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FIELDIANA: BOTANY
A Continuation of the
BOTANICAL SERIES
of
FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
VOLUME 31
The Library of the
JAN 1 8 1979
FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
CHICAGO, U. S. A.
520.5
•FB
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
1. Two New Species of Palms from Nicaragua. By S. F. Glassman ... 1
2. Tropical American Plants, VI. By Louis O. Williams 11
3. Agriculture, Tehuacan Valley. By C. Earle Smith, Jr 49
4. Flora, Tehuacan Valley. By C. Earle Smith, Jr 101
5. Preliminary Studies in the Palm Genus Syagrus Mart, and Its Allies.
By S. F. Glassman 145
6. Tropical American Plants, VII. By Louis 0. Williams 165
7. Supplement to Orchids of Guatemala. By Donovan S. Correll .... 175
8. Preliminary Notes on Scrophulariaceae of Peru. By Gabriel Edwin . . 223
9. New Species in the Palm Genus Syagrus Mart. By S. F. Glassman . . 233
10. Tropical American Plants, VIII. By Louis O. Williams 247
11. Notes on the Flora of Costa Rica, I. By William C. Burger 273
12. A New Eurystyles from Nicaragua. By Alfonso H. Heller 279
13. New Species in the Palm Genus Syagrus Mart. By S. F. Glassman . . 285
14. A Revision of the Family Geastraceae. By Patricio Ponce de Leon . . 303
15. Studies in American Plants. By Dorothy N. Gibson 353
16. Two New Nicaraguan Juglandaceae. By Antonio Molino R 357
17. Studies in the Palm Genus Syagrus Mart. By S. F. Glassman .... 363
18. Tropical American Plants, IX. By Louis O. Williams 401
STUDIES IN AMERICAN PLANTS
DOROTHY N. GIBSON
TWO NEW NICARAGUAN JUGLANDACEAE
ANTONIO MOLINA R.
STUDIES IN THE PALM GENUS SYAGRUS MART.
S. F. GLASSMAN
TROPICAL AMERICAN PLANTS, IX
LOUIS 0. WILLIAMS
FIELDIANA: BOTANY
VOLUME 31 NUMBERS 15, 16, 17, 18
Published by
FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
MAY 23, 1968
JULH1968
mi
TROPICAL AMERICAN PLANTS, IX
LOUIS 0. WILLIAMS
Chief Curator of Botany, Field Museum of Natural History
FIELDIANA: BOTANY
VOLUME 31 NUMBER 18
Published by
FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
MAY 23, 1968
PUBLICATION 1048
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 61-17730
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
BY FIELD MUSEUM PRESS
Tropical American Plants, IX
In the course of the studies for the next part of "Flora of Guate-
mala" I have seen the collections in U. S. National Herbarium and
borrowed many for closer study; Dr. C. L. Lundell kindly sent me
all the Guatemalan and British Honduran "Contortae" from his
herbarium for study; the type of Lisianthus oreopolus has been loaned
from Gray Herbarium ; Dr. George Taylor supplied type photographs
of certain critical species of Lisianthus conserved at Kew; several
critical specimens were loaned by Missouri Botanical Garden. The
excellent collections of Dennis Breedlove from Chiapas and Guate-
mala, sent for determination, have helped to make certain Gentian-
aceae more easily understandable.
The Peruvian materials included indicates a continuing interest
in Peruvian Amazonia. Materials have been received through Dr.
Kukachka for the U. S. Forest Products Laboratory — Servicio For-
estal y de Caza of Peru's joint program, and through our own pro-
gram with Servicio Forestal.
Dr. Eizi Matuda has sent a number of Mexican Orchidaceae for
determination. Two of these have proven to be undescribed species.
Much of the field work and travel involved here has been made
possible by grants from National Science Foundation.
APOCYNACEAE
Two species of Plumeria occur in the range of the "Flora of
Guatemala." These are accounted for in Woodson's revision of the
genus (Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 25: 202-224. 1938).
Plumeria obtusa L. is represented by the var. sericifolia (C.
Wright) Woodson, which differs from the species in having the under
surface of the leaves, and sometimes the petioles and inflorescences,
pubescent.
Plumeria rubra L. is represented by an almost endless number
of flower color forms. Woodson gives formal recognition to four
forms: f. typica (= f. rubra), f. lutea, f. acutifolia and f. tricolor.
401
402 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 31
Of these formae all have been seen in cultivation by myself in
Central America. The only one which I have seen as a wild tree is
the white flowered "so called" form. This appears in Dr. Woodson's
account as "forma acutifolia (Ait.) Woodson, comb, nov." unfortun-
ately a lapsus for the only "acutifolia" in the synonymy under P.
rubra is P. acutifolia Poir. (and in Gray card index this is assumed to
be basionym). However, there is a P. acuminata Ait. in the syn-
onymy so that there is a question whether Dr. Woodson's lapsus
involves the name or the authority.
Woodson has not used the formal designation "acutifolia" on
any specimen which I have seen, although he has determined speci-
mens said to have white flowers with the name P. rubra L., certainly
in accord with his feeling expressed in discussion in his revision.
He provided names for a few outstanding color variations "for the
use of those who desire some distinction in the matter." In "Flora
of Guatemala" they will be provided for the same reason.
Plumeria obtusa L. var. sericifolia (C. Wright) Woodson,
Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 25: 214. 1938. P. sericifolia C. Wright ex
Griseb. Cat. PI. Cub. 171. 1866. P. multiflora Standl. Field Mus.
Bot. 8: 33. 1930.
Guatemala: "flor de chombo," tree, bajo del Hormiguero in tintal,
Pete"n, Jan. 21, 1959, Contreras 479 (LL) ; "flor de Mayo," tree 9
inches in diameter and 30 feet high, corolla white, bajo de Santa
FC", Pete*n, May 11, 1959, Lundell 15985 (LL).
These are the first collections of this Plumeria which I have seen
from Guatemala. It is to be found also in Mexico (Yucatan),
British Honduras and on several of the islands of the West Indies.
In Dr. Woodson's revision of Prestonia (Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 23:
276-367. 1936) his "Section 4 Tomentosae" has four species in
Central America, P. mexicana A. DC., P. amenuensis Woodson, P.
isthmica and P. speciosa Donn.-Sm. Since 1936 Woodson described
two more species of the group, P. allenii and P. wedelii, both from
Panama. There is still another species of this group in Chiapas that
must be the most attractive species of the genus, with corollas twice
as large as any of the others. So far as I know this species has been
collected only by Dr. Eizi Matuda.
Prestonia grandiflora L. Wms. sp. nov.
Liana suffruticosa, volubilis. Folia ovata, late ovata vel late obovata, abrupte
acuminata, nervis utroque costae 8-10, fulvo-pubescens, breviter petiolata; flores
WILLIAMS: TROPICAL AMERICAN PLANTS, IX 403
flavae; calyx usque ad basem divisus, lobi elliptico-lanceolati, ovato-lanceolati
vel lanceolati, acuti vel acuminati, obscure fulvo-pubescens; corolla grandis, 5 cm.
longa vel ultra, extus pubescens, lobi late obovati, leviter obliqui.
Woody rampant vines. Branches terete, fulvous pubescent, glabrous with
age, 7-8 mm. or possibly more in diameter; leaves opposite, ovate to broadly
ovate or broadly obovate, abruptly acuminate, rounded to the base, petiole short,
1 cm. long or less, lateral nerves 8-10 or each side of mid-nerve, sparsely fulvous
pubescent above except densely so along the nerves, prominently fulvous pube-
scent below, the blades 9-17 cm. long and 3.5-11 cm. broad; stipules corneous,
4-6 along the base of the petiole and interpetiolar, 2-3 mm. long; inflorescences
axillary, corymbose and several times branched, bearing few to several large yellow
flowers, shorter than the subtending leaf, minutely ferruginous pubescent, bracts
lanceolate, to 10 mm. long; calyx divided to the base, the lobes elliptic-lanceolate
to ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, acute or acuminate, minutely fulvous pubescent,
12-14 mm. long and 3.5-5 mm. broad, bearing at the base within a single bilobate
squamella or apparently sometimes missing; corolla largest of the genus, fulvous
pubescent outside except along the plicae, about 6 cm. long when mature, tubular-
campanulate, the basal tube about 3.5-4 cm. long to the throat, the apical portion
somewhat expanded and containing the stamens, with an inconspicuous internal
lamellate corona at the throat, the limb plicate, contorted in the bud, when mature
the lobes about 3 mm. long and up to 2 cm. broad, divided to the throat, somewhat
oblique and broadly obovate; stamens inserted below the throat, anthers linear-
lanceolate, sagittate, 8-9 mm. long and about 2 mm. broad at the base, filaments
about 2 mm. long, arched inward, attached peltately to the base of the stamen;
carpels two with a maniculate stigma reaching to the enclosing anthers, subtended
by 5 nearly separate nectaries; immature fruits densely fulvous tomentose pubes-
cent.
Mexico: vine, Siltepec, Chiapas, June 23, 1941, Matuda 4681 (F,
LL); La Grandeza, Chiapas, alt. 2016 m., May 19, 1945, Matuda
5570 (LL) ; La Grandeza, Chiapas, alt. 2016 m., May 19, 1945, Ma-
tuda 15570 (typeF).
Related to Prestonia mexicana and to the several other species
of the section Tomentosae, but easily distinguished from them by the
very large flowers.
Dr. Matuda's numbers 5570 and 15570 undoubtedly represent
a single collection.
Thevetia ahouai (L.) A. DC. in DC. Prodr. 8: 344. 1844.
Cerbera ahouai L. Sp. PL ed. 2. 303. 1762. C. nitida HBK. Nov.
