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FE & H Æ # HE Æ M E X
ANNOTATION ES
ZOOLOGICAL JAPONENSES.
Viol TX. Bart.
> | PUBLISHED
BY
The Tokyo Zoological Society.
TOKYO,
July, 1915.
a DA * ay
CONTENTS. :
(Published July 27th, 1915).
| Pace
Eine neue Ascidienart aus der Gattung Agnesia Michaelsen.
Non. DR-SÄSAHRO. ORARI
On a New Polycystid Gregarine, Spirosoma caudatum nov. gen. et
nov. sp., from a Diplopod.
By Suicemr Isa, Rigakushi ET
On the Hemerobiinæ of Japan. (With PI. I).
By Wane, NAKAHARA 1,7 cnc, ea
The Fate ofthe Peristomal Mesoderm and the Tail in Petromyzon. |
By S. MESA... MR RER)
A Case of Prolapsus Recti in Dragonfly.
By: Kan OGuMa: SO
Bird-Infesting Mallophaga of Japan. (Genus Physostomum). 7
By SEINOSUREUCHIDAR sae ts 67
Eine neue Ascidienart aus der Gattung
Agnesia Michaelsen.
Von
Dr. Asaiiro Oka.
Mit 3 Figuren.
Die Corellidengattung Agnesia Michaelsen, die sich vor allem durch
das vollständige Fehlen der inneren Längsgefisse am Kiemensack aus-
zeichnet, ist bisher nur in zwei Arten (A. g/aciata Michaelsen!! 1900, aus
Süd-Feuerland und A. septentrionalıs Huntsman” 1912, von der Westküste
Kanadas) bekannt. Es dürfte daher die folgende Mitteilung über eine
dritte Art dieser Gattung aus Japan auch in tiergeographischer Hinsicht
nicht ohne Interesse sein.
Agnesia hime? oju” nov. sp.
Die in Formalin konservierten Tiere haben einen regelmässig eiformigen
Agnesia himeboja. Von links.
x4
Körper mit einem verhältnismässig grossen, aber
ganz flachen Buckel an der Dorsalseite der vorderen
Körperhälfte (Fig. 1). Die Ingestionsöffnung findet
sich am vordern Körperpol, die Egestionsöffnung in
der Mitte des dorsalen Buckels, der nichts anders
ist als der Atrialsipho in kontrahiertem Zustande.
Das hintere Körperende ist kugelrund und zeigt
weder Haftfortsätze noch besondere Anheftungs-
fläche. Der Querschnitt in der Körpermitte ist
annähernd kreisformig. Die grösseren Exemplare
haben durchschnittlich folgende Dimensionen:
Körperlänge II mm, grösste Querdurchmesser
1) Michaelsen, W. Die holusomen Ascidien des magalhaensisch-südgeorgischen Gebietes.
1900.
2) Huntsman, A. G. Holosomatous Ascidians from the Coast of Western Canada. 1912.
3) Aime Prinzessin, Hoja oder Boja Ascidie (japanisch).
2 ; A. OKA: EINE NEUE ASCIDIENART AUS
7-3 mm, Entfernung der Korperoffnungen von einander 5 mm.
Alle mir vorliegende Stücke sind an einer zierlichen, dichotomisch
verästelten Fadenalge, Ceramium gracillimum Criff. et Harv. (= Hormo-
ceras flaccidum Kützing) befestigt. Die Anheftung erfolgt in ganz ein-
facher Weise, indem die Testa an irgend einer Partie der Körperoberfläche
direkt mit den Algenfäden verwächst. Die Tiere sind vollkommen durch-
sichtig und farblos mit Ausnahme der nächsten Umgebung der beiden
Körperöffnungen, wo der Innenkörper schön orangerot gefärbt ist. Die
inneren Organe, zumal die opakweissen Gonaden, lassen sich durch die
wasserklare Testa sehr deutlich erkennen. Die Oberfläche ist im allge-
meinen nackt und glatt, doch beobachtet man zuweilen ausser den spär-
lichen Algenfäden noch einige wenige angeklebte Sandkörnchen.
Beide Körperöffnungen zeigen gut ausgeprägte Lappenbildung. Die
Ingestionsöffnung ist mit 7, die Egestionsöffnung mit 6 deutlichen drei-
eckigen Lappen versehen. Im Leben jedoch, wenn die Öffnungen weit
klaffen, ist von der Lappenbildung fast gar nichts zu erkennen. Der
unpaare Lappen der Ingestionsöffnung liegt in der dorsalen Medianlinie,
dem Dorsaltuberkel am nächsten.
Die Testa ist dünn, weich gallertig, aber ziemlich zäh, und lässt sich
ohne jede Schwierigkeit vom Innenkörper loslösen. Sie ist vollkommen
farblos und durchsichtig. Beim konservierten Tiere ist die Testa etwas
aufgequollen und durch einen Spaltraum von der darunterliegenden Tunica
getrennt. Die Tunica ist mit einem ganz regelmässigen System von
Längs- und Quermuskeln ausgestattet. Die Längsmuskelbündel sind
wenig zahlreich und auf die Siphonen beschränkt; sie strahlen alle von
den Körperöffnungen aus und endigen etwas unterhalb der Basis der
Siphonen, wo sie sich mehrfach spalten. Von den Quermuskeln unter-
scheidet man zwei Gruppen, nämlich die der Siphonen und die des Rumpf
es. Erstere stellen die Ringmuskelbündel dar, die die beiden Korper-
Öffnungen konzentrisch umkreisen und mit den Längsmuskelbündeln
regelmässige, länglich rechteckige Maschen bilden. Die Quermuskeln des
Rumpfes lassen sich wieder in zwei Abteilungen, eine ventrale und eine
DER GATTUNG AGNESIA. 3
dorsale, sondern. Die ventrale Abteilung besteht aus kurzen Muskelbün-
deln, die, in annähernd gleichmässigen Abständen parallel angeordnet, die
ventrale Medianlinie senkrecht schneiden, während die dorsale durch
längere Muskelbündel gebildet wird, die, ebenfalls in gleichmässigen
Abständen parallel angeordnet, schräg über die dorsale Partie der Seiten-
fläche des Rumpfes verlaufen. Die Muskelbündel sind überall beinahe
gleich stark.
Die Tentakel sind einfach, fadenforming, spitz auslaufend. Man kann
vier verschiendene Grössen unterscheiden, von denen die Tentakel 1. bis 3.
Ordnung ziemlich regelmässig nach. dem Schema 1. 3. 2. 3. 1.......
alternieren, die Tentakel 4. Ordnung dagegen schieben sich nur hier und
da zwischen die grösseren. Bei einer Anzahl ausgewachsener Stücke, die
ich darauf hin genau unter-
suchte, zählte ich 3c-33 Ten-
takel, und zwar 6 annähernd
gleich grosse Tentakel 1.
Ordnung, 6 Tentakel 2.
Ordnung, die merklich an
Grösse variieren, 12 Tentakel
3. Ordnung und €-9 Tentakel
4. Ordnung. Die beiden letz-
teren lassen sich nicht immer
nach der Grösse unterscheiden,
des die kleineren dere 3
Ordnung zuweilen noch kleiner
Horta sind als die grösseren der 4.
Tentakelkrone und Flimmerreif. Von unten. Ordnung, wohl aber durch die
X 24.
e. Endostyl. f. Flimmerreif. m. Muskelsaum. Lageverhältnisse. In der An-
al eutatelröger- heftungsweise der Tentake
bietet nun unsre Form etwas Abweichendes. Zwar springen alle Tentakel
wie gewöhnlich von einem ringförmigen Tentakelträger, aber sie erheben
sich nicht gleich von demselben, sondern schmiegen sich für eine kurze
4 A. OKA: EINE NEUE ASCIDIENART AUS
Strecke an die Innenfliche des Ingestionssiphos dicht an, ehe sie als
selbständige Tentakel in den Innenraum vorragen (Fig. 2). Da die
Länge dieser Strecke je nach der Grösse des betreffenden Tentakels
variiert, so gewinnt man, wenn man den kriechenden Basalteil ausser
Acht lässt, den Eindruck, als ob die Tentakel ganz unregelmässig in
verschiedener Höhe an der Innenfläche des Ingestionssiphos ständen.
Dieses Verhalten, welches an die Anheftungsweise der Tentakel bei
gewissen craspedoten Medusen erinnert, ist, soviel ich weiss, bisher noch
bei keiner Ascidienart beobachtet worden.
Der Kiemensack ist ballonformig und hängt fast ganz frei im
Peribranchialraum, indem er nur durch den ventralen Rand und durch den
Vorderrand mit der Leibeswand verbunden ist. Er ist zart, glatt, faltenlos
und weist keine Spur von rippenartigen Längsgefässen auf; dagegen sind
die Quergefässe wohl entwickelt. Es lassen sich Quergefässe 1. und 2.
Ordnung unterscheiden, die aber in der Breite kaum variieren. Der
Unterschied besteht vielmehr darin, dass auf ersteren ziemlich breite
Horizontalmembranen sitzen, die links wie rechts in bestimmten Abständen
5 breit zungenförmige, etwas gegen
die dorsale Medianlinie hin über-
(te hängende Fortsätze tragen. Aus-
— NWO are NEN serdem weisen die Horizontalmem-
gi branen in geringer Entfernung links
von der dorsalen Medianlinie je
einen besonders grossen zungen-
formigen Fortsatz auf, der wohl
als homologon der fehlenden Dor-
salfalte zu deuten ist. Die Kiemen-
spalten bilden einfache grosse
Fig. 3. Spiralen, deren äussere Windungen
SRE les ECTS 24, annähernd quadratischen Verlauf
nehmen; sie sind tief trichterformig eingesenkt und bilden echte In-
fundibula. Die Spiralen sind in 12 Querreihen angeordnet, die sich durch
DER GATTUNG AGNESIA. 5
”
die Quergefässe 1. Ordnug in 6 Doppelreihen gruppieren. In jeder
Querreihe zählt man 11 Spiralen. Die einzelnen Spiralen zeigen 6-7
Windungen und bestehen im grösseren Teil des Kiemensackes aus je einer
einzigen fortlaufenden Spalte, nur in der Nähe des Endostyls und an der
hintersten Kiemensackpartie sind sie unterbrochen und unregelmässig
gestaltet. Das äusserste Ende der Kiemenspalte ist stets hakenförmig
umgebogen und mit einer besonders hohen Zilienepithel ausgekleidet.
Ausser den Quergefassen besitzt der Kiemensack auch noch ein System
von sehr zarten Radiärgefässen. Diese verlaufen von den Zentren in den
Diagonalen nach den vier Ecken, so dass zu jeder Spirale 4 Radiärgefässe
gehören (Fig. 3). Der Endostyl verläuft in gerader Linie ventralmedian
bis an den Hinterrand des Kiemensackes.
Eine geschlossene Dorsalfalte kommt nicht vor. Sie wird vielmehr
durch die oben erwähnten, besonders grossen Fortsätze an den Horizon-
talmembranen sowie durch den infolge der Vereinigung der beiderseitigen
Flimmerbogen entstandenen zungenförmigen Fortsatz repräsentiert. Der
Dorsaltuberkel ist sehr klein und einfach gebaut, er wird bei normaler Lage
von dem Flimmerbogen, durch den er undeutlich durchschmmert, fast
vollständig verdeckt.
Der Darm liegt gänzlich an der linken Seite des Kiemensackes. Der
Oesophagus ist kurz, halbkreisformig gebogen, an seiner Einmündungsstelle
in den Kiemensack etwas trompetenförming erweitert. Der Magen liegt
horizontal am hintern Körperende ; er ist länglich ellipsoidisch, scharf gegen
den Oesophagus und Mitteldarm abgesetzt, glattwandig. Die Mitteldarm
und Enddarm sind beinahe gleich dick, von einander nicht abgesetzt und
zeigen zusammen einen S-formigen Verlauf. Der After ist glattrandig
und ein wenig erweitert.
Die Gonaden füllen den Raum innerhalb der Darmschlinge an der
linken Körperseite vollständing aus. Das Ovarium ist lang birnförmig und
liegt in der Mitte des Schlingenraums. Der Hoden besteht aus zahlreichen
fein verästelten Schläuchen, die sich an der Peripherie des Ovariums
ordnen und auch über die Aussehfläche der Darmschlinge erstrecken. Beim
6 A. OKA‘ EINE NEUE ASCIDIENART.
konservierten Tier sind beide opakweiss. Ein Eileiter und ein Samenleiter
treten getrennt aus der Masse der Gonaden hervor und ziehen sich, dicht
an der Innenseite des Enddarms angelegt, nach oben, um etwas oberhalb
des Afters in den Kloakenraum auszumünden.
Von den beiden bereits bekannten Arten der Gattung steht unsre
Form A. septentrionalis entschieden näher als A. g/aciata, was aus den
Fundorten dieser Arten schon im voraus zu erwarten ist. Während A.
glaciata durch die abweichende Körperform, die knorpelige Beschaffenheit
der Testa und die eigentümliche Gestaltung der Korperöffnungen schon
äusserlich von der neuen Art leicht unterscheiden lässt, stimmt À, sepren-
1rionalis in einer Reihe systematisch wichtiger Charaktere mit der vorlie-
genden Form überein, vor allem in der Zahl der Lappen an den Körper-
öffnungen, 7 an der Ingestions- und 6 an der Egestionsöffnung. Indessen
giebt es nicht wenige Unterscheidungsmerkmale, die uns zwingen, die
beiden Formen artlich zu trennen. Im Gegensatz zu A. himeboja, deren
Körperoberfläche ganz nackt und glatt ist, trägt die Testa von A. seften-
trionalis überall wurzelartige Fortsätze, an denen Sandkorner etc. sich
anheften. Ferner die Zahl der Querreihen der Kiemenspalten, die Zahl
der Wlndungen der einzelnen Spiralen, die Zahl der zungenformigen
Fortsätze an den Horizontalmembranen, und die Anordnung der Tentakel
sind bei beiden Arten, wenn auch nicht sehr bedeutend, doch immer
hinreichend verschieden. In der Gestaltung der inneren Radiärgefässe am
Kiemensack stimmt die neue Form mit Corellopsis pedunculata Hartmeyer”
aus Spitzbergen sehr gut überein.
Alle mir vorliegende Exemplare, ca So an der Zahl, wurden von mir
selbst im April 1904 in der Bucht von Tateyama, Prov. Awa, aus einer
Tiefe von 5-7 Faden gesammelt.
Tokio, d'23 VANS 1914:
1) Hartmeyer, R. Die Ascidien der Arktis. 1903.
On a new Polycystid Gregarine,
Spirosoma caudata nov. gen. et nov. Sp.,
from a Diplopod.
By
Shigemi Ishii, Rigakushr.
With two figures.
In examining specimens of Funtaneria coarctata Pocock preserved in
alcohol, which were collected on Mt. Kinkazan in Gifu, I have discovered
numbers of a curious gregarine showing conspicuous spiral striation in the
posterior parts of body. I regard the form to represent a new genus and
species, which I shall call by the name of Sfzrosoma cautata.
Spirosoma caudata, n. g., n. Sp.
Sporonts always solitary. The entire body, up to 400 a in length,
consists of a broad anterior part, prolonged posteriorly into a narrow tail-
like part.
Protomerite short, usually a little broader than long ; generally conical,
sometimes somewhat pentagonal in lateral view. Fully developed adults
frequently show a shallow depression on the sides of protomerite. In the
young the protomerite is relatively large, and usually a little longer than
broad ; there is no depression on the sides; the anterior end is narrower
than in the adult. The smaller sporonts exhibit a pore-like structure at
the apex of protomerite, while the larger sporonts either show it but very
inconspicuously or are entirely without it. From the presence of the
pore-like structure if only in the younger stages, and also from the fact of
the host being a diplopod, I should place the gregarine in the family
Stenophoridae Léger & Duboscq.
Deutomerite large and elongate; divisible into two parts, the broad
anterior and the narrow posterior. The anterior part is usually of an ovoid
8 S. ISHII: ON A NEW POLYCYSTID GREGARINE,
form ; it is always somewhat shorter than the posterior tail-like part. The
latter is cylindrical and tapers very slightly towards the posterior end
which is swollen into a small terminal knob. In the young, the distinction
of the two deutomerite parts is not so marked as in
the adult, the tail being broader and the terminal
swelling much less conspicuous. These features of
the deutomerite, together with the relatively large
size ot the protomerite, give to
immature individuals an appearance
more or less different from that of
the adult.
Between protomerite and
deutomerite there always exists a
distinct constriction, which is
especially marked in the younger
stages. Septal region pretty well
developed, especially so in adults.
The epicyte ofprotomerite and
ofthe broad anterior part of deuto-
merite shows the ordinary fine
longitudinal striation, while in the
tail the same striation takes a spiral
N Pere speroni! B. Young sporont, COUrSe as shown in figure A. The
x 260 X 560 striae are much less densely
arranged in the tail than in more anterior parts; so that, while in the
latter parts at least 4 striae can be counted within a transverse extent of
3.7 w, in the former there may exist only two of them in the same extent of
space. The spiral striation takes same direction in all individuals. In
lateral view of these it is seen to run from the left above obliquely down-
wards to the right below. In the hind parts of tail the spiral winding
grows gradually more and more oblique, until on the terminal swelling the
striation is nearly meridional. In the young, the striae, besides being more
SPIROSOMA CAUDATA NOV. GEN. ET NOV. SP. 9
sparse than in the adults, exhibit spiral winding only to a weak degree.
Sarcocyte is pretty well developed; it is usually a little thicker near
the septum and in posterior parts of the tail than in other parts.
Endocyte dense, especially so in the broad anterior part of deutomerite
and also in the swelling at tail end. In the protomerite ofthe young the
coarser endocyte granules were often observed to form a distinct mass in
direct touch with the apical pore, the remaining parts of protomerite being
filled up with comparatively fine granules.
Nucleus is found in the broad anterior part of deutomerite. It is large
and vesicular, containing a single large spherical karyosome, which, in
many cases, was seen to contain a small vacuole.
Measurements of variously old sporonts :
|
Far
Ow - o ~ ©
de Ce nu v
i SE | Seals ò ee
> else o's wu £ "co Ceuta SI ha = À Ù
Se = = Ÿ sci Oe vo 0 & V on Los
= &
ce oe na ES ell Se ee oes Gas
TE ce as ca En Be | mes | Soe ROSE
\ gs Ÿ © os 2 ee a5 25 Wasa = LEE
SIN ° A: Se mA A Ax FeO | SS ER
; EN È 2 A a Dale
Speci E os = Sal fs SE
mens. cm
Habitat: Anterior parts of the alimentary canal of Zonraneria
coarctata Pocock.
Infection: Heavy and common.
x» |
ae,
er “a
pew |e g
“iu |
On the Hemerobiinæ of Japan.
By
Waro Nakahara.
With PI. TI.
In continuation of my paper on the subfamily Osmylinae (family
Hemerobiidæ), published in the ‘Annotationes, I propose here to give
short descriptions of all the Japanese forms, known to me at present, of
another subfamily, the Hemerobiina.
Only five species” of the Hemerobiinæ, so far as I am aware, have
hitherto been recorded as indiginous to Japan, v22, Hemerobius Harman tinus
Navas, Ninguta deltoides (Navas), Micromus numerosus Navas, M. novitius
Navas, and Srsyrellr nikkoana (Navas). From my studies of the subfamily
during the last few years seventeen more species have become known to
me, thus giving in all twenty-two species to the Hemerobian fauna of Japan.
Of the newly added species only two could be identified with species
hitherto known outside of Japan, and all the rest I consider to be new to
science. Two new genera I have been led to erect for the reception of
some of the species. Besides, I have divided the subfamily into two tribes,
the Hemerobiini and the Neurorthini.
Here I beg to express my warmest thanks to Mr. E. Petersen, who
has kindly taken the wing photographs reproduced in this article and
moreover has favored me with kind advice and valuable specimens
of European Hemerobians. My hearty thanks are also due to Messrs. A.
Nohira, S. Yamamura, and some other friends for gifts of many in-
teresting specimens.
1) On the Osmylinae of Japan. Annot. Zool. Japon., vill, pp. 485-518 (1914).
2) Without taking into account nomina nuda, such as Megalomus Pan tatus Mats., Hemerobius
albostigma Mats., Micromus mutipunctatus Mats., &c., which were given by Prof. Matsumura in
his “ Koncht-Bunruigaku ” and “ Ekichu-Mokuroku.”
I2 WARO NAKAHARA,
List of species treated of in this paper, showing their geographical
distribution.
Other Regions
Shikoku
Kyushiu
Neurorthus punctatus n. sp.
N. fuscinervis n. sp.
Sisvrella nikkoana (Navis).
Notiobiella subolivacea n. sp.
Sympher bius tessellatus n. Sp.
Hemerobius humudi L. e Europe, Siberia, N.
America.
A. japonicus n. Sp.
I. striatalis n. Sp.
A. nigricornis n. sp.
ff. irregula isn. Sp.
H. Shibakawvae n. sp.
Fl. mitidulus Fab.
(Syn. A. Harmandinus Navis).
Micromus fulchellus n. sp.
M. novitius (Naväs'.
Eumicromus (n. g.\ mume:osus (Navas).
7. Arakazwae n. sp.
7. maculatifes n. Sp.
7. alpinus n. Sp.
Europe, Siberia, N.
7. angulatus (Steph.). :
S pus America.
7. dissimilis n. Sp.
Oedobius infalcatus n. g., n. sp.
Ninguta deltoides (Navas). ; Siberia.
>
ON THE HEMEROBIINAE OF JAPAN. I
Family HEMEROBIID Æ.
Subfamily HEMEROBIINAE.
The subfamily Hemerobiinæ can scarcely be sharply distinguished
from the Osmylinæ. The condition of subcosta, which Banks” has utilized
as distinctive criterion between the two subfamilies, is not always adequate
enough for the purpose, since in certain Hemerobian genera, e. ¢., Ninguta
and Sympherolius, some species have the said vein united to radius near
apex of forewing in a manner somewhat as in some Osmyline forms.
Nevertheless, for the sake of convenience I follow Banks (I. c.) in defining
the subfamily as follows:
Ocelli absent; antenne moniliform, not pectinate in either sex.
Prothorax short, being broader than long. Wings with few crossveins,
commonly arranged in two gradate series ; usually several sectors present,
when but one, it 1s connected to radius by not more than four crossveins ;
sulcosta almost always not united with radius near tip of wings. Legs
slender ; hind tibia commonly dilated in middle. Ovipositor of the female,
when exserted, very short.
The two tribes into which I divide the subfamily, are characterized as
follows :
Tribe Neurorthini.— Female with ovipositor, which ıs short, stout and
split on the ventral side (as in Sisyra). Branches of radial sector on fore-
wing arise from common stalk, thus showing only one radial scetor. (See
piso).
Tribe Hemerobiini.”— Female without exserted ovipositor, Branches
of radıal sector on forewing arise scparately from radius, thus showing
more than two radial sectors. (See PI. I, fig. 2-6).
The presence of exserted ovipositor in the female of Neurortikus,
similar to that of the Osmyline genus Szsyra, distinguishes that genus from
1) Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxxii, p. 23 (1905), and xxxix, p. 211 (1913).
2) The old name “ Hemerobiini ” of Latreille is here retained with extensive alteration in sense.
14 WARO NAKAHARA.
all the remaining Hemerobian forms. Moreover, since the branches of
radial sector, though variable in their number, undoubtedly stand in
important relation to the evolution of the peculiar Hemerobian type of
venation, I regard the above distinction into the two tribes to be justifiable.
Tribe Neurorthini nov.
The tribe is based on the genus Veurorthus. Two more genera, viz.
Nosybus and Szsyrel/a, not improbably belong to it. The former is a
genus characterized by the forewing having no recurrent vein but one
radial sector, by the hindwing showing some gradate veinlets, and by the
occurrence of a short ovipositor of unknown structure in the female. In
the latter the forewing has neither recurrent vein nor gradate series of
crossveins, but has one radial sector ; the hindwing has no crossvein at all;
and nothing certain is known about ovipositor. As far as the radial sector
goes, therefore, Nosybus and Srsyrella agree with each other as well as
with Newrcrthus; and all the three may, on that account, be associated
together. However, our deficient knowledge concerning ovipositor in the
two genera referred to, precludes definitive inclusion of these in the
Neurorthini.
Genus Neurorthus Costa.
Neurorthus Costa, Atti dell’ Accademia di scienze fisiche e matematiche, i, p. 32 (1863) ;
Banks, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxxix, p. 217 (1913).
Sartena Hagen, Ann. Soc. Ent. de France, p. 41 (1854).
Antenne moniliform. Forewing rather broad; subcosta runs into
margin of wing; costal area not broad at base, without recurrent vein ;
costal crossveins mostly simple ; one radial sector ; three series of gradate
veinlets ; cubitus not forked near base of wing. Hindwing smaller, with
only one gradate series.
Type: Neurorthus fallax (Rambur).
Of this very interesting genus, there are two species occurring in
Japan. Both differ from the type species in having costal crossveins in
ON THE HEMEROBIINAE OF JAPAN. 15
forewing partly forked, but the character is much subject to individual
variation and is quite inadequate to serve for systematic purpose. The
two Japanese species may be distinguished as follows :
Longitudinal veins entirely yellow; crossveins and forking points of
most longitudinal veins marked with blackish ; smaller (expanse :
ADO) We.) as aa) ne - Ve DUIITATUS Ns Sp:
Longitudinal veins partly blackish or fuscous black; crossveins and
forking points of longitudinal veins not marked with blackish ;
larger (expanse: about 20 mm.) ... ... ...N. fuscinervis n. sp.
Neurorthus punctatus n. sp.
(Rigo):
Head yellowish, suffused with whitish above, with a row of minute
tubercles on occiput ; apex of mandible blackish ; palpi yellowish, more or
less suffused with fuscous. Antennæ yellow with concolorous hairs ; the 2nd
joint much loager than other joints.
Prothorax pale whitish with three transverse furrows above. Meso- and
metathorax brownish, with two slight yellowish longitudinal lines above
(in a dried specimen).
Legs slender, pale; foreleg and tarsal joints of other legs somewhat
fuscous ; basal tarsal joint longer than the apical.
Wings elongated, rather rounded at apex, hyaline, and very slightly
tinged with yellowish; pterostigmatic region yellowish ; longitudinal veins
yellowish ; crossveins mostly fuscous, broadly margined with fuscous black;
fuscous black spots on almost all forking points of longitudinal veins.
Forewing with little more than twenty costal crossveins, greater part of
which forked ; radial sector with three branches before outer gradate series ;
three crossveins between radius and radial sector ; the Ist branch of radial
sector dichotomously forked three times ; three series of gradate veinlets, of
which inner series rather imperfect. Hindwing with one series of gradate
veinlets.
16 WARO NAKAHARA.
Abdomen yellowish, strongly suffused with whitish on ventral side ;
almost every segment irregularly and often very slightly marked with a
dark transverse band on dorsal side. In the male, upper pair of appendages
long, directed inwards and covered with fine pale hairs; lower pair very
short, distinctly directed upwards, and beset with many long hairs. Ovi-
positor of the female rather small.
Measurements :
Length.ofbody- eden Ae anna
Lensth.of forewing OPEN Gun.
Width of forewing ee, .. e about mn.
Length of hindwing” OU
Habitat: Of this species, I have received a large number of specimens
from the following localities :
Tottori, Prov. Inaba (August, ’13), Mr. A. Nohira coll.
Kyoto (July, ’13), Mr. A. Nohira coll.
Mt. Minomo near Osaka (July, ’14), Mr. M. Shibakawa coll.
Mt. Atago near Kyoto (August, ’14), Mr. A. Nohira coll.
Neurorthus fuscinervis n. sp.
(Hexic):
Head pale; vertex whitish with many minute tubercles; apex of
mandible blackish; palpi pale white, the last joint of maxillary palpus
somewhat fuscous. Antenne pale white with several terminal joints
somewhat suffused with dark yellow; basal joint much enlarged; the
3rd and 4th joints usually small.
Prothorax whitish, covered with fine concolorous hairs, with two
transverse furrows above. Meso- and metathorax pale yellow, with a
whitish median band above. Legs pale ; anterior tibia and all tarsal joints
somewhat ochraceous.
Wings colorless and hyaline; neuration fuscous or fuscous black,
excepting costa, subcosta, radius, basal part of radial sector, median and
cubitus, which are pale yellow; crossveins blackish. Costal area of fore-
ON THE HEMEROBIINAE OF JAPAN. 17
wing with crossveins mostly simple, but several of those in the middle of
the area are almost always forked; three veinlets between radius and its
sector; radial sector with three branches before outer gradate series ;
median and cubitus forked a little beyond the first branch of radial sector.
Hindwing with costal area very narrow; costal crossveins simple; three
veinlets between radius and its sector; radial sector with three branches
before gradate series.
Abdomen pale yellow, with median part of every dorsal segment
Textfig. 1.
Neurorthus fuscinervis n. sp. 2.
A. Apex of abdomen, from side, X 10.
B. Ovipositor, from below, X 20.
covered with fine pale hairs.
shorter than the abdomen is thick.
Measurements :
Length of body
Length of forewing
Width of forewing
Length of hindwing
narrowly and transversely
clouded with fuscous black.
In the male, there arise from
the oth abdominal segment
two pairs of appendages:
upper pair long and stout,
directed distinctly down-
wards ; the lower very short,
rather triangular in shape
with sharply pointed apex ;
dorsal plate subquadrate,
Ovipositor of the female rather long, but
5 (B)—7 (Q) mm.
TOM!
35 mm!
Sami
Six male and a single female specimens (in alcohol), captured by Mr.
A. Nohira on Mt. Atago near Kyoto on July 2, ’14, are in my collection.
Remark: This species is closely allied to N. punctatus n. sp. and
IV. fallax Ramb. of Europe.
However, from the former it differs distinctly
in many respects. The latter is a species with no forked costal crossvein,
with veins and body rather blackish, and with crossveins very narrowly
IS WARO NAKAHARA.
margined with blackish, so that it cannot be identified with the Japanese
form.
Genus Sisyrella Banks.
Sisyrella Banks, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxxix, p. 216 and 218 (1913).
Nopia Navas, Rev. Russ. d’Entom., ix, p. 397-28 (1910), preoccupied by Walker in 1862.
This genus with the single species, S. zikkoana, is unknown to me.
The following is the original description given by Navas of the genus and
of the species:
“ Similis Micromo et Sympherobio.
“Campus costalis alae anterioris angustus, sine venula recurrente,
venulis costalibus simplicibus, haud furcatis. Subcosta et radius divisi
usque ad apicem alae. Sector radii unicus. In neutra ala adsunt venulae
gradatae. Inter procubitum et cubitum duae venulae, inter cubitum
ejusque sectorem una.
“Au premier abord il semble un Sisyra, surtout par l’absence de
venules en gradins; mais il s’en éloigne beaucoup par la disposition des
veines subcostale et radius, qui restent séparées dans toute leur longueur.
L'absence totale de vénules en gradins le sépare des genres Micromus et
Sympherobius ses voisins; et de celui-ci en outre il se distingue par la
forme du champ costal de l’aile antérieure, qui ne possede pas, comme
le Sympherobius, la vénule recurrente basilaire.”
Sisyrella nikkoana (Naväs).
Nopia nikkoana Navas, Rev. Russ. d’Entom., ix, p. 398 (1910). °
Sisyrella nikkoana Banks, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxxix, p. 398 (1913).
“ Nigra, parva.
“ Caput nitens, vertice fornicato, pilis raris fulvis hispido ; palpis longis,
fusco-fulvis, ultimo articulo longissimo, cylindrico, vix inflato; antennis
nigris, apice fuscis, longis, longiter pilosis, moniliformibus, articulis brevissime
pedunculatis. Thorax et abdomen nigra, sublaevia. Alae oblongæ,
ellispticæ, immaculate, membrana hyalina, iridea, leviter fusco tincta ;
venatione fulva, stigmate invisibili. Ala anterior area costali parum dilatata,
ON THE HEMEROBIINAE OF JAPAN. 19
venulis omnibus simplicibus, paucis. Radius cum subcosta una venula
basilari conjunctus. In campo radiali duae venulae. Sector radii quater
furcatus, ramis 2 venulis prope radicem junctis. Procubitus ramo inferiore
flexuoso, duplici venula cubito juncto. Cubitus flexuosus, cum sectore
venula prope basim junctus. Ala posterior area costali et subcostali
venulis libera, nisi ad stigma; sectore radii ter furcato, cum radio una
venula conjuncto. Procubitus ter successive furcatus, ramo anteriore cum
sectore radii, furea posterioris cum cubito venula conjuncto. Cubitus ramis
posterioribus instructus.
“ Longit. corpor. 3 mm. |. alae anter. 6, 5 mm., l. alae poster. 6 mm.
“ Patrie: Nippon moyen, env. de Tokio et Alpes de Nikko. J.
Harmand, 1901 (Mus. de Paris).” (From Naväs).
Tribe Hemerobiini Latreille, restricted.
Of this tribe I recognize the following seven genera as occurring in
Japan :
ieee No recurtentvein at base obforewing..y 2s. it me 2.
Zr reeurrent veinlat'base of forewing ii nn. 3
2. Median and cubitus coalesce in both wings... ... ... Micromus.
Median and cubitus not coalesce at least in hind
We RE LEN RE... + Bumieromms!
3. Forewing with two radial sectors; no series of cross-
vensunkindwine se. ke cs FEO Sse PAL
Forewing with more than three radial sectors; two
Setiesiof crossveinsuavhindwing emi) Burn. 27 Is.
4. Forewing with at least three preapical crossveins. Sympherobius.
Forewing with but one preapical crossvein... ... Notiobiella.
5. Forewing with more than ten radial sectors... ... Oedobius.
Forewing with less than five radial sectors ... ... 6.
6. Forewing with three series of gradate veinlets. ... Ninguta.
Forewing with two series of gradate veinlets. ... Æemerobrus.
Beside the seven genera tabulated above, some seven or eight more
20 WARO NAKAHARA.
genera, wiz., Drepanepteryx, Megalomus, Neuronema, Megalomina,
Carobius, Psychobiella, Boriomyia, etc., may be placed under this tribe.
Genus Notiobiella Banks.
Notiobiella Banks,.Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., xi, p. 80 (1909) ; Banks, Ent. News, xxi, p. 389
(1910) ; Banks, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxxix, p. 216 (1913).
Annandalia Needham, Rec. Ind. Mus., iii, p. 208 (1909).
Forewing rather short and broad, with a series of gradate veins and a
single preapical crossvein ; costal area very broad basally, with a recurrent
vein and many branched crossveins, two radial sectors, the Ist sector
connected to the 2nd near base. Hindwing small with no series of cross-
veins.
Type :—W. unita Banks.
A single species of this genus occurs in Japan.
Notiobiella subolivacea n. sp.
(BILL ese aye
Head pale yellow, more or less suffused with green; genæ fuscous
black. Antennæ greenish yellow, paler at apex and at base.
Prothorax rather elongate, light yellowish green, with two transverse
furrows above. Meso- and metathorax pale yellow.
Legs pale yellow, the last tarsal joint of each leg somewhat darkish ;
middle and hind tibia fusiform.
Forewing hyaline and colorless, very broad, but not plainly broadest at
middle; costal area broad, especially so at base, with one recurrent and
10-15 branched crossveins ; pterostigmatic region more or less tinged with
grey. Neuration light green (yellowish in alcoholic specimens) ; each vein
somewhat brownish at base; forking points of most veins slightly marked
with brownish; two radial sectors, the Ist sector with four and the 2nd
sector with one branches before outer gradate series; the crossvein be-
tween the Ist and 2nd radial sectors very distinctly marked with blackish.
Hindwing much smaller than forewing, hyaline, and colorless ; neura-
ON THE HEMEROBIINAE OF JAPAN. 21
tion pale yellow, more or less suffused with greenish ; pterostigmatic region
pale.
Abdomen yellowish, slightly suffused with brown ; dorsal appendage of
the male very long, furcate and distinctly directed downwards at apex;
subgenital plate rather short.
Measurements:
Benetnkombodyihn en | I M sus Amen.
Benetiloßlorevunsti er Fu LA mm.
NWacthvowoerewinee Mme). a Oke a 5 mimi.
Wéeneth offhindwias het Wan Mes ose Li CEE an 4 mm:
Habitat: Kyoto (March, April, and October, ’14), three male and two
female specimens, Mr. A. Nohira coll.
Gifu (April, ’14), a single female specimen, Mr. S. Yamamura coll.
Kusakimura, Prov. Harima (Descember, ’08); a single male specimen,
Mr. S. Iguchi coll.
Remark: This species is closely allied to N. znita Banks of Queens-
land, but is distinguishable from it by size, shape of wings, wing-markings,
Cine:
Judging from the fact that the adults were captured in late autumn as
well as in early spring, this species probably hibernates in the adult
condition.
Genus Sympherobius Banks.
Sympherobius Banks, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxxii, p. 40 (1905) ; Banks, I. c., xxxix, p. 216
(1913).
Spadobius Needham, N. Y. S. Mus. Bull. 86, p. 16 (1905).
Palmobius Needham, |. c., p. 17.
Costal area of forewing rather broad at base, with a recurrent vein;
costal crossveins mostly branched; four, or rarely three, preapical cross-
veins ; two radial sectors. No series of crossveins in hindwing.
Type :—S. amiculus (Fitch).
The following is the only species of the genus as yet met with in this
country.
N
N
WARO NAKAHARA,
Sympherobius tessellatus n. sp.
(BT, he. 2):
Head fuscous or fuscous black, whith an obscure blackish spot between
antenna. Antennae fuscous, suffused with pale yellow beyond middle ;
basal joint enlarged and marked with piceous. Labial palpus blackish,
excepting the apical joint which is pale ; maxillary palpus blackish, apical
joint small and pale.
Prothorax wider than long, fuscous or fuscous black ; meso- and meta-
thorax fuscous grey. Legs yellowish, or fuscous yellow; end of tibia
darkish ; hind tibia fusiform.
Forewing hyaline ; a large number of brown spots distributed all over
the wing gives it a checkered appearance; neuration fuscous ; subcosta
comes in contact with radius at one point near tip of the wing; both Ist
and 2nd radial sectors forked before inner gradate series.
Hindwing hyaline ; no marking, excepting pterostigmatic region which
is slightly tinged with brownish. Cubitus rather strongly thickened.
Abdomen fuscous grey, hind margin of most segments covered with fine
hairs. In the male, the 9th segment rather small, subgenital plate very
long, stout, and covered with long hairs.
Measurements :
Lengthof body... sai; x... WEE eee a
Length of forewing >... een on.
Width ‘of forewing: ELI Sa
Lensth of hindwing ... CR TZ o
Habitat: Gifu, two male and a single female specimens, Mr. S.
Yamamura coll.
Osaka, a single female specimen, Mr. Teranishi coll.
Kyoto, November, ’14, a single male specimen, Mr. T. Esaki coll.
ON THE HEMEROBIINAE OF JAPAN. 23
Genus Hemerobius Linné.
Hemerobius Linné, Syst. Nat., x, p. 549 (1758) ; Walker, Cat. Neuropt. Brit. Mus., ii, p.
276 (1853); Hagen, Syn. Neuropt. N. Amer., p. 200 (1862); Needham, N. Y. Mus.
Bull. 47, p. 551 (1901); Banks, Trans. Amer. Ent., Soc., xxxii, p. 17 (1905); Need-
ham, N. Y. Mus. Bull. 86, p. 17 (1905); Banks, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxxix, p. 217
(1913).
Mucropalpus Rambur, Hist. Neuropt., p. 420 (1842).
Antennæ of usual structure. Forewing moderately broad; costal area
broad at base, with humeral crossvein recurrent and branched on the outer
side ; costal crossveins branched; two series of gradate veinlets in both
wings ; usually three, rarely four, radial sectors. Hindwing with median
fork farther out than the fork of Ist radial sector ; upper division of median
fork more or less confluent with base of radial sector.
Type :—/77. humuli L.
There are seven species of the genus occurring in Japan, of which five
seem to be new to science and one to be new to that country.
Synopsis of the Species:
D
I. Antenna blackish or fuscous black... ... ...
Antennæ yellowish or pale yellow...
(O)
2. Forewing tinged with brownish yellow, excep-
ting a hyaline transverse space in discal arca... 77. nitidulus F.
—Forewing not tinged with brownish yellow,
but spotted with fuscous black... ... ... .../7 nigricornis n. sp.
3. Forewing with many wavy fuscous lines
kuniuelaenossii een... er... Lt. Smbakawe.n.sp.
Forewing without such marking ... ... ... 4.
4. Forewing with a distinct piceous streak formed
of many spots at the posterior border of discal
n e. seriatalıs:n. sp.
—Forewing without such marking ... ... ... 5.
5. Costal area of forewing very broad at base .../7. irregularis n. sp.
24 WARO NAKAHARA.
Costal area of forewing not so broad at base... 6.
6. Lower limb of the male genital appendages
very short, not more than one third the length
of the upper limb.) ee „se ee er ame le:
Lower limb ofthe male genital appendages not
much shorter than the upper limb... ... .../7 japonicus n. sp.
Hemerobius humuli Linne.
(Textfig. 2).
Hemerobius humuli L., Syst. Nat., x, p. 550 (1758); Burmeister, Handb. Ent., ii, p. 974
(1883); Walker, Cat. Neuropt. Brit. Mus., ii, p. 286 (1853) ; Hagen, Syn. Neuropt. N.
Amer., p. 205 (1862); Banks, Trans, Amer. Ent. Soc., xxxii, p. 32 (1905); Navas, Rev.
Russ. d’Entom., xii, p. 419 (1912).
Hemerobius castane Fitch, First Rep. Ins. N. Y., p. 94 (1855); Hagen, l.c,, p. 202.
Hemerobius tutatrix Fitch, 1. c.; Hagen, l.c., p. 202; Needham, N. Y. Mus. Bull. 86, pl. ii,
fig. ı (1905).
Head yellowish, somewhat suffused with whitish, with a red-brown
stripe from each eye to mouth; palpi fuscous, the last joint of each palpus
always blackish ; antennæ yellowith, somewhat darkish at apex.
Prothorax yellowish or
occasionally rather whitish,
with red-brown leteral stripes.
Meso- and metathorax dark
brown with a broad median
yellowish stripe.
Fore- and midlegs yello-
wish, accasionally slightly
Textfig. 2. suffused with testaceous ; hind-
Hemerobius humuli Linné, À leg pale yellow ; tarsus
A. Apex of abdomen, from sde, X15. 3 È 5
Le < S ©,
B. Apex of genital appendage. from above, X30. terminally darkish in each leg
Forewing hyaline; costal
area not so broad at base ; hind marginal and apical areas clouded with
greyish in such a manner as to cause pale and dark spots alternately ;
ON THE HEMEROBIINAE OF JAPAN. 25
longitudinal veins pale yellow, spotted with brown rather evenly ; crossveins
blackish, slightly margined with greyish ; a heavy dark brown spot on the
crossvein connecting median and cubitus. Three radial sectors, of which
the third is forked twice or three times before outer gradate series; median
is bent toward cubitus at connecting veinlet.
Hindwing with apical and hind marginal areas slightly tinged with
greyish ; neuration mostly pale ; gradate veinlets mostly blackish.
Abdomen brownish on both dorsal and ventral sides. Genital
appendage long, with two processes on apex, one long and the other very
short; lower limb very short, not more than one third the length of the
upper limb.
Measurements :
IEEnOthVOMDOdY ga. ceo We. RC mm.
Renethvorforewine EN We NO Se mm.
Wadthrofferewite >... fan Ga, eG A mm.
IPEHSUN OL MINIWINS “ie, CS. coy sce eee bah ——O.8 MIN.
Habitat: A large series of specimens from the following localities are
in my collection :
Kyoto, March and April, ’14, Mr. A. Nohira coll.
Osaka, July, IR, Mr. A. Nohira coll.
Akakura, Prov. Echigo, August, ’14, Mr. A. Nohira coll.
Nikko, July, ’14, the author coll.
Sapporo, Hokkaido, Mr. H. Okamoto coll.
So far as I know, this species is here recorded from Japan for the first
time. It is known also from Europe, Siberia and North America.
Hemerobius japonicus n. sp.
(Textfig. 3 and 4).
Body yellowish. Head pale yellow with gene and both sides of
vertex blackish ; maxillary palpus blackish; labial palpus testaceous yellow
with blackish apical joint. Antennz yellowish, somewhat darker at apex.
26 WARO NAKAHARA.
Prothorax pale yellow witlı both sides narrowly variegated with light
brown, trace of brown also on the sides of meso- and metathorax. Legs
pale yellow ; tibia I and tarsi of all legs somewhat brownish.
Forewing hyaline,
similarly marked with
greyishas in 77. humuli,
but the veins, which are
pale yellow, are some-
what less minutely
spotted with fuscous
black; many greyish
spots in discal area,
sometimes becoming
united together and
forming several im-
Textfig. 3. perfect wavy streaks
Wings of Z/emerobius japonicus n. Sp., AE running across the
wing. Three, very rarely four, radial sectors; the 3rd sector with two,
occasionally three, branches before outer gradate series.
Hindwing rather
broad, colorless and È
hyaline, with pterostigma-
tic region pale brown.
Neuration pale; radial
sector fuscous at end;
crossveins blackish.
Abdomen greyish
fuscous above, under side Textig. 4
commonly yellowish. Hemerobius japonicus n. sp., &
Male genital appendage A. Apex of abdomen, from side, X 15.
u B. Apex of genital appendage., from above, x 30.
deeply furcate, 7. e., the i
lower limb of the appendage prolonged to a length much longer than half
ON THE HEMEROBIINAE OF JAPAN. 27
of the upper limb; upper limb of the appendage long and provided with two
processes of nearly same length at apex.
Measurements :
[Eenethrotibodyatiue te Br 3 95.2505 ——-O.5 mm:
DensthiofiforeWwinet nn vci Han» 27.5 8 mm:
Widthroßforenunesn te te Gorse 72:90:08 Ia: 4 mam:
Mengthvohhindwine gr Ma ME CL. Our: 65 | 7mm.
Habitat: I have in my collection a large number of specimens of this
species from the following localities :
Tokyo, April, ‘12, the author coll.
Inokashira near Tokyo, April, ’14, the author coll.
Mt. Takao, Prov. Musashi, September, ‘14, the author coll.
Nikko, July, ‘14, the author coll.
Kyoto, April to August, ‘14, Mr. A. Nohira coll.
Osaka, Mr. Teranishi coll.
Gifu, April to August, 14, Mr. S. Yamamura coll.
Remark: This species closely resembles in general appearance ZZ.
humuli L., H. marginatus Steph., H. greeni Banks, H. Eaton! Morton,
H. pacificus Banks, etc., but male genital appendages of this species are
structurally quite different from those of any other species.
Hemerobius nigricornis n. sp.
Blackish. Head black with an irregular w-shaped yellowish mark
above ; frons entirely black; upper part of gena narrowly marked with
yellowish ; maxillary palpi fuscous, apical joint small and pale; antenna
blackish or fuscous black, with the basal joint deep black.
Prothorax black with a narrow median yellowish fascia above ; a small
yellowish spot on each side of the median fascia. Meso- and metathorax
fuscous black with an interrupted pale median band above.
Legs yellow ; coxae deeply variegated with dark brown; femora and
tibie of most legs marked with greyish at their extremities; end of tarsi
and claws fuscous black.
28 WARO NAKAHARA.
Forewing moderately broad, slightly tinged with dark grey; an
irregular blackish fascia along cubital vein ; inner marginal and apical areas
irregularly clouded with greyish; gradate series of crossveins broadly
margined with greyish; a blackish spot at base of each radial sector ;
pterostigmatic region dark yellow. Neuration mostly black, many times
interrupted by pale spaces ; three radial sectors, of which the 3rd is provid-
ed with three, rarely two, branches before outer gradate series.
Hindwing very slightly tinged with greyish ; pterostigmatic region
brownish yellow; radial sector with two branches before outer gradate
series.
Abdomen fuscous black on both dorsal and ventral sides ; pleuram
yellowish. In the male, upper division of genital appendage brownish
yellow with its apex provided with a short testaceous spine ; lower division
very slender and almost blackish, with a long needle-like colorless process
at apex.
Measurements:
Lensthiofbodyr i eo Ve ar ea
Length of forewing aa... Ai SS mai
Width of forewing Let, ARR DORE. S32: 3.5 mm.
Length of hindwine ik. RE RR ET
Habitat; Of this species there are in my collection many specimens
from the following localities :
Sapporo, Hokkaido, Mr. H. Okamoto coll.
Mt. Fizan, near Kyoto, May, ’I4, Mr. A. Nohira coll.
Gifu, Mr. S. Yamamura coll.
Chujenji, Nikko, July, ’14, the author coll.
There exists a single female specimen, captured at Natsusawa-toge,
Prov. Shinano by Mr. Chino, in the collection of the Agricultural College,
Tokyo Imperial University. It was kindly shown me by Dr. T. Miyake.
Hemerobius striatus n. sp.
Head yellow with a black spot between antenne; clypeus somewhat
ON THE HEMEROBIINAE OF JAPAN. 29
paler; genz blackish; palpi fuscous black, end of maxillary palpus some-
what yellowish ; antennæ yellowish, somewhat darker at apex.
Prothorax piceous with a narrow yellowish median band above. Meso-
thorax yellowish, suffused with fuscous on lateral sides. Metathorax nearly
entirely fuscous.
Legs yellow, very slightly suffused with fuscous ; apical tarsal joint of
each leg darkish.
Forewing rather broad, slightly tinged with fulvous brown in marginal
area; piceous spots on cubital vein and inner gradate veinlets, which are
themselves blackish and are margined with piceous, forın an irregular curved
line on posterior border of discal area. Neuration pale yellow, those in
discal area blackish ; subcosta also blackish ; radius striped with blackish ;
pterostigmatic region brownish. Three radial sectors ; the 3rd sector with
two branches before outer gradate series; two series of gradate veinlets
in rather irregular arrangement.
Hindwing slightly tinged with fulvous brown in apical and hind
marginal areas ; costal area darkish beyond middle ; pterostigmatic region
brownish, more or less suffused with blood-red. Veins fuscous black, most
of them yellowish at base ; cubitus stout and blakish.
Abdomen blackish on both dorsal and ventral sides; somewhat
yellowish at apex.
Measurements :
ken OW body... m 22 2.4 Gos) chee im.
Kenothrofforewino nn meek ca a LO M
Miicthyofiforewine, ... ad a o na Zehn.
KLenethkothindwins.... wen. Vass wee. Ss 0m © Mm:
A single female specimen, captured by myself on the shore of Lake
Oze, Prov. Közuke, on August Ist, ’13, is in my collection.
Hemerobius irregularis n. sp.
Head pale yellow with a fuscous black mark on each gena; vertex
somewhat fuscous ; antenne pale yellow, with a few paler basal joints and
somewhat brownish terminal joints.
30 WARO NAKAHARA.
Prothorax with a rather broad fuscous stripe on each side. Mesotho-
rax sulphurate yellow, striped with brown on each side.
Legs pale ; tibie I and II somewhat darkish ; tibia III darkish at apex;
tarsal joints of all legs variegated with ochraceous yellow.
Forewing rather broad, moderately rounded at apex, hyaline ; hind
marginal area with alternate streches of pale and fuscous ; a darkish streak
exists in the space between Ist and 2nd radial sectors, beyond inner
gradate series; neuration pale yellow, marked rather evenly with brown;
gradate veinlets fuscous black, narrowly margined with fuscous. Costal
area very broad, but not over five times the length of veinlet connecting
subcosta and radius; costal crossveins furcate; three radial sectors. In the
type specimen the third sector of right wing gives off four branches be-
fore outer gradate series, while on the left wing the second sector is forked
before inner gradate series and the third shows only three branches before
outer gradate series; median slightly bent toward cubitus at connecting
veinlet.
Hindwing hyaline and colorless; neuration pale yellow, anal veins
terminally blackish ; radial sector with three branches before outer gradate
series.
Abdomen darkish yellow on both dorsal and ventral sides. Female
has stout subgenital plate, which is, when seen from below, tongue-like in
shape.
Measurement:
Length of body Nr Ms Sees AL
Length offorewing nn en ie
Width of forewing)... De. Ao
Length:of hindwingemas ver re. one:
A single female specimen captured by Mr. A. Nohira at Akakura,
Prov. Echigo, on August 3, ’14, is in my collection.
Remark: This species is of much interest on account of its close re-
semblance to Megolomus in several respects, f.i. in the very broad costal
area of forewing, etc.
ON THE HEMEROBIINAE OF JAPAN. 31
Hemerobius Shibakawe n. sp.
Head pale yellow, a blackish stripe from each eye to mouth ; brownish
behind eye ; antennæ yellowish somewhat brownish toward apex.
Prothorax pale yellow, slightly brown on each side; anterior portion
of the brown space strongly suffused with darkish. Meso- and metathorax
nearly uniformly yellowish. Legs pale yellow.
Wings hyaline, venation pale yellow. Forewing rather distinctly
marked with numerous wavy brownish lines running across the wing;
median not bent toward cubitus at connecting veinlet; three radial
sectors, the third forked three or four times before outer gradate series ;
upper branch of the third sector forked betore inner gradate series, lower
branch simple.
Hindwing without marking, except in pterostigmatic region which is
light yellow.
Abdomen yellowish. In the male, 9th dorsal segment produced
triangularly at hind margin; genital appendage not forked, the apex
furnished with a short stout process.
Measurements :
IBenethiobodyartsern esta eco mats ee. M. NC) mm:
Wencthwoliorewinew= . era “Gas des aes a 7 MM.
Mirti oo In Teen esc srs cea at Res. aca mm:
Length of hindwing ... . 2 LOL ON Ormai
A pair (@ 2) captured on Mr. M. Shibakawa at Akakura, Prov.
Echigo, on July 30, 14, and a female specimen captured by Mr. A. Nohira
at the same locality on August 7, ‘14, are in my collection.
Remark: Besides the three specimens just referred to, there is further
a female specimen captured by the author at Nikko, July IS, ’14, which
closely resembles this species, but differs from it in having the wing-
markings much restricted and the basal two abdominal segments deeply
variegated with black on dorsal side. I think the specimen should be
looked upon merely as a variational form of the species, so at least until
contradictory evidences can be produced.
32 WARO NAKAHARA.
Hemerobius nitidulus Fabricius.
LHemerobius mit dulus Fabr., Ent. Syst., ii, p. 83 (1798); Walker, Cat. Neuropt. Brit. Mus., ii,
296 (1852).
Hemerobius Harmandinus Navas, Rev. Russ. d’Entom., ix, p. 395-96 (1910).
Head fuscous brown ; face somewhat darkish ; vertex fuscous ; maxil-
lary palpi fuscous black; antenna fuscous black, somewhat darker toward
apex.
Prothorax yellowish, suffused with fuscous. Meso- and metathorax
brownish yellow, more or less suffused with darkish above.
Legs yellowish ; entire foreleg and tarsal joints of other legs rather
testaceous ; tibia III fusiform.
Forewing tinged with brownish yellow, with a broad ill-defined longi-
tudial hyaline band in discal area ; a fuscous cloud exists along the anterior
border of the hyaline band, extending from disk to apex of the wing.
Neuration yellow, minutely dotted with fuscous black ; two series of gradate
veinlets complete and are commonly margined with greyish; three radial
sectors, of which the 3rd gives off two branches before outer gradate series.
Hindwing slightly margined with yellowish, and sometimes showing a
darkish clouding as in forewing; neuration pale yellow, not dotted with
blackish.
Abdomen fuscous, much suffused with yellowish. Genital appendage
of the male not forked, but very long, slender and somewhat dilated
at apex.
Measurement :
Length:ofibod&kia vieni asa oc" Saale) aria
Length offorewins ur: El ne ar era I
Width of'farewinee si ess oft ae ees ae ann
Length of-hiadwine za Ss ea.
Habitat: Tsuchiura, Prov. Hitachi, two female specimens, the late
Mr. S. Kimura coll.
Kyoto, a pair (& +), Mr. A. Nohira coll.
Gifu, a single male, Mr. S. Yamamura coll.
ON THE HEMEROBIINAE OF JAPAN. 33.
Uwajima, Prov. Iyo, a single female specimen, Mr. S. Arakawa coll.
Remark: The Japanese form described by Naväs (l.c.) under the
name of 7. Harmandinus and the European form ZH. nitidulus are, in my
opinion, not specifically separate. Comparing the two forms, I find that
the Japanese form slightly differs from the European in having a fuscous
cloudy fascia on forewing, but this can scarcely be of sufficient weight to
base specific distinction upon.
Genus Mieromus Rambur.
Micromus Rambur, Hist. Nat. Neuropt., p. 416 (1842); Hagen, Syn. Neuropt. N. Amer., p.
198 (1862); Banks, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxxii, p. 44 (1905); Needham, N. Y. S.
Mus. Bull. 86, p. 16 (1905); Banks, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., xi, p. 76 (1909); Banks,
Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxxix, p. 216 (1913).
The genus Micromus includes numerous species which widely deviate
in structure from the original genotype. I now propose to restrict the
range of Micromus, as indicated by the following definition.
Forewing narrow with outer margin not excised ; costal area narrow,
especially so at base ; humeral crossvein not recurrent ; three or four radial
sectors; two series of gradate veinlets; median runs into cubitus before
origin of Ist radial sector. Hindwing narrow with two series of gradate
veinlets ; median runs into cubitus ; branches of upper cubitus run into a
vein parallel to hind margin of the wing.
Type: M. variegatus Fabr.
Of this genus, two species occur in Japan:
Forewing with many distinct blackish markings M. pulchellus n. sp.
Forewing without such marking, but with
fuscous spots on neuration and greyish tinge
inehind'mareinal area UM SM. novittus Nav.
Micromus pulchellus n. sp.
Head black, with three irregular yellowish spots above; genæ
yellowish ; frons and clypeus blackish, occasionally strongly suffused with
yellow ; palpi fuscous. Antenna pale yellow at base, darkish at apex ; the
Ist joint spotted with black.
34 WARO NAKAHARA.
Prothorax short, blackish with its anterior margin and narrow median
line above yellowish ; lateral margins somewhat pale.
Meso- and metathorax blackish, more or less suffused with yellowish ;
scutum and scutellum yellowish.
Legs pale; tibia I and II marked with black at base, at middle and
at apex; tibia III slightly marked with fuscous at apex ; tarsi somewhat
yellowish, with the last joint fuscous black, claws fuscous black.
Forewing slender, hyaline, distinctly marked with blackish: a large
mark at the inner side of pterostigmatic region, extending from costa to
Ist radial sector; an irregular and interrupted longitudinal streak, formed
of spots, runs from inner marginal area to apical area; many small spots at
margins and in discal area. Neuration partly pale and partly black; three
radial sectors, the Ist with a branch before outer gradate series; posterior
branch of media and anterior branch of cubitus fused together for a
considerable distance ; the two series of gradate veinlets very irregular
in arrangement.
Hindwing shorter and narrower than forewing, with five blackish spots
beyond middle of costal area, of which the two on both sides of ptero-
stigmatic region are larger than others. Neuration mostly pale, rather
blackish in apical area of the wing.
Abdomen fuscous, more or less suffused with greyish on dorsal and
lateral sides ; apex yellow. In the male, the 9th segment very short ; seen
from side, genital appendage somewhat oval in outline, and below it there
is a small elevation from which two stout fuscous spines arise.
Measurements :
Length of’bodyaa cs. cale 4.5 mm.
Length of forme RO 700
Width:of forewing). Moy. donati ir = Az:
Length of hindwing.si ca „dual opel Dee sim
Habitat; Kyoto, May 14, ’14 a single male specimen, Mr. A. Nohira _
coll.
ON THE HEMEROBIINAE OF JAPAN. 35
Gifu, one female specimen and two male specimens, Mr. S. Yamamura
coll.
Remark: This species is closely allied to M. variegatus Fab. of
Europe, but can be distinguished from that species by markings on body
and wings, size, etc.
Micromus novitius Navas.
(Pl. I, fig. 4).
Micromus novitius Navas, Rev. Russ. d’Entom., ix, p, 397 (1910).
Head yellowish with fuscous spots behind eyes and an arcuate fuscous
mark before antenna ; face yellow with two blackish spots on each side,
more or less suffused with darkish on clypeus; palpi testaceous yellow,
apical joint of maxillary palpus strongly suffused with fuscous ; antenne
fuscous, yellowish in basal half.
Prothorax yellowish, with four indistinct fuscous spots above ; lateral
sides somewhat fuscous. Meso- and metathorax yellowish with a broad
fuscous fascia on each side.
Legs yellowish ; tibia fusiform; anterior tibia with a slight darkish
mark near end; apical joint of tarsi darkish ; spurs on tibia very short;
claws testaceous, short, strongly curved.
Forewing elongate and very narrow; hind marginal area slightly
tinged with fuscous ; neuration mostly pale yellow, spotted and striped with
fuscous ; costa and subcosta nearly entirely pale yellow ; costal crossveins
pale yellow and mostly forked, but a few of those in basal part of costal area
simple ; four radial sectors, most of which are forked before outer gradate
series ; median and cubitus fused together for a considerable distance.
Hindwing hyaline and colorless, with neuration nearly entirely pale
yellow; gradate series of crossveins blackish; lower branch of media runs
into cubitus.
Abdomen testaceous, occasionally strongly suffused with yellowish ;
dorsal plate of the male short, subquadrate ; ventral appendage, from which
two small ovate apparatus arise, rounded and covered with yellowish hairs.
36 | WARO NAKAHARA,
Measurements :
Length of body Gs ieee AO TN
Length. of-forewime ui balli: «lab see Sonim
Width of forewing: pisos vali yeu tirant ed245emm,
Length of hindwing CR ego
Habitat: Osaka, a single male specimen, Mr. Teranishi coll.
Kusakimura, Prov. Harima, several specimens, Mr. S. Iguchi coll.
Gifu, three specimens, Mr. S. Yamamura coll.
Yanagawa, Kyushu, a single male specimen, Mr. Takamuku coll.
Remark: This species evidently hibernates in the adult condition,
since most of the specimens in my collection were captured in late autumn
and in early spring.
Genus Eumieromus n. gen.
= Micromus auct. in part.
Forewing broad with outer margin not excised; costal area narrow
at. base, without recurrent vein; 4—8 radial sectors; median commonly
not confluent with cubitus, but connected thereto by one or two
crossveins ; very rarely the two veins are fused together for a short
distance ; two series of gradate veinlets. Hindwing rather broad, two
series of gradate veinlets; median not running. into cubitus; no vein runs
parallel to hind margin of the wing for a long distance, and most branches.
of upper cubitus end at the margin.
Type: _ Micromus numerosus Navas.
There are six species of this genus known to me to occur in Japan.
They may be distinguished as follows :
I. Forewing more or less tinged with brownish
yellow 351% uma i Lao EEE 2,
Forewing not tinged with brownish yellow... 4.
2.. Forewing without marking ... ... 0 ... Æ. Arakawe n. sp.
Forewing with some markings ... ... .. 3.
3.: : No marking on tibia I... I... Livia wei Zi Namerosus Nav:
ON THE HEMEROBIINAE OF JAPAN. be;
Tibia I with distinct brown marks... ... E.angulatus Steph.
4. Tibia I with distinct blackish marks ... ... EZ. maculatifes n. sp.
Soon mBranlewithou: Maree ia n ha
5. Forewing with many dark markings besides
fuscous spots on neuration’... ... ... ... E. alpinus n. sp.
——Forewing without marking excepting fus-
cous sports om iicurationy N tl 0° Let... A dıssimmlisn. sp.
Eumicronus numerosus (Naväs).
(PPS):
Micromus numerosus Navas. Rev. Russ. d’Entom., ix, p. 396 (1910).
Head piceous yellow, with two small fuscous spots in lower parts of
frons, more or less suffused with fuscous around base of antennz; clypeus
yellow, narrowly fuscous on both sides; palpi fuscous brown. Antenne
ferruginous ; basal joint enlarged and variegated with fuscous; some
terminal joints also fuscous.
Prothorax fuscous, somewhat yellowish in middle, beset with yellowish
hairs. Mesothorax ferruginous yellow, much darker on lateral sides.
Metathorax nearly entirely ferruginous.
Legs testaceous yellow, hind tibia somewhat paler; claws testaceous,
long, strongly curved.
Forewing elongate and broad, slightly tinged with brownish yellow ;
neuration fulvous, many times interrupted by fuscous spaces ; gradate series
of crossveins blackish; posterior part of wing irregularly clouded with
fuscous grey, especially densely in hind marginal area. Five to seven
radial sectors; the Ist sector forked once or twice before outer gradate
series; the last sector forked before inner gradate series. Median and
cubitus not fused together, but connected with each other by three
crossveins.
Hindwing colorless and hyaline with yellowish pterostigmatic region ;
neuration yellowish ; outer gradate series blackish; radial sector almost
38 WARO NAKAHARA.
always with five branches ; median somewhat bent toward cubitus at con-
necting veinlet.
Abdomen fulvous brown, yellowish at apex; dorsal appendage of male
very large, and covered with long hairs.
Measurements :
Length of: body. Fi. ze sen dase Vrs) SI:
Length of forewine) e. (25. > sje acy | ois ROOD
Width of forewing sity) ee coat Sees aM:
Length of hind Witte son en u sn:
Habitat: This is the commonest representative of Æzmicromus in
Japan. I have in my collection a large number of specimens of this species
from the following localities :
Tokyo, October and November, ‘12, ’13, the late Mr. S. Kimura and
the author coll.
Osaka, August, ’13, Mr. Teranishi coll.
Nikko, July, ’14, the author coll.
Kyoto, March and October, ’14, Mr. A. Nohira coll.
Gifu, March-May, '14, Mr. S. Yamamura coll.
Akakura, Prov. Echigo, August, ’14, Mr. A. Nohira coll.
The shore of Lake Kizaki, Prov. Echigo, August, ’14, Mr. A. Nohira
coll.
Matsuyama, Prov. Iyo, Mr. Nagai coll.
Yanagawa, Prov. Chikugo, Kyushu, Mr. Takamuku coll.
Kumicromus Arakawe n. sp.
Head yellow, somewhat suffused with piceous ; palpi brown ; antennae
brownish yellow, with two basal joints rather darkish. i
Prothorax ferruginous yellow, with a broad blackish stripe on each side.
Meso- and metathorax fuscous yellow ; scuttellum rather ochraceous. Legs
testaceous yellow ; claws fuscous.
Forewing broad, hyaline, slightly tinged with brownish yellow, no
marking. Neuration pale, excepting costal crossveins and subcosta which
ON THE HEMEROBIINAE OF JAPAN. 39
are somewhat fuscous; seven radial sectors, the Ist sector forked just before
inner gradate series, the 7th sector forked beyond inner but before outer
gradate series ; crossveinlets in gradate series pale, regular in arrange-
ment; median and cubitus connected with each other by three crossveins.
Hindwing hyaline and nearly colorless ; pterostigmatic region very
slightly tinged with brown ; neuration pale ; four branches to radial sector.
Abdomen fuscous brown with a narrow yellowish line on dorsal side.
Dorsal appendage of the male very large, yellowish, with two minute
tubercles on its posterior margin.
Measurements:
Wen orn Gh BOG u te. le el fac) wa mean] see, AOL,
PORN LOL IONIQUE ae seer, joc nee i TO: MM;
Wiiedithvollonewuie ul. Were Sa nn Fiedler oct NL.
Peneth of hindwings ea tee eut cos mean Ten ON:
A single male specimen (dried), captured by Mr. S. Arakawa at Uwa-
jima, Prov. Iyo, in August, IQII, is in my collection.
Remark: This species is closely allied to £. numerosus (Navas), but
differs from it in the markings on prothorax and forewing, and in the
structure of male genital appendage.
Eumieronus maculatipes n. sp.
(PIM, fig. 5):
Head yellow with two arcuate black mark on vertex ; occiput clouded
with fuscous; frons pale, occasionally somewhat pinkish; clypeus pale
yellow ; gena greyish yellow, blackish on anterior and posterior borders.
Antenne yellow, somewhat darkish beyond middle; the Ist joint very large,
slightly variegated with grey ; the 2nd joint black.
Prothorax yellow with two irregular longitudinal piceous lines above ;
anterior margin somewhat produced in middle and variegated with piceous ;
lateral sides piceous.
Mesothorax yellowish ; praescutum with two fuscous spots on its
anterior border ; scutum with two fuscous spots on the sides ; scutellum also
40 WARO NAKAHARA.
spotted with fuscous. Metathorax yellowish with a large fuscous spot on
both sides.
Legs pale ; femur I slightly marked with greyish at end; tibie I and
II distinctly marked with blackish at base, at middle and at end, thus
forming three blackish rings on the joints; tibia III somewhat dilated at
middle ; tarsi yellowish or testaceous; apical joint of tarsi and claws
fuscous black.
Forewing broad, hyaline; outer marginal area irregularly clouded
with grey; neuration mostly pale, minutely spotted with greyish;
gradate veinlets black, and margined with grey so as to form two
irregular, oblique lines ; a row of blackish spots along cubital vein. Seven
or eight radial sectors; Ist sector forked before outer gradate series ;
posterior branch of median not fused with cubitus.
Hindwing hyaline ; costal area slightly darkish beyond middle ; apical
area slightly tinged with greyish. Neuration mostly pale, blackish in apical
area of the wing; outer gradate series blackish.
Abdomen fuscous grey, yellowish toward apex.
Measurements :
Length of body ... ... ...@6 (dried specimen)- 98 mm.
Length of forewing... ... ... 8( ,, > )- 9 mm.
Width ofdorewmet"" .. 22.3.5008 a )- 4mm.
Length of hindwing ace eg, © (05 È )- 7 mm.
Habitat: Mt. Minomo near Osaka, a single female specimen (May,
’14), Mr. T. Esaki coll.
Gifu, a single dried and somewhat mutilated male specimen, Mr. S.
Yamamura coll.
Kyoto, three female specimens (October, ’14), Mr. A Nohira coll.
Remark: Judging from the specimens on hand, the wing-markings
of this species seem to be subject to much individual variation. While
Gifu and Kyoto specimens have forewings strongly marked, the Minomo
specimen shows much more restricted markings on forewing.
The species probably passes winter in the state of imago.
ON THE HEMEROBIINAE OF JAPAN. 4I
Eumieromus alpinus n. sp.
Head yellowish; clypeus somewhat piceous. Antennaæ also yellowish,
the 1st joint enlarged, 2nd and 3rd joints nearly same in size and some-
what larger than remaining joints.
Prothorax yellowish (somewhat fuscous in dried Specimen), with two
blackish spots above. Meso- and metathorax yellowish, more or less
suffused with fuscous.
Legs pale yellow, femora and tarsi somewhat fuscous.
Forewing rather broad with very slight greyish tinge ; basal portion of
posterior margin narrowly variegated with fuscous ; three fuscous longi-
tudinal streaks in outer marginal area, of which median one extends to
discal area; an oblique fuscous line on each gradate series. Subcosta
entirely pale, other veins mostly pale and many times interrupted by
blackish or fuscous spaces ; gradate series blackish, complete, and regular
in arrangement ; five radial sectors, the 5th sector with two branches before
outer gradate series.
Hindwing somewhat narrow, not much shorter than the forewing;
marginal area slightly tinged with greyish. Neuration mostly pale yellow;
apex of subcosta and of radius fuscous; anal veins also fuscous; outer
gradate series black and margined with darkish.
Abdomen fuscous (nearly blackish in dried specimen), yellowish at
apex.
Measurements :
BénetMo PDO: UE EE er isn. | Samim:
Weneth offorewineyewes mec 3) posti i dot TO mm:
iid thwotsfonewingie Un les iena.) i mi!
Wenethot hindwine owl cine Meet Met Ln vo or mm.
Two specimens are in my collection: one male, dried and somewhat
mutilated, captured by Mr. A. Nohira on Mt. Yatsugatake, Prov. Shinano,
on August 5th, ’14, and the other (2 in alcohol) captured by the same
gentleman on Mt. Tateyama, Prov. Ecchu, on July 30th, ’14. Mt. Yatsu-
42 WARO NAKAHARA.
gatake (2932 m. in height) and Mt. Tateyama (2985 m.) are among the
highest mountains in central Japan.
Remark: This species is to a great extent allied to Eumicromus
paganus (L.) and E. angulatus (Setph.), but is distinguishable from both
these species in markings of body and legs, in coloration and markings of
wings, etc.
Eumicromus angulatus (Stephens).
Hemerobius angulatus Steph., Cat, Brit. Ins., p. 312 (18209); Walker, Cat, Neuropt. Brit.
Mus., ii, p. 292 (1853).
Micromus angulatus Hagen, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xxiii, p. 280 (1886); Banks, Trans.
Amer. Ent. Soc., xxxii, p. 45 (1905 ; Navas, Rev. Russ. d’Entom., xii, p. 420 (1912).
Head brownish above, somewhat yellowish on frons, palpi testaceous
brown ; antennæ testaceous yellow with basal two joints somewhat fuscous.
Prothorax pale brown, beset with testaceous hairs on sides. Meso-
and metathorax also pale brown, with darker patches on lateral lobes.
Legs yellowish, more or less suffused with brown; anterior tibia with
brown marks on outer side ; last tarsal joint and claws brownish.
Forewing rather broad, hyaline, slightly tinged with brownish, and
indistinctly marked with wavy brown bands ; hind marginal area with four
brownish bands stretching out to the margin ; inner marginal area not tinged
with brown. Neuration pale, spotted with brown; crossveins entirely
brown ; the two gradate series even; four radial sectors forked just beyond
inner gradate series ; four sectors ; the Ist sectors forked just beyond inner
gradate series; the.4th sector forked just before outer gradate series;
median connected to cubitus by two short crossveins.
Hindwing hyaline; pterostigmatic region slightly tinged with brownish.
Neuration pale, excepting brown apex ; gradate series of crossveins mostly
pale and not margined with darkish.
Abdomen brown with yellowish hairs ; somewhat yellowish at apex.
Measurements :
Lensth.ot body ja. zer DEP ae. EA Baron
ON THE HEMEROBIINAE OF JAPAN. A3
Teca schlaf fore WAN. seen ann ares. cost N
Mädtihiefforeume Kara. re seat. 1) 3
Lencthiof hndminem plz; nor Gee eh uae Gs Om:
Habitat: Sapporo, Hokkaido (four female specimens captured by
Mr. H. Okamoto on October II, ’14).
Remark: This is known as the “mountain loving species” in Europe
and also in North America, and was recently reported by Navas (l.c.) from
Siberia. The Japanese specimens on hand differ somewhat from the Euro-
pean form in being slightly larger, and in the color of wings being to a
degree lighter; nevertheless, all are without doubt specifically identical.
Humicromus dissimilis n. sp.
Head yellowish with two small fuscous spots before antenna. An-
tenne yellow, with some terminal joints fuscous.
Prothorax yellowish with two small darkish spots anteriorly, lateral
sides suffused with fuscous black. Meso- and metathorax also yellowish,
more or less suffused with fuscous.
Legs pale ; tarsi somewhat brownish.
Forewing rather elongate, hyaline ; hind marginal area slightly tinged
with greyish. Neuration mostly brownish yellow, spotted with fuscous ;
costa, subcosta, and most of costal crossveins pale; radius pale, many
times interrupted by fuscous spaces; five or six radial sectors, the last
sector with three branches before outer gradate series.
Hindwing colorless and hyaline ; neuration mostly pale ; all of inner
and a few of outer gradate crossveins black.
Abdomen dark brown, strongly suffused with whitish. The oth seg-
ment in the male very short; dorsal appendage rather short, rcunded at
apex ; ventral appendage, from which a very slender testacecus apparatus
arises, is large, hairly and rather triangular in shape,
Measurements :
énéihiefibady 1 a pen lie ne ceeds S mm.
Eensthroffforewing... a pae tronto,
‘44 WARO NAKAHARA.
Width of.forewing..... ........ des vase cons RI Ue SIM iim,
Length of-hindwing... ..............,..,.. Tete ts.) 7-8 mm.
Habitat: .Sapporo, Hokkaido, a single-female specimen, Mr. H. Oka-
moto coll.
Kyoto, a single female specimen, Mr. A. Nohira coll.
Gifu, two male and female specimens (in alcohol), Mr.S. Yamamura coll.
Remark: In wing-markings this species somewhat resembles Micro-
mus novitius Navas.
Genus Oedobius n. gen.
Antennz comparatively short. Legs rather stout.
Forewing broad and elongate, subacute but not falcate at apex, with
all the veins very close together. Costal area very broad at base, with a
recurrent vein; costal crossveins branched and crossed; some four or five
crossveins between subcosta and radius; a basal gradate series in addition
to three series of discal gradate crossveins ; a little more than ten radial
sectors, of which the Ist and the last give off a certain number of branches.
Hindwing with only one radial sector and two series of gradate veinlets.
Type: Oedobius infalcatus n. sp.
This genus is closely allied to Drepanepteryx, Neuronema, Ninguta,
Megalomus, etc. It can at once be distinguished from Drepanepteryx in
the forewing being not falcate at apex, from Meuronema and Ninguta in the
radial sectors on forewing being exceedingly numerous, and from Megalo-
mus in having four, istead of two, gradate series of crossveins on forewing.
Oedobius infalcatus n. sp.
Head fulvous, somewhat paler on clypeus; palpi fuscous ; antenne
fuscous black, with basal two joints yellowish.
Prothorax fulvous, somewhat suffused with fuscous and covered with
long fulvous brown hairs; vertex with two triangular dark marks in its
anterior portion. -Meso- and metathorax dark fulvous, with an irregular
and interrupted median stripe above...
ON THE HEMEROBIINAE OF JAPAN. 45
Legs fulvous, somewhat brownish on tarsal joints ; claws piceous, long,
and strongly curved.
Forewing elongate at apex, tinged with brownish yellow especially
strongly in hind marginal area; an ill-defined darkish streak runs from
discal area to the apex of the wing; costal area with a long, hyaline line
running parallel to costa ; pterostigmatic region rather pinkish ; hind margin
of the wing with alternate brown and yellow small patches. Neuration
mostly fulvous brown; gradate veinlets mostly marked with blackish, some
of those in outer two series whitish and marked with hyaline spots.
Hindwing hyaline and slightly tinged with dark brown, excepting basal
and discal areaS which are colorless; pterostigmatic region distinctly
pinkish. Neuration fulvous brown; gradate veinlets nearly colorless ; anal
veins fuscous. |
Abdomen brownish, with broad yellowish lateral stripes ; the last seg-
ment rather yellowish and covered with short concolorous hairs.
Measurements :
Jecnethofibody u. a eng we EN,
Tenethroffotewine, u... a gees aos CIA mM,
Widthrofforewine 2.0 aa pas. 2 De: US MM.
Kenetbioflindwing tr... au e 12.5.mm.
The type is a single female specimen captured by Mr. A. Nohira at
Kyoto, on August 8, 1914.
Genus Ninguta Navas.
Ninguta Navas, Rev. Russ. d’Entom., xii, p. 420 (1912).
Wings exceedingly broad with all the veins very close together.
Costal area of forewing very broad at base, with one recurrent vein and
many branched costal crossveins ; three series of gradate veinlets ; five,
four, or occasionally three radial sectors. Hindwing with two series of
gradate veinlets.
Contains but one species—Ninguta deltoides (Navas).
This genus is closely allied to Meuronema, Megalomus, Drepanepteryx,
46 WARO NAKAHARA.
etc. It differs from Neuronema in having fewer radial sectors, from
Megalomus in having three series of gradate veinlets in forewing, and from
Drepanepteryx in the forewing being not falcate at apex.
Ninguta deltoides (Navas)
Megalomus deltoides Navas, Rev. Russ. d’Entom,, ix, p. 397, fig. 1 (1910).
Ninguta deltoides Navas, 1.c., xii, p. 420 (1912).
Head fulvous with a z-shaped fuscous mark on vertex ; palpi yellowish,
last joint of maxillary palpus fuscous black. Antenna yellowish, more
or less suffused with fuscous ; basal joint enlarged and spotted with fuscous.
Prothorax ferruginous, covered with long yellowish hairs, with two
blackish longitudinal stripes above. Meso- and metathorax also ferrugi-
nous, irregularly irrorated with fuscous.
Legs yellowish ; femur I with a fuscous mark near its end; tibia I with
two distinct blackish marks ; tibia II with a blackish mark in middle.
Forewing broad, tinged with light fuscous ; apical and hind marginal
areas densely clouded with fuscous ; a distinct deltoid white mark at the
middle of hind marginal area. Neuration yellowish, spotted and striped
with fuscous; costal crossveins branched; 3-5 radial sectors; gradate
veinlets blackish ; outer gradate series runs almost parallel to the outer
magin of the wing.
Hindwing hyaline, with marginal area slightly tinged with fuscous ;
pterostigmatic region fuscous brown ; neuration mostly yellowish.
Abdomen ferruginous, somewhat fulvous at apex. The last ventral
segment of the male hairly, and produced into a large subgenitalplate.
Measurements :
Length. of body Ul devia. oma | stirrer a.) 8-9 mm.
Lengh: for forewing iid ai ee i, CB
Width of forewing u... a Res about
Length of hindwifig | «u rss nen din ar 1 O= 10 mi
Habitat: There exists in my collection a single female specimen
ON THE HEMEROBIINAE OF JAPAN. 47
captured by Mr. M. Shibakawa at Akakura, Prov. Echigo, in July, ’14.
Mr. A. Nohira has also captured three male specimens of this species at
the same locality in August, ’14, and has kindly sent them to me for exami-
nation.
According to Navas,” the species occurs also in Siberia.
1) Rev. Russ. d’Entom,, xii, p. 420 (1912).
48
er
WARO NAKAHARA.
Explanation of Plate I.
Neurorthus punctatus n. Sp. X 10.
Sympherobius tessellatus n. sp. X 6}.
Notiobiella subolivacea n. sp. X 8.
Micromus novitius Navas X 8.
Eumicromus maculatipes n. sp. X 9.
E. numerosus (Navas) X 7.
The Fate of the Peristomal Mesoderm and the
Tail in Petromyzon”
By
S. Hatta.
Except my two papers (91, 07) we have had no publication which
deals with the peristomal mesoderm in Pefromyzon. Basing upon his
observations in Amphibia, Mollier (06) asserts that in Petromyzon that
colossal mass of vascular cells which appears under the enteric canal, is
derived from the yolk cells” and from a portion of embryonic tissue which
I have identified (91) with Rabl’s peristomal mesoderm in Selachii.
The assumption of Mollier is, however, not correct. The vascular cells
are derived from certain parts of the mesoderm established (Hatta, 14a ;
Keiser, 14). No part of the peristomal mesoderm is resolved into the
vascular cells, but it represents a temporary stage by which the micromeric
layer round the blastopore develops into the gastral mesoderm. To make
intelligible the accounts given in the following pages, the process, about
which the peristomal mesoderm is called in existence, will briefly be stated
below.
During the invagination the blastoporic lip is raised into a ridge
describing an arc which is most prominent at the mid-dorsal point of the
lip and grows lower towards both the arms of the arc (Hatta, 07, fig. 7c.)
which occur along the lateral lips. On sagittal and frontal sections it is
1) Lampetra mitsukurit, Hatta.
2) In spite of their entodermic origin, the cells of this lot are regarded by the author as thc
mesodermal, According to his assumption, the free cells have destination to form the ventral
portion of the mesoderm, but they are directly converted into the vascular cells, jumping
over the process, by which the epithelial mesoderm is produced.
50 S. HATTA. THE FATE OF THE PERISTOMAL
obvious that the prominence of the ridge depends partly upon the depth to
which the macromeric surface of egg embraced by the two arms of the
ridge sinks in, but mainly on the extent to which the micromeric layer
folded and grows inwards. At the middle part of the arc where the ridge
is most prominent, the ingrowth of the micromeric layer is greatest in
extent and becomes less as we proceed towards the extremities of both
the arms of the arc, until at last the layer does no longer grow inwards.
By stages the ridge extends ventrally, so that its extremities on both
sides are brought nearer and finally meet with each other at the middle
point of the ventral blastoporic lip, while the mocromeric surface of egg is
depressed and is surrounded by the ridge all around. At the same time
the ridged lateral lips shift so as to approach one another and the median
line, and as a consequence the arc is converted into an equilateral triangle
whose apical angle represents the dorsal blastoporic lip. This angle is not
acute, but takes the form of a rounded notch (Hatta, fig. 9c).
The notch passes, on one hand, gradually into the dorsal groove”
running lengthwise on the dorsal median line and leads, on the other, into
the archenteron which is at first very short, but becomes longer by
degrees.
The dorsal and the lateral lips of the blastopore are not stationary,
but grow posteriorly, as the following facts make evident.
In the first place, as time goes on the archenteric pocket is deepened.
In consequence the roof of the cavity is added to in the direction of its
long axis. The outer layer which covers the archenteric roof, the
ectoderm, undergoes, of course, the parallel anteroposterior extension.
In the second place, the blastopore is reduced by stages, i.e. the lateral
lips of its shortened. (Hatta, 07, figs. 8c, 9c, 10c). As the ventral blasto-
poric lip is stationary so long as both the ridged arms of the lateral lips are
prolonged to meet, on the median point of the ventral lip, it is obvious
that the reduction of the blastopore is carried on from before backwards.
1) This groove is identical with the “ Riickenrinne” of German authors, or the primtive groove
in higher Craniota.
MESODERM AND THE TAIL IN PETROMYZON. SI
In short, the outer and inner layers roofing over the archenteron in front
.of the dorsal blastoporic lip are added to by the posterior growth of the
dorsal and lateral lips, by which the blastopore is reduced.
During the reduction of the blastopore, in the inner layer which
passes round the blastoporic lips into the outer layer, can therefore always
be distinguished three divisions: the median stem in front of the dorsal
blastoporic lip and two limbs behind it, which latter constitute what is
known as the peristomal mesoderm.
This process of reduction must not be mistaken for the so called
“ concrescence.” The median stem is not brought about, as one might
assume, by coalescence of the two posterior limbs, but both the divisions
are the product of one and the same process: the blastoporic lips grow
along their whole extent in reducing the blastopore!. The limbs become
apparent, because the growth commences its work at the mid-dorsal point
of the lip and proceeds both sides towards the lateral lips, so as to produce
in the latter part the posterior limbed division, and because in the sub-
sequent growth is kept the similar difference of progress concerning the
dorsal and lateral sections of the lip. The occurrence of the peristomal
mesoderm is, therefore, due to nothing but the delay which is displayed by
the lateral and ventral sections of the blastoporic lip in their growing.
The last remnant of the blastopore, which alone is regarded by all
other observers as the blastopore, is raised up all around the ridge. Only
the dorsal lip is indented to a rounded notch which is dorsally shallowed
-out into the dorsal groove.
The overgrowth of the blastoporic lip, by which the blastopore is
1) This fact is in parallel with the discovery by MacBride (07) in Amphioxus. The author
pointed out the nuclear structure which is quite different according as the ecto- and entoderm
and therefore, by which the two germinal layers can fairly be put from each other.
I was fortunate enough by his kindness to have looked through the series of sections through
Amphioxus embryos in his possession and to have confirmed his account. This discovery
affords the direct and so strong positive evidence for the reduction of the blastopore by the
growth of its lips, that there is hardly room for assumption of the concrescence. In spite of
my efforts, I could detect in Petromyzon neither the parallel fact nor any other cytological
-difference between the roof of the archenteron and the ectoderm over it, although Lwoff (94)
«distinguish them by the size of yolk-granules, etc. from each other.
52 S. HATTA. THE FATE OF THE PERISTOMAL
reduced and finally closed, is founded by further differentiation of one of the -
two layers brought about by the overgrowth. While the outer layer of the
two, the ectoderm, thickens itself to the medullary plate, the inner layer,
the entoderm, roofing over the archenteron, differentiates into the chorda
and into the mesoderm. In the cephalic region, where the archenterie
roof is broad enough to be folded, the mesoderm is formed by ‘the folding.
of the layer, but, as the roof is narrower according to the narrowed lumen
of the archenteron towards the hind extremity of the embryo, the lumen of
the mesodermal pocket is gradually obliterated in this direction. In the
posterior largest section of the body the mesodermal folding of the archente--
ric roof is performed by cell-proliferation taking place on either side of
the rudiment of the chorda and is indicated merely by the position of the
nuclear spindle of cell division which shows that the produced cells are
being put into a layer folding, on cross-sections, like that done by the true
tolding. The mesectoderm, whether it is formed by folding or by proli-
feration, is wedged in between the enteroderm and the entoderm. The
median part of the latter is thickened to the medullary plate, wherever
this is pronounced. The hindmost portion of the peristomal mesoderm is,
just before the complete closure of the blastopore, wedged in between the
enteioderm, the yolk-cells, and the ectoderm forming the ventral blasto-
poric lip (Photogram 1a.)
Before the blastopore is completely closed, the hindermost portion of.
the peristomal mesoderm undergoes peculiar changes. The outer layer of.
the ventral blastoporic lip, which can now distinctly be designated as the
ectoderm, sinks in and gives rise to a short, median, longitudinal slit, the
proctodaeum. Now, the circular lip of the blastopore is divided by the
dorsal notch and by the ventral proctodaeal indentation into the right and
left wings. Then follows the stage, in which the wings are turned up, so.
as to be raised almost into horizontal position instead of the vertical which .
they had until then assumed. By this change the dorsal.median notch on
the lip is reduced so as to form the anterior corner of a fine slit. The
hindermost portion of the peristomal mesoderm, which.is. put inquestion, .
MESODERM AND THE TAIL IN PETROMYZON. 53
‘is accordingly divided by the invaginated proctodaeum, and each half of it
is contained in each wing. The wings are, as I assume, to be compared
with the tail lobes of the Selachian embryos. The tail lobes remain for a
time separated, as revealed on transverse sections, but they ultimately
.coalesce in the dorsal median line with each other, and the rudiment of
the tail is produced by this process. The coalescence goes on from before
backwards.
The assertion is, therefore, justified, that the slit separating the tail
lobes corresponds to the weurenteric canal of other vertebrates, for it
stands in direct connection with the dorsal groove in the medullary plate.
Accordingly it may further be true, that the neurenteric canal does not
-occur only at the completion of gastrulation, but it exists during the whole
process of gastrulation, being represented by the notch on the dorsal lip of
the blastopore. ;
It is probably the coalescence of the tail lobes, that led Eyclethymer
(02) and Selys-Longchamps (10-11) to the conclusion that in Petromyzon
the concrescence occurs only in a small extent of the hindermost portion
of the body. The conclusion is, however, not correct, the coalescence in
question represents indeed the last phase of the growth of the blastoporic
lips, by which the blastopore is closed. And this is the reason why the
tail lobes which lie close to each other, are not at once fused together
along their whole extent, but the coalescence is carried on from before
backwards. In short, by the growth of the dorsal lip the notch or slit is
obliterated. After the finished coalescence there is left, therefore, no
suture which ought possibly to be marked at least by arrangement of
the cells or by some other structural peculiarities, if the tail lobes were
actually fused.
The hindermost portion of the proctodaeum persists as the permanent
-anus, while the remainder is closed from the exterior by re-fusion of the
edge of the slit. The very short proctodaeum is, on one hand, com-
municated with the hind end of the enteric canal and, on the other, it
“opens exterior by the anus. At its junction with the enteric canal, the
54 S. HATTA. THE FATE OF THE PERISTOMAL
proctodaeum is widened to a bursa, which is subserved as the best:
criterion for the established prectodaeum and anus.
a b
Photogram ız. Median sagittal section Photogram 1% Median sagittal section:
through an embryo with 12 through an embryo with 17
mesodermic somites. mesodermic somites.
a. anus. è. blastopore. 4. dorsal lip of blastopore. 7, ventral part of peristomal
mesoderm. /. proctodaeum. 2. tail-bud. 7. ventral lip of blastopore.
The changes standing in question are observable in an embryo of the‘
fourth day, which is provided with about seventeen somites and can exter--
nally be distinguished from younger embryos by the following character--
istics (Photogram 1). The dorsal portion of the hind end of the embryo,
beyond which, in foregoing stages, the ventral portion protrudes (a), shows
by this stage a characteristic feature in being produced posteriorly, so as.
to overhang the ventral portion and the anal opening, looking hindwards -
(0). The produced hind extremity of the embryo, which is resulted from
the coalescence of the tail lobes, constitutes the commencing postanal section:
of the body, i.e. the rudiment of the tail.
MESODERM AND THE TAIL IN PETROMYZON. 55
Since the publication of the notable paper by Max Schultze (56), all
the previous observers of Petromyzon maintain the persistence of the
blastopore as the permanent anus. Among them Goette (90) alone
followed with great caution the development of the hind extremity of the
embryo. But overlooked the ventral portion of the peristomal mesoderm
as well as the changes of the structure in connection with the proctodaeum
and with the rudiment of the tail, he comes again to the conclusion, that
the hind corner ot the blastopore remains unclosed and constitutes the
permanent anus.
The produced dorsal lip of the anus remains for a very long time
externally unchanged, until it begins on the fourteenth day to grow into
the conical tail. Very peculiar and interesting is the development under-
gone in these ten days by the contents of the first rudiment of the tail,
which will for the sake of convenience of reference be called the zZaz/ bud.
The tail bud is formed from the hindermost portion of the peristomal
mesoderm which has now completely passed the dorsal surface of the
enteric canal and constitutes the hindermost part of the above mentioned
median stem of the inner micromeric layer. Anteriorly it passes into the
chorda and is, on either side ofit, continuous with the gastral mesoderrn,
while at the posterior end of the rudiment of the tail it is connected with
the ectoderm which thickens to the medullary cord, and with the posterior
extremity of the enteroderm, which differentiates into the epithelial
postanal gut.
The differentiation, which the rudiment of the tail undergoes during
the above mentionded ten days, is almost absolutely confined to its internal
structure. Vigorous differentiation of the indifferent tissue of the tail bud is
observed in the course of this long period. The products of the differenti-
ation do not contribute to the development of the tail, but give rise to
trunk somites and add to the length of the chorda in the trunk. The
ectoderm and its medullary thickening undergo parallel growth with the
mesoderm and chorda.
On the contrary the enteroderm in the mid- and hindgut region, the
56 S. HATTA. THE FATE OF THE PERISTOMAL
largest ventral part of which is in early stages nothing more than a
spherical mass of the yolk-loaded cells, is very slow to be differentiated.
This mass of yolk-
cells in development
lays much behind the
above mentioned
dorsal organs (such
as the mesoderm, the
chorda, and the me-
dullary cord), so that
this part of the em
bryo when seen from
the side is later almost
completely surround-
ed by the narrow
dorsal zone formed of
the latter group of or-
gans and so the anal
opening is brought
Photogram 2. Sagittal section through the proximal part of
mesoderm of an embryo with 27 mesodermic somites. under the crooked
2. fore brain. /. pharynx. s. mesodermic somite. tail-bud.
head protuberance,
so as to be concealed by the latter. This peculiar feature of the embryo
is seen in early part of the fourth day. In such an embryo as that
just mentioned, therefore, the body-axis describes a complete circle
(Photogram 2). The spherical belly of the embryo is by degrees reduced
in thickness, and the body is prolonged, so that the head is wound spirally
and is found at last resting either on the right or on the left side of the
body ; the body-axis describes now a spiral line.
Subsequently the body is so prolonged as to be turned twice in spiral,
until on the thirteenth day the embryo breaks the chorion and is hatched
out. A just hatched embryo which lies flat on its right or left side on the
bottom of the vessel, is bent in a large curve, except its hind end which is
MESODERM AND THE TAIL IN PETROMYZON. 57
crooked like a hook as in a leech. The spiral winding of the body shown
in later intrachorion life is accordingly caused very little by the unequal
anteroposterior growth of the dorsal and ventral organs, but is due largely
to the insufficient space enclosed by the chorion.
It is only on the fourteenth day, that the enteric canal formed of the
«enteroderm develops so as to be reduced into a slender tube and becomes
equal in length to the dorsal series of organs. The body is now stretched
out, and its axis straightened, while the rudiment of the tail no longer
looks downwards, but projects posteriorly along the main axis of the body
and commences to grow. Only the hindmost section of the enteric canal
remains permanently bent downwards and is to be designated as the
anal gut.
The assertion is, therefore, justified that the growth of the enteroderm,
i.e. of the enteric canal, which has been delayed ever since the formation
of the blastula (see Hatta, 07), is accelerated at about the fourteenth day.
It follows that the more than twenty mesodermic somites which had been
added in the course of the previous ten days (from the fourth to the four-
teenth day), and the prolongation of the chorda, which took place in the
‚same interval of time, are not caudal, though they appear to be the product
‘of the tail bud, but belong from the first to the trunk. The mesodermic
somites and the chorda belonging to the tail are formed only after this
period. The account given by Goette (90) that the caudal somites are
shifted into the trunk, is accordingly not correct; for they are not yet
formed at the stage spoken of.
I mention in particular this fact, because between the mesodermic
somites in the trunk and those in the tail there is at this stage a marked
«contrast : in the former series the pronephrotomes are converted either
into the pronephric tubules or into the segmental duct (see Hatta, 00),
whereas in thelatter series, which appears later, this is not the case.
By the fourteenth day the tail appears as an external growth. The
medullary cord which comes first under consideration, is cut off already in
the course of the thirteenth day from the epidermal ectoderm which is
58 S. HATTA. THE FATE OF THE PERISTOMAL
folded to give rise to the median fin, but retains its connection with the tail
bud, from which it is sharply marked off by the protoplasm of its com-
ponent cells less stained than that of the cells composing the latter.
The indifferent elements in the tip of the tail, which constitute the tail
but, are differentiated into the chorda and the caudal somites. The cell
division, by which the cells of the tail bud are multiplied, is by stages,.
diminished in its activity. Accordingly the somites and chorda formed out
of them are diminished by stages,
i.e. from before backwards, in thick--
ness. In a larva about thirty days
old, in which the postanal gut has.
a long time ago been altogether
degenerated (see below), the tail bud
attains almost its limit of growth; for
in a larva a little further advanced,
no trace of the tissue constituting
the organ can any longer be detected.
It is, of course, not easy to say
whether the last remnant of the tail.
bud (Photogram 3) represents the
hindermost, unpaired somite or the
indifferent tissue which is capable of
being still further differentiated into
the chorda and the somites. But
there are facts which account for
favour of the assumption that it is.
