Their constitution evidently resists

the disease much more powerfully than does the Yamamai.

I will conclude my English experiences with an extract from

the Report for 1866 of the Acclimatization Society of Great Britain,

p- 20. ‘Last year (1865) the Society received a limited supply

of the eggs of the Bombyx Yamamai from France; these were in

part distributed to various members of the Society, and the residue

were retained by Mr. Bush, at Clapham, where a large number

were hatched, but they invariably died afier the second casting of

the skin; the number was thus reduced to about forty, which

grew to the size of 23 inches, having fed readily and by pre-

ference on the common British oak. When they had attained that

size they appeared to be attacked by some disease which caused

a sudden discharge of the fluids in the body, and the consequent

withering and death of this very beautiful caterpillar. They were

of a brilliant green, with small silvery spots on the sides. The

whole ofthe number which had reached that size died in this man-

ner, not leaving one to attain the power of spinning ;_ but with our

honorary member at Guernsey, to whom a portion of the eggs had

been consigned, the experiment was carried further towards a

successful issue, as described in the following brief report by the

Rev. W. T. Collins, who so indefatigably conducted the experi-

* The cut ends of the oak sprays were put into bottles of water to preserve

them fresh,

392 Dr. Wallace on the Oak-feeding

ments to the end; he says, ‘From the eggs supplied us by Dr.

Hoskins about sixty worms were hatched in April last; we tried

them with every kind of leaf, common or exotic, we could think of ;

at least 100 sorts-were refused by the worms, who to our despair

would only feed upon each other. This species of cannibalism,

however, disappeared after the first change of skin, They then

began to eat the young leaves of the Turkey oak, and during their

last stages condescended to feed upon the leaf of the common

English oak. Only seventeen worms ultimately remained to us;

they were very large and handsome caterpillars of a lovely green

colour, with spots of a bright silver arranged in rows along either

side. These creatures were much more active than the common

silkworms, walking rapidly, highly irritable when touched, and if

disturbed while spinning, as was sometimes necessary, in order to

place them more securely, they would cease to spin for hours.

The silk produced is exceedingly fine, of a pretty light green

colour similar to that of the worms, but so easily broken as to be

difficult to wind off. Seventeen moths were developed from the

seventeen cocoons, but they did not deposit any eggs.’ This year

(1866) the Society were so fortunate as to receive from the Impe-

rial Society of Acclimatization in France many thousands of the

eggs of this interesting silkworm, Bombyx Yamamai, which, being

received lone before there was any possibility of obtaining food for

them, were kept from every degree of warmth which might induce

their hatching out prematurely. Early in April, Mr. Wilson, one

of our vice-presidents, kindly transferred to us a large parcel con-

taining many thousand eggs of the silkworm, which was intended

by the Imperial Society of France for presentation to the Acclima-

tization Society of Melbourne, but arriving too late for the vessel,

which was stocked with ice for conveying them to Melbourne, Mr.

Wilson considered that the next best thing he could do was to

present them tothe Society. By the assistance of one of our mem-

bers, H.J. B. Hancock, Esq., we have obtained 100 oaklings, now in

full leaf, upon which the eggs are laid ina warm and sheltered situa-

tion with an endeavour to maintain an equal temperature. We are

not able to report with any degree of confidence the results.” At

a later date than the report, I learned that no ova were batched out.

Tedious and minute as may be thought the account of my un-

successful experiment to rear and acclimatize these most valuable

silkworms, I believe that its chief value lies in the minutiz re-

corded. We have to deal with a valuable but highly delicate

insect, greatly prized by the Japanese, so much so indeed that they

have evinced the utmost unwillingness to allow it to leave their

Silkworm from Japan. 393

country. We know but little of its habits, and the efforts to rear

and acclimatize this valuable race are of necessity a number of

experiments, of which some fortunately have been successful, but

the majority were the reverse. It is only by narrating the minu-

tie of treatment, by carefully noting the temperatures, the atmo-

spheres to which the insects are exposed from the egg to the perfect

state—by comparison of their food plants and the various modes

of feeding them, that we shall be placed in the best condition

eventually to attain success. There can be no doubt in the first

instance that the treatment of the ova during the long period of

winter, and especially in the spring months, is of the highest import-

ance. It must be that the nearer we approach to the natural con-

dition of the insect in its wild state, the greater our chance of

success ; and the heated temperature and want of aération which

the eggs must undergo during their two months’ voyage to Europe

from Japan must materially impair their vitality. Next it is evi-

dently of the greatest importance to be provided with young oak

buds and leaves just bursting at a time when the larve hatch out.

For this a double precaution is necessary ; Ist, to foree young oak

trees in pots under glass, some to a greater and some to a less

degree, so that foliage may be ready for the young worms; 2ndly,

to keep the eggs ina well aérated cool place, at a temperature not

if possible exceeding 50°, till the oak trees are breaking out of

doors. As this is the natural period for the exit from the egg, it

would seem to be the proper time to place the ova in a warmer

but moist atmosphere for hatching out, imitating in fact the natural

temperature out of doors. It is stated by French writers that the

eggs should not be exposed to frost during winter, but I cannot

concur in this statement until it is proved by actual experiment,

since I am informed that the climate of Japan resembles that of

this country, and that severe frosts occur there, and to these

during the winter the egg would in a wild state be subjected.

Again, covered as it is with a stout shell and a thick coating of

gum, it by no means follows that frost would penetrate to the

larva inside; while, lastly, larvae have been frozen again and again

with impunity. In the treatment of the larve great stress is laid

by French experimenters on maintaining them if possible on the

living tree exposed to free aération ; they maintain that the skin of

the larva is very porous, and that it is necessary to its well being to

inhale a large supply of air; and further that when the oak sprays

are placed in water, and too great a proportion of water is drawn

up into the leaves, the alimentation of the insect is carried on in

394 Dr. Wallace on the Oak-feeding

an insufficient manner, so that the digestive functions are im-

paired, and in consequence of the blood being impoverished, a

change takes place in the fluids favourable to the development of

fungoid disease, and the result is an epidemic accompanied by great

mortality. The results of my experiments, and of my experiences of

a similar if not the same malady among the Cynthia larvee, seem

to lead me to the following general conclusions: that it is neces-

sary to supply the very young larvae with young succulent leaves—

that they will bear a moderate amount of cold for brief periods

with impunity—that they avoid the direct sunshine, but like its

warmth diffused through the natural leafy shade—that moisture is

grateful to them at all times and is necessary for their existence—

that a quick growth is most favorable. 1 have found that the

Cynthia larvee when retarded in their changes by cold and wet

weather, as has been the case this last summer, are more liable

to this and other epidemics. Dry hot weather is prejudicial to

the larvee: for that reason I should think they are likely to do

best on large oak bushes planted sufficiently close to allow of

shade among the interlacing boughs. Similarly the larva of

Notodonta trepida rejoice in the cool shade of the north aspect of

dense forest trees. For that reason the climate of Ireland would

probably prove highly favourable to the cultivation of this species.

Lastly, I am convinced that they would thrive better out of doors

on the trees than in confinement. ‘The nearer we could approxi-

mate their life to the natural wild state, the more we should re-

pair their constitution weakened by a long journey, and by a

faulty system of education.

I will now relate some of the experiences of French experi-

menters. In the Revue de Sériciculture for 1863, p. 352, &c.,

is an account of the complete success of the first trial of Mons.

Personnat at Privas, Ardéche: he had received a gramme of

eggs from the Society of Acclimatization, part of those brought

over by Mons. Pompe van Meedervoort; there were fifty fertile

egus, the rest were dried up; he had provided himself with young

oaks in pots, but the birth of the worms coincided with the appear-

ance of the leaves in his neighbourhood. The eggs were placed

in a paper tray amongst.the young leaves, so that the newly-born

larvee might at once crawl on their food without being touched ;

they began to appear on the 11th April and continued to do so up to

the 28th; out of forty-five worms so hatched he obtained forty-

four cocoons, one was lost by accident; he tested the wandering

powers of the newly-born larve by making them walk the distance

Silkworm from Japan. 395

of a metre (nearly 40 inches) before reaching their food, and

ascertained that they could do this with impunity, and that in

their very young state they can remain some little time without

food. The larvz were fed on sprays, placed in vases of water,

from young oaks of the species Q. pedunculata and also Q. pubes-

cens, but the pubescence of the latter renders it less suitable. In

the fourth stage they were sprinkled with water daily in the

morning, and in hot weather twice daily. The first cocoons were

begun on June 25th, seventy-four days after the birth of the first

worm; the cocoons were all finished eighteen days afterwards,

forty-two very fine, one small, and one imperfect, the worm having

been twice disturbed while spinning; the moth which emerged from

this one was a very fine one, and Mons. Personnat was enabled to

observe in the cocoon the successive changes: that into pupa took

place on the 19th day after spinning; two days afterwards the

pupa turned dark-brown; the receptable for the dissolving fluid

situate on the fore part of the head was large and light-coloured,

and contained evidently a large quantity of fluid.

By retarding the first formed cocoons, and hastening the last

made by placing them in a warm situation, he diminished the

difference of eighteen days in the time of spinning their cocoons

down to ten; the latter came out thirty-eight to forty days after

commencing their cocoons, the former in from forty-four to forty-

seven days; the first were males. In two days he had six males

and two females. The cocoons were placed in a case having

canvass sides, forty inches by twenty, and about twenty-four

inches high, which was sprinkled daily with water to keep up fresh-

ness and a slight moisture. The second morning Mons. Personnat

ran to see the Yamamai; there was no trace of coition; the

males had battered their wings; the females, resting against the

canvass, seemed to have been untouched. He immediately made

arrangements to spend the night in the room, but saw nothing

except the birth of three males and two females ; the next night he

went at midnight, but on his entrance the light caused such a com-

motion in the box that he found all the moths were at the bottom

frightened. The next night at 1 a.m., having arranged the light

outside, so that only a few rays could penetrate, he witnessed two

fresh pairs in coition; he retired carefully: the next morning there

was no trace of what had happened. This very short period of

coition seemed strange; nevertheless, it was proved to bea fact by

subsequent experience. In one couple which were watched it

lasted from 11 o’clock toa } past 1 ; the eggs of this pair were kept

396 Dr. Wallace on the Ouk-feeding

separate and proved to be quite fertile. ‘The males were more nu-

merous at the commencement, the females towards the close of the

period of emergence from the cocoon. A great many fully fertile

egos were obtained.

In page 115 of the Revue de Sériciculture of 1864 is an account

by Mons. Bonnard, of Marseilles, of his experience, in a letter to

Mons. Guérin-M éneville :—“ I received a box of eggs (160) from

you the 20th February; the eggs were at once placed in a room

with a north aspect, but notwithstanding my precautions, on the

22nd a worm hatched out to my surprise and despair. I had then,

alas, no oak trees sufficiently advanced. This worm died, though I

gave him leaves of the evergreen oak. On the 24th another, on the

26th four more, on the 28th thirteen, on the 29th eleven, and others

came out successively up to the 8th March. All except the last

few died of hunger. I had, moreover, 175 eggs laid by a female

Yamamai the preceding year ; none of them had yet emerged and

I hoped they would not hatch till the leaves were ready; but

on the 4th March they began, and continued to emerge till the

15th. Inthe meantime the Zoological Society of Acclimatization

sent me on the 11th a gramme of eggs; some had hatched when

they arrived, others hatched the next morning, &c., but two-

thirds of the eggs were dried up. During the first few days of

March, my wife and I offered leaves of various kinds to the young

worms; they ate willingly the Neapolitan medlar, as also the

hawthorn, but refused the quince. Hence I hoped to preserve the

stock. During the first moult many died, and on the 26th I had but

80 out of about 300 hatched out. I travelled with these to the

Basses Alpes; on the 3rd April I arrived at Marseilles. There,

oaks forced under glass supplied them with natural food till the

7th, on which day, in a warm spot, [ found a young oak breaking

into leaf. During the night the worms were in a room, during

the day they were constantly out of doors in the shade. About

the 12th, though they had been watered daily twice or thrice, a

kind of epidemic (gattine) appeared. I thought this was the result

rather of my keeping them indoors at night than of the change

in their diet ; whatever the cause, the feet became black, then the

whole body, and nothing seemed to stay the malady. On the

15th but forty worms more or less stricken remained. J then

took each worm, dipped him in water for several seconds, replaced

him in fresh well-watered foliage, and left the worm out all night

long. After two or three dippings all trace of discase disap-

peared ; and I have now thirty-four magnificent caterpillars in

Silkworm from Japan. 397

robust health, nearly ready to spin their cocoons ; the leaves are

changed twice a week ; they are watered twice or thrice daily, and

are constantly out of doors. I am confident that the evening dew

is beneficial to them, and that these cocoons might be cultivated

in a little oak plantation, taking care to keep away birds, and

water them artificially. Next year I propose, in order to keep

my eggs better, to place them in a room where the temperature

never falls below freezing point, and take them about the begin-

ning of February to an uninhabited apartment among the oak

trees.”

M. Oscar Zlik, of Teschen in Silesia,* writes, having received

fifty eggs from Mons. Guérin-Méneville, “The young worms

began to hatch out the 11th April, but I had no oak leaves for

them. In vain did I try to retard them; only the last three,

which were born the 27th April and the 2nd and 3rd May, could IL

save; they eat the leaves of Quercus pedunculata and sessiliflora:

the first stage lasted 8--10 days; the second, 7—8 days; the third,

7 days; the fourth, 10—12 days; the fifth, 17—18 days; in all, from

52—54 days. The first worm, born 27th April, began to spin

June 19; the second, born 2nd May, on June 22; the third, born

8rd May, on June 26.”

Mons. Frerot, of Aussonce, writes,| ‘‘ Out of 133 eggs received

fifty were dried, out of the remaining eighty-three but sixty-two

hatched; eleven worms died soon after birth, another was acci-

‘dentally drowned ; twenty-five are now, while I -write, spinning,

and in a few days I bope other twenty-five will spin; each worm

spins regularly fifty days after hatching; from twenty-five cocoons

kept by me, ten males and twelve females emerged, three did not

emerge. I only got six fertile pairs, and about 1,500 good eggs.

Coition, to my surprise, lasts a very short time; I had to visit my

moths at various times in the night to satisfy myself as to the point.

I have placed the eggs in bottles, well corked and sealed, in a

cellar; when the temperature of the room is lower than in the

cellar, | shall withdraw them, and replace them in the cellar in

spring. It was thus that I treated the eggs which I received last

February. Out of each batch of new eggs I took five or six and

exposed them to such a temperature as would ensure incubation ;

on opening these I found in each a worm fully formed.”

The first experiments, therefore, in France, though on the whole

* Revue de Sériciculture, 1863, p. 325.

t Ib. p. 326.

398 Dr. Wallace on the Ouk-feeding

more successful than in this country, were precarious and un-

certain, and gave great anxiety lest the new race should fail in

being successfully acclimatized.

Dr. Chavannes, of Lausanne, who has devoted much time and

attention to the rearing of silkworms, and who has successfully

cultivated the Yamamai, is strongly of opinion that it is neces-

sary to rear them out of doors on the living foliage; he writes,

Revue de Sériciculture, 1864, page 85, “‘ This method of rearing

the larvee,” (on boughs placed in water,) ‘may seriously com-

promise the safety of the race. I have had experience in rear-

ing three wild races of silkworms in Brazil and Europe, &c.

The first generation so reared may do well, the second does

badly, and the third not at all; all the worms perish. I would,

in order to preserve them from danger as much as possible, rear

the young worms during their first stage in a room on sprays

dipped in water, but afterwards on the trees themselves, at the

side of a wood, on boughs covered with gauze nets; protected

by these nets there is nothing to fear from birds or insects, and by

placing at the foot of each tree sawdust impregnated with coal-

tar, the ants, their worst enemies, are kept away; for the same

reason the branch which bears the gauze net should be wrapped

round with cotton wool, dipped in coal tar. As to the sun, I am

not afraid of it, if the larva has the shade of a few leaves.’ His

resumé of 1864 is as follows :*—* Out of 900 eggs of Yamamai,

640 hatched out, from the 21st April to the 26th. In their two

first stages the worms were fed on boughs dipped in water, after-

wards on the living trees, protected by metallic or gauze cages.

Some worms remained on the boughs till the third stage; 200

worms died the first few days without eating ; twenty-six died

during their growth, viz., six at their full size; three had been fed

on oak boughs dipped in water up to their third stage, and they

died of the disease improperly called ‘pebrine;’ twelve were

drowned in the water which had accumulated in the lower part of

the gauze bags during their change; four or five were crushed

during the changing of the gauze bays; three or four remained

little and spun no cocoons. In all I had 414 cocoons. The most

important consideration is the preservation of the eggs. What

temperature is best? My eggs were kept from September to

December 20th, between 48°—55°, F.; after that till March 10th,

during fifty-three days, the temperature was 44°—46°; for seven

® Revue de Sériciculture, 1864, p. 324.

Silkworm from Japan. 399

days, 41°—44°; for ten days, 46°—49°; during the month of

March and to the 15th April, 46°—49°; afterwards to the 2Ist,

4.1°—50°, F. I think these temperatures too high, and intend to keep

them this winter as near as possible 39°—41°; for on the 2lst

April I had a premature birth in my cellar at 50°, and I have

noticed, as Mr. Hardy did, that worms born at that temperature

die soon after birth. To that low temperature, at the moment of

hatching, I attribute the loss of the 200 worms. The eggs ought

to remain, after being removed from the cellar, for five or six days

at a temperature of 55°—60° before hatching, the better to avoid

the mortality ; the eggs should be moistened two or three days

before hatching, by being placed on blotting or bibulous paper

“moistened. I have shown that to feed them on boughs dipped in

water is injurious, for the worms thus nourished up to the fourth

stage perished at the end of the fifth. I propose another year to

place the young worms at once, or immediately after the first

moult, on the young oak trees. The caterpillar seems able to

support a very low temperature, for this year has been unusually

cold and wet; during June we had several mornings as low as

59°. The time occupied in the several stages has been as fol-

lows :—First stage, 11 days; second, 10 days; third, 7 days;

fourth, 12 days; fifth, 18 days; in all 58 days. Of sixteen 9

exposed in the woods, where I set at liberty two g for every ¢,

all laid fertile eggs. Out of fifty-four pairs placed separately in

gauze cages, in two-thirds of them coition was successfully per-

formed. Ina large cage, where many were at liberty together,

about half the eggs were sound. I have observed coition to take

place about 9 o’clock p.m., between two recently-emerged moths,

Thrice have I observed coition repeated a second time by the

males. If the sides of the cage are of metal and not of canvass or

gauze, the feet of the males are injured by the second night.

About 110—112 eggs weigh a gramme.” *

I will now translate parts of a very interesting document pub-

lished recently in the Bulletins of the Imperial Society of Acclima-

tization. It is a Japanese manual on the culture of the Yamamai,

translated into Dutch by Dr. Hoffman, and again translated into

French by Mons. F. Bleckman, the interpreter of the French

* According to Mons. Guérin- Méneville’s experiences in 1862, with the

eggs that first came over from Japan, 140 weigh about a gramme, and the

average weight of 100 eggs is 070 grammes. Vide Revue de Sériciculture,

1863, p. 34,

400 Dr. Wallace on the Oak-feeding

embassy at Japan.* In passing through so many translations,

doubtless in some respects the meaning of the passages is slightly

altered; but the main features are in general sufficiently easy of

comprehension.

‘“‘ Trees used by the Japanese in rearing the Yamamai, generally

called ‘ Yama-Mayn-nomusi,’ or the Worm of the Wild Cocoon.

1. Sira-kasi, the White Oak (Quercus Sirokasi, Siebold), called

in Japanese Men-siyo; French, Le Chéne farineux.

2. Kunu-gi on Fotsi-maki (Quercus dentata, Thunberg), called in

Japanese eki. Worms fed on these two trees produce cocoons

which have a great deal of silk.

8. Kasi-va. Japanese, Kok (Quercus serrata, Thunberg).

4, Mitsu-nava. Cocoons produced from these trees are soft

(moelleux), strong, and of a superior thread.

5. Nava-no-ki (Quercus serrata, Thunberg).

As these trees vegetate earliest, and have the most tender leaves,

they are the best suited to the young worms up to their third stage.

Other trees in certain parts are used to feed these silkworms. Inculti-

vating the cocoons, the oak trees are planted in rows along the farms

_and on the borders of the ploughed fields, and, in addition to their

principal labours, the farmers derive considerable gain from this

secondary cultivation, since the silk is very strong and valuable.

There are three modes of rearing the worm ; 1, on oak boughs in

buckets (baquets), oke-kai-date; 2, on oak boughs stuck in the

ground, doma-kai-date ; 3, on trees in the open air, no-kai-date,

The first mode is used in every case for the young brood till after

their third moult ; after that the second and third modes are ap-

plicable. In the first mode shade but not cold is desirable, in the

other two the sun is welcome; the north-west wind is very injurious

to the young worms, and it is necessary to protect them from it.

(In our country equivalent probably to the east wind.) If the wind

blow softly from the south-east} it is favourable to disease, which

disappears when the wind returns to the north-west. It is necessary

to guard against wind, but in the open air culture the wind is no

longer injurious, as the worms are sheltered by the leafy shades.

The preservation of eggs is of the utmost importance ; the increas-

ing demand of the last two years has introduced into commerce

eggs of all kinds; the inexperienced often buy eggs which hatch

out badly, or if they hatch out, the worms die at the first or second

* Vide Revue de Sériciculture, 1864, p. 289.

+ Doubtless a hot, dry wind,

Silkworm from Japan. 401

moult. To distinguish good eggs from bad : as to colour, the light

grey are the best, dark grey medium, white are worst.* It is desira-

ble always to open a fewif there is any doubt ; after thirty days are

past a little worm of a clear blue (?)} is found therein; the quality

of the lot may be estimated by opening one or two hundred eggs. If

this opening be done by means of a sharp razor, or point of a needle,

the young worms may escape injury. Some eggs that are offered for

sale are well rounded, with a convex surface and shining; these

are painted. The best eggs are well-rounded, light grey, and in

proportion to their weight contain a more healthy worm, which

will move vigorously, even in cold weather, on the palm of the

hand, is of a clear blue (? yellow) or light colour, and a si-yoo, a

Japanese measure of 385 grammes,t gives 101,000 worms. In-

ferior eggs are not quite round, a little depressed in the centre ; the

worm on emerging is small, and though it moves is weak. If they

emerge too soon they call them waste (kego-kobne) and throw them

away. One meets also with eggs rounded and at first sight of the

best quality ; but on opening them, the little worms are weak and

ofa red tint; these have fermented soon after they were formed.

Other eggs are well rounded, and very shiny, seeming to be of the

best quality, but they contain no worm. ‘These are forged eggs

(fabriqués.)

About the 22ud April, or a little later, according to the local

temperature, the place set apart for the nurture of these worms is

examined, in order to destroy ants and other vermin which are in-

juvious. Rush mats are now set up around, and in the middle is

placed a wooden frame (estrade) six feet wide, and as long or longer

according to the extent required. Beneath are placed the buckets or

troughs (oke), fitted with a cover pierced with a number of holes;

at the bottom of the trough is fitted a pipe with stopper to allow

the water to be drained off from time totime. The troughs are ar-

ranged three feet apart from centre to centre; over the frame are

stretched (musiro) mats, generally 2 feet 8 inches in width, 5 feet

5 inches jong, 5 inches thick, and also (itodate) others, which are

mats of the finest straw, 2 feet 7 inches wide and 8 feet long.

Within are placed the eggs, which are carefully examined every

morning. As soon as the young worms are born, they place fresh

* Contrary to our European experience.

+ Always yellow in Europe.

+. 183: oi

t 13}, 07.

492 Dr. Wallace on the Ouk-feeding

water in the first trough; two openings are now made in each

mat, immediately over the holes of the trough cover. Several

branches of oak are now passed into it, and to one of them is attached

the tray of eggs, containing generally 33 centilitres; any kind of

lacquered wood may serve for the tray of eggs, but the bottom must

be finely pierced with holes, to allow the rain to escape. When the

worms are born, they climb up from the tray on to the branches ;

when there are about 500 on the foliage, branches are placed in

another trough, and the tray of eggs attached ; and in this way the

worms are apportioned out to the different troughs. Care must

be taken to plug well the holes of the troughs, lest the worms get to

the water. When the worms have been three days on a branch

itis taken away with the worms, and placed on the mat to prevent

contact with the earth or sand. A fresh branch is now placed

in contact with the old one, from 9 a.m. to 3 p.m. ; 6 hours is given

to the worms to leave the stale and go to the fresh food ; those that

remain after that are cut off with scissars and suspended on the fresh

leaves, taking care to spread them out and to give them as much

room as possible. As they are very small up to the first change,

great care is requisite; in the first stage they are called kengo,

or little hairy ones. Three people are required to fifteen troughs ;

but the same care afterwards suffices for 300 troughs. The water

requires to be renewed every other day. Never touch the worm

with the finger; even its own little hairs, which are lost during the

first moult, may kill the worm, if they come in contact. As the

worms grow, the number of troughs required increases. At first

500 are allowed to a trough, but after the last moult only fifty to

each. Ten days after birth the worm ceases eating, and rests for

three days for its first moult; as in the common silkworm, this

happens four times, and after sixty days, more or less according to

temperature, they commence their cocoons. If heavy rains hap-

pen before the end of the second moult it is advantageous to sus-

pend mats over them; but after that no covering is needed,

however much it rains. A little rain is of benefit. In dry weather

it is good to water them three times from 11 a.m. to 1 p.m. witha

watering-pot having a fine rose so as to refresh the branches. In the

open air a hollow bamboo, having little holes, is used instead. The

enclosure and covering of mats is intended to keep away birds,

wasps, and other injurious insects ; but they are from time to time

removed to allow of ventilation. After the third moult it is well

to take away the mats by day, till 7 p.m. ; but if it rains they are

Silkworm from Japan. 403

not removed at all. It isa good sign when the worms ascend and

rest with their heads downwards; but if they descend, it shows

they are ill.* After the fourth moult the mats are taken away,

though they have not yet done growing. The enclosure is always

kept well ventilated, for the Yamamai, a wild denizen of the

forests, will not endure an impure close atmosphere. It is for this

reason that no-kai-date, culture in the open air, is adopted in suit-

able climates during the last stage; and if a tempest approach,

the inclosure must be well shut up to keep off the wind, which would

cover with dust and sand the worms and cocoons. The enclosure

may be conveniently placed under lofty trees where there is shade

and yet free circulation of air. The following are suitable trees :

Celtis Willdenowliana, Prunus pseudo-cerasus, Lindl. These are inju-

rious : Juglans nigra, Linneeus, Xanthoxylon piperitum, D. C., Pinus

densiflora, Cryptomeria Japonica, &c. Eight days after the fourth

moult the cocoon is begun. If while spinning other larvae approach

to eat the leaves, they must be cut away with scissars, and putin a

separate trough, leaving the cocoon undisturbed.

The second mode: after the third stage, trenches | foot wide

and 18 inches deep are made, which are filled with rice chaff—

balle de riz; water is then thrown in, and above all is stretched a

mat; through this are thrust branches of oak to the bottom of the

trench, and the worms are placed on them, by attaching thereto

the stale branches with the worms on them. The water in the

trench ought daily to be renewed, that the foliage may keep fresh

a long time. When changing the branches, the stale one is pulled

up and placed on a mat stretched on the ground, that neither sand

nor dust may touch the worms, and a new branch is set up in its

place. The manipulation is similar to that before mentioned with

the troughs. The worms in domesticity, as in their wild state,

cannot be too much protected from sand and dust; if they swallow

it in the food they become ill and perish. It is for this reason

that the branches are placed on a mat, and the dirty boughs are

always cleaned in fresh water to fit them for the trough. The

enclosure is no longer covered in with mats; the boughs keep

fresh by reason of the rains, which commence about May 5th.

The third mode is carried on in the fields and forests. Wherever

this method is practised it commences after the third stage. The

site chosen should be in the plain and not ona hill, should be

cleared a year before of all herbage, shrubs and trees which may

* This does not tally with our experience.

VOL, VY, THIRD SERIES, PART V.—MARCH, 1867, FF

404 Dr. Wallace on the Oak feeding

be unsuited as food to the worms. The trees are cut down to a

height of 8 feet, in order easily to reach the branches, where are

the worms and cocoons: when the spot is situated near houses,

care must be taken to guard against the kitchen-chimney smoke.

It is said that the smell of musk is prejudicial, and that the worms

are alarmed by the sound of horns, drums and bells. After

attaching to the trees branches with the worms thereon, these

readily and quickly move on to the living boughs. Observe well the

following precautions to keep the worms alive in a state of natural

vigour. ‘To guard against ants, smear the trunk of the tree at the

collar with a decoction of Tokoroten, in Chinese, Chi hoatsai (a

kind of sea-weed, from which they make, in Japan, a jelly, which,

when dry, is an article of commerce, under the name of Kanten,

and passes in China, and also at Paris, for the edible nests of birds);

then the ants disappear. Against wasps it is necessary to guard

from the first day that the worms are at liberty.* It is necessary,

also, to guard against the ravages of birds. For a tree of 16 feet

high and a diameter of 10 feet, according to the foliage, one would

reckon 50 larve.t One person alone would suffice to watch, but

it should be very early in the morning, since the birds are also

_early. As soon as the cocoons are made they should be guarded

against mice, foxes and crows; it is well to cut the boughs from

time to time, and to hang them on slender cords, and do so without

injuring the worms. This mode, in the open air, is a delightful

occupation, and there is nothing to fear from the temperature, as

in the two preceding methods. If the worms remain on the branches

or shrubs, the moths would deposit their eggs there, and the

caterpillars be produced the next year. Such is the natural repro-

duction. In the west of Japan, in the island Kiousiou, and in

the interior of Nippon, there are many places where the Yamamat

is to be found in a wild state in the forests, and many a place where

women and children occupy themselves in collecting cocoons in the

woods and hills, a source of wealth to many families. This worm

does no damage to the trees of the forest or plain. It is nourished,

it is true, on the spring foliage; but since it makes its. cocoon

during the first twenty days of the fifth month, and the trees put

out their second shoots in the sixth month, these can very well

recover themselves.

Management of the cocoons and moths. Five days after the

worms are in cocoon, the branches to which they are attached

* In Europe the wasps do not occur in quantity so early in the summer.

+ Too small a crop,

Silkworm from Japan. 405

are suspended on slender cords. After ten or eleven days* the

cocoons are gathered and placed in flat baskets made for this very

purpose, and are kept in a special room apart from all smoke.

The moths emerge regularly twenty-fivet days after the formation

of the cocoons, but the time varies somewhat. Sometimes they

do not emerge till the 1st September, and sometimes later still.

Some people hang mats above the baskets, but more frequently

they place the baskets before a screen, on which the moths repose

after emergence. Often they come out before seven a.m.,{ so

that at that time the moths ought to be collected in the baskets

destined for their coition. These baskets, Ted kajo, are bell-

shaped, 1 foot 7 inches high, and 15 inches wide, and have a lid

to shut down. In each basket 100 moths are placed, half females,

and half males. The sexes are distinguished by the antenna. The

lid is placed on and the basket hung up: four days afterwards the

lid is lifted off, the males fly away, the females remain and deposit

their eggs at the side of the basket, which is closed again: then

the baskets are placed in the shade and watered thrice daily with

a fine shower; at the end of ten days all the moths are dead.

The eggs are removed by means of a fine scraper of bamboo, and

are spread out thinly in open baskets, which are hung up in a

fresh, airy spot. If the eggs were then kept in closed baskets,

or in sacks, they would ferment, and no produce would result the

following year. It is not till after the autumnal equinox that the

eggs are placed in hempen bags, or in little flat baskets, and are

then hung up for fear of mice. The eggs are kept on the northern

side of the building, shaded from the sun, There is nothing to fear

from snow or rain, which, indeed, are beneficial, since they cause

the death of the weakly worms. The healthy ones are able to

resist the cold and wet, and next year produce a vigorous brood.

In hot countries the eggs are placed in card-board drawers, in

which they are spread out to a thickness of 5 boun, 3 centimetres,

about 1 inch. Each drawer is 1 foot by 15 inches, and is closed

by a fine copper grating. During the frost it is well to expose

the drawer to the air one or two nights.

When the eggs are kept in baskets, these should be only one-

third full, In hot countries the eggs are placed where the air is

* Fifteen to eighteen days, according to French experience.

+ Forty days in France.

t This should be 7 p.m. There is some mistake here, probably of the

translators, unless it means that the moths emerge during the night, and are

not observed till morning.

FE2

406 Dr. Wallace on the Ouk-feeding

freshest, either at the foot of a mountain or in a subterraneous

spot, to protect them especially from the temperature of spring.

The hatching of the eggs is also retarded by covering them with

wadding: in order to hatch them out they are exposed to the air.

Although there exists in Japan a great difference of temperature

between one part of the country and another, the difference in the

time of the bursting into leaf of the trees and plants is not more

than ten or twelve days. The best time for the hatching out of the

young brood is the 22nd April for the following parts: Mikawa,

Suruga, Idsu, Kai, Mino, Owari, and to the south of the mountains,

or in Sanyéd6, Harima, Mimasaka, Bizen, Bitsiou, Bingo, Aki,

Suw6, and Nagato. The 2nd of May is the most convenient for

the countries of KéJske, Musasi, Awa (at the south-west of the

bay of Yeddo), Kadsusa and Simodské; and the 12th of May for

the parts above Sinano, north-westward up to Dewa and Moutsou.

In all these, and also in the more northern parts, the eggs hibernate

best in the open air, exposed in some way to snow and rain.

The mode of suffocation of the pupa. The cocoons are

exposed to steam in order to kill the pupz before winding.

They are placed in the setroo, or steam chest, intermingling with

them fresh leaves chopped fine of the tree on which the caterpillar

has fed: when the water boils the steam chest is adjusted, and a

vapour bath given to the cocoons, which are afterwards exposed

in a flat basket in the shade to the action of the air: the cocoons

dry and crackle, two days afterwards they are exposed to the

sun on paper or on network. If they are not carefully strained

and dried, the silk is of a bad colour and inferior value.

On the winding of the cocoons. There are three qualities of

cocoons ; the best are treated as follows: the cocoons are placed

in fresh water for twenty minutes, the threads that have loose

ends are lifted either singly or in loops, and the cocoons to

which they belong are placed in another bason with fresh water,

and the threads are attached to a rod placed above the bason.

After selecting a hundred of these threads and cocoons, sufficient |

water is placed in the boiler, and when it boils, these threads are

collected and wound in the ordinary way. If the cocoons have

been reared in a room, six or seven threads should be wound

together. Cocoons of the second quality are washed in a lye be-

fore being wound off; they are placed in a basket and then soaked

in a basin of lye (lessive) until they are sufficiently soft; the lye

is prepared from the ashes of the fresh straw of the sarrasin,

buckwheat ; the ash is placed in a basket and boiling water poured

Silkworm from Japan. 407

on it falling into a basin below. It is called soba-aku, or lye of

buckwheat. The cocoons of the third or worst quality are

plunged before reeling into a bath with /i-aku, or potass, which is

obtained by burning branches and leaves in their green state:

this ash is mixed in a basket with an equal quantity of buck»

wheat ash, and boiling water poured on it. When the lye has

been soiled by the cocoons placed therein to soften, it must be

renewed. The lye might also be used to boil the cocoons in be-

fore reeling. In boiling the cocoons, old or fresh, it is important

not to soften them too much or too little. In like manner a lye

may be prepared with the ash of the nezasa, a small kind of bam-

boo, or from green straw, but the one named above is considered

the best. When the si'k is intended to be dyed, the cocoons are

soaked for some minutes before reeling in a lye made according

to the receipt above mentioned. If the buckwheat lye is too

strong the silken thread will-be, it is true, white, but weak, hav-

ing lost its green colour. The soba-aku, or buckwheat lye, is good

for silk intended to be dyed purple or brown, but not for other

colours. In proportion as the silk is the less soaked to discharge

the green colour it will bear the dye best.*

The pierced cocoons are soaked three days in lye made from

straw ; afterwards they are wrung out in a bath of cold water

until the green colour disappears, but it ought nevertheless to

reappear afterwards. In order to makea stiffening for the weaver

(ori nori), they take for 175 grammes by weight of silk a decoction

of 75 centilitres of starch (wheat), mixed with a little of the starch

made from the seeds (warabi) of varech d’aigle, Plerts aquilina,

and a mai (1°6 foot square, measure of Japan) of (funori) seaweed,

Fucus cartilagineus. Silk treated with this decoction, and after-

wards placed in a bath of fresh water to take away the stiffening,

has a very beautiful lustre.”

It is perfectly clear from this account that the culture of this

wild race of Japan is reduced to a regular system at the begin-

ning, having three variations as to its termination, and that no

difficulty is experienced in the cultivation, is evidenced by the great

quantity of this silk exported from Japan.{ It is quite evident

® Mons. Guérin-Méneville states, in the Revue de Sériciculture, 1863, p.

67, that a Hamburgh merchant had recently received seventeen bales of the

cocoons of the Yamamai, weighing about 680 kilogrammes.

+ Mons. Guérin-Méneville states, Revue de Sériciculture, 1863, p. 3,

that he has seen in London whole bales of the Yamamai silk, from Japan, ot

a quality nearly equal to the best silks of Italy and France.

408 Dr. Wallace on the Oak-feeding

that, though the details of the culture are not sufficiently clear,

probably from faults of translation through three languages, and

also from the desire evinced by the Japanese to mislead all inquiry

and so protract the period during which they monopolize this

valuable race, yet that a similar method might be employed in our

own climate, varied somewhat to meet the exigencies of different

localities and temperatures. One great climatic difference exists

between ourselves and Japan, viz., the rainy season which is spoken

of in the Manual as commencing on the 5th of May. I have

been informed by those who have resided in Japan, that about

that time it rains regularly and without intermission heavily for

several weeks; this coincides with the account given “ that during

the rains the boughs keep quite fresh.” It would therefore seem

that at least rainy seasons are favourable to the Yamamai larve,

and this point is the only one which seems to me to throw any

doubt on the probable success of the cultivation of the worm

in Europe. Ireland would, therefore, seem to be a country spe-

cially favourable; for the same reason the north-west coast of

England and Scotland, as perhaps also the south-west coast, would

be specially favourable ; whereas the eastern counties are probably

the worst. It certainly from the Japanese Manual seems that a

very simple and easy method of cultivation is required to rear

this worm, and thereby produce a silk of great value and lustre,

equalling the very best mulberry silk. It would therefore in this

case doubtless pay well to enclose oak trees kept not higher than

12 or 18 feet, with a canvass protection, and therein rear in open

air these valuable worms. It would seem, too, from the dates

mentioned, viz., from the 22nd April to the 12th May, that the

spring of the year must be as cold in those regions as in England,

and colder than in France, since according to experience in the

latter country, it would be difficult to retain the eggs for hatch-

ing to so late a period, owing to the temperature rising up to 60°

or 70°, F.; whereas in my experiments the eggs were easily kept

to the 26th April without hatching, at which time the young leaves

were bursting in the lanes.

It would therefore seem, that a cold and wet temperature is

favourable to this worm, whereas a dry warm atmosphere is best

suited to the Ailanthus moth. This is in some degree advanta-

geous to the prospects of sericiculture in Great Britain and else-

where, as conferring equal if not greater advantages on those parts

of the country which may be thought unlikely, from the habitual

Silkworm from Japan. 409

cold and damp, to suit Ailanthiculture ; in these it would seem

that the culture of the Yamamai might be favourably earried

on.

There is this great consideration in favour of the culture of the

Yamamai over the B. Cynthia, that the latter feeds on a plant which

is comparatively unknown in Great Britain, having been introduced

little more than 100 years into Europe; there are therefore no

plantations of this tree ready made to hand, as is the case with

the oak tree, and a knowledge of its cultivation has to be spread

and taught, as well as of the insect that feeds upon it. But in the

case of an oak-feeder, we have many acres planted with oak trees

and many million separate trees in our lanes and hedges, as also

in our parks and gardens. It is therefore within the power of

every one to experiment upon and hecome acquainted with the

beauties and habits of this valuable insect. The cocoons, more-

over, are much more easily wound than those of the B. Cynthia, as

they require only to be placed in boiling water to unwind easily, as is

the case with the ordinary silkworm, B. Mori. I anticipate, there-

fore, a great eagerness on the part of the British public, when they

know a little more about it, to make acquaintance with the Bom-

byx Yamamai, and that I may render their experiments less dif-

ficult, I will translate some of the cautions and hints given by

Mons. Personnat in his valuable work on the Yamamai,* supple-

menting them also with observations of my own.

During the egg stage.{ To avoid fermentation, spread out

the eggs in a thin layer not more than } inch deep; and move

them gently every ten days, in order to renew the layer of air

around each egg. Autumnal heat does not expedite their coming

out. Inthe autumn of 1863 my eggs were exposed to a temperature

of 80°—86° without damage. On the other hand, his excellency

the Marshal Vaillant exposed eggs during the winter, outside a

north window, to all the inclemencies of the season, without de-

triment. Sometimes the eggs adhere, and when the adherent por-

tion happens to be that which the young worm nibbles away to

make his exit, he is still unable to get out owing to the opposition

of the other shell, and he perishes ; hence it is as well to separate

gently every egg, by first moistening them and gently rolling

* Le Ver a Soie du Chéne, Bombyx Yama-Mai, par Camille Personnat.

+ At Trieste Mons. Raimondo, Tominz recommends (vide Reyue de Séri-

ciculture, 1864, p. 224) to keep the eggs during winter in a dry temperature

not exceeding 40°. Mons. Personnat recommends a temperature of 32°—é0°,

Revue de Sériciculture, 1865, p. 65.

410 Dr. Wallace on the Oak feeding

them on a polished surface. The experiences of successive

years tend to show that though eggs sent over from Japan may

hatch out early in the spring, yet that eggs of the race acclimatized

in France evince a disposition to wait till the natural bursting into

leaf of the tree; the oak trees require twenty days forcing in pots

to put out their leaves, the 15th of March is a convenient time to

begin forcing. When the time arrives for hatching out the eggs,*

i. e., when the first buds on the trees abroad begin to break, for

two or three days together a few worms will emerge in early

morning; the rest should then be removed by degrees into a

warmer temperature, about 60°, leaving them for two or three days

in an intermediate temperature, in order to avoid a too rapid

change. It is desirable to place the eggs in a little saucer or box

lid on the tree or on a fresh bough with the ends dipped in water, so

fastened that the young worms on emerging may at once crawl up

on to the leaves, as ina state of nature. This process, where there

are many eggs, requires some modification. His excellency Mar-

shal Vaillant placed branches in litle bundles, having their ends

surrounded with moist sponge; this was covered with paper and

wrapped round with string: this mode enabled him to place the

boughs in their natural horizontal position, resting on the eggs,

so receiving the worms naturally. Or, instead of sponge, the

oak sprays might, when cut, be thrust into a potato, which, by its

moisture, would suffice to keep them fresh ; too many larvee must

not be placed on one tree, as it is not easy to remove them without

damaging them. It is better therefore to hang a number of little

saucers of cardboard or box lids, each containing the requisite

number of eggs, over the trees, than to put all the eggs in one

saucer. If kept in a room it will be found that the worms make

for the light in their wanderings. Every day the eggs must be

moistened, to soften the shell and give an easier exit to the larve ;

this may be done by throwing drops of water over them, and

moving them about, or by placing them on bibulous paper (which

may be obtained at any chemists) and moistening the paper. All

saucers or receptacles for eggs should have holes pierced at the

bottom to allow the escape of the surplus water, the water retained

by the gum covering the shell helps to soften it. It is of the

* Mons. Guérin-Méneville gives the first week in May as a convenient

time. Revue de Sériciculture, 1863, p.37. He there says that the eggs should

first be placed at the entrance to a dry cellar, in a temperature not lower than

35°—40°, not higher than 45°—50°; in a week they may be placed in a warmer

temperature, say 50°—60°, and later on the temperature may be gradually raised

to 70°.

Silkworm from Japan. 411

greatest importance to furnish a supply of fresh air to the eggs

and larva, both by night and by day, except when the tem-

perature goes down below 54°. The first days of the young

worms’ existence require many precautions, and a large mortality

often occurs from a neglect of these. One of the great causes of

infant mortality is to be attributed to the shortness of the oak

sprays given to the worms; these are generally cut at first from

four to eight inches long, and the cut end, being placed in water,

sucks up the liquid, which, arriving too quickly in the leaves, is

devoured by the worms in a crude and injurious state, and pro-

duces disease by an unhealthy chemical change. Hence the sprays,

if short, should be changed every twelve hours, but when cut the

length of twelve inches or more, they may be changed every

twenty-four hours, but not ‘at a greater interval. A little char-

coal in the water is useful to prevent decomposition. Care must

be taken as to the bottle or vase which contains the water; if the

neck is shallow, evaporation rapidly taking place, the level quickly

falls, and the ends of the oak sprays are above the fluid. Hence

the neck should be short and wide; it must also be carefully

plugged with paper to prevent the worms creeping down and

being drowned. To change their food, prepare first a fresh

sample in a fresh vase of water, and then taking branch by

branch, cut off all the stale leaves or parts of leaves that contain

a worm and let them fall on the fresh leaves. It is sometimes

better to cut off first the leaves and sprays that do not contain

any worm, and having carefully examined them to see that no

worm is there, to throw them aside and then cut up the leaves that

hold the worms, or place the spray garnished with worms on the

fresh food ; when they are little the worms often get in a fold or

curl of the leaf and are then difficult to see. In this way no

worms are touched. The fresh sprays might also be placed along-

side of the stale ones; turning the former towards the light, the

worms will soon leave the stale for the fresh. As the wormis in a

state of nature feed most during the night, it is desirable to change

the food towards evening, but it should be done by daylight, since

by candle light the operation becomes very difficult. It is of im-

portance always to see that sufficient foliage is provided, especially

at night, otherwise the worms will stray away in search of fresh

food ; worms fresh from Japan evince a greater desire for wan-

dering than those acclimatized in France, 7. e., whose parents were

bred in France. Also if the food be not sufficiently fresh or

412 Dr. Wallace on the Oak-fveding

be otherwise injurious, they will wander away; they always, as

before noticed, stray towards the light and fresh air, and this cir-

cumstance I have also noted in the larvee of the Bombyx Cynthia,

when I have kept them in large numbers in a room. In order not to

lose any worm, there should be no carpet or mat on the floor of

the room wherein the worms are kept, and a table should be used

without a cover, whereon to place the bottles or trays ; paper of a

smooth character, as newspaper, may be placed under the trays

and water bottles; in fact everything should be smooth and pre-

sent no asperity for the feet to cling to too firmly; this is espe-

cially desirable where they stray much, since if they get on

to a cloth they cannot be removed without serious injury.*

They must also be watched closely when very young, to re-

place those that have strayed. In order to remove those that

have fallen, a stiff badger’s-hair brush may be used, or a piece of

stiff paper may be slid under the larva dexterously, to which he

will often cling, and may so be raised; this is rendered easier by

smoothness of surface. If he slide away he may be slipped on

to the paper by the feathered end of a pen. Being dexterous in

the use of a pair of forceps, I was accustomed to remove my larvee

by holding them between the points of the forceps by a gentle

pressure; but this is only attained by considerable practice—too

much pressure would kill, too little would fail to convey the worm.

It will be found desirable to sprinkle the leaves and larvae with

water in all stages twice or thrice daily or oftener in very hot

weather. If any worms should get into the water and appear

drowned, they may be recovered by draining the water away by

means of blotting-paper, or powdering them over to absorb the

water, and exposing them to a free current of air. A good mode

of watering them is to dip into water a brush with long hairs, and

then passing the hand over it in a direction away from the worms,

the bristles rebounding fling the water in the desired direction.

Every day the “ frass” or ordure of the worm should be removed,

when very small, by a puff of the breath.

The Quercus pedunculata, or common British oak, is the first to

break into leaf—some ten or fourteen days before the other

species. ‘The leaves of this oak are placed on short stalks, and

* Another good plan is to provide a round table and round trays, for the

worms in their wanderings keep going on and on without arriving at any

corner whence they would be likely to drop down on to the ground,

Silkworm from Japan. 413

the acorns are on long stalks. Q. sessiliflora, or sessile-cupped

oak, is distinguished by having its leaves on long stalks, and its

acorns on short stalks, or else sessile. This tree is preferred,

though a little later in breaking, for the culture of the Yamamai,

on account of the greater length of its stalk permitting a freer

ventilation of air, and a better observance of the larva. Q. pubes-

cens, distinguished by the woolly character of the leaves on the

under side, otherwise resembling sessiliflora, and Q, cerris, the

Turkey oak, and Q. Agilops, the great prickly-cupped oak, are

all equally well eaten by the Yamamai. It is desirable to keep

the worm on the leaves of the same tree during the first stage.

The commencement of the first moult is known not only by the

worm seeming dull and refusing to eat, but also by the appearance

of a sort of triangle at the head, formed by the new head growing

too large for the old one, and pushing it forwards. Great stress

is laid by the French writers on the worms all being of the same

age, in order that all may go through their moultings simultane-

ously, for fear lest while they are moulting, and the branches are

undisturbed, younger larvee might starve from want of food ; and I

suppose this is true when large numbers of larve are reared ; but

I have, during the moulting, changed the food regularly, cutting

off with scissars the portions of spray or leaflets whereon the larva

was attached for moulting, and placed it on the wooden tray, in a

horizontal position, without any detriment to the larva.

After every moult the epidermis is very tender for several

hours, and great care must be taken not to injure it in changing

the food, &c.; in like manner also, as the jaws are soft, it is

desirable that the food supplied should be very tender. By the

beginning of May the worms will be in their second or third stage,

and may be left out of doors during the night. In this way they

-will be naturally moistened with the dew, of which they are very

fond.

If itis wished to place the crop on oak trees in the open air, the

most suitable time will be in the middle of the second or third

stage, the latter perhaps the best in point of time, about the

10th of May, a period at which, in our gardens, the geraniums are

placed out, the same weather being equally suited to that plant

and the worms. ‘Trees that have been pollarded or stooled to a

height convenient for guarding and observing the larve should be

selected, having shoots two or three years old, those of one year

being rather too soft and watery. All spiders and other injurious

vermin should be dislodged. The trees should, for this purpose,

414 Dr. Wallace on the Oak- feeding

be carefully inspected and well shaken, and ants should be got

rid of by repeated blows on the trunk, which have the effect of

making the ants descend. After all the ants are got rid of, saw-

dust soaked in gas tar should be placed at the foot of the trunk,

and wool soaked in the same should be fastened around the collar

of the tree. Over this they will not pass. Cotton wool is also a

thorough impediment to the ants, Their little feet get entangled

in the fine fibres, and they cannot move on. All boughs that

touch the ground should be shortened, and intermingling boughs

of other trees cut away. Too many worms must not be placed

on the tree. It will be found convenient to fasten the stale

boughs, on which the worms have been transported, to the living

boughs, with one or two pins. After which the whole may be

covered with a net to keep off the birds ; but care must be taken

to keep the net from pressing on the summit of the oak foliage, as

the worms delight to sleep thereon. If the oak be spindled-shaped

(tetard), the net may be fastened at the bottom around the trunk,

in order to keep boughs for two days without changing. Mons.

Personnat recommends that they should be cut from forty to sixty

inches long, and then have the cut end placed in water ; otherwise

he is of opinion that the water is carried up too quickly to the

leaves, and is injurious to the larva. He used for this purpose

sandstone jars, half sunk in the ground, having boughs ten feet

long and more placed therein. In order to prevent these from

falling under the influence of the wind, he fastens to the boughs

three cords, having the other ends fastened to wooden pickets in

the ground, forming a triangle. ‘Thus the upright position is

retained. A mixture of gas tar and sawdust is placed around the

jars, and a net is placed over all. Another method is to place two

boards, one above the other, supported by cross-pieces, having an

interspace of two-thirds of an inch. They are pierced with cor-

responding holes, large and small, so as to admit the passage of

oak boughs, thirty to forty inches long. These boards are placed

on a trough or bucket on four feet, of the same size as the boards,

and filled with water, so that the boughs may be plunged therein

sufficiently deep. A stop-cock at the bottom would allow the

water to be drawn off, and changed every other day. One great

advantage of this method would be the possibility of placing fresh

branches of oak among the stale ones, or by placing a trough of

fresh food alongside the one containing stale food. But there is

also this disadvantage, that the boughs, being shorter than in the

preceding method, keep fresh for a shorter time, and that the

f=)

Silkworm from Japan. 415

worms do not pass so readily from the stale to the fresh food as

when the boughs are plunged into pots. Vor this reason Mons.

Personnat prefers the long boughs in pots, or, better still, oak trees

covered with network.

It is well known that during the process of moulting, care must

be taken not to disturb the worms, lest by losing the grip of their

hind claspers, they are, as I have previously shown, unable to crawl

out of their old skin, which lines not merely the external body, but

also the whole of the head and jaws, the interior of the intestinal

canal, and the spiracles. If, however, the worms are detached

from their foothold during the first twenty-four hours, they may

be saved by removing them apart, and presenting them with

a piece of string to lay hold of, or the edge of a piece of

paper, or a leaf or fine twig ; but at a later stage they are unable

to regain their hold. I have previously pointed out a method of

assisting these worms in their moult by the aid of a pair of for-

ceps. During the last two stages the worms increase greatly in

size, and therefore require a much larger proportion of food than

when younger. This can only be estimated properly by experience.

The worms seem to revel in being watered. ‘The best time to do

this is mid-day and evening. It is desirable that the worms should

obtain shade; otherwise, in hot weather, they will wander away on

all sides from their food. For this reason, the shade of a large tree

would be desirable asa shelter, under which to place the oak branches,

It is especially necessary at this age that a fresh cool air should be

abundantly supplied to the worms. Even should a frost super-

vene, as is the case sometimes-in the month of May in England,

they will not be injured. Mons. Personnat’s worms in 1864, at

the end of May, were exposed to the severity of a white frost at

an agricultural show at Evreux. They were exposed under an

open shed, on a bough, during the night, to two or three degrees

of frost. The worms in the morning were stiff and frozen, but

remained firm on the sprays. On touching them they did not

move, and the impress of the finger remained. Mons. Personnat

thought the worms were all destroyed, but at 8 o’clock, under the

sun’s influence the frost gave, and he was agreeably surprised to

see his worms return to life by degrees. Halfan hour afterwards

they were eating away as if to make up for lost time. Not one

was lost. All his worms at home or a few miles away were ex-

posed to the same frost without detriment. After the last change

the skin of the larva is observed to swell out and become inflated

as if with air, and the larva then becomes very hungry, and eats

416 Dr. Wallace on the Oak-feeding

voraciously for three or four days, during which time abundance

of food must be supplied. If they eat their old skin it is a sign

that fresh and proper food is not supplied to them. In the last

stage the worms require well-developed leaves. Young green

shoots are to be withheld as injurious, being too watery. Care

must be taken, when the worms are looking out for a site for their

cocoons, not to disturb them by changing the food. If once dis-

turbed they rarely spin again and change into pupa. Fresh

branches therefore, if required, must be placed on the outsides for

those worms which are still eating. If there is one worm still spin-

ning, and another commences to eat the leaves which envelope the

cocoon, the first is often disturbed and falls, and frequently dies,

as a slight blow proves fatal at that period. At spinning time

the waterpot is to be withbeld.* Fifteen or twenty days after the

cocoons are begun they may be cut off, and a thread or string be

passed through the upper portion, above where the moth emerges,

so that the pupa hangs vertically. ‘They are then to be hung up,

ten atatime. If, however, the cocoons are not all spun at the

same time, this cannot be done to a nicety ; and then, as the change

into pupa has not taken place, great care must be taken in gather-

ing them to avoid shock or pressure; in order to preserve these in

a vertical position they may be suspended by a hook for a few

more days, and afterwards treated as the others.

The cocoons may now be divested of their dried leaves and

wound, if desired ; but if reserved for breeding, further care is

necessary. Naturally the males would emerge first, the females

later, and in order to obviate this and obtain both males and

females at the same time, it becomes necessary to hasten the exit

of the latter and retard that of the males. It is necessary also

to hasten the last formed cocoons, and retard the earlier ones, in

order that the moths may all emerge about the same period, which

would give a better chance of obtaining eggs with a minimum of

uncertainty and trouble.

In a state of nature the exit of insects is prolonged often over

a considerable period, doubtless in order that a greater chance may

thereby be given for continuing the race. For were it otherwise,

and the majority of one species were hatched out simultaneously,

a fortuitous coincidence of unfavourable conditions, atmospheric

or otherwise —as, for instance, a sudden frost or inundation—might

* The change into pupa being about the seventeenth to nineteenth day

after beginning to spin; vide Revue de Sériciculture, 1865, p. 76.

Silkworm from Japan. 417

destroy all chance of a future brood. But since under the care

of man these results are mostly prevented, it becomes our aim to

economise trouble, by hatching out nearly at one time all the

brood. Hence Mons. Chavannes recommends to separate the

male and female cocoons, to retard the former and hasten the

latter. The following is his method for determining the sexes of

the cocoons: since the females which carry eggs are the largest

and heaviest, he advises to weigh, say 100 cocoons, then divid-

ing the whole by 100 he obtains the mean weight of a single

cocoon; the female cocoons will then weigh a little heavier, and

the male cocoons lighter than this. Many of the machines for

weighing letters will easily perform this office, if suitably

weighted.

About forty days from the commencement of the cocoon the

moth emerges. Mons. Personnat recommends a_ peculiarly

formed cage (la cage oblongue) for the purpose of fecundation and

deposition of eggs, and he advises to suspend the cocoons in this

cage on the thirtieth day. The cage is a frame of wood

covered with canvass or coarse muslin, old and rubbed lest the

fine threads should annoy the moths; the muslin is dipped in a de-

coction of tan, which colour is believed to be agreeable to the

moths; the wood is also dyed; tan is employed to keep off by its

smell noxious insects. The cage is straight and of any convenient

length, the bottom is 12 inches wide, the sides 20 inches high, and

the top 22 to 26 inches wide; hence it follows that the sides

slope outwards from the bottom to the top, and this slope favours

the moths at rest, either when just emerged or during coition, or

when depositing their eggs ; the ends of the cage are sloped in like

manner. He has observed that if not sloped the moths, after passing

a night within and flying about in pursuit of one another, have lost

the hooks from off their feet, especially the females; these lie

exhausted at the bottom of the cage and die before they can lay

their eggs; whereas if the sides are sloped, the body of the female

being supported, they retain their strength much longer. On the

top he arranges a little opening, closed by a canvass door, situate

every forty inches, in order to obtain access to the interior to

remove empty cocoons and dead moths. It is found to be con-

venient to suspend in the interior in two rows at an equal distance

from each other and from the sides, every 10 inches apart, a loop

of grey string, strong enough to allow of the moths clinging to it.

On these he has often witnessed coition taking place, and eggs

are often deposited thereon. Lastly, in a corner a sponge full of

418 Dr. Wallace on the Oak-feeding

water, or ina large cage several sponges are suspended in order to

maintain a fresh cool atmosphere. The two ends are moveable, that

is, fastened with screws or hooks, in order occasionally to clear out

from the interior the quantity of fine dust which comes from the

moths; when the ends are open a pair of bellows will cause the

dust to be blown out at the further end; this dust is very irritating

to the air passages, and it is recommended to wear a veil when

busy about the moths; a box 100 to 120 inches long will suffice

for 1,000 cocoons; the cocoons should be suspended inside a few

inches higher than the bottom of the cage, in rows or chaplets

equalling in their length the breadth of the cage. The bottom should

be of canvass for better ventilation. The cage should be placed

in a shady well ventilated spot not too warm; it might be placed,

supported on legs, under the shade of a tree or wall. The moths

emerge at the beginning of August; cats must be dreaded, since

they are attracted by the fluttering inside as it were of birds, and

will spring on the cage and tear it to get at the prey; it should

therefore be elevated on iron supports above their reach, say 5 feet

high. Should it rain, a piece of oil cloth is thrown over the whole,

so disposed as to throw off the rain ; metallic gauze is unsuited for

these cages, it would injure the moths too much, and would rust

where the eggs were laid and probably injure them.*

The method employed by Mons. Chavannes differs somewhat

and is as follows: A muff-shaped cylinder of gauze or cotton is

constructed about 40 inches high and 18 to 20 inches in diameter.

Three iron wire rings keep this in shape, one at each end, round

which the material is fastened so as to form a floor by which the moth

is prevented from making its exit. A little opening is arranged at

the upper end in order to introduce the moths; towards evening

the moths are placed therein ; if thought desirable only one pair of

moths may be placed therein, in which case they do not flutter so

as to spoil their wings; after coition the females may all be placed

in one cylinder to lay their eggs. These cylinders are easy to

make and to hang up wherever it is wished, viz. in a tree during

night ; but if made with sloping sides like Mons. Personnat’s: cage,

and dyed ofa tan colour, they would perhaps be better. These

cylinders are more suitable for a limited number of moths.

In cultivating the Yamamai on a large scale for the commercial

value of the cocoon, two crops may be in view. 1. The cocoons

* From this cage, in 1864, Mons, Personnat obtained from 640 cocoons the

large quantity of 242 grammes of eggs. Revue de Sériciculture, 1865, p. 80.

Silkworm from Japan. 419

for winding; 2. The eggs for reproduction. In order to obtain the

second result greater care is needful than for the first, as not only

is a large handsome cocoon desirable, but also a healthy moth and

progeny, otherwise the race would deteriorate; hence the nearest

approach to the natural state furnishes the best mode of culture.

The brood therefore should at the earliest moment, in the egg state

if possible, be placed out of doors on the living oaks, so arranged

as to carry them on to the second moult. The branches of the oak

must be freed from noxious enemies, especially from the little green

spider, a great pest, which is very abundant. To do this it is recom-

mended to place a pan of live sulphur among the trees ; this causes

the spiders, &c. to drop, and if then the collar of the trees be smeared

with gas tar, and be surrounded with ashes or sawdust*impreg-

nated with gas tar, they cannot get up again. Afterwards the

eggs may be suspended on the trees in little shallow trays or boxes

pierced with many holes. The oak shrubs may then be covered

with nets, or wire trellis-work, to keep away birds, &c.; in order to

prevent the eggs being knocked out of the trays, it is desirable

to moisten the lower part with gum and to attach the eggs. If

the temperature descend below 54° it would be desirable to cover

with matting the oak plantation while the worms are quite young.

If circumstances are unfavourable for placing the eggs out of

doors, the culture must be carried on either on trees in pots or on

cut boughs in the manner before described, but with great care as

to changing the boughs and water, and after the first or second

change at latest the worms may be placed out on the trees in-

tended for them, taking care not to place too many, lest the foliage

be insufficient to last them till they spin their cocoons.

The culture intended solely to obtain cocoons is somewhat

similar, but inasmuch as several or many acres are devoted to this

end, the precautions need not be so very minutely observed. Care

must be had thoroughly to exterminate noxious vermin and insects,

and to clear away all shrubs and herbage that might shelter them.

It will still be well to bring up the young brood up to the second

moult under protection in a small space, as before described, in

order to render their chance of a crop more sure. Afterwards

the worms might be placed out at large. In this case nets would

be inadmissible, and guns would be of use to deter the birds. It

might be desirable in some parts to bring up the young brood

under a shed, using as a feeding apparatus the method described

p- 414, of a bucket or trough, having two boards for a cover

VOL. V. THIRD SERIES, PART V.—MARCH, 1867. GG

420 Dr. Wallace on the Ouk-feeding

pierced with holes, &c., only on a much larger scale. In the

middle might be placed the box or tray ofeggs. Possibly also, by

way of economizing space, the method might be used up to the

cocoon stages; but it is open to the objection of producing a

less healthy worm, and consequently a less valuable cocoon. It

is also possible that these worms might be successfully reared

on trays, with leaves only given them four or five times daily,

as they treat the ordinary silkworm.* Amongst the enemies, besides

those already mentioned, earwigs and wasps are to be reckoned ;

but these only appear in any number at a period subsequent to that

at which the cocoon is made. Tomtits are dangerous to the old

brood, and also to the unfinished cocoon, which they soon pierce ;

the robin will do the same. Sparrows are also occasionally dan-

gerous. The Quince, the red flowers of the Japanese Quince

Pyrus Japonica, White-thorn, Neapolitan Medlar, Photinia glabra,

Sorbus Aria, and the Chestnut, have all served successfully as

food.+| It is recommended to plant oaks three years old in

November, to form a plantation intended for the culture of the

Yamamai. ‘These should be disposed in quarters 5 to 7 feet in

width, with paths between for observation 30.to 40 inches broad;

the rows, as also the trees, should be 10 to 12 inches apart, so that

the worms may pass from one to another easily: by planting the

trees in an oblique position, so that the tip of one touches the

collar of the next, the branches which are made the first year,

and are small, touch one another, so that even in the second year

the worms may be placed thereon.

Eggs may be transmitted from place to place from September

to February in perforated boxes of cardboard or wood. The eggs

may be wrapped in canvass to prevent the effect of rude shocks.

In March they should not be exposed to a high temperature “ en

route.” If near the time of hatching, a little oak bud or spray

should be enclosed with the eggs in a canvass bag; the end of the

spray should be stuck into a potato to keep it fresh; the potato

must be fastened firmly down to the box; if the worms hatch out

they will find provision on the road.

Worms should be sent on a journey on a bough having the end

placed in a bottle of water. It will be an advantageous plan to

* Vide Revue de Sériciculture, 1866, No. 8, p. 172, where this method,

practised by Madame la Comtesse de Beaumont, met with complete success.

t Also the following varieties of oak:—Q. Mirbeckii, Q. macrocarpa, from

America; the Black Oak, the Pyramidal, Q. Tauzin, Q. Phellos, Q. rubra,

from America. Revue de Sériciculture, 1864, p. 202.

Silkworm from Japan. 421

place the ends of the bough in a potato instead of a bottle, having

fixed it to a box perforated with holes; and it is as well to choose

the time of their first or second moult. The branches should be

well fixed to the sides of the box, and when they moult they will

be at their journey’s end. Cocoons may be transmitted, twenty

days after they have been commenced, in perforated shallow

boxes.

The cocoon of B. Yamamai weighs 7 to 8 grammes,* where-

as the cocoon of B. Mori weighs 24 to 3 grammes.t The

silken material is in the same proportion, viz. 70 to 80 centi-

grammes ;¢ that of the mulberry, 25 to 35 centigrammes.§ To

estimate the resultant silk in weight from a given weight of

cocoons, it is customary to allow 12 lbs. of cocoons to make

1 Ib. of silk, allowing for waste, &c. The Yamamai cocoon will

have a slight advantage in this over the mulberry cocoon, owing

to its greater size and less waste. It is wound as easily as that of

the mulberry cocoon, from end to end in a continuous thread,

when placed in boiling water. ‘There are two qualities of silk, the

exterior layers of the cocoon being stouter and of a greenish

yellow tint, and the interior of a fine texture and white colour;

hence the winding is divided into two operations, so as to preserve

the two qualities distinct. Regarding the quality of the silk,

Mons. Gelot pronounced the following opinion at the International

Exhibition of Insects at Paris in 1865.|| ‘The silk of the Bombyx

Yamamai seems to me to occupy, after that of the mulberry

worm, the highest rank. It is perhaps a trifle less fine, but is

quite as brilliant as that silk. I believe in many cases it might be

employed instead of it; and that if we succeed in acclimatizing its

production on a large scale, it might make up for our deficiency in

the production of mulberry silk. The clear green tint which it natu-

rally possesses is no obstacle to the various shades of dye, for it

disappears with washing and becomes white. The rapid develop-

ment of this valuable branch of industry cannot be too highly en-

couraged.” Elsewhere §] we read: Several bales of Yamamai

silk have been purchased at Yokohama, Japan, at 550 piastres the

* About 4 oz.

+ About } oz.

t~ 10—12 grains.

§ 4—6 grains.

|| Vide Revue de Sériciculture, 1865, p. 188.

q Revue de Sériciculture, 1865, p. 39.

GG 2

422 Dr. Wallace on the Ouk-feeding

picul (60 kilogrammes).* As the piastre = 6 francs, these raw silks

fetched at the place of production 55 francs the kilogramme.t At

the same time and place were sold bales of ordinary silk, at 600 to

612 piastres per picul, or 60 to 61 franes per kilogramme, about

25s. per |b.

Another and higher value was given to the silk by Mons. Pompe

van Meedervoort,* when he brought over the first batch of eggs to

Europe. “The silk of the Yamamaz is much esteemed in Japan,

and is used in the Japanese crapes (so rare in Europe) to make the

white parts. The price of the silk in Japan is 800 to 900 Mexi-

can dollars per picul, which is nearly 4,500 to 5,000 franes, or

133l.; or 75 to 85 franes the kilogramme, 33s. to 38s. per lb.” §

Mons. Personnat has drawn out a calculation of the profits to be

obtained by the cultivation on an extended scale of this valuable

worm; though as yet few cocoons by comparison have been pro-

duced, insufficient to enable a precise estimate of their value to

be formed, yet the experiences of the last three years have enabled

him to arrive at an approximate estimate of the result of culti-

vation. ||

Suppose a hectareY] entirely planted out with oak trees: to each

square metre might be allotted twenty to twenty-five worms;

the amount of foliage would, we think, suffice for this. Taking

however ten cocoons only, to allow for waste from various causes,

as the product of each square metre, that would give 100,000 co-

coons to the hectare; as a cocoon weighs 5—8 grammes, say 5

grammes, 200 would weigh a kilogramme, leaving a total of 500

kilogrammes of full cocoons for the hectare. But a deduction

must be made for the paths, &c., say one-third, or even two-fifths,

then that would leave 300 kilogrammes of cocoons. Now, it takes

12 kilogrammes of cocoons to realize 1 kilogramme of raw silk,

the value of which at Japan is 75 to 83 franes. Hence the same

weight of cocoons would be worth one-twelfth, say 5—7 francs,

Looking at it in another way, this silk and these cocoons have

equal value with mulberry silk cocoons, the value of which in

France is from 5—8 francs the kilogramme. But taking the

* The kilogramme weighs 2 lbs. 30z. 5 dms. avoirdupois.

+ About 23s. per Ib.

t Vide Le Ver a Soie du Chéne, par Mons. Camille Personnat, p. 89.

§ Since that time the price of silk has greatly risen, and is still rising.

|| Vide Mons. Personnat’s book, p. 91. j

{1 Nearly 2} acres, 10,000 square metres, a metre being 40 inches nearly.

Silkworm from Japan. — 423

value of the Yamamai cocoon only at 4—5 francs, the return

then would be annually 1,200 to 1,500 franes the hectare,* and

this with little trouble, and from a material hitherto useless, oak

leaves. The annual expense would be small: a preliminary hoe-

ing to clear the ground; a net to cover the trees, which would last

ten years, and its annual value would therefore be one-tenth its

cost; the cost of an overlooker for fifty or sixty days, one to

every two hectares; lastly, the labour attending the crop. Asa

set-off, on the other hand, we have the annual value of the wood

cut down at the fall at the expiration of several years,

So successful was Mons. Personnat in 1865, that on the 27th

of June he wrote from Laval as follows :}—‘ I have this year

reared 20,000 oak-silkworms, partly in the open air on 3,000 oak

shrubs planted last winter, partly in an open room or on cut

boughs placed in the open air. Success has equally attended all

three methods. Half my brood are in cocoon, the rest ready to

spin, all will be finished in another eight days. My worms and

cocoons are larger than those of last year. I can perceive no

difference between those reared in a room and those reared in the

open air from their birth, or placed out after the second

change; all have done well. My eggs this year remained at the

natural temperature up to the 12th April without hatching out,

at which date the oaks were bursting into leaf. It seems to me

to be possible to recognize in the nearly full grown larval state

the male and female worms. I have observed that at the fourth

moult a certain number prepare for the change altogether, some

days in advance of the others ; these continue to feed up and grow

more quickly than the others. These then are the first to spin

and are probably males; the females, requiring a greater amount

of food, require also more time, and spin their cocoons at a later

date; hence the male moths appear first. Hence we may be

able to retard the male larva by affording a smaller supply of

food and a cooler temperature, so as to get him to spin at the

same time as the female.”

This account is very interesting, as tending to show the con-

tinued success which has attended the cultivation of this valuable

race in Europe; nevertheless the failures bave been also nume-

rous; and before concluding I will relate one that occurred in

1865 to Mons. Claron of Limoux, with eggs that had been re-

ceived direct from Japan, and sent to him by Mons. Guérin-Mé-

neville.

* From £48 to £60. From £19 to £24 per acre.

+ Revue de Sériciculture, 1865, p. 110.

424 Dr. Wallace on the Oak-feeding

This attempt closely resembles my own failure previously re-

corded, the cause of which I am inclined to attribute to, Ist, a

deficient vitality among the eggs, causing them to emerge during

a protracted period; 2nd, a want of aération, and of care to ob-

serve the various minutiz of treatment which are evidently neces-

sary, and with which I was then unacquainted ; and lastly, the

great heat and drought experienced by the larvee at the end of

June.

‘The box* in which the eggs were sent to me on the 23rd

January had a little hole on four faces; the eggs were placed

in a box having two sides of canvass, and suspended in the

oolest and dryest place in the house, temperature about 46° in

the sun. On the 12th February the weather got warmer, and the

thermometer rose to 75° in the sun, 65° in the shade; that even-

ing a hundred worms emerged ; these died for want of food. The

box was placed in the cellar at a temperature of 50°. On the

13th February I received a paper by Mons. Jaquemart, recom-

mending the eggs to be kept from the influence of the atmosphere

by being shut up in a bottle sufficiently large to supply air to the

eggs; I determined to test this, as the other mode had already

resulted in the birth of some worms; I therefore divided my eggs

into four lots, each lot was wrapped up in a piece of muslin,

placed in a bottle, and suspended to the lower part of the cork;

the cork was then sealed over, so that no air could enter. Diffe-

rent places, each having a different temperature, were then se-

lected in order to observe what difference, if any, resulted, for

future guidance.

«No. 1 was placed in the coachhouse in a hole, twenty inches

deep, and covered over.

« No. 2 was placed in a corner of the court-yard, at a depth

of 32 inches.

*‘ No. 3 was placed in a large terracotta vase filled with fine

dry sand, covered with a strong flagstone, and placed under an un-

used staircase, having a north aspect, where, the door being shut,

there was little circulation of air.

‘* No. 4 was placed in the earth in a cellar, at a depth of 16

inches; in all cases the earth removed from the hole was used

to fill it in.

«“ The temperature was, February 15th, about 46°, varying 3° or

4° less in the court than in the coachhouse. I then waited with

confidence till the 20th April, at which time the oaks burst into

* Revue de Sériciculture, 1865, p. 145.

Silkworm from Japan. 425

leaf. That day I took up my eggs. I remarked that they were a

little dry and hard, but in perfect preservation. Unfortunately

I mixed the lots; I placed them in the canvass box and exposed

them to the action of the atmosphere, by degrees from 46° to 60°—

64°; they were then placed so that at noon the sun’s rays fell on

them; on the 25th, one worm was born ; 26th, four; 27th, eight;

and so on up to the 23rd May, by which time fifty or sixty worms

were born. It then seemed to me that the shells were too hard

and required moistening ; I gave the eggs a bath, this was fol-

lowed by a general outburst. The worms generally were born

about 1 to 3 p.m.; by May 6th 500 worms were born, the tempe-

rature was 65° to 70°; the worms were fed on oak sprays, with the

ends placed in bottles of water, and throve thereon: finding one

day many worms drowned in the water, it occurred to me that

they required water to drink, and they were watered artificially

daily ten or twelve times, and they seemed to enjoy it.

“About the beginning of June I had from 1,500 to 1,600

worms vigorous and healthy, on forty-eight bottles, having oak

sprays in them; about 400 were at the point of their last moult,

when, on the 6th June, they seemed ill. Their colour grew paler

and of a yellow tint, and dusky specks were seen by a magnifying

glass, studding their bodies. Ceasing to eat, they discharged a

clear liquid. In vain I tried various means. I increased the

number of my waterings. I ventilated the room more freely. The

thermometer stood at 96° in the sun, at 75° in the room. I chose

more carefully their food. All was useless. They all died.”

It will be sufficiently evident, from what has already been stated,

that the possession and acclimatization of a very valuable race of

silkworms in Europe is at the present time “ un fait accompli ;” *

* Since writing the above, I have heard, with regret, that nearly all the

attempts in 1866 made to rear the Yamamai in Europe have failed, a few

only have been successful, and there is, in consequence, at the present time,

a great demand for eggs, which are very dear. Both Mons. Personnat and

Dr. Chavannes have, as I am informed, met with a complete check. The

latter attributes his want of success to his having watered the eggs too much

before they hatched out, and to his not having reared the worms on trees.

He states that he has been obliged to purchase eggs for 1867.

But I should rather suggest that 1866 was from the first a most unfavour-

able year for all insect life; great complaints were made with reference to

the eggs of the B. Mori, which in many places failed, and this failure was

mainly attributed to the great drought and heat experienced in the autumn

of 1865. Whatever atmospheric conditions influenced the eggs of B. Mori for

426 Dr. Wallace on the Ouk-feeding

and that although, up to this time, we have not succeeded in Eng-

land in rearing this worm, yet we have good grounds for expec-

tation that asa greater knowledge of its habits, and of the precau-

tions necessary to a successful cultivation is diffused (one of the

objects of this memoir), we shall find many votaries of this new cul-

ture in Great Britain and Ireland, not merely among Entomolo-

gists, but among those interested in natural science and industrial

pursuits, and especially among the fair sex,* who have in all times,

even from the earliest domestication of the mulberry worm, been

foremost in their devotion to the cultivation of silkworms. Nor

will the progress of this new culture stop here. Interesting and

beautiful in appearance, it is also very valuable; for enough has

been stated to prove that the silk, which is easily wound from the

cocoon, is almost, if not entirely, equal in value to the best mul-

berry silk, and that the culture, if successful, will be most remu-

nerative. Whata boon for this country! What a blessing for the

women and children, if another extensive and remunerative source

of labour is opened up to their nimble and skilful fingers! | What

a relief to our purely agricultural villages and districts, whose great

complaint is the want of manufactures, 7. e., the want of the in-

crease in wages and employment which accompanies the spread

of a manufacture! What a precious utilization of a material, at

the present moment utterly without value, viz. oak leaves! What

a valuable and fairy-like change, through the medium of an in-

sect, from an oak leaf into a silken fibre !—the conversion of

thousands of oak coppices, and even of the oak pollards in our

hedges, into a precious fabric! Truly it seems a dream, and had

such a statement, ten years ago, been put forward, it would have

been laughed at and derided. Nay, I doubt not even now many

will be unable to credit the statements I have made, and the vista

which I have disclosed; yet at no distant date success will surely

follow our experiments, and English sericiculture will be placed

ill, may reasonably be supposed to have similarly affected those of the

Yamamai. Certain it is that both races did badly that year.

The statement, therefore, that the Yamamai is already acclimatized in

Europe must be considerably modified, and the experience of several years

of success is required before such can be positively asserted.

* The empress of China, See Ling See, about 2,700 B.c., was the first to

unravel the silk from the cocoon of B. Mori; and we find the name of Pam-

phila, a native lady of Cos, associated with the first weaving of silken

fabrics in Europe. Vide Dr. Lardner’s Cabinet Cyclopadia, Silk Manufac-

tures, p. 2. &

Silkworm from Japan. 427

on a firm basis. Even now so much is this new species valued in Eu-

rope, so great a demand exists for the eggs, that we read :* “ Liberty

having been accorded by the Japanese authorities to purchase the

eggs of the Yamamai, the governments of Holland and Switzer-

land, as also the French merchants, have taken advantage of the

permission, and, to my knowledge, at least twenty kilogrammest

of eggs, of which fifteen are for France, have been imported this

winter. This large quantity, so easily obtained, is a proof that

the cultivation of this species is carried on in Japan on a large

scale, and is no way injurious to the cultivation of the B. Mori.”

Shall we in England be behindhand in taking advantage of this

new opening? It would appear that since cool moist localities

and temperatures are most suitable to this species, many parts

of England, and especially of Ireland and Scotland, might pro-

duce large crops of cocoons. Is it then well to leave the de-

velopment of this new source of riches entirely to the energies

of private individuals? Does it not rather demand the foster-

ing protection of government? Individuals cannot afford to risk

their money, and, what is more precious, their time, in these

experiments, with the sole prospect of enriching posterity ; but,

alas, not themselves, or their children. Few have the requisite

knowledge to carry out the necessary experiments; and of these

few, how many have the means and inclination? When the ex-

port of silk from China and Japan alone reached, in the years

1855—56, to 62,899 bales, in 1862—63, to 72,884 bales, in

1861—62, to 79,199 bales, and in 1858—59, to 83,130 bales, and

when it is placed on record that a fair proportion of this might be

produced at home, it is clearly time that some experiments should

be carefully conducted to show if this be possible, and, if so, to

extend and encourage a knowledge of the art throughout our

counties, whereby this great result may be produced. We should

then be able to count another utilitarian triumph for Entomology,

in addition to those over the bee, the Bombyx Mori, the Coccus,

and the Cantharis vesicatoria, &c. We should open up a new

field of employment to our women and children. A handsome and

useful material would be brought into more general use; for

it would be in England as in Japan, where, according to Dr.

Sacc, of Barcelona, { ‘the Yamamai enables the ladies to wear

* Revue de Sériciculture, 1866, p. 52, by Mons. Guérin- Méneville.

+ Nearly 50lbs.

t~ Revue de Sériciculture, 1863, p. 288.

VOL. V. THIRD SERIES, PART V.—MARCH, 1867. H H

428 Dr. Wallace on the Oak-feeding Silkworm from Japan.

robes of satin at the cost of those of wool.” Let all therefore

who are cognizant of the worth of this valuable race strain every

nerve to disseminate in our own country a knowledge of its habits

and culture. Let us ourselves, as much as lies in our power, ex-

periment, and induce others by our influence to do the same, in

rearing this species ; and when, by our united efforts, sufficient is

known to warrant a fair prospect of success, let us support, by all

means in our power, trials on a larger scale, that we may finally

enrich our country with a new and precious industry.

PRIZE ESSAYS

THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

——semm ws ss

As an inducement to the study of Economic Entomology, the

the Council renews its offer of Two Prizes of the value of Five

Guineas each to be awarded to the authors of Essays or

Memoirs, of sufficient merit and drawn up from personal obser-

vation, on the anatomy, economy, or habits of any insect or group

of insects especially serviceable or obnoxious to mankind. The

Essays may be illustrated by figures of the insects in their diffe-

rent states, and (if the species be noxious) must show the results

of actual experiments made for the prevention of their attacks

or the destruction of the insects themselves.

The Essays must be sent to the Secretary at No. 12, Bedford

Row, indorsed with mottoes, on or before the 30th of November,

1867, when they will be referred to a Committee to decide upon

their merits; each must be accompanied by a sealed letter indorsed

with the motto adopted by its author, and inclosing his name and

address.

The Prize Essays shall be the property of, and will be pub-

lished by, the Society.

( 429.)

XI. Descriptions of Six new Species of Buprestidee belonging

to the Tribe Chalcophorides, Lacordaire. By Ep-

WARD SAUNDERS.

[Read 5th November, 1866.]

1. Chrysochroa similis. (Pl. XXII. fig. 8.)

C. viridis, punctata; capite rugoso; thoracis lateribus aureis,

rugosis 5 elytris singulis macula flava in medio posita, apice

fortiter bidentato: Subtus aurea, punctata.

Bright green; the head in front, the sides of the thorax, espe-

cially near the posterior angles, and the underside, golden. Each

elytron with a transverse flavous spot situated about its middle,

the edges of which are bluish. Legs greenish-blue, tarsi cyaneous.

Antenne black, the basal joint blue.

Head deeply and rugosely punctured in front, less so on the

vertex, with a deep longitudinal impression between the eyes,

which is met near the vertex by a small transverse one. Thorax

widest at the base, not quite once and a half as broad as long ;

anterior margin rounded, with a slight emargination in its centre,

two-thirds the length of the base, sides sinuate, diverging for two-

thirds of their length, then straight to the posterior angles, base

triangularly lobed; disk deeply punctured, with a faint smooth

dorsal line, anterior margin smooth, sides rugose. Elytra much

wider than the thorax, twice and a half as long as wide, sides

slightly sinuate below the shoulders, apex widely truncate and

armed with two sharp teeth; disk punctured, with four elevated

smooth ridges. Underside punctured, coarsely in the middle,

finely at the sides, which are covered with a short sericeous-golden

pubescence. Legs and antennz punctured.

Length 183 lines; breadth-6.

Hab.—Penang.

This species comes next to C, ocellata, from which it may at

once be recognized by the want of the blue centre to the thorax

and of the red spots on the elytra, as well as by the armature of

the apex and the shape of the spots, which in the present species

more resemble bands.

(I have lately seen a specimen of this insect in Count Mniszech’s

collection bearing the name of Wingii, White; but I have failed to

find any description of it—Apri/, 1867.)

VOL. V. THIRD SERIES, PART vI.—MAY, 1867. il

430 Mr. E. Saunders’ Descriptions of

2. Chrysochroa Deyrollu. (Pl. XXII. fig. 4.)

C. viridis; capite et thoracis lateribus rugosis, aureo-viridibus,

hujus disco punctato, linea longitudinali levi; elytris singulis

macula flava ornatis: Subtus aurea, lateribus pubescenti-

bus.