Gen. & Sp. 3: 225. 1819. T. nitida A. DC. I.e. 345. Plumeriopsis
ahouai Rusby & Woodson, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 24: 11. 1937.
A shrub distributed through southern Mexico, Central America
to northern South America. Drs. Rusby and Woodson have separ-
ated it as a genus, Plumeriopsis, based upon presumed differences
in the fruit and whether or not the corolla is infundibuliform or
404 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 31
salverform. I find that the endocarp in T. ahouai is not so woody as
in some other species of Thevetia, but when it is mature it is not
"membranaceous." The shape of the corolla, whether infundibuli-
form or salverform (Plumeriopsis) , is hardly of generic worth. The-
vetia gaumeri, of southern Mexico and Guatemala, has corollas that
that are somewhat intermediate between those prescribed for Plum-
eriopsis and those of other Central American species of Thevetia,
If Plumeriopsis were kept as a genus, then certainly Thevetia gaumeri
would need to be transferred to that genus.
GENTIANACEAE
Dr. Steyermark has argued (Fieldiana, Bot. 28: 496-497. 1953)
for the inclusion of several segregate genera allied to Lisianthus into
that genus. Chelonanthus alatus (Aubl.) Pulle is the only species of
Dr. Gilg's "segregate" that is to be found in Guatemala. This,
along with about a dozen other species, seems to me to have some
characters that argue for their retention in a genus apart from
Lisianthus.
The species of Chelonanthus all have corolla structure quite dif-
ferent from that of Lisianthus, usually gibbous on one side and much
shorter in relation to width. The inflorescence of those things that
I would call Chelonanthus is a terminal once or twice bifurcately
branched dichasium, the ultimate divisions being few- (one-) many-
flowered secund racemes. There are no leaves in the inflorescence,
i.e., the inflorescences are not borne in leaf axils and are determin-
ate— most often a single flower is borne in the axil of the bifurcate
branches of the inflorescence and terminates its growth. The whole
inflorescence is sometimes reduced to a single flower.
The type species of Lisianthus is the Jamaican L. longifolius L.
and we have several similar to this in Central America. The corollas
are relatively long and slender and not gibbous on one side; the stem
and inflorescence are tricotomously and indeterminately branched.
Furthermore, these branches of the stem and inflorescences are from
the axils of well-developed leaves — while this is not the case in
Chelonanthus. The ultimate branch of the inflorescence in no Lisian-
thus available to me could be described as a secund raceme. I
should describe the inflorescence of Lisianthus as paniculate.
Stated in another way it might be said that the plants of Chelonan-
thus are terminated by an inflorescence and mostly not otherwise
branched ; Lisianthus, while variable, has few to many pairs of lateral
WILLIAMS: TROPICAL AMERICAN PLANTS, IX 405
branches and that these often multitudinous branches are ultimately
terminated by one or few (often three) flowers.
These Lisianthoid genera of the Gentianaceae are much in need
of study. Until a careful review of them can be made upon the more
adequate material now available, I prefer to follow Dr. Gilg and to
maintain Chelonanthus.
Gentiana adsurgens Cerv. ex Griseb. Gen. & Sp. Gent. 286.
1838. Pneumonanthe bicuspidata G. Don, Gen. Syst. 4: 194. 1838.
Gentiana bicuspidata Briq. Candollea 4: 324. 1931.
There is some question whether Grisebach's work or that of
George Don, both cited above, appeared first. The date of Don's
General History, volume 4, is 1838 according to Pritzel and this date
appears on the copy in Field Museum. However, Otto Kuntze,
Rev. Gen. PL 1: CXXVII. 1891 says "Der 4. Band nach Pritzel
1838 tragt 1837 auf dem Titel." I cannot trace this information.
A. H. R. Grisebach's Genera et Species Gentianearum bears the
date 1839 on the title page and this is the date that Dr. Briquet
used in making the transfer cited above. However, Dr. Hooker
says "The manuscript was dismissed from the author's hands before
the middle of 1838, and the work had actually reached London
booksellers, near a month before the close of 1838." (London Jour.
Bot. 4: 237. 1845). Dr. Hooker should have known for the volume
was dedicated to him. Until it is proven otherwise I shall use G.
adsurgens as the correct name of this plant and place Don's epithet
in synonomy.
There are two fragmentary Sesse" & Mocifio collections in Field
Museum, one bearing number 682, the other 1368. It is not unlikely
that one of these represents authentic material. Pringle's 4309 and
15007 are the same species. Dennis Breedlove and Peter Raven
have recently collected this species in the Mexican state of Chiapas,
no great distance from Guatemala, where the species may be ex-
pected. (Breedlove 12^3; Breedlove and Raven
Gentiana guatemalensis Standl. & Steyerm. Field Mus. Bot.
23: 75. 1944, and G. lewisiae Standl. & Steyerm. 1. c. 76.
These two gentians occur on the high mountains of Guatemala,
the first in the Cuchumatanes Mountains and the second in the
Sierra Madre. We now have several collections of each of them.
The two seem to retain the cited characters, or at least part of them,
but these characters are not too impressive in the Gentianaceae.
406 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 31
We shall leave both species in "Flora of Guatemala" but call atten-
tion to their similarity. These species are closely related to G.
adsurgens, mentioned above.
Halenia crassiuscula Rob. & Seaton, Proc. Am. Acad. 28:
113. 1893.
A collection of this species was made from Cerro Maria Tecum
in the Sierra Madre of Guatemala (Williams, Molina & Williams
23164) from which a selection of six plants was made to illustrate
the variation found. Two extremes of flower forms from this col-
lection are illustrated for "Flora of Guatemala."
LISIANTHUS IN CENTRAL AMERICA
An account of the genus Lisianthus for "Flora of Guatemala"
required a review of those of the five Central American countries,
Panama and some of those found in Mexico that extend to Central
America. Twenty-five species have been credited to or described
from Central America, including one proposed here. Three of these,
L. tetragonus Benth., L. crassicaulis Mart. & Gal. and L. oerstedii
Grieseb. are synonyms of Chelanthus alatus (Aubl.) Gilg; one L.
browallioides is a genus not previously known in North America;
the remainder are species of Lisianthus. These are given below with
my understanding of them.
Lisianthus auratus Standl. Trop. Woods 37: 29. 1934. De-
scribed from central Honduras from whence the type and four ad-
ditional collections (Williams & Williams 18382, 18707; Molina
6358, 6524.). A single collection is known from British Honduras
(Hunt 401) and one from Guatemala (Steyermark 31603). Three
collections from the Atlantic coastal plain of Nicaragua (Molina
15037, 15171, 15206), I cannot distinguish from the Honduran
material except that the flowers are a bit smaller. The veinlets in
the membranaceous leaves ot this species are not like those of any
other collection of this genus known to me. They form aereolate
reticulations similar to those in leaves of certain species of Polypo-
dium. The relationship of this species is probably with L. breviden-
tatus.
Lisianthus axillaris Hemsl. Biol. Cent. Am. Bot. 2: 344. 1882.
L. francisiae Sprague, Kew Bull. 1928: 8. 1928. A distinctive
species known only from British Honduras. The inflorescence is
reduced usually to a single (red) flower in the axils of leaves.
WILLIAMS: TROPICAL AMERICAN PLANTS, IX 407
Lisianthus brevidentatus (Hemsl.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2:
420. 1891, as Lisianthius. Leianthus brevidentatus Hemsl. Biol.
Cent. Am. Bot. 2: 344. 1882. L. quichensis Donn.-Sm. Bot. Gaz.
52: 51. 1935. L. calciphilus Standl. & Steyerm. Field Mus. Bot.
22: 267. 1940. L. elatus Standl. & Steyerm., I.e. L. petensis Standl.
& Steyerm. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 84: 46. 1957.
There are differences in the material that I have tentatively
placed here as L. brevidentatus. The differences, however, seem to
be ones that depend on the stage of growth and what might well be
individual differences in plants. Some have the inflorescence much
reduced while in others the top of the plant is diffusely branched
and superficially appears quite different from the others. There
seems to be minor differences in the calyx and in the lobing of the
corolla but nothing that is easily defined. The plant is known from
Mexico, Guatemala and British Honduras, mostly at middle to low
elevations.
Lisianthus nigrescens var. nigrescens. Lisianthus nigrescens
Schlecht. & Cham. Linnaea 6: 388. 1831; Robinson, Proc. Am. Acad.
45: 398. 1910. Leianthus nigrescens Griseb. Gen. & Sp. Gent. 199.
1838. Petasostylis nigrescens Griseb. in DC. Prodr. 9: 71. 1845.
This species was described from a Schiede & Deppe collection
made at Papantla (Vera Cruz, Mexico) and is fairly widely dis-
tributed through eastern and southern Mexico and extends to Guate-
mala. I have seen but one specimen from Guatemala that seems
to belong to the typical variety. Miss Perkins in her monographic
study of Lisianthus (Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 31: 493. 1902) included
in L. nigrescens Bertoloni's L. cuspidatus and possibly specimens
were cited that are the same as Dr. Robinson's L. oreopolus described
some years later. Although Dr. Robinson thought L. cuspidatus
to be close to L. nigrescens, he cited several characters which he
thought would separate the two species. The characters that he
pointed out to separate L. cuspidatus — leaves with subcuneate bases,
corolla more deeply lobed with the lobes surpassing the pistil —
begin to lose their significance with more adequate collections. The
relatively large and deeply lobed corolla seems to occur on specimens
now known from Chiapas and from Guatemala. I would separate
this as a variety, rather than to submerge it entirely as did Miss
Perkins or to maintain it as a separate entity as did Dr. Robinson,
but would call attention to the possibility that the two black flowered
varieties may eventually be shown to be the same when still more
408 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 31
collections are available. Dr. Robinson described L. oreopolus at
the same time and compared it to L. nigrescens, apparently not
realizing that it is hardly more than a color and geographical variety
of the plant which he maintained as L. cuspidatus.