Photogram 3: Frontal section through tail the mesoderm which constitutes the
of a larva 14 days old.
ida! prima hindermost somite. In the first place,
g. gut. 2. indifferent cell structure of tail-
fold. 77. mesoderm. 7. neural canal.
s. mesodermic somite,
the chorda grows no longer by its
distal extremity, so that the tissue in
question is employed no more in the formation of the chorda. In the
second place, the indifferent tissue is altogether resolved into free
MESODERM AND THE TAIL IN PETROMYZON. 59”
meseuchymatous cells, which migrate into the interior of the epidermal
fold of the caudal fin and are transformed into the horny fin-rays and into
the connective tissue and muscles of the fin. In short, the tissue is
altogether used up in forming the mesodermal organs. In the third place
and lastly, the similar structure is formed in front of the normal
mesodermic somites and is designated as the first somite, because it is
found in segmental correspondence with the foremost ganglion, the
ophthalmic, and with the premandibular vascular arch which represents
the foremost vasomere.
On the thirtieth to thirty-second day, the tail is finished with its-
development. The subsequent growth is carried on by differentiation and:
growth of the chorda, the mesodermic somites, and the medullary cord in
the tail
From the history of the peristomal mesoderm above given, it is-
apparently to be suggested that the tail can not morphologically be
distinguished from the remaining portion of the body lying in front of it.
The differentiation of the enteroderm reveals, however, as: it seems to me.
the true nature of the tail.
Early in the development of the tail, the enteroderm forms a conical
tube of epithelium, the postanal gut, which runs lengthwise beneath the
chorda, and is separated from the latter by the first rudiment of the caudal
artery. By its proximal end the postanal gut opens into the anal gut and
at its distal end it stands in connection with the indifferent tissue of the tail
bud. The highest development of the postanal gut is attained at about the
sixteenth day, and thereafter it degenerates in the following way. The
capillary vessels which stand in connection with the fore-runners of the
caudal artery and vein running respectively above and below the postanal
gut, develop at first around this gut and are later converted into a thick
network which, absorbing the gut, occupies its position.
What interests us is that the anal gut which permanently retains its
downward bending and is in these later stages almost vertical in position,
communicates with the postanal gut by the whole height of its hind wall
‘60 S. HATTA. THE FATE OF THE PERISTOMAL
extending from its junction with the ectodermic proctodaeum to the
curvature, at which this vertical section of the enteric canal passes over
into the horizontal section.
On the other hand, the distal connection of the postanal gut with the
tail but is not secondary, but primary, that is to say, it is retained ever
since it was found round the blastoporic lips, which are drawn together so
as to meet dorsal of the anus, when the proctodaeum is formed. It follows
that the postanal gut is a zew formation, in particular, secondarily grown
out of the hind wall of the anal gut, which is morphologically the dorsal
wall of the enteric canal.
This fact suggests that the dorsal series of organs in the tail, which
are formed behind the blastopore in connection with the postanal gut, are
also of a new formation, we are, therefore, justified in concluding that the
tail which is in the Lamprey in length not beyond one eighth of the total
body length, constitutes the section of the body, which was not represented
in the ancestral form, but is formed secondarily. The fact particularly
interests us that the formation of the tail stands in connection with that of
the proctodaeum, which causes the blastoporic lip to be produced to the
rudiment of the tail. Now, the tail is to be regarded as the dorsal out-
‚growth of the blastoporic lip.
The assumption above given is supported by the two distinct stages of
development, which follow one after the other in such a way, that the
development of the tail takes place only when the embryonic organs are
established in the remaining portion of the body. The tail which is formed
secondarily only in the postembryonic larval stages, can, therefore,
chronologically be distinguished from the primary section of the body, the
development of which occupies a very long lasting, principal period of the
embryonic development.
My deepest indebtedness is due to Professor MacBride :n the Imperial
College of Science and Technology, London, for the courtesy which he
has shown me in several ways.
SO.
90.
ON
OO.
99.
90.
94.
10.
MESODERM AND THE TAIL IN PETROMYZON. GE
Literature. >
Balfour, F.: A Treatise on Comparative Embryology. London.
1880-1881.
Carberla, E.: Zur Entwicklung des Medullarrohrs und der Chorda.
dorsalis der Teleostier und Petromyzonten. Morphol. Jahrb. Bd.
TE
Eycleshymer, A. C.: The Formation of the Embryo of Necturus,.
with Remarks on the Theory of Concrescence. Anat. Anz. Bd.
XXI.
Goette, A.: Entwicklungsgeschichte des Flussneunauges (Petromy--
son fluviatilis). Abh. Entwickl.-gesch. d. Tiere. Heft. 5.
Hatta, S.: On the Formation of the Germinal Layers in Petro--
myzon. Journ. Coll. Sc., Imp. Univ., Tokyo, Jap., Vol. V.
Contributions to the Morphology of Cyclostomata. II. On the-
Development of the Pronephros and Segmental Duct in Petromyzon.
Ibid. Vol. XII.
On the Gastrulation in Petromyzon. Ibid. Vol. XXI.
Über die Entwicklung des Gefasssystems beim Neunauge
(Lampetra mitsukurii, Hatta).
Keiser, W.: Untersuchungen über die erste Anlage des Herzens, ,
der beiden Längsstämme und des Blutes bei Embryonen von
Petromyzon planeri. Jen. Zeitschr. Naturw. Bd. LI.
Koltzoff, N. K.: Entwicklungsgeschichte des Kopfes von Petro-
myzon planeri. Bull. Soc. Imp. Natural. de Moscou. Tom XV.
Kupffer, C. v.: Die Entwicklung von Petromyzon planeri: Arch.
Mikr. Anat. Bd. XXXV.
Lwoff, B.: Die Bildung der primären Keimblätter und die Ent--
stehung der Chorda und des Mesoderms bei den Wirbeltieren. Bull.
Soc. Imp. Natural. de Moscou.
MacBride, E. W.: The Formation of the Layers in Amphioxus and
its Bearing on the Interpretation of the Early Ontogenetic Processes
in other Vertebrates. Quart. Journ. Micr. Sc., Vol. LIV.
:IO.
57.
S. HATTA.
Mollier, S.: Die erste Entstchung der Gefässe und des Blutes bei
Wirbeltieren. Hertwig’s Handb. Vergl. exper. Entw.-lehre d. Wir-
beltiere. Bd. 1.
Schultze, Max.: Die Entwicklungsgeschichte von Petromyzon
planeri. Haarlem.
Scott, W. B.: Beiträge fur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Petro-
myzonten. Morphol. Jahrb. Bd. VII.
Selys-Longchamps, Marc de: Gastrulation et formation de feuillets
chez Petromyzon planeri. Arch. Biol. Tom XXV. 1910-11.
Shipley, A.: On Some Points in the Development of Petromyzon
fluviatilis. Quart. Journ. Micr. Sc., Vol. XVII.
A Case of Prolapsus Recti in Dragonfly.
By
Kan Oguma,
College of Agriculture, Sapporo.
In a collection of dragonflies made by one of our students last year, I
found a specimen of Somatochlora viridiaenea Uhler which showed a
curious white body hanging at the anal end. The collector stated that he
caught the specimen near Sapporo while it was flying in a wood. The
specimen was brought to me in the living state. At first I took the white
body for exuviæ of the rectal tracheal gills, which remained attached
to the nymphal skin after the last ecdysis. A closer examination, how-
ever, has revealed at once that that was not the case.
The pendant body was 6 mm. long and club-like in shape. It hung
down perpendicularly from the anus with the thicker end below. With
the naked eye the following three parts, marked off from one another by
distinct constrictions, could be distinguished on it: firstly, a short, narrow,
and cylindrical stalk-like part in direct attachment to the anus; secondly,
a middle part thicker than the preceding and provided with several
longitudinal furrows on the surface; and thirdly, the thickest and largest
distal part, fleshy in appearance and showing numerous irregular folds on
the surface (fig. 1).
The specimen, together with the peculiar body in question, was fixed in
Gilson’s mixture. The latter was then cut off at the point of attachment to
the anal opening. It was afterwards imbedded in paraffin and laid out into
sections for studying.
The facts gained under the microscope proved that we have here to
64 K. OGUMA :
do with the hind intestine of the dragonfly, torn off from the more anterior
parts and evaginated through the anus.
As is generally known, the hind intestine of the dragonfly consists of
the ileum and the rectum. In the adult, the ileum is much longer than
the rectum and has folded mucous epithelium. On the other hand, the
rectum has smooth epithelium, of which the distalmost part adjoining the
anus is distinguished from the remaining parts in being composed of smaller
cells and has been called the anal piece by some authors. The muscular
wall of the hind intestine is thickest in the anteriormost parts of the ileum ;
it is also thickened at the junction with the rectum where rectal tracheal
gills are attached. The hind intestine is invested in its entire length by
pe SE era C
Sr HA = Pp
te yaw
aera > H È
A AS Fe
Bind ee een,
Ha DI BÈ SE PAT
CA RES
M TOO
MS) Bs:
= a
Ses 2%,
N, -
OY LR SIA
PAPAS
um di
oot gi TS >
j ‘ K DR a“
j en N ONES 3
ö LAT >
SIA i eten
FRE, >
Fig. 1. Prolapsed hind intestine (HI) 7 si. Enlarged. Fig. 2. Median sagittal sectiom
of the same. Fig. 3. Terminal part of the same.
a, anal piece; c, chitin intima; dm, duct of Malpighian tubule; i, ileum; m, Malpighian
tubules; M, muscular layer; 1, rectum; rg, rectal gill; t, trachea; tp, tunica propria,
Malpighian tubules which open into the anterior end of ileum, making
their way through the thickened muscular wall of that part.
Now, to obtain an insight into the structure of the pendant organ im
A CASE OF PROLAPSUS RECTI IN DRAGONFLY. 65
question, attention is called to fig. 2, which represents a median sagittal
section ofit. The distal end of the same section is shown in fig. 3 more
highly magnified. The body presents itself as a tube with all the parts of
the normal hind intestine in such relative positions as they should take, if
this were turned inside out and protruded through the anus. In the
lumen are found tubules which can without difficulty be recognized to be
parts of Malpighian tubules. The tube wall exhibits internally the
muscular layer and externally the mucous epithelium. It would be super-
fluous to go into details with regard to the histology of these layers in
different parts. Suffice it to say that of the three parts before distinguished
on the outside of the pendant body, that which directly adjoins the anus
represents the terminal portion of the rectum characterized by having low
epithelium known as the anal piece (fig. 2, a) ; the middle part is clearly the
rectum proper with thin muscular layer and with epithelium made up of
glandular cells (7); and the last and the largest part is the ileum charac-
terized by having folded epithelium and the musculary layer thickened
towards the free end}of the body (2). Imbedded in the th’ckened muscular
layer just mentioned are seen the conducting ducts of Malpigh'an tubules.
Further, at the junction of the middle part with the last, there can be
recognized some decomposing gill lamellæ attached to the epithelium, which
at the place has become re-established a:ter the ecdysis. At the free end
the tubular body is open, the wall atthe extreme end bearing indications
of having been mechanically torn off.
It then lies beyond reach of doubt that the pendant body is nothing
else than the hind intestine of the insect, torn off from the rest of the
alimentary canal at the posterior end of the pylorus and completely evagi-
nated through the anus.
So far as Iam aware, a similar occurrence seems not to have been
recorded before from dragonflies or indeed from any other group of insects.
Evidently we have before us a case of very rare occurrence. It is certainly
a difficult matter to determine the cause of the prolapsus, although one
66 K. OGUMA:
might speculate of its possible relation to the physiological state which
leads to the ecdysis* of rectal tracheal gills during the metamorphosis.
* See my f rmerly published paper: On the rectal tracheal gills of a libellulid-nymph and
their fate during the course of me‘amorphosis. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. Bd. LVIII, pp. 211-225
(1913).
Bird-infesting Mallophaga of Japan.
(Genus Physostomum)
By
Seinosuke Uchida.
Genus PHYSOSTOMUM Nitzsch.
Kellogg, Mallophaga, Genera Insectorum, 1908, Fasc. 66, p. 71;
Mjöberg, Aıkiv for Zoologi, 1910, Bd. 6, p. 58.
I. Physostomum mystaæ Nitzsch.
Denny, Monogr. Anopl. Brit., 1842, p. 24t, pl. xx, fig. 6; Giebel,
Insecta Epizoa, 1874, p. 254, Taf. xvi, Fig. 2, 3; Piaget, Les Pediculines,
1880, p. 602, pl. L, fig. 2.
A single female collected by Mr. N. Kuroda from Turdus fuscatus in
Tokyo.
2. Physosfomum frenatum Nitzsch.
Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, 1874, p. 256, Taf. xvi, Fig. 6.
Two females and two youngs coliected from Regulus regulus japonensis
in Prov. Shinano, April 4, 1914.
3. Physostomum diffusum var. pallidum Kellogg.
Kellogg, New Mallophaga 11, 1896, p. 519.
One male specimen from Montifringilla brunneinucha collected in Prov.
Shinano, Feb. 13, 1914.
The specimen, although a male, agrees perfectly with Kellogg’s de-
68 S. UCHIDA :
scription of the female of the species, which was obtained from Junco Ayemalis
and Junko sp.
Measurements ofthe male specimen on hand:
Length Width.
Body, Rb SE e 2 OMIT nT .95 mm.
Head): rn... Du. Ree A one .66 mm.
Prothoraie ir ar. ne .52 mm.
4. Physostomum intermedium sp. nov. (Fig. 1)
Five females, two males and three youngs were collected from Parus
ater insularis (Prov. Shinano, Feb. 27, 1914) and from Parus atricapillus
restrictus (Prov. Shinano, May 10, 1914).
Measurements.
5 2 2 2 3 ®
mm. m. mm. mm. mm. mm.
Ten prato Oy 55 pa où 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.2 2.2
NVidthrofbod ya e Se .86 -83 .82 +84 +70 -67
Weng thvor nea diame ee +50 +58 +57 .56 +43 47
Widthofi head i.e. re: .56 57 57 55 .48 47
Length of prothorax oS: rat 990 .26 25 +20 20
Width of prothorax ... +40
Ground color of head pale brown, with blackish brown marking ; thorax
and abdomen brown, with dark brown lateral band.
Female :—Head in front broad and rounded, with a few very fine hairs ;
sides nearly straight ; palettes large and produced ; the last segment of palpi
projecting beyond lateral margin of head ; one long and two short hairs on the
margin and at the very slight ocular emargination ; two short hairs in front of
antennal fossa ; temples produced backwards and acutely angled, each bearing
one short and two long hairs ; occipital margin deeply re-entering, occiput
slightly concave ; marking on head indistinct, except a blackish brown blotch
BIRD-INFESTING MALLOPHAGA OF JAPAN 69
on the margin of antennal fossa and the narrow occipital border of the same
colour. Clypeal suture pale brown, with several short and six long hairs
(four lateral and two submedian).
Prothorax hexagonal, nearly as wide as the head at temporal angles;
with anterior and posterior margins concave ; lateral angle distinct, with two
spines and a long hair at apex; two spines on
lateral margin in front of the lateral angle ; one
long hair and a spine near the posterior angle.
Submarginal bands brownish.
Metathorax scarcely longer than prothorax,
with anterior parts rounded and covered by
prothorax; sides very slightly concave; posterior
border truncate and as wide as the first segment
of abdomen ; four spines in the anterior part of
lateral margin, and two longish hairs near
posterior angles. Lateral bands dark drown;
two indistinct transverse dark bands interrupted
inthe median line; Legs pale brownish with
transverse whitish markings.
Abdomen with weakly convex and sub-
parallel sides ; last segment broad and rounded;
fé CET \ a long hair and a very small spine on posterior
i angles of each segment; on the dorsal surface
ig. I. x Be
Physostomum intermedium Just inside ofthe coloured lateral bands, a double
n. Sp. female. X 30 5 5 : :
longitudinal row of weak hairs ; four or six long
and a few short hairs on the rounded margin of eighth segment. Lateral
bands dark brown ; posterior margin of each segment whitish.
Male :—Smaller than female ; the last abdominal segment with a dusky,
median transverse band, but without lateral bands ; posterior margin truncate,
with a brownish marginal band; genitalia distinct, racket-like in shape,
reaching from sixth segment to the middle of eighth segment.
This species much resembles Kellogg’s PAysostomum sucinaceum as
70 S. UCHIDA :
well as Carriker’s 2%. Zeptosomum, but may be distinguished from either by
the markings of metathorax, by distinct lateral angles of prothorax., etc.
5. Physostomium japonicum sp. nov.
Four females and a young taken from Anthus spinolett. japonicus col-
lected in Prov. Shinano, Oct. 31, 1914.
Measurements
mm. Rh.) | |
Ieene thon body sen ER pu 3.1 200 3-1
Width of body) ... ... nu nu =... | -90 | -90 .89 -89
Lengthiofthe al u mene | .64 -66 -67 -64
Width of head | 58 | 59 .60 60
Length of prothorax ... | 39 32 +30 30
Widthiof prothoraxs sg eek ee | .53 | .54 .53 51
This form is closely related to the preceeding species but can be dis-
tinguished by the following characters :
I. Size larger, head longer.
2. Ground colour of body paler.
3. Temples ionger and more pointed.
4. Posterior angles of prothorax with two longish hairs.
5. Last abdominal segment of female more rounded.
6. Physosfomum mugimaki sp. nov. (Fig. 2).
Four females and two youngs taken from Muscicapa mugin.aki collect-
ed in Prov. Shinano, October 12, 1914.
Measurements.
mm. mm. mm.
BengEhiOMbOAY EN CCE satan 3-25 3.25 3.30
NVIdEMOMPOUYE wen ces) Go B00 .83 .80 .84
Lario iaia G05 re .69 -69 -69
NVAGENIOMNEATNE cem ices er -60 -61 -60
Lensthiofiprothorax ee "RTE .31 +32 +32
Width of prothorax ... ... ... ... ass +55 .55
BIRD-INFESTING MALLOPHAGA OF JAPAN. ZAN
Female :— Ground colour of head and thorax pale brown with blackish
brown marking ; abdomen yellowish ; lateral bands blackish brown.
Head conical; front weakly convex with a few very fine hairs ; sides of
head straight ; palettes medium-sized, laterally projecting ; palpi projecting
with the apical segment ; ocular emargination
small, with two short prickle-like hairs ;
temples produced backwards and acutely
angled, with three hairs —a long hair anterior-
ly on the margin, and farther back a short
and a long hair situated at a somewhat dorsal
position.— Occipital margin deeply re-entering.
Colour of head whitish ; markings on border
of antennal fossae and on occiput blackish
brown, those of other parts brownish.
Prothorax hexagonal, nearly as wide as
the head at temples ; anterior and posterior
margins concave ; two spines on lateral mar-
gin in front of the lateral angle which bears
one long hair and two spines; a single long
hair on each lateral margin near the posterior
angle; lateral margins unevenly coloured
dark brown; submarginal bands blackish
brown.
Bigs.
Bhysostomuanmusimal Metathorax longer than prothorax ; its
papa nx 28 anterior parts rounded and covered by
prothorax ; posterior margin straight ; sides slightly swollen in the anterior
third of its length, straight behind that swelling, four or five spines scattered
along lateral margin; a long hair on each posterior angle ; submarginal
lateral bands narrow and blackish brown, outside which bands the margin of
the posterior half of the segment ‘s irregularly coloured with blackish
brown. Legs long, rather slender and almost colourless.
Abdomen nearly parallel sided; with a long hair and a spine in posterior
72 S. UCHIDA :
angles of segments; posterior margin of anterior seven segments with a short
hair on each side ; eighth segment with evenly rounded sides, each with two
short hairs ; vulva convex, fringed with fine hairs ; entire abdomen yellowish
excepting the distinct blackish brown submarginal lateral bands, extending
from the end of metathoracic bands to the middle of the eighth segment, the
margins outside those bands being suffused with dark brown.
This species resembles Kelloge’s Physostomum pallens as well as Ph.
invadens, but differs markedly from either in size, markings, shape of head,
etc.
NOTICE.
Fà
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ANNOTATIONES
ZOOLOGICÆ JAPONENSES.
Vol. IX, Part II.
PUBLISHED
BY
The Tokyo Zoological Society.
TOKYO,
June, 1916.
RIRE |! Published June 24, 1916).
TEE in RE A pece
On a New Species a Frog Trematode (Enodiotrema rg gacaudaturn Sira
np) DL EL. | x
3 i By Sapao Va, o We
Both Mallophaga of Japan (I). (Genera G oniodes and.
pa : i GLI SARO
= By SEINOSURE Ucmpa | Ke 7
Notes on Oel Cephalopods found i in Japan. With Pl. III! — >
By Mapoxa Sasakt.... SP
, 4 Rx RT AA 4 bi
A New Cast of Brood- -Caring i in Holothurians. PAS % ou st i a
ER chi : AD Hrrosni Ousima. di; 121 | à
On a New Zchthyoxenus (J. opisthopterygium a nov.) from. i
Lake Biwa. ~ | <a ls
| By Snicemt Tovar Bias
Some New Additions to the Avifauna Of Yunnan.
By SEINOSUKE Tessa and
- Nagamicni Kuropa. ... 133 :
Some New Scale Insects of Japan. With Pr. LEE È LESSE
By S. I. Kuwasa Li Li
Preliminary Denn of Some Japanese Triclads. |
$ By Isao Ijima ea SE
| TogIO KABURAKI , ... 153 SÉ
Notes on Aphrocallistes bons Ca Mere with Refer ence to
the Form occurring in East Asiatic Seas. DS vu és,
By Isao TJIMA\ <a Mee Tr
WL 24 19
On a New Species of Frog Trematode
(Enodiotrema rugocaudatum n. sp.)
By
Sadao Yoshida.
Pathological Department, Osaka Medical Academy.
With Plate II.
Specimens of the new distome to be described in this paper were
taken by me from the common frog, Rana nigromaculata Hallowel, on
several occasions during September and October of year before last. Frogs
infested with the parasite seem to be of pretty common occurrence in the
neighborhood of Osaka. It is found in parts of intestine following the
stomach, in a number of from one to eight or more at a time.
External features.
We have here to do with small, up to 3.2 mm. long, worms of a light
yellowish color, excepting the parts occupied by the egg-filled uterus
which presents as usual a dark brownish color. The body may be said to
be in general of an elongate ovoid shape, somewhat flattened dorso-
ventrally, broadest between the middle and posterior thirds of body-length,
and rounded at both extremities. During life the worm is actively mobile
in the anterior parts, which are now prolonged forwards and then
withdrawn, while the posterior parts remain nearly the same in shape and
bulk. Figs. 1 and 2, PI. II, serve to show the extent of change in outline
of the anterior body-end, which in the contracted state may take the shape
and position indicated by the dotted line in those figures. A worm
1.6mm. long in the contracted state was observed to stretch out to a
length of 2.12 mm., and another from 1.7mm. to 2.44 mm., in both cases
74 S. YOSHIDA :
the elongation being effected by the anterior body-parts only. Moreover,
in the living state the posterior body-parts show irregular wrinkling on the
surface, a characteristic feature from which I have named the species. In
fixed specimens the wrinkles disappear altogether. Killing the worms
with hot Schaudinn’s solution, the body slightly contracts but preseves its
general shape fairly well. Specimens so killed present cross-sections of
an outline which is elongate oval in most parts, but nearly circular at
either end of the body.
Length and greatest breadth of body as measured on living specimens:
3.2 X 0.84 mm. ; 1.7 — 2.44. X 0.9 mm.;-2.3% 0.9 mm.; 1.6—2.12 X 0.68 mm. ;
1.6 (slightly contracted)x I mm.; 1.37 (contracted) x 0.7 mm.; 1.16% 0.5
mm. (young); 1.0X 0.36 mm. (young); 0.8 x 0.36 mm. (young). Same as
measured on fixed specimens preserved in alcohol: 2.34% 0.54 mm. ;
2.2 X 0.48 mm.; 1.96 X 0.4 mm.; 1.85% 0.54 mm.; 1.88 x 0.56 mm.; 1.88 X 0.5
mm. The broadest parts in all these cases were situated either nearly in
the middle or at about the boundary between the middle and last thirds of
body-length. Same as measured on specimens mounted in Canada balsam
under cover-glass : 2.88 x 0.74 mm.; 2.4 X 0.7,mm.; 2.0X 0.4 mm. (young) ;
2.0X 0.5 mm. (yg); 1.2X 0.1 mm. (yg).
Oral sucker subterminal, spherical or ellipsoidal, with aperture of
varying width according to different states of contraction of the organ.
Length and breadth of the sucker as measured in a living adult:
2504x2874; same in a living young 150X2I34%. Same as measured
in specimens mounted in Canada balsam: 240 x 2504 (by 3.2 mm. body-
length); 230% 220% (by 2.4 mm. body-length); 166x 200% (by 1.2 mm.
body-length).
Ventral sucker usually spherical or nearly so, always much smaller
than oral sucker of the same individual; with aperture more persistent in
width than oral sucker. Length and breadth as measured in a living adult
125X150”; in a young 125 X166w Same as measured in mounted
preparations : 88 x 88 (by 3.2 mm. body-length); 120x 1204 (by 2.4 mm.
body-length) ; 99 x 907 (by 1.20 mm. body-length).
ON A NEW SPECIES OF FROG TREMATODE
I
UT
Distance between oral and ventral suckers in fixed specimens: 50012
(by 2.3 mm. body-length) ; 420g (by 2.2 mm. body-length) ; 600% (by 1.88
mm. body-length); 540% (by 1.88 mm. body-length). In fully extended
state of body, the ventral sucker is situated nearly in, or slightly in front
of, the middle of body-length (figs. 1 and 2).
Male and female genital apertures situated close together and side by
side, immediately in front of ventral sucker.
Enterna! structure
Cuticula 10—15y thick, homogeneous looking, with slightly undulat-
ing outer surface. It contains minute spines. These are closely situated
in the anterior parts of body, but grow gradually thinner in distribution
towards the posterior body-end.
Both oral and ventral suckers are of much the usual structure. In the
parenchyma of anterior body-parts are found numerous large isolated cells,
of which the significance can not be determined.
Prepharynx nearly entirely absent. Pharynx well developed, nearly
spherical or distinctly broader than long, with slight indentations along
anterior edge (fig. 4, 2). Dimensions: 120 X 1207 (in an adult mounted in
balsam); 75 X 125 (in another mounted adult); 118x150 (in a living
adult) ; 89 Xx 1254 (ditto) ; 50 X 83% (in a mounted young).
Oesophagus moderately long, 169— 3094 in length, gradually somewhat
broadening towards the bifurcation point which lies nearly midway, or
slightly behind the middle, between the two suckers. Intestinal caeca
reach behind to a level falling short of the posterior body-end by a distance
equal to about } or + the length of body. They gradually widen
posteriorly ; their cross-section usually present an oval outline elongate in
dorso-ventral direction (figs 5 and 6, 2).
Excretory vesicle extends as far forwards as the testes, running dorsal
to uterus, and finally divides into two short lateral branches. Further
course of excretory canals are not easily traceable.
Sexual organs.—Ovary and testes situated somewhat close together
76 S. YOSHIDA :
in a space behind ventral sucker. Uterus in the median space between
testes and posterior body-end. Yolk-glands in lateral areas along the
margin, extending from about the level of testes posteriorly for a length
equal to +—} the body-length (see fig. 4).
The two testes (4 in figs. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. and 8) lie side by side behind
ovary, but usually the one on the same side as the ovary situated somewhat,
but not entirely, behind the other; subequal in shape and size; nearly
spherical when still small, but commonly somewhat laterally compressed in
fully mature state. In adult specimens, the length in antero-posterior
direction may vary from 1404 to 2604. Each testis sends forth, from a
point of its anteromesial part, a vas deferens, which, after running a short
distance obliquely forwards and inwards, joins with its fellow of the other
side and forms the unpaired vas deferens. This, after taking again a short
forward course, joins the posterior end of the cirrus pouch. The cirrus
pouch is represented by a bent fusiform body of a compact appearance
(figs. 7 and 8, cb); its broader postero-dorsal parts lie over, and to one side
of, the ventral sucker ; ventrally it descends nearly vertically right in front
of the same, finally to terminate at the male genital pore. In the postero-
dorsal parts of the body the lumen is dilated into a seminal vesicle (s),
which in mature specimens is filled with spermatozoa. Antero-ventrally,
the vesicle is continued as a narrow canal, which at first is somewhat
tortuous but soon takes a straight downward course to the genital pore.
The wall of the duct exhibits a cellular structure, possibly of glandular
nature ; close upon the lumen there exists a layer of muscular fibres which
are best developed along the narrow and straight canalar passage (fig. 7, ¢)
leading down to the external opening,
The single ovary lies on one side, either right or left, of the median
line and in front of, and somewhat more dorsally than, one of the testes.
Both in shape and size it is approximately the same as a testis in adult
specimens, though in the young it is much smaller than the latter (fig. 3).
In some adult specimens the ovary was seen to overlap with its posterior
parts the anterior parts of the testis on the dorsal side (fig. 6). The short
ON A NEW SPECIES OF FROG TREMATODE WG,
oviduct springs from mesial side of ovary and takes an oblique postero-
mediad course.
The yolk-glands are ramified follicular bodies of the extent and
position before indicated, reaching down on each side posteriorly to a short
distance from the blind end of intestinal caecum. Some follicular branches
may extend inwards so as to occupy a position ventral to intestinal caeca.
Transverse yolk ducts (de) arise from anterior parts of the glands. After
running mediad, each of them crosses testis of the same side on the dorsal
side, and the two unite together in the median line to form the common
yolk-duct (figs. 6 and 7, dg). This proceeds antero-superiorly to meet the
oviduct at the ootyp. It may be dilated in its course, forming a yolk
reservoir,
Dorsally the ootyp is joined by the Laurer’s canal, which is a slightly
winding tube opening externally at a point in the dorsal median line
between the two testes. Right close to its inner end, the Laurer’s canal
bears the seminal receptacle (figs. 4 and 8, 7) of an ovoid or spherical
shape. The receptacle occupies a position which is dorso-median to the
ovary.
As usual the ootyp is continuous with the uterus, and is surrounded
by numerous glandular cells, the so-called shell-gland. Beginning at the
ootyp, the uterus runs posteriorly. It soon begins to exhibit eggs in the
interior and at the same time to make convolutions. The closely winding
and egg-filled uterus occupies a ventral position in the body, extending
from the position of testes backwards, between intestinal caeca and farther
beyond to the posterior body-end.
The external terminal part of uterus, i.e. the metraterm (fig. 7, 7),
shows a narrow lumen and muscular wall invested externally by a layer
of cells. The female genital pore is situated close to one side, either right
or left, of the male aperture.
The eggs (fig. 9) are of a light-brownish or yellowish color. The
shell at one end shows an operculum, at the margin of which the egg
S. YOSHIDA :
NI
>
outline is distinctly angular. Length 34—40p; breadth 20— 307; diameter
of operculum 14.
The new frog-distome is apparently a hitherto unrecorded species. It
bears some resemblance to S/ypAlodora Looss in the arrangement of
genital organs. Still nearer it seems to stand to Zmodiotrema Looss,
without being identifiable with any of the known species of that genus. It
differs from any species of the genus chiefly in three respects, viz. in the
excretory system, in the large number of yolk-follicles and in the structure
of cirrus-pouch. It shall go by the name of Fnodiotrema rugo-
caudatum.
ON A NEW SPECIES OF FROG TREMATODE 79
b. Ventral sucker.
d. Yolk gland.
g. Genital opening.
k. Ovary.
o. Oesophagus.
s. Seminal vesicle.
v. Vas deferens.
Explanation of Plate II.
Abbreviations.
Cirrus.
Yolk-duct.
so MASS
Laurer’s canal.
. Pharynx.
Shell gland
. Excretory canal.
cb,
Cirrus-pouch.
Oviduct.
. Intestinal caeca.
Oral sucker.
. Receptaculum seminis.
Uterus or metraterm.
Figs. 1, 2. Ænodiotrema rugocaudatum in the living state. X 25.
Fig.
Fig.
Cross-section through the level of testes.
3. A young specimen prepared and mounted in Canada balsam. X 25.
Fig. 4. An adult specimen mounted in Canada balsam, X 30.
5 Dorsal side below. X 60.
Fig. 6, Cross-section through the level of ovary and testes. Dorsal side
below. X 60.
Fig. 7. Nearly median sagittal-section passing through the long axis of cirrus-
pouch. X 105.
Fig. 8. Semidiagrammatic figure showing connections of the parts of genital
organs. Ventral view.
Fig. 9. Ripe eggs. X 350.
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Bird-infesting Mallophaga of Japan (Il).”
(Genera Goniodes and Goniocotes)
By
Seinosuke Uchida,
Collece of Agriculture. Tokvo Imperial University.
ERRATA
to
Mr. S. Uchida’s paper: Bird-infesting
Mallophaga of Japan (ED): h.
P. 86, instead of Goniocotes macrocephalus, ret, Les Pediculines, ISSO,
read Goniocotes megalocephalus.
um), 1908, “Fase: 66, p. 47;
Mjoberg, Arkiv tor Zoologi, 1910, 5a. 0, p. 102.
I. Goniodes lafiventris sp. nov.
Five females, two males and two young individuals were cellected from
a skin of Chinese turtle dove, Turtur chinensis (Formosa. Sept. 4, 1908).
Measurements.
i 2 5 9 2 9
Hure dI i 4 fi etici dr
mm. mm. mm. mm. mm.
Length\ofibody,kr sii 1627 1.37 1.50 1.53 1.53
Wüdthroßpodyasr as 0.64 0.65 0.64 | 0.65 | 0.64
FensthiofiHea dec 0.35 0.36 0.38 0.38 0.38
Width of head 0.39 040 0.45 0.45 0.45
; Length of prothorax ... ... ... 0.12 0.12 O:r2 | 0.12 | 0.12
Wpdthloßiprothorazs re en 0.25 0.26 0.26 0.27 | 0.26
* The first part of the contribution, dealing with the genus P#ysostomnmm, appeared in this
wolume of the “ Annotationes ”, pp. 67 —72.
82 S'AUCHIDAN
This new species is characterized by the broad abdomen, which close-
ly resembles that of Gomiocotes menadensis Piaget from the cuckoo-dove,
Macropygia menadensis. Ground colour of body clear fulvous, with pale
brownish markings.
Male :—Head somewhat quadrilateral, with laterally projecting tem-
ples and very prominent, evenly rounded front ; width across temples ex-
ceeding length ofhead. Front with
one longish and five short hairs on
each side; marginal band very nar-
row, terminating in long yellowish-
brown antennal blotches. Antenna
like those of Gomiodes minor Piaget,
set in very deep emarginations ; the
first segment short, thick, extending
only a little beyond antennal sinus ;.
the second segment long and cy-
lindrical, about as long as the third
segment which is inwardly curved
and somewhat broadened at end 3.
both fourth and fifth segments rudi-
Fig. 1. mentary and appearing like small
Goniodes lativentris n. Sp., appendages of the third segment.
Head of female. X 100. £ -
Eyes clear and very prominent ;
behind them the sides of head are nearly subparallel and bear each a long
hair ; temporal angles laterally protruding and forming on each side a pro-
tuberance, which bears a small prickle and a strong hair ; a little behind
the latter another long hair present, followed by a weak prickle on the
posterior border oftemple; occipital margin concave; occipital band distinct,
with two brownish blotches.
Prothorax small, quadrilateral; anterior margin slightly concave,
posterior margin convex; sides nearly straight, diverging posteriorly,
each forming an obtusely angular protuberance which bears a pustulated
CA
iP)
BIRD-INFESTING MALLOPHAGA OF JAPAN,
hair. Metathorax transverse, with rounded angles and with posterior
margin pressed well into abdomen; two long pustulated hairs on each
lateral side ; two more hairs, one long and another short, on each side of
the posterior margin. Legs short and stout, with a number of heavy
spines.
Abdomen very broad, oval, widest at the second segment which is
well developed; lateral margin of segments convex; lateral angle of
second, third and fourth segments with two long hairs; that of fifth with
two long and one short hairs, that of sixth with three long hairs, and that
of seventh with two long
and two short hairs ; eighth
segment small, semicircular,
with two long hairs on each
side. Dorsal posterior mar-
gin of segments second to
=, seventh with a hair on each
side, situated just inside the
very broad and pale yello-
wish lateral band. Genitalia
well chitinized, narrow and
forked, reaching to first
abdominal segment.
Female :—Larger than
male; antennæ ordinary; the
first segment short, slightly
longer than the adjacent
trabecular angle; second
segment longest, about as
long as the two following
segments taken together ;
the third and the fifth nearly
Fig. 2.
Gomiodes lativentris n: sp., female. X 60. equal; the fourth a little
84 S. UCHIDA :
shorter ; temple projecting laterally to a less degree than in male ; hairs
on side of head very short ; abdomen somewhat more slender and the last
segment broader than in male.
2. Goniodes lativentris var. major var. nov.
This new variety is founded on a single female specimen which was
obtained from a skin of wood pigeon, Columba pulchricollis (Formosa,
Jan. 1, 1913). . While it closely
agrees in main characters with
typical Goniodes lativentris,
there seem to exist sufficient
differences to entitle it to
a varietal rank within that
species. In comparison with
typical specimens, the form
in question is larger with
considerably wider abdomen. >
Measurements: Length 1.65
mm., width 0.81 mm. Head
Five:
Goniodes lativentris var. major n. var. 0.44 mm. long, 0.54 mm. wide.
Head of male. X 100.
Prothorax 0.16 mm. long, 0.29
mm. wide. Angle of temple more protruding than in male of typical form
and postero-laterally directed, instead of laterally.
3. Goniodes stylifer Nitzsch.
Denny, Monogr. Anopl. Brit., 1842, p. 156, pl. XII, fig. 2; Giebel,
Insecta Epizoa, 1874, p. 200, Taf. XIH, Fig. ı; Piaget, Les Pediculines,
1880, p. 264, pl. XXII, fig. 1; Osborn, Bull. 5 (n. s.), Div. of Ent. U. S.
Dep. Agr. Wash., 1896, p. 196, fig. 119.
Two females of this species were collected from a turkey in Tokyo.
4- Goniodes dissimilis Nitzsch.
Denny, Monogr. Anopl. Brit., 1842, p. 162, pl. XU, fig. 6; Giebel,
BIRD-INFESTING MALLOPHAGA OF JAPAN. 85
Insecta Epizoa, 1874, p. 201; Piaget, Les Pediculines, 1880, p. 268,
pl. XXII, fig. 3; Osborn, Bull. 5 (n. s.), Div. ot Ent. U.S. Dep. Agr. Wash.,
1896, p. 195, fig. 117; Kellogg and Paine, Rec. Ind. Mus., X, 1914, p. 229.
Numerous males and females were collected from skins of Hondo
copper-pheasant (Phasianus scintillans) from Prov. Musashi and Prov.
Shinano, of copper-pheasant (Phastanus soemmeringi) from Prov. Higo, and
of Chinese ring-necked pheasant (Phasianus torquatus) from Corea.
5. Goniodes dispar Nitzsch.
Denny, Monogr. Anopl. Brit., 1842, p. 159, pl. XU, fig. 5 ; Giebel,
Insecta Epizoa, 1874, p. 193, Taf. XII, Fig. 12, 13; Piaget, Les Pediculines,
1880, p. 246, pl. XX, fig. 1.
Three males, five females and five youngs of the species were collected
from two skins of the common ptarmigan (Zagopus mutus) from Prov.
Shinano, April 20, 1914, and from Mt. Norikura, July 27, 1894.
6. Goniodes minor Piaget.
Piaget, Les Pediculines, 1880, p. 256, pl. XXI, fig. 3.
Two specimens, both males, obtained from a skin of Chinese turtle-
dove (Turtur chinensis) from Formosa, Sept. 4, 1908.
They are of somewhat larger dimensions than those given by Piaget.
Measurements :
Length Width
Body wie EUR. east ESC: mM; 0.5I mm.
ÉTAGES ER EE ER ety Et. OO MNT: 0.65 mm.
Brothorass par Hesse teed OA: 0.42 mm.
Genus Goniocotes Burmeister.
Burmeister, Handb. Ent., 1835, Vol. 2, p. 431; Giebel, Insecta Epizoa,
1874, p. 182; Piaget, Les Pediculines, 1880, p. 223; Kellogg, Mallophaga,
Genera Insectorum, 1908, Fasc. 66, p. 31; Mjoberg, Arkiv for Zoologi,
1910, Bd. 6, p. 106.
S6 S. UCHIDA :
I. Goniocotes macrocephalus sp. nov.
One female specimen from a skin of hazel-grouse, Tetrastes bonasia,
collected in Saghalin, April 3, 1909.
Measurements :
Length Width
Body, NE beeen ven i cee eal OI 0.57 mm.
Head. ne ke cos coe MOANA. 0.47 mm.
Prothorax ee at en OO ee 0.25 mm.
Female:—Ground colour of body pale yellowish, showing chestnut-
brown blotches on head and curved yellowish brown marginal bands on
abdomen.
Head large ; front very broad,
convex, with five fine hairs on
each side ; marginal band brown-
ish, broadest in the centre, the
lateral ends bent inward in front
of each antenna to form short but
distinct chestnut-brown antennal
\ blotches. Antenna ordinary; |
the first segment short and broad,
the second longest, the third and
fourth shortest, subequal; the
fifth about as long as the two
preceeding segments taken to-
gether. Eyes very large, colour-
less, each with a short spine ;
another short spine behind eye
on lateral margin; temples some-
what expanded, broadly rounded,
each with two long hairs and a
Fig. 4.
Goniocotes macrocephalus n. sp. female. X70. very fine prickle. Posterior parts
BIRD-INFESTING MALLOPHAGA OF JAPAN. 87
of head slightly expanded, angulated; marginal band of a faint colour,
broadened posteriorly ; occiput sinuous, occipital margin straight, with
marginal band darker on sides where it forms chestnut-brown occipital
blotch.
Prothorax narrow, short, trapezoidal with lateral margins converging
anteriorly, the posterior margin flatly convex; lateral posterior angles
slightly produced, each bearing a long hair. Metathorax with rounded
lateral angles, each with two long hairs ; posterior margin convexly abut-
ting on abdomen, with a long and a shorter hair nearer to lateral angle
than to the middle on each side. Legs paler than body, with pale yellow-
ish marginal marking and some scattered strong spines.
Abdomen broadly elliptical, posterior angles of I.—III. segments
bearing one hair each; segments IV.— VII. laterally with two or three long
hairs ; the last segment broad, rounded, entire, bearing two long hairs on
each side. Dorsal hairs present on IV.—VI. segments. Lateral band ofa
pale yellowisn brown colour ; in each segment, it gradually broadens an-
teriorly and is bent inwards in a comma-like manner in the border of every
two segments.
2. Goniocotes abdominalis Piaget.
Giebel, Insecta’ Epizoa, 1874, p. 238; Wal. XX, Fig. 9; Piaget, Les
Pediculines, 1880, p. 238, pl. XX, fig. 9; Osborn, Bull. 5 (n. s.), Div.
of Ent. U. S. Dep. Agr. Wash., 1896, p. 193; Goniocotes hologaster,
Denny, Monogr. Anopl. Brit., 1842, p. 153, pl. XIII, fig. 4; Gonzocotes
gigas, Neumann, Traité des maladies parasitaires; 1892, p. 73, fig. 45.
Two female specimen obtained from a domestic fowl in Tokyo.
3. Goniocofes hologaster Nitzsch.
Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, 1874, p. 184; Piaget, Les Pediculines, 1880,
p. 231, pl. XIX, fig. 6; Neumann, Traité des maladies parasitaires, 1892,
p. 72, fig. 44; Osborn, Bull. 5 (n. s.), Div. of Ent. U.S. Dep. Agr. Wash.,
1896, p. 192.
CA
(02)
S. UCHIDA.:
Numerous specimens of both sexes were collected from a domestic
fowl in Tokyo.
4. Goniocotes aegypticus Kellogg & Paine.
Bull. of Entomol. Research, II, 1911, p. 148, pl. V, fig. 2.
Three female and one young specimens taken from a Japanese green
pigeon, Sphrnocercus sieboldi, captured in Prov. Shinano, May 31, 1915.
5. Goniocofes compar Nitzsch.
Denny, Monogr. Anopl. Brit., 1842, p. 152, pl. XII, fig. 2; Giebel,
Insecta Epizoa, 1874, p. 183, Taf. XII, fig. 10, 11; Piaget, Les Pediculines,
1880, p. 234, pl. XIX, fig. 10; Kellogg, New Mallophaga, II, 1896, p. 512,
pl. LXIX, fig. 4 ; Osborn, Bull. 5 (n. s.) Div. of Ent. U.S. Dep. Agr. Wash.
1806, p. 193.
One male and one female specimens taken from a doméstic pigeon in
Prov. Shinano, June 14, 1914.
6. G'oniocotes chrysocephalus Giebel.
Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, 1874, p. 189; Piaget, Les Pediculines, 1880,
p. 232, pl. XIX, fig. 7; Kellogg and Paine, Rec. Ind. Mus., X, 1914,
p. 220.
Four females and one male collected from a skin of copper pheasant,
Phasianus socmmering?, obtained in Prov. Higo.
7. Goniocotes asterocephalxs Nitzsch.
Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, 1874; p: 182, Taf. XII, fig. 3, 4; Piaget, Les
Pediculines, 1880, p. 226, pl. XIX, fig, ı (juv.?)
One female and two youngs were taken from an eastern common
quail, Cofurnix japonica, killed in Prov. Shinano Jan. 25, 1915, and a male
specimen from a sparrow hawk, Accipiter virgatus, killed in Prov. Shinano
Feb. 25, 1915. The latter was probably a case of straggler from a quail
captured by the hawk.
Tokyo, Aug. 11, 1915.
Notes on Oegopsid Cephalopods found in Japan.
By
Madoka Sasaki, Xzoakushr.
College of Agriculture, Sapporo.
With Plate ITT.
In the present paper all the species of Oegopsid Cephalopods known
from Japan are listed and noted on. My study of the group was done
mainly on specimens preserved in the Science College, Tokyo; in the
Sapporo Agricultural College; in the Takashima Fishery Experimental
Institute, Hokkaido; and in the Namerikawa Fishery Institute, Etchu
Prov. The species number twenty-nine in all, representing twenty-two
genera. One of the latter seems to be new to science and presents
some interesting features.
Division Oegopsida d’Orbigny 1839.
Fam. Architeuthidze Pfeffer 1900.
Genus Architeuthis Steenstrup 1857.
I. Arehiteuthis japonica Pfeffer 1912.
Mitsukuri & Ikeda 1895, p. 39, pl. x (without name). Tateyama Pay, Awa Prov.
Architeuthus martensit, Berry 19124, p. 433.
Architeuthis japonica, Pfeffer 1912, p. 27.
Of this species no other specimen than that which was described by
Mitsukuri and Ikeda and is preserved in the Sci. Coll., has come under
my observation.
90 MADOKA SASAKI.
2. Architeuthis martensii (Hilgendorf 1880).
Megateuthis martensi, Hilgendorf 1880, p. 65. Tokyo market.
Architeuthus martensü, Steenstrup 1882b, p. 157. Berry 1912a, p. 433.
Architeuthis martensti, Pfeffer 1912, p. 31.
This species is possibly identical with A. japonica Pfeffer, but as
Hilgendorfs original description of it is based on a defective specimen, a
definite decision of the point must be left to the future.
Fam. Onychoteuthidæ Gray 1849.
Subfam. Onychoteuthin& Pfeffer 1912.
Genus Onychoteuthis Lichtenstein 1818.
3. Onychoteuthis banksii (Leach 1817).
Local name: Tsume-ika (Tokachi).
Loligo banksit, Leach 1817, p. 141.
Onychoteuthis banksü, Fer. et d’Orb. 1839, p. 330, Onychot. pls. i-v, vii, ix, pl. xii, figs. 1-9.
—— Gray 1849, p. 53. Goodrich 1896, p. 11. Sandheads, Bay of Bengal. —-Pfeffer
1900, p. 159. — Hoyle 1904, p. 35. Tropical Pacific Ocean. Hoyle 1904a, p. 19.
—— Pfeffer 1908a, p. 65, figs. 71-77. — Pfeffer 1912, p. 70, pl. iii, figs. 13-25, pls.
iv-vi. Many examples from the temperate and tropical regions of all the oceans and
seas, Berry 1914, p. 322, text-fig. 31. Laysan Island.
A single 9 specimen captured by the Takashima Fishery Institute
steamer “ Tankaimaru ” at Otsu, Tokachi Prov., Hokkaido, August I, 1913.
Mantle-length 233 mm. This widely distributed species has hitherto been
known, so far as concern the Japanese waters, only from Formosa (Pfeffer
1912).
Genus Moroteuthis Verrill 1880.
4. Moroteuthis robusta Dall 1876.
Moroteuthis robusta Dall MS., Verrill 1876, p. 236. Iliulik, Unalaska. —-Verrill 1880, pp.
195, 246, 395, pls. xxiii, xxiv. Verrill 1882, pp. 275, 419, pis. xiii, xiv.— Pfeffer
1900, p. 161. Pfeffer 1908a, p. 68, figs. 78, 79a, b.——Pfeffer 1912, p. 105.——
Ishikawa & Wakiya 1914, p. 435, pls. xliii, xliv. From stomach of a sperm whale
caught in the open sea off to the south of the Strait of Tsugaru.
NOTES ON OEGOPSID CEPHALOPODS FOUND IN JAPAN. OT
5. Moroteuthis lonnbergii Ishikawa & Wakiya 1914.
Local name: Kagi-ika (Sagami Prov.).
Moroteuthis lönnbergü, Ishikawa & Wakiya 19142; p. 445, pls. xlv, xlvi. Hayama, Sagami
Bay; Misaki.
Following specimens were examined by me.
uber of | Mantle-length Locality Date Where preserved
‚| «specimens
' 2 A | 162; 170 mm. | of Ata Sagami ives 24, 1906 | Sci. Coll. er:
| A | PN) Misaki June 1895 | do.
Dari I Q | 207) 5 do. August 11, 1896 do.
Fam. Enoploteuthidze Pfeffer 1900.
Subfam. Enoploteuthinæ Chun 1910.
Genus Enoploteuthis Fer. et d’Orb. 1830.
6. Enoplofeuthis chunii Ishikawa 1914.
Enoploteuthis chit, Ishikawa 1914, p. 401, pls. xxxviii, xxxix. Toyama Fay.
Specimens examined by me.
|
Specimen Mantle-length Locality Date Where preserved
TA 63 mm. Uodzu, Etchu April 24, 1913
TAN 620, Namerikawa Etchu April 25, 1913
I 2 do. May 1913
ne do. June 2, 1913
June 1913
This cuttle-fish is often caught, mixed in large schools of Watasenia
scintillans (Berry), on the coast of Etchu Prov. Prof. Ishikawa’s type
specimens of the species have come from that region. The hectocotylized
«arm is the right ventral arm, of which it is mainly the distal part that
undergoes modification. In the terminal part but a short distance from
«the extremity, the narrow protective membranes of both sides are
92 MADOKA SASAKI.
swollen and form two elongate semilunar membranes, as is commonly the
case in species of the Enoploteuthidee. The membranes are equal in size
and length; only the ventral one is situated a little more proximally than
the dorsal. The hooks on this arm number twenty-six, of which the distal
six are placed opposite the ventral semilunar membrane. The terminal
part of the arm, beyond the semilunar membranes, shows twenty-one small
suckers, which fact apparently constitutes a characteristic feature of the
species.
Genus Abralia Gray 1849.
7. Abralia andamanica Goodrich 1894.
Local name : Gumi-ika (Odawara).
Abralia andamanica, Goodrich 1896, p. 9, pl. ii, figs. 38-45. Andaman Sea.
Asteroteuthis andamanica, Pfeffer 1912, p. 137.
Two @ specimens (in alcohol) were collected at Odawara, June 1891
(Sci Coll.). Their principal dimensions are as follows :
Specimen No. I. Do
Dorsal length of mantle ... ... ... 34mm. 35 mm.
Breadrhlofimantle ee TA 13 »
Lengthofifin se (eee 23065; 2306;
Totalibreadthlof fins Mei eo 3003, 23 »
Dorsallenetnofheade er: I, Irre
Breadthyofiheadee re mses sme WA a 13%,
3 WERT dii Left Right — Left Right
Geng thiofehrstrant a eee ee 20mm. 20 mm. 20mm. 20mm.
3 ARMA GHG ce eg Ge SoC | 250 3 24 > 24 » 24 »
SD AT ers ce eemeee tees ZON) Pye eg) DL 21 »
} D aac Sac REA 225, 225, DIS 22 »
CHI öftentacle. n. ORI 44» 43 » 44 » 45 »
E CID Lic Re | 6 „ 6. » 6 » 6 „
Wenethrofrgladiuse nu Sen 28 mm. | —
Breadthioßeladius 2 | 6 » =
NOTES ON OEGOPSID CEPHALOPODS FOUND IN TAPAN. 95
This is to my knowledge the first case of the species having been ever
„obtained after it was first described. Both the specimens deviate from
Goodrich’s original description, which is based on specimens from the
Andaman Sea (1896), in the following points: (1) In the Japanese
specimens, the second pair of arms is distinctly longer than others and that
-even than the fourth, while in the Andaman specimens the second is as
long as the fourth, both being the longest ofall. (2) The distal suckers of
first, second and third arms are a little more numerous than as given by
Goodrich. The numbers of hooks and suckers in the Japanese specimens
are given in the following table:
Right arms Left arms
IV III II I I II III IV
IH VOR BEL HN WS 13 14 13 12 13 13 14
Sp. No. 1. LAYS? nce lois II II 10 IO 12 II o
Suckers
ASmaller ie. fe) 26 26 25 25 24 2A 020
HOCKS eo sca ata ao Riz 13 13 13 | 13 12 13 14
las
Sp. No. 2. anses || II II ir 10 12 me |)
Suckers f
(Smallern = (o) 26 26 26 25 25 26 o)
As the Andaman specimens were all females, the hectocotilized arm
‘has not been known. I find it resembles in appearance very much that of
-Abralia veranyi (Rüpp.). The arm is the left ventral. It is provided,
along the distal part a short distance from its extreme end, with two
elongate semilunar membranes which are continuations of the narrow
protective membranes of the proximal part. The ventral of the semilunar
membranes is situated a little more proximally than the dorsal one. The
hooks number fourteen, of which the three terminal ones are situated just
«opposite the ventral semilunar membrane. The terminal part of the arm
‘beyond the semilunar membranes is smooth and without any sucker.
The luminous organs of the body surface are not uniform in ap-
:pearance but may be classified into three kinds as in A. veranyi : (1) Those
94 MADOKA SASAKI.
containing a large amount of pigment, occuring most commonly on the-
ventral surface of mantle, siphon, head and two ventral pairs of arms, and"
in a less number on dorsal connective ligaments of siphon. (2) Those of
small size found on mantle intermixed among the first kind but less
numerously than the latter; they occur also on other parts, though more
sparsely than on mantle. (3) Those with a small amount of pigment,.
occurring most rarely of all and distributed uniformly amongthe preceding
kinds. |
Genus Abraliopsis Joubin 1896.
S. Abraliopsis nishikawce Pfeffer 1912.
Abraliopsts sp., Nishikawa 1096a, pp. 310, 311 pl. vi, figs. 1-11. Aburatsubo, Misaki.
Abraliopsis (Nefioteuthion) mishikawe, Pfeffer 1912, pp. 139, 140; 149.
Pfeffer (1912) has given the two kinds of larval cuttle-fishes previously -
described by Mr. Nishikawa under the name of Abraliopsis nishikawe,
considering the younger of the two as the Vefiotcuthion stage and the older
as the Compthoteuthis stage of the species. To me it seems doubtful if
the two young individuals belong to one and the same species. Indeed,
I am inclined to leave the younger specimen in Abraliopsis nishikawe of
Pfeffer, but to identify the older with Watasenia scintillans (Berry).
Genus Watasenia Ishikawa 1913.
9. Watasenia scintillans (Berry 1911).
Local name: Hotaru-ika, Matsu-ika, Ko-ika (Etchu Prov.)
Beni-ika, Gumi-ika (Odawara, Sagami Prov.)
Watase 1905, p. 110, I text-fig. (without name). Etchu Prov.
Abraliopsis sp. Nishikawa 1906a, pp. 311-312, pl. vi, figs. 13-15, Enoura, Suruga Prov.
Abraliopsis scintillans, Berry 1911, p. 93. Japan.— Berry 19122, p. 424, pls. vii, viii, pl. ix,.
figs. 1-6. Berry 1913, p. 591.
? Abraliopsis (Compsoteuihis) nishikawe, Pfeffer 1912, pp. 150, 162.
Watasenia scintillans, Ishikawa 19132, pp. 162, 336; 6 figs. Etchu Prov. Sasaki 1914, p. -
75, pls. i, ii. Etchu Prov.
NOTES ON OEGOPSID CEPHALOPODS FOUND IN JAPAN.
Specimens examined by me:
Specimens| Mantle-length Locality Date Collector De,
168 36-44 mm. Nishimisaki, Awa Feb. 16, 1891 — Sci. Coll.
a Sanna Okhotsk Sea en Mr. K. Ts
4% 36-42 mm. reg Middle February, 1907 Prof. A, Sci. Coll.
87417 2 — Odawara, Sagamil Eary March, 1907 _ do.
81% 36-54 mm. Shirahama, Awa Feb. 9, 1908 — do.
108,232 — Odawara Middle March, a ? — do.
| 35-50 mm. in | Namerikawa, o di
534,132 9 42-64 mm. in 2 Etchu April 19—May 5,1913| Author | Agr. Coll.
tee ERDE, Uodzu, Etchu April 24, 1913 Author do.
Subfam. Ancistrochirinæ Pfeffer 1912.
Genus Thelidioteuthis Pfeffer 1900.
10. Thelidioteuthis alessandrinii (Vérany 1851).
Loligo alessandrimi, Vérany 1851. p. 99, rl. xxxv, figs. f-h. Nice.
Lnoploteuthis polvonyx, Troschel 1857, p. 67, pl. iv, fig. 9. Messina.
Abralia megalops, Verrill 1883, p. 105, pl. iii, fig. 4. West India.— Verrill 1884, p. 143, pl.
xxviii, fig. 2, pl. xliv, figs. 2, 2a. East coast of North America.
Enoploteuthis pallida, Pfeffer 1884, p. 18, figs. 23, 23a, 23b.
Calliteuthis alessandrini, Appellöf 1889, p. 27, figs. 7-11. Messina.
Thelidioteuthis polyonyx, Pfeffer 1900, p. 167.
Thelidioteuthis alessandrini, Chun 1910, p. 104, pl. vii, figs. 16, 17. Indian Ocean. — Pfeffer
1912, p. 178, pl. xviii, figs. 1-29. South-Atlantic Ocean, Messina, Society Isl. Berry
1912a, p. 432. Kagoshima Bay.
The species has not come under the author’s observation.
96 MADOKA SASAKI.
Subfam. Octopodoteuthine Pfeffer 1912.
Genus Octopodoteuthis Rüppell 1844.
II. Octopodoteuthis sicula Rüppell 1844.
Octopodoteuthis sicula, Rüppell 1844, p. 135 (fide Appellòf). —-Gray 1849, p. 51. Sicily.——
Pfeffer 1884, p. 28. Messina. Pfeffer 1900, p. 166.——Massy 1907, p. 381. South-
western coast of Irland. ——Pieffer 1908, p. 74, fig. 81. Mediterranean Sea. —Pfeffer
1912, p. 213, pl. xix, figs. 1-16. Messina, North Atlantic.
Verania sicula, Krohn 1847, p. 38. Sicily.——Verany 1851, p. 86, pl. xxviii. —— Weiss 1889,
p. 87, pl. viii, figs. 1-3. —Appell6f 1890, p. 6, figs. 12-23. Messina. — Jatta 1896, p.
92, pl. vii, fig. 14, pl. xiii, figs. 1-12. Neapel. Ficalbi 1899, p. 83.
Octopodoteuthis, Chun 1910, pp. 139, 144 pl. xvii. Sagamibai, Japan; Agulhasstrom ;
Binnenmeer von Westsumatra; Indischer Nordäquatorialstrom; Golf von Aden.
Material examined: One specimen (Q ?) obtained by Prof. A. Oka,
Tateyama, Awa Prov. April 1896 (Sci. Coll.). Dimentions : dorsal length
of mantle 27 mm.; breadth of mantle 135 mm., breadth of head 12 mm.
length of fin 21 mm., total breadth of fins 31 mm., length of first pair of arms
19 mm., length of second pair 19 mm., length of third pair 23 mm., length
of fourth pair 13 mm. Tentacles are absent, as is usual in mature speci-
mens. The eye-openings are ofan oval shape aid, contrary to Pfeffer’s
statement (1912, p. 214), without any sinus at the anterior margin ; terminal
suckers on each arm can not be detected even under the microscope.
Fam. Gonatidæ (Hoyle 1886) Pfeffer 1900.
Genus Gonatus Gray 1849.
12. Gonatus fabricii (Lichtenstein 1818).
Onychoteuthis fabricii, Lichitenstein 1818, p. 13 (fide Pfeffer).
Onychoteuthis kamtschalica, Middendorff 1849, p. 186, pl. xii, figs. 1-6. Kamtschatka.
Gonatus amana, Gray 1849, p. 68.—Adams 1858, p. 36, pl. iv, fig. 2——Verrill 1881a,
pp. 291, 388, 390, 428.
Gonatus amazuts, Sars 1878, p. 336, pl. xxxi, figs. 1-15, p'. xvii, fig. 2. Norway.
Lestoteuthis Kamtschatica, Verrill 1881, p. 251.
Gonatus fabricii, Steenstrup 1881, p. 9, pl. i. Davis Strait, Greenland, Iceland, Færës,
NOTES ON OEGOPSID CEPHALOPODS FOUND IN JAPAN. 97
Atlantic, Mediterranean, South of Cape of Good Hope.——Verrill 1880, p. 291, pl. xlv,
figs. 1-1b, 2-2d. Off Seal Island, Nova Scotia, from stomach of a cod.——-Verrill 1882,
p. 289, pl. xv, figs. r-1c, 2-2d.—Steenstrup 1882, p. 143, pl. i. Japan.t—Hoyle
1886, pp. 41, 174. Lat. 58°45’N., Long. 48°39’ W.— Hoyle 1889, p. 117-135, pl. xiii,
xiv.—Appellof 1892, p. 9. Jan Mayen. —-Pfeffer 1900, p. 163..—Pfeffer 1908, p.
71, figs. 80-84. —-Pfeffer 1912, p. 230, pl. xv, figs. 17-22. Greenland, Punta Arenas,
— Berry 1912, p. 308, pl. lii, figs. 1-4, pl. liii, pl. liv, figs. 1-4, pl. lv. Monterey Bay,
California; off San Nicolas Island, Cal.; off North Coronado Island, Lower Cal. —
Berry 19124, p. 424.
Cheloteuthis rapax, Verrill 1881, p. 293, pl. xlix, fig. 1. 100 miles south of Newport, from
stomach of a fish.— Verrill 1881a, p. 110, pl. ii, figs. 1-1f.—-Verrill 1882, p. 286.
pl. xv, figs. 3-3f, 4.
Lestoteuthis fabricü, Verrill 1880, pp. 291, 293, 387-390; 428, pl. xlv, figs. 1, 2, pl. xlix, fig. 1.
pl. lv. fig. I-——Verrill 1882, p. 416, pl. xlv, figs. r-rd. Dall 1886, p. 209. Bering-
insel.
Gonatus antarcticus, Lönnberg 1898, p. 51, pl. v, figs. 4, 5. Punta Arenas.
In the region of Japan and vicinity, specimens of the species are said
to have been obtained in Shumshu Island, Kuril Group (Middendorff) ; in
Bering Sea (Dall) and in Japan (Steenstrup). Japanese specimens have
not yet come under the author’s observation.
13. Gonatus magister Berry 1913.
Local name: Dosu-ika (Etchu Prov.).
Gonatus fabricti (?), Berry 1912, p, 310, pl. lii, figs. x, 2, pl. liti, pl. liv, figs. 1-4, pl. lv, figs.
I, 3-7. Victoria, B.C.; Puget Sound, Wash.
Gonatus magister, Berry 19134, p. 76.
Gonatus seftemdentatus, Sasaki 19152, p. 185. Etchu Prov.
The species is one which stands in very near relationship to Gonatus
fabricit (Lichtenstein), but differs from this in the following respects :
Tentacles with very minute suckers only. Three dorsal pairs of arms
with 2 marginal series of small suckers and 2 central series of hooks,
‘except in basal and distal parts where there exist only suckers arranged in
4 series. Radula with 7 series of teeth; middle tooth tricuspid, lateral
teeth bicuspid ; both marginals unicuspid.
95 MADOKA SASAKI.
Fam. Histioteuthidze Verrill 1881.
Genus Stigmatoteuthis Pfeffer 1910.
14. Stigmatoteuthis japonica Pfeffer 1912.
Calliteuthis reversa, Hoyle 1886, p. 183, pl. xxxiii, figs. 12-15. Hyalonema ground off
Enoshima, Sagami Bay; New Zealand.
Stigmatoteuthis japcnica, Pfeffer 1912, p. 234.
This species has not been rediscovered since it was first described.
15. Stigmatoteuthis dofleini Pfeffer 1912.
Local name : Kurage-dako (Awa).
Calliteuthis reversa, Chun 1906; fp. 747; 751, 752, figs. 2, 4, 5. Sagami Bay.
Calliteuthis ocellata, Chun 1910, pp. 147-169, 170, text-pl. i, figs. I, 2, text-fig. 23a, .——
Berry 19124, p. 432.
Calliteuthis dofleint, Pfeffer 1912, p. 288.
Material examined: (i) One À specimen with two hectocotylized'
arms, found by Mr. S. Takahashi in the stomach ofa sperm-whale captured
off the coast of Ibaraki Prefecture (lat. 36°14/N, long. 142°18’/E), June 15,
1904 (Sci. Coll.). (ii) One À specimen with one (left) hectocotylized arm,.
obtained at Yoshihama, Awa Prov., April 4, 1889 (Sci. Coll.). (iii) One
© specimen with perfect tentacles, obtained in Sagami Bay, date?
(Scr; Goll.):
So far as I know, the above specimens are all that have ever been
obtained of the species after the -Doflein’s speeimen which served as type.
to Chun’s description of the species. The latter was in so badly preserved
condition that specific characters have not:been fully known.
NOTES ON OEGOPSID CEPHALOPODS FOUND IN JAPAN. 99
Measurements of the specimens examined by me:
Sp. No. i ii iii
Dorsal length of mantle ... ... ... 140 mm. — 97 mm.
Ventral length of mantle ... ... ... 20, 2 En 85 »
Breadthiofßmantlef Gon aos ono 600 FB pp — | 601%,
Dorsalllensthiofiheade „en. ann — 75 | 55) 35
iBreadthvofihead@ sss. ca aes) ge ee 70? 55 — 60? „
ILENE OLE os re. LB op — 33;
‘hotalebreadthion ins OS op Som, N 5
€ Left Right Left Right Left Right
Breadth of eye-opening 32mm. 17mm. 37mm. 2omm. 36mm. 21 mm.|i
IL SOR OH ITS ANT ong dao co on || BAO. gy SIO go || SHS) os — 250 „ 250 »
> ©ESEcondL arme en -- — — — 3 » 7»
ER Sathirdarme ur oon ocd — -- = — 285 » —
es <p WON HHO ATI Cos Gem coe 380, Sh pp | — 250 57 270 >
Length of tentacle A ae — — — — 250 50270085
a ee. nalen = rn eS ae
Diameter of largest sucker of first arm 6.5 | 7 | 5 i
de > 55 uk “i BF second arm 6.5 7 | me 5
of. Reese EN _ |
» » » » „third arm 6.5 7 | 5
» » > » » fourth arm 3 3 | 225
5 5 cp e NAGE acc = = | 5
Skin nearly choroidal, thickly beset with colorless warts. Mantle short,
a little shorter than twice the breadth, tapering backward, acuminated
behind, the dorsal anterior edge somewhat projecting in the middle
and forming an obtuse angle, the ventral edge with a broad emargination
laterally bounded by angular projections. Fins terminal, slightly projecting:
109 MADOKA SASAKI.
backward beyond posterior end of mantle ; both together of a transversely
oval shape, slightly notched at the anterior attachment as well as in the
middle of their combined posterior edge.
Head large, as broad as mantle-opening. Siphonal groove shallow,
marked by a faint boundary fold; neck with distinct boundary edge in
front, and with a minute papillary organ on each side. Eyes large, eye-
opening nearly round, with an indistinct shallow notch at the anterior edge ;
left eye-opening very large, being twice as wide as the right. Siphon
short, extending for about one-fourth the length of head, its dorsal
connective ligaments imbedded under the skin of siphonal groove.
Arms very long, thick ; subequal, the order of length being 253541
in the female specimen (no. iii) of 97 mm. mantle-length ; the longest pair
about thrice as long as mantle. The umbrella in the same female specimen
extends for a distance of 26 mm. from the angle between dorsal arms,
24 mm. between first and second pairs, 20mm. between second and third
pairs, 15 mm. between third and fourth pairs, and 10 mm. between
ventral arms. Protective membrane of arms thick and choroidal, with
zigzag edge-line, about half as broad as the suckers are high. Suckers
nearly spherical, arranged in two series, the largest in the middle parts
of arms and growing smaller towards both arm ends; suckers of the
fourth pair of arms much smaller than those of all other arms, being half
as large in diameter as the latter. Horny rings with quadrangular teeth
thickly arranged along their distal margin, the number of teeth in speci-
mens Nos. i and ii varying from six to eleven, and in specimen No. iii
from eight to nineteen. In the last specimen the horny rings often bear
irregular horny masses, which sometimes entirely cover up the teeth.
Both the arms of dorsal pair are hectocotylized, their principal
characteristics agreeing well with the account given by Chun (1906, 1910).
The tentacles of this species have hitherto been quite unknown.
Their length is about equal to four times the mantle-length ; the stem in
the distal parts is a little compressed, with a flat inner surface. Club
lanceolate, of about one-seventh the length of the entire tentacle, provided
with a web along the distal two-thirds of the length of its outer surface ;
NOTES ON OEGOPSID CEPHALOPODS FOUND IN JAPAN. 107
proximally the web becomes broader, but finally terminates in a free, acute,
retroverted point. A series of connective suckers, comprising about eleven
suckers and fixing tubercles, begins to occur at about two-thirds the length.
of tentacle from base and reaches up to the proximal part of club.
Tentacular suckers, excluding the connective ones, may be divided
into two groups, each consisting of about five series: (1) Suckers of the
hand portion, which are highly variable in size, those of the median series.
being from six to twelve times as large as those of marginal series, while
those of submedian series are about half as large as those of the median
series. (2) Suckers of the distal portion, which are practically serial con-
tinuations of those of the hand portion and which are numerous, minute, and
about equally sized, being smaller than marginal suckers of the hand portion.
Largest tentacular suckers short, pail-like in shape, with a very wide
aperture ; horny ring with about fifty or more fine, acute and inwardly
directed teeth along the whole margin; interdental spaces nearly as wide as
the teeth at base. Suckers of ventral submedian series and some proximal
ones of the hand portion characteristically differ from all others in that they
are of a somewhat quadrangular contour and the fundus of their hollow are
raised -to about the level of the aperture. Their horny ring is provided,
along the entire edge, with about thirty, thick, triangular, outwardly
directed teeth, the points of which inclose a space of a quadrangular shape,,
the four teeth at the corners of that space being thicker and longer than
the rest.
The luminous organs of the mantle are not quite regular in distribu-
tion. Nevertheless, the edge of the mantle-opening always shows nine
small luminous organs along the emarginated part, and more laterally four
slightly larger ones on either side. For the rest, the ventral side of mantle
is provided with about forty luminous organs, of which the posterior ten
are smaller than those more anteriorly situated. On the dorsal side, there
are found about as many luminous organs as on the ventral side, but all
are smaller in size; especially small are the twenty-four situated in the:
median region.
«102 MADOKA SASAKI.
Also on the head, the luminous organs are irregularly distributed. Its
ventral surface exhibits about thirty-three large ones, of which eight are
‚arranged in a series just in front of the siphonal groove. Besides the
thirty-three, the margin of the right eye-opening shows a series of seventeen
large organs, and that of the left eye-opening a series composed of five
large ones in front and of four minute ones behind. The dorsal surface of
head has five large and about eleven minute luminous organs.
The luminous organs of ventral arms are arranged, in the proximal
half of their length, in three series ; more distally, they occur in two series,
and finally in the terminal parts they form a single series; the series of
longest extent being the middle series made up of twenty-five organs.
The luminous organs of first, second and third arm pairs consist of a single
series of large organs on the ventral side, and of a single series of minute
ones on the dorsal.
Buccal membrane broad, with seven ribs, projections and connective
ligaments.
Radula with seven series of unicuspid teeth, which, as regards their
length, show the following relations: median — lateral = 1/2 inner
marginal = 1/3 outer marginal.
Inner surface of mantle, siphon, buccal membrane, branchial vessels
and adductor muscles of siphon show a purplish brown hue, while the
anterior parts of neck as well as of siphonal groove are tinged with a
darkish brown color.
Remarks.—Doflein’s original specimen of this species was first taken
_by Chun to be identical with S. oce//ata (Owen 1906), but was later made
_by Pfeffer into a new species under the name of S. dofeini. The specimens
now before me, as also the Doflein’s ‘specimen, do not quite agree with
-Owen’s original description of S. ocellata. In his S. ocel/ata, the horny
ring of arm-suckers should have “a finely spinous border,” which is not
the case in S. dofleini. Further, the former seems to have luminous organs
.more numerously on head but less so on mantle than in the latter species,
while the arms are much shorter, being only a little longer than mantle.
NOTES ON OEGOPSID CEPHALOPODS FOUND IN JAPAN. 103
Genus Meleagroteuthis Pfeffer 1900.
16. Meleagroteuthis separata Sasaki 1915.
Meleagroteuthis separata, Sasaki 1915, p. 131, text-figs. 1, 2. Misaki.
This is a species closely allied to Melcagroteuthis Loyler Pfeffer, but
-differs from it (1) in the suckers of the distal parts of tentacular club being
equal, small and grouped together without continuity to the series of
suckers of the hand-portion, (2) in the luminous organs of the ventral pair
of arms being arranged in nine series in the proximal parts, and (3) in the
horny tubercles of the back of mantle being seventeen in number and small
in size.
Fam. Ommastrephidæ (Steenstrup 1861).
Subfam Ommastrephin& (Gill 1871).
Genus Ommastrephes d’Orbigny 1835.
17. Ommastrephes sloani pacificus (Steenstrup 1880).
Local name : Surume-ika (Tokyo, Sagami, Settsu,
Hokkaido), Ma-ika (Etchu, Kaga).
Todarodes pacificus, Steenstrup 1880, pp. 83, 90, etc. Hakodate.——Hoyle 1886, p. 163, pl.
xxviii, figs. 1-5. Inland Sea.——Joubin 1897, p. 103. Vladivostok.
Ommastrephes pacificus, Appellöf 1886. p. 35, pl. iii, figs. 8-10. Nagasaki.
Ommatostrephes sagittatus var. sloani,? Wülker 1910, p. 21. Misaki; Todohokke, Hokkaido.
Ommastrephes sloani, Berry 19122, p. 433; pl. vi, fig. 4. Tomakomai, Iburi Prov.; Hakodate;
Tokyo; Misaki.
Ommatostrephes sloani pacificus, Pfeffer 1912, p. 456, pl. xxxiv, figs. 3-6. Japan.
Ommastrephes sloani pacificus, Ishikawa 1913, p. 586, 4 figs. Misaki; Niigata; Miye; Uodzu.
Etchu Prov.; Iwami Prov.
This species is the commonest Oegopsid cuttle-fish found in Japan, and
has a wide distribution extending from Kiushu to Hokkaido, on both the
‘Sea of Japan and the Pacific Ocean sides. To it is referable the common
-dried cuttle-fish called “ Nibanzurume” by the traders. The following is
-a list of specimens examined by the author.
104 MADOKA SASAKI,
No Specimens | Mantle-length Locality Date Where preserved |
i IS 244 MM. Misaki Dec. 13, 1908 Sci. Coll.
L
ii I juv. 50 mm. Be June 10, 1907 Agr. Coll.
iii I juv. 47 mm, Takashima July 6, 1909 do.
v BASICO! 190-194 mm. o July 15, 1910 do.
Off Shakotan,
Vv WENA ed 155-175 mm. Hokkaido July 5, ıgıı do.
vi 6 juv. 90-115 mm. ree July 21, ıgıı do.
Off Ohana-
vii BA 210-255 mm. | misaki, Hokkaido Nov. 1, 1911 do.
® : Fish. Inst. Taka-|
Vili BIS: 163-170 mm. Off Shakotan July 5, 1912 RIA)
ix 10,1 juv 158-170 mm. Off Shakotan July 13, 1912 do.
è AR 3 Atkeshi, >
x I juv 80 mm. Flokkardo July ? 1912 Agr. Coll.
È 242 mm. in & Obuyu-saki,
zt TORO 255 mm. in 9 Hokkaido Sf one so,
xii BAS 11 2 80-195 mm Off Shakot Aug. 30, 1912 SU AS
xii DANS 180-195 > hakotan g. 30, 1912 Tana
Yun 5 Hakcdate 3 5 e
xiii e 218 235 mm. ker Nov. 26, 1912 Agr. Coll.
E: 3 Namerikawa, >
xiv 29: 253-280 mm. Richa Prov: April 25, 1913 do.
XV 3 juv 31- 36 mm Himi, Etchü May 8, 1913 do.
xvi I juv £o mm Takashima Sept. 3, year? SO)
xvii 19 250 mm. — Agr. Coll.
Usetsu, Noto
NOTES ON OEGOPSID CEPHALOPODS FOUND IN JAPAN. 105
IS. Ommastrephes volatilis Sasaki 1915.
Local name: Tobi-ika (Sagami Prov.).
Ommastrephes volatilis, Sasaki 1915, p. 138, pl. iv, figs. 1-6, text-fig. 3. Off Atami, Sagami
Bay.
The principal characters distinguishing it from other species of the
genus are as follows :
Foveola of siphonal groove without longitudinal folds within, but
smooth. Ratio of breadth to length of mantle: 16-19 to 100. Fins taken
together distinctly longer than broad, attenuated posteriorly. Horny ring
of arm-suckers varying in denticulation in different suckers of each arm;
largest sucker of II arm provided with quadrangular supplemental teeth
alternating with long sharp ordinary teeth. Horny ring of largest
tentacular sucker with sharp teeth only and without any supplemental
ones. Hectocotylus distinguished not only by degeneration of suckers and
swelling of sucker-bases, but also by thickening and enlargement of the
ventral protective membrane as well as by the sculpture of the outer
surface consisting of pits and transverse grooves.
Subfam. Stenoteuthine Pfeffer 1912.
Genus Stenoteuthis Verrill 1880.
19. Stenoteuthis bartrami (Lesueur, 1821).
Loligo bartrami, Lesueur 1821, p. 90; pl. ii, fig. ra-f (fide Pfeffer).
Ommastrephes bartrami, d’Orbigny, in Fer. et d’Orb. 1839, p. 347; Calmars pl. ii; pl xxi,
fig. 5; Ommastrephes pl. ii, figs. 11, 12. Gray 1849, p. 62. -Steenstrup 1880, p.
73 ff.; fig. 2, p. 76; fig. 3, p. 81.——Jatta 1896, p. 64, pl. x, figs. 1-16; text-figs. 8
(p. 10), 12 (p. 11), 36 (p. 19), 41 (p. 21). Neapel.
Stenoteuthis Pterofus, Verrill 1880, p, 228, pl. xxvii, figs. 7, 7a; pl. xxvi, figs. 5-9. Bermuda.
——Verrill 1882, p. 317, pl. vii, fig. 2; pl. xvii, figs. 3-9.
Stenoteuthis bartrami, Verrill 1880, p. 223.——Verrill 1882, p. 322.—Pfeffer 1900, p. 180.
—Pfeffer 1908, pp. 97-100, figs. 109-115. Pfeffer 1912, p. 465, pls. xxxv, xxxvi; pl
xxxix, figs. 1, 2. Atlantic Ocean (Holland, Cap. Isl., Brazil, West-Ind., North Sea,
106 MADOKA SASAKI.
Antilles, Campeche Bay, 13°N. 27°W, 20°N. 23°W), Mediterranean (Nizza, Agypt),
Indian Ocean (Ceylon, Madagascar), Pacific Ocean (La Plata, China, Sagami Bay).
Material examined: One male and female specimens. Odawara,
Sagami Prov., Nov. 1885 (Sci. Coll.) Mantle-length 240 mm. in @,
250 mm. in ©.
Genus Symplectoteuthis Pfeffer 1900.
20. Symplectoteuthis oualaniensis (Lesson 1830).
Loligo ouclaniensis, Lesson, in Lesson et Garnot 1826-30, p. 240, pl. i, fig. 2. Oualan (fide
Pfeffer).
Ommastrephes oualaniensis, d’Orbigny, in Fer. et d’Orb. 1835-748, p. 351, Calmars pl. iii, pl.
xxi, figs. 1, 2. Ommastrephes pl. i, figs. 14, 15. Gray 1849, p. 63..—Hoyle 1886,
p. 162. Coral Sea, North of the Admilalty Island.
Symplectoteuthis oualaniensis, Pfeffer 1900, p. 180..— Hoyle 1904, p. 32, text-fig. E. East of
Cocos Isl.——Hoyle 1905, p. 982. South Nilandu Atoll. —-Wülker 1910, p. 21.
Misaki.— Pfeffer 1912, p. 502, pls. xl, xli, pl. xlii, figs. 1-4. Laysan, Ind. Oz.
Okinawa, Japan, Oualan, Südsee. ——Berry 1912a, p. 438.
Japanese specimens of this species have not come under observation
of the author.
21. Symplectoteuthis luminosa Sasaki 1915.
Local name: Suji-ika (Sagami Prov.).
Symplectoteuthis luminosa, Sasaki 1915, p. 144, pl. iv, figs. 7-13, text-fig. 4. Off Misaki.
This is a species standing in very near relationship to Siplectoteuthis
oualaniensis (Lesson), but differing from it in following respects :
Luminous organs present. Hectocotylized left ventral arm as thicse k‘
but a little shorter than, the right ventral; provided with about 24 normal
suckers in the proximal parts ; protective membranes as broad and thick
as those of the right arm; distal 1/3 of the length not naked, but with 34
minute tubercles each set on a swollen base. Horny ring of largest
tentacular suckers with only a single large tooth on distalmost edge.
NOTES ON OEGOPSID CEPHALOPODS FOUND IN JAPAN. 107
Fam. Thysanoteuthidæ Keferstein 1866.
Genus Thysanoteuthis Troschel 1857.
22. Thysanoteuthis rhombus Troschel 1857.
? Sepioteuthis major, Gray 1828, p. 3, pl. iv, fig. 1. (fide Fer. et d’Orb.) Fer. et d’Orb.
1835, p. 305, Sepioteuthis pl. vii, fig. 12. Gray 1849, p. 83.
Thysanoteuthis rhombus, Troschel 1857, p. 70, pl. iv, fig. 12, pl. v, figs. 1-4. Messina (fide
Pfeffer). — Tryon 1879, p. 167. — Weiss 1880, p. gr. Neapel. Jatta 1896, p. 56,
pl. ix, figs. 1-13, textfig. 54. Neapel, Ischia, Pozzuoli Bay.——Pfeffer 1900, p. 182.
Pfeffer 1912, p. 523, pl. xxvii, figs. 24-37. Mediterranean Sea, Atlantic Oc.
Berry 19124, p. 438.
The present species had been included, by mistake of some authors,
in the Japanese fauna. However, the actual existence of the species in the
‘Japanese archipelago is proved by the following three specimens :
i. One specimen, sex?, caught by Mr. K. Aoki, off Atami, Sagami
Brov: Sept23, 1905 (Sci. Colli).
il. One specimen, sex?, caught by a fix-net on the coast of
Namerikawa, Etchu Prov., Nov. 1908 (Fish Inst. Namerikawa).
iii. One S specimen obtained at Usetsu, Noto (Agr. Coll.).
Principal measurements of the above specimens :
Sp. No.
il iil
Dorsal length of mantle 685 mm, 290 mm.
Breadth of mantle...
Dorsal length of head ...
| een
| 54 » Cs PRETE Si ” 90
| 45 » eee | » 60 ;,
Breadthroßheadeer se Per | AON 35 _ 5) 88 ,,
Length of fin... ...
Breadth of fin altogether 637005: SCOR,
| Left Right Left Right —
— mm. 150MM.| 100 mm. 100 MM.
Length of first arm
” „ second arm...
— CO: pl 29 & AR
„utbirdarın ses — 240 » | 196 ,, 186 ,,
5 » fourth arm...
WEN po Yi poll = 170 „| 106 , 108 „
Length of tentacle va NO 15700
TAR 500 » 235 » 230 »
IOS MADOKA SASAKI.
Fam. Chiroteuthidæ Gray 1849.
Subfam. Chiroteuthinæ Chun 1908.
Genus Chiroteuthis d’Orbigny 1830.
Subgenus Chirothauma Chun 1910.
23. Chiroteuthis (Chirothauma) imperator Chun 1910.
Local name: Yürei-ika, Mizu-ika (Sagami).
Cheiroteuthis macrosoma, Nishikawa 1906, p. 109, pl. iii. Off Shimo-osa Prov.
Chiroteuthis (Chirothauma) imperator, Chun 1910, pp. 240, 241, 281, pl. xxxviii; pl. xxxix, figs.
1-10; pl. xl, figs. 2-5, 7; pl. xli; pl. xlii, figs. 1-4; pl. xliii; pl. xliv,. figs. 3, 6-16. Nias-
Süd-Kanal, Sumatra; Sagami-Bai, Japan.
List of specimens examined :
Specimens Mantle-length Locality , Date Where preserved
2, SEX ? i BE ae. Misaki 1 Ae a ca
3, much injured ; er È Odawara, Sagami ci BER n do. ;
29 DIET Misaki EN 27» n an +
Tie en ’ ae 359 i a I, no pe en
RO, Le > | Misaki mr 24, = do.
IS | Re Mr In, e Da Ru za Re es
In some badly preserved specimens, the neck region is narrowed as
was stated by Goodrich for Chiroteuthis macrosoma from off the Kistna
delta.
Subfam. Idioteuthin& nov.
Genus Idioteuthis nov.
24. Idioteuthis latipinna sp. nov. Pl. II.
Diagnosis.— Body large, with thick choroidal integument ; surface
smooth in all parts. Mantle elongate-conical, being broadest anteriorly ;
NOTES ON OEGOPSID CEPHALOPODS FOUND IN JAPAN. 109
Mantle-opening wide and free along the entire margin, of which the dorsal
median margin protrudes a little forwards, forming a short but broad
triangular projection ; lateral margins concave; ventral margin projecting
beneath head, its median region slightly curving backwards. Fins very
thick and large, the length being about equal to 5/6 of mantle-length, and
taking both of them together, are nearly circular in shape, though
acuminated posteriorly and slightly emarginated at the anterior attachment.
Head very large, being a little broader than mantle-opening ; siphonal
groove rather shallow, smooth within, and without sharp boundary edge
at the anterior end. Eyes unequal in size and shape ; right eye of usual
shape, the eye-opening provided with a shallow sinus in front; left eye of
a peculiar shape, with large eyeball and wide eye-opening twice as broad
as that of the right side. Neck smooth, but with a minute semicircular
membranous papilla on each side.
Siphon nearly conical, short, reaching to about the middle of head ;
dorsal siphonal connective ligaments in 2 pairs, entirely embedded in
integument. Siphonal resisting cartilage oval in shape, becoming a little
wider backwards, with a deep median groove which also becomes wider
and deeper posteriorly ; mantle cartilage about as long as the siphonal and
of a crest-like shape, as high as long, and becoming higher backwards.
Nuchal cartilage of a bisquit-like outline, narrowed in the middle, and
provided with a longitudinal median ridge with a groove running along
the crest. Buccal membrane thick and fleshy with finely wrinkled inner
surface, with eight connective ligaments and with seven somewhat indistinct
ribs and marginal projections. Outer lip thin; inner lip thick, with papillate
wergin.
Arms long and unequal, the formula of their length being 43253917 ;
longest arm a little shorter than mantle-length. First and second arms a
little flattened laterally, with a keel along their outer surface. Second
and fourth arms quadrangular in section, with a web along their ventral
outer edge. Protective membranes ofall arms as broad as length of suckers.
Suckers nearly semicircular, with thin and narrow horny edge, which is
110 MADOKA SASAKI.
sometimes thickened into an irregular shape ; papillary area very narrow
and thin, surrounded by glandular radial muscles. Suckers in all arms:
thickly arranged in two series of about sixty-five each.
Tentacles slender, with cylindrical stalk, the distal half forming a thick:
club, which tapers gradually towards tip and is a little flattened in the
proximal parts but distally changes into cylindrical ; protective membrane
broad, supported by numerous distinct muscular ribs. Suckers depressed,,
oval, very obliquely attached ; aperture very wide, oval, with distal margin
distinctly notched. Suckers in the proximal parts of club in oblique rows
of four each; distally the number of suckers in each row gradually
increases up to about twenty-four. At the same time the suckers grow.
smaller; while the proximal suckers are about as large as the largest
sucker of arms, those at tip of club are very minute and scarcely visible to:
the naked eye. Horny ring with about ten, blunt, short, outwardly.
directed teeth along the distal edge ; often showing sorne horny noxes of
varing sizes in some part of the margin. The noxes well developed in.
proximal suckers, generally covering up the entire edge as well as all the
teeth ; especially so in largest suckers in which the noxes fuse together
into an irregularly tubercled thick mass along the entire margin of horny
ring (Pl. III, figs. 2-5).
In the mantle cavity, there exists a pair of elongate elliptical glandular
organs in the middle of the inner surface of ventral mantle. This organ
seems to constitute an important characteristic of this species ; it has, so far
as I am aware, never been before noticed in any other known cuttlefish.
Color purplish brown all over.
Radula and gladius not examined.
The type specimen, preserved in alcohol, was captured by Mr. K. Aoki
in Sagami Sea, outside the Okinosé bank from a depth of about 400 fathoms..
The principal measurements are as follows :
Dorsal length of mantlejii) 774-00 RENE ME aa S Sin
Ventral length:ofmantle slim AE TIME NES
Breadth of mantle:...,,.. Bas ME NOR NeOs
NOTES ON OEGOPSID CEPHALOPODS FOUND IN JAPAN. III
BBeueihroi head e i ans see SOïmm.
Breadthrofbeadere er cata cece ee ma à es vas ame ZO jy
ENCORE sa ee AE en … 6200,
HHotalibreadth OS 210 5,
Left Right
Length of first arm EEE TAO — mm.
E MESCCONGIATM RE to 70 IAS
DE SARTI CAIO Sao) er ren LSOK 5;
DI CRTOUECDE LEM I RT, 195;
Jensthioftentacle Sal, fe nnt "200 4, 349 »
As club era) i 24O 155 230 »
Remarks.—The present species differs from all hitherto known
Oegopsids in many respects. The choroidal nature of the body, the
absence of hooks, the characters of neck and of its appendage, and the
shape of fins seem to indicate that it stands in nearest relationship to the
Chiroteuthidæ, though it lacks luminous organs. However, the final
determination of the relationship may well be deferred until a more precise
knowledge is gained of the anatomical character of the species.
Fam. Cranchiidæ Gray 1848.
Genus Cranchia Leach 1817.
25. Cranchia seabra Leach 1817.
Cranchia scabra, Leach 1817, p. 137. West Afrika (fide Pfeffer). —-Fer. et d’Orb. 1839, p. 222;
Cranchies, pl. 1. fig. 1; Rossia, pl. 1, figs. 1-5. Antillen Gray 1849, p. 38. Pfeffer,
1900, p. 195. Hoyle, 1904, p. 43, pl. x. fig. ii. North Pacific Ocean 960 miles from
Guadalupe Island.— Chun, 1910, p. 328, pl. xlviii, figs. 1, 2; pls. xlix, 1; pl. Ix, figs.
1-6. Lat. 0°20'N., long. 6°45 W.; lat. 4°56’N., long. 78°15’0.—— Pfeffer, 1912, p.679-
pl. xlviii, figs. 22-26. 10°S., 172°W; Pacif. Oz.; Ind. Oz.; Siidsee (?); Südatlantischer Oz.
A single specimen from Misaki stood at my disposal for examination.
Mantle length 13 mm.
112 ; MADOKA SASAKI.
Genus Liocranchia Pfeffer 1884.
26. Liocranchia reinhardti (Steenstrup 1856).
Leachia reinhardti, Steenstrup 1856, p. 200. Azoren [fide Pfeffer).
Loligopsis reinhardti, Tryon 1879, p. 165.
Cranchia reinhardti, Brock 1882, p. 605, pl. xxxvii, fig. 4.
Perothis reinhardti, Rochebrune 1884, p. 25.
Liocranchia brockii, Pfeffer 1884, p. 25, figs. 33, 33a. Northern west coast of New Guinea.
Liocranchia cf. reinhardii, Pfeffer 1884, p. 20, fig. 35. China Sea.
Cranchia (Liocranchia) reinhardti, Hoyle 1886, p. 184, pl. xxxi, figs. 11-14; pl. xxxii, figs.
1-4. Tropical Atlantic. Oc.
Liocranchia reinhardti, Pfeffer 1900, p. 194.——Chun 1906, p. 84.——Issel 1908, p. 218, pl.
ix, figs. 24-26; pl. x, fig. 27. Caraibische Meer. Chun 1910, p. 336, pl. li, figs. 5-7.
Guinea-Strom, Ausläufer des Benguelastromes, indischer Nordäquatorial stromes.——
Pfeffer 1912, p. 667, pl. xlviii, figs. 1-3. Java-See, Küste von Neu Süd-Wales, Chili,
China, New Guinea, Süd-See.
A single specimen obtained at Abratsubo, near Misaki, on Dec. 26,
1894 (Sci. Coll.), was studied by me. Mantle-length 19 mm.
27. Liocranchia sp. Berry, 1912.
Liocranchia sp., Berry 19124, p. 438. Japan (very immature specimen impossible of
determination).
Genus Pyrgopsis Rochebrune 1884.
28. Pyrgopsis pacificus (Issel 1908).
Zyganopsis pacifica, Issel 1908, p. 223, pl. x, figs. 33-44. Between Tahiti and Pango-Pango.
Euzygena facifica, Chun 1910, p. 354, pl. li, figs. 1-3. Sagami Bay, Atlantic Oc,
Pyrgopsis pacificus, Pfeffer 1912, p. 661.
Material examined: (1) Three Q specimens, Misaki, date? (Sci.
Coll.). Mantle-length 40-50 mm. (ii) One @ specimen, Entrance to
Moroiso, Misaki, March 29, 1905 (Sci. Coll.). Mantle-length 42 mm.
NOTES ON OEGOPSID CEPHALOPODS FOUND IN JAPAN. 113
Genus Loligopsis Lamarck 1812.
29. Loligopsis chrysophtalmos (Tilesius).
Sepia chrysophtalmos, Tilesius, pl. xxxviii, f. 32, 33. Japan (fide Fer. et d’Orb.).
Loligopsis chrysophtalmos, d’Orb., in Fer. et d’Orb. 1835-48, p. 324, Calmaret pl. i, figs. 2-4.
A species impossible of exact systematic determination. The genus
itself is an uncertain one.
List of References.
Papers which have remained inaccessible to me are indicated by affıxing asterisks.
Admas, H. & A. 1858 The Genera of recent Mollusca. London.
Appellöf, A. 1886. Japanska Caphalopoder. Svenska Vet. Akad. Handl.,
XXI, pp. 1-40, pls. i-iii.
«= 1889. Teuthologische Beiträge I. Ctenopteryx n. g., Veranya
sicula Krohn, Calliteuthis Verrill. Bergens Mus. Aarsberetning,
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1890. Teuthologische Beiträge II. Chaunoteuthis n. g. Oegopsi-
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1892. Teuthologische Beiträge III. Bemerkungen über die auf
der Norwegischen Nordmeer-Expedition (1876-78) gesammelten
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Berry, S.S. 1909. Diagnoses of new Cephalopos from the Hawaïian
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——— 1910. New Cephalopods from Pacific Ocean. Ibid. XXXVII.
1911. Note on a New Abraliopsis from Japan. Nautilus, XXV,
PP. 93-94.
— 1912. A Review of the Cephalopods of Western North America.
114 MADOKA SASAKI.
Bull. U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, XXX, pp. 269-336, pls. xxxii-lvi,.
textfigs. I-18.
Berry, S.S. 1912a. A Catalogue of Japanese Cephalopoda. Proc. Acad..
Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1912, pp. 380-444, pls. v-ix, 4 textfigs.
1913. Teuthological Miscellany No. I. Zool. Anz. XLII, pp.
590-502.
1913a. Notes on some West American Cephalopods. Proc.
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1914. The Cephalopoda of the Hawaiian Islands. Bull. U.S.
Bureau of Fisheries. XXXII, pp. 255-362, pls. xlv—lv.
Brock, J. 1882. Zur Anatomie und Systematik der Cephalopoden..
Zeitschr. Wiss. Zool. XXXVI, pp. 543-610, pls. xxxiv-xxxvii.
1884. Zur Systematik der Gattung Loligopsis. Nachr. Ges.
Göttingen, XII, pp. 504-508.
Brock, J. 1887. Indische Cephalopoden. Zool. Jahrb., Syst. II, pp.
591-614, pl. xvi.
Chun, C. 1906. System der Cranchien. Zool. Anz. XXXI, pp. 82-86.
1006a. Uber die Geschlechitsverhältnisse der Cephalopoden..
Ibid. XXIX, pp. 743-753, 5 figg.
1908. Über Cephalopoden der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition.
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1910. Die Cephalopoden. I. Teil: Oegopsida. Wissenschaf..
Erg. Deutsche Tiefsee-Exp. Valdivia, 1808-09, XVIII, I. Teil, 402 pp.,
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Dall, W. H. 1886. Contributions to: the Natural History of the Com-
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*Ficalbi, E. 1899. Una pubblicazione poco consciuta di Rüppel intitolata :.
‘Intorno ad alcuni Cefalopodi del mare di Messina (Messina 1844).
Monit. zool. Ital. X, pp. 79-84.
1899. Unicità di specie della due forme di Cefalopodi pelagici
,
chiamate “ Chiroteuthis Veranyi” e “ Doratopsis vermicularis.” Ibid.
X, pp. 93-118, I pl.