Green, shining. Head and sides of the thorax golden; dorsal

line, base, anterior margin, and a line on each side bordering the

rugose portion internally, fiery red. Each elytron with a trans-

verse flavous spot bordered with bluish-black, situated about the

middle. Underside coppery. Legs green.

Head rugose in front, with a deep longitudinal impression be-

tween the eyes, which is met near the vertex by a deep short trans-

verse pit; vertex punctured, Thorax broadest at the base, once

and three quarters as broad as long; anterior margin straight, with

a slight indentation in its centre, not quite two-thirds the length of

the base; sides nearly straight, posterior angles slightly rounded ;

base sinuate; disk punctured, with a smooth dorsal line, sides

rugose ; on each side of the dorsal line near the base is a shallow

impression; the base itself is smooth and shining. Elytra widest

behind the middle, punctured, twice and a third as long as broad ;

sides sinuate below the shoulders, the apex of each armed with a

sharp spine. Underside punctured, the sides of each abdominal

segment slightly covered with a golden-sericeous pubescence.

Legs punctured, slightly hairy.

Length 23 lines; breadth 6.

Hab.—\ndia.

This species is closely allied to the C. Edwardsit of Hope, but

differs in the colour of the sides and the smoothness of the disk

of the thorax, in the less rounded shape of the spots on the elytra,

and in its longer form. Ihave named this species after M. Henri

Deyrolle, who first showed me the difference between it and

C. Edwardsii.

3. Chrysochroa Parry). (Pl. XXII. fig. 5.)

C, viridis, punctata ; antennis nigris; thoracis basi elytrorumque

apicibus igneis, his denticulatis : Subtus cuprea.

Bright green, the base of the thorax, the apex of the elytra,

and the underside, coppery-red. Antenne black.

Head punctured on the vertex, excavated and rugose between

the eyes, with a deep oblong impression. Thorax widest at the

base, once and four-fifths as broad as long; anterior margin nearly

straight, slightly indented in the centre, two-thirds the length of

Six new Species of Buprestide. 431

the base; sides straight; base slightly sinuate; disk punctured,

with a slightly raised dorsal line, sides rugose, with a small deep

fovea above each posterior angle and a smaller shallow one on

each side of the dorsal line at its base. Elytra twice and a third

as long as wide, shoulders slightly angular # sides subparallel for

two-thirds of their length; the apex of each with eight teeth.

The underside and legs punctured, the segments of the abdomen

with a slight depression on each side, covered with a sericeous-

golden pubescence.

Length 203 lines; breadth 53.

HHab.—Ceylon.

This species is closely allied to C. Chinensis, Cast. & Gory, but

differs in the want of the golden line on the elytra, the larger

denticulation of their apices, and in other smaller characters, I

have named it in honour of Major Parry, from whose valuable

collection I obtained it.

4, Chrysochroa Andamanensis. (Pl. XXII. fig. 6.)

C. cyaneo-viridis, punctata ; thoracis basi utrinque bifoveata ;

elytris costis quatuor brevibus, margine posteriore den-

ticulato: Subtus punctata.

Bright green, with bluish reflexions.

Head rugosely punctured in front, with a deep longitudinal im-

pression between the eyes, the punctures on the vertex far apart.

Thorax at the base once and two-thirds as broad as long; an-

terior margin nearly straight, slightly emarginate in the centre,

a little more than half as long as the base; sides gradually di-

verging in a somewhat curved line to the posterior angles; base

nearly straight; disk deeply punctured, with a slightly raised

dorsal line apparent only in front, sides rugose, near the posterior

angles on each side is a small rugose fovea, from which an im-

pressed line extends almost to the base, between it and the dorsal

line is a smaller round one, and there is also a small pit on each

side of the dorsal line at its base. Elytra widest at the base,

twice and a third as long as wide; sides gradually converging

to the apex, a little swollen about the middle; the apex of each

with six teeth ; disk punctured, with four smooth raised lines.

The underside of the thorax largely and deeply, of the abdomen

finely punctured, the sides of the latter covered with a sericeous

pubescence. Legs punctate.

Length 18 lines; breadth 6.

Hab.—Andaman Islands.

432 Mr. E. Saunders’ Descriptions of

5. Steraspis aurovittata (Hope, MS.). (Pl. XXII. fig. 1.)

S. capite cupreo-brunneo ; thorace cupreo-rufo, valde punctato,

linea dorsali viridi; elytris fortissime punctatis, lateribus

basi suturaque viridibus, apice denticulato: Subtus cuprea.

Head coppery-bronze; thorax coppery-red, the dorsal line, in

some lights, and the anterior angles green; elytra green at the

base, sides and suture, the disk of each with a broad purplish-red

vitta extending to the apex; underside golden-coppery. Antennz

blue-black, the basal joint green.

Head deeply and widely channelled between the eyes, the edges

of the channel raised so as to form a carina on each side bordering

the inside of the eyes. Thorax a little more than once and a half

as broad as long ; anterior margin slightly emarginate, elevated,

especially at the sides, where it is reflexed so as almost to form a

fold, more than half as broad as the base ; sides diverging rapidly

for about a third of their entire length, thence nearly straight with

a slight emargination just above the posterior angles, which are

acute and very slightly rounded; base with a shallow wide sinua-

tion; disk deeply punctured, with a smooth dorsal line, the punc-

tures becoming closer together on the sides and near the anterior

angles so as to give a rugose appearance; just above the base is a

slightly-raised curved smooth line, widening as it approaches the

sides, and occupying altogether about two-thirds of the entire

breadth of the thorax. Elytra widest at the angles behind the

shoulders, which are very prominent and situated about one sixth

of their entire length from the base, thence the sides converge to

the apex in a slightly curved line; posterior margin denticulate ;

disk rugosely punctate, striate, the punctures more irregular on

the sides so as to make them almost rugose, on each side above

the lateral margin is a carina extending to the apex but strongest

about the middle. Underside punctured, covered with silky hairs ;

the breast with a tubercle on each side; the apical segment tri-

angularly incised.

Length 23 lines; breadth 83.

Hab.—Sierra Leone.

For this species I am indebted to my friend Professor West-

wood,

6. Cyphogastra auripennis, (Pl. XXII. fig. 2.)

C, capite et thorace viridibus; hujus lateribus foveatis, disco

linea longitudinali valde impressa; elytris punctato-striatis,

apice utriusque spinoso,

Head and thorax green. Elytra golden-copper colour, the

Six new Species of Buprestide. 433

colour deepening near the apex. Underside green, the abdomen

of the same colour as the elytra. Antenne black-blue.

Head smooth, depressed between the eyes, with a central

furrow and a deep pit on each side above the mouth; behind

the eyes are a few punctures. Thorax once and three-quarters

as broad as long; anterior angles largely cut off laterally, sides

then diverging to the base, which is very slightly sinuate; disk

remotely punctured, with a deep broad dorsal furrow, and on

each side are two rugose fovez, almost united so as to form a

letter C. Elytra twice and a third as long as wide; sides con-

verging to the apex, which is attenuate and armed with a sharp

spine on each elytron; disk regularly punctured in lines. Under-

side punctured, each side of the abdomen with a longitudinal line

of white hairs, the apical segment with a semicircular incision.

Legs punctured.

Length 103 lines; breadth 33.

Hab.—Guam.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXII.

Fig. 1. Steraspis aurovittata.

2. Cyphogastra auripennis.

3. Chrysochroa similis.

4 a Deyrollit.

5. A Parryi.

6. - Andamanensis.

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( 435 9)

XII. Additions to the Catalogue of British Coleoptera, with

Descriptions of new Species. By G. R. Crorcu,

B.A., and D. Suarp, M.B.

[Read 19th November, 1866.]

New SpecliEs.

We have appended our initials to the description of each species,

in order to obviate the criticism of Dr. Kraatz, that two authors

cannot describe the same species.

1. Plilium concolor.

P. parallelum, nigrum, opacum, dense subtilissimeque punc-

tatum, pube brevi albida vestitum; prothorace transverso,

postice fortiter angustato, haud canaliculato; elytris thorace

vix latioribus sed illo plus quam triplo longioribus ; antennis

pedibusque piceis.

Long. § lin.

This is a very remarkable species, and may be known by its

narrow and parallel form, its thorax very evidently broader than

long, and very much narrowed behind; its elytra not dilated at

the sides, scarcely wider but more than three times longer than

the thorax. Mr. Matthews, who has kindly examined the insect,

assures me that I am correct in considering it a species hitherto

undescribed.

I found a single specimen among the coarse sand and shingle on

the banks of the Bowmont at Yetholme; Mr. Crotch was with

me at the time, and though we saw other specimens, we could not

secure them, owing to the minute size of the creature and its pe-

culiar habitat. Its principal companion was T'hinobius longipennis.

I had intended giving myself the pleasure of dedicating this

species to the Rev. A. Matthews, but as his name has already

been attached to a species of one of the neighbouring genera, I

have been obliged to choose another name for the curious little

creature.—D. 8S.

2. Atomaria Wollastoni.

A. oblonga, subcylindrica, fusca, minus fortiter sat confertim

pUnctata, tenuiter cinereo-pubescens ; prothorace coleopteris

436 Messrs. G. R. Crotch and D. Sharp’s Additions

paulo angustiore, antrorsum vix angustato, convexo, basi

aequaliter marginato; anteunis pedibusque ferrugineis.

—

Long. 2 lin.

This species is very closely allied to A. nana, Er., but 1 think

it is really distinct ; the punctuation of the upper surface is closer

and much finer than in A. nana, and the pubescence is much

shorter and more delicate ; in these respects it more resembles

A, elongatula, Ex., but from this species its form and facies (very

like A. nana) render it very distinct. From 4. fumata it is dis-

tinguished by its finer punctuation, more delicate pubescence,

and longer and thinner antenne.

{ have found it very rarely on the banks of a small loch near

Edinburgh.

I have taken the liberty of dedicating this species to T. V.

Wollaston, Esq., an Entomologist for whose works I entertain

the greatest respect, and from whose paper on the British species

of this genus I (in common with many others) have derived much

information and assistance.—D. 8.

3. Felephorus Darwinianus.

T. niger, antennis basi, capite antice, prothorace geniculisque

rufo-testaceis; prothorace subquadrato, parce et obsolete

punctato, litura posteriore nigra.

Long. 4—5 lin.; lat. 1}—13 lin.

é antennis crassiusculis, articulo tertio secundo sesqui longiore,

elytris abdomine fere brevioribus,

$ antennis brevioribus, articulo tertio secundo nonnihil longiore,

elytris abdomine brevioribus ; abdominis segmento 7™ ven-

trali utrinque sinuato, lobo medio apice acute inciso.

Var.— Elytris tibiisque testaceis, his nigro-lineatis.

N.B.—Liture capitis prothoracisque hac specie multum variant.

Antenne black, the first joint reddish-yellow, with a large

black streak in front; second joint black in front, reddish-yellow

behind ; third joint black, obscurely reddish-yellow behind; this

Joint is, in the male, longer by not quite a half, in the female by a

very little, than the second, all the other joints are black. Head

rufo-testaceous, apex of the mandibles darker, two spots between

the antenna, two others between the eyes, and a space behind

the eyes on either side black. ‘Thorax subquadrate, obsoletely

and sparingly punctured, rufo-testaceous, with a variable letter-

hike mark on the posterior part of the disc black; scutellum

to the Catalogue of British Coleoptera. 437

black ; elytra sometimes black, sometimes testaceous, the sculp-

ture much as in J. lituralus, a raised longitudinal line down

the middle of each, and inside this at the base the commence-

ment of another. Femora black, with the extreme apex testa-

ceous ; tibia variable in colour, sometimes entirely black, some-

times black with a testaceous streak on them, sometimes testaceous

with a black streak. ‘T'arsi black, claws testaceous, the exterior

one with a strong tooth. On the underside the edges and margins

of the abdominal segments are obscurely testaceous. Wings

small, reaching when unfolded only just beyond the apex of the

abdomen.

This species is closely allied to 7. lituratus, having the joints of

the antennz in the ¢ without any glabrous lines on them, but may

be distinguished by the following characters: the antennz are

much shorter and stouter, their third joint not so much longer

than the second; the prothorax is longer in proportion to its

breadth, and the elytra are shorter; and 7’, Darwinianus is alto-

gether a more compact and robust insect.

I have captured at different times a considerable number of

specimens under seaweed on the shores of the Frith of Forth at

Aberlady ; I have never found it climbing on plants and herbage

as the other Te/ephori do. Mr. Hislop accompanied me on one

of these occasions, and captured it freely. Some of the females

have the elytra and antennz very deformed (reminding one of the

apterous females in neighbouring genera) and seem to be in great

favour with the males.—D. S.

4. Telephorus scoticus.

T. elongatus, niger, antennarum basi, ore, prothoracis margi-

nibus plus minusve, elytris tibiisque testaceis.

Long. 3—4 lin. ; Jat. vix i lin.

é antennis articulis 4—10 linea impressa, tertio secundo fere

duplo longiore.

? antennis brevioribus, simplicibus ; articulo tertio secundo fere

sesqui longiore.

Black, antennz elongate, with the two or three basal joints more or

Jess obscurely testaceous ; mandibles testaceous, their apex pitchy.

Thorax a little broader than long, nearly as broad as the base

of the elytra ; posterior angles nearly right angles, anterior angles

and front margin rounded, with a pitchy-black blotch on the dise,

generally entirely occupying it, and leaving only the mere margin

lighter ; sometimes, however, this blotch only occupies about half

438 Messrs. G.R. Crotch and D. Sharp’s Additions

the area of the thorax, but even when most reduced it is a blotch

more or less angulate, and nota letter. Elytra elongate and nar-

row, about four times the length of the thorax, without any trace

of raised lines; sculpture and pubescence as in the neighbouring

species. Femora black, their extreme apex and the tibize testa-

ceous; tarsi pitchy, claws testaceous.

Mr. Rye, in the Catalogue annexed to his “ British Beetles,”

has suggested the above name for a species of T’elephorus found

in Perthshire, and placed in Mr. Waterhouse’s Catalogue as

Rhagonycha (indeed though a true T'elephorus, it has much the

appearance of the species of Rhagonycha), and which has caused

a good deal of trouble to British Coleopterists. It would appear

to be most allied to 7’. figuratus, but with somewhat the colour

and appearance of a small specimen of 7’, assimilis. Jam not sure

that I am acquainted with the true 7’. figuratus, but judging from

descriptions of that species the differences appear to be as fol-

low:—The colour is very different, the whole head of 7’. scoticus

being black, with the exception of the parts close to the mouth ;

the space between the antenne over the mouth being black,

whereas in 7. figuratus it is always yellow; the antenne longer

and stouter; the thorax larger, with anterior angles and front

margin more rounded, and the black colour spread over a greater

area of it; and the elytra and legs longer.

This species is found abundantly by sweeping in open marshy

places at Rannoch in Perthshire, in company with 7’. testaceus,

paludosus and elongatus: it has not, so far as I am aware, been

found elsewhere.—D. S.

5. Sitones ononidis.

S. oblongus, niger, antennarum scapo, tibiis tarsisque testaceis,

squamulis supra vix metallico-nitidis subtus grisescentibus

vestitus; oculis sub-depressis ; elytris punctato-striatis, inter-

stitiis planis.

Long. 2 lin.; lat. 2 lin.

This species is to be placed in division 2 A. of M. Allard’s

monograph (Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1864, p. 334), and is very

closely allied to S. suturals, from which it differs as follows: it is

on the average rather larger, and is less cylindrical and not so

convex in form, while the scales with which it is clothed are

scarcely metallic ; its eyes are a little less prominent (though more

prominent than in S. hispidulus), and when viewed from the side

are seen to be narrower in their transverse diameter, and not so

to the Catalogue of British Coleoptera. 439

circular in outline but more elliptical than the eyes of S. suturalis.

The elytra are not so strongly punctate-striate, and the interstices

are quite flat, while they are slighly convex in suturalis.

I took a great number of specimens in company with Apion

ononidis off Ononis spinosa at Herne Bay in September last year ;

S. suturalis occurred on a species of vetch at the same place and

time, but each species was strictly confined to its appropriate

plant. Dr. Power captured it subsequently and also in numbers

at the same locality. Many of the species of Sitones are very

closely allied to one another, and a single specimen is often very

difficult to determine. ‘The insect at present under consideration

is undoubtedly very closely allied to S. suturalis, but I think the

above characters (drawn from a long series of specimens), and its

different food plant, render it desirable that it should be dis-

tinguished by a name of its own. Like many other species of the

genus it varies somewhat in the colour of the scales with which it

is clothed, these in some specimens showing no trace of metallic

lustre.—D. 8.

6. Anthicus salinus.

A. niger, griseo-pubescens; capite parce tenuiter punctato;

thorace antice latitudini capitis equali, postice valde coarc-

tato, mox ante basin constricto, creberrime et subtiliter punc-

tato, opaco; elytris nitidis, parce et minus fortiter punctatis,

transversim subrugulosis ; antennis nigro-fuscis, brevioribus ;

femoribus piceis, tibiis tarsisque rufescentibus.

Long. 1—14 lin.

A. humili, Germ., affinis, sed thorace antice latiore puncturaque

subtiliore et crebriore facillime distinguendus.

Found near Lymington in the Salterns by Mr. Waterhouse,

also at Gravesend. It is, I believe, the Sp.? No. 2 of that gentle-

man’s Catalogue.—G. R. C.

7. Gyrophena Poneri.

G. flava, capite elytris angulo externo apicali abdomineque

ante apicem piceis; capite fortiter punctato; thorace parce

sed zequaliter punctato, seriebus dorsalibus obsoletis ; elytris

crebre rugoso-punctatis, abdomine nitido levi.

Long. vix 1 lin,

$ abdominis segmento ultimo in spinis 4 producto, duabus

externis incurvis; segmento 6to tuberculis 4 parvis instructo.

440 Messrs. G. R. Crotch and D. Sharp’s Additions

A G. gentili statura multo minore et thoracis punctura differt ;

a G. minima capite punctato et abdominis ¢ structura dis-

cedit; a G. congrua, cui colore et magnitudine proxima

est, thorace equaliter punctato abdominisque structura bene

distincta est.

This species is the Sp. ? 6* of Mr. Waterhouse’s Catalogue, and

was found near London by the zealous and indefatigable Dr. Power,

to whom I have much pleasure in dedicating it.—G. R. C.

8. Philonthus addendus.

(P. temporalis, Mulsant, forte.)

P. niger, antennis tenuioribus, capite prothoraceque nigro-eneis,

hoc disco utrinque 4-punctato; elytris aneis, abdominis

segmentis supra parcius punctatis, horum basibus subtus

quam supra crebrius punctatis.

Long. 5—54 lin.

é abdominis segmento septimo ventrali apice emarginato, tarsis

anticis haud dilatatis.

Black, head and thorax brassy-black, elytra brassy (their tint a

little greener than in P. @neus) ; the joints of the antenne from

the fifth to the eleventh become gradually shorter but scarcely

broader. Head with the posterior angles rounded, with four

punctures between, and numerous small and large punctures

behind the eyes. Thorax on each side with four discoidal punc-

tures, the usual fine punctures at the anterior angles, and others

along the lateral and posterior margins, the sides slightly sinuate

before the posterior angles. ‘The elytra are scarcely longer than

the thorax, thickly punctured and pubescent. Abdomen black and

shining, on the upper side sparingly, on the under rather more

closely (especially at the base of each segment), punctured, Each

of the third and fourth segments has on the upper side a carina at

the base. In the male the posterior margin has on the underside

of the seventh segment a small triangular notch nearly filled up

by a membrane, and the tarsi are scarcely visibly dilated.

This species must be placed near P. @neus. It is, I believe,

specifically identical with the Philonthus introduced some years

back as British under the name of temporalis. It is very difficult,

judging only from Mulsant’s description of his P. temporalis, to

speak positively, but the specimens above described certainly

appear to me irreconcilable with that description. There are

now seven European species of this genus forming a group of

to the Catalogue of British Coleoptera. 44]

which P. @neus is the centre; several of them are very little known,

and in my opinion could they all be examined by one competent

authority, their number would be reduced to four or at most five.

I shall hold specimens of P. addendus at the disposal of any one

who can obtain authentic examples of the other species for com-

parison with it. I have captured about two dozen specimens at

different times under a heap of freshly cut grass on the Corstor-

phine hills near Edinburgh.—D. S.

9. Lathrobium Jansoni.

L. castaneum, lineare ; capite nitido, vertice parce lateribus pro-

fundius punctato, thorace vix Jatiore; hoc nitidissimo, pro-

fundius punctato, linea media brevi; elytris thorace vix bre-

vioribus, crebre sat distincte punctatis ; abdomine dense evi-

denter pubescente ; antennis pedibusque testaceis.

Long. 23 lin.

L. pallido valde affine, sed colore obscuriore, elytrorum longi-

tudine et punctura fortiore, facillime distinguendum.

This species was sent by Mr. E. W. Janson under the MS,

name “ Eardiv” to Dr. Kraatz, and was returned by that gentle-

man as new. I have proposed a new trivial name in honour of

its captor, who has done so much to advance the cause of British

Entomology, inasmuch as Mr, Hardy had no hand either in its

capture or identification. —G. R. C.

10. Stenus Shepherdi.

S. niger, parce cinereo-pubescens ; capite elytris angustiore, ver-

tice plano, oculis minus prominentibus; thorace elongato,

crebre subrugulose punctato; elytris hoe vix longioribus,

minus crebre punctatis ; abdomine parce punctato, carinulis

fortiter elevatis ; antennis pedibus palpisque nigris, his ar-

ticulo primo flavo.

Long. 2 lin.

St. cinerascenti valde affinis, sed major, nitidior, coloreque pal-

porum sat distinctus; a S¢. buphthalmo abdomine parce

punctato facile distinguendus.

Found at Hammersmith marshes near London by Mr. E,

Shepherd, and communicated to Dr. Kraatz by Mr. E. W.

Janson. It was returned by him as certainly distinct from any

known species.—G. R. C,

442 Messrs. G. R. Crotch and D. Sharp’s Additions

11. Slenus annulatus.

S. niger, vix aneo-micans, parcissime pubescens ; capite thorace

dimidio latiore, fortiter punctato, late bisulcato, vertice levi ;

thorace paullo longiore quam latitudine sua, sat crebre

inzequaliter punctato ; elytris thorace tertia parte longioribus,

sat.crebre et fortiter punctatis, obsolete tri-impressis ; abdo-

mine late marginato, basi fortiter apice subtiliter punctato ;

antennis palpisque testaceis, illis articulo primo infuscato ;

pedibus testaceis, geniculis posticis distincte nigris.

Long. 2 lin.

St. impresso valde affinis, et elytris longioribus geniculisque pos-

ticis nigris tantum distinctus. In Anglia cum Sté. impresso

haud rarus,

By no means rare in the London district, and scattered through-

out England; it very closely resembles St. wmpressus, Germ.,

and is possibly a winged form of it.

Dr. Kraatz, to whom specimens were sent some years back,

returned it as new. It must be very near St. flavipalpis, 'Thom-

son, but that should have much shorter elytra, according to the

description ; nevertheless when three years ago I saw his types

I made a note that it appeared to me to come near St. impressi-

pennis and to have longer elytra.x—G. R. C.

SPECIES PREVIOUSLY DESCRIBED BY ConTINENTAL AUTHORS.

1. Gyrinus colymbus, Er. Kaf. 191.

A few specimens of this species were placed among G. ma-

rinus @ in my collection; the red reflexed margin at once distin-

guishes it.—G. R. C.

2. Gyrinus opacus, Sahlb. Ins. Fenn. 47.

M. Scriba records this species from England in his paper,

Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1842, p. 11; it appears to be not uncommon and

to be most nearly allied to G. marinus.—G. R. C.

3. Parnus nitidulus, Heer, Faun. Col. Helv. 467.

A single specimen taken by me at Aberlady near Edinburgh

last July.—D. S.

4, Elmis (Limnius) troglodytes, Gyli. iv. 395.

~A few specimens of this species were placed with the com-

to the Catalogue of British Coleoptera. 443

mon JL. tuberculatus in my collection. It seems to be rare.—

G, RoC.

5. Hydrena palustris, Er. Kaf. i. 200, 1; Ksw. Linn. Ent.

iv. 167.

This species has long existed in the cabinet of Dr. Power, and

was taken by him in the north of England ; it is also the Sp. —?

No. 2 of Mr. Waterhouse’s Catalogue. Recently it has been

found at York, through the indefatigable exertions of the Rev.

Wm. Hey. It was formerly in our lists, but was then represented

by HZ. nigrita.—G. R. C,

6. Hydrena angustata, Sturm, Ins. D. x. 77,5; Ksw. Linn.

Ent. iv. 175.

Two examples of this distinct species were mingled with

- H. riparia in my collection, They probably came from Scotland.

—G.R.C.

7. Hydrena pulchella, Germ. Ins. Spec. i. 94; Ksw. Linn. Ent.

iv. 187.

This also was detected many years since by Dr. Power, and it

is the Sp. —? No. 6 of Mr. Waterhouse’s Catalogue. Since then

I have seen several specimens from the Derbyshire and York-

shire moors, where it would appear to be not uncommon in com-

pany with #H. flavipes, St.—G. Rh. C.

8. Anisotoma silcsiaca, Kr. Stet. Ent. Zeit. 1852, p. 380.

I captured this species at Invercannich at the foot of Glen

Affrick, Inverness-shire, in July Jast.—D. 8.

9, Hpurea immunda, Er. Germ. Zeits. iv. 269, 9.

Nine specimens of this well-marked species were taken by me

under bark of birch at Invercannich, Inverness-shire, this summer,

Its peculiar coloration renders it at once distinct from all the

other species.—G, I. C.

10. Meligethes ebeninus, Forst. Uebers. der Kaf. 15,

Of this species I have only seen one 2. It is very distinet by

its deep black appearance, and sparse punctuation.--G. R. C,

444 Messrs. G. R. Crotch and D. Sharp’s Additions

11. Meligethes marrubii, Bris. Gren. Cat. 54, 70.

M. Brisout has kindly determined this species for me from a

single specimen taken by myself. ‘The spines on the intermediate

tibia render it unmistakeable.—G. R. C.

12. Meligethes obscurus, Er. Ins. Deutsch. iii. 203.

Two specimens of this species were in Mr. Wollaston’s collec-

tion, taken in the north of England.—G. R. C.

13. Cerylon semistriatum, Perris, Aun. Soc. Ent. France, 1865,

p- 507.

I have long had separated in my collection a species of Cerylon

allied to histeroides ; indeed I have sent it to some of my friends

under the MS. name parcepunctatum. I believe I am correct in

referring it to the above recently-published species, though I must

admit it does not agree satisfactorily on all points with M. Perris’s

description.—D. S.

14, Hypocoprus latridioides, Motsch. Bull. Mose. (1833), 75.

This interesting addition to our fauna was found at Brandon,

Suffolk, under cow-dung in a sandy field. It was apparently very

rare, as a diligent search failed to detect it in any other place. It

is hitherto recorded only from Greece and Southern Russia, and

more recently from the Canary Isles. The synonymy is somewhat

confused, it having received two generic and four specific names.—

Go. C:

15. Atomaria longicornis, Thoms. Sk. Col. v. 269.

One specimen only, which agrees with the description of the

above species, was taken this summer near Beauly, Inverness-

shire.—G., R. GC.

16. Latridius angulatus, Mannh,. Germ. Zeit. v. 74.

One specimen only of this species stood in Mr. Wollaston’s

collection. It was named by M. Motschulsky, the originator of

the species.—G. R. C.

17. Latridius consimilis, Mannh. Germ. Zeit. v. 99.

Two specimens of this distinct Latridius have been taken by

the Rev. A. Matthews, at Gumley; one of these he has kindly

ceded to me.—G, R. C.

to the Catalogue of British Coleoptera. 445

18. Gnathoncus punctulatus, Thoms. Sk. Col. iv. 242.

I have hitherto seen only one specimen answering to the

description of this species. It was taken near London, and

given to Mr. E. W. Janson. It appears from recent accounts to

be not uncommon throughout Europe.—G. R. C.

19. Aphodius nemoralis, Er. Ins. Deutsch. iii. 816.

Taken by Mr. Crotch and myself at Rannoch last spring. On

the Continent it is found in deer’s dung, and I think it very pro-

bable our specimens had a like habitat.—D. S.

20. Aphodius niger, Panz. F. G. 37,1; Er. Ins. Deutsch. tii. 834,

This species has been hitherto confounded with the immaculate

form of A. plagiatus, L. It is abundant in the spring at Deal.—

G. R. C.

21. Aphodius consputus, Creutzer, E. V. 41, 11; Er. Ins. Deutsch.

ili, 877.

Three specimens stand in m: collection without locality ; I

am inclined however to think that they come from the Lan-

cashire coast.—G. R, C.

22. Psammodius cesus, Panz. F. G. 35,2; Er. Ins. Deutsch. ii.

913.

This species, already in our lists as a reputed native, has been

taken this year by Mr. Sidebotham, who has insisted on placing

his specimen in my collection. It will doubtless soon cease to be

unique, its near congener, 4 gialia rufa, having already turned up.

—G. R.C.

23. Athous subfuscus, Mull. Fn. Frichsd. 17, 269; Ksw. Ins.

Deutsch.

Three or four specimens were received a few years ago from

the Shetland Isles by Mr. Edwin Brown of Burton-on-Trent, two

of which he has most liberally placed in my collection.—G. R. C.

24. Limonius parvulus, Panz. F.G. 61, 7; Ksw. Ins. Deutsch.

335.

One specimen, taken by Mr. Sidebotham near Devizes. A propos

of this capture I must record my firm conviction that this and the

VOL. Y. THIRD SERIES, PART VI.—MAY, 1867. K K

446 Messrs. G. R. Crotch and D. Sharp’s Additions

other novelties taken at the same time are true natives of this

country, Mr. Sidebotham’s accurate account of their capture

leaving no room for doubt.—G., R. C.

25. Cyphon nigriceps, Ksw. Ins. Deutsch. 413.

This genus will probably admit of still further extension.

Thomson’s C. nigriceps certainly differs from the above, which is

at present somewhat rare, but confounded with the other species.

—G.R.C.,

26. Cis Jacquemartii, Mellié, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1849, p. 328.

Closely allied to C. nitidus, with which it is doubtless mixed in

collections. I have hitherto seen only one specimen, from Scotland.

—G. R.C.

27. Ceuthorhynchus suturellus, Schh. vii. 168.

This species was first taken by the Rev. Hamlet Clark, and re-

cently by the Rev. William Tylden, who at once detected its

novelty. M. Brisout has been kind enough to compare one of my

specimens with Schénherr’s types, which he had received from

Sweden for his Monograph of the genus. Some remarks on the

discrepancies between these specimens and Schénherr’s descrip-

tion will be found in the ‘“ Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine,”

vol. ii. p. 256.—G. R. C.

28. Cionus Thapsus, Fabr. Ent. Syst. ii. 434, 168; Schh. iv.

726, 4.

This species has indeed been in our lists for some time, but is

very generally represented by C. hortulanus, Marsh. The two

are however quite distinct. C. Thapsus is much the rarer of the

two. The slightly acuminate polished rostrum of C. hortulanus

is very noticeable.—G. R, C.

29. Tychius polylineatu Germ., Brisout.

A single specimen of this insect was taken by me at Cambridge

about three years ago. M. Brisout, who has paid considerable

attention to the group, returns it with the above name. It is very

distinct from the one so called by Mr. Waterhouse, and which is

M. Brisout’s 7. dineatulus. The nomenclature of the group cer-

tainly requires a thorough revision.—G. R. C.

80. Anoplus roboris, Suffr. Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1840, p. 59.

This species has long been separated in Dr. Power’s cabinet.

Mr. Wollaston also had received it as a new species from

to the Catalogue of British Coleoptera. 447

Leicestershire. It has been identified by M. Wencker, to whom

I sent examples of our British Erirhinide.—G. R. C.

31. Magdalinus barbicornis, Latr. Hist. Nat. xi. 103.

This was admitted by Stephens, but afterwards rejected by

Walton, and rightly ; but since that time it has, I believe, been

more than once taken. Many suppose that M. prunt has large

antenne in the male; this is the case in M. cerasi and M. barbi-

cornis only. Dr. Power’s specimens, on which this notice is

founded, were taken in the vicinity of London.—G. R. C.

32. Rhynchites uncinatus, Thoms. Sk. Col. vii. 36.

Dr. Power had recognised this as a distinct species some years

ago, but it was first described by Thomson. It appears to be not

uncommon, more abundant indeed than R. nanus in the south of

England.—G. R. C.

33. Hypera elongata, Payk. F.S. iii. 236 ; Schh. ii. 374.

I have seen one specimen only, which was so named by M.

Capiomont, who is engaged on a revision of the genus.—G. R. C.

34, Sitones longicollis, Schh. vi. 171; All. 345 (1864).

This species comes very close to S. flavescens, Msh., and is pos-

sibly confounded with it in collections, M. Allard found three or

four specimens among some Sitones sent by me for examination.

—G. R. C.

35. Sitones lineellus, Gy]. Ins. Suec. iii. 281.

S. tibialis, Thoms. Sk. Col. vii. 100.

One or two attempts have already been made to establish the

claim of this insect to take its place in our lists, but hitherto they

have proved abortive. Some two years since I saw Scotch spe-

cimens in Mr. Hislop’s collection which I thought would prove

to be Gyllenhal’s species, and last spring I myself captured a

specimen at Aberlady, near Edinburgh. I am much indebted to

Mr. Bold, who kindly sent me for examination a fine series of a

species of Sttones, which he considered to be Gyllenhal’s S. line-

ellus; these agree in all respects with the specimens above men-

tioned, and were captured near Newcastle.

Our common species, S. tibialis, appears to be unknown to

Thomson, who (loc. cit.) refers Gyllenhal’s lineellus to tibialis, and

Gyllenhal’s tibialis to sulcifrons. Thomson, however, himself

K K 2

448 Messrs.G. R. Crotch and D. Sharp’s Additions

appears to be not quite clear in his synonymy, for he gives no

reference to Schénherr’s tbialis, though this author’s name is

quoted by him for all the other species and varieties of the genus.

Hence I conclude that Sitones tibialis, Schonh., so common in this

country, does not occur at all in Sweden; this is supported by

the well-known fact that Ulex europeus (the principal food plant

of t2bialis in this country) is wanting in Sweden.—D. 8S.

36. Barynotus Schonherri, Zett. Thoms. Sk. Col. vii. 129.

Occurs rarely in various parts of Scotland.—D. S.

87. Xyloterus quercus, Eichhoff, Berl. Ent. Zeit, 1864, p. 381.

This is the species generally standing in British collections as

X. lineatus; it has especially been found by the Rev. A. Matthews,

in Sherwood Forest, and by Charles Turner, in the New Forest.

The true X. dineatus has been found by Mr. Rye and by myself at

Rannoch.—D. S.

38. Tomicus quadridens, Hartig, Ratzeb. Forst. Insect. 193,

Found at Rannoch. Ratzeburg considered it a remarkable

variety of 7’. bidens; I am, however, inclined to think that it will

prove a distinct species. However this may be, its occurrence in

this country has not hitherto been recorded.—D. 8.

39. Cryptocephalus querceti, Suffr. Linn. Ent. viii. 145.

Two specimens of this species have been taken by the Rev. A.

Matthews in Sherwood Forest; one of which, with his wonted

liberality, he has presented to me. It is quite distinct from

C. geminus, Gyll., which exists only in the Leachian collection.

—G. R.C.

40. Haltica ericeti, Allard, Mon. Alt. 82.

This species was named for me by M. Allard from some spe-

cimens taken by Mr. Wollaston in the west of England. It is

probably not rare upon heath, and is certainly abundant near

York.—G. R. C.

41. Haltica longicollis, All. Mon. Alt. 83.

Three specimens from Scotland. The ¢ of this species has

the anterior tarsus singularly dilate, one joint being large and

cordate. —G. R. C.

42. Haltica helianthemi, All. Mon. Alt. 85.

Three or four specimens. Named by M. Allard.—G. R. C.

to the Catalogue of British Coleoptera. 449

43, Phyllotreta flecuosa, Ent. H.71, 42; Kutsch, Wien. Mon.

1860, p. 205.

One specimen only, from Mr. Wollaston’s collection. This is

not the P. flexuosa, All., which is synonymous with P. undulata,

Kuts.—G. R. C.

44, Thyamis nigra, Ent. H. 57, 33; All. Mon. Alt. 95.

Two old specimens in Mr. Wollaston’s collection.—G. R. C.

45. Thyamis absinthii, Kutsch. Wien. Mon. 1862, p. 217.

Very common on Artemisia maritima at Weston-super-Mare.

Also (I believe) at Gravesend.—G. R. C,

46. Thyamis atriceps, Kutsch. l. c.

Three or four specimens in Mr. Wollaston’s collection from the

west of England.—G. R. C.

47. Thyamis medicaginis, All. Mon. Alt. 124.

Five or six specimens in Mr. Wollaston’s collection labelled

nov. spec.—G. R. C.

48. Plectroscelis Sahlbergii, Gyll. iv. 662; All. 570 (1860).

It appears that the insect commonly known as P. Sahlbergii is

distinct from that species and has been described as new by M.

Kutschera under the name of P. subcerulea. The true P. Sahl-

bergii is very rare, having as far as | am aware only been taken

near Cambridge, where it was first detected by Dr. Power. It is

at once known by its much shorter antenne.—G. R. C.

49. Salpingus eratus, Muls. Rost. 34,

Two specimens taken by Mr. Wollaston in Lincolnshire. I

have also taken it in Scotland, and Mr. Hislop has a specimen

which I think is referable to it.—G. R. C.

50. Xylophilus neglectus, Aubé, Gren. Cat. 91, 110.

T'wo specimens from the New Forest are certainly distinct from

any other species in our list, and agree tolerably with the de-

scription above cited.—G. R. Cc:

51. Anthicus quisquiliarum, Thoms. Sk. Col. vi. 360.

Not rare in dung heaps, &c.; confused with 4. floralis, L.—

G..h. C.

450 Messrs. G. R. Crotch and D. Sharp’s Additions

52. Homalota hypnorum, Kies. Kr. Ins. Deutsch. ii. 203.

I have found a single specimen of this fine Homalota in Strath-

Cannich, Inverness-shire.— D. S.

58. Homalota crassicornis, Gyll.

H. granigera, Kr. Ins. Deutsch. ii. 207.

Three specimens among dead birch leaves in Strath Cannich.—

DS.

54. Homalota subtilissina, Kr. Ins. Deutsch. 11. 230.

1 have found this tiny species in several localities in Scotland

among the clean sand on the banks of rivers and lochs.—D. S.

55. Homalota pailens, Redt. Kr. Ins, Deutsch. 11. 261.

Three or four specimens on the banks of the Avon near Falkirk.

—D.S.

56. ? Tachinus frigidus, Er. Gen. et Spec. Staph. 256, 21; Kr.

Ins. Deutsch. ii. 402.

I have taken in Inverness-shire a specimen belonging to the

genus Tachinus, which I cannot consider specifically identical

with any of our recorded species. It agrees tolerably well with

Kraatz’s description of 7. frigidus (Erichson’s description appears

to have been drawn up from two species), a very rare species, of

which, according to Kraatz, there are three specimens in the

Berlin Museum, two of them from Unalaschka, the other from

the Tyrol; these are all males and the female is still undescribed ;

my specimen being a female, I cannot, under the circumstances,

feel sure that I am right in my determination of it. The following

is a description of the structure of the seventh abdominal segment.

The seventh dorsal plate ends in three long teeth, of these the

middle one reaches beyond the side ones, and its thin apical part

is longer than in 7. proximus or rufipes. The notch between the

middle teeth of the seventh ventral plate is not simple, but has a

triangular projection at its base as in Z". pallipes. Thus, the

structure of the seventh segment on the upper side most re-

sembles 7’. proximus, but on the under side is most like 7’. pal-

lipes. The insect is altogether smaller and rather more finely

punctured than its allies.—D., S.

57. Mycetoporus tenuis, Muls. Op. ii. 67.

I have found this species on the top of Cheviot and also on a

mountain between Strath Farrar and Strath Cannich, Inverness-

to the Catalogue of British Coleoptera. 451

shire. The specimens appear to be larger than the above de-

scription would lead one to expect.—D. S.

58. Quedius brevicornis, Thoms. Sk. Col. ii. 175.

Distinguished from varieties of Q. fulgidus with red elytra by

its entirely black antenna, with shorter articulations. Found

under the bark and at the sap of trees: Q. fulgidus is found in

cellars and outhouses. Dr. Power has long recognized this insect

as specifically distinct from fulgidus. I cannot make out the

frontal setae, which Thomson considers diagnostic of this species,

—D. S.

59. Xantholinus lentus,Grav. Mon. 101; Kr. Ins. Deutsch. ti. 644.

One specimen under bark at Invercannich, Inverness-shire.—

G. RC.

60. Thinobius linearis, Kr. Ins. Deutsch. ii. 883.

Found in Scotland in company with Homalota subtilissima.—

DiS.

‘

' th

Teo) ae Watt ine ‘

a: om mi 7 au ny a

airy

, ee s

ali

a ee att st soni hi G

ae a ee

a ee

(453)

XIII. Crambina, Pterophorina and Alucitina, collected in

Palestine, by the Rev. O. P. CamsBrinesr, March to

May, 1865; determined, and the New Species described,

by Professor ZELLER ; the German Descriptions trans-

lated into English by H. T. Srarnron, F.L.S.

{Read 7th January, 1867. }

List of Species.

CRAMBINA.

1. Calamotropha Hierichuntica, n. sp. -

2. Crambus Cassentiniellus, Mann.

3. Eromene ocellea, Haworth.

4. Pempelia Dionysia, Zeller.

5. Nephopteryx Dahliella, Treitschke.

6. Myelois circumdatella, Lederer.

7. Myelois monogrammos, n. sp.

8. Euzophera pilosella, n. sp.

9. Euzophera Samaritanella, n. sp.

10. EHuzophera Faustinella, n. sp.

11. Euzophera Favorinella, n. sp.

12. Homeceosoma nimbella, Zeller.

13. Ephestia elutella, Hiibner.

14. Lphestia tenebrosa, n. sp.

15. Ematheudes punctella, 'Treitschke.

16. Melissoblaptes bipunctanus, Zeller.

PTEROPHORINA.

17. Plerophorus aridus, Zeller.

18. Aciptilus ischnodactylus, Treitschke,.

19. Aciptilus desertorum, n. sp.

20. Aciptilus Siceliota, Zeller.

ALUCITINA.

21. Alucita palodactyla, Zeller.

454 Prof. Zeller’s Descriptions of

CatamorropHa Hiericuuntica, n. sp. (PI. XXIII. fig. 1.)

Palpis longis; alis anterioribus latissimis, acutis, lutescenti-

griseis, vitté media costaque tenuissime venisque pallidis,

puncto venz transverse nigro; posterioribus dilute cinereis,

litura ante marginem medium obscuriore. ¢.

Long. alar. ant. lin. 6.

Palpi long. Anterior wings very broad, pointed, luteous-grey ;

a central vitta, a very narrow costal streak and the veins pale;

a black spot on the transverse vein.. Posterior wings pale grey,

with a darker blotch before the middle of the hinder mar-

gin. g.

In its elongated palpi, and the pale-veined luteous-grey an-

terior wings, this has a certain resemblance to Chilo phragmitel-

lus; but it has not any ocelli, and the apex of the posterior wings

does not project beyond the anal angle of the anterior wings.

Two depressions, which indeed are little perceptible, before the

middle of the hind margin of the posterior wings, also afford a

peculiar character.

Size of an average Ch. phragmitellus. Palpi as long as the

head and thorax together. Tongue short. Anterior wings very

broad, pointed, darker on the two sides of the pale central

vitta which springs from the base and vanishes towards the hind

margin; on the transverse vein is a black spot; all the longitu-

dinal veins are thin and pale. Posterior wings pale grey, darker

towards the apex; the above mentioned depressions lie on each

side of the first branch of the median vein.

From the plains of Jordan.

Cramsus CassENTINIELLUs, Mann.

Zell. Chil. et Cramb. Gen. p. 27; Entom. Zeitung, 1849, p. 312;

H.-S. fig. 173, 174.

These specimens from Palestine are of the size of those from

Asia Minor. Two males from Mount Lebanon are even larger,

and of so dark a colour that they may be regarded as a distinct

variety, and described as follows :— '

Cassentiniellus (var.); large, the broad veins of the anterior

wings, a nearly straight fascia in the middle, and a shade border-

ing the inner side of the second transverse line, are dark golden-

brown ; the posterior wings are dark grey. ¢.

In this variety the first transverse line is transformed into a

fascia, the upper part of which is curved inwardly ; the posterior

Crambina, Pterophorina and Alucitina. 455

transverse line is faint, and on the inner side broadly shaded with

golden-brown.

ERoMENE OcELLEA, Haworth.

Zell. Chil. et Cramb. Gen. p. 54; H.-S. fig. 144, 145.

A pair of this species from Palestine have the posterior wings

pale as in Herrich-Schaffer’s fig. 144. (A female from Egypt has

the darker posterior wings of fig. 145; vide post, p. 462.)

Pempe ia Dionysia, Zeller.

Isis, 1846, p. 760; H.-S. fig. 160.

Two females, from the plains of Jordan. In one the anterior

wings are more tinged with grey and the inner margin is darker

than in the ¢, and the other has the transverse lines of the wings

more distinctly expressed.

NeEpHoPTERYX DAHLIELLA, Treitschke.

Treitschke, ix. 1, 198; Zeller, Isis, 1846, p. 750; H.-S. fig. 63.

One female, from the plains of Jordan.

MYELo!Is cirncuUMDATELLA, Lederer.

Wiener Ent. Monatschrift, 1858, p. 149, tab. iv. fig. 5.

Three males from Shunam, which differ but slightly from those

which Lederer obtained from the neighbourhood of Damascus.

MYELoIs MonoGRAMMos, n. sp. (PI. XXIII. fig. 2.)

Capite ochraceo ; alis anterioribus flavido-canescentibus, pos-

tice gilvescentibus, strig& postica superne reflexa argentea,

lineé marginis postici atra, exterius argenteo-marginata. @¢.

Head ochreous-yellow. Anterior wings pale yellowish-grey,

more yellow posteriorly, towards the hind margin with a silvery

transverse line of which the upper part is recurved; along the

hind margin is a deep black line, externally margined with sil-

very. @.

This is so similar to Myelois argyrogrammos, that the differences

at first sight appear to indicate only a variety, or to be sexual;

but the median vein of the posterior wings having four branches,

whereas in argyrogrammos it has only three, shows that we have

here a distinct species. It is rather larger, with the anterior

wings narrower, more pointed and greyer, and the first transverse

456 Prof. Zeller’s Descriptions of

line of argyrogrammos is entirely wanting, and the second is

nearer to the hind margin and its upper portion is strongly curved

inwardly. Instead of the deep black spots of the hind margin, we

have here a continuous line. The posterior wings also are darker,

with the transverse vein differently placed.

One specimen from the plains of Jordan.*

EvzorHerat PILoseLia, n. sp. (PI. XXIII. fig. 3.)

Parva; alis anterioribus perangustis, nigricantibus, squamis fer-

rugineis adspersis, strigis duabus albidis (priore curva, pos-

teriore in medio angulata) opposite late nigro-marginatis ;

posterioribus albidis. ¢.

Long. alar. ant. lin, 23—3}.

Small, with the anterior wings very narrow, blackish, dusted

with ferruginous ; with two whitish transverse lines, the first

broadly margined with black on the convex posterior side, the

second strongly dentate in the middle and broadly margined with

black on the inner side; posterior wings whitish. ¢.

The name of the species has been suggested by the very long

hair-like scales of the thorax.

The anterior wings are very narrow, blackish, slightly mixed

with ferruginous, and with scattered long white scales; they are

intersected by two whitish fascize, of which the first is curved in-

wardly and is convex exteriorly, the second has a sharp tooth

internally in the middle. The space between them is more or

less whitish ; the extreme base of the wing is likewise whitish.

Posterior wings whitish, rather transparent.

Three males from the plains of Jordan and from Jerusalem.

EvuzopHera SAMARITANELLA, n. sp. (Pl. XXIII. fig. 4.)

Parva; alis anterioribus angustis, albidis, nigro-punctulatis,

strigis duabus dilutioribus, priore oblique curvata interius

rufescente, posteriore infra medium dentata exterius rufes-

cente, puncto veng transverse nigricante; posterioribus

albidis, margine cinerascente. +

Small, with the anterior wings narrow, whitish, dusted with

* Herr Lederer has also met with this insect near Amasia: “ twelve miles

from Amasia, in a dry place, not very scarce in June. I only, however,

caught one, as I thought it was argyrogrammos.’’—Lederer, in litt.

+ I propose this name for the genus founded by Von Heinemann, Schmet-

terl. Deutschlands u. der Schweiz, zweite Abtheilung, Band i. Heft ii. p. 190,

under the name of Stenoptycha, afterwards (p. 209) changed to Melia.

Crambina, Pterophorina and Alucitina. 457

blackish, with two paler transverse lines, of which the first is

obliquely placed and curved, internally reddish, and the second

is dentate below the middle and reddish externally ; on the trans-

verse vein is a blackish spot. Posterior wings whitish, with the

Margin grey. 9.

As I have before me females only, the genus to which they

should be referred is not perfectly certain. This remark also ap-

plies to the two following species.

Samaritanella is small, with the anterior wings not so narrow

as in pilosella. The ground-colour of the anterior wings is pale-

grey, palest on the costa. The first transverse line is convex

externally, very obliquely placed, and is prolonged along the

costa to the base of the wing; the second is sharply interrupted

almost in the middle; both are rather thin, and the first is in-

ternally, the second externally margined with reddish. Posterior

wings very pale grey.

This species is from the plains of Jordan.

Evzoruera Faustineya, n. sp. (Pl. XXIII. fig. 5.)

Parva; alis anterioribus angustis, gilvis, vitta costali, strigis

duabus rectis (priore obliqué) lunulaque venz transverse

albis ; posterioribus dilute cinereis, albido-ciliatis. 9.

Small, with narrow ochreous-yellow anterior wings; a costal

streak, two straight transverse lines the first of which is obliquely

placed, and a lunule on the transverse vein, are white. Posterior

wings pale grey, with white cilia. ¢.

Similar to Samaritanella in size, colour and marking, but the

ground-colour of the anterior wings is yellowish-grey, and the

costa bears a white streak ; of the two white transverse lines the

first is obliquely placed, but less curved, and the second is almost

straight. Instead of the blackish spot on the transverse vein in

Samaritanella, we have here a white lunule.

From the plains of Jordan.

Euzoruera FavorinELia, n. sp. (Pl. XXIII. fig. 6.)

Alis anterioribus angustis, pallide ochraceis, strigis duabus

tenuibus albis, priore obliqua, curv4, interius anguste nigro-

marginataé, posteriore recta, lunula venz transverse alba,

458 Prof. Zeller’s Descriptions of

infra nigro-marginata; posterioribus cinereis, albido-cilia-

tis. ¢.

Long. alar. ant. lin. 4.

Anterior wings narrow, pale ochreous-yellow, with two slender

white transverse lines, the first obliquely placed, externally curved,

internally margined with black ; the second straight; on the trans-

verse vein is a white lunule, margined beneath with black. Pos-

terior wings grey, with the cilia whitish. 9.

Larger than either of the two preceding, with a superficial resem-

blance to Nyctegretes achatinella, whence it appears to come near

to Nyctegretes (?) albociliella, Staudinger, (Entom. Zeitung,

1859, p. 225.) But in that species the second transverse line is

externally dark-margined, and all the cilia are white.

Anterior wings narrow, broader posteriorly, pale ochreous-

yellow. The first of the two slender white transverse lines is

very obliquely placed, externally convex, finely bordered with

black on the inner side ; the second is straight and terminates on

the costa in a black spot which lies towards the apex of the wing.

The white lunule of the transverse vein is shaded with blackish

internally, and is terminated beneath by a black longitudinal

streak. Between the first transverse line and the base of the

wing is a brownish spot on the inner margin. The posterior

wings are grey, darker before the whitish cilia.

From the plains of Jordan.

Homa@osoMA NIMBELLA, Zeller.

Heinemann, Schm. Deutsch. u. Schweiz, i. 2, p. 197 ;

ELS. fig. 79,

The specimens from the plains of Jordan belong to the variety

b. of the Isis, which is characterised by the smallness and pale

colour of the specimens.

EPuHESTIA ELUTELLA, Hubner.

Hiibner, fig. 163; Heinemann, Jib. cit. p. 201.

One specimen from Jerusalem.

EpuesTIA TENEBROSA, n. sp. (PI. XXIII. fig. 7.)

Alis anterioribus angustis, cinereo-fuscis, basi dorsoque late

rufescentibus, strigis duabus dilutis, priore obsoletissim4,

posteriore obsoleta ; posterioribus albidis, subpellucidis. 2.

Anterior wings narrow, grey-brown, with the base and the inner

Crambina, Pterophorina and Alucitina. 459

margin broadly reddish; the first of the two pale transverse lines

is very faint, the second is rather more distinct ; posterior wings

whitish, somewhat transparent. 2.

As large as a large elutella, and closely allied to that species,

but with the costa of the anterior wings almost straight, and only

a little curved posteriorly. The dark brownish, or smoky-brown,

ground colour of the anterior wings is, at the base, and for a con-

siderable breadth along the inner margin, paler and somewhat

reddish. The two pale transverse lines are very faint, and are

placed nearer to one another than in elutella; they are placed

also rather in a different direction. The whitish posterior wings

form a striking contrast to the dark colour of the anterior.

One female from the plains of Jordan.

EMATHEUDES* PUNCTELLA, Treitschke.

Semnia punctella, Heinemann, lib. cit. p. 1993; Anerastia

punctella, Zell. Isis, 1847, 768, et 1848, 590; Chilo punc-

tellus, Treitschke, ix. 2, 268; H.-S. fig. 85.

Both sexes taken in Palestine.

MELIssOBLAPTES BIPUNCTANUS, Zeller,

Isis, 1848, p. 598; Heinemann, ld. cit. p. 205.

The female specimens captured in Palestine differ from ours by

the first transverse line of the anterior wings being more distinct,

but the difference is not such as to induce the idea of a distinct

species.

PreroPHorus ArRIDusS, Zeller.

Linnza Entomologica, vi. 366.

In the plains of Jordan.

ACIPTILUS ISCHNODACTYLUS, Treitschke.

Treitschke, ix. 2, 223; Zeller, Linn. Ent. vi. 396.

One female of the variety b.

From the plains of Jordan.

* A new generic name is necessary, since Semnia already occurs amongst

the true Pyralides.

460 Prof. Zeller’s Descriptions of Crambina, etc.

ACIPTILUS DESERTORUM, N, Sp.

Capite, corpore alisque pallide stramineis, alis anterioribus

liturd obsoleta fuscescente in fissur4, litura cinerea ciliorum

dorsalium post fissuram; digiti tertii ciliis posticis exalbi-

dis. &. |

Head, body and wings very pale yellow; the anterior wings

with a faint brownish blotch at the fissure, and a grey blotch in

the inner marginal cilia, beyond the fissure; the cilia of the hind

margin of the third digit almost white. ¢.

In structure, and the entirely unicolorous pale yellow head,

this is allied to ischnodactylus, but is entirely without black dots,

having only a very faint brownish spot at the fissure of the ante-

rior wings, and a grey blotch in the inner marginal cilia beyond

the fissure.

From the plains of Jordan.

AcrptiLtus Sicexiota, Zeller.

Linnza Entomologica, vi. 401.

A single specimen from the plains of Jordan, which only shows

a black scale in the hinder-marginal cilia of the third digit.

Atucira PALopAcTYLA, Zeller.

Linnzea Entomologica, vi. 407.

One specimen from the neighbourhood of Damascus. It is a

veritable dwarf, the anterior wings being only two lines long, and

the grey markings are extremely faint.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXIII.

Fig. 1. Calamotropha Hierichuntica.

2. Myelois monogrammos.

3. Euzophera pilosella.

4. ap Samaritanella.

5. ” Faustinella.

6. rH) Favorinella.

7. Ephestia tenebrosa.

€ 469)

XIV. Choreutide: and Crambina, collected in Egypt, by the

Rev. O. P. Campripce, January to April, 1864;

determined, and the New Species described, by Professor

ZELLER ; the German Descriptions translated into Eng-

lish by H. T. Srainton, F.L.S.

{Read 7th January, 1867.]

List of Species.

CuHOoREUTIDS.

—_

Simaethis Afeyptiaca, n. sp.

CRrAMBINA.

. Scheenobius Niloticus, n. sp.

. Eromene ocellea, Haworth.

. EHromene Cambridgii, n. sp.

- Etiella (Pempelia) Zinckenella, Treitschke.

. Pempelia (Salebria) Psammenitedla, n. sp.

. Nephopteryx (7) scabida, n. sp.

. Nephopteryx (Ceuthoiopha) Isidis, n. sp.

. Ephestia edutella, Hubner.

10. Ephestia Cahiritella, n. sp.

11. E’phestia interpunctella, Hiibner.

12. Melissoblaptes bipunctanus, Zeller.

Smaetuis A’cyptiaca, n. sp. (Pl. XXIV. fig. 1.)

Alis anterioribus acutis, brunnescentibus, striga posticaé angu-

lata fusca cinereo-circumdata, lineaé marginis postici non

flexuosi badia ; posterioribus rufo-ferrugineis. 2.

Long. alar. ant. lin. 3.

Anterior wings pointed, brownish-yellow ; the hinder transverse

line angulated, brown, edged with grey; along the hind margin,

which is not wavy, is a brown-red line ; posterior wings ferru-

ginous. 9.

Easily recognized by the colour of the posterior wings. Of the

size of nemorana, but more like pariana in form, and the searcely-

VOL. V. THIRD SERIES, PART VI, - MAY, 1867. i

462 Prof. Zeller’s Descriptrons

flexuose hinder margin of the anterior wings shows that the genera

Simacthis and Choreules cannot properly be kept separate.

Anterior wings pointed, bright yellow-brown, inclining to red-

dish posteriorly ; before the middle of the wing is a broad grey

transverse streak; the posterior transverse line is slender, black

and sharply angulated. The posterior wings are ferruginous, the

costa narrowly grey-brown.

One specimen taken in a garden at Cairo,

Scua@nosius Nixoricus, n. sp. (PI. XXIV. fig. 2.)

Alis anterioribus subacutis, lutescentibus, costa punctisque mar-

ginis postici nigris, puncto ven transverse albo nigro-

cincto, liturd ex cost& ante apicem fusci; posterioribus

albidis, serie transversa posticé macularum fuscescentium. ¢ -

Long. alar. ant. lin. 43.

Anterior wings rather pointed, luteous-yellow, the costa and

spots on the hinder margin black ; on the transverse vein is a

white spot, surrounded with black ; a brown blotch from the costa

before the apex; posterior wings whitish, posteriorly with a

transverse row of brownish spots. ¢.

Very like S. gigantcllus, but quite a dwarf, and certainly dis-

tinguished by the shorter palpi, and the rather more pointed an-

terior wings. Moreover, gigantellus has on the anterior wings, at

each end of the transverse vein, a black spot; instead of this, in

Niloticus we see, at the lower end of the transverse vein, a black

spot with a white pupil; it has also a black costal line, and larger,

almost confluent, black spots along the hind margin.

The anterior wings are luteous-yellow, irrorated with brown.

A brown blotch, which starts from the costa before the apex, runs

almost parallel to the hind margin, and ceases before the inner

margin. Posterior wings whitish, with a brownish shady streak,

formed of separate spots, before the darker apex of the wing.

Taken at Alexandria.

ERoMENE OCELLEA, Haworth.

Zeller, Chil. et Cramb, Genera, p. 54; H.-S. fig. 144, 145.

One female has the dark-coloured posterior wings of Herrich-

Schaffer’s fig. 145.

(A pair from Palestine have the pale posterior wings of

fig. 144; vide ante, p. 455.)

of Choreutide and Crambina. 463

Eromene Campripan, n. sp. (Pl. XXIV. fig. 3.)

Alis anterioribus oblongis, postice dilatatis, griseis, fusco cre-

brius squamulatis, strigd media tenui ochraced superius

angulata interius anguste albido marginataé, plaga magna

nigro-squamatd posticd, striga gemina fusc& proxime ante

puncta marginalia atro-orichalcea. ¢.

Long. alar, ant. lin. 33.

Anterior wings elongate, posteriorly broader, dusty-grey,

abundantly sprinkled with brown scales; in the middle is a

slender, ochreous-yellow transverse streak, angulated above and

internally edged narrowly with whitish; a large black-scaled

spot lies beyond it; the brown posterior double-line is placed

immediately before the deep black spots of the hind margin, which

have a bronzy gloss. ¢.

One of the smallest species of the genus. The first transverse

line on the anterior wings is slender, ochreous-yellow, margined

internally with whitish, obliquely placed and the upper part

curved towards the base; on the inner side of the concavity of

the second transverse line is a very large spot formed of black

scales, which in its upper part contains a black longitudinal streak ;

the apex of the wing is rendered dark with black scales, and has

a whitish hook from the costa. The posterior wings are yellowish-

grey, with the apex darker, preceded by a faint grey line.

One ¢ taken near Minyeh.

Erzetta (Pempesia) ZrncKenetta, Treitschke.

Heinemann, Schmett. Deutsch. u. Schweiz, ii. 2, p. 154.

Mella Dymnusalis, Walker, Cat. p. 1017.

One specimen from Assouan (Syene) in Upper Egypt.

Pempeiia (SarepriA) PsammeniTexra, n. sp. (Pl. XXIV.

fig. 4.)

Alis anterioribus angustis, sensim dilatatis, fumosis, ante

medium scabriusculis, striga postica gemina undulata fusca,

linea marginis postici atra; posterioribus exalbidis, pel-

lucidis. ¢@.

Long. alar. ant. lin. prope 5.

Anterior wings narrow, expanding gradually, dark grey-brown,

before the middle rather smoky; the posterior double line is

LL2

464 Prof. Zeller’s Descriptions

brown and wavy; the hinder margin bears a deep black line ;

posterior wings yellowish white, transparent. ¢.

Easily distinguished from its allies by its dull colouring and

by the transparent posterior wings. Lignosella, Zeller , Isis, 1848,

p. 883, has much narrower anterior wings, and only three branches

to the median vein of the posterior wings. Fumosella, H.-S. 169,

has a similar dingy colour, but broader anterior wings and dark

posterior wings.

Of the size of subornatella. Anterior wings dark grey-brown,

paler on the inner margain and rather reddish; before the

middle of the wing are some dark brown rather smoky scales ;

the spot on the transverse vein is dark but faint ; the posterior

transverse line is rather wavy, pale and very faint; a slender

deep black line runs along the hind margin. Posterior wings

dirty yellowish-white, transparent, with four branches to the

median vein.

From Lower Egypt.

NepuorTeryx (?) scabipa,n, sp. (P]. XXIV. fig. 5.)

Alis anterioribus oblongis. dilute rufescenti-cinereis, fascia lata

rufo-fuscescente scabidé ante medium, strigd posticd diluta

flexuosa exterius rufescenti-marginata, punctis venee trans-

verse duobus cinereis; posterioribus canis, subpellu-

cidis. @.

Long. alar. ant. lin. 4—4}.

Anterior wings elongate, pale reddish-grey, with a broad

reddish-brown rather smoky fascia before the middle, and with

the pale wavy posterior transverse line externally edged with

reddish ; on the transverse vein are two faint grey spots; pos-

wings whitish-grey, rather transparent. 9.

Smaller than Dahliella, and distinguished from all the allied

species by the broad, perpendicular, reddish-brown, rather

smoky fascia before the middle of the anterior wings.

Anterior wings posteriorly broader, particularly pale before

the fascia; the posterior transverse line is angulated acutely

aboye, slightly beneath.

From Jebel e Tayr.

Nernorreryx (Crurnoropua) Isrts, n.sp. (PI. XXIV. fig. 6.)

Alis anterioribus angustis, fusco-griseis, strigis duabus dilutis,

of Choreutide and Crambina. 465

priore interius, posteriore exterius rufo-marginata, macula

ante priorem subdorsali fuscé ; posterioribus cinerascentibus,

hyalinis, vena subdorsali secunda atro-squamata. @.

Long. alar. ant. lin. prope 4.

Heec species, quae quandam Neph. roboreile similitudinem sed

alas angustiores habet, notas prabet ad subgenus conden-

dum aptas, quod hoc mo:lo definiatur.

Nephopt. subgenus Ceutholopha: ale anteriores $ subtus in

plic& fasciculo e squamis longis instructe; posteriores

superne vena subdorsali secunda ad basim longe-squamata ;

cellu'a median’ brevi.

Anterior wings narrow, brown-grey, with two pale transverse

lines, the anterior of which is margined with red internally, the

posterior externally; before the first is a brown subdorsal spot ;

posterior wings pale grey, transparent, the second subdorsal vein

clothed with deep black scales. ¢.

This has a superficial resemblance to Neph. roborella, but has

narrower wings and such peculiarities that it appears adapted for

the formation of a subgenus, namely :—

Ceutholopha: the anterior wings with a bundle of long scales on

the underside in the fold; the second subdorsal vein of the pos-

terior wings clothed at the base with long scales; the median

cell short.

Ata first glance Neph. Isidis is distinguished by the short deep

black line on the basal third of the subdorsal vein of the pos-

terior wings, and which is formed of long appressed scales. The

spot formed of similar scales on the underside of the anterior

wings in the fold, not far from the base, is more concealed,

The anterior wings are brownish-grey ; beyond a blackish spot

but before the middle of the wing is the first transverse line,

which is placed almost perpendicularly, and is pale, internally

margined with reddish; the posterior transverse line is also

pale, but blackish internally, externally reddish; it is rather

wavy. Posterior wings pale grey, transparent, darker on the

hinder margin towards the apex of the wing.

Taken at Manfalut.

EpPuestiA ELUTELLA, Hiibner.

Hiibner, fiz. 163; Heinemann, lib. cit. p. 201.

From Lower Egypt.

466 Prof. Zeller’s Descriptions of Crambina.

Eruestia CAnIRiTELLA, n. sp. (Pl. XXIV. fig. 7.)

Alis anterioribus angustis, cinereis, strigis duabus dilutis obso-

letis, priore recta et exterius late nigricanti-marginata,

punctis duobus venz transverse nigricantibus obsoletis ;

posterioribus canescentibus, hyalinis, griseo-venosis. 9.

Anterior wings narrow, grey, with two faint pale transverse

lines, the first of which is straight and externally margined

broadly with blackish; on the transverse vein are two faint

blackish spots; posterior wings whitish-grey, transparent, with

the veins dusky-grey. @.

A dull obscure-looking insect of the size of the largest specimens

of elutella, well distinguished in the genus by the first transverse

line of the anterior wings, which is straight, almost perpendicular

and externally margined broadly with blackish; the posterior

wings are transparent, very pale grey, with the veins conspicuously

dusky-grey.

Two specimens from Cairo.

EPHESTIA INTERPUNCTELLA, Hiibner.

Hiibner, fig. 210; Heinemann, lid. cit., p. 202.

One female from Alexandria.

MELIssoBLAPTES BIPUNCTANUS, Zeller.

Isis, 1818, p. 579; Heinemann, lib. cit. p. 205.

The female (as in the specimens from Palestine, vide ante, p. 459),

differs from ours by the first transverse line of the anterior wings

being more distinct; but the difference is not such as to suggest

the idea of a distinct species.

Taken at Siout.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXIV.

Fig. 1. Simatthis Agyptiaca.

2. Schoenobius Niloticus.

3. Eromene Cambridgii.

4. Pempelia Psammenitella.

5. Nephopteryx scabida.

6. Nephopteryx Isidis.

7. Ephestia Cahiritella.

( 467 )

XV. A Monograph of the Genus Hestia, containing Descrip-

tions of Forms not hitherto noticed; with a Tabular

View of the Species of Danaide, and Remarks upon their

natural Affinities. By Arruur G. Burter, F.Z5.,

Assistant in the Zooloyical Department, British Mu-

seum.

[Read 7th January, 1867.]

Genus Hesttra.

Hestia, Hubner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 15 (1816); Doubleday

and Hewitson, Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 94 (1847); F. Moore,

Cat. Lep. Mus. East Ind. Comp. p. 131 (1857).

Idea, Fabricius, Syst. Gloss. (Illiger’s Mag. vi. p. 283, 1808) ;

Latreille, Godart, Boisduval, Marchal, Vollenhoven.

Limnas, Hiibner, Samml.

Idea, being the older name, should perhaps be used; but as

Linneeus has given this name to the typical species, it seems better

that Hestia should be retained.

Div. I.

Alee antic maculis discalibus in serie submarginali ad costaim

currentibus,

Subdiv. 1.

Maculis discoideis valde elongatis. .

1. Hestia Idea.

Papilio Idea, Linnzeus, Ameen. Acad. 6, 405, 63 (1749) ; Syst.

Nat. 1. p. 758, n. 73 (1767); Clerck, Icones, tab. 38,

fiz. 1 (1759-64); Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. p. 1, pl. exciii.

fig, A, B (1779); Herbst, Pap. vol. i. tab. Ixxxvi. fig: 1, 2

(1789) ; Donovan, Gen. IJ], Ent, Nat. Hist. Ind. “pk 29

(1800).

Limnas (thalassica) Idea, Hiibner, Samml. Exot. Schmett.

Band i. pl. 18 (1806).

Hestia Idea, Hiibn. Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 15, n. 71 (1816);

468 Mr. A. G. Butler’s Monograph

E. Doubleday, List Lep. Brit. Mus. pt. i. p. 52 (1844);

Doub]. and Hewitson, Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p- 95, n. 7 (1847).

Idea Agelia, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. pp. 194, 195, n. 1 (1819).

Amboyna, Ceram. Brit. Mus.

I have little doubt that the insect figured by Cramer, pl. ccelxii.

and by Herbst, pl. Ixxxvi., as a variety of Linnzeus’ /dea, is the

Idea Aza of Boisduval. Herbst’s figure is copied from Cramer’s ;

the only difference which he makes in any of his insects is that he

represents them with the wings closed when the under side is to

be shown.

Donovan says of this species: “ Drury names it Papilio Lyn-

ceus ; but it is almost superfluous to add that it is beyond dis-

pute the Papilio Idea of Linnzus.”

2. Hestia Aza.

Idea Aza, Boisduval, Faune de |’Océanie, p. 107, pl. 3, fig. 4

(1832).

Hestia Aza, Doubleday and Hewitson, Gen. Diurn. Lepid.

p- 95, n. 7 (1847).

Papilio Idea, var., Cramer, Pap. Exot. 4, p. 141, pl. ecelxii.

fig. D (1782); Herbst, Pap. vol. i. tab. Ixxxvi. fig. 1, 2

(1789):

Bouru. B. M.

This species differs from . /dea in being smaller, having the

wings much narrower and proportionally longer, the inner margin

of the front wings much shorter, the discal and discoidal spots

smaller, no spot on the centre of the costa, the sub-marginal

series of discal spots in the front wings not so distinctly hastate,

in the hind wings slightly broader and less continuous.

3. Hestia Blanchardii.

$ Idea Blanchardii, Marchal, Revue Zoolog. p. 168 (1845).

$ Idea Tondana, Van der Hoeven, ‘Tijdschr. voor Ent. p- 41,

pl. 4 (1860).*

Borneo (Marchal), Celebes. $ 9. B. M.

The female of this species much more nearly resembles HZ. dea,

the spots being much larger than in the male, the apices of the

wings darker, and the interneural streaks more distinet; the

* Having carefully compared M. Marchal’s description with the insect

figured by Van der Hoeven, I have no doubt that they represent the same

species, although from different localities.

of the Genus Hestia, §c. 469

wings are also broader and larger, the anal outer margin of the

front wings being dentated at the folds.

4. Hestia D’ Urvillei.

Idea D’Urvillei, Boisduval, Faune de l’Océanie (Voyage de

Astrolabe), p. 107, pl. 3, fig. 4 (1832).

Hestia D'Urvillei, Doubleday and Hewitson, Gen. Diurn.

Lepid. p. 95, n. 9, pl. 13, fig. 3 (1847).

Aru Islands. BM.

Var. Ale ochreo-tincte, anticee apice magis fuscescente, macula

cellam terminante majore, lineis discoideis aliter dispositis ;

margine externo anticarum nigro albo-maculato, nec, velut in

forma communi, interrupto; striis intermediis distinctioribus

magisque productis.

New Guinea. B. M.

Subdiv. 2.

Maculis discoideis fasciam angulis alternis formantibus.

5. Hestia Leuconvé.

Hestia Leuconoé, Erichson, Nova Acta Acad. Nat. Cur. xvi.

p- 283 (1834) ; Doubleday and Hewitson, Gen. Diurn. Lepid.

p- 95, n. 4, pl. 13, fig. 2 (1847); F. Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus.

East Ind. Comp. p. 135, n. 271 (1857).

Philippine Islands, Borneo. B. M.

This species is somewhat variable; some specimens have all

the spots very large, and the nervures broadly black. Borneo

specimens are paler than those from the Philippines.

6. Heslia Clara, sp. nov.

Ale supra nivee, area basali anticarum paulo fulvescente, venis

maculisque nigris; Z. Leucothoé similis, sed major, alis

anticis magis productis; apice non fuscescente, margine

postico anticarum interrupto; venis vix nigro-marginatis;

cella anticarum strils obsoletis ; fascia media magis obliqua et

minus irregulari; maculis discoideis posticarum minoribus,

strlisque tenuloribus: postice subtus macula parva subcostali

apud basim posita; aliter velut supra: corpus velut in H.

Leucothoé, majus autem.

Exp. alar. unc. 6}.

Java? B. M.

We have three specimens of this insect in the national collection.

It is closely allied to 22. Leucothoe ; but, [ think, quite distinct.

470 Mr. A. G. Butler’s Monograph

Subdiv. 3.

Maculis discalibus ovalibus et plerumque separatis.

7. Hestia Belia.

Hestia Belia, Westwood, Cab. Orient. Ent. p. 75, pl. 37, fig. 2

(1848); Doubleday and Hewitson, Gen. Diurn. Lepid. [Ad-

denda], p. 531 (1852); F. Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. East

Ind. Comp. p. 135, n. 269, pl. iv. fig. 12 [Metamorph. ],

(1857).

Java. Bb. M.

8. Hestia Hypermnestra.

Hestia Hypermnestra, Westwood, Cab, Orient. Ent. p. 75, pl. 37,

fig. 1 (1848); Doubleday and Hewitson, Gen, Diurn.

Lepid. [Addenda], p. 531 (1852).

Borneo.

8a. Var. Idea Hypermnestra, var., Van der Hoeven, Tijdschr.

voor Ent. p. 43 (1860).

Idea Jasonia, var., ibid, pl. iii.

Van der Hoeven very rightly calls his insect a variety of //y-

permnestra, but he refers to pl. iv. instead of iii., where he figures

the insect as a variety of Jasonia.

Boake:

Div. II.

Alze anticee maculis discalibus serie submarginali, sed apud

apicem oblique intus ad costam currentibus.

9. Hestia Jasonia.

Heslia Jasonia, Westwood, Cab. Orient. Ent. p. 87, pl. 42,

fig. 1 (1848); Doubleday and Hewitson, Gen, Diurn, Lepid.

[Addenda], p. 531 (1852).

Ceylon. 6,2. B.M.

9a. Var. (Alis minoribus, fuscescentibus, precipue ad apices ;

maculis marginem eaternum magis approximantibus.)

Ceylon. Davie

10. Hestia Agamarschana.

Hestia Agamarschana, Felder, Reise der Oest. Freg. Novara,

p- 351, n. 495, tab. xhiii. fig. 7 (1865- ? 67).

Andaman Islands.

A local form of H. Jasonia.

of the Genus Hestia, §c. 47}

11. Hestia Lynceus.

Papilio Lynceus, Drury, Ins. ii. tab. vii. fig. 1 (1773).

Hestia Lynceus, E. Doubleday, List Lep. Brit. Mus. pt. i. p. 52

(1844) ; Doubleday and Hewitson, Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 95,

n, 1 (1847); F. Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. East Ind. Comp.

p. 134, n. 268 (1857).

Hestia Lyncea, Hubner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 15, n. 72 (1816).

Idea Lyncea, Godart, Enc, Méth. ix. pp. 194,195, n. 2 (1819).

Penang, Sumatra. B. M.

Var. Papilio Idea, Stoll, Suppl. Cram. Pap. Exot. pl. xlii. fig. 1

(1791.)

Borneo. B. M:

Var. Hestia Idea, Doubleday and Hewitson, Gen. Diurn. Lepid.

pl. xiii. fig. 1 (1847).

Malacca. Ba M.

AsI have now completed (see Proc. Zoo]. Soc. 1866), the de-

termination of the insects belonging to the family Danaide, I

think it would be well to give a table of the species, exhibiting

their relative position in the several genera,

Many of the forms are very closely allied, and it is not impos-

sible that, if we could know more of their transformations, we

should be compelled to reduce the number of species to a con-

siderable extent; I shall therefore bracket together such forms as

may possibly be varieties or local modifications of one another.

[The second part of the “ Novara Voyage’’ having recently arrived in

England, I find many species, which I have described and figured in the

“ Zoological Proceedings,” reproduced, the plates being dated as published

in 1865. As no notice of these species appeared in the ‘‘ Zoological Record”

for that year, and moreover as a notice of the publication of the first part in

1865 did appear, I conclude that separate proofs of the plates were to be had

for some time previous to their publication in the work; if I am correct in

this supposition my species will certainly have the right of priority. This

idea is strengthened by the notice upon the cover of the work, which states

that the plates for the third part will be ready at the end of the year 1866.

No coloured copies of the second part arrived until the latter end of January,

1867; and I am infermed that the reply given in the early part of January,

1867, by the publishers in Vienna, to an application then made for part ii.,

was to the effect that the part was not yet ready.

I have not been able to recognize many of the closely allied species included

in the above work, and shall therefore place them at the end of their respec-

tive genera.— April, 1867.]

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M M

VOL. V. THIRD SERIES, PART VI,—MAY, 1867.

Mr. A. G. Butler's Tabular

—

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“

Mr. A. G. Butler’s Tabular

480

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“HS Pleuvcy “We

XVI. On some Variations observed in Bombyx Cynthia,

in 1866. By ArtexanperR Wattace, M.D,

M.R.C.P.

[Read February 4, 1867.]

Durine the summer of 1866 I bred over 4,000 specimens of

Bombyx Cynthia. My first specimen came out on May 30th when

the weather was temperate, about 55°—60° F. during the day:

the last one emerged on August 8th: there was thus a period of

seventy-one days between the first and last emergence.

The cocoons were strung up in chaplets of fifty each, and sus-

pended round the walls of a room which had an eastern aspect.

Hence the sunshine fell during a portion of the day on some only

of the cocoons. When the moths appeared, I noticed that the

darkest and richest coloured specimens were invariably on the

west wall, especially in the angle of the room which was the most

remote from the light; one portion of cocoons, however, which

had been allowed to retain their leafy covering produced the

darkest specimens, whereas all the other cocoons had been de-

nuded as far as possible of their leafy envelope. Hence I came to

the conclusion that shade, during the pupa stage, is c@leris paribus

most favourable to the production of the darker tints, whereas

sunshine tends to diminish the intensity of coloration. The larvee

which had spun their cocoons were freely exposed to the sunshine

in 1865, being fed in the open air on a plantation of Ailanthus

trees on arailway bank near Colchester.

Another observation on coloration I was also able to make, that

the earliest bred specimens were of a predominant olive-green

ground-colour, whereas the later bred, and especially those that

escaped from pupe in September, not having passed a winter in

cocoon, were of a predominant yellow tint. Specimens of these

tints are brought for exhibition. The three first males in the

box are of the dark summer hue, and the fourth is a later and

lighter tinted specimen. Exceptions of course occur to this rule,

but they are very few. It is hardly necessary to observe, that

these tints closely resembled the shades of the Ailanthus leaflets,

486 Dr. Wallace on some Variations

which assume a yellower tint as the season advances and the leaf-

lets grow older.

Some specimens, bred late in the season, were small and evi-

dently weakly ; their coloration was very deficient. No. 5 is a

specimen. ‘These were greatly deficient in vigour, and if able to

effect copulation and fertilize eggs, their progeny would doubtless

be a very feeble race, whereas the richly-coloured specimens

were very vigorous and wild, and produced healthy and fine off-

spring.

There are two specimens fed one on plum and the other on

laburnum, both defective in size and coloration, and evidently

weakened by an unnatural diet.

But the most curious specimens are the dwarfs, These were

from the cocoons of a second brood, which were fed later in the

autumn, after the Ailanthus leaves had failed, on celery leaves, in-

doors. They are very diminutive in size, some only measuring

3 inches in expanse, whereas the finer specimens measure some

6 inches from tip to tip; the dwarfs are also deficient in depth of

coloration, their markings are less clearly defined, the shape of

the wings is rounder and blunter at the tip, and the abdomen is

covered with white prominent tufts. But what seemed to me the

most singular point about them is, that although they spun up

several months after the first brood, they were the first to emerge.

On the 30th May a $ emerged from the small cocoons strung

up; this was so unexpected, that I had failed to examine for

several days some baskets wherein other small cocoons of the

second brood had been placed; on searching in them I found

another g out, rather worn. On June Ist two 2 emerged of the

first brood; on the 2nd, one ¢ emerged of the first brood and

three of the second brood; and so on, the dwarfs coming out

rapidly.

I believe this will throw some light on the question of the prior

appearance of males or females. It seems to me that in propor-

tion as the individual is finer, so the time required for its meta-

morphosis is longer ; and for this reason the female, which is the

larger and heavier insect, from having to carry her numerous

eggs, will be preceded by the male, which is smaller and has less

to mature. Thus the dwarfs, carrying few eggs and those small,

required less time for their metamorphosis and appeared as early

as their uncles and aunts. If this idea be correct, and it has been

suggested to me by the observations made on Bombyx Cynthia,

and also on B. Yamamai, it will follow that, though we may as a

observed in Bombyx Cynthia. — - 487

rule expect the male to emerge first, there must be frequent ex-

ceptions, as, for instance, a half-starved female would precede a

well-developed male, a stunted second brood would run a race

with a full-fed first brood, and this will, to a certain extent, ex-

plain the difference in observations made on the same species by

different observers,

This point, priority of appearance, is of considerable conse-’

quence in the culture of silkworms: the cultivators of Bombyx

Mori use every endeavour to obtain the different moults and

changes passed by all their stock on the same day. Hence if any

linger behind they are thrown away, if any precede the others

they are also got rid of; though it is confessed that they are the

strongest and most vigorous worms. Hence as a result of this

interference the cocoons are all spun up together, and the moths

emerge on the same day; but this is the result of domestication

and human manipulation, and the habit has been artificially in-

duced by rejecting all those individuals that will not conform to

it; but the same uniformity is net observed in the wild races.

Thus in the case of Bombyx Yamamai, we find M. Personnat, in

his book on that species, writing that the habit of the Yamamai is

for the males to precede the females, so that males at the begin-

ning of the season and females at the end are lost from want of

mates. ‘To prevent this, itis desirable to retard those which first

change to pupz, and to hasten the later ones, so as to equalize the

interval ; this is effected by placing the first cocoons in a cool,

and the later ones in a warm place. M.Chavannes recommends

only to retard the males, which have a propensity to emerge first:

taking 100 cocoons and weighing them and dividing by 100 he

ascertains the mean weight of a single cocoon; those that exceed

the mean weight are females, those that fall short of it are males.

Elsewhere M. Personnat declares that he can separate the male

from the female larve after the last moult, by observing those

which grow the fastest and eat the most; these he declares are

males, and will spin up first; he proposes to retard these by giving

them a somewhat scantier diet, and to hasten the others by supply-

ing them with an abundance of fresh food ; and thus he expects to

equalize the time of spinning.

Now with regard to B. Cynthia, it must be borne in mind, that

of the cocoons gathered in any year some at least give their moths

in the autumn of the same year; these then are the earliest born

of the brood. My first experience in the autumn of 1863 was with

about twenty pupz of B. Cynthia ; of these two larve had been

488 Dr. Wallace on some Variations

left at a higher temperature than the rest; these both spun up en

the same day and emerged on the same day, and being of diffe-

rent sexes paired together. A month later one 2 emerged; the

rest passed the winter in pupa. In 1864, June 4th, one $

emerged from the cocoons of a late brood obtained from eggs

from Paris in the autumn of 1863; on the 10th, a 9; the 11th, a

$; the 12th, a 9; the 13th, a 9; the 14th, a 9; the 15th, two

@; the 16th, two 9; the 17th, two 9; the 18th, four out, some

were males. It was not till the 11th July* that one ¢ and

one @ of the first brood appeared. - In that autumn (Oct. 8th) a

$ emerged from a cocoon spun in the summer in the open air;

on the 15th, a ¢ and a @ emerged; onthe 20th,a 9; the 2Ist

a 9; the 23rd, a S; the 26th, a 9, and so on. In 1865 a é

emerged on the 22nd May, one out of some pupee which had been

taken out of their cocoons and put to force; on the 23rd, a 2;

the 29th, a @ ; the 30th, threes ; the 3lst,a ¢; and soon. The

summer of 1865 was very warm, and so on the 20th August a

2? emerged (the cocoon was spun July 15th, thirty-six days pre-

viously) ; on the 21st, a 9; on the 24th, a $; on the 26th eight

were out ; these had all been forced under glass at a high tempera-

ture during the larval and pupal states, to obtain a second brood,

and in consequence were of a medium size. Of the brood placed

as larvee on trees in the open air, one ¢ emerged September 24th ;

on the 26th, six emerged; on the 28th, six more emerged; and

so on; but I have not noted when so many emerged whether

the males or females preponderated. In 1866, as before stated,

the first two emerged (both males) on May 30th, being stunted

specimens of the second brood; on June Ist, two 9 emerged of

the first brood; on the 2nd, two ¢; and about the 10th they

began to burst out in quantities. In the autumn, November 7th

and Sth, one ¢ emerged on each day; both these were medium-

sized specimens. The emergence therefore of the ¢ first is as

four to two. I may add, that invariably at the commencement of the

burst the males largely preponderated in number over the females,

while towards the end the reverse was the case. The conclusion,

therefore, from these observations that I have come to is, that

* The first brood were from eggs sent to me by Lady Dorothy Neville, and

having been for several years acclimatized in England, had become accustomed

to one generation annually, and were by far the largest insects; the Paris

brood were accustomed to two or three generations annually, according to

temperature, and produced a smaller insect. Hence it is not possible to com-

pare these two races together, as their antecedents were widely different.

observed in Bombyx Cynthia. 489

ce@leris paribus the smallest individuals emerge first, and that

these are generally males.