Lisianthus nigrescens var. cuspidatus (Bertoloni) L. Wms.
comb. nov. Lisianthus cuspidatus Bertoloni, Nov. Comm. Acad.
Bonon. 4:408, t. 37. 1840.
Differs from the typical variety in larger corollas which are more
deeply lobed. Hooker has illustrated this variety (Bot. Mag. 69:
t. 404-3. 1843) under the name of Leianthus nigrescens (Schlecht. &
Cham.) Griseb. The specimen was grown from seeds sent from
Guatemala by Skinner.
Lisianthus nigrescens var. oreopolus (Rob.) L. Wms. comb,
nov. Lisianthus oreopolus Rob. Proc. Am. Acad. 45: 398. 1910.
This variety is an almost exact duplicate of var. cuspidatus in
flower size and lobing. The flower color, clear yellow, is so strikingly
different from the near "black" of the var. cuspidatus that upon
first examination the two might not be associated. This variety is
known to me only from the state of Chiapas (Mexico) and so far as
I know its range does not overlap with that of var. cuspidatus. I
have had the privilege of examining the type, in Gray Herbarium,
of L. oreopolus Rob. (Chiapas, etc., ann. 1864-70, Dr. Ghiesbreght
702 bis) . Recently I have received for determination four excellent
collections from Chiapas, Breedlove 64.77, 10996, 11015 and 12069.
Lisianthus peduncularis L. Wms. sp. nov.
Herbae suffruticosae vel frutices usque ad 3 m. altae. Folia elliptica, ovalia
vel ovato-oblanceolata, acuminata, subcarnosa; inflorescentiae longe pedunculatae,
pauciflorae; corolla campanulato-tubulosa, lobi angusti ovati, acuminati: capsula
ellipsoidea.
Suffruticose herbs or subshrubs to 3 m. tall. Stems leafy, becoming leafless
below and with prominent leaf -scars, leafy above; leaves elliptic to oval or ovate-
oblanceolate, abruptly acuminate, attenuated at the base into a petiole 1-2 cm.
long or sometimes longer, somewhat fleshy, with 3-4 pairs of arching lateral nerves,
joined at the base by a scarious interpetiolar "stipule" which is decidious but
leaves a prominent scar; inflorescence dichasioid, borne from the axils of leaves on
long peduncles to 10-15 cm. long, these branched above the middle and each with
about nine flowers; flowers yellow; calyx 7-9 mm. long, the lobes 5-6 cm. long and
1-1.5 mm. broad, linear-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, margin scarious; corolla
5-6 cm. long at anthesis, campanulate-tubular, the basal one-third constricted to
a narrow tube and somewhat marcescent, then broadening to 7-9 mm. in diameter
FIG. 1. Lisianthus peduncularis L. Wms. A, habit, X K. B, dissected flower
showing stamens and pistil, X 1J^. C, internode showing interpetiolar stipule, X 3.
409
410 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 31
at the middle then again somewhat constricted at the throat, the corolla lobes 6-
8 mm. long and 2-3 mm. broad, narrowly ovate, acuminate, dextrorsely contorted
in the bud, erect; stamens 5, about as long as the corolla or slightly exceeding it,
attached about 1 cm. above the base of the corolla, anthers about 3 mm. long,
oblong, versatile; capsule ellipsoidal, 12-14 mm. long and 3-4 mm. in diameter
when mature.
Panama: flowers yellow, tips of the lobes green, woody herbs
fairly common along trail, vicinity of La Mesa, north of El Valle
de Anton, Prov. Code", alt. 1,000 m., May 12, 1941, Allen & Allen;
flowers yellow, shrub 1-2 m. tall, El Valle de Anton, alt. 1,000 m.,
March 16, 1946, Allen 3^10 (MO, type; illustration from type);
flowers yellow with green lobes, shrub 3 m., Cerro Pajita, hills north
of El Valle de Anton, alt. 1,000-1,200 m., Feb. 7, 1947, Allen & Allen
M87 (MO).
Lisianthus peduncularis is closely related to L. skinneri of those
species found in continental North America. It may be distinguished
from that by its larger and long acuminate corolla lobes and by the
calyx which is twice as long and with narrower lobes. The long
pedunculate, few-flowered inflorescences are characteristic of both
species mentioned, and of the West Indian (Jamaican) L. latifolius
Sw.
The Gentianiaceae are said to be without stipules, as are all or
most families of the Sympetalae, with the notable exception of the
Rubiaceae. However, in this and some other species of Lisianthus
there are structures much like the interpetiolar stipules found in the
Rubiaceae. Whether these are called "sheathing leaf bases" or
"stipules" is of little importance for their origin would seem to be
the same.
Lisianthus saponarioides Schlecht. & Cham. Linnaea 6: 389.
1831. Leianthus saponarioides Griseb. Gen. & Sp. Gent. 198. 1838.
Petasostylis saponarioides Griseb. in DC. Prodr. 9: 71. 1845. Lisi-
anthus meianthus Donn.-Sm. Bot. Gaz. 52: 51. 1911. Lisianthus
congestus Standl. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. 561: 82. 1935.
This species is unlike the other species of the genus in Central
America in that the lobes of the corolla are widely spreading. Grise-
bach based his genus Petasostylis on this species but added to it
L. nigrescens, which is less related to L. saponarioides than to L.
longifolius L. The species is found in Mexico (from whence I have
seen no specimens, authentic or otherwise) in Guatemala and British
Honduras.
WILLIAMS: TROPICAL AMERICAN PLANTS, IX 411
Lisianthus seemannii (Griseb.) Perkins in Engler, Bot. Jahrb.
31: 491. 1902. Leianthus seemannii Griseb. in Seemann, Bot. Voy.
Herald 170. 1854. Lisianthus corymbosus Perkins, I.e.
This species is related to L. brevidentatus but is easily distin-
guished superficially by the longer and more prominent lobes of the
relatively shorter corolla. The species is not uncommon in Costa
Rica, it is occasional in Panama and is the only species of Lisianthus
subg. Lisianthus that I know to occur in South America. A single
specimen (Haught 1+652, F, US) has been collected in the department
of Antioquia, Colombia. A type photograph of L. seemannii from
Kew shows that L. corymbosa Perkins, which has been the name
commonly used for this taxon, is a synonym.
Lisianthus skinneri (Hemsl.) 0. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2: 429.
1891. Leianthus skinneri Hemsl. Biol. Cent. Am. Bot. 2: 345. 1882.
Lisianthus arcuatus Perkins in Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 31: 492. 1902.
I know this species from Guatemala only from the photograph
of the type specimen at Kew, which bears the data "Guatemala,
Skinner." The species is known from Honduras, is quite common
in Costa Rica and is occasional in Panama. Most specimens in
herbaria will be found under L. arcuatus.
Lisianthus viscidiflorus Robinson, Proc. Am. Acad. 45: 398.
1910.
Known to me only from Alta Verapaz. It is easily distinguished
from all the other species of Lisianthus by the relatively short calyx
lobes and the red flowers, or green ones tinged with red.
VOYRIA AND LEIPHAIMOS1
1 Since this account of Voyria and Leiphaimos was prepared A. Raynal has
published an "Etude Critique des Genres Voyria et Leiphaimos (Gentianaceae)
et Revision des Voyria d'Afrique" in Adansonia ser. 2, 7: 53-71, illus. 1967. There
is a good account of the history of the saprophytic gentians with some quite good
drawings.
Raynal has kept three saprophytic genera, Voyria, Voyriella and Leiphaimos,
as I would do, but he has restricted Leiphaimos to the type species; Voyriella
with two species in tropical South America; and Voyria with some 15 species in
South and Central America, the Antilles and tropical Africa.
The main difference between Mr. Raynal's findings and mine is that he re-
stricts Leiphaimos to the type species, while I believe that the genus is not mono-
typic. This difference of opinion is due in part surely to the materials which we
had to study, his principal concern being with the African kinds and mine with
the more abundant kinds of Central America and Mexico. Mr. Raynal did not
concern himself greatly with seed and capsule characters which I believe to be
the best and easiest characters to use for they are almost always available. Seed
and capsule characters, with others pointed out here, seem to provide a means
of separating these plants into supra specific units.
412 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 31
The relatively few species of saprophytic Gentianaceae in Central
America have been placed either in Voyria or Leiphaimos, or in both.
There is no modern revision of the group but there is possibly now
enough material available to make such a study worthwhile. The
South American species should be studied at the same time for un-
usual distribution is surely to be found in the group.
The study of the Central American kinds for "Flora of Guate-
mala" seems to indicate that the two traditional genera Voyria and
Leiphaimos are valid but I have shifted the emphasis on characters,
using the character of wingless ovoid or trigonous seeds and the lack
of elator-like hairs along the suture inside the capsule in Voyria,
in contrast to minute flat seeds with narrow terminal or lateral,
often almost hair-like wings or appendages and with elator-like hairs
along the sutures inside the capsule in Leiphaimos. This will give
a basic division between the species of the group. The species with
winged seeds have very much reduced tight cauline bracts. The
inflorescence consists of one or very few flowers. The calyx seems
to be ephemeral, often the lobes soon fall away. There may also be
correlation in the way the capsule ruptures, only laterally in the
species with winged seeds.