NOTES ON OEGOPSID CEPHALOPODS FOUND IN JAPAN. II5
Goodrich, E.S. 1896. Report on a Collection of Cephalopods from the
Calcutta Museum. Trans. Linn. Soc. London (2) VII, pp. 1-24, 5 pls.
“Grant, R. G. 1835. On the Structure and Characters of Loligopsis, and
Account of a new species (L. guttata) from the Indian Seas. Trans.
Zool. Soc. I, pp. 21-28, pl. 2.
*Gray, J. E. 1829. Spicilegia Zoologica 1828. Estr. Férussac Bull. Sc.
N., XVI, pp. 115-117, 466-473.
i 1849. Catalogue of the Mollusca in the Collection of the British
Museum. Pt. I. Cephalopoda Antepedia. London.
Hilgendorf, F. 1880. Uber einen riesigen Dintenfisch aus Japan,
Megateuthis Martensii n. g. n. sp. Sitzb. naturf. Fr. Berlin, 1880, pp.
65-67.
Hoyle, W. E. 1886. Report on the Cephalopoda collected by H. M. S.
Challenger during the years 1873-76. Edinburgh, pp. 1-246, 33 pls.
1886a. A Catalogue of Recent Cephalopoda. Supplement
1837-96. Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edinburgh, XII, pp. 363-375.
Hoyle, W. E. 1889. Observation on the Anatomy of a rare Cephalopod
(Gonatus Fabricii). Proc. Zool. Soc. 1889, pp. 117-135, pls. xiii, xiv.
1902. British Cephalopoda: Their Nomenclature and Identifica-
tion. Journ. Conch. London, X, pp, 197-206.
1904. Reports on the dredging operation offthe West Coast of
Central America...... byrthe....: “ Albatross.” VI: Reports on the
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~~~ 1904a. A Diagnostic Key to the Genera of Recent Dibranchiate
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1905. The Cephalopoda. Gardiner, Fauna of the Maldive &
Laccadive Archipelages, II, Suppl. 1, pp. 975-988, pl. xcv, textfigs.
144-153.
— 1909. A Catalogue of recent Cephalopoda. II. Suppl., 1897-
1906. Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edinburgh, XVII, (6), pp. 254-299.
= 1910. A list of the Generic Names of Dibranchiate Cephalopoda
116 MADOKA SASAKI. .
with their type Species. Abhandl. Senckenberg. Naturf. Gesell.
XXXII, pp. 407-413.
Ikeda, S. 1890-91. A list of Japanese Cephalopoda in the Zoological
Institute of Imperial University. Zool. Mag. Tokyo, II & III.
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of Ommastrephes sloani sloani Gray. Zool. Anz. XLII, pp. 586-589,
4 figs.
1013a. Einige Bemerkungen über den leuchtenden Tintenfisch,
Watasea nov. gen. (Abraliopsis der Autoren) scintillans Berry, aus
Japan. Ibid. XLIII, pp. 162-177, 336; 6 figs.
1914. Über eine neue Art von Enoploteuthis, Enoploteuthis
chunii spec. nov, aus Uwodu, Japanisches Meer. Journ. Coll. Agr.
Imp. Univ. Tokyo, vol. IV, pp. 401-413, pls. xxxvili, xxxix.
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from the Stomach ofa Sperm Whale. Journ. Coll. Agr. Imp. Univ.
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& 1914a. Ona New Species of Moroteuthis from the Bay
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“Issel, R. 1908. Raccolte planctoniche fatte dalla R. Nave Liguria. IV.
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l’ouest 1806, pp. 19-35, 10 figs.
1897. Observations sur divers Céphalopodes. Troisième note
Cépholopodes du Musée polytechnique de Moscou. Bull. Soc. Zool.
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“Leach. W. E. 1817. Zoological Miscellany. 30. The Class Cephalopoda.
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NOTES ON OEGOPSID CEPHALOPODS FOUND IN JAPAN. nL:
*Lesson et Garnot. 1826-1830. Zoologie du Voyage autour du monde
sur la Coquille par Duperrey. 2 vols, atlas. Paris.
*Lesueur, C. A. 1821. Descriptions of several new species of Cuttle-fish.
Journ. Ac. Philadelphia, II, p. 86-101, pl.
*Lichtenstein, H. 1818. Onychoteuthis, Sepien mit Krallen, Isis, 1818,
pp. 1591-1592, pl. xix.
Lonnberg, E. 1895. On the Cephalopodes collected by the Swedish
Expedition to Tierra del Fuego, 1895-96. Svenska Exp. Magellans-
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Massy, A.L. 1907. Preliminary Notice of new and remarkable Cepha-
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“Middendorff, A. Th. 1849. Beiträge zu einer Malæozoologia Rossica.
Mem. Acad. Petersbourg. (6) VI.
Mitsukuri, K. & S. Ikeda. 1895. Notes on a Gigantic Cephalopod. Zool.
Mag. Tokyo, VII, pp. 39-50, pl. x.
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pl. iii.
Nishikawa, T. 1906a. An Example of Floating Eggs of Cuttle-fish. Ibid.
XVIII, pp. 31C-314, pl. vi.
d’Orbigny, A. 1855. Mollusques vivants et fossiles. II. Pt. La mono-
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Ortmann, A.S. 1888. Japanische Cephalopoden. Zool. Jahrb. Syst.
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Pfeffer, G. 1884. . Die Cephalopoden des Humburger naturhistorischen
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1900. Synopsis der oegopsiden Cephalopoden. Mitteil. Natur-
hist. Mus., XVII, pp. 145-198.
118 MADOKA SASAKI.
Pfeffer, G. 1908. Teuthologische Bemerkungen. Ibid. XXV, pp. 287-295.
1908a. Cephalopoden. Brandt & Apstein, Nordisches Plankton,
IX. Lief. pp. 9-116, 120 figs.
1912. Die Cephalopoden der Plankton-Expedition. Ergeb.
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F. Steans, Detroit.
*Rochebrune, A. T. 1884. Étude monographique sur la famille des
Loligopsidæ. Bull. soc. Phil. Paris, (7), VIII, pp. 7-28, pls. 1, 2.
“Rüppell, E. 1844. Intorno ad alcuni Cefalopodi del mare di Messina.
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XXVII-XXVIII, marzo ed aprile 1884; Anno III: Tome V, pp.
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Sasaki, M. 1914. Observations on Hotaru-ika Watasenia scintillans.
Journ. Coll. Agr., Tohoku Imp. Univ., VI, pp. 75-105, pls. i-iii, I
text-fig.
1915. On three interesting new Oegopsids from the Bay of
Sagami. Ibid. pp. 132-151, pl. iv, 3 text-figs.
1915a. Ona new interesting Oegopsid from the Bay of Toyama.
Trans. Sapporo Nat. Hist. Soc. VI, pp. 185-1809.
Steenstrup, J. 1880. De Ommastrephagtige Bläcksprutters indbyrdes
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og Lestoteuthis. Ibid. 1881 pp. 1-27, pl. i.
1882. Notæ Teuthologicæ. No. I. Cheloteuthis rapax=Gonatus
Fabricii. Overs. K. D. Viden. Selsk. Foren. 1882, pp. 143-150.
1882a. -——— No. II. Moroteuthis=Lestoteuthis= Ancistro-
teuthis. Ibid. pp. 150-152. |
1882b. -——— No.IV. Plectoteuthis grandis= Architeuthis sp.
Ibid. pp. 164-168.
*“Tilesius, W. G. Krusenstern, Voy. atlas.
“Thompson, d’Archy W. 1900. On a rare Cuttle-fish, Ancistroteuthis
robusta (Dall). Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1900, pp. 992-998, 2 figs. ©
NOTES ON OEGOPSID CEPHALOPODS FOUND IN JAPAN. 119
*Troschel, F. H. 1857. Bemerkungen über die Cephalopoden von
Messina. Archiv. Naturgesch., XXIII (i), pp. 40-76, pls. iv, v.
‘Tryon, G. W. 1879. Manual of Conchology. I. Cephalopoda. Phila-
delphia.
Vérany, J. B. 1851. Cephalopodes de la Méditerranée. (Gênes, 132 pp.
41 pls.
Verrill, A.E. 1876. Note on Gigantic Cephalopods, a Correction. Amer.
Journ. Sci. (3) XII, p. 236.
188c-1881. The Cephalopods of the North-eastern coast of
Imerlcassrt u (1830), pr U (tssn). rans, Connect. Acad. Sci,
V, pp. 177-446, 46 pls.
2278875 Repoiton. the Cephalopods. dredged by the U.S.
Fish Commission Steamer “ Fish Hawk ” during the Season of 1880.
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. VIII, pp. 99-116, pls. i-viii.
——— 1882. Report on the Cephalopods of the Northeastern coast
of America. Rep. U. S. Com. Fish and Fisheries, 1879, pp. 211-455,
pls. i-xlvi.
Verrill, A. E. 1883. Supplementary Report on the “ Blake” Cephalopods.
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. XI, pp. 105-115, pls. i-iii.
—— 1884. Second Catalogue of Mollusca recently added to the Fauna
of the New England Coast. Trans. Connecticut Acad. Sci. VI, pp.
139-294, pls. Xxvili-xxxii.
Watasé, S. 1905. Luminous organ of Hotaru-ika. Zool. Mag. Tokyo,
XVII, pp. 119-123, 1 textfig.
Weiss, F.E. 1889. On some rare oigopsid Cuttle-fishes. Quart. Journ.
Micr. Sci. (2), XXIX, pp. 75-96, pls. viii-xi.
Wiilker, C. 1910. Über Japanische Cephalopoden. Doflein, Beiträge
Naturgesch. Ostasiens. 71 pp. 5 pls.
120
MADOKA SASAKI.
Explanation of Plate III.
Idioteuthis latipinna gen. nov., sp. nov.
neo
The type specimen in X 1/3.
Largest sucker of third arm inX 1/4.
Largest sucker of tentacle inX 1/6.5.
A sucker from middle of the length of tentacular club inX 1/8.
A sucker from the distal parts of tentacular club inX 1/20.
A New Case of Brood-Caring in Holothurians.
By
Hiroshi Ohshima, Æzgakus/r.
Fifth High School, Kumamoto.
During my short stay last summer at Ushibuka, a fishing village on
the west coast of Kiushu, numerous specimens of Pseudocucumis africanus
(SEMPER) were collected for study. The animal can easily be found
within crevices of rocks between tide-marks, protruding the anterior part
of its body among clusters of Mytz/us and very often accompanied by a
synaptid, Polycheira rufescens. Full-grown specimens, when well stretched
out, measure above So mm. in length and 15 mm. in diameter, while the
tentacles, which are short, scarcely exceed 15 mm. in length.
On July 29th, I have discovered that a full-grown specimen, previously
captured and which has been kept living in a vessel, has given birth to a
dozen young individuals. Subsequently, I have succeeded in finding,
among my preserved material, two adult specimens containing some youngs
inside their body. One of them, 60 mm. long and 11 mm. thick and which
was collected on July 28th, contained twenty-seven youngs, and the other,
65 mm. long and 13 mm. thick and collected on August 9th, twenty-five.
In both cases, all the youngs were found in the body-cavity of the mother.
The three broods mentioned have yielded sixty-four youngs in all.
All the youngs obtained are practically in the same stage of develop-
ment, the size varying from 1.4 mm. by 0.6mm. to Iomm. by 2.5 mm.
The color is a light grayish violet, much lighter than in the adult but quite
intense at the anterior end of body. The body-wall is thin and semi-
transparent; it contains calcareous deposits in scattered distribution.
Tentacles ten in number, all of the same size and shape, with a few
branches, and containing supporting rods in their wall. Pedicels arranged
HIROSHI OHSHIMA.
in a double row along each radius; those of the three ventral radii
markedly well developed and more numerous than those of dorsal radius.
Calcareous deposits of general perisome are either perforated plates
or primary crosses ; both rather delicate and beset near the centre with 2,
3 or 4 short pillars which often unite with one
another at apex, thus forming a kind of rudimen-
tary spire. The plates and crosses measure
O.I—0.2 mm. in diameter. The conical knobs so
characteristic of the plates of adult animals have
not yet appeared. Around the anus are found
five anal plates about 0.2 mm. in length, irregular
in perforation, and devoid of pillars. Pedicels have
oblong perforated plates or rods in addition to
end-plate.
Mouth is open and leads into a narrow cesoph-
agus, which after a short run enlarges itself into
a stomach. The intestine shows the typical coil.
A pair of very short respiratory tree buds are
given out near the end of intestine. Yolk granules
can nowhere be found.
A young taken out of the
body-cavity of a female
Pseudocucumis africanus,
seen from the left side.
Alcoholic specimen, X12.
One sees that the pedicels
are larger and more nu-
merous on the ventral side
than on the dorsal. Besides
are visible branched ten-
tacles, coiled intestine,
radial canals and scattered
calcareous deposits.
Each of the five radial canals gives out only a
pair of tentacular canals, there being as yet no
budding out of secondary tentacular canals. In
this respect the young is of the Cucumarian type.
Stone-canal ends near the body-wall with a primi-
tive madreporic body. A single well developed
Polian vesicle present. Five retractors are dis-
tinctly separated from radial muscles. No primordium of gential organ
seems to be present.
With regard to the mode of fertilization of ova and the way in which
the youngs escape from maternal body, I have no direct observation.
However it seems assumable that some of the gential tubes produce each
A NEW CASE ‘OF BROOD-CARING IN HOLOTHURIANS. 123
at the free end a single ripe ovum, which after liberation into the body-
cavity, is fertilized by spermatozoa which may have entered there by
-penetrating through the wall of respiratory trees. Gential tubes in maternal
body number about twenty-five pairs, i. e. about twice as many as the
number of youngs found in the body-cavity. Gential duct occurs in a
single number, opening externally by an orifice situated on a very incon-
spicuous prominence near the tentacular crown, as can be made out by
examination of sections.
Numerous adult specimens other than the three referred to, were
found, in spite of careful searches, to contain no young in their body.
From the fact that the youngs discovered are in a quite advanced stage of
development, it is probable that at the time of my stay at Ushibuka the
majority of the species have already finished discharging their youngs.
After careful searches on the shore, I succeeded only once, on August
14th, in finding a young which seemed to have been born not very long
before. It was hidden in a dead Oyster-shell attached to the underside of
a large stone, at which spot several adult Pseudocucumis were also found.
It measured, when fresh, 14 mm. in length and 3 mm. in diameter. Color
deep grayish violet all over. Except in this coloring, the larger size of body
and the increased number of pedicels, the little specimen in question does
not differ in essential points from those youngs which were taken from
maternal bodies. It is still in possession of only ten tentacles, and the
respiratory trees remain in nearly the same state of development. The
stomach contains but a trace ef plankton organisms taken in as food.
Remarkable is the exceedingly rare occurrence of newborn youngs in spots
where adult animals abound. This, I suppose, is due to the fact that, as
their power of attaching by means of pedicels is not yet very strong, they
are easily swept off by waves and current to deeper parts of the water,
where they start on their early lives.
Up to date, so far as I am aware, similar cases of brooding habit in
‘dendrochirotes have been recorded only twice, i. e., in Phyllophorus urna
((GRUBE) of the Mediterranean and in Thyone rubra CLARK? of california.
124 HIROSHI OHSHIMA : BROOD-CARING IN HOLOTHURIANS.
In both cases, youngs were found contained in maternal body-cavity in a
few number and they seem to have been at a younger stage of develop-
ment than in the cases described by me. Of other holothurians, similar
cases have been known from three synaptids, viz. Synaptula hydriformis
(LesuEUR) and Chiridota rotifera (PourrALËs)* of Jamaica and adjacent
regions, and Leptosynapta minuta (BECHER) of Helgoland. In the former
two species the youngs found in the body-cavity were very numerous,.
especially in the sccond species in which above 500 were counted by CLARK
in one case; in the last species, which is of a very small size, only five
were found.
As to the way in which the young escape from maternal body CLARK
thought that a temporary rupture ocurring in the body-wall serves for
that purpose, while BEcHER® suggested that the abdominal pore, which he
proved to exist in Zabidoplax buskii, might serve to export the young.
Biological Laboratory,
Fifth High School, Kumamoto.
Jan. 15, 1916.
1) KowALEWSKy, A. Beiträge zur Entwickelungsgeschiehte der Holothurien. Mém. d.
l’Acad. imper. Sci., St.-Petersbourg, VII. sér., Tom. XI, No. 6, 1867. Lupwic, H. Brutpflege
und Entwicklung von Phylophorus urna Grube. Zool. Anz., Jahrg. 21, Nr. 551, 1898.
2) CLARK, H. L. The Holothurians of the Pacific Coast of North America. Zool. Anz., Bd. .
XXIV, 1901, p. 162.
3) CLARK, H.L. .Syrafta vivifara : a Contribution to the Morphology of Echinoderms.
Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. Vol. V, No. 3, 1898.
4) CLARK, H. L. The Development of an Apcdous Holothurian—Ciridota rotifera. Jour.
Exper. Zool., Vol. IX, No. 3, 1910.
5) BecHER, S. Über Synapfa minuta, n. sp. eine brutpflegende Synaptide der Nordsee und .
über die contractilen Rosetten der Holothurien. Zcol. Anz., Bd. XXX, 1906.
6) BECHER, S. Beobachtungen an Ladidoplax buskii (M’Intosh). Zw. Z., Bd. CI., Heft 1-2, .
1912.
On a New Ichthyoxenus (I. opisthopterygium sp. nov.)
from Lake Biwa.
By
Shigemi Ishii, Lzoakus/r.
In the abdominal cavity of Acherlognathus tabira JORDAN & THOMPSON,
‘collected at Hikone (Lake Biwa) last summer, I have found an apparently
new /chthyoxenus species which differs markedly from Zchthyoxenus
_japonensis RICHARDSON.D The new parasite will be called Zchthyoxenus
opisthopterygium. It seems that the occurrence of the parasite is not
unfrequent, as I have found ten cases of its occurrence out of sixty-nine
individuals examined of the host-fish. In each case the parasite was
present in a single number, thus giving me in all ten specimens of it, of
which number three were males and seven females.
The manner of occurrence of /. opisthopterygium in the host body
seems to be the same as that of /. japonensis, being found inclosed in a
membranous sac which lies freely in the body-cavity and opens by an
-orifice situated close behind the pectoral fin of either side. Inasmuch as
the tissue of the sac apparently belongs to the host and the parasite does
not stand in direct contact with the latter’s viscera, it is, strictly speaking,
improper to say that the parasite is lodged in the visceral cavity itself.
The females lie in the sac usually with their head directed towards
the postero-lateral side and their back turned towards the ventral side of
the host-body. The males, on the other hand, take a somewhat vertical
position, with their head directed more or less towards the dorsal side of
the host. In both sexes, the tail-end is placed always near the orifice of
1) HARRIET RicHarpson, “ The Isopod genus Zehzhyoxenus HERKLOTS, with description of a
> species from Japan,” Proc U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol, 45, June, 1913.
126 SHIGEMI ISHII.
the sac, which position probably stands in relation with the facility of
respiration by means of the pleopods. In the living state, the pleopods are
visible in constant motion near the orifice.
Adult female (fig. 1). —Cephalon some-
what triangular in outline,, a little wider
than long ; anterior end rounded, or more or
less truncated. Antennule and antenna
(fig. 2) short, the former being slightly longer
and a little stouter than the latter. Both are
usually eight-jointed. In the antenna, the
second proximal joints short and thick; the
third and fourth larger and of about equal.
size; the seventh and eighth, especially the
latter, are small. In the antennule, each
joint is a little broader than long, except the
last one which is slightly longer than broad.
F ig.r.
Lopisthopterygium, n. Sp.
9. Magn. about 5X.
Antennule somewhat flattened antero-
posteriorly; 1.07 mm. long and 0.23 mm.
broad in the middle. Antenna 0.98 mm. long and 0.14 mm. broad in the
middle.
Eyes approximately oval; anterior inner
end slightly concave or nearly straight, OB
- yi
posterior end rounded; those of females le ;
generally appreciably smaller than those of va
; : en
males (longest diameter: 0.53-75 mm. in Q ; N
0.77-94 mm. in À). Fig. 2.
Of the seven mesosome segments, the first Antennule (a) andantenna (b) of 2.
Magn. about 24x.
is the longest; the second and third nearly
equal with each other, but somewhat shorter than the first ; the remaining
four, especially the last, are markedly shorter than any preceding ones.
Mesosome not widened to a pronounced degree, as it is in Z. Japonensis ;
hence, the breadth of body remains nearly the same for the most part.
ON A NEW ICHTHYOXENUS FROM LAKE BIWA. 127
Metasome segments slightly increase in length posteriorly, except the
sixth or terminal segment which is very large, somewhat broader than
long, nearly flat and half-moon-shaped.” The first two metasome segments
are visible in the middle parts only, the lateral parts being covered over
by the last mesosome segment.
Mandible (fig. 3) slender ; anterior end narrow and rounded, with a
short claw-like process ; a comparatively large, internally directed process
present near the end. A moderately large, 3-jointed palp on the outer
side ; proximal joint the largest, distal joint the smallest. The palp bears
no hair, but shows a few (2 or 3) very minute processes, probably of
sensory nature, at the free end. In both sexes, tips of palps visible from
the dorsal side.
Maxillula (fig. 4) very simple, rod-like,
distally slightly tapering, the tip provided with
four claw-like processes, of which the largest is
conspicuous on account of its brownish colour.
Maxilla (fig. 5) finger-like, much stouter
than maxillula, with minute subterminal seg-
ment. Tip of maxilla bears a few (4 or 5)
recurved hooks.
Maxilliped (fig. 6) also simple, consisting
mainly of two joints, of which the proximal
about twice as large as the distal. Dorsally,
Fig. 3, Mandible. ? palp.
Fig. 4, Maxillula. to tip of the latter, is attached a rudimentary
Fig. 5, Maxilla. e a SR
Fig. 6, Maxilliped. joint, bearing at its inner end three or four
All from 2. Magn. about 24x. E 9
conspicuous recurved hooks. No endite pre-
sent on the proximal joint.
Thoracic legs divisible into anterior and posterior groups, the former
consisting of three leg pairs and the latter of four pairs. In the anterior
1) In Lhthyoxenus jafonensis, the terminal segment is usually a little longer than broad, and
more or less cup-like, the free margin being distinctly curved ventrally.
CA
SHIGEMI ISHII.
group, the legs are more or less anteriorly directed, while in the posterior
they are posteriorly directed. In both groups, the foremost situated pair,
i. e. the first and fourth pairs, are the smallest, and the remaining pairs in
each group increase in size posteriorly. This feature is especially con-
spicuous in males. On the whole, the first pair is the smallest of all and
the seventh pair the largest. All the legs are similarly constructed (fig. 7).
Dactylus and propodus are more strongly developed in the present species
than in Zchthyoxenus japonensis ; carpus, meros and ischium are compara-
tively small and not inflated, unlike the same joints in the species just
mentioned, in which they, but especially the meros, are much inflated
ventrally.
Pleopods large, lamellar.
‚Exopodite usually a little larger
than endopodite, subcircular in
outline ; endopodite half-moon-
shaped or reniform. Endopodite
of second pair (fig. S) with an
“appendix masculina ” in both
sexes, not restricted to males
only, as it is in Zchthyoxenus
Japonensis. The said appendix
is moderately long, rod-like,
slightly tapering towards free
end, 1.57mm. long and about
o.ımm. broad in the middle.
Third, fourth and fifth pairs of
pleopods with a small knob-like
Fig. 7, Seventh thoracic leg, 9. X15.
Fig. 8, Second pleopod, 9. X15.
Fig. g, Uropod, 2. X15.
Fig. 10, Second (a) and fifth (b) pleopods of
larva: ? Maem Abu 45 of endopodite. In the first pair,
aß.—“ Appendix masculina,” à
en.—Endopodite, ex.—Exopodite.
projection at anterior inner edge
however, no such projection
present. Surface of pleopods covered with small clear spots arranged
more or less regularly in transverse rows. Size of these spots a little
ON A NEW ICHTHYOXENUS FROM LAKE BIWA. 129
-coarser on exopodite than on endopodite. Endopolites are of a darker
appearance than exopodites.
Uropods (fig. 9) prominently standing out bothways from terminal
metasome segment. The uropod itself also distinctly branched; both
rami rod-like, rounded at end, without hairs or tooth-like processes ;
exopodite always much longer than endopodite. Length of uropods
approximately equal to or a little greater than, the length of terminal
metasome segment.
Measurements of the body of typical adult female :
Length Breadth
Ceplinlon nn tas orti bisa Gta ae: 16m. 1.87 mm.
Mesoseme: cipher Mec has) See Ans 73900. Bb. uss
MEE tASOMC I seo Trees es, ogee VAOS eG} ASO)
Dora RE CR AA DEI msi AIS 1
À number of adult females measured ranged in length of body S-144 mm.
and in breadth 5-5 mm.
The posterior part of body in female is bent more or less to one
side, either right or left. This feature is however not so much pronounced
as in /. japonensis. It seems the bending stands in certain relation with
the side of host body on which the dwelling sac opens: it takes place
invariably towards the side of same denomination as that of the fish body
on which the orifice is situated.
Adult male—-Males differ considerably from females in external
appearance. They are of a more slender and symmetrical form than
females, the bending of body being scarcely ever shown in this case.
The males usually have somewhat larger eyes than the females ; they
are situated decidedly more closely together in the former than in the
latter. Thoracic legs usually better developed in males than in females.
Mouth parts are of a similar structure in both sexes. The same may be
said of pleopods; only, those of males are slightly narrower. The
“appendix masculina ” of second pleopod is comparatively longer, its free
end almost reaching the posterior end of endopodite. The terminal
segment of metasome is also comparatively longer.
130 SHIGEMI ISHII.
Measurements of the body of typical adult male :
Length Breadth
Cephalon: tt eri caste a Te Ent 1.57 mm.
Mesosomerk nizza lien. uri AS RÉ CRT mee meee Adria
Metasomes Aber ur. 3% 205. fc) ame eee mares 3:20 7,
Total theatre RIT Te
A number of adult males measured ranged in length of body 5-12 mm.
and in breadth 2}-5 mm. Comparing these measurements with those of
adult females (p. 129), it will be seen that the males are on the whole
smaller than the females.
Larva.—The larva of Zchthyoxenus opisthopterygium is of a darker
colour than that of 7. japonensis, the pigmentation growing denser
towards the posterior parts of body. The general body form is somewhat
more slender in the present species than in /. japonensis. The body is
strictly symmetrical. Anterior end of cephalon narrow and truncated.
Antennule usually eight-jointed, about 0.43 mm. long and 0.05 mm.
broad. Antenna frequently nine-jointed, a little longer than antennule.
Both antennule and antenna directed postero-laterally. Eyes oval, com-
paratively large, measuring 0.30 mm. in long diameter; the shortest
distance between eyes o.II mm. There are only six pairs of thoracic
legs as in ordinary Isopod larve. The legs are constructed similarly
as in adults, excepting the fact that ischium and carpus are relatively
small. Dactylus and propodus large and well developed. There is
no constant occurrence of tooth-like processes on legs.) Of pleopods,.
the first and second pairs are of nearly the same shape : exopodite more or
less oval in outline, endopodite slightly narrower, and both rami of a light
colour (fig. 10, a). Sometimes, the first pair has apparently two-jointed
rami, there existing a conspicuous constriction in each ramus. The third,
fourth and fifth pairs show a different structure. In all these, the endo--
podite is more darkly coloured, markedly narrower and usually a little
1) In the larva of 7. jafonensis, there constantly occur on thoracic legs a few moderately
long tooth-like processes.
ON A NEW ICHTHYOXENUS FROM LAKE BIWA. DSi
longer than the exopodite (fig. 10, b). Posterior margin of both: rami of
first and second pairs, and also of the exopodite of the third, fourth and
fifth pairs are minutely serrated, while the endopodite of the last three
pairs show no such serration. Inner edge of the protopodite of each
pleopod is also more or less serrated. No hairs present on all pleopods.
Uropod is a little longer than the terminal metasome segment ; its exopo-
dite somewhat longer than endopodite ; the former more or less lanceolate,
and the latter elongate-oval in outline; hairs absent on both. Terminal
segment of metasome of a somewhat triangular shape, its posterior end
narrow and rounded; the posterior margin minutely serrated ;. without.
hairs in any part.
Measurements of typical larva :
IEeneth ot God sg RM Re e ees, 2:09, OM
CERN COTON sy nen 2. 04015,
Éencthhofimetasome sen. ee wen jens. cay) wes. A
Reneth or terminal metasome segment, ... ..2 2... 049 ,,
Breactinotbodyi (mesosome), ... I... au ae se ee 0.89 5g
Breadchrehmetasomen.d nn done sen ses ae à eee wee, OT
Tokyo, Jan. 25, 1916.
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Some New Additions to the Avifauna of Yunnan.
By
Seinosuke Uchida, Yızgakushz,
and
Nagamichi Kuroda, Rıgakushz.
A fine collection of passerine birds, collected by Mr. H. Orii in Yunnan
Province, China, during the years 1010-1911 and owned by Mr. T. Kobayashi
of Yokohama, was placed in our hands for examination. We have referred
the specimens to 39 genera and 146 species. Of the latter number, 46 are
species which have not hitherto been recorded from Yunnan. Mr. Collings
wood Ingram, in his paper on “The birds of Yunnan’, has given 352 species
as then known from that province, so that the number is now brought up
to 398.
In the present collection we find none which seems to be new to science,
except a form of Anthus maculatus previously known from Yunnan and
Formosa and to which we are inclined to give subspecific rank under the
appellation A. maculatus yunnanensis.
We let follow notes on the new subspecies just mentioned and on the-
46 species new to the avifauna of Yunnan.
Family Motacillide.
I. Motacilla ocularis Sw.
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., X, p. 471; Oates, Fauna Brit. Ind., Birds, II, p. 289; Dresser, Man.
Palæarctic Birds, I, p. 202; Hartert, Vogel Paläarkt. Fauna, I, p. 307 ; Swinhe, P. Z. S., 1871,
p- 364; David et Oustalet, Ois. Chine, p. 299.
* Novitates Zoologicae, Vol. XIX, pp. 269—310, 1912.
134 S. UCHIDA AND N. KURODA.
Five males (Feb. 18, 18 ; April 18, 18; July 17) and two females Feb.
18 ; April 18) from Mongtz.
2. Anthus maculatus yunnanensis subsp. nov.
Anthu strivialis maculatus, Ingram, Nov. Zool. XIX, p. 304; Pifastes maculatus, Anderson,
Yunnan Fxp., Aves, p. 608.
Six males (Jan. 15 ; Feb. 18; March 12; April 22; Nov. 20, 20) and
two females (Feb. 18 ; Oct. 26) from Mongtz.
The Yunnan birds are without doubt referable to Anthus maculatus
Jerdoa, but seem to be constantly characterized by having bill distinctly
sho-‘er than in the typical species.
Mesurements of Anthus maculatus from Yunnan.
Bill mm, mm. mm. | mm. mm. mm, mm,
(from gape) 15 15.5 15 | 15 14.5 15.5 15
Culmen 14-5 15.5 14.5 14-5 14-5 15.5 14.5
Wing 85 83 80 73 79 85 82
For the purpose of comparison are appeared below measurements of
Anthus maculatus from Japan.
el al ee
La sI|2/s/Ss/|8/|8 | SES |E | SE) EE
Ei
ARG ACACIA
= ae = Eee ee ea
| | |
Bill mm. | mm. | mm. | mm. | IAA mm. | mm. | mm. | mm. | mm. | mm | mm. mm
(from gape) | 17 |165 17 |ı7 |ı6 | 17 | 16.5] 16 | 16 | 16 | 16.5| 16.5| 17
| | | | |
Culmen | 165/16 | 17 | 16.5| 15.5| 16.5| 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 16.5 | 16.5
| | |
| | | | | |
Wing | 82 |84 |79 | 85 | 83 | 8x | 82 | 83 | 83 | 83 | 85 | 85 | 84
| | | |
The Formosan form, hitherto recorded as Anthus maculatus, agrees
with the Yunnan form than with the typical species in the dimensions of bill,
SOME NEW ADDITIONS TO THE AVIFAUNA OF YUNNAN. 135
' sand may properly be identified with the former. Measurements of some
specimens from Formosa :
Bill mm. mm. mm. mm.
(from gape) 14-5 15 15 16
Culmen 14.5 14.5 14.5 15
Wing 80 80 81 79
3. Anthus cervinus (Pall.).
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., X, p. 585 ; Oates Fauna Brit. Ind., Birds, II, p. 310; Dresser, Man.
palæarctic Bds, I, p. 213; Hartert, Vögel Paläarkt. Fauna, I, p. 277; Swinhoe, P. Z. S., 1871, p.
365; David et Oustalet, Ois. Chine, p. 306.
One male (April 28) and one female (April 29) collected at Mongtsz.
4. Anthus striolatus Blyth.
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., X, p. 568; Dresser, Man. Palzarctic Bds, I, p. 220; Hartert, Vogel
‘Paläarkt. Fauna, I. p. 266; Oates, Fauna Brit. Ind. Bds, II, p. 308.
Four females (March 8; April 2; Aug. 1; Oct. 12) and two males
(April 20; Oct. 7) from Mongtsz.
5. @reocorys sylvanus (Hodgs.)
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., X, p. 622; Oates, Fauna Brit. Ind., Bds., II, p. 313.
‚One male (June 5) and one female (Sept. 9) from Mongtsz.
Family Henicurida.
6. Henicurus maculatus (Vigors).
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Brit. Mus., VII, p. 317; Oates, Fauna Brit. Ind., Bds., II, p. 83; Znzcurus
maculatus maculatus Vig., Hartert, Vogel Palaarkt. Fauna, VI, p. 759.
One male (Jan. 31) and one female (Feb- 14) collected at Lon Kon Chai.
7. Henieurus schistaceus Hodgs.
Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., VII, p. 315; Oates Fauna Brit. Ind., Bds., II, p. 84; David et
“Oustalet, Ois. Chine, p. 296; Swinhoe, P. Z. S., 1871, p. 365.
S. UCHIDA AND N. KURODA.
Two males (Dec. 9, 11) and two females (Jan. 31; Oct. 17) collected'
at Lon Kon Chai.
Family Timeliidæ.
8. Myiophoneus caeruleus (Scop.)
Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., VII, p. 9; Swinhoe, P.Z.S., 1871, p. 368; David et Oustalet, Ois.
Chine, p. 176, pl. 43; Myiophoneus carulea (Scop.), Hartert, Vögel Paläarkt. Fauna, VI. p. 677.
Two males (March 3 ; April 12) from Mongtsz.
9. Paradoxornis guttaticollis David.
Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., VII, p. 497; Oates, Fauna Brit. Ind. Bds., I,° p. 62; David et
Oustalet, Ois. Chine, p. 203, pl. 64.
Three males (Jan. 29; Feb. 13 ; Dec. 11) from Lon Kon Chai.
10. Trochalopterum cineraceum Godwin-Aust.
Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., VII, p. 366.
One male (Feb. 6.) from Lon Kon Chai.
11. Trochalopterum milni David.
Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., VII, p. 372; David et Oustalet, Ois. Chine, p. 200, pl. 58.
One male (Feb. 5.) and one female (Feb. 14) from Lon Kon:Chai.
12. Trochalopterum ripponi Oates.
Oates, Bull. B. O. C., X, p. 10; Ibis, 1901, p. 520, pl. XI, fig. 1.
A young male (July 16) from Mongtsz and a male (Feb. 5) f:m Lon
Kon Chai.
13. Actinodura ramsayi (Wald.).
Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., VII, p. 464; Oates, Fauna Brit. Ind., Bds., I, p. 202.
Four males (Jan. 29; Feb. 1,9; Dec. 16.) and two males (Feb. 7, 9)
from Lon Kon Chai.
SOME NEW ADDITIONS TO THE AVIFAUNA OF YUNNAN. 137
14. Aleippe davidi Styan.
Styan, Ibis, 1896, p. 310.
Three males (Jan. 30; Feb. 6 ; Sept. 6) and three females (Feb. 8, 8,
13) from Lon Kon Chai.
15. Schomiparus variegatus Styan.
Styan, Ibis, 1899, p. 299, pl. VI, fig. 2.
Three males (March 22; May 17; Nov. 20) and two females (March
22; Oct. 18) from Mongtsz ; one female (Jan. 29) from Lon Kon Chai.
16. Suthora alphonsiana Verreaux.
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., VII. p. 489; David et Oustalet, Ois. Chine, p. 210.
One specimen (Dec. 18) from Lon Kon Chai, Yunnan.
Family Pycnonotidæ.
17. Hemiaus macclellandi (Horsf.)
Oates, Fauna Brit. Ind. Bds., I. p. 265; Swinhoe, P.Z.S. 1871, p. 369; Æyfsipetes macclellandi
Horsf., David et Oustalet, Ois. Chine, p. 135; 20% macclellandi (Horsf.), Sharpe, Cat, B. Brit. Mus.,
VI, p. 59.
Four males (Feb. 13, 14, 26; Dec. 20) from Lon Kon Chai.
IS. Alcurus striatus (Blyth).
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., VI, p. 91; Oates, Fauna Brit. Ind., Bds., I, p. 266.
One male (Feb. 5) and one female (Feb. 7) from Lon Kon Chai.
19. Criniger pallidus Swinh.
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., VI, p. 81; Swinhoe, P.Z.S. 1871, p. 370; David et Oustalet, Ois.
Chine, p. 138.
Three males (Feb. 5, 7, 12) and two females (Feb. 9, 12) from Lon
Kon Chai.
138 S. UCHIDA AND N. KURODA.
20. Spizixus semilorques Swinh.
Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., VI, p. 173; Swinhoe, P.Z.S. 1871, p. 370; David et Oustalet, Ois.
Chine, p. 143, pl. 47; Grant, Ibis, 1900, p. 594. .
A male specimen (Feb. 9) collected at Lon Kon Chai.
21. Spizixus canifrons Blyth.
Sharpe, Cat. B, Brit. Mus., VI, p. 172; Oates, Fauna Brit. Ind., Bds., I, p. 280; Sfizixzs
canifrons ? Ingram, Nov. Zool., XIX, p. 285.
One female (Dec. 22) from Mongtsz.
Family Muscicapide.
22. Muscicapa mugimaki Temm.
Hartert, Vögel Palärkt. Fauna, IV, p. 492; Zry£hrosterna luteola (Pall.)., David et Oustalet,
Ois. Chine, p. 121; Swinhoe, P.Z.S. 1871, p. 380; Poliomyias luteola (Pall.), Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit.
Mus., IV, p. 201; Muscicapa luteola (Pall.), Dresser, Man. Palæarctic Bds., 1, p. 257.
One male (April 28) from Mongtsz.
23. Xanthopygia tricolor (Hartl.)
Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus, IV. p. 250; Swinhoe, P.Z.S. 1871, p. 380; Dresser, Man. Palæ-
arctic Bds., 1, p. 260; David et Oustalet, Ois. Chine, p. 118, pl. 80; Muscicapa narcissina zanthopygia
Hay, Hartert, Vögel Paläarkt. Fauna, IV, p. 490.
One male (Aug. 25) and one female (Aug. 25) from Mongtsz.
24. Hypothymis azurea (Bodd.)
Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., IV, p. 274; Oates, Fauna Brit. Ind., II, p. 49; Anderson, Yunn.
Exp. p. 655; Myiagrı azurea (Bodd.), David et Oust., Ois. Chine, p. 114; Swinhoe, P.Z.S., 1871,
p- 381.
One male (Sept. 6) and one female (Oct. 16) from Mongtsz.
25. Terpsiphone paradisi (L.)
Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., ]V, p. 346; Oates, Fauna Brit. Ind., II, p. 45; Dresser, Man.
Palæarctic Bds., I, p. 260
SOME NEW ADDITIONS TO AVIFAUNA OF YUNNAN. 139
Three males (April 27, 28; Sept. 16); and two females (Sept. 16, 27)
‘from Mongtsz.
Family Turdidæ.
26. Turdus obseurus Gm.
Seebohm, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., V, p. 273; Oates, Fauna Brit. Ind., II, p. 134; Dresser, Man.
“Palearctic Bds., 1, p. 13; Hartert, Vögel Paläarkt. Fauna, VI, p. 656; David et Oustalet, Ois.
‘Chine, p. 153; Swinhoe, PS. 1871, p. 367.
Five males (Oct. 14, 18, 18; Nov. 20, 24) and one female (Oct. 18)
from Mongtsz.
27. Hrithacus calliope (Pall.).
Seebohm, ‘Cat, B. Brit. Mus., V, p. 305; Calliofe camtschatkensis (Gm.), Oates, Fauna Brit.
Ind., Bds., II, p. 102; Swinhoe, P.Z.S. 1871, p. 359; Dresser, Man. Palæarctic Bds, 1, p. 65; David
et Oustalet, Ois. Chine, p. 235; Luscinia calliope (Pall.); Hartert, Vögel Palärkt. Fauna, VI, p. 738;
Anderson, Yunn. Exp. p. 615.
Five males (April 29; May 3, 5, 5; Aug. 20) and one female (April 30)
from Mongtsz.
28. Acrocephalus stentoreus (Hempr. & Ehrb.)
Seebohm, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., V, p. 98; Oates, Fauna Brit. Ind., Bds., I, p. 356; Dresser, Man.
‘Palearctic Bds., I, p. 120; Acrocephalus stentorea stentorea (Hempr. & Ehrb.), Hartert, Vögel Palä-
-arkt. Fauna, V,,p. 559.
Two males (April 23; Aug. 27) fronı Mongtsz.
29. Cistieola eistieola (Temm.)
Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., VII, p. 259; Cesticola cursitans (Frank), Dresser, Man. Palæarctic
Eds., 1, p. 140; Oates, Fauna, Brit. Ind., Bds., 1, p. 374; Cisticola schenicra Bp., Swinhoe, P.Z.S.
1871, p. 352; David et Oustalet, Ois. Chine, p. 256; Czsticola cisticola cisticola (Temm.), Hartert,
"Vögel Paläarkt. Fauna, V, p. 610.
Three males (March 11, April 18, 29) and three females (March 12;
-April 29 ; July 1.) from Mongtsz.
30. Phyiloscopus coronatus (T.&S.)
-Seebohm, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., V.,p. 49; Dresser, Man. Palæarctic Bds., I, p. 105; Acanthopnenste
140 S. UCHIDA AND N. KURODA.
coronatus (T. & S.), Oates, Fauna Brit. Ind., Bds., I. p. 417; Phyllopneuste coronata (T. & S.);
Swinhoe, P.Z.S., 1871; p. 356; David et Oustalet, Ois. Chine, p. 269; Phyloscofus occipitalis coronata:
(T. & S.), Hartert, Vögel Paläarkt. Fauna, V, p. 521.
Three males (Aug. 12, 23, 23) ; and one female (Aug. 23) from Mongtsz.
31. Phylloscopus subviridis (Brooks).
Seebohm, Cat. B. Br. Mus., V, p. 74; Oates, Fauna Brit. Ind., Bds., I, p. 409; Dresser, Man.
Palæarctic Bds., 1, p. 107; Hartert, Vögel Paläarkt. Fauna, V, p. 520.
A male specimen (Sept. 16) collected at Mongtsz.
32. Suya atrigularis Hodgs.
Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., VII, p. 180; Oates, Fauna Brit. Ind., Bds., I, p. 445.
Five males (Jan. 31; April 27 ; May 12; Aug. 1, 23.) and two females.
(Aug. 11, 27) from Mongtsz.
Family Hirundinida.
33. Hirundo erythrogastra Bodd.
Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., X, p. 137; Oates, Fauna Brit. Ind., B., II, p. 279; Dresser, Man.
Palearctic Bds., 1, p. 266.
Three males (Dec. 4, 4, 4.) and two females (Dec. 4, 4) from Mongtsz..
34. Hirundo striolata (T.&S.)
Oates, Fauna Br. Ind., Bds., II, p. 281; Swinhoe, P.Z.S., 1871, p. 346; Dresser, Man. Palæ-
arctic Bds., I, p. 268; Cecropis striolata T. & S., David et Oustalet, Ois. Chine, p. 127; Zirundo
japonica Bp., Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., X, p. 162; Chelidon daurica striolata (T. & S.),. Hartert,
Vögel Palaärkt. Fauna, VI, p. 806.
Four males (June, 19, 19, 19, 19.) from Lon Kon Chai.
Family Campephagide.
35. Campophaga melanoschista (Hodgs.).
Oates, Fauna Brit. Ind., Bds., I, p. 401; Campophaga lugubris (Sundev.), Sharpe, Cat, B. Br.
Mus., IV, p. 65; Volvocivora melanoschista Hodgs., David et Oustalet, Ois. Chine, p. 103.
SOME NEW ADDITIONS TO AVIFAUNA OF YUNNAN. I4I
Two females (Oct. 3, 18) from Monstsz.
36. BPericrocotus cantonensis Swinh.
Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., IV, p. 84; Oates, Fauna, Brit. Ind., Bds’, I, p. 495; Swinhoe, P.Z.
S., 1871, p. 378; David et Oustalet, Ois. Chine, p. 107.
Four males (April 8, 10, 24, 24) and two females (April 24; Oct. 21)
‘from Mongtsz.
37. Graucalus macii Lesson.
Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., IV, p. 34; Oates, Fauna Brit. Ind. Bds., I. p. 496; Anderson,
Yunnan Exp., p. 647.
One male specimen (March 3) from Chih Ping.
Measurements.
Culmen | Wing | Tail Tarsus
I.1 mm. | 7.5 mm. | 5.65 mm. 1.05 mm.
The specimen before us differs in some details of character from the
‘typical species. Besides being somewhat larger, it shows no distinct white
edge on secondaries, nor a distinct transverse line of grey on the edge of
wing.
Family Dicruride.
38. Dierurus leucogenys (Walden).*
Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., III, p. 251; Oates, Fauna Brit. Ind., Bds., I, p. 317 ; Buchanga
Lucogenys Wald., David et Oustalet, Ois. Chine, p. 108 pl. 77; Swinhoe, P. Z. S., 1871, p. 378.
One male (Oct. 9) and one female (Oct. 14) collected at Mongtsz.
Family Laniide.
39. Péeruthius melanotis Hodgs.
Oates, Fauna Brit. Ind., Bds., I, p. 226; Petrerythrius melanotis (Hodgs.) Gadow, Cat. B. Br.
“Mus., VIII, p. 117.
* Sharpe and Oates have stated that the range of distribution of this species extends to
Japan, but, to our knowledge it seems to have never yet been obtained in that country.
142 S. UCHIDA AND N. KURODA.
One male (Feb. 8.) and one female (Feb. 9.) from Lon Kon Chai.
40. Lanius fuscatus Less.
Gadow Cat. B. Brit. Mus., VIII, p. 263; Oates Fauna Brit. Ind., Bds., I, p. 465; Swinhoe, .
P.Z.S., 1871, p. 375; David et Oustalet, Ois. Chine, p. 96.
A male specimen (Dec. 1.) from Mongtsz.
Family Paride.
41. Parus major minor T.&S.
Hartert, Vogel Paläarkt. Fauna, I, p. 345; Parus minor T. & S., Gadow, Cat. B. Brit. Mus.,
VIII, p. 15; Dresser, Man. Palearctic Bds., I, p. 162; Oates, Fauna Brit. Ind., Bds., I, p. 48 ;,
Swinhoe, P.Z.S., 1871, p. 361; David et Oustalet, Ois. Chine, p. 278.
Three males (March 10, April 30 ; Sept. 10) and two females (March,
6; Nov. 22) from Mongtsz.
Family Sturnidæ.
42. Spodiopsar sericeus (Gm.).
Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., XIII, p. 44; Siurmus sericeus Gm., Swinhoe, P.Z.S, 1871, p. 384;
David et Oustalet, Ois. chine, p. 362, pl. 87.
One male (Feb. 20) from Lin Ngan Fu.
Family Zosteropidæ.
43. Zosterops simplex Sw.
Gadow, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., IX, p. 166; Oates Fauna Brit. Ind., Bds., I, p. 215; Swinhoe, P.Z.
S., 1871, p. 349; David et Oustalet, Ois. Chine, p. 85.
Three males (Jan. 17 ; July 29; Sept. 24) and three females (April 28 ;.
July 28; Aug. 1) from Mongtsz.
Family Nectariniidæ.
44. Arachnothera magna (Hodgs.)
Gadow, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., IX, p. 105; Oates Fauna, Brit. Ind., Bds., II, p. 369.
SOME NEW ADDITIONS TO THE AVIFAUNA OF YUNNAN. 143
Three males (Jan. 31 ; Feb. 13, 14) and two females (Feb. 8, 13) from
Lon Kon Chai.
Family Dicæidæ.
45. Dicæum olivaceum Wald.
Oates, Fauna Brit. Ind., Bds., II, p. 380; Diceum inornatum (Hoägs.), Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit.
Mus., X, p. 45.
Three males (Oct. 5, 12, 16) from Mongtsz.
Family Fringillidæ.
46. Loxia himalayana Hodgs.
Oates, Fauna Brit. Ind., Bds., II. p. 208; Swinhoe, P.Z.S., 1871, p. 387; Dresser, Man. Palæ-
arctic Bds., I, p. 340; David et Oustalet, Ois. Chine, p. 360; Loxia curvirostra L. (part.), Sharpe,
Cat. B. Erit. Mus., XII, p. 435; Zoxia curvirostra himalayensis Blyth, Hartert, Vögel Paläarkt.
Fauna, I, p. 121, fig. 26.
One male (March 20) from Mongtsz.
Family Emberizid&.
47. Emberiza rutila Pall.
Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., XII, p. 514; Dresser, Man. Palearctic Bds., I, p. 348. Oates,
Fauna Brit. Ind, Bds., II, p. 263, Hartert, Vögel Paläarkt. Fauna, I, p. 172; Zuspiza rutila (Pall.),
Swinhoe, P.Z.S., 1871, p. 387; David et Oustalet, Ois. Chine, p. 331.
One male (April 22) one female (April 28) from Mongtsz and one male
(Jan. 27) from Lon Kon Chai.
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Some New Scale Insects of Japan.
By
S. I. Kuwana,
Imperial Agricultural Experiment Station, Nishigahara, Tokyo.
With Plate IV.
Protopulvinaria japonica, sp. nov.
(Plate IV, figs. 1-4)
Adult female :—Broadly pyriform, more or less narrowed in front.
Flat, five obscure ridges radiating from center to margin. Color of dried
examples straw brown to light brown with a broad, well-defined, chestnut
brown marginal zone. Ovisac indicated externally only by a very narrow
fringe of cottony secretion. Anal cleft deep. Antenne with eight
segments ; third and eighth segments subequal in length and longer than
any other segment. Formule of four cases of antenna :
(COCO
(3, 8), 2, 4, 5,1, 7, 6.
33 SI2WA 5,057:
8,3, 2, (4, 5), 15756:
Legs small; tarsus shorter than tibia. Stigmatic spines three, ina
shallow cleft ; median spine much longer than the others, stout but shorter
than marginal hairs. Marginal hairs long, simple but seldom forked.
Anal plates very long, their bases much longer than four times length of
their outer edges ; length equal to one-eighth that of entire insect.
Length 3-4 mm., width 23-34 mm.
Habitat :—On Fatsia japonica D. et P. (Yatsude); Nagasaki city.
Collected by Y. Horikawa, September 1912.
146 S. I. KUWANA.
Note :—Prof. E. E. Green, Way’s end, Camberley in Surrey, to whom
I have shown specimens of this species, has kindly supplied me with the
following remark: “I have compared your specimens with typical
examples of both P. /ongivalvata and P. pyriformis. Your insect appears
to take a place intermediate between these two species. I note the
following characters that serve to distinguish the Japanese form :—The
antennæ are much longer than in either. Limbs approximately same size
as P. longivalvata Green, but rather longer than those of P. pyriformis
Ckll. Stigmatic spines smaller than those of P. longivalvata, but consi-
derably larger than those of P. pyriformis. Marginal hairs very long and
stout, much larger than those of either of the other two species. Anal
operculum shorter than that of P. /ougivalvata, but longer than that of P.
pyriformis.”
Asterolecanium bambusicola, sp. nov.
(Plate IV, figs. 5 and 6)
Test of adult female :—Elongate, narrowed towards posterior end,
strongly convex. Pale straw to pale greenish yellow in color; in the
anterior half an umber-colored patch, representing the dead body of the
insect. Marginal fringe of a bright pink color very conspicuous.
Length 23-2.7 mm., width about I mm.
Adult female:
Rostrum conspicuous, pyriform. Antenne with three short spines.
Elongate, narrowed behind. Dark green in color.
Scattered series of minute pores connecting spiracles with the margin.
Anal lobes not prominent, each with a long stout seta at apex and two or
more (usually three) strong spines near base. Anal ring with six stout
hairs which project slightly beyond the margin. Margin with a continuous
series of 8-shaped glands with inner-marginal simple pores.
Length of insect in the extended state about 2} mm., width about
I mm.
Habitat :—On stem and branches of bamboo, in Tokyo and other
parts of Japan. Collected by the writer and others, April 1913.
SOME NEW SCALE INSECTS OF JAPAN. 147
Note :—With regard to this species, Prof. Green has given me the
following remark: “This resembles A. bambuse Bdv. superficially, but
differs from that species in several important particulars. In the first place
the marginal fringe is of a bright pink color. I note that the marginal
series of paired glands is single on the abdomen but irregularly double on
the thorax. There are numerous simple circular glands immediately
within the paired series, and bands of similar pores connect the stigmata
with the margin. There are no supplementary paired glands on the
dorsum.” The writer should state here that he has not been able to
recognize the double series of paired glands on thorax, mentioned by Prof.
Green.
Asterolecanium hemisphericum, Sp. nov.
(Plate IV, fig. 7)
Test of adult female :—Oval, bluntly pointed behind, very strongly
convex in dorsal aspect. Color of dried examples pale straw to pale
greenish yellow, with a dark brown patch in the anterior parts represent-
ing the dead body of the insect. Marginal fringe pale yellow to almost
colorless.
Length 13-2} mm., width 1.7 mm.
Adult female :—Subcircular in outline. Rostrum large, well de-
veloped; rostral loop long. Anal lobes not prominent, each bearing a long
seta and two or more rather long spines near base. Anal ring with six
prominent hairs which project beyond the margin. Chitinous lip of anal
elands
aperture dense and conspicuous. Marginal series of 8-shaped g
double, except close to end of abdomen, where it becomes single ; inner
series of simple marginal pores well-defined and very numerous.
Length of insect in the extended state about 2mm., width about 15mm.
Habitat :—-On stem and branches of bamboo, in Tokyo and other
places of Japan. Collected by the writer, September 1910.
Note :—In a letter to me, Prof. Green has remarked: “ This insect
approaches A. bambus@ Bdv., but shows the following differences. The
148 S. I. KUWANA.
puparium is much more strongly convex. It apparently lacks supplement-
ary paired glands on the dorsum, but the examples that you send are not
in very good condition. In all other characters it agrees with typical
bambus@.’ The writer should add here that the present species may
readily be distinguished from A. bambusæe Bdv. by the regular double
series of paired glands and by the presence of numerous simple glands.
Asterolecanium masuii, sp. nov.
(Plate IV, figs. Sand 9)
Test of adult female :—Long and narrow, broadest in front, flattish.
Dorsum with a slight median carina. Color pale straw to fresh yellow,
with a dark brown patch in the anterior half representing the body of the
insect. Fringe rather long, pale yellow in color.
Length about 23-3 mm., width about 1 mm.
Adult female :—Oblong, slightly narrowed towards posterior end.
Rostrum prominent, pyriform. Abdominal cleft rather deep. The lobes
are not well-defined; each lobe with a stout seta and one or two spines
near its base. Anal ring with six stout hairs which do not project beyond
the margin. Marginal 8-shaped glands conspicuous; inner series of
simple giands rather few in number.
Length of insect in the extended state about 1.3 mm., width 0.7 mm.
Habitat :—On leaves of bamboo ; Tokyo and Nagasaki. Collected by
the writer and others, July 1912. Named after Mr. Yoshizo Masui, who
is now working on Japanese Coccidæ under the writer’s direction.
Note :—Prof. Green’s remark on this species in a letter to me runs:
“I note that the puparium is flattish, oblong, about three times as long as
it is broad, with a slight median carina. Fringe comparatively long. The
marginal paired glands are conspicuous ; inner series of simple glands few.
A single paired gland, of large size, on the dorsum near anterior extremity,
is noticeable on one example only. The specimens have been much
injured by a parasitic fungus. None of these examples agree with
A. delicatum Green, nor are they at all nearly allied to A. miliaris Bdv.”
SOME NEW SCALE INSECTS. OF JAPAN. 149
Asterolecanium litseæ, sp. nov.
(Plate IV, figs. 10 and 11)
Test of adult female :—Subcircular, posterior extremity slightly
produced ; dorsal surface moderately convex, with obscure carina. Very
pale straw color, transparent, revealing the form of the insect and eggs
beneath. Marginal fringe conspicuous, pale pinkish. In fresh examples,
numerous long, glassy filaments present on dorsum.
Diameter 1.2-1} mm.
Adult female:
greenish yellow in color. Anal cleft not conspicuous. Anal lobe with a
Subeircular or broadly oval. Pale lemon or pale
long seta. There exist two or three small spines at base of anal seta.
Chitinous lip of anal aperture dense and conspicuous. Anal ring with six
long hairs projecting beyond the margin. Inner-marginal simple pores
well developed, not numerous. There occur further 8-shaped glands
slightly larger than those of the margin, scattered over the dorsal area.
Diameter about I mm.
Habitat :—On leaves and the smaller branches of Lifsea glauca Sieb.
(Shirodamo), Matsudo in Chiba-Ken. Collected by the writer, January
1914.
Note :—This new insect resembles A. Zhespesie Green superficially,
but is readily distinguishable from it by rather inconspicuous abdominal
lobes of the female.
Asterolecanium tokyonis, sp. nov.
(Plate IV, fig. 12)
Test of adult female :—Approximately circular, abdominal extremity
slightly produced. Rostrum nearly central. Parastigmatic glands extend-
ing in a narrow band to the margin. On the ventral surface of the last
few segments are a number of circular simple pores. Dorsal tubular pores
very numerous. Anal lobes not prominent; each with a sharp and rather
short seta with two short spines near the base. Chitinous lip of anal
50 S. I. KUWANA.
aperture very prominent. Anal ring with six long hairs which extend
just beyond the margin. Marginal series of S-shaped glands double except
close to end of abdomen, where it becomes single. A single series of
inner-marginal simple pores very prominent. There is a series of short
spines just inside of the inner-marginal simple pores.
Diameter 1-1} mm. |
Habitat :—On Pasania cuspidata Oerst. (Shii); Nishigahara, Tokyo.
‘Collected by the writer, June 1912.
Note :— Allied to A. variolosum Ratz., but distinguishable from it by
the S-shaped glands being double instead of being single. The ventral
surface of the last 3 and 4 segments provided with a number of circular
pores and a few minute spine.
Nipponorthezia, gen. nov.
Adult female partly covered with cereous lamellæ ; antennæ ot three
segments ; legs with the tibio-tarsal segment united. Larva with antenne
made up of three segments.
Nipponorthezia ardisiæ, sp. nov.
(Plate IV, figs. 13-23)
Adult female :—Brown or yellowish brown; antenne and legs
yellowish brown; cereous lamellæ and marsupium snow white. Frontal
lamella is short, not much projecting ; lateral lamellæ are five in number ;
the first four lamellæ broad, flat, rounded on front edge; the fifth
greatly elongated, placed along the sides of marsupium ; caudal lamella
arising just at anal orifice, lying low in the middle groove of marsupium.
Dorsal aspect naked, segmentation plainly discernible ; in the middle of
each segment a pair of longitudinal, narrow, white, lamellate projections ;
of these the three pairs near anal extremity are large and prominent.
Marsupium varying in length, its margin nearly straight, slightly narrowed
towards apex; its upper side longer than the lower; longitudinally
SOME NEW SCALE INSECTS OF JAPAN. I5I
carinated; posteriorly curved upwards, with rounded apex. Denuded
female after treatment with potash, ovate, slightly narrowed in front.
Gland-tracts corresponding in position to external cereous plates; glandi-
ferous spines comparatively short and bluntly pointed; dermis between
gland-tracts with spiny hairs and simple spinnerets. Antenne spinous,
three-segmented ; the third segment longest, much longer than first and
second segments taken together; apical spine long, pointed. Eyes
prominent, not close to antenn&, tuberculate. Mentum biarticulate, slender,
apical segment more than three times longer than the basal. Legs
subequal, long and rather stout, strongly spinous; tibio-tarsal segment
either straight or slightly curved; claw large, sharp, with a pair of slender
basal spines. Anal orifice with six short spiny hairs.
Length of body 1.6 mm., width about I.3 mm.
Length of marsupium about 1.7 mm., width about 1.3 mm.
Larva :—Ovate after treatment with potash. Antenne of three
segments, spinous, the third segment longest, with a long apical spine.
Legs about the same as those of adult female.
Habitat :—On the root of Ardisia japonica Bl. (Yabu-koji) ; Yoko-
hama. Collected by Mr. T. Yamamura, Feb. 1914.
Note :—This new Orthezinæ is closely allied to the genus Orthzziola,
though quite distinct from it. In this species the antennæ are constantly
three-segmented and the eyes are widely separated from the basal segment
of antennæ, while in Ortheziola the antennz are four-segmented and the
eyes are situated very close to the basal segment.
In conclusion the writer begs to thank Prof. E. E. Green for his
courtesy in examining the specimens and for the assistance given him in
the determination.
iS)
15
Explanation of Plate IV.
(All figure much enlarged)
Protopulvinaria japonica.
Figure 1. Antenna of adult female. !
Figure
N
Stigmatic spines and marginal hairs of same.
Figure 3. Leg of same.
Figure 4. Anal plate of same.
Asterolecanium bambusicola.
Figure 5. Abdominal extremity of adult female.
Figure 6. Marginal fringe of test of same.
Asterolecanium hemisphericum.
Figure 7. Abdominal extremity of adult female.
Asterolecamum masınt.
Figure 8. Abdominal extremity of adult female.
Figure 9. Marginal fringe of test of same.
Asterolecanium litsee.
Figure 10. Abdominal extremity of adult female.
Figure 11. Marginal fringe of test of same.
Asterolecanium tokyonis.
Figure 12. Abdominal extremity of adult female.
Nipponorthezia ardisie.
Figure 13. Old adult female with fully developed marsupium (dorsal view).
Figure 14. Same (ventral view).
Figure 15. Adult female after treatment with potash, showing gland-tracts (dorsal
view).
Figure 16. ‘Terminal segments of same (ventral view).
Figure 17. Antenna of adult female.
Figure 18. Fore leg of same.
Figure 19. Middle leg of same.
Figure 20. Hind leg of same.
Figure 21. Mentum of same,
Figure 22. Anal orifice of same.
Figure 23. Antenna of larva.
Preliminary Descriptions of some Japanese Triclads.
By
Isao Iijima, Azgakuhakushe,
and
Tokiö Kaburaki, Azgakushi.
Maricola.
I. Procerodes lactea, n. sp.
Woodcuts I and 2.
Frontal margin subtruncate, slightly crenate, being gently arched in
the middle parts. Tentacles moderately long, rounded at end, antero-
2 laterally directed. Trunk
indistinctly separated from
head by a slight neck-
like narrowing, elongate,
slender, being in most
parts of a nearly uniform
breadth, rounded at pos-
terior end.
M Specimens fixed with
2 Upg \ & i § 3
od od gp gy m sublimate solution meas-
1, Procerodes lactea, n. sp. Outline of body wits 24mm: long by
in the creeping state. about 17 X. n
‘Ping about I mm. across in the
2. Same. Diagram of sexual organs,
de ductus ejaculatorius, .¢f genital pore, broadest part.
gv genital vestibulum, m mouth, " ì
od oviduct, od’ unpaired common oviduct, Color milky white ;
p penis, fs penis sheath, dci È
rs receptaculum seminis, © vagina, igestive tracts appearing
vd vas deferens.
reddish or brownish.
Eyes two, crescentic in shape, situated well behind frontal margin,
154 I. IJIMA AND T. KABURAKI.
separated from each other by a space somewhat longer than the distance
of either eye from lateral body margin of the same side.
Mouth opening somewhat behind the beginning of the posterior third
of body. Pharynx extending posteriorly from about the end of the anterior
third of body, somewhat longer than one-third the body-length. Anterior
gut trunk provided with 7 or 8 pairs of branches ; posterior gut trunks with
14-18 outwardly directed branches.
Genital aperture at a distance behind mouth equal to about one-fifth
that between the latter and the posterior body-end. Genital atrium divided
into penis sheath and vestibulum by a constriction. Testes extremely
numerous, spherical, dorsally situated in two lateral zones beginning from
ovarian region and extending behind nearly to end of body. Vasa
deferentia united into a slender ejaculatory duct in the bulbous part of
penis; without vesicula seminalis. Penis comparatively small, conical,
vertical. Ovaries two, situated ventrally between first and second branches
of anterior gut trunk. Oviducts opening directly into a small outbulging
of vagina at the postero-inferior aspect. Receptaculum seminis large,
spherical, situated behind penis. Vagina running anteriorly and obliquely
downward to join vestibulum from behind.
The species is apparently very closely related to Pr. ulv@ (Oersted),
but differs from it in the absence of pigments and in the oviducts opening
directly into the vaginal outbulging, instead of after uniting into an unpaired
terminal duct.
Locality :—Beneath stones on the beach between Yukanki and Meleya
in Saghalin. Jima coll., July 1906.
2. Procerodes trigonocephala, n. sp.
Woodcuts 3 and 4.
Anterior end triangular, without tentacles. Trunk gradually widening
behind, broadest in the region of genital organs, then tapering to the
posterior body-end which is somewhat rounded or obtusely pointed.
PRELIMINARY DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME JAPANESE TRICLADS. 155
Large specimens in the creeping state 4 mm. long and I mm. broad ;
commonly smaller.
3 4 | Body translucent, gen-
vd vs 7 erally somewhat whitish ;
frontal margin and the
È
region of eyes darkish;
LS
qi
da
i
central region of head whit-
\N\
Ns
ish; alimentary tracts ap-
pearing brownish, reddish
or orange in color.
Eyes two, small, each
3. Procerodes trigonocepiiala, n. sp. Outline
of body in the creeping state. about surrounded bya clear space,
IOX. 3 5 :
3 situated far behind anterior
4. Same. Diagram of sexual organs,
at atrium, vd common vas deferens, body-end, the distance being
vs vesicula seminalis. more than three times that
Other letters as in woodcut 2.
between the eyes. The
latter distance is about equal to one-half that between either eye and lateral
body margin of the same side.
Mouth at about the hind end of the middle third of body. Pharynx
inserted a short distance behind the middle of body. Anterior gut trunk
with 7-9 pairs of branches; each posterior gut trunk with about 10
branches on both sides, those of inner sides being very short.
Genital aperture situated half-way between mouth and posterior body-
end. Atrium simple. Testes numerous, small, situated ventrally in body
and arranged on both sides of lateral nerve-cords from close behind ovaries
to insertion of pharynx, but farther behind only on the outer side of same,
ceasing altogether to exist at about the level of mouth. Vasa deferentia
uniting in penis bulb into a short common duct, which soon opens into
moderately wide and smooth-walled vesicula seminalis; the latter narrowed
inferiorly into ductus ejaculatorius terminating at tip of penis, which is of a
conical shape and subvertically disposed. Ovaries two, lying ventrally
between fourth and fifth pairs of gut branches. Oviducts of both sides
156 I. IJIMA AND T. KABURAKI.
opening separately into vaginal canal. Receptaculum seminis situated
behind penis, giving rise at its antero-superior part to vaginal canal, which
runs down to open into genital atrium from behind.
Locality :—Estuary of a rivulet in Oginohama Port, Rikuzen Province.
Collected by Ijima 1887 and by Kaburaki 1915.
3. Procerodes limuli, n. sp.
Woodcut 5.
Body in the preserved state lanceolate, pointed anteriorly, rounded
posteriorly, convex above, flat below. Without pigments, but brownish
5 due to the color of guts. Dimensions of
5 i ; I 391
id =. he large specimens 33-5 mm. long, 13-23
mm. broad; usually smaller.
Eyes two, small, crescentic. Mouth
opening nearly between middle and post-
erior thirds of body. Pharynx inserted a
vdi short distance in front of the middle of
ii body. Anterior gut trunk with 8-10 pairs
is af eas Con of lateral branches; posterior trunks usual-
5. Procerodes limuli, n. sp. Diagram ly united at hind end, each with at least
of sexual organs.
SS = 16 lateral branches.
Index letters as in woodcuts 2 and 4.
Genital aperture in front of the middle
of the posterior third of body. Genital atrium divided into two chambers ;
the vestibule vertically ascending, wide, laterally outbulging. Testes
numerous, situated ventrally along both sides of anterior gut trunk, extend-
ing from ovaries to the dividing point of gut trunks. Vasa deferentia
united in the upper part of penis bulb. Vesicula seminalis not wide, pass-
ing below into slender ejaculatory duct. Intromittent part of penis conical,
subvertical. Ovaries two, spherical, occupying ventral position between
first and second pairs of gut branches. Oviducts open separately into
PRELIMINARY DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME JAPANESE TRICLADS. 157
genital vestibulum at the upper end, where the small receptaculum also
opens by a short stalk (vagina) from behind.
Possibly the species deserves to be made into a new genus, chiefly on
account ofthe dorsal prolongation of genital vestibulum, of the oviducts
opening separately into it without uniting into an unpaired common duct,
and ofthe very short vagina.
Locality :—Numerous specimens of this species were collected in 1889
at Ajino, Prov. Bizen, by Professor Kishinouye. The worms occur in
abundance on Limulus longispina, attached on the hard surface of the
proximal segments of cephalothoracic appendages, especially of the last
three pairs of these.
Paludicola.
4. Bdellocephala annandalei, n. sp.
Woodcuts 6—8.
Body large, thick, elongate-ovate. Head lobe narrow and distinctly
marked off from trunk ; when in motion, less than one-third as broad as
the broadest part of trunk. Frontal margin of head-lobe crenate ; median
convexity strongly arched, exhibiting some small adhesive folds on the
inferiorly turned swollen edge (woodcut 7); close behind that edge a
groove-like depression ; lateral lobes not prominent. Trunk thick, convex
above, flat beneath, rounded at posterior end. Commonly very large,
reaching 40 mm. in length and 15 mm. in breadth at the pharynx
region.
Color of dorsal surface variable, but usually reddish brown; the
positions of pharynx and copulatory organs indicated by nearly colorless
spaces. Color of ventral surface much lighter than that of dorsal.
Eyes two, widely apart, each surrounded by a clear space, situated at
the hind border of head lobe.
Mouth slightly behind the hind end of the middle third of body.
Pharynx comparatively short, inserted at about the middle of body, and of
about one-sixth the length of entire body. Anterior gut trunk provided
158 I. IJIMA AND T. KABURAKI.
with about 11 pairs of lateral branches; each posterior trunk with about
18 of same.
6 1
| Ill "Mm N 3
"Um
Ò D Il; N
>
vd
6. Pdellocefhala annandelei, n. sp. Body shape in the creeping
state. 2X. ‘
7. Same. Head end, to show adhesive folds and groove.
8. Same. Diagram of sexual organs.
od unpaired common oviduct.
Other letters as in woodcuts 2 and 4,
Genital opening situated a short distance in front of the middle be-
tween mouth and posterior body-end. Atrium spacious, prolonged, with
irregularly folded wall, expanding forwards over penis. Testes numerous,
situated ventrally in body on both sides of anterior gut trunk, extending from
close behind ovaries posteriorly to insertion of pharynx. Penis pear-shaped,
saccular, with strongly muscular wall, entirely imbedded in parenchyma,
the internal cavity opening on the floor of the anterior part of atrium.
Vasa deferentia make a forward turn just before entering penis; they open
separately into the cavity of the latter. Ovaries two, small, placed between
third and fourth pairs of gut branches. Oviducts open into the vestibular
part of atrium by a short common duct coming from above. Receptaculum
seminis situated close in front of penis. Vaginal canal slender, long, runs
over entire length of atrium and opens into the vestibular part of atrium
behind unpaired oviduct and just within genital pore.
PRELIMINARY DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME JAPANESE TRICLADS. 159
Locality :—Lake Biwa, on muddy bottom at a depth of 30-45 fathoms.
Collected by Dr. N. Annandale and Mr. T. Kawamura, Oct. 1915.
5. Bdellocephala brunnea, n. sp.
Woodcuts 9—11.
Body moderately large, rather slender. Head indistinctly marked off
from trunk by a gentle neck-like narrowing of body. Frontal margin
crenate ; median lobe weakly arched, thrown into some adhesive folds on
9 10 the inferiorly turned
swollen edge (wood-
cut 10); behind that
edge a groove-like
depression present;
lateral lobes but little
projecting. Breadth
of frontal margin in the
creeping state of the
worm, less than half
the greatest breadth
of trunk. Trunk dor-
9. Bdellocephala brunnea, n. sp. Body shape in the
creeping state. 3X. sally convex, ventral-
10. Same. Underside of the head end, showing
adhesive folds and groove,
11.Same, Diagram of sexual organs. broadening posterior-
Index letters as in woodcuts 2, 4 and 8.
ly flat, very gradually
ly from neck to about
the region of sexual organs ; posterior extremity of body rather rounded.
Body in the creeping state commonly 20-26 mm. long and 3-4 mm.
broad; ratio of breadth and length 1 : 5-64.
Color of body olive-brown, sometimes blackish, velvety; the parts
containing guts usually darker than elsewhere.
Eyes two, each surrounded by a white space; distance between them
about twice as long as that between either of them and the nearest point in
the front margin or that in the lateral head margin.
160 I. IJIMA AND T. KABURAKI.
Mouth situated at about the posterior end of the middle third of body.
Pharynx insertion at about the middle of body. Anterior gut trunk with
7-9 pairs of branches ; each posterior gut trunk usually with 13 lateral
branches and about as many, but very short, inwardly directed branches.
Genital aperture nearly in the middle of the posterior third of body.
Genital organs essentially as in the preceding species. Atrium an irregular
prolonged space with wall thrown into folds; with an extensive annular
space in front of the junction of oviduct. Testes numerous, small, arranged
in two lateral longitudinal zones running along lateral body edges, from
behind ovaries to close the posterior body-end ; mostly lying ventral to the
ends of lateral gut branches. Penis an elongate, muscular-walled, sack-like
organ, opening behind into the anterior part of atrium on the floor; vasa
deferentia opening into vesicula seminalis separately and without making a
forward turn. Ovaries two, situated behind first (or second ?) pair of gut
branches. Oviducts united into a short unpaired duct before opening into
the posterior part of genital atrium from above. Receptaculum seminis
large, lying between penis and pharyngeal chamber. Vagina slender,
traversing behind close under dorsal epidermis, at the end bending forward
to join atrium from behind.
Localities :—Cool running brooks at following places: Yamada and
Kanazuchi in Prov. Rikuzen, Koiwai in Prov. Rikuchu and Inawashiro in
Prov. Iwashiro. Collected by Ijima 1887 and by Kaburaki 1915.
6. Planaria gonocphala Duges.
Woodcuts 12 and 13.
Head triangular, with lateral auricular processes, the sides forming in
front a somewhat rounded median angle of approximately 60°. The body
is broadest at the auricular processes. Trunk slender, with lateral margins
even and nearly parallel for a large part of the length, but in the hind
parts tapering to the bluntly pointed posterior extremity.
Commonly 20-33 mm. long and 23-4 mm. broad in the pharynx
region. Ratio of breadth and length 1 : 7-10.
PRELIMINARY DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME JAPANESE TRICLADS. 161
Color of body very variable. As seen on the dorsal side, full-grown
individuals are generally of an olive-brown color, sometimes but not always
with two darkish longitudinal bands running from behind eyes to posterior
12 13 parts of body. Younger
/3 Vv
individuals are paler and
the greater parts of body
may present various sorts
of hues—not unfrequently
reddish, brownish, yellowish
or greenish—according to
varying coloration of the
12. Planaria gonocephala in the creeping guts.
State vabolt 4%, Eyes two, lying slightly
13. Same. Diagram of sexual organs. 7 i
Index letters as in woodcut 2. in front of the line connect-
ing the apices of auricular
processes; each lying in an oval colorless area. Besides the
usual pair, one or two adventitious eyes may sometimes occur.
Auricular sense organ slenderly reniform.
Mouth situated at a point somewhat behind the middle of body or even
at about the commencement of posterior body third. Pharynx rather short.
Anterior gut trunk with 8-12 pairs ofbranches; each posterior gut trunk with
13-18 outer branches and about as many, but much shorter, inner branches.
Genital aperture slightly in front of the middle of the posterior body
third. Atrium simple. Testes numerous, placed close together in dorsal
parts of body and arranged in two longitudinal zones which run from behind
ovaries to nearly the posterior end of body. Vasa deferentia entering the
bulbous end of penis separately and on the sides. Vesicula seminalis wide,
with more or less folded wall. Ejaculatory duct narrow, opening externally
on the underside of penis, not at the tip. In its course, the ejaculatory
duct shows an obliquely anteriorly directed annular outbulging; it con-
sequently brings about a small, conical, posteriorly directed process which
projects into the said outbulging and which is axially traversed by a part
162 I. IJIMA AND T. KABURAKI.
of the duct. Intromittent part of penis conical, massive, nearly horizontal.
Ovaries two, placed ventrally between second and third gut branches.
Oviducts open separately into the outer end of the rather wide vaginal
canal, not directly into atrium. Receptaculum seminis moderately large,
situated in front of penis.
Localities :—Under sunken objects in running as well as stagnant
waters in various parts of Hondo. This species, which is also known from
Europe and North America, is the commonest and the most widely dis-
tributed freshwater planarian in Japan.
7. Planaria papillifera, n. sp.
Woodcuts 14 and 15.
Frontal margin subtruncate, weakly crenate ; lateral lobes rounded,
not produced into tentacles. Head indistinctly marked off from trunk by a
slight neck-like constriction. Trunk
slender, nearly uniformly broad down
to about the region of copulatory
organs, then gradually tapering to the
rounded hind end. Characteristic is
the presence of a linear series of small,
low and truncate papillae in the mid-
dorsal line. The papillae number 20-
25 in all; epidermis on them thickly
set with rhabdites. The series of
papillae commences sometimes in front
of, and at other times behind, the eyes.
Dimensions of largest specimens
in the creeping state: 7-8 mm. long
le 7 and 1-14 mm. broad. Ratio of breadth
14. Planaria pafillifera, n. sp. in the creep- :
ing state. Dorsal papillae indicated by +6 Jenoth 1: 6-7.
dots in the median line. 9X. =
15. Same. Diagram of sexual organs. General color of dorsal surface
Index letters as in woodcuts 2, 4 and 8. : :
FOUR El Her in the larger specimens somewhat
PRELIMINARY DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME JAPANESE TRICLADS. 163
grayish, due to scanty development of pigments; lighter in the median
zone, in which the dorsal papillae again frequently appear as blackish spots.
Young and small individuals quite or nearly colorless.
Eyes two, each surrounded by a colorless area, situated in the region
of neck ; distance between them less than that between either of them and
lateral neck margin, and very much less than that between them and frontal
margin.
Mouth opening between middle and posterior thirds of body. Pharynx
inserted at about the middle of body length. Anterior main gut provided
with 8-9 pairs of branches ; posterior trunk with 14-17 external branches
and with about as many, very small, internal branches.
Genital aperture at about the middle of the posterior third of body.
Testes numerous, found on both sides of anterior gut trunk and also outside
of posterior gut branches ; mostly in ventral, but some in dorsal, parts of
body. Vasa deferentia entering penis separately on the sides. Vesicula
seminalis very wide, smooth-walled ; ductus ejaculatorius narrow, and open-
ing at tip of penis. Intromittent part of penis conical, horizontally lying.
Ovaries two, situated in front of the first pair of gut branches in ventral
position. A pair of large and lobed paraovaries present in front of ovaries.
Oviducts unite into a single short duct before opening into elongate atrial
passage on the dorsal side. Receptaculum seminis large, irregular-shaped,
dorsally situated in front of penis, sending out vagina posteriorly over penis.
Locality :—The species was first discovered in November, 1889, by
Professor Shishido in an old unused well in Tokyo (Ichigaya Ward). Sub-
sequently, on several occasions, specimens were obtained by him and given
to Ijima. In May, 1890, a number of cocoons apparently belonging to the
species were collected in the same well. They contained embryos of about
2 mm. length.
5. Planaria vivida, n. sp.
Woodcuts 16 and 17.
Frontal margin subtruncate, gently arched in the middle, laterally
164 I. IJIMA AND T. KABURAKI.
passing into front margin of moderately long, obtusely pointed tentacles.
Head flat, not marked off by a neck-like narrowing of body. Trunk
slender, only weakly convex above,
16 17 nearly uniformly broad in the
greater part of its length; hind
end obtusely pointed, sometimes
rounded.
Length of large specimens in
the creeping state may reach 22
mm. in length and 4 mm. in breadth
at pharynx region ; usually smaller.
Ratio of breadth to length 1 : 8-10.
Color on dorsal side usually
blackish or dark olive-brown, es-
pecially dark in dorsal median parts.
Small individuals, in which the pig-
ments are not densely developed,
16. Planaria vivida, n. sp. in the creeping MAY reveal the guts more or less
state. 4X. Br : >
i u distinctly in various colors. Ventral
17. Same, Diagram of sexual organs.
Index letters as in woodcuts 2, 4 and 8. surface much paler than dorsal
surface.
Eyes two, reniform, each in a half-moon-shaped colorless spot. Dis-
tance between them equal to about one-fourth their distance from frontal
margin, and somewhat less than the distance of either eye from lateral
margin of the same side.
Mouth opening situated at about the commencement of the posterior
third of body. Pharynx inserted a short distance in front of the middle of
body. Anterior gut trunk with 4-6 pairs of branches ; posterior gut trunk
with usually 12-14 lateral branches and about as many inwardly directed,
very short branches.
Genital aperture behind mouth at a distance equal to about one-third
that between mouth and posterior body-end. Testes numerous, about 60
PRELIMINARY DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME JAPANESE TRICLADS. 165
in total number, situated ventrally in body. Sometimes they begin to
exist from before ovaries. More usually they are found from close behind
these backwards on both sides of anterior gut trunk but laterally to post-
erior gut trunks down to the level of genital pore, and behind this point,
between the gut trunks. Vasa deferentia swollen along posterior one-
fourth of pharynx, united into a short common duct in the antero-superior
part of penis bulb before opening into the small vesicula seminalis. Ductus
ejaculatorius wide, slightly narrowed in the middle parts. Intromittent
part of penis conical, horizontally lying. Ovaries two, situated ventrally be-
tween first and second branches of anterior gut trunk. Oviducts unite into
a single duct before opening into genital atrium from above. Receptaculum
seminis very large. Vagina unusually wide, gently constricted in the
middle of its course.
In external habitus the species closely resembles //. a/pina Dana.
18 Localities :—Cool running waters in following places:
Nikko; Usui mountains; hilly districts in provinces Rikuchu,
Mutsu, Ugo, Iwashiro, &c. The species is the commonest in
mountain streams of the parts of Japan indicated above.
9. Planaria pellucida, n. sp.
Woodcut 18.
In shape this species closely resembles the preceding.
Frontal margin subtruncate, weakly crenate. Rounded
auricular lobes scarcely prolonged into tentacles, anyway
shorter than in P/. vivida.
Large specimens in the creeping state measured 10 mm.
long by about 13 mm. across in the broadest part.
Body colorless, translucent, but with digestive tracts
showing themselves in a milky white or a somewhat
18. Planaria x .
pellucida, n. sp. Yellowish or a darkish color.
Outline of body . è : :
in the creeping Eyes two, situated far behind frontal margin; distance
State.
about 7x. between them shorter than distance of either eye from lateral
166 I. IJIMA AND T. KABURAKI.
body margin of the same side. Mouth at about the hind end of the middle
third ofbody. Pharynx insertion at about the middle of body. Anterior
gut trunk with 10-11 pairs of branches; each posterior gut trunk with
about 20 lateral branches.
In all the specimens we have examined, sexual organs were not
developed.
Locality :—Beneath stones and fallen leaves in a cool running stream
in the wooded hills to the east of Toyohara (Vladimirofka), Saghalin. The
species was collected together with Polycelis karafto described further on
in this paper. Collected by Ijima, June 1906.
10. Sorocelis sapporo, n. sp.
Woodcuts 19 and 20.
Frontal margin subtruncate, with a gentle median convexity ; head on
both sides produced into moderately distinct tentacles rounded at end.
19 20 Trunk in the creeping state slender,
being for the most part of a nearly uni-
form breadth; obtusely pointed at the
posterior extremity.
Large specimens in the creeping
state measure 17 mm. in length and 2
mm. in breadth at pharynx region;
mostly smaller; breadth and length in
the proportion of I to 6-8.
Nearly colorless and translucent,
but digestive tracts revealing them-
selves in milky white, yellowish, brown-
ish, darkish or even pinkish color.
Eyes extremely small, numerous,
increasing in number with growth of
19. Sorocelis safforo, n. sp. in the cleep-
ing state. about 4X.
body, but never quite reaching 100
20. Same. Diagram of sexual organs. Vo CIN =
Index letters as in woodcuts 2, 4 and 8. in total number; distributed in two
PRELIMINARY DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME JAPANESE TRICLADS. 167
longitudinal zones which converge and meet in front and thus form ‘a
horseshoe-shaped tract, situated a considerable distance apart from head
margin both in front and laterally ; posteriorly the tract extends to about
the third pair of gut branches.
Mouth situated at about between middle and posterior thirds of body.
Pharynx inserted at about the middle of body or slightly in front of it.
Anterior gut trunk with 8 or 9 pairs of branches ; each posterior gut trunk
with 18-20 lateral branches and about as many, but extremely short,
innerly directed branches.
Genital pore situated behind mouth at a distance equal to about one-
third that between mouth and posterior body-end. Atrium divided into
two cavities. Testes about 18-22 in number on either side, lying ventrally
along both sides of anterior gut trunk, extending from ovarian region to
the insertion of pharynx. Vasa deferentia opening separately into vesicula
seminalis on the sides. Wall of the latter thrown into irregular folds.
Ejaculatory duct narrow, opening at tip of penis. Penis bulb spherical ;
intromittent part of penis conical, horizontally directed. Ovaries two,
placed ventrally between first and second, sometimes between second and
third, branches of anterior gut trunk: Oviducts unite into an unpaired
common duct on the dorsal side of penis sheath; the unpaired duct opens
into genital vestibulum dorsally and to the left of vagina. Receptaculum
seminis dorsally situated, U-shaped and clasping from behind the posterior
end of pharyngeal chamber. Vagina runs over penis sheath somewhat to
the right of median line, at the end passing into genital vestibulum from
above.
Locality :—Common in the clear brook flowing through the grounds of
Sapporo Agricultural College in Hokkaido. Collected by Ijima, Oct. 1913.
Il. Polycelis auriculata, n. sp.
Woodcuts 21 and 22.
Frontal margin subtruncate, with a gentle median convexity. Head
end produced laterally into moderately distinct tentacles, rounded at tip
168 I. IJIMA AND T. KABURAKI.
and slightly anteriorly directed. Body slender, superiorly convex, inferior-
ly flat, in the creeping state with lateral margins running nearly parallel for
22 the most part; posterior body-
end rather rounded than obtusely
pointed.
Exceptionally large speci-
mens in the fully extended state
reach 25 mm. in length and about
3$ mm. in breadth; commonly
smaller, 1c-15 mm. long by 1-14
mm. broad in the creeping state ;
breadth and length in the ratio
of I: 7-10.
_ Color of dorsal surface gener-
ally sepia-brown, the guts indis-
tinctly showing themselves in a
dark brownish color or in a
variety of other colors incidental
to gut contents. Ventral surface
of a pale color.
Dati Polycelis auriculata, N. Sp. in the cleeping Eyes extremely small, nu-
state. about 4X.
22. Same. Diagram of sexual organs. merous, numbering 30-73 on
Index letters as in woodcuts 2, 4 and 8. : = Sr: .
ange | Foi: È either side, distributed in a
horseshoe-shaped tract close to head margin, there existing in the width of
that tract commonly more than one eyes and only occasionally a single
eye. The tract may extend posteriorly for a length equal to about one-
eighth or one-sixth the entire body-length.
Mouth situated at about the hind end of the middle third of body.
Pharynx inserted at about the middle of body-length. Anterior gut trunk
giving off 6-9 pairs of branches ; each posterior trunk with usually 1C-17
lateral branches, those inwardly directed being either very small or, as is
frequently the case, joining together the two trunks.
PRELIMINARY DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME JAPANESE TRICLADS. 169
Genital aperture at about the middle of the posterior third of body.
Atrium divided into two chambers, the penis sheath and the vestibulum,
separated by a strongly muscular and tubular diaphragm, the free end
of which is retroverted into the former. Penis sheath with muscular wall
continuous with that of penis and thickest on the dorsal side. Testes
numbering about 19-21 on either side of body, occupying ventral position
on both sides of anterior gut trunk and limited in their distribution to be-
tween ovaries and pharynx insertion. Vasa deferentia in the posterior
parts make forward turn, rising upward at the same time, before they open
separately into penis. Vesicula seminalis wide, with somewhat folded wall,
passing gradually into wide ejaculatory duct which opens at tip of penis.
Intromittent part of penis conical, horizontal. Ovaries two, spherical,
placed ventrally between first and second pairs of gut branches. Oviducts
united at the end into a short single duct at a point dorsal to atrial dia-
phragm, opening into vestibulum just behind the latter. Receptaculum
seminis simply tubular at an early stage of development ; later the anterior
blind end becomes bent to the right or branches somewhat in the shape of
Y. Vagina opening dorsally into vestibulum on the left of median line.
Localities :—Both running and standing waters at following localities :
Nikko; Mt. Iwate in Prov. Rikuchu; Towada Lake in Prov. Mutsu ;
Ozawa in Prov. Ugo; Mt. Bantai in Prov. Iwashiro, Collected by Ijima,
1886, and by Kaburaki, 1914 and 1915.
12. Polycelis karafto, n. sp.
Woodcuts 23 and 24.
Head end shaped nearly as in the preceding species, but tentacles
somewhat longer and more pointed at end. Trunk slender, nearly uni-
formly broad in most parts, obtusely pointed at posterior end.
A large specimen in the creeping state measured 12 mm. in length
and 2 mm. in greatest breadth. Commonly smaller, breadth equalling
about one-fifth or one-sixth the length.
Color of dorsal surface dark brown; showing two, longitudinally
170 I. IJIMA AND T. KABURAKI.
running, ill-defined darker bands. Ventral surface lighter ; the course of
longitudinal nerve-cords indicated by two dark lines.
23 24 Eyes small, numerous,
found along and close to
margins of head, on both
sides extending behind to
about the second pair of
gut branches. They are
arranged in a single row
in the smaller specimens ;
vd 2 od’ as gp but in the larger ones,
23. Polycelis karafto, n. sp. in the cleeping state. they may be increased to
about 7X.
5 such a number that sever-
24. Same. Diagram of sexal organs.
Index letters as in woodcuts 2, 4 and 8. al are found in the width
of the occellated zone,
especially in the anterior parts of head. A gap in the zone may
occur in the middle of frontal margin, separating it into right and
left zones.
Mouth at about the hind end of the middle third of body. Pharynx
insertion situated a short distance in front of the middle of body. Anterior
gut trunk with 5-7 pairs of branches ; posterior gut trunks each with about
15 lateral branches.
Genital aperture situated nearly midway between mouth and hind end
of body, leading into long and canalar atrium. Testes numerous, situated
ventrally along both sides of anterior gut trunk and extending from ovarian
region to insertion of pharynx. Vasa deferentia opening separately into
moderately wide vesicula seminalis, which passes behind into slender
ejaculatory duct. Penis small, its muscular wall not sharply defined from
surrounding mesenchyme ; horizontally disposed, the free end but little
projecting into the widened anterior end of canalar atrium. Ovaries two,
placed ventrally in front of the first pair of gut branches. Course of oviducts
could not be distinctly traced in the few mature or nearly mature specimens
PRELIMINARY DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME JAPANESE TRICLADS. 171
on hand; a short stretch of a longitudinal canal, running along the ventral
side of atrium and joining this at a point about midway between penis tip
and the junction of vagina with atrium, probably represents the unpaired
terminal part of united oviducts. Receptaculum seminis tubular, slender,
running over penis and extending a short distance beyond this anteriorly.
Localities :—Cool running brooks in the wooded hills to the east of
Toyohara (Vladimirofka), Saghalin, found together with Planaria pellu-
cida. Also obtained in a spring near Tretia Padi, north of Korsakoff,
Saghalin. Ijima coll., June 1906.
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Notes on Aphrocallistes beatrix Gray, particularly
with reference to the form occuring in
East Asiatic seas.
By
Isao liima, Pr. D.
In the “ Valdivia ” Report, F. E. Schulze (’04, pp. 146, 147) has ably
pointed out that Aphrocallistes beatrix Gray ’58, A. bocager Wright ’70 and
A. ramosus F. E. Schulze ’87 are not specifically separable, but represent
one species which should go by the oldest name of A. beatrix. The same
author further remarked to the effect that Topent’s A. azoricus (Tops. ‘OI
p. 455 ; 04, p. 48), if this really be an Aphrocallistes, may possibly belong
within the range of A. beatrix. I entirely concur with him in the above
opinion. A. beatrix is then to be considered as an exceedingly variable
species, widely distributed in the Pacific, Indian and Atlantic Oceans. Now,
from my studies I have come to entertain the idea that that species, as it
occurs along the Japanese coasts and in more southern seas of the Western
Pacific,—i.e. the same form of Aphrocallistes which F. E. Schulze (87,
Chall. Rep.) had erstwhile referred in part to A. bocagei Wright and in part
made into his A. ramosus,—is characterized by certain common and fairly
constant features by which it may be distinguished in a way from the form
or forms occurring in other parts of the world, though the differentiation
can be of no more taxonomic significance than varietal or subspecific. For
the sake of convenience I will refer to the form of the East Asiatic seas by
the name of A. beatrix orientalis.
Now, the following is a summary account of the form just mentioned,
coupled with remarks in comparison with what is known of specimens from
174 ISAO IJIMA.
some other parts ofthe world. It should be noted that the descriptions in
this paper refer in particular to A. beatrix orientalis, unless otherwise re-
ferred to in special. The notes were drawn up with the view of creating a
basis of comparison to be utilized in my forthcoming report on the hex-
actinellids collected by the “ Siboga ” in the Malayan seas. It may as well
be mentioned here that, of the rich material of A. beatrix orientalis col-
lected by me in the Sagami Sea, I have subjected more than a dozen
different stocks to specially close studies for the purpose of determining the
range of individual variations. Further stood at my disposal some speci-
mens ofthe same form from the Suruga Bay, the Gulf of Kagoshima, the
China Sea and the Philippine Islands.
In general habitus the oriental form exhibits the same extensive range
of variation as is ascribed to the entire species. What may be considered
as an individual is either an irregular, dichotomously branching, simple tube
“ ramosa ” type), or consists of an erect axial calyx bearing a number of
radial tubo-branches at different heights between the base and the upper
LE
end. The tubes, be these parts of individuals of the “ ramosa ” type or
branches of axial calyx, measure generally 4—8 mm. in diameter, seldom
reaching up to 10 mm. The calyx may reach So mm. or thereabout in
height, more or less widening superiorly up to 25 mm. or more across. The
wall, irrespective of the configuration of the parts it belongs to, is generally
from 0.6 mm. to nearly I mm., seldom up to 1.4 mm., thick. The honey-
comb-like radial canals of the wall skeleton measure 0.6—0.8 mm. in dia-
meter. It is unnecessary to go into further details of the macroscopic
structure, as this agrees in all essential points with what is already known
of it. Only it should be pointed out that, as regards the dimensions of
parts, the oriental specimens fall considerably short of the maxinum at-
tained by some of the Indomalayan specimens, in which the ramose tubes
are frequently nearly as thick as one’s finger, the wall fully 2 mm. thick or
even thicker, and the radial canals I mm. or more wide.
Dictyonal beams of the skeleton vary in different individuals from being
only sparsely tubercled and at places quite smooth to being profusely
NOTES ON APHROCALLISTES BEATRIX GRAY. 175
tubercled throughout. This may be due in a measure to the age of the
sponge, as was pointed out by F. E. Schulze. The intercanalar dictyonal
septa, in the parts between the radial lines of their junction with one
another, are thin, but not quite flat and even. In them the dictyonal beams
do not run all in the same plane, nor always in a single regular tier as seen
in sections ; so that, the septa in sections present an appearance more like
that ofa thin sheet ofan irregular three-dimensional framework than of a
single-layered network evenly spread out. This stands somewhat at
variance with the evenly complanated state of the septal dictyonalia as
figured by F. E. Schultze (’04, pl. XI. fig. 2) from a specimen taken in
Siberut Strait on the SW. coast of Sumatra, or as I myself have found in
many ofthe Malayan specimens collected by the Siboga. The dictyonal
nodes are but slightly or not at all swollen.
The rough spikes growing out from both dermal and gastral edges of
intercanalar septa vary much in their development according to individuals.
Spikes on the surface of the septa are of but exceptional occurrence,—
another fact which seems to be noteworthy in view of their apparently
frequent and numerous presence in that position—all pointed towards the
external opening of the canals—in Malayan as well as Indoceanic
specimens.
Free oxyhexactins occur in very varying numbers. In the oriental
form I find them to fluctuate from 50% to 1004 in length of rays. The rays
are rough, but scarcely ever distinctly spiny.
The uncinates offer no important points of characterization which might
likely be utilized for the differential purpose within the species. The same
may be said of the rough diactine gastralia (up to 1.4 mm. long in the
oriental form).
The dermalia exhibit some points which seem worth while to call
attention to. In the oriental form they are both pentactins and hexactins,
of which the latter have the distal ray in various stages of development to-
wards acquiring a plumose character (hexactine pinules). In some of the
specimens the hexactine dermalia are decidedly rare, while in others they
176 ISAO IJIMA.
are well in evidence, though not in numerical predominance over the pen-
tactins. In other words, the dermalia are generally mostly pentactine. Ir-
respective of their being pentactine or hexactine,the dermalia measurein the
length of tangential rays from about Soy up to 1207, 150y, 1754, 2301 or
even 29094 in different individuals, the proximal ray being about as long as,
or either somewhat longer or shorter than, the tangentials of the same
spicule. Ina single case (Sc. Coll. sp. No. 279) of Sagami Sea specimens,
certain large pentactine dermalia, amongst others of much smaller dimen-
sions, were found to possess exceptionally long proximal ray, which, mea-
suring fully 600« in length, extended nearly right through the entire thick-
ness of the sponge wall.