I proceed now to make a few remarks on the specimens exhibited.

The first two are fine 9, measuring a little over 6 inches in expanse.

No, 3 is a not uncommon variety, partially variegated with a tawny

tint. No, 4 is a very fine male, measuring over 5 inches. Nos. ©

5 and 6 are splendid dark ¢ varieties of early summer. No. 7 is

a tawny autumnal tinted specimen. No. 8, a ¢, deficient in size,

tint and coloration, and during life was weakly ; it emerged late,

and the larva had probably been injured or was unhealthy. Nos.

9, 10, 11, 12, are remarkable for the variation in the colour of

the tufts on their bodies, the twe latter having very large tufts, so

as almost to be called woolly. No. 13 is a @, remarkable for the

rich olive-brown ground-colour. In this variety the wings seldom

attain the full size of specimens Nos. 1 and 2. ‘Two dwarfs of the

stunted half-starved second brood of 1865 complete the series in

that half of the box. These are remarkable for their small size

(3 inches expanse) and their deficiency in coloration.

In the lid of the box we have Nos. 1, 2, 3, three ¢, remark-

able for their white-tufted bodies and small size; No. 4, a small

¢ fed on laburnum, deficient in size and ground coloration; No. 5,

a ¢ fed on plum, rather larger and better coloured, but in both

respects rather below the average. Nos. 6 and 7 are remarkable

for a broad black band across the dorsum of the abdomen, near

its junction with the thorax. In No. 7, as also in Nos. 8, 9 and

10, a spot, or an approach to a spot, occurs at the inner aspect of

the lunule of the upper wing. In Nos. 11, 12, 14 and 15 a similar

curiosity is seen, the most marked in the last; this is caused evi-

dently by the white marks approximating somewhat more closely

than in the normally marked specimens ; hence the space between

the white lines is smaller, and instead of a patch we get a spot,

more or less small. Nos. 12 and 13 are remarkable for having

their upper wings not fully developed, one being on the left, the

other on the right: a great many specimens were noted as pre-

senting this appearance, and it was found to proceed from a want

of space to extend the wing: if any contiguous object, either a

cocoon or the wing of another insect, prevented the expanding

wing from attaining its full dimensions by the resistance which

was offered, the wing so opposed remained imperfectly developed,

whilst the other wings attained their natural size. Nos. 16 and

17 are two ¢ dwarfs. Nos. 19, 20, 21 and 22 are dwarfs, having

bodies more or less tufted with white, and wings with the colora-

490 Dr. Wallace on some Variations

tion blurred, or less distinct than in the normal insect. Nos. 18

and 23 are specimens of the most vigorous and healthy dwarfs.

With these specimens before us, it is evident that great variation

occurs in this species, dependent on food-plant, temperature,

season of the year, and influence of light, It varies greatly in

size and in coloration.

The question may be asked, Are Bombyx Cynthia and B, Ricini

distinct species? There is also a third species or variety, BD.

Guerinii, described in Mr.’ Fred. Moore’s Catalogue from a few

specimens extant; but until we have many more examples of this

insect sent over, with a description of the larva, showing that it

differs from that of B. Cynthia, I should be inclined to believe it

only a variety of that insect; for I can, I think, produce varieties

of the latter, possessing some or all the traits of B. Guerinii,

except the entire suppression of the lunule, and I expect some day

to witness that among my dwarfs. Again, the differences recorded

between Ricini and Cynthia, according to Mons. Guérin-Méneville,

are as follows :—

1. ‘* The egg of the true Cynthia is white, but its shell is covered

with little brown or black particles of gum, which give it a spotted

look. That of Riczni is entirely white, is smaller, and less

heavy.”

2. “ The caterpillar of Cynthia has on each segment four black

spots, and when full grown is of a beautiful emerald-green, with

its head, claspers and the last segment beautifully marked with

yellow. That of Ricini has no spots, and is uniformly of a pale

azure.”

8. “ The cocoon of Cynthia is naturally of a hempen-grey

colour; that of Rictni of a vivid red, and weighs less.” (Yet I

have had many cocoons of Cynthia, especially of the earlier and

later growth, or if fed on other than Ailanthus leaves, and there-

fore not maturely developed, more or less of a rusty-red colour.)

4, The imago of Cynthia is larger, its abdomen is yellow above,

having little white separate tufts of scales. The large transverse

white line beyond the middle of the wings is bordered externally

by a broad rosy band. The transparent lunule in the four wings

is greater, and the brown space above the lunules in the upper

wings is much longer (often twice or thrice) than it is broad. In

Ricini the belly is entirely white, instead of being rosy the trans-

verse band is of a dull grey, the lunules are shorter, and the

brown space above in the upper wings is shorter, hardly as long as

itis broad. In order to complete the comparison, Cynthia has but

observed in Bombyx Cynthia. 491

two generations in the year, and passes the winter inactive in

cocoon: ficini has from seven to twelve broods, and is in a state

of constant reproduction, winter as well as summer.”

All these differences summed up give to Ricini a smaller size

than Cynthia, a suppression of coloration in the egg, larva and

imago, some difference in the cocoon, an absence of spots in the

larva of Ricini which are present in that of Cynthia, and a blurred-

ness of marking in the imago, with the presence of numerous

white woolly tufts on the abdomen. ‘These two latter charac-

teristics, together with a deficiency in size and an absence of

coloration, have been exhibited in the varieties of B. Cynthia bred

by me. Two other chief characteristics are, Ist, a difference in

the cocoon, which is much more woolly in Ricini, harder and

closer in Cynthia; but this is due to the presence of more gum

(and that may be due to the influence of the food-plant) in the

cocoon of Cynthia, which enables the larva to bind the threads

down more closely; 2ndly, the absence of black dots in the larva

of Ricini which are present in Cynthia; but unless some other

stronger evidence is brought forward to show that the larve differ,

I cannot admit that dermoid differences, which are the least of all to

be depended upon in differentiating species, can alone constitute

Ricini distinct from Cynthia.* As to the alleged habit of B. Ricint

breeding five or eight times annually, or oftener, in Bengal, and B.

Cynthia only once in Assam, England, &c, we have this fact, that

in 1865, in Paris, there were four generations of B. Cynthia, which

proved that under a suitable temperature that insect is, like B. Ricin?,

many-brooded. Looking to the habitat of B. Ricini, Bengal, and its

food-plant, Ricinus, I see no ground for separating the species; I

* The more especially as, on referring to Mr. Moore's “Synopsis of

Asiatic Silk-producing Moths,’’ I find it stated, p. 32, that, according to

Mr. Hugon, see “Journal A. 8S. Bengal,” vi. pp. 28, 24, the caterpillar of

the Eria, which is the local name for the Bombya Ricini, “in a domesticated

state in Assam, as it increases in size, becomes of an orange colour, with six

black spots on each of the segments; after the second moult the colour of the

body becomes lighter; in some approaching to white ; in others to green, and

the black spots gradually become of the colour of the body; after the fourth

moult the colour is a dirty white or a dark-green; the white caterpillars in-

variably spin red silk, the green ones white. The Eria feeds on the Ricinus

communis, and gives twelve broods in the year.’’ If, then, we have a history

of spots apparent at birth suppressed after an interval, the argument that

Cynthia and Ricini larve are distinct, because the one has spots and the

other has not, becomes considerably weakened. Again, M. Personnat states

that larve of B. Yamamai, fresh from Japan, are flecked laterally with silver

spots, whereas, when naturalized in France, they lose all metallic tint.

492 Dr. Wallace on some Variations in Bombyx Cynthia.

would rather, therefore, consider these as local varieties of Cynthia.

Hiad the variety Ricini, perfecting its changes rapidly under a

hot, moist climate, been larger and finer—had the coloration been

more distinct, the markings more defined—I should have viewed

the insect as a distinct species; but I regard size, intensity of

coloration, distinctness of the markings, as clear evidence of

abundant vitality—and this is corroborated by Capt. Hutton’s.

views on the B. Mori, who states that the vers zébrés, or dark

worms, are the healthiest and strongest individuals (vide Capt.

Hutton on the Reversion and Restoration of the Silkworm, Trans.

Ent. Soc. 3rd ser. vol. ii.) I must necessarily regard the con-

verse, 7. €., smallness of size, blanched coloration, blurredness or

indistinctness of markings, as indicative of diminished vitality ;

and these latter indications are precisely what I find in the spe-

cimens of Ricint and Guerinii.

Three other points I mention, in conclusion :—First. That in

looking over the empty cocoons in the autumn of 1866, I found

about twenty large living pupe which had not hatched, and which,

1 suppose, are laying over to emerge in 1867.

Secondly. That a sound was frequently observed to proceed

from the eggs, a sort of click, a single sound; this was generally

in the second week, and I have been informed that a similar click

had been observed to be emitted by the eggs of the Emperor

moth. I attributed it to the parchment-like shell being pressed

out with a spring by the effort of the larva within, and its returning

to the concave form. ‘This little creaking or clicking sound was

very frequently heard by me, often daily every minute, while

sitting writing at my desk in the same room with the eggs.

Thirdly. In two instances males at liberty paired with females

put out to attract them at two miles distance from my house; and

I found a worn female in my Ailanthery on the railway bank,

resting by day on an Ailanthus tree.

¢.- 40d; }

XVII. Wotes on the Genus Raphidia. By Dr. H. A. Hacen.

(Translated from the French, by R. M‘Lacuuay,

F.L.S.)

[Read 4th March, 1867.]

1. Raphidia Schneiderui, Ratzeburg.

The following description is made from a type (¢) communi-

cated by Ratzeburg. The species is certainly good. In the form

of the head it is intermediate between R. xanthostigma and R.

affinis ; in other respects, between R. cognata and R. media.

Head elongate-oval, as long again as broad ; slightly contracted

behind the eyes, the sides forming elongated curves; the neck

short and contracted before the end; eyes larger and more pro-

minent than in R. wanthostigma. The head is almost similar to

that of A. affinis, but the sides are more strongly curved ; above

more convex, somewhat depressed beyond the eyes. Palpi yellow-

ish ; upper lip very small, yellowish ; clypeus large, striated trans-

versely, yellow, brownish at the base; the colour of the head

shining black ; the part between the eyes convex, rather strongly

punctured, especially the transverse impressions situated behind

the eyes; the points fewer on the sides towards the neck, absent

in the middle, where there is a large smooth band running almost

up to the transverse impressions. Ocelli approximating. The

whole of the inferior surface of the head strongly punctured.

Antenne yellow ; their apical half gradually brownish. Protho-

rax as long as the head; somewhat contracted and depressed a

little before the middle ; widened and inflated a little before the

end; broadly yellowish at the sides, with short black hairs; nar-

rowly bordered with yellow at the base and apex ; above shining

brownish-black, striated transversely, rugose; a narrow reddish

band on the inflated portion; two reddish spots on the sides ; be-

yond the middle is an appearance of reddish spots. Meso- and

meta-thorax shining brownish-black, marked with yellow in the

middle in front. Abdomen brown, the tips of the segments bor-

dered with yellow; oviduct as long as the abdomen; the last

ventral segment with its apical border rounded (fig. 3, post, p.

VOL. V. THIRD SERIES, PART VI.—MAY, 1867. NN

494 Dr. H. A. Hagen’s Notes on

499). Legs yellowish-brown; femora above (the posterior alto-

gether), and the tarsi, brown. Wings broad, oval; neuration

clear yellow; 9 antecubital nervules, 4 discoidal areoles ; ptero-

stigma long, narrow, four times as long as broad, with one trans-

verse veinlet in the middle; inner side nearly straight, outer

somewhat oblique; the areole below the pterostigma exactly its

length, pentagonal, commencing at the same point, or slightly

later.

Length, wings included, 15 millimétres; of the upper wings,

103 mill.

The female above described has perhaps not altogether attained

its full coloration ; but it is a good species, of almost the size of

R. affinis, with which it cannot be confounded. It differs from

R. xanthostigma by its size, and by the head being more convex

and more inflated posteriorly, but the pterostigma is similar. A.

cognata is smaller, has the head broader and shorter posteriorly,

and has only three discoidal areoles. It is to be remarked that in

Schneider’s figure of xanthostigma the form of the head is incor-

rect, and applies better to Schneiderii.

2. Raphidia ophiopsis.

The insects described under this name by De Geer, Schummel,

Schneider, Rambur and Ratzeburg (according to his type) are

identical.

The colour, the form and largeness of the pterostigma, and the

areole below it, are very remarkable and easily recognizable. In

Rambur’s type the pterostigma is clearer, not mature. The form

of the areole below the pterostigma is variable according to Schnei-

der. Zetterstedt’s type of this name in my collection is R. media.

Male.—Penultimate abdominal segment as long again as broad;

above with a narrow triangular excision in the apical half; be-

neath with the basal half inflated, split longitudinally to admit of

the insertion of the penis, which is long, brown, slightly flattened,

and divided beneath: the apical half of this segment is excised,

so that nothing remains of it but the lateral borders, prolonged

at the apex for the insertion of a long moveable crotchet, which

is acute, black, curved upwardly, and covered by the last seg-

ment; this segment is entirely open above, rather short, very

broad, triangular when viewed from the side, and elongated late-

rally into an obtuse point, with a sort of V-shaped crest.

Female.—With the last ventral segment excised at the middle,

widened at the sides, with a tuft of hairs (fig. 1, post, p. 499).

the Genus Raphidia. 495

3. Raphidia media, Burm.

R. media of Schneider and Rambur are identical according to the

types.

12 to 15 antecubitals, and usually 5 discoidal areoles, marginal

veins almost all twice-forked; areole beneath the pterostigma as

in A. notata. R. angustata of Ratzeburg belongs here, according

to a type.

Male.—Penultimate abdominal segment very short, the parts

inserted beneath larger, very strong, triangular when viewed from

the side, cylindrical and straight when viewed from beneath, the

apex obtuse, with a little curved tooth within, two brown crotchets

above before the apex; penis stout, black, convex above, triangular

at the sides.

Female.—Last ventral segment slight, produced at the apex,

truncated obliquely at the apex if viewed from the side.

4. Raphidia xanthostigma, Schummel.

Schneider, after an examination of the type of Rambur’s cog-

nata, of which the head is wanting, thought that species identical,

probably erroneously, for he did not examine the genitals. The

wings of R. xanthostigma are larger and more rounded than in

betica and hispanica. The areole below the pterostigma begins

and ends at the same points as the pterostigma, and only by ex-

ception begins later or sooner ;_ the subcosta finishes always very

slightly before the pterostigma in the costa; the second vein in

the posterior wing is not simply furcate, but one branch is again

forked. R. chalybocephala, Ratzeburg, seems to be identical, ac-

cording to the type.

Male.—Penultimate segment half as long again as broad, above

with a very short apical excision, beneath broadly divided for the

insertion of the penis, which is brown, slightly shorter than the

segment, canaliculated, rounded at the apex; the sides of the

segment rounded at the apex above and in the middle of their

border, with a brown, acute, slightly-curved crotchet, scarcely

longer than the segment. Terminal segment yellow at the apex,

broader than long, open beneath, forming a quadrangular lobe

when viewed laterally.

Female.—Last ventral segment quadrangular, truncated at the

apex (fig. 2, post, p. 499).

5. Raphidia affinis.

According to Schneider the areole beneath the pterostigma is

NN2

456 Dr. H. A. Hagen’s Notes on

variable ; it resembles R. ophiopsis, but the lower part of the

outer side is different; the subcosta ends a little later on in the

costa than in ophiopsis.

Male.--Penultimate segment very short, the inferior parts be-

neath very strong, triangular, large, truncated at the apex, with a

small crotchet; penis large, canaliculated beneath, curved up-

wards. Last segment nearly absent, in form of a small border

situated on the penultimate segment, recurved and open.

Female.—Last ventral segment produced at the apex, with the

apical border ovoid.

6. Raphidia betica.

The exact description of Rambur’s type is given by Schneider

in the Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1845, p. 253. The males of this and R.

hispanica are not in my collection.

7. Raphidia hispanica.

According to Schneider this resembles R. xanthostigma, but

differs by the broader head with the sides more rounded before

the neck, a band and spots before the antenne, red; ocelli equal ;

bifid spots by the side of the ocelli, and three bands on the pro-

thorax posteriorly ; wings very narrow, subcosta ending in the

costa further from the pterostigma; the areole beneath commenc-

ing one half of its length before the pterostigma and ending in

its middle, pentagonal, irregular; the first marginal vein starting

from the end of the inferior side of the pterostigma.

8. Raphidia notata.

According to Schneider very similar to R. media, but with only

10 to 11 (rarely 13) antecubital nervules; 4 discoidal areoles, and

the marginal veins simply forked; head more suddenly rounded

behind; the areole below the pterostigma as in R. major. The

types of R. notata, Ratzeburg, and R. major, Ratzeburg, are iden-

tical, and both R. notata.

Male.—The only male example known to me is not in a con-

dition for a good examination of the anal parts; they seem ana-

logous to those of R. ophiopsis; the last segment rather small.

Female.—Last ventral segment with a small circular excision in

the middle of the apex.

9. Raphidia corsica, Hagen, (n. sp.).

Male.—Similar to R. xanthostigma. Penultimate abdominal

segment with the sides elongate elliptical, the crotchet short ;

the Genus Raphidia. 497

last segment shorter than broad, rounded and elongate when

viewed from above, triangular when viewed from the side.

Female.—Similar to R. xanthostigma.

10. Raphidia taurica, Hagen, (n. sp.).

Male.—Similar to R. ophiopsis ; the triangular excision in the

penultimate segment above broad, shorter; penis triangular, broad

at the base, plain beneath; crotchets yellow, very large, almost

longer than the last segment; the latter a little longer than

broad, apical margin rounded, quadrangular when viewed from

the side, with the apical margin obliquely excised.

11. Raphidia armeniaca, Hagen, (n. sp.).

Male.—Similar to R. taurica; the penis more elongate, narrower

at the base; crotchets brown, shorter and stronger; last segment

rounded when viewed from the side.

12. Raphidia cognata, Rambur.

Male.—Penultimate segment broader than long, scarcely ex-

cised at the apex above; sides excised at the apex, with a trian-

gular plate inserted in the excision, ending internally in a black

crotchet, curved upwards, short, stout at the base, and con-

cealed under the last segment; still further inwards are two other

crotchets, short, strongly inflated at the base, black ; between these

is the penis, which is somewhat cordate at the base, with an im-

pressed line in the middle, canaliculated and narrow in the apical

half; last segment as long as the preceding one, ovoid when

viewed from the side, triangular when viewed from beneath, the

margins rolled inwards.

Female.—Last ventral segment prolonged in the middle, with

the apical border rounded.

13. Raphidia bavarica, Hagen, (n. sp.).

Male.—Penultimate segment much more elongated beneath

than above, twice as long as broad; otherwise the arrangement

is similar to R. cognata. The inserted plate larger and more

elongate, with the crotchet shorter and black; the interior

crotchets longer, brown, slender, curved inwardly at the apex,

almost covered externally by membrane ; penis narrow, slightly

longer than the crotchets ; last segment very small and short, with

the border straightly cut when viewed from the side; beneath at

the base with two black crotchets, curved downwards and back-

498 Dr. H. A. Hagen’s Notes on

wards, and seeming to pertain to the articulation between the two

segments.

14. Raphidia cyprica, Hagen, (n. sp.).

Male.—Penultimate segment almost as long as broad, greatly

narrowed towards the apex, open beneath, the lateral border

thickened at the base, pyriform; from each side an elongated

thickened part, at the apex with a small crotchet concealed in the

last segment; between these two parts an oval space showing the

penis, which is broad and somewhat convex beneath; last seg-

ment small and short, almost cylindrical, split above, and cut

obliquely at the apex.

Female.—Last ventral segment quadrangular, cut straightly at

the apex, which is slightly inflated.

15. Raphidia major.

Female.—Similar to R. media.

Schneider, after having examined Ratzeburg’s types, was not

sure of their specific right ; for my part, I remark only that my

two females are very large, but I am not sure of their correct

determination.

16. Raphidia adnixa.

17. Raphidia oblita.

The males of both these species have the parts analogous to

R. media.

18. Raphidia (Inocellia) crassicornis.

Ratzeburg’s and Schneider's types are identical.

As arule it may be said that there are three types in the forms

of the genital parts.

1. R. ophiopsis, varied and repeated in wanthostigma, corsica,

taurica, armeniaca and notata.

2. R. cognata, repeated in bavarica.

3. R. media, varied and repeated in affinis, cyprica, adnixa

and oblita.

In the female of R. notata the parts are altogether extra-

ordinary.

It is very certain that the following European species are

distinct, namely, A. ophiopsis, xanthostigma, affinis, cognata,

bavarica, corsica, media, notata, crassicornis, and probably Schnei-

derii, (though this last may possibly be identical with cognata).

R. hispanica, betica, and major, remain to be proved.

the Genus Raphidia. 499

No species of Raphidia has been yet discovered in Africa,

New Holland, Oceania, tropical Asia, or South America? (I

think there is perhaps a species from Brazil in the Berlin

Museum.)

Professor Ratzeburg wrote to me in 1851 on the unusual habit

of the larva of a Raphidia. When collecting larve in moss in a

pine-forest near Neustadt Eberswald, (probably in August or

September,) he found cocoons of Lophyrus pini still intact and

without the perforations of parasites. He opened several with a

knife and found in one of them the larva of a Raphidia. It was

very young, and 3 lines long. It seemed as if it had fed on a

larva of Lophyrus, of which there was nothing more than the head

in the cocoon. This habitat was somewhat extraordinary, for

these larvee live generally free under bark. Apparently the egg

had been accidentally placed in the cocoon, or the larva had

entered when newly emerged at the time the sawfly larva was

finishing it, and was afterwards unable to escape; for we cannot

presume that the parent Raphidia had placed the egg there inten-

tionally.

Fig. 1. Raphidia ophiopsis, 9, terminal segment of abdomen.

2. R. xanthostigma, head, pterostigma and underlying cellule; and ter-

minal segment of abdomen, ¢.

3. R. Schneiderii, ditto ditto.

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(00h)

XVIII. Descriptions of new Species of Mantispide in the

Oxford and British Museums. By J. O. Wexst-

woop, M.A., F.L.S., &c.

[Read Ist April, 1867.]

I sec, by way of supplement to my memoir on the Mantispide

(Trans. Ent. Soc. 2nd ser. vol. i. p. 252) to offer to the Society

descriptions of several new species, chiefly belonging to the curious

sub-genus Trichoscelia, mostly collected on the Amazons by

Mr. Bates, and contained in the Hopeian Collection at the Ox-

ford Museum. [I find that the species of this little group differ

considerably in the thickness and setose clothing of the hind tibiz,

varying in this respect in the opposite sexes of the same species.

To these I have added several other species of Mantispa, two

of which are in the British Museum, and a fine new species of

Nemoptera, in the same collection.

1, Mantispa (Trichoscelia) PartHentetta, Westw.

Fusco-fulvescens ; antennis nigris, basi subtus articulisque sub-

apicalibus fulvis; prothorace nigro, margine antico flavo ;

meso- et meta-noto flavo-variis; pedibus anticis flavis ;

coxis infra macula magna nigra, femoribus supra nigris,

tiblis apice castaneis; pedibus 4 posticis brevibus, fulvis,

setosis ; tibiis intermediis supra castaneis, posticis crassissimis

(preesertim in mare), fulvis, dimidio apicali supra nigris ;

alis hyalinis, venis anticarum castaneis, versus basin, ante me-

dium et ex medio sub stigmate flavido-subfasciatis, stigmate

brevi brunneo, posticarum longo fusco ; cellulis obliquis 8 in

alis anticis. (Mas et foem.) (M. Nothe proxima.)

Long. corp. lin. 4, Expans. alar. ant. lin. 10.

Habitat in Amazonia. D. Bates. In Mus. Oxon.

2, Mantispa (Trichoscelia) EurypELLA, Westw.

Capite luteo, vertice fusco; antennis nigris ; prothorace flavo,

margine postico nigro; mesonoto nigro, nitido, postice fulvo ;

metanoto nigro fulvoque vario; abdomine fulvescente, seg-

mento secundo supra flavido ; coxis anticis flavis, infra (nisi

502 Prof. Westwood’s Descriptions of

ad apicem) nigris; pedibus 4 posticis fulvis, tibiis intermediis

apice obscurioribus; posticis subincrassatis, nigris, hirsutis,

basi flavis ; alis hyalinis, anticis versus basin subfulvis, stig-

mate brevi castaneo, extus flavo, in alis posticis subelongato

et nigricante ; cellulis obliquis 6 in alis anticis; oviductu

longo, recurvo. (Foem.)

Long. corp. lin. 23. Expans. alar. ant. lin. 8.

Habitat in Amazonia. D. Bates. In Mus. Oxon.

3. Mantispa (Trichoscelia) BrLta, Westw.

Badia ; capite infra antennas fulvo; antennis fuscis, basi et arti-

culis subapicalibus flavis ; pronoti margine antico et lateribus

flavis; meso- et meta-noto cum abdomine fulvo-variis; pedi-

bus fulvis; coxis et femoribus anticis fusco-suffusis; tibiis

flavis, ultra medium fuscis; tibiis 4 posticis pone medium

supra fuscis, dilatatis et setosis; alis hyalinis, venis pallide

fuscis, anticis ad basin marginis postici fuscis, nebulisque

fulvescentibus prope basin, una ante medium, altera abbre-

viata sub stigmate positis; stigmate in alis anticis brevi, fulvo,

apice pallido, in alis posticis longo, obscure fulvo ; oviductu

longo, recurvo, fulvo. (Foem.)

Long. corp. lin. 24. Expans. alar, ant. lin. 7.

Habitat in Amazonia. D. Bates. In Mus. Oxon.

4, Mantispa (Trichoscelia) rcetua, Westw.

Fulva; capite cum antennis et pronoto (nisi margine postico)

nigris ; meso- et meta-thorace cum abdomine (apice nigro

excepto) fulvis; alis hyalinis, stigmate in omnibus longo, nigro,

nubila parva nigricanti ad basin stigmatis in alis anticis in-

terdum adjecta ; cellulis sex obliquis in alis anticis; venis

in medio alarum anticarum nigricantibus, aliter fulvis ; pedi-

bus fulvis, tibiis 2 anticis subfuscescentibus, 2 posticis nigris,

hirsutis, parum dilatatis. (2 ind. masc.)

Long. corp. lin. 3. Expans. alar. ant. lin. 7.

Habitat apud Egam ad ripas Amazoniz flum. D. Bates. In

Mus. Britann.

Obs.—There are two males of this species in the British Mu-

seum; they very closely resemble the unique male of MW. (7rich.)

fenella in the same collection,* but are smaller in size and paler

* In the figure of this insect given in my monograph (Trans. Ent. Soc.

2nd ser. i. 269, pl. xvili. fig. 7), the hind tibiz are represented too robust.

new Species of Mantispide. . 503

in colour. There is a female of fenella in the Hopeian Col-

lection.

5. Mantispa (Trichoscelia) ssqueLtia, Westw.

Capite valde convexo, badio; antennis nigris ; prothorace brun-

neo, lateribus luteis; meso- et meta-thorace supra badiis ;

abdomine nigro, supra flavo-cingulato; corpore subtus pedi-

busque luteo-fulvis; tibiis anticis et basi tibiarum quatuor

posticarum obscurioribus, his parum dilatatis et setosis ;

alis hyalinis, venis nigris, stigmate in omnibus alis elongato,

nigro; cellulis obliquis 7 in alis anticis. (Foem.)

Long. corp. lin. 23. Expans. alar, ant. lin. 7.

Habitat in Amazonia. D. Bates. In Mus. Oxon.

6. Mantispa (Trichoscelia) rasctaTELLA, Westw.

Lete fulva; capite nitido, antennis, tibiis omnibus (basi ex-

cepta), tarsis 4 posticis, et apice abdominis nigris; femoribus

anticis serrulatis, haud spinigeris; tibiis 2 posticis (in indi-

viduo nostro unico) 2 intermediis non multo crassioribus ;

alis anticis pallido-fulvo tinctis, macula marginis interni ad

basin alarum, fascia media apiceque late nigricantibus; cel-

lulis obliquis discoidalibus 8; stigmate fulvescente ; alis pos-

ticis pallidioribus, fere hyalinis, stigmate longo, basi fusco,

apice fulvescente nubilaque apicali fusca notatis. (Foem.)

Long. corp. lin. 4, Expans. alar. ant, lin. 11.

Habitat apud Sanctam Martham, Venezuela. In Mus,

Oxon.

Obs.—Cum hoc insecto volat species Dipterorum e familia

Syrphidarum, coloribus et magnitudine omnino simillima, ut vix

primo intuitu distingui potest.

7. Manrispa (Trichoscelia) intpELLA, Westw.

Nigra, flavo-varia; antennis nigris ; pronoto subtus lateribusque

flavo-maculatis; abdomine flavescente, articulis basalibus

macula nigra postica notatis, reliquis nigro supra cingu-

latis; alis hyalinis, valde iridescentibus; stigmate alarum

omnium elongato, albido, basi nigro; cellulis obliquis in alis

anticis 9; venis nigris, anticis lutescente vix variegatis ;

pedibus anticis obscure luteis; coxis fusco-nigris, medio

femorum tibiisque obscuris; pedibus 4 posticis flavidis, tibiis

504 Prof. Westwood’s Descriptions of

(apicibus exceptis) nigricantibus, elongatis, parum dilatatis

et sulcatis; oviductu luteo. (Mas et foem.)

Long. corp. lin. 3. Expans. alar. ant. lin. 93.

Habitat in Amazonia. D. Bates. In Muss. Brit. et Oxon.

Obs.—The iridescence on the fore wings is tinged with purplish-

copper, with green shades towards the costa.

8. Mantispa (Trichoscelia) BASELLA, Westw.

M. Iridelle magnitudine et forma simillima. Fulvo-lutescens ;

antennis, capitis vertice, plaga oblonga dorsali pronoti, meso-

et meta-noti disco nigricantibus, hoc linea tenui angulata

flava in medio dorsi ; abdomine supra obscuro, segmentorum

basi utrinque macula parva subtrigona lutescenti notata ;

pedibus omnibus cum coxis anticis fulvo-lutescentibus, femo-

ribus anticis extus vitta tenui brunnea, tibiis 4 posticis ad

basin tantum fuscescentibus; tibiis 2 anticis obscuris ; alis

hyalinis, cupreo et virescenti iridescentibus, stigmate elongato,

luteo, ad basin fusco parum tincto; cellulis obliquis dis-

coidalibus 8 vel 9; venis fuscis luteo-variis; tibiis 2 pos-

ticis vix dilatatis, apicibus attenuatis. (Mas.)

Long. corp. lin. 3. Expans. alar. ant. lin. 93.

Habitat in Amazonia. D. Bates. In Mus. Oxon.

9. Mantispa (Trichoscelia) rumoseLta, Westw.

Nigra ; antennis apice piceis ; capite infra oculos fulvo ; coxarum

anticarum apice et femorum anticorum basi luteo subnotatis ;

abdomine subtus ad basin et margine tenui apicali seg-

mentorum intermediorum flavis; tibiis 4 posticis fulvis,

cum tarsis supra striola nigra notatis, in pedibus posticis

elongatis, subdilatatis, subsetosis, extus canali tenui longi-

tudinali instructis; alis pallidissime fuscis, anticis plaga

magna antica fumosa, margine hyalino ad basin coste relicto;

stigmate alarum posticarum elongato, fusco ; cellulis 9 vel 10

obliquis in alis anticis. (Mas.)

Long. corp. lin. 5. Expans. alar. ant. lin. 14.

Habitat in Amazonia. D. Bates. In Mus. Oxon.

10. Mantispa Hacenetza, Westw.

Griseo-lutea; capite fere unicolori; antennis gracilibus, luridis,

articulo 2ndo nigro, articulis ultra medium nigris fascia pal-

lida; prothoracis lateribus infuscatis, meso- et meta-noto

new Species of Mantispide. 505

nigricante variis; abdomine nigro, segmentis 2ndo, 5to

et 6to, fulvis; pedibus fulvo-lutescentibus, anticorum coxis

antice fusco-binotatis ; femoribus intus longe nigro-maculatis,

extus rugosis, nigro-irroratis ; tibiis nigro-4-annulatis ; tarsis

articulo basali in spinam longam producto; femoribus tibiis-

que 4 posticis nigro-subannulatis, his gracilibus, cylindricis,

setosis ; alis hyalinis, venis nigro albidoque variis; stigmate

in medio albido, antice et postice nigro, ejusdem magnitudinis

in omnibus alis; cellulis 9 vel 10 obliquis in alis anticis,

margine postico in anticis nebulis 5 parvis subfuscescentibus

notato. (Mas.)

Long. corp. lin. 5. Expans, alar. ant. lin. 14.

Habitat in Amazonia. D. Bates. In Mus. Oxon.

Obs.—This species is very nearly allied to M. Chilensis, Hagen,

Stett. Ent. Zeit. xx. 408, which Dr. Hagen appears to be disposed

to unite with Trichoscelia. In that species (for a specimen of

which—of the male sex—I am indebted to that distinguished

author) the cells of the wings are less numerous (6 or 7 oblique

ones in the fore wings) than in the specimen above described, and

the anterior femora are armed with very strong spines, which are

wanting in my species. It does not appear to me, however, ad-

visable to unite M. Chilensis and the present and next described

insects with Trichoscelia. The cylindrical tibiz of the four hind

Jegs, and the increased size of the hind wings (although not so

large, as compared with the fore wings, as in the typical Mantispe)

remove them from the true Trichosce/ia, but then the ovate form

of the fore wings constitutes them a distinct section in the genus

Mantispa. ‘The following are descriptions of two more species be-

longing to the same section.

1]. Mantispa Myraretretia, Westw.

Griseo-lutea ; capitis vertice circulo irregulari nigro notato ; an-

tennis gracilibus, nigricantibus, basi extrema articuli Imi

lutea; prothorace obconico, antice capite dimidio angustiori,

dorso irregulariter nigro; mesonoto luteo, macula magna

dorsali alteraque minuta utrinque nigris; metanoti medio

nigro, macula antica triangulari lutea; abdominis segmentis

nigro-luteo variis; coxis pedum anticorum luteis, macula

parva basali, altera ante medium, 3tiaque apicali in margine

antico; femoribus anticis extus maculis 2 fuscis interdum

confluentibus Juteoque irroratis, absque spina magna mar-

506 Prof. Westwood’s Descriptions of

ginis antici; Coxis 4 posticis nigris, basi flavis; femoribus

intermediis fascia ante medium nigra; tibiis 4 posticis cylin-

dricis, ad basin fascia nigra notatis; alis ovalibus, hyalinis,

venis nigro luteoque variis, in anticis venis nonnullis prope

basin nigro-dilatatis, cellulisque 7 vel 8 obliquis instructis ;

stigmate longo albido, antice et postice nigro. (Mas et foem.)

Long. corp. lin. 33. Expans. alar. ant. lin. 9.

Habitat in nidis vespa (Myrapetre scutellaris) Americe meri-

dionalis. Vide White in Ann. Nat. Hist. vii. p. 322. In

Muss. Brit. et Oxon.

Obs.—Dr. Hagen states that Mr. Walker has described a spe-

cies of the Trichoscelian group of Mantispa under the name of

Raphidia! varia. ‘The description, however, of that insect as

given in the British Museum Catalogue of Neuropterous insects,

part il. p. 212, cannot possibly be intended for the insect before

me, being “ Nigra, antennz robustz basi ferrugineze; prothorax

linearis; pedes rufescentes. Black, head hardly longer than

broad. Appears to connect Raphidia with the Hemerobii.” If,

contrary to reasonable expectation, it should prove that the insect

above described is identical with that described by Mr. Walker,

[ maintain that his description is so erroneous that it is virtually

worthless, and that no Entomologist is bound to adopt the spe-

cific name prefixed to it.

12. Mantispa coGNaTELLA, Westw.

M. Myrapetrelle omnino simillima, differt solummodo magni-

tudine paullo majori, antennis prope apicem albido-fasciatis,

tibiis 4 posticis pluries fusco-annulatis, alis anticis ad mar-

ginem posticum nebulis circiter 6 minutis infumatis, capiteque

supra fusco magis notato.

Long. corp. lin. 33. Expans. alar. ant. lin. 9.

Habitat apud Sanctam Martham, Venezuele. In Mus. Oxon.

13. Mantispa Hamittronetria, Westw.

Luteo-albida ; facie in medio fasciata; antennis gracilibus, nigris ;

prothorace longo, gracili, versus caput dilatato, parte antica

supra fusca linea tenui dorsali lutea, parte postica gracili im-

pressionibus 9 transversis ; mesonoto flavo, antice et lateri-

bus nigris; mesosterno circulo nigro notato ; abdominis

segmentis in medio dorsi obscuris; pedibus luteo-albidis,

femoribus tibiisque obscurioribus, immaculatis; alis longis

hyalinis, regione costali pone medium tenui albida; stigmate

new Species of Mantispide. | 507

rufo, venis gracillimis, nigris (ultra stigmata rufis); cellulis

obliquis 16 in alis anticis.

Long. corp. lin. 9. Expans. alar. ant. lin. 19.

Habitat in India orientali. Dna. Hamilton. In Mus. Oxon.

Obs.—T his Indian species closely resembles Al. areolaris, Westw.,

Trans. Ent. Soc. 2nd ser. i. 265, from Brazil.

14. Mantispa Bartesetia, Westw.

Luteo-fulva; antennis gracilibus, brunneis, basi rufescentibus ;

prothorace elongato, subcylindrico, versus caput dilatato,

dorso obscure transversim rugoso et lineis fuscis notato,

meso- et meta-noto concoloribus vel plus minusve fusco-variis ;

abdomine obscuro, segmentis basalibus fulvo-variis ; pedibus

concoloribus, anticorum femoribus elongato-trigonis, spina

magna armatis ; alis elongatis, hyalinis, costa (cum stigmate

confluenti) et regione postcostali in alis anticis (e basi ad

medium alz extensa) fulvo-rufis; cellulis 18 obliquis in alis

anticis. (Mas et foem.)

Long. corp. unc. 1. Expans. alar. ant. une. 2.

Habitat in Amazonia. D. Bates. In Mus. Oxon.

Obs.—This large species very closely resembles M. areolaris,

both in size and in the arrangement of the veins of the wings.

15. Mantispa BuRMANELLA, Westw.

Piceo-nigra, opaca, crassa ; prothorace brevi, in medio abrupte

constricto, macula flavida ante marginem posticum ; abdo-

minis basi sub-lurida; oculis opalinis; antennis brevibus,

crassis ; pedibus nigris, femoribus anticis crassis, extus sub-

scabris, spinis validis armatis; unguibus tarsorum postico-

rum rufis, ad apicem latis, 4-denticulatis ; alis anticis fuscis,

nitidis, costa obscuriori, cellulis obliquis discoidalibus 17 vel

18; alis posticis fuscis, dimidio postico pallidiori.

Long. corp. lin. 7. Expans. alar. ant. lin, 19.

Habitat in Burmah. In Mus, Brit.

I take the opportunity of adding a new and very fine species of

Nemoptera, supplementary to my monograph of that genus in the

Proceedings of the Zoological Society.

NEMOPTERA IMPERATRIX, Westw.

Albido-lutea, abdomine et medio thoracis obscurioribus ; rostro

508 Prof. Westwood’s Descriptions of Mantispide.

vix capitis latitudine longiori; pedibus obscuris; alis anticis

hyalinis, macula minuta fusca in loco stigmatis, venis bre-

vibus transversis in medio longitudinali alarum nigro parum

suffusis ; alis posticis valde elongatis, filiformibus, apicibus

in spatulam oblongo-ovalem dilatatis, cujus dimidio basali

fusco, apicali albido.

Long. corp. unc. 3. Expans. alar. ant, unc. 22; alar. post.

une, 34,

Habitat in Africa occidentali tropicali. In Mus. Brit.

( 509 )

XIX. Notes on Rare and Descriptions of New Species of

Buprestidze collected by Mr. Jamus Lams in

Penang. By Epwarp Saunpers.

[Read 18th February, 1867.}

THE present paper contains descriptions of the new species

of Buprestidee collected by Mr. Lamb in Penang, with

notes of previously known but rare species. Many

of Mr. Lamb’s captures are specifically identical with

species discovered by Mr. Wallace, and in cases where the

insects are already common in collections, they have not

been mentioned. The number of new species amounts

to fifteen; of one of these has been formed a new genus,

under the name of Xenopsis. I have to thank my kind

friend Mr. Pascoe, in whose care Mr. Lamb’s collections

are at present placed, for lendmg me the insects here

described.

Chrysochroa Castelnaudi, H. Deyr.

Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1862, p. 537, pl. IT. fig.4.

Two specimens of this rare species have been captured

by Mr. Lamb, one of which is very darkly coloured,

and slightly deformed.

Chrysochroa ocellata, Fabr., Var. ephippigera, White.

(Pl. XV shes ts)

Ann. Nat. History, xu. p. 342.

I was at first inclined to think that this was a distinct

species, but I have lately received some specimens of

ocellata in which the spots have lost their circular form

and almost touch the suture and lateral margins, and

therefore have no doubt that it is a mere variety.

Philocteanus flammeus, Thoms.

Arch. Ent. 1. p. 110.

Several specimens of this species are contained in the

collection, all of which are of a remarkably golden hue.

TR. ENT. SOC. THIRD SERIES, VOL. V. PART vil.—DpDeEc. 1867.

510 Mr. E. Saunders’ Descriptions of

Chrysodema pyrostictica, Vollenh.

Tiydschrift voor Ent., 1864, p. 162, pl. xi. fig. 4.

C. viridimicans, H. Deyr. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. vii. 17, var.

The only specimen received of this pretty species is

unusually large, and the fiery spots on the elytra are

scarcely visible.

Chrysodema purpureo~mpressa, H. Deyr.

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belgique, vin. p. 18.

Two specimens, one of which is covered with a greenish

powder.

Chrysodema Lambi, n. s. (Pl. XXV. fig. 2.)

Viridis. Caput rugose punctatum. L/ytra_punctata,

striata, utrinque ‘tribus lineis elevatis et duabus im-

pressionibus i igneo-cupreis. Subtus punctata.

Head golden, vertex with a green dorsal line. Thorax

green with purple reflections, on each side of the dorsal

line is a golden one, and the depressed portions of the

surface are covered with a yellow powdery pubescence.

Elytra greenish, with red reflections on their basal half

and apex ; disk of each with two coppery red fovez, and

a small spot of the same colour behind the shoulder. In

fresh examples the foveze would evidently be filled with

yellow mealy pubescence. Beneath, and legs, golden

green. Antenne blue-black, their three basal jomts green.

Head rugosely punctured, broadly excavated between

the eyes. Thorax a quarter as broad again as long;

anterior margin nearly straight, three quarters the

length of the base, its angles produced ; sides and base

straight ; disk deeply punctate, with a broad smooth

dorsal ine; near the posterior angles, on either side, is

an irregular somewhat longitudinal fovea; there is

another shallower transverse one near the anterior margin.

Elytra twice as long as broad; sides sinuate below the

shoulders; apex rounded, posterior margin denticulate ;

disk punctured, each elytron with three elevated longitu-

dinal lines, and two fovez, one situated not quite one-

third of the entire length of the elytra from their base, the

second a larger one, near the margin, a little less than half

their length from the apex. Beneath and legs deeply punc-

tured ; sides of each abdominal segment with a shallow

impression.

Length 11 Imes; breadth 4 lines.

New Species of Buprestide. 511

Iridotenia obscura, n. s. (Pl. XXV. fig. 3.)

Subeenea; subtus aureo-viridis. Caput profunde ex-

cavatum. J’horaw lined longitudinali impressa utrinque

prope angulos posticos. Wlytra punctato-striata.

Subtus punctata.

Above, dull bronze, with coppery reflections ; beneath,

golden green.

Head very largely and deeply punctured witha deeply im-

pressed longitudinal fovea. Thorax half as broad again as

long; anterior margin nearly straight, three quarters the

length of the base; sides very shghtly swollen above the

middle ; base straight ; disk deeply punctured, sides rugose,

dorsal line deeply impressed at the base and in front

but scarcely visible in the centre; near the posterior

angles, on each side, is a deeply-cut somewhat curved

longitudinal line, not quite half way up the side of thorax.

Elytra wider than the thorax, widest behind the middle; a

little more than twice as long as wide, sides very shghtly

sinuate below the shoulders, apex attenuate, posterior

margin denticulate ; disk deeply and closely punctate-

striate, the punctures on the sides rather irregular.

Beneath and legs punctured, covered with fine hairs.

Length 10 lines ; breadth 33 lines.

Asemochrysus rugulosus, H. Deyr.

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belgique, viii. p. 48, pl. 1. fig. 1.

Aprosopus rugifrons, H. Deyr.

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belgique, viii. p. 51, pl. 1. fig. 3.

Peecilonota psilopteroides, H. Deyr.

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belgique, vii. p. 59.

Peeilonota nigrofasciata, n. 8.

Aureo-brunnea. Thoraa linea dorsali maculisque

duabus utringue nigris. Plytra punctato-striata, nigro

sparsa, fascia infra mediam partem apicibusque

nigris. Subtus punctata.

Golden-brown. Thorax with the dorsal line and four

small irregular spots, black. Elytra scattered over with

small black spots, their apex, and a band interrupted be the

00 2

o12 Mr... Saunders’ Descriptions of

suture, situated about three-fifths of their entire length

from the base, of the same colour. Beneath, with a few

scattered black spots on the sides.

Head punctured, with an oval impression between the

eyes. Thorax at the base half as broad again as long;

sides rounded, base slightly lobed; disk deeply punc-

tured, the puncturation of the sides deeper. Elytra punc-

tured and deeply striate; twice as long as wide; sides

subparallel for nearly two-thirds of their length; posterior

margins finely denticulate and ciliate, apex of each with

a short spine. Beneath and legs punctured.

Length 5 lines ; breadth 2 lines.

Melobasis purpuriceps, n. s. (Pl. XXV. fig. 6.)

Caput et thorae purpureo-brunnei, hujus basis viridis.

Elytra punctato-striata, viridia; maculi mfra basm

ovali, fascii juxta mediam partem, et apice cyaneis.

Subtus viridis.

Head and thorax of a purplish-brown colour, the base and

posterior angles of the latter golden-green. Hlytra golden-

green ; with an elongate oval spot on each, just below the

base, a transverse band which is much produced im its

centre along the suture, and again slightly im the centre

of each elytron, and the apex, for a third of the entire

length of the elytra, dark cyaneous. Beneath, green ;

legs golden. Antenne of the same colour as the head.

Head deeply punctured. Thorax, three quarters as

long again as broad; anterior margin straight, three

quarters the length of the base, sides shghtly rounded, .

posterior angles acute; base nearly straight; disk punc-

tured, with a faint dorsal line, met at the base by a trans-

verse impression; (in this specimen there is a puncture

on its left side, but without a corresponding one on the

right) ; on each side near the posterior angles, and almost

touching the lateral margin, is a round impression.

Elytra twice as long as wide; sides shghtly smuate

above the middle, posterior margins strongly denticulate

for two-fifths of the entire length of the elytra; apex emar-

ginate, with two external teeth; disk deeply and regularly

punctate-striate. Beneath, covered with wavy longi-

tudinal lines; legs punctured, with a few short scattered

hairs.

Length 4 lines; breadth 1} line.

New Species of Buprestide. 513

Allied to M. Chrysobothroides, H. Deyr., but easily distin-

guished by the colour of the head and thorax, as well as

by the shape of the latter, and by its dorsal lime bemg

met at the base by a transverse impression,

Philanthaxia curta, H. Deyr.

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belgique, vin. p. 73, pl. 1. fig. 8.

Three specimens of this rare little species are contained

in the collection.

Philanthavia aureoviridis, n. s.

Caput cyaneum, depressum et punctatum. Thorax

transverse striatus, aureoviridis. Llytra punctato-

striata, transverse rugosa, aureoviridia.

Head blue; thorax and elytra golden-green; scutel-

lum slightly darker ; beneath bronzy-green.

Head depressed in front, largely punctured. Thorax

twice as broad as long ; anterior margin slightly produced

in the centre and at the angles; sides gradually rounded,

base straight ; disk largely punctured, the punctures so

arranged as to leave numerous curved transverse ridges ;

sides near the posterior angles shehtly depressed. Hlytra

twice as long as wide, impressed at the base ; sides shghtly

sinuate below the shoulders ; apex rounded; disk deeply

and regularly striate, the interstices transversely rugose.

Beneath and legs punctured, covered with whitish hairs.

Length 4 lines; breadth 2 lines.

Castalia auromaculata, n.s. (Pl. XXV. fig. 4.)

Viridis. Caput punctatum. Thoraa punctatus, lateribus

cupreo-aureis, lined dorsali impressi. Hlytra costis

utrinque quinque elevatis. Subtus cuprea, punctata.

Green, with blue reflections; sides of the thorax and un-

derneath coppery-gold. Centre of thorax, the posterior

margin of each abdominal segment beneath, Aid legs, blue.

Head punctured, hairy with ashght dissin furrow. Thorax

not quite twice as toad: as long ; ‘anterior margin straight,

slightly elevated, three-fifths the length of the base; sides

514 Mr. E. Saunders’ Descriptions of

diverging rapidly for one-third of their length, then

straight to the posterior angles; base slightly bilobed ;

disk deeply punctured, with an impressed dorsal line, which

widens considerably as it approaches the base, puncturation

of the sides deeper. Elytra a little more than twice as

long as wide, sides subparallel for not quite two-thirds of

their length, then rounded to the apex, which is denticulate ;

disk punctured with five longitudinal ridges, between

which are a few others less strongly raised. Beneath and

legs largely punctured, covered with very short hairs.

Length 8 lines; breadth 27 lnes.

XENOPSIS, N. g.

Oculi magni; cavitates antennarum minute. Corpus

cylindricum, nitidum. Hlytra apicibus subtruncatis.

Tarsi dilati, articulo primo pyriformi, secundo bre-

viori, tertio et quarto brevissumis.

Head round,convex in front ; epistome deeply emarginate;

antennary cavities small; eyes not projecting. Antenne

with the first jot as long as the second and third together,

the second being very short, the rest subequal ; becoming

serrate at the fourth article, the three apical joints scarcely

so. Body cylindrical ; apex of elytra slightly truncate; pro-

sternum flat, shehtly swollen in front. Tarsi with the first

joint pyriform, the second shghtly shorter, the third and

fourth nearly equal, much dilated and very short. Scutel-

lum small, somewhat square.

Closely allied to Castalia, but differmg much in general

facies, antenne and scutellum.

Xenopsis levis,n.s. (Pl. XXV. fig. 9.)

Cupreo-purpurea, punctata, et nigro-pilosa. Hlytra punc-

tato-striata, apicibus tridentatis. Subtus punctata.

Coppery-purple, shining with blue reflections. Head

deeply punctured, covered with recurved black hairs.

Thorax twice as wide as long, anterior margin straight,

sides rounded, base straight; posterior angles acute; disk

punctured, covered with short black hairs. Elytra twice

as long as wide; punctate-striate, with short hairs; sides

subparallel, shghtly curved below the middle, apex of each

tridentate, the third tooth bemg on the lateral margin.

New Species of Buprestide. ol

Beneath and legs punctured, with short scattered black

hairs.

Length 6 lines; breadth 2} lines.

Chrysobothris longula, n. s.

Caput cupreum; fronte circulatim striati. Thorax

transverse costatus, purpureo-niger, angulis posticis

rufo-cupreis ; margine antico et macula prope lneam

dorsalem utrinque viridibus. H/ytra purpureo-nigra,

maculis tribus utrinque parvis viridibus. Subtus

punctata.

Head coppery. ‘Thorax blackish-purple, posterior

angles fiery red, the red extendimg along the sides for

about a third of their entire length; anterior margin and

a triangular spot on each side of the disk green. KHlytra

purple-black, each with three green spots, one at the base,

the second above the middle, the third just below it. Be-

neath coppery; prosternum green.

Head hairy, deeply punctured on the vertex, which

is limited in front by a semicircular carina; ae fore-

head is depressed, covered with circular striz, and

hmuited posteriorly by a strong well-marked straight

elevation, which has a shght emargimation in its centre

Thorax twice as broad as long; anterior margin slightly

emarginate, three quarters the length of the base; sides

rounded; base bisinuate; disk deeply punctured and

transversely ridged, punctures closer together on the sides.

Elytra closely punctured, wider than the thorax, twice as

jong as wide; sides subparallel for two-thirds of their

length ; posterior margin denticulate; disk of each with

three fovex placed as mentioned above. Beneath punc-

tured, with a few scattered hairs ; apical segment of the

abdomen longitudinally carimated.

Length 6 lines; breadth 2} lines.

Chrysobothris discicellis, n.s. (Pl. XXV. fig. 7.)

Caput fronte purpured, punctatum et transverse stria-

tum. Thorax transverse costatus,* medii parte

cupreus, marginibus late bronzeo- lege Llytra

minute rugosa et purpureo-nigra, maculis quatuor

utringue parvis viridibus. Subtus punctata.

Head green on the vertex, purple im front. Thorax cop-

pery, anterior margin, sides and base brownish- bronze,

516 Mr. E. Saunders’ Descriptions of

the colour of the base is produced towards the centre of

the thorax im a semicircular arc. Hlytra purplish-black,

each with four small green spots, one at the base, the

second distant about a third of the length of the elytra

from the first, the third about two-thirds, near the lateral

margin; the fourth is formed by a longish dash behind

the shoulder. Beneath, green ; posterior margin of each

abdominal segment purple; legs green, anterior femora

purple.

Head deeply punctured on the sides, the punctures in

the centre finer, mixed with a few transverse lines; ver-

tex very slightly overhangimg the forehead, with an

elevated line down the centre, met in front by a raised

curved transverse line. Thorax three quarters as

broad again as long, widest im front; anterior mar-

gin of the same length as the base, sides diverging

rapidly on leaving the anterior angles for a quarter

of their length, then converging to the base so as

to give the anterior angles the appearance of bemg

cut off; base bisinuate; disk punctured, covered with

transverse ridges, ridges on the sides longitudial.

Elytra finely rugose, much wider than the thorax ;

two thirds as long agai as wide; sides shghtly sinu-

ate below the shoulders; posterior margin denticulate ;

disk with four green impressions, situated as mentioned

above. Beneath punctured, with a few white hairs ; anal

segment carinated longitudinally.

Length 5 lines; breadth 2; lines.

Chrysobothris foveiceps, n.s. (Pl. XXV. fig. 8.)

Caput punctatum, viride. Thorax viridis, angulis

posticis rufis. Hlytra cyanea, viridi sublucentia,

fortiter punctata, marginibus posticis denticulatis.

Subtus punctata.

Head and thorax green, the latter with a small coppery

spot near the posterior angles. Hlytra dark blue, with

greenish reflections. Beneath and legs green, femora of

the fore-legs coppery at the base.

Head deeply punctured, with a deep triangular impres-

sion between the eyes; theangles of the triangle rounded,

the surface of the impression shining with numerous trans-

verse somewhat concentric lines. Thorax widest before

the middle, twice as broad as long at the base; anterior

margin slightly produced, three quarters the length of the

New Species of Buprestide. 517

base ; sides diverging rapidly for a quarter of their length,

then straight and slightly converging to the posterior

angles ; base deeply bisinuate ; disk deeply punctate, and

transversely ridged, sides with a slight impression near

the posterior angles. Elytra deeply punctured, half as

long again as broad, widest at the shoulders, which

are shghtly prominent; posterior margins denticulate,

apex rounded ; base of each with two impressions ; there

is also another shght one on each disk, situated not

quite half their entire length from the base. Beneath

and legs punctured.

Length 34 lnes; breadth 2 lines.

Chrysobothris similis, a. s.

Viridis, nitens. Caput punctatum, impressione inter

oculos quadrati. Uhoraw transverse rugosus, apud

angulos posticos aureo-maculatus. Hlytra maculis

cyaneo-nigris tribus utrinque punctata. Subtus

punctata.

Bright green; a spot on each side of the base of the

thorax, near the posterior angles, golden. Hach elytron

with three cyaneous-black spots ; one near the base, of an

irregular oval shape; the second, about the middle, some-

what transverse ; and the third, a long one of a somewhat

sagittate form, not quite touchmg the apex. Beneath

golden-bronze; legs greenish, anterior femora coppery.

Head deeply punctured, vertex projecting over the

forehead ; between the eyes is a somewhat square im-

pression, deeply and irregularly striated transversely,

covered with short scattered hairs. Thorax widest

at the base, twice as wide as long; anterior margin

emarginate, ‘three- quarters the length of the base; sides

diverging rapidly from the anterior angles for about

one-sixth of the entire length of the thorax, thence

nearly straight to the posterior angles; base deeply

bisinuate ; disk punctured deeply, ridged transversely,

the ridges intersecting each other so as to form a sort

of transverse net-work; those on the sides are longi-

tudinal; near the posterior angles on each side is a

sight impression. Elytra half as long agai as wide,

deeply punctured ; shoulders slightly prominent; pos-

terior margin denticulate; base with an impression

on each side of the scutellum. Beneath and legs

punctured with a few scattered short hairs.

518 Mr. E. Saunders’ Descriptions of

Length 34 lines ; breadth 2 lines.

At first sight somewhat resembling the preceding

species.

Corebus Pascoci,n.s. (Pl. XXV. fig. 5.)

Nigro-velutinus, griseo pubescens. Caput duobus

fasciculis comarum longarum ornatum, Llytra

minute rugosa, fascii nigri imfra mediam partem

siti, apice denticulato horridisque capillis vestito.

Velvety-black, ornamented with a design of ashy-grey

pubescence, leaving a broad band of black, situated not

quite a third of the entire length of the elytra from the

apex, which, with numerous irregular spots scattered

over the surface, is of the same colour. Beneath purplish,

with a stripe of grey pubescence on each side.

Head deeply punctured ; vertex with two fascicles ot

short bristly hairs; above the antennary cavities is a

smooth elevated line, extending across the head. Thorax

not quite two-thirds as broad again as long, widest about

its middle; anterior margin three-quarters the length of

the base, produced shghtly in the middle, its angles

produced right under the head; sides much rounded ;

base angularly bisimuate ; disk tuberculose ; dorsal line

only visible near the anterior margin, where it is raised

and smooth; on the denuded parts of the thorax concentric

punctured striz are visible. Hlytra flat, finely rugose ;

twice and a third as long as wide; sides slightly sinuate

below the shoulders; apex furcillate, rounded, denti-

culate, and clothed with bristly hairs. Beneath punc-

tured, the punctures arranged in transverse lines; apical

segment of the abdomen transversely canaliculate.

Length 8 lines; breadth 2} hnes.

I have named this species in honour of Mr. Pascoe, to

whose kindness I am indebted for the pleasure of describ-

ing and figuring the species contained in this paper.

Coreebus analis, n. s.

Caput in medio fere denudatum, alibi flavo-pubescens.

Thorax griseus. Hlytra grisea, apice flavo. Subtus

griseus, pubescens.

Black. Head covered with orange-yellow pubescence.

New Species of Buprestide. d19

Thorax with a shght greyish pubescence on the base

and disk ; anterior angles, and two or three spots on

the margin, of the same colour as the head. LElytra

covered with pubescence of the same colour as that of

the thorax, the apex for a quarter of the entire length of

the elytra orange-yellow, with a darker band traversing it

above its centre; above the orange apex is a narrow

black band, separating it from the grey pubescence above.

Beneath, and legs, black, with a greyish pubescence ;

three apical segments, orange-yellow.

Head with a triangular spot between the eyes, nearly

denuded — of pubescence, and apparently punctured.

Thorax half as broad again as long ; anterior margin pro-

duced, two-thirds the leng th of the base, its ang les almost

inclosing the eyes ; sides rounded ; base bisinuate, with a

deep central lobe; disk elevated in front; base slightly,

and sides very much depressed, the depressions of the

sides in the form of two curved fovee ; surface punc-

tured, pubescent, with a transverse scaly appearance.

Elytra twice as long as wide; sides subparallel till past

the middle, when they shghtly swell out; apex largely

rounded, finely denticulate ; surface, hese visible, punc-

tured, with a scaly appearance. Beneath scaly, like the

elytra; legs and antenne punctured.

Length 5 lines ; breadth 2 lines.

Agrilus pauciguttatus, n. s.

Bronzeo-brunneus. Vhoraa transverse costatus ; lateri-

bus maculi pubescente prope angulos anticos.

Elytra minute rugosa, maculé suturali prope apicem.

Subtus, cum pedibus, punctatus.

Dull bronzy brown. Head just above the mouth, the

sides of the thorax near the anterior angles, a spot on

each elytron situated about a third of their entire length

from the apex, and a spot on each of the two first abdo-

minal segments above, covered with ochraceous pubes-

cence. Beneath, and legs, bronzy, with an ochraceous

spot on each side of the breast.

Head deeply channelled and punctured, the punctures

arranged in transverse lines ; sides of the channel rather

elevated, so as to form two carinz on the inside of the

eyes. Thorax half as broad again as long ; anterior mar-

gin nearly straight, about the same length as the base, its

angles produced round the head; sides slightly rounded,

520 Mr. H. Saunders’ Descriptions of

lateral carinze very straight, and near the margin ; base

bisinuate, central lobe straight at the base; disk trans-

versely ridged and punctured, sides each with an impres-

sion near the anterior angles; base with a broad impres-

sion on the median lobe. Hlytra twice and a half as long

as wide; sides nearly parallel for two-thirds of their

length; apex of each with a sharp central spine; disk

covered with fine scale-like rugosities ; the suture elevated

for about one-third of their length from the apex. Abdo-

men bordering the elytra on each side about their middle

exhibiting the sides of the two first segments. Beneath

and legs punctured, covered with a short cimereous

pubescence.

Length 5 lmes; breadth 14 line.

Agrilus cupricauda, n. s.

Viridis. Caput aureum, punctatum, fronte obtuse bitu-

berculata. Thorax transverse costatus. Hlytra minute

rugosa, apice cupreo.

Green. Head golden. Hlytra with a few piliferous

irregular lines and spots ; the apex fiery copper. Abdo-

men above, bright blue; beneath, and legs, bronzy.

Head swollen, with an impressed dorsal line; front

punctured, with two largely rounded tubercles near the

vertex, and two smaller elevations below them. Thorax

a quarter as broad again as long ; anterior margin rounded,

almost equallmg the base in length, its angles produced

round the sides of the head; sides nearly straight; base

bisinuate, central lobe emargimate; disk punctured and

transversely ridged, with two dorsal impressions, a large

one on the central lobe, and a smailer shallower one

above it; ridges longitudinal on the sides, lateral carinze

straight in front, much arcuate near the posterior angles.

HKlytra twice and a quarter as long as wide: shoulders

rather elevated, sides smuate above the middle ; apex

rounded, and finely denticulate ; surface covered with

fine scale-like rugosities, posterior suture elevated. Be-

neath and legs punctured, finely pubescent.

Length 54 lines ; breadth 14 line.

Eindelus empyreus, H. Deyr.

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belgique, vii. p. 230, pl. ii. fig. 7.

Fig.

New Species of Buprestide. 521

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXV.

Chrysochroa ocellata, var. ephippigera.

Chrysodema Lambii.

Trodotenia obscwra.

Castalia awromaculata,

Corebus Pascoei.

Melobasis pupwriceps.

Chrysobothris discicollis.

Chrysobothris foveiceps.

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XX. Descriptions of New Species of Cryptoceride. By

Freperick Smiru, V.P., and late Pres. Ent. Soc.

[Read 18th March, 1867.}

THE present communication contains descriptions of four

new species of the genus Cryptocerus, with references to

seven others recently described by Dr. Mayr, and one by

Dr. Roger; these, added to those previously enumerated,

merease the number of the species of that genus, at

present known, to forty-five.

Of the genus Meranoplus, three new species are de-

scribed, increasing the number of that genus to sixteen

species; whilst the genus Cataulacus is increased to ten

species by the new one now added.

The new species of Meranoplus are from Champion Bay,

Western Australia, only two having been previously de-

scribed from that country; there can be little doubt that

when the ants of that continent are carefully collected,

many additional species will be discovered.

The forms of the species of the Cryptoceride are so varied

and eccentric, that it is absolutely necessary to figure each

species as well as to describe it; and in those cases in

which the three forms are known, I am convinced of the

necessity of figuring each sex, the differences between the

male, female, and worker being so great, that direct ob-

servation of the insects in their formicarium can alone, in

the majority of cases, enable naturalists to unite them.

Mr. Bates has in this respect added more to our knowledge

of this group than any previous traveller. In the Trans-

actions of this Society will be found no less than fifty-two

figures illustrative of the species of the Cryptoceride.

Fam. FORMICIDA.

Sub-fam. CRYPTOCERIDAH.

Gen. CRYPTOCERUS.

1. Cryptocerus conspersus, n. sp. (Pl. XXVI. fig. 1.)

C. ater, thorace petioloque spinosis, tibiis femorumque

apicibus rufo-testaceis, abdomine marginibus fer-

rugineo,

Worker. Length, 14 lnme. Black, and sprinkled with

short bright silvery sete; head wider than the thorax,

the sides, before the eyes, broadly pale testaceous; the eyes

prominent; the scape and basal joints of the flagellum

TR, ENT. SOC. THIRD SERIES, VOL. V. PART VII.—DEC, 1867.

524. Mr. F. Smith’s Descriptions of

ferrugimous. ‘Thorax: rounded anteriorly, gradually nar-

rowed posteriorly ; the posterior margin of the metathorax

deeply emarginate ; the sides armed with six teeth; the

apical half of the femora rufo-testaceous, as well as the

tibize and claw-joint of the tarsi. Abdomen; the margins

broadly rufo-testaceous ; the nodes of the peduncle with a

bent spine on each side,

Hab. Amazon.

This most closely resembles the worker of C. minutus,

but the form of the metathorax will at once show that it

is a very distimct species; I have only seen a single

specimen, which is in the collection of W. Wilson

Saunders, Esq.

2. Cryptocerus exiguus, n.sp. (Pl. XX VI. fig. 4.)

C. ater, thorace subspinoso postice bispimoso, capite

ante oculos utrinque testaceo.

Worker. Length, 14 line. Black; the head and

thorax with shallow punctures, the punctures having each

a silvery white seta ; the margins of the head, before the

eyes, pale testaceous; the antenne pale ferrugimous.

Thorax: the anterior margin rounded ; the sides narrowed

to the metathorax, with two short spines anteriorly ; the

metathorax with a short spine on each side at the base, and

a longer curved one at the apical angles; the tips of the

femora, the tibie, and the tarsi, ferruginous. Abdomen

ovate, the margin, at the base, slightly pale ; the nodes

of the peduncle with a short spine on each side.

This species also resembles CU. minutus, but a reference

to the figure will show the difference in the form of the

head and the nodes of the peduncle.

Hab. Mexico.

In the collection of W. Wilson Saunders, Hsq.

3. Oryptocerus scutulatus,n. sp. (Pl. XXVI. fig. 3,3 a.)

C. rufo-testaceus, capite thoraceque punctatis, abdomine

brunneo-maculato.

Worker. Length, 24 limes. Rufo-testaceous; head

wider than the thorax, the margins raised, dish-shaped

above ; the margins pale and crenulated ; the disk with

scattered punctures, in each of which is a mmute shining

seta. Thorax arched anteriorly, and having a short tooth

in the middle of the sides, which narrow considerably

New Species of Cryptoceride. 525

towards the metathorax; the sides of the thorax pale ;

above, regularly punctured, each puncture with a shining

seta ; legs stout; the tibiz pale outside. Abdomen: the

margins broadly pale-testaceous, finely punctured, the

punctures with minute glittering sete.

Hab. Mexico.

In the collection of W. Wilson Saunders, Esq.

4. Cryptocerus angulosus, n. sp. (Pl. XXVI. fig. 7.)

C. niger, thorace spinoso, capite ante oculos utrinque

testaceo ; antennis pedibusque pallide rufescentibus.

Worker. Length, 1} lme. Black; punctured, each

puncture with a short shining pale seta; the margins of

the head, before the eyes, and the posterior angles, pale tes-

taceous ; the antenne rufo-testaceous. Thorax : arched in

front, and gradually narrowed to the metathorax, which

is broadly emarginate posteriorly ; the anterior and pos-

terior angles acute ; the sides pale testaceous, notched in

the middle, with a short tooth in the notch; the tips

of the femora, the tibiz, and tarsi, pale rufo-testaceous.

Abdomen ovate, and deeply emarginate in front; the

margin pale anteriorly; the nodes of the peduncle pro-

duced on each side ito a bent spine, which is pale at

the tip.

Hab. Mexico.

In the collection of W. Wilson Saunders, Esq.

5. Cryptocerus angustus, Mayr, Sitzungsb. kais. Akad.

Wissenschaft. 1866, p. 32, %.

Hab.————?

In the Museum of Halle.

6. Cryptocerus erenaticeps, Mayr, Sitzungsb. kais.

Akad. Wissenschaft. 1866, p. 32, fig. 15, @.

Hab. Columbia.

In the Museum of Halle.

7. Cryptocerus patellaris, Mayr, Verhandl. k. k. zool.-

botan. Gesell. Wien, xvi. 907, tab. xx. fig. 15, 9

(1866).

Hab. Brazil.

TR. ENT. SOC. THIRD SERIES, VOL. V. PART VII.—DEC. 1867.

526 Mr. F. Smith’s Descriptions of

8. Cryptocerus notatus, Mayr, ibid. fig. 16, 2.

Hab. Brazil.

9. Cryptocerus hamulus, Roger, Berl. Ent. Zeitsch.

(1863) sp. 103.

Hab. St. Domingo.

10. Cryptocerus flavomaculatus, Mayr, Verhandl. k. k.

zool.-botan. Gesell. Wien, xn. 757. (1862).

Hab. Brazil.

11. Cryptocerus punctatus, Mayr, lib. cit., p. 762.

Hab. Amazon.

12. Cryptocerus spinosus, Mayr, lib. cit., p. 761.

Hab. Amazon.

Genus Mrranopius, Smith.

I, Meranoplus fenestratus, n. sp. (Pl. XXVI. fig. 6.)

M. thorace spinoso, quadrimaculato, abdomine ovato.

Worker. Length, 2 lines. Ferruginous, the head and

thorax finely shagreened, and with a series of longitudinal

carine ; the thorax with four sub-ovate translucent spots,

the posterior pair largest; the anterior margin rounded,

the posterior emargimate, with a rounded notch m

the middle of the emargination; the anterior angles

slightly produced and acute, the posterior spinose,

and a minute tooth at the sides a little beyond the

middle ; the metathorax truncate, and with a long acute

spine on each side at the margin; the legs, margins of

the head before the eyes, and the antenne, paler than

the body, the club fuscous ; the eyes black, the antenns

nine-jointed. Abdomen ovate, and very delicately

shagreened ; the nodes of the petiole coarsely rugose,

the first node sub-ovate, the second transverse; the

entire insect thinly sprmkled with erect hairs.

Hab. Champion Bay.

In the British Museum. Captured by Mr. F. H.

Du Boulay.

(

New Species of Cryptoceride. o2

2. Meranoplus diversus, n. sp. (Pl. XXVI. fig. 2.)

M. rufo-brunneus, capite thoraceque longitudinaliter

rugosis, thorace spmoso; abdomine cordato.

Worker. Length, 3 lines. Reddish-brown; the head

rounded behind at the angles, the margins produced

anteriorly into a blunt spinose process, the clypeus bemg

sunk into a deep fossulet, and bidentate at the anterior

margin, which is deeply emarginate, and fringed with

long hairs; the antenne and legs paler than the body ;

the antennze nine-jointed. The thorax with acute lateral

angles anteriorly, the sides with two blunt spines; the

posterior margin with two short blunt spmes in the

middle; the metathorax abruptly truncate, with a long

acute spine on each side at the margm. Abdomen

heart-shaped, and with a black longitudinal spot on the

basal segment; the nodes of the petiole rugose, the

anterior one wedge-shaped, the second sub-ovate. The

msect sprinkled with erect hairs,

Hab. Champion Bay.

In the British Museum. Captured by Mr. F. H.

Du Boulay.

3. Meranoplus dimidiatus, n. sp. (Pl. XXVI. fie. 8.)

M. capite thoraceque nigris, abdomine castaneo-rufo,

antennis pedibusque ferrugineis.

Worker. Length, 2 lines. Head and thorax black,

and coarsely punctured ; the head longitudinally carinated,

with punctures more or less strongly impressed between

the carine; the tips of the mandibles, the legs, and

antennee ferruginous, the scape more or less obscure

above; the lateral margms of the head anteriorly are

shghtly elevated and obscurely ferruginous. The thorax

nearly quadrate above, the anterior margin rounded, and

produced laterally mto prominent acute angles or spines ;

at the sides an angular shape or tooth, produced in the

middle ; the posterior margim emarginate, the lateral

angles produced into blunt spines; the metathorax

abruptly concave-truncate, with an elongate acute spine

on each side in the middle of the lateral margin.

Abdomen smooth, shining, chestnut-red; the first node

of the petiole subquadrate, the second transverse.

Hab. Champion Bay.

In the British Museum. Captured by Mr. F. H.

Du Boulay.

PP 2

528 Mr. F. Smith’s New Species of Cryptoceride.

Genus Catautacus, Smith.

1. Cataulacus pretextus,n. sp. (Pl. XXVI. fig. 5.)

C. capite thoraceque nigris, abdomine obscure ferru-

gineo, scapo pedibusque ferrugineis.

Worker. Length, 2 lnes. Black: reticulated, the

abdomen more finely so than the head and thorax ; the

margins of the head and thorax crenate; the margins of

the head, before the eyes, narrowly pale ferruginous, the

scape and basal joint of the flagellum of the same colour.

Thorax: rounded anteriorly, gradually narrowed to the

apex of the metathorax, which is emarginate posteriorly,

and terminates at the posterior angles in acute spines ;

the legs ferrugmous, the base of the femora obscure.

Abdomen oblong-ovate; the base, with the margins,

narrowly testaceous.

Hab. Borneo.

In the collection of W. Wilson Saunders, Esq.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVI..

Cryptocerus conspersus, worker.

Meranoplus diversus, worker.

Cryptocerus scutulatus, worker.

Cryptocerus exiqguus, worker.

Cataulacus pretextus, worker .

Meranoplus fenestratus, worker:

Cryptocerus angulosus, worker.

Meranoplus dimidiatus, worker..

Fig.

POE oe

( 529 )

XXI. Description of a New Carabideous Insect from

Japan. By Cuas. O. Warternousr, Assistant in the

Zoological Department of the British Museum.

[Read 4th March, 1867.]

Genus Damastnr, Kollar.

Damaster auricollis, spec. nov. (Tab. XXVIT. fig. 1.)

D. elongatus, angustatus, sat nitidus, violaceus; capite

thoraceque aureo-viridibus ; thoracis disco subtiliter

transversim striguloso; elytris granulosis, apice

non producto.

Long. 144 lines.

Hab. Japan (Hakodadi).

In form approaching D. Fortunei, but the head and

thorax are relatively shorter.

Head narrower than the thorax, cylindrical, golden-

= en, with a deep furrow on each side, reaching from

the eyes nearly to the anterior margin (deeper than im

D. Fortunei, and terminating more abruptly) ; the part of

the head i ‘in front of the antenne is black and glossy, the

hinder part somewhat thickly punctured with irregularly

shaped punctures. Thorax with adelicate central furrow,

golden-green, narrow in front, without anterior angles,

gradually broadening to the middle, then gradually

contracted ; at the posterior angles somewhat abruptly

dilated, the angles somewhat acute; lateral margins

gently reflexed; sides rugulose, hinder margin more

strongly rugose-punctate, the disk covered with fine

transverse scratches. Elytra elongate-ovate, viola-

ceous, not, or but scarcely, produced at the apex,

somewhat strongly rugosely punctured, the raised parts

forming some indistinct longitudinal lines. Underside

violaceous, glossy, except “the sides of the thorax,

which are somewhat dull golden-green, and the apex

of the abdomen, which is rugulose-punctate. Tibie,

tarsi, palpi, and antenne, black; the last having the four

basal joints glossy, the others covered with fuscous hair.

There is considerable difference in form between the

males and females of these insects, the males being much

narrower. The specimens of D. Fortunei before me differ

also in the sculpturing of the thorax, the punctuation

‘ of

TR. ENT. SOC. THIRD SERIES, VOL. V. PART VII.—DEC. 1867.

530 Description of a New Damaster.

being rugulose in some, and every puncture being dis-

tinct in others, but I have little doubt that they are all

the same species ; one variety has the thorax blue.

The comparatively short head and thorax, and the

rugosely punctured elytra will easily separate D. auricollis

from D, Fortune’, whilst the absence of any production

to the apex of the elytra will separate it from both D.

Fortunet and D. blaptoides.

( 531 )

XXII. Note on w Cenus of Dynastid-Lamellicorns

belonging to the family Pimelopide. By Cnas. O.

WATERHOUSE.

| Read 4th March, 1867. ]

Many years since Mr. Hope founded a genus of

Pimelopide, which he called Dipelicus, upon an insect

the male of which was then unknown. As I have now

before me both males and females, I have thought it

advisable, in addition to describme the male, to re-cha-

racterize the genus, as some doubts have been enter-

tained as to its proper position, on account of the imper-

fect description given of it by Mr. Hope.

Genus Drprticus, Hope.

(Trans. Ent. Soc. iv. 7.)

Mentum subparallel, very sightly contracted in front,

and rounded. Maxille on the inner side tridentate, the

apical tooth bifid, the basal one trifid. Apical joint of

the labial palpi very large, securiform, deeply impressed

on the front; maxillary palpi of the common form. Man-

dibles bluntly bidentate on the outside, deeply impressed

on the mner side, unarmed. Head triangular in front,

furnished with an elongate (¢), or triangular (2),

horn. Antenne ten-jomted. Thorax ample, sides

rounded, posterior angles obtuse, with a large central

lobe at the base. LElytra oblong, parallel, each with

four longitudinal striz, formed of double rows of

punctures, sometimes very indistinct. Legs very ro-

bust, the anterior tibie armed with three teeth on

the outside, the spur on the mner side long; posterior

tibiz very short, with two ciliated carinz on the out-

side, truncate, very finely denticulate and ciliated

at the apex; anterior tarsi lnear, the four posterior

with the basal jomt much dilated, notched above near the

apex; spurs to the posterior tibiz much enlarged. Propygi-

dium triangularly produced over the pygidium. Stridu-

latmeg organs situated on the middle of the propygidium.

Mesothoracic epimera visible above.

The genus Dipelicus has close relationship with Horo-

notus. The parts of the mouth are the same in structure,

except the mentum, which, in Horonotus, is contracted in

front, the labium being truncate, and the apical joint of

TR. ENT. SOC. THIRD SERIES, VOL. V. PART VII.—DEC. 1867,

532 Mr. C. O. Waterhouse on

the labial palpi is enlarged, globose, and without any

impression. The mandibles in Horonotus are described

as being obtusely bidentate at the apex; in both genera

I find a slight impression at the apex, but I think it can

scarcely be said to be bidentate. The cilia to the edge

of the truncature of the posterior tibie are extremely

fine, their length in the largest specimens of Dipelicus

(21 lin.) not exceeding thatina small Horonotus (10 ln.)

1. Dipelicus Cantori, Hope. (Pl. XXVII. fig. 2, ¢).

(Trans. Hint...S0c.1V.. 45 pl. 1.219. 1,9:).

g. Oblong-ovate, convex, pitchy-black or fuscous ;

underside paler. Head triangular in front, surmounted by

a gradually attenuating and but little curved horn,

rising to a level with the back of the thorax. Thorax

convex, with the sides rounded, thickly and irregularly

punctured, with gently reflexed margin ; anterior angles

not prominent ; posterior angles rounded ; a deep, some-

what circular, glossy excavation occupies rather more

than half the width of the thorax, and extends to the an-

terior margin; the posterior margin produced in the

middle into a lobe, which is raised above the level of the

elytra; it projects over the scutellum, where there is a

small incision, and has a flat summit, somewhat thickly

and deeply punctured; the fore part of the lobe armed

with two projecting tubercles ; above each of the anterior

angles, at the front of the excavation, is a broad flat horn,

acuminated above the middle. Scutellum punctured.

Elytra very little enlarged posteriorly, with four shghtly

irregular oblique striz formed of double rows of punc-

tures, and one sutural punctate stria; mterstices strongly

and irregularly punctured ; shoulders and suture smooth.

Propygidium produced triangularly over the pygidium,

with the central part occupied by the stridulating organs ;

pygidium granulose. Underside very httle punctured.

Anterior tibiz tridentate, rugosely punctured on the out-

side. Posterior tibie in the form of an elongate triangle,

with two ciliated carinee on the outside, the basal one small ;

apex semicircular, furnished with about thirty very small

blunt teeth on the outer edge, with a very short hair or

bristle between each; spurs elongate, lamelliform.

Anterior tarsi long, slender ; posterior, with the basal joint

very large, with a small notch above, near the apex.

Long. 21 lnes.

the Genus Dipelicus. 533

@. Hornonthe head short, triangular. Thorax convex,

unarmed; in front transversely rugulose-punctate, sides

less so; behind thickly and strongly punctured. Elytra

with the striz indistinct, interstices less strongly punc-

tured. Propygidium less produced than in the male.

Long. 18-194 lines.

Hab. Java, China.

2. Dipelicus (Geotrupes) Geryon, Fabr.

(Figured by Olivier, Entomol. I. 3, Pl. 24, fig. 208.)

3. The specimen of this insect before me, labelled

“Java,” differs considerably from D. Cantori in the

armature of the thorax, as well as in form. It is ofa

chestnut-brown. ‘The horn on the head is slightly more

recurved than in D. Cantori. The thorax is shghtly an-

gular on the sides; the anterior angles are shghtly pro-

duced, acute; the posterior are less rounded. The

excavation of the thorax is much greater ; the posterior

lobe is proportionally smaller, its posterior mcision is

almost circular; the fore part of the lobe is furnished

with a single compressed projecting horn, contracted

at the apical half; the horns at the anterior angles are

compressed, broad, projecting forward, truncate at the

apex, and much prolonged posteriorly into a point, the

front angle with a small perpendicular projection. The

elytra have the sides more parallel than in D. Cantori.

I have not yet seen the female of this insect.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVII.

Fig. 1. Damaster awricollis, C. O. Waterh. (ante, p. 529).

2. Dipelicus Cantori, Hope, ¢.

3. Dipelicus Cantori, side view of upper portion of

the head and thorax of ¢.

4. Dipelicus Geryon, Fabr., side view of upper portion

of the head and thorax of ¢.

( 535 )

XXIII. Ona Collection of Butterjlics formed by Tuomas

Butt, Hsq.,in the interior of the Province of Maran-

ham, Brazil. By H. W. Barss, F.Z.S.

(Read 6th May, 1867. |

Tue collection on which these observations are founded

is the first of the kind, so far as I am aware, that has been

made im the Province of Maranham, and Lepidopterists

will be glad to learn what light it may throw on the dis-

tribution and local variation of species in Northern Brazil,

especially as we are so well acquainted with the produc-

tions of the adjoming country of Paré. The collection

was made by Mr. Thomas Belt, who spent three months

of the year 1866 at the gold mines of Montes Aureos, in

the interior of the province. It may give some idea of

the Lepidopterous riches of the country to state, that Mr.

Belt obtained m this short time, during the hours of

leisure he was able to spare from other duties, no less

than 364 species of butterflies. | am indebted to Mr.

Belt for the following short account of the geographical

position and physical features of the locality :—

“The gold mines of Montes Aureos are situated about

midway between the rivers Gurupy and Maracassumé,

(2° 8. of the Equator, and 160 miles in a straight line

E.S.E. of Para) about fifty miles from the sea-coast.

They he m the midst of the dense equatorial forest,

which extends unbroken, as far as has been explored, on

every side. The rocks of the district are soft decompos-

ing granite, gneiss, and ferruginous slates, traversed by

quartz veins, and forming low rounded hills. The hills

are often capped with beds of conglomerate, and clays

and gravels occupy the valleys. From the banks of the

rivers already mentioned, roads were cut to the mines

through the forest, and it was along these paths that the

butterflies were taken. Itis necessary to state that some

portion of the collection was formed at a place called

Vizeu, near the mouth of the Gurupy, on the Atlantic

coast, about half-way between the city of Maranham and

the mouth of the Para river.”