The species with wingless seeds and no elator-like hairs in the
capsule, which I call Voyria, have relatively large cauline bracts
that are loose and normally surround the stem, the inflorescence
is from one- to several-flowered. The calyx is well developed and
persistent. The capsule may rupture through the apex but I suspect
not in some cases.
There appears to be a difference in the root structure in some
species but not enough specimens with roots are available to be use-
ful in such a study.
I have seen the types of all the species of Leiphaimos described
from Panama by Standley (in Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 20: 194-200.
1919). The six new species described in that place all seem to me
to belong to Voyria and all except one seem to be valid. Two other
species included in the account are Leiphaimos. It is curious also
that all six of these new species were collected by Pittier from one
locality in a period of less than two months. One of these species
is still known only from the type. Five of them are known to have
wider ranges, and three of these four extend their range to British
Honduras and Guatemala, and thus within the range of the "Flora
of Guatemala."
WILLIAMS: TROPICAL AMERICAN PLANTS, IX 413
There would seem to be two subgeneric groups in Voyria, as
represented in Central America, and likewise two subgeneric groups
in Leiphaimos.
Voyria alba (Standl.) L. Wms. comb. nov. Leiphaimos albus
Standl. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 20: 198. 1919.
British Honduras: Gentle 9279 (LL) ; Petty 92 (F) ; Schipp S-505
(F).
Honduras: Standley 55391 (F).
Nicaragua: Englesing 297 a (F).
Panama: Brown 152a (F); Dodge et al. 16927 (US); Kenoyer 4.95
(US) ; Pittier 4094 (US), 4295 (US).
Colombia: H aught 1790 (US).
Voyria alba often has been confused with Leiphaimos parasitica,
although the two are distinguished by several characters. Leiphaimos
montana Jonker, discribed from Surinam, is similar. Voyria trini-
tensis Griseb. from Trinidad is apparently the species to which V.
alba is most closely related.
Voyria pittieri (Standl.) L. Wms. comb. nov. Leiphaimos pittieri
Standl. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 20 : 197. 1919.
Panama: forests around Puerto Obaldia, San Bias coast, alt.
0-50 m., Pittier 4292 (type, US; photo F).
There is additional data on the type sheet in Standley 's script:
"stem dark purple; corolla tube purplish; the lobes violet, with a
white ring and dark blue lines at throat," doubtless from Pittier's
field book.
Colombia: flores violaceas, en los alrededores del Rio Ampur-
rumiado en selva muy humeda, alt. ± 220 m., 11 Oct. 1947, Gutierrez
& Barkley 17C225 (F); a saprophyte with purple stems and snowy
white flowers, vicinity of Barranca Bermeja, Magdalena Valley, be-
tween Sogamoso and Colorado Rivers, dept. Santander, alt. 100-500
m., Dec. 19, 1961, H aught 1461 (US).
Venezuela: flowers deep blue with white crown at throat, in
forests of Lora River, Zulia, 12 Dec. 1922, Pittier 10919 (US).
Voyria pulcherrima (Standl.) L. Wms. comb. nov. Leiphaimos
pulcherrimus Standl., Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 20: 199. 1919.
Panama: hills back of Puerto Obaldia, San Bias coast, alt. 50-
200 m., August 1911, Pittier 4306 (type, US).
414 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 31
This is the only one of the six species described by Standley, I.e.,
that is not now known from a wider range.
Voyria spruceana Benth. in Hook. Journ. Bot. 6: 197. 1854.
Leiphaimos stellatus Standl. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 20: 197. 1919.
Panama: flowers yellow, forests around Puerto Obaldia, San Bias
coast, alt. 0-50 m., Aug. 1911, Pittier 4294 (type of L. stellatus
Standl.).
Brazil : Rio Negro, Amazonas, Holt & Blake 562 (US) .
My understanding of V. spruceana is based on the Holt & Blake
specimen which was "compared with the type at Kew by A. C. S.
[mith]." This specimen matches the type of L. stellatus Standl.
very closely.
Voyria thalesioides (Standl.) L. Wms. comb. nov. Leiphaimos
thalesioides Standl., Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 20: 198. 1919.
British Honduras: small plant, flowers yellow, in Cohune ridge,
near Jacinto Creek, Toledo district; January 31, 1945, Gentle 5182
(LL; photo, F).
Panama: stems purplish-yellow, hills of Sperdi, near Puerto Obal-
dia, San Bias coast, alt. 20-200 m., Sept. 1911, Pittier 4351, in part
(type, US).
The type specimen, unfortunately, is a mixed collection. The
flower used by Standley for dissection is still in a pocket on the type
sheet and indicates that it was taken from the largest plant on the
sheet which is here designated the holotype. The other plant on
this sheet is a single stem and flower of Voyria pittieri (Standl.)
L. Wms.
In preparing manuscript for "Flora of Guatemala" I had desig-
nated the Gentle collection as a new species for it seemed to fit none
of the descriptions of species previously described. An examination
of the type of Voyria thalesioides, with admixture of another species,
showed that the principal part of that was the same as the specimen
from British Honduras.
I have not seen the type or any other specimen of Leiphaimos
stenoloba Jtn. (Sargentia 8: 243. 1949) from San Jos£ Island, Panama.
It must be very close to Voyria thalesioides, if not the same.
Voyria truncata (Standl.) Standl. & Steyerm. Field Mus. Bot.
23: 78. 1944. Leiphaimos truncatus Standl. Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb.
WILLIAMS: TROPICAL AMERICAN PLANTS, IX 415
20: 196. 1919. Voyria allenii Steyerm. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 28:
460. 1941.
Guatemala: Steyermark 41610, 41892, 45701 (F).
Nicaragua: Schramm 52 (US).
Panama: Allen 2240 (F) ; Pittier 4306a (US).
This is the largest of the Central American species of Voyria.
HUMIRIACEAE
Vantanea parviflora Lam. Journ. Hist. Nat. Par. 1: 145, /. 7.
1792; Cuatrecasas, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 35: 74. 1961.
Peru: "Loro shungo." Arbol de 20 m. y 0.5 m. de diametro, flores
blancas, bosque humedo tropical, Santa Maria, Rio Nanay, Dtto.
Alto Nanay, Pcia. Maynas, Depto. Loreto, alt. 150 m., 19 setiembre
1963, Arostegui Vargas 129; same tree, fruits, 3 marzo 1964, Ardstegui
Vargas 149.
This wide-spread species has not been reported from Peru pre-
viously. The collector says the tree is used in house construction,
for fire wood and to make charcoal.
OLEACEAE
FRAXINUS IN GUATEMALA: The ashes approach their southern
limit in Guatemala and the amount of material available for study
is limited and much of it sterile, including two types. Dr. Standley,
when he prepared the preliminary manuscript for "Flora of Guate-
mala," gave six species for the country. I am able to distinguish
only three but there are involved sterile type specimens.
Fraxinus cavekiana Standl. & Steyerm., Field Mus. Bot. 23:
74. 1944.
The type is in fruit and these are the largest for any species of
Mexico or Central America known to me. There are 13 more speci-
mens determined with this name by Standley, all but one sterile—
and quite possibly at least two species are represented. The lateral
leaflets on the type are essentially sessile but this is not so with some
of the sterile material associated with this name. The species is
maintained in "Flora of Guatemala" but only localities known for
fruiting material are given.
Fraxinus purpusii Brandegee, Univ. Cal. Publ. Bot. 4: 90.
1910.
416 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 31
Several collections from western Guatemala have been deter-
mined by Standley as F. purpusii. This seems doubtful and they
do not match too well authentic material available. The break in
distribution is not a reasonable one, from highland Mexico to east-
ern Guatemala, with no intermediate stations. I have placed these
Guatemalan specimens tentatively with F. vellerea.
Fraxinus schiedeana Schlecht. & Cham. Linnaea 6: 391. 1831.
Reported from Guatemala on a sterile specimen taken from a
"shrub" (Steyermark 51640). It is doubtful if it is F. schiedeana.
Not included in the flora.
Fraxinus vellerea Standl. & Steyerm. Field Mus. Bot. 23: 74.
1944; F. bicolor Standl. & Steyerm. I.e. 73.
Types of both these species are from eastern Guatemala and both
are sterile. I feel that these two names represent phases of the same
species. Possibly Guatemalan material named F. purpusii by Stand-
ley is but a less pubescent phase of this.
Tentatively I am placing this material together, and selecting
F. vellerea as the acceptable name because the type specimen came
from a tree, while the type of S. bicolor came from a "shrub,"
possibly a sapling.
ORCHIDACEAE
Epidendrum liparidoglossum L. Wms. sp. nov.
Herbae epiphyticae usque ad 30 cm. vel ultrae. Caules ramosi, apice bi-
foliati; folia lineari-elliptica vel lineari-lanceolata, acuta; inflorescentia brevis,
3-5-flora, fractiflexa; sepalum dorsale ellipticum vel anguste oblanceolatum,
acutum vel acuminatum, 5-nervium; sepala lateralia elliptica, acuminata, 5-nervia;
petala oblanceolata, obtusa, 3-nervia; labellum oblongum vel oblongo-subcorda-
tum, basis auriculi retrorsi ornatum; discus basi bicallosus; columna generis.