In pentactine dermalia there usually exists a low swelling or a knot in
place of the atrophied distal ray. In some other dermalia the knob is pro-
longed to a short stumpy peg, and in still others this may be slightly swol-
len towards the outer end and may here bear a few short spiny processes.
The last condition leads over to those cases of hexactine dermalia in
which the distal ray has, so to say, fairly started on the way of as-
suming, but has not yet quite reached, a plumose state of develop-
ment, and on that account may well be designated subplumose.
In some of the specimens the subplumose distal ray never ex-
ceeds Sog or even half that in length, thus presenting quite a stunted
appearance. In still other specimens the same ray is found to reach a
length of 1307, 1504 or even 1854 ; in these cases the shaft slightly thickens
distally, remains smooth or only sparsely tubercled in the proximal half of
its length, and then commences to bear short, obliquely distally directed
spines, which more distally grow somewhat longer but are neither so long
nor numerous as to give to the parts a decidedly feather-like appearance.
The above subplumose or imperfectly feather-like state of the distal rays
represents about the highest limit of development reached by hexactine
dermalia or pinules in the great majority of the specimens. An exception
to the rule was found in the single case of a specimen from Kozushima (Sc.
Coll. Sp. No. 552), in which some, but by no means all, of the hexactine
NOTES ON APHROCALLISTES BEATRIX GRAY. WA
dermalia present exhibited a fairly plumose appearance in the distal parts
of their distal rays (up to 150% long; breadth of the plumose parts up to
24; longest lateral spine up to 164).—To sum up: The dermalia in
A. beatrix orientalis consist largely of pentactins, with admixture, in vari-
able proportions, of hexactins in which the distal ray may be spineless and
simply peg-like, or spined and subplumose, but is rarely quite plumose.
The said distal ray seems not to exceed 185y in length, generally standing
very considerably under that length.
Somewhat a reverse of the above rule as regards the dermalia seems
to obtain in specimens from other parts of the world. For the dermalia of
these only hexactins were given by authors, indicating either absence or
only insignificant presence of any other, but particularly pentactine, form
amongst them ; and the distal ray of those hexactine dermalia has always
been described to be “ feather-like,” “ fir-tree-like ” or ‘ poplar-like.”
Thus, the Atlantic form (“A. bocagei”) of the species is known to have
unequivocally feather-like or fir-tree-like distal rays to dermal hexactins
(Carter ’73, p. 450, pl. XV. fig. 9.—F. E. Schulze ’87, p. 315, pl. LX XXIV.
fig. 8). My own observations on a sample, kindly presented to me by Prof-
essor F. E. Schulze, from the Mid-Atlantic specimen which was obtained
by the “Challenger” (Stat. 344, off Ascension Island) and which was
identified by him as A, bocagei Wright, have shown that the dermalia in
that speeimen are predominantly or nearly exclusively well-developed
pinular hexactins, as were indeed given to be by him in the Challenger Re-
port. I have found the plumose distal ray to be 182—231 long and up
to 40m broad; the lateral spines up to 28y long; tangential rays on an
average 1334 long and the proximal ray always somewhat shorter.—In the
type specimen of A. deatrix from Malacca the dermalia were described by
F. E. Schulze (87, p. 312) to be hexactins “in which the distal ray bears
numerous narrow, curved, fir-tree-like, lateral prickles.’—For the Bay of
Bengal specimens, collected by the “ Investigator’ and reported on by F.
E. Schulze (02) as A. beatrix Gray, the author describes the dermal
hexactins in essentially the same strain, comparing the appearance of their
178 ISAO IJIMA.
free distal rays to that ofan Italian poplar and giving the length of those
rays to be 100—200u.—Finally, among the ApArocallistes brought back by
the “ Siboga ” from the Malayan seas, I have found specimens from certain
stations of hers to possess dermalia which are provided with distinctly
plumose distal rays, though not always agreeing in details of the appearance
of these.—In comparison with the specimens referred to above, the gene-
rality of the oriental form of A. deatrix in the extended sense may be said
to stand markedly backward in the development of the distal ray of dermal
hexactins,—-not only as a pinular ray simply, but also as regards its absolute
dimensions and the numerical proportion of the spicules provided with it in
relation to those in which it is entirely or nearly entirely suppressed.
Scopules are present in the sponge wall but on the dermal side only,
either in a single form or in two forms. In the former case they
are all of a slim appearance and may well be called the leptoscopule ; in
the latter case there occcurs, besides the same leptoscopule, the second
form of a thicker and markedly different development, which may be
distinguished by calling it the pachyscopule. The constantly occurring
leptoscopule is of very variable length (f.i., 23c-320y, about 3607, 400-464
long in three different stocks). It is provided with usually 4 (sometimes
3 or 5) terminal branches (60-Sop, 75-901, 88-1004 long), which distinctly
diverge from the point of their origin and are gently outwardly bent, each
terminating with a knob-like or bulb-like swelling. The branches may be
somewhat geniculate in the basal parts as was given for “A. ramosus ” by
F.E. Schulze in the Challenger Report, but that state is by no means of
general or common occurrence. The terminal swelling is invariably small
and is beset with whorls of minute barbs ; it never seems to develop into
the shape of a moderately large convex disc with toothed margin, as was
represented by Carter (’73, pl. xv. fig. I) from a Portuguese specimen of “A.
bocagei” or by F.E. Schulze (’o2, pl. xv. fig. 2; pl. xvi. fig. 4) from “A.
beatrix” and “A. bocagei” from the Bay of Bengal.
The pachyscopule, which in some specimens does not seem to occur
at all, though in some others may take the upper hand over the leptoscopule
NOTES ON APHROCALLISTES BEATRIX GRAY. 179
in numerical proportion of occurrence, is readily distinguishable from this
in having distinctly thicker shaft and terminal branches, which latter
usually number four, stand out nearly parallel with one another or diverge
but very little, and are scarcely or but indistinctly swollen at the tip.
Moreover, both the shaft and the branches are very minutely and fairly
uniformly tubercled all over. In length the pachyscopule is about equal
to, or somewhat longer than, the leptoscopule in the same stock.
The hexasters are exceedingly variable as regards their characters as
well as in number, and in case they occur in more than one distinguishable
varieties, in the numerical proportion of these also. The variation refers
not only to different stocks, but also in a measure to different parts of one
and the same stock. The hexaster varieties to be ascribed to A. beatrix
orientalis as a whole are both discohexaster and oxyhexaster, each of
which may again be divided into a regularly developed (“ synstigme ’’)
form and an elongate hemihexasterous (“ syngramme ” form), thus giving
in all four varieties of hexasters. Not necessarily all the four occur together
in the same stock; but any one or two or even three of them may be
found to be missing in spite of careful searches. In twelve Japanese
specimens which I have studied with special care as regards their hexasters,
the four varieties were found distributed in the manner indicated in the
following table.
Number of A B | C | D
specimens Regular disco- Regular oxy- Elongate hemi- | Elongate hemi-
examined hexaster hexaster discohexaster oxyhexaster
6 E - +
2 = + O
I + O O
A a O +
I + O O
1 O © | _
+ denotes presence, and © apparent absence, of the hexaster variety they relate to.
180 ISAO IJIMA.
A) From the above table it will be seen that the regular discohexaster
is apparently the most constantly occurring variety. In a specimen from
Doketsba it constituted the only kind of hexaster to be found and was met
with in great abundance. In certain other specimens it was rare, requiring
a long search to find one. In one specimen it was missing altogether.
The discohexaster in question is a small form between 20 and 504 in
diameter, the size fluctuating in the same stock to the extent that the
smallest is of about half the diameter of the largest. Each short principal
bears 3-5 terminals, which in the smaller examples are quite fine, delicate
and minutely capitate, but in the larger ones may be moderately strong
and terminate with a small disk bearing a few, not always distinct, recurved
claws on the margin. However, in no case of the oriental specimens have
I found the claws to be of such a development as might induce one to call
the spicule an onychaster, as F. E. Schulze found them to be in some
specimens from the Indian Ocean. Usually the terminals are nearly straight
and spread out radiatingly from the end of principals; but variation again
occurs in this respect, for, in a specimen or two I have found the terminals
to each principal forın separately a more or less distinctly bell-shaped or
perianth-like group. Occasionally the discohexaster in question, but
especially the larger examples of it, may be found in the form ofa hemi-
discohexaster, in which none of the principals are specially elongated.
B) The regular oxyhexaster was met with in many specimens, but
again in varying numbers. In only four specimens, out of the twelve, I
have found none ofit. The oxyhexaster is of much the same appearance
as the above regular discohexaster, except of course in the manner of
ending of the terminals. Diameter 32-Soy (representative fluctuations in
different stocks : 32-56u, 35-404, 56-Sou). Occasionally the oxyhexaster
likewise takes the form of a simple hemioxyhexaster.
C) The elongate hemidiscohexaster and D) the elongate hemioxy-
hexaster often occur together, as do the regular discohexaster and
oxyhexaster, in the same stock in varying numerical proportion; but
sometimes either of the elongate varieties, and more rarely both of them,
NOTES ON APHROCALLISTES BEATRIX GRAY. ISI
may be missing. Both may measure up to 807 in total length, though in
some stocks the length seemed not to exceed 607, while in one stock it
reached 76u as regards C and well up to 100 as regards D. In breadth
both the varieties are about equal to the diameter of the larger examples
of regularly developed and non-elongate hexasters found in the same
specimen. It seems the elongate hexasters in the oriental specimens never
attain the same large size and the same strength in the development of
both shaft and rays as the corresponding spicules in some Indo-Malayan
specimens of the species. The figures, given by Carter (’73, pl. iii. fig. 20)
and F.E. Schulze (’87, pl. Ixxxiv. figs. 9 & 10), of the elongate oxyhexaster
from the type specimen of A. beatrix Gray (from Malacca) represent that
spicule very much larger and more strongly developed than I have ever
observed in the oriental form. Also the figures given by F.E. Schulze
(02, pls. xv & xvi) of the same spicule from specimens collected by the
?
“Investigator” in the Bay of Bengal, distinctly indicate the same fact.
That author gave for “A. beatrix ” from that region that the spicule may
reach 150u in length, a size which I have never yet seen attained by the
identical spicule in the oriental form.—In the elongate hemidiscohexaster,
the terminals end either with a minute pin-head-like swelling or with a
small marginally toothed disc, similarly as in the regularly developed
discohexaster. In the oriental form I have so far not discovered a case
which might properly be called an elongate onychaster, such as F.E.
Schulze has reported from certain Indoceanic specimens of the species.
There can scarcely be a doubt that the above two varieties of hemi-
hexasters (C and D) were derived respectively from the two regular
hexasters before noted on (A and B), but particularly from the hemihex-
asterous form of these, simply by marked elongation of either one or two
opposite principals. The prolonged principal or principals constitute the
straight axial shaft (up to 124 or 24 long), which usually bears at its each
end a number (3-5) of terminals in a radiating conical tuft. Rarely the tuft
at one end of the shaft is represented by a single terminal standing out in
straight line with the shaft. The spicular center lies of course in the shaft,
182 ISAO IJIMA.
but either in the middle of its length or nearer to its one end than to the
other, according to whether two opposite principals or a single principal
have undergone elongation. The four, equally short, lateral principals,
arising from the center at right angles to the shaft as well as to one another,
are in most cases all uniterminal, each of them with its single terminal
presenting the appearance ofa simple ray. It is only very seldom that one
or more, though probably never all, of the lateral principals are found each
with two or three terminals in a radiating group. Sometimes one meets
with cases in which the shaft shows terminals at its each end but is
apparently without the cruciate lateral rays. However, it will not take
long before the observer is convinced of the fact that he has before him a
case of hemihexaster, in which only a single principal is prolonged while
all the others remain extremely short, and in which the four lateral rays
really exist but appear, owing to the proximity of the spicular center to
one extremity of the shaft, to constitute a single radiating group of rays in
association with the terminals properly belonging to that shaft end.
In conclusion, it may be stated that A. beatrix orientalis, subject as it
is to very considerable individual variations both as regards its general
habitus and the spiculation, on the whole exhibits differentiations in, or
tendencies to differentiate toward, the following characters: 1) A somewhat
diminutive development of macroscopic body parts, in that the body tubes
measure generally only 4-3 mm. and seldom 10 mm. in diameter, the body
wall under I mm. in thickness, and the radial canals of skeleton 0.6-0.8 mm.
in width ; 2) Dictyonal septa between radial canals not evenly complanated,
a fact which may be correlated with the small caliber of the canals;
3) Spikes on the surfaces of dictyonal septa only occasionally present ;
4) Dermalia largely pentactine and in part hexactine, the hexactins with
distal rays which are commonly more or less abortively pinular or are of
such a rudimentary development as makes the hexactins gradually merge
into the pentactins; 5) Leptoscopules with terminal swelling of their
branches always small, bulb-like and beset with whorls of minute barbs ;
and 6) Elongate forms of hemihexasters not over 100y in length.
NOTES ON APHROCALLISTES BEATRIX GRAY. 18
Oo
List of references.
Carter, H.J.’73. On the Hexactinellidæ and Lithistidæ generally, &c.
Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 4, vol. xii.
Schulze, F.E. ’87. Hexactinellida.—Chall. Rep., vol. xxi.
Ann. &
’
st » 02, Indian Triaxonia.—Transl. by R.v. Lendenfeld.
Fe », 04. Hexactinellida.—Valdivia Report, vol. iv.
Topsent, E. ’oI. Éponges nouvelles des Acores.—Mém. Soc. Zool. de France,
t. xiv.
5 » 04. Spongiaires des Acores.—Rés. camp. sci. Prince Albert I, fasc. xxv.
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ANNOTATIONES
7 SE BE PAU
# iO LOGICA JAPON if uN ED.
Vol. IX, Part III ee
uu 2
é BY
The Tokyo Zoological Society. 1
TOKYO,
July, 1917.
8
| À
: a
f re
CONTENTS.
(Published July oth, 1917).
Pace
Ancyrobdella biwae n.g.,n.s.p., ein merkwürdiger Rüsselegel aus Biwa-
See. By AsapRO OKA ... . 185
Three New Species of Termites from Caroline Islands.
By Masamitsu OSHIMA ... 195
Bird-infesting Mallophaga of Japan (III). Genus Zipeurus.
By SEINOSURE UCHIDA .... 201
A Collection of Birds from Tonkin. © By Nacamicut KURODA ... 217
Notes on Formosan Birds, with the Description of a New Bullfinch.
ant | By NacamicHI KURODA ... 255
Notes on the Photophores of Sergestes prehensilis Bate.
By AraTA TERAO =... ... 299
A New Astomatous Ciliate, Mefaphrya sagitte, gen. et sp. nov., found
in the Ccelom of Sagitta. By-WAJLIKEDAS.. Ca az
Notizen über japanische Tricladen. Von Tokio KABURAKI ... 325
A Report on the Cyclostomatous Bryozoa of Japan.
By YAICHIRO OKADA... ... 335
Notes on the Cephalopoda. By MADOKA SASAKI .... ... 361
Ancyrobdella biwae n.g. n.sp., ein merkwürdiger
Russelegel aus Biwa-See.
Von
Dr. Asajiro Oka, Tokio.
(Mit 1 Figur)
Die Gelegenheit, die hier kurz geschilderte höchst eigenartige Hiru-
dinee zu untersuchen, verdanke ich Herrn Dr. N. Annandale, Calcutta, der
sie während seines Aufenthaltes in Japan im Herbst 1915 erbeutete. Eine
ausführliche Beschreibung mit Abbildungen nebst Notizen über andre asia-
tische Hirudineen wird demnächst in den “Memoirs of the Asiatic Society
of Bengal” veröffentlicht werden ; hier möchte ich nur die hauptsächlichen
Punkte ihrer Organisation bekannt machen.
Herrn Dr. Annandale sei auch an dieser Stelle für die liebenswürdige
Überlassung des wertvollen Materials herzlich gedankt.
Ancyrobdella) biwae, n.g. n.sp.
Dieser zierliche Rüsselegel bietet besonderes Interesse aus zweifachem
Grunde, erstens wegen seiner sonderbaren Eigenshaften, durch welche er
von allen andern Hirudineen stark abweicht, und zweitens deswegen, weil
er überhaupt die einzige Blutegelart darstellt, die bisher aus den Tiefen
eines japanischen Binnensees heraufgebracht worden ist. Er stammt nämlich
von Biwa-See, dem grössten und wohl tiefsten Süsswassersee Japans, und
zwar aus einer Tiefe von ca. 80 m, und ist durch den Besitz dreier, schräg
nach hinten gerichteter Widerhaken, die den vordersten Teil des überaus
langen Proboscis bewaffnen, charakterisiert. Auf dieses Merkmal bezieht
sich eben der Gattungsname, den ich unserm Tier gegeben habe.
! Gestalt und Grösse. In ihrem äusseren Habitus erinnert diese Art
mehr an die Ichthyobdelliden als an die Glossiphoniden, denen sie in Wirk-
1) &yrvgx Anker, $62),« Blutegel; mit einem Anker versehener Blutegel.
186 A. OKA: ANCYROBDELLA BIWÆ N.G. N.SP.
lichkeit angehört. Die schlanke, nur wenig abgeplattete Form des Körpers,
an dem man, wenn auch undeutlich, eine Hals- und Rumpfregion unter-
scheiden kann, die schwache Verjüngung im Niveau der Geschlechts-
Öffnungen, die unregelmässige Querrunzelung der Haut, die verhältnismässig
breite Kopfscheibe, der ganz kleine hintere Saugnapf — das alles sind
Charaktere, die geeignet sind, unser Tier eher als eine Pontobdellide
erscheinen zu lassen. Auch ich glaubte zunächst eine solche vor mir zu
haben, erst nach eingehender Untersuchung gewann ich die Überzeugung,
dass man hier nicht etwa mit einer Süsswasser-Ichthyobdellide, sondern
mit einer eigentümlich modifizierten Glossiphonide zu tun hat.
“ Alle mir vorliegenden Exemplare — vier an der Zahl — sind mehr
oder weniger gekrümmt, aber keineswegs kontrahiert im Gegensatz zu den
übrigen Glossiphoniden, die sich in Alcohol immer stark zusammenziehen.
Das grösste Individuum weist folgende Dimensionen auf: Länge 17 mm,
grösste Breite 1.6 mm, grösste Dicke 1.2 mm, Breite der Kopfscheibe
0.7 mm, Durchmesser des hinteren Saugnapfes 0.5 mm. Die andern sind
wenig kleiner, zeigen aber ganz dieselben Verhältnisse. Wie aus diesen
Messungen ohne Weiteres ersichtlich, ist unser Wurm mehr als zehn Mal
so lang als breit, eine Körpergestalt, die man sonst bei keiner Gossiphonide
antrifft. In dieser Beziehung kommt er der Gattung /’#scicola unter den
Ichthyobdelliden entschieden näher, die, wenn völlig ausgestreckt, fast
zwanzig Mal so lang als dick wird. In der Halsregion, die zwischen dem
Kopf und den Geschlechtsöffnungen liegt und ungefähr ein Viertel der
Gesamtlänge einnimmt, ist der Körper nur wenig abgeplattet und zeigt
im Querschnitt einen annähernd kreisförmigen Umriss. Der Hinterkorper
ist etwas mehr abgeflacht, aber immerhin als sehr dick zu nennen, da sich
die Breite zur Dicke wie 4: 3 verhält. Die Seitenränder lassen sich jeder-
seits die ganze Länge hindurch als eine deutliche, wenn auch ganz stumpfe,
Längskante erkennen, was weder bei Pontobdella noch bei léscicola der
Fall ist.
Aussere Charaktere. Die Haut ist im allgemeinen glatt, indem Papil-
ends zur Ausbildung gelangen. Dagegen
len oder sonstige Auswächse nirg
EIN MERKWÜRDIGER RÜSSELEGEL AUS BIWA-SEE. 187
kommen zwischen den regelmässigen interannularen Furchen zahlreiche
unregelmässige Querrunzeln — meist 3-5 auf
einem: Ringe — vor, welche stellenweise jene
vortäuschend die Zählung der Ringe bedeutend
erschweren. Die Farbe im Alkohol ist gleich-
mässig aschgrau ; nach mündlicher Mitteilung
vom Dr. Annandale war das Tier im Leben
hellrötlich, einfarbig.
Am Körper zählt man 68 Ringe vor dem
hinteren Saugnapfe. Da es keine äusserlichen
Merkmale giebt, nach denen man die Grenzen
der Somite bestimmen kann, so müssen letztere
erst durch das Studium des anatomischen Baues
festgestellt werden. Eine sorgfältige Unter-
suchung des Nervensystems, die ich an einem
der Exemplare vorgenommen habe, worauf ich
aber hier nicht eingehen kann, ergab nun fol-
gendes: auf Somit I, II und III kommt je ı
Ring, auf Somit IV und V je 2, auf Somit VI
bis XXIV, welche die typischen sind, je 3, auf
Somit XXV wieder 2, auf Somit XXVI und
XXVII wieder je 1. Die fünf ersten und die
zwei letzten Annuli sind nicht zum vollständigen
Ring ausgebildet, da ihre ventrale Fläche im
Bereich des vordern resp. hintern Saugnapfes
einbegriffen wird.
Schematische Darstellung der Organisation von
Ancyrobdella biwae.
Links sind die Somite, rechts die Ringe numeriert. dz
Darmblindsack, 4. Paar. 727, m6 Magenblindsack, 1.
und 6. Paar. > Rüssel. rw Hinterer Teil des Rüssels. s
Eintritt der Speicheldrüren in den Rüssel. #3 Testis, 3.
Paar. Winzige, paarweise gezeichnete Kreise in den
Somiten XVI-XXIII zeigen die Position der Nephridial-
kapseln.
188 A. OKA : ANCYROBDELLA BIWAE N.G. N.SP.
Der Kopf setzt sich aus 7 Ringen (Somit I-V) zusammen. Er ist
merklich breiter als die darauf folgende Halsregion und erscheint in der
Flächenansicht dem der Gattung Hemiclepsis ganz ähnlich. Die Somite
I-IV sind an der Ventralseite zum oralen Saugnapfe umgebildet, während
das V. Somit mit seinen beiden Ringen (6. und 7.) die hintere Lippe des-
selben darstellt. Die Mundöffnung befindet sich in der Mitte der seicht
ausgehölten Mundscheibe.
Die Augen fehlen vollständig. Weder am ganzen Tiere noch auf
Schnittpräparaten konnte jede Spur von einem darauf hindeutenden Gebilde
wahrgenommen werden.
Bei drei Exemplaren streckt sich ein Teil des Rüssels aus der Mund-
öffnung hervor, so dass die unserm Genus charakteristischen Wiederhaken
ohne Weiteres beobachtet werden können. Diese — in Dreizahl vorhanden
— sind kleine Auswüchse von regelmässig konischer Gestalt, die schräg
nach hinten gerichtet dem vordern Ende des Rüssels in radiärer Anordnung
aufsitzen. Der eine liegt dorso-median, die andern ventro-lateral. Sie sind
alle von gleicher Grösse ; an der Aussenseite gemessen beträgt ihre Länge
ca. 0.25 mm. Da der Rüssel, auf dem sie sitzen, nur 0.2 mm dick ist, fallen
diese an sich ganz winzigen Gebilde unter dem Mikroskope durch ihre
Grösse auf und verleihen dem Tiere ein recht sonderbares Aussehen. Die
scharf zugespitzte Form und schräg nach hinten gerichtete Lage deuten
auf ihre Funktion als Befestigungsorgan hin; wozu sie aber in Wirklichkeit
dienen mögen, ist schwer zu sagen, zumal unser Wurm, aus dem Darm-
inhalt zu schliessen, kein parasitisches Leben zu führen scheint.
Die Geschlechtsöffnungen befinden sich um ein Somit weiter nach
hinten als bei der Mehrzahl der Gossiphoniden. Die männliche Öffnung
liegt im hintern Teil des 28. Ringe, di. dicht vor der Furche zwischen dem
XII. und XIII. Somit ; die weibliche um einen Ring weiter nach hinten, d.i.
dicht vor der Fuche zwischen dem 1. und 2. Ringe des XIII. Somits. Beide
sind ganz unscheinbar, da sie äusserlich von keinen ins Auge fallenden
Merkmalen, wie z.B. besonderer Erhöhung, gefärbtem Hofe etc. begleitet
sind. Ein Clitellum war bei keinem mir vorliegenden Exemplare aus-
gebildet.
EIN MERKWÜRDIGER RÜSSELEGEL AUS BIWA-SEE. 189
Die Nephridialporen, die wahrscheinlich in der Furche zwischen dem
1. und 2. Ringe der Somiten XVI-XXIII liegen, lassen sich bei äusserlicher
Betrachtung nicht wahrnehmen.
Der hintere Saugnapf ist ganz klein, flach, kreisformig. Sein Durch-
messer erreicht nicht einmal ein Drittel der Breite des schlanken Körpers.
Er richtet sich schräg nach unten und hinten, und ist an der Unterseite der
zwei letzten Rumpfsomiten, hauptsächlich aber des letzten, direkt ange-
heftet. Der Anus liegt an der Dorsalseite des Saugnapfes unmittelbar
hinter dem letzten Ringe.
Innere Organisation. Der Darmkanal fällt vor allem durch die ausser-
ordentliche Länge des Rüssels auf, der bei einem darauf untersuchten Indivi-
duum eine Länge von ca. 7.5 mm, also annähernd die halbe Körperlänge
erreicht. Unter den Glossiphoniden, bei denen die Proboscislange sonst
gewöhnlich nur bis ein Sechstel der Körperlänge beträgt, bildet unsre Form
zweifellos eine ganz seltene Ausnahme. Bei den Ichthyobdelliden ist der
Rüssel bekanntlich noch viel kürzer. Er ist nicht zugespitzt, wie es viel-
fach für die Gossiphoniden angegeben wird, sondern weist die ganze Länge
hindurch fast dieselbe Dicke auf ; auch sein Vorderende erscheint wie abge-
stutzt. Was den inneren Bau betrifft, stimmt er der Hauptsache nach mit
dem der andern Glossiphoniden überein, abgesehen natürlich von den
Widerhaken, die diesen abgehen. Die Art und Weise, wie die im Vorder-
körper zerstreut liegenden einzelligen Speicheldrüsen ihre langen Ausführ-
gänge in den Rüssel einsenden, bietet auch keine Besonderheiten. Am
hintersten Teil des Rüssels bilden diese jederseits einen dicken Bündel und
drücken den Innenraum zu einer schmalen Längsspalte zusammen.
Der Magen liegt grössenteils in den Somiten XVI-XX und ist jeder-
seits mit sechs einfachen Blindsäcken ausgestattet, von denen der letzte
bedeutend grösser als andre ist und sich weit nach hinten bis in das XXII.
Somit erstreckt. Der Darm, der zwischen diesen beginnt, besitzt jederseits
vier kurze Blindsäcke, von denen zwei vordere schräg nach vorn, zwei
hintere schräg nach hinten gerichtet sind. Wahrscheinlich entsprechen
die sechs Paare Magenblindsäcke den Somiten XXI-XX, die vier Paare
190 A. OKA : ANCYROBDELLA BIWAE N.G. N.SP.
Darmblindsäcke den Somiten XXI-XXIV. Wie bei allen Rhynchobdelli-
den der Fall, ist der ganze Darm samt den Blindsäcken in einer sackartig
erweiterten Partie des dorsalen Blutgefässes eingeschlossen. Der Enddarm
macht einige schwache Krümmungen und mündet an der dorsalen Seite des
hinteren Saugnapfes durch die kleine schlitzförmige Analöffnung nach
aussen.
Bei einem Exemplar, welches ich in Schnitte zerlegte, enthielt der
Magen nur Detritus pflanzlicher Herkunft, Diatomeenschalen, Fragmente
von Pflanzengewebe, etc., aber keine Spur von geronnenem Blut oder
sonstigen Substanzen, die auf eine tierische Kost hindeuten dürften. Dies
frappierte mich um so mehr, als die Rhynchobdelliden mit ihrem dünnen
röhrenförmigen Rüssel offenbar weit weniger geeignet sind, geformte
Nahrungsstoffe zu sich zu nehmen, als die Kieferegel, deren Mehrzahl
allerlei keines Getier verzehren. Wenn der oben genannte Darminhalt
der normale wäre, so müssten wir unser Tier als Schlammfresser bezeich-
nen, in der Familie der Glossiphoniden gewiss ein ganz isoliert dastehender
Fall. Allerdings ist nicht ausgeschlossen, dass der Wurm beim Gefangen-
werden den Darminhalt ausgeworfen und etwas Bodensatz verschluckt hat ;
wahrscheinlich ist es jedenfalls nicht.
Die Geschlechtsorgane sind im ganzen nach dem Glossiphonidentypus
gebaut, zeigen jedoch einige Abweichungen in Einzelheiten. So besteht
der männliche Apparat aus nur 5 Paar Testes, die jederseits mit einem Vas
deferens kommunizieren. Sie liegen in den Somiten XVI-XX, die des
erstens Paares sind ein wenig kleiner, die des letzten dagegen merklich
grösser als die dazwischen befindlichen. Jedes Paar liegt unterhalb und
etwas nach hinten von den Magenblindsäcken des betreffenden Somites.
Der Samenleiter verläuft zunächst gerade nach vorn, bildet einen förmlichen
Knäuel in den Somiten XV-XVII und mündet, zusammen mit dem der
andern Seite in die männliche Öffnung im XII. Somit aus. Das weibliche
Organ ähnelt dem der andern Glossiphoniden in fast jeder Beziehung. Die
Ovarien sind länglich ovoide Säcke, die hinten bis in das XXI. Somit rei-
chen. Der kurze Ovidukt, der nichts anders als eine direkte Fortsetzung
EIN MERKWÜRDIGER RÜSSELEGEL AUS BIWA-SEE. 191
des Ovarialsackes ist, verläuft gerade nach vorn und mündet in Gemeinschaft
mit dem der andern Seite in die weibliche Öffnung aus. Besondere Kopula-
tionsorgane kommen nicht zur Ausbildung.
Auch das Blutgefässsystem zeigt ganz dieselben Verhältnisse wie bei
andern Gossiphoniden. Am Dorsalgefass beobachtet man fünfzehn auf-
einander folgende Kammer, deren letzte unmittelbar in die sackartige, den
ganzen Darm einschliessende Erweiterung übergeht. Jede Kammer besitzt
verdickte Wandungen und ist am hintern Ende mit einem Klappenorgan
versehen. Die Zahl sowie der Verlauf der Seitenzweige, welche das
Rücken- und Bauchgefäss an beiden Körperenden mit einander verbinden,
sind genau dieselben, wie wir sie bei andern Gossiphoniden vorfinden. Auf
Schnitten fallen die Hauptstamme durch ihre grosse Dicke auf, die vielfach
einem Fünftel der Körperbreite gleich kommt.
In der Beschaffenheit der Leibeshöhle, die uns in Form eines kompli-
zierten Lakunensystems entgegentritt, stimmt die neue Form mit dem Genus
Glossiphonia nicht nur im Prinzip sondern auch in Einzelheiten überein.
Man unterschiedet hier wie beim letzteren eine dorsale, ein ventrale und
zwei Seitenlakunen, die durch zahlreiche Verbindungskanäle somitenweise
in Verbindung stehen. Die Seitenlakunen sind überall wohl entwickelt,
entbehren aber jeder muskulösen Wandung. Gefässartige, mit deutlicher
Wandung versehene Seitenstimme, wie sie die Ichthyobdelliden besitzen,
kommen nicht vor; ebensowenig die pulsierenden Seitenbläschen resp.
segmentale Erweiterungen der Seitenlakunen. Aus ihrer Grösse und Lage-
verhältnissen zu schliessen, scheinen die Seitenlakunen bei der Atmung
unsres Tieres eine Hauptrolle zu spielen.
Der Nephridien sind nur acht Paare vorhanden, die den Somiten XVI-
XXIII angehören. Jedes Organ bildet selbständiges Gebilde, wie es bei
den Glossiphoniden die Regel ist; ein Zusammenfliessen benachbarter
Organe etwa zu einem Plectonephridium, wie es vielfach bei den Ichthyo-
bdelliden stattfindet, habe ich nirgends beobachten können. Soviel ich aus
Schnittpräparaten ermitteln konnte, zeigt der Kanal denselben Verlauf wie
bei Glossiphonia. Er mündet ebenfalls in eine Hauteinstülpung, ohne vorher
192 A. OKA : ANCYROBDELLA BIWAE N.G. NSP.
eine Harnblase zu bilden. Entsprechend den Nephridien kommen auch
acht Paare Kapseln mit Flimmerorgane vor, die unmittelbar dem proxi-
malen Ende eines jeden Nephridiums aufsitzen. Sie liegen in der Regel
zu beiden Seiten des Nervenganglions, jedoch sind die vordern etwas mehr
nach vorn, die hintern etwas mehr nach hinten verschoben. Die Lage der
Kapsel, die sich an die letzte Nephridialzelle dicht anschliesst, legt die Ver-
mutung nahe, dass diese Gebilde, trotz der gegenteiligen Behauptung
mancher Autoren, doch etwas Gemeinsames in ihrer Funktion haben mögen.
Das Nervensystem weicht von dem der andern Rhynchobdellen nur
insofern ab, dass an der Bauchkette die vorderste und letzte Ganglienmasse
je ein Ganglion mehr enthalten. Man zählt bei unserm Tier zwischen
diesen anstatt 21 nur 19 getrennte Ganglien, so dass man schon im voraus
annehmen darf, dass die zwei anscheinend fehlenden Ganglien in den End-
ganglienmassen verborgen sind. Eine sorgfältige Analyse ergab nun, dass
die vordere aus 7, die hintere aus 8 Ganglien zusammengesetzt ist. In
betreff der Zusammendrängung der Ganglien an beiden Körperenden steht
also unser Wurm, trotz seiner äusserst schlanken Gestalt, auf einer höheren
Stufe als die übrigen Gattungen. In der Halsregion, wo der Körper eine
nur geringe Dicke besitzt, erscheint die Ganglienmasse ungemein gross,
indem sie beinahe den ganzen Raum innerhalb des Hautmuskelschlauches
ausfüllt.
Über das Bindegewebe und Muskelsystem verspare ich Angaben, da
sich diese von den entsprechenden Strukturen der andern Formen nicht
wesentlich verschieden zeigen.
Fundort. Biwa-See, Station 8 Annandale ; Tiefe ca. 260 jap. Fuss.
1.-3. Okt. 1915. 4 Exemplare.
Systematische Stellung. Wie oben angegeben, stimmt die neue Gattung
in allen wesentlichen Punkten des inneren Baues mit den Glossiphoniden
überein. Die grosse Ähnlichkeit zu den Ichthyobdelliden, die zunächst ins
Auge fällt, stellt sich bei genauerer Untersuchung als eine scheinbare her-
aus, indem sie auf äusseren Habitus beschränkt ist. Unter den inneren
Organen ist es vor allem das Lakunensystem, das unser Tier als eine echte
EIN MERKWÜRDIGER RÜSSELEGEL AUS BIWA-SEE. 193
Glossiphonide kennzeichnet ; dasselbe ermangelt nämlich der beiden gefäss-
artigen, mit muskulöser Wandung ausgestatteten Seitenstämme, die den
sämtlichen Ichthyobdelliden eigen sind. Auch der einfache Bau der
Geschlechtsorgane steht im Gegensatz zu denen der letzteren, die meist
eine viel kompliziertere Struktur aufweisen. Die Gestalt des Darmkanals
ist gleichfalls dem der Glossiphoniden durchaus ähnlich. Kurz, Ancyro-
‘bdella biwae ist dem Korperbaue nach unbedingt als eine Glossiphonide
aufzufassen, die sich um den Lebensbedingungen am Boden des Süsswasser-
sees anzupassen eigentümlich modiziert hat. Ob die Ähnlichkeit zu den
Ichthyobdelliden auf ein Stehenbleiben auf dem primitiven Zustande zurück-
zuführen ist, oder einen neu erworbenen Charakter darstellt, lässt sich aber
nicht ohne Weiteres entscheiden.
Als Gegenstück zu unsrer japanischen Form möchte ich die amerika-
nische Gattung Aczinobdella? mit den Arten zneguiannulata und annectens
erwähnen, die bei äusserlicher Betrachtung ebenfalls den Ichthyobdelliden
sehr ähnlich sieht. J. Percy Moore, der diese Gattung aufgestellt hat,
hielt sie zunächst für eine Ichthyobdellide und veröffentlichte sie als solche,
erkannte aber bald nachher, dass er eine aberrante Glossiphonide vor sich
hatte. Diese Gattung besitzt, im Gegensatz zu unserm Genus zwei grosse
Augen und aus sechs ungleichen Ringen bestehende Somite. Der Bau des
Darmkanals sowie die Grösse des hintern Saugnapfes sind auch verschieden.
Über die Lebensweise dieser merkwürdigen Hirudineen ist nichts bekannt,
obwohl es höchst wahrscheinlich ist, dass sie Blut saugen. Ein Exemplar
von Actinobdella ineguiannulata wurde aus dem Boden von Lake Pepin,
Minnesota, gepumpt.
14. Februar 1917.
2) The Leeches of Minnesota. 1912.
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Three New Species of Termites from Caroline Islands.
By
Masamitsu Oshima, Rigakushi.
Institute of Science, Govérnment of Formosa.
With 3 figures in text.
In the present paper is given a record of three new species of termites
from Caroline Islands, which were collected by Mr. R. Kanehira, expert of
the Forestry Station of the Government of Formosa, in the year 1915.
Here I beg to express my sincere thanks to him for kindly offering me the
interesting specimens for examination.
Calotermes (Neotermes) Kanehirae nov. sp.
Imago. — Head and pronotum reddish brown; abdomen somewhat
paler ; antennz yellow ; legs brownish yellow. Head and pronotum very
sparsely provided with spiny hairs ; wing-stumps pilose ; abdominal tergites
Fig. 1.
Calotermes Kanehirae.
Imago.
a, anterior wing,
6, head and pronotum.
coarsely pilose due to spiny
hairs mingled with minute
ones.
Head quadrate, sides con-
verging anteriorly, anterior
border straight, posterior
border rounded; basal portion
of clypeus very short, nearly
one-fifth as long as broad,
yellow in apical parts ; labrum
tongue-shaped, longer than
broad; eyes large; ocellus
approximated to eye, yellow
and oval; antenna 19-jointed,
2nd. joint longer than 3rd.,
4th. joint shorter than 3rd.;
196 M. OSHIMA : THREE NEW SPECIES
fontanelle indistinct ; pronotum much broader than head, quadrate, strongly
vaulted above, anterior border straight, posterior border slightly curved at
middle, postero-lateral corners rounded ; posterior border of mesonotum and
metanotum nearly straight, the former narrower than the latter ; anterior
wing-stumps very large, entirely covering the posterior; wing pale brown,
darker anteriorly ; veins (except cubitus) reddish brown, subcostal nerve
very short, radius united with costal at the basal two-fifths of the wing,
radius-sector with six branches, median nerve running near and parallel to
the former, apical half of the two nerves connected with each other ; cubitus
running through middle of wing, with ca. 14 branches, of which the proximal
ones are stronger (anterior wing); in the posterior wing median nerve
starting from the proximal one-fourth of radius-sector.
Length of body with wing......0..<s0s.seue 17,50 mm.
Length of body without wing ............ 10,50 mm.
engthrofitedd ta une 1,71 mm.
Width ofteddi ee M RE SRI 1,78 mm.
Width of pronetum 3... 2,28 mm.
Densth of pronotum yy. 2.22... Se 25 I,3t mm.
Length of anterior wine Senne 13,00 mm.
Habitat. — Palao Island ; collected on March 26, 1915.
Remarks. — The nearest relative of this species appears to be
Calotermes (N.) militaris from Ceylon. However, it differs from that
species in having much narrower head and pronotum.
Arrhinotermes ponapiensis nov. sp.
Imago. — Head pale reddish brown; thorax and abdomen somewhat
paler ; antennæ and legs dark yellow. Head very sparsely provided with
spiny hairs; outer border of pronotum with a series of hairs ; posterior
border of abdominal tergites with a series of minute hairs mingled with
long spiny hairs.
Head round, flattened ; fontanelle distinct, directed upwards; from the
OF TERMINATES FROM CALOLINE ISLANDS. 197
a. b. fontanelle runs a shal-
low trumpet-like de-
pression, widening an-
teriorly and reaching
to posterior border of
clypeus ; basal portion
of clypeus swollen,
e. slightly ‘shorter than
Fig. 2. Arrhinotermes ponapensis. half the width: eyes
Imago. a, head and pronotum. 4, anterior wing. i
RON o prominent ; ocellus ap-
proximated to eye ; antenne 19-jointed, 2nd. joint nearly as long as 3rd.,
4th. joint shorter than 3rd.; pronotum kidney-shaped, anterior border weak-
ly bilobed, posterior border broadly rounded, antero-lateral corners de-
pressed; mesonotum and metanotum narrower than pronotum, their posterior
border nearly straight ; wings hyaline, with yellowish costal margin, costal
and radius nerves reddish brown, other nerves transparent; radius nerve
of anterior wing not branched, running near and parallel to the costal ;
proximal parts of median and cubitus nerves united, the former without
branch but connected with radius and cubitus by numerous irregular veins ;
cubitus with 15 branches, reaching to tip of wing; median nerve of poste-
rior wing starting from proximal part of radius, connected with radius and
cubitus by numerous short veins; cubitus with ca. 14 branches, running
near and parallel to median nerve; anterior wing-stumps covering the
posterior.
Length of body with wing .................. 11,00 mm.
Length of body without wing............... 5,50 mm.
LENS OT CRE PER 1,15 mm.
MVNO Rica de A noia 1,25 mm.
WitelG i Ott PLONOUUI Ws. 1220er 1,13 mm.
BenstWofpronotum i. acces nern 1,31 mm.
Bensth oft anterior wing.....-... ne 9,00 mm.
Habitat. — Ponapi Island, collected on Jan. 27, 1915.
198 M. OSHIMA : THREE NEW SPECIES
Eutermes (Grallatotermes) brevirostris nov. sp.
Imago. — Head chestnut brown, shiny; thorax somewhat paler ;
abdomen dark brown; mouthparts, antenne and legs brownish yellow.
Head, pronotum, wing-stumps and abdominal tergites densely covered with
minute hairs ; mesonotum and metanotum nearly smooth.
a. b. Head round,
slightly vault-
ed above; eyes
very large
prominent;
ocellus sepa-
rated from eye
by a distance
less than half
Co
Fig. 3. Æutermes brevirostris. the diameter
Imago. a, head and pronotum. 4, anterior wing. c, posterior wing. of the latter:
?
fontanelle indistinct ; basal parts of clypeus short, nearly one-fourth as long
as wide ; antennæ 15-jointed, 2nd. joint very slightly longer than 3rd., 4th.
joint as long as 3rd.; pronotum semilunar with rounded antero-lateral
corners, anterior border straight, slightly elevated, posterior border broadly
rounded ; wing-stumps subequal, anterior one not covering the posterior ;
wings brownish, nerves yellowish brown; radius nerve of anterior wing
running near and parallel to costal ; median nerve running nearer to cubitus
than to radius, giving off three branches at the tip; cubitus not reaching to
tip of wing, with 8 branches, of which the proximal four are stronger; in
the posterior wing median nerve starting from radius, cubitus with ca. 12
branches.
Length of body with wing.............. pe. 15,00 mm.
Length of body without wing ............ 7-8,00 mm.
Length of mead, os. 1,25 mm.
Width of head ln a EEE 1,18 mm.
Width.of/pronofum....2.. ERE ee m28 mm:
Lensthiofipronotuma Werne ne. (07/0
OF TERMITES FROM CALOLINE ISLANDS, 199
Soldier (the larger form). — Head blackish brown, tip of rostrum red-
dish brown; abdominal tergites darker; antenna and legs pale yellowish
brown. Head very sparsely pilose ; abdominal tergites provided with
microscopical hairs, posterior three segments with spiny hairs along the
posterior border.
Fig. 4. Zutarmes brevirostris.
Soldier. a, shape of head. 4, lateral view.
Head round, with
short conical rostrum,
its anterior surface
making a weak curve
with upper surface of
head, antennz 13-
jointed, 3rd. joint about
twice as long as 4th. and
longer than 2nd.; prono-
tum saddle-shaped, short, anterior border rounded; legs slender, elongate.
Bensihrohbodyr: nur een
Length of head with rostrum
Length of head without rostrum
Widthrofshead Ye... nes:
\MidEhiofpronetuaft: "0...
BE 4,00 mm.
1,63-1,69 mm.
1,03-1,09 mm.
BER 1,09 mm.
0,56-0,62 mm.
Soldier (the smaller form).—Colour and hairiness as in the larger form.
Antennæ 13-jointed, 2nd. joint as long as 4th., 3rd. joint much longer than
2nd.
Kent lonbody 2727" 0 re.
Length of head with rostrum
Length of head without rostrum
MORE ori
\Widihofprosotimif-t yous. ore
sana 3,00 mm,
1,59-1,63 mm.
she Sete 1,03 mm.
1,03-1,09 mm.
0,50-0,56 mm.
Worker (the larger form). Head dark brown, paler anteriorly ;
antennæ, legs and abdomen yellowish brown. Head and abdominal tergites
densely provided with microscopical hairs ; on the posterior two or three
abdominal tergites long spiny hairs present in addition.
200 M. OSHIMA ! THREE NEW SPECIES
Head round, sutures distinct, whitish ; transversal band rather long ;
basal parts of clypeus nearly half as long as broad, slightly swollen ; anten-
ne 14-jointed, 3rd. joint slightly longer than 2nd. and about twice as long
as 4th.; pronotum saddle-shaped, anterior border indented at middle.
WEngth Ol 00e ARTE et 5,10 mm.
Width yorhnead. en einen ee 1,25 mm.
Width (of PrOonoLUm Eee ee 0,69 mm.
Worker (the smaller form). — Head yellowish brown, rather pale ;
antennæ, legs and abdomen yellowish white. Hairiness as in the larger
form.
Head round ; basal parts of clypeus shorter than half the width; an-
tennæ 14-jointed, 2nd. joint longer than 3rd., 4th. joint ring-shaped and
half as long as 3rd.; pronotum saddle-shaped, anterior border strongly
elevated, slightly intended at middle.
Wengith Gflbody. dieser SIATE Cee 3,80 mm.
Width 'ofshead wai Prati Dee) 0,87 mm.
Width/ofpronotumit. Sat te ME 0,47 mm.
Habitat. — Ponapi Island ; collected on Jan. 26, 1915. Palao Island;
collected on March 12, 1915.
Remarks. — This new species is very closely allied to Hutermes (G.)
luzonicus Oshima from Luzon, but the rostrum in the soldier is shorter than
in that species.
Bird-infesting Mallophaga of Japan (IIl).*
(Genus Lipeurus)
By
Seinosuke Uchida, /izgakus/i.
With 3 figures in text.
Genus Lipeurus Nitzsch.
Nitzsch, Germ. Mag. f. Insekt., III, 1818, p. 292; Denny, Monogr.
Anopl. Brit., 1842, p. 164; Giebel, Insekta Epizoa, 1874, p. 206; Piaget,
Les Pediculines, 1880, p. 284; Taschenberg, Die Mallophagen, 1882, p.
102; Kellogg, Mallophaga, Genera Insectorum, 1908, Fasc. 66, p. 36;
Mjoberg, Arkiv for Zoologi, 1910, Bd. 6, p. 83 (Part.).
I. Lipeurus densus Kellogg.
Kellogg, New. Mallophaga, I, 1896, p. 114, pl. VII, figs. ı & 2, (female
juv.); Kellogg, New Mallophaga III, 1809, p. 28, pl. III, fig. 2, (male).
One male, three females and eight youngs of the species were collected
from two skins of Audubon’s albatross, (2omedea nigripes, collected in the
Bonin Is., 1892, and in Prov. Sagami, March 27, 1884. Further, a young
specimen was obtained from a skin of Steller’s albatross, Diomedea albatrus,
taken in Prov. Awa, Feb. 10, 1888.
The females on hand do not quite agree with Kellogg’s description
and figure, probably owing to the fact that the specimen described by him
was in the immature state.
Adult female:—Very similar to the male except in having much more
slender but shorter antennæ which are gradually tapering distally ; the first
segment rather short and about equal to the third, the second longest and
* The two previous papers, treating of the genera Physostomum, Gomiodes and Gontocotes,
appeared in this volume of the “Annotationes”, pp. 67-72, 81-88.
202 S. UCHIDA :
as long as the last three segments taken together, the fifth shortest and
equal to two-thirds the fourth in length. Hairs in the uncoloured elliptical
space near the posterior angles of metathorax number five, as in the male.
Young individuals 4-4.5 mm. long and of the same stage of develop-
ment as the female described by Kellogg, show three hairs at each of the
posterior angles of metathorax, while still younger individuals of 2-2.7 mm.
length have only a single hair at each of the same positions. Ina specimen
which was collected in the moulting condition, there are to be seen at that
position three hairs in the exuvia, but five hairs in the emerging insect.
Probably the number of the hairs increase at each moulting, there appearing
five of them at the last ecdysis.
Measurements of adult females as follows :
|
EAN VE Do Vate un oa ces EE | Gu,
Wid ENT ONI OAV ee 1.32 | 1.50
enpebion campus ee 1.25 | 1.28
Widthiofiheadesemmm. ees ace css T.I2 | 1 (CA
Henstiloftho axe u en. 1.58 | 1.60
Width of thorax een Race , eee Give 1.25 | 1.29
ITS sno Don 000 avo do 00 0.68 | 0.70
2. Lipeurus confidens Kellogg.
Kellogg, New Mallophaga, III, 1899, p 26, pl. III, fig. 1 (female only).
Four males and ten females of this species were taken from three skins
of the Audubon’s albatross, Diomedea nigripes, from the Sagami Bay (March
27, 1884), Bonin Is (1892) and Tiausu Id., Loo-choo (May, 1900). Further,
one male, three females and two young specimens were obtained from a skin
of the Steller’s albatross, Diomedca albatrus from Prov. Awa (Feb. 10, 1888.)
Description of the male: — Smaller than female ; body 3.3 mm. long,
0.78 mm. wide. Head somewhat slender, 0.77 mm. long, 0.61 mm. wide ;
temporal margins just behind eyes more rounded than in female, trabeculæ
wanting ; first segment of antennæ very large, without appendage, but with
BIRD-INFESTING MALLOPHAGA OF JAPAN. 203
a very slight elevation nearer to base
than to distal end of the segment;
N
( ) second segment small, about one-third
E OO ae
as long as the first; third segment
\ A. smaller than the second, with a claw-
t ? ald like extremity; fourth and fifth segments
= Ss cylindrical, the fifth longer than the
É | N fourth ; tip of third segment light brown,
4 ; e \ rest of antenna colourless.
o Sa & Prothorax with sides more expanded
: 4 6 § i than in the female. Abdomen relatively
small, 1.65 mm. long (in the female 2.35
mm.); postero-lateral angles of each
segment much protruded ; genitalia in-
distinct, long and slender, reaching from
fifth segment to the middle of eighth
segment ; markings of abdomen very
different from those of female ; ground
colour whitish, with very narrow and
clear lateral bands which send out ex-
igs e
Lipeurus confidens Kellogg, male. X30
panding process inwards at the posterior
end ; lateral blackish blotches round in segment I, elongate in segments II-
VI, again round but smaller in segments VII and VIII; the last segment
conical, almost colourless, asymmetrical, the summit slightly turned to the
right side and with three prickles on both sides.
3. Lipeurus macilhennyi Kellogg and Kuwana.
Kellogg and Kuwana, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1900, p. 155, pl. VII, fig. 3.
Five females and a young were collected from specimens of Audubon’s
albatross, Diomedea nigripes (Tiausu Id., Loo-choo, May 1900; Bonin Is.,
1892 ; Prov. Awa, March 19, 1894.). One more female from a specimen of
Steller’s albatross, Diomed:a albatrus (Prov. Awa, March 19, 1884).
204 S. UCHIDA :
4. Lipeurus concinnus Kellogg and Chapman.
Kellogg and Chapman, New Mallophaga, III, 1899, p. 97, pl. VII, fig. 2.
Two males and two females collected from Diomedea albatrus taken in
Formosa, March, 1897 ; and a male and a female from PDiomedea nigripes
obtained in Tiausu Id., Loo-choo, May, 1900.
5. Lipeurus feroa Giebel.
Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, 1874, p. 235; Piaget Les Pediculines, 1880, p.
333; Kellogg, New Mallophaga, I, 1806, p. 127, pl. IX, figs. I & 2. Lipeurus
diomed@, Dufour, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1834, IV, p. 669, figs. 1 & 2;
Giglioli, Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci., 1864, IV, .s., p. 10, pl. I, figs. 1 & 2.
Two males and three females of this species were obtained from the
skins of Zomedea nigripes (Bonin Is., 1892; Formosa, Feb. 1897 ; and
Tiausu Id., Loo-choo, May 1900).
6. Lipeurus annuliventris Sp. nov.
This new species is founded on a single male specimen which was
obtained from a skin of the grey fork-tailed petrel, Oceanodroma furcata
(Misaki, Prov. Sagami, March 1907).
It is allied to * Zipeurus clypeatus Giebel from Pachyptila co:rulea, but
is distinguished from it by the smaller size, narrower head, being especially
narrow at the temples, by the shape and chætotaxy of the thorax and by the
shape of the last abdominal segment.
Description of the male:—Body 2.17 mm. long, 0.36 mm. wide ; ground
colour of head and thorax clear brownish, with reddish brown markings ;
abdomen brownish with lateral dark brown bands.
Head 0.55 mm. long, 0.30 mm. wide ; elongate conical ; front narrowly
parabolic, with three marginal hairs near suture and three prickles behind
it ; clypeal region colourless, expanded in front of the suture, trabeculæ
* Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, 1874, p. 236; Taschenberg, Die Mallophagen, 1882, ps 154, Taf. V,
Fig. 2, 2a, 2b.
RC
BIRD-INFESTING MALLOPHAGA OF JAPAN. 205
very small, a short hair in front of each ; antenna
with the first segment longest, the second about
three-fourths as long ; the third short, with a dorsal
angular projection at distal end, the fourth shortest ;
and the fifth slightly longer than the fourth. Eyes
clear, with a short prickle at the posterior margin of
each ; temporal margin rounded, with two long hairs
and two prickles ; occipital margin sinuous. Signa-
ture shield-shaped, anteriorly pale-coloured, posteri-
orly sharp-angled, with a median clear suture and
one dark-coloured blotch at posterior margin on
each side. Antennal bands reddish brown, bending
inwards in front of the base of antenna; round
ocular blotches reddish brown; occipital blotches
blackish brown.
Prothorax 0.13 mm. long, 0.24 mm. wide,
hexagonal; anterior lateral angles obtuse; each
posterior lateral angle with a protuberance and a
hair ; posterior angles each with a stout hair; pos-
Fig. 2. 1 i 3 3
Pari ee terior margin truncate in the middle part. Colour
n. sp., male. X45.
clear brownish, with reddish brown lateral borders
which posteriorly extend on each side along the postero-lateral angles and
a short way inwards and in the anterior third of their length send out a
branch.
Metathorax 0.23 mm. long, 0.31 mm. wide, quadrilateral ; sides nearly
straight, diverging posteriorly, each with a long stout hair near the posterior
angle ; anterior lateral angles slightly extended, each forming a pointed
protuberance ; posterior lateral angles posteriorly prolonged, rather acute at
end ; posterior margin nearly straight with five hairs along each lateral third
of its length, middle parts of lateral margin edged with reddish brown. Legs
paler than body, dorsally dark edged.
Abdomen slender, elongate; the first segment much narrower than
206 S. UCHIDA :
thorax at the articulation ; I-III segments widening posteriorly, the remain-
ing segments gradually growing narrower to the last segment; lateral margins
nearly straight in segments I-III, convex in segments IV-VIII; segments
IV-V shorter than any other ; posterior angle of segments I-VII with one
to four hairs ; segment VIII with several short hairs on lateral margin and
four short hairs on posterior margin ; segment IX small, conical and deeply
emarginate behind.
Ground colour of abdomen darker than either head or thorax; lateral
band of segments dark brown, with rounded posterior end ; transverse bands
complete, smoky brown, narrower on segments IV-VI; stigmatal spots
paler than the band.
7. Lipeurus exiguus Kellogg and Kuwana.
Kellogg and Kuwana, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., IV, 1902, p. 479, pl.
XXX, fig. 2, (female).
Six males, three females and several youngs were taken from the skins
of Siebold’s shearwater, Pujfinus leucomelas (Tiausu Id., Loo-choo, May 9,
1900 ; River Sai, Prov. Shinano, Nov. 13, 1915); and further two males from
a skin of the Japanese petrel, Oestrelata longirostris (from Prov. Mutsu).
The male of this species was hitherto unknown.
Measurements: +
® È | © eu ®
È mm. | mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm.
Length of body , ...| 2.48 | 2.54 | 2.54 | 2.54 | 2.45 | 2.45 | 2-65
Widthofibody ve. War 32m ES .32 By .29 -32 |
|
Length of head MON 259 .59 -59 57 57 59 |
Width of head... | +29 | .31 | -32 .32 :3I -31 -31
Length of thorax ...| .47 48 | -47 47 45 44 -49 |
Width of thorax...) .26 | .28 | .29 30 | .29 28 30
| | |
Description of the male:—Very similar to female, differing only in the
smaller but slightly thicker antennæ which have the I segment longest, the
BIRD-INFESTING MALLOPHAGA OF JAPAN. 207
II-IV segments successively shorter than the one preceding, the V segment
longer than the IV and about equal to the III. (In the female, the antenna
have the II segment longest, the I nearly but not quite as long as the II,
the III and the IV subequal and shortest of all, and the V slightly longer
than the IV).
S. Lipeurus longicornis Piaget.
Piaget, Les Pediculines, 18°0, p. 334, pl. XXVII, fig. 3.
Eight males, nine females and three youngs were collected from the
Temminck’s cormorant, Phalacrocorax capillatus, shot in Prov. Shinano.
9. Lipeurus hebraeus Nitzsch.
Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, 1874, p. 226, Taf. XVI, figs. 5, 6; Piaget Les
Pediculines, 1880, p. 326, pl. XXVII, fig. 2; Taschenberg, Die Mallophagen,
1882, p. 130, Taf. IV, Fig. 4, 4a.
This species has previously been known only from several species of
cranes (Gras). It is a remarkable fact that I obtained a female specimen
from the mallard, Anas boschas, captured in Prov. Shinano. The measure-
ments of my specimen agree well with those given by Taschenberg, but
are considerably larger than those given by Piaget. It may be that the
latter auther had before him an immature specimen.
Measurements:
Piaget Taschenberg Uchida
ee Fe
Wenpt hot bodyamece) O = ua | pn
\Widtbrofibodys. Mes te 0.90 | 1.37 1.46
Eenstotof@hea die e 0.84 1.08 | 1.08
Width of head Ps es qe 0.70 1.04 0.97
Benethrofithoroxser ee 0.70 | 1.06 | 0.94
Widthiofithoraxg WS SA yee. 0.65 | 1.08 | 1.10
LIE cn Bee Ed. CS RS 0.35 0.48
208 S. UCHIDA :
IO. Lipeurus squalidus Nitzsch.
Denny, Monogr. Anopl. Brit., 1842, p. 176, pl. XIV, fig. 5; Giebel,
Insecta Epizoa, 1874, p. 241, Taf. XVI, fig. 1 ; Piaget, Les Pediculines, 1880,
p- 344, pl. XXX, fig. 5 ; Kellogg, New Mallophaga, I, 1896, p. 132, pl. X,
figs. 6, 7 ; Kellogg, New Mallophaga, III, 1899, p. 102.
Three male and two female specimens of this species were collected by
Mr. N. Kuroda from a widgeon (J/a/eca penelope), from a falcated teal
(Eunetta falcata) and from a Mallard (Anas loschas), all which birds were
captured at Haneda in the suburb of Tokyo. Further were obtained a
young male from a skin of Hooper swan (Cygnus musicus, collected in Seoul,
Korea, March 1895) and a single female from a Japanese green pheasant
(Phasianus versicolor, from Prov. Iwashiro). Probably the latter case was
one of a straggler, transmitted from the game-bag in which the host bird
was carried.
This common and very widely distributed species is exceedingly
variable. With regard to the dimensions of body and the number of long
hairs in the posterior angles of metathorax, the specimens before me closely
resemble the form which was obtained by Professor Kellogg from Charito-
netta albeola, Anas boschas, and Erismatura rubida. Their measurements
are as follows :—
9 5 a
Pen pt oO bod vase N 3.48 3-43 2.86
Width of body BE 0.66 0.66 0.48
Wenge thio beads ees maven reece 0.65 0.65 0.65
Width of head Boat Race a See 0.45 0.44 0.43
II. Lipeurus temporalis Nitzsch.
Nitzsch, Germar’s Mag. Ent., III, 1818, p. 292 ; Denny, Monogr. Anopl.
Brit., 1842, p. 175, pl. xiv, fig. 7; Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, 1874, p. 239 ;
BIRD-INFESTING MALLOPHAGA OF JAPAN. 204
Piaget, Les Pediculines, 1880, p. 350, pl. XXXI, fig. 1, Kellogg, New
Mallophaga, I, 1806, p. 130, pl. X, fig. 1.
Ten specimens, all female, were collected by Mr. N. Kuroda from a
red breasted merganser, Mergus serrator, taken at Haneda near Tokyo,
1915.
This species differs from the preceding only in being smaller and in
having the ground colour of body deeper brown with somewhat indistinct
blackish markings. As has been pointed out by Professor Kellogg,* the
two forms from Anas and Merganser may be regarded to be the same
specifically, but it seems they should be distinguished, on account of the
above differences, as varieties or subspecies.
Measurements of the specimens on hand are as follows :—
P ir | # i + > r Fr | r iz
F - e — |
mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. | mm. mm
Length of body ... 3:00 03:27 03:27 03:27 032721163:38 163.272 (3127 03822701) 3.00
Width of body … .55 .58 .60 .62 .55 .52 .60 .62 | 62 He
Length of head ... .58 | .60 .6L 61 61 .61 ‘or CGT | -6x 58
Width of head _... 42 .46 .46 | 46 .45 45 45 45 46 44
| | za | | |
12. Lipeurus intermedius Piaget.
Piaget, Les Pediculines, 1880, p. 368, pl. XXIX, fie. 7.
One male, five females and two youngs were collected from a Zhasianus
versicolor, shot in Prov. Iwashiro, Feb. 18, 1916. Six males and five females
were taken from skins of Phasianus scintillans collected in Prov. Shinane
and in Prov. Musashi, Jan. 10, 1903 ; and one male, two females and foyr
youngs from a skin of Gennaeus sivinhoir from Formosa.
* Kellogg, New Mallophaga III, p. 102.
210 S. UCHIDA :
Measurements.
SEIFE ET Ne | ES
| | | | ie Peer | resi
Me ne ce ee a
Width of body .... .65 .75 .67 66 .62) .62 .63 .53 .53 .50 .sr! -53| -51| .58| -53
Length of head ...| .58| .67| -61| .63| .62| .62| -63| .53| .53| -55 531 -55| 541 -58| .5
Width of head... -40 45) 44 43) 46 +43) «47, «33 31 34 -33| .35 34 -39| +31
Length of thorax... .5I .53) .53 ‘47 -53| «47| -54 -46| .45) -48) -45| +49 .47| -53| “45
Width of thorax ...| .42| ..5I| .45 46 +59 44 .50 +37 55 30 -39| -4I| -39) -45| :3
Antenna... ..… ...) .31| .32| .33) -31| -31 31 33 28 | #21 -39| -43) -41| .41| —
The specimens differ from typical L. 2ntermedius from Euplocamus
ignitus in having larger head and wider body, and in the male being larger.
For the sake of comparison I append below Piaget’s measurements of the
typical specimens :
9 a
mm mm.
Penpthiofibody ur. mer a) eee 2.95 2.20
VWVidthioflbodya CE ee 0.56 0.40
Lene tof header. EE 0.55 0.50
Width of head ... ... u. u | 0.35 0.29
13. Lipeurus heterographus Nitzsch.
Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, 1874, p. 218; Piaget, Les Pediculines, 1880, p.
360, pl. XXIX, fig. 2; Taschenberg, Die Mallophagen, 1882, p. 169; Osborn,
Bull. 5 (n. s.), Div. Ent. U. S. Dep. Agr. Wash., 1896, p. 197.
Eight females and ten males from a domestic fowl at Komaba near
Tokyo ; and five females from /’rasianus versicolor, killed in Prov. Iwashiro,
Feb. S, 1916.
14. Lipeurus variabilis Nitzsch.
Denny, Monogr. Anopl. Brit., 1842, p. 164, pl. XV, fig. 6; Giebel,
BIRD-INFESTING MALLOPHAGA OF JAPAN. 211
Insecta Epizoa, 1874, p. 219, Taf. XVI, fig. 3; Piaget, Les Pediculines, 1880,
p. 364, pl. XD fig. 4.
A male and a female from a Phasianus versicolor, killed in Prov.
Iwashiro, April 1914; one female from a domestic fowl in Tokyo ; and two
females from a specimen of Gennacus swinhoti obtained in Formosa.
The specimens possess at each of the posterior angles of metathorax
a long hair, and adjoining this, a white space with four long hairs ; on
the abdomen they show two longitudinal submedian rows of weak hairs.
In these points, the specimens seem to approach Kellogg’s Lipcurus intro-
ductus*; but in all other respects they agree quite closely with Piaget’s
description of /rpeurus variabilis.
p
15. Lipeurus formosanus Uchida.
Uchida, Journ. Coll. Agr., Tokyo Imp. Univ., Vol. III, No. 4, 1917, p.
rote
Three female and four young individuals were taken from the skins of
the following birds, all collected in Formosa: Arboricola crudisularis,
Bambusicola sonorivox and Gennacus swinhoit.
Measurements :
9 8
mm. | mm. mm.
LEA OIL Go cho ot 2.02 2.00 2.00
Width of body OT oe PS, 0.42 | 0.42 0.40
Length OPERA en cn 0.52 | 0.52 0.52
N\itdehrofsheadie ee e 0.40 | 0:39 0.40
Benethloßthoraxe.. w.ce cece 0.37 0.37 0.37
NVAdth OMÉROTAX NE RE 0.31 ©.3L 0.31
J Mattes cor = eee 0.26 0.26 0.26
* Kellogg, New Mollophaga II, p. 5or, pl. LXVIII, figs. 1 & 5.
212 S. UCHIDA :
16. Lipeurus einereus Nitzsch.
Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, 1874, p. 221; Piaget, Les Pediculines, 1880,
Pp. 353, pl. XVII Se. 5:
A male, three females and four youngs of this species were collected
by Mr. N. Kuroda from a specimen of Coturnix japonica, shot at Numazu,
Prov. Suruga, Feb. 26, 1916. Three more females were taken from a skin
of the same bird killed in Prov. Shinano, Jan. 25, 1915.
All the specimens agree well with the descriptions given by Giebel and
Piaget, except in the fact that they are somewhat larger. Measurements of
the specimens (those in parenthesis are Piaget’s):
+ +
Len Ethos DO LYA ROSEN lees 2a) 1.85 (1.5)
Width of body ... 0.61 (0.52) 0.40 (0.31)
Benethlofheade sr ee. 0.56 (0.44) 0.51 (0.42)
Width of head ... 0.42 (0.32) 0.34 (0.25)
ene thiol thonaze Pre: 0.28 (0.33) 0.28 (0.28)
WVadthtobith ora Xora ame 0.36 (0.31) 0.33 (0-25
ADÉCDDA OSS Soi odo bob occ 000 0.18 (0.14) 0.25 (0.21)
According to Piaget, the species is very variable in size; a female
measured by him reached 2.2 mm. in length.
17. Lipeurus comstocki Kellogg and Chapman.
Kellogg and Chapman, Journ. New York Ent. Soc. Vol. X, 1902, p. 23,
pl. III, fie. 2.
A female specimen of the species was found on a Siberian ruddy crake
(Porzana fusca) from Tokyo, and a female on eastern water rail (La//us
aquaticus indicus) killed in Prov. Tosa.
IS. Lipeurus turturis sp. nov.
A single female specimen was taken from an eastern turtle-dove
BIRD-INFESTING MALLOPHAGA OF JAPAN. 215
(Turtur orientalis), shot at Morioka, Prov. Rikuchü, July 15, 1916. This
new species belongs to the group c/ypeati sutura indistincta, and resembles
Paine’s L. baculoides* from the mourning dove, Zenaidura macroura, but
differs from it in size, chætotaxy, shape of temples, etc.
Description of the female: — Body 1.63 mm. long, 0.39 mm. wide ;
ground colour of body pale brownish, with brownish markings on head and
thorax ; lateral bands of abdomen reddish brown.
Bigs 3.
Lipeurus turturis n. sp. Female, X60o.
Head 0.43 mm. long ; 0.27 mm.
wide ; widest through eyes ; head in
front of antennæ triangular, longer
than the parts behind antennæ,
which parts are of a quadrangular
shape ; clypeus rounded, expanded,
with a pair of long and another pair
of short clavate appendages on the
frontal part ; marginal hairs five on
eachside,two ofthem standing at the
clypeal suture and the rest in front
of trabeculæ ; four dorsal hairs on
clypeus ; trabeculæ large, conical ;
antennæ long, the first segment
thick and as long as the third seg-
ment, the second longest, the last
coming next in length, and the
fourth shortest ; eye angular with a
very fine hair; temporal margin
straight, somewhat converging
posteriorly; two very small
prickles on each temporal angle ;
occipital margin slightly concave.
* Paine, Report Laguna Mar. Lab. I, 1912, p. 174, Fig. 05.
214 S. UCHIDA :
Ground colour of head pale brownish ; antennal bands broad, conspicuous,
dark brown, interrupted by a colourless, distinct and A-shaped broad
suture ; posterior ends of the bands somewhat bent inwards in front of each
antenna ; ocular blotch small, rounded, dark brown ; temporal band narrow,
pale brownish, broadened just below eye, gradually narrowing towards
the angle.
Prothorax ©.ı mm. long, 0.19 mm. wide ; short, quadrangular ; lateral
margins nearly straight and very slightly diverging posteriorly ; posterior
margin somewhat convex ; posterior angles rounded, each bearing a short
spine ; lateral bands brown. Metathorax 0.2 mm. long, 0.27 mm. wide ;
quadrilateral, widest at the posterior angles ; sides nearly straight, diverging
posteriorly ; anterior lateral angles slightly extended; posterior lateral
angles rounded, each with a short spine ; a long pustulated hair, two very
long hairs and a weak hair on a pustule near each lateral angle ; posterior
margin convex ; marginal bands narrow, brown. Legs paler than thorax,
with pale indistinct marginal markings.
Abdomen 0.9 mm. long, 0.39 mm. wide ; elongate oval ; segments wide-
ning to the fourth and then gradually narrowing to the ninth; segments II
and III longer than any other ; posterior angles a little extended, each bear-
ing one short hair on segments II-IV ; two long hairs on segments V—VII ;
segment VIII with a slight emargination on each side, bearing three long
and a few short hairs ; the last segment small, rounded, slightly emarginated
at tip, bearing four very short hairs. Ground colour of abdomen whitish ;
segments I-VII with reddish brown lateral bands which extend anteriorly
into preceding segment, each side of segments I-VII brown ; all segments
with a pair of pale yellowish brown blotches forming two submedian rows.
19. Lipeurus baeulus Nitzsch.
Denny, Monogr. Anopl. Brit., 1842, p. 172, pl. XIV, fig. 3; Giebel,
Insecta Epizoa, 1874, p. 216; Piaget, Les Pediculines, 1880, p. 303, pl.
XXV, fig. 2; Taschenberg, Die Mallophagen, 1882, p. 123; Osborn, Bul.
BIRD-INFESIING MALLOPHAGA OF JAPAN. 21
in
No. 5 (n. series), Div. Ent. U. S. Dept. Agr., 1806, p. 199, fig. 121 ; Kellogg,
New Mallophaga, II, p. 506, pl. LXVIII, figs. 4 & 6; Mjöberg, Arkiv för
Zoologi, Bd. VI, 1910, p. 85. Pediculus columbe Linné, Systema Nature,
36, 1767, p. 2920; Fabricius, Systema Entmologiæ, 1775, p. 809; Zrpeurus
bacillus, Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, p. 215.
Two males and five females were collected from a domestic pigeon in
Prov. Shinano, April 14, 1915; and three more specimens, all male, were
taken from the Chinese turtle dove (Zurtur chinensis) and the Formosan
green pigeon (Sphenocercus formose), both from Formosa.
Tokyo, Oct. 30, 1916.
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A Collection of Birds from Tonkin.
By
Nagamichi Kuroda, Azgakushi.
An interesting collection of bird-skins, made by Mr. S. Tsuchiya in
French Tonkin in 1911-1912 and owned by Mr. T. Kobayashi of Yokohama,
was placed in my hand for examination. The collecting was done at two
localities in the northern part of that country, viz., at Yen-bai (sometimes
spelt Yen-bay) and Lao-kay, both situated on the river Song Koi or Red
River. A part of the material was since acquired by me and is now pre-
served in my own collection.
The specimens I have referred to 35 families, 101 genera and 1 30species
and subspecies, including an undescribed species of a green woodpecker
which I propose to call by the name of Gecinus rubripectus.
Fam. ARDEIDA.
1. Ardeola bacchus (Bonap.).
Chinese Pond Heron.
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., XX VI, p. 211 ; Blanford, F. Brit. Ind., Bds.,
IV, p. 394; Grant, P. Z. S., 1900, p. 494 ; Ingram, Nov. Zool., XIX, p. 274;
Ardeola prasinosceles Swinhoe, P. Z. S., 1871, p. 413 ; David et Oust., Ois.
Chine, p. 443 ; Ardea bacchus Bp., Dresser, Pal. Bds., II, p. 572.
One young male (Nov. 19, 1911) and two young females (Oct. 27; Nov.
19, 1911) from Yen-bai.
Fam. ANATIDZE.
2. Nettopus coromandelianus (Gmelin).
Cotton Teal or White-bodied Goose-Teal.
Salvadori, Cat. B. Br. Mus., XXVII, p. 68 ; Blanford, F. Brit. Ind., Bds.,
IV, p. 433; Grant, P. Z. S., 1900, p. 492 ; Ingram, Nov. Zool., XIX, p. 275;
218 N. KURODA :
Nettapus coromandeliarus (Gm.), David et Oust., Ois. Chine, p. 501; Barker,
Ind. Ducks, p. 191.
One female (Oct. 27, 1911) from Yen-bai.
Fam. HALCONTDZE.
3. Astur galumbarius (Linn.).
Goshawk.
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br! Mus: 1,P.957 Swinhoe, 7.2.05, 27871 REA
David et Oust., Ois. Chine, p. 23 ; Blanford, F. Br. Ind., Bds., III, p. 397;
Dresser, Pal. Bds., 11, p2520:
One young male (Dec. 25, 1911) from Lao-kay.
4. Milvus ater govinda Sykes.
Common Pariah kite.
Mivus govinda Sykes, Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., I, p. 325; Swinhoe,
P. Z. S., 1871, p. 341 ; Davidvet Oust.,: Ois: ‘Chine, p. 10; Blantond aioe
Ind., Bas, Il, p. 374
One male (Jan. 16, 1912) from Lao-kay.
5. Pernis eristatus (Cuv.).
Crested Honey-Buzzard.
Blanford, F. Br. Ind., Bds., III, p. 406; Pernis ptilonorhynchus (Temm.),
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br.’Mus,, T, pP. 347:
One young male (Nov. 16, 1911) from Lao-kay.
6. Microhierax melanoleucus (Blyth).
White-legged Falconet.
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., I, p. 368; Blanford, F. Br. Ind., Bds., III, p.
One male of this little falcon (Dec. 15, 1911) from Lao-kay.
The specimen is somewhat smaller than the measurements given by
Sharpe and Blanford.
A COLLECTION OF BIRDS FROM TONKIN. 219
Fam. PHASIANIDZE.
7. Gallus bankiva Temm.
Red Jungle-Fowl.
Gallus gallus (L.), Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. B. Br. Mus., XXII, p. 344;
Grant, P. Z.S., 1900, p. 504; G. ferrugineus (Gm.), Swinhoe, P. Z. S.,
1871, p. 399; David et Oust., Ois. Chine, p. 420 ;. Anderson, W. Yunnan,
II, p. 669; Blanford, F. Br. Ind., Bds., IV, p. 75 ; Ingram, Nov. Zool., XIX,
pP: 271.
Two young males (Oct. 30; Nov. 4, 1911) from Yen-bai, and one young
male (Jan. 21, 1912) from Lao-kay.
8. Phasianus elegans Elliot.
Stone’s Pheasant.
Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. B. Br. Mus., XXII, p. 329; Blanford, F. Br. Ind.,
Bds., IV, p. 81; Ingram, Nov. Zool., XIX, p.271; Phasianus sladent
Anderson, W. Yunnan, II, p. 671 ; Swinhoe, P.Z.S., 1871, p. 398; David et
Oust., Ois. Chine, p. 411.
An adult male (Mar. 16. 1912) from Lao-kay.
Fam. RALLIDZE.
9. Gallinula ehloropus (Linn.).
Water-Hen.
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., XXIII. p. 169 ; Swinhoe, P.Z.S., 1871, p. 414;
David et Oust., Ois. Chine, p. 485 ; Blanford, F. Br. Ind., Bds., IV, p. 175;
Anderson, W. Yunnan, II, p. 692; Grant, P. Z.S., 1900, p. 500; Dresser,
Pal. Bds., II, p. 715; G. chloropus orientalis Horsf., Ingram, Nov. Zool.,
MIX, p..272.
Three males (Oct. 27; Nov. 12, 14, 1911) and three females (Oct. 30;
Nov. 2, 14, 1911) from Yen-bai.
220 N. KURODA :
10. Amaurornis phenicurus (Penn.).
White-breasted Water-hen.
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., XXIII, p. 156; Blanford, F. B. Ind., Bds., IV,
p. 173; A. phenicura (Forst.), Ingram, Nov. Zool., XIX, p. 272; Gallinula
Phenicura (Penn.), Swinhoe, P.Z.S., 1871, p. 414; Erythra phenicura David
et Oust., Ois. Chine, p. 486.
One male (Nov. 13, 1911) from Yen-bai; another male (Dec. 1911) and
a female (Jan. 10, 1912) from Lao-kay.
The male specimen from Yen-bai seems to be unusually small, the
measurements being as follows : —
Bill from Gape
35.5 mm.
Fam. CHARADRIIDZE.
11. Charadrius fulvus Gm.
Eastern Golden Plover.
Swinhoe, P.Z.S., 1871, p. 403; David et Oust., Ois.Chinezpsaene
Blanford, F. B. Ind., Bds., IV, p. 234; Ch. dominicus fulvus Gm., Ingram,
Nov. Zool., XIX, p. 273 ; Ch. dominicus P. L. S. Müll., Sharpe, Cat. B. Br.
Mus., XXIV, p. 195 ; Grant, PZ. 5, 1900, p- A405, Dresser, Pal Bass
P- 732.
One young male (Nov. 25, 1911) from Lao-kay.
12. Ægialitis cantiana dealbatus Swinh.
Eastern Kentish Plover.
Agialitis dealbatus Swinhoe, P.Z.S., 1871, p. 404 ; David et Oust., Ois.
Chine, p. 431; Charadrius cantianus dealbatus Sw., Hartert & Jackson,
Ibis, 1915, p. 526-534; Æ, alexandrina Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., XXIV,
A COLLECTION OF BIRDS FROM TONKIN. 221
277, (patt.); Blantord, Fs Br. Ind, Bds., IV,;p. 240: (part.); Grant, PZ. S.
1900, p. 495 (part.); -Æ. cantiana Dresser, Pal. Bds., II, p. 737 (part.).
One young female (Dec. 19, 1911) from Lao-kay.
13. Ægialitis dubia dubia (Scop.).
Southern Little ringed Plover.
Ægialitis dubius (Scop.), Swinhoe, P.Z.S., 1871, p. 404; David et Oust.,
Ois. Chine, p. 429; Anderson, W. Yunnan, II, p. 676; Ingram, Nov. Zool.,
XIX, p. 273; Charadrius dubius dubius Scop., Hartert & Jackson, Ibis, 1915,
p- 526-534; -£. dubia Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., XXIV, p. 263 (part.) ;
Blanford, F. B. Ind. Bds., IV, p. 241 (part.); Grant, P.Z.S., 1900, p. 495
(part.).
One young male (Dec. 29, 1911) from Lao-kay.
The bill in this southern form is distinctly longer and stronger than in
A. dubia minor. Exposed culmen 15 mm., wing 113 mm.
14. Ægialitis dubia minor (Wolf & Meyer).
Little ringed Plover.
Aigialitis curonica (Gm.), Dresser, Pal. Bds., II, p. 740; Charadrius
dubius curonicus Gm., Hartert & Jackson, Ibis, 1915, p. 526-534; Æ. dubia
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., ON, p. 263 (part.); Blanford, F. B. Ind., Bds.,
IV, p. 241 (part.).
Three adult males (Nov. 13 ; Dec. 20, 22, 1911) from Lao-kay.
Measurements of their bill and wing as follows :
Exp. culm. | Wing
13 mm. | III mm.
13.9 mm, rog mm.
14 mm. | III mm.
The bill is smaller and shorter than in the preceding form.
N
N
N
N. KURODA :
15. Tringoides hypoleucus (Linn.).
Common Sandpiper.
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., XXIV, p. 456; Swinhoe, P.Z.S., 1871, p. 406;
David et Oust., Ois. Chine, p. 467; Blanford, F. B. Ind., Bds., IV, p. 260;
Grant, P.Z.S., 1900, p. 497; Totanus hypoleucus (L.), Dresser, Pal. Bds., II,
p. 791 ; Tringa hyfoleuca (L.), Ingram, Nov. Zool., XIX, Pp: 273.
One young female (Oct. 24, 1911) from Lao-kay.
16. Gallinago stenura (kuhl).
Pintail Snipe.
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., XXIV, p. 619; David et Oust., Ois. Chine, p.
478 ; Blanford, F. B. Ind., Bds., IV, p. 289; Grant, P. Z.S., 1900,'p.498£
Dresser, Pal. Bds., II, p. 761; Gallinago horsfieldi (G. R. Gray), Swinhoe,
P-Z.S., 1871, p 407.
One female (Oct. 27, 1911) from Yen-bai.
17. Gallinago gallinago (L.)
Common Snipe.
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., XXIV, p. 633 ; Grant, P. Z. S., 1900, p. 499;
Ingram, Nov. Zool., XIX, p. 274; G. cœlestis (Frenzel), Blanford, F. Br.
Ind., Bds., IV, p. 286; Dresser, Pal. Bds., II, p. 759; G. scolopacina Bp.,
Swinhoe, P.Z.S., 1871, p. 407; David et Oust., Ois. Chine, p. 478.
One male (Oct. 27, 1911) from Yen-bai.
Fam. COLUMBIDZ.
IS. Turtur tigrinus (Temm.).
Burmese Spotted Dove.
Solvadori, Cat. B. Br. Mus., XXI, p. 440; Anderson, W. Yunnan, II,
p- 665 ; Blanford, F. Br. Ind., Bds., IV, p. 44; Streptopelia suratensis tigrina
(Temm.), Baker, Ind. Pigeons & Doves, 1913, p. 210, Pl. 21.
One male (Jan. 6, 1912) from Lao-kay.
A COLLECTION OF BIRDS FROM TONKIN.
N
N
(OS)
10. Turiur orientalis (Latham).
Rufous Turtle Dove.
Salvadori, Cat. B. Br. Mus., XXI, p. 403; Anderson, W. Yunnan, II,
p. 661 ; Blanford, F. Br. Ind., Bds., IV, p. 40; Grant, P.Z.S., 1900, p. 502:
Ingram, Nov. Zool., XIX, p. 271; Turtur rupicola (Pall), Swinhoe, P. Z.S.,
1871, p. 397; David et Oust., Ois. Chine, p. 385; Strcptopelia turtur orienta-
{is (Lath.), Barker, Ind. Pigeons & Doves, 1913, p. 196.
One female (Jan. 8, 1912) from Lao-kay.
Fam. CUCULIDZE.
20. Mierococeyx sparverioides (Vigors).
Large Hawk-Cuckoo.
Shelley Cat 5 Br. Mus... XIX, p. 232; Blanford, FE. Br. Ind.» Bds.,
Ill, p. 211; A. sparveroides (Vig.), Dresser, Pal. Bds., I, p. 473; Cuculus
sparverioides (Vig.), Hartert, Vög. Pal., II, 953 ; Cuculus sparveroides (Vig.),
Swinhoe, Pa Zao, 1871, pP: 304, David et Oust., Ois. Chine, p. 63.
A young female (Oct. 24, 1911) from Yen-bay.
Shelley and Blanford have stated that the tail-feathers of the species
number 8-10, but the number in the specimen on hand is 12.
21. Centropus sinensis (Steph.).
Chestnut Coucal.
FE Shelley,/Cat!B! Br: Muse ATX, p. 343 ; Swinhoe, P.Z.S., 1871, p.303;
David et Oust., p. 58; Blanford, F. Br. Ind., Bds., III, p. 239; Grant, P.Z.S.,
1900, p. 485; Ingram, Nov. Zool., XIX, p. 279.
Two adult females (Nov. 9, r2, 1911), three young males (Nov. 12, 13,
13) and one young female (Nov. 1) from Yen-bai; and one male (Mar. 10,
1912) from Lao-kay. |
‘All these specimens agree with the so-called Centropus intermedius of
Hume in the interscapulars being of a chestnut colour.
224 N. KURODA :
22. Ceniropus bengalensis (Gmelin).
Lesser Coucal.
Shelley, Cat. B. Br. Mus., XIX, 9.352 ; Swinhoe,| P:Z.S.; 0879, 9.395;
David et Oust., Ois. Chine, p. 59; Blanford, F. Br. Ind., Bds., III, p. 243.
Two young females (Oct. 27; Nov. 13, 1911) from Yen-bai, and one
young female (Dec. 27, 1911) from Lao-kay. All these immature birds
agree well with C. /epidus of Horsfield.
23. Rhopodyfes tristis (Lesson).
Large Green-billed Malkoha.
Shelley, Cat. B. Br. Mus., XIX, p. 386; Blanford, F. Br. Ind., Bds., III,
p. 232; Grant, P.Z.S., 1909, p. 485; Zanclostomus tristis (Less.), Swinhoe,
P:Z.S., 1871, p.'393; David et Oust., Ois. Chine, p.58
Two males (Oct. 24; Nov. 14, 1911) and three females (Oct. 17, 24;
Nov. 9) from Yen-bay one male (Dec. 6) from Lao-kay.
Fam. ALCEDINIDZE.
24. Haleyon smyrnensis fusea (Bodd.).
Smirna Kingfisher.
Hartert, Vog. Pal., II, p. 884, Ingram, Nov Zool., XIX (py 273,
Halcyon smyrnensis Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., XVII, p 222 (part.); Swinhoe,
P.Z.S., 1871, p. 347 (part); Blanford, Er Br ind. wbds., Ill p wae (panes
Grant, P.Z.S., 1900, p. 488 (part.); Dresser, Man. Pal. Bds., I, p. 461 (part.);
Entomobia smyrnensis David et Oust., Ois. Chine, p. 76 (part.).
Three males (Nov. 28; Dec. 25, 1911; Jan. 5, 1912) from Lao-kay.
Two other specimens without labels occur in the collection.
25. Aleedo ispida bengalensis Gmelin.
Eastern Common Kingfisher.
Hartert, Vog. Pal: Il, 'p:"8325 aineramy Nov." Zool: XIX per
A COLLECTION OF BIRDS FROM TONKIN. 225
Alcedo bengalensis Gm., Swinhoe, P.Z.S., 1871, p. 347 ; David et Oust., Ois.
Chine, p. 74, A. ispida Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., XVII, p. 141 (patt.);
Blanford, F. B. Ind., Bds., II], p. 122 (part.); Dresser, Man. Pal. Bds., I, p.
458 (part.); Grant, P.Z.S., 1900, p. 487 (part.).
Three males (Nov. 29; Dec. 26, 1911; Jan. 22, 1912) from Lao-kay,
and three females (Oct. 24, 29, 30, 1911) from Yen-bai.
26. Ceryle rudius varia Strickl.
Indian Pied Kingfischer.
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., XVII, p. 112; Ceryle varia Strickland, Blan-
ford, . Br Ind.) Bds-; Ill, p 119; Grant, P.7.S., 1900, p. 487.
One male (Nov. 22, 1911) from Lao-kay.
Fam. MEROPIDZE.
27. Nyetiornis athertoni (Jard. & Selby).
Blue-bearded Bee-eater.
Sharpe, Cat. Be br, Mus., XVII} p. $8; Blanford, I. B. Ind., Bds., III,
pars; Fig. 32; Grant, P.Z.S., 1900, p. 480.
One female (Oct. 21, 1911) from Yen-bai ; another female (Jan. 3, 1912)
from Lao-kay.
Sharpe has stated that the tail-feathers in the Meropidæ number 10,
while Blanford has given the same to be 12. I find that one ofthe specimens
on hand has 12 and the other 14 tail-feathers.
Fam. BUCEROTIDZE.
28. Anthracoceros albirostris (Shaw & Nodd.).
Indo-Burmese Pied Hornbill.
Blanford, F. Br. Ind., Birds., III, p. 145, Fig. 41; A. malabaricus (Gm.),
Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. B. Br. Mus., XVII, p. 365.
One adult male (Nov. 13, 1911) and one female (?) (Nov. 13) from
Ven-bai.
226 N. KURODA :
Fam. STRIGIDÆ.
29. Ninox seutulata (Raffl.).
Brown Owlet.
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., II, p. 156; Blanford, F. Br. Ind., Bds., III, p-
309; Dresser, Man. Pal. Bds., I, p. 495; Minox japonica T. & S., Swinhoe,
P.Z.S., 1871, p. 343; David et Oust., p. 36; Grant, P.Z.S., 1900, p. 488.
One female (Nov. 14, 1911) from Yen-bai. The first primary shows no
bars, unlike the Yunnan specimen which was described by Anderson.
30. Scops lettia erythrocampa (Swinh.).
Swinhoe’s Collared Scops Owl.
Scops erythrocampa (Sw.), Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., II, p. 89; Otus
lempiji erythrocampa (Sw.), Ingram, Nov. Zool., XIX, p. 277.
One male in the rufous (Jan. 30, 1912) and one female in the grey phase
(Mar. 23), both from Lao-kay.
31. Scops giu gymnopodus Gray.
Gray's Scops-Owl.
Scops gymnopodus Gray, Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., II, p. 65; S. giu
Blanford, F. B. Ind., Bds., III, p. 291 (part.); Dresser, Man. Pal. Bds., I, p.
486-457 (part.).
One female (Nov. 16, 1911) from Lao-kay.
Dimensions of the specimen :
TR: | Wing. Fail Tarsus
ARE 133 mm. 58.5 mm. 20.5 mm.
(about)
Sharpe gave for this subspecies: total length 6.7 in. (=169 mm.),
wing 5.1 in. (=129 mm.), tail 2.5 in. (=63 mm.), tarsus 0.85 in. (=22 mm.),
A COLLECTION OF BIRDS FROM TONKIN.
lo
N
NI
the feathered part in front of tarsus 0.45 in. (=11.5 mm.), the bare part in
front of same 0.4 in. (=10.5 mm.).
In the specimen before me the bare part of tarsus in front measures
only about 0.25 in. (=5.5 mm.), z.c., much shorter than was given by Sharpe,
and consequently the feathered part is much longer. Possibly Dresser was
quite right in making the statement: “S. gymnopodus, Gray, appears to be
merely a specimen which had accidentally lost the feathers of the lower
tarsus.”
Fam. TROGONIDZE.
32. Harpactes erythrocephalus (Gould).
Red-headed Trogon.
Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. B. Br. Mus., XVII, p. 488; Blanford, F. B. Ind.,
Bds., III, p. 200.
Two males (Nov. 13, 14, 1911) from Yen-bai.
Fam. CAPITONIDZE.
33. Cyanops davisoni (Hume).
Davison’s Blue-throated Barbet.
Shelley Cat. B- Br. Mus. <x, p. 65> Blanford, F. B. Ind., Bds:, IM,
p- 93; Ingram, Nov. Zool., XIX, p. 279.
One male (Nov. 9, 1911) and one young male (Oct. 27) from Yen-bai.
Three males (Mar. 7, 11, 12, 1912) and two females (Mar. 6, 8) from Lao-
kay.
Fam. PICIDÆ.
34. Sasia ochracea Hodgs.
Rufous Piculet.
Hargitt, Cat. B. Br. Mus., XVIII, p. 555; Blanford, F. B. Ind., Bds.
UN, pi 77:
Three adult males (Oct. 21; Nov. 13, 17, 1911) from Yen-bai, and one
male (Jan. 17, 1912) from Lao-kay.
228 N. KUROIA :
35. Æyngipicus scintilliceps kaleensis (Sw.).
Swinhoe’s Pigmy Woodpecker.
Iyngipicus kaleensis (Sw.), Hargitt, Cat. B. Br. Mus., XVIII; p. 315;
Grant, P. Z. S., 1900, p. 483; Uchida, Annot. Zool. Japon., 1912, p. 174;
Vangipicus Raleönsis Swinhoe, P.Z.S., 1871, p. 392; Lyngzpicus scintilliceps
Dresser, Man. Pal. Bds., I, p. 450 (part.).
Two males (Oct. 16; Nov. 18, 1911) and two females (Nov. 13, 15)
from Yen-bai. Two males (Jan. 12, 25, 1912) and one female (Jan. 19)
from Lao-kay.
36. Micropternus phæoceps brachyurus (Vieill.).
Malay Rufous Woodpecker.
Hargitt, Cat. B. Br. Mus., XVIII, p. 396; Blanford, F. B. Ind., Bds.,
Does 7
One males (Nov. 18, 1911) from Yen-bai, and two males (Mar. 6, 11,
1912) from Lao-kay.
37. Pyrrkopicus pyrrhotis (Hodgs).
Red-eared Bay Woodpecker.
Blanford, F. Br. Ind., Bds., III, p. 50, Fig. 14; Lepocestes pyrrhotis
(Hodgs.), Hargitt, Cat. B. Br. Mus., XVIII, p. 380.
One male (Jan. 8, 1912) from Lao-kay.
35. Gecinus rubripectus sp. nov.
Red-breasted Green Woodpecker.
& (Type of species). Forehead, crown and hind head almost uniform
dark green, with dusky stripes to the center of the feathers, so that the
crown of head is decidedly darker than any other upper parts, excepting
the wings and tail; lores dull rufous, with buffy base to the feathers; ear-
coverts greyish, faintly tinged with olive ; a short and narrow buffy white
eyebrow extending from above the eye backwards to upper edge of ear-
A COLLECTION OF BIRDS FROM TONKIN. 229
coverts; nape between ear-coverts bright crimson, which is laterally prolong-
ed into a band along the lower border of ear-coverts ; mantle, back, rump
and upper tail-coverts uniform deep grass-green, somewhat paler on rump
and upper tail-coverts; primaries almost black with about five white small
spots on the outer web and some larger ones on the inner web ; bastard
wing and primary-coverts blackish ; secondaries black, the outer webs in
most parts with bronzy olive-green lustre; the inner webs with white large
spots as in the primaries; all upper wing-coverts similar in colour to the
outer webs of secondaries ; a white patch on the edge of wing ; tail-feathers
blackish, mostly with olivaceous margin; shafts of tail-feathers deep black ;
a faint and almost obsolete maler stripe of vinous red and dusky; chin dusky;
throat dusky yellowish, paler than any other lower parts; upper breast with
a broad crescent-shaped band of mottled vinous red on yellowish olive
ground, the lateral ends of the band proceeding forwards to join the crimson
along the lower border of ear-coverts; lower breast, abdomen and flanks dull
greenish yellow, with numerous squamate markings of yellowish white and
light olive-green, the markings most distinct on the abdomen; under tail-
coverts dusky blackish with olive green tips; thigh greyish, very obscurely
tinged with olive; under surface of wings, including axillaries and under
wing-coverts, varied with black and white ; the under wing-coverts tinged
very weakly with yellowish green; upper mandible almost black, lower
mandible paler; feet and toes in the dried state blackish with bluish tinge.
Culmen 36 mm., wing 140mm., tail 103.5 mm., tarsus 27 mm.
The type specimen of this new green woodpecker was collected at
Yen-bai, Tonkin, on Nov. 13th, 1911. It is now preserved in my own
collection.
Fam. EURYLA‘ MIDE.
39. Serilophus lunatus (Gould).
Gould’s Broadbill.
Sclater, Cat. B. Br. Mus., XIV, p. 460; Blanford, F. B. Ind., Bds., III,
230 N. KURODA:
Three males (Jan. 24, 25, 30, 1912) and three females (Jan. 24, 24, 29)
from Lao-kay. This is probably the first record of the species from Tonkin.
40. Psarisomus dalkousie (Jameson).
Long-tailed Broadbill.
Sclater, Cat. B. Br. Mus., XIV, p. 458; Blanford, F. Br. Ind., Bds.,
HI pr
One male (Jan. 9, 1912) from Lao-kay.
Fam. PITTIDÆ.
41. Pitta nepalensis (Hodgs.).
Blue-naped Pitta.
Sclater, ‘Cat. B. Br. Mus., XIV, p..414; Oates, F.-Br. Ind., Bds., 1%:
389.
One female (Jan. 4, 1912) from Lao-kay.
Fam. MOTACILLIDZE.
42. Motacilla alba leucopsis Gould.
White-faced Wagtail.
Motacilla leucopsis Gould, Sharpe, Cat B. Br. Mus., X. p. 482 ; Oates,
F. Br. Ind., Bds., II, p. 288; Hartert, Vog. Pal. IL p. 304; Dresser Man
Pal. Bds., I, p. 198 ; Ingram, Nov. Zool., XIX, p. 304; Grant, P.Z.S., 1900,
p. 467.
One male (Nov. 13, 1911) from Lao-kay.
43. Motacilla alba hodgsoni Gray.
Hodgson’s Pied Wagtail.