~ Having been favoured by Mr. Belt with an opportunity

of examining the whole of his collection, and comparmg

the species with those I collected in the neighbourhood of

Para, and on the Amazons,,1 find that with very few

exceptions (about ten) the species are the same as those

TR. ENT, SOC, THIRD SERIES, VOL. V. PART VII.—DEC, 1867.

536 Mr. H. W. Bates on Butterflies

inhabiting the alluvial pla of the Amazons and its

margins; the resemblance being greatest, as was na-

turally to be expected, to the Parad productions,

None of the peculiar forms of Southern or Middle Brazil

are represented in the collection, although the physical

features of the district more nearly resemble those of

Brazil proper than the plain of the Amazons, and there is

no known barrier to migration from the South. Some of

the undescribed species (e. g. Heliconius paraplesius and

Olina Stalachtoides) had been found long ago in the pro-

vince of Para, by Mr. Wallace, probably on his excursion

up the Capim river, which flows from the district of Montes

Aureos. The new Hesperiide and Thecle will be described

and figured by Mr. Hewitson, who is at present engaged

on those groups. ‘wo other gentlemen engaged at the

mines also formed collections, and whilst preparing this

paper I have had an opportunity of seeing them ; they

do not add much to Mr. Belt’s list of species, but amongst

the additions are a fine Papilio, quite new to science, a

new Callithomia, and an Ithomia (I. Hippodamia) interest-

ing as being a Cayenne and Surinam species, not found

in the intermediate valley of the Amazons.

Before describing the new species, a few interesting

facts in distribution and variation supplied by these col-

lections merit a few words of notice :—

Leptalis Theono? and Orise.

In the midst of a series of IJthomiu Flora and its

varieties, in Mr. Belt’s boxes, I detected four specimens

of my old friend the mimicking Leptalis Theonoe ; and

in the same way, amongst a fine set of Methona Psidi

and Themisto, was a specimen of the still rarer Leptalis

Orise. They had deceived the keen eyes of Mr. Belt,

who, although no novice, for he had collected butterthes

in other countries, and had given much attention to the

varieties of Heliconiide, had not noticed any difference

between these Leptalides and their associates. The occur-

rence of these insects in this district is so far teresting,

that it confirms the rule I have pointed out in the paper

I have elsewhere published on the Heliconiide (Trans.

Linn. Soc. xxiii. 495), namely, that the mimicking Lepta-

lides are found only where the species of Heliconiide occur

which they mimic, and become modified when their asse-

ciates are replaced by other species or races, so as to

from Maranham. 537

maintain their close resemblance to them. I have stated in

my paper, that in localities where Ithomia Flora was not

present, but was represented by one or more allied species

of very different colours, the Leptalis of the locality had

assumed the same colours to suit these changed species.

Montes Aureos lies within the area of the typical Ithomia

Flora, and it is therefore the Theonoé form of the Leptalis,

or that which most closely resembles J. Flora, which is

here found. But an interesting variety of Leptalis

Theonoé occurred in the same locality, differing from the

type in having a reddish stripe within the black margin

of the hind wing; this resembles closely a common

variety of the [thomia mhabiting this and other districts.

In fact, [thomia Flora is generally found to occur under

two forms or varieties, and both of them are imitated

by corresponding varieties of the Leptalis.

Hleliconius Erato and Doris.

These two forms are still kept separate in some collec-

tions, on account of their striking difference in colours,

the one red and the other blue. I bred, however, on one

occasion, a large number of both from one set of cater-

pillars, found feeding socially on leaves of the same branch

of a tree, and, apparently, belonging to one and the same

brood. Mr. Salvin also captured the two forms in copuld.

The difference in colour occurs in both sexes, and, in

most localities on the Amazons, there is no trace of con-

necting links of variation. It is a case, in fact, of dimor-

phism, and interesting on account of its persisting

throughout two distinct local races of the species, one

found in New Granada and the Isthmus of Panama, and

the other in Guatemala. The difference between the two

forms is not simply asubstitution ofone colour for another,

for there is a marked difference also in pattern, and in the

glossiness of the surface ; the differences, however, relate

only to the upper surface of the wings. The fine series

of specimens brought home by Mr. Belt show that

this Heliconius has almost lost its dimorphism in the

Montes Aureos district, as he found nearly all pas-

sages in coloration and pattern between one form and

the other. In the neighbourhood of Para examples

eccur of Hrato (the red form) with the red colour at

the base of the anterior wing nearly obsolete, and traces

of glossy blue on the borders of the nervures of the pos-

538 Mr. H. W. Bates on Butterflies

terior wing, but these were rare ; whilst at Montes Aureos

the intermediate forms seem to be as common as the two

extreme forms. On the Lower Tocantins, and on the

Lower and Upper Amazons, I met with no intermediate

varieties.

Heliconius Melpomene, H. Thelxiope, and intermediate

varieties.

Mr. Belt’s collection adds considerably to our know-

ledge of the curious local distribution of these allied

forms of Heliconius. In my paper on the Heliconiide,

already alluded to, I stated that Heliconius Thelxiope was

confined in its distribution to the alluvial plaims of the

Amazons, and H. Melpomene to the more elevated con-

tinental land to the North and South of these plains ; and

I argued, that as a series of connecting links between the

two distinct types was found at several points on the

margin of the low plains, we might fairly infer that one

of them was derived from the other by variation and

natural selection ; H. Thelwiope bemg probably originally

an extreme variety of H. Melpomene, strayed into the low

humid forests, and, becoming adjusted to the new condi-

tions of hfe there, spreading, in course of time, as a

distinct form, from end to end of the region. Since my

paper was published, Mr. W. W. Saunders has exhibited

to the Society (see Proc. Ent. Soc. 1866, p. 11.) a fine

series of these intermediate varieties which he had re-

ceived from Cayenne, where the extreme form H. Thelxiope

does not appear to occur, although there are varieties

nearly approaching it. The results of Mr. Belt’s investi-

gations confirm what I had observed with regard to the

distribution of the forms. He tells me that H. Thelxiope

did not occur in the Montes Aureos district, but that

H, Melpomene was abundant between there and Maran-

ham, and was found withm three miles of his locality ;

whilst at Vizeu, on the coast, nearer the Parad river, he

found numerous forms intermediate between the two

species, neither of which was there present. This accords

with what I observed at Serpa, on the borders of the Guiana

highlands, which there form the northern banks of the

Amazons, and at one place on the river T'apajos. — It also

confirms what I have stated, that hybridity has little

or nothing to do with the production of these imter-

from Maranham. 539

mediate forms, for in a place where the two supposed

parent species are not present, there could be no hybrid

productions from them. I think the explanation I have

before suggested is greatly supported by these additional

facts. None of these intermediate varieties have been

found in the humid forests of the alluvial plains where

H, Thelxiope abounds ; nor in New Granada or Venezuela,

where H. Melpomene is abundant; they are found only

in districts which are intermediate in physical character,

and their inconstancy shows that the physical conditions

do not demand that one of them alone shall prevail over

the others, as in the Amazons plain.

The following are descriptions of nine new species in

Mr. Belt’s collection.

Heliconius novatus.

Q. Expanse 3” 8”. Closely allied to H. Silvana,

Cram. (Pap. 364 C. D.). Differs from all the varieties

of that species in having three black spots at the end of

the fore-wing cell, with a broad yellow belt lying beyond

the cell.

Fore-wing broadly truncated at the apex; black,

basal half orange, except the costa; a black spot in

the middle of the cell, a larger one within the end,

and two smaller ones outside the median nervure at the

end of the cell; beyond the cell is a broad yellow belt

extending from the costa to near the outer margin, where

itis crossed by a black lunulated streak ; the black apical part

of the wing crossed by a belt of four widely separated

spots, and having, near the outer margin, a row of five

more or less indistinct smaller yellow spots. Beneath,

the same, except that the pale spots near the outer mar-

gin are larger and white.

Hind wing above, orange; a subcostal stripe, broad

outer border and discal macular stripe (sometimes unit-

ing with the outer border) black ; two yellow spots near

the apex. Beneath, the same, except that the subcostal

black stripe is reduced to two large spots, and that the

outer margin has a row of thirteen white spots, all in

pairs, except the three nearest the apex.

Body and antenne as in H, Silvana.

This species is found also at Para.

540 Mr. H. W. Bates on Butterflies

Heliconius paraplesius.

3d. Expanse 3”. Resembling H. Acde, Hiibn.; differs

in having a yellow spot near the apex of the fore-wing,

besides the broad belt behind the cell, and in the abdomen

above being ringed with yellow, with the lateral spots

elongated instead of round.

Fore-wing black, with the basal third orange ; a large

subquadrate spot at the end of the cell, a broad curved

belt beyond it, consisting of seven elongate spots separated

only by the black nervures, a triangular spot between

the first and second median branches, and a spot near

the apex, divided by four black nervures, all bright

yellow. Beneath, the same.

Hind-wing black, a stripe within the cell and seven

lines between the radiating nervures orange; a series

of whitish marginal specks between the ends of the

nervures. UCostal portion of the wing deep black. Be-

neath, the same, except that the white marginal specks

are more distinct, two between the nervures respec-

tively.

Body black; head spotted with yellow, disk of the

thorax with larger spots ; abdomen finely ringed with

yellow, and having a row of elongate spots on each side.

Antenne, brown, beneath and the club tawny rufous.

Although closely resembling the common and well-

known H. Acde, this species is most nearly allied to

H. Xanthocles, Bates (Trans. Linn. Soc. xxi. 561), the

two agreeing in the length but not in the colour of the

antenne, and in the hind wing beneath presenting a

marginal row of whitish specks. H. Xanthocles has not a

continuous row of yellow spots on the side of the abdo-

men.

Olina Stalachtoides.

@. Expanse 2” 10”. Similar in shape to O. Emilia,

Cramer, but the wings are rather broader.

Fore-wing above, black, with a shght bluish gloss,

three triangular spots in the cell, an elongate spot be-

tween the first and second median branches, a smaller

one between the second and third, a belt of four spots

across the apical portion of the wing, and a small spot |

near the apex, all grayish-white, semi-transparent. Be-

neath, the pale spots im the same position, but the apical

spot elongated into a short belt; the black ground

from Maranham. 541

colour is varied with tawny-orange, and there is a short

greenish-gray streak near the hind angle.

Hind-wing black, with the whole disk, including the

abdominal margin, grayish-white, semi-transparent, the

nervures bordered with black ; parallel to the outer border

is a broadish orange belt, not reaching the apex, and

separated from the semi-transparent disk by a broadish

band of black; there is a submarginal row of slender

grayish-white lines, and within them a row of four white

lunules margined with black. Beneath, the same,

except that there is a broadish band of orange, extending

parallel to and near the margins, from the base round

to the anal angle of the wing.

Body black; head and collar spotted with white, thorax

with two gray belts, and abdomen striped with gray.

Antenne black ; palpi in front white, the terminal joimt

black.

This handsome and distinct species was once found also

on the river Capim,in the interior of the Province of

Para, by Mr. Wallace, and the specimen is now in Mr,

Salvin’s collection.

OCremna Beltiana.

Q. Expanse 1” 4’, Allied to C. Ceneus, Cram. (Pap.

156 F.), but very distinct.

Fore-wing with the costa not arched, but straight

from near the base to near the apex, the latter shghtly

produced, the outer margin bowed outwards and strongly

waved. Blackish-gray, and ornamented with white spots

similar to those of CO. Ceneus 9, but larger, and most

of them edged with black ; the row of spots nearest the

outer margin consists only of three, equidistant from

each other ; the next row is formed of seven spots, the

four nearest the costa being in pairs, the fifth lunate,

the sixth and seventh oblong and close together near the

hind margin. Beneath, the same, but ground colour

paler, and spots larger and more distinctly margined with

black, especially those on the basal half of the wing.

Hind-wing with the outer margin bowed outwards and

waved, colours the same as the fore-wing, and spots edged

with black ; the row nearest the outer margin consists of

five oblong spots, the next row forms a connected strmg

of seven circumflexes, extending from the apex to the

TR. ENT. SOC. THIRD SERIES, VOL. V. PART VII.—DEC. 1867.

542 Mr. H. W. Bates on Butterflies

abdominal edge. Beneath, the same, but the white spots

are so much larger that the basal half of the wing might

be described as white, with a number of quadrate black

spots. All the wings with a very narrow white fringe in

the sinuses.

Body above, dark brown, with a few white spots ; be-

neath white. Antenne ringed black and white, club

black.

One example, Montes Aureos, Maranham.

[The following is a list of the species of Cremna, so far

as at present known; the genus is a very distinct one,

and is separated from Charis and allies by havmg four

branches to the subcostal nervure of the fore-wing.

1. Oremna Ceneus, Cramer, Pap. 156 F.

Surinam, Amazons, Maranham,

2. Oremna hetercea, n. sp.

& . Expanse 1” 4’, Very similar to C. Ceneus ; costa

of fore-wing arched, apex much less produced, and more

obtuse. Fore-wing dark brown, crossed by six broadish

interrupted belts of a glossy light blue, the one nearest

the outer margin lunulated ; along the apical half of the

costa are a number of small white spots, besides a row

along the outer margin ; beneath, paler, the belts much

more broken up, and consisting of irregular rows of white

spots, some of them oblong. Hind-wing above, crossed

by five belts, broader and less interrupted than those of

the anterior wing, except the middle one, which is divided

into squarish spots, forming almost a double belt; the

submarginal belt is lunulated, and very broad ; near the

outer margin is a row of white specks; beneath, the

same, but the belts white, and broken up into spots, as

in C. Ceneus.

Ega and Tunantins, Upper Amazons.

This seems to be an incipient species, scarcely segre-

gated from C. Ceneus, the type form of which is also

found at Hga.

3. Cremna Beltiana, Bates, ante, p. 541.

Montes Aureos, Maranham.

from Maranham. 543

4. Cremna Phryze, Felder, Reiso d. Novara, Zool.

Il. 2. p. 299, t. xxxvii. f, 23, 24, 2.

Bahia.

5. Cremna Actoris, Cramer, Pap. 93 D, ¢.

Surmam.

6. Cremna Eucharila, Bates.

Napea Actoris, Hiibn. Exot. Schm. 1. pl. 34 (nec

Cramer).

Cramer’s figure of C. Actoris evidently represents a

species more nearly resembling in its markings our (0.

Beltiana than the handsome insect existing in collections

under the name Actors, and figured by Hiitbner. I have

not seen a specimen with the numerous large white spots

towards the outer margin of the hind-wing, and without

a trace of a red submarginal line, as represented by

Cramer.

Found throughout the Amazons, but rare.

7. Cremna Melampia, un. sp.

3g. Expanse 1” 10’. <A large robust species. Fore-

wing with the costa very slightly arched, apex produced,

but the outer margin very little bowed outwards ; hind-

wing with the anal angle acute, prominent. Above, dark

brown, with white marks in the fore-wing only, namely,

four lines (two interrupted) across the cell, two between

the cell and hind margin, and two rows of spots across

the apical portion, those nearest the costa alone being

clear white. Beneath, clear hght-brown, with numerous

short slender lines, forming irregular belts across both

wings: all except the submarginal row have, each on its

inner side, a large black patch. Body dark-brown above

and beneath ; antenne black, the stem ringed with white.

‘Bahia. In my own collection.

Westwood, in Doubleday and Hewitson’s Genera of

Diurnal Lepidoptera, enumerates two other species under

the genus Cremna ; of these one, C. Orpheus, is a Lemonias

or Anatole, being totally different in neuration from the

group to which Cremna belongs; the other, C. Thasus,

Cramer (Pap. 333 I.), I know only from Cramer’s

figure ; it may be a Cremna, or a species allied to Charis

Trochilia and Hisbon. |

QQ2

544 Mr. H. W. Bates on Butterflies

PsrupDoOPHELES, nov. gen.

Differs from Pheles in the neuration of the fore-wings,

the upper radial (or discoidal) nervure being emitted at

the end of the cell, in conjunction with the discocellular

nervule, and the lower radial lying about midway between

the subcostal and median nervures. The genus differs

from LHsthemopsis of Felder, which it much resembles in

form of wings and in coloration, alone by the conjunction

of the upper radial and discocellular nervures at their

origin. If this difference in the neuration should prove

not to be constant when other species are discovered, the

genus may very well be united with Hsthemopsis. The

antennes are concolorous black, with a gradually-formed

club. The palpi do not pass the forehead.

Pseudopheles sericina.

dS, 9. Expanse 2”. Fore-wing strongly arched before

the apex, the latter shghtly produced, outer margin

bowed outwards; hind-wing short, very little longer than

the abdomen, anal angle produced. Wings black, glossed

with rich blue ; fore-wing with a bent basal stripe traversed

by the median nervure and its first branch, and a short belt

crossed by three nervures before the apex ; hind-wing with

a broad discal vitta traversed by the median and its two

branches, white, semitransparent ; fore-wing with a glossy

blue streak extending from the base along the postmediam

nervure. Beneath, the same, except that the costa and

abdominal edge of the hind-wing have a glossy light-blue

streak. Body black, striped with bluish-white. Head

(except the crown) and palpi clear rosy red. Antennas

black.

Found also at Para. Occurs, too, on the Upper

Amazons as a local variety, wanting the red colour on

the head behind the insertion of the antenne.

Emesis Aurelia.

Q. Expanse 1” 10”. Alhed to FH. Fatimella, Westw.,

but of a tawny duller hue; much less robust than

BH. Mandana, Cramer, and differmg in the markings of

the underside. Fore-wing with a moderate incurvation

in the middle of the costa (as in H. Fatimella), apex

markedly produced ; hind-wing forming an obtuse angle

in the middle of the outer border, anal angle rounded off.

from Maranham. 545

Fore-wing above, crossed by five dusky flexuous lines,

and having a row of black specks near the outer margin.

Beneath, yellow, uniform in tint, except near the apex,

where it is ruddy-brown: the flexuous lines reddish.

Hind-wing above, crossed by lines and having a row

of submarginal spots, as in the fore-wing. Beneath, the

same as the fore-wing, except that the submarginal black

specks are enlarged near the apex and anal angle inte

large quadrate spots.

Body, above tawny, beneath whitish. Antenna brown,

stem ringed with white.

One example ; Montes Aureos, Maranham.

Nymphidium sylvarum.

Eixpanse, ¢ 2”, 9 2” 2”. -A very distinct species,

allied to N. Regulus, F., and destitute of the usual sub-

marginal pale arcuated lines.

Fore-wing with the costa arched just before the apex,

the latter pomted in both sexes; hind-wing moderately

long, and outer margin regularly rounded. Wings dark

rufous-brown, fore-wmg with a triangular spot in the

middle of the hind margin, extending only to the median

nervure, and two submarginal short thickish lines, parallel

to the outer border, ochreous. Hind-wing also rufous-

brown, with a very broad ochreous belt across the disk,

leaving a small basal spot, and a broad outer border; in

the middle of the latter a contmuous ochreous submarginal

streak. Beneath, the same, but paler. Body brown, apical

half of abdomen ochreous. The female is much paler

than the male.

Taken at Vizeu, on the coast. I have both sexes alse

from Para.

Nymphidiuwm Chione.

3, Q. Expanse 1” 6”. Fore-wing in shape resembling

that of N. Ascolia, with the costa rather strongly arched

before the apex, and the latter, in the male, slightly pro-

duced; hind-wing much longer than in N. Ascolia,

Wings dark-brown, the central part of all pure white ;

the white on the fore-wing forming a triangular spot,

bisinuate on the outer side, on the hind-wing leaving a

brown border of moderate and uniform width. The costal

edge of the white patch of the fore-wing is besides in-

546 Mr. H. W. Bates on Butterflies.

dented by the transverse dark streaks of the cell. The

outer border of all the wings has a submarginal row of

fine gray lines, jomed together, and of arcuated or semi-

circular shape, not at all triangular. Fringe dark-brown,

in the fore-wimgs varied with white. Body dark-brown,

abdomen white.

A very distinct species, closely allied to N. Cachrys,

Fab., (Damon, Stoll) and N. Ascolia, Hewitson ; agreeing

with them in shape, and in the form of the fine sunbmar-

ginal gray lines, but differmmg m the pure white hue of the

disk of the wings.

Found also at Par4; not uncommon.

Theope Janus.

6. Expanse 1”. A small and very distinct species.

Fore-wing triangular, with pomted apex, and outer mar-

gin slightly bowed outwards ; hind-wing scarcely longer

than the abdomen, outer margin rounded. Wings above

blackish-brown, fore-wing with a triangular silky-blue

patch near the base and hind margin. Beneath, pale

hlacine-brown, with the basal fourth of all pale yellow ;

this colour limited in a straight line from the rest of the

wing.

Montes Aureos, Maranham.

( 547 )

XXIV. Observations on Dzierzon’s Theory of Reproduc-

tion in the Honey Bee. By Joun Lown. (Communi-

cated by the PRESIDENT.)

[Read Ist July, 1867. }

Tue mysteries of the bee-hive have in all ages engaged

the attention and attracted the study of the naturalist.

The many interesting and peculiar phenomena which

present themselves to the diligent student of bee-life

have given rise to the most varied and conflicting theories

in the physiology of reproduction. It is unnecessary for

my purpose to do more than simply allude to these ; nor

shall I particularize the advances which have from time

to time been made im apiarian science by many distin-

guished naturalists and observers. Swammerdam,

Réaumur, Mademoiselle Jurme, Schirach, Huber,. and

others, have contributed much to dispel the mists of

ignorance and prejudice which so long encompassed the

natural history of the bee. To Francis Huber, of Geneva,

especially are we indebted for much valuable and im-

portant information, and yet the ‘‘ Prince of Apiarians ”

himself, notwithstanding the flood of light which, by his

patient and persevering studies, he has thrown upon the

subject, has failed to place before us, im all its clearness

and entirety, the true history of the bee. Many pheno-

mena still remained unexplained, or misunderstood ;

and unsolved riddles still hung around the physiology of

reproduction.

In 1845, a new theory was promulgated m Germany”

by an apiarian of great eminence and distinction. The

continental naturalists have always shown themselves

foremost in explaining the hidden mysteries of bee-

life; and now, in the person of Dzierzon, Pastor of

Carlsmarkt, near Brieg, in Silesia, a new and startling

theory of reproduction in the bee was promulgated,

which, in the words of its distinguished author, 1s said to

have “explained all the phenomena of the bee-hive as

perfectly as the Copernican hypothesis the phenomena of

the heavens.”

Dzierzon first expressed his views upon the reproduc-

tion of bees in the year 1845, in the Bienenzeitung of

Eichstadt, and afterwards published them as a regular

theory, in a separate bee-book, in 1852.

TR. ENT. SOC. THIRD SERIES, VOL. V. PART VII.—DEC. 1867.

548 Mr. John Lowe’s Observations on

The principal points of this theory may be shortly

expressed thus:—Ist. That the queen (female bee), to

become good for anything, must be fertilized by a

drone (the male), and that the copulation takes place

only 1 in the air; that drone-eges do not require fecunda-

tion, but that the co-oper ation of the drone is absolutely

necessary when worker-bees are to be produced. That

“in copulation the ovaries are not fecundated, but the

seminal receptacle, that little vesicle or knot which, m

the young queen, is filled with a watery moisture, is

saturated with semen, after which it is more clearly dis-

tinguishable from its white colour.” That the supply of

semen received during copulation is sufficient for her

whole lifetime. The copulation takes place once for all,

and (as already stated) only in the open air; therefore,

no queen which has been lame in her wings from birth,

can ever be perfectly fertile—that is, capable of pro-

ducing both sexes—as copulation never takes place in the

interior of the hive. This (Dzierzon says) ‘is exactly the

new and peculiar point in my theory, which I at first

only ventured to put forward as a hypothesis, but which

has since been completely confirmed.”

“The power of the fertile queen, accordingly, to lay

worker or drone eges at pleasure (he goes on to say), is

rendered very easy of explanation, by the fact that the

drone-egg’s require no impregnation, but bring the germ

of life with them out of the ovary; whilst, otherwise, it

would be inexplicable and incredible. Thus the queen

has it in her power to deposit an egg just as 1t comes

from the ovary, and as the unfecundated mothers lay it ;

or by the action of the seminal receptacle, past which it

must glide, to invest it with a higher degree—a higher

potency—of fertility, and awaken in it the germ ofa more

perfect being, namely, a queen or a worker-bee.”

2nd. The second and most important point in

Dzierzon’s theory is, that “all eggs which come to ma-

turity in the two ovaries of a queen-bee are only of one

and the same kind, which, when they are laid without

coming in contact with the male semen, become deve-

loped into male bees, but, on the contrary, when they

are fertilized by male semen, produce female bees.”

This important proposition, it will be seen, strikes at

the root of, and completely abolishes, as Von Siebold ex-

presses it, a “ time-honoured physiological law,” namely,

“that an egg which is to be developed into a male or

Reproduction in the Honey Bee. 549

female individual must always be fertilized by the male

semen.”

In favour of Dzierzon’s proposition, that drones alone

are always produced from unfertilized eggs, reference is

made to the discovery of the French naturalist Riem,

namely, that of “ fertile workers,” which are known, under

certain circumstances, to be capable of laying eggs, but

which only develop into drones. It was ascertained

anatomically by Mademoiselle Jurine, that the ‘‘ worker-

bees are nothing but female bees whose seminal organs

are aborted.” Huber has shown that, by virtue of the

peculiar treatment, and the administration of royal food

to any worker-larva which the bees may select for this

purpose, the female sexual organs of such larva acquire

development, and the mature royal bee, or queen, be-

comes thus fitted, after fecundation, for all the functions

of a mother bee. Hence such worker-larve as receive a

partial treatment of this kind, by being reared con-

tiguous to royal cells, obtaining by accident probably a

yortion of royal food, acquire a certain development of

their female seminal organs, in virtue of which the bees

so reared sometimes oviposit, but experience shows that

their eggs develop only into drones, or males.

Dzierzon’s theory also includes the assertion, that

every normally organized and fertilized queen must, at

the same time, possess the power of laying male or female

egos at will; that is to say, of leaving an egg unferti-

lized, or depositing it fecundated, according to her will,

when engaged in laying her eggs.

Such, then, is a summary statement of the principal

points of Dzierzon’s new theory of reproduction in bees.

Now, it will be at once evident, that, if this theory be

correct, as Von Siebold remarks, ‘‘ we might beforehand

expect, that by the copulation of a unicolorous blackish-

brown German, and a reddish-brown Italian bee, the

mixture of the two races would only be expressed in the

hybrid females or workers, but not in the drones, which,

as proceeding from unfecundated eggs, must remain

purely German, or purely Italian, according as the queen

selected for the production of hybrids belonged to the

German or Italian race.”

In 1854, Dzierzon himself further writes (and I beg to

draw particular attention to his remarks, as itis with re-

ference to this important pomt, which pervades his whole

theory, that my following observations are directed) :

550 Mr. John Lowe’s Observations on

“Continued observations,” he writes, “of the hybrid

hives also must be no less adapted to raise the veil more

and more, to penetrate into the obscurity, and finally

bring the mysterious truth to hight. Ifthe drone egg

does not require fertilization, Italian mothers must

always produce Italian drones, and German mothers

German drones, even when they have been fertilized by

drones of the other race.”

This, of course, is @ priori the natural and logical in-

ference to be drawn from the whole of Dzierzon’s theory

as promulgated by its distinguished author ; and nothing

can better show the great importance he himself attached

to this point than the fact that one solitary and isolated

instance of a deviation from this rule occurring in his

experience, in the case of a German hybrid-mother,

caused him to falter in the advocacy, and even to doubt

the perfect tenability of his own theory, and this at the

time when it was making rapid progress amongst his

apiarian friends and brethren; so that, becoming be-

wildered and confounded, seemingly, amidst the con-

flictng deductions of his own experiments, he had re-

course for an explanation to the antiquated and untenable

theory of a bygone age, the exploded hypothesis of

Swammerdam, namely, the vivifying action of an awa

seminalis. Whether the interesting experiments made

by Von Berlepsch reconverted Dzierzon, as Professor

Siebold predicted, or whether this took place after the

scientific experiments and investigations of Von Siebold

himself, it does not appear; but m 1861 Dzierzon again

reiterates and asserts his firm faith im the doctrine of

parthenogenesis in the honey bee, and all the essential

points of his own theory of reproduction.

Apologizing for the length of these remarks, I have

now to direct the attention of the Society to the results

of my own experiments in this very interesting subject.

Shortly after the introduction of the Italian bee (Apis

ligustica) into England, I had become conversant with

Dzierzon’s theory, and I hastened to get possession of a

colony of that beautiful race. By the aid of the Italian

bee, I thought I should be enabled to test some of the

points asserted by Dzierzon, and which had been con-

firmed, apparently, by so many eminent continental

apiarians. From Mr. Woodbury, of Exeter, a well-

known and indefatigable apiarian—to whom all scientific

bee-keepers owe a debt of gratitude for his successful

Reproduction in the Honey Bee. 551

efforts in importing into this country two of the most in-

teresting varieties of the genus Apis, Apis ligustica having

been imported into England from Switzerland in the

autumn of 1859, and Apis fasciata from Germany in July,

1865—from that gentleman I received two or three

pure Ligurian colonies ; and in propagating this new

race, and in my numerous and various experiments, I

soon sound myself surrounded with the most conflicting

and puzzling anomalies.

It is, perhaps, necessary here to state, that Mr. Wood-

bury is a thorough believer in Dzierzon’s theory, though

I am not certain whether in practice he eliminates from

his apiary all hybridized queens or not. Mr. Woodbury

assured me, however, that the colonies I received from

him were perfectly pure, and that the offspring of the

queens were equally as well marked as the progeny of

those he had first imported. Of course, it is essential

to the accuracy of our experiments in this question and

the trustworthiness of their results, that the race of bee

in our posession be pure and uncontaminated, and free

of all foreign admixture or taint. With this remark, |

proceed to say that the queens I got from Mr. Wood-

bury produced beautiful workers but indifferent drones ;

while, on the other hand, some of the subsequent queens,

reared from the original ones, bred inferior workers but

yet produced more beautiful drones. In short, the re-

sults of all my experiments with the Italian bee were

very perplexing, and especially in the case when the

pure queens reared were hybridized by English drones

the phenomena presented were full of mystery and in-

explicable. All this created a strong suspicion in my

mind that there was a taint or flaw somewhere, and that

probably Dzierzon was in error in supposing that the

drones of such pure hybridized queens always partook

and followed the race of the mother; otherwise, I could

not account for the many anomalies brought out in my

experiments.

Indeed, I confess that I do not well see that perfect

accuracy of results, in this question, could be obtained

by aid of the Italian bee, inasmuch as the pure Ligurian

drone sometimes so nearly resembles the English drone,

that purity is often difficult to determine. I only

judge from my own experience in the matter, but I

believe it is also the experience of several apiarians

both in England and Germany. If colour be the expres-

552 Mr. John Lowe’s Observations on

sion of purity as regards the queen and drone, I

confess my inability, according to my experience, to

determine on all occasions the perfect purity of

either.

I failed, therefore, with the aid of the Italian bee, to

expiscate the truth of Dzierzon’s assertion, that, in the

case of hybridized queens, the drone offspring always

follow the race of the mother.

In July, 1865, Mr. Woodbury imported from Germany

a queen and a few bees of the Hgyptian race, Apis fasciata.

In the following spring he wrote to me to say, that as

Apis fasciata was decidedly more irascible than Apis ligust-

ica, and as he could not well propagate both races, he had

made up his mind to “ stick to his first love,” and there-

fore offered the original colony of A. fasciata tome. I

gladly availed myself of this offer, and upon the 7th of

June, 1866, the colony reached me in comparative safety.

Jimmediately set to work to propagate the Egyptian race.

I succeeded in raising twelve queens during the summer

and autumn. Seven of these were fertilized, and became

the heads of so many colonies. Three disappeared, and

one was encased and killed. Two which I raised to-

wards the end of August, in consequence of the very

untoward weather which followed, failed, apparently, te

get impregnated, and they became drone-breeders. The

drones produced by these, being bred in worker-cells,

formed no true test of purity, as in such circum-

stances they are generally darker in colour; but they

appeared pretty well marked. I never witnessed either

of these queens come out, or take what is termed the

‘‘ wedding flight,” (the weather being very unfavour-

able,) although they might have done so without my

knowledge. There were Egyptian drones at the time in

the apiary, and also in the hives in which the young

queens were reared. One of these produced drones

towards the close of the season, the other early during

the spring of 1867.

It is proper that I should here state, that I reared all

the Egyptian queens in proximity to my Italians. I

had no English bees in my apiary, but I am not suffi-

ciently removed from other apiaries to be beyond

English drone-influence.

Of the respective progenies of the young Egyptian

queens, those of two only were similar to the parent

colony, though these, too, differed a shade. The bees

Reproduction in the Honey Bee. 553

produced by the others were of a varied and motley

character, some Egypto-Italians, and some of a hght

leaden character, forming a variety sui generis. No

drones were produced by any of the fecundated queens

till towards the close of October, when I was astonished

to find some few appearing; but as they were all as

badly coloured as the workers, I concluded that a

change of queen might have occurred without my know-

ledge, and that the swpposed successor had been a drone-

breeder, as no young workers appeared. I examined

the interior of the hive, and found the queen to be no

new princess, but, apparently, the same queen which

was reared in summer, but with tattered wings, as

though she had suffered much by an encasement—that

injurious and often mysterious phenomenon to which I

have frequently and fully directed the attention of

-apiarians in the “ Journai of Horticulture. ”

This was the first serious awakening of my suspicions

as to the truth of Dzierzon’s theory, though, from the

nature of the case, the evidence was by no means satis-

factory.

In the middle of May, 1867, others of my hybridized

Egyptian queens produced drones of the same varied

character ; some tolerably well marked, and others very

badly marked. Of three hives containing pure Egyptian

queens, and now exhibiting drones, not one produced

male or worker brood equal to the original stock. The

drones, in the marking or colour, correspond in some

measure with the marking or colour of the workers ;

that is, the queen which ‘produces the worst workers

shows the worst marked drones, and the queen which

produces the best workers produces also the best marked

drones. One of the queens, which had evidently been

hybridized by a Ligurian drone, as the workers were very

beautiful hybrids, produced some drones almost equal to

those of the original queen, some very poorly marked,

and some, apparently, partaking more of the Ligurian

character. There seems to be, thus,a general correspon-

dence of the purity of the drones to the purity of the

workers, though I shall be better able to decide as to

this when the drones get more numerous.* The import-

ant fact, however, is, that these pure Egyptian queens,

* Subsequent observations confirmed these remarks, in the case of

al! my hybridized Egyptian stocks, four in number.—J. L., Dee. 1867.

554 Mr. John Lowe’s Observations on

being hybridized, produce hybrid males as well as

hybrid workers.

I have the pleasure of submitting specimens of the

drones and workers of the hybridized queens along with

those of the origimal pure queen, and it will be at once

manifest to the members of the Society, that there is a

very marked and decided difference.

I deem it necessary here, for the same reason which in-

duced me to refer to the purity of the Italian colonies

received from Mr. Woodbury, to refer also to the Egyptian

queen now in my possession, which was the first sent to

England by Herr Vogel, to whom the Berlin Acclimatisa-

tion Society had deputed the task of multiplying and

disseminating the race ; for itis of the utmost importance,

in an experimental point of view, to be assured that any

variety of bee which we propagate is really pure and free

from all taint. The following is Herr Vogel’s description

of the queen to Mr. Woodbury :—“ The Egyptian queen

which you received from me was reared in June last ;

she is, therefore, about four months old. This queen has

received a true impregnation, because the mothers that

were reared from her brood here produced true Egyp-

tians. I sent you this queen, because the queens that

were thus reared became all beautiful and true Heyp-

tians.”

From these observations and proofs, which, by the

kindness of your distinguished President, I am permitted

the pleasure of submitting to the members of the Ento-

mological Society, I think I am warranted in coming to

the conclusion, that the eggs of a hybridized queen,

whether they develop into drones or workers, are in

some way influenced and affected by the act of fecunda-

tion, and that both sexes of the progeny partake of the

paternal and maternal character or race. If this is

assented to, it follows that Dzierzon’s theory of repro-

duction in the bee—based as it avowedly is upon the

principle that eggs which develop into drones bring the

erm of life alone from the ovary of the queen, are not

affected by the male semen, and, consequently, that the

males produced by all queens, whether fecundated or not,

must necessarily follow the race of the mother—cannot

be the true theory of reproduction in the honey bee.

It may appear presumptuous in the writer of these

observations to call in question the accuracy of some

of those points upon which so eminent an apiarian as

Dzierzon has built his theory ; a theory, too, which has

been supported by other distinguished observers, such

as Baron Von Berlepsch, and which has passed, as the

author himself expresses it, ‘“‘ the fiery ordeal of Science

under the microscope and dissecting needle of the great

physiologist, Professor Theodor Von Siebold, formerly

of Breslau, now of Munich.” It is not without consider-

able diffidence that I have ventured to put forward these

results im opposition to the opinions of such eminent

men; but I cannot shut my eyes to the lght of truth.

T cannot ignore my own experiences, I must yield to

the “ inexorable logic of facts.” I confess my inability

to test the accuracy of that distinguished physiologsst

in the highly difficult and delicate scientific mani-

pulations and experiments by which he has endeavoured

to confirm the truth of Dzierzon’s theory, and establish

parthenogenesis in the honey-bee ; yet there are points

in this theory which, as a practical apiarian, | am com-

petent to examine, and it was to these chiefly that my

attention was early directed, and with the results which

I have in these observations submitted to the Entomolo-

gical Society.

How far the discovery, which I think I have made,

may affect the doctrine of true parthenogenesis in the

bee I will not venture to say. The power ofa virgin

queen to lay eggs which will develop into drones, in-

dependently of fecundation, may still remain unaffected

by it. This may be so. Let Science be directed to a

solution of the enigma. Scientific research must abide

by scientific methods, scientific convictions by scientific

investigations. There is no subject, perhaps, more diffi-

cult, or more open to false observations and wrong

deductions than that of reproduction ; but if the views I

have here stated be correct, it is plain that parthenogenesis

in the bee can receive no aid from the theory promul-

gated by Dzierzon. é

I confess I have been slow in believing in the power

thus ascribed to the virgin queen, and yet I could not

otherwise account for the conduct of certain young

queens, and workers also, in producing drones, notwith-

standing that, apparently, they were not impregnated.

Of course, in thus believing, we must take for granted

certain things; among others, that queens cannot be

impregnated in the interior of the hive ; that retarded

impregnation has no injurious effect; and that a queen

556 Mr. John Lowe’s Observations on

which is lame in the wings does not seek to take a

“wedding flight.” Iam inclined to believe the former,

but not the latter statement. A maimed or defective

bee, worker or queen, will not be deterred, by reason of

such defects, from going abroad. I have had more than

one instance where sucha defective queen came out only

to fall over the board and perish. I witnessed a queen on

two successive days come thus out to go through the

same course ; on the first occasion I picked her up, and

restored her to the hive, but the following day she

repeated the attempt, and I failed to induce her again

to enter. I have little faith, therefore, im Von Berlepsch’s

statements as to lame-winged queens, unless, indeed,

they are reared during the cold spring, or at the end

of autumn, when they are prevented from going abroad

by the state of the weather.

Swammerdam, Réaumur, Debraw, and Hattorf, had all

different theories regarding fecundation. Huber, with

Réaumur, believed that the queen’s fecundation followed

actual union, and that no ova were deposited till this was

accomplished. They differed only as to whether a union

could take place in the interior of the hive. The former

believed it could only occur in the air.

I do not see that we have any evidence that the coitus

takes place “ high in the air,” as many suppose ; indeed,

judging from analogy, from the Bombus and wasp, we

might infer the contrary. But the fact is, we have

no well authenticated evidence in the matter. The

queen, it is true, rises aloft on her setting out, just as

any young bee or drone does, but I doubt if she con-

tinues to fly far at such an altitude. Like Huber, I

never have been so fortunate as to witness the act of

coition, though I once surprised a couple of wasps in

flagranti, and had the opportunity of showing them to

the venerable Sir William Jardine, who confessed to me

he had never seen it before. I have always felt surprised

at the lack of ocular proof on this head, in the case of the

bee, and can only account for it by the supposition that

the coitus must be of very short duration.

The fact of certam queens and workers also being

drone-breeders was known long ago to apiarians. Hat-

torf believed that in such cases the queen is_ self-

fecundated. Huber ascribed the fact of the queen pro-

ducing only drones to retarded impregnation, that is, to

impregnation beyond the twentieth day of herage. I

Reproduction in the Honey Bee. 557

cannot account for the results of some of Huber’s expe-

riments with regard to such queens, unless it be that the

confinement to which they were subjected had, in some

way, affected their mstinct, and produced a change in

the character of their fertility ; for according to my expe-

rience, when queens are allowed full liberty of action,

they never become drone-breeders so early as he states.

On the contrary, I have had queens which only began

to lay worker-egegs six weeks after their birth. Of

course, I had no proof as to when they were impreg-

nated, but presumed that they oviposited shortly after

fecundation, the same as other queens do. In a few

instances drone eggs were laid first, and workers after-

wards. Three such abnormal cases of laying have occurred

in my experience, but I can offer no explanation of the

cause of these anomalies. A curious case is narrated by

Huber, which also shows that fecundation does not

always secure a normal state of laying. He reared

queen on the 4th October, and on the 3lst of the same

month she brought back from her “ wedding flight ”

undoubted proofs of her amours, and yet that queen,

when she began to lay in March following, only pro-

duced drones. Of course Huber ascribed this to re-

tarded impregnation.

There is one peculiarity in the conduct of young

abnormal queens, according to my experience, which I

think worth noticing. It is this, that they do not ovi-

posit so early as perfectly fecundated queens. Indeed,

I have had them for months in the hive before they ovi-

posited, and some perished without laying at all, remain-

ing to the last perfectly sterile; whereas, in the case of

true fecundated queens, weather being favourable, they

generally begin to lay when they are about eight or ten

days old. This seems to me rather perplexing, if I dis-

sociate the act of fecundation from oviposition. I have

in my apiary at the present time a young queen up-

wards of four weeks old, and she has been abroad too,

but in consequence of the prevailmg cold weather, I

judge she has not yet been fecundated, for she has not

yet laid an egg.* Why is this, if fecundation is not

necessary to her becoming even a drone-producer ?

* This queen I observed abroad on the twenty-seventh day of her age.

She had not laid on the thirtieth, but a more recent examination shows

TR. ENT. SOC. THIRD SERIES, VOL. V. PART VII.—DEC. 1867,

558 Mr. John Lowe’s Observations on

There is only one other point in Dzierzon’s theory te

which I shall briefly advert. Itis to the change of cha-

racter which the egg undergoes by its comimg into

contact with the orifice of the seminal receptacle. If

the egg, as asserted, brings the germ of male life with

it from the ovary, and is spontaneously developed into a

perfect being, independently of fecundation—for I sup-

pose a drone, notwithstanding Dzierzon’s assertion to the

contrary, is as perfect a being as a worker or female—

then the action of the spermatozoids upon the egg must

not only incite in it a new development, and awaken

therein the germ of what is described as ‘a more perfect

being,’ namely, a queen or worker, but it must also

destroy the germ of male life which it orginally contained,

and put in "its stead a new being completely different

im size, sex, and character. This, mdeed, is a wonderful

metamorphosis, but it is one which scientific investiga-

tions profess to reveal !

“Tn the hive-bee (says Sir John Lubbock, in his

admirable paper on the Ova and Pseudova* of Insects),

the ovarian development of the ova and pseudova must

apparently be identical, sce it would appear that, in

normal instances, it is not decided until after the ovarian

product has entered the oviduct, whether it is to be an

ovum or a pseudovum ; in other words, whether it be

impregnated or not.”

“At the same time, the sex of the future animal is

determined, since, according to MM. Leuckart and

Siebold, eggs always in this. species produce females,

pseudova give birth to males.”

““We are, then, justified in asserting, that in the

present state of our knowledge no difference can be

pointed out between the ovarian development of the

pseudovum in insects and that of the ovum.” f

It was admitted by Leuckart, and confirmed by Siebold,

that 1t is impossible, from the external condition of the

bee’s egg, to arrive at any conclusion as to the sex of

the bee which is to be developed init. Leuckart also

admitted that he failed, by the assistance of the

that she is now fertile, having begun to lay on the thirty-first day of her

age.

* Sir John has recently suggested that ‘“*Kuova” would be a more

appropriate term than Prof. Huxley’s “ Pseudova,” as they are not

“false eggs,” but, on the contrary, “are true eggs, and something

more.’—[Proc. Ent. Soc. 1866, p. Ix.].

+. Sir John Lubbock “ On the Ova and Pseudova of Insects.” 1858.

Reproduction in the Honey Bee. 5d9

microscope, to ascertain the presence or absence of the

seminal filaments upon the micropylar apparatus of

freshly-deposited drone-eges, and from this to draw a

conclusion as to their. fecundation or non-fecundation.

“Until” says Leuckart, ‘‘ either by experiment, or by

direct observation, the strict proof is obtained, that it is

only the eggs of the female bees that are impregnated,

the question as to the causality of sex in the bees remains

an open one.”

This strict proof, according to Von Siebold, has been

obtained by him. By a rigid course of experiments and

observations he has discovered what Leuckart failed to

accomplish. Thoughacknowledging with Leuckart, “‘ that

the investigations of the egg of the bee are amongst the

most difficult of all investigations of the kind,” yet he

has been “able to furnish, by direct observations, that

evidence which must have been required by science as

alone sufficient for the establishment of Dzierzon’s

theory.” He says: “Amongst the fifty-two female eggs

examined by me with the greatest care and conscientious-

ness, thirty-four furnished a positive result, that is to

say, in thirty I could prove the existence of seminal

filaments, in which movements could even be detected

in three eggs.” Also: ‘ Amongst twenty-seven drone

eggs examined with the same care, and by the same

method,” he says, ‘‘ I did not find one seminal filament

in any single egg either externally or internally.”

Such are the results of scientific investigation. It is

perhaps impertinent in me, therefore, to attempt to

resuscitate a question which has been, as it were, thus

fore-closed by science. But if my observations be

correct, that the drones do partake of the paternal

influence, how, I ask, are we to account for the contents

of the spermatotheca affecting the male eggs in the

ovaries, excluded as they are without bemg invested

with the fecundating seminal filaments ? How are these

apparently opposing facts to be reconciled ?

To me it humbly appears the whole subject is full of

difficulties. Repeated observations and experiments are

no doubt still needed to elucidate the mysteries of

reproduction in the bee. The anomalies found in Baron

Von Berlepsch’s experience, and which he leaves unex-

plained, would, according to my discovery, receive an

easy and simple solution ; for, im all his proceedings, I,

fear he was trusting implicitly to the purity of his

BR 2

560 Mr. John Lowe on the Honey Bee.

drones, whether they had been produced by purely

fecundated or by hybridized mothers.

It is not without much diffidence that I have ventured

to submit these views, opposed as they are to the

opinions of men of high scientific attainments and

aplarian experience, but when I am asked to believe in

a theory whichis professedly based upon certain evidence,

the examination and testing of which I find to be want-

ing, I shall be excused for a little scepticism. The whole

of Dzierzon’s theory seems to me to be bound up in

one chain. The all-important link in that chain—that

drone-eges are not affected by fecundation—is, accord-

ing to my observations, broken.

( 561 )

XXV. Descriptions of some New Species of Diurnal

Lepidoptera. By W. C. Hewrrson, F.L.S.

[Read 4th November, 1867.]

1. Papilio Xeniades.

Male.—Upperside black. Anterior wing with a white

bipartite spot near the middle of the inner margin. Pos-

terior wing rounded at the outer margin, dentate, crossed

beyond the middle by a band of five detached carmine

spots, the three nearest the inner margin larger than

the other two, which are minute; lunules on the fringe,

and three or four minute spots near the margin, white.

Underside brown, with the nervures black; the base

of the anterior wing and three spots at the base of the

posterior wing carmine, the spots of the transverse band

white.

Female.—Like the male, except that the white spot on

the anterior wing is larger and tripartite, with (outside

of it) some irrorations of white; that the outer margin is

nearly straight ; and that the white spots near the outer

margin of the posterior wing are much larger.

Exp. 3-7/10 inches.

Hab. Heuador.

In the collection of W. C. Hewitson.

A beautiful species, nearly related to P. Huryleon of

Hewitson, from which it differs chiefly in having the

carmine spots of the posterior wing jower down and

forming a macular band instead of a palmate spot, and

in wanting the two white apical spots.

2. Papilio Dares.

Female-—Upperside black, the outer margin with

white lunules. Anterior wing with a small white spot

beyond the middle. Posterior wing dentated, the den-

tations long ; crossed beyond the middle by two macular

bands of crowded carmine spots; tlhe first band of six

oval spots, the first of which, near the costal margin, is

smaller than the rest, and the last, at the anal angle, is

larger ; the second band of five spots, three of which,

nearest the anal angle, are lunular.

Underside as above, except that the carmine spots of

the first band of the posterior wing are smaller.

Exp. 3-7/10 inches.

TR. ENT, SOC, THIRD SERIES, VOL. V, PART VIIL—DEC. 1867.

562 Mr. W. C. Hewitson’s Deseriptions of

Hab. Nicaragua.

In the collection of W. C. Hewitson.

Before I had got that sex, I believed this to be the

female of P. Photinus of Doubleday ; I now see, however,

that it is very different. The carmine spots of the first

band cross the wing in a double curve, and those near

the margin, instead of being triangularly lunate, are very

shehtly so.

3. Leptalis Othwe.

Female —Upperside dark-brown. Anterior wing with

two large white spots, one beyond the middle touching

the costal margin, the other at the middle of the inner

margin; two very minute indistinct white subapical spots.

Posterior wing pale yellow, broadly bordered with brown,

except on the costal margin.

Underside pale yellow. Antertor wing as above, except

that the costal and outer margins and apex are broadly

yellow, slightly irrorated with brown. Posterior wing

yellow, with the exception of the centre which is white,

and irrorated with pale brown,

Exp. 1-11/20 inch.

Hab. New Granada.

In the collection of W. C. Hewitson.

Nearly allied to L. Zathoe of Hewitson, but differs

from it in not having one of the spots, and im the form

of the other.

4, Leptalis Ithomia.

Male.—Upperside brown, both wings with a submar-

ginal row of white spots, large on the posterior wing.

Anterior wing with a large triangular spot from the base

to the middle of the wing; crossed a little beyond the

middle by a broad oblique band, and by a subapical bifid

spot, all of pale yellow; the inner margin also yellow.

Posterior wing pale yellow, with the outer margin

broadly brown.

Exp. 1-15/20 inch.

Hab. Ecuador.

In the collection of W. C. Hewitson.

Most nearly allied to L. Humelia, the spots and bands

being in the same position ; the submarginal spots give

it, however, a very different aspect, and a still greater

resemblance to the Ithomie.

New Species of Diurnal Lepidoptera. 563

5. Leptalis Avonia.

Male.—Upperside dark-brown. Anterior wing with a

longitudinal spot within the cell, a large spot on the

costal margin beyond the middle, a small round spot

below this, and a lunular subapical spot, all pale yellow.

Posterior wing pale yellow, polished where the wings

meet; the outer margin broadly dark-brown.

Underside as above, except that the lower half of the

anterior wing is white and polished ; that the posterior

wing has the costal margin and apex broadly brown ;

that the costal margin is marked by two large oval

pale yellow spots; and that both wings have a sub-

marginal band of white spots, large and distinct on the

posterior wing.

Exp. 1-17/20 inch.

Hab. Quito.

In the collection of W. C. Hewitson.

In form and in the position of the spots, this species

greatly resembles L. Theucharila of Doubleday; 1m colour

it is altogether different.

6. Pieris cinerea.

Upperside. Anterior wing with the basal half white,

the costal margin and apical half black, marked with a

subapical bipartite white spot. Posterior wing gray-

blue, the outer margin, from the apex to the middle,

broadly brown.

Underside. Anterior wing as above, but paler. Pos-

terior wing dark-brown, the costal margin, from the

base to beyond the middle, white.

Exp. 1-8/10 inch.

Hab. Ecuador.

In the collection of W. C. Hewitson.

Very closely allied to P. ewsia of Lucas, but differs

from it on the underside im wanting the yellow at the

apex, and in having the posterior wing black instead of

yellow.

7. Heliconia Timareta.

Upperside black. Anterior wing with one large central

angular white spot, divided by the nervures, which are

black, into seven unequal parts, five of which are above

564 Mr. W. C. Hewitson’s Descriptions of

the median nervure ; one, much larger than the rest (its

outer border broken by two small black spots) within

the cell, one above the subcostal nervure, and three

(one of which is very minute) below this ; the other two

portions, which are below the median nervure, are

large and separated by the second median nervule.

Underside dark-brown. Wings as above, except that

the anterior wing has a scarlet spot at the base of the

costal margin, and that the posterior wing has a line of

pale yellow on the costal margin, and four scarlet spots

at the base.

Exp. 3-4/10 inches.

Hab. Ecuador.

In the collection of W. C. Hewitson.

Not unlike H. Heurippa of Hewitson, if that species

were deprived of its red spots.

8. Colenis Telesiphe.

Upperside dark-brown. Anterior wing with a longitu-

dinal carmine spot, irrorated with black, within the cell ;

below this a carmine spot, traversed by the second

median nervule ; crossed beyond the middle by a quinque-

partite band, also carmine. Posterior wing crossed near

the base by a sex-partite band of lilac-white.

Underside dark-brown, variegated with gray. Anterior

wing with the first and second carmine spots as above ; a

large triangular spot on the costal margin beyond its

middle, an irregular spot near the apex, gray. Posterior

wing with the base, a broad irregular band before the

middle, and several short transverse bands near the

apex, gray; a triangular silver spot near the middle of

the outer margin.

Exp: 2-8/10 inches.

Hab. Ecuador.

In the collection of W. C. Hewitson.

A beautiful species, in form hke C. Huchroia, from

which it does not differ on the underside. In colour it

resembles Heliconia Telesiphe.

9. Heterochroa Saundersit.

Female.—Upperside rufous-brown. Anterior wing with

five indistinct bands across and outside the cell ; crossed

a little beyond the middle by a broad band of orange,

New Species of Diurnal Lepidoptera. 565

divided by the nervures into seven parts, the middle

part projecting beyond the rest towards the outer mar-

gin; beyond this band to the apex, much darker than

the rest of the wing. Posterior wing with four bands

(the third of which is broken into spots) and the outer

margin dark-brown.

Underside rufous, adorned with numerous silver spots.

Anterior wing with ten silver spots, four (bordered with

black) near ‘the base, three of them in the cell, the

middle one of which is in the form of a V, and six near

the apex in parallel bands of three spots each. Posterior

wing with six large silver spots near the base; crossed

at the middle by a rufous-brown band, followed by two

brown spots and two transverse bands of white spots,

some of which are touched with silver.

xp. 2-2/10 inches.

Hab. Keuador.

In the collection of W. C. Hewitson.

This species, though very distinct, has a good deal

of resemblance on the underside to H. leweophthalma.

I have named it after the most generous of Hntomolo-

gists.

10. Oyelogramma bimaculata.

Male.—Upperside. Anterior wing dark-brown, with a

central trifid spot of white, and a ‘subapical spot of the

same colour. Posterior wing rufous-brown. Both wings

glossed with blue.

Underside. Anterior wing as above, except that the

base is carmine, that the central white spot is prolonged

upwards to the costal margin, near which it is tinted

with carmine, and that the apex is gray (inclosing the

white spot) crossed by a submarginal black line. Pos-

terior wing rufous gray ; two spots at the base, a spot

at the middle of the costal margin, and a submarginal

zig-zag band, all carmine ; a eat band of black near

the base, a submar ginal band of lunular lilac spots, bor-

dered above with black , and four central round spots in

pairs, bordered with black.

Exp. 1-7/10 inch.

Hab. Mexico.

In the collection of W. C. Hewitson.

TR. ENT. SOC. THIRD SERIES, VOL. V. PART VII.—DEC. 1867.

; SS

566 Descriptions of New Diurnal Lepidoptera.

This species does not differ from C. Pandamu on the

underside of the posterior wing.

11. Clerome Amathusia.

Female.—Upperside rufous-brown. Anterior wing

with the apex acute; crossed beyond the middle by a

broad curved band of rufous yellow, commencing on the

costal margin where it is broadest and of the brightest

yellow, and ending at the anal angle where it is rufous

and indistinct. Posterior wing crossed beyond the

middle by a zig-zag rufous-brown band.

Underside rufous, tinted with lilac near the base,

paler beyond the band; crossed from the apex of the

anterior to the anal angle of the posterior wing by a

continuous common linear dark-rufous band ; both wings

with a submarginal band of minute rufous ocelli, some

of which are pupilled with white, and both with a sub-

marginal rufous line; anterior wing with a pale rufous

band near the base (curving outwards), and a spot of

the same colour at the end of the cell; posterior wing

with a dark rufous band near the base (curved inwards) .

Exp. 3-1/10 inches.

Hab. India.

In the collections of Mr. Atkinson, of Calcutta, and of

Mr. G. Semper, of Altona.

In form this species resembles the genus Amathusia,

and is very different in that respect from the other

species of the genus in which I have placed it, with

which it agrees, however, in every other way.

JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.

1866.

February 5, 1866.

Sir Joun Lupsock, Bart., F.R.S , &c., President, in the chair.

The President thanked the Society for having elected him to occupy the Chair,

and nominated as his Vice-Presidents, Messrs.) W. W. Saunders, Westwood and

Pascoe. :

Prize Essays.

The Prize awarded by the Council for an Essay “On Ailanthiculture” was

presented by the President to the author, Dr. Alexander Wallace; and it was

announced that the Council renewed the offer of last year, and would give Two Prizes

of the value of Five Guineas each to the authors of Essays or Memoirs, of sufficient

merit and drawn up from personal observation, on the anatumy, economy, or habits of

any insect or group of insects which is in any way especially serviceable or obnoxious

to mankind. The Essays should be illustrated by figures of the insects in their different

states, and (if the species be noxious) must show the results of actual experiments made

for the prevention of their attacks or the destruction of ‘the insects themselves. On

some former occasions the Council has selected a definite subject, as e.g., the Coccus of

the Pine Apple, the larva of Agrotis Segetum (the large caterpillar of the turnip), &e.,

but on the present occasion the selection is left to the candidates themselves, provided

only that the subject be one fairly belonging to the Economic branch of Entomology.

The Essays must be sent to the Secretary at No. 12, Bedford Row, indorsed with

Mottoes, on or before the 30th November, 1806, when they will be referred to a Com-

mittee to decide upon their merits; each must be accompanied by a sealed letter

indorsed with the motto adopted by its author, and inclosing his name and address.

The Prize Essays shall be the property of, and will be published by, the Society.

Donations to the Library.

The following donations were announced, and thanks voted to the donors :—‘ The

Transactions of the Entomological Society of New South Wales, Vol. i., Part 45

presented by the Society. ‘The Entomologist, vol. ii.; by the Editor, E. Newman,

Esq. ‘On the Fossil Insects from [linois, the Miamia and Hemeristia, by Samuel

H. Scudder; by the Author. ‘ Exotic Butterflies,’ Part 57, by W. C. Hewitson; by

W.W. Saunders, Esq. * A Catalogue of the Lepidoptera of Devon and Cornwall,’ by

J.J. Reading, Part I{T.; by the Author. ‘ Proceedings of the Royal Society, Nos. 79

and 80; by the Society. ‘The Entomologist’s Annual,’ for 1866; by H. T. Stainton,

Esq. ‘Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung, 1866, Nos. 1—3; by the Entomological

Society of Stettin. ‘The Zoologist, for February; by the Editor. ‘The Entomolo-

gists Monthly Magazine’ for February ; by the Editors.

Election of Honorary Members.

MM. Guerin-Méneville, of Paris, and Boheman, of Stockholm, were severally

ballotted for and elected Honorary Members.

Exhibitions, &c.

Mr. Dorville sent for exhibition a male specimen of Sterrha sacraria, captured by

him at Alphington, near Exeter, at sugar, in August last (see Ent. Mo. Mag. ii. 115);

a gigantic Vanessa Cardui, measuring 2 inches and 10 lines in expanse, and having

a black spot in the pale band at the anal angle of the anterior wings: a variety of

Argynnis Selene, wanting many of the ordinary black markings of the upper side, and

with the under side of the hind wings very abuormal; a female Satyrus Tithonus

having an additional ocellated spot on the auterior wings ; a female Agrotis segetum,

with the anterior wings nearly black; and a variety of Triphena orboua with moitled

anterior wings, and with the posterior wings very pale yellow.

Mr. S. Stevens exhibited a male of Papilio Semperi, from the Philippines, with

black wings and a bright searlet body; the body of the female being grey.

Prof. Westwood exhibited a pair of the dog-tick, [xodes plumbeus, which he bad

kept without food in a glass tube for twelve months, having taken them away with

him from the Meeting of this Society held on the 6th February, 1865, (see * Proceed-

ings, 1865, p. 82). Shortly alterwards numbers of young ones were observed in the

tube, but they soon died; the tube however was now again thronged with young in

the hexapod state. The female parent was no longer living.

Prof. Westwood also exhibited a larva with long filaments at the sides of the

body, which he at first thought to be Nenropterous (Sialis), and afterwards I.epidop-

terous (Hydrucampa), but which from examination of De Geer’s figures he believed to

be Dipterous, and probably the larva of Tipula replicata. Itwas found in damp moss

in Derbyshire, and there was no doubt that the filaments were branchial and con-

nected with respiration.

The President remarked upon the apparent absence or scarcity of trachew in these |

branchial apparatus.

The President exhibited magnified coloured drawings of two larve, and requested

information to what insects they belonged. Except that one was Lepidopterous, and

the other probably Coleopterous, no light was thrown upon the subject.

lil

Mr. W. W. Saunders exhibited a box full of Heliconie, “all taken together in the

same locality” at Cayenne, including forms which have been described unéer seven

or eight specific names; the examination of these specimens had convinced him that

all of them were referable to a single species, H. Melpomene, or at most to two

species; the structure and general form were constant, whilst the colour varied

enormously, so that if his conclusion were correct colour must henceforth be con-

sidered as of small specific value amongst butterflies.

Mr. Bates said that he had found nearly the whole of the same forms on the

Amazous, and had come to the conclusion that there were three species, Heliconia

Melpomene, H. Thelxiope, and H. Vesta, but that the majority were merely inter-

mediate varieties. , In their typical states those three were perfectly distinct, did not

' interbreed, and no connecting links were found. For a distance of 1800 miles up the

Amazons, Heliconiew occurred everywhere, but the intermediate varieties were found

in only one locality, on the hilly maivland of or adjoining Guyana, at the other

extremity of which was Cayenne. The three species occurred in the forests, but the

varieties did not. He had endeavoured to investigate the question whether the species

interbred, and whether the varities were the result, and had satisfied himself that the

varieties were not hybrids. He thought that the insects were unstable vacillating

‘ species; H. Melpomene, Thelxiope, and Vesta had become segregated in the alluvial

plains, and might now be considered as species, though in bis opinion they themselves

were the descendants of some one prior unstable form which was their common

ancestor. He conceived that the whole phenomena, both of the formation or develop-

ment of the different species and the existence of the intermediate varieties, were

explicable on the broad principle that an insect, in disseminating itself over a wide

area, adjusts or accommodates itself to local conditions.

Mr. Saunders remarked that the Heliconie exhibited were all from the same

locality, and therefore presumably had been subjected to like conditions.

Mr. Bates admitted that many different varieties were found in one spot; but as

local variation was not the only form of variation, such collocated varieties might be

produced by causes similar to those which produced the remarkable beg between

the offspring of some of our domestic animals.

Dr. Alex. Wallace said that the course which the discussion had taken led him to

enquire whether Bombyx Ricini and Bombyx Cynthia were distinct species ; the two

insecis interbred, and the hybrids were fertile and bred on for generations, not only

amongst themselves, but with either of the parent furms,. And yet B. Ricini was from

Bengal and fed on Ricinus communis; B. Cynthia from China and fed on Ailanthus

glandulosa; they differed in the egg, in the colour of the larve, iv the shape of the

cocoon, in the quality of the silk, in the imago, and in their habits. B. Ricini

produced six or’ seven generations in the year, aud was tvo fertile for this country,

since it could not be prevented from hatching in winter when no food for the

larve was obtainable; whilst B. Cynthia, though last year it had produced four

generations in France, in an ordinary season produced only two, and perhaps a single

generation would be the rule in this climate.

Mr. J. J. Weir enquired on which plant the hybrids fed ? Dr. Wallace replied, on

both or either indifferently.

Mr. F. Smith said that the remarks he had made at a previous Meeting, (see

‘Proceedings,’ 1865, p. 130), as to the tapping noise alieged to be made by “ death-

lv mY

watches,” had induced Mr. Henry Doubleday to send him an account which shewed

that his (Mr. Smith’s) doubt was, as to Anobium at all events, unfounded. Mr.

Doubleday, under date of Epping, 31st Dec. 1865, wrote as follows: —

“T cannot speak positively about the Atropos, but I am strongly inclined to believe

that it is the insect which produces the continuous faint ticking sound so frequently

heard in the spring. It seems almost impossible that such. a delicate little creature

should be able to produce any sound whatever, but I have always found it in places

from which the ticking sound appeared to proceed. I have often thought it very

wonderful that the pied woodpecker can, by striking the branch of a tree with its beak,

produce a sound which may be heard for half a mile; we could not produce a similar

sound by striking the tree with a stick or anything else. I can speak positively with

regard to the Anobium, and I assure you that this little beetle produces the loud

ticking sound, by raising itself upon its legs as high as it can, and then striking the

head and under part of the thorax against the substance upon which it is standing,

generally about five or six times in rapid succession; and it always chooses a

substance which produces the most sound. It is evidently a call-note from one

individual to another, as you very rarely hear one rap without its being immediately

answered by another. I have repeatedly kept one in a card pill-box, and if I imitated

the sound, by tapping anything with a pointed pencil or something of that kind, the

Anobium would instantly answer me. This insect is common in our house, but it is

not very easy to obtain them, as,when you have found out by their rapping where they

are, they drop the instant you move anything near them. If all is well I will

endeavour to obtain you some bye-and-bye, and send them to you alive.”

Dr. Alex. Wallace mentioned, that on recently repairing the roof of an old church

at Colchester, which had been attacked by Anobium, it was found that the damage

was Chiefly confined to the south side, the other sides being but slightly affected ; this

was the case both with the nave and aisles. Could it be that the beetles selected the

south side from its greater warmth ?

Mr. McLachlan enquired if the same description of wood was used throughout ?

Dr. Wallace believed so ; all that he saw was oak.

Prof. Westwood said, if it were oak the depredator was doubtless Anobium tessel-

latum; there might be other reasons than the warmth which took the beetles to the

south side; the prevalence of particular winds, or greater exposure to rain, might

make the wood more liable to decay, or more attractive and palatable to the

insects.

Mr. Stainton announced with regret the recent death of Senator von Heyden, of

Frankfort, from an accidental fall, in the 73rd year of his age.

Mr. Stainton also announced the arrival of Mr. Wollasion at the Cape de

Verdes: the examination of two small islands had already yielded 150 species

of Coleoptera.

Prof. Westwood mentioned that in the Stett. Ent. Zeit. just published was a figure

of a gynandromorphous Dytiscus (male on the right side, female on the left), very

much reseuibliug that described and figured by him in the third vol. of the * Trans-

actions, p. 203, pl. xi. Mr. McLachlan added that, in the same publication, a

gynandromorpbous Argynnis Paphia was mentioned, the right side of which was

female and the left side: male, and which had this additioual peculiarity that the

‘

—

female portion was of the form known as var. Valesina. Prof. Westwood said that a

similar gynandromorphous variety bad been recorded in the publications of one of the

Belgian societies.

Papers read.

‘Mr. Baly communicated the concluding portion of his paper entitled “ New

Genera and Species of Gallerucide ” ; containing descriptions of four new species of

the genus Cerotoma.

Mr. Hewitson communicated the concluding portion of his paper entitled

“Descriptions of New Species of Hesperide”; comprising seventeen additional

species of the genus Hesperia.

March 5, 1866.

W. W. Saunpers, Esq., V.-P., in the chair.

Donations to the Library.

The following donations were announced, and thanks voted to the donors :—

‘Schriften der Koniglichen Physikalisch-Okonomischen Gesellschaft zu Konigsberg,

1864, Parts 1 & 2; presented by the Society. ‘Synopsis des Nevroptéres d’ Espagne,

par A.-Edouard Pictet; by the Author. ‘Una Rectificacion mas acerca del Animal-

Planta, y descripeion de un nuevo Iusecto?’ par Antonio del Castillo; by Dr. Gray.

*The Zoologist’ for March; by the Editor. ‘The Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine”

for March; by the Editors.

Exhibitions, §c.

Mr. W. H. Groser said that when at the Meeting in December, 1865, a doubt was

expressed whether the noise made by Anobium was caused by percussion, he had a

strong conviction that the fact thus disputed rested on the authority of competent

observers, and he had since met with the followivg passage respecting Anobium tessel-

latum in the Rev. L. Jenyns ‘ Observations on Natural History :’—

_ “Tt is curious to observe one of them labouring, as it were, to make itself heard ;

raising itself on its binder legs it beats forcibly on the wall on which it stands with

the fure part of the head, giving seven or eight strokes at a time in pretty quick

succession.”

Mr. Groser had written to Mr. Jenyns, asking if this statement was made from his

own actual observation, and Mr. Jenyns replied, ‘‘ I am quite sure of the correctness

of what I have stated in my ‘Observations &c.,’ respecting the tapping of Ano-

bium tessellatum, having witnessed it repeatedly. With regard to A. striatum, I do

not recollect pow (it is so many years since) whether what I have added in reference

to that species was stated on the ground of having seen it make the’ noise in question

or only having heard it.”

Mr. S. Stevens exhibited a Japanese collection of butierflies and beetles from

Hakodadi, and remarked upon the close resemblance of many of tbe species, to those

indigenous to this country.

Mr. Tegetmeier exhibited a general collection of Japanese insects from Nagasaki,

the greater part being Lepidoptera and Coleoptera.

Mr, W. W. Saunders, Mr. F. Smith, Mr. Pascoe and Mr. M‘Lachlan made

observations upon the number of Japanese forms, of Lepidoptera, Coleoptera and

Neuroptera, which were of an European type.

Mr. F. Smitb, on behalf of Mr.S. Stone, exhibited a singularly compact and sym-

metrical nest of Vespa sylvestris; also nests of Vespa rufa, V. germanica and V.

sylvestris, which were constructed in 1864 by workers only. The original nests to

which the wasps belonged, together with the queens and the principal part of each

colony, had been removed by Mr. Stone; a few workers which remained had re-

commenced building, but, deprived of the guidance and control of the queen, had

produced in each case a monstrosity, an irregular and shapeless piece of clumsy work-

manship. There were yourg larve in sealed cells constructed by the workers, which

larve were the produce of eggs laid by the workers.

Mr. Tegetmeier had known workers of the hive-bees to lay fertile eggs, but these had

always produced drones; two or three eggs were laid in one cell, but not more than

one ever hatched. .

Mr. F. Smith pointed out that the sealed cells in the wasps’ nests exhibited were

the cells, not of drones, but of workers, of females,—which was an extension of the

observation and theory of Von Sieboldt.

Mr. M‘Lachlan exhibited a twig of mulberry tree sent from Saugor, Central

India, by Captain Alexander, on which were deposited in rows numerous eggs, which

were probably those of a species of Ascalaphus or Myrmeleon; the arrangement of

the eggs was precisely similar to that of the European Ascalaphus macaronius, as

described by Dr. Brauer; the young larve that had emerged from the eggs were also

exhibited. With reference to Geoffroy’s observation, that Myrmeleon formicarius

immediately after emergence deposits one or two eggs, which, however, are unpro-

ductive, Mr. M‘Lachlan said that his own observations had convinced him that these

so-called eggs were nut eggs at all, but were in reality the meconium, which, instead

of being voided in a liquid state, was in this instance solid, and touk the form of

egg-like lumps.

The Rev. O. Pickard-Cambridge (who was present as a visitor) exhibited a general

collection of insects made by himself in Palestine, Syria, Lesser Asia, Greece, &c.

All the specimens were admirably preserved and set, notwithstanding that the collec-

tion was made under the difficulties of being almost always on horseback, aud seldom

staying more than a day in one place; moreover his principal object of pursuit had

been spiders, of which he had captured a great number and of very peculiar

forms.

Prof. Westwood called attention to the “ Schriften der Kénigl. phys.-okon. Gesell-

schaft zu Koénigsberg” for 1864, in which was described and figured a new Amphipod

—a marine avimal—iv gum copal or gum anime.

Vii

Paper Read,

Mr. Edward Saunders read a paper intituled “ Catalogue of Buprestide collected

by the late M. Mouhot jn Siam, &c.; with Descriptions of new Species.” Forty-four

species were enumerated, of which thirty-three were described as new; three new

genera were characterized—Cardiaspis, allied to Dicercomorpha of Henri Deyrolle ;

Engycera, allied to Melobasis; and Oncomea, between Brachys and Pachyscelus.

New Part of ‘ Transactions,

Trans. Ent. Soc. third series, vol. ii. Part 6 (being the concluding part of that

volume) was announced as ready for distribution.

April 2, 1866.

Str Joun Luezock, Bart., President, in the chair.

Donations to the Library.

The following donations were announced, and thanks voted to the donors:—

‘Exotic Butterflies,” by W. C. Hewitson, part 58; presented by W. W. Saunders, Esq.

* Monographie des Platypides, par F. Chapuis; by the Author. ‘ Proceedings of the

Royal Society, Vol. xv. No. 81; by the Society. ‘The Zoologist’ for April; by the

Editor. ‘The Eutomologist’s Monthly Magazine’ for April; by the Editors.

Election of Member.

John Watson, Esq., of Rose Hill, Bowdon, Cheshire, was ballotted for and elected

a Member.

Exhibitions.

Mr. William Rogers sent for exhibition specimens of the ichneumon Pimpla

oculatoria, which he had bred from the egg-bag of a spider found under the loose bark

of an vak-fence. ‘s

Mr. F. Smith and Mr. Desvignes both said that they had bred the species, but

always from bramble-sticks.

Mr. W. W. Saunders exhibited three interesting objects from New South Wales.

Firsi, a number of (empty) eggs, probably of a Chrysopa, disposed in a line or chain

on, or rather over, the bark of a tree; they were elongate in shape, about twice as long

as broad, formed a continuous and connected chain, and each was supported by a

hair-like pedicel about a quarter of an inch above™the level of the bark; but the

peculiarity of the arrangement was that the first, third, fifth, and so on, were disposed

with their longer axes all in the same direction, and rested on pedicels which were

vill

perpendicular to the plane of the bark, whilst the alternate eggs were transversely

placed, with their shorter axes in the same line with the longer axes of the odd

numbers, and were supported by longer pedicels which were inclined at about half a

right angle to the plane of the bark: the object of such an arrangement was difficult

to imagine, whilst it must necessarily render the process of egg-laying a very complex

operation. Secondly, a larva, probably of a Lamellicorn beetle, with two fungvid

excrescences, Spheria, springing from the back of the head, one on each side, like

ram’s horns. [See Proc. Ent. Soc. 1834, p. xviii.; 1836, pp. vi., xxili:; 1838, p. iv.;

1839, p. xxxiv.; 1841, p. xxii.; 1842, p. Ixvii.; 1852, p. xxi; 1854, p. xvi. 18057,

p. xevii.; 1863, p. clxxii.; 1864, p. xliv.; 1865, p. Ixxxix.; for other instances

of fungoid growths on insects]. And thirdly, four Locustideous larve, about half

an inch long, attached to a small branch of a tree; one of them was tightly held

head downwards by the other three, which were themselves so locked in a close

embrace and had their legs so intricately entangled, that it seemed they had been

unable to release themselves, and thus had died.

Mr. F. Smith said that, in Stephens’ ‘Catalogue of British Insects, the genus

Bembex was included on the authority of Donovan, who had figured B. octopunctata

as British, but without assigning any precise locality. In the ‘ Eutomologist’s

Annual’ for 1866, p. 122, he (Mr. Smith) had expressed a hope that this, amongst other

genera now expunged from our list, might be re-discovered: he had the pleasure of

exhibiting a specimen of Bembex olivacea (which name was a synonym of, but had

priority over, B. octopunctata) placed in his hands by a gentleman at Bristol, to whom

it-was given many years ago by a Dr. Hicks, who said that he had himself captured

the insect near Gloucester.

Mr. J. J. Weir exhibited some larve which he believed to be only the common

meal-worm (Tenebrio), but which were found in a wine-cellar, and had done con-

siderable damage by eating through the corks of port wine, so that the wine escaped »

sealing-wax on the head of the cork did not operate as a preventive. Oddly enough,

though they had attacked the corks of sherry also, they had not completely perforated

them, but stopped short of the wine. It was suggested as a probable cause for the

incursion into the cellar that perhaps bran had been used in packing the wine, in lieu

of saw-dust.

Mr. W. W. Saunders said that numerous instances of injury done to corks by

various insects had been brought before the Suciety. [See Proc. Ent. Soc. 1835,

p. lv.; 1837, p. Ix.; 1848, pp. xxxv., xli.; 1849, p.Ixi.; 1851, p. exiv.; 1852, pp.

viii., xvii., xxiii.] He remembered a case in which a number of larve of Dermestes

lardarius, which had been brought into the docks with a cargo of skins, made an

incursion into a neighbouring warehouse in which were stored some manufactured

corks; these they perforated and rendered useless: large damages were claimed

against the Dock Company, and a law-suit seemed imminent, but the matter was

finally compromised.

May 7, 1866,

W. W. Saunorrs, Esq., V.-P., in the chair.

Donations to the Library.

The following donations were announced, and thanks voted to the donors :—‘ Pro-

ceedings of the Royal Society, No. 82; presented by the Society. ‘Journal of the

Linnean Society, Vol. ix. Zool. No. 33; by the Society. ‘Journal of the Royal Agri-

cultural Society, 2nd Series, Vol. ii. Part 1; by the Society. ‘Tijdschrift voor Ento-

mologie,’ Vol. viii. Parts 5,6; 2nd Series, Vol. i. Parts 1,2; by the Entomological

Society of the Netherlands. ‘ Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung, 1866, Nos.4—6; by

the Entomological Society of Stettin. ‘ Die Neuroptera des Lithographischen Schiefers

in Bayern, Part 1; by the Author, Dr. Hagen. ‘Synopsis des Agrionines, 5e légion:

Agrion ;’ by the Author, M. E. de Selys-Longchamps. ‘The Zoologist’ for May ; by

the Editor. ‘The Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine’ for May; by the Editors.

W 00¢’s ‘ Illustrations of the Linnean Genera of Insects,’ 2 vols.; Rennie’s ‘ Conspectus

of the Butterflies and Moths found in Britain;’ Yeats’ ‘Institutions of Entomology ;’

Martyn’s ‘English Entomologist;’ Marsham’s ‘ Entomologia Britannica;’ Huber,

* Recherches sur les Meeurs des Fourmis indigénes ; Schrank, ‘ Enumeratio Insectorumy

Austrie indigenorum ;’ Duméril, ‘Considérations générales sur la Classe des In-

sectes;’ Sulzer, ‘Die Kennzeichen der Insekten;’ Klug, ‘Monographia Siricum

‘Germaniz ;’ Barbut, ‘The Genera Insectorum of Linneus;’ Scheffer, ‘ Elementa

Entomologica;’ by J. W. Dunning.

Election of Members.

Philip Green, Esq., of 11, Finsbury Circus, and W. Stavenhagen Jones, Esq., of

793, Gracechurch Street, were severally ballotted for and elected Members.

Exhibitions, &c.

Mr. M‘Lachlan exhibited some galls found on ground-ivy at Lewisham, supposed

to be those produced by Aylax Glechome ; these are, however, described as occurring

singly, while those exhibited were in a cluster of four.

Mr. Bond exhibited a finely-marked variety of the female of Cabera exanthemaria,

bred by the Rev. Mr. Horton, of Powick, near Worcester.

Mr. Newman sent for exhibition some larve of Hepialus lupulinus found in a

heap of wet clay amongst the under-ground rhizomes of the common coltsfoot

(Tussilago farfara), at Henlow, near Biggleswade, in April last: these larve were all

dead, and remarkable as forming the pabulum of a fungus, probably a Spheria,

occupying the whole interior, and sending out its mycelia in all directions through the

skin, while in some specimens a stout capitate column rose from the neck of the larva

immediately behind the head, evidently the fructification of the fungus. This

singular formation is figured in ‘ The Entomologist,’ vol. iii. p. 75.

Mr. Stainton exhibited some Dipterous larve he had that morning received from

Mr. Borthwick, Treasurer of the Natural History Society of Alloa: these larve were

reported to be very injurious to the young wheat, destroying the main stem just above

the root.

Mr. W. W. Saunders observed that some similar larve had been brought under his

notice by one of his neighbours in Surrey, but that if the larve attacked the wheat when

very young the result was simply the destruction of the main stem, and the plant

put out an additional quantity of other stems, and no more injury was done to

the crop than by pasturing sheep upon wheat when getting too luxuriant early in

the season. .

Mr. Stainton exhibited a number of drawings, made by Miss Wing, of the Micro-

Lepidopterous larve he had collected during March in the South of France, at Cannes

and Mentone, including Acrolepia Smilaxella of Milliere, of which the larva fed on

the leaves of the Smilax aspera; Hyponomeuta egregiellus, Duponchel, which fed on

the Erica scoparia; a Gelechia (probably G. biguttella), bred from Doryenium suffru-

ticosum and D. hirtum; Coleophora congeriella, Staudinger, on D. suffruticosum; a

green Depressaria larva on Genista spinosa, which, instead of producing a novelty, had

yielded only D. atomella; Gelechia Psoralella of Milliére on Psoralea bituminosa; an

Elachista larva mining down a leaf of Carex, just as it might have been doing in

England at the same period of the year; larve of the insect so injurious to the olives,

and which Herr Kalteubach, of Aix-la-Chapelle, had last year first correctly referred

to the genus Prays, Prays oleellus being evidently, both in form, structure and even in

marking, closely allied to Prays Curtisellus, whilst there was a great similarity in the

*habits of the larve, that of P. Curtisellus being as destructive to the shoots of the ash

as that of P. oleellus to the shoots of the olive; also a drawing of a true gall formed

on the shoots of Gypsophila saxifraga by a small Lepidopterous larva (probably of the

genus Gelechia, but which had not yet been bred). Mr. Stainton observed that the

only other instance of a true gall formed by a Lepidopterous larva was that formed by

Asychna eratella on Polygonum aviculare.

Mr. Stainton also exhibited a drawing of a larva found on spindle in his own

garden at Lewisham, the habits of which were very peculiar, inasmuch as these larve

were found only where there was a bundle of the “ frass” of last year’s larve of Hypo-

nomeuta Evonymellus resting on the twigs of the spindle; but wherever there was

such a mixture of web and excrement left on the plant one of these larve was to be

found underneath, feeding on the bark and even eating the wood of the spindle. The

appearance and agility of the larva reminded him much of the genus Gelechia; and.

already were there three instances known in that genus (Intelligencer, Vol. vii.

p- 157) of larve which were only found as companions of other larve. The beauty

and neatness of the drawing of Miss Wing elicited very general admiration.

Mr. E. W. Janson exhibited specimens of Throscus elateroides, Heer, a species

not hitherto recognized as an inhabitant of Britain, captured, during the past month,

by Messrs. J. A. Brewer and E. Smith, near Rochester, Kent, at the roots of herbage:

he remarked that this species may be readily distinguished from its ascertained indi-

genous congeners by its bi-carinate forehead, grooved eyes and the thickly punctate

interstices of the elytra, and submitted magnified drawings and the following concise

diagnoses of the three species now known to inhabit Britain: he likewise stated that

Dr. J. A. Power had recently taken this species in the same locality and under similar

circumstances :——

“Genus THroscus.

I. Eyes with an oblique central groove in front only.

Sp. 1. 7. dermestoides, L., Latr., Steph., Heer, Redtb., v. Kiesenw., de Bony.

(Elater dermestoides, L.)

Forehead with two distinct parallel longitudinal ridges in front between the eyes,

and a very short indistinct one between them.

Thorax scarcely perceptibly dilated at the sides in front of the posterior angles,

finely and somewhat thickly punctate.

Elytra punctate-striate, all the striz distinet; the interstices with two irregular

series of sparsely disposed punctures anteriorly, which gradually assume the

position of a simple row posteriorly.

II. Eyes with an oblique central groove running completely across them.

Sp. 2. 7. elateroides, Heer, de Bony.

Forehead with two fine parallel longitudinal ridges in front between the eyes.

Thorax conspicuously dilated at the sides in front of the posterior angles, finely

and rather thickly punctate.

Elytra finely punctate-striate, the striae next the suture obsolete; the interstices

thickly and finely punctate.

The frontal ridges are, in some individuals, so faintly raised as to be distinguish-

able only in a good light and in thoroughly clean specimens.

Sp. 3. 7. obtusus, Curt., Steph., v. Kiesenw., de Bony.

Forehead convex, scarcely perceptibly punctate, and without the faintest trace of

longitudinal ridges.

Thorax very short, and very much dilated at the sides in front of the posterior

angles, sparsely punctate.

