Volume 7, Number 5

September-

October, 1978

3 The Great Apes

ZOONews -

9 The Great Ape House

ll Reptile Research

Roundup

13 Elizabeth C. Reed

FONZNews -

14 President’s Report

17 Treasurer’s Report

20 New Board

Members

21 BookNews

22 Calendar of Events

Front Cover: Saba, a male orang-utan be-

longing to the Lincoln Park Zoo, in a pensive

moment. Orang-utans are the most solitary

of the great apes.

Back Cover: 1979 Junior Zoo Aides John Cox

and Emily Moscowitz pose with The Magnif-

icent Atlas Lion and Super Zoodle. The

daily, animal-themed puppet shows staged

by junior members of FONZ each summer

get rave reviews from enthusiastic Zoo

audiences.

Friends

the

National

is a non-profit organization of individuals

and families who are interested in support-

ing Zoo education, research, and conserva-

tion.

As members of FONZ, you and your

family receive many benefits — publica-

tions, discount privileges, and invitations to

special programs and activities —to make

your zoo-going more enjoyable and

educational.

THE ZOOGOER is published bi-monthly by

the Friends of the National Zoo, c/o The

National Zoological Park, Washington,

D.C. 20008. Third class mailing permit

44282. Subscription is $4 a year (percen-

tage of annual dues).

rights reserved.

ISSN: 0163-416X

Editor:

Mary W. Matthews

Consulting Editor:

Mary C. Massey

Photographs on front cover, pp. 3, 6-7, 8, &

21 by Polly McCann; p. 4 from Edward Ty-

son, Orang-outang sive Homo Sylvestrus,

1699; pp. 5, 10, & 13 courtesy of Smith-

sonian Institution, National Zoological

Park; p. 9 by Mary W. Matthews; pp. 11 & 12

by Francie Schroeder; pp. 14 & 17 by Sabin

Robbins; p.16 & 24 byLis Glassco,

FONZ Board of Directors, 1978-1979

Stephen T. Hosmer, President

John S. Brown, First Vice President

Whayne S. Quin, Second Vice President

M. Anthony Gould, Treasurer

Victor Delano, Secretary

Stanley R. Mayes

Edward G. Boehm Cecil McLelland

Janice A. Booker Sheila D. Minor

Montgomery S. Bradley Monica J. Morgan

William C. Bryant Robert L. Nelson

Al Hackl John B. Oliver

Julie P. Hubbard Joseph Y. Ruth

A. José Jones Ross Simons

Nella Manes Julia Vadala Taft

Sally S. Tongren

Samuel Biddle

FONZ Siaff

Sabin Robbins, Executive Director

Dennis Baker, Associate Director

Donna Schlegel, Volunteer & Educational

Services

Mary W. Matthews, Publications

Fran Bernstein, Membership

Tom Frame, Food Services

Lonnie Wornom, Merchandising

Kevin Polen, Transportation

Zoo Staff

Dr. Theodore H. Reed, Director

Mr. Edward Kohn, Deputy Director

Office Chiefs

Mr. Jaren Horsley, Animal Management

Dr. Christen Wemmer, Conservation &

Research Center

Dr. Mitchell Bush, Animal Health

Dr. Richard Montali, Pathology

Dr. John Eisenberg, Zoological Research

Mr. Emanuel Petrella, Facilities Manage-

ment

Mr. Vince Doyle, Management Services

Mr. Robert Mulcahy, Graphics & Exhibits

Ms. Judy White, Education & Information

Mr. Samuel Middleton, Police & Safety

The Great Apes

Saul L. Kitchener

Director, San Francisco

Zoological Gardens

Chimpanzee, gorilla, orangutan

—these names conjure visions of

dark, steamy rain forests and long

lines of head-laden porters leading

the white hunter to the hidden land

of the vicious, giant, humanoid apes.

That’s not all fanciful. The great

apes do live in heavy rain forests for

the most part, and where they live is

usually inaccessible. Hollywood may

have made up the vicious part, but

not the rest.

| think we have always known

apes are our Closest living relations.

Looking at them and watching them

behave can lead you to no other con-

clusion, religious dogma _ notwith-

standing. It is extremely difficult not

to anthropomorphize when dealing

with the apes, simply because they

do look and act somewhat like us—

certainly more so than an anteater or

a lion, for example.

In 1791, the great French natur-

alist Buffon put it perfectly when he

wrote, “The orang-outang or pongo is

only a brute, but a brute of a kind so

singular, that man cannot hold it

without contemplating himself and

without being thoroughly convinced

that his body is not the most essen-

tial part of his nature.”

Apes were not generally known

to the West until the 18th and 19th

centuries. What were called apes

until then were the Barbary ape of

Gibraltar and a host of other mon-

keys, generally macaques. Just which

ape came to the notice of Western

civilization first is of little impor-

tance, since scientists of that day

didn’t know which ones they were

anyway.

Probably the chimpanzee was

the first ape to be described more or

less scientifically. Chimpanzees have

been known to the West from trav-

elers’ accounts since the late 1500s,

but to science only since the late

1600s. It appears that an orang-utan

was first imported to Europe from

Borneo in 1776 by the Dutch East

India Company for William V of Hol-

land. It was described by A. Vosmaer

in 1776, but he could not distinguish

his specimen clearly from the chim-

panzee. Chimps and orangs were fre-

quently confused, and, in fact, chim-

panzees were called “black ourangs”

in the early 1800s.

Gorillas were the last of the

apes to be described by science, al-

though tales of giant, hairy women

from the west coast of Africa were

published long before the scientific

description. The classical story of

gorillas was given by Hanno, a Carth-

aginian navigator. He reported an

island “full of savage people, the

greater part of whom were women,

whose bodies were hairy and whom

our interpreters called gorillas.”

Hanno’s men chased them and

caught three “women,” but since the

“women could not be prevailed on to

accompany us,” they were killed and

Previous Page: M’Buti, a male chimpanzee, at 10 weeks of age. Chimpanzee babies and

human babies are very similar up until the third month.

skinned. Hanno brought the skins to

Carthage, since the gorillas were pre-

sumed to be another race of people.

Little notice was taken of the inci-

dent. In fact, Aristotle, to the north in

Greece, knew nothing about them a

hundred years later. Of course, it is

possible that what Hanno saw were

chimpanzees, and not gorillas, but

his account is usually taken to refer

to gorillas.