Hartert, Vög. Pal. I, p. 307; Ingram, Nov. Zool., XIX, p. 304 ; Mota-
cilla hodesoni Gray, Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., X, p. 486, Pl. V, fig: 1, 2;
Swinhoe, P.Z.S., 1871, p. 363; David et Oust., Ois. Chine, p. 298; Oates,
N
Gs
=
A COLLECTION OF BIRDS FROM TONKIN.
ine br, nds, Bds., Il; p2017: Dresser, Man. Pal. Bds., I, p. 199:
An adult male (Nov. 4, 1911) from Lao-kay.
44. Anthus maculatus yunnanensis Uchida & Kuroda.
Short-billed Eastern Tree-Pipit.
Uchida & Kuroda, Annot. Zool. Japon., 1916, p..134-135 ; A. Zribialis
maculatus (nec Hodgs.), Ingram, Nov. Zool., XIX, p. 304; pastes macu-
latus (nec Hodgs.), Anderson, Yunnan Exp., Aves, p. 608.
One male (Nov. 17, 1911) from Yen-bai; two males (Dec. IT, 1911;
Mar. 3, 1912) and one female (Mar. 8) from Lao-kay. This subspecies,
hitherto known from Yunnan, China and Formosa, is here recorded for the
first time from Tonkin.
45. Anthus spinoletta japonicus T. &S.
Eastern Water Pipit.
Hartert, Vog. Pal. I, p. 282; Anthus japonicus T. & S., Sharpe, Cat.
Bec Muss x, P2598; Oates; i: Bond: Bds., Il, p. 312; Dresser, Man.
Bals BdS LE p. 215:
One young female (Dec. 19, 1911) from Lao-kay.
Fam. HENICURIDZ.
46. Henicurus leschenaulti (Vieill.).
Leschenault’s Forktail.
Sharpe, Cate. br Mus Vil pb 513; David et Oust; Ois. Chine, p:
295 ; Oates, FE. B. Ind., Bds., IL p. 86; Lazcurus sinensis Swinhoe, P. Z. Sì,
‘ 1871, p- 365 (part).
One male (Nov. 15, 1911) from Yen-bai. In this specimen, the outer-
most tail-feathers are shorter than the penultimate pair by only about 7 mm.
The species is slightly smaller than Gould’s Æ7 sinensis from China, and
moreover, in that species the outermost tail-feathers are shorter than the
penultimate by about 50 mm.
N. KURODA :
N
N
Fam. TIMELIIDZE.
47. Dryonastes chinensis (Scop.).
Black-throated Laughing-Thrush.
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus,, VII p.455 ; Oates; BR. Br Ind, Basen:
74-
Four males (Dec. 5, 21, 27, 1911 ; Feb. 17, 1912) and one female (Jan.
16, 1912) from Lao-kay.
48. Dryonastes sannio (Swinhoe).
White-browed Laughing-Thrush.
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., VI, pP. 450; Oates; Fe Bro Ind? ds meno:
76; Ingram, Nov. Zool., XIX, p. 287; Garrulax sannio Sw., P.Z.S., 1871, p.
371; David et Oust, Ois. Chine, p. 192; Anderson, Yunnan Exp., Aves, p.
627.
One male (Mar. 1, 1912) and four females (Dec. 4, 8, 20, 26, 1911)
from Lao-Kay. One specimen without label.
49. Dryonastes lugens Oust.
Laos Laughing-Thrush.
Oustalet, Bull, Soc. Zool. Fr., 1890, XV, pp. 155-157.
One male (Nov. 7, 1911) from Yen-bai and one male (Dec. 3) and one
female (Dec. 15) from Lao-kay.
This is probably the first record of the species from Tonkin. It has
hitherto been known only from Laos,
50. Garrulax leucolophus belangeri Less.
Burmese White-crested Laughing-Thrush.
Garrulax belangeri Lesson, Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., VII, p. 436;
Oates, F: Br. Ind; dds. 1,Px79.
Two males (Nov. 9, 12, 1911) and one female (Nov. 8) from Yen-bai.
A COLLECTION OF BIRDS FROM TONKIN. 233
51. Garrulax leucolophus diardi (Less.).
Siamese White-crested Laughing-Thrush.
Garrulax diardi (Lesson), Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., VII, p. 437 ; Oates,
2% Br. Ind,’ Bds., I,'p! 70:
Four males (Jan. 30; Mar. 3, 8, 9, 1912) from Lao-kay.
52. Trochalopterum canorum (Linn.).
White-browed Laughing-Thrush.
Sharpe, Cat. Br. Mus... VII. po. 376: Grant, P.Z.S , 1000, p. 475.
Six males (Nov. 29; Dec. 10, 17, 27, FOTI; Jan. 7, 11, 1012) from
Lao-kay.
53. Pomatorhinus rufieollis styani Secb.
Styan’s Rufous-necked Scimitar Babbler.
Hartert, Vos. Pal, 1, p. 639; Ingram, Nov, Zool., XIX, p.287: 2.
ruftcollis Anderson, West. Yunnan, p. 633 (part.).
Four males (Oct. 17, 24; Nov. 15, 16, 1911) from Yen-bai, and three
males (Dec. 18, 1911; Feb. 27; Mar. 11, 1912) from Lao-kay.
54. Pomatorhinus macelellandi gravivox David.
David’s Scimitar Babbler.
David et Oust., Ois. Chine, p. 183; Hartert, Vög. Pal., I, p. 638; Ingram,
Nov. Zool., XIX, p. 286; P. macclellandi Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., VII, p.
431 (part.); Oates, F. Br. Ind., Bds., I, p. 125 (part.):
| One male (Mar. 2, 1912) from Lao-kay.
55. Pomatorhinus tickelli Blyth.
Tickell’s Scimitar Babbler.
Sharpe, Cat. BY br. Mus:, VIT p.429; Oates, F. Br. Ind., Bds;; 1, p- 127.
One male (Nov. 17, 1911) from Yen-bai.
234 N. KURODA :
56. Timelia pileata Horsf.
Red-capped Babbler,
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., VU, p. 507; Oates, F. Br. Ind: Bds., 1 purge,
One female (Oct. 24, 1911) from Yen-bai; three males (Dec. 11, 1911;
Feb. 27; Mar. 11, 1912) and one female (Mar. 7) from Lao-kay.
57. Gampsorhynchus torquatus Hume.
Ring-necked Shrike-Babbler.
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. VIE p. 387; Oates, ER. Br. Ind. BdS pe
Four young males (Jan. 11; Feb. 19; Mar. 8, 9, 1912) and one young
female (Mar. 12) from Lao-kay. In all these young birds, the white on
head is confined to the forehead only; a very complete black band across
the chest which is incomplete or absent in adult ; the wing is without a
white spot.
58. Pyetorhis sinensis (Gmelin).
Yellow-eyed Babbler.
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br; Mus,, VIL, p. 510; Oates, E. Br ind: Basi:
137; Ingram, Nov. Zool., XIX, p. 287. |
Three males (Dec. 9, 18, 1011; Mar. 10, 1912) from Lao-kay. . |
59. Drymocataphus tickelli (Blyth).
Tickell’s Babbler.
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., VII, p. 557, Oates, F. Br. Ind: Wbds aan:
146.
One male (Nov. 18, 1911) from Yen-bai. Three males (Dec. II, 1911;
Jan. 10; Feb. 27, 1912) and one female (Feb. 21) from Lao-kay.
60. Thringorhina guttata (Tickell).
Tickell’s Spotted Babbler.
Oates, F. Br. Ind., Bds., I, p. 155; Sfachyrhis guttata (Tick.), Sharpe,
Cat."B. Br: Mus, MUB 35:
A COLLECTION OF BIRDS FROM TONKIN. 235
One male (Nov. 18, 1911) and one female (Oct. 17) from Yen-bai.
Four males (Nov. 7, 1911; Feb. 21, 29; Mar. 6, 1912) from Lao-kay.
61. Aleippe morrisoniana Swinhoe.
Morrisonian Babbler.
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., VII, p. 621; Ogilvie-Grant, P. Z.S., 1900, p.
477; Alcippe morrisonia Swinhoe, P.Z.S., 1871, p. 374; Uchida, Annot. Zool.
Japon., 1912, p. 180.
Three males (Oct. 16; Nov. 17, 18, 1911) and one female (Nov. 17,
1911) from Yen-bai.
This is the first time the species is recorded from Tonkin. I cannot
find any difference between Formosan and Tonkin specimens.
62. Stachyrhis nigriceps Hodgs.
Black-throated Babbler.
Sharpe Cat ByBrr Muss VII, ps5325 Oates, E. B.. Ind., Bds:, Ip:
162; Anderson, Yunnan Exp., Aves, p. 636; Ingram, Nov. Zool., XIX, p.
288.
One male (Feb. 21, 1912) and three females (Feb. 23, 29; Mar. 14,
1912) from Lao-kay.
63. Stachyrhidopsis ruficeps (Blyth).
Red-headed Babbler.
Sharpe, Cat 5. Br. Mus... Vil, p: 598; Oates, F.. Br. Ind., Bds., L:p.
164; Grant, P.Z.S., 1900, p. 476; Subsp., Ingram, Nov. Zool., XIX, p. 288;
S. precognitus (Sw.), P.Z.S., 1871, p. 373; David et Oust., Ois. Chine, p.
224; Uchida, Annot. Zool. Japon., 1912, p. 181.
Three males (Dec. 13, 14, 1911; Feb. 25, 1912) from Lao-kay. Three
females (Oct. 16, 22; Nov. 17, 1911) from Yen-bai.
64. Schæniparus rufigularis (Mandelli).
Red-throated Tit-Babbler.
Oates, F. B. Ind., Bds., I, p. 170; Minla rufigularis Mandelli, Sharpe,
Cat. B. Br. Mus., VII, p. 610.
236 N. KURODA:
Two males (Oct. 22; Nov. 18, 1911) from Yen-bai.
Fam. PYCNONOTIDZE.
65. Chloropsis chlorocephala (Walden).
Burmese Green Bulbul.
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus, VI p. 28; Oates; (P2 Br. Ind, 1BdS 20e
227:
One male (Nov. 14, 1911) from Yen-bai; and two males (Mar. 3, 12,
1912) from Lao-kay.
66. Chlororsis kardruickii Jard. & Selby.
Orange-bellied Green Bulbul.
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., VI, p. 18; Oates, E. Br.’Ind., Bds, ip. 230;
Ingram, Nov. Zool., XIX, p. 284.
One young male (Feb. 4, 1912) from Lao-kay.
67. Æthorhynchus lafresnayii (Hartl.)
Great lora.
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., VI, p. 14; Oates, F. Br. Ind., Bds., I, p. 228,
A male in non-breeding plumage (Nov. 17, 1011) from Yen-bai.
Another specimen in non-breeding plumage (Nov. 19, 1911), unsexed and
without statement of locality, exists in the collection.
68. Criniger gutiuralis (S. Müll.).
Malayan White-throated Bulbul.
Sharpe; ‘Cat. B. Br. Mus., VI, p. 80; Oates, F. Br. Ind., Bds., 1,p. 256;
Criniger pallidus Swinhoe, Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., VI, p. 81; Swinhoe,
P. Z. S.; 1871, p. 370} David. et Oust; @is4Chine, p.u38: (Grant, Pa Zoe
1900, p. 478; Uchida & Kuroda, Annot. Zool. Japon., 1916, p. 137.
Two females (Oct. 21; Nov. 12, 1911) from Yen-bai. Three males
(Jan. 26, 26; Feb. 19, 1912) and one female (Dec. 25, 1911) from Lao-kay.
A COLLECTION OF BIRDS FROM TONKIN. 237
69. Hypsipetes concolor Blyth.
Burmese Black Bulbul.
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus-, VI, pP: 33; Oates, F. Br. Ind., Bds., L p. 261;
Ingram, Nov. Zool., XIX, p. 284; 7. yunnanensis Anderson, Yunnan Exp.,
AVES P 6506, pl. 50; Swinh., P.Z. S., 1871, p. 369; David et Oust.,. Ois.
Ehine, p- 137.
Two females (Feb. 5 ; Mar. 9, 1912) from Lao-kay.
70. Hypsipetes leucocephalus (Gmelin).
White-headed Black Bulbul.
Sharpe, Car B. Br Mus, Vip. 47; Swinhoe, P.Z.S., 1871, p. 369;
David et Oust., Ois. Chine, p. 136; Ingram, Nov. Zool., XIX, p. 284.
Two males (Mar. 9, 10, 1912) from Lao-kay.
71. Hemixus hildebrandi Hume.
Hildebrand’s Brown-eared Bulbul.
Sharpe, Cat, B. br Mus’, VI, p. 56; Oates, F. Br. Ind., Bds., I, p. 264.
A male specimen (Oct. 21, 1911) from Yen-bai.
72. Otocompsa jocosa (L.).
Bengal Red-whiskered Bulbul.
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., VI, p. 157; Otocompsa emeria (L.), Anderson,
Wunnan Exp, Aves, p. 657; Oates F. Br. Ind., Bds., I, p. 276.
One male (Oct. 29, 1911) from Yen-bai, and two males (Nov. 12, 1911;
Mar. 7, 1912) from Lao-kay.
73. Otocompsa flaviventris (Tickell).
Black-crested Yellow Bulbul.
Sharpe Cat BV Br. Mus, WI, p. 161; Oates, F. Br. Ind.,/Bds,, 1) p.278;
Ingram, Nov. Zool., XIX, p. 285.
Two males (Dec. 18, 24, 1911) from Lao-kay.
238 N. KURODA?
74. Pycnonotus nigripileus Blyth.
Tenasserim Red-vented Bulbul.
Sharpe, Cat. B.7Br., Mus. VI, p. 22%.
Three females (Dec. 13, 19, 1911; Jan. 26, 1912) from Lao-kay.
One of the specimens has the breast mottled, the feathers being light
ashy brown with dark brown centers. The two others do not distinctly
show the mottling. Except in this respect, all the three agree very well
with one another. Those without the mottling on breast come very near
to P. atricapillus (Vieill.) from Yunnan.
Fam. MUSCICAPIDZE.
75. Muscicapa parva albicilla Pall.
Eastern Red-breasted Flycatcher.
Hartert, Vög. Pal., I, p. 487; Muscicapa albicilla Pall., Sharpe, Cat. B.
Br. Mus., IV, p. 162 ; Grant, P. Z. S., 1909, p. 480; Siphia albicilla (Pall.),
Oates, F. Br. Ind., Bds., II, p. 10; Zryihrosterna albicilla (Pall.), Swinhoe,
P.Z.S., 1871, p. 380; David et Oust., Ois. Chine, p. 120.
One young male (Dec. 3, 1911) from Lao-kay, and one female (Nov.
15) from Yen-bai.
76. Culieicapa ceylonensis (Swains.).
Grey-headed Flycatcher.
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., IV, p. 369; Oates, F. Br. Ind., Bds., II, p. 38;
Hartert, Vög. Pal., I, p. 495; Ingram, Nov. Zool., XIX, p. 282.
One male (Oct. 22, 1911) from Yen-bai, and one male (Mar. 10, 1912)
from Lao-kay.
77. Niltava macgrigorie (Burton).
Small Niltava.
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., IV, p, 465; Oates, F. Br. Ind., Bds., II, p. 42.
Two males (Jan. 5; Feb. 21, 1912) and one young male (Mar. 5.) from
Lao-kay.
A COLLECTION OF BIRDS FROM TONKIN. 239
78. Cryptolopha burkii tephrocephala (Anders.).
Anderson’s Warbler Flycatcher.
Hartert, Vog. Pal., I, p. 495; Ingram, Nov. Zool, XIX, p. 282; Culici-
peta tephrocephala Anderson, P.Z.S., 1871, p. 213.
One female of this fine flycatcher (Dec. 16, 1911) collected at Lao-kay.
This specimen was sent to Dr. Hartert in Tring Museum for identi-
fication, and I am obliged to him for the above name. In his letter to me
he has remarked: “It is interesting to find this form in Tonkin, and not
the Chinese subspecies.”
79. Rhipidura albicollis (Vicill.).
White-throated Fantail Flycatcher.
Sharpe, Cat. ba Br Mus. IV, pér7 Oates, F.Br..Ind., Bds., Il, p.53;
Grant. P#Z.S,, 1900, pi 481 ;. Hartert, Vos. Pal, I, p. 473; Ingram, Nov.
Zool., XIX, p. 232.
Nkree males (Dec 1911 „Jan. ı1, Keb. 27, 1912) and three females
(Jan. 3, 14; Feb. 29, 1912) from Lao-kay.
Fam. TÜURDIDÆ.
So. Turdus merula manda inus Bp.
South-Chinese Ouzel.
Ingram, Nov. Zool., XIX, p. 293; Merula mandarina (Bp.), Seebohm,
Sa BaBr. Mus, V, p.258; Grant, BP. 2Z,S., 1900, p. 472; Merula sinensis
(Cuv.), Swinhoe, P. Z. S., 1871, p. 367.
One male (Nov. 9, 1911) from Yen-bai and one female (Dec. 20) from
Lao-kay.
SI. Monticola solitarius philippensis (P. L.S. Mill.).
Eastern Blue Rock-thrush.
Hartert, Vog. Pal, I, p. 675; M. solitaria (Mäll.), Seebohm, Cat. B.
240 N. KURODA :
Br. Mus., V, p. 319; David et Oust., Ois. Chine, p. 161; Dresser, Man.
Pal. Bds., I, p. 23; M. solitaria (Müll.), Grant, P. Z. S., 1900, p. 473.
One young male (Dec. 17, 1911) from Lao-kay.
82. Copsyckus saularis (L.).
Magpie-Robin.
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., VII, p. 61; Swinhoe, P. Z.S., 1871, p. 359;
David et Oust., Ois. Chine, p: 1745" @ates, E. Br. Ind.) Bde, lie ara.
Grant, P.Z.S., 1900, p. 474; Copsychus saularis saularis (L.), Ingram., Nov.
Zool., XIX, p. 296.
One male (Oct. 29, 1911) and one female (Nov. 9) from Yen-bai; and
three males (Dec. 1, 1911; Feb. 28; Mar. 12, 1912) and two females (Dec.
22, 1911; Jan. 12, 2912) from Lao-kay.
$3. Nofodela leucura (Hodgs.).
White-tailed Blue Robin. '
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., VIE p. 235 Oates, I. Br Ind? Basler:
112; Ingram, Nov. Zool., XIX, p. 296.
One male (Jan. 14, 1912) and one female (Jan. 14) from Lao-kay.
84. Calliope calliope (Pall.).
C mmon Ruby-throat.
Calliope camtschatkensis (Gm.), Oates, F. Br. Ind., Bds., II, p. 102;
Swinhoe, P.Z.S., 1871, p. 359; David et Oust., Ois. Chine, p. 235; Dresser,
Man. Pal. Bds., I, p. 65; Zrithacus calliope (Pall.), Seebohm, Cat. B. Br.
Mus., V, p. 305; Grant, P.Z.S., 1900, p. 473; Uchida & Kuroda, Annot. Zool.
Japon., 1916, p. 139; Zuscinia calliope (Pall.), Hartert, Vog. Pal., I, p. 738 ;
Anderson, Yunn. Exp., p. 615.
An adult male (Nov. 7, 1911) collected at Yen-bai.
A COLLECTION OF BIRDS FROM TONKIN. 241
85. Ruticilla aurorea (Pall.).
Daurian Redstart.
Seebohm, Cat. B. Br. Mus., V, p. 345 ; Swinhoe, P.Z.S., 1871, p. 358 ;
David et Oust., Ois. Chine, p. 179; Oates, F. Br. Ind., Bds., II, p. 93; Grant,
P.Z.S., 1900, p. 473; Dresser, Man. Pal. Bds., I, p. 52; Phoenicurus aurorea
aurorca (Pall.), Hartert, Vög. Pal., I, p. 725.
A female specimen (Dec. 29, 1911) from Lao-kay.
86. Orcicola ferrea (Gray).
Dark-Grey Bush-Chat.
Sharpe, Cat. Ba br. Muss iN, p. 260; @ates, FE. Br. Ind., Bds., II, p:
66; O. ferrea ferrea (Gray), Hartert, Vög. Pal. I, p. 711; Pratincola ferrca
Hodgs., Swinhoe, P.Z.S., 1871, p. 360; David et Oust., Ois. Chine, p. 168.
One male in winter plumage (Dec. 24, 1911) from Lao-kay. This
single example agrees well with typical O. ferrea, Tail-feather reaches
65 mm. and wing 70 mm. in length.
87. Oreicola ferrea haringtoni Hartert.
Harington's Dark-Grey Bush-Chat.
Hartert, Vög. Pal., I, p. 711; Ingram, Nov. Zool., XIX, p. 296.
Two adult males in winter dress (Nov. 7, 9, 1911) and one young male
(Nov. 7) from Yen-bai. Seven males in winter plumage (Dec. 3, 11, 28,
TOTI; Jan. 25; Feb. 1, 17, 23, 1912)/and five females (Dec. 10, 17, 19, 1911;
Feb. 25 ; Mar. 5, 1912) collected at Lao-kay. In all the specimens, the
tail-feathers do not exceed 61.5 mm. length.
88. Orcicola jerdoni Blyth.
Jerdon’s Bush-Chat.
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., IV, p. 264; Oates, F. Br. Ind., Bds., II, p. 66.
An adult male (Dec. 16, 1911) collected at Lao-kay.
D
+
(0)
N. KURODA :
59. Pratincola maura (Pall.).
Indian Stone Chat.
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. ius. LV, p. 1885 Oates) FE: Br. Indo Bds prb:
61; Grant, P.Z.S., 1900, p. 474; Dresser, Man, Pal. Bds., 1, p. 46; Pratincola
indica Blyth, Swinhoe, P.Z.S., 1871, p. 360; David et Oust., Ois. Chine, p.
167; P. torquata indica Blyth, Ingram, Nov. Zool., XIX, p. 295; P. forguata
stejnegeri Parrot, Hartert, Vög. Pal., I, p. 708.
Two males (Dec. 16, 1911; Jan. 12, 1912) collected at Lao-kay.
99. Cisficola tytleri Blyth.
Yellow-headed Fantail-Warbler.
Oates, F. Br. Ind., Bds., I, p. 372; Cisticola exilis Sharpe, Cat. B. Br.
Mus., VII, p- 269 (part.).
A male in winter dress (Feb. 19, 1912) collected at Lao-kay.
91. Megalurus palustris Horsf.
Striated Marsh-Warbler.
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., VIL, p. 123; Oates, F. br. Ind., Bas le
383; Ingram, Nov. Zool., XIX, p. 297.
Four males (Dec. 3, 18, 1911; Feb. 23; Mar. 7, 1912) and one female
(Mar. 1, 1912) from Lao-kay.
92. Luseiniola fuseata (Blyth).
Dusky Willow-Warbler.
Seebohm, Cat. B. Br. Mus., V,"p. 1273) Grans, PZS., 1999, pre
Dresser, Man. Pal. Bds., I, p. 125; Phylloscopus fuscatus (Blyth), Oates,
F. Br. Ind., Bds., I, p. 405; Phylloscopus fu:cata (Blyth), Hartert Vög. Pal.,
I. p. 528; Phyllopneuste fuscata Blyth, Swinhoe, P.Z.S., 1871, p. 356; David
et: Oust., Ois:. 10hine pr 207
Two females (Dec. 20, 1911; Feb. 19, 1912) obtained at Lao-kay.
A COLLECTION OF BIRDS FROM TONKIN.
N
AN
Oo
93. Phylloscopus superciliosus (Gm. ).
Crowned Willow-Warbler.
Seebohm, Cat. B. Br. Mus., V, p. 68; Anderson, Yunn. Exp., Aves,
poe.) Oates, E. brind.bds. 1, p.r409 ; Grant, P2Z.S., 1900; p. 470; 2.
superciliosus superciliosus (Gm.), Hartert, Vog. Pal., I, p. 518; Ingram, Nov.
Zool., XIX, p. 298; Xeguloides superciliosus (Gm.), Swinhoe, P.Z.S., 1871,
p- 357; David et Oust., Ois. Chine, p. 273.
Two miles (Nov. 1, 9, 1911) from Yen-bai; one male (Dec. 8) and one
female (Dec. 15) from Lao-kay.
94. Horeites cantans canturians (Sw.).
Chinese Bush-Warbler.
Hartert, Vög. Pal. I, p. 532; Horornis canturiens (Sw.), Oates, F. Br.
Ind., Bds., I, p. 438; Uchida, Annot. Zool. Japon., 1912, p. 192; Cezzia
canturiens (Sw.), Seebohm, Cat. B. Br. Mus., V, p. 141; Grant, P.Z.S., 1900,
p. 471; MHerbivox canturiens (Sw.), P.Z.S., 1871, p. 353; Homochlamys
canturiens (Sw.), David et Oust., Ois. Chine, p. 243.
Two males (Nov. 9, 13, 1911) from Yen-bai. Three males (Dec. 6,
1911; Feb. 23; Mar. 14, 1912) from Lao-kay
95. Burnesia flaviventris (Deless.).
Yellow-bellied Wren-Warbler.
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., VII, p. 204; Prinia flaviventris (Deless.),
Oates, i. Brlnd.,)Bds., I, p.440:
One male in winter dress (Feb. 23, 1912) from Lao-kay.
96. Burnesia socinlis (Sykes).
Ashy Wren-Warbler.
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., VII, p. 208 ; Prinia socialis Sykes, Oates, F.
Br. Ind), Bds., 1, ps 456:
Three male specimens (Dec. 2, 1911; Feb. 21, 23, 1912) collected at
Lao-kay, and a female (Oct. 27) at Yen-bai.
244 N. KURODA:
Fam. CAMPEPHAGIDA.
97. Pericrocotus speciosus (Lath.).
Indian Scarlet Minivet.
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus, IV, p. 71; Swinhoe, P. 7.5.1871, 02370%
David et Oust., Ois. Chine, p. 106; Oates, F. Br. Ind., Bds., I, p. 479.
One male (Nov. 16, 1911) and one female (Nov. 17) from: Yen-bai.
Five males (Nov. 27; Dec. 1, 1911; Jan. 12, 23, 29, 1912) and five females
(Nov. 27, 27; Dec. 1, 1911; Feb. 7; Mar. 3, 1912) from Lao-kay. One
male bird without label.
98. Pericrocotus trevirosiris (Vigors).
Short-tailed Minivet.
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus:, IV, pP: 79; Swinhoe, P. 2.5, 2877. PP 3795
David et!Otst.,'Ois. Chine, (p.104; Oates, F. Br. tnd, Bds, I, passe
Ingram, Nov. Zool., XIX, p. 283 ; Hartert, Vog. Pal., I. p. 462.
Two males (Dec. 10, 12, 1911) and a female (Dec. 10) collected at
Lao-kay.
co. Pericrocotus Urevirosiris neglectus Hume.
Hume’s Minivet.
Pericrocotus neglectus Hume, Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., IV, p. 80;
Oates, E. Br.Ind., ds 01484;
An adult male, date and exact locality unknown. This form is smaller
and more brightly coloured than the typical species, and the black ofthroat
reaches much further down the fore-neck.
100. Perierocotus roscus (Vieill.).
Rosy Minivet.
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., IV, p. 81 ; Oates, F. Br. Ind., Bds., I, p. 486;
Ingram, Nov. Zool., XIX, p. 283.
An adult male (Oct. 15, 1911) from Yen-bai. One young male (Mar.
16, 1912) and a female (Mar. 18) from Lao-kay.
A COLLECTION OF BIRDS FROM TONKIN. 245
101. Pericrocotus cinereus Lafr.
Ashy Minivet.
Sharpe, Cat Br br Mus, IV: p.83; owinhoe, /P>Z.,S.,.187Z1, p.378;
Biavieret Oust. Ois- Chine, p: 107; Oates, (E. Br. Ind., Bds., I, p. 489;
Grant, P.Z.S., 1900, p. 479; Hartert, Vog. Pal., I, p. 466.
A single female bird (Oct. 16, 1911) obtained at Yen-bai.
Fam. DICRURIDZ.
102. Buchanga eineracea (Horsf.).
Grey Drongo.
Sharpe Car Br Br Mus I p2250; Grant, P.Z.S., 1900, p.465 ;
Dierurus cineraceus (Horsf.), Oates, F. Br. Ind., Bds., I, p. 318.
Three adult males (Dec. 15, 16, 30, 1911) and a male (juv. ?) (Dec. 2.)
from Lao-kay. The latter has under tail-coverts with broad white tips
and the tail somewhat shorter than in the adult. Probably it is a young.
Its measurements as follows: culmen 27 mm., wing 144 mm., tail 131 mm.,
tarsus 19 mm.
103. Dissemurus paradiseus (L.).
Larger Racket-tailed Drongo.
Sharpe, Cat. Bb. Br, Mus. IM, p.258; Oates, F. Br. Ind., Bds:, I, p.
325; Grant, P:Z-S., 1900, p-465.
Two specimens (Nov. 13, 1911), both unsexed, captured at Yen-bai.
One of them has white tips to under wing-coverts and axillaries ; the other
without the white spots.
Fam. ARTAMIDZE.
104. Artamus fuseus Vieill.
Ashy Swallow-Shrike.
Sharpe, Gat. BY Br) Mas., XIII, p.. rr; Swinhoe, P.ZS., 1871, pi 377;
246 N. KURODA :
David et Oust., Ois. Chine, p. 101; Oates, F. Br. Ind., Bds., I, p. 498, Fig.
146; Grant, B.Z.S., 1990, p 470:
One male (Oct. 15, 1911) from Yen-bai. One male (Nov. 14) and two
females (Nov. 8; Dec. 2) from Lao-kay.
Fam. LANIIDZE.
105. Lanius schach Linn.
Chinese Rufous-backed Shrike.
Gadow, Cat. B. Br. Mus., VIII, p. 261; Swinhoe, P.Z.S., 1871, p. 375;
David et Oust., Ois. Chine, p. 95 ; Grant, P.Z.S., 1900, p. 469.
Four male specimens (Dec. 6, 14, 1911; Jan. 3; Mar. 11, 1912) captured
at Lao-kay ; and two males (Oct. 29; Nov. 19) at Yen-bai.
106. Tephrodornis pelvicus (Hodgs.).
Nepal Wood-Shrike.
Oates, F. Br. Ind., Bds., I, p. 473; Tephrodornis pelvica (Hodgs.),
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., IIL, p. 2765/Swinhoe, P:Z.S., 1871, p.1377. David
et Oust., OisiiChine, jp. vor; Grant) BR 2153 1999, 92470:
An adult male (Dec. 9, 1911) and an immature female (Dec. 9) from
Lao-kay.
107. Hemipus picatus capifalis (McClell.)
Brown-backed Pied Shrike.
Hemipus capitalis (McClell.), Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., III, p. 306;
Anderson, Yunnan Exp., Aves, p. 647; Oates, F. Br. Ind., Bds., I, p. 472 ;~
Ingram, Nov. Zool., XIX, p. 300.
One female specimen (Feb. 27, 1912) obtained at Lao-kay. Dr. Hartert,
whom the specimen was shown for examination, identified it with the above
form.
Fam. ORIOLIDZE.
108. Oriolus indicus Jerd.
Black-naped Oriole.
Oates, F. Br. Ind:, Bds., Lp. 502, Fig 147, Dresser, Man. Pal” Bds®
A GOLLECTION OF BIRDS FROM TONKIN. 247
PD.1278 ; Hartert, Moss Pal p.5 3, Insram, Nov Zool., XIX, pi 309;
Oriolus diffusus Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., III, p. 197; Grant, P.Z.S., 1900,
p- 465 ; O. chinensis Gm., Swinhoe, P.Z.S., 1871, p. 374; O. cochinchinensis
Briss., David et Oust., Ois. Chine, p. 132.
A male bird (Oct. 16, 1911) from Yen-bai; four males (Mar. 12, 12,
17, 18, 1912) and a female (Mar. 17) from Lao-kay.
109. Oriolus Trailii (Vigors).
Maroon Oriole.
Sharpe, Cat. B. BraiMinss III, p. 222°; Oates, F.Br. Ind., Bds., I, p: 508;
Ingram, Nov. Zool., XIX, p. 308.
An immature female (Oct. 16, 1911) from Yen-bai.
Fam. CORVIDZE.
110. Cissa chinensis (Bodd.).
Green Magpie.
Sharpe, Cat Be Br, Muss II; p: 8507 Oates, E Br. Ind., Bds., I. p. 28:
Three males (Nov. 2, 9, 14, 1911) and one female (Oct. 15) from Yen-
bai.
It has often been remarked that the colour of this bird changes from
green to blue after death. I have also observed this change to take place.
111. Dendrocitta himalayensis Blyth.
Himalayan Tree-ple.
Sharpe; Cat by Big Mussel p.e7o.5 Oates, FE: Er. Ind., Bds. LP: 325;
Ingram, Nov. Zool., XIX, p. 310.
One male (Mar. 3, 1912) from Lao-Kay.
112. Dendrocitta frontalis McClell.
Black-browed Tree-pie.
Sharpe. Cat B- Br. Mins.. ILL, p..78 3 Oates, F Br. Ind: Bds..1 ip. 33;
Biss 12.
248 N. KURODA :
Two males (Oct. 17, 17, 1911) and a female (Oct. 16) collected at Yen-
bai.
113. Crypsirhina varians (Lath.).
Black Racket-tailed Magpie.
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., III, p. 83; Oates, F. Br. Ind., Bds., I, p. 35,
Fig. 13.
Two males (Oct. 30; Nov. 5, r9t1) and one female (Nov. 13) from
Yen-bai.
114. Temnurus temnura nigra (Styan).
Cut-tailed Black Magpie.
Hartert, Nov. Zool., XVII, 1910, p. 251-252, Pl. V ; 7. nigra (Styan),
Grant, P.Z.S., 1900, p. 464.
Three males (Nov. 12, 13, 13, 1911) from Yen-bai ; one male (Dec. 24)
from Lao-kay.
It is very doubtful whether this form is really different from 7. /emnura
(Temm.)=T. #runcatus Lesson of Cochin China. This is for the first time
that this form is recorded from Tonkin. It also occurs in Hainan.
Fam. STURNIDZÆ.
115. Æudabes intermedia (A. Hay).
Indian Grackle.
Oates, F. Br. Ind., Bds., I, p. 511 Fig. 149; Mainatus intermedius
(Hay), Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., XIII, p. 104.
One female specimen (Mar. 14, 1912) obtained at Lao-kay.
|
116. Graculipica nigricollis (Payk.)
Black-necked Myna.
Sharpe, Cat. B: Br. Musi; XID p.776 Oates, EF. Br. Ind., Bds, Ip.
534; Gracupica nigricollis (Payk.), Swinhoe, P.Z.S., 1871, p. 384; David et
Oust., Ois. Chine, p. 364; Ingram, Nov. Zool., XIX, p. 308; Surnopastor
nigricollis (Pyk.), Anderson, Yunnan Exp. Aves, p. 595.
A COLLECTION OF BIRDS FROM TONKIN. 249
A male bird (Dec. 27, 27, 1611) obtained at Lao-kay.
117. Æthiopsar crisfatellus (Gm.).
Crested Grackle.
Ingram, Nov. Zool., XIX, p. 308; Acridotheres cristatellus (Gm.),
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., XIII, p. 92 ; Swinhoe, P.Z.S., 1871, p. 384; David
et Oust., Ois. Chine, p. 364 ; Grant, P.Z.S., 1900, p. 463.
Three males (Oct. 21 ; Nov. 9, 1011; Mar. 12, 1912) obtained at Lao-
kay.
Fam. ZOSTEROPIDÆ.
118. Zosterops palpebrosa simplex Swinh.
Swinhoe’s White-eye.
Zosterops simplex Sw., Gadow, Cat: B. Br. Mus., IX, p. 166; Swinhoe,
225, 1871, pr 349; Dayidret Oust., Ois. Chine, p. 35; Oates, F. Br. Ind.,
Bds., I, p. 215 ; Uchida & Kuroda, Annot. Zool. Jap., IX, 1916, p. 142.
One male (Feb. 19, 1912) and one female (Feb. 21) from Lao-kay.
Fam. NECTARINIIDZE.
119. Æ#fhopyga seheriæ (Tick.), subsp. ?
Æthopyga sehcrie (pt.) Gadow, Cat. B. Br. Mus., IX, pp.18-21 ; Oates,
Br Inc, Bds, Il, p: 348.
Eight males (Oct. 27, 27, 30; Nov. 1, 7, 8, 8, 15, 1911) and two females
(Nov. 1, 18) from Yen-bai. Two males (Feb. 23, 25, 1912) and one female
(Feb. 21) from Lao-kay. Six males without label.
Measurements :
| Difference of length between
Sex | Culmen Wing Tail AT ar SUS the middle and the next
tail-feather
168 5| 18-20 mm. | 52.5-74 mm. 44-53 mm. | 13-14.5 mm. | 3.5-7.5 MM.
|
3Qs | 17.5-I9 mm. 45-5-48.5mm. 32-36 mm. | 13 mm,
250 N. KURODA:
All the males before me have the greater part of crown bright metallic
green. In one. of them, this green of crown is tinged with violet. In eight
of them, the entire hind part of crown is metallic violet. In all the males
the hind part of head and the entire nape are brownish, either uniformly or
with reddish or yellowish olive margin to the feathers, the nape being
crimson in none. The exposed parts of closed tail are metallic green
suffused with violet, except in two males, in which the tail may be said to
the metallic violet nearly without the green hue. Chin, throat, chest and
fore-breast crimson; hind breast ashy grey ; abdomen and flanks pale yel-
lowish olive ; under tail-coverts yellowish white with dusky centre to the
feathers ; under wing-coverts and axillaries ashy white, some of both tinged
with very pale yellow. |
The female examples before me have the abdomen and sides of body
clear pale yellow and under wing-coverts as well as axillaries almost white
tinged with very pale yellow. The edge of wing yellow and the lateral
tail feathers blackish, tipped very obscurely with white.
There are known four allied forms of A. seheriae, vis.:
(i). A. seheri@ scherie (Tick.), Himalayan region.
(ir) , andersoni Oates, Bhämo, Burmah.
(ii, Di cara Hume, Tenasser m.
(CALMA » Zabecu'a (McCll.), Assam.
The more important differential characters of the males of these forms
may be tabulated as follows :
| Ditterence of)
Colour Colour (Colour of visib el Colour 5 o 9 RO te
of of | parts of closed of | Sl a eau
| Crown Nape. | tail-feathers. | abdomen. | 3 |< | à | 5 | Mioce an
3 Le: i dì = the next
tail-feather.
F | Metallıc green, SE < |
& | Metallic Blown) rene the lie ees 20 | 56 | 68.5] 14 ba
| ish : greenish 25.5 mm.
(CO) ero DIR suffused with yellow. | "mm. mm.imm Gue
la, | Ù violet È
2 — = Beas
4 | Metallic | a ea Olive | Gre || | A n
(ii) le Brown. | M tallic lilac. yellow. \mm.mm.Imm. »
|
A COLLECTION OF BIRDS FROM TONKIN. 251
| | | | |
Metallic | | ; Grey and , | 51-| 38-
CS i : Paz een Metallic Kl 13
(iii) green tinged Rz Giclee: slightly pee || LEO || 5 mm.
wich violet. olive. mm.|mm.| |
| | È za SI
Mi | |
TS ne | : a | Olive 20 | 56 | 66 | =) =
(iv) | | = grey. |mm. mm. mm.)
Now, it may be pointed out that the males of the Tonkinese form in
the present collection do not agree quite with those of any of the above
forms. They differ from /Æ. seheri@ seheri@ in having the tail much shorter
and the difference of length between the middle and the next lateral tail-
feather also distinctly smaller; from 4. seheri@ andersoni by the shorter
tail and in the majority having the visible parts of the closed tail metallic
green suffused with violet, instead of being lilac ; from A. seherie cara in
having the nape never crimson ; and from AZ. seheri@ labecula in the shorter
tail as well as in the nape which is not crimson.
As regards the females of the Tonkinese form, they are somewhat
nearer to the same sex of /Æ. seherie scherie than of 4%. seherie cara.
However, they differ from the former by the tail being decidedly shorter.
Moreover, the under wing-coverts and axillaries are not so clear pale yellow
as in cara.
120. Arachnothera magna (Hodgs.).
Larger Streaked Spider-hunter.
Gadow, Cat. B. Br. Mus., IX, p. 105; Oates, F. Br. Ind., Bds., II, p.
369 ; Uchida & Kuroda, Annot. Zool. Japon., 1916, p. 142.
A single male (Dec. 5, 1011) from Lao-kay.
121. Arachnothera magna aurata Blyth.
Smaller Streaked Spider-hunter.
A. aurata Blyth, Gadow, Cat. B. Br. Mus., IX, p. 105 ; Oates, F. Br.
Ind. IT, :p370.
Three males (Jan. 10, 11, 27, 1912) from Lao-kay; and two males
(Nov. 15, 10, 1911) from Yen-bai.
252 N. KURODA:
This form is much smaller than the typical A. magna. Exposed
culmen 38-40 mm., wing 83.5-89 mm.
120. Arachnothera longirostris (Lath.).
Little Spider-hunter.
Gadow, Cat. B. Br. Mus., IX, p. 103; Oates, F. Br. Ind., Bds., II, p. 371.
One male (Nov. 12, 1911) from Yen-bai ; two males (Dec. 7, 28) from Lao-
kay.
Fam. DICZEIDA.
123. Dicœum eruentatum (L.).
Scarlet-backed Flower-pecker.
Sharpe, Cat. B.. Br. Mus., X, p. 15; Swinhoe, P.Z.S., 1871, pp s40:
David et Oust., Ois. Chine, p. 83 ; Oates, Fr Ind, Bas, lp
Grant, P.Z.S., 1900, p. 468.
Four males (Nov. 14, 15, 16, 16, 1911) from Yen-bai.
Fam. PLOCEIDZE.
124. Munia topela Swinhoe.
Swinhoe’s Munia.
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., XIII, p: 351; Swinhoe, P.Z.,S., 13871, bp 3655
David et Oust., Ois. Chine, p. 343; Grant, P.Z.S., 1900, p. 465; Ingram, Nov.
Zool XIX,p. 307
An adult male (Jan. 20, 1912), an immature male (Jan. 20), and three
immature females (Jan. 20, 20, 20) collected at Lao-kay. One adult female
(Nov. 1, 1911) from Yen-bai.
125. Uroloncha acuticauda (Hodgs.).
Hodgson’s Munia.
Sharpe, ‘Cat. B. Br. Mus., XII, p: 356; Oates, F. Br. Ind., BdsIp:
184; Munia acuticauda Hodgs., Swinhoe, P.Z.S., 1871, p. 385; David et
Oust., Ois. Chine, p. 343; Ingram, Nov. Zool., XIX, p. 307.
A COLLECTION OF BIRDS FROM TONKIN. 253
An adult male (Feb. 28, 1912) from Lao-kay ; one immature male (Nov.
15, 1911) from Yen-bai.
Fam. FRINGILLIDZE.
120. Carpodacus erythrinus (Pall.).
Scarlet Finch.
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., XII, P> 397.4 Swinhoe,+b.2.9., 1871, p.387;
DaividéetOust Gis, Chine; p.350: Oates, F. ‚Br. Ind., Bds., II, p. 210;
Dresser, Man. Pal. Bds., I, p. 321 ; Carpodacus ervthrina erythrina (Pall.),
Éartert Vos. Pal, dp: 106.
A single female specimen (Jan. 13, 1912) from Lao-kay.
127. Emberiza fucata Pall.
Grey-headed Bunting.
Sharpe, CatzB br Mus. I], p 403; Swinhoe, P.2.S., 1871, p. 383 ;
Dasidres Oust., Ois Chine, p. 325 ; Oates, È. Br. Ind., Bds., II, p- 252;
Dresser, Man. Pal Bds., T, p. 3605 Grant, P.2.S., 1900, p. 467; £. fucata
fucata Pall., Hartert, Vog. Pal, I, p. 187.
An adult female (Jan. 5, 1912) from Lao-kay.
128. Emberiza pusilla Pall.
)warf Bunting.
D f Bunt
Sharpe Cat. Bo Br. Muss XIKp: 487; Swinhoe, P.Z.S., 1871, p. 3895
DavidtemOust”, Ois Chine; p.323; Oates, F. Br. Ind:, Bds., I, p. 254;
Anderson, Nunn Exp Aves, p. 003); Elartert, Vos. Pal, I, p. 188;
Dresser, Man. Pal. Bds., I, p. 363 ; Ingram, Nov. Zool., XIX, p. 306.
One male (Jan. 24, 1912) and one female (Dec. 17, 1911) from Lao-kay.
129. Emberiza rutila Pall.
Chestnut Bunting.
Sharpe Cat Bb Mus., XII; p. 514; Oates, F1Br" nd; Bds., II, p.
254 N. KURODA :
263; Hartert, Vog. Pal, I, p. 172; Dresser, Man. Pal. Bds 1, p. 348;
Uchida & Kuroda, Annot. Zool. Japon., 1916, p. 143; Huspiza rutila (Pall.),
Sw., P-4S., 1871, p.387; Dayid et Oust., Oisv Cline i. sor
One male (Nov. 16, 1911) from Yen-bai.
130. Melophus melanicterus (Gm.).
Crested Bunting.
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., XII, p. 568; Swinhoe, P.Z.S., 1871, p. 387;
David ‘ét Oust., Ois. Chine, p. 333; Oates, F.'Br. Ind., Bds., 11, P92655
Ingram, Nov. Zool., XIX, p. 307.
One immature male (Nov. 16, 1911) and one adult female (Nov. 18)
from Yen-bai. One adult male (Mar. 10, 1912’, four immature males (Feb.
17, 27; Mar. 7, 7) from Lao-kay. Further, one adult male without label.
Notes on Formosan Birds, with Description
of a New Bullfinch.
By
Nagamichi Kuroda, Ricahkush’.
The following notes on Formosan birds are based in part on the col-
lection I have made on the occasion of my visit to the island during April
and May of last year, and in part on specimens preserved in some other
collections, but chiefly in the museums of Taihoku and Tainan. Mr. Uchida,
in his “Hand-list of Formosan Birds” (Annot. Zool. Jap., vol. VIII, pt. 1,
1912) has given 290 species and subspecies ; further, the same auther has
added in his “Nihon Chorui Zusetsu” (The Birds of Japan, 1915) 11 more
forms to the list. To the number I am now able to add still 30 more,
bringing up the total number of forms in the Formosan avifauna to 331.
One of the new additions is a species of Pyrr/ula, which I will call 2.
uchidai, the type of which is contained in the collect on of the Science
College, Tokyo Imperial University.
In the preparation of this paper, Mr. Uchida has favoured me with
much valuable advice. Mr. M. Oshima of the Taihoku Museum and Mr.
T. Kazano of the Tainan Museum have given me exceptional facilities in
the examination of the specimens under their care. Messrs. M. Hayakawa
and Y. Kikuchi of Taihoku have both rendered me very useful help to my
collecting work. To all the above gentlemen my best thanks are due.
Family PODICIPEDIDEZE.
I. Fodicipes fluviatilis pluilippen sis (Bonnaterre).
Kaitsuburi.
Ogawa, Annot. Zool. Japon., 1908, p. 337; P. plulrppens’s (Bonn.),
Grant, Cat. B. Br. Mus., XXVI, p. 511; Uchida, Annot. Zool. Japon., 1912,
Di
p. 141; Lodiccps philippensis (Bonn.); Tada, Taiwan Chorui Ippan, 1869, p.
256 N. KURODA: NOTES ON FORMOSAN BIRDS, WITH
91 ; Swinh., P.Z.S., 1871, p. 415; Podiceps minor (nec Gm.), Tada, Taiwan
Chorui Ippan, p. go.
Specimens collected at Suisha, Nanto Distr.: 2 @s æst. & 1 2 eest.,
May 2; 1 @ est. & 2 Qs æst., May 3. A group of the bird in breeding
plumage was observed in Teishiryosho, Tainan Distr.
Family PROCELLARIIDZE.
2. Bulweria bulweri pacifica Mathews & Iredale.
O-anadori.
Mathews & Iredale, Ibis, 1915, p. 609; Bulweria bulweri (nec Jard. &
Selby), Ogawa, “Dobutsugaku Zasshi” (Tokio Zoological Magazine), 1904,
p. 305 Uchida, Annot. Zool. Japon Vol. VIL, "Part 1,01912,,p. 142.
A specimen of this subspecies, collected at Ajinkôto, Keelung, Mar.
1905, is preserved in the Taihoku museum.
Family PELECANIDÆ.
3. Pelecanus erispus Bruch.
Garancho
Grant, Cat. B. Br. Mus., XX VI, p. 468; Blanford, F. Brit. Ind., Bds.,
IV, p. 335; Dresser, Pal. Bds., II, p. 563 ; Izuka & Kuroda, “Döbutsugaku
Zasshi” (Tokyo Zoological Magazine), 1916, pp. 182-184.
An adult specimen, taken at Takosho, Tainan Distr., Dec. 23, 1gt1, is
preserved in the Tainan Museum. A juvenile specimen is in my own col-
lection ; it was obtained at Jurin, Taihoku Distr., Nov. 10, 1912.
Family ARDEIDE.
4. Herodias garzetta (Linn.).
Kosagi, Shirasagi.
Blanford, F. B. Ind., Bds., III, p. 387; Grant & La Touche, Ibis, 1907,
p. 262; Ardea garzetta L., Tada, Taiwan Chorui Ippan, p. 76; Dresser,
lo
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW BULLFINCH.
Pal. Bds., II, p. 568; Uchida, Annot. Zool. Japon., 1912, p. 144; Garzetta
garzetta, Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., XXVI, p. 118; Garzetta egretta (Briss.),
Swinhoe, P.Z.S., 1871, p. 412.
A female obtained at Kansaisho, Tainan Distr., May 10. This species
is very common on the island, except in the mountainous parts.
5. Bubuleus coromandus (Bodd.)
Amasagi, Shojosagi.
Sharpe, Cat. Br Mus XV I> p: 217; Swinhoe, P.Z.S., 1871, p. 412;
Blanford, F. B. Ind., Bds., IV, p. 389; Grant & La Touche, Ibis, 1907, p.
263. Ardea coromanda (Bodd.\, Tada, Taiwan Chorui Ippan, p. 75; Uchida
Annot. Zool. Japon., 1912, p. 143.
Kanseisho, Tainan Distr.: 28s & 1% jin., May 10 ; Shintengai, Taihoku
Distr.; 18 & 295, May 10. The species occurs in abundance on dry fields,
mostly on insects.
6. Phoyx manillensis (Meyen)
Murasakisagi.
Sharpe Cat. Bb. Br Mus. ENV p: 63, PIT; Uchida, Annot. Zool:
Japon., 1912, p. 145; Ardca manillensis Blanf., F. B. Ind., Bds., IV, p. 381;
Pyrrherodia manilensis (Meyen), McGregor, Man. Phil. Bds. I, p. 162.
Suisha, Nanto Distr.: 1% jur., May 2. This heron is but very rarely
procurable in Formosa.
7. Nycticorax nycticorax (Linn.).
Goisagi.
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., XXVI, p. 149; Swinhoe, P.Z.S., 1871, p. 413;
Tada, Taiwan Chörui Ippan, p. 77; Grant and La Touche, Ibis, 1907. p.
263; Grant, Ibis, 1908, p. 606; Uchida, Annot. Zool. Japon., 1912, p. 145 ;
N. griseus Blanford, F. Brit. Ind., Bds., IV, p. 397, fig. 96.
Suisha: 3s & 42s, May 3; Shintengai, Taihoku Distr.: 3 & s, May
19. The species is not uncommon in the woods near ponds and rivers.
258 N. KURODA : NOTES ON FORMOSAN BIRDS, WITH
3. Butorides javanica amurensis (Schrenk).
Sasagoi, Minogoi.
Ogawa, Annot. Zool. Japon, 1995, p. 214; Butorides amurensis(Schrenk),
Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., XXVI, p. 181; McGregor, Phil. Bds., I, p. 176;
Ogawa, Annot. Zool. Japon., 1908, p. 344; Ardetta javanica (nec Horsf.),
Dresser, Pal Bds., Il) p57:
Suisha, Nanto Distr. 19, May 2; 2@s May 3. Pretty common about
streams and lakes. 2. jaranica ( Horsf.) is also found in Formosa, but could
not be obtained. Both specimens are preserved in the Taihoku museum.
9. Ardetta cinnamomea (Gmelin).
Riukiuyoshigoi, Akabaneyoshigoi.
Swinhoe, P.Z.S., 1871, p. 413; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., XX VI} 2.236;
Blanford, F. B. Ind., Bds., 1V, p. 402 ;, Dresser, Pal. Bds., II, p. 577; Grant
and La Touche, Ibis, 1907, p. 263 ; Uchida, Annot. Zool. Japon., 1912, p.
145; /xobrychus cinnamomcus (Gm.), McGregor, Phil. Bds., I, p. 179;
Nannocnus ijimai Ogawa, Annot. Zool. Japon., 1905, p. 215.
Enteisho, Tainan Distr.: 19 juv., May o. This bittern is somewhat
less common than the foregoing species.
10. Nannoenus eurythmus (Swinh.).
O-yoshigoi.
Ogawa, Hand. Bds. Jap., Annot. Zool. Japon., 1908, p. 345; Uchida,
“Nihon Chorui Zusetsu” (The Birds of Japan), I, 1913, p. 170, Pl. IV; fig.
18; Ardetta eurythuna Swinh., (Sharpe), Cat. B. Br. Mus., XXVI, p. 242;
Dresser, Pal. Bds., II, p. 578.
A fine adult female is, kept in cage in the Nursery of Plants, Taihoku
city. This bird was captured near Taihoku.
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW BULI FINCH. 259
Family CICONIIDZE.
II. Ciconia toyciana Swinh.
Konotori.
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., XXVI, p. 302; Dresser, Pal. Bds., II, p. 581;
Ogawa, Hand. Bds. Jap., Annot. Zool. Japon., 1908, p. 346; Uchida, “Nihon
Chorui Zusetsu” (The Birds of Japon), I, 1913, p. 111, Pl. III, fig. 4.
An adult bird is preserved in the Tainan Museum. It was obtained at
Gyoon, Tamian Distr., Dec. 10, 1911.
12. Ciconia nigra (Linn.).
Nabeko.
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., XXVI, p. 303; Blanford, F. Brit. Ind., Birds,
IV, p. 369; Dresser, Pal. Bds., II, p. 581; Ogawa, Hand. Bds. Jap., Annot.
Zool. Japon., 1908, p. 345; Uchida, “Nihon Chorui Zusetsu” (The Birds of
Japan), 1, 1913, pP. 112.
A juvenile specimen of this species is in my collection. It was cap-
tured at Tamsui, Taihokn Distr., September, 1915.
Family IBIDIDÆ.
13. Ibis melanocephala (Latham).
Kurotoki, Nabekaburi.
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., XXVI, p. 7; Blanford, F. Brit. Ind., Bds., IV,
p- 361; Dresser, Pal. Bds., II, p. 584; Ogawa, Hand. Bds. Jap., Annot. Zool.
Japon, 1998, p. 346; Uchida, “Nihon Chorui Zusetsu” (The Birds of Japon),
1, 1913, panda Pla Her 5.
A juvenile specimen in the Taihoku museum (Toko, Feb. 29, 1909),
and another in the Tainan Museum.
260 N. KURODA: NOTES ON FORMOSAN BIRDS, WITH
Family ANATIDZE.
14. Mclanonyæx segetum serrirostris (Sw.).
Hishikui.
Alpheraky, Geese of Europe & Asia, 1904, p. 123, Pl. XII; Kuroda,
“Sekai no Gan to Ko” (Geese and Swans of the World), Ornith. Societ.
Jap., 1913, p. 62, Pl. I; Anser serrirostris (Gould, MS.), Salvadori, Cat, B.
Br. Mus., XXVII, p. 101; Anser segetum serrirostris Sw., Stejneger, Bull. U.
S. Nat. Mus., 1885, No. 29, p. 144.
An adult specimen in the Taihoku museum (Tamsui, Apr. 23, 1909).
A second specimen, also an adult, in the Tainan Museum.
15. Cygmopsis cygnoides (Linn.).
Sakatsura-gan.
Alphéraky, Geese of Europe & Asia, 1904, p. 176, Pl. XXI; Salvadori,
Cat. B. Br. Mus., XXVII, p. 107 ; Kuroda, “Sekai no Gan to Ko” (Geese
and Swans of the World), Ornith. Societ. Jap., 1913, p. 32, Pl. I & III;
Anser cygnoides Ogawa, Hand. Bds. Jap., Annot. Zool. Japon., 1908, p.
351; Uchida, “Nihon Chörui Zusetsu” (The Birds of Japan), I, p. 152, Pl.
IV, fig. 15; David et Oust., Ois. Chine, p. 493. Dresser, Pal Bde) lian:
593: |
Three specimens, obtained at Rato, Giran Distr., in the Rato school
for the natives.
Family VULTURIDÆ.
16. Vuliur monachus Linn.
Hagewashi.
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., I, p. 3; Blanford, F. Brit. Ind., Bds., III, p.
317 ; Dresser, Pal. Bds., II, p. 500; Swinhoe, P.Z.S., 1871, p. 338.
An adult bird in the Taihoku museum (Ökei, Sankakuyù, Oct. 4, 1913).
Another adult in the Tainan museum (Kagi Distr., Dec. 28, 1910).
THE DESCRIPTION OF A NE\V BULLFINCH. 261
Family FALCONIDZE.
17. Aecipiter affinis Hodgson.
Taiwantsumitaka.
Grant and La Touche, Ibis, 1007, p. 257; Uchida, Annot. Zool. Japon.,
1912, p. 150; Accipiter virgatus (Temm.), Swinhoe, P.Z.S., 1871, p. 342;
McGregor, Phil. Bds., I, p. 220; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., I, p. 150 (part);
Blanford, F. B. Ind., Bds., III, p. 404 (part); Tada, Taiwan Chörui Ippan, p.
72; Accipiter sp, Tada, op. cit. p. 72, No. 123.
An adult female obtained at Shikyotosho, Nanto Distr., May 4.
18. Haliaétus albicillus (Linn.).
Ojirowashi.
Sharpez Cat Br or. Mus 1, pP. 302; Swinhoe, P.2Z.5.,1871,P- 339;
Blanford, F. Brit. Ind., Bds., III, p. 369; Dresser, Pal. Bds., II, p. 524; Ogawa,
Hand. Bds., Jap., Annot. Zool. Japon., 1908, p. 354; Uchida, “Nihon Chorui
Zusetsu”’ (The Birds of Japan), I, p. 168.
Two specimens preserved in the Taihoku museum, and three in the
Tainan museum.
19. Spilornis cheela (Latham).
Ö-kammuriwashi.
Sharpe; Cat, By Brit. Mus., Ip. 287 5 Swinhoe, P.Z.S., 1871, p. 340;
Blanford, F. B. Ind., Bds., III, p. 357, fig. 90; Tada, Taiwan Chorui Ippan, p.
72; Grant & La Touche, Ibis, 1997, p. 258; Uchida, Annot. Zool. Japon.,
1912, p. 150; Spilornis melanotis (Jerdon), Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., I, p.
289; Grant, P.S.Z., 1900, p. 491. i
An adult female obtained at Funposho, Nanto, Distr., May 4. The
species is not uncommon in the wooded parts.
20. Pernis apivorus (Linn.).
Hachikuma.
Shatpe,. Cat. 2 br, Mus:, 1, p. 344); Swinhoe, P.Z.S., 1871; p. 341;
262 N. KURODA : THE NOTES ON FORMOSAN BIRDS, WITH
Dresser, Pal. Bds., II, p. 538; Ogawa, Hand. Bds. jap., Annot. Zool. Japon.,
1908, p. 355; Uchida, “Nihon Chorui Zusetsu” (The Birds of Japan), I, 1913,
p- 075, El Vil See
A juvenile bird, obtained near Taihoku, is in my collection.
21. Milvus ater govinda Sykez.
Himetombi.
Milvus govinda Sykes, Swinhoe, P.Z.S., 1871, p. 341 ; Sharpe, Cat. B.
Br. Mus., I, p. 325; Blanford, F. Brit. Ind., Bds., III, p. 374, fig. 03; Milvus
melanotis (nec T. & S.), Tada, Taiwan Chörui Ippan, p. 70; JZ. ater melanotis
(nec T. & S.), Uchida, Annot. Zool. Japon., 1912, p. 151.
Specimens collected at Gyochi, Nanto Distr.: 1%, May 2; Horisha,
Nanto Distr.: 1®, May ro; Enteisho, Tainan: 19, May 9. This is a rather
common bird in Formosa. I could not determine ifthe Large Indian Kite,
Milv. ater melanotis T. & S., also occurs on the island.
22. Falco peregrinator Sundev.
Muneaka-hayabusa.
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., I, p. 382; Blanford, F. Brit. Ind., Bds., III, p.
415.
A specimen of this beautiful falcon was obtained at Horisha, Nanto
Distr., Nov. 1912; and is preserved in the Taihoku Museum, and another
specimen in the Tainan Museum. Further, a young specimen is in my
collection; it was obtained at Horisha, September, 1915.
Family PANDIONIDÆ.
23. Pandion haliaétus (Linn.).
Misago.
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., I, p. 449; Swinhoe, Ibis, 1871, p. 340; Tada,
Taiwan Chörui Ippan, p. 73; Blanford, F. Brit. Ind., Bds., III, p. 314; Grant,
P.Z.S., 1900, p. 491 ; Grant & La Touche, Ibis, 1907, p. 256; McGregor,
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW BULLFINCH. 263
Man. Phil. Bds., I, p. 245; Dresser, Pal. Bds., II, p. 554; Uchida, Annot.
Zool. Japon., 1912, p. 152.
An adult male obtained at Tamsui, Toihoku Distr., May 22.
Family PHASIANIDZE.
24. Calophasis mikado Ogilvie-Grant.
Mikado-kiji, Futufutu.
Grant, Bull. B. O. C., XVI, 1956, p. 277; Grant & La Touche, Ibis, 1907,
p- 277; Grant, op. cit., 1998, pp. 606-508, Pl. XIII. (4 £) & text-fig. 7
Uchida, Annot. Zool. Japon., 1912, p. 155; Grant, Ibis, 1912, pp. 654-957
Phastanus mikado (Grant), Rothschild, Bull. B.O.C., XXI, 1907, p. 22.
I have had the good fortune of collecting four specimens of this rare
2
»
pheasant, with the aid of district officials and of native boys, on an altitude of
about 8000 ft. avove sea-level, on Mt. Arisan, Kagi Distr. The specimens
obtained are: 18 ad., May 10; 1% ad., May, 11; 29s ad., May 13.
The two males are very closely alike in colours of plumage, except the
fact that, while in one of them the white bars on tail-feathers stand out from
the quill quite or nearly opposite both ways on the two webs, in the other
specimen the same bars stand alternately, — a variation which is also
observable in Prastanus semmerringi Temm. The gloss on the mantle is
not so strongly reddish purple as is represented in Ogilvie-Grant’s figure
(Ibis, 1508, Pl. XIII).. Nor is the head of so pale in colour. Tertiaries and
scapulars have no distinct white margin.
The females are both less reddish brown than in Grant’s figure, but not
to the same degree in the two specimens, one of these being, on the whole
somewhat darker than the other. It seems the plumage colour is much
more variable in the female than in the male.
My notes oa the colour of soft parts in the four specimens run as
follows :
%® ad. Upper mandible horny black ; lower mandible olivaceous horn
colour; feet, toes and claws dark grey ; spurs greyish horn colour ; iris red-
264 N. KURODA: THE NOTES ON FORMOSAN BIRDS, WITH
dish brown ; or pale brownish red ; fleshy face carmine red; lower eyelid
pale reddish white.
@ ad. Bill, feet, toes and claws nearly as in the males, though some-
what paler. Iris pale brown; fleshy face red, but not carmine red.
The measurements are as follows :
Sex Total L. Bill from Gape | Wing ° Tail | Tarsus
AN ad. _ 855 mm. 33.5 mm. | ae | 490 mm. 67.5 mm.
ad. | 893 mm. | 32 mm. | 230 mm. 525 mm. | 67.5 mm.
2. ad. 530 mm. | 31 mm. | 215 mm. 200 mm. | 60 mm.
2 ad. | 525 mm. 28 mm. | 215 mm. 215 mm. 61 mm.
The stomach contents consisted of some well digested substance, be-
sides a number of pebbles. The crops were filled with vegetable matter,
among which Dr. B. Hayata has recognized parts of such plants as ferns,
Pteris Aster, Tsuga, Coptis, etc. In the crop of one female there were
found, besides, some twenty one larvæ ofthe Tipulidæ. It may be men-
tioned that, according to informations from the natives, the Mikado Phea-
sant is found of the fruit of the wild berry (Aubus arisanensis Hay.), the
red seeds of “Fukuhyo” (Clerodendron sp.), etc.
25. Genneus swinhoii (Gould).
Sakei, Owakei, Seiban-kiji.
Grant, Cat. B. Br. Mus., XXII, p. 309; Grant and La Touche, Ibis,
1907, p. 276; Uchida, Annot. Zool. Japon., 1912, p. 154; Euplocamus
swinhoii Gould, Swinhoe, P.Z.S., 1871, p. 399; Tada, Taiwanchorui Ippan,
P- 93:
Horisha, Nanto Distr.: 14 & 19, Ap. 29; Arisan: 19, May 12. This
beautiful pheasant was met with not uncommon in the mountainous parts of
the Nanto Distr., at an elevation of 4-6000 ft. On Arisan it was rare above
8000 ft, altitude.
THE DESCRIPTION OF A NEW BULLFINCH. 265
26. Arboricola erudigularis (Swinh.).
Miyama-tekkei. Ankatekkei.
Grant, Cat. B. B. Mus., XXII, p. 211; Grant and La Touche, Ibis,
1907, p. 275; Uchida, Annot. Zool. Japon., 1912, p. 153 ; Oreoperdix crudi-
gularis Swinhoe, P.Z.S., 1871, p. 400; Tada, Taiwan Chörui Ippan, p. 94.
Specimens obtained at: Horisha, Nanto Dist.: 18 & 19, Ap. 29;
Arisan: 14, May 14. The tree-partridge was met with on Arisan together
with the Mikado Pheasant.
27. Bambusicola sonorivox Gould.
Tekkei.
Swinhoe, P.Z.S:, 1371,,P. 400 Grant, Cat. B. Br. Mus., XXII, p! 2590);
Tada, Taiwan Chorui Ippan, p. 92 ; Grant and La Touche, Ibis, 1907, p.276;
Uchida, Annot. Zool. Japon., 1912, p. 154.
Horisha, Nanto Distr.: 19, Ap. 29; Suisha, Nanto: 14, May 2;
Shiyoto, Nanto : 48,5 & 22.5, May 4. The species was found to be com-
mon in the mountains of Nanto District, at an altitude of 4-6000 ft. above
sea-level. i
Family RALLIDÆ.
28. Porzana fusea (Linn.).
Hikuina.
Dresser, Pal. Bds., II, p. 710; Uchida, Annot. Zool. Japon., 1912, p.
155; Limnobenus fuscus (L.), Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., XXIII, p. 146;
McGregor, Man. Phil. Bds., I, p. 74; Amaurornis fuscus (L.), Blanford,
F. B. Ind., Bds., IV, p. 170; Grant and La Touch, Ibis, 1907, p. 272.
Suisha, Nanto Distr.: 28s, May 3.
Family CHARADRIIDZE.
29. Charadrius fulvus Gmelin.
Munaguro.
Swinhoe, P.Z.S., 1871, p. 403; Tada, Taiwan Chorui Ippan, p. 83; Blan-
266 N. KURODA: NOTES ON FORMOSAN BIRDS, WITH
ford, F. B. I., Bds., IV, p. 234; McGregor, Man. Phil. Bds., I, p. 104; Uchida,
Annot. Zool. Japon., 1912, p. 157; Charadrius dominicus P.L.S. Müll.,
Sharpe, Cat, B. Br. Mus., XXIV, p. 195; Dresser, Man. Pal. Bds., II, p. 732;
Grant & La Touche, Ibis, 1907, p. 265.
Enteisho, Tainan Distr.: 14 cest., May o. The single specimen ob-
tained was in breeding plumage.
30. Ægialitis dubia (Scop.)
Minami-kochidori.
Grant & La Touche, Ibis, 1907, p. 265; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., XXIV,
p. 263, (part); Grant, P.Z.S., 1990, p. 495; Zgialites dubius (Scop.),
Swinhoe, P.Z.S., 1871, p. 404; Charadrius dubius dubius Scop., Hartert &
Jackson, Ibis, 1915, pp. 526-534.
Horisha, Nanto Distr.: 1 ® ad., May 12.
The bill in this species is somewhat longer (exp. culm. 14-15.6 mm.)
than in /Æ. dubia minor Wolt. & Meyer (exp. culm. 11.8-14.5 mm.). The
latter form is also found in Formosa, though rarely.
31. Ægialitis cantiana dealbatus Swinh.
Shirochidori.
Aigialites dealbatus Swinh., P.Z.S., 1871, p. 404; Ægialtis dealbata
Sw., Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., XXIV, p. 282; Grant & La Touche, Ibis,
1907, p. 265; Charadrius alexandrinus dealbatus (Sw.), Hartert & Jackson,
Ibis, 1915, pp. 526-534; Charadrius cantianus (nec Lath.), Tada, Taiwan
Chörui Ippan, p. 84; Uchida, Annot. Zool. Japon., 1912, p. 158; Ægraditis
alexandrina (L.), part, Grant, P.Z.S., 1900, p. 495 ; Ogawa, Annot. Zool.
Japon., 1905, p. 219; McGregor. Man. Phil. Bds., I, p. 112.
Two adult males obtained at Tamsui, Taihoku Distr., May 22.
This subspecies is distinguished from the typical form of the species
by the larger bill, which is 16-19 mm., instead of 14-15 mm., long. Both
the forms occur in Formosa as well as in southern Japan, though the typi-
cal form is the much less commoner of the two.
THE DESCRIPTION OF A NEW BULLFINCH.
to
(e)}
S
32 Ochthodromus geoffroyi (Wagl.)
Ömedai-chidori.
Sharpe, Cat.-BiBr. Mus) XXIV, p. 2175" Grant, P.Z.S.,. 1900, p. 495 ;
McGregor, Man. Phil. Bds., I, p. 109; Ægralites geoffroyi (Wagl.), Swinhoe,
P.Z.S., 1871, p. 404; Ægialitis geoffroyi (Wagl.), Blanford, F. B. Ind., Bds.,
NP 2237; Dresser, Manbal> Best po 735 ; Grant &, La Touche, ‚Ibis;
1907, p. 265; Charadrius geoffroyi (Wagl.), Tada, Taiwan Chorui Ippan,
p- 83; Uchida, Annot. Zool. Japon, 1912, p. 137.
Two females obtained at Tamsui, Taihoku, Distr., May 22.
33. Ochthodromus mongolicus (Vall.).
Medai-chidori.
Grant, P.Z.S., 1900, p. 495; Ochth. mongolus Pall., Tada, Taiwan Chorui
Ippan, p. 84; McGregor, Man. Phil. Bds., I, p. 107; -Ægialitis mongola
(Pall.), Dresser, Pal. Bds., II, p. 734; Ægialitis mongolica (Pall.), Blanford,
F. Brit. Ind., Bds., IV, p. 238; Zigralitis mongolus (Pall.), Swinhoe, P.Z.S.,
1871, p. 404; Charadrius mongolicus Pall., Uchida, aoe Zool. Japon.,
1912, p. 157.
Specimens collected: Enteisho, Tainan Distr.: 14 «st. & 1Q cest.,
May 9; Teishiryosho, Tainan, Distr.: 29s, May 10; Tamsui, Taihoku Distr.:
1% juv., May 22. The species is very common on fish-culture ponds with
partially exposed bottom and at mouth of rivers.
34. Limosa melanura melanuroides Gould.
Oguro-shigi.
Stejneger, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. X, 1887; Styan, Ibis, 1893, p:
437 ; Ogawa, Hand. Bds. Jap., Annot. Zool. Japon., 1908, p. 362; Limosa
limosa (L.), part., Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., XXIV, p. 381; Zimosa belgica
(Gmel.) part., Dresser, Pal. Bds., I, p. 798; Blanford, F. Brit. Ind., Bds., IV,
p. 254; Limosa melanura Leisl. part., Uchida, “ Nihon Chorui Zusetsu’
(The Birds of Japan), I, p. 235, Pl. XVII, fig. 4 & 5.
268 N. KURODA : NOTES ON FORMOSAN BIRDS, WITH
Two specimens in breeding plumage are preserved in the Tainan
Museum.
35. Tringoides hypoleucus (Linn.).
Isoshigi, Mushibami.
Swinhoe, P.Z.S., 1871, p. 406; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., XXIV, p. 456;
Grant, P.Z.S., 1900, p. 497; Grant & La Touche, Ibis, 1907, p. 267; Totanus
hypoleucus (L.), Blanford, F. B. Ind., Bds., IV, p. 260; Dresser, Man. Pal.
Bds., II, p. 791 ; Tada, Taiwan, Chorui Ippan, p. 83; Uchida, Annot, Zool.
Japon., 1912, p. 160; Actitis hypoleucos (L.), McGregor, Man. Phil. Bds., I,
p- 126.
Horisha, Nanto Distr.: 14, May 2; Konsaisho, Tainan Distr.: i May
10. This Sandpiper was seen at Tamsui, Taihoku, Distr.
36. Limonites ruficollis (Pall.).
Tonen.
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., XXIV, p. 545; Tringa ruficollis Pall., Blanford,
F. B. Ind., Bds., IV, p. 274; Grant, P.Z.S., 1900, p. 498; Dresser, Man. Pal.
Bds., II, p. 771 ; Grant & La Touche, Ibis, 1907, p. 268; Uchida, Annot.
Zool. Japon, 1912, p. 161; Zringa salina Pall., Swinhoe, P.Z.S., 1871, p.
409; Pisobia ruficollis (Pall.), McGregor, Man. Phil. Bds., I, p. 135; Zringa
minuta (nec Leisl.), Tada, Taiwan Chorui Ippan, p. 85.
Specimens obtained at Enteishö, Tainan Distr.: 12@s & 6Qs, May 9;
Teishiryöshö, Tainan: 4Qs, May 10. This species with rafescent neck was
found to be very common in the Tainan District.
37. Limonites subminuta (Middend.).
Hibarishigi.
Tringa subininuta Midd., Blanford, F. B. Ind., Bds., IV, p. 275; Dresser,
Pal. Bds., II, p. 772; Tringa damacensis, pt., (Horsf.), Swinhoe, Ibis, 1871,
p. 409; Ogawa, Annot. Zool. Japon., 1908, p. 365; Uchida, “Nihon Chörui
Zusetsu” (The Birds of Japan), I, 1913, p. 254; Lismonites damacensis, pt.,
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW BULLFINCH. 269
(Horsf.), Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., XXIV, p. 553. Pisobia damacensis, pt.
(Horf.), McGregor, Man. Phil. Bds., I, p. 136.
One male and two females obtained at Enteishö, Tainan Distr., May 9.
This species has never before been recorded from Formosa.
38. Tringa crassirostris T.&. S.
Obashigi.
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., XXIV, p. 600; Blanford, F. Brit. Ind., Bds.,
AUD 277, Dresser, Man: Pal. Bds_;: ID, p. 776; Grant, P.Z.S., 1900, p. 498.3
Ogawa, Annot. Zool. Japon., 1998, p. 365; McGregor, Man. Phil. Bds., I, p-
141; Uchida, “Nihon Chorui Zusetsu,” I, 1913, p. 255; Tringa tenuirostris
(nec Horsf.), Swinhoe, P.Z.S., 1871, p. 408.
A male obtained at Tamsui, Taihoku Distr., May 22. This is the first
specimen of the species that was ever obtained in Formosa.
39. Tringa canutus Linn.
Ko-obashigi.
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., XXIV, p. 593; Swinhoe, P.Z.S., 1871, p. 408;
Dresser, Pal. Bds., II, p. 775 ; Ogilvie-Grant, P.Z.S., 1900, p. 498 ; Ogawa,
Hand. Bds. Jap., Annot. Zool. Japon., 1908, p. 366; Uchida, “Nihon Chorui
Zusetsu” (The Birds of Japan) I, 1913, p. 254.
A specimen of this bird in breeding plumage is to be found in the
Tainan Museum.
40. Ancylochilus subarquatus (Güldenstädt).
Saruhama-shigi.
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., XXIV, p. 586; Tringa subarquata (Güld.),
Swinhoe, P.Z.S., 1871, p. 409; Blanford, F. B. Ind., Bds., IV, p. 278, fig. 64;
Tada, Taiwan Chorui Ippan, p. 87; Grant, P.Z.S., 1900, p. 498; Dresser, Pal.
Bds., II, p. 774; Uchida, Annot. Zool. Japon., 1912, p. 161; Zrolia ferrugi-
nea (Brün.), McGregor, Man. Phil. Bds., I, p. 139.
270 N. KURODA: NOTES ON FORMOSAN BIRDS, WITH
Enteisho, Tainan Distr.: 18 st. & 19 cest., May 9; Teishiryoshò,
Tainan: 1 Qcest., May 10. This Sandpiper is rather common in the Tainan
District.
41. Heteropygia acuminata (Horsf.).
Uzurashigi.
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., XXIV, p. 566; Ogawa, Annot. Zool. Japon.,
1905, p. 220; Tringo acuminata (Horsf.), Swinhoe, P.Z.S., 1871, p. 409;
Blanford, F. B. Ind., Bds., IV, p. 276; Dresser, Man. Pal. Bds., II, p. 767;
Grant & La Touche, Ibis, 1907, p. 268; Uchida, Annot. Zool. Japon, 1912,
p. 161, Heteropygia aurita (Lath.), McGregor, Man. Phil. Bds., I, p. 138.
Four adult females obtained at Teishiryosho, Tainan Distr., May ro.
42. Phalaropus hyperboreus (Linn.).
Akaeri-hireashishigi.
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., XXIV), p. 698; Blanford, F. B. Indy Bass ave
p. 281, fig. 65; Dresser, Man. Pal. Bds., II, p. 754; Grant & La Touche,
Ibis, 1907, p. 269; Uchida, Annot. Zool. Japon., 1912, p. 161; Lobzpes
hyperboreus (L., Swinh., P.Z.S., 1871, p. 408; Lobipes lobatus (L.), McGre-
gor, Man. Phil. Bds., I, p. 149.
Enteisho, Tainan Distr.: 1% cest., May 9. The specimen was found
mixed in a flock of other waders. A number of the same bird were
observed swimming in the Keelung harbour, May 25.
Family LARIDZ.
43. Sterna melanauchen Temm.
Eriguro-ajisashi.
Saunders, Cat. B. Br. Mus., XXV, p. 126; Ogilvie-Grant, P.Z.S., 1900,
p. 500; Blanford, F. B. Ind., Bds., IV, p. 322; Ogawa, Hand. Bds. Jap., Annot.
Zool. Japon., 1908, p. 370; Uchida, “Nihon Chörui Zusetsu” (The Birds of
Japan) I, p. 203, PL XIV, fig. 1.
The specimens of the species are preserved in the Taihoku Museum.
THE DESCRIPTION OF A NEW BULLFINCH. 27%
Family COLUMBIDE.
44. Turtur humilis (Temm.).
Benibato.
Swimhoe, P2295.) 1871, ps 397, David &* Oust., Ois. Chine, p. 388;
Salvadori, Cat. B. Br. Mus., XXI, p. 434; Tada, Taiwan Chorui Ippan, p. 63;
Kant E72: 5, 116005 p.502, Grant S La Touche, Ibis; 1907, ‘p.°273 ;
Uchida, Annot. Zool. Japon., 1912, p. 166; Turtur tranquebaricus (nec
Herm.), Dresser, Man. Pal. Bds., II, p. 651; nopopelia humilis (Temm.),
McGregor, Man. Phil. Bds., I, p. 50; Oenopopelia tranquebarica humilis
(Temm.), Baker, Ind. Pigeons & Doves, 1913, p. 234; Pl. 23.
An adult male obtained at Enteisho, Tainan Distr., May 9. This dove
is very common in the southern parts of Formosa, while in the region of
Taihoku none of it came under observation.
45. Æurtur chinensis (Scop.)
Kanoko-bato.
Swinhoe, P.Z.S., 1871, p. 307 ; Salvadori, Cat. B. Br. Mus., XXT, p.
439; Tada, Taiwan Chorui Ippan, p. 64; Grant, P.Z.S., 1900, p. 502 ; Grant
& La Touche, Ibis, 1907, p. 274; Grant, op. cit., 1908, p, 606; Uchida, Annot.
Zool. Japon., 1912, p. 166.
Specimens collected at : Horisha, Nanto: 19 ad., May 1; Gyochi,
Nanto: 1% ad, May 2; Airyosho, Nanto: 1 © ad., May 4; Shikyotosho,
Nanto: 19, May 4. Common in all parts of the island.
46. Chalcophaps indica (Linn.)
Kin-bato.
Swiuhoe, B-7.S., 1871,72397; Blanford, F.B. Ind., Bds., IVp..26, fig:
6; Tada, Taiwan Chorui Ippan, p. 65 ; Grant, P.Z.S., 1990, p. 502; Grant &
La Touche, Ibis, 1907, p. 274; McGregor, Man. Phil. Bds., I, p.59 ; Uchida,
Annot. Zool. Japon., 1912, p. 167; Barker, Ind. Pigeons & Doves, 1913, p.
121, PL 11 ; Chaleophaps formosana Swinhoe, Ibis, 1871, p. 397.
272 N. KURODA: NOTES OF FORMOSAN BIRDS, WITH
Specimens obtained at: Horisha, Nanto Distr.: 14 ad., Ap. 29; Shikyo-
tosho, Nanto Distr.: 1% & 22.5, May 4. Seen only in the southern parts
of the island.
47. Sphenocercus sororius Swinh.
Taiwan-awobato.
Swinhoe, Ibis, 1871, p. 396; Salvadori, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., XXI, p. 13;
Tada, Taiwan Chorui Ippan, p. 67; Grant & La Touche, Ibis, 1907 ; Grant,
op. cit., 1908, p. 606; Uchida, Annot. Zool. Japon., 1912, p. 168.
One adult female obtained at Suisha, Nanto Distr., May 4. Found in
forests at 4000 to 5000 ft. altitude above sea-level.
Family CUCULIDZE.
43. Cuculus saturatus Hodgs.
Tsutsudori.
Blanford, F. B. Ind., Bds., III, p. 207; Dresser, Man. Pal. Bds., I, p, 470;
McGregor, Man. Phil. Bds., I, p. 372; Grant & La Touche, Ibis, 1907, p.
196 ; Uchida, Annot. Zool. Japon., 1912, p. 169; Cuculus striatus (nec Dra-
piez), Swinhoe, P.Z.S., 1871, p. 305; Cuculus intermedius (nec Vahl.), Shelly,
Cat. B. Brit. Mus., XIX, p. 252; Tada, Taiwan Chorui Ippan, p. 58.
A male secured at Horisha, Nanto Distr., May 2. This, the Himalayan
Cuckoo, is not uncommon in the spring. Its peculiar notes, sounding like
hon-hon or pon-pon, were frequently heard in the country. The common
Cuckoo, C. canorus (L.\, was never heard. Nor have I ever come across a
specimen of it that was obtained in Formosa, so that, I think, the common
Cuckoo does not occur in the island.
49. Eudynamis honorata (Linn.).
Onikakko.
Shelley, Cat. B. Br. Mus., XIX, p. 316; Blanford, Be Binds Bass ur
p. 228; Ogilvie-Grant, P.Z.S., 1900, p. 484.
Ee
THE DESCRIPTION OF A NEW BULLFINCH. 273
A female specimen obtained at Tokosho, Tainan District, Dec. 11,
1905, is preserved in the Tainan Museum.
50. Centropus javanicus (Dumont).
Banken.
Shelley, Cat. B. Br. Mus., XIX, p. 354; Grant & La Touche, Ibis, 1907,
p. 169 ; Grant, op. cit., 1908, p. 905 ; McGregor, Man. Phil. Bds., I, p. 384;
Uchida, Annot. Zool. Japon., 1912, p. 169; Centropus bengalensis (Gm.),
Swinhoe, 2.7.9, 1570, 3935) Shelley, "Cat. Bi Br? Mus., XIX, p: 3525
Tada Tainan Chorui Ippan, p. 58; Blanford, F. B. Ind., Bds., III, p. 243;
Grant, P.Z.S., 1900, p. 485.
An adult female obtained at Horisha, Nanto Distr., May 15. The Javan
Coucal is rather common. It comes into view most frequently in early
morning.
Family ALCEDINIDZE.
51. Alcedo ispida bengalensis Gm.
Kawasemi, Sobin.
Tada, Taiwan Chorui Ippan, p. 61; Alcedo bengalensis Gmelin, Swinhoe,
P.Z.S., 1871, p. 347; McGregor, Man. Phil. Bds., I, p. 306 ; Uchida, Annot.
Zool. Japon., 1912, p. 170; Alcedo ispida (nec Linn.), Sharpe, Cat. B. Br.
Mus., XVII, p.141; Blanford, F. B.Ind., Bds., III, p: 122, fig. 35 ; Dresser,
Man. Pal. Bds., I, p. 458; Grant & La Touche, Ibis, 1997, p. 197; Grant, op.
cit., 1908, p. 685.
Horisha, Nanto Distr.: 1 young, Ap. 29; 18 & 19, May 2; Suisha,
Nanto: 28, May 3; Kansaishö, Tainan Distr.: ıQ, May 10.
Common along streams, and on the shores of ponds and lakes.
Family UPUPIDZE.
52. Upupa epops Linn.
Yatsugashira.
Salvin, Cat. B. Br. Mus., XVI, p. 4; Blanford, F. B. Ind., Bds., III, p.
274 N. KURODA: NOTES OF FORMOSAN BIRDS, WITH
159; Dresser, Pal. Bds., I, p. 467 ; Ogawa, Hand. Bds. Jap. Annot. Zool.
Japon., 1908, p. 378; Uchida, “Nihon Chorui Zusetsu” (The Birds of Japan),
11,P:337, Pl XIX I.
An adult specimen, obtained in Giran Distr. Sep. 5, 1912, is to be seen
inthe Taihoku Museum.
Family STRIGIDZE.
53. Hetupa flavipes (Hodgson).
Uwo-mimizuku.
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., II, p. 5 ; Blanford, F. Brit. Ind., Bds., III, p:
282.
This is a very rare species in Formosa. One specimen in the Taihoku
Museum and another in. my collection ; both obtained at a valley near
Horisha, Nanto District.
54. Scops semitorques pryeri Gurney.
Praier-zuku.
Uchida, “Nihon Chorui Zusetsu” (The Birds of Japan), II, 1914, p. 346;
III, 1915, p. 176; Scops prvert Gurn., Ogawa, Annot. Zool. Japon., 1908, p.
381; ? [Scops sp., Tada, Taiwan Chorui Ippan, p. 68.]
Horisha, Nanto Distr.: 2 youngs, Ap. 29; Shikyotosho, Nanto: 1 young,
May 4.
55. Syrnium indranee (Sykes).
O-fukuro.
Grant & La Touche, Ibis, 1907, p. 255; Uchida, Annot. Zool. Japon.
1912, p. 171; Syrnium indrani (Sykes), Blanford, F. B. Ind., Bds., III, p.
275; Syrnium newarense (Hodgs.), Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., II, p. 281;
Bulaca newarensis (Hodgs.), Swinhoe, P.Z.S., 1871, p. 344; Tada, Taiwan
Chorui Ippan, p. 69.
Arisan: 19. ad., May 12. This is a very rare species in Formosa,
occurring in the mountains of over 7000 ft. elevation. This specimen
THE DESCRIPTION OF A NEW BULLFINCH. 275
obtained was shot by a native savages in the forest of Arisan, 8000 ft. above
the sea-level.
56. Asio otus (Linn.).
x Torafuzuku.
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., II, pi 227; Blanford, F. Brit. Ind., Bds., III, p-
270:; Dresser, Pal. Bds., I, p. 483; Uchida, “Nihon Cherui Zusetsu” (The
Birds of Japan), II, p. 350, PI. XX, fig. 5; Ozus vulgaris Fleming, Swinh.,
P.Z.S., 1871, p. 344; Sérix etus Linn., Ogawa, Hand. Bds. Jap., Annot.
Zool. Japon., 1998, p. 379.
A specimen (Horisha, July 22, 1908) is preserved in the Taihoku
museum. A second specimen in the Tainan museum. This seems to be a
rare bird in Formosa.
57. Asio accipitrinus (Pall.).
Komimizuku.
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., II, D: 2345 Blanford, F. B. Ind., Bds., III,
p. 271 5 Dresser, Pal. Bds., J, p. 484; Ogilvie-Grant, P. Z.S., 1900, p: 489;
Uchida, “Nihon Chorui Zusetsu” (The Birds of Japan), II, p. 351, Pl. XX,
fig. 1; Otus brachyotus (L.), Swinh., P.Z.S., 1871, p. 344; Strix brachyotus
Forster, Ogawa, Hand. Bds. Jap., Annot. Zool. Japon., 1908, p. 379.
A specimen in the Taihoku Museum, obtained near the city of Taihoku
Feb. 20, 1909, This also seems to be rare in Formosa.
58. Cyanops nuchalis (Gould).
don.
Tada, Taiwan Chorui Ippan, p. 57; Grant & La Touche, Ibis, 1907, p.
195; Grant, op. cit., 1908, p. 605 ; Uchida, Annot. Zool. Japon., 1912, p. 173.
Suiriko, Nanto Distr.: 24s, Ap. 29; Suisha, Nanto: 2Qs, May 3; 18,
May 4. Found everywhere among the foliage in forests. The cry of this
bird is very peculiar and sounds like koroksrokoro, repeated several times
in succession.
276 N. KURODA: NOTES OF FORMOSAN BIRDS, WITH
Family PITTIDÆ.
50. Pitta nympha T. & S.
Yairo-cho.
Sclater, Cat. B. Br. Mus., XIV, p. 425 ; Tada, Taiwan Chorui Ippan, p.
34; Grant & La Touche, Ibis, 1907, p. 194; Ogawa, Annot. Zool. Japon.,
1908, p. 386; Uchida, op. cit., 1912, p. 175; Pitta orcas Swinhoe, P.Z.S.,
DO A
Horisha, Nanto Distr.: 12 May 1. This Pitta is a migrant in For-
mosa, coming from the continent in the spring. It breeds in the forests of
the island. Its loud cry, sounding somewhat like fao-fao, is oftenest heard
in evenings.
Family ALAUDIDÆ.
60. Alauda gulgula sala Swinhoe.
Taiwan-hibari.
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., XIII, p. 575; Hartert, Vög. Pal, I, p. 250;
Alauda sala Swinhoe, P.Z.S., 1871, p. 389; Tada, Taiwan Chorui Ippan, p.
48 ; Grant & La Touche, Ibis, 1997, p. 165 ; Uchida, Annot. Zool. Japon.
1912, p. 175; Alauda wattersi Swinhoe, Ibis, 1871, pp. 389-390 ; Tada,
Taiwan Chorui Ippan, p. 48; Grant & I a Touche, Ibis, 1907, p. 165 ; Mc
Gregor, Man. Phil. Bds., II, p. 674.
Horisha, Nanto Distr.: 19, May 2; Enteisho, Tainan Distr.: 14 &
29.5, May 9; Kansaisho, Tainan: 14, May 10. Common in all parts of the
island.
Family MOTACILLIDZE.
61. Motacilla boarula melanope Pall.
Kisekirei.
Ogawa, Annot. Zool. Japon., 1905, p. 200; op. cit., 1908, p. 385; JZ
melanope Pall., Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., X, p. 497; Oates, F. B. Ind., Bds,
THE DESCRIPTION OF A NEW BULLFINCH. 277
II, p. 293 ; Tada, Taiwan Chorui Ippan, p. 43 ; Dresser, Man. Pal. Bds., I,
p- 202; McGregor, Man. Phil. Bds., II, p. 665 ; Grant & La Touche, Ibis,
1907, p. 106; Uchida, Annot. Zool. Japon., 1912, p. 176; Calolatus mela-
nope Swinhoe, P.Z.S., 1871, p. 364.
Suisha, Nanto Distr.: 1% œst., breed. pl., May 3. Rather less common
than 47. fava taivana.
62. Motaeilla fiava taivana (Swinhoe).
Tsumenaga-sekirei.
M. taivana (Sw.), Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., X, p. 514; Dresser, Man.
Pal. Bds., I, p. 208; Tada, Taiwan Chorui Ippan, pp. 43-45 ; Grant, P.Z.S.,
1900, p. 467 ; Grant & La Touche, Ibis, 1907, p. 166 ; Grant, op. cit., 1908,
p. 602; Uchida, Annot. Zool. Japon., 1912, p. 176; Budytes taivanus Swin-
hoe, P-ZS., 18715 p' 364:
Horisha, Nanto Distr.: 19, May 1; 2@s, May 2; Enteisho, Tainan
Distr.: 19, May 9; Kansaisho, Tainan: 28s & 19, May 10. Very com-
mon on the fields.
63. Motacilla alba leucopsis Gould.
Hojiro-sekirei.
Ogawa, Annot Zool. Japon., 1908, p. 385; I. leucopsis Gould, Sharpe,
Gat BaBr. Musi; X, 7.2482, Oates, FB. Ind., Bds., II, p. 288 ; Dresser,
Man. Pal. Bds., I, p. 198; Tada, Taiwan Chörui Ippan, pp. 42-43 ; Grant,
P.Z.S., 1900, p. 467; Grant & La Touche, Ibis, 1907, p- 164 ; Grant, op. cit.,
1908, p. 602 ; Uchida, Annot. Zool. Japon., 1912, p. 177.
Shinnenshö, Nanto Distr.: 14, May 4. Rather common along streams.
Family TIMELIIDZE.
64. Trochalopterum taiwanum (Swinhoe).
Hoibii.
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., VII, p. 377; Tada, Taiwan Chorui Ippan, p.
278 N. KURODA: NOTES OF FORMOSAN BIRDS, WITH
15 ; Grant & La Touche, Ibis, 1907, p. 178; Uchida, Annot. Zool. Japon.,
1912, p. 178; Leucodioptrum taivanum Swinhoe, P.Z.S., 1871, p. 371.
Musha or Paransha, Nanto Distr.: 1%, May 1. Rather common in
bushes in the mountainous parts. Its notes are melodious.
65. Trochalopterum morrisonianum Grant.
Kinbane-hoibii.
Ogilvie-Grant, Bull. B. ©. C., XVI, 1906, p. 120 ; Grant & La Touche,
Ibis, 1907, p. 178; Grant, op. cit., 1908, p. 603; Uchida, Annot. Zool. Japon.;
1912, p. 178; Uchida, Nihon Chorui Zusetsu, III, 1915, p. 17, PI. II, fig. 6.
Mt. Arisan at 8000 ft. elevation above sea level, Kagi Distr.: 19 ad.,
May 14; caught in a snare set by the native for capturing Calophasis mika-
doz. The note of the bird is said to be musical.
66. Pomatorhinus musicus Swinhoe.
Himemaruhashi, Hoibiiku.
Swinhoe, P.Z.S., 1871, p. 370; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., VII, p. 424;
Tada, Taiwan Chorui Ippan, p. 15 ; Grant & La Touche, Ibis, 1907, p. 179;
Grant, op. cit., 1908, p. 603; Uchida, Annot. Zool. Japon., 1912, p. 179;
. Uchida, Nihon Chorui Zusetsu III, 1915, pp. 18-19, Pl. II, fig. 3.
Suiriko, Nanto Distr.: 28s, Ap. 29. Common; notes musical.
67. Alcippe morrisonia Swinhoe.
Mejiro-chimedori, Shirekku.
Swinhoe, P.Z.S., 1871, p. 374; Tada, Taiwan Chorui Ippan, p. 22; Grant
& La Touche, Ibis, 1907, p. 181; Uchida, Annot. Zool. Japon., 1912, p. 180;
Uchida, Nihon Chorui Zusetsu, III, 1915, p. 22, Pl. I. fig. 7; Alcippe morri-
soniana Sw., Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., VII, p. 621 ; Grant, P.Z.S., 1900, p.
477.
Suiriko, Nanto Distr.: PAS, Ap. 29; Musha or Päransha, Nanto Distr.:
295, ‘Ap. 30; 1%, May 1; Suisha; Nanto: 2&s & 19, May 4; Arisan,Kagi
Distr.: 19, May 13.
THE DESCRIPTION OF A NEW BULLFINCH. 279
Very common in bushes and forests. This species is also found in the
Island of Hainan (Grant).
65. Scheniparus brunneus (Gould).
Chimedori.
Grant & La Touche, Ibis, 1907, p. 181; Uchida, Annot. Zool. Japon.,
1912, p. 181 ; Uchida, Nihon Chorui Zusetsu, III, 1915, p. 23, Pl. I. fig. 8;
Alcippe brunnea Gould, Swinhoe, P.Z.S. 1871, p. 374; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br.
Mus., VII, p. 624; Tada, Taiwan Chörui Ippan, p. 22; Alcippe obscurior
Grant, Bul. B. ©: C.,) XV 1996, parer .
Musha or Päransha, Nanto Distr.: 14, Ap. 30. I have found the bird
to be rather rare in the mountains.
69. Stachyrhidopsis precognitus Swinh.
Zuaka-chimedori.
Grant & La Touche, Ibis, 1907, p. 183; Uchida, Annot. Zool. Japon.,
1912, p. 181 ; Uchida, Nihon Chorui Zusetsu, III, 1915, p. 24, Pl. II, fig. 9;
Stachyris precognitus Swinhoe, P.Z.S., 1871, p. 373; Stachyridopsis ruficeps
(Blyth), Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., VII, p. 598; Tada, Taiwan Chorui Ippan,
py 236, Oatesı Lbs Indwibds) 1,92 165); Grant, B.ZS., 1900, p. 476.
Musha or Paransha, Nanto Distr.: 14, Ap. 30. This is also a rather
rare species.
70. Myiophoneus insularis Gould.
Ruricho.
Swinlioe; 2-25, 1871774303; Sharpe, Cat, B. Br. Mus. VIL pr rr;
Tada, Taiwan Chorui Ippan, p. 18; Grant & La Touche, Ibis, 1907, p. 184;
Grant, op. cit., 1908, p. 603; Uchida, Annot. Zool. Japon., 1912, p. 181,
Uchida, Nihon Chorui Zusetsu, III, 1915, p. 25, Pl. X, fig. 8.