Elytra finely punctate-striate, the striae next the suture usually very faint; the

interstices somewhat thickly and minutely punctate.”

Mr. W. W. Saunders exhibited a singular conical nidus, which he considered to be

that of a spider, from New South Wales, formed out ofa single leaf, by a series of folds,

so artfully contrived that the whole of the leaf was used up in its construction,

producing a tent-like structure quite impervious to wet; the nidus was about half an

inch in length and nearly the same in diameter at the base.

Mr. Saunders also exhibited two cases formed by the larve of some species of Gceti-

cus (Oiketicus)?, about two inches in length, constructed of four series of small pieces of

the culm of some kind of grass; these four series were of different lengths, increasing as

the larve appear to have grown larger and required a more roomy habitation: in each

Series the pieces of culm were very nearly equal in size and length, and so arranged

as to form a cylinder. These cases had somewhat the shape of a pocket-telescope

drawn out to its full length: they were from New South Wales.

Mr. E. L. Layard said that he had obtained several species of these insects at the

Cape, in Australia, and also in Ceylon; he had observed that the young larva when

first hatched constructed their cases from the body of their parent: in one species the

case of the larva when full grown was composed externally of sticks, much larger than

the case itself, placed lengthwise, and this ornamentation was not added until the

insect was full grown.

Mr. M‘Lachlan observed that the fact of young larve of case-bearing species

employing the body and case of the female parent as materials for their own cases, had

been noticed by Réaumur; and he had himself seen it done by our British species of

Fumea.

Mr. Haward exhibited some Coleoptera and other insects of various orders from

Natal.

Mr. E. L. Layard called the attention of the Society to the fearful ravages of a

species of white ant at St. Helena: it is a small slender species, having very long jaws,

and he believed specifically distinct from any which be had seen in Ceylon or at the

Cape of Good Hope; it was introduced into the island about twenty years ago, in

timber from the West Coast of Africa, but its ravages had only become serious within

the last ten years; at the present time James Town might be said to be devastated by

it, the whole of the cathedral was destroyed, and indeed everything in the town made

of wood was more or less injured; the library was also destroyed by them, and it was

noticed that the theological works were eaten first, which he (Mr. L.) attributed less to

the fact that the insects studied divinity, than to those books not being so often con-

sulted by the reading public as novels and lighter works, and the insects therefore _

less disturbed in their work of destruction. Teak seemed to be the only wood they did

not eat, but they would freely bore holes through it in order to get at other kinds more

suited to their tastes: this fact had been proved, by placing a deal plank between two

pieces of teak, when the latter were perforated and the deal devoured. They might

even be said to make their way through tin cases, for in the Government stores it was

found that their moist frass on the outside of such cases caused rapid oxidization of the

metal, which enabled the insects to make their way in and devour the contents. He

believed that unless some effectual remedy could be provided it would ere long be

impossible to use timber on the island for any purpose ; any one who could suggest

a remedy would confer a vast benefit on the inhabitants. The ravages of the

insect were at present confined to James Town, but might spread all over the island

at any moment, and even reach vessels in the roadstead in firewood, or by other means,

and be carried to the Cape, Ascension, or elsewhere: it was a subject for serious con-

sideration; the injuries already done to the Government buildings, &c., would

necessitate an outlay from the public purse of many thousand pounds.

The Secretary mentioned that in December, 1863, a communication had been

addressed to him by the Secretary of the Admiralty, with reference to the depredations

committed at James Town by the white ants. See ‘ Proceedings’ 1863, p. clxxxv,

Mr. Bates, Mr. Wallace, and the late General Hearsey had subsequently addressed to

him various practical suggestions, the whole of which were incorporated in a letter

which on the 2nd of February, 1864, he had forwarded for the information of the Lords _

Commissioners of the Admiralty. |

Mr. Layard also remarked that at the Cape of Good Hope wild bees were exceed-—

ingly abundant, and as the natives appeared to be quite indifferent to the stings of

these insects, they dug up the nests and consumed the honey with perfect impunity :

in the plains the nests were usually found in those of the white ants, which had pre-

viously been ravaged by the anteater; in the hills, in holes and caverns. He had

always understood that the cause of the swarming of bees was want of room in the

hive or nest; he had, however, noticed that in the caverns above mentioned the nests

threw off swarms, and want of room could not be the cause in those cases.

Mr. Tegetmeier observed that the Scotch plan of providing additional room, by

placing a box hive containing a strong stock between two empty hives, usually pre-

vented swarming in this country, the bees availing themselves of the increased accom-

modation instead.

Mr. Layard said that both this and Nutt’s system had been tried by himself and

Mr. Corless, the most experienced bee-master at the Cape, and had failed. Mr.

Corless had lately constructed a hive in sections, so that each comb could be removed

and examined with the bees zn situ; they hoped on his return to be able to settle

some vexed questions by the aid of this observatory, and their observations should be

communicated to the Society.

Papers read.

The Rev. Douglas C. Timins communicated a paper entitled “ Notes of collecting

at Hyéres (Var).”

Mr. Desvignes sent a paper entitled “ New British Ichneumonide,”’ containing

descriptions of 39 species of Gravenhorst’s genus Tryphon.

New Part of ‘ Transactions.’

Tr, Ent. Soc., third series, vol. v. part 2, containing the Prize Essay ‘‘ On Ailanthi-

culture” by Dr. Wallace, and being the second Part for 1866, was on the table.

June 4, 1866.

Sir Joun Lusgock, Bart., President, in the chair.

Additions to the Library.

The following donations were announced, and thanks voted to the donors:—

‘ Proceedings of the Royal Society,’ No.83; presented by the Society. ‘A Catalogue

of Phytophaga, Part 1, by the Rev. Hamlet Clark; by the Author. ‘On the Structure

of the Egg in Scatophaga, and ‘ Description of the Skin cast by an Ephemeron, in its

“ Pseud-imago” condition, by Tuffen West, F.L.S., &c.; by the Author. ‘ Notes

upon some Odonata from the Isle of Pines,’ by Samuel H. Scudder; by the Author.

‘New Species of North American Coleoptera, Part 1; ‘List of the Coleoptera of

‘North America,’ Part 1; ‘On the Species of Galeruca and allied Genera inhabiting

North America;’ ‘ Note on the Species of Myodites, Zatr., inhabiting North America ;’

and ‘Remarks on Stylopide, by John L. Leconte, M.D.; by the Author. ‘The

Zoologist’ for June; by the Editor. ‘The Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine’ for

June; by the Editors.

The addition by purchase of the 13st livr. of the ‘Genera des Coléoptéres

d’Europe’ was also announced.

X1V

Election of Members.

Count George Mniszech, of Paris, was elected a Foreign Member. Osbert Salvin,

Esq., M.A., F.L.S., of 16, Bolton’s Grove, West Brompton, and Thomas Turner, Esq.,

of 5, Dix’s Fields, Exeter, were elected Ordinary Members.

Exhibitions, &e.

The Secretary read a letter from Dr. Wallace, in which the writer expressed his

regret that the drawing of the full-grown larva of Bombyx Cynthia given in his

Essay on Ailanthiculture (Tr. Ent. Soc. 3rd Ser, vol. v. pl. xvi.) was not quite truthful,

the reason being that the larve were not sent to the artist until the fourth week in

October, when the weather had become wet and chilly and the food deficient, and the

larve were in consequence half-starved and torpid; moreover, on their journey the

gray-blue bloom was knocked off, and was not subsequently secreted; it had, therefore,

been impossible for the artist to do full justice to the larva. Dr. Wallace added that he

had had sent him some eggs of the Japanese oak-feeding silkworm, Bombyx Yamamai,

the young larve of which had hatched out, and required his constant attention during

the previous month.

Mr. Wilkinson read from the Report of Mr. Consul Zohrab on the trade of

Berdiansk for the year 1865 (Commercial Reports received at the Foreign Office from

Her Majesty’s Consuls, presented to Parliament, February, 1866), the following extract,

communicated by Prof. E. W. Brayley, of the London Institution :—

“The appearance of a poisonous black spider amongst the wheat at harvest time

created for a few days a panic among the labouring classes. Wages rose to double

their ordinary rate, and it was with difficulty the labourers could be induced to work.

More than 300 persons were bitten by this venomous insect, but only three cases were

reported to have proved fatal, and these deaths, it is supposed, are not to be attributed

solely to the bite of the spider. Fortunately this visitation was restricted to one part

of the town lands, otherwise the consequences might have been very serious. From

some villages in this district news was received that the spider had also visited them.

The bite of this insect was indicated by a hard white spot. The first symptoms expe-

rienced were alternate violent heat and cold, shortness of breath bordering on suffoca-

tion, an increased pulsation of the heart, and pains in the chest and back, theu weakness

in the legs and dizziness in the head. After a few hours these symptoms diminished,

and in two days the patient was able to resume his work. The general remedy employed

was lo cup the poisoned part and liberally wash it with cold water. Sume cauterized the

place, but this remedy was not so efficacious, and it created, besides, a fresh wound.

The first ume this spider was seen at Berdiansk was in 1864, but very few persons

were bitten by it. Last year, however, it increased to a most alarming extent. It was

remarked that the spider was very active in killing locusts, on which it seemed princi-

pally to feed, and it was only when disturbed that it stung persons. The majority of

the persons bitten did not know the cause of their illness, and it was ouly the same

symptoms in each case that proved it to be the sting of the spider.”

Mr. M‘Lachlan exhibited the case of a caddis-worm which was found attached to

a rush about two feet above the level of the adjacent water; it was of the genus

Limnephilus, and be conceived that when, in accordance with the usual habit, the

larva had fixed its case prior to the assumption of the pupa-form, the instinct of the

creature had been at fault, and the larva had omitted to make allowance for the growth

of the plant, by means of which the case had been raised above the water, and the

pupa had consequently perished.

Mr. Stainton mentioned that from the galls on Gypsophila saxifraga, found at

Mentone, of which he had exhibited a drawing at the previous Meeting (ante, p. x.),

there had emerged two moths of the genus Gelechia, belonging to what he supposed

he must call a new species allied to G. leucomelanella. The group of Gelechiz, how-

ever, which fed on the Caryophyllacee were most difficult to deal with; new forms

were continually discovered, intermediate between what bave hitherto been considered

distinct though closely-allied species; it was not improbable that other intermediate

links would be supplied until the whole series, thus made ntinuous, would require to

be united—should he say, into one species ?

Mr. M‘Lachlan thought the group in question was a good illustration of the

“ phytophagic species” of Mr. Walsh.

Mr. C. A. Wilson communicated a further instalment of his “ Notes on the

Buprestidae of South Australia.”

Prof. Westwood exhibited drawings of several species of Goliath beetles, which he

proposed to describe, and for some to create new subgenera.

Mr. Pascoe exhibited two new species of Articerus, and read the following note

respecting them:—

“ Of the eight known species of Articerus, five are from Australia; three of these,

described by Prof. Westwood, have short thick antenne; another, described by the

same author, has them remarkably curved; the species recently described by Mr.

Waterhouse has longer antenna, but they are terminated by a compressed truncate

club curved inwards at the apex. The two species before the Society have also long

antenne, but gradually enlarging from the base to the apex, in one of them, however,

expanding rather more rapidly when approaching the tip; one is from Mr. Odewahn,

of Gawler, South Australia; the other from the Rev. George Bostock, of Fremantle,

West Australia; they may be thus differentiated :—

Articerus Odewahnii, n. sp.

A. pallide ferrugineus; capite prothoraceque subtiliter punctulatis; antennis

basin versus abrupte angustioribus.

Long. lin. §.

Hab.—Gawler.

Articerus Bostockit, n. sp.

A, rufo-testaceus, elytris dilutioribus; capite prothoraceque subcrebre punctatis ;

antennis basi seusim angustivribus.

Long. lin. 1.

Hab.—Fremantle.

“The former has compressed antenna, as may be seen by the section presented at

the apex, whilst in the latter it is nearly or quite round. A. Odewalnii also has the

head considerably smaller in proportion, and if examined sideways it will be found to

be of nearly equal depth throughout; but the larger head of A. Bostockii begins to

diminish under the eyes, and is drawn rapidly up so as to be scarcely more than half

Xvi

the depth at the apex. The elytra of A. Odewahuii are much smaller than those of

the other species. In neither do the tibie present any appearance of angularily or

toothing, but this may be because they are both females. Mr. Du Boulay thinks the

antenne are flexible, but in this Mr. Bostock does not agree. Referring to the

species which I have named after him, Mr. Bostock writes as follows:—‘* The first

caught was found (when disturbed ?) on his back, and two ants at once seized him to

carry him to a place of safety. . . . . I saw another ona stick protruding from

an under-ground nest, and as I approached nearer to capture it I plainly saw two

ants, one on either side, seize it and hurry it down the hole. . . . . The latter

specimen caught was resting with his body inclined at an angle of about 30°, and

was bowing his head vertically and his antenne laterally in a most amusing manner.’

Mr. Bostock thinks there “is a ‘bag of ant-liquid beneath the fovea’ (cavity on the

abdomen ?).”

Mr. Pascoe also exhibited a small collection of Coleoptera from Fremantle, placed

in his hands by the Rev. Hamlet Clark, to whom it had been sent by the Rev. George

Bostock. In addition to the species of Articerus above described, the collection

included Anthicus strictus, £’r., and two probably new species, found in ants’ nests,

being, as Mr. Pascoe believed, the first instance of an Anthicus occurring in such a

situation; a beautiful new species of Ptinus, Mezium sulcatum, two new species of

Hyocis, Scopodes boops, E'r.; two species of Platynotus, one certainly and the other

probably new; a Cryptophagus, two species of Brachypeplus, a Scymnus, Uloma?,

Platysoma, &c.; an insect of unknown genus of the size and outline of Corticaria ser-

raticollis, Duval, but with very peculiar tarsi; and a new Mecynotarsus, of which the

following diagnosis was read :—

“ Mecynotarsus albellus, n. sp.

““M. testaceus, pube densa alba tectus; parte prothoracis protensa breviascula,

ovata, dentibus quadratis rubris undecim instructa; elytris humeris producto-

rotundatis; pedibus antennisque testaceis.

Long. lin. 14.

Hab.—Fremantle.”

But the most remarkable insect in the collection was an entirely new form, also

found in ants’ nests, for which the name of Ectrephes formicarum was proposed, and

of which the following description was read :—

““ ECTREPHES, 0. g.

“ Caput insertum, subtus inclinatum, fronte pro receptione antennarum profunde

excavata. Oculi parvi, rotundati. Mandibule rostriformes. Antenne tri-

articulate; articulo basali breviter obconico; secundo minuto; tertio elongato, |

compresso, apice oblique truncato. Prothorax transversus, utrinque pone apicem

emarginatus, lateribus carinato-alatis. Elytra breviter ovata, convexa. Femora |

et tibia compresse ; tarsi 5-articulati, elongati, filiformes.

“ Hetrephes formicarum, n. sp.

“ E. ommino fusco-castaneus ; elytris nitidis, pilis minutis erectis valde dispersis.

Long. lin. 1.

Hab.—Fremantle.

Xvil

“The position of Ectrephes is uncertain; the fact of the elytra closely embracing

and covering the abdomen cuts it off from the Pausside; in its 3-jointed antenne it

approaches Gnostus, Wesfw., another isolated genus. The antenne arise from a

cavity in front of the head, and the latter is so bent down that the mandibles almost

touch the anterior coxe. The metasternum is very short, and the intermediate and

posterior coxe are therefore closely approximate on each side, but widely apart as

regards their fellows. The anterior coxe are exserted, cylindrical and divergent.

The abdominal segments appear to be only four in number, owing probably to the

union of the second and third; counting it as one only, that segment is of large size,

whilst the third is reduced to a mere line. I regret that I have not successfully

extracted the mouth, but so far as I could judge the mentum was very small, with two

large fusiform palpi; I could uot distinguish the maxillary lobes, of which Gnostus

has one only, and that very minute. I hope to give a figure of the insect, and to enter

_into further details on a future occasion.”

Prof. Westwood considered Ectrephes to belong to the Pausside, notwithstanding

| that the abdomen was entirely covered by the elytra.

July 2, 1866.

Sir Joun Lussockx, Bart., President, in the chair.

Additions to the Library.

' The following donations were announced, and thanks voted to the donors:—

’ Hewitson’s ‘ Exotic Butterflies, Part 59; presented by W. W. Saunders, Esq. ‘ The

Zovlogist’ for July; by the Editor. ‘The Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine’ for

July; by the Editors.

The following additions by purchase were also announced :—Aubé, ‘ Pselaphiorum

_ Monographia’; Chevrolat, ‘Coléoptéres du Mexique’; A. de Norguet, ‘ Catalogue

; des Coleoptéres du Département du Nord’; J. Thomson, ‘ Arcana Nature’; West-

wood, ‘ Arcana Entomologica.’.

Election of Members.

The Hon. Thomas De Grey, M.P., of 23, Arlington Street, and Christopher

Ward, Esq., of Halifax, were elected Members.

Exhibitions, §c.

Mr. Stainton exhibited larve of Laverna phragmitella in a head of Typha latifolia ;

and specimens of the Gelechia, very like G. leucomelanella, bred from Gypsophila

saxifraga, to which reference was made at previous Meetings (ante, pp. x. Xv).

Mr. Bond exhibited a specimen of Dianthecia cesia taken by Mr. Hopley in the

Isle of Man, where the species had recently been discovered by Mr. Gregson (see ‘ The

Entomologist,’ vol. iii. p. 103).

XVlil

Mr. Edwin Shepherd exhibited an old specimen of the same species, from Bentley’s

collection, labelled “czsia,” in the hand-writing of the late Mr. Bentley. This

specimen was reputed to have been captured in Yorkshire; and the fact that if

resembled the specimens from the Isle of Man (which differed from the typical Conti-

nental form of the insect, and seemed to be a permanent variety) was in favour of the

British origin of Mr. Bentley’s specimen.

Mr. Bond also exhibited a Phycita captured in the Isle of Man by Mr. Hopley,

and which he believed would prove to be a new species; specimens of Sesia philanthi-

formis bred from pupe sent to him by Mr. Greening from the Isle of Man; and a

series of bred specimens of Papilio Machaon from Wicken Fen, Cambridgeshire,

remarkable for their large size, as were most of the specimens of that butterfly which

he had bred during the present season.

Mr. Edward Saunders exhibited a collection of Mexican butterflies, amongst which

were Papilio Asclepias and others of that genus, and a gynandromorphous Euterpe

(sp.?), of which the right side was male, the left female.

Mr. S. Stevens exhibited Dicranocephala Wallichii from North India, and D.

Bowringii from South China.

The Secretary read the following extracts from the ‘ Journal of the Society of Arts’

of 29th June, 1866:—

“Insect Wax.—The trade in this article in China is large. In 1864, from the

single port of Hankow alone, 5100 cwt. were exported. It is taken by the Chinese as

medicine, but is principally used as stearine in the manufacture of candles. It is one

of the most valuable of the many products of Sze-Chuen, being worth sixty and

seventy taels per picul (133 Ibs). The wax is deposited, for the protection of its eggs,

by an insect which inhabits the trees on which the wax is secreted. The formation of

the wax was a subject which occupied the especial attention of M. Simon, a French

savant, who, a year or two ago, passed a considerable time in the interior, during

which he is said to have traversed the greater portion of Sze-Chuen, and to have

reached the eastern confines of Thibet.” (See Proc. Ent. Soc. 1853, pp. 93-95, as to

this Coccus-product).

“ Protection of Trees from Insects.—The following simple method of preserving

fruit from the ravages of insects is reeommended by the Imperial Society of Practical

Horticulture of the Rhone, and by the director of the School of Arboriculture of the

Pare de la Féte d’Or at Lyons. The quantity of fruit destroyed by insects that

deposit their eggs in the blossoms is enormous. These creatures are said to have a

great antipathy to vinegar, the mere odour of which is enough to drive them away,

and, in some cases, to destroy them, and nothing more is required than to sprinkle the

branches with a mixture of vinegar and water at the moment the blossoms begin to

appear. The mixture recommended consists of one part of vinegar to nine parts of

water, but as French vinegar is very strong, perhaps the amount of water should be

Jess when English vinegar is used. When the liquids are well mixed, the solution is

to be sprinkled over the flower-buds by means of a garden engine or syringe, or even

with a watering-pot with a fine rose. M. Denis, the director of the school referred to,

tried the experiment last year, and reports that fruit trees so treated were covered with

fruit, while those to which the acidulated water was not applied bore scarcely any.

The other remedy proposed is against ants and other insects which mount the stems

xix

of trees. Take common lamp-oil, and expose it in the sun for three or four days, or

until it acquires a gummy consistency and very disagreeable smell, then with a small

paint-brush paint around the tree, at about two feet from the ground, a band of the oil

two inches wide, repeating the operation for three or four successive days. It is said

that this method will protect the tree for four years at least. Perhaps coal tar might

be found to answer the same purpose.”

Mr. Stainton said that he had recently received a communication from M. Milliére

respecting the injury done to crops of rye in the neighbourhood of St. Etienne;

Dr. Maurice, of that place, had directed his attention to the subject, but being unable

to detect the author of the so-called ‘‘ epidemic in the rye,” had applied to M. Milliére.

Mr. Stainton believed that the injury was caused by the larva of the Micro-Lepi-

dopterous Ochsenheimeria taurella, which by burrowing in the stem caused the ear to

wither away.

Mr. Pascoe said that last year (see ‘ Proceedings, 1865, p. 90) he had read a note

respecting insects alighting on the snow in high mountain regions, and sinking into it

from the melting of the snow by the radiation of heat from the insect; in ‘The

Zoologist’ for the present month, Mr. Albert Miller, in commenting on the above

communication, quotes from F. von Tschudis ‘ Thierleben der Alpenwelt’ the following

passage :—“ Winged insects, which are often carried by the wind to the upper snow-

fields, will sink into these sometimes two feet deep, and it has been observed that these

_ ereatures settle voluntarily on the ‘firn’ [a particular state of the snow, when its surface

is held together by thin plates or crystals of ice, is so designated], extending their wings

' and limbs, and that they rest in this position at their ease without moving, it being

probable that they enjoy the absorption of the oxygen of the ‘firn. If they are taken

up and removed tu a stone or a piece of wood, they will at once proceed to the ‘ firn,’

' where they extend themselves as if inebriated, and gradually sink in, (seemingly) in

‘full enjoyment. Dug out of a depth of two feet, they sometimes get lively again very

‘ quickly ; otherwise, if left to themselves, they soon perish and at once get decomposed,

and then the sinking in will cease. It has been tried to place dead insects on the

*firn, when the body was found to swell up to a soft mass, then to shrink very much

and afterwards to decay; after this the ‘ firn’ closes itself over it, which does not easily

happen with living insects.” Mr. Miller suggests that the lumps of peat found in

several of the holes were the sediment of the decayed bodies of the insects, perhaps

increased in size by dust or fine sand so often carried by heavy gales; and adopts the

theory that the holes were formed by the radiation of heat from the insects.

Mr. Pascoe did not, however, believe that radiation alone would account for insects

sinking to the depth of two feet; he thought that long before they reached such a

depth they would have exhausted the heat already absorbed, and would be concealed

from the sun’s rays by the imminent snow, and thus be prevented from absorbing more

heat. On the Monte Moro the holes were about an inch in depth.

Prof. Westwood had observed bees which had been tempted out of the hive by

_early sunshine to fall on the snow; becoming benumbed by the cold, they lay without

action, and gradually descended, so far at all events as that the whole of the body was

below the level of the snow.

Prof. Brayley (who was present as a visitor) criticized von Tschudi’s explanation of

the reason for the insects settling on the ‘ firn,’ and wished to know whence the oxygen

was supposed to be derived; he suspected that von Tschudi had in his mind the old

and exploded notion that pure oxygen was given off during the melting of snow, or

that the water of melted snow contained an extraordinary quantity of oxygen.

Insects, however small, would from the texture of their wings absorb heat very

readily, and when placed on the snow they would by radiation give it off again,

probably with equal rapidity; the meliing of the snow, the formation of a cavity, and

the descent of the insect, would be the natural result; but he was not able to account

for an insect sinking to the considerable depth of two feet, as mentioned by von

Tschudi. He should like to ask Mr. Pascoe whether the diameter of the hole in the

snow greatly exceeded the expanse of the out-stretched insect? He imagined it

would not.

Mr. Pascoe replied that the insects, when taken out of the cavities, were wet and

limp, and their wings became clogged together, so that he could not speak with

accuracy as to their admeasurement; he thought, however, that the breadth of the

expanded wings would be nearly equal to the diameter of the hole.

The President said that he also had noticed similar holes in the snow when

_ crossing some of the Alpine passes, though at the time he bad not bestowed upon

them the attention which it now appeared they deserved.

The President called attention to a paper by M. Balbiani, published in the

‘Comptes Rendus, June 4, 1866, in which the writer propounded a theory that the

Aphides are true hermaphrodites. According to M. Balbiani’s observations, each ovarian

tube possesses an enlarged end which contains a group of cells; one of these, which

occupies the centre and is surrounded by the others, is the most important, “car elle

représente élément générateur ou la cellule mére de tous les ovules qui, dans chaque

gaine, sont destinés a se transformer en embryous;”’ the peripheral cells nourish the

central one; when the ovule enters the ovarian tube, it possesses a germinative vesicle

and spot; the latter soon disappears, and after it the vesicle also; during this time

many nuclei become apparent in the surface of the vitellus, and condense round

themselves the homogeneous substance of which it consists; these are the blastodermie

cells, which at this period are not surrounded by any membrane; the cells increase in

number so as to cover the whole egg; after awhile an opening commences at the

posterior end, and from it some of the contents protrude like a hernia; a delicate

membrane is then visible inside the blastodermic cells; the hernial portion forms a

connexion with the epithelial cells, and, when this is done, the vitelline vesicle

contracts inside the blastoderm and divides into two secondary vesicles, of which the

posterior one adheres to the epithelium, while the other remains free ; these vesicles or

cellules are the embryos of the sexual elements; the surface of each becomes covered

with a generation of small cellules which grow and continue to develope others; the

posterior group is male, the anterior (the free one) is female; the latter remain

colourless and are smaller than the male cellules, which become green or yellow (this

is the pseudo-vitellus of Huxley); the mother vesicle soon disappears, while the male

one increases and constitutes a reservoir of fecundating corpuscles ; up to this time the

embryonal development has not commenced, but from this pvint it proceeds regularly

until the birth of the young Aphis.

Prof. Westwood was reminded, by the mention of Aphides, of a circumstance

which had recently puzzled him. He had at Oxford some rose-trees which did not

grow in the spring, but had only lately thrown out shoots; no sooner did a shoot

X&i

‘appear, no matter how minute, than a fine fat Aphis was found upon it, and though

‘the trees were carefully cleaned daily, yet morning after morning a fresh Apbis was on

each new bud. The Aphides were all apterous; they could scarcely have been blown

upon the plants by the wind, since they occurred so constantly, and always on the

youngest buds; the roses were planted away from any overhanging trees or shrubs;

and he did not think the insects were hatched on the buds, since this would under

the circumstances have required a retardation of the development of the eggs in order

to keep time with the retarded development of the buds; he could only conclude that

each night they had crawled up from the ground, but it was curious that they should

be found exclusively on the smallest last-developed shoots.

Mr. Edward Sheppard had noticed the same thing on the young buds of jasmine,

as if the Aphides had been born on and with the buds.

The Rev. Douglas C. Timins communicated the following notes on the larve of

Charaxes Jasius and Melitaa Provencialis:—

“Tt may interest some entomologists to know that T have succeeded in rearing the

larve of the splendid Charaxes Jasius in England. In January of this year I obtained

some young larve at Hyéres. They grew very slowly, and in April were not nearly

full-fed. I brought them to England, and carefully fed them with Arbutus Unedo,

placing their cage in the sun (they only feed in sun-light, as far as I have observed),

and about the 15th of May some of them assumed the pupa state. On the 5th of

June two specimens emerged; one, however, had the wings crippled. I have also

bred Hesperia Althez and Melitea Provencialis. The larva of the latter has not been

described; its length when full-fed is about an inch anda half; head black; body

black, velvety, the back powdered with white dots; a stripe of white dots along each

side; numerous jet-black spines on each segment; fore legs reddish brown, hind legs

red; in societies, on Lonicera Balearica. The pupa is remarkably handsome, being

white, with golden-yellow rings chequered with black on each abdominal segment,

and having the wing-cases marked with golden-yellow and black; it is of course

suspended by the tail. The larve were obtained at Hyeres on the 21st of March,

changed to pupe at Hyéres between the 2nd and 7th of April, and the first imago

emerged at Winchelsea on the 6th of June. M. Provencialis appears to be merely a

local variety of M. Desfontainesii, or perhaps Provencialis is the type, and Desfon-

_ tainesii the variety.”

With reference to the last remark, Mr. M‘Lachlan observed that Melitea Des-

fontainesii was commonly considered to be only a variety of M. Artemis; an opinion

in which Mr. Bates said that he concurred.

New Part of ‘ Transactions.’

A new part of the ‘ Transactions’ (Trans, Ent. Soc., third series, vol. v. part 3),

being the third Part published during the present year, was on the table.

August 6, 1866.

Professor WEestwoop, V.-P., in the chair.

A special vote of thanks to Mr. W. Wilson Saunders was passed, in acknowledg-

ment of the hospitable reception given to the Members of the Society at Reigate, on

the 6th ultimo.

Donations to the Library.

The following donations were announced, and thanks voted to the donors :—

‘Transactions of the Linnean Society, vol. xxv. part 2; presented by the Society.

‘Verhandlungen der K.-K. zool.-botan. Gesellschaft in Wien,’ vol. xv.; by the

Society. ‘On the Metamorphoses of Insects, by Sir John Lubbock, Bart.; by the

Author. ‘The Zoologist’ for August; by the Editor. ‘The Entomologist’s Monthly

Magazine’ for August; by the Editors.

Exhibitions, &c.

Mr. 8. Stevens exhibited a collection of insects sent by Mr. Reed from Bahia,

chiefly Coleoptera, and amongst which were some fine Cicindelide and Carabidae,

Odontochile, Dercyllus, Scarites, &c.; also a new Cetonia from Sierra Leone; and

three species of Pogonostoma sent by Mr. Gerrard from Madagascar.

Prof. Westwood said that since the July Meeting he had had an opportunity of

examining the remarkable beetle then exhibited and described by Mr. Pascoe, under

the name of Ectrephes formicarum (ante, p. xvi.) ; it did not belong to the Paussidx, nor

was it allied to Gnostus; the mouth was different from anything with which he was

acquainted, possessing enormous mandibles, with an elongated triangular or conical

moveable lobe; this was another instance of the extreme modification of form found

amongst insects frequenting the nests of ants.

Mr. Janson exhibited a box of Coleoptera collected by Mr. Charles Turner in the

New Forest, amongst which was Quedius dilatatus found in the larva-burrows of

Cossus ligniperda.

Mr. M‘Lachlan exhibited a remarkably dark variety of Cabera pusaria, captured

by Mr. Dorville at Alphington, near Exeter; the specimen was a male, and, whilst

the body retained the ordinary milky hue, the wings were quite sericeous and fuscous.

Mr. Bond exhibited Scoparia basistrigalis, a new species, recently characterized by

Dr. Knaggs (Ent. Mo. Mag. iii. 1), and for comparison therewith specimens of |

S. ambigualis, the most nearly-allied British species.

Mr. Bond also exhibited two specimens of Catoptria microgrammana, a rare coast

insect, and two specimens of Sericoris euphorbiana (Zeller), a species which had for |

some years been unique as British in the cabinet of Mr. Shepherd: both species were

taken at Folkestone by Mr. Meek during the present season.

Prof. Westwood mentioned that it was only within the last few days that he had

bred any of the perfect insect of Bombyx Cynthia at Oxford; so that his prospect of a

second crop of Ailanthus silk was this year hopeless. Others, however, had succeeded

in rearing the moth at an earlier period.

XXlil

Prof. Westwood directed attention to a paper by Mr. Packard, just published in

|} the ‘Annals and Magazine of Natural History, in which it was asserted that the

| pup of Hymenoptera go through a series of mutations of form, analugous to those of

| Chloeon, as detailed by Sir John Lubbock. He suggested that the hive-bee afforded

| a good subject for observations in corroboration of this theory.

Mr. M‘Lachlan mentioned the capture, on the banks of the Mole, near Reigate, of

| Sisyra Dalii (Hemerobiide), on the occasion of the Society’s excursion thither, on the

| 6th ultimo; and exhibited a collection of cases of caddis-worms, part of which were

| from Bavaria, and the rest bad been collected by Mr, Albert Miiller in the neighbour-

hood of Basle. Amongst them were some remarkable forms of the case of Halesus

digitatus, the case (formed of sand) of Enoicyla pusilla, of which the larva is non-

| aquatic, and a singular case, of uncertain genus, formed of vegetable matter arranged

| transversely so as to form a partially angular tube closed by a solid operculum, in the

| centre of which were four small holes to admit the water.

| The Secretary read a communication respecting the recent plague of locusts in

| Algeria, the serious character of which was confirmed by an official circular issued by

| Marshal Canrobert. The creatures first appeared during the month of April; coming

| from the gorges of the mountains and the fertile valleys of the littoral, they descended

first on the plain of the Mitidja and the Sahel of Algiers. Their mass, at certain

| points, intercepted the light of the sun, and produced an effect similar to that of the

| snow storms which, in the winter season, fall in Europe, and blot out even the nearest

_ objects from the sight. The vegetation of the country offered an attractive bait to the

destructive insects. A large portion of the colza, oat, late barley and vegetable crops

| were immediately destroyed, and in some parts even the interiors of houses were

invaded. The Marshal used all his endeavours in encouraging the population in

their efforts against the invaders; by his orders the troops were called out tu help the

colonists to combat the plague, and the Arabs, whose interests were also at stake,

joined their efforts against the common enemy. In a few days enormous quantities of

_ the insects were destroyed; but human efforts had little effect against those winged

multitudes, which fled over the country, and only abandoned one field to fall upon

another. It was impossible to prevent fecundation and the deposit of eggs, which

quickly gave life to larve innumerable, so that the first swarms were soon replaced and

centupled by new generations. The appearance of these young locusts is especially to

be dreaded, on account of their voracity ; the hungry myriads fell upon everything

which had escaped the depredations of their predecessors. They filled up the water-

courses, the canals, and the rivulets, and the troops had the greatest difficulty in

preserving the water from infection. Almost at the same time the provinces of Oran

and Constantine were invaded. At Tlemcen, where no locusts had appeared within

the memory of the oldest inhabitants, the soil was covered with them. At Sidi-bel-

Abbés, at Sidi-Brahim, and at Mostaganem, they attacked not only the tobacco planta-

tions, the vines, and the fig trees, but also the olive trees, notwithstanding the bitter-

ness of the leaves of the latter, At Relizabe and at Harba they invaded the cotton

grounds. The road between Mostaganem and Mascara was literally covered with

them along its entire course of fifty miles. In the province of Constantine the locusts

appeared simultaneously from the Sahara to the sea, and from Bougie to Calle. At

Batna, at Selif, at Constantine, at Gelma, at Boue, at Philippeville, and at Djidjelly,

the people acted energetically against the invasion, but neither fire nor other obstacles

XX1V

offered to the progress of the insects were sufficient to prevent the destruction, which

fell principally upon the European settlements. The damage done is immense,

though it is impossible at present to ascertain the whole extent of the mischief, for the

work of devastation is going on daily; such a terrible visitation has not been known

in modern times.

September 3, 1866.

Sir Joun Lussock, Bart., President, in the chair.

A special vote of thanks to the President was passed by acclamation, in acknow-

ledgment of the hospitable reception given to the Members of the Society at High

Elms, on the 11th ult.

Additions to the Library.

The following donations were announced, and thanks voted to the donors:— |

‘Transactions of the Zoological Society of London, Vol. v. Part 5; ‘ Proceedings of

the Zoological Society of London, 1865; presented by the Society. ‘Bulletins de

PAcadémie Royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Bruxelles,’ 2nd —

series, Vols. xx., xxi.; by the Academy. ‘ Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History

of New York,’ Vol. viii. Nos. 4—10; by the Lyceum. ‘ Proceedings of the Boston

Society of Natural History,’ vol. x.; by the Society. ‘The Journal of Entomology, —

Vol. ii. No. 14; by the Proprietors. ‘The Zoologist’ for September; by the Editor.

‘The Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine’ for September; by the Editors.

The following additions by purchase were also announced :—‘ Revue Zoologique, —

11 vols.; Laporte & Gory, ‘ Histoire Naturelle et Iconographie des Insectes Colé-

opteres, 4 vols.; J. Thomson, ‘ Essai d’une Classification de la Famille des Céram-

bycides ;’ J. Thomson, ‘Systema Cerambycidarum ;’ Trimen, ‘ Rhopalocera Africe

Australis, Part 2.

Election of Member.

M. A. Depuiset, of No. 17, Rue des Saints Péres, Paris, was ballotted for and

elected a Foreign Member.

Exhibitions, &c.

Mr. Bond exhibited a male specimen of Bombyx Cynthia which measured

64 inches in expanse of wings: those reared by Dr. Wallace at Colchester during the

present year varied from 3—6} inches; they also showed some variations in the

quantity of white hair or down upon their bodies, some having small tufts only of that

colour, others having bands, whilst in a few specimens almost the entire surface was

~ while.

The Secretary had been requested by Dr. Wallace to say that during September

his Ailanthery would be worth looking at, and he would be very glad to show it if a

day’s previous notice were given him. The season had been very unfavourable; long

continued rain and wind made great havoc, and a severe hail-storm which happened

XXV

‘early in August riddled the Ailanthus leaves, and knocked down the worms, of which

‘many were killed. Nevertheless there would be a crop; his first cocoons were begun

‘on the 18th of August, and he had a second smaller supply of younger larve to supply

the vacancies caused by the previous inclemency of the weather.

Mr.S. Stevens had recently visited Lady Dorothy Nevill’s Ailanthery, where also

many larve had been blown off the trees by the wind, and it was necessary to employ

a man or boy to replace them on the leaves. Birds, however, were seldom found to

aitack the larve.

Prof. Westwood said that wasps carried off the newly-hatched larve. He might

mention that a correspondent of his had had a few of the larve in-doors, but two of

them escaped ; after a time two specimens of the perfect moth were found upon the

single Ailanthus tree which was growing in the garden.

Mr. Pascoe directed attention to an account given by Mr. Consul Meadows, and

published in a recent number of ‘ The Times,’ of a Chinese silk-worm, the pupa of

which was used as an article of food.

Prof. Brayley communicated the following extract from the Report of Mr. Vice-

Consul Lay on the Trade of the Port of Che-foo in Northern China, recently pre-

‘sented to Parliament :—

“ Amongst the articles that can be exported from Che-foo, there is brown silk pro-

: duced from the wild silk-worms that swarm in the mountain forests, and the quantity

_of this article that could be brought into the market, if prices suited, may be computed

at not less than 12,000 bales a-year. This silk is of different qualities, according to

_the process and care adopted in reeling it from the cocoons, and some of it is well

adapted for manufactures. The natives weave plain silk goods from it called ‘ pongees,’

and about 100,000 pieces of these stuffs could be bought annually.”

Mr. A. F. Sheppard exhibited a box of Lepidoptera, all bred or captured in the

Isle of Man by Mr. Gregson, and including Dianthecia cesia, D. capsophila (a var.

of D. carpophaga in Mr. Gregson’s opinion), Sesia philanthiformis, Sericoris littorana,

'Eupeecilia albicapitana, Sciaphila Colquhounana, Gelechia vicinella and G. leucome-

lanella (which Mr. Gregson believed to be but one species), a new species of Gelechia,

and the new Phycis, allied to P. dilutella, of which Mr. Bond exhibited a specimen at

the July Meeting (ante, p. xviii).

Mr. Stainton exhibited Gelechia vicinella, which had been bred by Mr. Gregson

from larvee collected in the Isle of Man, feeding on Silene maritima; and Gelechia

atrella, which had been bred by Mr. Jeffrey from larve collected near Saffron Walden,

feeding in the stems of Hypericum. The first-named species belonged to the group of

which the larve are all attached to plants of the natural order Caryopbyllacee, but

Gelechia atrella had always been supposed to belong to the group of species attached

to plants of the natural order Leguminose, and its occurrence on Hypericum was so

startling that Mr. Stainton had at first suspected some error of observation ; however,

Mr. Jeffrey’s statements were positive and conclusive, that he had bred fourteen

specimens in three different receptacles, one of which had not been previously used for

larvee, and that he had not collected any larve feeding on Leguminose before the first

imago of G. atrella had appeared. The habit of the larva was, moreover, very

peculiar; it burrowed in the stems of the Hypericum early in May, and thereby

caused the upper shoots of the plant to droop, which had led to its discovery.

XXVi

Mr. Stainton also exhibited a series of Micro-Lepidoptera received from M.

Milliére, of Lyon; amongst which were specimens of the Depressaria Rutana of

Fabricius (a species which had been lost sight of for many years), bred from Ruta

angustifolia, at Cannes, and of a new species of Gelechia nearly allied to G. costella,

which had been bred from Hyoscyamus albus, at Cannes. Mr. Stainton remarked

that our common G. costella was hardly known on the Continent; he had never seen

a specimen in Germany, indeed the only Continental example he had seen was from

Holland ; yet the food-plant, Solanum duleamara, was extensively distributed. The

occurrence, therefore, of an allied species feeding on a nearly allied plant in the South

of France was very interesting.

Mx. S. Stevens exhibited some coloured drawings of butterflies of extreme beauty

and most minute accuracy, executed without the aid of a lens by Mr. Mitchell, who

was present as a visitor.

The Secretary exhibited a curious variety of Melanippe fluctuata, found by Mr.

E.S. Haines at rest on a wall at Brierley Hill, Staffordshire, in 1864; it bore

considerable resemblance to the form described by Haworth under the name of

costovata.

The Secretary exhibited drawings of the larva, pupa and both sexes of the imago

of a new Geometrideous moth belonging to the genus Agathia, Guén.; these were

communicated by Mr. H. L. Schrader, of Shanghai, who found the larve on Salix

pentandra, but they for some time escaped detection by reason of their resemblance to

the remains of a leaf of which the softer parts had been eaten away. Four of the

larve were found in the neighbourhood of Shanghai on the Ist of August, 1865; they

were then about an inch long; between the 8th and the 14th they changed to pupe ;

a cocoon was formed (but so slight that the pupa was visible through it) and attached

to the stem of a twig, the head of the pupa resting in the angle between the stem and

a leaf-stalk; two males emerged on the 20th and 24th of August respectively, and one

female on the 21st.

The Secretary read a communication respecting the injury done to the cotton crop

in Louisiana by the “army worm,” the larva of Heliothis armigera. It stated that

the crop was in danger of being entirely eaten up. Two years ago the.planters of

Louisiana, tempted by the high price of cotton, which was then selling at fifteenpence

a pound, began to cultivate cotton, which had been almost abandoned. The sugar

cane became of secondary importance; but the caterpillar arrived, and swept away

the hopes of the planters in a few days. The noise made by the multitudes of

voracious insects was described as audible at the distance of a mile, and to resemble the

- crackling of a house on fire. It was thought for a long time that the army worm only

visited Lower Louisiana, but this was an error ; in 1788, these insects destroyed 280 tons

of cotton in the Bahamas ; they caused the cultivation of cotton to be given up in many

of the West Indian Islands, and the case was almost the same in Egypt; in 1793 this

insect visited Georgia, and in 1800 it ravaged South Carolina; four years later they

descended on the whole of Louisiana; and in 1825 they ravaged the whole of the

Southern States, and it was very difficult even to get seed for the following year. The

last general visitation was in 1845. The army worm appears often in Guiana and

other parts of South America. The mischief done by these creatures is, fortunately,

not always of the same serious extent; sometimes even the insects, when they come

late, as they did last year, thin the seed pods, and produce a positive benefit. If it

XXVll

were not so, considering that they have appeared twenty-three times in the United

States since 1793, the growing of cotton would be hazardous to be continued. The

most favourable circumstances for the production of the army worm are heat, moisture

and clouded skies, up to the end of the month of June; when such is the case the

Visitation is looked upon as certain; it was so this year. ‘The caterpillars cannot sup-

port great heat and continued drought; in Louisiana and the other States of the South,

as well as in the Bahamas, a torrid summer kills them, especially where the soil is

sandy. In 1826 the creatures appeared on the Ist of August in Louisiana and North

Carolina, but hot weather set in, and by the 23rd of the same month they had all

disappeared.

Mr. S. Stevens exhibited a house-fly to which were attached six Chelifers; and

had observed another upon which were uo less than eight of those parasites.

Mr. F. Moore read the following extract from the ‘ Journal of the Asiatic Society of

Bengal, 1866, p. 73, respecting the synchronous emission of light by fireflies (see

‘ Proceedings’ 1865, pp. 94, 101):—

“ Camp, near Myanoung, Nov. 22, 1865.

* During a visit to Calcutta, a few months ago, Mr. Grote drew my attention toa

sort of controversy which had been started at home, touching the habit which fireflies

were stated to exhibit occasiénally, of a concurrent exhibition of their light, by vast

multitudes acting in unison; a statement which appeared to have been somewhat

sceptically received. Mr. Grote does not appear to have ever witnessed this pheno-

menon in Bengal, and questioned me if I had ever observed any confirmatory

instance. Fireflies are tolerably well known, of course, to the resident in Bengal, but

I had never there observed any such habit among the countless fireflies which form

such fiery-like ornaments to the shrubberies about Calcutta. In Pegu, however,

I have witnessed the exhibition in question; myriads of fireflies emitting their light,

and again relapsing into darkness, in the most perfect rhythmic unison. I much regret

that I did not secure specimens, but the circumstances were as follows:—I had halted

‘my boat for the night alongside a small clearing in the low-lying tract of country

forming a part of the Irawadi Estuary (Delta), east of the Bassein River, where the

water was salt, and the entire country not more than a foot, if so much, above the flood-

‘level. Night had closed in, and my servant, who brought in the tea, asked me to step

out of my tent and see the fireflies, which, he said, he had never seen the like of

before. On stepping out of the tent, a truly beautiful sight presented itself. In front

_was the broad and deep river sweeping on, with its indistinctly seen back-ground of

primeval forest on its opposite bank. Around me was the recently-formed clearing,

with its two or three huts and my own camp as the sole proof of man’s occupancy, for

miles and miles, but, for all the wildness and almost desolation of the scene, the bank

-ou which I stood was a glorious spectacle, and those acquainted with the class of

- mative servants will well understand that it must have been at once unusual and

beautiful indeed to rivet the attention of a listless khitmutgar! The bushes over-

- hanging the water were one mass of fireflies, though, from the confined space available

. for them on low shrubs, the numbers may not have been actually more than are often

congregated in Bengal. The light of this great body of insects was given out, as

I have said, in rhythmic flashes, and, for a second or two, lighted up the bushes in a

beautiful manner; heightened, no doubt, by the sudden relapse into darkness which

» followed each flash. These are the facts of the case (and, I may add, it was towards

XXVHi

the end of the year), and the only suggestion I would throw out, to account for the

unusual method of luminous emanation, is that the close congregation of large

numbers of insects, from the small space afforded by the bushes in question, may have

given rise to the synchronous emission of the flash, by the force of imitation or

sympathy. Mr. Montgomery, of the Survey Department here, also fully corroborates

the habit of our Pegu fireflies simultaneously emitting their light, but adds he has

only remarked it under conditions similar to those described above, in low swampy

ground. It still remains, therefore, to be decided if the insect is different from the

ordinary one, or if, as I ‘am inclined to think, the simultaneity is produced by

sympathy and great crowding of individuals——W. THEoBaxp, jun.”

Mr. M‘Lachlan mentioned that the genus of Hydropsychide (Trichoptera) described

by him in the ‘Transactions ’ (third series, v. 270), under the name of Sciops, was

identical with the Hydromanicus of Brauer (Verh. K. K. zool-botan. Gesellschaft in

Wien, xv. 420), which had priority over Sciops, so that the latter name must sink.

The two species described by Mr. M‘Lachlan were, however, both distinct from the

Hydromanicus irroratus of Dr. Brauer.

Mr. Janson exhibited a small collection of Jamaican insects, the produce of the

first three weeks of Mr. C. P. Gloyne’s residence near George Town; amongst a few

Hemiptera, an Emesa was the most interesting; and amongst the Coleoptera, an

Epitragus, a Charactus, Hebestola, Desmophora, Notoxus, Helops, &c.

The Secretary read a further instalment of “ Notes on the Buprestide of South

Australia,” communicated by Mr. C. A. Wilson, of Adelaide.

Mr. Pascoe read the following description of a new genus of Tmesisternine :—

“The Queensland insect described below is closely allied to Spiutheria, from the

opposite land of New Caledonia. It is exceedingly interesting as being a second form

of agroup which, almost excladed from Australia, abounds in New Guinea and the

Celebes (Mr. Wallace’s collection alone contains nearly a hundred species), and is

represented as far as Timor to the West, Manilla to the North, and New Zealand to

the South. It is also interesting from the remarkable structure of its mesosternum,

which is produced anteriorly into a sharp spine, overlapping the prosternum. The

following characters separate the genus from Spintheria and from all other known

forms of Tmesisternine.:—

ANASTETHA, 0. &.

Antenne setacee, corpore longiores. Prothorax basi latus et bisinuatus, lobo scutellari

producto. Sentellum elongatum, angustatum. Femora postica haud incrassata.

Mesosternum antice in spinam acutam projectum.

Anastetha raripila, n. sp.

A, nigra, nitida, fere glabra, pilis argenteis perpaucis solum induta; elytris obscure

Serie ’ c=] 3 5 2

rubris, plaga subtransversa prope medium sita tertiaque parte apicali nigrtis,

apicibus ad suturam dentatis.

Long. 5 lin.

Hab.—Rockhampton.”

Papers read.

My. Frederick Smith read a paper entitled “ Notes on some Hymenopterous

Insects collected by Mr. Peckolt, at Catagallo, South Brazil.” Amongst them was the

XX1X

Dielocerus Ellisii of Curtis, a sawfly which is social in all its stages, as described

by Curtis, whose account of its economy was corroborated by Mr. Peckolt ; but the most

interesting object in the collection was the female of the stingless honey-bee Trigona,

which has been hitherto a desideratum with Hymenopterists. Amongst some hundreds

of specimens of Trigona Mosquito were a few workers and females, and of the latter

half a dozen examples; there was no difficulty in discovering the queen, which, when

her abdomen was distended with eggs, was more than double the length of a worker,

and had very much the appearance of a gravid female Termes. The collection also

included Cryptocerus elongatus, which was said to be destructive to nests of the

mosquito bee (Mr. Bates has described another species of Cryptocerus as feeding on

the dung of birds); and a white ant, very destructive to coffee ‘beans, closely

resembling, if not identical with, the Termes cumulans of Hagen.

Mr. Roland Trimen, of Cape Town, communicated a paper entitled “ Notes on the

Butterflies of Mauritius.” Of the twenty species of Rhopalocera (exclusive of the

doubtful native, Thymele Ramanatek) enumerated by Boisduval in bis “ Faune

Entomologique de Madagascar, Bourbon et Manrice” as inhabiting the last-mentioned

island, the author himself, during a visit of three weeks in July, 1865, captured

sixteen, and was presented by other collectors with the remaining four; in addition to

which he captured four species, and was presented with another not known to

Boisduval as Mauritian. The five additional species were Callidryas Florella, Fabr.,

C. Rhadia, Boisd., Terias Rahel, Fabr.. Junonia Rhadama, Boisd, and Libythea

Cinyras, n. sp. ?

Future Meetings of the Society.

The President announced that there would not be any Meeting of the Society in

October, and that the future Meetings would, by permission, be held in the Rooms of

the Linnean Society, in Burlington House, Piccadilly.

November 5, 1866.

Sir Joun Lussock, Bart., President, in the chair.

The Meeting was this day for the first time held in Burlington Heuse. A resolu-

tion in the following terms was proposed by the President, seconded by Mr. Alfred

R. Wallace, and carried by general consent :—

“That the Society desires to record its sense of the liberality and kindly feeling of

the Linnean Society evinced by the permission given to assemble in these Rooms, and

that the thanks of the Society be offered to the Linnean Society accordingly.”

Notice of Subjects for Discussion.

The President referred to the suggestions made by the Council twelve months

previously (see ‘ Proceedings,’ 1865, p. 128), as to giving notice beforehand of papers

intended to be read or subjects to be introduced for discussion. In no single instance

had notice been given; but the Council was so convinced that the interest and

scientific value of the Meetings would be increased by the adoption of such a course,

that he had been requested again to mention this matter from the Chair. If the

XXX

Secretary were forewarned in time to announce the subject for consideration in the

‘Atheneum’ of the Saturday preceding the Meeting, Members specially interested in

and conversant with that subject would probably make a point of being present, and

moreover invitations might be issued to men of science who were known to be well

acquainted with the matter, and thus the discussions, otherwise desultory, might lead

to definite practical results.

Donations to the Library.

The following donations were announced, and thanks voted to the donors:—

‘The Journal of the Linnean Society, Zoology, Vol. ix. No. 34; presented by the

Society. ‘The Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England, 2nd series,

Vol. ii. Part 2; by the Society. Hewitson’s ‘ Exotic Butterflies, Part 60; by W. W.

Saunders, Esq. Lacordaire, ‘Genera des Coléopteéres, Vol. vii., and Parts 7 & 8 of

the Plates; by the Author. ‘Observations on the Development and Position of the

Hymenoptera, with Notes on the Morphology of Insects, by A. S. Packard, jun.; by

the Author. ‘Eugereon Boeckingii, eine neue Insectenforme aus dem Todtliegenden,’

by Dr. Anton Dohrn; by the Author. ‘Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung, 1866,

Parts 7-12; by the Entomological Society of Stettin. ‘The Zoologist,’ for October

and November; by the Editor. ‘The Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine, for

October and November; by the Editors.

Election of Member.

Colonel Henry Scott, R E., Sec. R.H.S., of Ealing, was ballotted for, and elected

a Member.

Exhibitions, §e.

Mr. W. W. Saunders exhibited two larve of Cicade from Mexico, each of which

had a Clavaria growing from between the eyes; the fungi were probably of the same

species, though dissimilar in their development. He remarked that these fungoid

excrescences were most frequently found on Lepidopterous larve, and usually arose

from the joint immediately behind the head; in the present case, however, the

Clavarie sprang from the front, giving to each larva the appearance of the conven-

tional unicorn. It was a question whether the growth of the fungus commenced

during the life of the insect; he was not aware of any observation which supported

that notion, and thought that the growth did not begin till after death. Acting upon

the suggestion of the President, Mr. Saunders promised to bring forward for dis-

cussion the subject of “ Fungoid growths on Insects” at a future Meeting, of which

due notice should be given.

Mr. Bates mentioned that some capital articles on insect-fungi by Mr. Cooke had

recently appeared in Hardwicke’s ‘ Science Gossip.’

Mr. W. W. Saunders exhibited two larva-cases sent from Brazil by Mr. Reed, one

of which was zoned or ribbed in different directions so as to form quite a regular

sculpture on the outside; the two were somewhat similar, and probably belonged to two

species of the same group of Coleoptera.

Mr. Janson exhibited various new or rare Coleoptera recently received by Mr.

Bakewell, from Dr. G. Howitt, of Melbourne, viz., Hemiphasis Bakewellii, White,

from Melbourne; Passalus teres, Perch., New South Wales; Lissotes obliteratus,

Westw., Hobarton ; Lissotes cancroides, Fabr., Hobarton ; Lissotes subtuberculatus,

XXXi

Westw., Hobarton ; an apparently nondescript species of Lissotes from Victoria, to

which Dr. Howitt applied the trivial name ‘ furcicornis”; anew species of Cera-

tognathus, from Hobarton, for which Dr. Howitt proposed the specific title

“ setiger’’; and Dorcadida bilocularis, White, from Hobarton.

Mr. Stainton exhibited the specimen of Stathmopoda? Guerinii, which he had

received from M. Guérin-Meéneville in 1857, with the intimation that it was “ éclose

dune grande galle sur le pistacier,” and which till last month had remained unique.

Towards the end of September Dr, Staudinger, who had gone on a collecting expedi-

tion to Celles-les- Bains (Department of Ardéche) sent over some Nepticulized leaves of

Pistacia terebinthus, and on the 28th of September Mr. Stainton wrote suggesting a

search for the gall-feeding Stathmopoda. On the 2nd October Dr. Staudinger wrote

in reply :—“ Many thanks for the notice respecting Stathmopoda ? Guerinii, of which

I herewith send you five larve. I had long noticed the galls on the Pistacia (often

very large), and had opened some, but there were thousands of Aphides within and a

quantity of white dust, so that it seemed an unprofitable occupation. To-day,

however, I have renewed my search with fresh energy, though it is very dirty work, as

there is besides a resinous secretion. I found, however, two sorts of larvye in them,

generally living amongst hundreds of Aphides, on which they probably feed, since I

did not find the inner parts of the galls eaten; the larger larva belongs to the

Phycidez, and the smaller white larva is that of Stathmopoda? Guerinii; of this

latter I also found pupe, and in one firmly closed gall a fresh specimen of the perfect

insect. There are three kinds of galls on the Pistacia ; the largest is at the ends of the

shoots, elongate and curved, but they vary much in form and size; one which I found

was nearly a foot in length. It was only in this kind of gall that I found the larve of

the S. Guerinii, generally in the smaller speciinens. The larva makes a firm case of

grains of excrement, which is attached to the inside of the gall; generally there is an

opening made, through which the perfect insect may escape, yet I found some galls in

which this was not the case, and in which the moth would only come out in the

interior of the gall. I imagine that the Aphides are the originators of the galls, in

which subsequently the moths lay their eggs ; but on what do the larve feed?” Ten

days later Dr. Staudinger had been able to add some further details :—‘“* The Aphides

originate the galls, then the moths deposit their eggs on them: the larve feed on the

inner walls of the galls: the larve of Stathmopoda Guerinii sometimes leave the open

galls and creep to some distance to undergo their change to the pupa state; but more

frequently they remain in the galls. The pupe stick sometimes half out of the, galls,

and then retreat back again; they do this especially when there has been heavy rain,

and the water has penetratad the galls.” A beautifully coloured drawing, by Miss

Wing, of the gall and larva was also exhibited.

Mr. Stainton also stated that he had lately received from Herr Hofmann, of

Ratisbon, a larva in the berries of the alder, which was presumed to be that of Stath-

mopoda pedella; of this he exhibited a figure, and remarked that it was with the

greatest difficulty that this larva could be got out of the alder-berries alive, for it was

often in a burrow close to the central core, and owing to the hardness of the berry it

was almost impossible to avoid the destruction of the larva.

Mr. Stainton exhibited a collection of Tineina from Syria and Asia Minor, which,

Heir Lederer, of Vienna, had liberally sent over to enable him to work out the

collection of insects made by Mr, Pickard-Cambridge in Palestine. Several of these

XXXi

were of extreme beauty, and some belonged to genera not known to occur in Europe.

Mr. Stainton remarked that in addition to a specimen of the species which Zeller had

described in 1847 as Dasycera imitatrix, from its extreme similarity to Dasycera

Oliviella, there were two specimens from Amasia which seemed intermediate between

D. imitatrix and D. Oliviella; and that when species came so extremely close

together it was important to examine a long series, in order to ascertain the extent and

limits of variation in each.

Mr. F. Smith exhibited some galls found in July, at Deal, on the shoots of the

elm, and which when fresh were of an apple-green colour, with the side exposed to the

sun of a rosy hue, so that they had a perfectly fruit-like appearance: they were of con-

siderable size, hollow, and coutained numbers of Aphides, probably a couple of hundred

in a single gall. He had sent specimens to Mr. Armistead, who believed the gall to

be undescribed.

Mr. M‘Lachlan found the same gall in the summer near Kingston-on-Thames, not

on the Ulmus campestris, but.on what he believed was known as the Dutch cork elm;

they contained Aphides, and were full of water.

The President remembered to have seen’ very similar galls near Naples, he

believed on elm.

Mr. Pascoe exhibited two females of a Coccus, the case or covering of which

resembled a small shell, and might well be mistaken for a Patella; they were from

Port Lincoln, South Australia, and were said to have been found “on the under side

of Eucalyptus leaves.”

The President exhibited specimens and magnified drawings of a new Myriapod,

about one twenty-fifth of an inch in length, and remarkable not only for its small size

but for the small number of legs, having only nine pairs: he found it not unfrequently

in his kitechen-garden, among decaying leaves and in other similar situations. It

might at first sight be taken for a larva, but he had watched many specimens for

nearly two months, and during that time they had not undergone any further change

or exhibited signs of further development; moreover, some of the males contaiued

spermatozoa, which showed that they were mature. The first pair of legs was

attached to the segment immediately succeeding the head, the other eight pairs to the

four following segments; the youngest specimens were provided with only three pairs

of legs, there was no eight-legged stage, but at a single moult they changed from

three pairs to five pairs, and afterwards tu six, seven, eight and nine, acquiring a new

pair at each successive moult. -The animal was white in colour, active in habit,

intelligent in appearance, and frequently vccupied itself in cleaning its feet with its

mouth, after the manner of a fly or cat. Iv many other points it differed from all

centipedes, of which the President believed it to constitute a new type; the Myriapods

were separated from other Arthropods by so broad a division that any form which

even tended to bridge over the gap was of very great interest: he proposed to give a

history of the transformations of this novelty, and to describe it under the generic

. name of Pauropus, in allusion to the paucity of feet.

Prof. Westwood remarked that a certain identity of size appeared to run through

particular groups, and this had hitherto seemed to be the case with the Myriapoda as

with other Orders; the general run of Centipedes ranged (say) from ten inches down

to an inch or an inch and a half; it was therefore very remarkable to meet with one of

the almost microscopic dimensions of that exhibited (though the genus Pollyxinus

i Ds 13, S67.

XXXili

made some approximation to it in size), and he should have been inclined to resort to

the theory that it was an immature larval form, but for the observations of the Presi-

dent, which seemed to be conclusive on that head.

The Secretary exhibited, on bchalf of Mr. W. Rogers, a singularly pale variety of

the female of Hipparchia Janira, captured at Tooting on the 6th of September; anda

specimen of Rumia crategata, bred from a pupa found in an old fence at Tooting

during the present year, in which the left fore wing and the right hind wing (with the

exception ofa slight tinge at their outer margins) were pure white, whilst the body

and the other two wings were of the ordinary yellow, and of not less than the usual

brightness and depth of colour. The specimen could be regarded only as a mon-

strosity, or dusus nature ; it was as if Nature had fallen short of colouring matter, and

had determined that such matter as she had should be employed as far as it would go

in the perfect colouring of certain parts, and should not be equably diffused over the

whole surface so as to produce an insect faint and pale throughout; the transverse or

cruciform fashion, however, in which the colouring of the parts had been completed

was curious.

- The Secretary exhibited some Egyptian beans, sent “from a Greek firm,” which

on the outside appeared perfectly sound, whilst in the inside of many there was “a

peculiar worm,’ some of which were found alive and were forwarded “ for the use of

the Society.” The “peculiar worm” proved to be the perfect form of a species of

Bruchus.

The Secretary read a letter from Mr. Henry Reeks, dated “Cow Head, New-

foundland, 13th Sept. 1866’; though but recently landed, the writer had already

found that the Diptera, in the shape of mosquitoes, black flies and sand flies, pre-

dominated far beyond his requirements for obtaining specimens; Lepidoptera seemed

scarce on that portion of the island; of Hymenoptera he had seen only one species of

Vespa, and that not V. Germanica, which he saw in Canada.

The Rev. Douglas Timins communicated the following “‘ Note on the appearance

of Argynnis Lathonia”:—

“T observe that at p. 115 of the ‘ Proceedings’ for 1865, the appearance of

Argynnis Lathonia late in September is mentioned as ‘unusual.’ As I have been for

many years in the habit of taking that species in fine condition regularly from about

September 25th to October Sth, and as information respecting its other periods of

flight may be acceptable to English entomologists, I subjoin a note on this subject.

arly in March hybernated specimens appear. The first fresh individuals emerge from

the pupa late in May or early in June; they remain on the wing for some time, but

are soon wasted. The second brood appears early in August, and lasts until

September. Then, lastly, after this brood is almost over, and represented only by a

few very tattered specimens, a small number of fine fresh specimens appear, a sort of

third brood, in fact, late in September or early in October. These are generally

smaller, and nearly always darker than the preceding broods; and they occasionally

hybernate. These remarks apply only to the North of France, where the climate is

similar to our own. In the South fresh Lathonias may always be seen, at least in

October, November, December, February, April and May. I have even known this

species emerge from the pupa in January (not being forced by heat). The third

brood is so regular in its appearance that I used always, when residing in the North

XXXIV

of France, to make one or two excursions in October or late in September in search of

it. During these excursions I often met with the autumn brood of Melitea Dia, and

once I captured Limenitis Sybilla on the Ist of October, in very fine condition.

I exhibited the specimen at the Oxford University Entomological Society: it differed

in no respect from the type of the species.”

Papers read.

Mr. M‘Lachlan read a paper entitled “‘ New Genera and Species of Psocide.”

Mr. Edward Saunders read “ Descriptions of six new Species of Buprestide

belonging to the Tribe Chalcophorides, Lacordaire.” Four of the species were

referred to the genus Chrysochroa, one to Steraspis, and the other to Cyphogastra ;

the whole were exhibited, together with their nearest allies, for comparison.

New Part of ‘ Transactions.’

The publication (in September) of Trans. Ent. Soc., third series, vol. ili. part 3,

being another instalment of Mr. Pascoe’s ‘ Longicornia Malayana, and the fourth

part issued during the present year, was announced.

November 19, 1866.

Sir Joun Lussock, Bart., President, in the chair.

Donations to the Library.

The following donations were announced, and thanks voted to the donors:—=

‘Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou,’ 1865, No. 4; 1866,

No. 1; presented by the Society. ‘On the Origin of Species by means of Natural

Selection, or the Preservation of favoured Races in the Struggle for Life, by

Charles Darwin, M.A., F.RS., &c.; by the Author. ‘Catalogue of Longicorn

Coleoptera, collected in the Island of Penang by James Lamb, Esq,’ by Francis P.

Pascoe, F.L.S., F.Z.S., &c., late Pres. Ent. Soc.; by the Author.

Election of Members.

Percy Bicknell, Esq., of Beckenham, was elected a Member; and G. H. Verrall,

Esgq., of Lewes, an Annual Subscriber.

Evhibitions, §c.

Prof. Westwood exhibited pupe of Thecla Betule, and remarked that the larva

does not spin any silken band or girth, but simply fixes itself lengthwise on the

leaf.

Mr. A. F. Sheppard sent for exhibition, on behalf of Mr. Gregson, remarkable

varieties of Pieris Rape, P. Napi, Leucophasia Sinapis and Anthocharis Cardamines;

also Gelechia ?, taken by Mr. Hodgkinson in North Lancashire and by Mr.

Gregson in South Lancashire; Phycita subornatella of Zeller, taken in the Isle of

XXXKV

Man and in Ireland; and an Acidalia, respecting which the following extract was

read from a letter from Mr. Gregson :—

“T send you Acidalia veterata; it may be the same as one named mancuniata

by Dr. Knaggs from some aberrant stunted second-brood females, but as the rule is to

name from normal males (not females) as types, of course his name falls, especially as

his diagnosis may mean anything or nothing. I do not know Dr. Knaggs, and of

course have not any wish to offend him, but could not accept his new name for my

old insect when based upon an abnormal type.”

Mr. Stainton exhibited a living specimen of Stathmopoda Guerinii (ante, p. xxxi.),

and called attention to the peculiar position of the hind legs, which were elevated and

stretched out sideways as in S. pedella (which received the name of pedella from

Linné from the peculiar posture of its hind legs) and as in the curious Indian insect

Atkinsonia Clerodendronella, of which a drawing by a native artist at Calcutta was

also exhibited. With reference to the galls in which the larve of S. Guerinii reside,

Mr. Stainton referred to a passage in Réaumur (vol. iii. p. 305) in which these galls

on the ‘ terebinthe’ and their Aphbis-inhabitants were mentioned, the plant which bore

them having obtained the name of the fly-tree (arbre aux mouches) from the pod-like

excrescences containing these Aphides. Mr. Stainton referred to the possibility of the

larva of S. pedella being an inhabitant of galls, and thought that the habitat assigned

by Linné for the larva “ in alni foliis, subeutanea” might after all be correct: he quoted

a passage from a paper by T. Bergmann, who had furnished Linné with the notice of

the habit of Tinea pedella, to shew that that observer was aware of the existence of

Lepidopterous larve in galls, and finally he quoted a passage from the Proceedings of

the Entomological Society of Philadelphia, vol. 5, pp. 143, 144, to shew that Mr.

Benjamin D. Walsh had bred a small moth (a Batrachedra) in plenty from galls

formed by one of the Tenthredinide on the leaves of willows.—* Each gall containing

a single larva, unaccompanied by the larva of the Nematus which makes the gall,

which it must .consequently have destroyed or starved out, either in the egg or in the

larva state.”

Mr. E. G. Meek exhibited Dicrorampha flavidorsana (Knaggs, MS.),* a species

new to Science, from North Devon and Haslemere; a species of Noctuina, supposed to

be new, taken by Mr. Harrington near New Cross; + and Stigmonota leguminana from

Epping Forest.

Mr. Hewitson sent for exhibition some eggs “ found upon the grass near some

heath” and which were unknown to him: no member present hazarded a conjecture

as to the insect to which the eggs were referable.

Mr. Hewitson communicated the following note on the plumules on the wings of

butterflies : —

“When I was last at Bowdon, Mr. Watson, who has been studying the plumules

from the wings of butterflies, pointed out to me a group of the Pieride which he

considered ought to be set apart from the rest of the genus, having none of those

* Since described Ent. Mo. Mag. iii. 176, and figured Ent. Ann. 1867, fig. 5.

+ Xylina Zinckenii, 7r.; see Ent. Ann. 1867, p. 136.

EXXvL

plumules upon them which abound on the other species. This group consists of P.

Thestylis of Doubleday, an undescribed species closely allied to it, P. Clemanthe, Dd.,

and P. Autothisbe of Boisduval. This is confirmed by another distinctive character

which these species possess, the costal margin of the anterior wings being strongly

serrated. I felt therefore very much interested, when, on paying a visit to Mr.

Wallace, who is now studying the Pieridx, I found that he has also set apart this

group. I send this notice to confirm an opinion I have expressed elsewhere, that a

study of these plumules will produce evidence which ‘ will assist in determining the

sexes, as well as in testing the worth of nearly allied species.’ I may add that these

species have for many years been put together in my collection, having noticed the

peculiar serration of the wings.”

Mr. E. W. Janson exhibited, on bebalf of Mr. T. J. Harris, of Burton-on-Trent, a

specimen of Macronychus quadrituberculatus, Mi/ler, a Coleopterous insect previously

unknown to inhabit Britain, captured by that geutleman, early in the autumn of 1864,

in the vicinily of that town.

Mr. 8S. Stevens exhibited a remarkably fine pair of the rare beetle Eucheirus

Duponchelii, and a number of small exotic beetles taken for the most part in ants’

nests.

Mr. Weir exhibited a paper-like substance used by a Ceylon ant for lining its nest.

Mr. M‘Lachlan mentioned that the galls on the elm which were exhibited by Mr.

F. Smith at the previous Meeting (anie, p. xxxii.) had been described by Claude Joseph

Geoffroy in 1724, and by Réaumur in 1737, the latter of whom gave figures of the

gall: De Geer and Eticnne Louis Geoffroy (1764) also referred to it, and the insect

was the Schizoneura gallarum-ulmi of De Geer.

Prof. Westwood exhibited a highly magnified drawing of a monstrous individual

of Pieris Pyrrha, a Brazilian butterfly, from the collection of Mr. Hewitson, of which

the two wings on the left side of the body and the fore wing and costa of the hind

wing on the right side were coloured as in the male (being white on the upper surface

with a black tip to the fore wings, thus resembling Pieris Brassice), whilst the

remainder of the right hind wing was coloured as in the female, thus resembling one

of the Heliconiide. Prof. Westwood remarked that such a specimen and such a

species afforded ground for some comment on the relationship of those mimetic

animals which had recently attracted so much attention, and had afforded Mr. Bates

materials for a remarkable and elaborate paper in the ‘Transactions of the Linnean

Society.’ Prof. Westwood, in the first place, considered that every species of animal

(except in the instances noticed below) was, so far as its habits and economy were

concerned, as independent of its so-called allied species as if every individual of the

latter had ceased to exist; the same might also be affirmed even of the individuals of

each species, except,

Ist, in the relations of the sexes of each species, and the result of their union;

2nd, in the relation between an individual or species and the animal or vegetable

upon which it subsists ; and

3rd, in cases of perfect socialism, where many individuals assist in the economy of

the society.

This independence in economy was the result of similar independence or isolation

in structural relations, and implied the genetic distinction of each species. But

XXXvVii

naturalists had found it convenient to assume closer or wider degrees of structural

affinity as the basis of their classification, derived from the most distinctive character

of their various groups, of whatever rank. Thus the Mammalia appropriated to the

land, the birds to the air, and the fishes to the water, were characterized at once by

the organs which were of the greatest use in enabling them to subsist in their respective

elements, and hence a primary importance was attached to the organs of locomotion,

and thus groups were formed and characterized, which have been termed classes,

orders, families, tribes, genera, &c. It was, however, only upon the greater or less

degree of resemblance, either of the entire animals or portions of their organs, to

those which were associated with them in such groups, that these arrangements were

based. Various kinds of resemblance were, however, accepted by naturalists as

affording grounds for classification, and while some of these were highly natural,

others were very artificial in their nature. Species which agreed together in their

most essential characters were regarded as related together by affinity, but others,

although bearing a general resemblance, might differ widely in their important

organisms: this latter relationship, overlookéd by the earlier naturalists, or confounded

by them with relations of affinity,* was first clearly pointed out by Mr. W. S.

MacLeay, and in fact formed one of the principal key-stones of his system. Instances

of this kind of resemblance were then pointed out:

1. Between members of the different kingdoms of nature: Ex. Byrrhus and a bit

of earth; the larva of Geometra and a twig; Orcbides and insects.

2. Between different classes of the same kingdom: Ex. Humming-bird and

humming-bird moth; eel.and snake.

3. Between different orders of the same class: Ex. Vespa and Ceria; Trochilium

and Vespa; Eristalis and Apis; Tricondyla and Condylodera.

4. Between different sections of an order: Ex. Papilio and Urapteryx; Carabus

and Adelium.

_ 5. Between different families of a section: Ex. Papilio paradoxus and Danais;

Leptalis and Heliconia.

6. Between different genera of a family: Ex. Species of various genera of

Heliconiide.

From the latter instances, the Professor thought it was evident that the relation

which had been termed mimetic resemblance was only an exaggerated analogy; and

as these analogies (more or less complete) were found to occur throughout nature it

might be assumed that they formed an element in creation, and hence that it would be

unphilosophical and illogical to refer their occurrence in a more striking degree in any

one instance to a special cause, although the analogy did certainly in many cases

seem to be given to the creature for purposes of protection. In the MacLeayian and

Swainsonian systems these analogies were considered as existing as tests of affinities,

and without regarding or employing them in the sense adopted by the authors of those

systems, it seemed to Prof. Westwood that it was necessary to take them into con-

sideration in endeavouring to arrive at a correct view of the general “System of

* As where Ascalaphus, with its long-knobbed antenna, was described as a

Papilio.

XXXVill

Nature.” Applying the preceding observations to the mimicry exhibited by the various

Pieride (chiefly of the genus Leptalis) of different species of Heliconiide described by

Mr. Bates, Prof. Westwood contended that Mr. Bates’s supposition that the imitation

had been assumed by the former in order to enable them to subsist (the Heliconiide

which possess a strong and disagreeable odour being found to be dominant in South

America) was not tenable—

1. Because the mimicking species could barely be said to exist, much less to

flourish, in the country where the Heliconiide abounded, “ not one in a thousand”

having been found by Mr. Bates.

2. Because there still occurred numerous species of white Pieride in the country

of the Heliconiide in a flourishing condition.

3. Because there were vast numbers of other groups and species of butterflies in

Brazil equally subject to attacks of birds with the Pieridw, which had never

attempted the assumption of forms of the dominant group, Heliconiide.

4. Because there were great numbers of instances of mimicry between the different

Heliconiide themselves, which could not have the inducement to mimicry

attributed to the Pieride.

Because there were species of Pieride (such as that to which Mr. Hewitson’s

monstrous individual belonged) of which only one sex mimicked the Heliconiide.

Tt would require a wide stretch of imagination to suppose that natural selection

could have led to the assumption of such mimicry by the individuals of only one

of the sexes of a species.*

6. Because the theory assumed that the Heliconiide existed before the attempt at

mimicry commenced on the part of the Pieride ; whereas Mr. Bates’ statement

would lead to the inference that the Heliconiide were so unstable a group that

the manufacture of species is still going on among them.

7. Because, according to the doctrine of chances, it was in the highest degree

improbable that a casual variation of any given species of Pieride should by

constant modification, assisted by hereditary descent, gradually assume the form,

colour and markings of another species, especially of so remarkable a type as the

Heliconiide. But for an entire group to be simultaneously engaged in such a

process, each species tending towards distinct and equally peculiar species, would

by a logician be pronounced impossible. The admission that the God of Nature

created these species in their present mimetic condition for some wise but hidden

purpose disposed of all difficulty.

Mr. Alfred R. Wallace followed, with an exposition of the theory of mimicry or

adaptive resemblances as explaining anumalies of sexual variation. He began by

pointing out what was meant by mimicry; when moths or beetles so closely resembled

the bark of the trees they were accustomed to rest on that it was difficult to distinguish

them, or when the curious Phasmide were undistinguisbable from the sticks or leaves

among which they lived, no one doubted that the resemblance was serviceable to the

creature,—it was a protective adaptation. So with the moths of the genus Trochilium,

which resembled stinging Hymenoptera, but were themselves helpless sluggish

* Papilio Cenea exhibts a double system of mimicry, the male resembling Danais

Echeria and the female Danais Chrysippus!

XXXI1X

creatures, the protection gained was no less clear; and this was termed mimicry,

because one insect was, as it were, dressed to imitate another. Mr. Bates first showed

| how extensively this prevailed in nature, especially among the Lepidoptera, and

argued that if the imitated forms had any special immunity from attack, the species

of other groups which resembled them would to some extent be free from attack also,

and would thus gain an advantage in the struggle for existence. He then shewed

that the forms imitated always belonged to dominant groups, or those excessively

abundant in species and individuals, and therefore presumptively free from the attacks

of those insect-enemies that kept down the numbers and threatened the extinction of

other species; and that in the case of the Danaide and Heliconiide (the groups most

frequently imitated all over the world), the protection was probably the powerful odour

they emitted. The theory of natural selection, or the preservation of useful variations,

was shown to be fully capable of explaining these facts, and it bore the test of a true

theory by also explaining other anomalies as they arose. A species of Diadema was

then exhibited, in which the female was glossed with blue, while ihe male was dull

brown, thus reversing the usual sexual characters of the genus; and it was observed

that the male in insects was usually more active, the female more sluggish ; the male

gaily coloured, the female dull; and these facts were connected by the consideration

that the female, having to carry a heavy load of ova, and to deposit them in places

favourable for their development, required protection for a much longer period than

the male, whose duty of fecundation was very speedily performed. Thus dull colours

were useful to female insects, since it rendered them less conspicuous. It followed

that any other kind of protection would be also more necessary for the female than for

the male, and, to show that this really was so, a male specimen of the well-known

leaf-insect (Phyllium, sp.) was exhibited, having none of that wonderful protective

resemblance to a leaf which characterises the female. So in the well-known case of

Diadema Bolina, the male was a richly-coloured blue, white, and black insect, while the

female was orange-brown, quite differently marked, and resembled most minutely

Danais Chrysippus, which had a range nearly coincident with it. It was suggested

that the explanation of the anomalous insect which was the origin of these remarks

was, that the female, by acquiring the metallic-blue gloss, was made closely to resemble

the common Euplewa Midamus which inhabited the same localities; it thus gained an

advantage in being mistaken for a species which insectivorous birds did not attack.

Mr. Bates was of opinion that the individual of Pieris Pyrrha described by Professor

Westwood presented simply an instance of unequal hermaphroditism, three-fourths

male and one-fourth female. As such it was a mere monstrosity, and had no bearing

whatever on the question of the origin of species; the Darwinian theory dealt only

with variations that were propagated, and not with monstrosities, the peculiarities of

which were not transmitted to their descendants. With regard to those cases where

the female sex of a species alone was found to mimic species of other families, the

male remaining true to the normal type of its group, he thought it was absolutely

necessary that an entomologist should have had opportunities of observing the habits

of the species before drawing conclusions concerning them. In all such cases he had

found that the females had a different mode of life from the males, In Pieris Pyrrha

and other allied species the females were confined to the shades of the forest, where

they flew near the ground, and were slow in their movements; whilst the males spent

the hours of sunlight flying about open places, in company with the males of a great

number of other butterflies ; they resorted to the forest shades only towards evening or

on cloudy days. The cause of the female of Pieris Pyrrha having been brought to

resemble a Heliconid butterfly was the same as that which had drawn ont the

wonderful mimetic dress of the Leptalides; namely the protection which such

resemblance affurded them against the persecutions of insectivorous animals. A more

remarkable case than Pieris Pyrrha was that of Papilio Torquatus, a well-known

Brazilian butterfly, of light yellow and black colours (in the male). Like the male of

Pieris Pyrrha, Papilio Torquatus (male) spent his days in the open sunshine, whilst

the female was confined to the shades of the forest, flying heavily and depositing her

eggs one by one underneath the leaves of low trees. The female offered the most

striking contrast in colours to the male, being black with white spots and crimson

macular belt. It was significant that the dominant forms of Papiliones of the forest

shades of tropical America had precisely that style of coloration; but the importance

of the present case lay in this, that the female Torquatus presented local varieties in the

various regions inhabited by the species, the male remaining unchanged, and the

varieties were adapted in dress to the species of the dominant Aineas group peculiar to

the localities. ‘Thus on the Lower Amazons the form of the female was that which

had been named P. Candius by Hubner, having a white spot on the fore wing, and

a crimson belt on the hind wing, precisely as in the females of the common species

inhabiting the same region, e.g. P. Aineas, P. Parsodes, P. Echelus, P. Ergeteles, &c.

On the Upper Amazons, the female was very variable, but the commonest varieties

resembled closely the females of the species of the Aineas group most prevalent there,

namely, P. Lysander and P. Bolivar: the resemblance to the female Bolivar was most

extraordinary, for in that species the crimson macular belt was replaced by yellow.

Mr. Bates also made some remarks in auswer to the objections which Professor

Westwood had urged against the explanation of these imitative analogies on Darwinian

principles. He said that the case of the Leptalides published by him could not, in

his opinion, be explained in any other way. The species of Leptalis in question was

found in several distant localities; in some of them it existed under one constant

local form only, in others it was exceedingly variable, the common varieties showing a

wonderful tendency towards a likeness to the predominant species of Ithomia of the

respective localities. Ifthe dress now worn by the Leptalis was given it at its creation,

as Professor Westwood believed, how would he explain all these numerous shades of

variety found in one and the same locality? To be consistent he must say that each

variation was lineally descended from an originally created variety, which would be

absurd, as so many species are known to offer numerous similar varieties in one and the

same brood. As some of these varieties of Leptalis resembled species of Ithomia

peculiar to the locality more than their sister varieties did, the conclusion was simple

and natural, that, the imitation being a rule in all other localities, the process was there

at work by which the close imitation was brought about. The less exact imitations

were in course of time destroyed without bringing forth progeny, and then the state of

things was identical with what was found in other localities, namely, one or more

constant forms of Leptalis resembling closely their companion Ithomiz.

Dr, Sharp remarked that whether the resemblances under discussion were purely

accidental or not could be determined by a numerical investigation, by ascertaining

what proportion the cases in which species resembling one another occurred in

company bore to the cases in which species with a similar amount of resemblance

xli

occurred away from one another. He thought, however, that some of the cases of

mimicry might be accounted for on other grounds than those supported by Messrs.

Wallace and Bates, for if the Darwinian theory of a common descent were true, then

the laws and principles of heredity could be applied to different species, as they have

heretofore been to individuals. He proposed four classes, under each of which he

believed some of these resemblances could be placed :—

Ist. Resemblances purely accidental ; for the doctrine of chances would show that

if there were in the world a sufficient number of species resembling one another, a

greater or less number of these would be sure to occur in company.

2nd. Resemblances the result of descent from a common parent; for it being

understood that a certain character would be transmitted from parent to offspring

through an indefinite number of generations, unless circumstances tending to alter it

were brought to bear on that character, it could readily be perceived that some species

of Lepidoptera might resemble one another in coloration, by reason of the resemblance

of each to a common parent similarly coloured.

3rd. Resemblances the result of exposure to similar circumstances; for undoubtedly,

if the Darwinian theory were true, the coloration of species of Lepidoptera must be

referred sooner or later to external causes operating on the organism. But the

cases where mimicry occurred were cases in which the species, being constantly found

together, were necessarily to a very great extent subjected to the same external

conditions. Thus in a certain locality a species of Leptalis was found closely

resembling a species of Heliconia, and in another locality a second and allied species

of Heliconia was found. Mr. Wallace would say that this Heliconia differed from the

first Heliconia because of the changed circumstances to which it was exposed: but

with this second species of Heliconia was found a second species of Leptalis, differing

from the first species of Leptalis in nearly the same manner as the second species of

Heliconia differed from the first, and this was easily comprehensible, its companion-

ship with the Heliconia having exposed it to exactly the same disturbing influences. -

4th. This class was that to which Messrs. Bates and Wallace referred all these

resemblances, and it was the only one that could correctly be spoken of as mimicry;

the colour of the Heliconia, without any reference to common descent or to the

operation of similar external agencies, being the determining cause of the colour of

the Leptalis.