An English adventurer, Andrew

Battell, captured by the Portuguese

and sent to West Africa by them, ap-

parently saw both gorillas and

chimps in the late 1500s. He des-

cribed the gorilla as “pongo,” which

ee aaa area

“Chimpanzees have been

known to the West from travel-

lers’ accounts since the

late 1500s.”

is supposedly a corruption of the

African word “mpongwe.” This might

not be significant in itself, but it led

circuitously to the scientific discov-

ery of the gorilla in 1847 by two

American doctors, Thomas S. Savage

and Jeffries Wyman. Savage saw a

skull of a gorilla in the house of a

missionary, and recognized that it

was a species new to science. After

obtaining more information and

further specimens, Savage felt sure

his gorilla was the “pongo” of

Andrew Battell. Although 250 years

had passed, Battell’s “pongo” finally

achieved scientific respectability.

Chimpanzee

Chimps are undoubtedly the

most familiar of the great apes, prob-

ably for two main reasons. They have

the largest territory of the three,

being found across Central Africa as

far south as the Congo River and as

far east as Lakes Victoria and Tan-

ganyika. | do not know how many

square miles this entails, but com-

pared to the small ranges of both the

orang and the gorilla, it is consider-

able. Since the chimps have a larger

range, there are probably more of

them than there are orangs and goril-

las. In addition, coastal West Africa,

where a great many chimps are

found, was the first part of Africa

opened up to the West.

When young, chimps can be

trained to do an amazing variety of

things. Their personalities, avail-

ability, and price are three basic fac-

tors that make the chimps the over-

whelming favorite for circus acts.

Times have changed, but not too

Ham, “the space chimp”

long ago a chimp cost $250, while a

gorilla cost $5,000 and an orang

$3,000. Obviously, not too many acts

could afford the latter two. You still

see chimps in circus acts, but they

cost considerably more than $250.

Today, a baby chimp probably costs

$1,000, as contrasted to a cost of

$10,000-$15,000 for a gorilla and

$7 ,000-$8,000 for an orang. You can

see that chimps are still relatively in-

expensive.

Chimps live in smallish family

units, are far more predatory than the

other apes, and can make and use

rudimentary tools. This last fact may

come as a surprise to some people,

but | don’t think anyone who has

ever worked with chimps in a zoo Is

surprised by it.

Perhaps the most famous of all

living chimpanzees, Ham, “the space

chimp,” has been at the National

Zoo since 1963. The 21-year-old male

is considered a pioneer explorer in

the U.S. Space Program because of

his successful journey into space

aboard a Redstone rocket in 1961.

Ham was given to the Zoo by the

U.S. Air Force.

Orang-utans

Whereas chimps can be classed as

mercurial, with behavior changing

rapidly from moment to moment and

an attention span like a child’s—not

very long—orang-utans are quietly

clever and systematic. Chimps are

intelligent, but in a showy, almost

braggadocio way. Orangs are plod-

ders who stick to things. In zoos,

orangs are the champion cage des-

troyers of all time. After all, they

have 24 hours a day to work on it,

and they get the job done because of

their tenacity, dexterity, and intelli-

gence. Orangs are second in size to

the gorilla—a large male can weigh

350 pounds or more in captivity.

Orang-utan is a Malay word

meaning “man of the woods”: orangs

were thought by Westerners to be a

race of wild men. In fact, early Dutch

sailors brought them back to Holland

as people, and even dressed them in

clothes. The animals succumbed

quickly, due to a combination of the

rigorous climate and improper diet.

By the mid-1500s, however, Western-

ers knew of the existence of orangs,

even though orangs were continually

being confused with chimpanzees.

Public awareness of orangs in-

creased as more of them arrived in

Europe but, even today, they are un-

familiar to many. The public, in gen-

eral, doesn’t know the animal's cor-

rect name, often calling it “orang-

utang.” The addition of the final “g’”

changes the meaning from “man of

the woods” to “debtor” in Malay.

This is particularly ironic considering

the havoc people have wrought on

the orang and its ecology. | have

even heard orangs referred to as

“orange utans” (they are reddish,

after all).

Orang-utans are probably the

most arboreal of the great apes.

However, they do come to the

ground on occasion. Their social

structure, too, is different, since they

basically travel alone and not in

family groups. One or two females

traveling with offspring or two or

three young animals together can be

seen, but | do not think adult males

“Orang-utans are probably the

most arboreal of the great apes.

However, they do come to the

ground on occasion.”

have ever been seen together. Of

course, an adult male will stay with a

female during the period she is sex-

ually receptive; but then he goes his

solitary way again.

Orangs may be the most severe-

ly endangered of the great apes.

Although orangs have been slaugh-

tered throughout the centuries, the

main cause of their predicament is

destruction of habitat. As the forest is

cut for lumber and the land cleared

for farms, the orang is pushed farther

back, with far less area to live in.

Orang-utans breed well in capti-

vity, and now a number of captive-

born animals are also beginning to

reproduce. In all probability, orangs

are doomed in the wild; so if the

species is to be saved, zoos will have

to continue their efforts to get zoo-

born orangs together for breeding.

Three orang-utans can be seen

at the National Zoo—a 12-year-old

male, Atgeh, born here to a 25-year-

old female, Jennie; and an 11-year-

old female, Pensi. The National Zoo’s

breeding of a second-generation

orang-utan in 1977 (Pensi’s son Azy)

was such a remarkable achievement

that it won the coveted Edward H.

Bean Award, given by the American

Association of Zoological Parks and

Aquariums for the year’s most

notable zoo birth.

Give a chimp and an orang

something they have never seen be-

fore, and odds are the chimp will try

to smash it, while the orang will try to

take it apart. Failing that, the orang

will use it to try to take its cage apart.

Providing playthings for orang-utans

is areal challenge to zoo people. The

toys must be harmless to the primate,

of course, and should be constructed

so that the animal cannot use them

to dismantle its cage.

Orangs have the most mobile

lips and mouths of all the great apes.

Chimps appear to have more expres-

sive faces, but orangs can do more

with their lips and mouths. For in-

stance, they can eat a number of

times in a day and that night still

have some food from the morning

hidden in their mouths.

Gorillas

“If the gorilla did not exist, he

would have had to be invented,” said

one observer. People so badly want

to believe in monsters that, by sheer

size alone, the gorilla fills the bill. In

reality, gorillas are the opposite of

monsters. If | were to categorize gor-

illas—as | did chimps and orangs — as

to personality, | would say they have

great dignity. They never prance and

simper to curry favor, the way

chimps do; they rarely play the buf-

foon, as orangs sometimes do. They

are extremely sensitive animals and

frighten easily.

| do not believe any animal is

more misunderstood by the general

public than the gorilla. Of course,

after King Kong, Mighty Joe Young,

and Gargantua, what can you ex-

pect? The first two animals are fic-

tional; and Gargantua, while not fic-

tional in body, was in reputation. As

non-aggressive as most male _ goril-

las, and not an especially big animal,

Gargantua could be made angry or

upset. When he was to go on display

in the Ringling Brothers sideshow, his

handler would run a metal cup over

the bars of his cage, a sound Gar-

gantua particularly disliked. He re-

acted by running around his cage and

smashing into the bars. Thus the

“vicious” gorilla.