Arisan, Kagi Distr.: 19, May 13. Common on Mt. Arisan at 6-7000
ft. elevation above sea-level. The example obtained was: caught by the
native by means ofa snare at 8000 ft. elevation on Arisan.
to
00
©)
N. KURODA : NOTES OF FORMOSAN BIRDS, WITH
71. Brachypterya cruralis (Blyth).
Kikuchi-chimedori.
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., VII, p. 26; Drymochares cruralis (Blyth),
Oates; F. Brit. Ind. Bds., J, p.188.
A female specimen was collected by Mr. Y. Kikuchi at Takkai, Karenko
District, Mar. 2, 1911, and is preserved in the Taihoku Museum. The
species may be distinguished from 2. goodfellowi Grant from Arisan by
longer tarsus, which is 30 mm., instead of 19-21 mm., long.
72. Actinodura morrisoniana Grant.
Shimadori.
Grant, Bul. B. O. C., XVI, 1906, p. 119; Grant & La Touche, Ibis,
1907, p. 185 ; Grant, op. cit, 1908, p. 604; Grant, op. cit., 1912, p. 650, ;
Uchida, Annot. Zool. Japon., 1912, p. 182; Uchida, Nihon Chorui Zusetsu,
TIT: 1015 D 27, PLAN nee
Arisan : 18 & 19, May 13; 14 & 2Qs, May 14. Pretty common on
Mt. Arisan at 7050 ft. elevation above sea-level.
73. Yuhina brunneiceps Grant
Kammuri-chimedori.
Grant, Bul. B. O. C., XVI, 1906, p. 121; Grant & La Touche, Ibis, 1907,
p. 186; Grant, op. cit., 1908, p. 604; Uchida, Annot. Zool. Japon., 1912, p.
182; Uchida, Nihon Chorui Zusetsu, III, 1915, p. 28, Pl. I, fig. 6.
Arisan : 24s & 2Qs, May 13; 285,19 & 1 fledgeling, May 14. Very
common on Mt. Arisan at 7050 ft. elevation.
74. Lioeichla steeri Swinhoe.
Yabu-dori.
Swinhoe, P.Z.S., 1877, p. 474, Pl. XIV ; Tada, Taiwan Chorui Ippan, p.
26 ; Grant & La Touche, Ibis, 1907, p. 188; Grant, op. cit., 1908, p. 604;
Uchida, Annot. Zool. Japon., 1912, p. 182; Uchida, Nihon Chorui Zusetsu,
III, 1915, pp. 29-30, Pl. II, fig. 1.
THE DESCRIPTION OF A NEW BULLFINCH. 281
Musha or Päransha, Nanto Distr.: 19, May 1; Mt. Arisan: 14 & 2
Qs, May 14. Pretty common on Mt. Arisan at 7050 ft. elevation above
sea-level.
75: Suthora morrisoniana Grant.
Niitaka-hashibuto-chimedori.
Grant, Bul. B. O. C., XVI, 1906, p. 119; Grant & La Touche, Ibis, 1997,
p. 188; Grant, op. cit., 1908, p. 604, Pl. XII, fig. 1; Grant, op. cit., 1912, p.
651; Uchida, Annot. Zool. Japon., 1912, p. 183; Uchida, Nihon Chorui
Zusetsu, III, p. 31.
Arisan at 7050 ft. elevation above sea-level: 2s, May 14. This
interesting bird was met with but very rarely.
Family PYCNONOTIDZE.
76. Pyenonofus taivanus Styan.
Kuro-gashira, Otako.
Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 470; Tada, Taiwan Chorui Ippan, p. 17 ; Grant &
La Touche, Ibis, 1907, p. 189 ; Uchida, Annot. Zool. Japon., 1912, p. 183;
Uchida, Nihon Chorui Zusetsu, III, p. 33, Pl. III, fig. 4.
Bozan, Ako Distr.: 2@s, May 17, Mr. Y. Kikuchi coll. The species
was met with at Taito, Karenko and Ako Districts, but not in the northern
and western parts of the island.
77. Pycnonotus sinensis formose Hartert.
Shirogashira, Petäko.
Hartert, Nov. Zool., 1910, pp. 229-230; Uchida, Annot. Zool. Japon.,
1982, pats; Wehida, Nihon Chorui Zusetsu, II, p. 32, PE IN fie. 3 5 Py.
sinensis (nec Gm.), Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., VI, p. 149; Tada, Taiwan,
Chorui Ippan, p. 16; Grant & La Touche, Ibis, 1997, p. 189; Grant, op. cit.,
1908, p. 604 ; Zxus sinensis (nec Gm.), Swinhoe, P.Z.S., 1871, p. 360.
Hokuto, Taihoku Distr.: 32s, May 22; Shushu, Nanto Distr.: 14, Ap.
282 N. KURODA : NOTES OF FORMOSAN BIRDS, WITH
28 ; Horisha, Nanto: 14, May 1; 1% & 19, May 2; Enteishö, Tainan
Distr.: 1%, May 9; Kansaishö, Tainan: 19, May 10. Quite common in
the island, except in some eastern and southern parts.
75. Spiziacus einereicapillus Swinh.
Kayanobori.
Swinhoe, P.Z.S., 1871,.p. 370; Tada, Taiwan Chörui Ippan, p. 26;
Grant, P.Z.S., 1900, p. 477; Grant & La Touche, Ibis, 1907, p. 190; Uchida,
Annot. Zool. Japon., 1912, p. 184; Uchida, Nihon Chorui Zusetsu, III, pp.
34-35, Pl. III, fig. 7.
Musha or Päransha, Nanto Distr.: 19, May 1; Gyochi, Nanto: 19,
May 2; Funposho, Nanto : 18, May 4. Less common than the preceding
species. It is frequently observed on top of bushes or of tall grasses. This
species also occurs in Hainan.
79. Hypsipetes nigerrimus Gould.
Kurohiyodori, Antsui-ochu, Antsui.
Swinhoe, P.Z.S., 1871, p. 369,; Sharpe, Cat. By Br Mus., Visp
Tada, Taiwan Chörui Ippan, p. 13; Grant & La Touche, Ibis, 1907, p. 189;
Uchida, Annot. Zool. Japon., 1912, p. 184; Uchida, Nihon Chorui Zusetsu,
III, pp. 33-34, Pl. III, fig. 8.
Suiriko, Nanto Distr.: 34s & 192, Ap. 29; Musha, Nanto: 19, May
1; Hokuto, Taihoku Distr.: 18 & 19, May 22; 24s & 295, May 23.
Common on the hills.
Family MUSCICAPIDZ.
80. Hemichelidon ferruginea Hodgson.
Miyama-hitaki.
Oates, F. B. Ind. Bds., II, p. 6; Grant, Ibis, 1908, p. 604; McGregor,
Man. Phil. Bds., II, p. 434; Uchida, Annot. Zool. Japon., 1912, p. 185;
Hemichelicon ferrugincus Hodgs., Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., IV, p. 122
THE DESCRIPTION OF A NEW BULLFINCH. 283
Grant, P.Z.S., 1900, p. 479; Muscicapa ferruginea (Hodgs.), Uchida, Nihon
Chorui Zusetsu, III, 1915, p 38; Putalis ferruginea (Hodgs.), Swinh, P.Z.S.
1871, P. 379.
Arisan: 4@s, May 13; 4@s, May 14. Rather common in the spring
on Arisan at 7050 ft. altitude above sea-level. Mr. Kikuchi obtained also
a male specimen at Tattaka, Nanto District, July 9, 1912 ; it is now preserved
in the Taihoku museum. It is strange that the female of the species has
never yet been collected.
SI. Hemichelidon griseosticta Swinhoe.
Yezo-bitaki.
McGregor, Man. Phil. Bds., II, p. 433; Hemuchelidon griseisticta Sw.,
Ogawa, Annot. Zool. Japon., 1908, p. 338; Muscicapa griseisticta (Sw.),
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., IV, p. 153; Grant & La Touche, Ibis, 1907, p. 191;
Uchida, Annot. Zool. Japon., 1912, p. 185; Uchida, Nihon Chörui Zusetsu,
III, 1915, p. 39; Butalis griseosticta Swinhoe, P.Z.S., 1871, p. 379.
Near Nanto, Nanto Distr.: 1% ad., Ap. 30. Rather rare.
82. Hypothymis azurea (Bodd.)
Kuroeri-hitaki.
Sharpe, Cat. BA br. Muss IV, pb 274: Oates, E. B. Ind. Bds., II, p.49,
fig. 20; Grant, P.Z.S., 1900, p. 481; Grant & La Tonche, Ibis, 1907, p. 193;
Uchida, Annot. Zool. Japon., 1912, p. 186; Uchida, Nihon Chörui Zusetsu,
III, 1915, p. 42, Pl. V, fig. 6; Myzagra azurca (Bodd.), Swinh., P.Z.S. 1871,
p. 381; Aypothymis occipitalis (Vigors), Tada, Taiwan Chorui Ippan, p. 9;
McGregor, Man. Phil. Bds., II, p. 451.
Suirikö, Nantö Distr.: 18 & 19, Ap. 29; Tamsui, Taihoku Distr.: 19,
May 22. Found in the mountainous parts, more rarely near river bank
on the plain. The notes of this species are musical.
83. Cryptolopha fulvifacies (Swinh.).
Koshijiro-hitaki.
Sharpe, Cats babre Muss, JV, pr905;* Grant, 2.257 1900,/p. 481;
284 N. KURODA : NOTES OF FORMOSAN BIRDS, WITH
Grant & La Touche, Ibis, 1907, p. 193; Grant, Bul. B. O. C., XXXI, 1912,
p. 14; Uchida, Annot. Zool. Japon., 1912, p. 187; Uchida, Nihon Chorui
Zusetsu, III, 1915, p. 43, Pl. III, fig. 1; Alrornis albigularis formosana
Laubmann, Orn. Manatsb. XX, 1912, p. 174.
Musha or Päransha, Nanto Distr.: 19, Ap. 30. Quite rare in the
mountainous parts of Formosa.
Family TURDIDZE.
84. Rhyacornis fuliginosus affinis (Grant).
Kawa-bitaki.
Xanthopygia affinis Grant, Bul. B. O. C., XVI, 1906, p. 118; Grant &
La Touche, Ibis, 1907, p. 192 ; Uchida, Annot. Zool. Japon., 1912, p. 186;
Muscicapa affinis (Grant), Uchida, Nihon Chorui Zusetsu, III, 1915, p. 40,
Pl. III, 620:
Punkiko, Arisan, Kagi Distr.: 19, May 20; Musha : 2 youngs, Ap. 30.
Very scarce on Mt. Arisan at 6000-7000 ft. elevation above sea-level.
85. Ianthia johnstoniæ Grant.
Arisan-hitaki.
Grant, Bul. BO. C., XVI, p. 118); Grant & La Touche; Ibis, 1997 p:
175, Pl. IV; Grant, op. cit., 1908, p. 603; Grant, op. cit., 1912, p. 648; Uchida,
Annot. Zool. Japon., 1912, p. 19 ; Uchida, Nihon Chorui Zusetsu, III, 1915,
P-49, Pl INE 5923:
Arisan: 1% & 3Qs, May 14. Found on Mt. Arisan up to 7050 ft.
elevation, but not commonly. This species was also met with at the foot of
Morrison mountain.
86. Nofodela leucura montium (Swinhoe).
Kon-hitaki.
Notodela montium (Sw.), Swinhoe, P.Z.S., 1871, p. 359; Sharpe, Cat.
B. Br. Mus., VII, p. 24; Tada, Taiwan Chörui Ippan, p. 20; Grant & La
THE DESCRIPTION OF A NEW BULLFINCH. 285
Touche, Ibis, 1997, p. 176; Grant, op. cit., 1998, p. 603; Uchida, Annot.
Zool. Japon., 1912, p. 190; Uchida, Nihon Chorui, Zusetsu, III, 1915, p. 51
PISE fis. 4.
Musha or Päransha, Nanto Distr.: 22s, Ap. 30. Found at 6-700 ft.
elevation in the mountains of Formosa.
87. Accentor collaris nipalensis Hodgs.
Miyama-iwahibari.
Accentor nipalensis Hodgs., Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., VII, p. 664;
@ates, RB, Brit. Ind. Bds., IL p. 166, Fic. 43 ; Swinh., P.Z.S., 1871, p. 360.
A specimen obtained at Mt. Arisan, Nov. 2, 1999, is in the Zoological
Institute, Science College, Tokio Imperial University. Two more specimens
in the Taihoku museum, both collected on Mt. Morrison Oct. 24, 1912.
Family SYLVIIDÆ.
88. Acrocephalus orientalis (IT. & S.)
O-yoshikiri.
Seebohm, Cat. DB. Br. Mns., V, p.97; Oates, F. Br. Ind: Bds., 1,P.357
Dresser, Man. Pal. Bds., I, p. 120; McGregor, Man. Phil. Bds., II, p. 571;
Grant & La Touche, Ibis, 1997, p. 170; Uchida, Annot. Zool. Japon., 1912,
p. 191; Uchida, Nihon Chorui Zusetsu, III, 1915, p. 55; Calamodyta orien-
talus (i. S:), Swinhoe, P-Z.S., 1871, p- 352.
Enteishö, Tainan Distr.: 1%, May 9. Very rare in Formosa. A bird
of the species was seen, May 22, on the bank of Tamsui River, Taihoku
District.
89. Phylloscopus borealis (Blasius).
Komushikui.
Seebohm, Cat. B. Br. Mus., V, p. 40; Tada, Taiwan Chörui Ippan, p. 7;
Dresser, Man. Pal. Bds., I, p. 99; Grant & La Touche, Ibis, 1997 MD 171;
Uchida, Annot. Zool. Japon., 1912, p. 192; Uchida, Nihon Chôrui Zusetsu,
286 N. KURODA : NOTES OF FORMOSAN BIRDS, WITH
III, 1915, p. 57; Phyllopneuste borealis Blasius, Swinhoe, P.Z.S., 1871, p.
356; Acanthopneuste borealis (Blas.), Oates, F. Br. Ind. Bds., I, p. 412;
McGregor, Man. Phil. Bds., II, p. 584.
Horisha, Nanto Distr.: 1 (sex ?), May 1. Not common.
90. Phylloscopus borealis ranthodryas Swinh.
Meboso. |
Uchida, Nihon Chorui Zusetsu, III, 1915, p. 57; Phylloscopus xantho-
dryas Sw., Seebohm, Cat. B. Br. Mus., V, p. 42; Dresser, Man. Pal. Bds.,
I, p. 100 ; Uchida, Annot. Zool. Japon., 1912, p. 192; Phyllopneuste xantho-
dryas (Sw.), Swinh., P.Z.S., 1871, p. 356; Acanthopneuste xanthodryas
(Sw.), McGregor, Man. Phil. Bds., II, p. 585.
Horisha, Nanto Distr.: 12, Ap. 30. Not common.
OI. Suya crinigera Hodgson.
Hauchiwadori.
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. Viljipi177; Oates, Br Ind. Bd mt ae
444, fig. 137 ; Tada, Taiwan Chörui Ippan, p. 23; Grant & La Touche, Ibis,
1907, p. 172; Uchida, Annot. Zool. Japon, 1912, p. 193; Uchida, Nihon
Chorui Zusetsu, III, 1915, p. 60; Suva striata Swinhoe, P.Z.S., 1871, p. 351.
Suiriko, Nantö Distr.: 18 æst., Ap. 29. Probably rare. A specimen
observed at Suiriko.
92. Prinia inornata formosa Harington.
Mami-hauchiwadori.
Harington, Bul. B. O. C., XXXI, 1913, p. 111; Prinia extensicauda
(nec Swinh.), Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., VII, p. 199; Grant & La Touche,
Ibis, 1907, p. 173; Uchida, Annot. Zool. Japon., 1912, p. 193 ; Uchida,
Nihon Chorui Zusetsu, III, 1915, p. 59, fig. 2; Drymapus extensicauda
Swinhoe, P.Z.S., 1871, p. 351; Prinia inornata (nec Sykes), Tada, Taiwan
Chörui Ippan, p. 21.
THE DESCRIPTION OF A NEW BULLFINCH. 287
Shushu Nanto Distr.: 1, Ap. 29; Horisha, Nanto: 1%, May 1;
Kansaishö, Tainan Distr.: 14, May 10; Shintengai, Taihoku Distr.: 34s,
May 19. Very common except in the mountainous region. The notes
are musical.
93. Burnesia sonitans (Swinhoe).
Kibara-hauchiwadori, Awo-hauchiwadori.
Sharpe, Cat by Br. Mus. Nip 205: Grant, P.Z.S., 1900, p. A7E;
Grant & La Touche, Ibis, 1907, p. 173; Uchida, Annot. Zool. Japon., 1912,
p. 193; Uchida, Nihon Chörui Zusetsu, III, 1015, p. 61; Prinia sonitans
Swinh., P.Z.S., 1871, p. 351; Tada, Taiwan Chörui Ippan, p. 21.
Horisha, Nanto Distr.: 14, May 1; 12, May 2; Enteisho, Tainan
Distr.: 2@ss, May 9. Rare in the northern parts of the island, but much
commoner in the districts of Nanto and Tainan. At Horisha, May 1, a nest
with four eggs of this species was obtained by me. The eggs are ofa
bright mahogany-red colour with an indistinct ring of dusky blotches near
the larger end; they measure 16 X 12 mm.
Family HIRUNDINIDZE.
94. Hirundo rustica gutturalis Scop.
Tsubame.
Tada, Taiwan Chorui Ippan, p. 54; Uchida, Nihon Chorui Zusetsu, III,
1915, p. 65; /7irundo gutturalis Scop., Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., X, p. 134;
Oates, F. B. Ind. Bds., II, p. 277 ; David & Oust., Ois. Chine, p. 124 ; Dres-
ser, Man. Pal. Bds., I, p. 265; McGregor, Man. Phil. Bds., II, p. 427; Grant
& La Touche, Ibis, 1907, p. 194; Uchida, Annot. Zool. Japon., 1912, p. 194.
Near Nanto, Nantö Distr.: 19, Ap. 28; Enteisho, Tainan: 19, May 9.
Scarce in the season of my visit to the island.
95. Hirundo daurica striolata T. & S.
Ö-koshiakatsubame.
Uchida, Nihon Chorui Zusetsu, III, 1915, p. 65; Zirundo striolata
288 N. KURODA : NOTES OF FORMOSAN BIRDS, WITH
Oates,| F..B: -Ind.;. Bds., II, p. 281; Dresser) Man Pal Bdsi i 97263;
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., X, p. 161, McGregor, Man. Phil. Bds., II, p. 429;
Tada, Taiwan Chörui Ippan, p. 54; Grant & La Touche, Ibis, 1997, p. 193 ;
Ogawa, Annot. Zool. Japon., 1908, p. 398; Uchida, op. cit., 1912, p. 194;
Cecropis striolata (T. & S.), Swinhoe, P.Z.S., 1871, p. 346; Hirundo sub-
striolata (Hume), Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., X, p. 163; Hirundo japonica
T..& S.), Sharpe, Eat, Babi Muse pe: |
Keibigai, Taihoku Distr.: 18 & 19, May 19; Shintengai, Taihoku':
4$s & 12, May 19. Very common. Some authors have erroneously
given that this subspecies occurs in Japan also. In Japan it is replaced
by A. daurica nipalensis Hodgs.
96. Chelidon urbica nigrimentalis (Hartert).
. Hime-iwatsubame.
Hirundo urbica nigrimentalis Hartert, Vog. Pal. F., I, p. 810.
A specimen of the subspecies obtained at Arisan, Aug. 1912, and two
more obtained at Kanetowansha, Nantö Distr., Nov. II, 1912, are preserved
in the Taihoku museum. The subspecies is closely allied to Ch. urb. kash-
miriensis Gould, but is smaller, the wing measuring only 02-96 mm. long.
97. Cotile sinensis (J. E. Gray).
Chösen-shödötsubame.
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., X, p. 104; David & Oust., Ois. Chine, p. 128;
Oates, F: B..Ind.,.Bds., IL »p: 2733 Dresser, «Man, Pal) Bds., Ahr peepee
Grant & La Touche, Ibis, 1907, p. 194. Kiparia chinensis (Gray), McGregor,
Man. Phil. Bds., II, p. 426; Cotile riparia (nec Linn.), Tada, Taiwan Chörui
Ippan, p. 54; Uchida, Annot. Zool. Japon., 1912, p. 194; Uchida, Nihon
Chorui Zusetsu, III, 1915, p. 66.
Enteisho, Tainan Distr.: 14, May 9. The bird was found to be com-
mon at Enteishö, Tainan Distr. Mr. Kikuchi tells me that he observed the
species in abundance at Horisha. Mr. Tada reported the occurrence of
Cotile riparia (L.) in Formosa, but I should doubt the correctness of his
specific identification.
ee EEE Se en a ——— EE
THE DESCRIPTION OF A NEW BULLFINCH. 289
98. Pericrocotus griseigularis Gould.
Benisanshokui.
Swinhoe, P.Z.S., 1871, p. 379; Tada, Taiwan Chörui Ippan, p. 39;
Cioni & La Touche, Ibis, 1907, p. 190; Uchida, Annot. Zool. Japon., p.
195; Uchida, Nihon Chorui Zusetsu, III, 1915, p. 67, Pl. V, fig. ı & 2.
Suisha, Nantö Distr.: IS & 29s, May 3. Found in the mountains at
an altitude of 4-6000 ft. or more above sea-level.
99. Graucalus rea-pineti Swinhoe.
Oni-sansho-kui.
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., IV, p. 35; Swinhoe, P.Z.S., 1871, p. 378; Tada,
Taiwan Chörui Ippan, p. 39; Grant & La Touche, Ibis, 1907, p. 161; Grant,
op. cit., 1908, p. 601 ; Uchida, Annot. Zool. Japon., 1912, p. 195; Uchida,
Nihon Chorui Zusetsu, III, 1915, p. 68, Pl. VI, fig. 4.
Suisha, Nantö Distr.: 19, May 3. Somewhat rarer than the foregoing
species. The bird loves to be on branches of tall trees, so that it is very
difficult to find it among the foliage.
Family DICRURIDÆ.
100. Buchanga atra (Hermann).
Ochu, Taiwan-garasu.
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., III, p. 246; Tada, Taiwan Chorui Ippan, p.
33; Grant & La Touche, Ibis, 1907, p. 161 ; Grant, op. cit., 1908, p. 601;
Uchida, Annot. Zool. Japon., 1912, p. 196; Uchida, Nihon Chorui Zusetsu,
III, 1915, p. 69, Pl. VI, fig. 1; Dicrurus cathecus Swinhoe, P.Z.S., 1871, p.
377; Dierurus ater (Herm.), Oates, F. B. Ind., Bds., I, p. 312, fig. 95.
Shushu, Nanto Distr.: 1%, Ap. 28; Gyochi, Nantö: 1®, May 2; Kan-
saishö, Tainan Distr.: 1%, May 10; Shintengai, Taihoku Distr.: 39s, May
19; Hokuto, Taihoku: 1% & 19, May 22. Very common on the plains.
Once I have counted 136 individuals of this species, seen on one side ofthe
290 N. KURODA : NOTES OF FORMOSAN, BIRDS WITH
railway during a Journey from Keelung to Akö. The bird is frequently seen
perched on the back of domestic animals.
101. Chaptia brauniana Swinhoe.
Hime-öchu.
Swinhoe., P.Z.S., 1871, p. 378; Tada, Taiwan Chorui Ippan, p. 34; Grant
& La Touche, Ibis, 1907, p. 161; Grant, op. cit., 1908, p. 691; Uchida, Annot.
Zool. Japon., 1912, p. 195 ; Uchida, Nihon Chörui Zusetsu, III, 1915, p. 70,
PLV fees
Baikei, Nanto Distr.: 24s, Ap. 30. Found only in the mountains at
an altitude of 4-6000 ft. above sea-level.
Family LANIIDÆ.
102. Lanius cristatus lucionensis Linn.
Shima-mozu.
Uchida, Nihon Chörui Zusetsu, III, 1915, p. 72; Lanius lucionensis
Linn., Swinhoe, P.Z.S., 1871, p. 376; Gadow, Cat. B. Br. Mus., VIII, p. 274;
Oates, F. B. Ind., Bds., I, p. 469; Dresser, Man. Pal. Bds., I, p. 242; Tada,
Taiwan Chörui Ippan, p. 37; Grant & La Touche, Ibis, 1907, p. 170;
Uchida, Annot. Zool. Japon., 1912, p. 197; Otomelx lucionensis (L.),
McGregor, Man. Phil. Bds., II, p. 597.
Kansaisho, Tainan Distr.: 14, May ro. This shrike is rather rare.
I came across it only in the southern parts of the island.
103. Lanius schach Linn.
Takasago-mozu.
Swinhoe, P.Z.5.,.1871, p. 375 ; Gadow, Cat. B. Br. Mus., VIE, p/26r
Tada, Taiwan Chörui Ippan, p. 36; Grant, P.Z.S., 1900, p. 469; Grant & La
Touche, Ibis, 1997, p. 170; Uchida, Annot. Zool. Japon., 1912, p. 166;
Uchida, Nihon Chorui Zusetsu, III, 1915, p. 71, Pl. VI, fig. 2.
Gyochi, Nantö Distr.: 2%s, May 2; Horisha, Nanto: 19, May 2;
Kansaisho, Tainan Distr.: 19, May 10. Common but not numerous.
THE DESCRIPTION OF A NEW BULLFINCH. 20I
Family PARIDZE.
104. Ægithalus concinnus (Gould).
Zuaka-gara.
Grant & La Touche, Ibis, 1907, p. 169; Hellmayr, Tierreich, Paride,
p. 122; Uchida, Annot. Zool. Japon., 1912, p. 198; Uchida, Nihon Chorui
Zusetsu, LIT, 1905, P275,,Bl.2V I fie"
Arisan: 19, May 13. Very rare on Mt. Arisan at 7050 ft. elevation.
Family PLOCEIDE.
105. Munia formosana Swinhoe.
Taiwan-kinpara.
Swinhoe, P.Z.S., 1871, p. 335 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., XIII, p. 338;
Tada, Taiwan Chorui Ippan, p. 53; Grant & La Touche, Ibis, 1907, p. 162;
McGregor, Man. Phil. Bds., II, p. 691 ; Uchida, Annot. Zool. Japon., 1912,
p. 199; Uchida, Nihon Chorui Zusetsu, III, 1915, p. 81, Pl. VII, fig. 4.
Horisha, Nantö Distr.: 1%, Ap. 29. Not common near Horisha, but
common in the eastern districts.
106. Munia topela Swinhoe.
Shima-kinpara, Seiban-suzume.
Swinhoe 1.7.8, 1371, P.385; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., XIII, p. 357;
Tada, Taiwan Chorui Ippan, p. 52; Grant, P.Z.S., 1909, p. 465 ; Grant & La
Touche, Ibis, 1997, p. 162; Uchida, Annot. Zool. Japon., 1912, p. 199;
Uchida, Nihon Chorui Zusetsu, III, 1915, p. 80, Pl. VII, fig. 1.
Horisha, Nanto Distr.: 3$s & 29s, Ap. 29; 14, May 1; 12, May 2;
Suisha, Nanto : 24s, May 3; Enteisho, Tainan Distr.: 19, May 9. Very
common in all the localities mentioned above.
107. Uroloncha acuticauda squamicollis Sharpe.
Koshijiro-kinpara.
Uroloncha squamicollis Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., XIII, p. 359 ; Grant,
292 N. KURODA : NOTES OF FORMOSAN, BIRDS WITH
P.Z.S., 1900, p. 466; Uroloncha acuticauda (nec Hodgs.), Grant & La
Touche, Ibis, 1907, p. 162; Uchida, Annot. Zool. Japon., 1912, p. 199;
Uchida, Nihon Chörui Zusetsu, III, 1915, p. 79, Pl. VII, fig. 3; Munia acuti-
cauda (nec Hodgs.), Swinhoe, P.Z.S., 1871. p. 385.
Horisha, Nanto Distr.: 2¢s & 2Qs, Ap. 29; Suisha, Nanto: 18 & 19,
May 3; Hokuto, Taihoku Distr.: 19, May 23. Common at the above
localities ; rarer in the northern parts of the island.
Family CORVIDE.
108. Corvus macrorhynchus levaillanti Less.
Riukiu-hashibuto-garasu.
Tada, Taiwan Chorui Ippan, p. 30; Uchida, Annot. Zool. Japon., 1912,
p- 200; Uchida, Nihon Chorui Zusetsu, III, 1915, p. 82; Corvus macro-
rhynchus (nec Wagl.), Grant & La Touche, Ibis, 1907; p. 158; Corone levail-
/anti (Less.), Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., III, p. 39; Corvus sinensis Sw., P.Z.
S.; 187 Ipsos.
Baikei, Nanto Distr.: 1, Ap. 30; 14, May 1. Rare in the western
parts of the island, but common in the eastern parts.
109. Corvus pastinator Gould.
Miyama-garasu.
5
Dresser, Pal. Bds., I, p. 427; Ogawa, Hand. Bds. Jap., Annot. Zool.
Japon., 1908, p. 403; Uchida, “Nihon Chorui Zusetsu” (The Birds of Japan)
II, p. 481, Pl. XXXI, fig. 17; Trypanocorax pastinator (Gould), Sharpe, Cat.
B. Brit. Vius?, i pro:
A specimen of this species exists in the Taihoku museum.
110. Pica pica sericea Gould.
Kasasagi.
Ogawa, Annot. Zool. Japon., 1908, p. 403; Uchida, Nihon Chorui
Zusetsu, III, 1915, p. 83 ; Pica pica (nec L.), Grant & La Touche, Ibis, 1907,
p. 159; Grant, op. cit., 1908, p. 601; Uchida, Annot. Zool. Japon., 1912, p.
THE DESCRIPTION OF A NEW BULLFINCH. 293
200; Pica media (nec Blyth), Swinhoe, P.Z. S., 1871, p. 382; Pica caudata
Ger., Tada, Taiwan Chorui Ippan, p. 31.
Kansaisho, Tainan Distr.: 2®s, May 10. Found in the south-western
parts of the island, but not in abundance.
III. Wroeissa ewerulea Gould.
Yamamusume, Tonboiten.
Sminhoes eZ, 157 1,362; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., III, p. 74;
Tada, Taiwan Chorui Ippan, p. 31; Grant & La Touche, Ibis, 1907, p. 371;
Grant, op. cit., 1908, p. 601; Uchida, Annot. Zool. Japon., 1912, p. 200;
Uchida, Nihon Chorui Zusetsu, III, 1915, p. 84, Pl. VI, fig. 3.
Funposho, Nanto Distr.: 19, Ap. 29. Found in the mountains at an
altitude of about 4-5000 ft. I have seen groups of this bird in Funposho
and Yakanronsho near Horisha, Nanto.
112. Dendrocitta formose Swinhoe.
Taiwan-onagadori, Seibantomoedori.
Swinhoe, P.Z.S., 1871, p. 382; Tada, Taiwan Chorui Ippan, p. 32;
Grant & La Touche, Ibis, 1907, p. 159; Uchida, Annot. Zool. Japon., 1912,
p. 201; Uchida, Nihon Chorui Zusetsu, III, 1015, p. 84, Pl. VI, fig. 7.
Suiriko, Nanto Distr.: 19, Ap. 29; Suisha, Nanto: 1@, May 3; Fun-
posho, Nanto: 12, May 4. Pretty common in the district of Nanto.
113. Garrulus taivanus Gould.
Takasago-kakesu.
Swinhoe, P.Z.S., 1871, p. 361; Tada, Taiwan Chorui Ippan, p. 30; Grant
& La Touche, Ibis, 1907, p. 160; Uchida, Annot. Zool. Japon., 1912, p. 201;
Uchida, Nihon Chorui Zusetsu, III, 1915, p. 85, Pl. VI, fig. 5.
Arisan: 1% & 19, May 14. Found in a very few number on Mt.
Arisan at an altitude of 7050 ft.
294 N. KURODA : NOTES OF FORMOSAN BIRDS, WITH
Family STURNIDZ.
114. Æthiopsar cristatellus formosanus Hartert.
Kären.
Hartert, Bul. B. O. C., XXXI, 1912, p. 14; Æfheopsar cristatellus
(nec Linn.), Uchida, Nihon Chörui Zusetsu, III, 1915, p. 86, Pl. VI, fig. 6;
Acridotherus cristatcllus (nec L.), Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., XIII, pros
Tada, Taiwan Chörui Ippan, p. 40 ; Grant & La Touche, Ibis, 1907, p. 160;
Grant, op. cit, 1908, p. 161; Uchida, Annot. Zool. Japon, 1912, p. 201.
Tainan: 18, May 9. I have seen this species only in the southern
parts of the island.
Family ZOSTEROPIDZE.
115. Zosterops palpebrosa simpleæ Swinhoe.
Hime-mejiro.
Uchida, Nihon Chorui Zusetsu, III, 1915, p. 88; Zo terops simplex
Swinh., P.Z.S., 1871, p. 349; Tada, Taiwan Chorui Ippan, p. 28; Grant
& La Touche, Ibis, 1907, p. 167; Grant, op. cit., 1908, p. 602; Uchida, Annot.
Zool. Japon., 1912, p. 202.
Shushu, Nanto Distr.: 1%, Ap. 28; Kansaisho, Tainan Distr.: 14 &
2Qs, May 10; Shintengai, Taihoku Distr.: 1%, May 19; Hokuto, Taihoku :
19, May 21; 2@s, 19 & 3 youngs, May 22; 24s, 19 & 1 young, May 23.
Very common on the plains.
116. Zosterops palpebrosa batanis McGregor.
Kikuchi-mejiro.
Zosterops batanis McGregor, Phil. Jour. Sci., 1907, 2, Sec. A, p. 343;
Man. Phil. Bds., II, 1909, p. 616.
Five specimens of the subspecies were collected by Mr. Y. Kikuchi
on the island of Botel Tobago or Kotosho, Jan. 10, 1909 and June 12, 1911.
The form is much larger than the common Formosan Zosterops palpebrosa
THE DESCRIPTION OF A NEW BULLFINCH. 295
simplex Sw. Wing measures 55-58 mm. long; bill from gape 14.5-16 mm.;
tail 4C-43 mm.; tarsus 17.5-18 mm.
Family FRINGILLIDZE.
117. ? Carpodacus formosanus Grant.
Takasago-mashiko.
Grant, Bull. B. ©. C., XXVII, p. 51; Grant, Ibis, 1912, p. 644; Uchida,
Nihon Chorui Zusetsu, III, 1915, p. 92; Carpodacus incertus (nec Risso)
Grant, Bull. B. ©. €) XVI, p. 122; Grant & La Touche, Ibis, 1907, p. 164;
Rothschild, Bull. B. O. C., XXI, p. 9; Grant, Ibis, 1908, p. 601; Uchida,
Annot. Zool. Jap., 1912, p. 203. ;
A female specimen obtained by Mr. Kikuchi on Mt. Arisan, May 18.
It is now in my collection. I attach some doubt if my identification of the
specimen is correct, as the wing is very considerably shorter than is known
from C. formosanus Grant, which should have wing length of 3.2 in. (=81
mm.). Possibly it may be C. vinaccus Verr., which is known from western
China. But the fact that the lower surface of body is yellowish brown, and
not ashy as in the species just mentioned, makes me inclined to take the
specimen for a young female of C. formosanus. The measurements are:
culmen 12 mm., wing 73 mm., tail 58.5 mm., tarsus 21 mm.
118. Pyrrhula uchidai, sp. nov.
Uchida-uso.
4 ad. (type of species). Similar to P. nipalensis Hodgs., but easily
distinguishable from it by the presence of white area in many tail-feathers.
General colour of upper parts ashy-brown, with a band of dusky black
across the lower back, followed by a broad white band on the rump; fore-
head, lores, base of cheeks, and chin dark brown; crown and nape ashy
brown, the feathers with dusky centre and giving a scaly appearance; a
white patch beneath and behind the eye; lower parts plain ashy brown,
except the middle of abdomen and the under tail-coverts which are white;
296 N. KURODA : NOTES OF FORMOSAN BIRDS, WITH
lesser and median wing-coverts dark ashy brown ; greater coverts pale ashy
brown with nearly white tip, the outer ones broadly margined with purplish
black ; primaries and secondaries blackish, margined on the outer web with
purplish velvety black increasingly towards the tertiaries, which are almost
entirely of that colour ; the short innermost tertiary margined exteriorly
with crimson; upper tail-coverts purplish black, and all the feathers tipped
with velvety black giving a scaly appearance; tail-feathers blackish tinged
with purple towards ends, the tip margined with velvety black as in upper
tail-coverts; the central pair of rectrix in the middle of each with an elongate
broad white patch (5 mm. wide), beginning at some distance (9 mm.) from
tip of the feather, the shaft being white in the white area; the next lateral
rectrix with distinct white shaft streak, beginning at some distance from
the tip, without white margin to the inner web; the third lateral rectrix with
the shaft less white than in the second, with no. perceptible white margin to .
the inner web ; the fourth lateral rectrice with the shaft somewhat whiter
than in the third, the inner web with very narrow white margin; the fifth or
penultimate rectrix with an elongate irregular white area near the end of
the inner web, the distance from tip of the feather to the white patch mea-
suring about 6 mm., the shaft along the white area white, with white margin
to the inner web ; the outermost rectrix with a large elongate white patch
on the inner web begins a short distance (about 4 mm.) from tip, the shaft
white along that white area; the central tail-feather 18 mm. shorter than the
longest. Culmen 11 mm., wing 83 mm., tail 71 mm., tarsus 14 mm.
The type specimen is from Shishaban, Ako District: July 16, 1909,
collected by Mr. Y. Kikuchi. It is preserved in the Zoological Institute,
Science College, Tokyo.
9 ad. Similar to the female of P. nipalensis, but each of the central
pair of rectrices with an elongate broad white patch as in the male, all the
remaining tail-feathers blackish tinged with purple towards their ends, the
tips being margined with velvety black ; the shafts white only in the white
area ofthe central pair of rectrices ; the innermost tertiary margined on the
THE DESCRIPTION OF A NEW BULLFINCH. 297
outer web with yellowish (instead of crimson as in the male). Culmen 12
mm., wing 80 mm., tail 68 mm., tarsus 14.5 mm.
The female specimen was captured together with the type at the
same locality.
119. Passer montanus taivanensis Hart.
Taiwan-suzume.
Hartert, Vög. Pal. F., I, p. 161; Passer montanus (nec Linn.), Swinhoe,
P.Z.S., 1871, p. 386; Tada, Taiwan Chorui, Ippan, p. 49; Grant & La Touche,
Ibis, 1907, p. 163; Uchida, Annot. Zool. Japon., 1912, p. 204; Uchida,
Nihon Chorui Zusetsu, III, 1915, p. 94.
Wawhoku= MAP ee OS Ap. 23719 Ap, 24; 64s & 40's, May);
Horisha, Nanto Distr.: 1%, May 1; Shushu, Nanto: 19, May 4; Enteisho,
Tainan Distr.: 29s, May 9; Hokuto, Taihoku Distr.: 2¢s, May 23. This
bird may be said to be common in all parts of the island. I found it most
abundant in the district of Taichu.
120. Fmberiza elegans Temm.
Miyama-hojiro.
Sharpe, Cara Br bia Mus, XI 92 4975 Dresser, Pal. Bds., I, p. 355;
Ogawa, Hand. Bds. Jap., Annot. Zool. Jap., 1908, p. 411 ; Uchida, Nihon
Chorut-Zusetsu, IL, p. 525, Pl XXXV, fig. 3.
A female specimen collected at Arisan, Feb. 1909, exists in the Tai-
hoku museum. The species occurs only rarely in the mountainous parts of
Formosa.
È
Notes on the Photophores of Sergestes
prehensilis Bate.
er
Arata Terao, Rigakushi.
Zoological Institute, Science College, Tokyo Imperial University.
With 3 figures in text.
The photophores of decapod crustacea have received much illumination
from the researches of Kemp” (10 a and b). Sergestes challengeri Hansen,
amongst some others, was studied by him with great care as regards that
organ. Now, my own studies of a decapod crustacean of the same genus,
which I identify with S. prehensilis of Bate, have shown that it is in
possession of photophores apparently agreeing in essential structure with
those known from certain other crustaceans, but especially closely with
those of S. challengeri as described by Kemp, although I stand at variance
from him in many points with respect to the interpretation of the parts.
Bate”) (’88), the original describer of S. prehensilis, and Hansen?’ (’03),
who re-examined the species, have both made no mention of the photo-
phores. The organ loses its pigments in most preservative fluids and is
thus rendered inconspicuous, so that it may easily remain unnoticed unless
a special search be made for it. In the fresh specimens and in certain
conditions of preservation, the photophores can without difficulty be
observed with the naked eye as minute reddish spots located at definite
1) Kemp, S, ıgro a. The Decapoda Natantia of the Coasts of Ireland. Fish. Ireland &c.
Invest. for 1908, no. 1. Ditto, ıgro b. Notes on the Photophores of Decapod Crustacea.
P. Z. S., 1910, pt. nr.
2) Bate, C. S., 1888. Report on the Crustacea Macrura dredged by H. M. S. Challenger during
the years 1873-1876.
3) Hansen, H. J., 1903. On the Crustacean of the Genera Petakdium and Sergestes from the
‘Challenger’ with an Account of Luminous Organ in Sergestes challengeri, n. sp. P. Z. S.
300 A. TERAO :
positions. They number 157 in all, thus coming in this respect very near
to S. challengeri, for which both Hansen and Kemp have given the number
to be over 150. The topographical distribution of the organs is also closely
alike in the two species. In the present species I have determined their
distribution in the body to be as follows :,
Innerisurface of branehiostegites near are, Three pairs.
KB yestalles m ie TOT Two pairs.
Thitd joint of antennular peduneles... zn One pair.
Betweensbases of first-antemnceres mer ee Single (median).
Squames of second antenne. "rer Three pairs.
Fitthyjomt of antennal peduncles ic ren er One pair.
Bases of second antenne ... Sir er Two pairs.
Neat anterior end ofllabrum... ee. deren eee. Single (median).
Tateralisidesiof labrtim:..:..0. eter act ee eerie One pair.
Penultimate joint of mandibular palpi ............... One pair.
Mandibles proper: MR tee Ce One pair.
Basesrof mandibles: MG seen e OR Two pairs.
Bases ofsigst maxilla Sr ee One pair.
Sternite between bases of first maxillipeds......... Two (median).
Second mmasallipedS iiss nenn. ec ee Four pairs.
Bases of Second maxillipedS........... sea ere Two pairs.
Sternite between bases of second maxillipeds...... Single (median).
Third, maxilipedsz ae. een sects) ere Four pairs.
Sternite between bases of third maxillipeds ...... Three (median).
First peraeopods...... RSs ARE DER Be Two pairs.
Sternites between bases of first peraeopods ...... Three (median).
Second peraeopedser..... er Two pairs.
Sternite between bases of second peraeopods ...... Five (median).
Tihird’peraeopeds, Mas. tene ee Three pairs.
Sternite between bases of third peraeopods ...... Five (median).
Fourth peracopods seen See A One! pair.
Sternite between bases of fourth peraeopods ...... Five (median).
NOTES ON THE PHOTOPHORES OF SERGESTES PREHENSILIS BATE. 301
RIDE opods aan inn One pair.
Sternite between bases of fifth peraeopods ......... Six (median).
Lateral sides of first, second, third, fifth, and sixth
abdommnaliteratest io noir Five pairs.
Hirsetonfibiabdominalipleura, i.e i Five pairs.
basestoftirsbutofithipleopodsitti. segrate Five pairs.
bisstabdomimnalistetnite nt: Ratto Single (median).
Second'abdominalisternite;.-- 3-1 mc. woran):
Thurd'abdominalistermite nipoti One a OR!
Houcth abdominalstetnités. 202-222. gilt ne td One (lw):
Bitchrabdominallsterniter 2 ss ARR Oneto 30 2)
Sixthrapdominalesternite reset url: Hiver is DE
LÉO RE ARS RO ee Four pairs.
On two occasions I have had the opportunity of collecting the crustacean
myself and of observing the photophores in functional activity, viz., on
March 2 and May 31, 1914, at a spot in Suruga Bay about four kilometers
off the town of Kambara. On both occasions the capture occurred at 9
p. m. Observation then made on the spot showed that, in all the freshly
obtained specimens, the photophores emitted dim greenish yellow light in
an intermittent way, each time starting suddenly and vanishing with as
much promptitude after a longer or shorter period of illumination.
Frequently, after dark intervals of varying length, the lighting up of
different photophores in the same body occurred one after another in serial
Succession, beginning with those at the head end and thence progressing
posteriorly, to finish up at the tail end. Each single photophore lighted up
for nearly a moment only, and as soon as a light disappeared, another
appeared a short distance behind in rapid succession, so that there were
scarcely ever observed more than one light alive at a time. It took 1-2
seconds from start to finish of a single series of illumination of the above
sort. At other times, only a limited number of photophores in a certain
body region were observed to light up simultaneously, this time the lights
302 A. TERAO:
remaining steadily alive for several seconds. Most frequently it was the
photophores in the neighborhood ofthe eyes that showed this sort of activity;
less frequently those of the third or of the sixth abdominal somite. A
simultaneous luminescence of photophores in all parts of the body, f. i., such
as Doflein (Tafel XVII) has beautifully depicted for Acanthephyra debilis,
was never observed in the present form. Giving a shake to the water in
the vessel containing the crustaceans, all these began the first mentioned
sort of illumination. A second shake given to the water immediately after
the extinction of the last light at the posterior body end, produced no effect.
Nor could the lights be called forth by rubbing or by lightly pressing the
crustacean with the finger. However, by crushing it between the fingers a
number ofthe photophores started light just for an instant, producing a
sparkling-like effect, but the lights immediately vanished without leaving
diffuse lingering luminescence, as the Euphausians do under the same
circumstance. By the way, I may mention that the luminescent power of
S. prehensilis was distinctly much weaker than that of the Euphausians
which were obtained in the same haul of the collecting net.
On the morning following the collecting, the specimens of S. #rekensilrs,
which were kept living, were found to be in apparently good health, being
still quite active in their movements. However, when subjected to ob-
servation in the dark room, they have entirely failed to show lights.
Attempts were made to rouse them into luminescence by external stimuli,
but in vain. This may be explained in a general way by assuming that the
photophores were in a state of fatigue, and in a concrete way for some,
though not all, of them by the fact that the photogenous cells were breaking
up, as I have later determined by microscopical examination of the
sections.
Now, as to the structure of the photophores. At the outset I should
mention that my material for the morphological study were all fixed early in
1) Doflein, F., 1914. Tierbau und Tierleben, Bd. II. Das Tier als Glied des Naturganzen.
Leipzig und Berlin.
NOTES ON THE PHOTOPHORES OF SERGESTES PREHENSILIS BATE. 303
the morning following the night when the specimens were collected, that
is to say, after they had been kept alive in captivity for about ten
hours. I greatly regret that circumstances prevented me from doing the
fixing work on the sea, right at once after the capture. The fact already
alluded to, that in some photopores the photogenous cells are found in the
process of breaking up, may be due to the belated fixing of the material.
Nevertheless, there are to be found in the fixed material a goodly number
of other photophores, which seem from their histological appearance to have
remained in a state fairly well representing their normal structure.
A completely developed photophore of S. prehensilis may be said to be
composed of the following eight parts: 1) the lens, 2) the lens epithelium,
3) the photogenous layer, 4) the basement membrane, 5) the reflector, 6)
the pigment mantle, 7) the connective tissue theca, and 8) the nerves.
1) The lens.—This is nothing more than a strongly thickened areolet
of the general cuticula. The latter, perfectly colorless and transparent in all
parts of the body,
is made up of three
layers, of which
the middle and the
inner are about
equally thick, while
the outer is by far
much thinner than
either. Yanda re
presents a fine
membrane of only
about 13 x thick-
Fig. 1. Semi-diagrammatic representation of a section
through the median photophore of a thoracic sternite. ness. Now, the
Pigments omitted. X400. From a transverse section of
Me photophore lens
S. prehensihs. bm, basement membrane; cs, connective
strands of photogenous layer; Ay, hypodermis; 4, covering consists of three
layer of lens; %, outer lens body; /3, inner lens body; e, lens
is La EN Se parts correspond-
epithelium; 7, nerve; #4, photogenous cells; 7, pigment
layer; >, reflector; 7%, theca. ing to, and directly
304 A. TERAO:
continuous with, the above three layers of the general cuticula. They
are: the covering layer (2), the outer lens body (/) and the inner lens
body (/3).
The covering layer of the lens differs in no way from the externalmost
layer of the general cuticula, like which layer it is uniformly very thin in all
its parts. In sectioning, the layer is easily torn away, especially if the
object is imbedded in paraffin. Both Heidenhain’s iron-haematoxylin and
borax-carmine stain the layer very deeply, much more so than they do the
remaining inner parts of the lens. Freeborn’s picro-nigrosin stains it
faintly yellow, the Congo red yellowish-orange. The corresponding layer
ofthe general cuticula, outside the lens area, is affected by the stains in
exactly the same way, so that it may be said that the general cuticula, so
far as concerns its outermost layer, shows no differentiation whatever in the
parts overlying the photophores. Kemp (‘to b), in his semi-diagrammatic
figure (Pl. LIV, fig. 3) of the photophores of S. challengeri, has given a
special covering membrane to the lens but seems to have entertained some
doubt as to its real presence, for, in the text he has referred to it asa
structure which “ possibly ” exists. I almost do not doubt that the same
covering layer as that I have described above does exist in S. challengeri
also; since, the black bordering line, visible in the microphotograph given
by Kemp (Pl. LIII) and running continuously over the lens as well as over
other parts of the body surface, can well be interpreted as representing the
layer in question.
The outer lens boby (4) is a distinct and simple concavo-convex
thickening of the middle layer of the general cuticula, standing with its
outer convex and inner concave surfaces in direct apposition respectively to
the external covering layer and the inner lens body. Peripherally the outer
lens body becomes gradually thinner, passing over imperceptively into its
mother layer in the general cuticula. In unison with that mother layer,
the outer lens body stains uniformly red with Congo red, but somewhat
more faintly than does the inner layer of the general cuticula or the directly
adjoining stratum of the inner lens body. It takes up Heidenhain’s iron-
NOTES ON THE PHOTOPHORES OF SERGESTES PREHENSILIS BATE. 305
haematoxylin moderately well; and then, unless the sections are excessively
thin, it presents a distinctly darker appearance than the underlying cuticular
parts. Freeborn’s picro-nigrosin gives it a yellowish-green color, while
the underlying parts assume a bluish color.
The inner lens body (/,) forms the most bulky part of the entire lens,
measuring more than three times as thick as the outer lens body. It is of
a biconvex shape, being uniformly arched on the outer surface and some-
what flattened in the central major parts of the inner. It joins the inner
layer of the general cuticula at the equator, very gradually on the outer
side but with a sharply angular demarcation on the inner. Unlike the two
other parts of the lens, the inner lens body shows the peculiarity of
differentiating itself into three strata, when stained with Congo red or with
Freeborn’s picro-nigrosin. The strata are about equally thick. The
outer stratum takes up the stains to a moderate degree, the middle stratum
very weakly, and the inner stratum most strongly. However, when the
sections are too thin, or when staining reagents other than the two mentioned
are used, it frequently happens that the outer and the middle strata are
both about equally weakly stained and are thus scarcely distinguishable
not only from each other but also from the outer lens body, while the inner
stratum presents itself strongly stained and well set off from the middle
stratum. Under such circumstances one might easily mistake the inner
stratum for a part distinct in itself, and the middle and outer strata together
with the outer lens body for another single part ofthe lens. Ishould think
that this fact may have had to do in leading both Hansen (’03, p. 74) and
Kemp (‘10 b, p. 641) to regard the lens in S. challengeri to be composed or
an outer dzconvex and an inner concavo-convex parts, which, at any rate,
does not fit with the state of the thing in S. Zrehensilis. Likewise, the
“middle layer ” described by Kemp from the lens of Acanthephyra debilis
and held by him to be distinct from the inner lens layer, is not improbably
nothing else than the strongly differentiated outer strata of the inner lens
body. In passing it may be noted that the entire lens in S. Arehenszlis is
perfectly colorless, differing in this respect remarkably from the same of
306 A. TERAO :
Acanthephyra debilis, in which, according to Kemp, it should be permeated
by a deep violet-blue coloring matter.
The lens, when viewed surface on, is either circular or oval in outline,
the diameter varying from 45 4 to 143 gin the former case and from
41x 32 a to 169% 150 winthe latter. Roughly speaking, the size increases
as the individuals grow older and larger, as will be seen from the following
table :
Sex 2 ER N ART 5
Total length of body 29 mm 34 mm 39 mm 43 mm
Carapace length | 7.5 mm 85mm | 10.5 mm 12 mm
un photophore of 1st abdominal 131 Xo2 | 135Xo8u | 169X150p | 154X128 4
: | |
Median photophore of 4th abdominal
Kerne | IOSXIOLP | IIZXIOQY | 143 X143 4
154X135 4
3rd photophore of 6th abdominal |
sternite
|
|
==“ “nn |
|
83X71 4 98X79u | 107x874 | 98Xo92w
Proximal photophore of left exite |
of uropod | 8IX7I WU II13X094 v. 116X98 u | 120 X 99
| |
Distal photophore of same 45X45 4 | 71x68 1 90 X 83 LL 83X75 4
2) The lens epithelium.—Since the lens is but a local thickening
of the cuticula, it is quite natural that there exists directly beneath it a
cellular layer continuous with, and similarly charaterized as, the hypodermis
of the general body surface. The latter (fig. 1, Xy) is an exceedingly thin
epithelium, in which the cells are indicated mainly by their flattened nuclei
arranged in a single layer and all pressed flatly against the cuticula. Now,
that part of the hypodermis which lines the inner convex surface of the lens
may be distinguished by the designation of lens epithelium (/e). Hansen
seems to have observed this in S. challenger, without however coming into
definite knowledge of its nature nor even of its real existence. Kemp has
entirely overlooked the epithelium in the same species, though the nuclei
NOTES ON THE PHOTOPHORES OF SERGESTES PREHENSILIS BATE. 307
belonging to it did not remain unobserved by him ; but these were regarded
by him to be those of the underlying photogenous cells, the true nuclei of
which apparently remained unrecognized by him. In passing it may be
remarked that the epithelially arranged cells, described by Kemp and
situated under the lens in the photophores of Acanthephyra debilis, probably
represent the lens epithelium under consideration.
The lens epithelium in S. prekensilrs is of much the same appearance
as the general hypodermis. But there are in it some special features which
deserve specially noting, as being of some significance as regards the genetic
relation of the photogenous layer to the epithelium. While the majority of
the nuclei in the epithelium lie flattened against the lens surface, exactly as
do those of the hypodermis against the cuticula, a good many others are
seen to more or less stand out inwards at certain angles from the level of
the epithelium. The projecting nuclei, which appear to be mostly of an
elongate ovoid shape, are generally so disposed with their long axes that
imaginary outward prolongations of these converge towards the axis of the
internal lens body. Cell-bodies to the projecting nuclei could scarcely ever
be made out with definiteness. Instead of resting nuclei, karyokinetic
figures occur not unfrequently in the lens epithelium; they are mostly
found in positions which indicate their origin from the projecting nuclei, the
spindle axis being directed in the same way as the long axis of the latter.
It may be that the multiplication of the epithelial cells, especially of those
projecting inwards, stands in relation to the regeneration of photogenous
cells, which not unlikely takes place at certain period or under certain
circumstances.
3) The photogenous layer.—Directly inside of the lens epi-
thelium is a relatively thick layer, the photogenous layer, the main
constituents of which are the photogenous cells (24.). The layer is seen
to cover the somewhat flattened central parts of the internal lens surface,
without extending into the periphery of the latter. The photogenous cells
are of a bulky size and of an approximately pyramidal shape, being broadest
308 A. TERAO :
at the inner end and more or less narrowed towards the outer end, with
which they stand in contact with the lens epithelium. Some seven or so of
them in a row may be seen in a section passing through the axis of the
photophore. While the central photogenous cell or cells stand with their
long axes vertically disposed to the internal lens surface, the more
peripherally situated ones are all obliquely set, with their outer ends so
inclined that outward prolongations of their long axes converge toward a
point well within, and approximately in the axis of, the photophore. It will
be noticed that this arrangement of the photogenous cells agrees with that
of the projecting nuclei of the lens epithelium,—a fact, which may be taken
as suggestive of the derivation of the former from the cell-bodies of the
latter.
The photogenous cells do not form a compact layer. There exist
between them interstices of a considerable width. These intercellular
spaces are clearly not artefacts, but are evidently haemal spaces, as was
stated by Chun” for the photophores of Euphausia. They are occupied by
a clear substance which is stained bluish by Freeborn’s picro-nigrosin,
exactly like the blood. Further, the spaces, as seen in sections, are frequent-
ly, but not always, traversed by fine strands (cs), the connective strands
(“ Bindesubstanz ” of Grobben?), which extend between the lens epithelium
and the basement membrane of the photogenous layer. The strands are
evidently protoplasmic and are directly continuous with the substance of
the basement membrane. A nucleus was never observed to be present in
the strands.
The nucleus of the photogenous cell is found about midway between
the ends of the cell-body, always more or less closely pressed against the
lateral cell-wall. It is relatively very small, elongate in shape (about 8 yp
long) and of a rather compact appearance. On account of its insignificant
size, disproportionate to the bulky development of the cell-body, it may
1) Chun, C., 1893. Sehorgane und Facettenauge. Ein Beitrag zur Theorie des Sehens in
grossen Meerestiefen. Biol. Centralb., Bd. 13, p. 550.
2) Grobben, K., 1911. Die Bindesubstanzen von Argulus. Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der
Bindesubstanz der Arthropoden. Arb. Zool. Inst. Wien, Bd. 19.
NOTES ON THE PHOTOPHORES OF SERGESTES PREHENSILIS BATE. 309
easily be overlooked, as indeed Kemp seems to have done in the photo-
genous cells of S. challengeri.
The body of the photogenous cells, fixed with Flemming’s fluid or
with picric acid mixtures, is densely and uniformly fine-granular. This
condition I regard to fairly represent the normal. The granules are
moderately refractive. In the material treated with Flemming’s fluid and
stained with safranin, the cell-body appears rosy red. Using picric
acid fixatives, fuchsin stains it red, Freeborn’s picro-nigrosin yellow,
Heidenhain’s iron-haematoxylin blackish, and Congo red yellowish. It
shows strong affınity towards eosin but very slightly towards Delafield’s
haematoxylin.
According to Kemp, there exist deep blue pigments in the photogenous
cells of S challengeri. It is noteworthy that I have found nothing like
them in the same cells of S. #rehensilis, in both the fresh and the fixed
state.
As before indicated, there exists, marginally to the photogenous layer
and directly beneath the lens epithelium in the periphery of the inner lens
surface, a zone which is entirely devoid of the photogenous cells and
consists of a haemal space traversed by some thin fibres, in much the same
manner as the haemal spaces between photogenous cells are by the con-
nective strands. I believe that the said fibres and the connective strands
are in fact identical structures derived from the cells of the lens epithelium,
and that the marginal zone in question is genetically the same as the more
centrally situated photogenous layer, but has not given rise to photogenous
cells, which probably also originate from certain cells of the lens epithelium
by special development. Kemp has entered, in his semi-diagrammatic
figures (op. cit., pl. LIV, figs. 2, 3, 5), some small cells in the marginal
parts of the photogenous layer, although none of the photographs given by
him (pl. LIII, figs. 2-4) clearly shows the same cells. If the cells in ques-
tion do really exist“, they may perhaps be interpreted as representing the
* Possibly the bodies here referred to as cells are not cells at all, but disintegration products
of photogenous cells.
310 A. TERAO:
transitional stages of lens epithelium cells to photogenous cells. Against
the underlying connective tissue, the marginal zone is quite ill-defined, in
correlation with the fact that the basement membrane is so thinned out that
it is scarcely distinguishable as such in the parts concerned.
In the photophores preserved by me, I find that not a few of them
have the photogenous cells in the process of breaking up. This may be
due to the faulty action of the fixing or preserving reagents, or more
probably to the fact that the specimens were kept in captivity—therefore,
under conditions which may be assumed to have been different from those
of their natural habitat
for about ten hours before the fixing took place.
The breaking up first commences in some of the cells in the peripheral
parts of the photogenous layer ; thence it extends into those more centrally
situated, eventually affecting all the photogenous cells in the layer. The
first indication of the process consists in the appearance, in the cell body, of
a few unusually large granules among the uniformly fine ones before
described. Soon the large granules coalesce into a single homogenous and
refractive mass. This increases in volume at expense of the original finely
granular cell-body and finally completely replaces the latter. After this
change, the cell-body exhibits much the same reactions towards staining
reagents as before, except that it now becomes stained deep black by
Heidenhain’s iron-haematoxylin. This indicates that, hand in hand with
the physical change, some chemical change has also taken place in the
substance of the cell-body. Now, the transformed cell-body begins to
undergo disintegration into fragments of various sizes. A number of these
fragments are shown in fig. 2. While some are very small and simply
granule-like, others are very much larger and present a spherical, ovoid or
almost indefinite shape. Frequently they show a constriction or constrictions
on the body and thus have a biscuit-like or a lobate or tuberculate-like form.
The substance of the fragments is either of a homogeneous appearance or
exhibits a varying number of large and small drop-like inclusions. Micro-
chemically it behaves just as before the disintegration.
Sooner or later, the detrital fragments move off from the site of their
NOTES ON THE PHOTOPHORES OF SERGESTES PREHENSILIS BATE. GI
origin, without doubt carried on by the blood. So that, after the dis-
integration of the cells has advanced to a certain extent, the identical
fragments as those found in the photogenous layer begin to be met with
also in the connective tissue adjacent to the
photophore. When all the photogenous cells
in a photophore have broken up and the detrital
fragments have been deported, the site of the
photogenous layer may appear like an empty
space, traversed by the connective strands
only. I have dwelt at length on the dis-
integration of photogenous cells and its pro-
Qe È
© O ducts, because the matter may have important
oO O bearing on the correct interpretation of
Bie ca structural parts observed in preparation of pre-
Disintegration-products of served photophores. Thus, it seems to me
MA ae SE not unlikely that what Kemp has given as
photogenous cells in his representation of the
photophore of Acanthephyra debilis (op. cit., pl. LIL, fig. 1, and pl. LIV.,
fig. 1), are not cells at all, but empty spaces left behind by photogenous
cells which had disappeared. The lines taken by him for the wall of
photogenous cells were probably nothing else than connective strands,
while the mass of minute and highly refractive granules at the end of the
nerve-bundle reaching the photogenous layer, may simply be the remnants
of the disintegration products of the photogenous cells.
A few more words concerning the detrital fragments of photogenous
cells in S. prekensilis. I have already stated that they are deported,
eventually by the blood current, into the connective tissue in the immediate
neighborhood of the photophore. After that, there are signs of their
transportation farther away, into the gills, the liver, &c. In the gills of
those individuals in which the photogenous cells have already disappeared
from a number of the photophores or are in an advanced stage of de-
generation, it is not at all uncommon to meet with granules which are of
2 A. TERAO:
CG
=
exactly the same microchemical properties as the detrital fragments found
in or about the photophores. They float in the blood. Examination of
the branchial glands showed no indication of their activity in excreting the
granules.) Remarkable is the fact that, whenever there was the presence
of the granules in the gill-blood, this stained more or less yellowish by
Freeborn’s picro-nigrosin, instead of bluish as it usually does. Greater the
quantity of the granules present, the stronger is the yellowish tinge acquired
by the gill-blood. In some of the liver cells I have also not unfrequently
found similar or identical granules, each inclosed in a relatively large vacuole
in the cell-body. They were probably destined to be thrown out into the
digestive canal. Further, masses of apparently the same nature as the
granules in question were discovered in the cavities of the antennal
glands.
4) The basement membrane.—This is a thin but distinct
membrane at the base of the photogenous layer (fig. 1, 7). A limited
number of flattened nuclei is distinctly present in it. As before mentioned,
the substance of the membrane is directly continuous with that of the
connective strands. Peripherally and beyond the margin of the photogenous
layer the membrane thins out and becomes ill distinguishable as such. I
should think that the membrane and the connective strands are, alike the
photogenous cells, derivatives of the lens epithelium or the hypodermis,
and that the two together may be regarded to form a single structure which
gives support to the photogenous cells, somewhat as the neuroglia does to
ganglion cells.
The layer which Kemp has called the second cellular layer in the
photophore of S. challengeri (1. c., p. 642), is undoubtedly identical with
the membrane under consideration. A similar or the same membrane
seems to exist also in the photophore of Acanthephyra debilis, judging
from the microphotograph given by the same author (pl. LIII, fig. 2),
1) Cuénot, L., 1895. Etudes physiologiques sur les Crustacés décapodes. Arch. Biol., tome
XIII.
NOTES ON THE PHOTOPHORES OF SERGESTES PREHENSILIS BATE. 313
although the presence ofthe membrane was given by him neither in the
text nor in the diagrammatic figure (pl. LIV, fig. 1).
5) The reflector.—A body, which is regarded as the reflector, is
usually, though not always, present in the photophores of S. prehensilis
(fig. 1,7). It represents a plano-convex or a somewhat hemispherical
body, standing with its plane surface in direct contact with the basement
membrane and with its sharply defined arched surface in apposition to the
pigment mantle. Its diameter is somewhat shorter than that of the
photogenous layer. Observed in sections of well preserved material, the
reflector consists of a small-meshed and dense network of protoplasm,
which contains some small nuclei in irregularly scattered distribution. The
mesh spaces are ofa flattened shape, compressed in the direction vertical
to the plane surface of the body. In fact, the reflector may be regarded
as being made up of branching and anastomosing cells, with horizontally
extended slit-like interspaces. The protoplasmic reticulum is homogenous
and agrees in its reactions towards staining reagents perfectly with the
homogeneous contents of the photogenous cells at a stage just before they
begin to disintegrate.
Kemp (/. c., p. 642) has attributed to the reflector of S. challengeri a
faintly striated appearance. I have found that to be also the case in
S. prehensilis, but only in those specimens which were preserved in formalin,
as were also Kemp’s specimens. Moreover, it was given by the same
author that the reflector, in the species studied by him, contains numerous
pear-shaped nuclei which are very regularly arranged with their apices
directed towards the lens (p. 642). Such a condition of the nuclei in the
reflector, I have entirely failed to observe in S. prehensilis.
As to the origin of the reflector, I have arrived at no definite view.
Its histological character is so very different from those of the connective
tissue that it seems scarcely justifiable, in the absence of convincing proofs,
to assume its derivation from the latter. Possibly it is of hypodermal
origin. In its reactions towards stains, the reflector reticulum exhibits
314 A. TERAO :
certain affinity to the photogenous cells and, at the same time, a marked
difference from the connective tissue. Thus, Freeborn’s picro-nigrosin
stains it yellow, as it does the photogenous cells ; while the same reagent
stains the connective tissue blue.
In some photophores of the species the reflector may be entirely
wanting. I have found it often absent in those situated in the median line
of the sternite of cephalothoracic segments. In these cases there exists in
place of the missing reflector, i. e., between the basement membrane and
the pigment mantle, a narrow space occupied by the ordinary loose
connective tissue which is continuous with that of a more internal situation.
6) The pigment mantle.—A cup-like pigment mantle of a reddish
color exists, holding in its hollow the marginal cells of the photogenous layer
and the entire proximal convex
surface of the reflector (fr, figs. I
| and 3). Proximally the mantle
sends out a number of long
chromorhyzae. Examined in the
material preserved in glycerin, it
is seen to consist of a dense ac-
cumulation of three kinds of pig-
Fig. 3.
ment granules, viz., the red, orange
Optical section through second photophore
of sixth abdomianl sternite. Glycerin and black, as is also the case with
material. X200. 4 lens; #, pigment-
o the pigment flecks under the hypo-
mantle.
dermis of the general body surface.
In weak formalin the pigment remains for some time but is ultimately
dissolved away. In most other fixatives, f. i., in alcohol,* it quickly dis-
* A short time after the animal is thrown into alcohol, there come distinctly into view a pair
of reddish-colored transverse bands behind the base of the fifth peraeopods, standing out
pronouncedly on the now depigmented body surface. They seem to agree completely with
the bands which Coutière (Note préliminaire sur les “wcyphotes recueillis par S. A. S. le
Prince de Monaco à l’aide du filet è grand ouverture. Bull. Mus. Océan. Monaco, No. 48,
1905, p. 4. fig. 7) has described from Æoflophorus grimaldi, calling them “un organe
lumineux en forme de longue bande.” Their structure has remained unknown to me. Any-
way, they are certainly not luminous organs in S. Prehensilis.
NOTES ON THE PHOTOPHORES OF SERGESTES PREHENSILIS BATE. 315
appears, making difficult the detection of the photophores with the naked
eye or under the lens.. On the other hand, glycerin preserves the pigment
practically without change for an indefinite length of time, even when
heated over 40°C in that medium, so that Laubmann’s) method of intra-
vitam staining can not be brought into practice. In well dried specimens,
in which the general color is changed into a reddish orange, the pigment
is preserved to some extent. After the dissolving away of the pigment
granules forming the mantle, there is left behind a loose connective tissue
ofthe ordinary appearance.
7) The theea.—Surrounding the pigment mantle on the proximal
side is the theca, which is simply a condensed layer of the general con-
nective tissue. In it the fibres run nearly parallel and concentrically,
showing a sprinkling of elongate nuclei. It passes, both inside and outside,
without delimitation into the same tissue of a much looser appearance.
Internally to the theca there is a noticeably more numerous occurrence of
the somewhat large granules which become blackened by Flemming’s
fluid, than in the theca itself or in the general connective tissue.
8) The nerve.—The exact mode of innervation of the photophores
I have not been able to determine. Certain it is that the nerve reaching
the organ does not perforate the pigment mantle as a single trunk. On the
other hand, it is very probable that the nerve, somewhat as in certain
(thoracic and abdominal) photophores of Euphausians, breaks up into
branches before it reaches the pigment mantle, and that these branches
severally pass into the mantle. Some slender fibres were observed
penetrating into the reflector from the internal convex side (fig. 1, x);
they were probably of nervous nature.
In conclusion, I should discharge the pleasant duty of expressing my
deep obligations to Professors Ijima, Watasé and Gotö as well as to Dr.
1) Laubmann, A. L., 1912. Untersuchungen über die Hautsinnesorgane bei decapoden
Krebsen aus der Gruppe der Carididen. Zool. Jahrb., Anat. Ont., Bd. 35, H. 1.
316 A. TERAO:
Yatsu, who all helped me in various ways during the course of my studies.
I am also greatly indebted to Mr. K. Nakazawa of the Fisheries Institute,
who also took much interest in the study of S. pr ehenszlis, for kindly
placing some of his material at my disposal. Further, my thanks are due
to Dr. T. Ogata of the Pathological Institute, Tokyo Imperial University,
for giving me fascilities in the use of a freezing microtome in his laboratory.
A New Astomatous Ciliate, Metaphrya sagittae, gen. et
sp. nov., found in the Coelom of Sagitta.
By
Iwaji Ikeda, Rigakuhakushi.
During a short stay, in December of 1913, at the Misaki Marine
Biological Station, Dr. Yarsu kindly called my attention to a living
specimen of Szgtta, which contained some large ciliates in the body-
cavity. Upon close examination under the microscope, these were ascer-
tained to represent a new mouthless holotrichous form of a remarkable
characterization. I propose to call it Metaphrya sagittae, gen. & sp. nov.
Owing to the transparency of the host, much of the external characters
of the parasites could be observed in their natural habitat. Fig. 1 re-
presents the surface view of one of the four largest
specimens in life. The body is pear-shaped, mea-
suring about 0.25 mm by 0.13 mm. It is nearly
transparent and quite colourless. The anterior end
is distinctly narrower than the posterior, which is
rather rounded. The body appears to be radially
symmetrical in its structural plan excepting the fact
that the anterior end is somewhat deflected towards
one side. Fine but long cilia are present, not
uniformly all over the body, but growing in 12
Fig. 1:
longitudinal shallow grooves of the body, so as to
Fully grown
Metaphrya sagittae form as many equidistant ciliary bands. The organism
in the living state, is devoid of a mouth or any other external aperture ;
sh therefore, it should belong to the suborder Astomata
of the order Holotricha. The cytoplasm investing the body is finely
granular ; its differentiation into the ectoplasm and the entoplasm is in the
fresh state indis‘inct. Beneath this cytoplasmic layer there can be recog-
318 I. IKEDA: A NEW ASTOMATOUS CILIATE
nized a very thin but distinct layer, which is characterized by being strongly
refractive and by extending in an irregularly wavy way when viewed in
optical section. The wide space internal to this refringent layer is occupied
by a clear fluid-like substance.
The parasites were fixed, together with the host, with picro-acetic
acid and were in part sectioned and in part mounted in foto. The sections,
5g thick, were stained with either iron-haematoxylin or DELAFIELD’s
haematoxylin, with or without the use of eosin as a counter stain. Un-
fortunately it was found that the effects of fixing were not in all respects
satisfactory. In the larger specimens the superficial cytoplasmic layer and
the underlying refringent layer have become in many places widely
separated from each other. It is not quite clear how such a disturbance as
this was brought about only in the larger specimens. Possibly it may be
due to the fixing reagent having caused contraction of the extensive refrin-
gent layer. Fig. 2 represents a median
\
”
longitudinal section of a large specimen
stained with DELAFIELD’s haematoxylin and
eosin. The large clear spaces (marked
with x) visible between the plasmic cortex
and the layer of darkly stained threads
representing the refringent layer that we
have seen in the fresh state, are the arte-
facts just referred to. The same is evidently
also true of the similar spaces in the central
parts. One of the remarkable structural
peculiarities shown by the larger, and there-
fore probaby full-grown, individuals consists
in the fact that the cytoplasm is extra-
ordinarily sparse in quantity as compared with
the large size ofthe entire body. It merely
Fig. 2. forms a thin layer covering the body, the
A longitudinal section of a A
fully grown AZ. sagittae. % 370. greater part ofthe latter being taken up by
FOUND IN THE COELOM OF SAGITTA. 319
the cential non-plasmic substance. The cytoplasm is differentiated, though
by no means sharply into the ectoplasm and the entoplasm. The former
forms a very thin, uniformly finely granular superficial layer, while the
latter is a little thicker and presents a reticulate granular appearance (fig. 3).
The two layers show neither a structural delimitation between them nor
differential staining properties.
The curious refringent layer we have seen in the fresh state, when
examined in sections, presents itself as being made up of a series of deeply
stained pieces arranged in a layer in the deepest parts of the entoplasm. A
cursory examination of stained total preparations or of serial sections makes
it at once clear that the layer in question consists in fact of comparatively
thick threads which divide and anastomose, so as to bring about a network
with close and irregular-shaped meshes. The substance of the threads is
evidently the chromatin, and I take no heed in regarding the entire structure
as the meganucleus of the organism. The entire meganucleus may thus be
said to have the structure of a basketwork with a spacious hollow inside.
Strikingly remarkable as is this feature of the meganucleus, it may probably
be regarded to be a condition which is foreshadowed more or lass in some
other astomatous ciliates, e. g., Rhizocarium conca:us CAULLERY & MESNIL
Anoplophrya alluri CEPEDE, Opalinopsis sepiolae FOETTINGER, c/c.
The meganuclear threads are seen in most parts to be surrounded by
narrow empty spaces, which are always found to be bordered each by a
distinct and dense sheet of the entoplasm. I therefore regard the spaces
to be equivalent to the excretory vacuoles described by Mercatr” from a
number of Opalina species.
The part of the entoplasm lying internal to the meganuclear threads
appears in sections as an extremely thin, very finely granular and deeply
staining layer which directly invests the large central non-plasmic body.
Fig. 3, which represents under a high magnification a small portion of a
section belonging to the same series as that of fig. 2, ıllustrates all the
1) MetcaL , M.M.— The excretory organs of Ofalina, Parts I and II. Arch. f. Protist., Band X,
1907.
320 I. IKEDA: A NEW ASTOMATOUS CILIATE
structures aboved described. It should further serve to illustrate an im-
portant structure not yet mentioned, 724, the micronucleus. This is
a small, deeply staining body which, in all the specimens examined, occur-
red in a single number, independently of and situated closely external
to, the meganuclear basketwork. It always lies
in the transverse plane passing through the middle
of the body. It is of an ellipsoidal or spindle-like
shape, measuring about 5 in the major diametre.
There can be distinguished in it a deeply stained
peripheral and a less deeply stained central part.
Around the body there always exists a narrow
clear space, which does not seem to be an artificial
production, since it shows itself to be stained
though very lightly. There can scarcely be a
doubt that the above body represents the micro-
nucleus of the organism.
The large central body differs from all the
Fite cytoplasmic structures in being perfectly homo-
A small portion of a geneous and also in being but little stainable with
section through JZ. sa-
i È haematoxylin though very intensely with eosin.
gittae. Cytoplasmic layer
to the right; central non- This peculiarity indicates that it is not proto-
ES RS STROH te ET plasmic but is probably a colloid substance of a
M, a part of mega-
nucleus; m, micronuc- proteidinous nature. It may be suggested that
EE ETES the body in question is in all probability to
be looked upon as a sort of nutritive material in reserve, which is
contained in, and fills up, an excessively enlarged and centrally situated
vacuole.
Together with the above apparently full-grown individuals were found
a number of much smaller—therefore assumably younger— specimens, which
showed some important structural peculiarities. To begin with the youn-
gest stage found, this was of an exceedingly small size in comparison mith
the full-grown individuals, measuring only about 20 by 104 (figs. 4 and 5).
FOUND IN THE COELOM OF SAGITTA.
ww
N
i
The body is covered with short cilia, which, instead of being arranged in
longitudinal bands, are uniformly distributed all over. The cytoplasm
presents much the same appearance as in the full-grown state. Situated in
one part of the entoplasm is distinctly recognizable
the micronucleus, which is of nearly the same shape
and size as before described. What now form the
striking features of the stage under consideration
are the state of the meganucleus and the entire
CCE absence of a large central non-plasmic body.
The meganucleus is not only very much smaller,
À very young in- 1 : bi
but is also of a much simpler configuration, than
dividualin longitudinal
Beerion-) 'X.gEo: in the fully developed state. In fact, it now con-
sists of a relatively thick and sinuously winding
thread, which may bear some short branches ending
free. Some small empty-looking spaces, which I
take for the excretory vacuoles, occur either close
to or in direct apposition to the meganucleus. Further
Fig.
WwW
there occur in the entoplosm and in the vicinity of
DEE COUSe FNPEX CE the nuclei, some small spherical, but sometimes
cuoss-seetions through
a very young indinid- somewhat irregular-shaped, bodies which agree in
me) oro: appearance and staining reactions perfectly with the
substance forming the single central non-plasmic body of full-grown in-
dividuals. They may be designated the non-plasmic spherules for the sake
of reference. I shall return to them presently again.
In still larger young individuals than those described above, all the
structures referred to can be more distinctly made out. The individual
shown in two longitudinal sections in fig. 6 measures about 402 by 204. In
it, as observed on the sections, the densely granular ectopiasm can be well
distinguished from the reticular entoplasm, though the two gradually merge
into each other. The micronucleus is found in the usual state and can be
readily recognized. The meganucleus has approached a step towards the
basketwork-like structure of that of full-grown individuals, that is, it now
A NEW ASTOMATOUS CILIATE.
(OS)
N
N
represents an irregular three-dimensional reticulum of the chromatin
substance. Small as it still is, the meganucleus occupies a large part of the
body. Its general appear-
ance reminds one of the
same organella in Opali-
nopsis sepiolae studied by
DogeELL.” The excretory
vacules are now extensively
and very distinctly deve-
loped, a number of relatively
Fig. 6. large ones existing in close
Two longitudinal sections of a young individual. Xg80. connection with, or directly
apposed to, the meganuclear threads. In this respect, one is reminded of
Mercatr’s illustration, especially his fig. N, of the excretory vacuoles of
Opalina. As was stated by that author for Opalina, the vacuoles lack, in
contrast to those described before of full-grown individuals, a definite limiting
wall and seem in their nature to be nothing more than enlarged areolar spaces
of the entoplasmic foam. In my opinion, the same may be said of the spaces
which are occupied by the non-plasmic spherules before alluded to. In the
developmental stage under consideration the same spherules are found more
numerously and in a considerably larger size than in the earlier stage
before descreibed, plainly indicating that they are something that grows,
not only in number, but also in bulk as the organism advances in development.
They lie rather closely crowded in the central parts of the body, partly
inclosed in the mesh-like spaces or hollows of the yet spongy-like mega-
nucleus (fig. 6.). I have not been able to trace subsequent changes of the
non-plasmic spherules, but am of the opinion that they, at a certain stage of
the development of the organism, begin to fuse together, finally to form a
single mass, and that this, as the substance increases in volume, distend
from within the growing meganucleus; so that, while it occupies that
1) DoseLr, C.C.—Some observations on the Infusoria parasitic in Cephalopoda. Quart. Journ.
Microscop. Sci., Vol. 53, 1909.
. FOUND IN THE COELOM OF SAGITTA.
[957
WD
us
central position in the body, the latter assumes the form of an enveloping
basketwork that we have seen in the full-grown individuals. Bodies
similar to the non-plasmic spherules have been known from some astomatous
infusorians. As such may be mentioned the granules observed by Kororp”)
in Protophrya ovicola Kor. and interpreted by him as a highly differentiated
metaplasmic substance. So likewise the peculiar spherules mentioned by
MEITCALF” from both the ectoplasm and entoplasm of Opalina. I should
think it highly probable that all the various cytoplasmic inclusions here
referred to are in fact chemically nearly related substances and represent a
nutritive substance stored up in the body.
Now as to the systematic position of the new genus and species. An
attempt was made by CEPEDE? to exclude Opalina, alleged to be without
micronucleus and the contractile vacuole, froms the Astomata, which group
was thus made to include only the heterokaryote forms in possession of the
contractile vacuole. This procedure CEPEDE’s seems to me scarcely tenable
in view of our present extended knowledge of the nature of micronucleus
and of vacuoles, both contractile and non-contractile. Of the occurrence
of these organellae in Ofalina, Opalinopsis, and Chromidina, the
reader is referred to the recent works of METCALF on Opalina and of
DoBELL on Opalinopsis sepiolae and Chromidina elegans, and to the
view expressed by Hıckson in LANKEsSTER’s Treatise on Zoology
(Protozoa, Part I) with regard to the presence of micronuclei in
Opalina. The Astomata in the restricted sense was divided by CEPEDE
into eleven families, making use of distinctive characters which, to my
mind, appear to be scarcely of more than generic value. For the present
at least, I should rather abide by the older scheme of LEGER and
Dugosco® who divided the Astomata ScHEVIAKOFF simply into two
1) Korom, C.A.—On the structure of Protoßhrya ovicola, a ciliate infusorian from the brood-sac
of Littorina rudis Dox. The Mark Anniversary Volume, art. V, 1903.
2) METcaLr M.M.—Studies on Ofalina (preliminary notice). Zool. Anz., Bd. XXXII, 1907.
3) Cepkpe, C.—Recherches sur les infusoires astomes. Arch. d. Zool. Exp., tome III, 5e ser.,
IQIO.
4) LEGER, L., and DuBoscQ. O.—Les Astomata representent-ils un group naturel? Notes sur les
infusoires endoparasites. Arch. Zool. Exp., 4e ser., 1904.
324 I. IKEDA.
families, the Opalinidae and the Anoplophryiidae. The former may be
defined as the Astomata which show no morphological differentiation of the
chromatin into generative and vegetative nuclei (heterokaryote) and which
reproduce by muttiple division or repeated transverse segmentation ; latter
as those which are heterokaryote and multiply by ordinary fission.
Now then, J/etaphrya sagittae appears to be referable to the Ano-
plophryiidae Lrc. & Dus. True, it somewhat approaches certain forms
(Opalinopsis, Chromidina) of the Opalinidae in the peculiar form of mega-
nucleus, and that familly generally in possessing non-contractile vacuoles
instead of a single contractile vacuole ;' but these points I am inclind to
view in the light of homoplastic convergence. The relatively complex or-
ganization of the new genus and species points to its being a highly
advanced representative of the Anoplophryiidae, on which account I have
chosen the generic name Metaphrya.
CÉPÈDE has described a goodly number of entozoic ciliates as in-
habiting the body-cavities of many invertebrates. But none of them can
be said to be as genuine a coelom-parasite as the present species is.
lleterophrya astomata SYEDLECKI has often been referred to as a coelom-
parasite, but the case is still open to doubt.
In conclusion, I beg to express my warmest thanks for Professor
Ijima’s kind advice and critics rendered me during my writing the
present paper. I also owe very much to Dr. Yarsu’s kind help in obtain-
ing the literature.
Zoological Laboratory,
High Normal School, Hiroshima,
January 1916.
I) According to Z'obel! (c.), the single vacuole of Osalinofsis is contractile, and the single
nucleus of this form is complicately branched into a network and is never in a dispersed
state as was thought formerly to be the case.
Notizen uber japanische Tricladen.
Von
Tokio Kaburaki, Rigakushi.
Zo A. Inst., Kaiserl. Univ. Tokyo.
I. Fctoplana, cine neue Gattung der auf Limulus
lebenden Tricladen.
Unter dem Namen Procerodes limuli habe ich, bei einer früheren
Gelegenheit im Verein mit Herrn Professor Ijima, eine auf dem Brustbeine
von Limulus longispina lebende Tricladen-Art beschrieben, jedoch mit der
Anmerkung : “Possibly the species deserves to be made into a new
genus.” Seitdem bin ich im Stande gewesen, frisches Material jener Art
in Yobimatsu, Provinz Bizen, zu sammeln, und nach erneuerter Unter-
suchung bin ich zur Überzeugung gekommen, dass für sie eine besondere
Gattung aufgestellt werden muss. Für diese bringe ich hiermit die
Benennung Æctoplana in Vorschlag.
Die wichtigsten Charaktere der neuen Gattung, resp. der Art, sind
wie folgt:
Körper an beiden Enden verschmälert und stumpf-spitzig, gewöhnlich
milchweiss in Farbe. Ohne Tentakeln, mit zwei vom Kopfende ziemlich
weit entfernt liegenden Augen. Beide hintere Darmschenkel an den
hinteren Enden mit einander verbunden. Penis unbewaffnet. Samenleiter
vereinigen sich innerhalb des Penisbulbus zu einem gemeinsamen Gang
(Ductus deferens), bevor sie in die Vesicula seminalis übergehen. Eileiter
münden getrennt in die obere Partie des dorsalwärts verlängerten,
geräumigen Vestibules. Uterus hinter dem Vestibule gelegen, und durch
eine ganz kurze Vagina von hinten her in dasselbe, hinter der Mündungs-
stelle der Eileiter, sich öffnend.
1) Diese Zeitschrift, dieser Band, S. 156, 157.
326 T. KABURAKI :
Offenbar steht Æctoplana der Procerodes am nächsten. Es geht dies
hervor aus der Übereinstimmung der beiden in der hinteren Lage des
sackförmigen Uterus, besonders aber aus der Vereinigung der Samenleiter,
nach ihrem Eintritt in den Penisbulbus, zu einem gemeinsamen Ductus
deferens, welche Verhältnisse sich bei keinen anderen Maricolen vorfinden.
Anderseits besteht ein auffallender Unterschied zwischen den beiden
Formen darin, dass, während bei Procerodes das Vestibule einen ganz
unbedeutenden Raum darstellt, der Uterusgang aber von ansehnlicher
Länge ist und in seinem Verlauf die Eileiter aufnimmt, bei Æctoplana die
betreffenden Genitalteile ein merklich abweichendes Verhältnis aufweisen.
Bei ihr ist das Vestibule geräumig entwickelt, mit gefalteter Wand ver-
sehen, und empfängt direkt die Ausmündungen beider Eileiter. Dieser
Unterschied ist meines Erachtens hinreichend um die beiden Formen
generisch gesondert zu halten.
Die oben angezeigte Sachlage der Genitalteile bei Zezop/ana könnte
man auch betrachten als hervorgerufen aus derjenigen bei Procerodes,
einfach dadurch, dass der Uterusgang dieser, bis auf den dem Uterus
unmittelbar angrenzenden, ganz kurzen Teil derselben, eine ungewöhnliche
Erweiterung erfahren und so sich dem Vestibule angeschlossen hat. Es
deutet dies darauf hin, dass die beiden Gattungen, obschon getrennt
haltbar, doch zu einander in sehr naher Verwandtschaftsbeziehung stehen.
Wäre es angemessen, die Procerodidae in Unterfamilien abzuteilen, wie
Bohmig dies tat, so würden Procerodes und Ectoflana in eine und dieselbe
Unterfamilie (Euprocerodinæ Böhm.) zusammen gestellt werden müssen.
Indessen scheint es mir kaum statthaft, die Böhmig’schen Unterfamilien
beizubehalten, noch weniger die Cercyriden und die Micropharyngiden,
nach Vorgang Wilhelmi's,? als verschiedene Familien von den Procerodi-
den abzutrennen.
ı) Böhmig, L., 1906. Tricladenstudien. I. Tricladida maricola. Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool. Bd.
LXXXI.—ı908. Turbellarien der: Résultats du Voyage de S. Y. Belgica en 1897-1898.
Rapports scientifiques. Zool.
2) Wilhelmi, J., 1900. Tricladen. Fauna und Flora des Golfes von Neapel u. d. angr.
Meeresabschnitte. XXXII. Monographie.
NOTIZEN ÜBER JAPANISCHE TRICLADEN. 327
Da alle bisher bekannten, auf Zirnulus lebenden Tricladen-Arten der
Familie Bdellouride angehören, so ist es von Interesse, auch ein Mitglied
einer anderen Familie, der Procerodidæ, als Bewohner desselben Wirttieres
zu finden.
2. Polycelis ijimai, eine neue Planarienart aus Hokkaido.
Im Herbst vorigen Jahres sammelte Herr Professor Ijima eine Poly-
celis-Art in einem Bächlein, welches in den Shikotsuko See, Hokkaido,
einfliesst. Das Tier wurde lebendig nach Tokyo mitgebracht und war mir
freundlichst zum Studium überlassen. Nach Untersuchung stellte es sich
heraus, dass dasselbe als eine neue Art betrachtet werden muss. Für
diese erlaube ich mir, zur Ehre des Entdeckers, den Namen Polyeelis
ijimai vorzuschlagen.
Das Tier stimmt äusserlich fast genau mit Polyc. auriculata und
karafto® überein. Ähnlich wie diese beiden zeigt die Art in der Mitte
des Stirnrandes eine schwache konvexität, welche jederseits allmählich in
eine schwache Konkavität und alsdann in den schräg nach vorn gerichteten
Tentakel übergeht. Der letztere ist im ganzen weniger spitzig als bei
Polyc. auriculata und etwas kürzer als bei Polyc. karafto. Der Kopf-
lappen ist durch eine seichte halsartige Einschnürung undeutlich von dem
Rumpf abgezeichnet, dessen Seitenränder grösstenteils fast parallel laufen.
Die grösste Körperbreite liegt hinter der Mitte des Körpers, in der
Pharyngealgegend. Nach hinten zu verjüngt sich der Körper allmählich,
um endlich stumpf gespitzt zu endigen. Die geschlechtsreifen Exemplare
erreichen, im völlig ausgestreckten kriechenden Zustand, gewöhnlich eine
Lange von 18-20 mm. bei einer Breite von 2-2,5 mm. in der Pharyn-
gealgegend, also eine ungefähr gleiche Grösse wie die beiden oben
genannten Polyeelis-Arten.
Die zahlreichen kleinen Augen sind im allgemeinen in einer einfachen,
I) Badelloura candida (Gér.), B. wheeleri Wilh., B. propingua Wheel. und Syreoeldium pellucidum
Wheel.
2) Diese Zeitschrift, dieser Band, S. 167-171.
328 T. KABURAKI :
wenn auch nicht ganz regelmässigen, hufeiserförmigen Reihe an dem
Stirnrande und den Seitenrändern des Kopfendes angeordnet, genau wie
bei Poljc. karafto, aber nicht genau so wie bei Polye. auriculata, bei
1
wr: 2
Si
2
od utd I ut
' | t
eee
; Ì
ATI N
N
N ( N
UD N N
\ i \ MEN
/
/
/
/
g»
Fig.ı. Zolyeelis ijimai, n. sp. Körpergestalt im kriechenden Zustand.
5 VIENE MASO
Fig. 2. Dieselbe. Schematischer Kopulationsapparat im Längsschnitt.
Vergr. 60X.
ag Vestibule, cd Querkommissur der hinteren
Darmschenkel, de Ductus ejaculatorius,
gf Genitalporus, m Mundöffnung,
od Oviductus, od’ Oviductus impar,
p Penis, ps Penisscheide,
ut Uterus, wd Uterusgang,
vd Vas deferens, vs Vesicula seminalis.
welcher sie sich vielfach in doppelreihiger Anordnung befinden. Übrigens
reicht die Augenreihe bei unserer Art nicht so weit nach hinten, wie bei
den beiden anderen Arten. Die Augen nehmen mit dem Alter an Zahl
zu. Bei einigen grossen Exemplaren betrugen sie rechts 28-38, links
NOTIZEN ÜBER JAPANISCHE TRICLADEN. 329
Die Oberseite des Körpers zeigt im allgemeinen eine schwärzlich
olivenbraune Färbung, welche am Vorderende, an den seitlichen Körper-
rändern sowie in der Medianlinie etwas lichter auftritt als anderswo. Die
Färbung ist viel schwärzlicher als bei Po/ye. auriculata, und es mangelt
ihr an den bei Polyc. karafto deutlich sichtbaren dunkleren Laterallängs-
streifen. Auf der dorsalen Seite erkennt man wie gewöhnlich den quer-
gerunzelten Pharynx und den Penisbeutel als hellere Partien. Die Ventral-
seite ist stets viel blasser, und die Pharyngeal- und Penisgegenden sind
deutlicher wahrnehmbar als auf der Dorsalseite ; auch die Keimstöcke, die
Hoden, sowie die ventralen Längsnerven sind daselbst stets leicht erkennbar
als dunkle Flecke oder Streifen.
Die Mundöffnung liegt beim geschlechtsreifen Tiere etwas hinter dem
Ende des zweiten Korperdrittels. Die Pharyngealtasche verhält sich in
ihrer Länge zur Körperlänge wie 1:3,5 im Mittel. Der Pharynx ist von
zylindrischer Gestalt. Der vordere unpaare Darmschenkel trägt im all-
gemeinen 5 wenig verzweigte sekundäre Divertikelpaare, die hinteren
Darmschenkel je 15-17 nach den Seiten gerichtete Divertikeln. Sehr
merkwürdig ist die Beschaffenheit eines quer verlaufenden Verbindungs-
kanals zwischen den beiden hinteren Darmschenkeln. Er befindet sich
dicht unter dem Penis und tritt beim geschlechtsreifen Tier besonders
deutlich hervor. Er ist im Innern von einem aus kleinen dichtgedrängten
zylindrischen Zellen bestehenden Epithel ausgekleidet, welches von dem
übrigen Darmepithel merklich verschiedenen Charakter aufweist. Aussen
wird er von einem starken Muskellager umhüllt, dessen Fasern haupt-
sächlich im Zirkel verlaufen. Dieses Muskellager ist bei den nicht ge-
schlechtsreifen Individuen schwächer entwickelt als bei den geschlechts-
reifen. Es scheint mir höchst wahrscheinlich, dass der Verbindungskanal
eigentlich als ein Drüsenorgan funktioniert.
Geschlechtsreife Individuen habe ich unter den mir zur Verfügung
stehenden Exemplaren nur wenige gefunden. Der ganze Geschlechtsapparat
zeigt im Wesentlichen ähnliche Beschaffenheit wie bei Polyc. auriculata.
Der Genitalporus ist ungefähr so weit nach hinten von der Mundöffnung
330 T. KABURAKI :
entfernt gelegen wie von dem hinteren Körperende. Er führt ein in das
enge Vestibule, in welches von oben her der Uterusgang sowie der unpaare
Eiergang, und von vorn die Penisscheide einmünden.
Die Penisscheide ist versehen mit einer mächtig entwickelten Ring-
muskelschicht, weswegen dieselbe im frischen Zustand des Tieres sich als
ein lichter Fleck sichtbar macht. Die Muskelschicht nimmt von vorn nach
hinten an Dicke zu und ist am dicksten an dem hintersten Ende der Penis-
scheide. Auf Querschnitten der Penisscheide weist sie überall gleiche
Dicke auf, also nicht besonders verdünnt an der ventralen Seite, wie es bei
Polyc. auriculata der Fall ist. Auch das bei dieser Art vorhandene mus-
kulöse und frei in die Penisscheide zurückgeschlagene Scheidenlippenrohr
kommt bei unserer Art nicht vor.
An dem Penis unterscheidet man wie gewöhnlich einen konischen
freien Teil, welcher in seiner ganzen Länge vom Ductus ejaculatorius durch-
bohrt ist, und einen knolligen basalen Teil, welcher im Innern eine Samen-
blase mit unregelmässig gefalteter Wand einschliesst.
Die Hoden liegen ventral im Körper und in grosser Anzahl dicht
gedrängt zu beiden Seiten der Medianlinie, in der Gegend zwischen den
Ovarien und der Pharyngealbasis. Die beiden, etwas median von den
ventralen Längsnerven gelegenen Vasa ‘deferentia erstrecken sich nach
hinten bis zum basalen Teil des Penis und münden getrennt in die Samen-
blase an beiden Seiten.
Die unregelmässig gestalteten, verhältnismässig grossen Ovarien liegen
beiderseits ventral, ein wenig nach innen von den Längsnerven und zwischen
dem ersten und zweiten Paare der Darmäste. Von den beiden Ovarien
ziehen die Ovidukte, mit einer deutlichen trichterförmigen Erweiterung
beginnend und der Aussenseite der Längsnervenstämme entlang, nach
hinten bis an die Gegend der Penisscheide. Hier steigen sie schräg dor-
salwärts, um sich oberhalb des Vestibules zu einem kurzen gemeinsamen
Gang (Oviductus impar) zu vereinigen, welcher dann dicht in das Vestibule
ausmündet. An unregelmässigen Stellen in ihrem fast ganzen Verlauf
nehmen die Ovidukte strangartige Dotterstöcke auf.