Paper read.

Messrs. Crotch and Sharp read a joint paper entitled ‘ Additions to the Catalogue

of British Coleoptera, with Descriptions of New Species.” The additions were no less

than seventy-one in number, the whole of which were exhibited; of these sixty had

been described by continental authors, and eleven, belonging to the genera Ptilium,

Atomaria, Telephorus, Sitones, Anthicus, Gyrophena, Philonthus, Lathrobium and

Stenus, were characterized as new to Science.

xii

December 3, 1866.

Sir Jons Luczock, Bart., President, in the chair.

Additions to the Library.

The following donations were announced, and thanks voted to the donors:—

‘Mémoires de la Société Linnéenne de Normandie, Vol. xiii. and xiv.; ‘ Bulletin de

la Société Linnéenne de Normandie,’ Vol. x.; presented by the Society. ‘ Etudes

Hymenopterologiques, par J. Sichel; by the Author. ‘ Memoir of the late Stephen

Stone, Esq., F.S.A., &c., of Brighthampton, Oxon;’ by Prof. Westwood. ‘The

Zoologist’ for December; by the Editor. ‘The Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine’

for December; by the Editors.

The following additions by purchase were also announced :—‘ Zoological Record,

Vols. i. and ii. ‘British Beetles, by E. C. Rye. ‘ British Bees,” by W. E.

Shuckard.

Election of Members.

E. T. Higgins, Esq., of 24, Bloomsbury Street, and Andrew Swanzy, Esq., of

122, Cannon Street, were elected Members; H. L. Schrader, Esq., of Shanghai, a

Foreign Member; and F. Lovell Keays, Esy., of 4, Harringay Villas, N., and Walter

Thornborrow, Esq., of 4, Provost Road, N.W., Annual Subscribers.

E\ hibitions, §c.

Mr. Stainton exbibited living specimens of Gracilaria scalariella, bred from larve

mining in the leaves of Echiuia vulgare at Cannes, which he had received a fortnight

ago from M. Milliére.

Mr. Stainton also exhibited a flat pouch-like gall formed on the leaves of Pistacia

lentiscus, apparently by Aphides, but which was inhabited by a Phycideous larva.

This he had received from Mr. J. T. Moggridge, who met with it at Mentone.

Mr. Janson exhibited a collection of insects, chiefly Coleoptera, made by Mr. W.

Hume in the neighbourhood of Rio de Janeiro.

Mr. W. F. Evans sent for exhibition a number of insects found in wool imported

fzom New Zealand, accompanied by the following note:—

“Some time ago I brought under the notice of the Society the circumstance

of the large number of Pyronota festiva found in wool imported from New Zealand.

Since then I have requested my friend to continue sending me every insect

which might be found in the fleeces from that locality, and now beg to exhibit

the various insects, larve, animals, a seed and a shell, &e., &c., which have been thus

found. The Pyronota seems to be in the greatest profusion, and the specimens vary

very much in colour.”

Mr. Duer (who was present as a visitor) exhibited a pupa of Vanessa, having

some extraordinary projections from both wing-cases.

Dr. Sharp exhibited specimens of Stenus major, Mudsant, taken at Southend: this

insect was new to our Fauna, and was hitherto known only as a native of the South of

France.

xlill

Prof. Westwood mentioned that the late Mr. Stephen Stone, of Brighthampton,

had bequeathed his valuable « olieciion of wasps’ nesis and other natural objects to the

Oxford Museum.

Prof. Westwood read the following letter fom Mr. Edwazd Houldsworth, dated

Shanghai, July 20, 1866:—

“T trust you will pardon my taking this liberty, but my excuse is this,—reading

your revised edition of Dru Drury’s ‘ Exotic Entomology,’ the other day, I noticed you

remarked that no authenticated description of Actias Luna had been sent to you: as I

have reared several specimens this summer I am able to give you a correct description

of this larva. As soon as hatched the worm is reddish brown, with two black bands

round its body and several black spots: after the first change it is reddish brown, with

fleshy points all over its side and back, each point surmounted with a black spot and

one thin white hair. In two or three days the larva changes to a yellowish red colour,

a sign that it is about to pass to its second skin: after this change it appears of a light

yellowish green colour, the fleshy points (mentioned before) are yellow, and each is

surmounted with one brownish hair. On the head are four large fleshy points, which

are each surrounded by a black ring, below the extreme tip, which is yellow. After

the next change the four major spots on the head and the one at the end of the back

are now very large, and have seven short hairs or bristles sticking out at the ends.

This is the last change, and the larva is now about two and a half or three inches in

length, and fully one inch in diameter. It is fairly common in the neighbourhood of

Shanghai, and always found feeding on privet. Those I reared I fed with willow, and

they thrived very well on it. It spins a very large cocoon, fully two and a half inches

long, but with too much gum about it to allow the silk to be made use of. The caterpillar

has down its back two straight lines or ridges of fleshy lumps, which terminate with a

single lump placed over the joint of the last leg and in the centre of the back: along

each side and just above the legs is a yellowish line, running the length of the body

and terminating at the fleshy lump placed on the side of the last leg. The vent and

out-ides of the two last legs (right and left) are of a very deep plum-colour. In this

change the black rings on the four major fleshy lumps on the head almost fade away,

and the caterpillar is well covered all over with thin hairs about one-eighth of an inch

long: at the base of each leg is a yellow spot, and over the mouth are four spots or

fleshy lumps forming a crescent. Now comes the fourth change, and the larva is now

about two inches long: the fleshy lumps on the back and sides have changed to

_ reddish yellow, with a black ring on the top of each lump and four black short hairs

also: on each side of the light-coloured line on the side cf the larva are little reddish

yellow spots, and on the line at the base of each leg are diamond-shaped marks, the

inside yellow and the outer mark dark red: the legs and under part of the body are of

a beautiful dark green, the sides a lighter green, and the back much lighter still and

covered with white hairs ; the legs are covered with black hair, and all the fleshy lumps

with four or five black bristles.

“There can be no mistake-about the larva I have described, for those I have

reared have now come out of their cocoons, and the moth is a white-green, with one

spot on each wing, two under-wings swallow-tailed; a pink or rather reddish pink line

borders the top of the upper wings and crosses the head; the body covered with white

down.”

xliv

Prof. Westwood added that Mr. Holdsworth had mistaken the Asiatic Actias

Selene for the North American A. Luna: the larva of the Indian species was figured

in the fifth volume of the Society’s ‘ Transactions’ (pl. v.), from a drawing by Captain

Hutton: it was desirable to see the perfect insect, as there appeared to be several local

races of it.

Prof. Westwood exhibited a series of specimens of Liparis dispar, reared from the

egg-state by Mr. Briggs, of St. John’s College, Oxford, illustrating not only a

remarkable variation, according to the nature of the food of the larve, but also

showing a strong tendency to degeneration. ‘The progenitors of these specimens, two

or three generations back, had been obtained wild in Yorkshire, and were of moderate

size (not so large, however, as the specimens formerly taken in such quantities at

Whittlesea Mere). The eggs were received in October, 1865, and the caterpillars

hatched during the first half of the following May. The caterpillars were divided into

two groups, those composing one of which were fed exclusively un elm, and the others

exclusively on whitethorn. The caterpillars spun up between the 5th and 18th of

July. No perceptible variation was observed in the larve, cocoons, or pupe of the two

divisions. The males in both divisions began to hatch on the 18th of July, but the

females did not appear until half the males were already hatched. Almost all the

males in both divisions were fully developed, only two cripples appearing out of the

thirty-two fed upon elm. The males fed on elm averaged one inch and five-twelfths in

the expansion of their fore wings: they were uniformly coloured, much darker and

richer than the males fed on the whitethorn, the dark markings on the fore wings were

strongly defined, the ground colour of these wings was also darker; the hind wings

were reddish brown. The males fed on the hawthorn were considerably smaller,

averaging only one inch and two-twelfths in expanse; the ground colour of all their

wings was paler and grayer than in the others, but the markings of the fore wings

were generally well defined. A few of the males in each division were considerably

smaller than the specimens exhibited. In the elm-fed females fourteen out of sixteen

were crippled, with their wings not properly developed, and even the other two were

slightly crippled: they were not so large as those of the hawthorn-fed larva. Having

been impregnated by the males, none of these females deposited eggs, although they

pulled off the down from their tails and fixed it in tufts in the box, after the manner

adopted by ordinary females of this species in the act of oviposition. Of the white-

thorn-fed females less than one half were crippled, and these were not generally so

much crippled as the elm-fed females. This experiment seemed to prove that had

the species depended solely on the existence of the elm-fed individuals it would have

become extinct; whilst the smaller size of the males of the hawthorn-fed group

showed that even amongst them (the females of which were so much better developed

than the elin-fed ones) the principle of degeneration had set in, and that it would have

been very improbable that a distinct phytophagic race or sub-species would have been

effectually produced.

Mr. M‘Lachlan remarked that Liparis dispar was scarcely a fair subject on which

to experimentalize and theorize, inasmuch as it now existed in this country only ina

semi-domesticated state.

Mr. Bates, referring to the discussion which had taken place at the previous Meeting

(ante, p. xl.) respecting mimetic resemblances, introduced Mr. T. Belt, the gentle-

man who had favoured*him with many of the facts, as to the aversion of inscctivorous

xly

birds to the Heliconiide, which were referred to on the former occasion, and in

| Mr. Bates’ paper in the Linnean Transactions.

Mr. T. Belt gave a detailed narration of bis observations on this subject, and stated

| that not only were the perfect insects of Heliconia protected by their unpleasant odour,

| but that the larve also were rejected by fowls.

Mr. Stainton remarked that a curious instance of the dislike which birds seemed to

| have for certain insects had come under his observation some eighteen years previously.

| When he was attracting moths by light, he had often such numerous attendances that

| he had frequently captured fifty Noctue, or more, in a quarter of an hour; whatever

| came must be caught, or it was in the way, and, in order to ascertain most readily

| whether there was anything of value, Mr. Stainton adopted the plan of smothering the

| whole lot with the fumes of sulphur. When the operation had been performed, more

| than nine-tenths of the dead insects would probably be Agrotis exclamationis. He

| thus had a vast store of useless dead moths, which he disposed of by giving them to

the poultry, the young turkeys particularly enjoying them in spite of their flavour of

sulphur. On one occasion, amongst a number of A. exclamationis, there was one

specimen of Spilosoma Menthastri, and though not one of the young turkeys rejected

a single A. exclamationis, they each in succession took up the 8. Menthastri and put

it down again, and it was left, conspicuous as it was, on the ground. This insect, it

was well known, had a peculiarly disagreeable odour.

Mr. J.J. Weir had frequently noticed that cage-birds refused the jane both of

Spilosoma Menthastri and S. lubricipeda.

Prof. Westwood stated that a fluid of very disagreeable odour was emitted by those

insects from behind the collar; this was probably similar to that ejected by many of

the Chrysomelide. He inquired whether anything of the kind had been observed in

the Heliconiide.

Mr. Bates said that one group of Heliconiide was furnished at the apex of the

abdomen with a process from which, when the abdomen was pressed, a very disagree-

able odour was exhaled ; but he had never seen any fluid ejected.

Mr. McLachlan remarked, as bearing upon the theory of Natural Selection, that

having recently been engaged in an examination of the British Psocida, in which

family the generic or sectional characters were principally grounded on the neuration,

he had found occasional instances of aberration in the arrangement of the veins:

these aberrations consisted in one wing of an insect which belonged to a particular

genus or section assuming, entirely or partially, the neural characters of another genus

or section ; in no case, among several hundred examples, did he find neural variation

which was strictly abnormal.

Dr. Sharp offered some criticisms on the theory advanced by Messrs. Bates and

Wallace, and argued —

Ist. That natural selection was a power of differentiation, and, although it was quite

possible that a differentiating power might work so as to produce resemblances, it was

at first sight improbable that it should do so; and more evidence was required of the

truth of a paradox than of a truism.

2nd. It must be shown that animals possessing the so-called mimetic resemblances

occurred far more frequently in company with one another than away from one another.

But if this were shown, a single case of such resemblance between animals living in

different localities would throw doubt on the theory, by suggesting that there was

xlvi

probably some more comprehensive law which would account for all those resem-

blances.

3rd. It must be shown that the cause of the rarity of the Leptalis was one acting on

the insect entirely or chiefly while it was in the perfect state; this had not been

done, and it was improbable that it could be; for the most critical periods in the life

of Lepidoptera, as regarded their enemies, were the larval and pupal states.

4th. It must be shown that the enemy (whatever it might be) which attacked the

Leptalis sought its prey principally by the sense of sight; but this suggested another

improbability. If the Heliconia, which the Leptalis resembled, was protected by its

nasty odour, surely the bird or other enemy of the Leptalis must be very fvolish to let

it escape when it smelt nice, because it looked like the Heliconia. The purpose of

protection would have been better accomplished by the Leptalis mimicking the Heli-

conia in that point by which the Heliconia was protected.

5th. A forcible objection to the mimicry theory (as already pointed out by Prof.

Westwood) was the rarity of the mimicking species. The theory involved the hypo-

thesis that there was a time when the Leptalis differed in pattern from the Heliconia;

was the Heliconia then commoner than now, or as rare? If commoner, it was curious

that, when not protected, it flourished better than now, when protected. If as rare,

how could it have survived at all before and during its transmutation? It would,

perhaps, be suggested that the Leptalis was formerly commoner than now, and that

some enemy arose, rendering it necessary that the Leptalis should find a new means of

defence. This, however, was mere supposition, and it was almost impossible to adduce

facts to prove it; but supposing it to be the case, why did not the enemy exterminate

the Leptalis when it did not resemble the Heliconia, as (according to the theory) it

would now, but for this resemblance. The further supposition must he made, that the

enemy was not at first very dangerous to the Leptalis, and that in proportion as it grew

dangerous, the Leptalis grew more and more to resemble the Heliconia: it was certainly

very fortunate for the Leptalis that spontaneous variations, bringing it to resemble the

Heliconia, should occur in the exact proportion required for its safety.

6th. Again, taking the time when the Leptalis differed in pattern from the Heli-

conia, it was said that specimens exhibiting small variations approximating to the

Heliconia were selected for the preservation of the species. Buta small variation in

marking would be of no practical service to the Leptalis, especially as it was by its

nasty odour that the Heliconia was protected; to which it might be added that on the

theory of Natural Selection no reason or fact was brought forward to induce the belief

that variations of the required sort should occur at all.

In conclusion, whilst admitting the impossibility that such a theory as that of

mimetic resemblances could ever be shown by facts to be cerrect at all points,

Dr. Sharp was of opinion that the evidence as yet adduced was insuflicient to convince

an unprejudiced observer. The most that could at present be said of the theory was,

that it was very ingenious, and might or might not be true.

Mr. Wallace, in replying to Dr. Sharp, remarked that it was very easy to make

objections to any theory, and many of those advanced were of such a general nature

that it would require the whole subject to be again fully gone into to answer them in

detail. The first objection was one of those vague and general statements which was

really no objection at all; it was said that natural selection, being a power of differen-

tiation, was therefure not likely to produce similarity ! But natural selection was more

xlvil

‘than a power of differentiation; it was the preservation and accumulation of useful

variations ; and the moment it became useful to one creature to resemble another, all

variations which tended to make it so would be preserved, and would accumulate till

an outward similarity was produced, In answer to the second objection, Mr. Wallace

admitted that it must be shown that pairs of mimetic insects occurred together more fre-

| quently than apart, and maintained that this had been shown: he denied that a single

| case of mimicry by insects of different countries would discredit the general

| explanation ; since in one case the resemblance might easily be accidental, or recent

changes of distribution might have parted creatures that once lived together. But,

however this might be, even one case of mimicry among insects from distinct countries

(as complete and striking as many of those adduced by Mr. Bates and the speaker)

/had not yet been produced by the opponents of the theory. Dr. Sharp, as a third

objection, required proof that the scarcity of Leptalis was owing to persecution in the

| perfect state, not in the larval or pupal conditions ; probably Dr. Sharp could not give

such proof in the case of a searce British insect which he had studied for years, and it

| was quite immaterial to the question. The Leptalides alone of all Pieride were

universally scarce in individuals, and almost all the Leptalides, and they alone, mimic

| Heliconia. As to requiring proof that birds seek their prey by the sense of sight, it

| was so generally admitted that insectivorous birds captured their prey by sight, that if

_ Dr. Sharp denied it he should rather prove that they do not. In the next place, it was

asked, “ Was the Leptalis, before it resembled the Heliconia, abundant orrare? If

| abundant, then it was better off without protection than with it. If rare, how did it

survive at all before and during transformation?” The reply was, that before the

Leptalides began to mimic the Heliconie they were more abundant than now, and

like nations and individuals, they were better off when they did not require protection,

than now when they cannot exist without it. The Leptalides were not now the same

insects they were then, and their conditions of existence had also materially changed

since that remote epoch. Lastly, it was said that as the Heliconie were protected by

their disagreeable odour, a superficial resemblance to the Heliconie could not be at

first a sufficient motive power to change the species of the Leptalides. Mr. Wallace

thought, on the contrary, that it would, because it was self-evident that under all

circumstances “the fittest must survive,’ and any variation which caused but a small

percentage of individuals to escape destruction would to that extent benefit that

variety, and might, when the species was struggling fur existence, cause that variety

alone to survive. To deny this would be to deny that insectivorous birds could ever

he deceived by slight resemblances, although it was well known that very rude

resemblances sometimes deceived animals and even men. Mr. Wallace thought,

therefore, that the theory of the “ survival of the fittest” (or natural selection) did offer

an explanation of almost every fact connected with mimicking insects, and that the

objections that had been made to it were of a vague nature, and such as could be made

against any theory whatever that attempted to explain the phenomena of organic life.

Our knowledge of the present life-history of insects was exceedingly imperfect, and

how many questions might be asked concerning them that no one could answer. In

the long life-history of species how much more must ever remain unknown; yet

| because our knowledge was thus incomplete we should be the more thankful for such

a theory as that of Mr. Darwin, which supplies a real cause of modification of species,

and enables us to correlate so many of the most curious phenomena of organic

xviii

existences, and to comprehend the series of actions and reactions by which they have —

most probably been brought about.

Prof. Westwood reiterated, with further illustrations, some of the objections to the —

theory stated by him at the previous Meeting, and the discussion was brought to a close

by a few remarks from the President.

Paper read.

Genus of Perlide.” The former was described under the name of Rapisma, and the

type was the Hemerobius viridipennis of Walker; the latter under the name of

Stenoperla, and the type was the Chloroperla prasina of Newman.

January 7, 1867.

Sir Joun Lusgocg, Bart., President, in the chair.

Additions to the Library.

The following donations were announced, and thanks voted to the donors:—

* Mémoires de la Société de Physique et d’ Histoire Naturelle de Genéve,’ Vol. xviii,

pt. 25 presented by the Society. ‘ Exotic Butterflies,’ Part 61 ; by W. W. Saunders, Esq.

* Notes on the Zygenide of Cuba,’ by Augustus Radcliffe Grote; by the Author,

* Lepidopterological Contributions,’ by Aug. R. Grote and Coleman T. Robinson ; by the

Authors. ‘Note on the Japan Silkworm, by Captain Thomas Hutton; by the Author. |

‘De Tunnelgravende Biller Bledius, Heterocerus, Dyschirius og deres Danske Arter,

‘Danmarks Cerambyces, ‘Danmarks Buprestes og Elateres, ‘ Krebsdyrenes Suge-

mund, I. Cymothow,’ ‘ Phthiriasis og Mundens Bygning hos Pediculus,’ by J. C.

Schiodte; by the Author. ‘Danmarks Geophiler, by Bergsoe and Meinert; by the

Authors. ‘Om Slaegten Stalita,’ by the Editor of ‘ Naturhistorisk Tidsskrift. ‘The

Entomologist’s Annual ;’ by H. T. Stainton, Esq. ‘The Zoologist’ for January; by |

the Editor. ‘The Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine’ for January ; by the Editors.

The following addition by purchase was also announced :—Bericht wber die Wissen-

schaftlichen Leistungen im Gebiete der Entomologie wahrend der Jahre 1863 und

1864, von Dr. A. Gerstaecker; Erste Halfte.

Election of Subscriber.

Samuel Alfred Davis, Esq., of 4, Durham-place West, Holloway, was ballotted

for, and elected an Annual Subscriber.

Exhibitions, Sc.

Prof. Westwood exhibited a number of butterflies, chiefly Heliconiide, collected by

Dr. Burchell in Central South America, and observed that the Burchell collection was

peculiarly interesting, from the fact that each specimen bore a ticket giving the date

xlix

, (sometimes even the hour of the day) and the precise locality of capture, so that the

range of particular forms could be traced, and the limits thereof fixed with accuracy.

Mr. M‘Lachlan asked the reason why humming-bird hawk-moths (Macroglossa

. slellatarum) chased up and down stone walls, banks, or cliffs, but particularly stone

walls near the sea; dozens of specimens might frequently be seen so doing, and in

positions far removed from any flowers. Mr. A. E. Eaton suggested that the

habit might result from the extra heat afforded by the walls. And Mr. F. Smith

mentioned that he had had sent to him from the Isle of Wight some clay

nests extracted from a wall, which eventually produced hymenopterous insects, but

which were said by the sender to be formed by the humming-bird-hawk; it seemed

probable that his correspondent had noticed the moths performing in the manner

described by Mr. M‘Lachlan in the neighbourhood of the nests, and had thence erro-

neously inferred that the nests were the workmanship of the moths.

Mr. A. E. Eaton mentioned that he had, during the past season, found near Lynd-

hurst a hornet’s nest in a very unusual situation, namely, in a bank composed of sandy

soil where no wood was near. ‘The colony was a strong one, and the nest so deeply

imbedded in the bank that he had been unable to take it.

Mr. M‘Lachlan said that, since the previous Meeting, at which he had stated that

Liparis dispar existed in this country only in a semi-domesticated state (ante,

p. xliv.), he had written to Mr. Doubleday on the subject, and that gentleman replied

as follows :— I do not know of any locality in Britain where it occurs in a state of

nature, and I am strongly of opinion that it has only been found in the fens round

" Yaxley ; when I was there in 1839 the larve swarmed on the gale and dwarf sallows.

* English was there in 1846, and he found the larve pretty common, but not so abun-

* dant as they were in 1839. Haworth simply says, ‘In salicetis, rarissime.’ I believe

“all the specimens which were placed in the old collections were continental, or reared

from eggs brought from the Continent, as they were very different from the fen speci-

| mens, and just like those found in France; and I think most of those now bred in

- this country are of continental origin. I once collected a great quantity of the pupe

‘in Paris, and brought them home to Epping. The following spring I turned out

’ thousands of larve, but they did not establish themselves, although I saw plenty of

the moths in one field in August. In 1846 I obtained an immense quantity of eggs

from moths bred from larve brought from Yaxley. Next spring great numbers of

larve were turned out on the dwarf sallows growing among the gravel-pits in the

Forest. A few larvae were seen the following year, but not afterwards. It is very

" strange that a moth which frequents towns and suburban gardens on the Continent

‘should be found in such a very different locality here. In France the larve appeared

to feed principally on the elm.”

Prof. Westwood repeated that Mr. Briggs’ specimens (ante, p. xliv.) were the

descendants, only three or four generations removed, of ancestors which were captured

in a state of freedom.

Captain T. Hutton, of Mussooree, communicated a “ Note on the Japan Silkworm,”

in which he expressed his opinion that the Japanese mulberry-feeding form yielding

green cocoons is nothing more than a hybrid between a sickly and degenerate race

, of Bombyx Mori and the little monthly-worm, B. Sinensis, and repeated his conviction

: that, for the purpose of renewing the European stock, experienced entomologists should

« be deputed to visit different parts of China, with a view to the re-discovery of the silk-

worm in its natural state of freedom.

teal

Papers read.

The following papers were read: “ Choreutide and Crambina collected in Egypt

in 1864, and Crambina, Pterophorina, and Alucitina collected in Palestine in 1865,

by the Rev. O. Pickard-Cambridge ; determined and the new species described, by

Professor Zeller; the German descriptions translated into English by H.T. Stainton ;”

and “A Monograph of the genus Hestia, and descriptions of forms not hitherto

noticed ; with a tabular view of the Danaide and remarks on their natural affinities.

By A. G. Butler, F.Z.S., Assistant in the Zoological Department of the British

Museum.”

| New Part of ‘ Transactions.

Part 4 of Vol. v. of the “Transactions” (third series), published in December,

1866, and being the fifth Part issued during that year, was on the table.

ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING,

January 28, 1867.

Sir Jonn Lussock, Bart., President, in the chair.

The President announced that one of the Prizes offered by the Council for Essays

on Economic Entomology had been awarded to Dr. Wallace, of Colchester, for an

Essay on the Oak-feeding Silkworm from Japan.

An Abstract of the Treasurer’s Accounts for 1866 was read by Dr. Sharp, one of

the Auditors, aud showed a balance in favour of the Society of £79 15s. 1d.

The Secretary read the following :—

Report of the Council for 1866.

In accordance with the Bye-Laws the Council begs to present the following

Report :—

Perhaps the most important event in the history of the Society during the past

year has been the removal of our Meetings to Burlington House. Other scientific

bodies were desirous of obtaining like privileges to those granted to us by the Linnean

Society, but the Council was fortunately able to make arrangements compatible with

the retention of our usual day of meeting, the first Monday of the month. It is hoped

that the inconvenience necessarily caused by any change of locality to some of our

Members will be compensated by greater convenience to others; the unquestionable

superiority of the present over our late gathering piace, and the diminution of our

rental in Bedford Row, are material advantages gained; the Society has returned to

the locality in which it flourished during the first eighteen or nineteen years of its

existence; and additional prestige will attach to us as a body from assembling within

these walls, the scientific centre of London.

France and Sweden have filled the places in our Honorary List vacated by

France and Germany: Guérin-Méneville and Boheman are the chosen successors of

Dufour and Schaum. During the year 1866 one Member died, another resigned; of

Ordinary Members and Subscribers twenty-four have been elected; and the muster-

roll of the Society contains the hitherto unequalled number of 207 contributors.

The Library grows apace; the stream of donations flows continuously, and con-

siderable additions have been made by purchase.

The publications of the year extend to 450 octavo pages, illustrated by thirteen

plates; and the sum derived from the sale of the ‘ Transactions’ exceeds that of any

recent year. The Council regrets the non-appearance of a second instalment of

Mr. Baly’s “ Phytophaga Malayana;” further delay on the part of the author must

necessarily lead to the abandonment of the scherne by which a separate volume of the

‘Transactions’ was devoted exclusively to that subject.

The financial operations of the year may be exhibited in the following classified

form :—

REcrEIPTs. PayMENTS.

£ £

From Members : ; ee 3D. Publications . : . Pam bi)

Sale of ‘Transactions’. : 7 Library . : : ; ee

Interest on Consols . : . 3 Prize Essay. : ° : 5

' Donations ; : é : ake General Management : - 100

£338 £338

The actual income has exceeded the actual outgoing by 3s. 3d.; and a comparison

of the pecuniary position of the Suciety now and last year gives the fullowing

result :—

Jan. 1, 1866. | Jan. 1, 1867.

Cash in hand. é 3 ; : £11 14 10 cera

£109 14s. 9d. Consuls : : (say) 100 0 0} 100 0 O

—S|_ ————_————_———_ ———

111 14 10 MITE Wish

Liabilities a2) Vs 3 j (256995! 20 50 0 0

Balance ‘ 3 ; £50 _9°10;) £Ol A

In conclusion, the Council ventures to submit that the increased number of

Members, the sustained interest of the Meetings, the growth of the Library, the

scientific value of the publications, the undiminished funds, and the lessened

liabilities, are indicative of an administration characterized alike by activity and

prudence.

January 28, 1867.

The following gentlemen were elected to form the Council for 1867, namely :—

Messrs. Bates, Dunning, Sir John Lubbock, M‘Lachlan, Moore, G. 8. Saunders,

Dr. Sharp, A. F. Sheppard, Frederick Smith, Stainton, 8. Stevens, Weir, and Prof.

Westwood,

lii

The following officers for 1867 were afterwards elected, namely :—President, Sir

John Lubbock, Bart.; Treasurer, Mr. 8. Stevens; Secretaries, Mr. Dunning and

Dr. Sharp; and Librarian, Mr. Janson.

The President read the following Address :—

“THE PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS.

GENTLEMEN,—

The Reports made annually to the Society by the Council

relieve the President from the duty of addressing you on our internal

affairs, our progress in the past year, or our prospects for the future ;

leaving him, therefore, the more free to bring before you the state of

our Science itself, the principal observations which have been

recorded, the most important works which have been published, and

the most interesting discoveries which have been made during the

past year.

So rapid, however, is the progress of Entomological Science, that

it would be impossible for your President, even if he had the requisite

knowledge—which I have not—to give you within the limits of an

Address anything like an exhaustive resumé of the entomological

literature for the past year. This is the less to be regretted

because the reports of Pr. Gerstiicker and Mr. Dallas, in Wiegmann’s

‘Archiv’ and the ‘ Zoological Record,’ leave little to be desired in

this respect, and we owe those two gentlemen much gratitude for the

admirable and careful manner in which their reports are worked

out.

The prize offered by the Council for the best Essay on the

anatomy, economy, or habits of any insect, or group of insects,

especially serviceable or obnoxious to mankind, has been again

awarded to Dr. Wallace, whom I have to congratulate on having

carried off the prize in two successive years. His memoir on

Ailanthiculture, to which the prize was awarded last year, forms the

second Part of the fifth Volume of our ‘Transactions.’ The other

Parts published during the year 1866 have been no less than four in

number, and contain the following papers :— .

1. Characters of a new Genus and Species of Chalcidites. By

Mr. F. Walker.

2. Remarks on Capt. Hutton’s paper “On the Reversion and

Restoration of the Silkworm.” By Capt. J. Mitchell.

hii

8. On the British Species of Agathidium. By Mr. D. Sharp.

4, Observations on some remarkable Varieties of Sterrha sacraria,

with General Notes on Variation in Lepidoptera. By Mr. M‘Lachlan.

_5. Description of Papilio Godeffroyi. By Mr. G. Semper.

6. New Genera and Species of Gallerucide. By Mr. Baly.

7. Descriptions of new Hesperide. By Mr. Hewitson.

8. Longicornia Malayana, Part 3. By Mr. Pascoe.

9. Descriptions of new or little known Genera and Species of

Exotic Trichoptera; with Observations on certain Species described

by Mr. Walker. By Mr. M‘Lachlan.

10. List of the Longicornia collected by the late Mr. P. Bouchard,

at Santa Marta. By Mr. Pascoe. :

11. Catalogue of Buprestide collected by the late M. Mouhot, in

Siam, &c., with Descriptions of new Species. By Mr. Edward

Saunders.

11. Notes on some Hymenopterous Insects collected by Mr. Peckolt

at Catagallo, South Brazil. By Mr. Frederick Smith.

12. Notes on the Butterflies of Mauritius. By Mr. Trimen.

18. New Genera and Species of Psocidee. By Mr. M‘Lachlan.

The various objects, moreover, exhibited at our Meetings, and the

observations to which they have given rise—which, thanks to our

very excellent Secretary, Mr. Dunning, are carefully reported in our

-*Proceedings’—have been both numerous and interesting. I trust,

however, that I shall not be exceeding my duties as President, if I

point out that the attention of our Members seems to be almost ex-

clusively devoted to Systematic Entomology, and I cannot help

wishing that we more frequently received communications relating to

the anatomieal and physiological departments of our Science.

Nevertheless our Members have been anything but idle during the

past year, and our own publications can by no means be taken as a

measure of their activity, for the ‘Proceedings of the Zoological

Society, the ‘ Zoologist,’ the ‘Entomologist,’ the ‘ Entomologist’s

Monthly Magazine,’ and Mr. Stainton’s ‘ Entomologist’s Annual’

contain many papers contributed by Members of our Society.

With the exception of a paper of my own, to which our late

President referred in terms too complimentary on the occasion of his

last Annual Address, the Number of the Linnean ‘ Transactions’ for

1866 contains no entomological matter. ‘The ‘ Proceedings’ are, on

liv

the contrary, enriched as usual by numerous contributions, principally

‘from Members of our Society. These comprise Mr. Smith’s descrip-

tions of Hymenopterous insects collected by Mr. Wallace in New

Guinea, Sumatra, Sula, Gilolo and Salwatty; Mr. Walker’s descrip-

tions of Diptera from New Guinea, Salwatty and other Islands of the

Eastern Archipelago ; Mr. Hewitson’s list of the Diurnal Lepidoptera

collected by Mr. Wallace in the same Archipelago; Mr. Butler’s list

of Diurnal Lepidoptera collected by Mr. Whitely in North Japan;

and Mr. Pascoe’s memoir on the Australian Longicorns. Mr. Black-

wall also communicates a short paper on the means by which insects

move on dry, polished, vertical surfaces, and brings forward additional

-arguments in favour of his opinion that this is effected, not by the

creation of a vacuum, but by means of an adhesive fluid emitted from

the under surface of the feet. Dr. Kirk has a paper on the Tsetse;

and Mr. Haliday a short notice of Dicellura, a remarkable genus

allied to Prof. Westwood’s curious Campodea.

In the ‘Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science’ the late

Mr. R. Beck, whose death is deplored by all lovers of Science,

announced that he had observed a case of agamic reproduction,

extending over three generations, in an Acarus belonging apparently

to the genus Cheyletus. This is the first timethat agamogenesis

‘has been observed in the Arachnida. Mr. Tuffen West has, in the

same excellent periodical, two short notices, one on the egg of Scato-

phaga, and the other on the cast-skin of an Ephemeron. ‘They are

illustrated by one of those beautiful plates for which Mr. West is so

justly celebrated.

Mr. A. 8. Packard has communicated to the Boston Natural His-

tory Society an interesting memoir “On the Development and

Position of the Hymenoptera.” His observations were made on a

species of Bombus, and he shows that there are three changes “ of

skin during the so-called pupa state, in distinction from the larva

and imago state, and it is highly probable that there are more.

During the larval condition it would be safe to say that there are

four distinct moultings. . . . .. The genus Bombus, therefore,

may be considered to undergo a series of at least ten moultings of

the skin, and we are inclined to think further observations will tend

to increase the number.” Mr. Packard’s observations certainly show

that the transitions from the larva to the pupa on the one hand,

lv ;

and from the pupa to the imago on the other, are more gradual

than most entomologists would have been inclined to suppose.

There is, he concludes, “no pause in. the metamorphosis for a

special biological design, such as obtains in the Lepidoptera and

majority of the lower insects. The terms larva, pupa and imago

are not therefore absolute terms.” I need hardly say that even

to the Lepidoptera the same observations might, in my opinion, be

applied.

Mr. Packard is perfectly satisfied that Audouin, Latreille and

Newman were correct in believing that the terminal portion of the

so-called thorax in Hymenoptera is in reality abdominal. During

this stage, he says, “the basal ring of the abdomen is plainly seen

to be transferred from the abdomen to the thorax.”

M. Balbiani, already so well known for his researches among the

Infusoria, has communicated to the ‘Comptes Rendus’ a very

remarkable memoir on the generation of the Aphis. If we consider

that almost every one who has studied the anatomy of the Inverte-

brata must have had his attention particularly directed to the very

interesting phenomena presented by the agamic reproduction pre-

valent in this family, and if we remember the numerous memoirs on

the subject by Bonnet, Réaumur, Degeer, Kyber, Duvau, Morren,

Steenstrup, Leydig, Leuckart, Owen, Huxley, and many others, we

might well have thought that this problem if any in Natural History

had been thoroughly exhausted.

Nevertheless, in opposition to the now almost unanimous opinion

that the production of young by the viviparous females is a case of

parthenogenesis, M. Balbiani comes forward and asserts that the

viviparous specimens are hermaphrodites after all.

| As regards the first stages in the formation of the egg, up to the

appearance of the blastoderm, he agrees in the main with other

observers.

Commencing with the viviparous individuals, he has satisfied him-

self that the whole inner surface of the blastoderm is lined with a

delicate membrane, which extends like an envelope round the central

vitelline mass. ‘This membrane, with a portion of its contents,

bursts through the posterior part of the blastoderm, and protrudes

in the form of a hernia. This portion by degrees detaches itself

from that remaining in the vitelline vesicle, and engrafts itself to the

epithelial cells lining the ovarian chamber. ‘The vitelline vesicle

lvi

then separates into two secondary vesicles. These two vesicles or

cells are the rudiments of the future male and female generative

organs. Each of them becomes gradually covered by a generation

of small cells, which, when once produced, continue to increase in

size, and multiply on their own account. The group produced by

the herniated vesicle engrafted on the epithelium represents the

male element, and gives origin to the fecundating corpuscles ; that

which originates from the free vesicle remaining within the blasto-

derm produces the future female generative organs. The generative

vesicle of the male mass increases its size, attaches itself to the

female generative apparatus, and becomes the reservoir for the

fecundating corpuscles. That of the female group, on the contrary,

gradually disappears.

The colouring of the two groups is also very different. The

female elements remain colourless, while the males cells are either

yellow or green.

The contents of these cells become converted into a number of

small daughter-cells, furnished with a membrane and a nucleus.

These daughter-cells are after awhile replaced by innumerable small

dark corpuscles, much resembling minute Ameebe, but their form

does not change. The large mother-cells lose their colour and

transparency, and break up into a sort of powder. In many cases the

Ameboid corpuscles undergo a further evolution into “ small un-

equal bacilli, which are straight or diversely flexuose, immobile and

colourless.” We might, he adds, “ easily be led to regard them as a

parasitic vegetable production, if we had not before our eyes all

the successive phases of the transformation of these elements.”

In addition to which he adds that they are readily soluble in

alkaline fluids.

It would be a mistake to suppose that the process now described

by Balbiani as the male generative organ has altogether escaped

earlier observers. It was observed both by Huxley and Leydig, as

indeed Balbiani points out, but was regarded as a pseudo-vitellus.

I myself had observed a mass of small green cells in the pseudovum

of Coccus,* but I regarded them as parasitic vegetable cells, and, as

we have seen, the same idea occurred independently to M. Balbiani,

but was not adopted by him for the reasons already given. My

“green cells,” however, do not correspond with the “ pseudo-

* “On the Ova and Pseudova of Insects,” Phil. Trans, 1859, pp. 362, 363.

lvii

vitellus” of Prof. Huxley, but the description given by M. Balbiani

of the development of the bacilli suggests, in many respects, a dis-

integration of the natural tissues, and a development of parasitic

growth, rather than the ordinary and natural production of sexual

elements.

On passing to the oviparous form we shall meet with additional

difficulties.

The “ male apparatus,” as already described, occurs alike in both

sexes, in the males as well as in the females, and with characters

scarcely differing from those which it presented in the viviparous spe-

cimens. ‘The true male generative organs are homologically the same

as the female. There are not two rudimentary organs of which one

is developed in one sex and the other in the other; but there isa

single original rudiment, which is developed in one manner in the

female, in a different manner in the male, and which in both cases

contains the so-called ‘‘ embryonic male organ.”

This “embryonic male organ”’ is evidently, therefore, a perfectly

distinct organ from an ordinary testis, and, as M. Balbiani has

observed it in other animals besides Aphides, we shall await with

interest some further communications on the subject. In the female

Aphis he describes it as contained in the ovary, and as producing

cells which evidently correspond with the seminal corpuscles of the

viviparous form. ‘“ These facts,” he concludes, “ evidently indicate

that the egg has already, while in the ovary, undergone a first fecun-

dation, with which the male has nothing to do, and the effect of which

is limited to the production of the generative elements of the future

animal.”

Some years ago* I attempted to show that there are two distinct

kinds of Spermatozoa among the Annulosa, and I ventured to

suggest that their functions were probably different. But however

much I might be tempted to claim these observations of M. Bal-

biani as confirmatory of my views, I cannot but feel that fresh evi-

dence is required that his “ embryonic male organ” has really the

nature and functions which he attributes to it.

Although our late President, Mr. Pascoe, alluded briefly, in his

last Address, to the remarkable discovery made by Prof. Wagner

that certain dipterous larve possess the power of agamic repro-

* Phil. Trans. 1861.

lyili

duction, the fact is one so remarkable that I think I need not

apologize for returning once more to the subject. It has been

almost an axiom among entomologists that no larva possesses the

power of reproduction ; and when therefore M. Wagner, Professor of

Zoology at Kasan, announced that he had discovered a case of

asexual reproduction in the larva of a fly belonging to the genus

Cecidomyia, his statement was received with an astonishment bor-

dering on incredulity. Indeed the Editors of the ‘ Zeitschrift fiir

wissenschaftliche Zoologie,’ to whom Prof. Wagner had forwarded his

memoir, kept it back for two years, because the statements made by

him seemed to them almost incredible. These statements have now,

however, been confirmed by other excellent observers, namely, Meinert,

Pagenstecher, Leuckart and Von Siebold; and there seems no doubt

about the main facts; namely, that the larve of certain flies continue,

throughout the autumn and winter, to produce a series of successive

generations of larvee, the last of which are finally developed into per-

fect and sexually mature individuals. The females then, after copu-

tion, lay eggs, and thus the cycle commences again.

I say “ certain flies,” because it is now almost certain that the

different observers have had different species under notice, and Prof.

Wagner even believes that he has met with five distinct forms.

Two only, however, have yet been obtained in a perfect state, one of

which appears to have been bred both by Prof. Wagner and by M.

Meinert, the other by M. Meinert alone. The first is a new species,

which has received the name of Miastor Metraloas, and is most

nearly allied to the genus Heteropeza, from which it is principally

distinguished by the structure of the tarsus. The second is named

by M. Meinert, Oligarces paradoxus.

Wagner and Meinert believed that the young larve originated

from the general fatty tissue, and before the appearance of any

special generative organs. Pagenstecher first called this in question,

and expressed his belief in the existence of a proper “ germ-stock”

or ovary. Leuckart has clearly shown that this is the case, and that

the early stages in the development of the pseudova, from which the

secondary larvee are produced, are the same as in the production of

an ordinary dipterous egg. I entirely agree with him when he says

that “ Every one who is acquainted with the developmental history

of insects, or who consults the existing observations on that subject

by Stein, myself, Lubbock, Claus, and others, will agree with me

when I assert that the germ-balls of our larvae, with their contents,

lix

precisely reproduce the conditions of one of the so-called germ-

chambers from the ovarian tubes of a female insect.”

It is therefore evident that the developmental history of these

pseudova follows the same course as other insects’ eggs, which

indeed I have elsewhere attempted to show is the case in all other

groups of insects which possess the power of agamic reproduction:

It may be added that the subsequent development accords in

essential points with that which has been observed in other insects.

Miastor appears indeed to be a very favourable subject for such

investigations, and has yielded to M. Mecznikoff the remarkable

discovery that the mysterious “ polar cells,’ which have been ob-

served by so many naturalists and in such different groups of

animals, re-enter the blastoderm, and finally pass into the germ-

stock of the young larva. They thus apparently answer to the

so-called “ embryonal male organ” of M. Balbiani.

Prof. Leuckart, as we have seen, has clearly shown that the repro-

ductive bodies in the larve of Miastor arise in the ovary, that they

possess the rounded form, the germinal vesicle and spot, the vitel-

ligenous cells, and in fact “all their first stages of development, in

common with eggs.” He is not, however, yet prepared to follow out

his own views to their logical conclusion, but, as he says, “ cannot

quite determine to describe them aseggs. . . . . Just as the

larval forms of an animal cannot be placed on the same level with the

fully developed creatures, and regarded as such, so we must not

transfer the denomination ‘ eggs’ to structures which have only their

first stages of development in common with eggs.” These first

stages, however, comprise just the special characteristics ; the sub-

sequent changes, such as the development of the chorion, &c., are

mere external adaptations for the purpose of enabling the egg to

brave its exposure to external circumstances. The ovum in Mam-

malia needs no such protection, and is not more specialized in this

direction than that of Aphis or of Miastor; but no one would

deny that the reproductive bodies of Mammalia are true ova.

If, moreover, we examine the reproductive bodies throughout the

animal kingdom, we may find every gradation from the most

specially developed egg—that, say, of a bird—to that of the vivi-

parous Aphis or Coccus. One great difference between an egg and

a bud is the place of origin, to which, as it seems to me, Prof.

Leuckart does not attach sufficient importance.

He is, however, inclined to adopt the name of pseudovum for the

reproductive bodies in Aphis and other similar cases, but he blames

Huxley for attributing the same term to the “true eggs, which are

capable of spontaneous development.”

Now between a normal egg and the pseudovum of Aphis every

intermediate term exists. No important morphological line of de-

marcation can be drawn. On the other hand, a body which is

capable of spontaneous development, whatever its form may be, and

whether it is susceptible of impregnation or not, is very different from

one which requires impregnation as a necessary antecedent to deve-

lopment. Herein, then, lies a true difference, and I certainly think,

therefore that (as, indeed, I suggested in the year 1856) it is con-

venient to have some term for self-fertile ova, whether susceptible of

impregnation or not, whereby they may be distinguished from other

ordinary eggs, to the development of which impregnation is a neces-

sary antecedent.*

~ Prof. Leuckart’s criticism, however, derives a certain amount of

support from the name which Prof. Huxley nas given to Wass repro-

ductive bodies. The name “ pseudovum,” or “ false egg,” may be ap-

propriate enough in the case of Aphis, or Coccus, or even of Daphnia.

It is not, however, well adapted to that of Cynips, and still less to

those of the bee or the silkworm moth. The so-called “ pseudova” in

these cases are not “‘ false eggs ;” they are, on the contrary, true eggs

—and something more. They possess, in fact, all the characters of

true eggs, combined with a greater amount of vital energy. ‘ Euova”

would seem therefore to be a more appropriate term for them than

“ pseudova.”

Mr. Darwin’s last edition of the ‘ Origin of Species’ contains many

illustrations from Entomology which were not present in the first.

Several of these are of great interest. As an example, | take his

remarks on the influence which insects have exercised on the beauty

of flowers. If bees owe their honey to the flowers, flowers, on the

other hand, it would appear, owe their beauty to the bees. ‘‘ Flowers,”

says Mr. Darwin, “rank amongst the most beautiful productions of

* Even here, however, intermediate stages appear to occur. Many cases have

been observed in which yolk division commences in unimpregnated eggs, and in

insects the embryo is sometimes formed, before the vital energy of the ovum is

exhausted and the process stops. It is even stated that young born from agamic eggs

are particularly weakly, as if even after birth the absence of male influence showed

itself in a want of vital energy.

1x1

Nature; and they have become, through natural selection, beautiful,

or rather conspicuous, in contrast with the greenness of the leaves

that they might be easily observed and visited by insects, so that their

fertilization might be favoured. I have come to this conclusion from

finding it an invariable rule shat when a flower is fertilized by the

wind it never has a gaily-coloured corolla. Again, several plants

habitually produce two kinds of flowers; one kind open and coloured

so as to attract insects; the other closed and not coloured, destitute

of nectar, and never visited by insects. We may safely conclude that

if insects had never existed on the face of the earth, the vegetation

would not have been decked with beautiful flowers, but would have

produced only such poor flowers as are now borne by our firs, oaks,

nut and ash trees, by the grasses, by spinach, docks and nettles.”

Moreover, we obtain from these facts the best evidence that insects

possess the faculty of perceiving and distinguishing colours. For as

regards the vision, and indeed the other senses of insects, we have

yet much to learn. We do not yet thoroughly understand how they

see, smell, or hear; nor are entomologists entirely agreed as to the

function or the structure of the antenna. This interesting subject

offers a most promising field for study, and I would particularly call

the attention of entomologists to a remarkable memoir by Hensen

on the auditory organ in the decapod Crustacea, which first appeared

in the ‘ Zeits. f. wiss. Zool.,’ vol. xiii. p. 319, and_of which an abstract

has been given in the ‘ Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science,’

vol. v. p. 31. Hensen has shown that (as had been stated by

M. Faivre) the otolithes in the open auditory sacs of shrimps are

foreign particles of sand, introduced into the organ by the animal

itself. He proved this very ingeniously by placing a shrimp in

filtered water without any sand, but with crystals of uric acid. Three

hours after the animal had moulted he found that the sacs contained

many of these crystals.

M. Hensen has also shown that each hair in the auditory sac is

susceptible of being thrown into vibration by a particular note, which

is probably determined by the length and thickness of the hair. It

may be experimentally shown that certain sounds throw particular

hairs into rapid vibration, while those around them remain perfectly

still.

_ M. Baudelot has published, in the ‘Annales des Sciences Natu-

relles,’ a short memoir on the influence of the nervous system on the

xii

respiration of insects. M. Faivre had attempted to show that the

respiratory movements depend entirely on the metathoracic ganglion,

and that the posterior part of the ganglionic chain acts merely asa

conductor. M. Baudelot has arrived at a very different conclusion:

he experimented on the larva of the dtagon-fly, and after cutting off

the head found that for six hours the respiratory movements were

strong and regular, while even after a lapse of twenty-one hours

they were apparent, though weak, nor did they cease entirely until

twenty-seven hours after the operation. Secondly, he bisected a

specimen immediately behind the metathorax, notwithstanding which

respiratory movements were continued in the abdominal portion for

something more than twelve hours, and in one case even for twenty-

four hours. Moreover, he arrived at similar results in the dragon-fly

itself, and he concludes therefore that the respiratory movements of

insects are not, like those of Vertebrata, under the rule of one special

part of the nervous system, but that each ganglion acts for itself as a

centre of force.

Prof. Faivre has also published, in the ‘Annales des Sciences

Naturelles’ (New Series, vol. i.), some interesting investigations into

the nervous system of insects. It is hardly necessary for me to re-

mind the Society that we owe to our great entomologist Newport the

interesting discovery that the nervous column in Aiticulata consists

of two parts, an upper band with motor functions, and a lower

ganglionic cord of sensitive nerve matter. He suggested, moreover,

that the nerves had a double origin as well as a double function.

M. Faivre has succeeded in proving by experiment the accuracy of

these views. After carefully exposing the prothoracic ganglion, he

found that on irritating the under surface of the ganglion he obtained

unmistakeable signs of pain, indicated by general movements; while

irritation of the upper surface merely produced movement in the

corresponding leg, action on the right side of the ganglion always

affecting the right leg, that on the left side the left leg. But further

than this M. Faivre found it possible to isolate the power of motion

from that of sensation, so as to paralyze either at will without affecting

the other. If he made a longitudinal section through the upper part

of the ganglion on the side, the leg on that side lost all power of

motion. Ifthe insect walked the leg took no part in the movement,

and if the leg itself was pinched it remained equally motionless. Yet

its sensibility was unimpaired, and any irritation of it produced reflex

———

xiii

actions in the other legs, and all the usnal signs of discomfort,

excepting indeed in the leg itself. Thus then the excitability was

destroyed, though the sensibility was unaffected. After awhile, how-

ever, the former gradually returned.

M. Faivre was also able to effect the converse operation—i. e., to

destroy the sensibility without affecting the power of motion. To do

this it was necessary to cut the inferior side of the ganglion, and espe-

cially to avoid going deep. In this case, as in the preceding, action

on the right side of the ganglion affected the right les, that on the

left side the left one. Under these circumstances if the paralyzed

leg is pinched no movements are produced either in it or in any other

parts of the body; while, on the contrary, the paralyzed leg does

move in the same manner as the others, under the stimulus of irrita-

tion applied to any other part of the body. Thus then if a superior

longitudinal section be effected through the side of the ganglion, the

leg is rendered motionless, but other parts can be stimulated through

it. On the contrary, if an inferior longitudinal section be made, the

leg can be moved by stimulus applied elsewhere, but is rendered

incapable of transmitting sensation.

There is yet another manner in which the ganglion may be treated.

If a lateral longitudinal section be carried through each side, the

corresponding legs are completely paralyzed ; and yet, the conducting

properties of the ganglion being unaffected, irritation of the antenne

produces evident movements of the posterior feet, and, vice versa, irri-

tation of the posterior legs produces movements in the head.

M. Faivre has made several experiments on other portions of the

nervous system. The supra-csophageal ganglion he finds to be quite

without sensation. It may be pinched, pricked or torn, without any

pain being manifested, thus presenting a remarkable contrast with

other ganglia, and a not less remarkable analogy with the cerebral

hemispheres of the, so-called, higher animals. It is curious that the

commissures appear to gain sensibility as they quit the brain and

approach the first subesophageal ganglion.

The subcesophageal and other ganglia, so far as they have been

examined by M. Faivre, present the same phenomena as the pro-

thoracic; that is to say, they are motor above and sensory below;

and an injury affects always the corresponding side of the body.

He found the mesothoracic gauglion the easiest of all to examine, it

being necessary for the purpose to remove only the membrane which

unites the ventral surface of the prothorax with the mesothorax.

Ixiv

Finally, M. Faivre draws these principal conclusions :— ;

First. That even among the lower animals the distinction between

sensibility and excitability holds good, proving thus the constancy

and the generality of the physiological plan upon which the nervous

system is established.

Secondly. The ganglionic chain of insects is the analogue of the

spinal chord, and like the latter is divisible into motor and sensitive

portions.

These investigations show clearly the correspondence which exists

between the nervous system of insects and that of the higher

animals.

Strictly perhaps the struggles and contortions of an insect when it

is wounded are no absolute proof that itis capable of suffering, yet

there are few who can entertain a doubt on the question. And so

also, strictly speaking, no proof has yet been adduced that insects

possess the gift of reason; still the study of their actions and habits

leaves, to my mind, as little doubt in the one case as in the other.

Trees must be judged by their fruits and animals by their actions.

Look, then, at the ants: they build houses, they keep domestic

animals, and they make slaves; if we deny to them the possession of

reason we might almost as well question it in the lower races of

Man: insects cannot speak, indeed, but they evidently communicate

by means of their antenne, just like certain North-American Indians

who cannot understand one another’s language, but who can yet

converse together with ease and fluency by a code of signs which are

the same over a large area and among tribes whose spoken languages

are entirely dissimilar. :

In the face of the facts recorded by the Hubers and other observers,

nothing but the force of preeonceived ideas could make us hesitate

to regard the ant or the bee as reasoning beings.

It is manifestly unfair to compare an insect with man, or even with

the horse or dog. Reason is based on experience, and this the insect

can never acquire owing to the shortness of its life. If the com-

parison is made at all, the ant or bee should be compared with a

puppy or an infant, and it may well be questioned then to which an

impartial observer would attribute the highest nervous organization.

Kvery one knows that the movements of the body can be regulated

only by long practice; a baby cannot command its arms or legs any

more than its thoughts, and the power of regulating them is acquired

as gradually in the one case as in the other.

lxv

Although, therefore, it cannot be denied that on the whole even

the lowest savages have made more progress and shown more in-

| genuity, in many cases, than the ant or the hive bee, it may well be

questioned whether this is owing to any superiority in their nervous

organization, and whether it may not be accounted for by other

causes, and especially by the shortness of insect life, which offers an

insuperable obstacle to the accumulation of experience.

Of all living animals the chimpanzee and the gorilla, in their

bones, muscles, viscera, &c., most nearly approximate to man, and

the “ determination of the difference between Homo and Pithecus” is,

in the words of Prof. Owen, “ the anatomist’s difficulty ;” but if we

judge animals by their intelligence, as evidenced in their actions and

mode of life, we may fairly claim for Entomology a high rank in

Biological Science, for in that respect it is not the gorilla or the

chimpanzee, but the bee, and, above all, the ant, which approach the

nearest to Man.

A vote of thanks to the President was carried by acclamation.

A vote of thanks to Mr. Edwin Shepherd, on his resignation of the Secretaryship,

an office which he had held for twelve years, during seven of which he was the

principal acting Secretary, was carried by acclamation; and thanks were also voted

to the other officers for 1866.

lxvi

Abstract of the Treasurer's Accounts for 1866.

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JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.

1867.

February 4, 1867.

Professor Wxstwoop, Vice-President, in the chair.

The President (by letter) nominated as his Vice-Presidents Messrs. Westwood,

Stainton, and Frederick Smith.

Donations to the Library.

The following donations were announced, and thanks voted to the donors:—

‘Proceedings of the Royal Society, Vol. xv. Nos. 84—88; presented by the Society.

‘ Journal of the Linnean Society, Zoology, No.35; by the Society. ‘On the Development

of Chloéon (Ephemera) dimidiatum,’ by Sir John Lubbock, Bart.; by the Author.

‘ Catalogue of the Longicorn Coleoptera of Australia, by F. P. Pascoe, Esq.; by the

Author. ‘ Catalogue des Lépidoptéres des Environs de St. Pétersbourg,’ par N. Erschoff;

by the Author. ‘The Zoologist’ for February; by the Editor. ‘ The Entomologist’s

Monthly Magazine’ for February ; by the Editors.

Election of Members.

Herbert Edward Cox, Esq., of Croydon, was elected a Member; and Yeend Duer,

Esq., of Cleygate House, Esher, an Annual Subscriber.

Prizes for Essays on Economic Entomology.

The Chairman announced that the Council_had again resolved to offer two prizes

of five guineas each for Essays, of sufficient merit and drawn up from personal

observation, on the anatomy, economy or habits of any insect or group of insects espe-

cially serviceable or obnoxious to mankind. The Essays must be sent to the Secretary

at No. 12, Bedford Row, on or before the 30th of November, 1867, when they will be

referred to a Committee to decide upon their merits; each must be indorsed with a

motto, and be accompanied by a sealed letter indorsed with the same motto and

inclusing the name and address of the Author,

xe:

Ecchibitions, &c.

Mr. Bond exhibited four specimens, two males and two females, of a Lasiocampa

bred by Mr. Robert Mitford from larve found on the coast of Kent; he regarded them

as merely a variety of Lasiocampa trifolii, differing from the normal form in colour

and in the antenne of the male, though he was informed that the Jarve also differed

and were of a golden colour. The insect might be supposed to bear the same relation-

ship to L. trifulii that L. Callune bears to L. quercus, and had very much the appear-

ance to be expected in a hybrid between Lasiocampa trifolii and Odonestis potatoria.

Other bred specimens of L. trifolii, from Cumberland, Hants, Dorsetshire and Devon-

shire, were produced for comparison.

Mr. Bond also exhibited several Fritillaries with unequally developed wings; and

a remarkable variety of Dianthecia capsincola from York.

Mr. Bond offered an explanation of the curious habit of Macroglossa stellatarum,

frequenting stone walls, &c., as to which an enquiry was made at the previous

Meeting (ante, p. xlix.). The object was to secrete itself in some hole or crevice: he

had often noticed that the insect had a morning and an afternoon flight, but in the

middle of the day grew tired, when it would seek out a wall or bank and creep up it

until it found a hole or cranny wherein -to rest.

Dr. Wallace corroborated this: when residing in the Isle of Wight he had observed

the humming-bird hawk-moth resting in crevices of mud banks, &c., and on one

occasion he had captured in a limpet-shell a specimen which was thus reposing.

Prof. Westwood exhibited a singular variety of Mamestra brassice caught by Mr.

Briggs, of St. John’s College, Oxford. Mr. Bond mentioned that he possessed a

similar specimen.

Dr. Wallace said that on recently looking through Dr. Bree’s collection of British

Lepidoptera he had detected a Platypteryx Sicula mixed up with P. falcataria. The

insect did not bear any label, and Dr. Bree had not any recollection of the capture of

the particular specimen, though he had no doubt that it had been taken by himself

some years ago along with P. falcataria in the neighbourhood of Stowmarket. If so,

this was a new locality for the species, which in this country had hitherto been known

to occur only in the neighbourhood of Bristol.

Mr. G.S. Saunders exhibited a nest formed by social caterpillars among the leaves

ofa Brazilian tree, a species of Zeyhera; it was about a foot in length, and formed a

compact web between two small branches. The nest was collected in 1866 by Senor

J.C. de Mello, at Campinas, Province of S. Paulo, and by him sent to Mr. Daniel

Hanbury.

Mr. Wormald exhibited a collection of insects sent from Shangkai by Mr. William

Pryer, amongst which was a single specimen of a wild Bombyx, having some

resemblance to B. Huttoni.

Dr. Wallace exhibited an English cocoon of Bombyx Yamamai, one of two reared

in 1866, at York, by Mr. Dossor.

Dr. Wallace also exhibited numerous specimens of the cocoon and imago of

Bombyx Cynthia, and the silk thereof. One was a double cocoon, the joint work of

two larve. Another cocoon, formed in 1865, and which in due course ought to have

produced a moth in 1866, contained a still living pupa, which would probably hatch in

ot mane re

Ixxi

.1867, He mentioned that though the moths were greedily eaten by fowls and other

birds, the larve, though not hairy, were rejected; and that when Ailanthus leaves were

not procurable the larve had been found by Captain Hutton to thrive on honeysuckle.

The moths of B. Cynthia were subject to considerable variation in size and coloration.

He had invariably found that at the commencement of the hatching out of a brood the

males greatly outnumbered the females, whilst at the end the reverse was the case: he

argued that in proportion as the individual was finer the time required for its meta-

morphosis was longer; hence in general the female, which was the larger and heavier

insect, was preceded by the male, which was smaller and had less to mature. He

thought Bombyx Guerinii and B. Ricini were probably only varieties or local forms of

B. Cynthia. Lastly, Dr. Wallace mentioned that he had frequently observed a sound

to proceed from the eggs of B. Cynthia, “‘a sort of click, a single sound, generally

in the second week,” which was attributed to “ the parchment-like shell being pressed

out with a spring by the effort of the larva within, and returning to its concave

form.”

Mr. F. Moore exhibited Bombyx Guerinii, of which only three or four specimens

were known, and Bombyx Ricini, with its cocoons and silk, for comparison with the

produce of Dr. Wallace’s Ailanthery.

Mr. Alfred R. Wallace remarked that Dr. Wallace’s theory on the relation between

the size of the specimen and the period of development satisfactorily accounted for the

fact that as a rule in Lepidoptera the male was smaller than the female. Owing to

the precarious tenure of life of a Lepidopterous insect, which was not only exposed to

the attacks of many enemics, but was also liable to destruction from mere change of

temperature, it was important that the female should be impregnated almost as soon

as hatched, and therefore that males should be in readiness at the time of her

emergence. The males which first hatched became the parents of the future progeny ;

the progeny ivherited the qualities of the parent; and thus in process of time the

males which had a tendency to early hatching, the small specimens which required a

shorter period for their development, predominated, while those which hatched later,

the larger males, being without mates and therefore leaving no offspring, would con-

stantly tend towards extinction, and fivally leave the smaller males in possession of

the field.

Mr. Janson exhibited a collection of Coleoptera from Vancouver’s Island, amongst

which Mr. Pascoe pointed out some fine Longicorns, a form resembling the Australian

Hesthesis, Plectrura, Purpuricenus, Exops, &c.

Mr. C. A. Wilson, of Adelaide, South Australia, communicated the following notes

on Cerapterus Macleayii and Calosoma Curtisii :—

“ Cerapterus Macleayii.—Of the genus Cerapterus we have three species in this

colony, C. Wilsoni, C. Macleayii and C. Hopei. The first of these is much the most

rare, and from twice to three times the size of the others. Some years ago C. Mac-

leayii was found frequently between the town (Adelaide) and the sea, at about two

miles from the former and five from the latter, and always under dry cow-dung: after

this, on nearing the sea, or rather gulf (St. Vincent), it gave place to C. Hopei. It

has also been taken around Gawler under the same circumstances, that is, on land

never yet turned up, where cattle, horses, &c., have long grazed, and under cow-dung

of a particular age or state of dryness—dropped some days, but before all moisture had

Ixxil

gone from it. Specimens of this beetle have, however, become scarce in-all the former

spots, on account of the traffic and disturbance of their places of rest; but on the 17th

of November, 1866, I searched a large untilled paddock of about 134 acres, west of

Adelaide, where cattle had grazed for some years, and obtained seven specimens of

this Cerapterus; this was one specimen to about thirty or forty of their domiciles that

T turned over, and all were found alone. I am not aware of any account of the habits

of these Pausside having been published. There is a note in the Addenda to West-

wood’s ‘Modern Classification, stating that Mr. Macleay’s brother had fonnd an

Australian species of Cerapterus residing in ants’ nests: it is not said what kind of

ant, the white (Termes) or the common (Formica): I suppose the former ; if otherwise,

the circumstance is quite unknown to me. Should the habits of the Cerapterus (of

N.S. Wales?) be the same as here, I fancy this remark is an error from cursory

observation. I think the Cerapteri only use their dry coverings as places of shelter,

though how they come there and why first found there I confess I cannot tell.

Perhaps they fly at night and hide in the day. I observed on this and former

occasions the following facts: the white ants are in these plains found nowhere but

under drying cow-dung; still hundreds of pieces in the most favourable conditions are

without them. In the present case four of the pieces under which the Cerapteri were

found had white ants under them, and three had not. Each of the beetles was lying

under his canopy in a small depression of the ground, or with the earth slightly raised

round him, and was always perfectly still: where there were ants they appeared to

have no connexion with the beetle or in any way to disturb him or be aware of his

presence, though running about when the coverings were raised. I also observed that

where no ants were with the other Cerapteri there evidently never had been any.

Nearly all these seven specimens on being disturbed or lifted by me crepitated several

times, some as many as three times, before immersion in the methylated spirit I had

with me, at the same time discharging from some part of the body a yellow fluid,

which stained the abdomen and last pair of legs, but disappeared on immersion in the

spirit.

* Calosoma Curtisii—To obtain this species of Carabide I had to go three miles

nearer to the gulf, to a place called the Reed Beds, a large tract of land several miles

square, extending in sume parts nearly to the gulf, and obtaining its name from several

acres of reeds still growing at its furthest extremity. I have before given some remarks

on the habits of this species, which 1 beg to refer to (see Proc. for 1864), and will now

supplement. Though formerly, as there mentioned, rather numerous, and one year

particularly so, at the foot of the North Adelaide hills, they seem almost entirely to —

have deserted them. As with the Cerapterus, the presence of cattle seems necessary

to their maintenance, and though on the former occasions I found them mostly running

about, and very seldom under dry cow-dung, I have reason from this day’s observation

(November 17, 1866) to think that they lay their eggs beneath it. In November,

1864, I captured near the Reed Beds as many as twenty-two; this was at a farm

where many cows were kept, sandy iu some parts, but good soil in others. Rather late

in November, 1865, I repaired to the same spot, but did not find a single specimen;

that, however, was a year of drought. The favourable and long-protracted rains of

this year made me hope better things, and I was not disappointed. I took in about an

hour and a half, from a space somewhat less than an acre, sixty-five of the Calusoma.

’ Nearly all of them were under the half-dried cow-dung; under the first I lifted were

—_—

iXxili

four; under one as many as twenty. But few were running about, and these either

| round the deposits or from one to another. As usual they never once attempted to fly,

| though they have ample wings, and the day was sufliciently warm: they ran, but not

very fast, and were easily taken. Under the piece of cow-dung where the largest

} number were found only two or three were at first seen, but others had gone below the

| surface of the ground, and on watching a slight kicking or disturbance of the earth

took place, and the beetle was easily captured. The males and females, slightly

| differing in size, the latter being the largest, were much together, and I conclude it

| was late in their season, and that the eggs were being deposited beneath the surface

| under the cow-dung. There were not any larve about, though I had seen them at

| this time of year on a previous occasion. The beetles smelt strongly of the substance

| under which they burrowed, and I think they fed on it.

‘Our large five-horned Copris has of late years spread in the Gawler districts from

the same cause, viz. the numerous deposits from the cattle. Through this, while in a

moist state, they pierce during the dark hours, going often a foot down, making large

| holes, and throwing up the earth behind them; and I have dug out from under one

| piece from twenty to thirty specimens, male and female. They first appear in June,

| when rain has fallen, up to September when leaving off.”

Prof. Westwood observed that, in the note referred to, in the ‘ Modern Classifica-

tion, he undoubtedly was speaking of Formicide, and not of Termitide. Mr. Wilson

did not seem to be aware that Pausside had been repeatedly found in ants’ nests, and

that several species had been sent from the Cape of Good Hope by Guienzius with the

nests of the particular species of Formicidz which they frequented.

Mr. A. R. Wallace remarked upon the rapidity with which the insects mentioned

by Mr. Wilson had adapted their mode of life to the altered circumstances in which

they found themselves placed; thirty years ago there was not a cow in South Australia,

and yet members of three families of Coleoptera, so widely separated as the Pausside,

Carabide and Copride, had already become habitual frequenters of cow-dung; and

this was the more remarkable in the Calosoma, whose British congener was arboreal

in its habits.

Mr. Gould exhibited Hylurgus piniperda, which was doing considerable mischief

to Pinus insignis in several parks and plantations in Cornwall.

Mr. Pascoe called attention to an article on Atropos pulsatoria in Hardwicke’s

‘Science Gossip, of the Ist of February, 1867, in which Mr. W. Chaney wrote as

follows :—

“My first acquaintance with Atropos, or as it is generally called here the wood-

louse, commenced about thirteen or fourteen years ago: at that time I lived in an old

house in Brompton, near Chatham, and in my bed-room, which was also my library

and museum, I had a very olla podrida of Natural History hanging about the walls;

among the rest was a honey-comb, It was soon after the introduction of this to my

list of curiosities that the strange ticking sound (which at the time sorely puzzled me)

commenced, and that led me eventually to the investigation of the cause. I soon

found that the noise proceeded from the comb, and on closer examination I sawa

number of wood-lice travelling about from one cell to another, and appearing very busy

in their explorations. After awhile the ticking commenced, which I quickly traced to

a particular cell, and by the aid of a common convex lens I could perceive Atropos

Ixxiv

beating with its head against the side of the cell, the noise produced being quite as

loud as the tick of an ordinary watch, thus confirming Mr. Derham’s observations,

‘and viewing them with a convex lens, I soon perceived some of them to beat or make

a noise with a sudden shake of their body, &c. From this time the honey-comb, which |

perhaps from its peculiar sonorous nature suited them so well, became the head-

quarters of Atropos, and night after night, and sometimes by day, might be heard the

tick, tick, tick, by the hour together; sometimes one, sometimes two or more, ticking |

away with all their might, as if to out-tick each other. At any time by carefully

approaching the comb, and waiting a second or two quietly, they might with the aid of

a lens be seen at their peculiar pastime. Since then I have lived in my present

house, a comparatively new one, for about twelve years, and during that time have

constantly heard the familiar tick from time to time, twice during the last week,

October 8th and 10th. Atropos is very numerous here, seeming to prefer the mantel- |

piece, upon which are several vases filled with artificial flowers, and any night they |

may be seen by the dozen prying into any little crevice, or minutely surveying petal —

after petal of their floral habitation.”

Mr. F. Smith said that he had a number of living Atropos which he had been

observing for some time, but he had not yet been able to detect them making any

sound.

Mr. M‘Lachlan reiterated his disbelief that so soft an insect could be the author

of the tapping noise attributed to it; and with reference to Mr. Chaney’s observations,

he should scarcely have thought that hcney-comb was of a “peculiar sonorous

nature.”

Paper read.

Dr. Wallace read a paper ‘‘On some Variation observed in Bombyx Cynthia

in 1866.”

February 18, 1867.

Sir Joun Luszock, Bart., President, in the chair.

Donations to the Library.

The following donations were announced, and thanks voted to the donors:—

* Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou,’ 1865, No. III., 1866,

No. ‘II.; ‘Annales de la Société Entomologique de France,’ 4e Sér. Tome v., 1865;

‘Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung,’ 1867, Nos. 1—8; ‘ Proceedings of the Natural

History Society of Dublin,’ Vol. iv. Part iii.; presented by the respective Societies.

‘ Beskrivelse over Lophogaster typicus, en merkvedig Form af de Lavere Tifceddede

Krebsdyr,’ by Dr. Michael Sars; *‘ Norges Ferskvandskrebsdyr, Foerste Afsnit, Branch-

iopoda. I. Cladocera Ctenopoda (Fam. Sidide & Holopedide), and ‘ Beretning om en

i Sommeren 1863 foretagen Zoologisk- Reise i Christiana Stift, by G. O. Sars; * Ento-

mologiske Underseegelser i Aarene 1864 og 1865, by H. Siebke; presented a the

respective Authors.

xxv

Exhibitions, &c.

Mr. F. Moore exhibited specimens of Tomicus monographus, with portions of the

staves of a cask destruyed by this beetle, and read the following note respecting its

ravages :—

“An official report has lately been received at the India Office from the Military

Department at Madras, relating to the destruction of the casks containing the malt

liquors sent out to India from this country for the use of our troops, and which is

caused by a small boring-beetle perforating the staves of the casks to such an extent

as to entail very considerable loss of the liquor by leakage. From an examination

made in India of a large number of the perforated staves, it is there supposed that the

insect first effects a lodgment beneath the hoops, which offer it a temporary shelter,

and that it then bores into the wood and works its way in all directions. A large

proportion of the holes run at right angles to the surface of the staves and reach from

one side to the other, thus allowing free exit to the liquor, but others again traverse |

the wood in all directions. In some casks these perforations are literally innumerable,

and taking a portion of a stave before me as a guide it is calculated that in the cask to

which it belonged there were not less than 134,400 perforations communicating with

the outer surface, most of which served as the exit for several of the beetles, as upon

cutting the stave lengthwise they were found in Indian-file in all directions. The

larva is stated to be of a white colour and armed with a pair of powerful jaws. The

beetle is also stated to be very similar in appearance to that which perforates the

bamboo, but much smaller and more slender in proportion to its length; and to be

precisely similar in outward appearance to the species which attacks the ‘shola’ of

which pith-hats are made. It is unknown when this insect first made its appearance

in India. It is extremely probable that at no period since the first importation of

malt liquor for the troops has it been entirely absent, but in former years the stock on

hand was much less than at present, and the insect was probably less destructive and

consequently its presence was not officially reported. As far back, however, as 1855,

when the then Deputy Commissary-General was on a tour of inspection in Burmab,

the destructiveness of this beetle was brought prominently to his notice when at

Tonghoo. From that date until the year 1862 the insects increased in numbers, and

still continue to be very destructive; in some seasons the wastage has been less than

in others, but the insect has never at any time been entirely unobserved. Up to 1862

the ravages of this pest appear chiefly to have been reported from stations in Burmah,

ut in the same year it was observed at Jaulnah, and probably at other stations also,

nd it has now broken out again in the last consignment of malt liquor received at

ecunderabad. The most difficult and important inquiry connected with this subject

is the question as to where the beetle first came from. The generally received opinion

in India appears to be that the germ of the insect is already in the wood when the

casks are sent from England, and that it becomes developed and makes its appearance

afier its arrival. To support this theory, however, no satisfactory evidence has been

adduced. Itis believed that all the staves undergo a process of steaming before being

made into casks, and this of itself would be sufficient to destroy the germ of any insect ;

moreover, the insect has been found within a very short time after the arrival of the

casks in India, and yet it has never on any occasion been detected in casks when first

received from the ship. On the other hund, it has been suggested that the insect drops

Ixxvi

from the bamboos which form the coverings of the carts and boats, but an examination

of the insect found in the bamboo in Madras appears to show that, although of the

same genus, the bamboo-borer is larger than that which attacks the casks. The length

of time after landing when the insect generally appears varies from a few weeks to

several months. In the recent case at Secunderabad the casks when landed at

Masulipatam were in perfect order, so much so that they attracted special notice:

when they arrived at Secunderabad there was no trace of the insect, but after they had

been a very short time in store the insects made their appearance, and continue to

increase. Many causes have been brought forward as predisposing casks to the

attacks of this insect. The first and most important is the use of unseasoned wood in

making the casks. Committees were assembled at Calcutta some years ago to inves-

tigate the cause of the attacks of this insect, and its presence was ascribed by them

also to the use of unseasoned wood in the casks. The fact that the use of unsuitable

wood predisposes the casks to the attacks of these insects is not unlikely. It is well

known in India that, if bambvos are cut at a certain season when the sap is in them,

they will be assuredly attacked by the borer, whilst bamboos cut from the same spot

at a proper time will as certainly be free from them. It has also been stated that a

long inland journey by cart or boat tends much to cause the increase of the insect. It

is difficult to give any accurate estimate of the damage caused by these insects. At

times they are not very numerous, and by selecting the worst casks for immediate use

the wastage is not excessive, but at other times they are so abundant that no amount

of care or trouble can keep them under, and in a report last received from Tonghoo

the wastage has risen to fifty per cent. The Assistant Commissary-General at Ran-

goon states that he has applied a strong infusion of cutch as a remedy to the casks, but

that on the following day the insects were as active and vigorous as ever; observing

that some salt-meat casks escaped, a strong brine was next thoroughly applied, but

with no better success. Boiling water was afterwards tried, and after three applications

was perfectly successful.”

Mr. Moore added that Tomicus monographus was figured in Ratzeburg, but had

not hitherto been found in Britain; the casks in question were made of oak, but

probably not of British growth.

Mr. Newman exhibited a stem of Salix capraa, to show the mode in which, under

the attacks of Sesia bembeciformis, the bark’ divides in three layers, as more fully

described in the ‘ Entomologist,’ ii. 140.

Mr. Newman exhibited a specimen of Naclia ancilla, Zinn., a moth new to Britain,

taken on the Sussex coast by Mr. T. Wildman.

Mr. Newman exhibited the lock of a door, one of several which in 1866 were found

at the Kent Waterworks, Deptford, to be completely filled and choked up with nests

of Osmia bicornis, a portion having been forced out by the insertion of the key; the

locks were in pretty constant use, so that the whole nest must have been built in the

course of a few days.

Mr. Newman also exhibited two specimens of a Formica, resembling F. herculanea,

» which were supposed to have been found in decayed pine-stumps in Scotland; but he

hesitated to announce it as a new British ant, in consequence of the doubt entertained

by Mr. F. Smith.

Mr. F. Smith thought the specimens in question were distinct from Formica

——.

—

Ixxvil

herculanea, and also from F. pubescens: they appeared to be identical with an ant

from North America, which had been sent to him from New York as a representative

of the European F. herculanea, but which in reality was a different insect. An

examination of the specimens exhibited, particularly of the worker, led him to believe

that they had been in some old collection for years; the pins were of very antique

pattern, and the abdomen of the female had been stuck on with gum: he thought there

must have been some mixing of specimens, and that these had by accident been

included ina British collection: the evidence of the actual captor was wanting, and

until that was forthcoming, or the species was recaptured, he could not but think that

the supposed occurrence in Scotland was a mistake.

Mr. F. Smith exhibited a collection of Hymenoptera taken by Mr. Du Boulay at

Champion Bay, N.W. Australia, containing a fine series of Formicide, comprising

about fifty species ; twenty-four of the genus Camponotus, six of Polyrhachis, eight of

Ponera, one of Odontomachus, four of Crematogaster, one of Pseudomyrma, four of

Pheidole, and four species of Cryptoceride, belonging to the genus Meranoplus. The

collection also comprised twelve new species of Thynnide, three of Pompilide,

eleven new species of Mutillide, thirteen of Apide, four of Vespide belonging

to the genus Paragia, and two remarkably beautiful species of the genus Odynerus.

Amongst the Formicide was a very beautiful species of ant, which Mr. Smith pro-

posed to name Pheidole hyacinthina, from the resemblance of its body to the gem

Hyacinthus,

Mr. S. Stevens, on behalf of Mr. Higgins, exhibited some Coleoptera and Lepi-

doptera also sent from Champion Bay by Mr. Du Boulay. Amongst the beetles were

about a dozen new species, some fine Scaritide, Buprestide (Stigmodera), a new

Cetonia, &c.

Mr. Stainton exhibited two specimens of the imago (one a dwarf), and a drawing

of the larva, of Tinea oleastrella of Milliére, which he had bred from the olive, the

larve having been sent him by Mr. J. T. Moggridge, from Mentone, in November,

1866. Mr. Stainton had expected that when the Oleastrella made their appearance

they would be referable to the genus Swammerdamia, but to his surprise they differed

essentially from that genus, and came much nearer to Zelleria fasciapennella, though

from the thicker palpi and narrower anterior wings they scarcely seemed congeneric

with that species.

Mr. Stainton exhibited a crippled specimen of Margarodes unionalis, which also

he had bred from olive: the species was on the Continent reputed to be very difficult

to rear.

Prof. Westwood mentioned that on the 7th of February Prof. Rolleston had taken a

hybernated specimen of Vanessa Urtice on the wing, and being anxious to know

whether any food or fatty matter had been stored up for winter consumption, he dis-

sected it. The hybernated specimens were usually females, fecundation taking place

in the autumn, the males then dying and the females lying torpid through the winter.

The dissected specimen, however, proved to be a male, and in its abdomen was found

a quantity of yellow greasy matter, which under a quarter-inch lens distinctly shewed

oil-globules, demonstrating the secretion of fat for the purpose of hybernation.

Papers read.

Mr. A. R. Wallace read a paper “ On the Pieride of the Indian and Australian

Ixxvill

Regions:” forty-seven new species were described, many of which were exhibited ;

and the descriptions were preceded by introductory remarks on the geographical dis-

tribution of the Pieridz and on the existence in that family of cases of mimicry.

Mr. Herbert Jenner Fust, jun., communicated a paper “On the Distribution of

Lepidoptera in Great Britain and Ireland,” showing the occurrence or non-occurrence

of all the indigenous species, except the Tortrices and Tine, in provinces and sub-

provinces, after the manner adopted with respect to plants in Watson’s ‘Cybele

Britannica.’

Mr. Edward Saunders communicated a paper entitled “* Notes on Rare and Descrip-

tions of New Species of Buprestide, collected by Mr. Lamb at Penang.” Fifteen new

species were characterized, one of them being the type of a new genus, Xenopsis,

closely allied to Castalia.

March 4, 1867.

FrepDerick Smiru, Esq., Vice-President, in the chair.

Additions to the Library.

The following donations were announced, and thanks voted to the donors:—

presented by the Author. ‘The Zoologist’ for March; by the Editor. ‘The

Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine’ fur March; by the Editors.

Purchased: — Lepelleticr de St. Fargeau et Brullé, ‘ Histoire Naturelle des

Insectes Hymenoptéres, 4 vols. and 4 parts of coloured plates.

Election of Member.

Alexander H. Clarke, Esq., of 16, Furnival’s Inn, E.C., was ballotted for, and

elected a Member.

Exhibitions, &c.

The Secretary exhibited a box of Lepidoptera and Coleoptera collected in Mada-

gascar and Mayotte by M. Francois Pollen, of Leyden, by whom they were presented

to the Society; perbaps the most interesting insect was Sternotomis Thomsoni,

Buquet.

Mr. Bond exhibited specimens of a small Ichneumon, parasitic on the larva of

Dasypolia templi, no less than 447 having emerged from a single larva.

The Secretary exhibited drawings of the male and female of a species of Phasma,

together with the larva and pupa of an Ichneumon which infested the female, and the

imago of a species of Chalcidide which was said to infest the egg of the Phasma;

and read the following note, communicated by Prof. Huxley :—

“ Anisomorpha buprestoides.—This Phasma, found by Titian R. Peale in South

America, has come under my observation in the Santa Cruz Mountains, Jamaica, in

one locality only, to which it curiously seems confined. As nothing appears to be

xxix

known of some of its striking peculiarities, it may not be uninteresting to notice in

detail the result of an attentive study of its habits and nature. It is of a dirty yellow.

ochre colour, with its antenne, which are iong and slender, composed of alternate

black and yellowish joints. The male, which is much smaller than the female, is about

13 inch in length, and the female 2} inches. The superior wings are rudimentary ;

the inferior are large, delicate and transparent; and as the latter far exceed the

tegmina in size, and therefore require some provision for their defence, the anterior

portion is greatly thickened, serving as a plate, beneath which the other part is folded

longitudinally. In the prothorax lie two elongated spindle-shaped glands, about one-

fourth of an inch in length, which secrete a white fetid fluid. These are surrounded bya

network of nerves, by the contraction of which, at the will of the insect, the fluid is

discharged through two raised pores which are situated in the anterior portion of the

prothorax, When disturbed or attacked they make use of this means of defence, and

the pungent odour produced by the milky fluid is as powerful as it is offensive. These

insects are rarely seen otherwise than in a state of copulation, the male lying along the

back of the female. When feeding, the male leaves his position on her back, still

however remaining in apparent sexual contact. The young females are wingless till

nearly full grown, and lead a single life up to that period. The larva resembles the

imago, but is apterous; the pupa has rudimentary wings. With regard to the habits

of these Phasmida, they are lucifugous and gregarious. During the day they hide

themselves in the holes of trees, and amongst brushwood where it is sufficiently dense

to exclude the light, and also in the cellars and behind the boarding of houses. In

these nooks they arrange themselves in thick clusters. At dusk they issue forth to

feed, and at break of day return to their hiding-places. Their mode of progression is

extremely slow, except when alarmed, and they seldom make use of their wings. They

are found in greatest numbers in the months of May, June and July. They subsist

in this locality entirely upon the leaves of the Bignonia chinensis, which shrub forms a

hedge in front of Belmont. Any evening after dark, by the light of a lantern,

hundreds of pairs may be counted feeding greedily upon the young leaves of this

hedge. It is very interesting to watch the curious and rapid manner in which they

cut the leaf, taking a narrow curved strip from right to left, and then eating back as

hastily in the opposite direction till the entire leaf is consumed. The eggs of this

insect are cylindyical, about one-eighth of an inch in length, tuberculated, with an oval

depression on one side, and fitted with a valve at one end which is surmounted by a

single tubercle in the centre: they lay them during the day in their hiding-places, one

by one. The female is infested by the larve of some Ichneumon fly, of which it is to

be regretted no specimens have been procured, owing to a series of unlucky accidents

happening to the pups, just as they had become matured. These larve are three-

eighths of an inch in length, and are provided with two minute hooks, by means of

which they fix themselves to the interior of the insect. As many as seven have been

found in one Phasma. Upon being taken out they make vigorous but unsuccessful

attempts to creep; becoming partially exhausted as it were from these efforts, they

gradually become quiet, and ina few hours they change to a dark brown chrysalis.