There is marked sexual di-

morphism in the gorilla. An adult

male may weigh over 500 pounds in

captivity, while it is rare for a female

to go much over 200. Many people

think of gorillas as particularly hairy.

Many times I’ve heard a man with

hair on his chest referred to as a

“hairy gorilla.” In reality, adult male

gorillas do not have hair on their

chests; they have naked chests. All

we know about gorilla behavior,

physiology, and ecology we have

learned, essentially, within the last 20

years. Before that time, it was

hearsay and speculation.

Paul du Chaillu was the one per-

son most responsible for promulgat-

ing and fostering the gorilla myth. He

explored the West African gorilla

country and brought back incredible

stories. Du Chaillu was the man who

originated the one about gorillas

carrying off native women, one of

the most persistent gorilla myths—

but really, what would a gorilla do

with a woman? It is possible to be

within smelling distance of gorillas in

the wild and not be able to see them,

since they much prefer to hide than

fight—certainly not a characteristic

of a vicious animal.

One popular belief —and a true

one for a change—is that gorillas

beat their chests. This is a sign of ex-

citement. They do it when angry,

happy, or just plain excited. It may

be instinctive as well, although | find

it difficult to believe there could be a

gene for any form of behavior. How-

ever, gorillas raised by hand away

from other gorillas eventually beat

their chests. Incidentally, gorillas will

frequently beat on other parts of

their anatomy as well. The soles of

the feet seem second only to the

chest in preference; these they beat

while lying on their backs.

Du Chaillu actually misinter-

preted what he saw. Adult males un-

doubtedly did charge him, but he

apparently shot before giving them a

chance to retreat, which is their

normal tactic. Rather than attacking

du Chaillu, they were trying to scare

him away.

From Dr. George Schaller’s

classic field study, The Year of the

Gorilla, we know that in the wild gor-

illas appear to be strictly vegetarian,

although in captivity they eat meat.

They travel great distances, spending

much of their time foraging along the

way. Gorillas build nests every night

for sleeping, although the large males

usually stay on the ground. A large

male leads the family group and dic-

tates to the troop when to move on,

when to stop, etc. One of the leading

categories in behavioral research

today is non-verbal communication,

and the gorillas are expert at it. Much

of gorilla communication is done

through changes in posture. For ex-

ample, when the leader wants the

troop to move on, he stands in a cer-

tain stiff-legged, stiff-armed way.

Then he moves on and expects every-

one else to follow. They usually do.

Gorillas are tremendous attrac-

tions in zoos all over the world. The

National Zoo exhibits three lowland

gorillas. Tomoka, a 17-year-old male,

is the second gorilla ever born in

America. He is also only the fourth to

be bred, born, and reared in cap-

tivity in the world.

Today, gorillas are an endang-

ered species for much the same

reason as are orang-utans—their

habitat is steadily being eroded for

farms and grazing cattle and goats. It

is about 50-50 whether gorillas will

survive in the wild; but they are

breeding well in captivity, and proper

ZOO Management should ensure their

survival.

Intelligence

“How smart are they, anyway?”

is a question zoo people hear prac-

tically every day. It is most frequent-

ly asked about the great apes, as you

might imagine. Of course, the chimp

has been studied exhaustively, while

the orang and gorilla have been

tested very little in comparison. It

always amazes me to hear scientists

proclaim the chimp the smartest

animal next to human beings when so

little experimental testing has been

done with the orang and gorilla.

“I do not believe any animal is

more misunderstood by the

general public than the gorilla.”

To my knowledge, there is little

evidence to indicate that the chim-

panzee is a more intelligent animal

than the orang or gorilla. In fact,

there is evidence that may indicate

the opposite. In the four-year re-

search project for the University of

Oklahoma with which | was involved

at the Oklahoma City Zoo, our tests

on the comparative intelligence of

the great apes indicated no signifi-

cant statistical difference in their per-

formances, although the orangs per-

A lowland

gorilla

from the

San Francisco

Zoo.

formed the best of all. In more re-

cent studies, orang and gorilla groups

have been found superior to the

chimpanzee group in a number of

areas of intelligence. If brain size

were used as a gross indicator of in-

telligence, then the ranking would be

gorilla, orang-utan, and chimpanzee.

Based on 19 years of working with

apes, | would say there is no smartest

ape species; there are only apes as

individuals. There are smarter apes

and not so smart apes, the same as

you find in humans.

This article has been adapted from

Saul L. Kitchener, “The Great Apes,”

in The Ark (Chicago, IL: Lincoln Park

Zoological Society, 1976), with the

permission of the author.

The Great Ape House

Jeanne Roush

Keeping up with the Joneses

won't be so easy in 1980—especially

if you happen to move in next door

to the new ape house at the National

Zoo. Construction has begun on a

new ape house, scheduled to open

during August of 1980. In addition to

the conveniences that we and the

Joneses take for granted, such as air

conditioning and television, the inno-

vative exhibit will feature indoor and

outdoor pools, skylights, solar heat-

ing, and jungle-like greenery.

The new Great Ape House will

follow the National Zoo’s master

plan for housing animals in more

naturalistic settings. A team of Zoo

staff members and architects from

the firm of Wilkes and Faulkner have

been working for two and a half

years to design what they believe will

be the best ape house in the country.

One method the team used to

arrive at their design was to visit

other ape facilities around the world.

This enabled them to choose for their

ape house the best features from

such zoos as those of Cincinnati, San

Diego, Chicago, Basel, Zurich, and

Frankfurt.

Since the architects from Wilkes

and Faulkner had never designed a

zoo building, they and the Zoo

staffers had to pool a great deal of

information to arrive at the current

Before: Construction for the new Great Ape House is under way.

design. The Zoo staff members had

to inform the architects of all the

special requirements that had to be

taken into account in housing such

large, intelligent, and strong animals

as the great apes; the architects in

turn had to inform the Zoo staff

members of what types of building

materials and designs could best

meet these needs.