Epiphytic herbs to 30 cm. long or probably much longer. The stems much
branched but the individual branches mostly less than 10 cm. long, covered at
first with infundibuliform sheaths, becoming naked with age, the individual
branches with a pair of subopposite leaves at or near the apex, internodes 1-2.5
cm. apart, roots developing along stem as the plant becomes older; leaves linear-
elliptic or linear-lanceolate, acute, 4.5-8 cm. long and 0.4-0.9 cm. broad; inflores-
cence a short subterminal, 3-5-flowered fractiflex raceme up to 3 cm. long; flowers
rather small for the genus, short pedicellate, subtended by oblong, acute, cucullate
bracts 3-6 mm. long; dorsal sepal elliptic or narrowly oblanceolate, acute or
narrowly oblanceolate, acute or acuminate, 5-nerved, 8-11 mm. long and 3-3.5 mm.
broad; petals oblanceolate, obtuse, 3-nerved, about 7-10 mm. long and 2-2.3 mm.
broad; lip oblong or oblong-subcordate, the retrorse basal auricles prominent, the
WILLIAMS: TROPICAL AMERICAN PLANTS, IX 417
disc provided with two small lamellate-mammilate calluses at the apex of the
column and with 1-3 obscure raised longitudinal ridges with 3 main nerves with
lateral branches, column 6-8 mm. long.
Mexico: en bosque alto, ladera humida, Cerro de Ahuacatitlan,
Almoloya de Alquisteras, estado de Mexico, alt. 1700 m., 29-30
marzo 1954, Matuda 30583 (type in Herbarium of Field Museum) .
This species is another of those that might be placed either in
section Epidendrum or section Encyclium. Ames, Hubbard and
Schweinfurth in their "The Genus Epidendrum" (1936) have placed
species of this relationship in both sections. I feel that it should
be placed in section Epidendrum for most characters indicate this.
The short leaf-bearing stems with two sub-opposite and nearly ter-
minal leaves, however, point to section Encyclium. A close relative
of this species is not known to me.
The specific name recalls the shape of the lip often found in
Asiatic species of Liparis.
Moss attached to the specimens indicate that it was found in
wet mossy forest.
Epidendrum matudae L. Wms. sp. nov.
Herbae epiphyticae vel terrestres usque ad 30 cm. vel ultra. Folia subcoriacea,
lanceolata, acuta, apice obscure bilobata; inflorescentia pauciflora, subumbellata;
sepalum dorsale late oblanceolatum, acutum, 5-nervatum; sepala lateralia late
oblanceolata, acuta vel obtusa, 5-nervata; petala oblanceolata, obtusa, 3-nervata;
labellum profunde trilobatum, discus prope apicem columnae bicallosus, lobi
laterales late ovati et paulo obliqui, lobus medius ellipticus, unicarinatus; columna
generis.
Terrestrial or epiphytic herbs of unknown size, specimen in hand about 30
cm. long. Stem cane-like, somewhat flattened above, covered with leaf sheaths,
the leaves 1-3 cm. apart; leaves deciduous, subcoriaceous, lanceolate, acute and
obscurely bilobed at the apex, about 7-11 cm. long and 1.5-2 cm. broad; inflores-
cence terminal, to some 7 cm. long, few-flowered and the flowers subumbellate at
the apex, peduncle with 3-4 scarious sheathing bracts below, bracts subtending
flowers, lanceolate, acuminate, about 5 mm. long; flowers apparently yellowish,
borne on slender pedicels about 2 cm. long; dorsal sepal broadly oblanceolate,
acute, 5-nerved, 10-12 mm. long and about 5 mm. broad; lateral sepals broadly
oblanceolate, slightly oblique, shortly carnate dorsally at the apex, acute or obtuse,
5-nerved, 10-12 mm. long and about 5 mm. broad; petals oblanceolate, obtuse,
3-nerved, about 10 mm. long and 3 mm. broad near the apex; lip adnate up to the
apex of the column, deeply 3-lobed, somewhat fleshy, disc with a pair of lamellate-
mammillate calluses at the apex of the column, lateral lobes widely spreading,
broadly ovate and slightly oblique, each about 5 mm. long and 4 mm. broad, mid-
lobe less than half as large as the laterals, elliptic, with a median fleshy carina,
about 4 mm. long and 2 mm. broad; column about 8 mm. long.
418 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 31
Mexico: en ladera humida, bosque mixto claro, Valle de Mexico,
Tepoztlan, Morelos, alt. 1700 m., 8 junio 1952, Matuda 26360 (type
in Herbarium of Field Museum).
Epidendrum matudae belong to Epidendrum section Epidendrum
and appears to be most closely related to E. oaxacanum Rolfe ex
Ames of which I do not have a specimen for comparison but the
description of the leaves and of the flowers seems to indicate adequate
differences.
The flowers of E. oaxacanum have lips in which the lobes are
relatively smaller than in the present species, except the mid-lobe
which is larger and differently shaped.
Spiranthes valida (Ames) L. Wms. comb. nov. Sarcogloltis
valida Ames, Sched. Orch. 2: 12. 1923.
Nicaragua: lip and petals yellow-green, sepals more greenish,
terrestrial in dry woods near Rio Estanzuela, about 8 km. southwest
of Esteli, Depto. Esteli, alt. 1160 m., January 9, 1967, Williams &
Molina 20188 (F, EAP) ; Jinotega grade above the town of Jinotega,
Depto. Jinotega [Cordillera Central de Nicaragua], alt. 1100 m.,
February 1962, A. H. Heller 4206 (F).
When preparing "An Enumeration of the Orchidaceae of Central
America, British Honduras and Panama" (Ceiba 5: 32. 1956) I
placed this species as a synonym of Spiranthes acaulis (J. E. Sm.)
Cogn. These recent Nicaraguan collections seem to indicate that
the species is distinct and in the field it looks very different from
S. acaulis.
RHAMNACEAE
Berchemia scandens (Hill) Trelease, Trans. St. Louis Acad.
Sci. 5: 364. 1889.
Mexico: Aguacatenango, Municipio Venustiano Carranza, Chia-
pas, alt. 5900 ft., April 12, 1965, Breedlove 9655; San Cristobal las
Casas, Municipio San Cristobal las Casas, Chiapas, alt. 7100 ft.,
July 4, 1965, Breedlove 10710.
The genus Berchemia is rare in Mexico. It is widely distributed
through the southeastern United States and is known from a single
specimen from Baja Verapaz in Guatemala.
Zizyphus thrysiflora Bentham, Bot. Voy. Sulph. 78. 1844.
WILLIAMS: TROPICAL AMERICAN PLANTS, IX 419
Peru: "Ebano." Hualtaco, Distrito Pampas de Hospital, Pcia.
Tumbas, Depto. Tumbes, June 10, 1964, Jose Vargas Alvarez 40',
same data, same tree in fruit, Vargas A. 41.
This Zizyphus is new to the flora of Peru but may have been ex-
pected in Tumbes for the species is not uncommon along the Ecua-
doran Pacific region, from whence it was originally described.
This particular tree, which was given field number 30-T, was said
by the collector to be about 0.5 m. in diameter and 20 m. tall. It
is used for ties, planks and to make beds for trucks or ox carts.
RHIZOPHORACEAE
Rhizophora mangle L. Sp. PI. 443. 1753.
Peru: "Mangle dulce." Isla don Pancho, Tumbes, March 3,
1964, Jose Vargas Alvarez 35.
Macbride comments (Field Mus. Bot. 13, part 4, No. 1 : 220.
1941) upon this conspicuous plant of tropical shores being absent
in Peru and postulates that this may be due to the lack along the
Peruvian coast of the muddy flats and estuaries usually inhabited
by the mangrove. This is the only collection known to me from
Peruvian territory and it may be assumed that it did occur along
muddy shores.
STERCULIACEAE
The genus Pterygota Schott & Endlicher was described to contain
a tree of India then called Sterculia alata of Roxburgh. Schumann
in "Flora Brasiliensis" described the genus Basiloxylon to contain
a single species, B. rex (Mart.) Schum. A few years later, in Pflan-
zenf. 36: 98. 1895, where Schumann wrote the account of the Ster-
culiaceae he changed this to Basiloxylon brasiliensis (Allemao &
Allemao) Schum., without mentioning B. rex.
The next mention of the complex in America is in "Flora of
Guatemala" where attention is called to a tree belonging here but
with inadequate material. Standley, who wrote the note in "Flora
of Guatemala," called attention to the similiarty of Pterygota and
Basiloxylon.
In 1952 Dr. Cuatrecasas described Pterygota colombiana, a Colom-
bian species with quite distinct leaves (very similar to those of
specimens called Sterculia pruriens Schum.) but still with winged
seeds.
420 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 31
Standley and myself described Basiloxylon excelsum in 1952,
bringing to three the number of species of the complex in America.
Kostermans (Reinwardtia 5: 415-417, fig. 1961) wrote a short
note, rather loosely worded, about the group. He transferred Ba-
siloxylon excelsum to Pterygota, even though be felt the species would
prove to be the same as P. brasiliensis.
There has now come to hand additional material of the complex
from Peru, and I saw trees of the species there in December, 1966.
An attempt to place the plant has brought a review of the American
kinds.
I feel now that Standley was correct in suggesting that Basil-
oxylon perhaps was not distinct from Pterygota. Even to follow Ben-
tham & Hooker (Gen. PL 1: 218. 1862) and place Pterygota in
Sterculia has some merit. The seeds of Pterygota are winged, those
of Sterculia are not. Pterygota seems to have a large number of seeds
in each cell of the ovary while those of Sterculia seem to be limited
in number.
Pterygota brasiliensis Allemao & Allemao1 (Basiloxylon brasiliense
Schum.) is known to me only from eastern Brazil and apparently
does not get into the Amazon basin. It is easily distinguished on
leaf characters from the other American species.
Pterygota excelsa (Standl. & L. Wms.) Kostermans (Basiloxylon
excelsum Standl. & L. Wms.) is the only species of the complex
known in North America. It is easily distinguished from the two
previously described species, both in morphology and range. It
occurs in Guatemala and Costa Rica. Contrary to Kostermans'
statement the species was not described from fruit only, but Koster-
mans mentioned leaves in the next sentence.