After remaining in the Phasma until the period arrives for their transformation into the

pupa state they find their way out singly and at intervals, and in a few hours assume

the chrysalis form. The Phasma appears to suffer no inconvenience, and, what is most

curious, no injury from them; it is unknown in what manner they make their egress

Ixxx

from the body of the host. The eggs also are victimized in a similar manner by a

minute species of Ichneumon fly, one of which has fortunately been obtained; it is

probably one of the Chalcidide : all the transformations take place within the egg, and

when fully developed the perfect Ichneumon fly emerges therefrom. No parasitic

insects have as yet been found to infest the male. It appears to me that the name

Anisomorpha buprestoides is an incorrect appellation, as this Phasma is isomorphous.

Perhaps the name of Phasma graveolens would be less open to objection, and it would

at the same time express one of its striking peculiarities, viz. the offensive fluid

secreted by the glands.’ —Cuartes B. Kine.

Mr. Bates observed that the author of the note was probably in error in attributing

the name of Anisomorpha buprestoides to the species in question, which seemed to be

a true Phasma,

Mr. F. Smith remarked upon the peculiarity of all the transformations of the

Chalcidite parasite taking place within the egg of the Phasma; such a mode of

development was novel, if trne, but he suspected some error of observation.

Mr. M‘Lachlan suggested that the cocoon of the Chalcis had been mistaken for

the egg of the Phasma.

Mr. A. R. Wallace requested the assistance of Members in making observations to

enable him to clear up a difficult point. Mr. Darwin had arrived at the conclusion

that, as a rule in the animal kingdom, brilliant colouring was due to sexual selection:

being struck, however, by the apparent exception to this rule presented by the bright

hues of many larve, principally of Lepidoptera, which, being sexless, could not owe

their gaudy attire to sexual selection, Mr. Darwin had inquired whether Mr. Wallace

could suggest any explanation of this seeming contradiction of the rule. A theoretical

explanation occurred to him, and it was for the purpose of ascertaining whether this

theory was well or ill fuunded that he asked the aid of others. Many caterpillars were

mimetic, imitating the leaves or flowers on which they fed, and thus obtaining protec-

tion from their enemies; others were hairy or spinose, and were probably thereby

preserved from attack ; whilst others again possessed neither of these modes of protec-

tion, but were conspicuous by their lively coloration. Holding that nothing in nature

was without its cause, nothing without its object, and believing in the principle of

natural selection or the preservation of the fittest, he concluded that this conspicuous

colouring must be in some way useful to those larve which were endowed with or had

acquired it; but in what way was it useful to them? Just as certain moths were

agreeable and others distasteful to birds, so also he did not doubt that certain larvae

were agreeable and others distasteful to birds; but distastefulness alone would be

insufficient to protect a larva unless there were some outward sign to indicate to its

would-be destroyer that his contemplated prey would prove a disgusting morsel, and so

deter him from attack. A very slight wound was sufficient to kill a growing caterpillar,

and if seized by a bird, even though afterwards rejected as nauseous, its death would

nevertheless ensue; the distasteful larve therefore required some distinctive mark,

something by which they may be contrasted with and separated from the agreeable

larve, in order that they might be freed from the attacks of birds. Brilliant coloration

would be such a distinction as was required ; the larve which were attractive to birds,

when not exterminated, were doubtless preserved from extinction by other protective

qualities; whilst those larye which were distasteful to birds, and were not protected

1XX

| either by mimicry, hairiness, offensive smell, or otherwise, might be distinguished by

their colour from those upon which birds delighted to feed. Mr. Wallace’s suggestion

| therefore was that, as a rule, the brilliantly coloured larve were those which were

) distasteful to birds: it was on this point that he wished to collect observations and

| statistics, and he should be glad if any who kept birds, and particularly indigenous

| birds, would make experiments with different larve, to ascertain which were eaten and

which rejected.

Mr. Pascoe remarked that toads ate Carabide, notwithstanding their offensive

smell; and a larva which to one species of bird would be disgusting might to another

be attractive.

Mr. J. J. Weir and Mr. M‘Lachlan respectively referred to the larve of Cucullia

and Diloba, both of which were conspicuous, but apparently free from attack.

My. Bates suggested that information was also wanted as to what larva were most

liable to be infested by Ichneumonidae, and inquired whether amongst the British

Lepidoptera there were many, or any, whose larve were not subject to the attacks of

Ichneumons ; and if any, were they conspicuous larve ?

Papers read.

The following papers were read :—‘ Notes on the genus Raphidia,” by Dr. Hagen,

translated from the French by Mr. M‘Lachlan. ‘“‘ Description of a new Carabideous

insect from Japan,” (Damaster auricollis, x. sp.), by Mr. Charles O. Waterhouse.

“Note on a genus of Dynastid-Lamellicorns, belonging to the family Pimelopide,”

genus Dipelicus, Hope), by Mr. C. O. Waterhouse.

New Part of ‘ Transactions.’

Trans. Ent. Soe., third series, vol. v., part 5, containing Dr. Wallace’s Prize

Essay on the Oak-feeding Silkworm from Japan, and being the first part published for

1867, was on the table.

March 18, 1867.

Professor Wrstwoop, Vice-President, in the chair.

Donation to the Library.

The following donation was announced, and thanks were voted to the donor:—

‘Annales de la Société Linnéenne de Lyon,’ vols. 12, 13; presented by the

Society.

Election of Members.

Dr. Arthur E. Davies, Royal College of Surgeons, Edinburgh, was elected a

Member. M. Barbier-Dickens, 1bis, Rue Paradis Poissoniére, Paris, was elected a

Foreign Member. FF, Archer, Esq., 3, Brunswick Street, Liverpool, was elected an

Annual Subscriber.

Catalogue of British Insects.

The Chairman announced that the Council had in contemplation the publication -

of a general Catalogue of British Insects, but so little attention was paid to the

Ixxxil

Diptera that there would be great difficulty in compiling even an approximately

complete list of the indigenous species of that Order. Entomologists throughout the

United Kingdom were requested to collect Diptera, noting the times and localities,

and to assist the Council in the preparation of the Catalogue.

Papers read.

The following papers were read:—“ Descriptions of New Species of Cryptoceride,”

by Mr. Frederick Smith. The new species were eight in number, four of the genus

Cryptocerus from South America, three of Meranoplus from West Australia, and one

of Cataulacus from Borneo.

“ On Species and Varieties,” by Captain Thomas Hutton, F.G.S. After referring

to an assertion by Dr. Bree in ‘The Field’ newspaper, February 4, 1866, that the

identity of the species Attacus Cynthia and A. Ricini “is proved by their breeding

together, and by the produce after three or four generations having a tendency to

return each to its separate type,’ an opinion in some measure endorsed by Dr. Wallace,

who was “ inclined to agree with Dr. Bree that there is but one species, modified by

climate, food, and domesticity,’ Captain Hutton continued as follows:—

“That these opinions are erroneous will, 1 think, become apparent when we

consider that Bombyx Huttoni, which cannot be domesticated, and the cultivated

Bombyx Mori of China, two undoubtedly distinct species, will likewise breed together,

and produce prolific eggs, as is the case with several other species, so that Dr. Bree’s

opinion at once meets with a substantial refutation; besides that there being, as he

says, a tendency to return each to its separate type, is a contradictory admission that

the insects belong to distinct species, since if they belong to separate types they

clearly do not belong to the same specific type. | Were they of the same species there

would be no tendency to revert, because there would be nothing to revert to, and

Attacus Ricini when uncrossed by A. Cynthia shows no tendency to revert to that

species. The very fact of there being this tendency to revert shows that the species

are distinct, and that the cross being contrary to the laws of Nature, an effort is being

made by her to cast out the cross and return to the original and separate types. But

if the mere fact of species breeding together is to be accepted as a proof of identity,

then does Dr. Bree very satisfactorily prove that the horse and the ass are of the same

species, and that the apparent degeneracy of the latter is, according to Dr. Wallace’s

view, to be attributed to modification by climate, food, and domesticity. It may, how-

ever, be objected in this case that the progeny are not prolific inter se, which greatly

alters the case; nevertheless the progeny are prolific if crossed again either by the horse

or the ass. I am, moreover, of opinion that the power of producing offspring is not due to

the near affinity of species ; but is altogether dependent upon the fact that the parents,

being of the same genus, must necessarily possess the very same structural model,

without the least reference to or interference with specific characters. But if Attacus

Cynthia and A. Ricini are to be regarded as one and the same species, modified by

‘climate, food and domesticity, how comes it to pass that specific characters have been

obliterated and others acquired? Diminished brilliancy of coloration might doubt-

less be induced by climate, food, and other causes, but there would be no change of

typical or specific characters, while colour, under an alteration of treatment, might

easily be restored; but I would ask, if A. Ricini be only a modified variety of A.

IXxxiil

Cynthia, how have the rows of black spots on the larve of the latter become obliterated,

and the covering of white down on the body of the imago of A. Ricini been acquired ?

For these black spots are not merely superficial and evanescent marks, which, like the

white powder on the body of the larva, can be removed, but are actual typical dermal

marks and colouring of structure, and are no more capable of obliteration than are the

spots and roses of the leopard and other species. Climate and fvod could exercise no

influence over such marks, because they are imprinted by nature in the epidermis as

typical and specific characters, and are always present whether the insect occurs in

the temperate mountains of Mussooree or under the tropical sun of Assam, precisely as

are the spots on the leopard, whether found in Southern India or bordering on the

snows of the Himalaya. Were I to admit that such specific distinctions could be

obliterated, and others acquired by a change of food, climate and domesticity, it would

reduce me to the necessity of adopting Darwin’s theory that our present species were

formerly mere varieties of some types that have died out; while if A. Ricini has im

truth descended from A. Cynthia and has attained permanent specific characters of its

own, which is undoubtedly the case, then can it no longer be considered as identical

with A, Cynthia from which it first proceeded as a variety, and thus on the Darwinian

principle are the species proved to be distinct, and Dr. Bree’s opinion is again refuted.

- . . . Experiments instituted in India in 1859, by crossing the wild Himalayan

| silkworm, Bombyx Huttoni, with the long-domesticated Bombyx Mori of China,

| €ashmere and Milan, produced the following results. The crossing was reciprocal,

the wild female pairing with the domesticated male, and the domesticated female with

the wild male. The coupling of the wild male with the domesticated female was

effected with the greatest difficulty, and all the eggs thus obtained shrivelled and were

unproductive. -With regard to the other cross, the difficulty was somewhat less,

because the domestic males readily and eagerly sought the females, which however

were shy, and several, though not all, produced eggs. Very few of these however were

prolific, the greater number, as in the former case, withering and drying. The few

larve produced from this cross retained all the intractable habits of the wild species,

and were accordingly placed upon trees in the open air, where in due time they spun.

In the larva, cocoons, and moths, there was no perceptible difference from the wild

race. Similar experiments were again tried and carried on even to a second cross with

the domestic stock, but it was found that, cross as one might, through every stage the

insect invariably reverted to the wild B. Huttoni, and neither in appearance nor in

habits at all resembled the domestic species. The wild stock then preponderated, and

Nature refused to promote the cross. Experiments with B. Mori and B. Creesi, and

Others with Attacus Cynthia and A. Ricini, produced exactly the same results, Nature

always favouring the strongest or healthiest species. Hence it is evident that Nature,

| ‘so far from approving of these intercrossings, has in every case shown a strong dispo-

‘sition to revert to the most natural or to the strongest species, and that in every

instance she has succeeded. It may be objected that when, as in my opening remarks,

I declare that there is no tendency to revert unless the parents are of different species,

| Dcontradict my former remarks on the reversion and restoration of the silkworm (see

Trans. Ent. Soc., 3rd series, vol. ii.); this however is not the case, for the object of

feversion is to cast out something that is unnatural and inimical to a species, so that

ature, in order tu preserve her types, always endeavours to cast out the effects of a

oss; and where, as in B, Mori, the constitution of the insect has been destroyed by

1xxxiv

long-continued domestication, the effort is to revert from a sickly io a healthier condi-

tion, and not to a different species.” The remainder of the paper was a criticism of

the Darwinian theory of Natural Selection, the writer’s views being principally

enforced by arguments beyond the province of the Entomological Society.

April 1, 1867.

Sir Jonn Lussock, Bart., President, in the chair.

Donations to the Library.

The following donations were announced, and thanks voted to the donors:—

‘Exotic Butterflies, Part 62; and ‘Illustrations of Diurnal Lepidoptera, Part 3,

Lycenide, by W. C. Hewilson; presented by the Author. ‘On the Data affurded by

the Burchellian Collection as to the Geographical and Modificational Ranges of

certain Brazilian Insects, by J. O. Westwood; by the Author. ‘The Zoologist’ for

April; by the Editor, ‘The Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine’ for April; by the

Editors,

Exhibitions, §c.

Mr. S. Stevens, on behalf of Mr. Higgins, exhibited six specimens of Damaster

blaptoides from Japan: the species appeared to be very local, and to be found only

near Nagasaki, whilst its smaller congener D. Fortunei was found in the North of

Japan.

Mr. Pascoe exhibited, and read the following description of, a new species of

Toxotus from Greece :—

Toxotus LacorpaIrRil.

“T.(%) fuligineus, pube griseo-argentea tectus; segmentis duovus ultimis abdo-

minis, femoribusque apicibus exceptis luteis; tibiis anticis et intermediis |

dimidio basali lutescentibus; antennis basi luteis, articulo tertio quinto |

longiore.

(Q) mare vix robustior; in toto nigrescens, sparse argenteo-pubescens; tibiis

intermediis et posticis articulis basalibus dilatatis; antennarum articulo quinto

tertio duplo longiore.

Long. 8 lin.

“The male somewhat resembles T. quercus, but in the comparative length of the |

joints of the antenne it is more like T. meridianus. The female is scarcely stouter

than the male, and differs from it, as well as from all other European species of the

genus, in having the third and fourth joints of the antenne equal, and the two

together not longer than the fifth; as well as in having the basal joints of the four

posterior tarsi as broad as the succeeding joints: the same is also the case with the

anterior tarsi, but the character occurs in other species. In both sexes the two

tubercles on the prothorax are strongly marked and have a slightly linear form.

“T have not dwelt on colour, as that will probably be found to vary. The pair

from which the above descriptions were made have been for some years in my cabinet,

and were originally obtained at Mr. Stevens's, from a collection made in Greece.”

Ixxxv

Mr. Edward Sheppard read the following extract from the ‘ Daily News’ of the

29th of March, 1867 :—

** According to the Melbourne papers just received, enormous swarms of beetles

have been noticed lately in Victoria, Australia. In the early part of January a swarm

was noticed near Ararat, in Victoria, flying in a column about twenty yards broad,

and keeping in compact order. They cast a dark shadow on the ground, and they

were an hour in passing the spot from which they were seen. At a certain point they

turned off at right angles. The Eucalypti in the neighbourhood of these insects have

been stripped of every particle of foliage. Great numbers of the beetles fall to the

ground during the flight. The noise they{make while flying is like that of a hurricane

playing in the rigging of a ship. The colour of these beetles is a dark bronze.”

Mr. Bates said that Anoplognathus was found amongst Eucalypti, but he thought

the insect referred to was more probably a grasshopper than a beetle: it was not pro-

bable that Coleoptera would thus migrate in swarms.

Mr. Weir and Mr. Wallace referred to the clouds of Coccinelle which were

commonly observed in the hop-growing districts of Kent. /

Mr. M‘Lachlan mentioned that Dr. Brauer had recently described, under the name

of Pharyngobolus Africanus, the earlier stages of a species of CXstride, the larva of

which had been detected in the throat of the African elephant.

Mr. F. Smith exhibited an ichneumon, Rhyssa persuasoria, placed in his hands by

Mr. Bond, which appeared to have worked its long ovipositor, bradawl-fashion, through

a piece of fir-wood, in quest of the larva of Sirex juvencus, on which it is parasitic;

part of the ovipositor had been left in the wood. Mr. Bond had some years ago found

at Bournemouth two ichneumons with their ovipositors so firmly fixed into wood that

he was unable to remove them. Mr. Smith had always hitherto supposed that the

Rhyssa inserted its ovipositor into the holes made by the Sirex, instead of making a

hole for itself in the tree: if the latter were the rule, how did the ichneumon detect the

presence of the larva within the wood, and know where to insert its ovipositor?

Mr. Edward Doubleday, however, had told him that he had seen twenty or thirty

specimens of the female of a Pelecinus which had perished with their elongated abdo-

mens inserted into the stem of a tree, whence they had been powerless to extract them ;

the male had a clavate abdomen, but that sex had never been met with by Mr.

Doubleday.

Mr. Bates inquired whether an ovipositor was not, homologically, a modification

of one of the abdominal segments.

Mr. Smith thought it was rather a modification of the aculeus.

Mr, Wallace suggested the converse, namely, that the sting was a modified ovi-

positor, and that its use as a weapon of defence was a secondary and acquired use.

Mr. G. 8. Saunders exhibited a number of Poduride, found near Stokesley, in

pools or puddles consequent upon the melting of the snow, which had receutly lain on

the ground in the North of Yorkshire for two or three weeks.

The President believed them to be Podura (Anura) tuberculata of Templeton,

though their shrivelled state rendered them difficult to identify with certainty.

Mr. Wallace mentioned that he had received a letter from Mr. Jackson Gilbanks,

of Whitefield Castle, Wigton, on the subject of the distastefulness to birds of brightly

coloured larve ; the writer had frequently observed the dislike, or rather the ‘“ abhor-

Ixxxvi

rence and dread,” of pheasants, partridges, young wild ducks and tomtits for the

“gooseberry caterpillar:” it did not, however, clearly appear whether the writer

referred to the larva of Abraxas or the grub of Nematus.

Paper read.

Professor Westwood communicated a paper entitled “ Descriptions of New Species

of Mantispide in the Oxford and British Museum.”

May 6, 1867.

Professor Wrstwoop, Vice-President, in the chair.

Donations to the Library.

The following donations were announced, and thanks voted to the donors:—

‘Proceedings of the Royal Society, No. 89; presented by the Society. ‘ Proceedings

of the Holmesdale Natural History Club for the year 1865-66; by the Club. ‘ List

of Coleoptera collected in the Mountains of Lycoming County,’ ‘ List of Coleoptera

collected near Fort Whipple, Arizona, by Dr. Elliott Cones, in 1864-65,’ * Additions to

the Coleopterous Fauna of the United States, No. 1, and ‘ Revision of the Dasytini

of the United States; by the Author, Dr. J. L. Leconte. ‘Muscardine, and ‘ Revue

de Sériciculture Comparée,’ for 1863-64-65-66 (Nos. 1—9) ; by M. Guérin-Méneville.

‘ Essai d’une Faune Monographique de |’ Archipel Indo-Néerlandais, I. Monographie

des Scutellérides, IT. Monographie des Piérides;’ by the Author, M. 8S. C. Snellen

van Vollenhoven. ‘ Natural History of the Tineina, vol. ix.; and ‘The Tineina of

Syria and Asia Minor; by the Author, H. T. Stainton, Esq. ‘A Monograph of the

British Psocide ;’ by the Author, R. M‘Lachlan, Esq. ‘Stettiner Entomologische

Zeitung,’ 1867, Nos. 4—6; by the Entomologica! Society of Stettin. ‘ The Zoologist’

for May; by the Editor. ‘The Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine,’ for May; by the

Editors. W.S. Macleay, ‘Illustrations of the Annulosa of South Africa; Chenu,

‘ Encyclopédie d’Histoire Naturelle,’ Coléopterés, vol. i.; Blanchard, Castelnau and

Brulle, ‘ Histoire Naturelle des Insectes;’ Hentschius, ‘Epitome Entomologie

Systematic secundum Fabricium ;’ ‘ Prodromus Lepidopterorum Britannicorum,’ by

a Fellow of the Linnean Society; Schmiedleins, ‘ Kinleitung in die nahere Kenntnis

der Insectenlehre ; Panzer, ‘ Deutschlands Insectenfaune oder Entomologisches

Taschenbuch fiir 1795;’? Nees von Esenbeck, ‘Hymenopterorum Ichneumonibus

affinium Monographie; Fuessly, ‘ Archives of Entomology; Humphreys, ‘The

Genera and Species of British Butterflies; presented by J. W. Dunning.

Election of Members.

J. Sidebotham, Esq., of 19, George Street, Manchester, was elected a Member.

M.S. C. Snellen van Vollenhoven, of Leyden, was elected a Corresponding Member.

Exhibitions, §c.

Mr. 8. Stevens exhibited a number of Australian Coleoptera, chiefly Carabidae,

selected from a collection sent by M. Damel, from the district of Cape York.

Ixxxvii

Professor Westwood had recently received from a correspondent in New South

Wales six or eight Cimicide of the family Reduviide (probably’ Enicocephalus

tasmanicus, Westw., Tr. Ent. Soc. ii. 24), which were described as flying, or rather

dancing, in the air like midges, and which possessed a pleasant nusk-like scent, which

communicated itself to the letter in which they were enclosed.

Mr. Stainton exhibited cases of Coleophora lixella, the larva of which, when young,

was found to feed on Thymus serpyllum, but afterwards transferred itself to a species

of grass: cases were shown which were found on grass, but composed of portions of the

leaf or calyx of thyme.

Mr. Stainton had intended to have also exhibited the larva of Hyponomeuta

egregiella, but the specimen had, during the afternoon, begun to spin up in the box,

and was invisible: the larva had been previously found by M. Milliére, at Cannes, on

Erica scoparia, and a month ago Mr. Stainton detected it at Fontainebleau, on Erica

cinerea.

The Secretary read a letter from Mr. R. W. Fereday, Corresponding Member, of -

Christchurch, Canterbury, New Zealand, dated 4th of February, 1867, from which the

following is an extract:—

“T have much satisfaction in communicating to the Society the capture of a speci-

men of Cynthia Cardui, in the province of Canterbury, on the 5th January last. The

plains of Canterbury are separated from the west coast of the island by a range of

mountains ; one of these is named Mount Torlesse, and is about 6000 feet above the

level of the sea: immediately adjoining are some lower hills, and it was at the summit

of one of these, about 3000 feet above the sea, that I met with this butterfly, and

made the capture. It was flying about and settling on a piece of rock, the herbage up

to the top of the hill being tolerably luxuriant amongst the stones. It is the only

specimen I have seen, and have not heard of any one else having seen one in this

colony. It is so precisely like my English specimens in size, colour and markings,

with one exception, that I entertain no doubt of the identity of the species. I attri-

bute the exception to a local variation ; it is with respect to the round spots on the hind

wings, which in my British specimens have no distinct centres, whilst in this specimen

ocelli take the place of mere spots ; it is, as it were, a spot of bright light blue, the

same colour as the small blue marks at the anal angle of the hind wings, introdueed

into the centres of the normal spots of the English specimens. I enclose a photograph

of it. I do not recollect whether any of the British examples have the blue centres to

the spots. If the insect is Cynthia Cardui, of,which I do not entertain a doubt, this

capture is important, as it will add the link which will complete the circuit of the globe

in the range of this species.”

Mr. Bates observed that all the Australian specimens of Pyrameis Cardui have

ocellate spots on the hind wings, like Mr. Fereday’s New Zealand example; it was

a local modification, which, being constant, went to show that there had not been any

recent immigration of the species into Australia or New Zealand. With regard to

the supposed universal distribution of P. Cardui, Mr. Bates thought this was an error:

the typical form of the species, no doubt, occurred in Europe and North America, in

Asia and Java, and in South Africa, and the above-mentioned race occurred in

Australia and, as now appeared, in New Zealand ; but the South American specimens

which were reputed to be P. Cardui were, in fact, a rosy variety of P. Huntera.

IxXXxXvill

The Secretary read a letter from Mr. C. A. Wilson, Corresponding Member, dated

Adelaide, 27th of February, 1867, in which the writer gave the following account, on

the authority of his brother, Mr. Theodore Wilson :—* One day in December last,

while stopping for a while under a tree at Cockatoo Valley, I saw a centipede actually

slain by the heat. He dropped from a branch of tbe tree under which T was standing,

and immediately made off at a great rate to find shelter, but he unfortunately came

upon a piece of sand which was so intensely hot that he could not make any headway 5

his pace became slower, he turned about and savagely bit the leaves and sticks near

him, then struggled, turned on his side, and gave up the ghost. In a minute or two

he was shrivelled up like a piece of bark, I felt the sand where he was; it was so hot

that it would have blistered my fingers had I kept them there a short time.” Mr.

C. A. Wilson also announced the discovery, by Mrs. Kreusler and Mr, Odewahn, of

Gawler, of a species of Xenos, being the first time that a Strepsipterous insect had

been detected in Australia.

Mr. Frederick Smith had received from Mr. F. G. Waterhouse, of Adelaide, and

exhibited to the Meeting, specimens of Paragia decipiens, upon which the Xenos was

parasitic, and read the following note: —

“In the Transactions of the Society (2nd series, vol. v., p. 127) will be found a

paper on the geographical distribution of the Stylopide : it is there shown that aculeate

Hymenoptera from all quarters of the globe have been attacked by some members of

that parasitic family; it also appears to be proved that these attacks are most general

among the genera of the families of Fossores and Vespidex. Among the Apide these

attacks are confined to the Halicti and Andrenide; it is true that the genus Bombus

has been mentioned as having been subject to attack, but this circumstance requires

confirmation. Numerous instances have been recorded of attacks on species of the

genera Sphex and Pelopeus, but they have been observed to oceur most frequently

among the Vespide. Stylopized Hymenoptera have been found in Europe, India,

China, Celebes, Mauritius, Gambia, Brazil, Chili, North America, and Canada, and a

single instance has been noticed in Tasmania, but at the time of the publication of

my paper (1859) no instance of attack had been discovered in Australia, A recent

communication from that country has been received by Mr. Waterhouse, announcing

the discovery of a hymenopterous insect attacked by one of the Stylopidw. The insect

in question is the Paragia decipiens of Shuckard : it was taken by Mrs. Kreusler on the

Gawler River, Adelaide, South Australia: specimens of the wasp were forwarded by letter ;

the Stylops is described as having four-jointed fureate antenne, belonging probably

to the genus Xenos, or to a genus closely allied. This is, I believe, the first notice of

the capture of one of the Stylopide in Australia. Of the four specimens of Paragia

sent, number one has the remains of a male pupa-case beneath the third segment of

the abdomen; the sccond and third specimens are similarly attacked; the fourth

specimen has portions of two male pupa-cases beneath the third segment. It is rather

remarkable that no female Stylops is found, as in British Hymenoptera they are found

in the proportion of at least ten or twelve to one male.”

Professor Westwood mentioned that a Homopterous insect captured by Mr.

Wallace appeared to have upon it the remains of a Strepsipterous insect, and it would

be within the recollection of Members that Herr Nietner had found stylopized aunts in

Ceylon.

IxXxxix

Paper read.

Mr. Bates read a paper “On a Collection of Butterflies formed by Thomas Belt,

Esq., in the interior of the Province of Maranham, Brazil.” During three months of

the year 1866 spent at the gold mines of Montes Aureos, Mr. Belt obtained no less

than 364 species of butterflies ; of these nine were described as new, and the paper

contained some interesting observations on distribution, variation and mimicry. One

new genus was characterized under the name of Pseudopheles, allied to Pheles and

Esthemopsis.

New Part of ‘ Transactions,

Trans. Ent. Soc., third series, vol. v., part 6, being the second part published in

1867, was on the table.

June 3, 1867.

Sir Jonx Luseock, Bart., President, in the chair.

Donations to the Library.

The following donations were announced, and thanks voted to the donors:—

“Annales de la Société Entomologique de France,’ for 1866; presented by the Society.

‘The Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society, 2nd Series, Vol. iii. Part 1; by the

Society. ‘ Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia,’ Vols. iv. and v.,

and Vol. vi. No. 1; by the Society. ‘Verhandlungen der K. K. zoologisch-botan-

ischen Gesellschaft in Wien, Vol. xvi.; by the Society. ‘Characters of some New

Genera of the Coleopterous Family Cerambycide, by Francis P. Pascoe, F.L.S., &c.;

by the Author. ‘The Zoologist’ for June; by the Editor. ‘The Entomologist’s

Monthly Magazine’ for June; by the Editors.

Exhibitions, §c.

Mr. Pascoe exhibited some Coleoptera from Graham’s Town, collected by Mr.

Schiffman ; amongst them were a new Pycnopsis, a new Ceroplesis, three new species

of the European genus Stenidea, a new form of Rhipiceride, a new genus of Prionide

belonging to Lacordaire’s “groupe Closterides,’ and a new genus allied to

Cerambyx.

Mr. T. W. Wood (who was present as a visitor) exhibited several specimens of

Vanessa Milberti from British Columbia, all agreeing in this particular—that the light

coloured scales of the wings appeared to have been abraded, suggesting the notion that

the light-coloured scales had been less firmly attached than the dark-coloured.

Mr. Stainton exhibited the larva, pupa and imago of Earias siliquana, sent to him

by Professor W. C. Williamsun, of Manchester, who wrote as follows: —“ The moth

has almost destroyed the cotton crops in Egypt; it eats into the ovary of the flower in

its early larval state, and goes into chrysalis in the cotton-ball, utterly destroying the

cotton. Its ravages have extended over both Upper and Lower Egypt. The moth is

of a bright green colour, like our little English prasinana of the oak ; can you identify

it? The insects have come to me through the Foreign Office and the Manchester

Chamber of Commerce.” Mr. Stainton observed that the moth had hitherto been

considered a great rarity, and he had been able to identify it as the Earias siliquana of

Herrich-Schaffer by the aid of two specimens lately brought from Egypt by Mr.

Pickard-Cambridge; Dr. Staudinger, when compiling his Catalogue of European

Lepidoptera, did not possess a specimen. The insect was closely allied to the Earias

chlorana of this country, which feeds in the terminal shoots of osiers.

Mr. Bond exhibited a small moth, belonging to the Tortrices, captured during the

preceding week, in Darenth Wood, by Mr. E. G. Meek, and which he believed to be

new to the British list.

Mr. Bond also exhibited a variety of Adela DeGeerella (male), captured at

Charlton in 1866, and having the wings entirely suffused with bright golden.

Mr. F. Smith exhibited an old razor-case in one of the compartments of which was

a nest of Odynerus quadratus: the case had been allowed to lie on a shelf near an

open window, and entry was effected through a hole in the bottom. In August, 1866,

it was sent to Mr. Smith, with a request that he would name the occupant; but he

was then unable to determine the species, as several wasps of the genus Odynerus were

known to construct similar nests in crevices of old walls, holes in posts, and frequently

in banks; and various instances of the construction of their nests in odd situations

were on record. Thus Prof. Westwood had mentioned an instance of O. quadratus

building its nest in the folds of a piece of paper; Mr. Curtis had discovered a nest of

O. parietum on the top of a book ; and a friend of Mr. Smith’s had once brought him an

octave flute, which had been left in an arbour during a few days’ absence, and in the

bore of which O. quadratus had built its mud-cells. The cells constructed in the razor-

case produced ten males and four females; the cells were placed in various positions,

necessitated probably by the furm of the case and the confined space; the four female

cells and six of the male cells were placed transversely, the rest were in a longitudinal

direction ; one cell was empty, and was placed obliquely to the sides of the case. The

development of the insects was as follows: on the 20ih of March, 1867, they were

still in the larva state; by the 10th of May they had changed to pupe; on the 22nd

of May six males came forth; on the 25th three males; on the 30ih one male; on

the Ist of June three females appeared; and on the 3rd another female. Not a

single parasite was obtained. Mr. Smith added that he had bred most of the species

of Odynerus, and had found that the number of males always exceeded the number of

females, in the proportion of three to one, or thereabouts.

Prof. Westwood was able to add another instance to the list of curious localities for

wasps’ and bees’ nests. Mr. Higgins had a Peruvian drinking-vessel in the form of

some uncouth imaginary quadruped, the mouthpiece being in the back of the animal,

and in this cup, at the extremity of one of the creature’s legs, a bee had built its

nest.

Mr. M‘Lachlan remarked that he had recently seen the male (S. linearis, lug) of

the sawfly, Strongylogaster cingulatus, in some numbers near Croydon; although the

female was geuerally very abundant, the male was very rarely seen. He alluded also

to the apparent total absence of males of many species of Tenthredinide, as, e.g., in

Selandria stramineipes, the females of which were universally abundant, in company

with the Strongylogaster, on the young fern in spring. It would almost seem as if

these were cases of parthenogenesis.

Xci

Mr. Janson mentioned Tomicus villosus as a nearly parallel case among the

Coleoptera; it was true Ratzeburg figured an insect which was said to be the male,

but, though myriads of the female were found annually, he believed that the male had

never been detected in this country.

The President exhibited a specimen of one of the wingless Diptera which he had

found at Farnborough, Kent, under bark, in company with Thysanura. He believed

it to be the Epidapus venaticus of Haliday (see Walker, Ins. Brit. Diptera, iii. 56).

Mr. 8. Stevens exhibited specimens of Gordius aquaticus [but see below], numbers

of which were that morning observed on the ground in his garden at Kennington after

the heavy rain of the previous night. A nephew of his had also seen the Gordius at

Ashford on rose-trees. Mr. Weir had noticed them at Brixton, and Mr. Bond near

the Regent’s Park, on bushes.

Prof. Westwood enquired whether any Member present had noticed any constant

variation in colour, or markings, or other external character, by which the sex of larve

could be determined? Mr. F, Smith said that he had once found a lot of Anuthophora

larve, which, instead of the usual ivory-white, were of a saffron-yellow colour; but

they produced male and female Anthophore indiscriminately. Mr. Stainton remarked

that larve of Cherocampa Elpenor and Porcellus occurred of two different colours, but

he could not say whether the differences were sexual. Mr. Bond, however, had kept

the two forms of C. Elpenor separate, and each form had produced both sexes.

July 1, 1867.

Sir Jonn Lussock, Bart., President, in the chair.

Donations to the Library.

The following donations were announced, and thanks voted to the donors:—

‘Exotic Butterflies,’ Part 63, by W. C. Hewitson; presented by the Author. ‘The

Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine’ for July; by the Editors.

Election of Member.

Dr. George William Davidson, of 13, Union Place, Edinburgh, was ballotted for,

and elected a Member.

Exhibitions, &c.

Mr. Busk (who was present as a visitor) mentioned, on the authority of Dr. Cob-

bold, that the small worm exhibited at the previous Meeting was not Gordius

aquaticus, but Mermis nigrescens.

Mr. M‘Lachlan exhibited Ciniflo ferox from Folkestone, where that spider had

been captured by Dr. Knaggs; and living specimens of a spider and a large centipede,

which were found in the hold of a ship recently arrived from Manilla with a mixed

cargo, principally consisting of sugar and hemp.

The Secretary exhibited branches and the fruit of an orange-tree infested with

some insect, with regatd to which information was requested by Mr, Charles Moore,

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Curator of the Botanic Garden, Sydney, New South Wales.- Prof. Westwood dis-

covered two species of Coccus upon the branches, but was unable to detect anything

but mould upon the fruit.

Mr. Stainton exhibited a collection of Micro-Lepidoptera obtained from the larve

which he had collected whilst at Cannes and Mentone in February and March: the

collection comprised upwards of thirty species, amongst which may be specially

mentioned a fine series of Depressaria rutana, from larve on Ruta angustifolia on the

rocks at Monaco; a specimen of Phibalocera quercana, bred from Arbutus; two spe-

cies of Gelechia, bred from larve feeding on Silene Niczensis, and forming sand-

cocoons amongst the roots of that plant (one species being probably identical with our

G. marmorea) ; a new species of Zelleria, allied to Z. hepariella, for which M. Milliére

proposes the name of Phillyrella, bred from the flowers of Phillyrea angustifolia; and

a Nepticula, bred from the cork-tree. Mr. Stainton remarked that, in addition to the

species bred, there were a number of different larve which he failed to rear, and

among them was another species of Nepticula on the cork-tree with a very peculiar

mine.

The Hon. Thomas De Grey exhibited Eupecilia anthemidana and E. rupicola

from Norfolk; and mentioned that he had on the previous day captured in Kent five

specimens of Hypercallia Christierninana.

Mr, A. R. Wallace exhibited a collection of Malayan Cetoniida, in illustration of

the paper mentioned below.

Papers read.

“Observations on Dzierzon’s Theory of Reproduction in the Honey-bee,” by

Mr. John Lowe, of Edinburgh. With a view to test the truth of the theory that “ all

eggs which come to maturity in the two ovaries of a queen-bee are only of one and

the same type, which when they are laid without coming in contact with the male

semen, become developed into male bees, but, on the contrary, when they are fertilized

by male semen, produce female bees,” from which theory, if true, we might, in the

words of Von Siebold, “expect beforehand that by the copulation of a unicolorous

blackish brown German and a reddish brown Italian bee, the mixture of the two races

would only be expressed in the hybrid females or workers, but not in the drones,

which, as proceeding from unfecundated eggs, must remain purely German or

purely Italian, according as the queen selected for the production of hybrids belonged

to the German or Italian race,” the writer set to work to obtain hybrids between Apis

mellifica and Apis Ligustica, and also between Apis mellifica and Apis fasciata, and

the result of his experiments was that Ligurian queen-bees fertilized by English

drones and Egyptian queen-bees fertilized by English drones, both produced

drones which, as well as the workers, were hybrid in their characters, and

bore unmistakeable evidence of the influence of the male parent. From this

the Author drew the conclusion that the eggs of a queen-bee which has been fer-

tilized by a drone of another race, whether they develope into drones or workers,

are in some way affected by the act of fecundation, and that both sexes of the progeny

partake of the paternal and maternal character or race; from which it followed that

Dzierzon’s was not the true theory of reproduction in the honey-bee. Specimens of

the hybrids were exhibited to the Meeting, and Mr. Frederick Smith (who did not

consider Apis Ligustica to be specifically distinct from Apis mellifica), after an

XCili

examination of the specimens, corroborated Mr. Lowe’s statement that the hybrid

drones distinctly showed characters peculiar to Apis mellifica in combination with the

characters which distinguish A, Ligustica and A. fasciata respectively.

“A Catalogue of the Cetoniide of the Malayan Archipelago, with Descriptions

of the New Species,” by Mr. A. R. Wallace. In this Catalogue 181 Malayan

Cetoniide are enumerated, 70 of them being described as new. The following are

brief diagnoses of the novelties :—

Heterorhina Florensis.—Nigra, nitida ; thorace utrinque macula magna triangulari

rubra; elytris singulis macula magna oblonga subquadrata flavo-testacea; ¢ cornubus

duobus divergentibus, recurvatis. ¢ 11 lin., Q 10 lin. Flores.

H, Malayana.—Nigra, nitida; thorace lateribus et fascia lata postica rubris;

elytris singulis macula magna elongata flavo-testacea ; femoribus rubris; ¢ cornubus

duobus rectis, non divergentibus, sed apicibus dilatatis. @ 11 lin. Penang.

H, nigrotestacea.—Nigra, nitida; clypeo quadrato, integro; capite cornu parvo

depresso ; elytris macula magna quadrata testacea, ad suturam interrupta; subtus im-

maculata, processu sternali longo incurvato. 9 lin. Malay Peninsula, Siam.

H. Borneensis.—Viridis; thorace punctato, macula magna centrali nigra; elytris

rubro-nigris, fasciis una mediana alteraque apicali viridibus; capite cornu parvo dila-

tato, clypeo rotundato, recurvato, minime emarginato. 9 lin. Borneo.

H. mitrata.—Precedenti similis, sed cornu acuto et clypeo elongato, bidentato.

10 lin. Penang.

H. modesta.— Nigra, elytris singulis macula magna obliqua viridi-sericea;

clypeo quadrato, margine antico integro, vertice obscure carinato. 9 lin. Tondano,

Celebes.

Clinteria Bowringii.— Nigra, opaca, elytris singulis’ macula magna laterali roseo-

cinnabarina. 7 lin. Java.

C. Malayensis—Nigra, subtus nitida, supra opaca, subenea; thorace punctis 4,

elytris singulis maculis 2 flavis, una magna, altera apicali minore. 6} lin. Penang.

C. Flora.—Supra nigro-brunnea; thorace punctis 2 et macula marginali fulvo-

luteis; elytris singulis fascia lata longitudinali brunneo-rufa, punctis 2 discalibus

maculisque marginalibus et apicalibus fulvo-luteis. 7 lin. Flores.

Agestrata Parryi.—Subconvexa, lete viridis, subtus viridi-cuprescens; tibiis

cupreis, apicibus nigris; tarsis rufo-cupreis, nigro-terminatis; antennis nigro-rufis.

27 lin. Borneo.

Lomaptera striata.—Viridis, lata, subconvexa; pygidio conoideo, transverso, com-

presso, vix carinato; thorace punctato; elytris punctato-striatis; tarsis viridi-cupreis.

15—17 lin. Borneo, Penang.

L. Timoriensis.—Nigra, polita; thoracis disco tenuiter punctato; elytris lateribus

distincte, disco obsolete punctato-striatis; pygidio conoideo, obtuso. 10—12 lin.

Timor.

L. agni.—L. pulle simillima; viridi-enea vel purpurea, subtus magis purpurea,

nitidissima ; thorace valde lobato, scutellum tegente; elytris lateribus rugosis; corpore

subtus levi, processu sternali longo, recto, apice incurvato. 15 lin. Penang.

L. Esmeralda.—Intense viridis; thorace levi, lateribus punctatis; scutello dis-

tincto; elytris basi levibus, deinde punctatis et rugosv-striatis: processu sternali

elongato, incurvato. 12 lin. “ N. Hebrides, Solomon or Fidji Is.’

Xciv

Lomaptera Ceramensis.—E. Arouenst simillima et ejusdem stature; vyirtdi-enea,

tenue punctata; pedibus pilis rufis vestitis, Ceram.

L. Cambodiensis.—Precedenti simillima, sed clypeo minus punctato, scutello

minimo, elytris in medio transverse subangulatis, et processu sternali magis recto.

13 lin. Cambodia.

L. concinna.—Minor, nitide viridis; elytris punctato-substriatis ; pedibus, antennis,

clypei apice, et abdomifis segmentis 2 ultimis, purpureo-cupreis. 10% lin. Aru.

L. australis.—Lete virens, nitida; elytris tenuissime transverso-striatis; ¢ pygidio

éonoideo, tibiis anterioribus inermibus. 13—15 lin. Cape York, Lizard Island.

L. inermis.—Viridis; capite, pedibus, pygidio et elytrorum apice viridi-rufis ; tibiis

rufis, anterioribus inermibus. 14 Hin. New Guinea.

Precrront, n. g.—Differs from Chalcothea in the form of the thorax and elytra,

and in the remarkably spurred hind tibie of the male. (Includes Macronota nigro-

carulea, Waterhouse, and MM. tristis, Westwood).

Macronota Celebensis.—Rufo-castanea, glaberrima; corpore et abdomine, thorace

et elytris in medio, antennis et tarsis, nigris; scutello, elytrorum singulorum macula

in medio alteraque ad apicem, fasciisque subtus lateralibus, luteis. 10 lin. Tondano,

Celebes. :

M. castanea.—Nigra, nitida; elytris disco late castaneis, lateribus sparse punctatis,

postice ad suturam Striatis, subtus pilis nigris vestitis. 9 lin. Macassar, Celebes.

M. nigerrima.—Nigra; clypeo minime emarginato; thorace convexo, subhep-

tagono, bituberculato, rugoso-punctato; elytris basi latis, abrupte attenuatis, ad

suturam depressis et valde striatis, pone humeros elevatis et fuveolatis, lateribus trans-

verse rugosis. 7% lin. Menado, Celebes.

M. vidua.—Nigra; thorace creberrime punctato, linea mediana punctisque 4 abbis ;

elytris punctatis et striatis, maculis 12 parvis albis. 7 lin. Philippine Islands.

M. guttulata, —Nigra; elongata et attenuata; elytris costatis, punctis albis rotun-

datis sparsis decoratis. &4 lin. Philippine Islands.

M. variegata,.—Nigra; thorace tricarinato, interstitiis crusta rugosa cinereo-fulva

veslitis; elytris subplanis, nigro rubro et cinereo variegatis, subtus rude punctatis,

lateribus cinereo-aureis. 8 lin. Penang.

M., cervina.—Luta, plana, fulvo-cinerea; capite parvo, antice vix emarginalo;

thorace heptagono, carina mediana postice abbreviata, alterisque lateralibus couni-

ventibus; elytris maculis 4, striis 2 lateralibus alterisque basalibus, nigris; pygidio

maculis 2 rotundatis, nigris. 64 lin. Malay Peninsula.

MM. corticalis.—Rufo-ochracea, pallida; capite linea nigra mediana,'elypeo nigro,

intezro; thorace grosse punctato; elytris planis, valde striato-rugosis, maculis parvis

5 subquadratis, nigris. 7 lin. Penang.

M, thoracica.—Elongata; capite et thorace aureo-fulvo vestitis; elytris nigris,

undulatis et carinatis, punctatis, singulis maculis 4 fulvis; antennis pedibusque rufis.

9 lin. Toundano, Celebes.

M. Mouhotii.—Nigra, creberrime punctata, dense hirsuta; thorace medio, scutello

toto, elytris singulis maculis 4 suturaque in medio, et pygidio macula rotundata, aureo-

rufis. Slin. Siam, Cambodia.

M. carbonaria.—Nigra, obscura; clypeo elongato, emarginato; thorace heptagono,

convexo, punctato, pestice iu medio rotundato; elytris subplanis, basi dilatatis, postice

XCV

attenuatis, striis 4 abbreviatis ; sterno convexo, processu parvo, mucronato. 9 lin.

Java.

Macronota marmorata.—Ochraceo-cinerea ; thorace macula subannulari nigra;

elytris nigro marmoratis et maculatis; pygidio maculis 2 nigris; antennis, tibiis

tarsisque nigris; Uubiis posticis spinis 2 terminalibus, dilatatis, foliaceis. 9} lin.

Sarawak.

M. Anne.—Nigra; thorace marginibus et lineis 2 divergentibus cinereo-fulvis ;

elytris fulvo-rubris, tertia parte apicali nigra, lineis 3 transversis et sutura apicali

cinereo-aureis. 7} lin. Penang.

M. antennata.—Nigra, lanugine flavescente vestita; thorace Y-signato; elytris

rufo undulato-fasciatis, sutura in medio punctisque 6 albo-flavis. 4 lin. Penang.

Schizorhina Aruana.—S. Whitet similis, sed minor, elongata, purpureo-cuprea,

luteo-maculata ; elytris lineis punctorum 6 ornatis. 9 lin. Aru.

S. Bouruensis.—S. Whitei similis, sed colore viridi obscuriore, thorace immaculato,

et elytris linea suturali interrupta. 10—11} lin. Bouru. e

Anacamplorhina fulgida.— Mneo-aurata, fulgida, tibiis rubro-cupreis, tarsis nigris ;

Q clypeo vix emarginato, elytris singulis striis 4 punctatis. 93—10} lin. New Guinea.

Euryomia rustica.—Lata, convexa, nigra; elytris postice maculis 2 rotundatis et

epimeris ochraceis; pygidio et curpore subtus ochraceis, abdumine basi et sterno in

medio nigris. 73 lin. Sarawak.

E. raja.—Forma ut in E. rustica, supra viridis; clypeo tumido; thorace antice

albo-marginato ; elytris fasciis 10 brevibus marginalibus; epimeris, pygidio, et corpore

subtus cinereo-argenteis. 93 lin. Penang.

E. trivittata.—Depressa, nigra; thorace vitta mediana alterisque lateralibus

inequalibus rubris; elytris maculis 2 subquadratis rubris. 74 lin. Bouru,

Moluccas.

£. cincta.—Nigta; thorace rugoso-punctato; elytris striatis, lateraliter punctatis,

post medium linea alba interrupta, interdum macula basali magna fulvo-rubra.

7—8 lin. Penang.

E. bella.—E. regali similis, sed major, scutello nigro, elytris lineis rubris inter-

ruptis et maculis 2 apicalibus sanguineis. 8 lin, Batchian.

E. Celebensis.—Nigra, supra opaca ; thorace angulis externis sanguineo-marginatis ;

elytris maculis 4 et epimeris aureis; subtus immaculata, aut macula utrinque abdo-

minali basali alba. 7 lin. Celebes, Macassar, Tondano.

E. ethiessida.—Nigra, subtus nitida, supra opaca; thorace maculis 2 anterioribus

fulvis; elytris maculis 4, fasciam transversam formantibus; subtus maculis 16 ovatis

albis ornata. 7 lin. Philippine Islands.

E. papua.—Nigra, supra opaca; thorace punctato; elytris striatis et impressis ;

pygidio fere toto aurantiaco; subtus abdomine maculis 4 utrinque elongatis albis,

7 lin. New Guinea, Mysol.

E, lateralis —Supra obscure purpureo-nigra, subtus nigra, nitida; elytris striatis,

lateribus striato-punctatis, maculis fulvo-ochraceis marginatis; subtus corpore toto

maculis marginalibus aureo-fulvis vel ochraceis. 7 lin, Ceram.

E. perviridis.—Viridis, supra opaca, subtus (cum clypeo) nitens; thorace im-

maculato; elytris punctato-striatis, singulis maculis 4 vel 5 marginalibus rufo-

ochraceis ; pygidio et corpore subtus rufo-ochraceo maculatis ; antennis et tarsis nigris.

7—81 lin. Amboyna, Ceram, Matabello.

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Euryomia tenera.— E. Malayensi similis, sed minor; elytris apicem versus maculis

linearibus 6 vel 8 albis; subtus thorace et corporis lateribus albis. 6} lin. Penang,

Java.

E. aspera.—Obscure viridis; thorace grosse punctato; elytris punctatis et striatis,

asperis, maculis 6 marginalibus et apicalibus albis. 6 lin. Penang.

EF. Moluccarum.—Forma ut in E. Malayensi, supra viridis; clypeo nigro; thorace

punctis 2 discalibus maculisque lateralibus (seepe obsoletis), et elytris singulis

punctis 3 discalibus et 4 vel 5 marginalibus, ochreo-flavis; epimeris ochreis; subtus

nigra, lateribus aureo-flavo maculatis. 8—9 lin. Batchian, Gilolo, Kaioa, Morty,

Celebes.

E. vernalis.—Supra lete viridis, opaca; elytris singulis maculis 4 vel 5 marginali-

bus ochreis; subtus nigra, nitida, convexa, lateribus crusta rufo-ochrea vestitis. 8 lin.

Philippine Islands.

E. Bowringii—E. rufovittate similis, sed major, thorace immaculato, elytris

lineis brevibus marginalibus et punctis apicalibus albis. 7 lin. Borneo, Penang.

E. sinuata.—E. tenere similis, viridis ; elytris 2 ad apicem valde sinuatis, singulis

maculis 6 parvis albis; subtus nigra, lateribus albo-maculatis. 6 lin. Malacca,

Borneo.

E. labecula.—Viridis; clypeo nigro; capite maculis 2, thorace 2 vel 4, elytris

singulis 8, albis; subtus nigra, maculis lateralibus albis. 6 lin. Macassar, Celebes.

E. incerta.—N igra, supra viridi-obscura vel viridi-rufa, sepe rufo-varia; thorace

albo-marginato, sepe bipunctato; elytris maculatis, pone medium maculis 4 in

fasciam curvatam dispositis. 5 lin. New Guinea, Waigiou, Mysol, Aru, Timor.

E. fulvipicta.—Viridis; capite lineis vel maculis lateralibus, thorace marginibus

lateralibus, et elytris singulis vitta obliqua, macula magna marginali, fasciaque curvata

apicali, fulvis; pygidio infra fulvo-marginato; subtus viridi-nigra, thorace antico,

sterno, et abdomine late fulvo-aureo marginatis, processu sternali dilatato; antennis

rufis, pedibus rufis vel nigris. 6 lin. Ceram, Amboyna.

E. cretata.—Nigra, thorace lateribus et maculis 2 rotundatis albis ; elytris obscure

viridibus, regione suturali apicem versus nigra, singulis maculis 4 linearibus et 5 sub-

rotundatis cretaceis; subtus lateribus argenteis. 5 lin. Macassar, Celebes.

E. aromatica.—Obscure viridis; thorace bipunctato ; elytris singulis maculis 5 vel

6, una mediana lineari, altera marginali gemina; subtus nigro-viridis, hispida, pro-

cessu sternali valde dilatato. 6 lin. Batchian, Morty, Kaioa.

E.. Penanga.—Nigra, parva, subquadrata; elytris singulis macula magna sub-

quadrata rubra; pygidio et lateribus corporis et abdominis cinereo-albis. 44 lin.

Penang.

Cetonia ciocolatina.—Magna, subtus purpureo-cuprea, supra fusco-brunnea, opaca ;

elytris levibus, sutura versus apicem elevatis, apice spinosis, lateribus et fasciis paucis

brevibus versus apicem luteis. 16 lin. Tondano, Celebes.

C. inanis.—Viridis, subtus metallica, supra obscura, opaca; clypeo metallico,

punctato, wargine integro; thorace elytrisque marginibus punctatis, horum apice ad

suturam minime producto, rotundato ; subtus lateribus valde striatis, processu sternali

ad apicem valde dilatato. I2lin. Java.

C. Celebica.—Nigro-cuprea, nitida, punctata ; elytris singulis maculis 6 fulvis, apice

ad suturam acuto nec spinoso ; subtus cuprea, corpore et abdominis lateribus rufo-aureo

maculatis. 103 lin. Tondano.

xevil

Cetonia dubia.—Plana, depressa, lateribus angulatis, supra olivaceo-cuprea, subtus

cupreo-wnea; thorace elytrisque albo-maculatis; processu sternali non dilatato,

incurvato. 8—10 lin. Philippine Islands.

C. obtusa.—Nigro-xnea; thorace punctato, albo-marginato; elytris truncatis,

punctatis, utrinque bicarinatis, transverse albo-maculatis; subtus purpured-cuprea,

corpore pedibusque pilis pallidis vestitis. 6} lin. Java.

C. arrogans.—C, mandarinee similis, sed thorace maculis parvis rotundatis fulvis,

elytris ad suturam minus spinusis; subtus rufo-maculata et pilis rufis vestita. 7 lin.

Philippine Islands.

C. porcina.—Rufo-brunnea; clypeo bidentato, recurvato; thorace viridi-brunueo,

limbo lato ochraceo interne angulato; elytris ochraceo maculatis et punctatis; subtus

geneo-cuprea, crusta ochracea fere tota vestita. 7 lin. Java.

C. Solorensis—Rufo-cuprea, pallida, subviridis, hirsuta; clypeo emarginato;

thorace punctato, utrinque maculis 3 parvis flavis ; elytris punctatis, maculis sparsis

flavis; subtus abdomine cupreo-metallico, corpore valde hirsuto. 9 lin. Solor.

C. erassipes.—Supra olivaceo-brunnea, hirta; elytris apicibus ochraceo-brunneis ;

subtus rufo-nigra, thorace et sterno ochraceis, nigro-irroratis, abdomine ochraceo-

marginato; pedibus posterioribus valde crassis. 7 lin. Penang.

Cetonia? meguspilota.—Nigra; clypeo bidentato; supra maculis 20 nacreis;

subtus processu sternali divergente, maculis irregularibus nacreis. 8 lin. Philippine

Islands.

Cetonia ? irrorata.—Nigra, nitida, subconvexa, grosse punctata, lateribus albo-

irroratis; elytris sinuatis, apice truncatis; subtus corpore et femoribus pilis albis

vestitis. 7 lin. Philippine Islands.

Srernoptvs, n. g.—Type, Cetonia Schaumii, White.

Evremina, Westw., n. g.— Cremastocheilorum habitu, nonnullorum necnon Cremi-

darum (Rutelidarum); Macromati tamen magis affine.

Euremina agnella, Westw.—Nigra, nitida ; capite et pronoto rude punctatis ; elytris

nigris, basi rufis, colore rufo in marginem lateralem et ad suturam longitudinaliter

extenso, in medio profunde sulcatis et striolis in sulcis impressis. 53 lin. Penang.

New Part of ‘ Transactions.

A new Part of the ‘Transactions’ (Third Series, Vol. iii. Part 4), being the third

Part published during 1867, and containing a further instalment of Mr. Pascve’s

“ Longicornia Malayana,” was on the table.

Addendum.—The specimen of Ciniflo ferox exhibited by Mr. M‘Lachlan (ante,

p. xci.) was remarkable from the fact of its abdomen being completely covered with a

luxuriant fungoid growth.

xevill

November 4, 1867.

Professor Westwoop, Vice-President, in the chair.

Additions to the Library.

The following donations were announced, and thanks voted to the donors:—

‘Transactions of the Linnean Society, Vol. xxv. part 3, and Index to Vols. i—xxv.;

‘Journal of the Linnean Society, Zoology, Vol. ix. No. 36; presented by the Society,

‘Proceedings of the Zoological Society, 1866 and 1867, Part 1; by the Society.

‘Journal of the Agricultural Society, 2nd series, Vol. iii. Part 2; by the Society.

‘Annales de la Sociéié Linnéenne de Lyon, new series, Vol. xiv.; by the Society.

‘Annales de Ja Société d’Agriculture, &c., de Lyon, 3rd series, Vols. ix. and x ; by

the Society. ‘Mémoires de lAcadémie des Sciences, &c., de Lyon, classe des

Sciences, Vols. xiv. and xv.; by the Academy. ‘ Bulletin de la Société des Naturalistes

de Moscou, 1866, Nos. 3 and 4; by the Society. ‘Mémoires de la Société de

Physique, &c., de Genéve,’ Vol. xix. Part 1; by the Society. ‘ Mémoires de ? Académie

des Sciences, &c., de Belgique,’ Vol. xxxvi, and ‘ Bulletins, 2nd series, Vols. xxii.

and xxiii.; by the Academy. ‘Schriften der physikalisch-okonomischen Gesellschaft

zu Konigsberg, Vols. vi. and vii.; by the Society. ‘Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung,’

1867, Nos. 7—12; by the Entomological Society of Stettin. ‘ Memoirs read before

the Boston Society of Natural Histury; being a new series of the Boston Journal of

Natural History, Vol. i. Parts 1 and 2; and ‘ Proceedings, Vol. x., and Vol. xi.

sheets 1—6; by the Society. ‘Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New

York, Vol. viii. Nos. 11—14; by the Lyceum. ‘ Proceedings of the Essex Institute,’

Vol. iv., Vol. v. Nos. 1 and 2; by the Institute. ‘ Proceedings of the California

Academy of Natural Sciences, Vol. iii. Part 3; by the Academy. ‘An Inquiry into

the Zoological Relations of the first-discovered Traces of fossil Neuropterous Insects

in North America; with Remarks on the difference of Structure in the Wings of living

Neuroptera, by S. H. Scudder; by the Author. ‘ View of the Lepidopterous Fauna of

Labrador, and ‘ Revision of the Fossorial Hymenoptera of North America, I. Cra-

bronide and Nyssonide, by A.S. Packard; by the Author. ‘Notes on the Lepi-

doptera of America,’ No. 1, and ‘ Descriptions of American Lepidoptera, No. 1, by

A. R. Grote and C. T. Robinson; by the Authors. ‘Neuroptera and Orthoptera of

the Province of Moscow’ (in Russian), by B. Oulianine; by the Author. Sepp’s

* Nederlandsche Insecten,’ 2nd series, Vol. ii. Nos. 9—16; by M. Snellen van Vollen-

hoven. ‘ Bidrag till Reduviidernas Kannedom,’ by C. Stal; by the Author. Hewit-

son’s ‘Exotic Butterflies, Part 64; by W. W. Saunders, Esq. ‘ Entomological

Papers, 1862—1866,’ by the Rev. Hamlet Clark; by the (deceased) Author. ‘Catalogue

of Longicorn Coleoptera collected in the Island of Penang by James Lamb, Esq.,

Part 2, and ‘ Diagnostic Characters of some new Genera and Species of Prionide,’ by

F, P. Pascoe; by the Author. ‘ Apterous Lepidoptera, by J. Jenner Weir; by the

Author. ‘Illustrated Natural History of British Moths,’ by Edward Newman,

Nos. 6—11; by the Author. ‘The Zovlogist, July to November; by the Editor.

‘The Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine, August to November; by the Editors.

The following additions by purchase were also announced: —“ Genera des

Coléoptéres d'Europe, livr. 132—135. Gerstacker’s ‘ Bericht der Entomologie, 1863

und 1864,’ Part 2,

XCIX

Exhibitions, §c.

Mr. M‘Lachlan exhibited a species of Mantispide from Bahia; he believed it to

be the female of Trichoscelia notha, from the male of which, described and figured by

Ervichson, it differed in being half as large again, in having the anterior femora unarmed,

the abdomen ochreous beneath, and provided with a long tlexile ovipositor; in all other

characters it agreed with Erichson’s insect. The species was especially remarkable by

the lobate dorsal ridge of the abdomen, and by the greatly dilated and compressed

posterior tibia, resembling the pollen-bearing organs of a Bombus.

Mr. M‘Lachlan exhibited, on behalf of Mr. B. Cooke, two examples of gynandro-

morphism. The first, a sawfly, Dolerus madidus of Klug, the left-hand side presenting

male characters, the right side female characters. The second, a Trichopterous insect,

Limuephilus striola of Kolenati, in which the palpus, antenna and wing on the right-

hand side were of the male form and on the left side of female form, whilst the

abdomen was wholly female: this specimen was captured by Mr. Cooke near

Manchester.

Mr. M‘Lachlan also exhibited two monstrosities, both sawflies, which he had

received from Prof. Zeller. One was an example of the rare European species, Hylo-

toma fasciata of St. Fargeau, in which the left posterior tibia was two-jointed, the

second joint being greatly dilated. The other, a specimen of Tenthredo scalaris of

Klug, with five wings, three on the right side, the anterior and posterior being perfectly

normal, whilst the intermediate one combined the neural characters of both.

Mr. Bond exhibited three recent additions to the list of British Lepidoptera,

namely, Psyche crassiorella, Bruand, Grapholitha ravulana, H.-S., and Coceyx ver-

nana, Anaggs (Ent. Mo. Mag. vol. iv. p. 122; see also p. 154).

Mr. T. W. Wood (who was present as a visitor) exhibited a number of pup of

Papilio Machaon, Pieris Brassice and P. Rape, exhibiting various shades of colour

corresponding with the colours of the surfaces to which they were attached; and read

the following

Remarks on the Coloration of Chrysalides.

“ All Lepidopterists are probably aware of the very great variability in the colonring

of the chrysalides of butterflies, and I am able to state, as the result of some years of

observation, that their colours are more or less derived from the objects in their im-

wnediate vicinity. It is obvious that this assimilation of their colours to their sur-

roundings is of great use to thein, tending to their concealment and consequent im-

munity from the attacks of enemies during their period of exposure in a helpless state.

The specimens of chrysalides on surfaces of different colours which I now exhibit are,

I trust, sufficient to convince you of the truth of this statement. I find, as the result

of my experiments, that the skin of the chrysalis is photographically sensitive for a

few hours only after the caterpillar’s skin has been shed, and, as might be expected,

by putting the specimens in the sunshine at the time of changing, and surrounding

them as much as possible with any desired colour, the most successful results have

been obtained. Under these conditions the specific markings are almost entirely over-

powered if necessary to the assimilation of colour; and these markings are, in fact,

entirely overpowered in the exhibited green varieties of Papilio Machaon and Pieris

Rape. Ihave not had an opportunity of seeing the former species in its natural

haunts, but the latter I have observed, and have found the green variety of the chrysalis

on a green leaf, and on a door which was painted green (specimen shown). There are

also before you green specimens of Pieris Brassice which were under a vine on the

side of a house which was of a stone-colour, with many others taken from the adjoining

side of the same house, where there was no vive to affect their colour, but only the

somewhat dirty stone-coloured surface; I particularly noticed that there were no green

specimens to be seen on this side, although their number was very considerable, and they

were attached at various heights, some very near the ground, and others at the house-top

under the projecting eaves. Some of the darkest specimens shown on blackened surfaces

were exposed to a very subdued light in a dark corner, and the detached ones so strongly

suffused with black were taken from a tarred fence. One of the chrysalides of Pieris

Brassice on a white surface, now exhibited, is almost an albino. I also exhibit green,

reddish, and dusky chrysalides on surfaces of similar tints. Specimens kept in the dark

would be interesting ; I have one of P. Brassice which was placed on whitish wadding

in a box from which light was excluded, and it is of a light colopr, although possessing

all the specific markings, but from this solitary example no conclusion can be drawn.

Mr. A. G. Butler has informed me that he also has made some experiments with

chrysalides of P. Rapz, and has procured a reddish tinge by means of a red surface,

besides other colours. The gilded chrysalides deserve mention here; those of Vanessa

Urtice I have hardly ever found except when concealed by nettle-leaves; those on

fences, walls, tree-trunks, &c., being of similar colours to those objects, and mottled more

or less. The fine chrysalis of Vanessa Polychloros, when amongst foliage, is coloured

like a withered elm-leaf; I have not unfrequently found it of a light reddish brown,

with a cluster of metallic silver (not golden) spots on the back at the juncture of the

thorax with the abdomen: this colouring also gives place to mottled grayish when the

individual is on a wall or other object. The metallic appearance is probably of

service in giving the insects an uneatable look, and is not necessarily connected with

the possession of Ichneumon in their interiors, as one or two of my entomological

friends think, for 1 havehad very fine butterflies out of very metallic chrysalides ;

indeed J consider this to be the normal colouring, it being the most beautiful by far.

I would venture to suggest another reason why the gilding, when amongst leaves, is of

service in the way alluded to: it is this—that the Vanessa chrysalis is quite loosely

attached, hanging only by the tail, so that, even if it could assume the green colour by

which it is surrounded, it would be rather dangerous to it than otherwise, for it would

then appear to birds very much like a green caterpillar swinging in the air, but as it is

it looks more like a piece of gold or brass than anything else, and birds probably do not

think of touching it. There are doubtless many instances of the absence of variability

in chrysalides, but I think they would all be found to be mimics of some disliked or

dangerous insect. The chrysalis of Aporia Crategi is very conspicuous and not very

variable, but I have been much struck by its strong resemblance to the caterpillar of

the currant-bush moth (Abraxas grossulariata), as both are speckled with black on a

whitish ground, and the moth caterpillar is extremely abundant in the same localities,

and is probably disliked by birds. The pupa of the moth is very remarkably coloured

with yellow bands on black, giving it a waspy appearance, and I recollect being afraid

when a child to touch it, thinking it would sting. I feel convinced that by the proper

use of gilded surfaces the gilded chrysalides of Vanessa, and perhaps of other genera,

would be obtained, and I hope to be able to try the experiment next season; also to

obtain colours with coloured glass, as it js probable that the strongest effects would be

obtained by that means. There can be no doubt that disguise will be found to be

carried to as great a length in chrysalides of butterflies as in any other class or

stage of insect life, as their evading observation, and consequent security during a

considerable portion of their lives, must depend scle/y upon this power which they

unconsciously possess.”

Mr. A. G. Butler (who was present as a visitor) stated that he had obtained a red

or rosy chrysalis of Pieris Rapw, which had undergone its transformation in a piece

of scarlet cloth; and pupe upon glass were generally of a pale slate-colour.

| Mr. J. Jenner Weir said that, whatever might be the explanation, he could speak

to the fact that metallic chrysalides were for some reason or otler obnoxious to birds

and free from their attacks.

Mr. Bond combatted Mr. Wood’s theory; he had had thousands of pupe of

Papilio Machaon, and had often had the brown variety of pupa on a green ground-

colour, whilst in some seasons he obtained no brown specimens at all: as regards

Pieris Rapa, he had noticed that the pupe of the second brvod were generally rather

paler than the first brood; but in the same green-house, the doors and wood-work of

which were painted white, he had found chrysalides of all the exhibited colours, many

of them quite as dark as those shown by Mr. Wood on black surfaces; on the same

wall, built of particularly red bricks, he had found all the colours except the red; on

the same twig of the common garden rocket, subject to precisely the same external

influences, he had often noticed three or four pupe of Anthocharis Cardamines, and at

times the twig would produce red, green and white varieties, while at other times all

the pup were of the same colour.

Papers read.

The following papers were read :—

“A Revision of the Australian Buprestide described by the late Rev. F. W. Hope,”

by Mr. Edward Saunders.

“ Descriptions of some new Species of Diurnal Lepidoptera,” by Mr. W. C.

Hewitson.

“A Monograph of the Genus Thais of the Family Papilionide,” by the Rev.

Douglas C. Timins. The following seven species were enumerated and figures of each

exhibited :—

“1. Thais Cassandra (Boisd. Icon. pl. iii. fig. 1,2; Hiibn. Pap. fig. 910—913.

T. Hypsipyle, Godt. Pap. Fr. ii. pl.2 C, fig. 1,25; larva figured by Boisduval Rambert

et Graslin, Coll. Icon. Chenilles Papil. pl. ii. fig. 1—3). The larva feeds on several

species of Aristolochia: it varies much in colour, but is generally pale reddish, spotted

with black. The pupa state lasts from November to March; the pupa is reddish

brown, the wing-cases yellowish. I have found this species at Cannes and Hyéres: it

is of very short duration and very sluggish, frequenting marshy grounds, where it flies

lazily from flower to flower, settling with expanded wings. Near Cannes it is very

common in some marshy meadows on the road to Auribeau; at Hyéres it is com-

/paratively rare; near Horace Vernet’s chateau, about ten miles from Hyéres, it is

plentiful on a patch of marshy ground. This species usually appears on the wing in

March, about the 15th, and after a fortnight few good specimens are to be seen. The

time of appearance, however, varies much: in forward seasons it appears in February,

but in 1864 and 18605 it was not on the w:ng until April. Slight varieties occur, the

cil

black markings on the upper side of the anterior wings being more or less diffused,

and sometimes the ground-colour of these wings is almost white. This was the case in

some specimens which I reared at Oxford in 1861, from larve collected at Hyéres in

1860. I have reared Cassandra in December by placing the pup in a very warm

situation; the perfect insects, however, offered no variation from the ordinary type.

2. T. Hypsipyle. This species is closely allied to Cassandra; indeed Boisduval’s

opinion was that the two were merely local varieties of one species. ‘This, however, is

not the case, because Hypsipyle and Cassandra occur in the same localities, though at

different times. Hypsipyle is generally (not always) paler than Cassandra, at least in

the female; the black markings are less diffused ; there is in the female a crimson dot

upon the third black marginal band counting from the outer edge of the anterior

wings; the second crimson spot on the hind wings is absent in the female. The

antenne are brown with a blackish club in both sexes of Hypsipyle, but black

throughout in Cassandra. This species may be considered, I think, identical with the

Thais (Papilio) Polyxena of Ochsenheimer. ‘Two constant varieties are described by

Boisduval; his var. a differs from the type by the narrow costal bands of the anterior

wings, the second of these bands only being of the usual breadth: this var. is said to

occur in Calabria. The var. B is described as being of a deep ochre-yellow and as

possessing three or four red points on the fifth costal band: this variety has been

found commonly in the Morea, and may, I think, possibly be a distinct species. ‘This

species is further distinguishable from Cassandra by its yellow larva, with black dorsal

band, six rows of spines, yellowish red bordered with black, and (according to Hubner)

a lateral series of black points, forming a triangle. The pupa is not unlike that of

Cassandra in form, but is grayish brown in colour. The larva of Hypsipyle is found

about August, feeding on Aristolochia rotunda and (as Boisduval says) on A. Clematitis

also. The perfect insect flies over marsby places in April. It thus appears later than

Cassandra: its flight is sluggish. I have found both the type and the var. a at

Cannes.

3. T. Caucasica. This is said to abound near Smyrna in April and May. The

larva and pupa seem to be altogether unknown.

4. T. Cerisyi. This species is easily distinguishable by the long tails on the hind

wings. The larva and pupa seem to be unknown. This species occurs near Smyrna,

and also in some of the islands of the Grecian Archipelago: it appears on the wing in

April and May, and is of short duration.

5. T. Henrietta (new species). Expands 23 inches. Antenne and palpi black;

thorax black, spotted with yellow. Abdomen also spotted with yellow. Wings deep

golden yellow; fore wings with the base black, then a red costal spot bordered with

black, then a black costal band, then another broad crimson spot edged with black, then

a black spot, then two small red spots, then a row of black crescents, and a second row

of crescents reaching to the edge of the wing. Hind wings have the base black, the

disk marked with crimson and black, the nervures black, a crimson spot on the upper

margin and a row of five large crimson spots bordered with black, and a row of yellow

crescents deeply edged with black. ‘The fringe of all the wings is dark golden yellow.

A single specimen of this beautiful insect, taken near Smyrna, was in the cabinet of

the late M. Meissonier, of Hyéres: that gentleman informed me that it was a new

and undescribed species: he wished me to describe and figure it, and lent me the

specimen for that purpose shortly before his death.

6. 7. Medecicasta (Papilio Rumina, Hibn. tab. 394, 595; P. Rumina-australis,

Esper; La Proserpine, Ernst, Pap. d’Europe). The larva lives on several species of

Aristolochia: it is usually of a brownish yellow colour, with many longitudinal black

lines, and six rows of spines, orange-coloured. The pupa is not unlike that of

Cassandra. This species passes the winter in the pupa state, and appears on the wing

in May. I have found it near Grasse in May, also, not uncommonly, near Hyéres.

Its flight is not so sluggish as that of Cassandra: it is partial to localities where the

beautiful rose-coloured Cistus (Helianthemum album) grows. There is one hill in

particular near Hyeéres upon which this plant is found in remarkable profusion, and

here Medecicasta may be seen in some plenty. I have observed that this insect

seldom flies after 2 or 3 p.m, while Cassandra is partial to the afternoon sunshine,

and may be seen on the wing until 4 P.M. or even later. There is a variety of this

species figured, under the name of Thais Hunnoratii, by Boisduval (Spec. Gen. des

Lépid. plate 1 B, fig. 4), which appears only to be found in the neighbourhood of

Digne: it is smaller than the type; the crimson spots are much enlarged upon the

lower wings, and upon the upper wings are much more numerous (and also larger)

than in the type; the second and third costal bands are very small. This variety is

exceedingly rare, and specimens fetch about £1 each in the Paris dealers’ shops; I have

been told, however, by an old French entomologist, that they have been known to

fabricate this variety, by selecting small individuals of Medecicasta and dexterously

colouring them by means of crimson scales borrowed from other specimens, the black

scales of the second and third costal bands being neatly removed and their place sup-

plied by yellow scales. I have followed most authors in giving Honnoratii as a

variety of Medecicasta: if, however, this be the case, it is rather curious that it should

only have occurred in one locality out of several in which Medecicasta abounds. The

statement, moreover, that it has been reared from a larva identical with that of Mede-

cicasta must be, I thiuk, received with caution. I knew a French collector who had

at one time two thousand larve of Medecicasta, and not one produced Honuoratii.

7. T. Rumina. This species is pretty closely allied to the preceding. It is, how-

ever, somewhat smaller, and frequently of a darker yellow, but this difference is by no

means constant. The best distinctive marks perhaps are as fullows:—a white sub-

diaphanous spot near the apex of the fore wings (occasionally absent), the absence of a

crimson patch on the lower edge of the fore wings, and the much greater extension of

the black marks near the outer edge. The outline of the fore wings is also different from

that of Medecicasta, the curve of the costa especially. The larve of Rumina are

grayish, with small longitudinal black markings and six rows of short reddish spines.

The pupa is ash-coloured, in form similar to that of Cassandra, This species is

chiefly found in Southern Spain, Portugal and North Africa: it has, however, occurred

very rarely) near Hyéres, and it is said near Cannes also. April and May seem to be

the months for its appearance in the perfect state. It is subject to considerable

variation, and I am not certain whether the specimens from Cannes are not in reality

varieties of Medecicasta.”

New Part of ‘ Transactions,

A new part of the ‘ Transactions’ (third series, vol. iv. part 2), published in August,

being the fourth part issued for 1867, and containing a continuation of Mr. Baly’s

“ Phytophaga Malayana,” was on the table.

civ

November 18, 1867.

Prof. Westwoop, Vice-President, in the chair.

Donations to the Library.

The following donations were announced, aud thanks voted to the donor:—

‘Journal of the Linnean Society,’ Zoology, Vol. ix. No. 37; and ‘ Proceedings of the

Linnean Society ;’ presented by the Society.

Election of Members.

Frederick Bates, Esq., of Leicester, and H.J.S. Pryer, Esq., of Highgate, were

severally ballutted for, and elected Annual Subscribers.

Exhibitions, &c.

Mr. Bond exhibited eight specimens of Sterrha sacraria, bred from the egg by

Mr. Rogers, of Freshwater, Isle of Wight; together with two females by which the

eggs were laid. One of the females was captured at midday on the 14th of August,

1867, and on the 16th laid three eggs; the other was taken at “sugar” on the 16th of

August, and on the 19th laid six eggs. All the nine eggs were hatched on the 23rd

and 24th of August, and the larve were fed on Polygonum aviculare. On the 14th of

September three larve began to spin up, on the 19th four more, and on the 23rd the

remaining two. The moths emerged, one on the 17th of October, two on the 19th,

three on the 25th, and two on the 27th; one died in pupa. The times of development

in the cold and wet season of 1867 thus agreed very nearly with those of the specimens

bred by Mr. Hellins in the hot and dry season of 1865, and described by Mr.

M‘Lachlan (see Trans. Ent. Soc. 3rd series, vol. ii. p. 453, pl. xxiii. figs. 2—7), and

the food-plant was the same; but the specimens now exhibited were unlike Mr.

Hellins’s specimens, being all of the same pattern, plain, buff-coloured, but very

dark.

Mr. M‘Lachlan mentioned that this species, which was originally described by

Linneus from specimens captured in Barbary, and which was extremely abundant at

the Cape of Good Hope, had been found as far north as Perthshire.

Mr. Stainton exhibited a specimen of Ebulea catalaunalis, a new British Pyralis.

It was captured at Cheshunt on the 18th of September last, by Mr. W. C. Boyd, whose

attention was attracted by its peculiar flight, resembling that of a heuse-fly. The

insect was quite distinct from Nascia cilialis; but in consequence of Stephens having

erroneously given catalauualis as a synonyin of cilialis, continental authors were in the

habit of quoting the latter insect as identical with catalaunalis.

Mr. Higgins exhibited a large collection of butterflies from Labuan and Borneo;

amongst them were Ornithoptera Brookiana, Prothoe Calydonia, Amathusia, &c., &c.,

and several species hitherto unique among Mr. Wallace’s captures.

Mr. Trimen exhibited a fine species of Papilio from Uruguay, allied to P. Americus

of Kollar.

Prof. Westwood had recently received from Dr. Hooker the cocoon and chrysalis of

a Saturnia, from the larva of which the Chinese obtained the “ gut” used by fisher-

men: the moth was not yet known, but he hoped to breed it. The “ gut” was in fact

the silk-reservoir of the larva, which was drawn out about twenty-four hours before

‘the larva would in the ordinary course begin to spin, the precise time being of great

importance; it was dipped first in vinegar, then in water, after which the silk-vessel

was capable of being extracted in many cases to the length of from twenty to thirty

feet.

Mr. Janson said that in the South of Europe “ gut” was obtained from the common

silkworm.

Prof. Westwood added that one of the Saturnia cocoons contained a Chalcis and

another Hymenopterous parasite, but the pupa was nevertheless quite perfect.

Mr. M‘Lachlan mentioned that Dr. Balbiani had recently called the attention of

the Soc. Ent. de France to the facility with which the silkworm disease might be com-

municated to the healthy larvee of other Lepidoptera. He had taken larve of the same

brood of Bombyx neustria, and fed some upon healthy leaves of Scorzonera, others

upon leaves of the same plant which he sprinkled with water in which diseased silk-

worms had been pounded; the former were healthy and well developed, the latter

were small, soon filled with corpuscles, and died at the first moult. Dr. Balbiani had

also inoculated with muscardine the larve of clothes-moths, by throwing on the infested

clothes a powder formed of the débris of muscardined silkworms; the infection being

more rapid and certain when the powder was fresh, less so when dried.

Mr. Stainton had to record a new habitat for the larva of a Tinea; Mr. Swanzy

had shown him the larva-case of a Tinea which was taken from the horn of a kooloo”

from Natal, and there could be little doubt that the larva must have been burrowing

in the horn of the living animal.

Mr. Swauzy added that, since Mr. Stainton’s visit, he had found a living larva in

the horn.

Mr. Trimen had seen the skull of a hartebeest, the base of which was eaten by

what he had no doubt was the larva of a Tinea.

Mr. Trimen exhibited a grasshopper of the genus Peecilocerus, of which he had

found the pupe in copula: it was not an isolated case, but he had seen hundreds of

pairs of the nymphs at Natal at the beginning of the present year.

Mr. Trimen exhibited a Mantis with minute fore legs, remarkable for its

resemblance to a Phasma.

Mr. Bates remarked that its likeness to a Bacillus was very close, and suggested

that it would be found to feed upon Bacillus, which, deceived by the imitation of its

own form, would fall an easy prey to the Mantis.

Mr. M‘Lachlan reported that Boreus hyemalis had been lately taken by Messrs.

Douglas and Scott, amongst moss, near Croydon.

December 2, 1867. .

Sir Joun Lussocr, Bart., President, in the chair.

Additions to the Library.

The following donations were announced, and thanks voted to the donors:—

‘Proceedings of the Zoological Society,’ 1867, Part ii.; presented by the Society,

cvl

‘Descriptions of American Lepidoptera, No. 2, by A. R. Grote and C. T. Robinson;

by the Authors. Newman’s ‘Illustrated Natural History of British Moths, No. 12;

by the Author. ‘The Zoologist’ for December; by the Editor. ‘The Entomologist’s

Monthly Magazine’ for December; by the Editors. Also, a portrait of Lyonet; by

H. Hartogh Heys v. d. Lier.

The following additions, by purchase, were also announced :—‘ British Moths,’

Nos. 1—5; ‘ Genera des Coléoptéres d'Europe,’ Livy. 136.

Election of Members.

W.C. Boyd, Esq., of Cheshunt; Herbert Druce, Esq., of Ealing; A. H. Hali-

day, Esq., of Carnmoney, County Antrim; and Joseph Ince, Esq., of 26, St. George’s

Place, 8.W.; were severally ballotted for, and elected Members.

Evhibitions, Sc.

Mr. Pascoe exhibited a new species of Thysia from Sumatra, which he proposed to

describe under the name of T. viduata; and pointed out that T. tricincta of Laporte,

from Java, was distinct from T. Wallichii of Hope, from Upper India.

Mr. Pascoe also exhibited several other interesting Coleoptera, including new

forms of Trogositide from Penang, of Tenebrionide from Ceylon, Sumatra and

N’Gami, of Brenthide from Batchian, of Curculionide from Peru, of An-

thribide from the Philippine Isles and Malacca, and of Lamiide from Java and

Malacca. 7

Prof. Westwood exhibited the only known British specimen of Serropalpus striatus,

captured some years ago in Leicestershire. It was the identical insect recorded in

the ‘ Zovlogist’ for 1844, p. 701.

Prof. Westwood alsu exhibited a smal! spherical nest, made of mud, with a white

silken casing inside; it was found on the common ling near Reigate, in July, 1866, on

the occasion of the Society’s visit to Mr. W. Wilson Saunders, and was then thought

to be the nest of a spider. It had, however, produced the hymenopterous Eumenes

atricornis.

Mr. F. Smith’remarked that the Eumenes atricornis of Curtis was the coarctatus

of Linneus; he had found many of the females at Bournemouth, carrying off a Lepi-

dopterous larva (probably Eupithecia nanata) which fed upon ling. It was an error

to suppose that the larve of Eumenes were fed upon honey.

Mr. F. Smith exhibited a piece of dead willow-wood found at Mitcham, in which

were no less than ten cocoons of Megachile Willughbiella within a radius of an inch.

The burrows or perforations in the wood were lined with rose-leaves, but the same

species of leaf-cutting bee did not always confine itself to the same kind of leaf—rose,

elm, laburnum, and others were used; in one instance he had known them to use lilac-

leaves, and he believed that they would take almost any leaf that happened to grow

near the nest. Some species made an inner lining of a different kind of leaf from the

outer coating; he had known Megachile argentatus to form an inner lining of the

petals of Lotus coruiculatus, and M.centuncularis of the petals of the scarlet

geranium.

CVil

Papers read,

The following papers were read :—

** Contributions to a Knowledge of the Coleoptera,” part 1; by Mr. Pascoe.

“On some Undescribed Species of South-African Butterflies, including a new

Genus of Lycenide;” by Mr. Roland Trimen. Eighteen new species were exhibited

and described, including two species of Papilio, an Acrea, a Panopea, a Deloneura

(n. g.), three species of Zeritis, an Aphneeus, four Lycene, a Pyrgus, two Cyclopides,

and two Pamphile.