The $2.3 million ape house will

occupy about one acre of land be-

tween the Small Mammal House and

the Reptile Building. A major con-

sideration of the design was to have

the building blend into the land-

scape. This will be achieved by put-

ting half the structure under ground,

and by surrounding the remaining,

25-foot-tall above-ground portion

with tall oak and maple trees. The

building will be constructed of the

same buff-colored, textured concrete .

as the new Education-Administra-

tion Building and the William M.

Mann Memorial Lion-Tiger Exhibit.

Upon entering the Great Ape

House, Zoo visitors will stand face to

face with the apes, with only 1%

inches of glass, instead of bars, be-

tween them. Of course, this will not

be ordinary glass, but laminated

glass, strong enough to withstand

even the charge of an angry 500-

pound gorilla. The glass plates will be

ten feet tall, and will run the length

of the enclosure. The apes will be

viewed, and will view their visitors,

against backgrounds of lush vegeta-

tion resembling the apes’ wild habi-

tats. A final, naturalistic touch will be

the use of skylights as the primary

source of light for the exhibit. In

short, for the visitor it will be the

next-best thing to being in the wild

with the apes.

The gorillas will have three

rooms, all of which may be subdi-

vided or reopened as necessary,

depending upon the animal popula-

)

After: A model of the Great Ape House. The new exhibit is scheduled to open in August, 1980.

tion at any given time. The largest

room will be 40’ by 15’; the other two

will each be 20’ by 20’, and each

room will have access to the out-

doors. Indoor climbing structures on

different levels will have nooks and

crannies so that the apes will have

places for recreation and privacy.

In addition, if the gorillas are

feeling particularly energetic, they

will be able to splash around in a

pool. If not, they can sit back, just

like the Joneses, to watch a little

television. Their TV, which is a gift

from FONZ, will be placed so that

the public will be able to see which

programs the gorillas have chosen.

Perhaps the biggest advantage

of the new facility will be that the

Zoo will be able to expand its gorilla

population and to house it in a group

structure similar to what it would

have in the wild. This social setting

will be a good psychological stimul-

us, and should achieve one of the

Zoo’s major goals for the apes—a

high level of social interaction: play-

ing, grooming, even mating.

The indoor accommodations for

the orangutans will be much like

those of the gorillas. However, since

in their natural habitat orangutans

spend 80 percent of their time in

trees, their climbing structures will be

much more vertically oriented than

those of the gorillas. The ceiling in

the orangutans’ rooms will be 21 feet

high, compared to only 16 feet in the

gorillas’ rooms; and the public will be

able to view the orangutans’ rooms

from two levels. In addition to the

climbing structures, the orangs will

have an indoor pool; but, unlike the

gorillas, they will have no television.

Orangutans are the least sociable of

the great apes, and apparently get no

kick from TV.

As with that of the gorillas, the

Zoo plans to expand its population of

orangutans when the new facility is

ready; and the new orangutan popu-

lation will be housed in a manner

which takes their individual pattern

of social organization into account.

Orangutans in the wild are much

more solitary than the gregarious

gorilla. Though mothers and babies

stay together, adult males usually

travel alone.

The outdoor part of the exhibit

will consist of one large yard for the

gorillas, 140’ by 75’, and one large

yard for the orangutans, 60’ by 60”.

The public will be able to view these

yards either through laminated glass,

from indoors, or from across a moat

outdoors. The landscaped yards will

have outdoor pools and_ various

climbing structures for the apes’

recreation, relaxation, and privacy.

In an effort to keep repair and

maintenance costs low, all hardware

will be stainless steel, and the con-

crete walls will be coated with a

sealer to eliminate the need for paint.

While the skylights are an attractive

design feature, they will also save

energy by providing natural light

sources and warm-weather ventila-

tion. Another energy-saver will be

four solar panels in the roof, in-

stalled to heat all the water used by

the facility.

The National Zoo has gone to

great lengths to insure that the new

Great Ape House is one of the best in

the world. From solar panels to in-

door pools, the new house promises

to combine the best of modern tech-

nology, zoo experience, and natural-

ness to produce a unique zoo-going

experience.

Reptile Research

Roundup

Dale Marcellini

Research Curator

On the surface, the Reptile

House appears to be the quietest and

least active part of the Zoo. To the

casual visitor, and perhaps even to

the experienced zoo-goer, the ani-

mals there seem to do_- very

little—and to do that slowly. But if

one looks closely and for longer

periods of time, it is obvious that

much is going on. Crocodiles are

moving about and displaying for their

cage mates. Snakes are courting and

copulating. Frogs, toads, turtles, and

even lizards are making sounds.

Behind the lines, out of sight of the

visitor, keepers are moving animals

about, making introductions, or

manipulating light and humidity

cycles to induce breeding. In the in-

cubator room, eggs are being set up

for incubation, while other eggs are

hatching.

Much of this activity generates

information or questions that

become part of crucial research proj-

ects. And to know more is to improve

the management and breeding of

captive animals. Several key projects

currently under way are briefly des-

cribed in this article.

The social behavior of Cuban

crocodiles is being documented;

until now, very little has been known

about their behavior. The National

Zoo is fortunate to have the largest

group of Cuban crocodiles outside

Cuba. Reptile Keeper Leader Mike

Davenport is studying the social be-

havior of these crocodiles, with em-

phasis on their aggressive and court-

ship behavior. With the help of

FONZ guide Eliza Soyster, much

information has been gathered and

films have been made of crocodile

behavior.

| myself am studying thermal

feeding response in pythons—the in-

crease in body temperature that

occurs when some snakes are fed.

(Yes, snakes are not really cold-

blooded!) To do this, we feed the

pythons tiny radio transmitters that

produce a signal in response to

changes in temperature. By counting

the pulses in a given length of time,

we obtain accurate body tempera-

tures. Thus far, we have found that

these snakes can maintain tempera-

tures of 2° C. above the temperature

outside them for long periods.

Zookeeper Trooper Walsh _ is

documenting the techniques used to

maintain and breed emerald tree

boas. Many zoos have these beauti-

ful snakes, but have been unable to

breed them. At the NZP, we have

bred emeralds successfully for the

past two years; Keeper Walsh is

writing a paper describing exactly

how we have done it. The paper will

contain advice on caging, food, light

and humidity cycles, and the tech-

niques used to induce breeding.

When published, this report should

help other institutions to success-

fully maintain and breed these beau-

tiful snakes.

Many experts believe that snake

growth is influenced by the size of

the snakes’ enclosure—the smaller

the enclosure, the smaller the snake.

For more than a year and a half, the

reptile and amphibian keepers have

been doing a study to determine if

cage size affects the growth of corn

snakes. Equal numbers of hatchling

snakes were placed in three enclo-

sures: a five-gallon aquarium; one-

half of a five-gallon aquarium; and

one-fourth of a five-gallon aquarium.