NOTIZEN ÜBER JAPANISCHE TRICLADEN. 331
Der Uterus hat, wie bei Polyc. karafto, die Gestalt einer einfachen
schlanken Röhre ; er reicht nach vorn bis zur dorsalen Seite des hinteren
Endes der Pharyngealtasche, ohne an seinem Blindende eine Erweiterung
zu bilden. Die ganze Innenfläche der Röhre ist von einem einfachen
kubischen Epithel ausgekleidet. Die Ausmündung in das Vestibule
geschieht an der linken Seite desselben.
3. Bestimmungsschlüssel für die einheimischen See- und
Süsswassertricladen.
Von der einheimischen Tricladen-fauna sind mir bis heute 3 See- und
10 Süsswasserarten sicher bekannt. Im folgenden gebe ich einen Schlüssel
zur Bestimmung dieser Arten. Die von Stimpson” beschriebene Planaria
badia aus Loo-choo und Pl. cinerea aus Oushima—beide wahrscheinlich
zum Kreise der Pl. gonocephala gehörig— müssen als unvollständig bekannte
Formen einstweilen dahingestellt bleiben.
I. Maricola.
A. Mit Tentakeln.
Kopfende abgestutzt ; 2 Augen ; Körper milchweiss.
1. Procerodes lactea ]j. et Kab.
(Küste der Saghalin).
B. Ohne Tentakeln.
a
Kopfende ungefähr dreieckig; 2 Augen; Körper farblos oder
verschieden gefärbt.
2. Procerodes trigonocephala ]j. et Kab.
(Oginohama, Prov. Rikuzen ; Itsukushima, Prov. Aki).
b.’ Kopfende verschmälert ; 2 Augen; Körper milchweiss, bisweilen
hellbraun. Ectoparasitisch auf Limulus longispina.
1) Stimpson, W., 1857. Prodromus Descriptioni Animalium Evertebratum que in Expeditione
ad Oceanum Pacificum Septentrionalem a Republica Federata missa, Johanne Rodgers
Duce, observavit et descripsit. Pars I. Turbellaria Dendrocoela. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia. Vol. IX.—Diesing, K. M., 1862. Revision der Turbellarien. Abteil: Dendro-
coelen. Sitzungsb. d. K. Akad. Wien, Math. naturw. Cl., Bd. XLIV. Abteil. I.
332 T. KABURAKI :
3. Æctoplana limuli (Ij. et Kab).
(Yobimatsu, Prov. Bizen).
II. Paludicola.
A. 2 Augen (selten 3 oder 4).
4
a.’ Mit Haftwürste an der Ventralflache des Kopfrandes.
!
ad
Korper gross ; Stirnrand in der Mitte leicht gerundet ; Tentakeln
kurz, lappenformig ; Farbe rotbraun.
4. Bdellocephala annandalei Ti. et Kab.
(Biwako See, Prov. Omi).
b.’ Körper mittelgross ; Vorderende abgestutzt ; Tentakeln wie bei
der vorigen Art ; Farbe olivenbraun, bisweilen schwärzlich.
5. Bdellocephala brunnea Ij. et. Kab.
(Yamada und Kanazuchi, Prov. Rikuzen ; Koiwai, Prov. Riku-
chu ; Inawashiro, Prov. Iwashiro ; Kyoto).
b.’ Ohne Haftwürste.
a.’ Mit Tentakeln.
a.’ Tentakeln lang, zugespitzt; Körper schwarz oder olivenbraun.
6. Planaria vivida ]j. et Kab.
(Gebirgige Gegend von Hondo).
b.”’” Tentakeln kurz, abgerundet ; Körper farblos, durchsichtig.
7. Planaria pellucida ]j. et. Kab.
(Saghalin).
b.’ Ohne Tentakeln.
al’
Kopfende dreieckig, mit Ohrlappen und Aurikularsinnes-
gruben ; Körper gewöhnlich olivenbraun, sonst verschieden
gefärbt.
8. Planaria gonocephala Duges.
(Hondo ; Shikoku ; Kiushu).
b.’”’ Vorderende abgestutzt ; Farbe graulich, mit einer Reihe von
Papillen an der Dorsalmedianlinie.
NOTIZEN ÜBER JAPANISCHE TRICLADEN. 335
o. Planaria papillifera Yj. et Kab.
(Tokyo.)
B. Zahlreiche Augen.
a.’ Augen nicht randständig.
Augen in zwei Haufen; Tentakeln ziemlich lang, abgerundet ;
Körper farblos oder verschieden gefärbt.
10. Sorocelis sapporo Ij. et Kab.
(Sapporo, Hokkaido).
b.’ Augen randständig.
a.’ Augen in unregelmässiger Bogenreihe.
Tentakeln lang, wenig abgerundet ; Körper gewöhnlich sepia-
braun.
II. Polycelis auriculata ]j. et Kab.
(Gebirgige Gegend von Hondo).
b.” Augen in einfacher Bogenreihe.
a.” Tentakeln mässig kurz, zugespitzt; Körper dunkeloliven-
braun.
12. Polycelis ijimai Kab.
(Shikotsuko See, Hokkaido).
b.”’ Tentakeln lang, zugespitzt, pfriemenförmig ; Körper dunkel-
braun; mit ziemlich deutlichen dunkleren Laterallängs-
streifen.
13. Polyeelis karafto Ij. et Kab.
(Saghalin).
i eee
ino
A Report on the Cyclostomatous Bryozoa
of Japan.
By
Yaichiro Okada,
Zoological Institute, Sci. Coll.
The collection of Japanese cyclostomatous Bryozoa in the Zoological
Institute, Sci. Coll., Tokyo, was assigned to me for examination by Professor
Ijima. The outcome of my studies is this report, dealing with seven genera
and thirty-two species. Of the latter I consider six to be new to science.
I beg here to express my hearty thanks to the above named gentleman
for supervision of the work, and also to Professor Gotô, Dr. Kinoshita, Mr.
Yanagi and Mr. Ogura for assistance rendered me in one way or other.
Crisiidæ Johnston 1838.
Crisia Lamouroux 1812.
I. Crisia aculeata Hassall 1841.
Crisia aculeata, Hassall 1841 (1), 170, pl. vii, figs. 3, 4.—Johnston 1847 (2), 285.—Smitt 1863
(1), 3-—Harmer 1891 (1), 132, pl. xii, fig. 4.
Crista eburnea, var. aculeata, Busk 1875 (4), 4, pl. v, figs. 5-10.—Hincks 1880 (3), 421, pl. Ivi,
figs. 5, 6.
A few small fragments, which may be identified with the above species,
are found in the collection. They were obtained at Okinosé Bank, Sagami
Sea, from a depth of 400 fms. The fragments exhibit the peculiar ovicell
described by Harmer from British specimens of the species, but are entirely
devoid of the spines.. The zooecia occur on complete internodes usually in
an odd number, and rarely in an even number. Formula of a fragment :
336 Y. OKADA :
(12+ov.+7+1"+74)
(10+0v.+7+2"+4)
(6+ +2)
(44+ 2)
Formula of another fragment :
Zr) HOHER)
| :8+ov.+5+2"+ x)
(4+2)
(13 +0v.+6+4+7?+ 7)
(8+2)
The ovicell is found always at a position above the middle of inter-
nodes, not below it as in the specimens previously described by authors.
Measurements :
mm.
Diameter of zoveciopore Coe 0.06
Breadth Of ZODECIA xd RR TE 0.08
Distance from aperture to aperture ......... 0.36-0.44
Breadthvofibranchestmastec. TE 0.22
Diameter 01.00eeiopote re 0.04
Length of ovicell ee n 0.46
Breadth ofrovicell re ee 0.32
2. Crisia cuneata Maplestone 1904.
Crista cuneata, Mapleston 1904 (I), 390, pl. xxix, fig. 12.—Harmer 1915 (2), 103, pl. viii, figs.
13-17. -
Crisia cylindrica, Ortmann 1890 (1); 58, pl. iv, fig. 17.
Crisia circinata, Waters 1914 (10), 840, pl. i, figs. 7-9.
This species is represented in the collection by a number of fragments,
which probably belong to one and the same zoarium. They were obtained
at Okinosé Bank, from a depth of 400 fms.
A REPORT. ON THE CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA OF JAPAN. 337
Measurements :
5 L mm.
Diameter OmMZOOCCIODOLE® ee ses. 0.08
Distance from aperture to aperture ......... 0.3C-0.42
Midihrof brauchte nenn nn 0.12-0.16
TEEN KORB Ovece le ee ur. à... 0.44
IS Tea VOM OVC UM o iii 0.26
Diameter ONOOCCIOPOLE) .. tim 0.05
Compared with the description given by Harmer of the Japanese
specimens preserved in the Cambridge Museum, the specimens before me
are smaller in the dimensions of parts, though agreeing in all essential
characters, especially in the features presented by the ovicells. Waters
has described Crista eircinata as distinct from Crisia cuneata on the basis
of a difference in the shape of the ovicells. In the Okinosé specimens, I
find the ovicell shaped somewhat as was given by him for Crisia circinata,
but in all other respects they agree perfectly with Maplestone’s Crisza
cuneata, so that there can scarcely be a doubt as to their specific identity
with the latter. I should think the Waters’ species can not be held up.as
distinct from Crisia cuneata.
3. Crisia eburneo-denticulata Smitt 1865.
Crista eburneo-denticulata, Smitt 1865 (2), 142, pl. xvi, fig. 9.—Busk 1875 (4), 5, pl. vi.—
Ortmann 1890 (1), 58, pl. iv, fig. 18.— Waters 1904 (6), 165.— Waters 1916 (11), 474.
Crista denticulata, Osburn 1912 (1), 216, pl. xviii, fig. 8.
This species is found in abundance between tidemarks along the coast
near Misaki, attached on stones and shells. It was dredged from a con-
siderable depth off Jögashima, and also in Chichijima, Bonin Islands (45
fms.). In the specimens before me, the mode of branching differs some-
what from the Japanese specimens described by Ortmann. Formula of a
fragment :
333 Y. OKADA:
(13+2°)+(13+4) + (13+7°)+(5 +2)
(17+7"+2) (0+7%+2)
(17+7)+(11+%)
Same of another fragment :
(23+ se 2e)
ea Y +3)+(x)
le
(17+72)+(4+2)
(14+7'+x)
This species is closely allied to Crisia denticulata (L.) in the zooecial
arrangement, but is distinguished from it by being prolonged and somewhat
narrowed at zooecial apertures and by the shape of ovicells. Osburn has
described a form found in Woods Hole under the name of Crista denticulata,
but judging from the description and figure given by him, I should think
that form to be scarcely separable from Crisia eburneo-denticulata Smitt.
Measurements :
È x mm.
Diameter of z00eCI0poRe ISTE LEN I 0.06
Breadthrol’zo0esium RT 0.08
Distance from aperture to,aperture i... 0.28
Breadth.ofievicelly ar u et 0.44
IBenethiofovicell anne 1.34
4. Crisia franciscana Robertson 1910.
Crisia franciscana, Robertson 1910 (2), 233, pl. xviii, figs. 1-4.
Crisia occidentalis, Robertson 1903 (1), 116.
A number of large colonies, which may be identified with the above
species, exist in the collection. They were all obtained in Hakodate at
shallow water, attached on rocks and seaweeds. The arrangement of
zooecia in ooecial internodes differs somewhat from that in the Californian
specimens described by Robertson. The ooecial internode in the Japanese
A REPORT ON THE CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA OF JAPAN. 339
specimens is composed of five non-flexibly adnate members. The first or
basal member is an ordinary zooecium to which is attached the second
member, i. e., the ovicell. The third member is adnate to the ooecium
with nearly its entire length. The fourth member is adnate to the third ;
and the fifth, in its turn, to the fourth. Whereas, in the Californian form,
the fourth and the fifth members do not exist, there being in all only three
members to an ooecial internode. Whether the difference indicated suffices
to base specific distinction upon, may be left a question.
In the mode of branching and in the zooecial arrangement of ordinary
internodes, the species seems to agree closely with Crista geniculata
Milne-Edwards, but differs somewhat from it in the features of ovicells as
well as in the zooecial arrangement of ooecial internodes. Formula of a
fragment :
(+147)
|
| (1+ 1°)
|
| (+147)
| |
(1'+1+71) (17+ 1477)
(I+1+7))
Measurements :
3 4 mm.
Diameter Of zooeciopore: ..... ne. 0.10
Weneathvot ZOOCCIAl See esses cosets vi 0.74-0.86
Memeo Ovicelly mens 0.73-0.8
ou NO) Ou CL | AM 0.303
DOS OO Se ER 0.04 X 0.06
5. Crisia ramosa Harmer 1891.
Crisia ramosa, Harmer 1891 (1), 134, 163, pl. xii, figs. 10, 11.
Crisia fistulosa, Busk 1875 (4), 5, pl. vi, A, figs. 1-2.
Crisia denticulata, (pars) Hincks 1880 (3), 423, pl. Ivi, fig. o.
A few number of small fragments of this species were found, attached
on an example of Steganoporella magnilabris Busk, which came from a spot
340 Y. OKADA:
off Jögashima in the Sagami Sea. Most of ooecial internodes give
off only three branches each, instead of four as in the British specimens
which were described by Harmer.
Measurements :
A n mm.
Diameter tof, zooeciopore MACON MEN mr 0.05
Distance from aperture to aperture ............... 0.3
Breadthrof:zooecial ai... TA VI RARES 0.08
Diametertof OGECIOpore Mer At RE 0.04
Greatest breadth ofrovicell isin. aerea 0.36
Length of'ovicell ais. RL. RER 0.48
6. Crisia simplex n. sp.
Zoarium small, erect, dichotomously branching, attached to substratum
by basal joint, instead of rootlets. Internodes sub-cylindrical, broad at the
distal end and narrowing towards the proximal. Zooecia present in an
internode usually in an odd and occasionally in an even number. Formula
of a fragment :
(5+ov.+8+71+7*+4)
|
52)
(7+2)
Same of another fragment : _
(7+ov.+ 104714274474 2)
| | ( +7)
(10+ 2)
| (11+x)
(5 +ov.+ 8+7 +3 +2)
+)
(9+ x)
From these formula it will be seen that the number of zooecia in an
A REPORT ON THE CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA OF JAPAN. 341
internode does not exceed seventeen in number and that most of the
branches stand out from the first zooecium on one side. Ooecial internode
gives off two, sometimes four branches, in the part proximal from the
ovicell. Zooecia alternately arranged on sides, connate and immersed in
the greater part of their length ; their end prolonged into a short and some-
what narrowing tube, terminating with a circular aperture of 0.06 mm. in
diameter and opening forwards. End of branches not truncate, but pointed.
Joints usually colourless, sometimes faintly yellowish. Ovicell globular, with
minutely punctured surface, placed below the middle of terminal internodes.
Ooeciostome simple, short, slender, situated more or less laterally from
ooecial summit and adherent to zoarial surface by the dorsal side. Ooecio-
pore elliptical, 0.04X0.03 mm. large, with thin margin. Basis rami not
wedged in between the adjoining two zooecia, short and not quite
reaching up to the zooeciopore of the zooecium with which it is adnate.
Dorsal surface of entire zoarium convex, minutely punctured as on the
ventral surface.
Measurements :
mm.
AVICTASCI LEM SOM ZOOE a eee 0.318
D'iMÉtEHONZOOECIOPOTE LA. ner 0.06
Distance from aperture to aperture ............... 0.3
Breadthrofzooeetum er weed as a 0.08
Ooeciopore 7... sree EEE 0.03 X 0.04
Brie PLGA Of OVACEM ra nenne are 0.36
Eenstholtovieell atto ninni e 0.48
This new species is represented in the collection by a few number of
small colonies attached to an example of Stegonoporella magnilabris Busk,
which came from a spot off Jögashima in the Sagami Sea. The species
seems to agree somewhat with Crisia sertularoides (Aud. & Savig.) in
most characters of zooecia, but differs from it in the internodal zooecial
number and in the shape of ooeciopore.
342 Y. OKADA :
7. Crisia sinelarensis Busk 1875.
Crista sinclarensis, Busk 1875 (4), 6, pl. iv, figs. 7-11.
There exist in the collection a number of large colonies, which may be
identified with the above species. They were all obtained from shallow
water, attached on stones and kelps at Hakodate. Every colony is pro-
vided with numerous segmented rootlets which are given off from either
the lateral or the dorsal side of the lowest zooecium, a fact of which no
mention was made by Busk for the British specimen. The minute per-
forations on zoarial surface are distinctly densely present, not scantily as
was given by Busk. Formula of a fragment :
Gr )o nn)
| CIMA
(11 +)+(7+1)+45+7))+(2)
(7+1°)+(1)
Measurements :
2 a mm.
Diameter of’zooeciopore er se e 0.04-0.06
Distance from aperture to aperture ......... 0.18-0.2
Tubuliporidæ Johnston 1838.
Crisulipora Robertson 1910.
8. Crisulipora occidentalis Robertson 1010.
Crisulipora occidentalis, Robertson 1910 (2), 254, pl. xxi, figs. 22-24.
Numerous large colonies in the collection are referable to the above
species. They were all obtained from shallow bottom along the Misaki
coast. They grow on stones and shells, forming dense tufts of a consider-,
able size. As was already pointed out by Robertson, the present species
exhibits many characters which may be said to be intermediate between
those of the Zubuliporidæ and the Crisiide. It may even be said that in
many respects the species stands nearer to the latter than to the former.
A REPORT ON THE CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA OF JAPAN. 343
9. Crisulipora Ljimai n. sp.
Zoarium bushy, attached to substratum by inferior end of basal inter-
node, without rootlets; internodes and branches decumbent, being bent
dorsally in a bow-like manner; both these milky white, articulating with
one another by corneous joints of an yellowish or a bluish yellow colour,
opaque at truncate free end of branches, gradually narrowing towards base,
minutely punctate all over ; dorsal surface somewhat flattened, transversely
wrinkled ; ventral surface rounded, with zooecia standing out in two lateral,
longitudinally running zooecial zones separated by a narrow median space.
Internodes 9-17 mm. long, the longer ones bearing branches which spring
out usually solitarily, rarely two or three together at a time and that at an
indefinite height of the internode. Zooecia arranged in numerous succes-
sive series in each zooecial zone, those of the two lateral zones alternating
with one another. In the distal parts of an internode, each zooecial series
consists usually of four, and sometimes of three, zooecia. Proximally the
number decreases, so that in the lowest parts each series is made up
of three or two zooecia. Zooecial aperture circular or sub-elliptical,
0.12 XO.14—0.2 X 0.16 mm. large, always less wide than greatest width of
zooecium, slightly thickened at margin; most apertures provided with the
so-called “ closure ” occurring a short distance within them, its surface
sparsely pored. Branches without basis rami ; each branch arising from an
enlarged special zooecium. This is, in the case of solitary branches, in-
variably the innermost zooecium of a series. When a second branch occurs
on the same internode, it is borne likewise by the innermost zooecium
belonging to another series of either the same or the opposite zone and
either directly adjacent to the series bearing the first branch or separated
from this by a few intervening series. The third branch is borne on the
zooecium next outer to that which bears the first or the second branch.
The third and fourth zooecia of a series, counting from the inner end never
carry a branch. A single ovicell was met with in the specimen. It is an
inflation of the midventral parts between the zooecial zones, extending from
344 Y. OKADA:
the extreme tip of a branch down to the level of the ninth zooecial series.
It shows, on both its sides, lateral outbulgings which just out between
the inner ends of every two successive zooecial series of the region.
Ooeciostome not yet developed.
The above type specimen was obtained by Professor Ijima at a spot off
to the west of Niijima, one ofthe Seven Islands of Izu. Depth unknown.
Somewhat smaller specimens, which may be regarded to be specifically
the same as the above, are to hand from two more localities in the Sagami
Sea, viz., from Közushima, another of the Seven Islands (Dr. Kinoshita
coll., depth not stated), and from a spot off Jögashima (70-80 fms.).
The Közushima specimens have internodes and branches which are
much more slender than in the type. Moreover, the number of zooecia in
a series never exceeds two; and in the proximal parts of internodes and
branches, there stands a single zooecium in place of a series. Ovicell not
found.
The Jôgashima specimens include some very small and yet unbranched
colonies consisting of a single internode which stands erect but is slightly
bent in the upper parts. The specimens with branches are in part essentially
like the type, while some others show points of considerable variation from
it, especially with respect to the zooecial number in a series and the number
of branches springing out from an internode. Usually three, not unfrequent-
ly two, zooecia constitute a series. The branches from an internode number
two or three and seldom only one or as many as four. Here again the
branch bearing zooecia are, in the first instance, the innermost of a series ;
and the second zooecium, lying next outer to a branch-bearing first zooe-
cium, may also carry a branch in certain cases ; while the third zooecium,
which is usually the last or the outermost in series, never carries a branch.
Ovicell was found in none of the specimens.
The new species described above is generically associated with
Robartson’s Crzsulipora occidentalis, the-only species hitherto known of
the genus, with much reserve. Not improbably the new species represents
a distinct genus. It may be pointed out that, while Crisulipora occidentalis
A REPORT ON THE CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA OF JAPAN. 345
is a form approaching the Crisiide rather than the 7ubuliporide, Crisulipora
Ijimai may be said to agree well with the Tubuliporide, save in having cor-
neous joints in common with the Crzszzid@. In fact, the form and arrange-
ment of zooecia and especially the character of ooecium as well as the
absence of flexible rootlets and basis rami make the new species more
readily associable with the Tubuliporide than Crisulipora occidentalis.
Tubulipora Lamarck 1816.
10. Tubulipora atlantica (Johnston) 1847.
Tubulipora atlantica, Osburn 1412 (1), 217, pl. xx, figs. 9, ga.—Osburn 1912 (2), 276.—Harmer
1915 (2), 124, pl. x, figs. 4, 5-
Ldmonea atlantica, Johnston 1847 (2), 278, pl. xlviii, fig. 3.—Busk 1856 (1), 34, pl. I, fig. 6.—
Busk 1858 (2), 128, pl. xviii, fig. 5.—Busk 1875 (4), II, pl. ix.—Smitt 1872 (4), 6, pl.
ii, figs. 7, 8.—Hincks 1877 (2), 108.— Waters 1879 (1), 269.—Hincks 1880 (3), 451, pl.
Ixv, fig. 1-4.— Waters 1884 (2), 683,—Busk (pars) 1886 (5), 10.—Ortmann 1890 (1),
58, pl. iv, figs. 20, a-b.—Calvet 1896 (1), 265—Bidenkap, 1900 (1), 527.— Norman
1903 (1), 575 — Waters 1904 (7), go.—Nordgard 1907 (1), 16.— Waters 1914 (10), 166.
Tubulipora atlantica, form. erecta, Smitt 1866 (3), 390, pl. iii, figs. 6-7; pl. iv, figs. 4-13.
Of this species there exist in the collection: some fragments from off
Inatori, and a complete zoarium from a depth of 80 fms. off Jogashima.
11. Tubulipora atlantica, var. disticha (Ortmann) 1800.
Ldmonea atlantica, var. disticha, Ortmann 1890, (1), 58, pl. iv, fig. 20.
Some small colonies which may be identified with the above form exist
in the collection. The localities are: Oshima (depth unknown), Onigasé
(150-300 fms.) and off Jogashima (70 fms.). The specimens in spirit are
milky white, frequently with a faint pinkish tint. A structural feature, which
was not mentioned by Ortmann, the original describer of the form, consists in
the presence of a peculiarly characterized area at the base of main stem on
the dorsal side. The area which may be called the dorso-basal plate extends
from the very base a short distance up the stem and is sharply marked off
from the minutely punctured general surface of the stem by a slight border
ridge. The surface of the plate is unpunctate and even, except for being
pitted by a number of short groove-like depressions, which at their one end
346 Y. OKADA :
or both ends, show deep-going perforations of a considerable size. On
account of the said depressions the plate presents an irregularly cancellate-
like appearance. A structure comparable to the above dorso-basal plate
but totally different in structural details, is found in Tubulipora tumida Smitt.
12. Tubulipora eboracensis (Busk) 1886.
Idmonea eboracensis, Busk 1886 (5), 12, pl. iii, fig. 4.
Alecto polysticha, Ortmann 1890 (1), 62, pl. iv, fig. 35.
Ldmonea concinna, Mapleston 1908 (2), 234, pl. vii, fig. 5.
Specimens from: Yodomi Bank, 80-100 fms.; Okinosé 312 fms., small
colonies attached on a Hexactinellid ; Off Jögashima, 5c-100 fms., small
colony attached on Crisulipora /jimai. The specimens vary considerably
in the size and arrangement of zooecia and in some other characters, but all
agree in the characters of ooecium.
13. Tubulipcra misakiensis n. sp.
Zoarium adherent by thin lamina which does not extend beyond its
margin ; small specimens nearly flabelliform ; larger specimens irregularly
circular with two or three indentations at margin. Zooecia long, slender,
erect or sub-erect, radiating from the centre ; partly arranged in radial rows
of 3-7 zooecia each and partly joined together into bundles of 2 or 3 zooecia ;
the basal third of their length immersed, the remaining two-thirds being
free and either simply bent upwards or recurved. Zooecial aperture cir-
cular, O.10 mm. in diameter, frequently elliptical. Dorsal surface smooth ;
margin of primitive disc without teeth. Ovicell an extensive inflation of
zoarial surface underlying several zooecial tubes, with minutely punctured
surface and irregularly lobate outline. Ooeciostome simple, at first verti-
cally standing but soon bending in transverse direction, frequently entirely
straight, arising close to zooecial bundles on the proximal side or bet-
ween rows of zooecia. Ooeciopore nearly circular, 0.04 mm. in diameter,
rarely elliptical.
A REPORT ON THE CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA OF JAPAN. 347
This new species occurs in abundance in shallow water along the
Misaki coast, attached on seaweeds and stones. Specimens also exist
from Mera, Awa province. The species is evidently a near relative of
Tubulipora fiabellaris Fabricius, but differs from it in the shape of
ooeciopore. It also agrees closely with Tubulipora occidentalis Robertson
in the appearance of zoarium, but is different in the characters of ovicells.
14. Tubulipora pacifica Robertson 1910.
Tubulipora pacifica, Robertson 1910 (2), 248, pl. xxii, figs. 27-28.
The species is represented by numerous colonies in the collection. It
is quite common along the near Misaki attached on kelps and stones, to-
gether with other Zubdulipora species. In all the specimens on hand, there
exist on the dorsal surface a limited number of conical processess which
insert their pointed ends into the substratum and thus serve as the organ
of attachment.
15. Tubulipora pulehra MacGillivray 1885.
Tubulipora pulchra, MacGillivray 1885 (1), 92, pl. xii-xiv,—Robertson 1910 (2), 250, pl.
xxiii, figs. 32-35.
Tubulipora fimbria, form. pulchra, Waters 1887 (4), 258, pl. vii, figs. 1-3.
Tubulipora continua, Ortmann 1890 (r), 63, pl. iv, fig. 36.
A large number of colonies, which may be identified with this species
were collected at shallow water along the coast of the Sagami Sea, attached
on stones and seaweeds. Most colonies present a fan-shaped or nearly
circular form 2-6 mm. across. Others are 2-6 lobed, the broad and narrow
lobes being radially arranged in relation to the marginally situated center
of the colony. The dorsal calcareous projections in the Sagami specimens
differ from the same in Californian specimens as described by Robertson, in
being elongated in radial direction and in being devoid of lateral blunt
processes. In the specimens from Hayama, I find the dorsal projections
united into a continuous transverse band, instead of being separated by
narrow interspaces as in the type. Ortmann has described a species from
348 Y. OKADA :
Japan under the name of Tuöulipora continua ; but, judging from the brief
description and the figure given of it by him, I should think that form can
scarcely be separable from the present species.
16. Tubulipora pulcherrima (Kirkpatrick) 1890.
Tubulipora pulcherrima, Harmer 1915 (2), 129, pl. ix, figs. 1-5.
Jdmonea pulcherrima, Kirkpatrick 1890 (2), 22, pl. iv, figs. 6-6b.
Idmonea radicata, Kirkpatrick 1888 (1), 83, pl. ix, figs. 2, 2a.
Jdmonea interjuncta, Waters 1887 (4), 84, 256, pl. vi, fig. 29.—Philipps 1899 (1), 441, 449.—
Waters 1914 (10), 846, pl. ii, fig. 5.
1dmonea milneana, Haswell 1880 (2), 35-—Thornely 1905 (1), 127.
Jdmonea rustica, var. triplex, Ortmann 1890 (1), 61, pl. iv, figs. 22c.
There exist in the collection numerous large colonies which are re-
ferable to this species. The localities are: Yodomi (62-78 fms.) ; off to
west of Niijima; off Kozushima (depths unknown); shallow water near
Misaki. The specimens vary considerably in zoarial shape. While some
are without the cross-connections between branches as was noted by
Harmer on Japanese specimen of the species preserved in the Cambridge
Museum, the majority show the said connections. In all cases the ovicells
agree well in their character with the same in the ‘ Sieboga’ specimens,
described by the above author under the same species.
17. Tubulipora radiata n. sp.
Zoarium shaped like an outflaring funnel about 25 mm. or less in
diameter, consisting of short dichotomous branches, pointed at end and all
arising from the upper end of a short stem. Zooecia arranged in alternating
lateral series ; each series consisting usually of three, sometimes of two or
four zooecia. The first or the innermost zooecium in a series prominently
projecting, distinctly laterally bent, and nearly concealing all other zooecia
of the same series; with orifice mostly provided on the inner side with a
lip-like process broad at base and narrowed towards apex. All other
zooecia in the same series without the lip-like process at orifice, growing
shorter by degrees towards the outer end of series. Ovicell occurs either
near free end of branches or at their bifurcation point ; it is a weak inflation
A REPORT ON THE CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA OF JAPAN. 349
of the ventral surface of zoarium, which inflation extends to both the sides,
or in case it is situated at the bifurcation point, to the surface of the bifur-
cation angle. Ooeciostome occurring on lateral ooecial surface, occasionally
also on the surface of bifurcation angle, short, directed outwards.
Ooeciopore circular, 0.04 mm. in diameter, overhung by a hood-like expan-
sion from the margin. Dorsal surface minutely punctate, transversely
wrinkled. That at base of stem forms a peculiary characterized and
sharply marked off area, which may be called the dorso-basal plate. The
surface of the plate is unpunctate, but is pitted by a number of small groove-
like depressions.
This new species is represented in the collection by a few colonies of
different sizes, attached on stones. They were all obtained from shallow
water in Aburatsubo, close to the Misaki Marine Biological Station. Charac-
teristic to the species are the fork-like habitus of bifurcating branches and
the presence of the hood-like covering to ooeciopore. In external appea-
rance of zoarium, it closely resembles Crisina radians (Lamk.), though
entirely different in the characters of dorso-basal plate and of ovicells as
well as in the absence of the so-called “porous lateral windows” characteristic
of the form just mentioned.
18. Tubulipora tumida Smitt 1872.
Tubulifora tumida, Smitt 1872 (4), 119, pl. xx, fig. 7.
Ldmonea atlantica, var. tenuis, Busk 1859 (3), 146.
Zdmonea tumida, Waters 1904 (6), 168, pl. xxi, figs. 4. 5.
Numerous colonies of this species are contained in the collection.
The localities are: off Jôgashima (80 fms.), off Odawara (93 fms.), and
Yodomi (78 fms.) in the Sagami Sea ; Kagoshima Gulf (54 fms.). In spirit
they are milky white, frequently with a faint pinkish tint. The ovicell and
the dorso-basal plate of the species appears to have hitherto remained un-
known, but I was fortunate enough to meet with them both. The ovicell,
situated close to certain bifurcation point of branches on the ventral side, is
an inflation with minutely punctate surface and taking up usually three
successive pairs of zooecial series. Ooeciostome short, projecting at a
350 Y. OKADA :
point close to the base of innermost zooecium of certain series ; its aperture
slit-like, 0.10% 0.018 mm. large, directed upwards. The dorso-basal plate
is slightly marked off from the minutely punctured general surface of the
stem by a weak wrinkle. Its surface is unpunctate but pitted by a number
of groove-like depressions, each of which contains an oval projection of a
considerable size.
Stomatopora Bronn 1825.
19. Stomatopora granulata (Milne-Edwards) 1838.
Stomatopora granulata, d'Orbigny 1850 (2), 836, pl. dexxviii, figs. 5-8.—Hincks 1880 (3), 425,
pl. lvii, figs. 1, 2.— Busk 1886 (5), 22.— Waters 1887 (5), 338.—Kirkpatrick 1890 (3),
17.—Calvet 1896 (1), 219.—Calvet 1906 (3), 461.
Alecto granulata, Milne-Edwards 1838 (1), 205, figs. 3, 3a.—Johnston (pars), 1847 (2), 280, pl.
xlix, figs. 1, 2.—Busk 1875 (4), 24, pl. xxxii, fig. 1.—Carus 188g (r), 44.
Alecto granulata, var. japonica, Ortmann 1890 (1), 62, pl. iv, fig. 33.
Alecto ramea, Blainville 1834 (r), 464, pl. Ixxviii, figs. 6, 6a, 6b.
Two small colonies in the collection, both from a spot off Misaki, 54-62
fms., attached on a Brachiopod and on a Gorgontan.
Entalophoridæ Reuss (pars) 1869.
Entalophora Lamouroux 1821.
20. Entalophora proboscidioides Smitt 1872.
Entalophora proboscidioides, Smitt 1872 (4), 11, pl. iv, figs. 26, 27.—Busk 1886 (5), 19, pl. iv,
fig. 4.—Ortmann 1890 (1), 61, pl. iv, fig. 29.—Jullien 1993 (1), 159.—Calvet 1906 (3),
474.
N
A few small fragments were obtained near Oshima.
21. Entalophora raripora d'Orbigny 1372.
Entalophora raripora, d’Orbigny 1847 (1), 267.—d’Orbigny 1850 (2), 787.— Waters 1884 (2),
6£6.—Calvet 1906 (3), 473.— Robertson 1910 (1), 256, pl. xxiv, figs. 42, 43.
Pustulopora proboscidea, Milne-Edwards 1838 (1); 219, pl. xii, fig. 2.—Johnston 1847 (2), 278,
pl. xlviii, fig. 4.—Busk 1875 (4), 21, pl. xvii, A.—Busk 1886 (5), 19, pl. iv, fig. 1.
Entalophora proboscidea, Calvet 1896 (1), 267.—Jullien 1993 (1), 159.— Waters 1904 (8), 247.
A few small fragments obtained together with the foregoing species.
A REPORT ON THE CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA OF JAPAN. 351
22. Entalophora conferta Ortmann 1890.
Entalophora conferta, Ortmann 1890 (1), 61, pl. iv, fig. 30.
A small colony referable to this species was obtained from a depth of
54-62 fms., off Misaki. This seems to closely agree with Zinzalophora
regularis Busk in all essencial characters, differing from it only in the more
robust development of colony and in the more densely perforated zoarial
surface. Should the two species be found to agree also in the characters of
their ovicell, which is yet unknown from either, I think they can scarcely
be held up as distinct from each other.
Measurements :
. mm.
Mildtbkotibranchr sms aaa, 0.5-0.6
Diameker OL 700eCIopoLe 1... een eco 0.10
Diastoporidæ Busk 1850.
Berenicea Lamouroux 1821.
23. Berenicea ampulliformis n. sp.
Zoarium flat, sub-elliptical, 5.6 mm. across, bordered with a thin plate.
Zooecia arranged in radial rows from the zoarial center, the number of the
rows doubled in the periphery by addition of intermediate rows between
every two rows proceeding from the centre. In the central parts of
zoarium, zooecia immersed for the greater part of their length, while in the
peripheral parts they freely project with more than half their length.
Zooecial aperture elliptical, with slightly thickened margin, mostly provided
with a porous closure, that in the marginal parts always without it. From
the closure there arise, either centrally or eccentrically at an outer position
than the centre, a short and slender tube open at the end. Ovicell
ampulliform, prominently inflated, with densely punctate and transversely
wrinkled surface. Ooeciostome very short, projecting from the summit of
ovicell, close to zoarial surface, outflared at the margin. Ooeciopore circu-
lar, 0.04 mm. in diameter, directed obliquely upwards and towards the
352 Y. OKADA :
zoarial periphery. Ventral surface of zoarium and marginal plate scantily
punctate. The spaces between zooecial rows transversely wrinkled.
This new species is represented in the collection by a single specimen
which was found attached on a Hexactinellid obtained from a depth of
62-78 fms. at Yodomi. Characteristic of the species is the ampulliform
ovicell, on which account I have given it the specific name ampulliformis.
24. Berenicea lineata (MacGillivray) 1885.
Berenicea lineata, Harmer 1915 (2), 116, pl. xi, figs. 6, 7.
Diastopora lineata, MacGillivray 1885 (1), 96, pl. iii, fig. 1.
Discotubigera lineata, Waters 1887 (4), 260, pl. vi, fig. 24.—Waters 1899 (5), 28, pl. xv, fig. 5.
Diastopora prominens, Ortmann 1890 (1), 64, pl. iv, fig. 38.
A few small and large colonies, referable to the above species, exist in
the collection. They were all obtained from shallow water in Aburatsubo,
close to the Misaki Marine Biological Station.
25. Berenicea obelia (Johnston) 1847.
Diastopora obelia, Johnston 1847 (2), 277, pl. xlvii, figs. 7, 8.—Hincks 1862 (1), 467.—Smitt
1866 (3), 10.—Heller 1857 (1), 123.—Busk 1875 (4), 28, pl. xxvi, figs. 1, 2.—Waters
1879 (1), 273.—Hincks 1880 (3), 462, pl. Ixvi, figs. ro, roa.—Bidenkap 1900 (1), 528.—
Norman, 1903 (1), 575.--Calvet 1906 (2), 464.—Nordgard 1907, (1), 17.—Arndt
1912 (1), 129.
Tubulipora obelia, Johnston 1838 (1), 269.
Berenicea hyalina, Fleming 1828 (1), 533.
Diastopora hyalina, var. obelia, Smitt 1866 (3), 396, pl. viii, figs. 9-12.
A single specimen of this species, from Yodomi 62-78 fms., exists in
the collection. It is attached on Aenophora shell. The adventitious
tubules have their opening partly above and partly below the level of
zooecial apertures. I mention this fact, because Waters has distinguished
the form from Franz-Josef Land under the name of Diastopora obelia, var.
arctica, on the ground that the adventitious tubules open all at a higher
level than the zooecial apertures.
26. Berenicea rotunda n. sp.
Zoarium circular, 1-5 mm. in diameter, bordered with thin wide
lamina ; the ventral surface slightly concave, the zoarium being thinnest in
A REPORT ON THE CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA OF JAPAN 353
the centre and thickest at margin owing to superposition of two or three
zooecia in that part. Zooecia arranged in radial series, in the each series
consisting of a row ofthem; in the peripheral parts, rows of later origin add
themselves to between those which start from the center. Zooecial aper-
ture circular, 0.12-0.16 mm. in diameter; provided with porous closure,
except those near the margin. Ovicell prominently inflated; tubercular
when small, transversely elongate when larger. Ooeciostome very short,
situated near distal border of ovicell at nearly the center of ooecial summit
or somewhat laterally to it. Ooeciopore sub-elliptical, 0.1 x 0.04 mm. large.
Dorsal surface of zoarium with fine and dense wrinkles, nearly smooth.
Measurements :
e = mm.
RICAVI MER Ne 0.78-1.03
DAME eMOPZOLECIOPOTEN Lee... 0.12-0.16
(COESIONE 0.10% 0.04
This new species is represented in the collection by a few number of
colonies, which were all taken from a -Hexacrinellid obtained at Okinosé,
from a depth of 312 fms. The species closely resembles Berenicea lineata
(MacGill.), but differs from it in the arrangement of zooecia and in the shape
of ooeciopore.
Lichenoporida Smitt 1866.
Lichenopora Defrance 1823.
27. Lichenopora algoensis Busk 1875.
Lichenopora algoensis, Busk 1875 (4), 31, pl. xxviii, figs. 1-4.
A single specimen in the collection, attached on a Heractinellid from
Okinosé, 312 fms. As Busk’s original description of the species is brief, it
is with some doubt that this specimen is identified with the above species.
However, so far as his description and figures go, there is a complete agree-
ment between the two. The ovicell of the species appears to have hitherto
remained unknown. The same occurs in the specimen before me in the
354 Y. OKADA :
form of a weak inflation of the central surface, situated near the center of
the zoarium. Ooeciostome short, projecting from the periphery of ooecium ;
its aperture circular, 0.08 mm. in diameter and directed outwards.
28. Lichenopora buski Harmer 1915.
Lichenopora buski, Harmer 1915 (2), 161, pl. xii, figs. 4, 5.
Discoporella ciliata, Busk 1875 (4), 31, pl. xxx, fig. 6; pl. xxxiii, fig. 4.—Haswell 1879 (1), 354-
Lichenopora ciliata, Waters 1887 (4), 263, pl. vii, fig. 5.—Philipps 1899 (1), 441.
A number of colonies are on hand. The localities are: Yodomi
62-72 fms. and Aburatsubo.
29. Lichenopora imperialis Ortmann 1890.
Lichenopora imperialis, Ortmann 1890 (1), 64, pl. iv, fig. 25.
There are in the collection numerous colonies which may be identified
with the above species. They were all obtained from shallow water in
Aburatsubo, close to the Marine Biological Station, where they are com-
monly found, attached on stones and seaweeds. Specimens in spirit white ;
in the fresh state, milky white, but frequently with a light yellowish tint.
The ovicell exists in most of the specimens. It is a weak inflation with
punctate surface and situated below the level of the ribs of cancelli. It is
either confined to the central area or extends farther outwards in the form
of lobes between every two raised rays of zooecia, frequently reaching
nearly to the zoarial margin. Ooeciostomes very short, generally situated
in the periphery of ovicell; their aperture oblong, 0.04 x 0.08 mm. large,
situated in specially enlarged and elliptical cancelli surrounded by a very
much thickened rib.
30. Liehenopora mediterranea Blainville 1834.
Lichenopora mediterranea, Blainville 1834 (x), 407.—Michelin 1841-42 (1), 68, pl. xiv, figs. 5a,
5b.—Pergens 1889 (1), 7.—Carus 1889 (1), 46.—Neviani 1904 (1), 2.—Harmer 1915,
(2), 164, pl. xii, figs. 2, 3.
Discoporella mediterranea, Busk 1875 (4), 33, pl. xxxlv, fig. 4.
A few colonies which seem to be referable to the above species, exist
A REPORT ON THE CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA OF JAPAN. 355
in the collection. They were all obtained at a spot off Jögashima, attached
on an example of Steganoporella magnilabris Busk. In most ofthe specimens,
there exist the specially prominent zooecia which were describedby Harmer
from the ‘Sieboga’ specimens. The secondary abnormal zooecia have
distinctly mucronated aperture and are easily recognizable.
31. Lichenopora nove-zelandie (Busk) 1875.
Lichenopora nove-zelandie, Hincks 1884 (4), 362.—Hincks 1887 (5), 132.—Ortmann 1890 (1),
65, p. ii, fig. 10.—Thornely 1915 (1), 127.—Harmer 1915 (2), 155, pl. xii, figs. 6-11.
Discoporella nove-zelandie, Busk 1875 (4), 32, pl. xxx, fig. 3.—Haswell 1879 (1), 353.
Lichenopora victoriensis, Waters 1890 (5), 284, pl. xv, fig. 4.
Discoporella holdsworthi, Busk 1875 (4), 33, pl. xxx, fig. 4.
Lichenopora holdsworthit, Thornely 1912 (2), 157.
This is quite a common species along the coast near Misaki, attached
on stones and seaweeds. It is interesting to note that whereas specimens
of the species from certain localities are of a light greyish color in the fresh
state, those living in Aburatsubo show a bright red or a deep purplish
color. This is due to the presence, in the cancelli and sometimes also in
the ooeciostomes, of numerous microscopical algæ of the color referred to.
The pigment dissolves away in alcohol, imparting its color to this and thus
rendering colorless the immersed Bryozoa.
32. Lichenopora radiata (Audouin) 1826.
Lichenopora radiata, Hincks 1880 (3), 32, pl. Ixviii, figs. 9, 10.— Waters 1884 (2), 694.—
Waters 1887 (3), 345.—Kirkpatrick 1890 (2), 612.—Ortmann 1890 (1), 64, pl. iv, fig.
23.—Neviani 1900 (1), 246.—Calvet 1906 (2), 467.—Calvet 1906 (3), 215.— Norman
1909 (2), 28r.—Waters 1909 (9), 237-
Melobesia radiata, Audouin 1826 (1), 235, pl. vi, flg. 3.
Unicavea radiata, d’Orbigny 1850 (2), 971.
Discoporella radiata, Busk 1875 (4), 32, pl. xxxiv, fig. 3.— Waters 1879 (1), 276, pl. xxiv, fig. ı1.
Discoporella patina, Heller 1867 (1), 122.
Diastopora catillus, Johnson 1897 (1), 61.
Of this species there are numerous colonies in the collection. The
localities are: Yodomi (62-78 fms.) ; shallow water along the coast near
Misaki ; Tokyo Bay (17-32 fms.) ; Kagoshima Gulf (70 fms.).
356 Y. OKADA:
33. Lichenopora sagamiensis n. sp.
Zoarium circular, 6.5 mm. in diameter, shaped like a thick disc, border-
ed with a moderately thick lamina. Zooecia form raised rays radiating
from the central area; there are long and short rays which occur in nearly
regularly alternate arrangement. The short rays are composed of zooecia
in a single row ; the same holds good for the outer parts only of the long
rays, which in the inner parts are biforked and show in each of the branches
one or two rows of zooecia. The space between the branches is occupied
by cancelli forming a nearly continuous row with certain others of the
central area. Zooecial aperture elliptical, 0.10 x 0.14 mm. large, the margin
indented so as to produce seven spiny processes, of which the outermost is
the longest of all. Cancelli very small in the central area, but growing
gradually larger towards the periphery, 0.02-0.14 mm. in diameter. Ovicell
unknown.
The above type specimen was obtained from Yodomi, 62-78 fms. A
second small specimen comes from Okinosé 336 fms. ; it was found attached
ona Hexactinellid.
A REPORT ON THE CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA OF JAPAN. BH
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A REPORT ON THE CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA OF JAPAN. 359
* MacGillivray, P. H. 1885 (1), Descriptions of a new or little known poly-
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Aarb., ii.
Norman, A. M. 1903 (1), Notes on the natural history of East Finmark.
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 7. xi.
. 1909 (2), Fauna of Madeira. Journ. Linn. Soc., xxx.
“ Orbigny, A. d.’ 1847 (1), Prodröme de paléontologie stratigraphique. Paris.
*
. 1850-52(2), Paléontologie française-terrains crétacés. v. Bryozoaires.
Ortmann, A. 1800 (1), Die japanische Bryozcenfauna. Arch für Naturg.
Berlin., lvi.
Osburn, R. 1912 (1), The bryozoa of the Woods Hole region. Bull. U. S.
Fish. Comm., xxx.
-—__. 1912 (2), Bryozoa from Labrador, Newfoundland, and Nova Scotia.
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xliit.
Pergens, E. 1889 (1), Untersuchungen an Seebryozoen. Zool. Anz., xii.
Phillips, E. 1809 (1), Report on polyzoa collected by De. Willey. Willey’s
Zool. Results., iv.
Robertson, A. 1903 (1), Embryology and embryonic fission in the genus
Crisia. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., i. 3.
. 1910 (2), Cyclostomatous bryozoa of west coast of North America.
Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., vi. 12.
360 Y. OKADA:
Smitt, F. A. 1863 (1), Bidr. tillkäm om hafs-bryozoervas utveckling.
Upsala Univ. Asskrift.
. 1865 (2), Om hafs-bryozoernas utveckling och fettkroppar. Of.
Kongl. Vet. Ak. Forh. Stockholm.
______. 1866 (3), Kritisk forteckning ofver Skandinaviens hafs-bryozoer.
Öf. K. Vet.-Ak. Förh., xxiii.
__. 1872-73 (4), Floridan bryozoa. Kongl. Svenska Vetenkaps.
Akad. Handl., x.
Thornely, L. 1905 (1), Report on the polyzoa collected by Prof. Herdman
at Ceylon, in 1902. Report to the Government of Ceylon on the
Pearl Oyster Fisheries., part. iv. 26.
6 . 1912 (2), The marine. polyzoa of the Indian Ocean. Trans.
Linn. Soc., ser ii. xv.
Waters, A. W. 1879 (1), On the bryozoa of the bay of Naples. Ann.
Mag. Nat. Hist., 5. iii.
____. 1884 (2), On fossil cyclostomatous bryozoa from Australia. Quart.
Journ. ‘Geol. Soc., adi
. 1887 (3), On tertiary cyclostomatous bryozoa from New Zealand.
Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., xliii.
py hat tee 1887 (4), Bryozoa from New South Wales. Ann. Mag. Nat.
RN, Si ==
__——. 1890 (5), On the ovicells of some Lichenopora. Journ. Linn.
Soc
____, 1904 (6), Bryozoa from Franz-Joseph Land, collected by the
Jackson Harmsworth Expedition. Journ. Linn. Soc., xxix.
. 1904 (7), Bryozoa., Résultats du voyage du “S. Y. Belgica ” en
1897-1899. Expedition Antarctique Belge Zoologie.
_______. 1904 (8), Bryozoa from near Cape Horn. Journ. Linn. Soc., xxix.
_____. 1909 (9), Fauna of Red Sea. Journ. Linn. Soc., xxxi. |
______. I914 (10), On bryozoa from Zanzibar. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., iii.
. 1916 (11), On some species of Crisia. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,
TO ia
Notes on the Cephalopoda.
By
Madoka Sasaki,
College of Agriculture, Sapporo.
I. On the male of Amphitretus pelagicus Hoyle.
Prof. A. OKaA obtained in Tateyama Bay, Sagami Sea, April 7th, 1910,
a jellyfish-like octopod which I identify as Amphitretus pelagicus Hoyle”.
So far as I know, it is the second specimen of the species captured in the
region, the first being the one which was described by Ijıma and Ixepa?.
Moreover, it is of special interest as being the first specimen ever obtained,
which can be determined as the male of that rare species. According to
the statement of the collector, the specimen in question was discovered
among the rocks near the shore after a storm. It is preserved in an ex-
cellent state. For placing this valuable specimen at my disposal, I wish
here to express my grateful thanks to Professor OKa.
Aside of the characters in relation to the difference in sex, the specimen
is not without some noteworthy differences from the female described by
Ijma and IKEDA. But this may be due in part simply to the difference in
the state of preservation and in part to variations of secondary importance.
(In making comparisons, the female described by Ijma and Ikepa shall be
referred to as the Misaki specimen).
In the first place, the body is somewhat laterally compressed, not
nearly dorso-ventrally as in the Misaki specimen. The gelatinous coating
is much thinner than in that specimen, measuring at most 6 mm., instead of
20 mm., in thickness at the posterior body-end. The umbrella is equally
developed all around : unlike the Misaki specimen, the part of it between
the ventral arms is as broadly developed as at any other interbrachial space.
In spite of the fact that the arms, except the left second and the hecto-
1) Chall. Rep. XVI, pp. 67-68; pl. ix, figs. 7-0.
2) Annot. Zool. Jap., IV, 1902, pp. 87-101; pl. ii; 3 text-figs.
362 M. SASAKI :
cotylized right third, are more or less damaged at the tip, it may safely be
said that all are subequal or nearly equal. The arm length, as measured on
the completely preserved left second arm, is 85 mm., which is about twice
the length of the head and body taken together. The suckers on the same
arm number thirty-two in all. Their disposition and relative size will best
be seen from the an-
VL
nexed figure. In
a 5 È, these respects there
Di È 3 a exists some _ slight
OI 3 à deviation from the:
= ®| lol Misaki specimen.
© | |e The hectocotylized
© || right third arm presents
CA ICARO, strikingly peculiar fea-
®||©||© tures. It is a little
O) shorter than the left
second arm, measuring
75 mm. long. Its tip,
for a length of 14 mm.,
Fig. 1. Inner aspect of the arms, about natural size. is remarkably slender,
DL, left dorsal; Dr, right dorsal ; VL, left ventral;
eradually tapering, fine-
Vr, right ventral; H, hectocotylized arm. D DOSE 8
ly pointed at the ex-
treme end and of a somewhat firm consistency. The flattened inner surface
of the tip shows a series of minute rounded protuberances along each of its
lateral margins. The tip is rather abruptly set off from the remaining parts
of the arm by the presence, at the junction on the inner surface, of an an-
gular shaped swelling, of which the angle is pointed distad and the two
ends project on the sides of the arm. The swelling is traversed by a well
defined narrow and deep groove of a similar shape and disposition, so that
it may be said to consist of a distal and a proximal lip-like ridge, passing
into each other at the sides. The proximal ridge exhibits in the middle a
small rounded protuberance. Directly proximal to the above swelling and
I yp 5
Fig. 2.
Terminal part
of the hecto-
cotylized arm,
x le
NOTES ON THE CEPHALOPODA. 363
unilaterally on the ventral side of the arm, there exis‘s an in-
dentation, which is proximally bounded by a firm prominence
of the arm on the side referred to. Suckers occur on the arm
in a series from the base to the angular shaped swelling.
They are smaller, more numerous and more closely set than
in other arms. Numbering twenty-seven in all, the fourth
and the fifth suckers are the largest. For other points in
the manner of the'r arrangement, the reader is referred to
the figures.
Of the internal anatomy I can give only such scanty notes
as could be taken by making incisions without much impair-
ing the specimen. The liver presents the notable feature
that its posterior parts project caudad and ventrad into the
sedian mantle connective, which serves as a delicate sheath
to those parts of the organ. The posterior end of liver is of
the form of a rounded cone. From the apex of this emerges
the ink-duct, which then proceeds straight to the anus. The
penis has a striking resemblance to that of Po/y/us. It is of
a retort-like shape, about 9 mm. long and situated on the left side of the
visceral sac, the elongate part being directed cephalad. Needham’s sac
joins the penis at the neck-like part of the diverticle by means of a narrow
passage.
The measurements of the specimen are as follows :
{Wotal-cioth=e ges faeces RETE EEE NEE 135 mm.
Bote AG Ein OM bach niet 40005
DIESEN ION Ense ee iter AG as
Endiofbodytomantie mareım "|... 4508,
End of body to the middle point between eyes ........... Sol,
ErickoWbodyatornoutle eek ine ana Bor,
Endsot body torlunnellexztremity aio TORE:
End of body to umbrella edge between ventral arms ...... Of
End of body to umbrella edge between dorsal arms ...... Osu,
364 M. SASAKI:
Length of right second arm measured up from mouth...... 85 mm.
GreatestithicleneSStO fiati SI EEE TO
Diameterrofilarcestsuelter rn eee meena een ee ee 213%
As regards the affinity of the genus, Hoyle has assumed that it stands
closest to Crrroteuthis, as agreeing with that genus in having the suckers
arranged in single series and the arms united by a broad umbrella. It
seems to me exceedingly doubtful if this view can be held up when the
following facts are taken into consideration: Firstly, Amphitretus is
entirely devoid of the dorsal cartilage, fins and brachial cirri, all which
Crrroteuthis is in possession of. Secondly, Amphitretus has a pair of
oviducts, while in Cirrozeuthis and its allies that duct is always unpaired,
— a difference which, in my view, goes far in indicating a rather remote
relationship between the two genera. (Ijıma and IkEpa’s statement that in
A. pelagicus the oviduct occurs in a pair, I have confirmed by personally
examining the original specimen described by them. I have found that the
oviducts are in character essentially of the same type as those of Polypus.
The oviduct proper and the vaginal part are both of a moderate length,
connected together by a roundish oviducal ball. The vaginal part is thicker
than the oviduct proper, and terminates at a point far posterior to the anus).
Rather it seems to me that AmpAitretus is more nearly related to the
Polypidæ than to Cirroteuthis. This is indicated especially by the general
agreement in the arrangement of internal genital organs.
It was pointed out by IJima and Ikepa that Awphitretus approaches
Alloposus in several respects. This is indeed true to a degree, but the
structure of the hectocotylus seems to point to the former being nearer to
the Polypidae than the latter.
II. Diagnoses of Four New Species of Polypus.
Polypus ovulum sp. nov.
? Octopus areolatus, Hoyle 1886, Chall. Rep. p. 86, pl. pl. iii, figs. 6, 7.
? Octofus ocellatus, Appllöf 1886, Jap. Cephal. p. 8. pl. i, figs. 1-3.
Adult small, nearly 150 mm. in total length and 40 mm. in mantle-
NOTES ON THE CEPHALOPODA. 365
length ; skin firm, shagreen-like, being thickly covered with uniform warts.
Body oblong; sides with neither tubercles nor ridges. Umbrella of a
moderate breadth, distinctly narrower between dorsal than between ventral
arms. Funnel organ deeply W-shaped.
Arms slender, subequal; dorsal pair the shortest. Right third arm
weakly hectocotylized, only a little shorter than the corresponding arm of
the opposite side ; apical organ '/,, the entire length ; suckers in the normal
part in 56-70 transverse series.
Frequently a few broad and dark longitudinal stripes on the back of
head and body, but no brick-colored patch either on head or on mantle.
In front of and below each eye, there is found a conspicuous black round
patch containing a small shining cobaltic or violet ring which never ex-
ceeds 4mm. in diameter. The patch lies nearer to umbrella margin than
to eye.
Branchial leaflets number 15-17 in each gill.
General shape of vas deferens in situ hemispherical and cup-like,
covering over antero-lateral parts of testis; Needham’s sac long, encircling
the vas deferens and testis meridionally ; spermiduct moderately long.
Penis slender, conspicuous, bent into V-shape, forming a swollen, elliptical
and well marked diverticle at the anterior extremity of the inner lobe;
Needham’s sac connected to the diverticle. Spermatophore 49-61 mm.
long; its spermatic part 23-27 mm. long, containing 230-270 coils of
sperm cord.
Vagina thin, with a marked S-like curve in the middle of its course,
terminating a short distance posterior to anus ; oviducal ball situated on the
dorsal side of ovary. Ovarial ova very small, attaining only 2-3 mm. in
length, even when ripe. The specific name ovulum refers to the small size
of ova.
Numerous specimens of the species purchased in the Tokyo market
are preserved in the Sci. Coll. Tokyo.
Polypus parvus sp. nov.
Adult very small, only a little over 100 mm. in total length ; skin firm,
366 M. SASAKI:
finely wrinkled, evenly and uniformly warty. Umbrella poorly developed,
extending for about '/; the length of arms. Funnel organ composed of a
thin, W-shaped cushion.
Arms subequal; second pair the longest by a little. Suckers thickly
set in double series, except the three at base which are uniserial.
Branchial leaflets number 9 or 10 in each gill. Vagina thick, short,
nearly straight, terminating far posterior to anus. Ink-duct runs straight to
anus ; visible in its entire extent from outside the visceral sac. Spermato-
phore very small, about 12mm. long; its spermatic part 5 mm. long,
containing about 65 coils of sperm cord.
One male and female obtained from Prov. Satsuma. They are preserv-
ed in the Agric. Coll. of Sapporo.
Polypus longisj arliceus Sp. nov.
Adult male attains about 300 mm. in total length. Dorsal surface of
body, head, and bases of arms covered with single-headed roundish warts of
somewhat various sizes, found in thickest distribution and best development
above eyes ; one of the supraorbital warts on each side is a little larger than
the others. Umbrella broad, generally extending about '/, up the length
of arms and thereafter continued as narrow contractile membrane along the
ventral outer edge of each arm to the subterminal parts.
Arms slender, formula : 1>2~—3-=4 ; the longest 5-6 times the mantle-
length. Suckers biserial, except the three at base which are uniserial ;
those of 2 or 3 transverse series near umbrella margin conspicuously en-
larged. Right third arm, though prominently hectocotylized, about equally
long as the left third ; suckers on the normal part in 49-50 transverse rows;
the hectocotylized part slender, '/,, the entire length of the arm, of the
same structural type as that of Zo/vpus hongkong nsis (Hoyle).
Funnel organ thickly W-shaped. Branchial leaflets count 2C-23 in each
gill. Coecal appendage of stomach reniform. First part of ink-duct hidden
in liver.
NOTES ON THE CEPHALOPODA. 367
Penis slender, slightly tapering caudad, mostly curved in a C-like and
rarely in a 6-like manner; Needham’s sac joins it near the anterior end.
‘ General shape of vas deferens in situ oblong, flattened a little, with the long
axis transversely directed; Needham’s sac running over and obliquely
across spermatophoric and accessory glands ; when full of spermatophores
the sac is greatly enlarged, acquiring an S-like shape; spermiduct com-
paratively short and thick. Spermatophore slender, 90-105 mm. long ;
its spermatic part 35-40 mm. long, containing 110-120 coils of sperm cord.
Four males obtained from Prov. Rikuzen in the Sci. Coll., Tokyo.
Polypus conispadiceus sp. nov.
Adult large, attaining about 1 m. in total length ; skin nearly smooth,
possessing only a few warts around the head, and a single cirrus above each
eye. Head about half as wide as body. Funnel organ composed of two
V-shaped pads.
Arms thick, about thrice as long as head and body taken together,
uniform but the ventral pair a little shorter than the rest. Suckers com-
paratively small, somewhat sparsely set in double alternate series, except
the three at base which are almost uniserial.
Right third arm prominently hectocotylized, about '/, shorter than the
left third ; suckers in the normal part in 26-29 transverse series ; the hecto-
cotylized part conspicuous, '/,-'/, as long as the entire arm, typically
conical, thick at base, with a deep but narrow longitudinal groove.
Branchial leaflets number 20-24 in each gill.
Penis straight, subfusiform, about 30 mm. long in the adult ; Needham’s
sac joins it in front of the middle. Spermatophore 110-140 mm. long; its
spermatic part 40-50 mm. long, containing 46-53 coils of sperm cord.
Oviduct terminates at a point far posterior to anus ; ripe ovarial ova 30 mm.
long.
Numerous specimens purchased in the Sapporo market and preserved
in the Agric. Coll., Sapporo.
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Vol. IX. Part IV.
2° PUBLISHED
Bro
The Tokyo Zoological Society.
TOKYO,
J uly, 1918.
OOLOGICÆ JAPONENSES.
CONTENTS.
(Published July 7th, 1918).
Le
C. L. HUBBS. Supplementary notes on flounders from Japan with Ya
remarks on the species of Hippoglossides. .. .. .. ..
H. OHSHIMA. Notes on the development of Cucumaria echinata. ce
Whi BE Ve Sr A re
M. TAKESHITA. A centipede with an abnormal antenna. ..
A. OKA. Ein neuer Fall von der o der Ense bei ‘4
den Ascidien: ee ee
TR Le
A, OKA. RE hians, eine sehr Meer: Ascidien am
aus: dem, japanischen Meere... tn. Li us Lae PA ea
N. Yanacı & Y. OKADA. On a collection of Japanese Cheilos- — 7
tomatous. Bryozoa: I With PROVE Ss co Ren
M. VERI & T. KABURAKI. Bestimmungsschlussel für die japan- SA
ischen<Polweladén,) je le a ER RATS
T. KABURAKI. Notes on Japanese Triclads. U. .. .. .. .. 443
no CN
—
T. KoMAI. On ctenophores of the neighbourhood of Misaki.
With Pl. VRR. ah se pe gas Ug ee
H. MATSUMOTO. On a collection of Ophiurans from the Yes
of Kinkwasan, with description of a new species. ec a PTE =
S. UCHIDA. Mallophaga from birds of the Ponapé I. (Carolines) _
and‘ the “Palau Ts. (Micronesia) eC sey a 5 ee
N. Kuropa. Notes on Corean and Manchurian birds... ..
Supplementary Notes on Flounders from Japan with
Remarks on the Species of Hippoglossoides.
By
Carl L. Hubbs, A.M.
Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, U.S.A.
I. Introduction.
Since the publication of the report on the “ Flounders and Soles
from Japan, collected by the United States Bureau of Fisheries steamer
‘ Albatross’ in 1906.” some additional facts’ have come to light, and
are added to the literature of ichthyology in the following notes. A
discussion of the species Æippoglossoides is also presented.
II. Japanese Flounders (other than Hippoglossoides).
Pseudorhombus misakius Jordan and Starks.
The characters separating this species from P. arsius are: the
presence of a white bordered ocellus on the lateral line, more rays in
the dorsal, and a deeper body; these statements through a clerical
error were reversed by Hubbs (l.c., p. 463) in quoting Snyder.
Genus Acanthopsetta Schmidt.
Acanthopsetta in its technical characters is close to Arppoglossina,
a genus from the eastern Pacific. The two genera, however, are of
dissimilar habitus, and probably of independent origin.
I) Hubbs, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 48, 1915, pp. 449-496.
2) ‘he additional records of flounders dredged by the Albatross are added with the
permission of Dr. Hugh M. Smith, Commissioner of Fisheries, U.S.A.
370 CARL L. HUBBS:
Genus Cleisthenes Jordan and Starks.
The scales of C. pinetorum are less strongly ctenoid than in C.
hertzensteini, despite the reverse statement,’ due to a clerical error.
C. hertzensteini should further be recorded from Albatross station
4988, in the Gulf of Tartary.
Pleuronichthys cornutus (Temminck and Schlegel).
This species was also obtained at Albatross station 4888, in
Eastern Sea.
Lepidopsetta mochigarei Snyder.
The recording’ of this flounder from Albatross station 5067 in
Suruga Gulf was an error, arising from incorrect tin tag labeling, dis-
covered subsequently to the publication of the record. In addition to
other localities, the species was obtained at Albatross station 5000 in
the Gulf of Tartary.
Liopsetta glacialis Pallas.
On the basis of European material, this species has been divided
into a robust and a slender form.” The Kamchatkan specimens pre-
viously recorded* belong to the robust type, whatever its systematic
position may be.
Genus Dexistes Jordan and Starks.
Subgenus Tanakius, nov.
Subgenotype.—Microstomus kitahare Jordan and Starks.
Extremely similar to Dexistes, differing in the still more fragile
body and in the increased number of vertebr&, fin-rays, and scales.
In the usual division of the genera of the Pleuronectinæ, Dexisztius
1) Hubbs, Zc., p. 472.
2) Hubbs, Zc., p. 477.
3) Smitt, Hist. Scandin. Fishes, 1, 1893.
4) Hubbs. Zc.; p. 487.
FLOUNDERS FROM JAPAN. 371
and Zanakius would be separated in the two primary subdivisions.
The close relationship of the two groups, however, is quite evident,
and is very well expressed by subgeneric distinction.
Each of the two subgenera contains a single Japanese species, and
Dexistes, in correlation with its fewer vertebræ and associated charac-
ters, is the southern representative of Zanakius.
Tanakius : named in honor of Dr. Shigeho Tanaka, a distinguished
Japanese zoologist.
Dexistes (Tanakius) kitaharae Jordan and Starks.
Microstomus kitahare Jordan and Starks, Bull. U. S. Fish.
Comm, 22, 1902 (1904), p: 622, with plate; Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus,
31, 1606 (1907), p. 223; Hubbs, 224, 48, 1915, p. 490.
Microstomus hireguro Tanaka, Zool. Mag., 28, 1916, p. 67 (not
seen) rio Deset Hishesr ap 25-017 Mp 447, pl. 122,7 figs 351.
Microstomus hireguro seems to be based upon a large individual
of Dexistes kitahare, specimens of which were dredged by the Albatross
near the type locality of the nominal species.
The marked differences between this species and Microstomus
stelleri! are really of generic value, and their relationship is quite
distant. In addition to these differences, the teeth in Deazstes are
more numerous, and occur on both sides of the jaws, whereas in
Microstomus they are fewer in number, and are nearly confined to the
blind side.
Genus Microstomus Gottsche.
Veraequa Jordan and Starks, Bull. U. S. Fish. Comm., 22, 1902
604), p. 628; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 31, 1906 (1907), p. 210.
Veraegua achne Jordan and Starks is so closely related to Micro-
stomus stelleri that the two species are now regarded as congeneric.
Microstomus achne differs from Microstomus stelleri in the narrower
1) IIubbs, Zc., p. 490.
372 CARL L. HUBBS :
interorbital, and perhaps in the more slender form, and in the slightly
smaller scales, and in the somewhat fewer fin-rays.
III. The Species of Hippoglssoides.
A.— Introduction.
In a recent report on flounders and soles from Japan, the writer!
described a new species of Æppoglossoides (H. propinguus), and de-
scribed or discussed the species of the genus previously recognized.
Schmidt” has since published an account of the Pacific species of
Hippoglossoides, reducing them to the rank of subspecies. In a num-
ber of cases our conclusions were at variance. A subsequent review
of the species has resulted in the following account of the classification,
status, and nomenclature of these flounders.
B.—The Subgeneric Distinction of the Atlantic and
Pacific Species.
The most important result of Schmidt’s work probably lies in his
discovery of certain differences which separate the Atlantic species
consistently from those found in the Pacific. He separates the two
groups as follows:
“1. Brancheostegal rays 8. Lateral line single, nearly straight.
The contours of the dorsal and anal fins in the posterior
half convex (Atlantic Ocean)..../Æ7 platessoides Fabr.
“11. Brancheostegal rays 7. Lateral line single, slightly rising
anteriorly, or forming a very low arch. The contours of
the dorsal and anal fins in the posterior half concave
(Pacific Ocean)....Z/. ellassodon, Jord. and Gilb.”
These statements have been verified in A platessoides and in four
of the Pacific species : HZ. elassodon, dubius, hamiltoni, and propinquus.
1) Hubbs, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 48, Mar. 20, 1915, pp. 466-471, pl. 26, fig. 5.
2) Schmidt, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 16, Oct. 1915, pp. 299-308 (with complete syno-
nomies, apparently published before the receipt of the paper by Hubbs).
FLOUNDERS FROM JAPAN. 273
In two instances however, a certain qualification must be made. In a
small specimen of platessoides, 63 mm. long from tip of snout to base
of caudal,’ the margin of the dorsal fin is slightly concave posteriorly,
but it is convex in the adult. The lateral line in the Pacific species
usually forms a well-marked curve anteriorly,” but in 77 elassodon
is only a little more curved than in p/azessoides. Other differences
further serve to distinguish the two groups: the Pacific species have
stronger premaxillary teeth than those from the Atlantic, and they
lack the dark spots, so characteristic of their Atlantic representatives.
‘ The species of the two oceans should apparently be separated as
distinct groups, which are provisionally regarded as subgenera. The
Atlantic forms retain the name /Zippoglossoides Gottsche, 1835, while
Cynopsetta is available for the Pacific species. This name was proposed
by Schmidt (in 1904) as a genus for C. dubia to distinguish that
species from elassodon, primarily on account of the stronger dentition.
This character, however, is only of specific value, as Schmidt has since
recognized.
C.—List of the Subgenera and Species of Hippoglossoides.
Subgenus ZZppoglossoides.
FT. platessoides (Fabricius).*
H. limandoides (Bloch).
Subgenus Cynopsetta.
H. elassodon Jordan and Gilbert.‘
1) From long. 10° E,, lat. 72° 20/ N.
2) This character is quite variable in //. dubius.
3) The form from Greenland and the east coast of North America is probably distinct
from the European species //. Zmandoides (see Smitt, Hist. Scandin. Fishes, I, 1893, p. 421,
pl. 17, fig. 3).
Both of the specimens in the collections of Stanford University have 11 pectoral rays,
corresponding with Smitt’s figures for P/a/essoides. One of these is from Massachusetts; the
other, from long. 10° E., lat. 79° 20’ N. '
4) Dorsal, 75 and 80; anal, 59 and 69; in two specimens from Albatross station 3642,
Avatcha Bay, Kamchatka.
374 CARL, L. HUBBS:
H. dubius Schmidt.
H. robustus Gill and Townsend.
H. hamiltoni Jordan and Gilbert.
H. propinguus Hubbs.
D.— Status of the Species of the Subgenus Cynopsetta.
Four of the species of Cynopsetta : elassodon, dubius, hamiltoni, and
propinquus have already been examined and compared by the writer
(Z.c.). These species were found to be quite distinct from one another.
Comparisons of descriptions of the fifth known species, ZH. robustus,
with specimens of both Aamiltoni and propinquus, seemel to indicate
that robustus, with its deeper body, etc., was distinct. The measure-
ments presented by Schmidt indicate clearly that the specimens which
he identified as //ippoglossoides elassodon robustus have more slender
bodies than the types of robustus, and that they have shorter fin-rays
especially in the pectorial fin, than in Xawzéltomi. It is probable that
Schmidt’s form is identical with neither robustus nor hamiltoni, as he
urged. In both of the characters just mentioned it agrees with /7.
propinquus.
Schmidt refers Mppoglossoides katakuræ Snyder to H. elassodon.
As the writer has previously indicated (/.c., p. 466), H. katakure is
a synonym of 77 dubius; the type has 12 gill-rakers on the lower
limb of the outer arch; dubius has 13—15 (rarely 12, or even Il or
17); elassodon has 15 - 19.
Iippoglossotdes dubius cannot be an age-variant of elassodon, as
Schmidt suggested, because of the numerous differences evident in both
young and adult, as previously described by the writer.
E. The Relationship of the Species of the Subgenus
Cynopsetta.
Schmidt has referred all the Pacific species of Hippoglossoides to
H. elassodon, recognizing three subspecies: ZZ. e. dubius, H. e. elassodon,
FLOUNDERS FROM JAPAN. 375
and 77. e. robustus. The application of trinominal nomenclature to
these fishes seems wholly unwarranted, at least at present. Such a
usage would indicate that there is but one species of Hippoglossoides
in the Pacific, with characters not constantly different in the three
forms. According to the current conception of subspecies, it would be
further necessary to assume that these three forms have different dis-
tribution, and that they intergrade in the area where their ranges
interlap. No such intergradation has been demonstrated. In two
provinces three species live together, as indicated in the following table.
Table to Show the Distribution of the Species of the Subgenus Cynopsetta.
Wee Si a of Bering Sea. Kamchatka sua
PLE elaSSOdoR ee... x x x =
SEI CLUETS SISTER — — _ x
Tily (AUT QS, See = x — —
IT, propinquus ........ — — x x
Ta PAINVILONU Sed IO _ -- x x
The Kamchatkan record of propinquus is added on the assumption
that /7. e. robustus Schmidt is the same.
The suggestion of Schmidt that the form which he names 77 elas-
sodon robustus is the northern representative of 77. e. elassodon and of
Hf. e. dubius can not be confirmed: on one hand, because elassodon
also occurs in Kamchatka and Bering Sea; on the other hand, because
propinquus, to which H. e. robustus Schmidt should probably be
referred, was dredged by the A/batross in Aniwa Bay, together with
IH. dubius.
So far as known, /7. dubius is confined to the fauna of northern
Japan, and appears there to represent? A. elassodon of the Kamchatkan
I) Additional records to those already given are Aldatross stations 5003 and 5011.
2) Schmidt has recorded both species from the Gulf of Tartary.
376 CARL L. HUBBS:
and Bering Sea faunas, just as Hippoglossus stenolepis, Liopsetta pinni-
fasciata, and Lepidopsetta mochigarei represent their more northern
representative species H. kippoglossus, L. glacialis, and L. bilineata.
1) The northern subspecies or species should probably be called either zundrosa or
perarcuratus. | l
Notes on the Development of Cucumaria
echinata.
By
Hiroshi Ohshima,
Fifth High School, Kumamoto.
With Plate V.
From the fact that the embryo is quite opaque and that the
transformation proceeds very rapidly, the study of the development of
Cucumaria is not an easy task. Thouzh SELENKA, LUDWIG and some
others have elucidated many important features upon the subject, our
knowledge is still very” far from being satisfactory, especially about
the early development of the ambulacral system and the formation of
the body-cavities. I have endeavored to make clear these points in
Cucumaria echinata, which abounds in Misaki. ‘
In this paper I give a preliminary account of some of the results
of my observations. This holothurian develops in a way not very
different from the allied forms of Europe, such as C. planci, C. normani,
etc. Detailed comparison with those forms and discussion on the
literature will be made in the definitive paper to be published later.
Spawning.
The breeding season of Cucumaria echinata begins, in the vicinity
of Misaki, in the middle of June and lasts till the early part of August.
Freshly obtained mature animals kept in a glass jar will begin to
pour out reproductive elements in the evening of the same day. The
poured out spermatic fluid forms white cloudy strings, five or six in
378 HIROSHI OHSHIMA :
number! and sinks down to the bottom at first, and then spreads out
in the water. Ova are then laid by female individuals, and, being
much heavier than sea-water, very soon sink to the bottom.
The ovum is slightly flattened’ at the animal pole, as is known in
Cucumaria normani” It measures up to 440 across the axis, and
about 3104 along it. A radially striated, gelatinous coating of the
thickness of about 70 u, is distinc:ly seen, and» the jelly-canal running
through it opens at the centre of the flattened surface indicating the
animal pole.
In the ovarial tube, the ova are attached to the wall in such a
way that the animal pole (“ umbilicus ’’) is directed towards the internal
cavity of the tube. The germinal vesicle is situated eccentrically,
nearer the animal pole.
Immediately after being laid, the ovum shows the second matu-
ration spindle, the first polar body being found attached at the
umbilicus.
Cleavage.
The ovum divides quite regularly until about the 32-cell stage.
The blastula is not wrinkled on the surface as is stated to be the case
in C. frondosa? C. saxicola and C. normani,‘ but smooth and round,
with a slightly thicker wall in the vegetative half. The diameter of
the blastula is about 335 y.
Gastrula.
On the next morning, invagination begins at the now slightly
flattened vegetative pole, from which numerous mesenchyme cells have
been immigrating into the blastoccele.
1) The openings on the genital papilla are much more numerous and may even reach
up to several tens.
| 2) H. G. NEWTH, P, Z. S,, 1916.
3) L. DES ARTS, Bergens Mus. Aarb., 1910.
4) H. G. NEWTH, P. Z. S., 1916.
DEVELOPMENT OF CUCUMARIA ECHINATA. 379
The gastrula, uniformly covered with cilia, gradually elongates
along the future body-axis, and rotates actively around that axis, witli
its apical pole directed forwards. The archenteron lengthens into a
long flattened vesicle more than half as long as the whole body, and
finally its posterior balf bends and coils so that the whole archenteron
assumes the form of a sinistral spiral (Pl. V, figs. 1 and 2). At this stage
the following three parts are distinguishable in the archenteron :—
1. The anteriormost part, which is large, round and flattened
from right to left, making a right angle with the frontal plane, with
its hind end approaching the lef: side of the body (%y').
2. The middle part which goes round transversely from left to
irght across the dorsal side and slightly bending anteriorly near its
middle (ex).
3.. The last part, which is in direct connection with the blasto-
pore, runs almost pa:allel to the body-axis, and has a very narrow
lumen (g’). .
The first part is the future hydroccele, the second part the
enteroccele, and the third part gives rise to the gut. This fully
developed gastrula stage is reached during the second day of develop-
ment.
The next change which occurs in an old gastrula is the formation
of the stomodæum. At about the middle of the ventral side, the
ectoderm begins to thicken inwards, and at last its inner surface comes
to touch the ventral edge of the anterior flattened part of the archen-
teron (Pl. V, fig. 1, stm’). On the outer surface of this thickened
ectoderm, a little to the left of the sagittal plane, the stomodæum
appears as a longitudinal slit-like depression.
1) The orientation as to right and left of the embryo can not be ascertained with any
degree of certainty from an examination of this stage alone. But in later stages, where the
midventral radial canal marks the midventram of the body, the position of the stomodæum
is found to be on the left side, and, as seen in cross section of the body, at an angle of
about 30° from the midventral line (Pl. V, figs. 5 and 6, sm). The stomodæum makes its
fisrt appearance in the very old gastcula, a little to the left side of the plane containing
the flattened part of the archenteron.
380 HIROSHI OHSHIMA :
Dipleurula.
During the next stage of development the archenteron divides into
the hydro-enteroccele and the gut, and the former again into the hydro-
cœle and the enterocæle. The enterocæle again divides into the right
and left halves. This stage corresponds with the auricularia of other
holothurians so far as the arrangement of these vesicles is concerned,
and I may call the embryo ‘ dipleurula” for the sake of convenience,
though the internal structure is never bilaterally symmetrical. The
stage is passed over at about the end of the second day of develop-
ment.
The third and posteriormost part of the archenteron, the future
gut (Textfig. A, g’), is first pinched off from the rest, the hydro-
enterocoele. Part 1 above mentioned of the archenteron (4y') then goes
over from its original position on the left to the right, across the dorsal
side; while part 2 (ew) moves anteroventral towards the left side,
from its original position on the dorsal side (Textfig. B). These two
parts are later constricted off from each other, resulting in the separa-
tion of the hydroccele from the enteroccele (Textfig. C).
From the posterodorsal corner of the hydrocæle is given out a
conical process, the rudiment of the primary stone-canal (s¢c’). This is
formed before the separation of the hydro-enteroccele, but its external
opening, the dorsal pore (Textfig. D, dp), appears some time after the
separation. The broad anterior margin of the hydroccele is then
divided into several lobes. From the hydroccele on its right ventral
edge is given out another lobe, which gradually grows on to the
ventral side, and brings about the horse-shoe shape of the future
ring-canal. i
The enterocæle which has been extending all along the left side
of the gut is then divided into two halves, one anteroventral the other
posterodorsal. The one situated on the anteroventral side corresponds
with the left enterocoele of other echinoderms (Textfig. D, Zen), while
DEVELOPMENT OF CUCUMARIA ECHINATA. 381
the other, although situated on the Zeft dorsal side, is the right
enterocale (vez) and extends posteriorly, and is much smaller than
the former.
Doliolaria.
The right free end of the rudimentary ring-canal, on reaching the
midventral line, bends posterio:ly (Textfig. È, mvr). In this stage
four of the primary tentacles are well distinguishable, lying in the
middorsal (4), right dorsal (4), right ventral (¢,) and left ventral inter-
radius (¢,) respectively. The fifth tentacle, corresponding to the left
dorsal interradius, appears later (Textfig. F, 4), so that a four-tentacled
stage is distinctly present.
The right enteroccele, rapidly growing in size, now extends on to
the right side across the middorsal line, and at last its right margin
comes in contact on the right side of the gut with the right margin
of the left enteroccele, which has been growing in the meanwhile into
the right half of the body across the midventral line (Textfig. E, rev,
Zen). The line of contact runs obliquely from anterodorsal to postero-
ventral. The intervening septum then disappears but leaves for a time
an oblique incision at either end of the line.
The other ends of the two enterocceles stand opposed to each
other on the left dorsal side, separated by an oblique partition, which
begins near the middorsal line anteriorly, and runs obliquely backwards
and to the left. This partition indicates the position of the future
mesentery, its course roughly coinciding with that seen in adult
_Cucumaria (Textfig. G, and PI. V, fig. 4, mes).
At about this stage appear three, very rarely four, ciliary bands
encircling the posterior half of the body at nearly equal intervals (PI.
V, figs. 3 and 4, cb, ;). The preoral lobe and the posterior end of the
body are uniformly covered with weaker cilia. The embryo swims
about immediately below the surface of the water, usually with its
long axis in a vertical position, and rotating around it.
HIROSHI OHSHIMA :
382
Textfigures.
Explanation on next page.
DEVELOPMENT OF CUCUMARIA ECHINATA. 383
Explanation of textfigures.
Diagrams showing the transformations of the internal cavities of
Cucumaria echinata. The cavities encircling the body-axis are shown
as flattened out in a plane and as seen from the exterior. ‘The mid-
dorsal line is represented by a vertical line, hydroccele drawn with
heavy lines, enterocæle hatched, and gut (shown in figs. A and B)
stippled. Arrows indicate either separated parts or the ends just united.
Fig. A— Ihe coiled archenteron not yet divided. Fig. B.—Gut
separated from the hydro-enteroccele, the latter is constricted into two
parts. Fig. C.—Hydrocale separated from enteroccele, the latter again
constricted into two parts. Fig. D.—Hydrocale giving out several
lobes, and dorsal pore formed ; right and left enterocæle divided. Fig.
E.—Four of the primary tentacles and rudiment of midventral radial
canal formed, the two enterocceles united on the right side. Fig. F.—
All the five tentacles and radial canals and Polian vesicle can be seen;
posterior end of midventral radial canal dilated, madreporic vesicle
formed in the course of primary stone-canal. Fig. G.—Hydrocæle-ring
closed at the left dorsal interradius, enteroccele much extended, leaving
an S-shaped partition which gives rise to the mesentery.
dp—dorsal pore, ex'—enteroccele before separation from hydroccele,
g—gut, g'—do. before separation from hydro-enterocaele, Zy—hydro-
coele, 4y'-—do. before separation from enterocoele, /dr—-left dorsal radial
canal, /en-—left enterocæle, /en’ —do. before separation from the right
one, /vy—left ventral radial canal, mes --rudimentary mesentery, p—
madreporic vesicle, mvr—midventral radial canal, c—pore-canal,
pd—-pedicel canal, pu -Polian vesicle, rdy—right dorsal radial canal,
ren--right enteroccele, ren’—do. before separation from the left one,
rvr—right ventral radial canal, sfc—stone-canal, s/c'—primary stone-
canal, ¢,;—primary tentacles situated on middorsal, right dorsal, right
ventral, left vental and left dorsal interradius respectively.
384 HIROSHI OHSHIMA :
The posterior end of the midventral raidial canal next dilates
transversely (Textfig. F, 7227). Corresponding to each lateral end of
this cavity the ectoderm forms a pit, the rudiment of the primary
pair of pedicels (Pl. V, figs. 3-6, 7p and rp). Either of them may be
anterior to the other in position, differing in this respect from the cases
observed by Lupwic! and NEWTH.” In cross section each pedicel lies
at an angle of ca. 40° with respect to the midventral line. The dorsal
pore is in many cases slightly shifted to the right side. The two
pedicels as well as the dorsal pore are all situated between the second
and third ciliary bands. The stomodæum lies in front of the first
ciliary band, and in cross section about 30° to the left of the mid-
ventral line, and leads into a spacious atrial cavity into which the
primary tentacles project. At about this time the four remaining radial
canals arise from the hydroccele-ring as at first anteriorly directed buds,
but soon grows outwards and turns posteriorly. Of these, the right
dorsal one (Textfig. F, Pl. V, fig. 6, dr) appears first, and the left
dorsal one (/dr) next. The fifth tentacle (Textfigs. F and G, PI. V,
figs. 4 and 6, ¢;) now makes its appearance in the left dorsal inter-
radius, and the right ventral radial canal (v7) soon afterwards.
The peculiar relation of the five primary tentacles to the radial
canals pointed out by LUDWIG? holds true in this case as well (Text-
fig. G, Pl. V, fig. 6). But it is not quite, ‘clear im the eauly sstages:
where the rudiments of the tentacles and the radial canals appear to
arise directly from the ring-canal independently of each other (Textfig.
BoP. Verne 5)
The time of closure of the horse-shoe shaped hydroccele ino a ring
varies somewhat. It may occur before the appearance of the two
lateral ventral radial canals, but more often after the formation of the
five radial canals and the Polian vesicle. In the latter case the left
1) H. Lupwic, Sb. k. pr. Ak. Wiss., 1891.
2) H. G. NEWTH, P. Z. Si, 1916.
3) H. Lupwic, Sb, k. pr. Ak. Wiss., 1891.
DEVELOPMENT OF CUCUMARIA ECHINATA. 385
ventral radial canal and the Polian vesicle are given out from the end
of the ventral limb of the still open hydroccele (Textfig. F, Pl. V, figs.
4 and 6, /vr and gv). Thus it is clear that the ring closes at the /eft
dorsal interradius. The appearance of the Polian vesicle may be still
later. It lies at first very near to the ventral radius, but afterwards
assumes its final position in the left dorsal interradius.
The gut, whose internal lumen was almost obliterated in the
dipleurula stage, has been rapidly growing during the transformation
of the larva into the doliolaria. It now extends as far forwards as the
hydroccele-rinz, has a distinct lumen, is flattened in the frontal plane,
and has a thick entodermal wall. The posterior end of the gut is still
solid, and the anal depression is present at the posterior end of the
body.
The above changes are gone through very rapidly, and now the
doliolaria is completed. The stage lasts till the end of the fourth day
of development, or it may be prolonged still further, to the eighth day.
While no marked change is visible from the exterior, the internal
organs are gradually growing further during the rest of this stage.
At about the middle of the primary stone-canal there is formed a
dilated part, the madreporic vesicle (Textfigs. F and G, Pl. V, figs. 4
and 6, mp), with its wall thickened on the side of the body-axis.
The distal portion of the canal, which is now to be called the pore-
canal (fc), is very fine, and opens externally by a minute dorsal pore
(46). The midventral radial canal becomes finer, and the first pair of
pedicels are seen’ as cylindrical projections above the niveau of the
body-surface. The tentacles have extruded through the widened
stomodeal orifice, with minute papilla on the tip, and subsequently
giving out some knob-like branches. Of the paired radial canals the
dorsal pair elongate faster than the ventral, and reach a little beyond
the dorsal pore (Textfig. G, /dr and dr). All the radial canals are
now accompanied by the radial nerves and epineural canals. The
enteroc@le now widens and the mesenchyme filling the blastoccele
386 HIROSHI OHSHIMA :
has given rise to the connective tissue and the musculature of the
body-wall.
The old doliolaria begins to sink to the bottom hand in hand with
the degeneration of the ciliary bands and the formation of the calcareous
deposits. The deposits make their first appearance at three places, Ze.
at the base of each tentacular canal, in the wall of the madreporic
vesicle, and in the integument of the posterior part of the body.
Pentactula.
This stage may be reached as early as on the fourth day, and is
characterized by the presence of five branched tentacles, which now
come to lie at the anterior end of the body owing to the gradual
diminution of the preoral lobe. The ciliary bands have totally dis-
appeared. The stomodæum breaks through and communicates with the
anterior end of the gut, the latter showing the characteristic coil and
the enlargement at the midgut. The anus is now open and is subdorsal
in position.
The pore-canal which connects the madreporic body with the
exterior is still visible during the early part of this stage, but is total-
ly obliterated in an old pentactula. The tentacles give out one or two
blunt branches, and the paired primary pedicels stand very. near to
the hind end of the body. The calcareous deposits of the integument
are represented by delicate perforated plates devoid of the spine and
knobs characteristic of the plates of the adult of this species.
The larva creeps on the bottom and grows.
Young.
The stage which follows the pentactula may be called young.
Hand in hand with a remarkable increase in body size there appear
new tentacles and pedicels, and the rudiments of the respiratory trees,
etc. It will be superfluous to give further accounts in the presence of
LupwiG’s observations on Cucumaria planci. But one point may here
DEVELOPMENT OF CUCUMARIA ECHINATA. ‘ 387
be noted about the shape of the tentacles. Of the ten tentacles, the
ventral pair belonging to the midventral radial canal assume a quite
different shape from the other eight. While the latter branch regularly
in the same manner as in the adult, the ventral pair remain for a
considerable time destitute of side branches and only with bifurcate
tips. In the adult they differ from the remaining eight in the remarka-
bly large size of the first branch as compared with the quite small
main stem, giving the appearance of the tentacles being divided at
this point into two branches of equal length.
Biological Laboratory,
Fifth High School, Kumamoto.
May 5, 1917.
t) II OHSHIMA, Zool. Mag, (Japanese), 1914.
Explanation of Plate V.
(All the figures are semi-diagramma ic representations of reconstructions
from sections, magnified about 120).
Fig. 1.—Old gastrula with coiled archenteron. Ectoderm shown in
section, archenteron in external view with its lumen indicated by a
broken line; mesenchymatous cells in blastocæle not represented.
Viewed from right.
Fig. 2.—Do., ventral view.
Fig. 3.—Early doliolaria of the same stage as that shown in Text-
fig. E. Viewed from left side.
Fig. 4.—Completed doliolaria of the same stage as that shown in
Textfig. F. Viewed from left side.
Fig. 5.—Early doliolaria, same as fig. 3. Only the hydrocale is
shown. Posterior view.
Fig. 6.—Completed doliolaria, same as fig. 4. Only the hydroccele
is shown. Posterior view.
blc—blastoccele, 4/p—blastopore, c,_;—ciliary bands, dp—dorsal
pore, en’, g', hy'—enteroceele, gut and hydroccele not yet separated from
each other, /dr—left dorsal radial canal, Zez—left enteroccele, /e7/ —do.
before separation from the right one, //—left primary pedicel, /pc—left
pedicel canal, /v7—left ventral radial canal, #es—rudimentary mesen-
tery, #p—madreporic vesicle, 72v7—midventral radial canal, #7—pore-
canal, 27/—preoral lobe, pu—Polian vesicle, 7c—open ring-canal, rdr—
right dorsal radial canal, ven—right enteroccele, ren’—do. before
separation from the left one, 7#—right primary pedicel, ~pc—right
pedicel canal, 7v7—right ventral radial canal, s/c—stone-canal, sfc!—
primary stone-canal, s¢m—stomodaum, szm'—ectodermal thickening for
the stomodæum, Z_,—primary tentacles situated in middorsal, right
dorsal, right ventral, left ventral and left dorsal interradius respectively.
A Centipede with an Abnormal Antenna.
By
Masanosuke Takesita,
Zoological Institute, Sci. Coll., Tokyo.
Among the collection of myriapods in my possession, there exists
an interesting specimen of the centjpede, Ofocryptops rubiginosus Koch,
in which the left antenna is in anomalous development as shown in
the camera drawing reproduced in this paper. No abnormality exists
in other parts of the body. The specimen was collected on April 24,
1916, in my garden in Tokyo. It is dark yellowish brown in general
color and of a medium size, measuring 35 mm. in length of body.
Normally developed antenna of this species is setaceus and pubes-
cent; it is of a similar color as, though somewhat lighter than, the
body. It consists of seventeen segments or annulets, of which the one
at base is the broadest, while the rest grow successively narrower
towards the distal end. The intersegmental ring-grooves in relation to
the eight proximal annulets are not so markedly pronounced as they
are in the more distal parts of antenna. The last four or five annulets
are catogenous in their way of being joined together.
Now in the specimen under consideration, the right antenna ex-
hibits quite normal development, while the left is composed of only
four segments. This is similarly colored as the other normal antenna,
and both are equally pubescent. The first annulet in the abnormal
antenna takes a nearly normal shape, but is decidedly larger than the
corresponding annulet of the right antenna. Of the remaining three annu-
lets, which are all quite abnormal, the second is a little narrower but
much longer than the first. It is almost as long as the second and
390 MASANOSUKE TAKESITA :
third annulets of the right antenna taken together. Unlike a normal
annulet, it is somewhat narrowed in the middle and swollen at both
ends, and is slightly bent mesially in the
distal parts. The third annulet is somewhat
flattened and is about as long as the fourth,
fifth and sixth annulets of*the right antenna
taken together. Its proximal, somewhat en-
larged end is bent mesially; the distal parts
are clavate. Due to the curvature of this
and the preceeding annulet, the entire antenna
takes a direction bent to the right. The last
annulet is the largest, being as long as the
five successive annulets from the seventh of
the right antenna taken together. It is some-
what flattened like the preceeding one, but
shows no enlargement at the proximal end. There can be no doubt
of that being the last segment, since there exists no trace of injury at
the extreme tip.
Among the papers regarding structural anomalies of myriapods,
we find a number of cases of polymery of the legs, such as those
described by SILVESTRI (1897), BRÖLMANN (1884), and LEGER and
DUBOSQ (1903). A case of abnormality of the gonopod was described
by BROLMANN (1916). As to abnormality of antenna in the group,
the specimen here noted seems to be the first case put on record.
It is difficult to decide in the specimen whether the abnormality
is due to regeneration or is congenital. It is true that in the myriapods
homomorphosis is commonly met with, not only in the legs, but also:
in the anal appendages. NEWPORTS observed the same phenomenon
in his experiments with the antenna of Fu/us. However, I am inclined
to think that the case described above is not one of regeneration, and
that on the ground that the first annulet or the basal joint of the ab-
normal antenna is larger than the corresponding annulet of the other
A CENTIPEDE WITII AN ABNORMAL ANTENNA. 391
normal one. I should think that, were the antenna in question a
regenerated one, the basal annulet should be smaller than, or at most
about as large as, the same annulet in the normally developed state.
The question can probably be definitely settled after more experi-
mental data than we have at present regarding the regeneration of the
antenna shall have become available.
Jan. 16, 1918.
Ein neuer Fall von der Ausstossung der
Eingeweide bei den Ascidien.
Von
Dr. Asajiro Oka, 70%:o.
Mit ı Figur.
In 1885 beschrieb C. Ph. Sluiter in seinem Bericht “ Ueber die
einfachen Ascidien von der Insel Billiton” (Natuurk. Tijdschr. Nederl.
Ind. D. XLV) eine neue Styelide, bei welcher der Kiemensack wie
auch der Darm vollständig verschwunden war. Da er diese Besonder-
heit als einen normalen, der Form stets zukommenden Charakter auf-
fasste, begründete er darauf eine neue Gattung und benannte die Art
Styeloides abranchiata n.g. n.sp. Später, in 1897, entdeckte A. Willey
an der Küste von Neu-Guinea eine zweite Art—ebenfalls eine Styelide
— welche in ähnlicher Weise des ganzen Darmes und des Kiemensackes
entbehrte; er gab ihr den Namen, Szyeloides eviscerans n.sp. und
beschrieb sie in seinen “Letters from New Guinea on Nautilus and
some other organisms” (Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci., n. ser. Vol, XXXIX).
Seine Beobachtung ist insofern von besonderm Interesse, als er den
ganzen Vorgang der Ausstossung der Eingeweide bei lebenden Tieren
verfolgen konnte. Er stellte nämlich fest, dass diese, auch wenn sie in
frischem, reinem Seewasser gehalten sind, unter lebhaften Kontraktionen
der Leibesmuskulatur, zuerst den Darm und dann die Kieme durch die
Egestionsöffnung hervorstülpen und abstossen, ohne daraufhin sofort zu
sterben. Soviel ich übersehen kann, liegt seitdem keine weitere Mitteil-
ung über Ascidien vor, die ohne Kieme und Darm angetroffen worden
sind.
394 ASAJIRO OKA:
Unter dem Tunikatenmaterial, welches in 1906 durch den amerikani-
schen Fischerei-Dampfer “ Albatross” im Nordwestpazifik gesammelt
wurde, findet sich nun, ncben ciner' Anzahl ganz normaler Individuen,
ein Exemplar von Styela clavata Pallas, welches den ganzen Darmkanal
und den grössten Teil des Kiemensacks verloren hat. Der Befund
scheint mir interessant genug, um aufgezeichnet zu werden, zumal es
sich hier um eine echt arktische Form handelt, im Gegensatz zu den
beiden bereits bekannten Fällen, wo die Tiere unweit vom Aequator
erbeutet wurden. Im folgenden erlaube ich mir eine kurze Beschreibung
dieses merkwürdigen Exemplares zu geben.