There has now appeared abundant material of another species
from Amazonian Peru. This species is more closely related to P.
excelsa from Central America than it is to P. brasiliensis from eastern
South America. This is not an unnatural distribution, although
perhaps somewhat unusual. Futhermore, Tobias Lasser has re-
ported that fruits of this genus have been found in Venezuela.
The genus Pterygota encompasses a large geographical area with
relatively few species. Ceylon, India and China have two species;
southeast Asia has five described species; there are ten described
1 Neither Schumann nor Kostermans, if they saw the original publication,
noticed that there were two authors, Francisco and Manuel Friere Allemao,
given on the dust cover.
WILLIAMS: TROPICAL AMERICAN PLANTS, IX 421
from tropical Africa; and two more from Madagascar. There are
now three species known from South America, one from eastern
Brazil and two from the Amazon drainage. There is a single species
known in North America.
Pterygota amazonica L. Wms. sp. nov.
Arbor excelsa 45 metralis vel ultra. Ramis peltato-pubescens, glabrescens;
folia longipetiolata, glabra vel obscure peltato-pubescens, glabrescens, late ovata
vel late obovata, basi truncata vel subcordata, apice abrupte et breviter acuminata;
fructus magnus, lignosus, transverse ovalis et apiculatis; semina plusminusve 20,
alata, parte seminifera incrassata.
Tall deciduous forest trees to about 45 m. and about 1 m. in diameter, mature
trees in the forest with branches only near the top; branchlets terete or minutely
striate when dry, obscurely pubescent with minute peltate scales, these soon
deciduous, apparently leafy only near the apex; leaves long petiolate, the petioles
6-10 cm. long and about 0.2 cm. in diameter, glabrous or with minute peltate
scales, soon glabrous, slightly thickened toward the apex; leaf blades from broadly
ovate to broadly obovate, broadest at or slightly above the middle, truncate or
slightly cordate at the base, the apex with a broad short acumen mostly less than
1 cm. long; mature leaves 14-19 cm. long and 12-15 cm. broad, with 5 prominent
palmate nerves at the base, the pair near the mid-nerve with 3-5 lateral nerves
only on the outer side, main nerve with 3-4 pairs of lateral nerves, these without
prominent lateral (tertiary) veins, veinlets between nerves nearly at a right angle
to the veins; the axils of the secondary veins at attachment with flap-like structures
almost always have been inhabited by insects and galls formed there, flaps also
formed in the axils of the veins at apex of petiole (these mostly not inhabited);
inflorescences axillary, few-flowered, relatively short; fruit large, woody, borne on
a long stipe, transversely ovoid and apiculate, surface fuscous, farinaceous or
minutely stellate tomentose, about 10-12 cm. long from stipe to apex and about
10 cm. thick parallel to suture, about 6 cm. thick contrary to suture; seeds about
20, 6-7 cm. long and 2-2.5 cm. broad including the brown spongy wing, narrowly
oblong or oblong-oblanceolate, the fertile base thick and hard.
Peru: "paujilruru." Arbol 44 metros de alto y de 1 metro de
diametro, bosque seco tropical, carretera a Tournavista, distrito
Honoria, provincia Pachitea, departamento de Huanuco, altitud 280
metros sobre nivel del mar, 22 setiembre 1965, Eduardo Jenssen S. 44-
(type for mature leaves, F) ; el mismo arbol con frutos pardo ob-
scuros, 15 julio 1965, Eduardo Jenssen S. 36 (type for mature fruits,
F) ; el mismo arbol flores (inmaduras) en pequenos racimos axilares,
31 julio 1965, Eduardo Jenssen S. 37. [Todas las colecciones citadas
el Ing. Jenssen colecto de un solo drbol. Este arbol tenia el numero
64-P, para record en el bosque.]
The three collections and wood samples were made from the
same tree by Ing. Jenssen. For purposes of record the tree in the
forest was numbered 64-P. The species is said by Ing. Jenssen to
FIG. 2. Pterygota amazonica L. Wms. A, branchlet, X 1A. B, mature fruit
from the side, X H- C, mature fruit showing suture. D, winged seed, X Vi.
422
WILLIAMS: TROPICAL AMERICAN PLANTS, IX 423
be used commonly for lumber. The locality given is along the Rio
Pachitea about 20 km. above its confluence with Rio Ucuyali.
Pterygota amazonica is closely allied to P. excelsa of Central
America. The difference in localities covers a large part of neo-
tropical rain forest area, but it may be assumed that the great gap
will eventually be lessened as knowledge of the neotropics increases.
The fruits of P. amazonica are larger and differently shaped than
those of P. excelsa, the seeds are smaller, the wings much narrower,
and more symmetrical.
The leaves in the two species are very similar; in P. amazonica
there are five veins from the apex of the petiole and only the pair
near the mid-nerve produces lateral veins on the outer side; in P.
excelsa there are seven veins from the apex of the petiole and the two
pairs nearest the mid-rib produce lateral veins; the "flaps" at the
juncture of the veins in P. amazonica are apparently more prominent
and most had been inhabited by insects and galls formed, in P.
excelsa the "flaps" are prominent but none on an isotype had been
inhabited.
STYRACEAE
The Styraceae was revised by Miss J. Perkins for Engler's Pflan-
zenreich IV. 241: 1-111. 1907. There were accepted in this revision
some one hundred species for the world. The number of these cred-
ited to Mexico, Central America and Panama were relatively few
and more than half were described by Miss Perkins. All those for
Central America as well as those described from Mexico were studied
in the preparation of the manuscript for the "Flora of Guatemala."
A revision of the American species of Styrax should prove interesting
and quite possibly would provide results different from those which
I arrived at in the study of the group for "Flora of Guatemala."
There follows a list of the names that have been applied to Cen-
tral American species and of some Mexican ones where floristic
relationship is to Central America.
Styrax argenteus Presl, Rel. Haenk. 2: 60. 1836.
This is the oldest name for what seems to me to be the common
and widespread species of Mexico and Central America. The type
was collected by Haenke near "Acapulco," Mexico.
Styrax conterminius Donn.-Sm. Bot. Gaz. 18: 5. 1893.
424 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 31
This species is a good one and relatively easily distinguished.
It is known to me from Mexico, Guatemala (type, Heyde & Lux
2915} and El Salvador.
Styrax glabrescens Benth., PI. Hartw. 66. 1839.
This species is like no other in Central America and is easily dis-
tinguished by the imbricated, not valvate, corolla lobes. There
are species in Mexico to which it is related. There is a minor pubes-
cent variety in Mexico and it should be found in Guatemala. The
typical variety is known from Mexico (from whence the type), Guate-
mala and Costa Rica.
Styrax glabrescens var. pilosa Perkins, Pflanzenr. IV. 241 : 72.
1907. S. pilosa Standl. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 23: 1129. 1924.
The type of this Mexican variety no longer exists. An isotype,
Galeotti 2852, is in Field Museum. It seems to be referable to S.
argenteus Presl.
Styrax guatemalensis Donn.-Sm. Bot. Gaz. 15: 27. 1890, de-
scribed from Alta Verapaz is a synonym of S. glabrescens Benth.
Styrax hintonii Bullock, Kew Bull. 1936: 9. 1936, collected by
Hinton in Mexico is quite typical S. argenteus Presl.
Styrax magnus Lundell, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 66: 600. 1939,
was collected on Tacana Volcano by Matuda, N° 2982. It seems to
be a large leafed form of S. argenteus.
Styrax myristicifolius Perkins in Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 31: 481.
1902.
Two specimens are cited in the original publication, Warsceivicz
s.n. from Panama and Heyde & Lux 6182 from Guatemala. No type
was chosen but a reference is made to a publication where the Heyde
& Lux specimen is given. The specimens in the Berlin Herbarium
no longer exist but it seems reasonable to select the Heyde & Lux
collection as representing the type. / select Heyde & Lux 6182 from
Guatemala and designate the specimen in Field Museum as lectotype!
The species is a synonym of S. argenteus Presl.
Styrax panamensis Standl. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 18: 121.
1916.
WILLIAMS: TROPICAL AMERICAN PLANTS, IX 425
I have seen no material of this species.
Styrax pilosus (Perkins) Standl. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 23:
1 129. 1924. See S. glabrescens var. pilosus.
Styrax polyanthus Perkins in Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 31 : 479. 1901.
The type collection is Warscewicz 40 from Costa Rica or Panama.
The type in the Berlin herbarium was destroyed. A photograph of
of the type (Field Neg. 4320) and a fragment of the type is in Field
Museum. It is designated lectotype. The name is a synonym of
S. argenteus Presl.
Styrax polyneurus Perkins ex Donn.-Sm. Bot. Gaz. 35: 5. 1903.
The type collection is Tonduz 11744 from Costa Rica. A frag-
ment is in Field Museum. The species is a synonym of S. argenteus
Presl.
Styrax punctatum Donn.-Sm. appears in the Gray card index,
not DC. The name is not published but can be easily traced to S.
myristicifolius Perkins, a synonym of S. argenteus Presl.
Styrax punctatum DC. has been credited to Central America.
It is Brazilian.
Styrax vulcanicola Standl. & Steyerm. Field Mus. Bot. 22: 264.
1940.
The type from Guatemala, Steyermark 36801, is an immature
specimen with relatively large leaves. It is probably the same form
as S. magnus Lundell and I believe it to be a synonym of S. argenteus
Presl.
Styrax warscewiczii Perkins in Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 31: 480.
1901.
The type is Warscewicz 203 from Veraguas, Panama. I have
seen no authentic material of the species.