The snakes’ food was weighed; each

snake received the same amount of

food each week. The snakes were

measured and weighed bi-monthly.

Now the snakes are adults; and

the preliminary results indicate that

crowding has not retarded their

growth, either in length or in weight.

Keeper Bela Demeter participating in an

experiment on the effects of handling on

hatching success.

Preliminary results indicate that crowding does not retard the growth of hatchling snakes.

Each snake grew to nearly three feet

in length; those in the smallest enclo-

sures were literally coiled back onto

themselves. All of the snakes appear

equally healthy; and, in fact, the

ones in the smallest enclosure are the

heaviest. The results of this study will

be published; we hope that they will

alter thinking about snake growth.

A long-term study of the vocali-

zations and vocalization-related be-

havior of geckos (a small lizard) is

also being conducted. Gecko calls

are being recorded and analyzed

using a sonagraph, with the goal of

documenting the types of calls that

each species produced. The contexts

of the vocalizations are also being

noted, so that functional interpreta-

tions can be made. The results of this

work might be used to identify dif-

ferent species by their characteristic

sounds.

There are many disagreements

about how reptile eggs should be

incubated. Some experts say that

reptile eggs may be handled after

being set up for incubation; others

say no.

The National Zoo is conducting

experiments to determine the effects

of handling on hatching success.

Clutches are treated in three differ-

ent ways. Some eggs are set up and

not handled. Others are set up and

rotated weekly, one time lengthwise,

and two times on their axes, so that

they end up with the same side up

when they are replaced. A third

group is rotated weekly, one time

lengthwise and one-and-a-half times

on the axes, so that the eggs are re-

placed upside-down. Thus, we have

two experimental groups and one

control group.

We have made this experiment

with two species of snake and one of

lizard, and are currently working with

tortoise eggs. So far handling has had

no effect on hatching success. When

the tortoise work is completed, the

data will be published; we look for-

ward to its helping to dispel yet

another myth about reptiles.

Thus, in the seeming quiet of

the Reptile House, much is happen-

ing. Animals are doing things and

people are researching. The next time

you visit the Reptile House, look

more closely. You may see some-

thing interesting.

Elizabeth C. Reed

On November 2, 1978, Elizabeth Crandall Reed,

wife of Theodore H. Reed, the Director of the National

Zoo, lost her long and gallant struggle against cancer.

Mrs. Reed loved animals all her life; her active in-

volvement with them began in her childhood, when she

became a member of the 4-H Club. She met Dr. Reed

while they were both students at Kansas State University.

They married in 1945 —and went to the Kansas City Zoo

on their honeymoon.

Mrs. Reed’s association with the National Zoo began

in 1955, when she and Dr. Reed came to Washington

from Oregon, where he had been veterinarian of the Port-

land Zoo.

When Mohini Rewa, the Zoo’s famous white Bengal

Tiger, gave birth suddenly in April, 1969, Mrs. Reed took

over the painstaking task of rearing her cub, Rewati. In

“White Tiger in My House,” an article Mrs. Reed wrote

for the National Geographic Magazine (April, 1970), Mrs.

Reed commented, “I’ve been foster mother to four hybrid

bears, one grizzly cub, and two young leopards. Oh yes,

and to a ring-tailed lemur that used to perch on my

shoulder drinking orange juice. ... One day my phone is

sure to ring again, and Ted will be at the other end of the

line, saying, ‘Get the nursery ready.’ | wonder what kind

of infant I’ll be asked to mother then?” In fact, Mrs. Reed

was foster mother to many of the Zoo’s most difficult

births; her patience, good humor, and competence made

her invaluable.

Mrs. Reed was particularly interested in the Zoo’s

services to the public, and contributed many hours as,

for example, a volunteer in the Gift Shop when it first

opened. On her final visit to the Zoo in the early fall of

1978, when she was confined to a wheelchair, she made

several suggestions on how to improve the services the

Zoo offers to the handicapped.

The Friends of the National Zoo offer their sympathy

to the Reed family. The Zoo has certainly lost one of its

greatest friends.

Dr. Reed wishes to express his personal thanks to the

many FONZ members who sent messages of sympathy

and condolence. “Elizabeth had many hours of enjoy-

ment working as a volunteer for the Zoo, even behind the

scenes. No one can put the value of a person’s life into

mere words; but you can say thank you to your friends —

and | do.”

FONZ\EV\S

President’s Report

Dr. Stephen T. Hosmer

FONZ President

We meet tonight as Friends of

what has truly become one of the

world’s great zoological parks. Those

of us who knew this zoo twenty years

ago, when the FONZ was born, can-

not but be impressed with the enor-

mous size of the transformation that

has been accomplished under Ted

Reed’s and the Smithsonian’s leader-

ship during the past two decades.

The spectacular quality of the Na-

tional Zoo’s exhibits and other new

physical facilities is apparent to all

who visit here. What are less evident,

but no less important, are the great

strides that have occurred “behind

the scenes”: the Zoo’s growing attain-

ments in the fields of zoological re-

search, animal health care, educa-

tion, and the management and

breeding of endangered species—

fields in which the National Zoo is

gaining worldwide recognition for

leadership and excellence.

We, as Friends of the Zoo, ob-

viously derive satisfaction from the

fact that the FONZ has contributed

importantly to the development of

today’s Zoo and that we are in an

increasingly stronger position to

assist the Zoo’s work of the future.

Because of your active support and

the continued financial success of

our food, gift shop, and parking

operations, the FONZ this year will

contribute more than $350,000 to

education, research, conservation,

and other activities of direct benefit

to the National Zoo. This constitutes

a 40 percent increase in funding over

the previous year.

Let me briefly describe the

types of diverse projects this revenue

has been used to support.

Many of you, | know, have seen

and enjoyed the award-winning

FONZ-produced movie, ‘Zoo,’

which was shown daily in this theater

to summer Zoo visitors. Encouraged

by the success of this initial effort,

FONZ this year asked the director of

our first film to make another—this

time on the exciting story of the

Zoo’s efforts to preserve endangered

animal species through captive

breeding and scientific study at the

Conservation and Research Center at

Front Royal, Virginia. This 27-minute

color and sound film should be com-

pleted this spring, and will be shown

both here and, eventually, at Front

Royal, and will also be distributed to

schools and libraries. Recently | saw

a preliminary version of the movie,

and | feel confident that we will have

another film hit to our credit.