New Part of ‘ Transactions,

The publication was announced of Trans. Ent. Soc., 3rd series, vol. iv. part 8;

being the fifth Part issued during 1867.

January 6, 1868.

Sir Joun Luspock, Bart., President, in the chair.

Additions to the Library.

The following donations were announced, and thanks voted to the donors:~

‘ Journal of the Linnean Society, Zool. No. 38; presented by the Society. ‘ Bulletin

de la Société Imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscou,’ 1867, No. 1; by the Society.

‘Zeitschrift des Ferdinandeums fiir Tirol und Vorarlberg, iii. 13; by the Ferdi-

nandeum. ‘ Tijdschrift voor Entomologie,’ Ser. 2, Vol. i. Parts 3—6, Vol. ii. Part 1;

by the Entomological Society of the Netherlands. ‘Proceedings of the Essex Institute,’

Vol. v. Nos. 3 and 4; by the Institute. Hewitson’s ‘ Exotic Butterflies,’ Part 65; by

W. Wilson Saunders, Esq. ‘On certain Scales of some Lepidoptera, ‘On the

Plumules or Battledore Scales of Lycenide, and ‘ Further Remarks on the Plumules

or Battledore Scales of some Lepidoptera ;’ by the Author, John Watson, Esq. ‘On

the Lepidopterous Insects of Bengal ;’ by the Author, F. Moore, Esq. ‘ The Entomo-

logist’s Annual for 1868;’ by H. 'T. Stainton, Esq. Newman’s ‘ British Moths,’ No.

13; by the Author. ‘The Zoologist’ for January; by the Editor. ‘The Entomologist’s

Monthly Magazine’ for January; by the Editors.

The following additions by purchase were also announced :— Record of Zoological

Literature, Vol. iii. ‘ Naturgeschichte der Insecten Deutschlands, Coleoptera, Vol. i.

Part 2. No. 1.

Election of Members.

Alfred Newton, Esq., Professor of Zoology in the University of Cambridge ; Stephen

Barton, Esq., of Bristol (previously an Annual Subscriber); G. A. J. Rothney, Esq.,

of Addiscombe; and the Baron Edgar von Harold, of Munich; were severally

ballotted for, and elected Members.

CVill

i Exhibitions, §c.

The Rev. Douglas C. Timins exhibited a specimen of Charaxes Jasius bred (from

a Continental pupa) at Winchelsea. Also, three abnormal specimens of Argynnis

Lathonia, from the neighbourhood of Boulogne; one had the outer margin of the

anterior wings strongly incurved, another had the right fore-wing of but half its proper

size, and the third was remarkable fiom the suffusion of the black markings of the

wings.

The Secretary read a letter from Mr. J, Caldwell, of Mauritius, dated Port Louis,

November 3, 1867, respecting the occurrence of Papilio Phorbanta in Madagascar.

Referring to Trans. Ent. Soc., third series, Vol. v. p. 330, Mr. Caldwell wrote as

follows :—

“ Mr. Trimen considers it probable that, in the collection examined by Mr. Bates,

I may have mixed up the Malagasy insects with the Mauritian. This did take place

after I had packed those for England; but I may almost venture to state positively

that those I sent home were all taken from the original Malagasy collection before

any mixture was possible.”

Mr. F. Smith exhibited two specimens of a Polistes captured at Penzance by a lady

residing in that town; one specimen was caught in the summer of 1866 on the window-

sill of a house, and three more were taken at the end of July or beginning of August,

1867, in the very same situation in the window of the same house. The insect did not

agree exactly with any described species of Polistes, but appeared to be intermediate

between the North-American P. biguttatus and the Brazilian P. versicolor. The

captor suggested that they had probably been introduced in wood from a dock-yard

situate about a hundred.yards from her house; but Mr. Smith could scarcely believe

that they were imported: the species of Polistes were not wood-boring wasps, but

paper-makers, and their slight nests were attached to the outside of a tree, post, wall,

&c.; untrimmed wood was not imported from America. (See the ‘ Entomologist’s

Annual’ for 1868, pp. 87, 96).

Mr. Bates also had difficulty in believing that an insect with the habits of Polistes

could have been imported ; the nests were mere strings of cells hanging by a peduncle

from the rafter of a house, a shrub, the trunk or branch of a tree; they were of loose

construction, incapable of withstanding exposure. Such a nest could hardly be

transported in safety, either with timber on board ship or washed across by the gulf-

stream. Such was the rapidity of lifein Brazil, and so quick the succession of broods,

that the eggs would not remain unhatched during the voyage, and if hatched the

young larve must perish. Nor did he think it likely that perfect wasps would be

brought over alive; at any rate the specimens would be worn, and very different from

those exhibited.

Mr. M‘Lachlan exhibited a Trichopterous insect new to Britain, Neuronia

clathrata of Kolenati, captured at Bishop's Wood, Staffordshire, by Mr. Chappell, of

Manchester.

The Secretary exhibited a small box of South-American Coleoptera, sent to the

Society by Mr. F. Schickendantz, of Pilciao, who found them on the flowers of a new

species of Hydnora.

cix

The Secretary exhibited specimens of the coffee-tree attacked by the “ borer,’ and

of the larva, pupa and imago of the insect, which had done*great damage in the

coffee-plantations of Southern India. These were sent by the Rev. G. Richter,

Principal of the Government Central School, Mercara, Coorg. The insect proved to

be a species of Clytus.

The Secretary made the following observations on the nomenclature of Australian

Buprestide adopted by Mr. Edward Saunders in a paper read at the meeting of the

, 4th of November, 1867 (ante, p. ci.):—

“The rejection by Mr. Edward Saunders, in his ‘ Revision of the Australian

Buprestide described by the Rev. F. W. Hope, of certain published names, in, favour

of the names given by Mr. Hope in the so-called ‘ Synopsis of Australian Buprestide,’

raises a question of some importance as regards priority of nomenclature.

“‘T have always understood the rule to be this—that the specific name by which an

insect is to be called and known is the name under which a sufficient description of

the species was first published.

“ Names contained in a paper which is privately printed, but not published, rank

_ only as MS. names: however freely the paper may be disseminated among the author’s

friends, however wide’ the circle of his acquaintance, it must still remain inaccessible

to the public,—it is not published within the meaning of the rule.

“What then are the facts concerning the paper which Mr. Edward Saunders

(following Laporte and Gory and others) cites as Hope’s ‘Synopsis of Australian

Buprestidae’?

“ The paper in question consists of thirteen printed pages, at the top of the first of

which is the word Buprestrip4Z;; this is the only title which it,bears. There is no title-

page, preface, introduction or explanation whatsoever; no author’s name, no printer’s

name, no date; no name of any bookseller or of any place at which the public might

obtain it; and as to many of the insects described, there is nothing to show that they

are Australian species, or to point out the collections in which the type-specimens were

deposited.

*“‘ At the same time there is no doubt that tlhe author was Mr. Hope, that the date

of printing was the year 1836, that the insects are all from Australia, and (when no

other collection is mentioned) were in Mr. Hope’s own cabinet; and lastly, besides the

descriptions of sixty-six new species, the paper contains references to all the previously-

described Australian Buprestide, (twenty-seven in number) so that ‘A Synopsis of

Australian Buprestide’ would have been a very appropriate title to have given it.

“There can be little doubt that a print of this paper was in the hands of Laporte

and Gory when they prepared their Monograph of the Buprestide, and it must be

admitted that they cite the ‘Synopsis of Australian Buprestide’ as if it were a

published work. Other writers have done the same, probably following Laporte and

Gory, without having their attention directed to the question of publication or non-

publication. It is true also that Hope himself (Col. Man. iii. 173) in 1840 speaks of

‘a Prodromus which I published some few years back.’ ‘ Published’ in the sense of

being communicated to his entomological friends, I have no doubt it was; but

‘published’ in the sense of being made accessible to or obtainable by the public, I

believe it never was.

* Out of sixty-six forms described by Hope in ‘ Buprestide’ as new species, it

appears from Mr. Edward Saunders’ investigations that three are unrecognizable, the

type-specimens having been lost, and fourteen sink either as synonyms or varieties.

Of the remaining forty-nine, the Hopeian names were in twenty-cight instances adopted -

and rightly applied by Laporte and Gory; fourteen have been published subsequently

to 1836 under names different from Hope’s, and these have been rejected by Mr. Edward

Saunders, and the unpublished Hopeian names preferred. Of the residue, seven in )

number, descriptions (under Mr. Hope’s names) are now for the first time about to be

published by Mr. Edward Saunders.

“The necessity for the laborious examination which Mr. Edward Saunders has

made is sufficient evidence that the insects in question have not become known, and

do not pass current in the eutomological world, by the names assigned to them by |

Hope. Such of his names as are in use have come into use in consequence of their

adoption and publication by Laporte and Gory. So far from the printing of

‘ Buprestide’ having given them currency, it seems that Laporte and Gory in some

cases applied Hope’s names to the wrong insects; and it is the species to which the

names were thus erroneously applied that are known by the names which Hope

intended for other insects.

“TI submit that the unpublished names of the anonymous print ‘ Buprestidae’

must give way to published names, whatever the date of the latter may be.”

Prof. Westwood argued that Mr. Hope’s paper, though privately printed, had in

fact been so widely disseminated as to amount to publication; at any rate, that it

might be treated as published swh modo—i.e. as against all persons who had notice of

its existence. ;

The Secretary remarked that, if that were so, the Hopeian names would prevail

over those of Laporte and Gory ; and as publication must be taken to be notice to all

the world, every anthor subsequent to Laporte and Gory had, through the publication

of their Monograph, constructive, if not actual, notice of the existence of Hope’s

descriptions. But he thought the ground untenable, and that even as against Laporte

and Gory (and a fortiori as against those who had only constructive notice, through

them, of the existence of the unpublished paper) the Hopeian names were of no

authority. The adoption of them was not obligatory on Laporte and Gory, but was

commendably courteous to Mr. Hope. In one instance only had they knowingly

rejected Mr. Hope’s name, Calodema Kirbii. Upon this Prof. Lacordaire (who

probably thought that Hope’s descriptions of 1836 were published) had remarked

“ MM. de Castelnau et Gory ont changé a tort le nom de l’espéce en celui de Cal.

regalis.” (Gen. Col. iv. 61). But the reason why Laporte and Gory did not adopt

Hope’s name was doubtless this, that there was already a Stigmodera Kirbyi of

Guérip, described in the ‘ Voyage de la Coquille.” Calodema with Laporte and Gory

was only a division of Stigmodera; when it was recognized as a separate genus, the

two names Calodema Kirbii and Stigmodera Kirbyi might have co-existed, if regalis

had not been published in the interim. That the publication of Calodema Kirbii,

Coleop. Man. iii. 173, fig. frontisp. (1840), was subsequent to Laporte and Gory’s

regalis might be seen by reference to the Manual itself.

The President, Mr. Bates, Mr. M‘Lachlan, Mr. Pascoe and other members, agreed

that accessibility to the public could alone constitute publication within the meaning

of the rule of priority in nomenclature,

Cxl

| Papers read.

| The following papers were read by the Secretary :-—

} es

_ “Remarks on Mr. Wallace’s Pieride of the Indian and Australian Regions”; by

Mr. W. C. Hewitson.

On the Coffee-borer of Southern India”; by the Rev. G. Richter. (A species of

‘Clytus ; see above, p. cix.).

' “On Burmeisteria, a new genus of Melolonthide”; by Mr. Frederic Schicken-

dantz. .

New Part of ‘ Transactions.’

Trans. Ent. Soc., third series, Vol. y., part 7, being the sixth part published during

‘the year 1867, was on the table.

ANNUAL MEETING.

January 27, 1868.

Sir Joan Lussock, Bart., President, in the chair.

An Abstract of the Treasurer's Accounts for 1867 was read by Mr. Grut, one of the

Auditors, and showed a balance in favour of the Society of £75 8s. 4d.

The Secretary read the following :—

Report of the Council for 1867.

In accordance with the Bye-Laws, the Council begs to present the following

Report.

Since the last Anniversary we have elected eighteen Members or Subscribers ;

but death has deprived us of four, Mr. Bakewell, the Rev. Hamlet Clark (lately

Vice-President), Mr. W. F. Evans (formerly Secretary) and Mr. J. Aspinall Turner.

Add to these the number of resignations and defaulters, and the Society is

umerically weaker than at the date of the last Report.

The prizes offered for Essays on Economic or Utilitarian Entomology induced

two competitors to enter the lists; but the Council has not felt justified in awarding

a prize to either.

The additions to the Library have been almost entirely due to private

benelaction.

The year 1867 is conspicuous for the extent of the Society’s publications,

Each country Member has received, in return for his subscription of one guinea,

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750 octavo pages of letter-press and fifteen plates, of which eleven have been

coloured. The Council has been enabled to publish this unusual number of

entomological memoirs mainly through the liberality of Mr. Dunning. The scheme

for the separate publication of the ‘ Phytophaga Malayana’ has been abandoned ;

and the plan of devoting an entire volume to a special work, of which the long-—

continued incompleteness of several volumes is a necessary consequence, has not

met with general approval. The ‘ Longicornia Malayana’ (vol. iii.) will be finished —

will accordingly be closed. In future the series will be abolished, and the ‘Trans- —

actions’ of each year, beginning with 1868, will form a distinct volume, complete

in itself, and distinguished simply by the year of its publicalion.

The usual classified summary of income and expenditure shows the following

results ; —

REceErrrTs. PayMENTs.

£ £ if

Contributions of Members -. 196 Publications = - - - 322]

Sale of publications - - 77 Library - - - - - 5

Interest on Consols - - 3 Prize Essay - - - - 5

Extraordinary items - - 6 Rent and Office Expenses - 83

Donations - - - - 122

£404 £415

Upon these figures the Council has to remark—(1), that, as compared with

1866, the receipts from Members and from the sale of publications both exhibit

a decrease; (2), that notwithstanding the payment of five quarters’ rent of the

Society's apartments in Bedford Row, there is a diminution of £17 in the charge

for general management, caused by the liberality of the Linnean Society in giving

us the use of their Meeting-room rent free; (8), that even the large sum of

£322 does not represent the total cost of production of the ‘Transactions,’ since

the Society has to thank Messrs. Saunders, Smith and Stainton for the engraving

of two-thirds of the plates; and (4), that the excess of expenditure over income

has been defrayed out of the cash balance brought forward from 1866, leaving

a cash balance in hand of £1 10s, 4d.

Arrangements have been made for the compilation of a synonymic ‘ List

of the Insects of the British Isles’ In the preparation of this List, it is desired

to conform to recognized rules of nomenclature, but that the classification shall

accord with modern views. The primary object is—not to give prominence to

special or peculiar theories, either of arrangement or nomenclature, but to show

what insects are known to inhabit our country, and by what names they are to

be designated. Numerous citations of authors would serve only to encumber

the Catalogue, without any commensurate advantage: it is hoped that, by a

judicious selection, the List may serve to refer the student not only to the author

who is responsible for the name of the insect, but also to a good description or

figure of each species, and to so much as is known of its life-history and habits.

cxill

Tt is intended that the different Orders shall be issued separately, but according

to a uniform plan, so that the whole may eventually be combined, and form a

permanent record, and as complete a Catalogue as present knowledge will allow,

of the Insect Fauna of the United Kingdom. <A work of this magnitude must

necessarily occupy a considerable time. In the case of the Coleoptera and Lepi-

doptera, which have most frequently and recently been handled, there is less

urgent need for a Catalogue than in the case of the other Orders, and it is hoped

that a commencement may be made with the Hemiptera, Hymenoptera or

Neuroptera. The Council cannot hold out the expectation of very speedy pro-

gress; but the fact that Messrs. G. R. Crotch, Doubleday, Douglas, Eaton, Sir

John Lubbock, M‘Lachlan, Rev. T. A. Marshall, Scott, Dr. Sharp, F. Smith,

Stainton and Walker are already engaged upon various groups will be sufficient

to show that the work bas been undertaken in earnest, and has been entrusted

to competent workers.

Finally, the Council for 1867 can only repeat what its predecessors have said

before, that with greater resources the Society could do much greater good. The

action of the Executive is continually impeded by want of funds. No one has

yet been bold enough to suggest a larger annual contribution. To increase our

income we wust increase the number of our Members. How long shall it be said

that the Entomological Society of London, in spite of its pleasant Meetings, its

useful Library, its costly publications, its almost microscopic subscription, can

barely muster a couple of hundred supporters?

January 27, 1868.

The following were elected Members of the Council for 1868 :— Messrs. Bates,

Dunning, Grut, Sir John Lubbock, M‘Lachlay, Salvin, G. S. Saunders, W. W.

Saunders, F. Smith, Stainton, 8. Stevens, Trimen \and Westwood.

The following Officers for 1868 were afterwards elected :—President, Mr. H. W.

Bates; Treasurer, Mr. S. Stevens; Secretaries, Messrs. Dunning and M‘Lachlan ;

Librarian, Mr. E. W. Jauson.

Sir John Lubbock read the fullowing Address :—

THE PRESIDENTS ADDRESS.

GENTLEMEN,

The labours of Entomologists have been neither less earnest

nor less successful during the past year than in those which have pre-

ceded it; and it would be utterly impossible for me, within the limits

of our Annual Address, even if in other respects 1 were capable of

doing so, to give an account of all the various works and memoirs on

our Science which have appeared since our last Anniversary.

We may fairly congratulate ourselves both on the number and the

value of the communications read before our own Society, the power

CXiV

of publishing which we mainly owe, as you have already heard, to

the great liberality of our very excellent Secretary, Mr. Dunning, to

whom the Society is in other ways also so much indebted.

The memoirs read before the Society during the past year have

been as follows :—

1867.

January 7.—Choreutide and Crambina collected in Egypt in 1864, and Crambina,

Pterophorina and Alucitina collected in Palestine in 1865, by the Rev.

O. Pickard-Cambridge ; determined and the new species described by

Professor Zeller.

A Monograph of the Genus Hestia ; with a tabular view of the Danaide.

By Mr. A. G. Butler, F.Z.S.

Fresy. 4.—On some Variation observed in Bombyx Cynthia in 1866. By Dr.

Wallace.

= 18.—On the Pieride of the Indian and Australian Regions. By Mr. A. R.

Wallace.

On the Distribution of Lepidoptera in Great Britain and Ireland. B

Mr. Herbert Jenner Fust, jun.

New Species of Buprestide collected by Mr. Lamb in Penang. By Mr.

E. Saunders.

Marcu 4.—Notes on the Genus Raphidia. By Dr. Hagen.

Description of a new Carabideous Insect from Japan (Damaster auri-

collis, n. sp.) By Mr. C. O. Waterhouse.

Note on a Genus of Dynastid-Lamellicorns, belonging to the Family

Pimelopide (Genus Dipelicus, Hope). By Mr. C. O. Waterhouse.

rr 18.—Descriptions of new Species of Cryptoceride. By Mr. F. Smith.

On Species and Varieties. By Capt. Thomas Hutton, F.G.S,

Aprit 1.—Descriptions of new Species of Mantispide in the Oxford and British

Museums. By Professor Westwood.

May 6.—On a Collection of Butterflies formed by Thomas Belt, Esq., in the inte-

rior of the Province of Maranham, Brazil. By Mr. H. W. Bates.

Jury 1.—Observations on Dzierzon’s Theory of Reproduction in the Honey-bee.

By Mr. John Lowe.

A Catalogue of the Cetoniide of the Malayan Archipelago, with De-

scriptions of the new Species. By Mr. A. R, Wallace.

Nov. 4.—A Revision of the Australian Buprestide described by the late Rev.

F.W. Hope. By Mr. E. Saunders.

Descriptions of some new Species of Diurnal Lepidoptera. By Mr.

W. C. Hewitson.

A Monograph of the Genus Thais of the Family Papilionide. By the

Rev. Douglas C. Timins.

Dec. 2.—Contributions to a Knowledge of the Coleoptera, Part 1. By Mr. Pascoe.

On some undescribed Species of South-African Butterflies, including a

new Genus of Lycenide. By Mr. Roland Trimen.

CxXv

T need not dwell on these memoirs, nor on the numerous entomo-

logical contributions which have appeared in the ‘ Zoologist,’ the

‘Entomologist, the ‘Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine, or Mr:

Stainton’s ‘ Annual, because they are in the hands of all our

members.

The ‘ Journal of the Linnean Society’ also contains entomological

memoirs by Messrs. Pascoe (2), Butler, M‘Lachlan (2), Spruce, and

Bates.

The ‘Zeitschrift fiir Wissenshaftliche Zoologie’ has been particularly

rich this year in entomological communications.

Dr. H. Landois has published in it a very interesting memoir* on the

sounds produced by insects. He commences with a short historical

sketch of the subject, referring especially to the observations of

Aristotle, “ the greatest of naturalists ;’ he might almost have said “ the

greatest of men.” He then describes successively the mechanism by

means of which sound is produced among the Orthoptera, Coleoptera,

Diptera, Homoptera, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera and Neuroptera.

The number of insects which emit audible sounds is very large,

and there can be no doubt that many more produce tones which,

though inaudible to us, are perceptible to one another. This is

shown by the fact that many species which are apparently silent

possess arrangements evidently intended for the production of sound.

The familiar sounds of the Orthoptera have no claim to be regarded

as a voice, but are produced by rubbing one part of the body against

another. A few, but very few, of the Lepidoptera emit sounds, which

are made by rubbing the palpi against the trunk, and cease if the

palpi are removed.

Among the Coleoptera also sounds are generally produced by

friction, and the wings often produce a humming noise during flight.

In the genus Melolontha there is a second source of sound, which

may almost be called a voice. In the large trachea, immediately

behind each spiracle, is a chitinous process or tongue, which is thrown

into vibration by the air during respiration, and thus produces a

humming noise.

Similar structures occur in many Diptera, Hymenoptera, Neuroptera

* Zeits. f. Wiss. Zool. Vol. xvii. Pt. 1.

CXVi

and Homoptera, and to them, even more than to the vibrations of the

wings, the characteristic sounds produced by so many of these insects

are ascribable. The “song” of the Cicada, for instance, is thus pro-

duced by the metathoracic ganglia, but without the assistance of

figures it would be difficult to give any idea of the machinery which

is described in detail by Dr. Landois, and of which I will here only

observe that it differs considerably in different insects.

In the Diptera and Libellulina it is by the four thoracic spiracles

that the sounds are produced, while in Hymenoptera, as for

instance in Bombus, the abdominal spiracles are also musical. ‘The

sounds produced by the wings are constant in each species, excepting

where there are (as in Bombus) individuals of very, different sizes. In

these the larger specimens give generally a higher note. Thus the

male of Bombus terrestris hums in 4’, while the large female is a

whole octave higher. There are, however, small species which give

a deeper note than larger ones, on account of the wing-vibrations not

being of the same number in a given time.

Moreover, a tired insect produces a somewhat different note from

one that is fresh, on account of the vibrations being slower.

Indeed, from the note produced we can calculate the rapidity of

the vibration. Thus the house-fly, which produces the sound of F,

vibrates its wings 21,120 times in a minute, and the bee, which makes

the sound of a’, as many as 26,400 times, or 440 times in a second.

On the contrary a tired bee hums on zk’, and therefore vibrates its

wings only 330 times in a second. .

This difference is probably involuntary, but the change of “ tone ”

is evidently under the command of the will, and thus offers another

point of similarity to a true “voice.” A bee in the pursuit of honey

hums continually and contentedly on a’, but if it is excited or

angry it produces a very different note. Thus, then, the sounds of

insects do not merely serve to bring the sexes together; they are not

merely “love-songs,” but also serve, like any true language, to

express the feelings.

Dr. Landois describes the muscles by means of which the form of

the organ is altered, and the tone is, no doubt voluntarily, affected.

We can indeed only in few cases distinguish the differences thus pro-

duced ; but as even we, far removed as we are in organization, habits

and sentiments, from a fly or a bee, can yet feel the difference between

a contented hum and an angry buzz, it is highly improbable that their

power of expressing their feelings should stop here. Oue can scarcely

CXVil

donbt but that they have thus the power of conveying other sentiments

and ideas to one another.

In conjunction with M. Thelen, Dr. H. Landois has also communi-

cated to the Zeits. f. Wiss. Zool. another memoir, on the means by

_which the spiracles, or rather the trachee immediately behind the

_ spiracles, are opened or closed. The mechanism consists of four

principal parts, the bow (verschlussbugel), the lever (verschlusskegel),

the band (verschlussband), and the muscle (verschlussmuskel). The

contraction of the latter, acting on the lever, causes the band and bow

_ to meet, and thus close the passage. When the muscle relaxes, the

natural elasticity of the parts causes them to separate again, and thus

leave the tracheal tube open. They describe the details of the appa-

_ ratus in a considerable number of species. *

Dr. H. Landois has also published a memoir on the ocelli of cater-

_ pillars. After describing them in detail, he comes to the conclusion that

they do not essentially differ from compound eyes, and that if many of

them were grouped together they could hardly be distinguished from

compound eyes. In each so-called ocellus the cornea is divided into

three*lenses, corresponding to three nerves, each with a separate ter-

minal enlargement forming the so-called crystalline bodies. Each

ocellus therefore might be regarded as in reality composed of three.

On the other band, the three arches of the cornea are so closely

connected together that they give the impression of forming a

single cornea. The three lenses also are very closely pressed, and

the three nerves unite into one. Under these circumstances Dr.

Landois regards the ocelli of caterpillars as a connecting-link between

single and compound eyes, and proposes for them the name of $ ocelli

compositi.’+

Dr. August Weissmannjf has published a long and interesting memoir

on the metamorphoses of Corethra plumicornis. The larva of this fly

is the beautiful transparent creature, about half an inch in length,

which all Jovers of Natural History must have watched floating hori-

zontally among the green vegetation of our clear ponds, and ready, in

spite of its apparent delicacy and crystalline transparency, to pounce

on any little unwary victim which may come within its reach. At

* Zeits. f. Wiss. Zool. 1867, Vol. xvii. Pt. 2.

+ Zeits. f. Wiss. Zool. Vol. xvi. Part 1. { Id.

CXVill

each end of the body are two kidney-shaped air-vesicles, which serve

partly no doubt for respiration, but partly also as floats.

From its extreme transparency this beautiful larva offers a very

favourable object for study, and Dr. Weissmann has described the

changes which the different organs pass through. His descrip-

tions also are illustrated by numerous figures. It will be im-

possible for me to recapitulate his observations, but I will cur-

sorily refer to a few of those which have struck me as being most

interesting.

The large black eye of the full-grown larva, and which is also that

of the imago, does not exist at birth. The eye of the embryo and

young larva becomes, as in many Crustacea, only a secondary optical

organ.

In opposition to the views of M. Lacaze-Duthiers, Dr. Weissmann

regards the external sexual organs as appendages, and not as the

representatives of segments. The internal sexual organs, as appears

to be the case in all insects, are present even at birth. So also are

the rudiments of the trachezx, which however do not contain, and indeed

are not iu a condition to contain air. It is still more surprising that

some even of the muscles of the imago, as for instance the wing-

muscles, are distinctly indicated, not indeed by true muscles, but by

bands of undifferentiated tissue, which gradually enlarge and acquire

the character of true muscle.

Dr. Weissmann describes minutely the gradual formation and en-

largement of the different organs. This is effected by an infolding of

the hypodermis or cellular layer of the skin, so that the new organ

does not, as in most other cases, lie inside the old one, but is formed

by an inverted fold of skin lying inside the body. The new organs

also arise in the same manner, the thickening and subsequently the

inversion of the skin taking place beneath one of the sensitive hairs.

The neurilemma of the nerve proceeding to this hair develops itself,

according to Dr. Weissmann, into all the soft parts of the new organ,

whether muscle, trachea or tendon. In the formation of pupal air-

vesicles, however, a trachea fulfils this function. The external ap-

pendages of the imago, such as the wings and legs, are formed, though

not of course fully developed, during the larva stage ; and Dr. Weiss-

mann refers the position of the antennze to a muscular act on their

part, for which he brings forward strong reasons, though it is the first

time, so far as I am aware, that any movement in the external organs

of the imago has been observed during the pupal condition. From

CX1X

the high development reached by the antenna, as well as the legs of

Corethra, during the larva state, there seems no great improbability

in this view.

From a pupa of this kind to a pro-imago, as it has been called, of

| Ephemera or Chloeon, there is but a step, even if so much.

Tn fact the so-called pupa of Corethra ought to be called a pro-

imago rather than a pupa. _Its functions, with one single exception,

are in full activity. Though it does not feed, it swims and appears as

active and vivacious as the larva. It can see perfectly well, and

on the approach of danger darts rapidly to a place of greater

security.

Thus, then, it affords a remarkable illustration of the arguments I

have elsewhere brought forward with the view of proving that the

so-called larvee and pup are not homologous terms in different

insects. Even among the Diptera, while in Corethra the wings

_ and legs of the imago are already formed, and the mouth parts only

require a slight final modification when the so-called larva turns

into a pupa, at the corresponding period in Musca the very reverse

is the case, and the head itself can scarcely be said to have any

existence.

Dr. Weissmann concludes his valuable memoir by a comparison of |

the development of Corethra with that of Musca.

In Corethra the larval segments develop themselves directly into

those of the imago, and the appendages of the head into the corre-

sponding organs of the perfect insect. The thoracic appendages are

formed during the last stage of the larva, by outgrowths of the hypo-

dermis round a nerve or a trachea, from the cellular envelope of which

the cellular tissues in the interior of the organ are formed. The larval

muscles in the abdomen are received almost unaltered into the imago.

The muscles peculiar to the imago develop themselves, in the last

larval state, from indifferent cellular bands, which are present even in

the egg. The genital glands date from the embryo, and develop

gradually ; all the other systems of organs pass directly, with little or

no change, into the imago. ‘The fatty tissue is small. The pupa con-

dition is short and active.

In Musca the thorax and head rise independently from the corre-

sponding parts of the hypodermis of the larva, and the abdomen only

|through direct alteration of the eight last abdominal segments. The

thorax and head develop themselves from “imaginal disks” which

have their origin in the embryo, First, after the formation of the

CxXxX

pupal barrel-like envelope from the chitin skin of the larva, the

imaginal disks develop themselves into the head and thorax. There

is a destruction of all the organic systems, which are re-formed at the

expense of the fat body. ‘The genital glands are present in the

embryo, and develop themselves gradually. The pupa condition is

protracted, and the insect is inactive.

It is remarkable that even in the same Order such great differences

in development should occur. Similar cases, however, are well

known in other parts of the animal kingdom.

he principal difference between Corethra and Musca resides in

thé imaginal disks, and Dr. Weissmann proposes therefore to divide

the metabolic insects into two divisious, ‘* Adiscota ”

intermediate stages are to be met with.

The same journal contains a short paper by M. Mecznikow, on _

the Embryology of Hemiptera, and a memoir by M. W. Brasius, on ~

the loss of weight of Lepidoptera during the change from the larva

to the imago.

Dr. C. Kupfer has published a short memoir on the early stages of

development in Chironomus, as to which he does not altogether agree

with the views of Weissmann.

M. Hensen* has published a memoir on the auditory organ of

Locusta, in which he confirms the description given by Von Siebold.

He also endeavours to prove that there is an identity of plan between

this organ and the ear of Crustacea, comparing the auditory rods of

the former with the hairs of the latter. He admits that the rods have

at their apex a large cell, of which the hairs show no trace; but he

argues that the rods of Locusta are primary structures, while the

and “ Discota.”

{

auditory hairs of Crustacea have never been examined until after |

several changes of skin; and he thinks that if the auditory hairs were

examined before the first moult, corresponding cells might probably

be found at their apex. In any case he does vot think that the mere

presence of these cells is sufficient to destroy the analogy.

He concludes therefore that these auditory rods, like the auditory |

hairs of Crustacea, are thrown into vibration, when they are fitted, by | |

* Zeits. f. Wiss. Zool. Vol. xvi. Pt. 2.

CXXl

their form and elasticity, to vibrate in a period corresponding to the

exciting sound.

I must confess, however, that they appear to me very ill adapted

for any such function, and I am disposed to regard them, not as hairs,

but as modified nerve-terminations, corresponding to the rods in the

eye of insects.

The fourth number of the sixteenth volume of the same journal is

entirely composed of a very admirable paper by M. E. Mecznikow.

This young naturalist, already one of our most zealous observers,

promises to take a high rank among biologists, and the memoirs

which he has already produced justify us in expecting great things

from him. In the present memoir, after some introductory obserya-

tions, he describes the development, first of Simulia, secondly of

Miastor, thirdly of Corixa, fourthly of Aphis rosz, and lastly of Coccus

(Aspidiotus) nerii.

Both in the viviparous Cecidomyia and in Aphis M. Mecznikow

has satisfied himself that the germinal vesicle divides and subdivides

itself, the cells thus formed arranging themselves in a layer around

the yolk, and thus forming the blastoderm. M. Weissmann, on the

contrary, maintained that the blastodermic cells arose independently

in the outer layer of the yolk: M. Mecznikow’s statement is, however,

most probable in itself, and is fully corroborated by his figure, the

accuracy of which there is no reason to doubt. It is true that he did

not actually see the division take place either in Cecidomyia or in

Aphis. He relies on the absolute similarity of the first two cells with

the germinal vesicles, and their unlikeness to anything else in the

eggs secondly, on their absence as long as the seminal vesicle is

present, and their presence as soon as it has disappeared. I must,

however, confess that I have never found in any insect egg any trace

of this process, nor was Prof. Huxley more fortunate. Moreover,

according to Leuckart, the blastodermic cells in Aphis arise suc-

cessively not by division of, but by budding from, the germinal

vesicle. As soon as the blastodermic cells have arranged themselves

round the yolk, the hindmost of them increases in size, becomes

darkened by granular contents, and thus forms a “pole-cell” or

“ directive vesicle,” similar to those which have been observed in so

many animals that we may almost regard their presence as general

at this stage throughout the animal kingdom.

CXXil

It is trne that in this very paper M. Mecznikow expressly states no

such body exists in Corixa, in Aspidiotus or in Aphis. It is, however,

difficult to believe that so fundamental a difference should exist in

the embryology of animals belonging to the same class, and in fact I

might appeal to. one of M. Mecznikow’s own figures (pl. xxvili. fig. 11)

to prove that, in direct opposition to his statement, pole-cells do oceur

in Aphis. In that figure the blastoderm is represented, no doubt

correctly, as a single layer of cells, except at the hinder end, where

there are three extra cells. These three extra cells appear to me to

be the pole-cells, in confirmation of which I would only ask any one

to compare this figure with pl. xxiv. fig. 11, which represents the

corresponding stage in Cecidomyia. It is true that the pole-cells of

Aphis are not so dark or so large as those of Cecidomyia, but

these are not essential characteristics, and on the other hand the part

played by the blastoderm at this spot offers so much similarity, as we

shall see, with that of the pole-cells of Cecidomyia as to leave very

little room for doubt.

The dark colour and large size of the pole-cells in Cecidomyia are,

however, favourable conditions which have enabled M. Mecznikow to

throw light on their history and functions, concerning which we have

hitherto been in complete ignorance. Guesses have indeed been

hazarded, but, as is usual in Science, they have all been wrong. The

pole-cell, which is at first single, divides into two, and these again

subdivide into four similar but smaller cells. In the mean time the

blastodermic cells-have formed themselves into a regular membrane

enclosing the yolk on all sides, and for some little time the pole-cells

lie completely outside this membrane. Soon, however, they re-enter, in

what manner is not stated, but are still easily distinguishable by their

dark colour. They remain for some time without further change, and

even when the embryo has largely increased in size, and thus become

opaque, they can at any time be brought into view by a slight

pressure.

When at length the segments of the body are indicated, the

cesophagus and rectum formed, and the rudiments of the mandibles

and two pairs of maxille are already evident, the four pole-cells

separate themselves into two groups of two, without, however, having

undergone any further change. In embryos somewhat farther ad-

vanced, each pair of pole-cells is found to be enclosed in a special

organ occupying a definite position in the embryo. These organs are

of an oval form and are composed of small cells, which do not differ

CXXlil

either in form, size or contents from the ordinary embryonal cells. At

one end of each gland is a short duct, which at first consists of a single

row of embryonal cells. Subsequently the pole-cells commence

to divide themselves anew, and thus form the vitelligenous and

germinal vesicles, while the walls of the organ and its epithelial cells

are composed of ordinary embryonal cells.

It appears then, in short, from these remarkable observations, that

the pole-cells, afler remaining for some time outside the blastoderm,

re-enter it, collect round themselves a sufficient mass of the ordinary

embryonal cells, and thus form the rudiments of the new generative

organs.

To judge from M. Mecznikow’s description and figures, very much

the same thing appears to happen in Aphis. The cells, indeed, which

I suppose to* be the pole-cells do not differ from the rest either in size

or colour, and cannot therefore be traced throughout the develop-

mental changes, as in Cecidomyia. The blastoderm, however, in their

neighbourhood—z.e. at the hinder end of the egg—projects into the

yolk and forms the pseudovitellus and the rudiment of the future

generative organs, a8 was first described by Huxley in his celebrated

memoir on this subject. We see, then, not only that the generative

organs are present in the embryo, but even that they are the very

Jirst organs to make their appearance. Before a single appendage is

indicated, before the mouth or any one of the internal organs is traced

out, the essential parts of the generative organs are already in their

place.

It is true that the two cases in which this remarkable fact has been

observed are both instances of agamic reproduction. I have, however,

shown, in my papers published in the ‘ Philosophical Transactions’

for 1857, 1858 and 1861, which appear to have escaped M. Meczni-

kow's notice, that the agamic reproduction in insects closely resembles

that by means of impregnated eggs, and I can hardly therefore suppose

that there would be any fundamental difference in the development of

the generative organs themselves.

It will be observed that there is nothing in M. Mecznikow’s ob-

servations to confirm the remarkable statements of M. Balbiani, to

which I alluded in my last Address. It is satisfactory to know

that this gentleman is about to publish his memoir in full, with

figures.

Considerations of time and space prevent me from referring to

many other parts of M. Mecznikow’s memoir which are of great

CXXiV

interest, but there are one or two points which J cannot pass over

altogether in silence.

In opposition to the views generally held by entomologists (see, for

instance, Westwood’s ‘ Modern Classification of Insects,’ vol. ii. p. 414),

he denies that the needle-like organs contained in the labium of

Homoptera represent the mandibles and maxille, though he admits

that they do so in the Heteroptera. He describes the larva of Teleas,

a minute species allied to Pteromalus, which oviposits in the eggs of

Gerris, as much resembling, both in its first form and also in its

remarkable changes, the extraordinary larva of Rhynchites, which was

discovered by Dr. Filippi.* In the viviparous Cecidomyia he con-

firms the interesting observation, first made by Zaddach in Mystacides,

that the antenna of the larva is originally post-oval. Lastly, I may

mention that Mecznikow declines to accept Weissmann’s division of

metabolic insects into “ Discota” and “ Adiscota.”

Dr. Moller has published a memoir on the influence exercised upon

insects by external conditions. One of the most interesting parts is

that in which he gives cases where the colour of a species depends on

that of its habitat. Thus, for instance, Elaphrus riparius, he says, in

sandy districts, is of a clear brown colour; in meadow lands, on the

contrary, green. Again, the larva of Amphidasys betularia is yellowish

green when it lives on the birch; ashy gray when on the oak;

yellowish brown when on the elm; yellowish green clouded with

rust-colour when on willows or poplars. He also gives a list of the

species which he has observed in ants’ nests.t

The Ann. des Sci. Nat., 5th ser., t. vii., contains a paper by

M. Claparéde (which has also been translated in the ‘Annals and

Magazine of Natural History’ for May last) on the “ Reproduction of

Aphides.” M. Claparéde pronounces decidedly against M. Balbiani’s

theory of the hermaphroditism of Aphides, as to which I ventured

to express my own doubts in my Address of last year. M. Claparéde

appears to have overlooked the fact that M. Balbiani’s so-called

“testis” had been already observed by Huxley. In reply to this

criticism M. Balbiani (2b. cit. p. 30) promises shortly to publish his

memoir ¢2 ealenso.

* Ann. d. Sci. Nat. 1851.

+ ‘Die Abhangigkeit der Insecten von Ihrer Umgebung,’ v. Dr. L, Moller.

CXXV

Dr. E. Bessels has a memoir in the Zeits. f. W. Zool. for 1867, p. 545,

on the development of the sexual organs in Lepidoptera. He does

not appear to have seen my papers on the same subject in the

‘ Philosophical Transactions. He mentions that a friend of his bred

a specimen of Lasiocampa catax, which remained no less than seven

years in the pupa state.

Mr. Lowe, at one of our Meetings, read a paper on Dzierzon’s

theory of the agamic character of the drone-producing eggs of the

bee, and exhibited some drones produced by a Ligurian queen which

had been impregnated by an ordinary drone. He argued that if im-

pregnated eggs produced females only and the drones were always

descended from unimpregnated eggs, then a queen thus impregnated

ought to produce hybrid workers, but pure drones, while those which

he exhibited certainly differed in many respects from pure Ligurian

males. ‘This observation, however, is not so conclusive as it appears

at first sight. The alteration of climate and of food might influence

the colour of the drones, or it might be supposed that the queen,

though apparently pure, contained some German blood, which thus

showed itself. Moreover, we know cases, both in animals and plants,

where the ovary is deeply affected by the influence of the male. And,

lastly, it is stated that the pure Italian drones show considerable

variability.

The most probable explanation of the phenomenon, however, is

I think, that these drones are the produce of the workers, which, being

descended from a marriage of an Italian mother with a German father,

would naturally produce a mixed offspring.

Dr. H. Landois, in a short paper on the development of the sexes

in insects, also combats the views of Dzierzon as to the partheno-

genesis of bees. He maintains that the sex of the bee depends on

the character not of the egg, but of the nourishment. In support of

this he asserts that he has removed eggs from drone-cells and placed

them in those of workers, and that invariably the grubs hatched from

them have produced, not drones, but ordinary workers. He also refers

to the well-known possibility of developing young worker-larvz into

queens, which, however, I need hardly observe is not a case of change

of sex; and also the difficulty presented by the cross between the

common and the Italian bee. When, however, Dr. Landois observes

that the females of insects require a longer time for their development

CXXVi

than the males, on account of their more complete development, he

forgets that in the hive bee the queen comes to maturity in sixteen

days, while the workers require twenty-one, and the drones twenty-

four. Of course if Dr. Landois were correct in his statement that the

sex of an insect depends upon its nourishment, it follows that it must

be undetermined even until some time after the hatching of the egg.

No one indeed has yet ascertained that, in the case of the bee, the

sex is determined in the embryo, but from analogy it is most probable

that this is the case.

Moreover, as Prof. Siebold has pointed out (Zeit. f. Wiss. Zool.

1867, p. 525), the food of all bee-larvz is the same for the first six

days, and that of the drones and workers even longer—a fact which

seems fatal to M. Landois’ theory. M. Siebold expresses, in courteous

language, a doubt, which I think most naturalists will share, whether

there is not perhaps some mistake in M. Landois’ experiment.

In the same number of the ‘ Zeitschrift” M. Kleine also makes some

remarks on M. Landois’ theory. He also points out that the food of

workers and drones is identical; and as regards the difficulty pre-

sented by the crossing of the Italian bee with an ordinary drone, he

observes that Italian drones under any circumstances vary consider-

ably, and that even when of pure breed many of them cannot be dis-

tinguished from the northern variety. He adds, moreover, that before

the introduction of the Italian variety, drones closely resembling

Italians sometimes made their appearance.

Moreover, as long ago as 1862, Berlepsch had performed Landois’

experiment of transferring eggs, but with very different results. He

took six eggs out of drone-cells and placed them in ordinary cells.

Two perished, but four produced drones. Again he transferred six

other eggs from ordinary cells into drone-cells. One perished, the

other five produced larve which reached a certain size, and were then

destroyed by the bees. Berlepsch examined them and found that

they were males. It is evident, therefore, that the transference of eggs

from male cells to female cells, or vice versd, does not have any effect

on the sex.

M. E. Bessels * has also taken great pains to settle this interesting

question. In spite of several attempts, made with the greatest care, he

was unable successfully to perform the transference experiment. In

every case the bees removed the obnoxious egg. By varying the experi-

ment, however, which he did in a very ingenious manner, he induced the

* Zeits. f. Wiss. Zool., Vol. xviii. Pt. 1.

CXXVil

queen bee-to perform it for him. He took an ordinary queen and

placed her in a hive with a comb containing drone-cells only. She

was for some time disturbed by this unusual state of things, but after

awhile made a virtue of necessity, and commenced laying her eggs in

the drone-cells. These eggs in due time produced ordinary workers.

Again, M. Bessels took a young virgin queen, and by clipping her

wings rendered her incapable of marriage. He then placed her in a

hive with acomb which had no drone-cells, in spite of which her

eggs produced nothing but drones. As far as they go, these two ex-

periments, ingenious as they are, seem to me less conclusive than

those of Berlepsch. Under ordinary circumstances the bees appear

to regulate the food of the young larva according to the nature of the

cell in which it is placed, but we cannot take for granted that they

would do so under such exceptional conditions as when all the cells

were of the same character.

M. Bessels’ next experiment, however, is not open to this ob-

jection. He took combs which contained drone-cells only, and

placed them in a hive which he deprived of its queen. The bees,

in the usual manner, selected two or three of the larve, altered the

form of the cells, and commenced feeding them with royal food. The

drone larve, however, did not thrive under this unnatural treatment,

but perished; not, however, until the generative organs were suffi-

ciently developed to show that they were true males. This experi-

ment he repeated three times, always with a similar result.

M. Bessels does not seem to have been aware that Huber had

already made this experiment. Huber could not indeed induce an

ordinary queen, during her course of laying workers’ eggs, to lay ina

drone-cell, but he did cause a “ retarded,” or, as we should say, virgin

queen, to lay in worker cells and even in royal ones. In these cases

the workers fed the larva respectively with worker food and royal

food, but Huber expressly tells us that males only were produced,

though in the former case they were of small size from insufficient

nourishment. This experiment of Huber’s, which seems conclusive,

appears to have been overlooked by Dr. Landois as well as by his

opponents.

In the ‘ Comptes Rendus’ for November is a short notice of a memoir,

by M. Lespés,* on blind Coleoptera. He has examined the nervous

system of Apheenops Leschenaultii (one of the Carabide), of Adelops

* ‘Comptes Rendus,’ 1867, p. 890.

CXXVlil

pyreneus and Pholeuon Querilhaci (Silphide), o° Claviger Duvalii,

and of Langelandia anophthalma. He finds not only the optic nerve

has disappeared, but also that the brain itself is profoundly altered,

for as he expresses it, ‘‘ Les ganglions cérébroides, au lieu de former

une sorte de masse transversalement disposée dans la téte, ont la

forme de deux corps ovales allongés placés presque parallélement.”

In the ‘Geological Magazine’ for September last is a short but

interesting paper by -Mr. Dawson on paleozoic insects. The first

belongs to the carboniferous period. Insects representing the Orders

Neuroptera, Orthoptera and Coleoptera were long ago observed in the

coal-fields of England and Westphalia. Until last year, however,

though the coal-beds of Nova Scotia are rich in vegetable remains, no

remains of insects had been observed in them. ‘The species now de-

scribed by Mr. Scudder, under the name of Haplophlebium Barnesii,

after its finder, is referred to the Ephemerina, and must have measured

no less than seven inches across the wings. “We can easily under-

stand,” says Mr. Dawson, “ that the swamps and creeks of carboni-

ferous Acadia, with its probably mild and equable climate, must have

been especially favourable to such creatures, and we can imagine the

larve of these gigantic Ephemeras swarming on the deep black mud

of the ponds in these swamps, and furnishing a great part of the food

of the fishes inhabiting them, while the perfect insects, emerging from

the waters to enjoy their brief space of aérial life, would flit in millions

over the quiet pools and through the dense thickets of the coal-

swamps.”

Mr. Scudder describes four insects from the Devonian shales of

New Brunswick, under the names of Platephemera antiqua, Homothetus

fossilis, Lithentomum Harttii and Xenoneura antiquorum. ‘These are

the oldest insects yet known to us, but Mr. Scudder is satisfied from

the plants with which they are associated, that there can be no doubt

of their belonging to the Devonian period. They are all Neuro-

pterous, and allied to the Ephemeride. In the opinion of Mr. Scud-

der, however, they show a “ remarkable union of characters now found

in distinct orders of insects,’ and he lays special stress on the

presence in Xenoneura of a stridulating or musical apparatus, much

like that of the cricket. In addition to the interest of finding such

an organ among the Neuroptera, this observation brings before our

imagination, as Mr. Scudder says, “ the thrill and hum of insect-life

that enlivened the solitudes of these strange old forests.”

CXX1X

Mr. Kirkby also, in the ‘Geological Magazine,’ describes three

insect-wings from the coal-measures of Durham, and considers that

they probably belonged to insects allied to the Blattide.

Psyehe helix is well known to all entomologists as being one of

those interesting species of which the males long remained unknown.

From the time of Réaumur, naturalists have sought for it in vain.

Von Siebold especially examined a hundred and fifty specimens, which

all proved to be females. Latterly, indeed, one or two entomologists

have described insects which they supposed to be the males of

P. helix, but there has always been a certain amount of doubt about

it. Prof. Clauss appears to have been more fortunate, The larval case

of the male (Zeits. f. Wiss. Zool. vol. xvii. p. 470) is smaller than that of

the female, and somewhat different in form. The larva itself is very

similar in the two sexes, while, on the contrary, the pupe differ

considerably. Prof. Clauss gives a description and figure of the male,

and whatever doubt may attach to the supposed discovery of this sex

by other observers, we may now, | think, congratulate ourselves that

the male of this curious species has been at last discovered.

The last number of the Zeitschrift f. Wiss. Zool. * contains a short

paper by M. F. Ratzel on the egg of an Ephemera. He describes

and figures two curious hemispherical appendages which are attached

to their flat sides, one to each end of the egg. Leuckart, in his cele-

brated memoir, “ Ueber die Micropyle und den feineren Bau der

Schalenhaut bei den Insecteneiern,” had already observed a somewhat

similar appendage to the eggs of the Ephemeras examined by him, as

indeed Swammerdam had also done long before; but he considered

it to be a mass of spermatozoa, one end of which was engaged in the

micropyle opening. M. Ratzel has, however, observed the formation

of the appendages in the ovary, which proves that they belong to the

egg itself. The eggs examined by M. Ratzel have another curious

peculiarity. A number of fibrous cords, each ending in a circular

disk, are attached to the egg along two zones, which divide it into

three subequal parts. He suggests that the object of these curious

structures is to prevent the eggs from being carried away by the

current.

The ‘ Comptes Rendus’ for June last contain an interesting paper

by MM. Balbiani and Signoret, on Periphyllus testudinatus, which

* Vol. xviii. p. 99.

CXXX

has been translated in the ‘ Annals and Magazine of Natural History’

for August. This insect, known here as the leaf-insect or brown

Aphis of the maple, was discovered by Mr. 'Thornton in 1852, and

described under the name of Phyllophorus testudinatus. In 1858

Mr. Lane Clark changed the generic name to Chelymorpha, Phyllo-

phorus having been already used. Chelymorpha, however, is in the

same position, and M. Van der Hoeven therefore replaced it by Peri-

phyllus. The insect is a minute form of Aphis, about one twenty-

fifth of an inch in length, flat, and brown. It is characterised by

“the extraordinary development and unusual appearance of the tegu-

mentary system. Thus their surface is no longer furnished only with

simple hairs, but also and principally with scaly transparent lamelle,

more or less rounded or oblong, and traversed by divergent and rami-

fied nervures, These lamelle occupy especially the anterior margin

of the head, the first joint of the antenne (which is very stout and

protuberant), the outer edge of the tibiz of the two anterior pairs of

legs, and the lateral and posterior margins of the abdomen. Moreover

the whole dorsal surface of the latter and of the last thoracic segment

is covered with a design having the aspect of a mosaic, composed of

hexagonal compartments, and which is not without analogy to the

pattern formed by the scaly plates of the carapace of tortoises.”.....

“ Another remarkable character of these abnormal individuals of

Aphis Aceris is the rudimentary state of their generative apparatus.

This is reduced to a few groups of small, pale, and scarcely visible

cells, none of which arrives at maturity to become transformed into

an embryo: and it retains this character as long as it is possible to

observe the animal. The functions of nutrition, also, are performed

in them in a very unenergetic manner; for from the moment of their

birth until that at which we cease to observe them, they increase but

little in size, attaining scarcely 1 millimétre. They undergo no

change of skin, never acquire wings like the reproductive individuals,

and their antenne always retain the five joints which they present in

all young Aphides before the first moult. Nevertheless they possess

a well-developed rostrum and an intestinal canal, the peristaltic con-

tractions of which we have distinctly observed.”

This curions Aphis turns out to be, not, as was at first supposed,

the larva of a new species, but a special form of the well-known Aphis

aceris. MM. Balbiani and Signoret consider that they have placed

this remarkable fact beyond the possibility of doubt.

The question naturally arose, What was the signification “ of these

CXXXl

abnormal individuals of the Aphis of the maple, and what part did

they fulfil in the reproductive functions of the species to which they

belong? They are evidently not males, since their generative appa-

ratus retains the same rudimentary form at whatever epoch we

examine them. Moreover, in no known species of Aphis are the

males produced at the same time as the viviparous individuals, which

are not the true females of the species. There is therefore no other

alternative but to regard them as a modification of the specific type

constantly reproduced, with the same characters, by the successive

normal generations.”

This, I confess, seems to me no satisfactory explanation of the con-

stant production in a species of a form, very abnormal in appearance,

which does not reproduce itself, which scarcely grows at all, is almost

stationary, and, after living for several months, dies with the leaf on

which it was born. This: curious instance of Dimorphism seems to

offer a very promising field for further study, and I would specially

recommend it to the attention of the Members of our Society.

In conclusion, gentlemen, I cannot quit this chair without thanking

you for the constant courtesy and support which 1 have met with

from all during the two years that I have had the honour of presiding

over you; more especially my thanks are due to the members of

Council, and, above all, to my friend Mr. Dunning.

It is a great satisfaction to me to feel that I shall be succeeded by

my friend Mr. Bates, of whom we are all proud, by whose labours our

Science has been so much advanced, and under whose Presidency

our Society is, I think, sure to prosper.

Mr. Pascoe proposed a vote of thanks to Sir John Lubbock for his conduct in the

chair throughout his tenure of the Presidency, accompanied by a request that the

adinirable Address just delivered might be published in the Society’s ‘ Journal of

Proceedings.’ This was seconded by Mr. Grut, and carried by acclamation.

Sir J. Lubbock returned thanks, and acceded to the request.

The thanks of the Society were also voted to the other Officers, the Auditors,

and the Members of Council for 1867, and were acknowledged by Mr. S. Stevens,

Mr. Dunning, Mr. Janson and Mr, J. Jenner Weir.

CXXX1l

Abstract of the Treasurer’s Accounts for 1867.

Receipts.

Sle

By Balance in hand, Ist January, 1867 - - - - has? ol

», Arrears of Subscriptions s - - - - 93°30

» Subscriptions for 1867 - - 2 - : - “15427 0

» Admission Fees = - = = = - 1871S3"O

5» Sale of ‘ Transactions’ - - - = . - car (hs &

+ » Furniture, &ce. - - - = 7S

», Interest on £109 14s. 9d. Giasils - = - - 3a 10

»» Tea Subscriptions - - - - Liay6,0

», Donation from W. Wilson Su niilers Esq. - - ie sy) (0)

-* + J.W. Dunning, Esq. - - - - 10a FOr 0)

£416 18 4

PayYMENTS.

£ s. d.

To paid Arrears for 1866, Rent, one quarter - - - 5:00

» Fire Insurance to Lady Day, 1868 = : - oak

» Librarian for Attendance < - = - - 18 4 0

» for Tea, 138 Meetings = - - = 13°13) 40

» Attendance, Coals, Candles, Postage, Stationery, Ke. - 50 12) 9

» Rent, to Christmas, 1867 - - - - 2 20) 0° 0

53 Printing ‘ Transactions’ E = - = 1197 + (5 29

* 5 ‘ Proceedings,’ Circulars, &c. - - - 16 14 0

» for Plates, engraving - - 2 - - - It 14 0

+) én printing = - = - = 15) 10) 36

“5 9 colouring - - - - = - 85 9 0

»» Books purchased - - - : - 416 0

» Prize for Essay on Economic Entomology - . - op ne

Balance in Treasurer's hands —- 3 . fl kay

£416 18 4

Liabilities and Assets of the Society.

LIaBILities. ASSETS. :

ISS me ee es the

To Loan of Mr. Dunning 45 0 0 | By Arrears of Subscriptions:—

Good (say) 18 18 O

Doubtful £40 19s. Od.

» £109 14s. 9d. Consols } 100

(cost)

,» Cash Balance in hand - 110 4

AO OO 120 8 4

Less Liabilities 45 0 0

£75 8 4

LONDON:

E. NEWMAN, PRINTER, DEVONSHIRE STREET, BISHOPSGATE.

( exam )

GENERAL INDEX.

Norr.—Where the name only of an Insect is mentioned, the description

of the Insect will be found at the page referred to.

The Arabie figures refer to the pages of the Transactions; the Roman

numerals to the pages of the Journal of Proceedings.

PAGR

GENERAL SUBJECTS......... CXxxili | LEPIDOPTERA ..........

PNPUREURUAL sels slave sivisiers sinreaphe sivee'e CXXXiV MYRIAPODA ...s..e.e0e0

PSRNOTENED Aisne cetusnneee swoeacse exxxiv | NEUROPTERA...........-

COLEOPTERA ..:..0..sseccscee8 CXXKV | ORTHOPTERA.......0.000%

IDUPTIGRAS saidlenio cis ode. vise vie.0 CXXxvil | STREPSIPTERA ...........

EEMMEP TERA ..50.seoees ses os oo Cxexvil)) “EV SSNURA ene s.cees

HIYMENOPTERA .........-.000+ CXXXViil

GENERAL SUBJECTS.

Ailanthiculture, or, the Prospect of a new English Industry,

Anniversary Address of President for 1866, li.

: for 1867, cxiii.

Annual Report of the Council for 1866, 1.

for 1867, exi.

‘ Army worm,’ injury to cotton crop, xxvi.

Catalogue of British Insects, Ixxxi, exii.

Centipede, killed by heat, Ixxxviil.

Chrysalides, on coloration of, xcix—ci.

‘ Coffee-borer’ of Southern India, cix.

Golour of insects dependent on that of habitat, xeix, exxiv.

Cork, injury to, by insects, viii.

Cotton-crop in Egypt destroyed by Earias siliquana, Ixxxix.

injury to, by ‘army worm,’ xxvi.

Death-watch, tapping noise of, iii, v, xxiii.

Dog-tick, note on, ii.

PAGE

Bi tod CXXXVili

We exli

se exliv

Dzierzon’s theory of reproduction in the honey-bee, 547, xcii, exxy.

Fungoid growth on Cicada, xxx.

on larvie, viil, ix.

on a spider, x¢i, x¢vii.

( cxxxiv )

GENERAL SUBJECTS—continued.

Galls, notes on, ix, X, XV, XXxi, xxxii, xxxvi, xlii.

‘Gut’ used by fishermen, obtained from silkworms, civ.

Gynandromorphism, cases of, iv, xviii, xcix.

Hybernation, secretion of fat for purposes of, Ixxvil.

Insect wax, xviii.

Isle of Man, insects from, xxv.

Larvee, dislike of birds for certain, xly, xxx, Ixxxv.

Locusts, plague of, in Algeria, xxiii.

Mauritius, notes on the butterflies of, 329.

Meal-worm in wine-cellar, viii.

Meetings of the Society held in Burlington House, xxix.

Mermis nigrescens, note on, XxCi.

Mimetic resemblances, remarks on, xxxvi—xli, xliv—xlviii.

Monstrosities, xcix.

Nomenclatnre, priority of, cix.

Notice of subjects for discussion, xxix.

Ocelli of caterpillars, note on, exvii.

Paleozoic insects, Cxxviil.

Poisonous spider at Berdiansk, xiv.

‘ Pongee’ silk, xxy.

Prize Essay for 1865, 185.

for 1866, 355.

Protection of trees from insects, xviii.

Publication, what is, for the purpose of priority in nomenclature, cix.

Relation between size of specimen and period of development, 1xxi.

Reproduction in the honey-bee, 547, xcii, exxy.

Rye, injury to, by Ochsenheimeria tawrella, xix.

Sexual characters of larve, note on, xci.

Silkworm disease, communication of, to other larve, ev.

Snow, insects sinking into, by radiation of heat, xix.

Sounds produced by insects, exv.

Species and varieties, ]xxxii.

Swarming of beetles, Ixxxy.

Treasurer’s Accounts for 1866, Ixvi.

for 1867, exxxil.

Variation depending on food of larva, xliv.

Varieties of Lepidoptera, ii, ix, xxii, Xxvi, XXXili, xxxiv, lxx, x¢, cyiil.

Wheat, Dipterous larvee destructive to, ix.

White ants, ravages of, at St. Helena, xii.

destructive to coffee-beans, 327.

APTERA.

Ixodes plumbeus, dog-tick, note on, il.

ARACHNIDA.

Ciniflo ferox, overgrown with fungus, xci, xcyii.

Poisonous spider at Berdiansk, xiv.

Spider’s nest, impervious to wet, xi.

( emxxy: )

COLEOPTERA.

Aithomerus analis 281.

cretatus, 281.

verrucosus, 281.

Agestrata Parryi, xciii.

Agrilus eneicollis, 317.

wreus, 318.

ceruleicollis, 319.

cwpricauda, 520.

leucostictus, 317.

longicollis, 315.

octonotatus, 316.

ornativentris, 315.

pauciguttatus, 519.

viridicupreus, 319.

Alcidion privatum, 283.

Alphus asellus, 282.

Anacamptorhina fulgida, xev.

Anastetha (un. g.) raripila, xxviii.

Anobiwm, on the noise made by, iii, iv, v.

Anthicus salinus, 439.

Apilocera posticu, 295.

Articerus Bostockit, xv.

Odewahnii, xv.

Atomaria Wollastont, 435.

Buprestide collected by Mouhot in Siam, 297.

new species of, 429.

from Penang, 509.

of Australia, note on nomenclature of, cix.

Callichroma scitulum, 292.

Calosoma Curtisii, notes on, lxxii.

Cardiaspis (n. g.) Mouhotii, 306, 307.

Carterica optata, 284.

Castalia awromaculata, 518.

Catoxantha gigantea, var. brunnea, 300.

Cerapterus Macleayii, notes on, lxxi.

Cetonia, new Malayan species of, xevi, xevil.

Cetoniide, new species of Malayan, xciil.

Charis corinna, 290.

Chrysobothris discicollis, 515.

foveiceps, 516.

longula, 515.

similis, 517.

Chrysochroa Andamanensis, 431.

Deyrollii, 430.

Parryi, 430.

rugicollis, 300.

Saumdersii, 301.

similis, 429.

Chrysodema awrostriata, 302.

Lambii, 510.

( cma )

COLHEOPTERA—continued.

Chrysoprasis Bouchardi, 292.

Clinteria, new Malayan species of, xciii.

Colobothew distincta, 284.

Corebus analis, 518.

aurofasciatus, 312.

cupreomarginatus, 312.

denticollis, 313.

Pascoei, 518.

violaceipennis, 313.

Cryptodactylus ceruleus, 311.

Cydros (nu. g.) leucwrus, 285.

Cyphogastra auwripennis, 432.

Damaster awricollis, 529.

Dermestes, larva destroying corks, vii.

Dicercomorpha cupreomaculata, 306.

Dipelicus, note on, 531.

Discoderes tricolor, 310.

Ectrephes (n. g.) formicarwm, Xvi, XXii.

Engycera (n. g.), 308.

ened, 309.

purpuriceps, 309.

rufimarginata, 308.

Ewremina (n. g.) agnella, xevii.

Ewryomia, new Malayan species of, xev, xcvi.

Euryptera lyciformis, 289.

fs ruficollis, 289.

Gyrophena Powerit, 439.

Hemilophus ? mwrinus, 288.

Heterorhina, new Malayan species of, xciii.

Hylurgus piniperda, injurious to Pinus insignis, Ixxiii.

Tridotenia igniceps, 302.

obscura, 511.

Tsomerida amicta, 287.

Lampetis affinis, 305.

psilopteroides, 304.

puncticollis, 303.

viridicuprea, 304.

Lathrobium Jansoni, 441.

Lepturges figuratus, 283.

Lomaptera, new species of, xciii, xciv.

Longicornia, collected by Bouchard at 8. Marta, 279.

Macronota, new Malayan species of, xciv, xcv.

Macronychus 4-tuberculatus, a new British species, xxxvi.

Mecynotarsus albellus, xvi.

Melibeus cwpricollis, 314.

Melobasis purpwriceps, 512.

Neoclytus scenicus, 294.

New British species of Coleoptera, 435.

Oncomea (n. g.) cerulea, 320, 321.

Phew astatheoides, 289.

crocata, 288.

( cxxxvi )

COLEOPTERA—continued.

Philanthawvia auwreoviridis, 513.

Philonthus addendus, 440.

Phenidnus (n. g.) lissonotoides, 293.

Plectrone, n. g., xciv.

Pecilonota nigrofasciata, 511.

Ptiliwm concolor, 435.

Rhopalophora intincta, 291.

mestula, 292.

Schizorhina, new Malayan species of, xey.

Serropalpus striatus, a British species, evi.

Sitones ononidis, 438.

Steirastoma lycaon, 279.

stellio, 280.

Stenus annulatus, 442.

major, new to Britain, xhi.

Shepherdi, 441.

Steraspis awrovittata, 432.

Sternocera equisignata, 298.

punctatofoveata, 298.

ruficornis, 299.

Sternoplus, n. g., xevii.

Stygnesis (n. g.) punctiger, 286.

Telephorus Darwinianus, 436.

scoticus, 437.

Tenebrio, larva eating cork, viii.

Throscus, British species of, xi.

elateroides, new to Britain, x.

Thysia, note on, evi.

Tomicus monographus, destruction of beer-barrels by, Ixxv.

Toxotus Lacordairii, xxxiv.

Trachys fasciunculus, 320.

Xenopsis (n. g.) levis, 514.

Zeale (n. g.) scalaris, 287.

DIPTERA.

Corethra plumicornis, metamorphosis of, exvii.

Epidapus venaticus, note on, xci.

House-fiy with Chelifers attached, xxvii.

Larve destructive to young wheat, ix.

Pharyngobolus Africanus, note on, lxxxy.

Tipula replicata, note on larva of, ii.

HEMIPTERA.

Aphides, development of, note on, ¢xxi.

hermaphroditism of, xx, ¢xxiv.

notes on, XX, XXi.

Cicade, with fungoid excrescences, xxx.

Coccus, case of, resembling a Patella, xxxil.

on orange trees, xcii.

(| cxxxvii )

HEMIPTERA—continued.

Enicocephalus Tasmanicus, note on, 1xxxvii.

Fireflies, simultaneous exhibition of light by, xxvii.

Periphyllus testudinatus, note on, cxxx.

Redwiide, with musk-like odour, lxxxvii.

HYMENOPTERA.

Aylaw glechome, gall formed by, ix.

Bembew olivacea, a British insect, viii.

Cataulacus pretextus, 528.

Cryptoceride, new species of, 523.

Cryptocerus angulosus, 525.

conspersus, 523.

elongatus, in nest of Trigona, 327.

exiguus, 524.

scutulatus, 524.

Dielocerus Ellisii, note on, 323.

Dolerus madidus, gynandromorphous, xcix.

Eumenes coarctatus, nest of, evi.

Formica, note on a, said to have been found in Scotland, Ixxvi.

Honey-bee, on Dzierzon’s theory of reproduction, 547, xcii, exxy.

Hylotoma fasciata, monstrosity, xcix.

Ichneumon parasitic on Dasypolia templi, \xxviii.

Megachile, note on nests of, cyi.

Meranoplus dimidiatus, 527.

diversus, 527.

fenestratus, 526.

Mutations of pupe of Hymenoptera, note on, xxiii.

Notes on species collected by Peckolt in South Brazil, 323.

Odynerus quadratus, nest of, xe.

Osmia bicornis, nest of, in the lock of a door, Ixxvi.

Poragia decipiens, with parasitic Xenos, from Australia, Ixxxviii.

Pelecinus, note on, Ixxxy.

Pimpla oculatoria, bred, vii.

Polistes, in Cornwall, and note on ener of, eviii.

Polybia pygmea, nest of, 324.

Rhyssa perswasoria, note on, lxxxy.

Tenthredo scalaris, with five wings, xcix.

Trigona basalis, 6, 326.

mosquito, 2 and § , 324—326.

ruficrus, note on, 326.

Wasps’ nests, notes on, vi.

LEPIDOPTERA.

Acidalia veterata, note on, xxxy.

Aciptilus desertorum, 460.

Actias selene, larva of, xliii, xliv.

Adela De Geerella, variety of, xe.

Agathia, new species from Shanghai, xxvi.

Ailanthiculture, 185.

(> (CSeLE 4.)

LEPIDOPTERA—continued.

Argymnis Lathonia, note on, xxxiii.

varieties of, eviii.

Bombyx Cynthia, on the cultivation of, in England, 185, xxiv, Ixx.

notes on, Xiv, Xxii, xxiv.

variation in, 485.

and Ricini, note on, iii.

neustria, silkworm disease communicated to larve of, cy.

Yamamai, Essay on, 355.

Butterflies of Mauritius, notes on, 329.

from Maranham, 535.

Calamotropha Hierichuntica, 454.

Ceutholopha, subg. noy., 465.

Charaxes Jasius, note on larva, xxi.

bred in England, eviii.

Chrysalides, on coloration of, xcix.

Clerome Amathusia, 566.

Coccyx vernana, n. sp., XCix.

Colenis Telesiphe, 564.

Coleophora lizvella, larva of, Ixxxvil.

Coloration of chrysalides, xcix.

Crambina from Egypt, 461.

from Palestine, 453.

Cremna Beltiana, 541.

Eucharila, 543.

heterad, 542.

Melampia, 543.

list of the species of, 542.

Cyclogramma bimaculata, 565.

Danaide, tabular view of, 472.

Dasypolia templi, parasitic ichneumon of, Ixxvili.

Depressaria rutana, larva of, xcii.

Dianthecia cesia, a British species, xvii, xviii, xxv.

Dicrorampha flavidorsana, a new British species, xxxv.

Earias siliquana, destructive to cotton-crop in Egypt, Ixxxix.

Ebulea catalawnalis, in Britain, civ.

Emesis Aurelia, 544.

Ephestia Cahiritella, 466.

; tenebrosa, 458.

Eromene Cambridgii, 463.

Euzophera Faustinella, 457.

Favorinella, 457.

pilosella, 456.

Samuaritanella, 456.

Galls formed by larve of Lepidoptera, x, xv, xxxi, xlii.

Gelechia, note on larve of, xxv.

larva forming sand-cocoons, xii.

Gracilaria scalaviella, bred from Echiwn vulgare, xiii.

Grapholitha ravulana, in Britain, xcix.

Heliconia, notes on, iil.

Timareta, 563.

Cts)

LEPIDOPTERA—continued,

Heliconius Erato and Doris, note on, 537.

Melpomene and Thelwxiope, note on, 538.

novatus, 539.

parwplesius, 540.

Heliothis armiger, injury done to the cotton-crop, xxvi.

Hepialus lupulinus, larve of, with fungoid excrescences, ix.

Hestia, monograph of, 467.

Clara, 469.

Heterochroa Saundersii, 564.

Hybernation, secretion of fat for purpose of, Ixxvii.

Hyponomeuta egregiella, larva of, lxxxyii.

Lasiocampa catae, seven years in pupa, CXXv.

trifolii, variety of, Ixx.

Leptalis Avonia, 563.

Ithomia, 562.

Othoe, 562.

Theonoe and Orise, note on, 536.

Libythea Cinyras, 337.

Liparis dispar, variation and degeneration of, xliv, xlix.

Macroglossa stellatarum, flying up and down walls, xlix, Ixx.

Melanippe fluctuata, variety of, xxvi.

Melitea Provencialis, note on larva, xxi.

Myelois monogrammos, 455.

Naclia ancilla, new to Britain, Ixxvi.

Nephopteryx Isidis, 464.

scabida, 464.

Ngmphidiwm Chione, 545.

syluarum, 545.

Ochsenheimeria tawrella, injurious to rye, xix.

(Eceticus ?, note on larva-cases of, xi, xii.

Olina Stalachtoides, 540.

‘Papilio Dares, 561.

Phorbanta, note on its occurrence in Madagasear, eviil.

Xeniades, 561.

Pempelia Psammenitella, 463.

Pieris cinerea, 563.

Pyrrha, monstrous specimen of, xxxvi.

Plumules on butterflies’ wings, note on, xxxv.

Pseudopheles (n. g.) sericina, 544.

Psyche crassiorella, in Britain, xcix.

helix, discovery of male of, exxix. :

Pterophorina from Palestine, 453.

Pyrameis Cardui, in New Zealand, Ixxxvii.

Relation between size of specimen and period of development, Ixxi.

Schenobius Niloticus, 462.

Scoparia basistrigalis, a new British species, xxii.

Sericoris euphorbiana, taken at Folkstone, xxii.

Simaethis Hgyptiaca, 461.

Stathmopoda Guerinii, economy of, xxxi, xxxv.

pedella, larva of, xxxi.

( exli_ )

LEPIDOPTERA—continued.

Sterrha sacraria, captured at sugar, ii.

development of, civ.

Thais, monograph of, ci.

Henrietta, n. sp., cii.

Thecla betule, pupa of, xxxiv.

Theope Janus, 546.

Tinea, larva of, in antelope’s horn, ev.

oleastrella, note on, xxvii.

Vanessa, abnormal pupa of, xlii.

Milberti, note on, Ixxxix.

Varieties of Lepidoptera, ii, ix, xxii, xxvi, Xxxiii, xxxiv, Ixx, xe, eviil.

Xylina Zinckenii, a new British species, xxxv.

Zelleria phillyrella, n. sp., note on, xcii.

MYRIAPODA.

Pawropus, a new form, xxxii.

NEUROPTERA.

Agapetus, British species of, 162—164.

Agraylea multipunctata, 92.

Agrypnia Pagetana, 21.

Anabolia, British species of, 53—56.

Anisocentropus flavicaput, 260.

Apatania vestita, 74.

Ascalaphus, eggs of, vi.

Asotocerus (n. g.) ochracellus, 254, 255.

Atropos, noise made by, xxiii.

Berea, British species of, 164—167.

Boreus hyemalis, note on, ey.

Brachycentrus subnubilus, 89.

Chetopteryx tuberculosa, 71.

Chimarra marginata, 168.

Colpotaulius incisus, 24.

Cyrnus, British species of, 148—150.

Diplectrowa flavomaculata, 136.

Eecclisopteryx guttulata, 68.

Eenomus (n. g.) tenellus, 150.

Ephemera, note on the egg of an, exxix.

Eremopsocus (n. g.) infumatus, 347, 348.

Ganonema (n. g.) pallicorne, 253, 254.

Glossosoma, British species of, 160—162.

Goera flavipes, 80.

Grammotaulius, British species of, 24—26.

Halesus, British species of, 64—67.

guttatipennis, n. sp., 66.

Hydropsyche, British species of, 124—130.

contubernalis, n. sp., 129.

Edwardsii, 269.

( exlii_ )

NEUROPTERA—continued.

Hydroptila, British species of, 92—96.

angustella, n. sp., 95.

Leptocerus, British species of, 101—109.

Leptopsyche (n. g.) gracilis, 266, 267.

Linmmephilus, British species of, 27—53.

admorsus, 250.

striola, gynandromorphous, xcix.

larva-case of, note on, xiv.

Macronema dulce, 262.

Saundersii, 261.

Wallacet, 262.

notes on the synonymy of, 263.

Mantispa basella, 504.

Batesella, 507.

bella, 502.

Burmanella, 507.

cognatella, 506.

Egella, 502.

Eurydella, 501.

fasciatella, 503.

fumosella, 504.

Hagenella, 504.

Hamiltonella, 506.

widella, 503.

Myrapetrella, 505.

Partheniella, 501.

sequella, 503.

Molonna angustata, 100

Mormonia, British species of, 84—88.

Myrmeleon formicarius, note on, Vi.

Mystacides, British species of, 1183—116.

Nemoptera imperatriz, 507.

Nesopsyche (n. g.) flavisignata, 268, 269.

Neureclipsis (n. g.) bimaculata, 151.

Newronia clathrata, captured in Staffordshire, eviii.

ruficrus, 19.

Newrosema (n. g.) wpicalis, 346, 347.

Notanatolica (n. g.), species of, 256—258.

gilolensis, n. sp., 258.

Notidobia ciliaris, 79.

Odontocerus albicornis, 98.

Paleozoic Newroptera, exxviii.

Phacopteryx brevipennis, 69.

Philopotamus, British species of, 137—139.

Phryganea, British species of, 12—17.

japonica, 248.

Maclachlani, 249.

Plectrocnemia conspersa, 143.

Polycentropus, British species of, 144—147.

orientalis, 272.

( exliii )

NEUROPTERA—continued.

Polycentropus Parfitti, n. sp., 147.

Psilochorema (n. g.) mimicum, 273, 274.

Psocide, aberrations in neuration, xlv.

new genera and species of, 345.

Psocus cosmopterus, 350.

femoratus, 349.

fraternus, 349.

qriseipennis, 348.

grisescens, 350.

imbecillus, 351.

infectus, 350.

pallipes, 349.

striatifrons, 351.

Psychomia, British species of, 133—135.

Pycnocentria (n. g.) fumerea, 251, 252.

Raphidia, notes on, 493.

armeniaca, 497.

bavarica, 497.

corsica, 496.

cyprica, 498.

Rapisma, n. g., 353.

Rhyacophila, British species of, 154—109.

septentrionis, nu. sp., 157.

Sciops (n. g.), 270.

octomaculata, 272.

wnicolor, 271.

synonymous with Hydromanicus, xxviii.

Sericostoma Spencii, 77. :

Setodes, British species of, 116—121.

hemerobioides, 259.

intaminata, 117.

Silo, British species of, 81—84.

fumipennis, n. sp., 83.

Stenoperla, n. g., 354.

Stenophylaw, British species of, 57—63.

infumatus, n. sp., 63.

Stenopsyche (n. g.) griseipennis, 264, 265.

Termes, ravages of, at St. Helena, xii.

cumulans, destructive to coffee-beans, 327.

Thyrsophorus bellus, 345.

Tinodes, British species of, 180—133.

assimilis, n. sp., 133.

Trienodes (n. g.), British species of, 110—112.

Trichoptera, monograph of British species, 1.

descriptions of new exotic, 247.

observations on species described by Mr. Walker, 276.

Trichoscelia, new species of, 501.

notha, note on, xcix.

White ant, ravages of, at St. Helena, xii.

destructive to coffee-beans, 327.

Wormaldia (n. g.), British species of, 140—142.

( exhv )

ORTHOPTERA.

Locusta, note on auditory organ of, exx.

Locusts, plague of, in Algeria,” xxiii.

Mantis, resembling a Phasma, ey.

Phasma, note on a South-American species, Ixxviii.

Pecilocerus, pup copulating, ev.

STREPSIPTERA.

Xenos, occurrence of, in Australia, Ixxxviil.

Stylopida, note on distribution of, Ixxxviii.

THYSANURA.

Podura tuberculata, note on, Ixxxy.

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III. Descriptions of new or little known Genera and Species of

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IV. List of the Longicornia collected by the late Mr. P. Bouchard

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VI. Notes on some Hymenopterous Insects collected by Mr. Peckolt

at Catagallo, South Brazil. By Frepertcx Suiru, late Pres.

Ent, Soe. . : . ° . ‘ . . . . 323

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X. On the Oak-feeding Silkworm from Japan, Bombyx Yamamai

(Guérin-Méneville). By ALexanper Wattace, M.D., M.R.C.P.

(Being the Prize Essay of the Entomological Society for the

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XI. Descriptions of Six new Species of Buprestide belonging to

the Tribe ira Sa Lacordaire. ry EpwarbD

SAUNDERS . . : 429

XII. Additions to the Cana of British. Colapleens eh ee

scriptions of new Peers By G. R. Crorcu and Davip

SHARP... eit ate 435

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the New Species described, by Professor ZELLER. 453

XIV. Choreutide and Crambina, collected in Egypt, by the Rel.

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Species described, by Professor ZELLER. . 461

XV. A Monograph of the Genus Hestia, with a Tabular View of

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Pgs

Per ane

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THE

OF THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

LONDON.

THIRD SERIES.

VOW s

PEA EE seeV By No De EL.

—a—

WITH THREE PLATES.

LO ND.O.N2%

PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY BY H. T. ROWORTH,

164, KING’S CROSS ROAD.

SOLD AT THE SOCIETY’S ROOMS, 12, BEDFORD ROW,

AND BY

LONGMAN, GREEN, READER AND DYER, PATERNOSTER ROW.

1867.

[Price 4:s.]

CONTENTS

’ or

VOLUME V.—PART VII.

XIX. Notes on Rare and Descriptions of New Species of Buprestide

collected by Mr. James Lamp in Penang. By Epwarp

SAUNDERS. . ; : O09

XX. Descriptions of New Species of Cr yptoceride. " By FREDERICK

SMITH. . > 623

XXI. Description ofa New Carabideous Insect from J apan. By

C. O. WatERHOoUSE. 529

XXII. Note on a Genus of Dynastid- ‘Lamellicorns belonging to the

family Pimelopide. By C.O.WarERHOUSE. .. 531

XXII. On a Collection of Butterflies formed by THomas Brett, Esq,, 4

- in the interior of the Province of Maranham, Brazil. By

H. W. BatEs, : 535

XXIV. Observations on Dzierzon’s Theory of Reproduction i in the

Honey Bee. By Jonn Lower. 547

XXY. Descriptions of some New Species of Diurnal Lepidoptera.

By W. C. Hewrrson. Q : : 2 : : : 561

Journal of Proceedings t p A : : : F “Ixxxy.

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON,

No. 12, BEDFORD ROW.

COUNCIL, 1867.

Sir Joun Lusgock, Bart., F.R.S., V-P.L.S., &c., President.

J. O. Westwoop, Esq., M.A., F.L.8., &e.

H. T. Stainton, Esq., F.R.S., &e. Vice-Presidents.

FREDERICK Smitu, Esq.

SAMUEL Stevens, Esq., F.L.S., Treasurer.

J. W. Dunnine, Esq., M.A., F.L.S., &e.

Davip SHarp, Esq., M.B.

H. W. Bates, Hsq., F.Z.8.

R. M‘Lacutan, Esq., F.L.S.

Freperic Moors, Ksq.

i Secretaries.

G. S. SaunpErs, Esq.

A. F. SHepparp, Esq.

J. JENNER WEIR, Esq., F.L.S.

The Meetings are held at Burlington House, Piccadilly, at 7 p.m. on the

first Monday in every Month from November to July inclusive, and on the

third Monday in November, February, and March.

- The Librarian att ads at No. 12, Bedford Row, every Monday, from 2 to

7.o’clock.

Members and Subscribers, resident more than fifteen miles from London,

who have paid their subscription for the current year, are entitled to

receive the Transactions without further payment, and to those resident in

the United Kingdom they will be forwarded free, by post.

THE

TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

LONDON.

THIRD SERIES.

VOR AV.

PART THE EIGHTH.

LONDON:

PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY BY H. T. ROWORTH,

164, KINGS CROSS ROAD.

SOLD AT THE SOCIETY’S ROOMS, 12, BEDFORD ROW,

AND BY

LONGMAN, GREEN, READER AND DYER, PATERNOSTER ROW.

1868.

[Price 2s.]

CONTENTS

VOLUME V.—PART VIII.

PAGE

Title Page, Contents, List of Members, &c. . . . . ... . i.

Journal of Proceedings . . . SN SnD salle Jia eau st cv.

Tie aon’ 0, SAR aaa ME CSN, NY AL eR a ce

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON,

No. 12, BEDFORD ROW.

COUNCIL, 1868.

H. W. Bares, Esq., F.Z.8., President.

Sir Jonn Luspock, Barr, F.R.S., &.

W. Witson Saunvers, Esq., F.R.S., &c. > Vice- Presidents.

H. T. Srainton, Esq., F.R.S., &e. ,

SamMvuEt Stevens, Hsq., F.L.S., Treasurer.

J. W. Dunnine, Esq., M.A., F.LS., &e.

Rosert M‘Lacutan, Esq., F'.L.S. Secretaries.

FERDINAND GRruvt, Esq.,

OsBert SALVIN, Esq., M.A., F.L.S., &e.

G. §. Saunpers, Esq.

FREDERICK SMITH, Hsq.

RoLanD TrimMen, Esq.

J.O. Westwoop, Esq., M.A., F.L.8.,&c.

The Meetings are held at Burlington House, Piccadilly, at 7 P.M. on the

first Monday in every Month from November to July inclusive, and on the

third Monday in November, February, and March.

The Librarian attends at No. 12, Bedford Row, every Monday, from 2 to

7 o'clock.

Members and Subscribers, resident more than fifteen miles from London,

who have paid their subscription for the current year, are entitled to

receive the Transactions without further payment, and to those resident in

the United Kingdom they will! be forwarded free, by post.