There are a number of Mexican species the names of which have
never been applied to Central American specimens, nor could they
have effect on the names used in "Flora of Guatemala": Styrax cy-
athocalyx Perkins; S. diplotrichus Diels; S.jaliscanus S. Wats.; S. mi-
cranthus Perkins; S. orizabensis Perkins; S. ramirezii Greenm. var.
micranthus Perkins and var. orizabensis Perkins.
INDEX
COMPILED BY
TERUA PIERSON WILLIAMS
Synonyms in italics.
Acacia cymbispina 119
sericea 119
subangulata 119
villosa 119
Acanthothamnus aphyllus 138
Achras zapota 64
Actinocheita filicina 119
Adenocalymna alboviolaceum 119
Agave karwinskii 111, 121, 135
kerchovei 129
macroacantha 121, 129
pacifica 135
rubescens 121, 135, 137
washingtoniensis 121
Agriculture, Tehuacan Valley 55
Alfalfa 72, 93
Alomia 25
microcarpa 27
pinetorum 25, 26
robinsoniana 27
wendlandii 27
Alsophila bicrenata 110
schiediana 110
Amaranth 76, 83
Aneilema karwinskyana 116
Animal husbandry 64
Anisacanthus gonzalezii 118
Anison 46
Anona 64
sp. 64
Anthericum durangense 128
leptophyllum 128
torreyi 128
Anthodiscus gutierrezii 22
peruanus 23
Apodanthera galeottii 128
Aracacha 84
Aralia guatemalensis 20
guatimalensis 20
Arbutus xalapensis 114
Arctostaphylos conzattii 114
pungens 114
Arenaria lycopodioides 114
Arecastrum romanzoffianum 153, 154
Ardisia liebmannii 112
Argemone mexicana 123
Arpophyllum spicatum 204
Arracacia annulata 46, 47
bracteata 48
donnell-smithii 48
nelsoni 48
rigida 48
Arundp donax 71
Asclepias circinalis 116
linaria 128
Aspidosperma cylindrocarpon 18
macrocarpon 18
Asplenium sessilifolium 112
Avacado 64
Ayenia fruticosa 121, 137
Bacopa monnieri 133
Barbosa pseudococos 153
Barley 87, 88, 95
Barrel cactus 58, 67, 116
Bathysa australia 44
multiflora 44
obovata 44
peruviana 44
Beans 60, 62, 64, 71, 76, 83, 84, 93
Beaucarnea gracilis 58, 125, 129, 137
Berendtiella laevigata 126
Blakea aeruginosa 35
florida 33, 34
gracilis 33, 34
litoralis 34
multiflora 33
Bletia purpurea 205
reflexa 205
tenuifolia 177, 205
Blue vetchling 88
Bocconia arborea 118
Bouteloua triaena 128
Bouvardia macilenta 110
ternifolia 114
Brahea dulcis 78, 124
Brassavola cucullata 201
nodosa 201
FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 31
Brassia caudata 215
maculata 216
verrucosa 216
Bulbophyllum pachyrhachis 206
Brumelia laetivirens 64
Burros 64, 67, 72
Bursera arida 121
submoniliforme 119
Cactus 57, 66, 109
Calliandra capillata 118
hirsuta 126
Calocarpum mammosum 64
Campy locentrum fasciola 220
hondurense 177, 220
micranthum 221
schiedei 221
Canavalia villosa 119
Candelabra cactus 121, 123
Candelilla 58
Candelillo 126
Cane 71, 72
Capirona de altura 45
Capsicum 80
Cardiospermum halicacabum 123
Cassia macdougliana 126
pringlei 119
Castela tortuosa 121
Catasetum integerrimum 207
Cathestecum erectum 130
Cattle 64, 67
Cattleya aurantiaca 201
skinneri 201
Cavendishia guatemalensis 169
var. chiapensis 169
Ceiba parvifolia 121, 122
Celastrus caseariifolius 23
molinae 23
Celtis pallida 119
Centropogon grandidentatus 110
Cephalocereus sp. 121
Cestrum fasciculatum 110
Chamisa amarilla 22
Cheilanthes microphylla 123
Chemical fertilizers 71, 94
Chickens 64
Chico zapote 64
Chilies 84
Chimaphila mexicana 169
umbellata mexicana 169
13 mexicana 169
var. mexicana 169
Chloris virgata 133
Cholulo 119
Chysis aurea 206
Clethra mexicana 109
pleoides 167, 168
Clidemia costaricensis 35
monantha 35
Cocos botryophora 153
coronata 153
datil 153
lapidea 153
martiana 153
Columnar cacti 117, 118
Commelina dianthefolia 123
erecta 123
Copaiba 32
Cordia brevispicata 121
cicatricosa 21
laeyoir 22
ripicola 22
stellata 121, 137
Corn 60, 62, 64, 66, 71, 76, 80
Coryanthes maculata 177, 209
Corymborchis flava 221
forcipigera 184
Cosmibuena grandiflora 45
matudae 45
ovalis 45
paludicola 45
Cotton 84, 97
Couepia polyandra 64
Crosspetalum subsessile 23
Croton ciliato-glandulosus 126
fragilis var. sericeous 121
incanus 126
morifolius var. obtusifolius 121
Cryptarrhena guatemalensis 219
lunata 219
Cryptophoranthus pectinatus 42
Cyrtopodium punctatum 206
Cuatchalalan 129
Cucurbita 78, 80, 95
mixima 79
mixta 79, 83
moschata 79, 91, 95
pepo 78, 79, 81, 83, 84, 91, 95
Cumala blanca 38
Cycnoches ventricosum 209
Dahlia scapigera var. australis 114
Dairy cattle 72
Dalea tuberculina 126
Dates 88
Diacrium bilamellatum 201
Dichaea hystricina 219
muricata var. neglecta 219
panamensis 219
Didymaea mexicana 116
Diospyrps ebenaster 64
Distichlis stricta 130
Ducks 64
Echeveria guatemalensis 116
minutiflora 130, 138
racemosa 116
subsessilis 137
Echinocactus grandis 58, 125, 128, 129
Echinodorus andrieuxii 17
Echinopterys lappula 121
Elleanthus caricoides 177, 181
linifolius 181
poiformis 181
INDEX
Enantiophylla heydeana 48
Epidendrum alatum 193
anceps 193
aromaticum 193
atropurpureum 193
boothii 193
bractescens 194
ciliare 194
clowesii 194
cobanense 194
cochleatum 194
condylochilum 194
cristatum 195
cystosum 177, 195
difforme 196
diffusum 196
equitantifolium 177, 196
ibaguense 196
imatophyllum 197
ionophlebium 197
isomerum 197
longicaule 39
neurosum 197
nocturnum 197
oncidioides 198
paniculatum 198
parkinsonianum 198
pentotis 198
physodes 195, 198
polyanthum 198
pygmaeum 198
radiatum 199
rigidum 199
sculptum 177, 199
selligerum 200
stamfordianum 200
stenopetalum 200
strobiliferum 200
varicosum 200
vitellinum 116
Epistephium sp. 180
Equisetum giganteum 119
Erigeron karwinskyanus 114
Erythrina americana 118
Erythrodes purpurea 184
querceticola 184
Escontria chiotilla 121, 137
Eulophia alta 206
Euonymus costaricensis 24
Euphorbia antisyphilitica 58, 126, 130
revoluta 130
xantii 130
Eustoma exaltatum 133
Euterpe brachyspatha 7
williamsii 5, 6, 7
Exogonium sp. 112
Flax 88
Ferrocactus robustus 58, 125, 126, 137
Fertilizers 71, 94
Ficus cotinifolia 118
Fouquieria formosa 58, 120, 121, 125, 129
purpusii 129, 137
Fuchsia microphylla 112
Galeandra baueri 205
Garlic 64
Gaultheria chiapensis 170
cumingii 170
hartwegiana 171
hirtiflora 171
lancifolia 171
var. dulcis 171
nelsonii 171
odorata 170, 171, 172
parvifolia 114
tacanensis 171
Gaylussacia cor data 173
cordifolia 173
Geonoma molinae 7, 8
polyneura 8, 9
Geranium schiedianium 114
Goats 67, 73, 81
Gomphrena pringlei 130
Gongora maculata 209
Gonolobus fraternus 123
Gossypium hirsutum 84
Gourds 60, 64, 65, 76, 83, 92, 97
Govenia superba 207
utriculata 207
Grabowskia geniculatum 137
Grapes 88
Guajava 64
Habenaria bractescens 178
clypeata 178
cruegeri 178
distans 178
leprieurii 177, 178
mesodactyla 178
novemfida 179
pauciflora 179
repens 179
strictissima var. odontopetala 179
Haplophyton cinereum 121
Hasseltia psittacarum 28
Hechtia sp. 123
Hedyosmum mexicanum 25
Hesperothamnus purpusi 125
Hibiscus brasiliensis 121
elegans 126
Hillia maludae 45
Hintonia standleyana 120, 126
Hoffmanseggia pueblana 128
Hordeum vulgare var. pallidum 87
Huaca Prieta excavations, Chicama,
Peru 79
Huarmicaspi 22
Hypolepsis repens 110
Inga paterno 118
lonopsis longicaulis 39
satyrioides 177, 214
FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 31
utricularioides 214
Ipomoea batatas 92
walcottiana 111
Iresine rotundifolia 121
Irrigation 68, 94
Irrigation systems 73
Isochilus linearis 112, 203
var. carnosiflorus 204
Jaquempntia smithii 130, 137
Jacquiniella globosa 203
Jatropha dioica 121, 129
neopauciflora 121, 138
spathulata 138
urens 116, 121