Since 1975, FONZ has funded a

number of conservation and research

projects carried out by the National

Zoo. In 1978, FONZ committed

$126,000 to such projects —a 50 per-

cent increase over last year.

A new series of conservation

study grants was funded which

promises to benefit endangered ani-

mals directly. One grant has enabled

our Zoo to join with the New York

Dr. Stephen T. Hosmer

and Philadelphia zoos in a first-ever

joint expedition to study Indonesia’s

unique birds of paradise and to

obtain specimens for captive breed-

ing by each zoo. A second grant is

supporting a field study to evaluate

the success of a relocation project in

Utah to save the endangered Utah

prairie dog. This is of special interest

here because the National Zoo has

what is probably the only captive

breeding group of these animals in

the world.

A third conservation grant has

sent the Zoo’s Dr. Wemmer to the

Celebes in Indonesia to lay the

groundwork for the study, and, it is

hoped, the eventual capture, of the

elusive giant civet cat for captive

breeding. The giant civet cat is an

animal so rare it has never been ex-

hibited in zoos.

Two other FONZ-supported

programs were launched this year. A

visiting keeper program has been in-

itiated to stimluate the exchange of

ideas and techniques between

leading zoos throughout the world,

and a visiting lecturer program has

already brought five noted zoologi-

cal and medical experts to the

National Zoo for stays of up to two

weeks to share their knowledge with

our staff.

In 1978, FONZ has once again

funded summer interns and longer-

term fellows to assist Zoo profes-

sionals in various program offices.

This year the program was expanded

to twenty summer interns and four

fellows, drawn from fifteen colleges

in ten states.

A team of five interns conduc-

ted dawn-to-dusk observations on

hoofed-stock behavior patterns at

our Front Royal Conservation and Re-

search Center. Two other interns, as-

signed to the Office of Education,

conducted studies relating to visitor

utilization of our Zoolab.

Another participant, assigned to

the Office of Pathology, produced

such fine research on a little-known

disease affecting waterfowl that his

findings were presented at a national

symposium.

Moreover, one FONZ fellow’s

exhaustive study on the Zoo’s group

of dik-dik antelopes has laid the

groundwork for a long-term breeding

program for these endangered

animals.

FONZ interns and fellows are

providing the Zoo with valuable data

on animal behavior and breeding

patterns which will improve captive

management techniques for en-

dangered species. This on-the-job

training has, in addition, strengthened

“Overall, 1978 has been a re-

markably productive year for

the FONZ.”

the determination of these FONZ

scholars to pursue professional

Careers in exotic animal science.

For the fourth year, FONZ has

underwritten expenses for scientific

symposia and workshops at the Zoo,

including the publication of proceed-

ings. Just this month over 200 promi-

nent pathologists and medical tech-

nicians from the United States and 14

foreign nations spent three days here

exchanging ideas and techniques on

how to improve the health care of

animals. This symposium represen-

ted the first such meeting of patholo-

gists in the Western hemisphere.

A FONZ-funded workshop in

May brought 40 Pére David deer ex-

perts together at Front Royal, where

the Zoo maintains a large and suc-

cessful breeding group of these ani-

mals—which today only survive in a

few captive herds.

And finally, the FONZ_ has

helped fund a series of imaginative

educational exhibits for the soon-to-

be-opened North American Mammal

Exhibit in the old Beaver Valley area.

Education, of course, remains a

prime concern for the FONZ. So | am

proud to report that two FONZ-NZP

education programs have recently

won national honors. At last month’s

annual meeting of the American

Association of Zoological Parks and

Aquariums, the Zoolab and the Zoo’s

Fourth Grade D.C. School Program

were given awards for innovative

educational programming. Both

these programs received FONZ finan-

cial support and have been carried

out by FONZ volunteers. The fourth

grade pilot program, which involves

multiple visits to the Zoo by each

school class, was extended to 16 ele-

mentary schools this year.

Following in the successful foot-

prints—or should | say pawprints—

of Zoolab, another hands-on dis-

covery room opened this month in

the Bird House. It is called Birdlab,

and, again, would not be possible

without FONZ financial support and

volunteer staffing.

Another innovation this year

was our Roving Guide Program.

Specially-trained volunteers roamed

the Zoo every day this summer, and

will do so on weekends this fall, to

aid visitors and to answer questions.

Our always-popular Behavior

and Preg-Watch Program has for the

first time a built-in training com-

ponent, and soon we will be using

videotape films to help our volun-

teers identify typical behavior pat-

terns in those species to be studied.

The oldest FONZ education ef-

fort, and the largest in terms of vol-

unteers and of students directly

reached, is, of course, our volunteer

guide program. In 1978, some 60

trained FONZ guides taught zoology

to 15,000 students on guided class

tours. These expert teachers are part

of a remarkable corps of FONZ vol-

unteers, who this year have already

devoted more than 40,000 hours of

their time to helping the Zoo by

giving tours, staffing Zoolab and in-

formation booths, and assisting Zoo

scientists in carrying out crucial be-

havior and breeding studies. This

kind of extraordinary volunteer com-

mitment is dramatic proof of that

special kind of FONZ dedication that

has been the heartbeat of this organ-

ization from its beginning.

A concerted effort has been

made this past year to expand the

size and diversity of programs or-

ganized just for you—the FONZ

member. More than 70 different ac-

tivities were offered to FONZ

members in 1978. They ranged from

the 60 junior members who staged

daily, animal-themed puppet shows

to enthusiastic Zoo audiences, to a

Sketch-In, Photo Contest, Treasure

Hunt, Family Days, Zoo Nights,

monthly film-lectures, and safaris to

places as near as a canoe trip on the

Patuxent River, or as far as China, to

see their giant pandas first-hand.

We expect to have an equally attrac-

tive package of membership activi-

ties next year, activities that again

will be designed to appeal to all ages,

interests, and pocketbooks.

Overall, 1978 has been a

remarkably productive year for the

FONZ. Our dues-paying membership

stands at over 11,000, and, as our

treasurer will soon report, our finan-

cial position has never been stronger.

Much of the credit for this must go to

the able leadership of our Executive

Director, Sabin Robbins, our Associ-

ate Director and Business Manager,

Dennis Baker, and to the talented

FONZ staff that makes this organiza-

tion tick. It is they, along with the

support of members such as you,

who make it possible for us to con-

tinue to serve as effective Friends of

this great Zoo.

Lion, Mengoub, meets FONZ volunteer Nell Ball, in an on-going, FONZ-supported program studying lions’ behavioral patterns.

Treasurer’s Report

M. Anthony Gouid

FONZ Treasurer

When | gave the annual Treas-

urer’s Report a year ago, my last

words to you were, “I think that

every member of FONZ can look to a

future that is stable financially and

will allow us to turn more and more

of our energies to our real goal...

education.”

| am pleased to report to you

tonight that we are steadily on

course. Dr. Hosmer has already de-

tailed many of the major new re-

search and education programs that

the FONZ supports. The $350,000 re-

ferred to by Dr. Hosmer represents a

40 percent increase over 1977’s fig-

ure. The following report will review

and highlight how we have reached

the point of what | will call “capac-

ity’ —that ability to make an annual

contribution to NZP that is both

meaningful and in keeping with our

charter.

In point of fact, the $350,000

represents a movement long antici-

pated. As many of you will remem-

ber, the past few years were dedi-

cated to growth and expansion, and

to major capital investment, in order

to maintain pace with development

of the “New Zoo.” Monies borrowed

and earned during 1975-1977 were

primarily utilized to develop a sound

foundation for visitor services —food,

merchandising, parking, and trains.

Monies were also utilized for new

starts in the day-to-day educational

programming at the Zoo. The fruits

of these investments are evident

when you visit Zoolab in this [the

Education] building: view the film

“Zoo” (and our soon-to-be-screened,

exciting Front Royal footage); hear of

the recognition given the D.C. School

System/Zoo pilot project; and see

the statistics on the many thousands

of people, primarily school-aged,

who receive guided tours of the Zoo

each year.

This period, as | stated, set the

stage for FONZ in 1978: to provide

the capability for further excellence

to be gained through expanded edu-

cation, research, and conservation

projects. As Dr. Hosmer has _ high-

lighted, 1978 FONZ monies have

opened the doors to these areas, thus

vaulting the National Zoological

Park into the international limelight.

Without reviewing all of the

numbers, some figures of importance

are: Gross income from October 1,

1977 through September 30, 1978

was $2,109,740, with expenses of

$2,086,000 for the same period. And

even though we are heading into the

cold-weather months and minimal

visitation, we expect to have a sur-

plus at the end of this calendar year

of $87,000. These funds will be

applied to 1979 Zoo research proj-

ects and other programs. It is also

worth mentioning that we have con-

tinued our policy of investing surplus

funds in federal or state depositories,

Treasury bills or short-term certifi-

cates of deposit, choosing whichever

investment will yield the highest

return on our money. | might add

that in terms of debt, the amount

owing on the Smithsonian loan has

M. Anthony Gould

been reduced to $75,000 from

$121,000 at this time last year.

What we often forget is how

much work goes on behind the

scenes. Without it we wouldn’t have

had a 15 percent increase in income

from business operations. The FONZ

staff —Sabin Robbins, Dennis Baker,

and company—is to be particularly

commended in this regard. For ex-

ample, budget projections for the

year to date are within two percent

of actual results; as a highly seasonal

business, we emphasize quarterly

budget reviews—and it has paid off.

| might add that in both of FONZ’s

major money-making operations —

food services and merchandising —

we had new managers, both of whom

came in during the peak of the

season and were able not only to

maintain the quality of service, but

to increase their respective gross

income: food by 10 percent and

merchandising by 12 percent. And, if

you will permit a brief “plug”: The

Bookstore/Gallery in this building

has been considerably expanded, and

may well add a new dimension to

your giftgiving options during the

holidays and throughout the year.

Of course, we had our share of

disappointments, not the least of

which was the first increase in the

parking fee in five years. Parking is a

labor-intensive operation, and one

so vital to everyone’s enjoyment of

ea ea eae Se

“What we often forget is how

much work goes on behind the

scenes.”

eee es

the Zoo that we had no choice but to

keep pace with inflation.

The discontinuance of the track-

less trains resulted, essentially, from

our narrow trail system, crowded

with adults and children, and the in-

ability to incorporate a separate

routing system within the Zoo’s

January - September, 1978

Income

(1) Restaurant $ 876,852 46.4%

(2) Gift Shops 618,837 32.7%

(3) Parking 226,555 12.0%

(4)Membership 116,103 6.1%

(5) Publications 34,546 1.8%

(6) Education 13,257 8%

(7) Zoo Services 2,798 2%

TOTAL: $1,888,948 100.0%

master plan. So, after consultation

with NZP officials, operations were

terminated, and we have sold the

equipment to the Brookfield Zoo in

Chicago and to a theme park in

South Carolina, for a total of $40,500.

The loss of train service (and its

attendant income) has been partial-

ly offset by the introduction of a

baby-stroller operation. The test

period for this operation took place

during the month of August, and the

strollers were so well received that

we intend to provide both baby and

adult strollers during the 1979 season.

With the hills we have around here,

that’s a godsend for people over 40!

Finally, the sale of balloons was

discontinued within the Park, a de-

cision made in the best interests

of our tenants. The keepers were

finding animals, particularly birds,

entangled in the strings; and in a few

instances, they found that the rubber

balloons had actually been ingested.

So, for the safety and well-being of

the animals at the Zoo, we decided

to minimize the hazard by not selling

this souvenir item.

| opened with a statement ap-

plauding the amount that FONZ has

spent this year on research and con-

servation at the National Zoo. This

feat represents a long-awaited

gaining of stature for the FONZ. We

have consistently contributed to the

educational and recreational pur-

poses of the National Zoological

Park. | believe that we can continue

to expand this role.

Expenses

(1) Restaurant $ 417,396 40.0%

(2) Gift Shops 136,628 13.1%

(3) Parking 78,488 7.5%

(4) Membership 108,096 10.3%

(5) Publications 53,829 5.2%

(6) Education . 210,213 20.1%

(7) Zoo Services 40,040 3.8%

TOTAL: $1,044,690 100.0%

FONZ Elects

New Officers and Directors

At the FONZ Annual Meeting

on October 26, 1978, members

elected new officers and directors

for the coming year.

Dr. Stephen T. Hosmer, senior

staff member of the Rand Corpora-

tion, was re-elected for a third one-

year term as President. A graduate of

Yale University (B.A., M.A., and

Ph.D. in International Relations), Dr.

Hosmer has been an active FONZ

Board member since 1973, and has in

the past served as Treasurer of FONZ

and as chairperson of several com-

mittees.

Other officers elected for one-

year terms were:

@ JohnS. Brown, an architec-

tural planning consultant —

First Vice President

@ Whayne S. Quin, a partner in

the law firm of Wilkes & Artis

— Second Vice President

e M. Anthony Gould, a realtor

executive with Shannon &

Luchs— Treasurer

e Victor Delano, Captain, US.