Jiotillo 121
Jitomate 64
Juliana adstringens 119, 129
Juncus aff. robustus 58, 130, 138
Kallstroemia parviflora 128
Kegeliella atropilosa 39, 40, 41
houtteana 41
Lacaena bicolor 41
nicaraguensis 41
Laelia digbyana 201
tibicinis 201
Laenaria siceraria 92
Lagenaria siceraria 83
Lamourouxia nelsoni 123
Lantana camara 123
Lasiocarpus ovalifolius 137
salicifolius 128
Lechuguilla 111, 121
Lecythis peruviana 30, 31
Lemaireocereus stellatus 121
weberi 118, 121
Lentil 88
Leochilus johnstonii 217
labiatus 217
scriptus 218
Lepanthes inaequalis 186
samacensis 186
turialvae 186
Leucaena puberulenta 129
pueblana 137
Liparia fantastica var. cordiformis 221
Lockhartia hercodonta 218
Loretoa peruviana 45
Luffa sp. 65
Lycaste aromatica 210
cruenta 210
Lycianthes ciliolatum 128
Lycopersicon esculentum 64
Lyonia squamulosa 114
Machimango bianco 30
Machin zapote 21
Macleania cordifolia var. linearifolia
172
insignis 172
var. linearifolia 172
linearifolia 172
racemosa 172
subracemosa 172
MacNeish, R. S. 59, 107
Maguey 66, 67, 76, 77, 78, 89, 94, 95
Maize 80, 81, 83, 84, 90, 91, 92, 93,
95, 97
wild 81
Malamujer 116, 121
Malaxis fastigiata 221
parthonii 193
Malea pilosa 173
Malpighia galeottiana 125
Mamey 64
Mammillaria 116
carnea 123
collina 127
napina 123
Mangifera indica 64
Mango 64
Manihot dulcis 84
pauciflora 121, 138
sp. 95
Marsdenia zimapanica 123
Masdevallia linearifolia 185
tubuliflora 186
Matisia bicolor 17, 21
rhombifolia 21
Martius s.n. 153
Maxillaria alba 210
crassifolia 210
cucullata 211
densa 211
elatior 211
friedrichsthalii 211
maleolens 221
pulchra 211
purpurea 212
ringens 212
rufescens 212
simulans 212
tenuifolia 212
uncata 213
variabilis 213
Meiracyllium trinasutum 201
Miconia spp. 112
Mikania cordifolia 112
Mimosa luisana 119
Mineral waters 68
Mollinedia pinchotiana 38
ruae 36, 37
Monotropa coccinae 112
Montane rainforest 109
Morkillia mexicana 120
Mormodes buccinator 207
Mormolyca ringens 213
Muhlenbergia tenuifolia 133
versicolor 114
Musa pardisiaca 64
sapientum 64
Myrtillocactus geometrizans 121
INDEX
Nama hispida 29
Nicotiana glauca 123
rustica 84
tobacum 84
Notholaena Candida 123
sinuata 130
Notylia barkeri 218
Oak-pine forest 56, 59, 60, 109, 112
Oca 84
Ocampa Cave excavation, Tamaulipas,
Mexico 79
Odontoglossum bictoniense 215
convallaripides 215
ehrenbergii 112
londesboroughianum 215
majale 215
pulchellum 215
rossii 215
Oenothera multicaulis 114
Olives 88
Oncidium ascendens 216
brachyandrum 216
carthagenense 216
cavendishianum 216
crista-galli 216
ensatum 216
luridum 217
pusillum 217
sphacelatum 217
Onions 64
Opuntia decumbens 123
hyptiacantha 121
pilifera 121
sp. 67, 77, 131
Oreopanax capita tus 21
geminatus 18
guatemalense 21
lacnocephalus 18, 19
obtusifolius 20
peltatus 18
Ornithocephalus bicornis 218
inflexus 218
iridifolius 218
Oxalis alpina 116
berlandieri 123
neaei 123
Oxen 64, 67, 72
Palm 124
Parathesis aff. chiapensis 118
Parthenium tomentosum 121
Passiflora adenopoda 112
Pea, field 88
Pectis canescens 123
Pedilanthus cymbifera 126, 137
Peperomia berlandieri 116
campylotropa 116
deppeana 112
reflexa 112
Peppers 60, 62, 64, 71, 93
Pernettya mexicana 114
Persia americana 64
Perymenium ova turn 121
Phalacraea wendlandii 27
Phaseolus 80
acutifolius var. latifolius 83
coccineus 112
lunatus 83
vulgaris 83
Phoradendron longifolium 116
Physalis sp. 64
Phytolacca rugosa 112
Pigs 64
Pine 112, 114
Pinguicula sp. 114
Pinus hartwegii 114
pseudostrobus var. apulcensis 114
Pithecolobium acatlense 129
Platano 64
Pleurothallis abjecta 186
angustisepala 192
blaisdellii 186
brighamii 186
ciliaris 187
compacta 187
gelida 177, 187
grobyi 188
hastata 188
helleriana 42, 44
hondurensis 188
lancilabris 189
lancilabris var. oxyglossa 188
lappiformis 42, 43
lewisae 189
matudiana 189
ovatilabia 177, 189
pansamalae 190
pardipes 192
pectinata 42
sertularioides 190
setosa 190
stenostachya 189, 190
testaefolia 42
tikalensis 177, 190, 191
tribuloides 192
yucatanensis 192
Pochote 121, 122
fiber 82
Polygala alba var. tenuifolia 128
obscura 128
Polypodium lowei 112
martensii 116
Polystachya clavata 204
masay crisis 205
Ponera striata 203
Potato 84, 91
Poultry farm 72
Pouteria campechiana var.
salicifolia 64
Prescottia stachyodes 182
Prickly pear cacti 116
Pringleochloa stolonifera 133
Prunus barbata 109
FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 31
Psidium guajava 64
Psittacanthus calyculatus 123
Ptelea trifoliata 125
Pterostemon mexicanus 118
Puca-Quiro 18
Pucaquiru 18
Pumaquivu 18
Pumpkins 76, 83
Quararibea rhombifolia 21
Quercus brachystachya 114
obtusata 114
Quinoa 84
Ranunculus petiolaris 116
Rapanea jurgensii 109
Rhyticocos amara 150
Rivinia humilis 119
Salvia aspera 137
thymoides 126
Sanvitalia fruticosa 123, 137
Scaphyglottis behrii 202
cuneata 202
lindeniana 202
livida 202
major 177, 202
minutiflora 203
Sciadophyllum guatemalense 21
Sclerolobium micranthum 32
tinctorium 32
Sedges 114
Sedum muscoideum 114
Selaginella lepidophylla 123
Setchellanthus caeruleus 138
Sheep 67, 73, 81
Sieva bean 83
Silata 44
Smilax aristolochiaefolia 112
Sobralia amparoae 221
decora 182
fragrans 182
macrantha 182
mucronata 182
Solanum amazonicum 123
yerbascifolium 118
Spiranthes acaulis var. assurgens 182
adnata 183
bicaudata 44
costaricensis 44, 183
graminea 221
orchioides 183
pseudogoodyerioides 177, 183
rosulata 184
sceptrodes 221
seminuda 184
tortillis 184
Squash 60, 64, 76, 83, 91
Stanhopea ecornuta 209
oculata 209
Stelis aemula 185
ciliaris 185
gracilis 185
johnsonii 185
purpurascens 185
rubens var. oxypetala 185
Stipa ichu 114
Struthanthus deppeanus 116
inornus 138
Sugar cane 71, 93
Sunflower 83
Sweet potato 92, 97
Syagrus arenicola 158
argentea 158
botryophora 153, 155, 156, 157
brachyrhyncha 158
camposportoana 150, 152, 154
catechucarpa 158
chiragua 158
chloroleuca 158
cocoides 147
cogniauxiana 158
coronata 148, 149, 150, 151, 153
drudei 158
dyeriana 158
edulis 158
inajai 150, 153, 155, 156
X matafome 150, 152
picrophylla 149, 150
purusana 158
quinquefaria 148, 150
ruschiana 156
tostana 150, 151
treubiana 150
vagans 150, 152
wildemaniana 158
Talinum paniculatum 123
Tecoma stans 120, 125
Tecuahuile 119
Tempesquistle 64
Tepary bean 83
Ternstroemia tepezapote 109
Thevetia peruviana 120
Thorn-scrub 56, 57, 109
Thouinidium insigne 120
Tibouchina schiediana 112
Tillandsia recurvata 123
spp. 116, 119
Tobacco 84
Tomate 64
Tomato 60, 64, 84
Topobea aeruginosa 35
Tree ferns 109, 110
Trianthema portulacastrum 58, 130
Trichopilia marginata 221
Tridax procumbens 123
Trigonidium egertonianum 214
Triticum dicoccum 87
monococcum 87
polystachya 184
Tuna 67, 76, 77, 78, 94, 95, 121
de viboras 123
Turkeys 64
INDEX
Usnea 116 Viola hookeriana 116
Virola kukachkana 38
Vaccinium angustifolium 173 officinalis 39
breedlovei 173, 174
confertum 114 Warrea costaricensis 177, 207, 208
cordatum 173 Wheat 87, 88, 90, 91, 92, 95, 97
cordifolia 173
haematinum 173 Yuca 84 95
hondurense 173 Yucca periculosa 125, 137
leucanthum 173
Zanthoxylum anison 45
17 kellermannii 46
m Zapote amanllo 64
poasanum 174 H g ?~n fiA
stenophyllum 173 e >mno 64
df . longifolia 128
planifolia 180 Zexmenia pringlei 126
pompona 180 Zinowiewia maequif olia 24
Verbena canescens 128 Zizyphus pedunculata 119, 129
Publications 1045, 1046, 1047, and 1048
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-URBANA