Navy, retired— Secretary

Seven new Board members

were elected for one- and three-year

terms: Samuel Biddle, partner in the

investment firm of Thomas, McKin-

non, Auchincloss, & Kohlmeyer;

William C. Bryant, Deputy Editor at

U.S. News & World Report; Al Hackl,

President of Colortone Press and

Acropolis Books; Albert J. Jones,

Associate Professor of Marine Sci-

ence at the University of the District

of Columbia; Stanley R. Mayes,

Assistant to the President and Sales

Director of the Kiplinger Washington

Editors, Inc.; Monica J. Morgan,

Manager of Membership Services at

the American Film Institute; and Jos-

eph Y. Ruth, Director of Admissions

at George Washington University.

Current Board members elected

for second terms of three years were:

Dr. Edward G. Boehm, Jr., Director

of Development for American Uni-

versity; Captain Victor Delano,

U.S.N. (retired); and Sally S.

Tongren, House Guide for the Friends

of the National Zoo.

After the election, Dr. Hosmer

paid special tribute to those directors

going off the Board who had played

important roles over the years in as-

suring FONZ successes. They in-

cluded Second Vice President and

Education Chairperson Nancy Porter;

past Presidents Peter C. Andrews and

Timothy V.A. Dillon; and long-time

directors Theodore Babbitt and

Donna Grosvenor.

BOOK\E\\S

All About Gorillas

Melanie Bond

Keeper, Small Mammals and

Great Apes

Michael F. Murphy, Ph.D. Gorillas

are Vanishing Intriguing Primates

(CA: Michael F. Murphy), 1978.

David P. Willoughby. All About

Gorillas (South Brunswick & New

York: A.S. Barnes & Co.; London:

Thomas Yoseloff, Ltd.), 1978. $19.95.

Gorillas are Vanishing Intriguing

Primates fascinated me, especially

since | played a small part in its crea-

tion. Several years ago the National

Zoo received a survey from Dr.

Murphy, asking for information

about our gorillas, which our Primate

Unit personnel completed and re-

turned—encouragingly, primate

units from many other zoos did like-

wise. The results of this survey, com-

bined with Dr. Murphy’s extensive

personal knowledge of the subject,

make a delightful little book.

One of the book’s most impor-

tant facets is its treatment of gorillas

as individuals, both in the thumbnail

biographical sketches he gives them,

and in the excellent photographs

accompanying the book, which are

credited to Mrs. Murphy.

Of particular note are the three

photos on page 66: none other than

NZP’s Nikumba, Tomoka, and

Femelle. Interestingly enough, these

three gorillas served as an inspiration.

“It was watching the playful antics of

Nikumba, Femelle and Tomoka.. . .

which greatly stimulated my curi-

osity to obtain a better understanding

of these intriguing primates.”

Of special significance is the

chapter on “Ailments and Afflic-

tions,” which contains an easily-

understood discussion of gorilla

health problems. This is a fascinating

subject, especially to those who are

interested in the great apes’ close

relationship to human beings. It is

Surprising how many health problems

we share with the great apes.

Dr. Murphy’s enthusiasm and

love for gorillas is contagious.

Reader, beware: You may find your-

self caught up, too. And even those

who are not infected must certainly

appreciate the dedicated efforts of

a man who, independently, com-

piled, published, and marketed this

marvelous book.

For readers who have contrac-

ted the “gorilla bug” and want to

learn more about these animals,

David P. Willoughby’s book Al/

About Gorillas could be the answer.

A larger, more detailed volume than

Murphy’s, with more photographs,

maps, and drawings, this book is both

more impressive and more technical.

Much of the information provided

has a definite anthropological slant.

There are chapters on chimpanzees

and orangutans; there is a compari-

son of the “three higher apes” and

human beings; there is even a chap-

Kumba and her 10-month-old daughter,

Kowali. Kumba is the first gorilla to have

been born at the Lincoln Park Zoo.

ter on “Bigtoot.” Willoughby feels

that Bigfoot is perhaps a descendant

of the fossil primate ‘““Gigantopithe-

cus”: if itis, “ ‘the largest living pri-

mate’ can no longer be considered

the gorilla, but rather must be recog-

nized as the evidently much larger

hominoid species — still known only

indirectly — called Sasquatch or Big-

foot” (p. 31).

There is some overlap of ma-

terial between these two books:

profiles of famous gorillas, informa-

tion on gorilla reproduction and

social structure, and some early his-

tory of our knowledge of gorillas,

are, for example, included in both.

But each book has unique informa-

tion to offer; and both are worthy of

inclusion in any primatologist’s

library, whether that primatologist

is an amateur or a professional.

How Wild Can You Get?

Give your friends an extra-special gift this

year—a membership in FONZ, the wildest club in

town.

It’s a meaningful way to support wildlife

conservation while giving pleasure to someone you

care for.

FONZ sponsors Zoo programs in education,

research, and conservation. And in addition, we Kg

plan in 1979 to continue our own special programs, a |

publications, classes, films, lectures, trips, and ae

much, much more. 3

While you’re at it, consider increasing your

own support by becoming a patron, sustaining

member, or contributing member of FONZ. FONZ is ’ ‘ , ne

a private, non-profit membership organization; we _, for

do not receive government funds. The dollars you Ee: pt

give will let us expand our Zoo efforts in education, 6 Dt.

research, and conservation of endangered species. |

(Your donation is, of course, tax-deductible.)

It’ll be a wild, wild Washington in 1979—share

the excitement with FONZ!

Yes! | want to share FONZ with a friend. Send a gift membership

RNG, |e ee ee ee

Ee nin ohn a me aie ee i Re eee a ee nh NOMS:

1 | want to give a gift to FONZ! Here’s the kind of membership I’d =‘ Street:

t like to have: DE ts atari ak RN Benth A

~ ome Phone: We On ce Enene.

OContributing $25 0 | do not wish to change my \

, OSustaining $50 membership status, but | do 1 Type of Membership (check one): .

1 OPatron $100 wish to contribute $ 1 OFamily* $25 0 Senior $10

; ~ to FONZ. # OJunior* (3-16) $5 0) Contributing $25

; naais é 0 Individual $12 D Sustaining $50

: Biamne: , _OCouple $18 0 Patron $100 ormore

' Bt Seate: vine *Children’s Names & Birthdates (Month & Year):

Se Staten. Zip

1» Home Phone: ____—S—S—SSSC Of fice Phone: Foe ogee

: ur e:

O My check for $___, payable to FONZ, is enclosed. Your Address:

O) My check for $_____, payable to FONZ, is enclosed.