Acusseres. Das Stück stimmt in Grösse und Gestalt so vollkommen
mit den normalen Exemplaren derselben Species überein, dass es ganz
unmöglich ist, dasselbe nach äusseren Merkmalen herauszufinden. Die
länglich ovoide Körperform, die quer und längs gerunzelte Oberfläche,
die rötlich. gelbliche Farbe, die an den Siphonen etwas dunkler ist,
auch die kontrahierten, flach kegelförmigen Siphonen mit festgeschlos-
senen Öffnungen—alles das findet man bei diesem genau so wie bei
jedem andern. Die Länge des Körpers beträgt 30 mm, der Querdurch-
messer an der dicksten Stelle 16mm, die Länge des Stiels 58 mm.
Das Tier ist zusammen mit einem andern Exemplar von gleicher
Grösse auf einer Hydrozoenkolonie angewachsen.
Tier ohne Testa. Wenn man den Innenkörper aus der Testahülle
herauspräpariert, was sich bei in Formalin konservierten Tieren ganz
leicht ausführen lässt, so springt die Eigentiimlichkeit dieses Stückes
sofort ins Auge. Das Tier erscheint jetzt wie eine mit Wasser gefüllte,
dünnhäutige Blase, die nichts zu enthalten scheint als die charakterist-
isch gestalteten Gonade. Da diese Art sonst einen verhältnismässig
schr grossen Verdauungskanal besitzt, der einen beträchtlichen Teil
des Innenraums einnimmt und den ganzen Körper undurchsichtig er-
scheinen lässt, so ist der Unterschied recht erheblich zu nennen. Der
Innenraum ist tatsächlich nur mit der Konservierungsflüüssichkeit erfüllt,
so dass die Blase sofort zusammenfällt, wenn man sie aus dem flüssigen
A USSTOSSUNG DER EINGEWEIDE BEI DEN ASCIDIEN. 395
Medium herausnimmt und irgend einen Teil der Wand aufschneidet.
Die Tunica ist wie gewöhnlich sehr dünn, durchscheinend, und weist
nur schwach entwickelte Muskulatur auf; an ihrer Innenfläche befindet
sich eine Anzahl winziger, gleichmässig zerstreuter Endokarpen.
Die Zentakel sind wie gewöhnlich in zwei Kreisen angeordnet ; im
Ganzen zählt man ca. 45. Sie scheinen alle in vollkommen gesundem
Zustande gewesen zu sein, da keine Andeutung auf etwa eintretende
Degeneration wahrzunehmen ist.
Das Flimmerorgan hat die Gestalt eines einfachen Hufeisens,
dessen beide Enden sich. nur berühren, aber nicht einrollen.- Die
Öffnung ist vorwärts und wenig nach rechts gewandt. In dieser
Beziehung scheint die Art einigermassen variabel zu sein, indem die
Öffnung auch unter normalen Individuen verschieden gerichtet ist.
Die Dorsalfalte ist gänzlich verschwunden. Dagegen ist der peri-
pharyngeale Flimmerbogen wohl erhalten bis zu dem Punkte, wo die
beiderseitigen Schenkel sich vereinigen, um in die Dorsalfalte überzugehen.
Der Azemensack ist zum grössten Teil verloren gegangen. An der
linken Seit, wo gewöhnlich der Darmkanal mit ihm zusammenhängt,
ist er beinahe vollständig abgerissen, indem nur ein schmaler Saum an
dem Flimmerbogen erhalten geblieben ist. Rechts dagegen beobachtet
man noch ein grösseres Bruchstück des Kiemensacks mit den charakter-
istischen niedrigen Falten und dicht beisammen gestellten inneren
Längsgefässen. In Flächengrösse stellt dieser Rest ungefähr ein
Drittel der rechten Kiemenhälfte dar. Der Rand ist überall unregel-
mässig abgebrochen, wie mit Gewalt zerrissen. Weder die gröberen
Langs- und Quergefisse noch die feineren interstigmatischen Gefässe
lassen Rückbildungszeichen nachweisen. Vom Endostyl hat sich nur
die distale Hälfte als ein noch mit dem Flimmerbogen zusammen-
hangendes, sonst aber frei schwebendes Stäbchen erhalten.
Der Darmkanal ist vollkommen verschwunden.
Die Gonade sind wohl entwickelt und zeigen die gewöhnlichen
Verhaltnisse, wie man sie bei der von Huntsman Katatropa
396 ' ASATIRO OKA :
genannten Gruppe der Gattung Sfyela vorfindet. Die Ovaren, jederseits
in Zweizahl vorhanden, sind langgestreckte wurstförmige Gebilde,
die unmittelbar der Innenfläche
der Leibeswand aufliegen; sie
ragen ziemlich stark nach innen
vor und erscheinen wie mit Eizel-
en prall gefüllt. Die zahlreichen,
ebenfalls wurstförmigen, aber viel
kleineren Hoden umgeben die
Ovarien, ohne aber mit ihnen in
Zusammenhang zu stehen; sie
hangen nach innen frei, indem sie
nur mit einem Ende befestigt sind
(In der nebenstehenden Figur sind
eine Anzahl Hoden weggelassen,
Styela clavata. Von der Ventralseite
RA um die Ovarien deutlicher zu
zeigen). Sämtliche Hoden erschie-
nen wie vollkommen reif. Offenbar hat der gewaltsame Umstürz der
übrigen Eingeweide keinen merkbaren Einfluss auf die Geschlechts-
drüsen geübt.
Fundort. “ Albatross” Station 4777 (52° 11/ N, 179° 47' Ò); Tiefe
52 Faden. 5. VI. 1606:
Was aus solchen darm- und kiemenlosen Tieren werden, ob sie
bald zu Grunde gehen, oder ob sie weiter leben und die fehlenden
Organe regenerieren, darüber lässt sich natürlich nichts Bestimmtes
sagen. Dazu ist eine direkte Beobachtung nötig. Berücksichtigt man
jedoch, in wie hohem Grade die Ascidien im allgeminen befähigt sind,
verlorene Körperteile wieder herzustellen, so würde man die Annahme
nicht abweisen können, dass die Tiere nicht sofort sterben, sondern
sich zu normal organisierten Individuen regenerieren. Ob dabei der
zurückgeblieben Bruchteil der Kieme ohne Weiteres als Respirations-
organ zu funktionieren fortsetzt, oder ob er nachträglich hcua ab-
AUSSTOSSUNG DER EINGEWEIDE BEI DEN ASCIDIEN, 397
gestossen wird, muss für den Augenblick unerledigt bleiben. Wenn
der Darm und die Kieme in solcher Weise von Zeit zu Zeit sich
erneuerten, leuchtet sich von selbst ein, dass es ganz unstatthaft ist,
beim Systematik der Ascidien—mindestens der Styeliden—der Grösse
dieser Organe den Wert eines spezifischen Charakters beizumessen»
denn eine erst angelegter Darmkanal resp. Kiemensack muss unbedingt
viel kleiner sein, als ein ausgebildeter. Eine Art, wie Ascidia mikren-
terica Sluiter, die sich hauptsächlich durch die ausserordentliche
Kleinheit des Darmkanals auszeichnet, dürfte wohl identisch sein mit
einer andern Form, die normal mit einem Verdauungsapparat von
gewöhnlicher Grösse ausgestattet ist. Ebenso verhält es sich mit dem
Kiemensack, dessen Fehlen keineswegs als ein Art- oder gar Gattungs-
merkmal aufgefasst werden darf, wie es früher irrtümlicher Weise
geschehen ist.
Bemerkenswert ist auch, dass alle Ascidienarten, die bisher ohne
Kieme und Darm gefunden worden sind, ohne Ausnahme der Familie
der Styelidæ angehören, einer Familie, die nach neuerer Auffassung
sowhl einfache wie koloniebildende Formen in sich einschliesst.
Tokio, 20. III. 1918.
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:
Megalodicopia hians n.g. n.sp., eine sehr
merkwürdige Ascidie aus dem
japanischen Meere.
Von
Dr. Asajiro Oka, 7ok:ro.
Mit 2 Figuren.
Die hier kurz beschriebene, sehr eigentümliche Ascidie liegt mir
leider nur in einem einzigen, etwas beschädigten Exemplar vor, welches
in 1906 durch den amerikanischen Fischerei-Dampfer ‘‘ Albatross” im
japanischen Meere nördlich von der Insel Sado aus einer Tiefe von
200 Faden erbeutet wurde. Dieselbe weicht sowohl in der äusseren
Gestalt wie auch in der inneren Organisation so erheblich von allen
bisher bekannten Formen ab, dass eine besondere Gattung dafür auf-
gestellt werden muss. Für letztere schlage ich, auf gewisse Ähnlich-
keit zu der aberranten Tiefseegattung Dicopia hinweisend, den Namen
Megalodicopia vor und benenne die Art M. /ians. Eine ausführliche
Beschreibung mit nötigen Abbildungen hoffe ich bald an einer andern
Stelle veröffentlichen zu können.
Megalodicopia hians n.g. n. sp.
Aeussere Kennzeichen. Der Körper besteht aus einem rundlich
ovoiden Rumpf, der durch einen kurzen, stielartig verjüngten Teil auf
der Unterlage befestigt ist. Die grösste Dicke liegt in der distalen
Hälfte des Rumpfes, so dass das Tier einer Birne nicht unähnlich
aussieht. Der Stiel, der sich gegen den Rumpf nicht scharf abgrenzen
lässt, ist ungefähr halb so lang wie dieser und ebenso dick wie lang ;
400 ASAJIRO OKA:
am untern Ende ist er zum Zwecke des Festhaftens etwas scheibenartig
verbreitert. Was bei der äusserlichen Betrachtung des Tieres zunächst
auffällt, ist die ausserordentliche Grösse der Branchialöffnung, die in
Gestalt einer riesigen Querspalte die ganze Breite der Ventralseite
(d.h. Vorderseite, wenn man sich das Tier als stehend vorstellt) des
Rumpfes einnimmt. Eine undeutlich begrenzte, breite, rahmenartig
erscheinende Partie der Testa, die ohne Zweifel den Ingestionssipho in
stark modifiziertem Zustande repräsentiert, umfasst die Öffnung allseitig.
Der Atrialsipho befindet sich am Scheitelpol des Rumpfes gerade
gegenüber der Ansatzstelle des Stieles; er ist sehr kurz, abgeflacht,
deutlichsechs lappig. Die Körperöberflache ist im allgemeinen glatt,
doch beobachtet man überall unregelmässig verlaufende seichte
Furchen oder Runzelungen, die in der Umgebung der Branchialöffnung,
wo sie auch zahlreicher vorkommen, mehr senkrecht zum freien
Rande derselben gerichtet sind. Am Stiel verlaufen die Runzeln
meist horizontal. Abgesehen von wenigen feinen Schlammpartikeln, die
in den Furchen stecken, ist die Oberfläche vollkommen nackt. Die
Farbe des in Formalin konservierten Exemplars ist blass gelblich grau,
durchscheinend.
Das Tier hat folgende Dimensionen : Länge (Höhe) des ganzen
Körpers 107mm wovon 82 mm auf den Rumpf entfallen; dorso-
ventraler Durchmesser an der dicksten Körperregion 7omm; Dicke des
Stieles 27mm. Die Grösse der Branchialöffnung, dem Rande der
oberen Lippe entlang gemessen, beträgt 86 mm.
Die Zesta bekleidet nicht nur die ganze Aussenseite des Körpers
sondern auch die Innenfliche der geräumigen Mundhöhle. Sie ist
überall ziemlich dünn, nicht mehr als ı mm., farblos und vollkommen
durchsichtig. Ihre Konsistenz ist weich gallertig, besonders weich aber
innerhalb der Branchialöffnung, wo sie nach innen umgeschlagen ist.
Hier unterscheidet man zwei Zonen, eine distale, die unmittelbar in
die äussere, die Branchialöffnung umfassende Testapartie übergeht, und
eine proximale, die sich dahinter bis an den Tentakelkranz erstreckt.
MEGALODICOPIA HIANS. 401
Erstere ist sehr dünn, fast wie Papier, und zeigt verschiedene Breite je
nacn dem Abstand von der Mittellinie, wo sie.am breitesten (32 mm.)
ist, während die letztere bedeutend dicker ist (wohl infolge der Auf-
quellung durch Formalin) und überall die gleiche Breite (ca. 12 mm.)
aufweist. Beide sind glasig durchsichtig und haben vollkommen glatte
Oberfläche.
Beim Fangen des Tieres hat sich die Testa der linken Seite
zusammen mit der entsprechenden Partie der Tunica vom Mundwinkel
ab für eine Strecke zerrissen, und
damit wurde die ursprunglich nach
innen gekehrte Partie der Testa von
der unterliegenden Muskelschicht
losgelöst und in eine ganz unatür-
liche Lage versetzt, ein Umstand,
der anfangs die Erkenntnis der
wirklichen Verhältnisse äusserst
erschwerte. In der nebenstehenden
Figur habe ich das Tier so dar-
gestellt, wie es aussieht, nachdem
die Testapartien in die richtige
Stellung gebracht worden sind.
Die Zunica ist im allgemeinen
zart und dünn, weist aber an ge-
wissen Stellen mächtig entwickelte
Megalodicopia hians. Non der rechten Muskulatur auf Es finden sich
Seite gesehen. x2.
nämlich in der Umgebung der
Branchialöffnung zwei Systeme von wohl ausgebildeten Muskelbändern,
von denen das eine dem Lippenrande parallel, das andre senkrecht
zu diesem verläuft, so dass sie zusammen ein regelmässiges rechtwin-
kliges Gitterwerk bilden. Diejenigen Ringfasern, die unmittelbar dem
Lippenrande anliegen, sind bedeutend stärker als die übrigen. Dazu
kommen jederseits noch vier übermassig dicke Muskelbänder, die halb-
x
402 ASAJIRO OKA:
mondförmig den Mundwinkel von aussen umklammern. Der Atrialsipho
zeigt die gewöhnlichen Längs- und Ringmuskelfasern, von denen die
ersteren nur schwach entwickelt sind. Im Stiel findet man ein Bündel
mächtig entwickelter Muskelfasern, die ausschliesslich in der Längsricht-
ung verlaufen. An der Oberfläche des eigentlichen Rumpfes, wo die
Eingeweide enthalten sind, habe ich nur ganz feime, spärlich zerstreute
Muskelfasern wahrnehmen können. Die stark spezialisierte Ausbildungs-
weise der Muskulatur lässt vermuten, dass unser Tier im Leben
befähigt war, die Grösse der Branchialöffnung sowie die Länge des
Stieles beliebig zu verändern, wie es kaum eine andre Ascidie zu tun
imstande ist. Aller Wahrscheinlichkeit nach konnte die riesige Mund-
spalte zu einer Trichter- oder Trompetenform erweitert und dann wieder
vollständig geschlossen werden, um die Nahrung zu erbeuten. Ebenso
konnte der Stiel, nach den Querrunzeln an seiner Oberfläche zu urteilen,
um ein Beträchtliches verlängert werden.
Die Zentakel sind im Vergleich zur Körpergrösse sehr klein, aber
sehr zahlreich. Sie erreichen nicht einmal 0.5 mm. Länge und dürfen
vielleicht als rudimentäre, nicht funktionierende Organe betrachtet
werden. Sie sind einfach, abgeflacht, und vielfach etwas breiter am
freien Ende als an der Basis. Ihre Zahl konnte nicht genau festges-
tellt werden, da der Tentakelkranz am rechten Mundwinkel einen Riss
aufweist ; möglicherweise beträgt sie über 200. Eine schmale, dünne
Membran vereinigt die basalen Teile der Tentakel zu einem einheitlichen
Saum, der die proximale Grenze der nach innen umgeschlagenen Testa-
partie markiert.
Der Dorsaltuberkel ragt in Form eines halbkugeligen Buckels in
einiger Entfernung vom Tentakelkranz nach innen vor. Die darauf
befindliche Flimmergrube ist S-förmig, in der Mitte etwas unregel-
mässig geschlängert. Der peripharyngeale . Flimmerbogen, der den
Vorderteil des Kiemendarms allseitig umfasst, erstreckt sich bis an die
Seitenflächen des Tuberkels, wo die beiden Schenkel des Bogens wie
abgewischt verschwinden, ohn sich in der Mittellinie zu vereinigen.
MEGALODICOPIA HIANS. 403
Das Nervenganglion lässt sich schon von aussen als eine dreieckige
blass gelbliche Flecke an der Basis des Atrialsiphos deutlich erkennen.
Die von den Ecken desselben ausstrahlendeu Nervenstämme sind
auch sehr gut sichtbar. Die Neuraldrüse ist ziemlich gross, weisslich,
rundlich, und liegt gerade unterhalb des Ganglions.
Die Dorsalfalte ist vollkommen reduziert. An der Stelle, wo sie
sonst zu finden ist, zeigt der Kiemensack eine ganz schmale undurch-
bohrte Zone, die sich jedoch gar nicht über die allgemeine Ebene der
Innenfläche erhebt.
Der Azemensack hat die Gestalt eines niedrigen, schwach auf-
getriebenen Trichters. Seine Wand ist ziemlich dick (fast 1 mm.) und
fest, und besteht aus einem ganz
unregelmässigen Netzwerk von ver-
e. _
O O © G schieden dicken Balken, unter denen
a alas weder Länge- noch Quergefässe zu
S È Ò ay unterscheiden sind (Fig. 2). Die
à N as \ i Balken sind nicht in einer einfachen
Lage geordnet, sondern liegen viel-
) À \ fach übereinander ; diejenigen, die an
OQ Q der Aussenfläche liegen, zeigen durch-
S ; schnittlich etwas grössere Dicke wie |
N Qh AC (O die nach innen gelagerten. Die
zwischen diesen befindlichen Löcher
SU CE aD sind keine echten Stigmata, denn
IT
! sie entbehren der eigentlichen Flim-
Stück des Riemensacks, x 30.
merzellen, die solche beständig
auskleiden. Die Innenfläche des Kiemensacks als Ganzes ist vollkommen
eben, indem keine Falten resp. Undulationen zur Ausbildung gelangen.
Der Endostyl ist wohl entwickelt. Er verläuft die ganze Länge
des Kiemensacks hindurch und eindigt in der Nähe der Oesophageal-
öffnung.
Der Darmkanal bildet eine einfache Schlinge, die grösstenteils
404 ASAJIRO OKA:
horizontal liegt, indem sie den unteren Teil der zentral gelagerten
Gonade umgürtelt. Die beiden Organe sind zu einem Nukleus zusam-
mengeballt, an dem es schwer fällt, die einzelnen Teile ausein-
anderzuwickeln. Eine besondere Verdauungsdrüse kommt nicht vor. Die
Analöffnung bef:det sich auf einer niedrigen Papille an der dorsalen
Oberfläche der Kingeweidemasse ; sie ist glattrandig mit Andeutung
einer zweiteiligen Lappenbildung.
Die Geschlechtsorgane liegen im Zeutrum des Rumpfes und bilden,
wie gesagt, zusammen mit dem mittleren Teil des Darmkanals eine
kompakte kugelförmige Masse. Man unterscheidet an ihr eine grössere
rötlich gelbliche Partie, das Ovarium, und einen viel kleineren weisslich
opaken Abschnitt, die Hodenfollikeln. Beide sind aus ganz kleinen,
zu polygonalen Feldern gruppierten Läppchen zusammengesetzt und
sehen, wenn man die Farbe ausser Acht lässt, ziemlich ähnlich aus.
Der Ovidukt, der übrigens äusserst kurz ist, öffnet sich auf einer
kleinen Papille in der Nähe des Afters. Das Vas deferens verläuft
an der Innenseite des Ovariums und endet in der unmittelbaren Nähe
der Ovarialöffnung in Form einer feinen, frei nach oben vorragenden
Röhre.
Fundort. ‘ Albatross” Station 4812 (38° 35’ N, 138° 41’ Ö); Tiefe
209 Faden.-, 18. VII. 1906.
Anmerkung. Wie aus der obigen kurzen Beschreibung hervorgeht,
zeigt unser Tier merkwürdiger Weise gewisse Ähnlichkeit zu den beiden
höchst aberranten, unter sich aber ganz verschiedenen Tiefseegattungen
Dicopia Sluiter und Zexacrobylus Sluiter, die ich in einer früheren
Mitteilung neben einander geschildert habe (“Zur Kenntnis der zwei
aberranten Ascidiengattungen Dicopia Sluit. und Hexacrobylus Sluit.”
Zool. Anz. Bd. 'XLHL 1913). Die Ähnlichkeit zu Zeracrobylus ist
jedoch nur eine äusserliche, indem sie auf die Lage und Grösse der beiden
Körperöffnungen beschrankt ist. Wenn man genauer untersucht, findet
man auch in den äusseren Merkmalen sehr tiefgreifende Unterschiede.
Bei Hexacrobylus ist die Branchialöffnung mit sechs gefiederten, an die
MEGALODICOPIA HIANS. 405
Tentakel der Alcyoniden erinnernden Fangarmen ausgestattet, deren
Analoga man vergebens bei unserm Tier sucht. Auch der Atrialsipho
ist verschieden gebaut, indem er bei Megalodicopia sechs deutliche
Lappen trägt, was bei der Vergleichsform keineswegs der Fall ist. In
der inneren Organisation weichen die Tiere so wesentlich von einander
ab, dass von einer näheren Verwandtschaft derselben keine Rede sein
kann. Trägt doch Zeracrobylus unverkennbare Zeichen seiner Affinität
zu den Molguliden, während unsre Form den Ascidiiden am nächsten
zu kommen scheint. Die regelmässige Anordnung der mächtig ent-
wickelten Längs- und Quermuskelbänder im Umkreis der Branchial-
öffnung, die bei beiden Formen so überraschend ähnlich ist, steht ohne
Zweifel mit der ungewöhnlichen Grösse der Mundspalte im Zusammen-
hang, und muss daher als eine durch die Ähnlichkeit der Lebensweise
bedingte Konvergenzerscheinung aufgefasst werden.
Mit der Gattung Dicopia, der es äusserlich weniger ähnlich ist als
dem Hexacrobylus, scheint unser Tier enger verbunden zu sein. Es
sind vor allem die Geschlechtsorgane, die für eine nahe Verwandtschaft
beider Formen sprechen. Die charakteristische zentrale Lage der
Gonade, die vom Darmkanal umschlossen werden, sowie der Bau der
Geschlechtsdrüsen selbst stimmt bei beiden Gattungen ziemlich gut
uberein, so dass es gerechtfertigt erscheint, dieselben als phylogenetisch
nahe stehend zu betrachten. Auch an andern Organsystemen habe
ich nichts gefunden, was diese Annahme widersprechen würde. Ich
stelle demgemäss unser neues Genus zu der Familie der Ascidiidz,
wie ich es seinerzeit mit Dicopia getan habe. Diejenigen Charaktere,
welche diese Gattungen von allen andern Formen weit entfernen,
lassen sich als an besondere Lebensweise angepasste Modifikationen
erklären und können daher, wenn auch ganz eigenartig, nicht von
grossem systematischen Wert sein.
Die einzige andre Ascidiengattung, mit welcher Megalodicopia
einigermassen nahe verwandt sein dürfte, ist Benthascidia Ritter, be-
kannt in einer Spezies B. michelseni aus der Küste von Kalifornien.
406 ASAJIRO OKA:
Da die beiden von Ritter untersuchten Exemplare stark beschädigt
waren und zahlreiche systematisch wichtige Organe, wie Dorsaltuberkel,
Dorsalfalte, Endostyl, sogar der Atrialsipho selbst, nicht aufgefunden
werden konnten, so ist eingehender Vergleich beider Gattungen nicht
möglich. Wegen der Ungunst des Materials konnte nicht einmal die
äussere Gestalt des Tieres festgestellt werden. Diese fragliche Gattung
stimmt mit der hier geschilderten Form in folgenden Punkten überein :
“pedunculate,....the branchial orifice very large and not closable,
tentacles simple, very numerous,....branchial membrane without true
stigmata.” Die auffälligste Übereinstimmung findet man in der Gestalt
der Tentakel, die “simple but irregular in shape, many larger at the
free end somewhat flattened” sind. Andrerseits weichen die Tiere
in einer Reihe äusserer und innerer Merkmale entschieden ab; so hat
Benthascidia einen 220mm. langen Stiel, dessen unteres Ende in einen
Büschel Wurzelfaden aufgelöst ist, es kommen keine Siphonen und
keine Lappenbildung an den Körperöffnungen zur Ausbildung, die
Testa zeigt stellenweise verschieden grosse kreisförmige Verdickungen,
der Kiemensack soll äusserst zart und schwer aufzufinden sein, und
innerhalb des Kiemensacks zwischen den Oesophageal und Analöffnung
findet sich ein Bündel fadenförmiger Organe von fraglicher Natur, die
Ritter als dorsale Languette in Anspruch nimmt. Wie gesagt, lässt
sich die systematische Stellung dieser merkwürdigen Tiefseeform erst
dann eingehender erörtern, wenn besser erhaltenes Material zur Unter-
suchung gelangt.
Tokio, 20. III. 1918.
Japan, we propose in this paper to report on the Cellulariidæ and the
Bicellariidæ.
waters, altogether some seven genera and twenty-eight species having
so far come to our knowledge.
science.
On a Collection of Japanese Cheilostomatous
Bryozoa. I.
By
Naokatsu Yanagi, Rigakushi
and
Yaichirö Okada.
With Plate VI.
As a result of our studies on the Cheilostomatous Bryozoa of
College, Imperial University of Tokyo.
IS)
Cellulariidae Johnston (pars) 1849.
Key to the genera.
UE [PCI accoocecoorocdemp dbcheeccocrccotroembnbpedcanoononoosoe
Uri or 1oitloocorsotosecooéoecobteccebecbocotéconacccdobactocoe a 8%
Zocecia not exceeding 10 in number to one internode; vibracula absent........
TRENTINO N INNESTO TITO SOO DO DOS ado 0000 Péb don nooe Menipea.
Zocecia not exceeding 40 in number to one internode; vibracula present, not
Coverinesthe Orsa Surface OffZOŒCIUM.------------------.e-e2 Scrupocellaria.
Vibracula present, covering the dorsal surface of zocecium ............ Caberea.
Menipea Lamouroux 1812.
Key to the species.
Zocecia usually 3 to an internode; without frontal avicularia ..............
Zocecia numerous on internode; with frontal avicularia
Both the families are well represented in the Japanese
Of the latter, ten seem to be new to
The collection, including the types, is preserved in the Science
408
NAOKATSU YANAGI AND YAICHIRO OKADA:
Scutuim) noßrdividedun.e en Re EN ER M. occidentalis.
Scutum divided’: re ES W. occidentalis, var. catalinensis.”
Scutum (PES RP ARR RASTA III RN NT M. longispinosa.
Scutum not Presenti. Leoni MIR RT 4.
Zoaceclum iwitheaysinglesspinemse ares NI E TSE 7. sympodia.
Zocecium with two or more spines ...........,. VU. sympodia, var. sagamiensis.
I. Menipea longispinosa. n. sp.
PLANS VAS SN LES Chic. wie
Zoarium forming a white delicate tuft, 27 mm. in height, dichoto-
mously branching. Internodes consisting of a variable number (4-10)
of zocecia, with distinct joints of a faintly yellowish colour.
Zocecia
biserial, alternate, rather loosely connected laterally, attenuated below,
convex in front; their aperture elliptical, about one-third as long as
Fig. 1.
Portion of a branch enlarged, showing oœcium and
apertural spines.
Dorsal view of zocecia, showing root-chambers and
the position of dorsal spines.
Menipea longispinosa, n. sp.
Frontal view. x 32.
X 57.
zocecium, With slight-
ly thickened marginal
wall. Zocecium pro-
vided with very long
and delicate curved
spines segmented at
base: three of them
occur close together
on the upper outer
angle of the aperture,
projecting sideways; a
fourth, situated lateral
to the lower end of
aperture, is obliquely
distally directed; a
fifth, similarly directed
may arise from a some-
what lateral point on
JAPANESE CHEILOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA. 409
the anterior end of zocecium. The last mentioned spine is limited in its
occurrence to the zocecia which constitute the outer branchlet of a
biforked branch. Scutum small, commonly bifid, though not unfrequently
trifid. Lateral avicularium with the triangular mandible hooked, sharply
pointed at the end; present on each zocecium at the upper outer angle,
just behind the three laterally outstanding spines. Frontal avicularium
small, raised, with triangular transversely directed mandible; present on
each zocecium to one side below the aperture. Ocecium prominent,
rounded, slightly expanded anteriorly, smoothly surfaced, Are a semi-
orbicular thin area marked out at the basal margin. Unsegmented
rootlets given off from a small projection with elliptical peristome and
situated near the inferior end of zocecium on the dorsal side.
Of this new species, there exist in the collection: a large fragment
from Okinosé in the Sagami Sea, depth 312fms., and a complete
zoarium attached on a Brachiopod, from off Ukishima (Prov. Izu ?).
The species is characterized by the slender and delicate nature of the
parts of colony and especially by the loose arrangement of zocecia,
which latter character seems to indicate relationship with Bicellarian
genera.
2. Menipea occidentalis Trask.
Menipea occidentalis, Trask 1857, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci, 113, pl. iv, fig. 4.—
Robertson 1905, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., vol. II, 254, pl vi, figs. 22-25.
Menipea compacta, Hincks 1882, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 5, X, 461.—Hincks
1884, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 5, XIII, 208, pl. ix, fig. 8.
A few large colonies referable to typical M. occidentalis are con-
tained in the collection. They were obtained from the shallow water
near Misaki, in the Yokohama harbour and at Ozu in the Ebaraki
prefecture.
3. Menipea occidentalis, var. catalinensis Robertson.
Menipea occidentalis, var. catalinensis, Robertson 1995, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool.,
vol. Il, 255, pl. vii, figs. 26, 27.
This form is quite common in shallow water near Hakodate,
410 NAOKATSU YANAGI AND YAICHIRO OKADA:
attached on stones and shells. Compared with the description and
figures given by Robertson of var. catalinensis, the specimens before us
differ somewhat in the less number of zocecia in internodes. On main
and secondary branches each internode is made up of three zocecia,
and on tertiary branches it consists of five or seven zocecia, while in
the Catalina form, all the internodes should contain from five to six
zocecia. In main features of the scutum the Hakodate specimens seem
to agree entirely with those from Catalina.
.
4. Menipea sympodia, n, sp.
Bl SV. tier ee atexthion 2:
Zoarium delicate, forming a tufted growth, 40-60 mm. high, greyish
white, attached to substratum by numerous root-fibres. These are
given off from either the lateral walls or the dorsal wall of the
branches, in both cases extending downwards along the dorsal surface ;
they are closely adherent and form a bundle. Branches slender,
somewhat depressed, forming pinnate ramifications ; the mode of branch-
ing regularly sympodial; each pinnate ramification consisting,- as it
appears, of an axis from which secondary branches arise in alternate
disposition, these bearing tertiary branches in a like manner. Joints
distinct, yellowish in colour, arising from distinct chambers. Zocecia
elongate, broad, slightly truncated above, attenuated below; their
aperture suboval, occupying usually less than quarter length of zoceci-
um, with thin margin, armed with a stout long (about 2 mm.) spine
on the upper inner angle and frequently also on the outer. Scutum
is unknown, probably absent altogether. Lateral avicularia generally
present and occasionally absent, placed at the upper outer angle of
zocecium, widened above, with a hooked triangular mandible directed
transversely. Frontal avicularia unusually elongate, trumpet-shaped,
placed immediately below the aperture, projecting upwards and fore-
wards over and reaching beyond the middle of this; beak pointed,
JAPANESE CHEILOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA. 4II
with triangular mandible. Ocecia situated usually on certain internode
of terminal branches, large, semi-orbicular, rounded above, the lower
margin projecting like a curved penthouse ; surface smooth with faintly
radiate lines and with a thin-walled area marked out from the base.
Rootlets given off by certain zocecia from lateral wall near base.
Fig. 2 Menipea sympodia, n. sp.
>
A. Portionsof a branch at the bifurcation, showing peculiar frontal avicularia and
an ocecium. Frontal view. x 32.
B. Same to show lateral avicularia and the position of projecting roctlets. Dorsal
view. x 32.
C. Mandible of frontal avicularium. x 160.
D. Mandible of lateral avicularium. x 160.
This new species is represented in the collection by a large
colony, obtained in the Sagami Bay, off the coast of Izu, from a depth
of about 250 fms. Remarkable are the delicate structure of the colony,
thezsympodial arrangement of the branches, and the peculiar trumpet-
shaped frontal avicularia, which characters may serve to easily dis-
tinguish the species.
412
Fig 3:
podia, var. sagamiensis.
Frontal view. x 32.
AR uw
NAOKATSU YANAGI AND VAICHIRO OKADA :
5. Menipea sympodia, var. sagamiensis, n. var.
PI fo. 2); texthe 3:
At Yodomi in the Sagami Bay, from a depth
of 321 fms, was dredged a specimen which may be
considered to represent a variety of the species just
described. In general appearance, it is quite like
the typical species, but differs from it in the pecu-
liar shape of frontal avicularia and in the better
evelopment of spines. The frontal avicularia are
developed usually on every zocecium and present
a complicated shape in that their basal parts are
prolonged on both sides into broad horn-like projec-
tions, either simple or bifid at tip, extending along
the inner apertural border. The avicularium covers
up the greater part of the aperture. Scutum un-
Menipea sym- known. The spines arise from the same place as
in the typical form, but are more numerous and
more strongly developed.
Scrupocellaria van Beneden 1844.
Key to the species.
VIbraculartchamber oni all ZORRO EPP ERP CREER ER EN eerie 2
Vibracularichambermonientallizocetia Re ER PE EC CT 4
With: frontal avicwlaria, ir er sci eit ie eis etnies MR ER 8
Without frontal avicularia I E oS. macandret,
FAKOAP SN Wawel Jinx Mpynesy ERP PE Eee ane S. diadema.
ZORLCIUMWILNECNKECASPINESEREERL Eee ods as CC CEE S, scrupea.
ZORCIA.l0a PERTE WITHOUT DIRES AS RE REC CEE wo poem S. avicularie.
Zoceciali aperture wathyspimese ete ieee ER CRC CE CC CIRE S. scabra.
JAPANESE CHEILOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA.
6. Scrupocellaria aviculariæ, n. sp.
BEN hie, Ar texte, A.
Zoarium erect, dichotomously branching, forming a tufted growth
Scrupocellaria aviculariæ, n. sp.
9
Fig. 4.
Portion of a branch in frontal view, showing
ocecia, frontal avicularia and operculum. x 48.
Dorsal view of the bifurcating parts of a
branch, to show the position of vibracula and
the origin of rootlets. x 32.
Mandible of frontal avicularium. x 150.
Mandible of lateral avicularium. x 150.
150.
Vibracular chamber. x 120.
Vibraculum. x
30-40 mm. in height, glossy
white. Internodes stiff, con-
sisting of from 5 to 16 or
more zocecia. Joints bright
yellowish. Zocecia arranged
alternately in two series,
elongate, widened above,
gradually narrowed below ;
their aperture oval, with
thin margin, unarmed, oc-
cupying more than half the
front. Scutum very large,
exceeding the orifice in
area, widened and raised
above, slightly narrowed
below, with irregular
vein-like sculpturing on
surface. Lateral avicularia
small, usually present on
every zocecia, placed at
the upper outer angle on
the dorsal surface. Frontal
avicularia rounded, raised,
with short and broad
mandibles, present on all
zocecia, placed on the inner
apertural margin a little
below the middle and at
414 NAOKATSU YANAGI AND YAICHIRO OKADA:
the same level as the peduncle of the scutum of adjacent zocecium.
Vibracular chamber wedge-shaped, slightly swollen in the middle and
pointed at the distal extremity; placed at the outer lower corner of
zocecium on the dorsal side, stretching obliquely downwards over the
back of zocecium. Vibraculum very short, elongate triangular, not
exceeding the cell in length. Ocecia large, prominent, globose, with
smooth surface on which a thin and irregularly quadrate area exists
at base; expanded and nearly reaching the lower margin of the aper-
ture of the zocecium situated next above. Rootlets developed only on
zocecia in the lower parts of zoarium and given off from near the base
of vibracular chamber.
This new species is based on two large colonies in the collection.
Both were obtained from a depth of 78 fms. at Yodomi. The species
seems to agree closely with Scrwpocellaria scabra van Beneden in the
general habit of growth and in the prominent features of vibracular
appendages, but differs from it in the absence of oral spines and in the
larger size of zocecia.
7. Serupocellaria diadema Busk.
Scrupocellaria diadema, Busk 1852, Cat. Brit. Mar. Poly., I, 24, pl. xxviii,
figs. 1-3.—Busk 1852, Voy. Ratt., I, 370.—Ortmann 1890, Jap. Bry., 22, pl. i, fig. 4.
—Thornely 1905, Rep. Pearl Oyst. Fish., IV, 109.—Thornely 1907, Rec. Ind. Mus.
vol. I., 181.
Numerous colonies collected from a depth of 54 fms., off Jogashima,
in the Sagami Sea, are referable to the above species. The margin of
zocecial aperture is usually armed with five slender spines, this number
being not variable as in the specimens previously described from other
localities. The species resembles Scrupocellaria varians H. in many
respects, but may be easily distinguished from it by the greater thick-
ness of apertural margin, the more numerous spines and the different
position and shape of lateral avicularia.
JAPANESE CHEILOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA. 415
8. Serupocellaria macandrei Busk.
Scrupocellaria macandret, Busk 1852, Cat. Brit. Mar. Poly, I, 24, pl. xxiv,
figs. 1-3.—Busk 1861, Quart. Journ. Mic. Sc., n. s., I, 77.—Busk 1884, Chall. Rep.,
vol. X, pt. XXX, 23.—Heller 1867, Bry, Adr., 87.—Phillips 1899, Will. Zool. Res.,
pt. IV, 442.—Calvet 1906, Exp. Scient. Trav. Talism., pt. VIII, 375.—Waters 1913,
Proc. Zool. Soc., 477, pl. Ixviii, figs. 5, 6.
There exist in the collection numerous colonies which may be
identified with the above species. The localities are: off Odawara
(120 fms.) ; off Jogashima (50-70 fms.) ; Senkai Bay, Tsushima I. (depth
unknown). All the specimens differ from those described by Waters
from Zanzibar under the same name, in the larger number of inner
oral spines and in the shorter groove of vibraculum. In the specimens
on hand, the groove of vibraculum stops short of the median line of
zocecium, while in the Zanzibar specimens it should reach the median
line. The inner oral spines situated near the peduncle of scutum
always number two, instead of being single.
9. Serupocellaria scabra (van Beneden).
Cellaria scabra, van Beneden 1849, Bull. Brux., vol. XVI, I, 73.
Scrupocellaria scabra, Hincks 1880, Hist. Brit. Mar. Poly., 48.—-Norman 1868,
Quart. Journ. Mic. Sc., n. s., VIII, 214.—Busk 1882, Jour. Linn. Soc., XV, 231.—
Hincks 1888, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 6, III, 427.—Bidenkap 1897, Zool. Jahrb., X,
614.—Bidenkap 1900, Fauna Arct., I, 507.—Waters 1909, Journ. Linn. Soc., XXVIII,
54, pl. vii—Robertson 1900, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., II, 318, pl. xix, figs. 3, 4.—
Norman 1903, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 7, XI, 579.--Osburn 1912, Proc. Nat. Mus.
U.S.A., 43, 277.—Osburn 1912, Bull. Bur. Fish., 1910, XXX, 223, pl. xxi, fig. 20,
pl. xxxi, fig. 95.
Numerous colonies which may be identified with the above species
are found in the collection. They hail from the shallow water near
Hakodate. They are attached to stones and shells.
10. Scrupocellaria serupea Busk.
Scrupocellaria scrupea, Busk 1851, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 2, VII, 83.—Busk
1852, Cat. Brit. Mar. Poly., I, 24.—Heller 1867, Bry. Adr., 86.—Norman 1868,
Quart. Junrn. Mic. Sci. n. s., VIII, 214.—Hincks 1880, Hist. Brit. Mar. Poly., 50.
416 NAOKATSU YANAGI AND VAICHIRO \OKADA :
pl. vii, figs. 11-14.—McCoy 1886, Prod. Zool. Vict., decade :XIII, 101, pl. cxxvi,
fig. 8.—Waters 1887, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist, 5, XX, 88.—MacGillivray 1887, Cat.
Mar. Poly. Vict., 14.—Ortmann 1890, Japan. Bry., 21, pl. i, fig. 3.—Jullien 1993,
Result. Camp. Scient., XXIII, 34, 125.—Thornely 1907, Rec. Ind. Mus., vol. I, 180.
Cellularia scrupea, Alder 1857, Trans. Tyn. Fill. Club., sep. 58.—Waters 1879,
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 5. III, 117.
There exist in the collection a few dried fragments of this species.
They were all obtained at Ojiya, on the island of Oshima or Vries
Island in the Sagami Sea.
Caberea Lamouroux 1816.
Key to the species.
T.'*Zocecia” biseriali ul. MR Soe aloe Sie NO I 23
t. Zoœcial multiseniah ken. MEME ttt EE Glos ae dct INT SII &
2. Locgumy without lateral aviculariay SPP N ST C. gigantoceras.
2. Zoeciumy withglateralrayicularias ieee OLO C. darwinii.
Bo 7:98 218 Moai with spes ARE CEE EEE CC CC I 4.
Aig eatteralgaviculanagpresentuer Pemer CEE N à 1 C. rudis.
40) BateralgaviculauiaauUotspresentere EEE Aeree nee Te C. rudis, var. minor.
5. Zocecial apertures with itramsvexsesspmes, ee UT ocr C. climacina.
5.) Zoceclalmapenture without Mansverse SDINES RE EPP EEE EE Le C. lata,
II. Caberea climacina Ortmann.
Caberea climacina, Ortmann 1890, Jap. Bry., 22, pl. I, fig. 6.
A large well-grown colony, which was obtained at Yodomi (78
fms.) in the Sagami Bay, seems to be referable to Ortmann’s Caberea
climacina. The species closely resembles Caberea lata Busk, a species
which also occurs in the Sagami Sea. It was pointed out by Ortmann
that the former may be distinguished from the latter by the presence
of a transverse apertural spine in intermarginal zocecia and by the
total absence of lateral avicularia. We should note that, while the
latter negative character is a useful one, the former can not always
be relied upon for the differential purpose, since we find that in the
specimen now before us, the zocecia in the distal parts of the zoarium
JAPANESE CHEILOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA. 417
are mostly entirely destitute of the spine in question. On the other
hand, we have noticed that, while in C. /ata, the zocecial aperture is
elliptical and simply margined, in the specimen under consideration of
C. climacina it is of a somewhat quadrangular shape with rounded
corners and: exhibits a small mucronate-like projection in the middle
of its lateral margins. Further, we find in the specimen that frontal
avicularia are directed upwards,—not obliquely downwards as in C. ata.
12. Caberea darwinii Busk.
Caberea darwinii, Busk 1884, Chall. Rep., vol. X, pt. XXX, 29, pl. xxxii, fig.
6.—McCoy 1887, Prod. Zool. Vict., decade XIV, 141, pl. cxxxvii, Res, tH de SE
Waters 1898, Journ. Linn. Soc., XXVI, 10, pl. 1, fies. 13, 21-25:
There exists in the collection a moderately large colony which
may be identified with the above species. It was obtained from a
depth of 100 fms. at Yodomi in the Sagami Sea. In this specimen,
there always exists a single oral spine on the outer side of each
zocecium, instead of two as in the specimens hitherto known.
13. Caberea inegateras, n. sp.
Pl. VI., fig. 5; textfig. s.
Zoarium a flabellate tuft, 25-50 mm. high, with delicately textured
surface. Branches dichotomously dividing at rather wide intervals.
Zocecia biserially arranged, elongate, nearly uniformly wide throughout
length; their aperture orbicular, occupying about half the front of
zocecium, with broad, minutely granulated and outwardly recurved
margin; the margin armed with four spines, of which three are at the
upper outer angle and one on the upper inner. Scutum ovate. Lateral
avicularia wanting. Frontal avicularia dimorphic: on zocecium partially
covered over by the oœcium of the next lower zocecium, the avicu-
larium is usually small and is turned to one side of the aperture, with
the triangular mandible directed upwards; while on freely exposed
418 NAOKATSU YANAGI AND YAICHIRO OKADA:
zocecium, the avicularium is con-
siderably larger and is placed
below the aperture with the
mandible directed downwards.
Vibracular appendage exhibits
nearly the same feature as that
of C. lata B. Ocecia large,
prominent, rounded, its summit
reaching to the lower apertural
margin of superjacent zocecium,
smooth surfaced, the wall on
Fig. 5. Caberea megacereas, n. sp. one side with elliptical membra-
A. Frontal view, showing large frontal avi- nous fenestra. Root-fibres occur
cularia. x 32. in the same manner as in C.
B. Frontal view, showing small frontal avicu- B
laria and ocecia. x 32. ata D.
C. Mandible of small frontal avicularium. Three colonies of this new
SA species exist in the collection.
Localities: Okinosé 234-312 fms. ; Yodomi 78 fms. Characteristic of the
species is the dimorphism of frontal avicularia. The two forms of these
differ not only in size, but also in the opposite direction taken by the
mandible.
14. Caberea lata Busk.
Caberea lata, Busk 1852, Cat. Brit. Mar. Poly., I, 39, pl. xlvii.—Busk 1852,
Voy. Ratt., I, 378.—Busk 1884, Chall. Rep., vol. X, pt. XXX, 30.—Ortmann 1890,
Jap. Bry., 22, pl. i, fig. 5.—Thornely 1907, Rec. Ind. Mus., vol. I, 183.
Of this species, there exist in the collection a few large and per-
fectly preserved colonies, besides numerous fragments. Localities: off
Jôgashima 54 fms.; Meranosé 312 fms.; Yodomi 62-100 fms.; off Oda-
wara 120 fms., in the Sagami Sea. In all the specimens, the spinous
processes are situated on zocecial border. Their presence, as also that
of ocecia, are confined to the majority of intermarginal zocecia. The
JAPANESE CHEILOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA. 419
ocecium which appears to have hitherto remained unknown is of a
quadrangular form with flattened and marginally thickened surface.
Frontal avicularia are frequently wanting.
15. Caberea rudis Busk.
Caberea rudis, Busk 1852, Cat. Brit. Mar. Poly., I. 38, pl. xtvi, figs. 1, 2.—
McCoy 1887, Prod. Zool. Vict., decade XIV, 137, pl. cxxxvi, fig. 1.—Busk 1884, Chall.
Rep., vol. X, pt. XXX, 30.—Ortmann 1890, Jap. Bry., 23, pl. i, fig. 8.
This species is represented in the collection by numerous colonies.
The localities are: off Jôgashima 80fms., of the Sagami Sea; Senkai
Bay (depth unknown) in Tsushima ; Tomo (depth unknown) in Prov.
Bingo; Hamajima (2 fms.) in Prov. Shima; Kanayama (3 fms.) in Prov.
Kii. In all the specimens from above localities, the number of oral
spines does not agree with that recorded from previously known speci-
mens. Of them, there are generally to each marginal zocecium four or
three on the outer side and two on the inner, while on intermarginal
zocecia there are two of them on each side. The vibracular seta is not
serrated.
16. Caberea rudis Busk, var. minor, n. var.
EISEN. AE NO:
This new form occurs in the shallow water of Aburatsubo, close to
the Misaki Marine Biological Station, attached on stones. The chief
differences between the typical species and the form under considera-
tion, lie in the absence of the large lateral avicularia in the latter and
in the direction taken by frontal avicularia. In the present form, the
frontal avicularia are directed always obliquely downwards, instead of
mostly upwards as in the typical species.
Bicellariidæ Hincks 1880.
Key to the genera.
ir Calany CRAG? san anna RAD eo ST 2
Ra (Collonsy CENT oe casodoadoodcodear CCE CCC CTICT Beania.
420 NAOKATSU YANAGI AND YAICHIRO OKADA :
2, ‘Colony, unstallked RS a PR RE Bugula.
2... Colony istalked du Rare RR STACI RIEN Be
3. Branches forming a tuft-like group at the upper end of stalk ...... Kinetoskias.
3. Branches arising at rather wide intervals 1 Stirparia.
Bugula Oken 1815.
Key to the species.
I.) Zocecia! hisenall +. 4-2 ae aad ieee eae hte ae ee ee 2
1. Zocca multiserial. à 26 ee ta UE ETC EEE DRE EUR 5
2. * Avicularia presents. IR e terete N OST E SO E 3.
2.,AAviculariat absent, ia EPS REA a Re a GE
Bo ZoceClallgarp et ure mew 1U DIS 10S SE CEE EEE ER ET B. dentata.
3. Zocecial aperture without spines ................ B. scaphoides, var, constricta.
AZOTO Ud EA NE te B. johnstonie.
Aron aperture tenta Ba bo VCR ERE ARR COTTA B. neritina.
5. Aviculaga placed) atibaseron the aperture A Eee IN eee 20:
5. Avicularia placed half way between base and summit of the aperture ........
3. ERA: Se ic een: Sc PRE ee EIER B. pugett, var. umbelliformis,
07 “Beaksofiavicularia swith WI O OST ASIA AR EE ER B. birostrata.
Oy) Bealsotsavicularia AVI CA EONSETOSt me 7.
Zocecial aperture with robust spines, exceeding six in number ........ B. laxa.
7. Zocecial aperture with slender spines, not exceeding six in number... 2. japonica,
17. Bugula birostrata, n. sp.
EI: VI, fe mo: textie, no;
Zoarium forming a tuft of 30-65 mm. height, consisting of nume-
rous band-like and dichotomous branches ; most branches joined together
by fibres arising from indefinite parts of the colony. Zocecia multiserial,
slightly broader above than below, 3-5 or even 7-9 of them forming
an alternately interrupted transverse row ; their aperture occupying two-
thirds of the front, armed with numerous spines at margin: usually
7-9 spines on the outer and 4-5 on the inner border; uppermost two
spines short, inconspicuous, situated close together; the second spine on
each side somewhat broadened towards end; all the remaining spines
pointed at end. Frontal avicularia occurring just below lower margin
of zocecial aperture, conspicuously large, with tolerably long peduncle ;
their mandible relatively long and distinctly curved near the sharply
JAPANESE CHEILOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA. 421
pointed end; their beak
B
also long and curved, with
a prominent pointed tooth
on each side, so thit the
jaws do not come in
contact with each other
exceptrat theitip., “There
frequently exist large
marginal avicularia, situa-
ted at the lower end of
the outer side of marginal
zocecia and turned to the
dorsal side. Ocecia glo-
Fig. 6. Bugula birostrata, n. sp. bose, large, with straight
A. Frontal view. x 32. lower margin, marked
Pave LUS with faint radiate striation
on the surface. Rootlets very abundant, especially in the lower parts
of colony ; arising from a large pore situated at the upper outer angle
of marginal zocecia on the dorsal surface.
This new species is represented in the collection by numerous large
colonies. They were obtained at spots in the Sagami Bay, viz., Yodomi
70-100 fms. and off Odawara 93 fms. In the habit of growth, the
present species closely resembles B. curvirostrata R., but differs from
it in the oral spines being longer, more robust and more numerous.
Moreover, the two species differ in the characters of avicularia. Further,
the new species somewhat resembles ,B. murrayana (J.) in the features
of zocecia, but differs from it in the shape of spines as well as in the
features of avicularia.
18. Bugula dentata (Lamouroux).
Acamarchis dentata, Lamouroux 1816, Hist. Poly. Coral. Flex., 135, pl. iii, figs.
3a, 3b.—Lamouroux 1821, Expos. Méth, 6, pl. xLv, figs. 1-3.—Blainville 1834,
Man. d’Act., 459.
422 NAOKATSU YANAGI AND VAICHIRO OKADA :
Bugula dentata, Busk 1852, Cat. Brit. Mar. Poly., I, 46, pl. xxxv.—McCoy 1883,
Prod. Zool. Vict., decade VIII, 30, pl. Ixxviii, fig. 3 —Waters 1887, Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist. 5, XX, 91, pl. iv, fig. 14.—Ortmann 1890, Jap. Bry., 25, pl. i, fig. 20.—
Phillips 1899, Willey’s Zool. Res, IV, 443.—ITutton 1904, Ind. Faun. Novæ-Zeland.,
205.
Numerous colonies in the collection are referable to the above
species. The localities are: shallow water of Moroiso; off Jögashima ;
near Miyake I., one of the Seven Islands of Izu; Yokohama Harbour ;
Tomo in Prov. Bingo ; Kushimoto in Prov. Kii.
19. Bugula japonica Ortmann.
Bugula japonica, Ortmann 1890, Jap. Bry., 25, pl. i, fig. 19.
Bugula hexacantha, Ortmann 1890, Jap. Bry., 25, pl. i, fig. 21.
Numerous large colonies of. this species from Sagami Sea: viz.,
Mochiyama (depth unknown), Okinosé 312 fms., and off Jôgashima 234-
312fms. Ortmann has described B. heracantha as distinct from 2.
Japonica, on the ground of the former being provided with oral spines
which are wanting in the latter. However, from examination of a
large number of colonies, we have come to the conclusion that the
presence or absence of oral spines can scarcely be made a criterion for
the specific distinction, since both armed and unarmed apertures may
occur in one and the same colony. ‘Thus, in certain colonies, oral
spines were found on proximal, but not on distal, zocecia; while, in
certain other colonies, the reverse was the case as regards the relative
position of zoœcia with armed and unarmed aperture. B. japonica
comes near to B. sinuosa B. as well as to D. curvirostrata R. How-
ever, it may be distinguished from the former by the presence of
connecting fibres between the branches and by the elongate subqua-
drangular (instead of elongate-fusiform) shape of zocecia, and from the
latter by the absence of the longer avicularia and by the branches
being narrower.
JAPANESE CHEILOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA. 423
20. Bugula johnstoniæ (Gray).
Halopmla johnstonia, Gray 1848, Cat. Brit. Anim.—PBusk 1875, Cat. Brit. Mus.
Poly., I, 43, pl. xxx.—Smitt 1872, Flor. Bry., I, 17, pl. v.
Bugula longissima, Busk 1879, Chall. Rep., vol. X, pt. XXX, 42, pl. xxxi, fig. 7.
Bugula johnstonie, Ortmann 1890, Jap. Bry., 24, pl. i. fig. 16.
Numerous large colonies of the above species from following
localities in Sagami Sea: off Niijima; off Odawara (93 fms.) ; Yodomi
(78 fms.) ; Mochiyama (312 fms.).
21. Bugula laxa Robertson.
Bugula laxa, Robertson 1995, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., vol. II, 275, pl. xii, figs.
61, 62.
A few small colonies in the collection is referable to the above
species. They were collected at Okinosé from a depth of 234-312 fms.
The oral spines are characteristically developed. On all young, as also
on all marginal, zocecia, there are usually two spines on each side of
the aperture, and those of the two sides arch over the aperture. The
same spines in the older zocecia of intermarginal rows number 3 or 4
on each side. A large number of rootlets, by means of which the
colonies are attached to the substratum, arise from the outer frontal
angle of proximal zocecia on the dorsal side. The Californian speci-
mens, on which Robertson based the species, were without avicularia ;
whereas, the specimens now before us exhibit avicularia on all inter-
marginal zocecia, and occasionally on some marginal zocecia also. The
avicularia of marginal zocecia are much larger than those of others. In
this respect, the present species resembles B. murrayana (J.), but differs
from it in the shape of avicularia. The species also closely agrees with
B. japonica Ort., but there exists difference between the two in the shape
of zocecia and in the stronger apertural spines of the former.
424 NAOKATSU YANAGI AND YAICHIRO CKADA:
22. Bugula neritina (Linnæus).
Sertularia neritina, Tinnæus 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. X, 38.
Bugula neritina, Oken 1815, Lehl., der Nat., Abt. 2.—Heller 1867, Ad. Bry.,
90.—McCoy 1881, Prod. Zool. Vict., decade VI, 41, pl. lix, fig. 7.—Busk 1884, Chall.
Rep., vol. X, pt. XXX, 42.— Waters 1887, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 5, XX, 91, pl. iv, figs.
3, 15.—Carus 1889, Prod. Faun. Medit., vol. ii, 6.—Ortmann 1890, Jap. Bry., 24, pl.
i, fig. 17.— Phillips 1899, Willey’s Zool. Res., IV, 440.—Robertson 1905, Univ. Calif.
Pub. Zool., vol. II. 266, pl. ix, fig. 47, pl. xvi, fig. 97.—Calvet 1906, Bull. Mus.
Paris, 12 —Thornely 1907, Rec. Ind. Mus., vol. I, 183.
Acamarchis neritina, Lamouroux 1816, Hist. Poly. Coral., 58, pl. iii, fig. 2.
Cellularia neritina, Johnston 1847, Brit. Zooph., 340, pl. lx, figs. 3, 4.
Very numerous colonies represented in the collection. It is quite
a common species in the shallow water of the Misaki coast, found
attached on submerged timber and other objects. Localities: Yokohama
and Yokosuka harbours (attached to bottom of ship); Tokyo Bay ;
Kushimoto in Prov. Kii. The colonies are usually of a reddish brown
or a dark brown colour, sometimes bearing a purple tint. Busk has
‘given that the specimens he had of the species from Australia and Asia,
were always in possession of avicularia. The same did not exist in
Japanese specimens, so far as came under our examination.
23. Bugula pugeti Robertson, var. wmbelliformis, n. var.
ELVIS A
Bugula flabellata, Robertson 1900, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., vol. II, 321.
Bugula pugeti, Robertson 1905, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., vol. II, 271, pl. x, figs.
53, 54; pl. xi, fig. 55.
The chief difference between typical B. pugeti and this new variety
lies in the habit of growth and in the absence of the additional spine
on marginal zocecium. The zoarium consists of a number of dichoto-
mously dividing, narrowly flabellate, frond-like branches truncate at the
free end. The branches form several superiorly expanding groups, all
which basally converge to the common point of origin of the branches
making up the zoarium. The zocecia show on the summit a small
JAPANESE CHEILOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA. 425
rounded knob, similarly as in the typical form. The rootlets arise from
the dorsal surface of intermarginal zocecia in the lower parts of zoarium.
They terminate each with an elliptical expansion, with which they
adhere to the substratum.
This form occurs in considerable abundance in the shallow water
of Aburatsubo, close to the Misaki Marine Station.
24. Bugula scaphoides Kirkpatrick, var. eonstrieta, n var.
ail 72
Bugula scaphoides, Kirkpatrick 1890, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 6. V, 18, pl. iv.
The specimens from a depth of 350 fms. at Meranosé in the Sagami
Sea seem to be a form of D. scaphoides K. They differ from the
typical form chiefly in the existence of an indentation on the
outer lateral wall of each zocecium near base, and in the shorter
spinous process at the outer angle of zocecial aperture. The variety
bears a strong resemblance to B. sinuosa Busk, but differs from it by
the biserial zocecia and the pedunculated avicularia.
Kinetoskias Busk 1881.
25. Kinetoskias mitsukurti, n. sp.
Rip Wile fice Tis texto 7.
Zoarium consists of an umbellate or inverted-conical crown of
branches and of a long stalk. The crown, 30-40 mm. long, is made
‘up of numerous, slender dichotomously dividing, main branches, which
can be traced down to a single primary zocecium. The branches
exhibit zocecia in biserial arrangement; in the preserved state they
may appear to form a simple tuft, but in reality lie in a plane so
rolled as to take the form of the wall of a funnel, with the primary
zocecium at the apex; they are gently bent outwards at the distal
end, giving the funnel a somewhat out-flaring rim. The stalk, 60-75
426 NAOKATSU YANAGI AND YAICHIRO OKADA:
mm. long, is tubular with thin membranous wall; it gradually narrows
superiorly from the lower attached end. At the superior end, close to
the primary zocecium, the stalk lumen opens externally by an aperture ;
dorsally to this aperture, the stalk wall is prolonged into a narrow
membranous strip. This retains the curvature of the tubular stalk wall,
so that it presents a weak arc-like bending in cross-section. It is on
the concave side of this membranous strip that the primary zocecium is
attached, at the level of which point the strip is narrowest, being con-
stricted on the sides, as it were. It expands above and can be traced
for some distance along the bases of the dividing branches, itself
dividing in the same way as these, and covering the zocecia of the
parts on the dorsal side.
Zocecia oblong, nearly uniformly wide throughout the length,
rounded above, with a so-called “step” on the outer border a little
below the middle ; with strongly convex and smooth (without trans-
Fig. 7. Kinetoskias mitsukurti, n. sp.
A. Zocecia, one of them with an ocecium. x 25.
B. A small portion of a branch in dorsal view. x 25.
C. Aviculariuni in lateral view. x75.
JAPANESE CHEILOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA. 427
verse lines) dorsal surface. The bottom of each zocecial cell shows a
small inward projection of conical shape ; from its tip springs a peculiar
fan-shaped muscle, about half as long as the cell or longer and insert-
ing on the lateral and dorsal walls of the cell. The above conical
projection is more strongly developed in the lower parts of branches than
in the upper. Polypids with 27,or 29 tentacles. Avicularia very large,
of a somewhat rhomboidal outline in lateral view; mandible acute,
beak slightly arched and pointed at end; attached to zocecium at the
“step” with the narrowed and pointed base. Ocecia conspicuous,
rounded, smooth, hood-like, with crescent-shaped aperture.
A few complete colonies of this new species exist in the collection.
Localities : Okinosé, 80 fms. ; Döketsuba, 150 fms. ; off Cape Sunosaki, 120
fms. This species closely resembles Arnetoskias cyathus Wyv. Thom-
son, but distinctly differs from it, not only in the much longer size of
avicularia, but also in the total absence of the spiny process at the
upper outer angle of zocecium.
Beania Johnston 1838.
26. Beania hexaceras (Ortmann).
Diachoseries hexaceras, Ortmann. 1890, Jap. Bry., 26, pl. 1, fig. 30.
Numerous specimens examined, growing on seaweed. Localities:
shallow water along the Misaki coast; Hamajima in the Miye prefec-
ture. In all the specimens, many zocecia are provided with a spine at
the summit of zocecial aperture, a fact of which no mention was made
by Ortmann for the specimens he had from the Sagami Sea.
27. Beania magellanica (Busk).
Diachoris magellanica, Busk 1852, Cat. Brit. Mar. Poly., pt. I, 54.—Busk. 1884,
Chall. Rep., vol. X, pt. XXX, 59.—Hincks 1885, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 5, XV, 246,
pl viii, fig. 2—McCoy 1880, Prod. Zool. Vict., decade V, 32, pl. xlvi, fig. 2.
Beania magellanica, MacGillivray 1887, Cat. Mar. Poly. Vict., 17.—Waters 1897,
Journ. Linn. Soc., vol. XXVI, 16, pl. ii, figs. 11-14.—Hutton 1904, Ind. Faun. Novæ-
Zeland, 295.
428 NAOKATSU YANAGI AND YAICHIRO OKADA:
Diachoseries magellanica, Ortmann 1890, Jap. Bry., 25, pl. i, fig. 22.
A large colony in the collection may be identified with the above
species. It is attached on a specimen of Steganoporella magnirablis,
which came from Yodomi and a depth of 62 fms.
Stirparia Goldstein 1879.
28. Stirparia ciliata Robertson.
Stirparia ciliata, Robertson 1905, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., vol. IT, 279, pl: xii,
figs. 67-69; pl. xiii, figs. 70-71.
Small colonies which may be identified with the above species,
exist in the collection in a few number. They were collected from
shallow water at Kushimoto in the Wakayama prefecture. Compared with
the description and figures given by Robertson for Californian specimens
of the species, those on hand differ from them only in the much less
conspicuous development of the zoarial stalk.
Zoological Institute, Tokyo Imp. Univ.
Fuly Ist, 1917.
JAPANESE CHEILOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA. 429
Explanation of Plate VI.
I. Menipea sympodia, n. sp. x I.
2. Menipea sympodia, var. sagamiensis, n. var. XI.
3. Menipea longispinosa, n. sp. XI.
4. Scrupocellaria aviculariæ, n. sp. x I.
Re Eaberear megaceras, n. sp. xt.
6. Caberea rudis, var. minor, n. var. XI.
7. Bugula scaphoides, var. constricta, n. var. XI.
8. Bugula pugeti, var. umbelliformis, n. var. x I.
9. Bugula japonica Ortmann. x 1.
10. Bugula birostrata, n. sp. x1.
II. Kinetoskias mitsukurii, n. sp. XI.
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eee it
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Bestimmungsschlussel für die japanischen
_Polycladen.
von
Megumi Yeri, Argakusht,
Höhere Lehrerinnenseminar, Nara,
und
Tokiö Kaburaki, Argakuskt,
Zool. Inst., Kaiserl. Univ., Tokyo.
Vorläufig zur Veröffentlichung, an anderer Stelle, unsrer ausführ-
licher Mitteilung über die japanischen Polycladen, werden hier kurze
Notizen derselben gegeben in der Form eines Bestimmungsschlussels.
Unser Material stammt hauptsächlich aus der Umgebung von Misaki
und dem angrenzenden Meeresgebiete ; es enthält 9 bisher bekannte
und 17 neue Arten, welche sich auf 8 Familien und 14 Gattungen
verteilen, wie folgt:
Unterordnung Acotylea.
A. Sectio Craspedommata.
I. Fam. Discocelidæ.
1. Discocelis japonica, n. sp.
II. Fam. Stylochidæ.
2. Stylochus rutilus, n. sp.
3: E ijimai, n. sp.
4. Bergendalia diversa, n. sp.
B. Sectio Schematommata.
Il. Fam. Leptoplanidæ.
432
(0.0)
M. YERI UND T. KABURAKI:
Notoplana humilis (Stimpson).
> delicata, n. sp.
Hoploplana ornata, n. sp.
IV. Fam. Planoceridæ.
. * Neoplanocera elongata, n. gen., n. sp.
Planocera reticulata (Stimpson).
5 purpurea, n. Sp.
Paraplanocera misakiensis, n. sp.
V. Fam. Diplosolenidæ.
Pseudostylochus takeshitai, n. gen., n. sp.
a fulvus, n. sp.
ye. obscurus (Stimpson).
Callioplana marginata Stimpson.
Unterordnung Cotylea.
VI. Fam. Pseudoceridæ.
Thysanozoon brocchii (Grube).
Pseudoceros reticulatus, n. sp.
3 lacteus (Collingwood) ?
a luteomarginatus, n. Sp.
5 nigromarginatus, N. Sp.
VII. Fam. Euryleptidæ.
Cycloporus papillosus Lang.
VIII. Fam. Prosthiostomidæ.
Prosthiostomum siphunculus (Delle Chiaje).
‘5 grande Stimpson.
3 marmoratum, n. sp.
h awaense, N. Sp.
rubropunctatum, n. sp
In der Anordnung der Familien und Gattungen, sowie auch in der
Terminologie der Geschlechtsorgane haben wir im wesentlichen S. Bock
BESTIMMUNGSSCHLUSSEL FÜR DIE JAPANISCHEN FOLYCLADEN. 433
(“Studien über Polycladen,” Zoologiska Bidrag frau Uppsala, Bd. 2,
1913) gefolgt.
1.
A.
a!
w
»
b’.
Ohne bauchständigen Saugnapf. Unterordnung Acotylea.
Mit Augen am Körperrand. Sectio Craspedommata.
Nackententakeln fehlen.
Eine Geschlechtsöffnung.
Männlicher Begattungsapparat mit einem grossen muskulösen Penis.
Zahlreiche Körnerdrüsenblase in der Wand des Penis und des
Antrums. Accessorische Blase der Vagina hufeisenförmig.
Genus Discocelis Ehrbg.
Körper breit-oval ; Rückenseite schmutzig-zimt, im Mittelfeld dunkler,
überall gleichmässig mit kleineren dunkelbraunen Fleckchen
besetzt. Tentakelaugen in zwei dichtgedrängten rundlichen
Haufen ; Gehirnhofaugen in zwei langgestreckten, aber in zwei
Partien getrennten Gruppen.
I. D. japonica, n. sp.
(Misaki; Enoura in Prov. Suruga; Shirahama in Prov. Awa).
Drei Geschlechtsöffnungen.
Echte Samenblase nicht ausgebildet. Körnerdrüsenblase frei, besizt
ihren eigenen Ausführungsgang, der sich mit dem Ductus ejacu-
latorius zu einem gemeinsamen Gang vereinigt. Penis unbewaffnet.
Vor oder hinter der functionellen männlichen Geschlechtsöffnung
liegt eine zweite Körnerdrüsenblase, die auch einen eigenen Gang
besitzt. Dieser Körnerdrüsenapparat hat eine selbständige äussere
Öffnung mit einem kleinen Antrum. Vagina nicht sehr lang,
teilweise spiralgewunden. Ductus vaginalis vorhanden, öffnet sich
gemeinsam mit der Vagina externa.
Genus Bergendalia Laidlaw.
434 M. YERI UND T. KABURAKI :
Kôrper :langgestreckt ; Oberfläche hellbräunlich rosenrot; mit einem
ziegelroten, medianen Längsstreife. Augen in ein- order mehr-
reihiger Anordnung längs des ganzen Körpers und in grosser
Anzahl zerstreut auf dem Kopfteil.
2.. B. diversa, n. sp.
(Shirahama in Prov. Awa.)
b'." Nackententakeln vorhanden.
Echte Samenblase vorhanden. Körnerdrüsenblase selbständig,
Penis; unbewaffnet. Accessorische Blase der Vagina fehlt.
Genus Stylochus Ehrbg.
a’. Körper elliptisch, rötlichorange oder ziegelrot, mehr oder minder
gleichmässig mit kleineren rötlichen Tüpfelchen gesprenkelt.
Tentakelaugen im Innern der Tentakeln, nur in der Spitze fehlend ;
Gehirnhofaugen dicht zerstreut zwischen den Tentakeln.
3. St. 2/44 AS pî
(Mera in Prov. Awa).
b’. Körper breit-elliptisch ; Rückenfarbe tief gelblich, mehr oder minder
gleichmässig mit zahlreichen kleineren grauvioletten Tüpfelchen
besetzt. Tentakelaugen dicht im Innern der Tentakeln; Gehirn-
hofaugen in zwei wohl abgegrenzten Gruppen, die nach vorn
divergiren.
4. St. Yımal, n. sp.
(Enoura in Prov. Suruga).
B. Ohne Augen am Körperrand. Sectio Schematommata.
a'. Körnerdrüsenblase vom Ductus ejaculatorius durchzogen.
Echte Samenblase und accessorische Blase der Vagina vorhanden.
Mit oder ohne Tentakeln. Penis bewaffnet oder nicht bewaffnet.
Genus Nozoplana Laidlaw.
BESTIMMUNGSSCHLUSSEL FÜR DIE JAPANISCHEN POLYCLADEN. 435
a’. Nackententakeln sehr klein, stumpf-spitzig. Penisstylett nicht
vorhanden.
Körper langgestreckt, nach vorn gerundet, nach hinten stumpf
zugespitzt; Farbe hellolivengelb. Tentakelaugen in je einem
dichtgedrängten Haufe an der Basis jedes Tentakels ; Gehirn-
hofaugen in zwei Gruppen über dem Gehirn.
5. N. humilis (Stimpson).
(Misaki; Shirahama in Prov. Awa; Otaru auf Hokkaido).
b’. Nackententakeln fehlen. Penisstylett vorhanden.
Körper wie bei den obigen Art, durchscheinend, bräunlichgelb,
mit einem bräunlichorange gefärbten, medianen Längsstreife.
Tentakel- und Gehirnhofaugengruppen miteinander blenden auf
jeder Seite.
6. N. delicata, n. sp.
(Misaki; Shirahama in Prov. Awa).
b°. Keine echte Samenblase. Vagina ohne accessorische Blase.
Mit Nackententakeln. Accessorische Samenblase mächtig. Penis
nicht Stylett versehen.
Genus Hoploplana Laidlaw.
Körper breit-oval ; Grundfarbe milchweiss oder ziemlich hellbraun,
mit ziegelrot oder rötlichbraun gefärbten, querverlaufenden Streifen,
die im Mittelfeld ein Netz bilden; Zwischenräume stellen nur
einige hellere grundfärbige Fleckchen von ungleichmässigen
Grösse dar. Tentakeln schlank, kegelförmig. Tentakelaugen in
je einem Zirkel an der Basis jedes Tentakels ; Gehirnhofaugen
in geringer Anzahl in je einem Gruppe neben jedem Tentakel.
Te Rod, m. (Spi
(Misaki).
436
bie
D.
Ci
Br
M. YERI UND T. KABURAKT:
Körnerdrüsenblase frei; ihr eigener Ausführungsgang vereinigt
sich mit dem Ductus ejaculatorius zu einem gemeinsamen Gang.
Penis fehlt.
Nackententakeln fehlen. Körnerdrüsenblase ventral vom Ductus
ejaculatorius. Mit echter Samenblase. Cirrusbeutel mit Stacheln
bewaffnet. Accessorische Blase der Vagina rudimentär.
Genus Neoplanocera, n. gen.
Körper langgestreckt-oval, blassgelblich gefärbt. Tentakel-und
Gehirnhofaugen miteinander blenden auf jeder Seite der Median-
linie.
8. N. elongata, n. sp.
(Shirahama und Sunosaki in Prov. Awa).
Nackententakeln vorhanden. Körnerdrüsenblase dorsal vom Ductus
ejaculatorius.
Bursa copulatrix nicht ausgebildet.
Mit echter Samenblase. Geräumiger Cirrusbeutel mit Stacheln.
Vagina bulbosa ausgebildet. Accessorische Blase der Vagina
rudimentär.
Genus Planocera De Blainville.
Körper breit-oval, gross, verschieden gefärbt, gewöhnlich überall mit
deutlichem schwärzlichem Netzwerk, welche Zwischenräume nur
kleine hellere Flecke der Grundfarbe darstellen. Tentakeln
häufig in zwei Gruppen geordnet. Tentakelaugen in je einem
Zirkel an der Tentakelbasis; Gehirnhofaugen in zwei lockeren
Gruppen über dem Gehirn.
9. Pl. reticulata (Stimpson).
(Masaki ; Loo-choo.)
Körper oval, relativ klein, dunkelviolett. Tentakelaugen in je einem
BESTIMMUNGSSCHLUSSEL FÜR. DIE JAPANISCHEN POLYCLADEN. 437
Zirkel an der Basis jedes Tentakels; Gehirnhofaugen in zwei
paaren Gruppen.
10. Pl. purpurea, n. sp.
(Shirahama in Prov. Awa).
bf. Bursa copulatrix ausgebildet.
>
Accessorische Samenblase vorhanden. Vagina bulbosa nicht
bewaffnet. Vagina mit grosser accessorischer Blase.
Genus Paraplanocera Laidlaw.
Körper breit-elliptisch, am Rande in einige Falten gelegt. Rücken-
seite hellolivenbraun, überall unregelmässig mit zahlreichen
kleineren milchweissen Tüpfelchen, die in weniger Anzahl mit
dunkelbraunen Punkten gesprenkelt sind. Ferner, kleinere gelb
und weiss gefärbte Fleckchen in ein- oder mehrreihiger Anord-
nung längs des ganzen Körpers. Tentakelaugen in zwei Zirkel ;
Gehirnhofaugen in zwei wohl abgegrenzten, langgestreckten
Haufen zwischen den Tentakeln.
11. P. misakiensis, n. sp.
(Misaki).
b*. Penis vorhanden.
Vagina mit einer einzigen accessorischen Blase.
Tentakeln vorhanden, jedoch unbekannt. Mit echter Samenblase.
Körnerdrüsenblase dorsal vom Ductus ejaculatorius. Penis nicht
bewaffnet.
Genus Pseudostylochus, n. gen.
4. Grundfarbe hellolivenbraun.
Körper oval, überall mit gleichmässig zerstreuten, kleinen braunen
Punkten.- Tentakelaugen- in zwei unregelmässig dichtgedrängten
438 M. YERI UND:T. KABURAKI:
Haufen ; Gehirnhofaugen in zwei lateralen Gruppen über dem
Gehirn.
12. P. takeshitat, n. sp.
(Matsuwa in Prov. Sagami).
b°. Körper breit-oval, dicht fein bräunlichorange punktiert. Tentakel-
augen in zwei unregelmässig dichtgedrängten Haufen ; Gehirn-
hofaugen in zwei Längsstreifen.
13. P. fulvus, n. sp.
(Misaki).
a‘. Grundfarbe tief olivenbraun.
Körper oval oder elliptisch, überall auf der Rückenseite mit dicht-
gedrängten dunkelgrünen Pigmentpunkten.
14. P. obscurus (Stimpson).
(Misaki; Mera in Prov. Awa; Otaru auf Hokkaido).
b'. Vagina mit einpaaren accessorischen Blasen.
Mit Tentakeln. Echte Samenblase vorhanden. Freie Körner-
drüsenblase dorsal vom Ductus ejaculatorius ; ihr eigener Aus-
führungsgang vereinigt sich mit dem letzt genannten Ductus bei
der Penisspitze. Penis unbewaffnet.
Genus Callioplana Stimpson.
Körper oval, am Rande in einige radiäre Falten gelegt. Rücken-
seite tief blaulichschwarz mit violetten Lichttönen, mit einer den
Rand ringsum begleitenden, schmalen, rotbraunen Linie, die am
äussersten Körperrand einen noch schmäleren, farblosen Saum
frei lässt. Tentakelaugen im Innern der Tentakeln, nur in der
Spitze fehlend ; Gehirnhofaugen in zwei Längsstreifen.
15. C. marginata Stimpson.
(Oshima Insel ; Misaki; Sunosaki in Prov. Awa).
be
BESTIMMUNGSSCHLUSSEL FÙR DIE JAPANISCHEN POLYCLADEN. 439
Mit bauchstàndigen Saugnapf Unterordnung Cotylea.
Randtentakeln vorhanden. Darmäste anastomosierend.
Randtentakeln faltenformig; Pharynx reich gefaltet; Darm zahl-
reich verzweigt.
Mit zottenförmigen Papillen auf dem Rücken.
Randtentakeln spitzohrahnlich. Männlicher Begattungsapparat dop-
pelt.
Genus Thysanozoon Grute.
Körper breit-oval ; Rückenseite grauviolett oder gelblichviolett, mit
einem weisslichen oder gelblichen medianen Längsstreife.
16. Th. brocchit (Grube).
(Misaki und Matsuwa in Prov. Sagami).
Ohne Papillen auf dem Rücken.
Randtentakeln spitzig oder stumpf zugespitzt. Männlicher Begat-
tungsapparat einfach oder doppelt.
Genus Pseudoceros Lang.
Penis einfach.
Körper fast oval, am Rande in einige wellenförmigen Falten gelegt.
Rückenseite zeigt eine netzförmige Zeichnung von verschieden
"breiten olivengrauen Bändern. Die Zwischenràume zwischen den
Bändern stellen die ziemlich grosse, ebenso gefärbte, aber hellere
Flecken dar. Überall auf der Grundfarbe befinden sich zahlreiche
fast gleichmässig stehende schwarze Punktchen.
17. P. reticulatus, n. sp.
(Misaki ; Loo-cho).
Körper oval; Rand wellenförmig. Rückenfarbe licht rosenrot, mit
einem helleren medianen Längsstreife und ' ziemlich zerstreuten
440 M. VERI UND T. KABURARI:
schwarzen Flecken. Rings um den Körper herum verläuft ein
schmaler ziegelbrauner Streife, der am äussersten Körperrand
eine schmalen schwarzen Saum frei lässt.
18. P. lacteus (Collingwood) ?
(Misaki).
b’. Penis doppelt.
a'. Körper oval; Rand wellenformig. Rückenseite schwarz mit violetten
Lichttönen, mit zwei den Rand ringsum begleitenden, rosenrötlich-
braunen marginalen und lichtgelben submarginalen Bändern.
19. P. luteomarginatus, n. sp.
(Misaki).
b*. Körper breit-elliptisch, am Rande in Falten gelegt. Rückenseite
bräunlichschwarz, mit zwei helleren Längsstreifen im Mittelfeld
und einer den Körperrand ringsum begleitenden, wohl abgegrenz-
ten, schmalen dunkelbraunen Linie.
20. P. nigromarginatus, n. sp.
(Matsuwa in Prov. Sagami; Shirahama in Prov. Awa).
b'. Randtentakeln zipfelformig; Pharynx cylindrisch; Darm wenig
verzweigt.
Mit oder ohne Wärzchen oder Papillen auf der Riickenseite. Die
letzten peripherischen Zweige der Darmäste münden am ganzen
Körperrande durch feine Poren im Epithel nach aussen.
Genus Cyeloporus Lang.
Körper oval; Rückenseite ocherfärbig, mit zahlreichen rötlichen
und wenigen dunkleren Fleckchen zerstreut.
21. C. papillosus Lang.
(Misaki). |
BESTIMMUNGSSCHLUSSEL FÜR DIE JAPANISCHEN POLYCLADEN. 441
B. Tentakeln fehlen. Darmäste nicht anastomosierend. Pharynx
cylindrisch, nach vorn gerichtet. Penis mit Stylett. Körner-
drüsenblase doppelt.
Genus Prosthiostomum Quatrefages.
a'. Gehirnhofaugen in zwei linearen Gruppen.
Körper langgestreckt, hellbräunlichgelb, ungefähr zimtfärbig im
Mittelfeld.
22. P. siphunculus (Delle Chiaje).
(Misaki und Matsuwa in Prov. Sagami; Shirahama in Prov. Awa).
b'. Gehirnhofaugen in zwei dichtgedrängten ovalen Haufen.
a’. Randaugen wenig an Anzahl.
a’. Körper langgestreckt, nach vorn und hinten abgerundet. Rücken-
seite hellblassbräunlich, mit überall gleichmässig zerstreuten,
zahlreichen ocherfärbigen Tüpfelchen.
23. P. grande Stimpson.
(Oshima Insel; Misaki und Matsuwa in Prov. Sagami ;
Mera in Prov. Awa).
b°. Körper langgestreckt ; Rückenseite hellbräunlichgelb, mit unregel-
mässig alle miteinander verbundenen, schmutzigbraunen Flecken,
die nur am Vorderende fehlen.
24. P. marmoratum, n. sp.
(Shirahama in Prov. Awa).
b’. Randaugen zahlreich.
a’. Körper langgestreckt, tief blassfleischfärbig, mit einem braunen
medianen Längsstreife.
25. P. awaense, n. sp.
(Shirahama in Prov. Awa).
442
bi.
M. YERI UND T. KABURAKI :
Körper langgestreckt; Rückenseite hellbräunlich, mit einem
dunkleren medianen Längsstreife, überall rötlichbräunlich, fein und
dicht punktiert.
26. P. rubropunctatum, n. Sp.
(Shirahama in Prov. Awa).
Notes on Japanese Triclads. IL.
By
Tokiö Kaburaki, Aıgakusht,
Zool. Inst. Sct. Coll, Tokyo.
4. On the Formation of the Spermatophore.
The spermatophore of Triclads has hitherto been known from
several species, always contained in the cavity of the receptaculum
seminis or the so-called uterus. By some authors (Kennel,” Micoletzky”)
it was alleged that the spermatophore originates in that organ, the
substance of the capsule being supposed to be the secretory product of
the latter; while others (Schultze, Woodworth,” Bergendal,® Weiss”)
assumed its formation in the penis, ascribing the source of the capsule
to the penis glands, and that it is introduced, by the act of copulation,
into the receptaculum seminis of a second individual. In view of this
disparity in the views of authors, it will be of interest to place on
record a case, observed by me, of Planaria vivida Jj. et Kab., in which
1) Continuation of “Notizen üb. jap. Tricladen,” p. 325 of this volume of the journal.
2) Kennel, J., 1889. Untersuchungen an neuen Turbellarien. Zool. Jahrb., Abteil. f.
Anat. u. Ontog.. Bd, III, Heft 3, P- 458.
3) Micoletzky, H., 1907. Zur Kenntnis des Nerven- und Excretionssystems einiger
Süsswassertricladen nebst andern Beiträgen zur Anatomie von //anaria alpina. Zeitschr. f.
wiss. Zool. Bd. LXXXVII, pp. 426, 427.
4) Schultze, M., 1852. Zoologische Skizzen. Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool. Bd. IV, 1852, pp.
186, 187.
5) Woodworth, W.M., 1891. Contribution to the Morphology of the Turbellaria. I. On
the Structure of Phagocata gracilis Le'dy. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard Coll. Vol. XXI,
PP. 31, 32.
6) Bergendal, D., 1890. Studien über nordische Turbellarien und Nemertinen. Vorl.
Mitt. Ofversigt Kongl. Vetenskaps- Acad. Förhandl. Nr. 6, p. 326.—1892. Einiges über den
Uterus der Tricladen. Festschrift z. 70 Geburtstag R. Leuckarts. p. 318.
7) Weiss, A., 1910. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der australischen Turbellarien. Zeitschr. f.
wiss. Zool. Bd. XCIV, Heft 4, pp. 584-586.
444 TOKIO KABURAKI :
a spermatophore was found lodged in the penis and was evidently
formed there.
In fig. I is given a sagittal longitudinal section through the penis
and adjoining parts of the P/anaria individual in question. A sper-
matophore, apparently completely formed and ready for ejection by the
penis, occupies the po-
Ion vl
sition of the terminal
swelling of vas deferens
impar or the vesicula
seminalis, completely
filling it up and to a
degree distending the
same. It is nearly of
a pyriform shape, bent
at the pointed end and
measuring 216 # by
133 4. The body is so
oriented that its point-
ed end is directed to-
wards, and projects
somewhat into, the dis-
Fig. 1. A sagittal longitudinal section through genital tal end of the vas def-
end-organs of P/anaria vivida, showing the sperma-
tophore an mea erens impar. (For the
de ductus ejaculatorius, od oviduct, fs penis sheath, parts of the genital end-
sph spermatophore, 74 vas deferens. re à Dorn aan
see this volume of the journal p. 164, fig. 17). The capsule is 0.5—
3 # thick, being thickest towards the pointed end. Its substance is not
homogeneous but exhibits a porous structure when seen under the high
power. Microchemically it shows special affinity for eosin, quite agreeing
in this respect with the secretion of the penis gland, found abundantly
in the parenchyma round the penis bulb and more sparsely in the wall
of the penis itself.
NOTES ON JAPANESE TRICLADS. 445.
As regards the spermatophores contained in the receptaculum
seminis, e.i., those which, in my opinion, had been transfered by copu-
lation from one individual into the receptaculum of another, I have met
with such on several occasions in P/. vivida. They occurred either
singly or two together at a time, not infrequently represented only by
incomplete capsules which had emptied their proper contents. It is
important to note that the spermatophore thus found in the recepta-
culum is of a shape and size well agreeing with the one described above
from the vesicula seminalis.
As already indicated, the pyriform shape of the spermatophore of
Pl. vivida apparently stands in relation with the shape of the space of
its origin, viz., the vesicula seminalis and the adjoining parts of vas
deferens impar. In this connection I may mention that in both PZ.
burmaensis Kab. and Pl. annandalei Kab. the spermatophores I have
found in the receptaculum were also of a shape corresponding to that
of the part of penis lumen known as vesicula seminalis. In the former
species the shape was elongate ovoid, and in the latter tubular.
The eosinophil nature of the substance of the spermatophore capsule
decidedly differentiates it from the cyanophil secretion of the glandular
cells discharging into the receptaculum seminis. Micoletzky assumed
that the receptaculum secretion changes from cyanophil into eosinophil
during the process of the capsule formation in that organ. This he
based on his observation of the staining property of the receptaclum
fluid enclosing a spermatophore, using hamatoxylin-eosin for the stain.
He found in sections that the fluid coagulum in immediate contact with
the spermatophore capsule stained red—i.e., was cosinophil,—though in
more remote parts it was cyanophil, the red and blue grading over into
each other in the intermediate parts. A similar result I have obtained
with P/ vivida under the same circumstances of condition and treat-
ment ; however I am inclined to interpret the differential staining to be
due to the receptaculum fluid being in the process of dissolving up the
substance of the spermatophore capsule.
446 TOKIO KABURAKI :
5. Reproduction by Fission.
Planaria gonocephala Duges, as observed by me in Japan, seems
to reproduce to a large extent by fission. I have never yet met with
individuals which were doubtlessly right in the process of dividing, but
those bearing evident marks of foregone fission are rather common. To
judge from these, it seems that this always takes place at a point
immediately behind the pharynx or a short distance farther back, much
as is known from P/. maculata Curtis. Instances of division in front of
the pharynx, known to obtain in PZ albissima Sekera, was never
observed in the species in question. The severed end of the two pieces
produced by division presents for some time a transverse and nearly
straight edge, exposing the parenchyma in a thin white line. For some
time after the healing of the wound, there is observed at the body-end
concerned a colourless area of regeneration, which area, bounded off
from the old parts by a zone of concentrated pigmentation, is at first
of a crescentic, and then takes a more or less triangular, shape. In the
tail piece that area develops into the part of the new head anterior to the
auricles, while in the head piece it merely forms the new tail-end. In
the former case the regenerated area increases considerably in extent,
and the eyes appear as two minute dots close to its border against the
pigmented old body-parts. The points of the auricles begin to show
themselves somewhat later.
Pl. vivida and Polycelis ijimai Kab. also very frequently reproduce
by fission. In the former the division takes place quite similarly as is
known in Pl. alpina Dana. First a furrow appears at the place where
division is to occur; it deepens, finally leading to separation of the
parts. There were not infreqnently found cases in which the dividing
body-parts were still connected by a narrow band of tissue, which no
doubt will soon break off by the motion of crawling.
In all the’ species mentioned, reproduction by fission takes place
most actively during June, July and August, in which period it is
NOTES ON JAPANESE TRICLADS. 447
exceedingly rare, if at all, to discover individuals with developed sexual
organs. So far as my observations go, the fission ceases in the autumn
and then the reproductive organs begin to develop. It may therefore
be said, in unison with Curtis,” that the life history of those planarians
presents alternate periods of asexual and sexual reproduction.
6. Budding.
A very curious case of budding was observed in a specimen of
Sorocelis sapporo Jj. et Kab., captured by Professor Ijima in the rivulet
flowing through the Sapporo college ground in Hokkaido. It is shown
in fig. 2. The mother individual is of quite normal appearance and
structure, possessing well-developed genital end-organs. Only it bears
on the left lateral body-margin in the pharyngeal region two branch-
like buds of considerable - dimensions. One of them represents an
additional posterior body-part and the other, an additional anterior
body-part. Both are structurally very distinctly differentiated. The
former contains developing pharynx and sexual end-organs, besides two
branch-bearing gut-trunks which are simply elongations of as many
lateral branches of the left posterior gut-trunk of the mother individual.
The latter may be said to represent nearly an entire young individual
organically connected to the mother individual by the tail-end; the
| eye-spots near the free truncate end number 5 or 7 on either side,
distributed in the usual way; nearly in the middle there exists a well-
developed but as yet small pharynx; two gut-branches originating from
the left posterior trunk of the mother individual enter into the bud as
the paired posterior gut-trunks of this; these unite in front of the bud
pharynx, and from this point of union there arises an unpaired short
gut-trunk directed towards the head-end of the bud. A glance at the
accompanying figure will make clear the relations of the supernumer-
6
ary parts or partial individuals to the mother individual.
1) Curtis, W.C., 1992, The life history, the normal fission and the reproductive organs
of Planaria maculata. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. Vol. XXX, No. 7, pp. 515-550.
448 TOKIO KABURAKI :
late, (2% Fig. 3. Fig. 4.
Fig. 2. Sorocelis sapporo Jj. et Kab.
Fig. 3 and 4. Planaria vivida Vj. et Kab.
Fig. 5. Planaria gonocephala Duges.
z intestine, .g position of genital end-organs,
ph pharynx, 7 testis.
In Professor Ijima’s notes taken at the time of his collecting this
interesting specimen, it stands that the small daughter individual with
the head-end directed posteriorly in relation to the mother individual,
was passively dragged along as the latter crawled forewards, though
at times it made efforts to make foreward crawling in its own sense.
Among Pl. vivida obtained in the Nikko region I have found a
case which had the tail-end split into two. This is shown in fig. 3.
The right tail tip contains two lateral branches of the right posterior
gut-trunk, and may possibly be looked upon as a formation by bud-
ding. In another case of the same species (shown in fig. 4) the body
has produced, on the right lateral margin at about the level of the
pharynx insertion, an obliquely posteriorly directed process of a con-
NOTES ON JAPANESE TRICLADS. 449
siderable size and an irregular contour. It shows a pair of eyes near
the junction with the mother body. From the state of things it is
probable that we have here to do with an abnormal state of budding.
Finally, as regards P/. gonocephala it may be recorded that
specimens with double tail-ends, one of which might be regarded as a
budding product of the other, are not infrequent. In fig. 5 is represent-
ed a case, in which an individual has budded out, from the right
margin of the posterior parts, a daughter individual. Of the latter, the
free end is the head-end ; though still eyeless, it is already provided
with a distinct pharynx and with three gut-trunks which have mani-
festly arisen from two adjoining lateral branches of the right posterior
gut-trunk of the mother body.
On Ctenophores of the Neighbourhood of Misaki.
By
Taku Komai,
Zoological Institute, Sci. Coll., Tokyo.
With Plate VH.
During the last two years I have had several opportunities to
collect ctenophores in the neighbourhood of the Misaki Marine Station.
The sketches and notes taken on those occasions have formed the basis
of this report. To supplement my observations I have also examined
the preserved materials in custody of the Zoological Institute, Science
College, and of the Tokyo Higher Normal School, all which materials
were collected chiefly at Misaki and to some extent at Tateyama in
Prov. Awa. In all eleven species have come under my observation.
The number includes two Cæloplana species, of which I have prepared
a special report to be published in another journal. The present paper
deals with the remaining nine species. The descriptions are based
exclusively on my own observation of the specimens at my disposal.
Genus Hormiphora, L. Agassiz.
I. Hormiphora palmata Chun. (Pl. VII, fig. 1.).
Hormiphora palmata, Chun, 1898, p. 17, Pl. iii, figs. 1, 2. Moser, 1903, p. II,
Bigelow, 1912, p. 381, Pl. i, figs. 1-6.
Bestimmungstabelle.
Lampetia fusiformis, Agassiz and Mayer, 1902. p. 171, PI. xiii, figs. 59, 60.
Hormiphora fusiformis, Moser, 1903, p. 12, Bestimmungstabelle. Mayer, 1903,
p: 1141, PE iii, fig. 12.
Hormiphora japonica, Moser, 1907, p. 450.——Moser, 1908, p. 10, Pl. i, figs. 6-8.
? Euplokamis californensis, Torrey, 1904, p. 46.
? Mertensia ovum, Torrey, 1904, Pl. i, fig. 1.
452 TAKU KOMAI:
The ovoid body is slightly compressed, the tentacular axis being
a little longer and the pharyngeal axis slightly shorter than half the
vertical axis. In large specimens (length over 30mm.) the body is
relatively more slender. The ribs are of equal length, beginning close
to the apical sense-organ and terminating below usually a short dis-
tance above the level of the oral end of tentacle-basis. The comb-
plates are closely set; in individuals of 20-30 mm. length, they number
40-50 in each rib. The perradial intercostal spaces are about equally
wide, and somewhat wider than the interradial intercostal spaces. The
pharynx is nearly 2/3 as long as the vertical axis. Adradial canals
open into meridional canals slightly above the level of the infundibulum.
The meridional canals are all of the same length; they are distinctly
longer than the ribs, their oral end nearly reaching the level of the
oral end of tentacle-sheaths, or somewhat farther beyond. The tentacle-
basis is situated quite close to pharyngeal canals; it is nearly straight
or slightly curved and sometimes even double-curved. The tentacle-
sheaths open at a level of between ı/2 and 2/3 the distance from
infundibulum to apex; very rarely they open nearer the former than
the latter. The tentacles are long and are provided only with simple
filiform branches. The sexual products develop in the entire length of
meridional canals excepting a small part at their oral end.
Colour.— When living, the animal is colourless, only the tentacle-
basis being whitish. In preserved specimens, the branches of tentacles
are yellowish, due to the presence of colloblasts.
Specimens examined.—At Misaki, during the interval of Dec, 27,
1917 and Jan. 9, 1918, I have examined twelve individuals of 18.5-
43mm. length in the living state. Also the following specimens, all
in the preserved state, were at my disposal: One (l. 26 mm.), Misaki,
in formalin; three (I. 14.5-30.5 mm.), Misaki, April, 1901, in formalin ;
six (l. 18-31mm.), Bonin Islands, Feb.-March, 1894, in alcohol;
three (1. 29-43.5 mm.), Tateyama, April, 1909-1912, in formalin.
Some of the specimens which I obtained at Misaki in the winter
ON CTENOPHORES OF THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF MISAKI. 453
of 1917, contain a number of Cercariæ in the jelly of the body. The
Cercariæ, apparently all of the same species, are provided with a pair
of eye-spots and a tail bearing long setæ.
Remark.—MOSER described the ctenophore in question as a new
species under the name of 7. japonica holding it distinct from the
Atlantic 7. palmata. According to that authoress, the Japanese form
should differ from the species just mentioned, chiefly in the length of
ribs and meridional cana!s, and in the configuration of tentacle-basis.
It was given by her that in 7. japonica the ribs are considerably
shorter than the meridional canals, which latter stop some distance
short of the margin of mouth, and that the tentacle-basis describes a
simple curve, so that its middle point, whence issues the stem, is
situated farthest away from the pharyngeal vessel. In A. palmata, on
the other hand, the ribs and meridional canals should be nearly equally
long, and both should reach down very close to the mouth; the
tentacle-basis should present a double curvature, placing its middle
point very close to the pharyngeal vessel. However, BIGELOW found
(1912, p. 381), after careful examination of the characters referred to,
that these are subject to much variations and do not form decisive
differential criterion between the two forms in question. So far as
concerns the tentacle-basis, my observations on the Japanese material
stand decidedly in agreement with BIGELOW’s view, inasmuch as I have
found that structure to be sometimes simply curved and at other times
doubly curved or to run nearly or quite straight in different individuals.
With respect to the length of ribs and meridional canals, the material
before me conform to MOSER’s account rather than to BIGELOW’s, the
ribs being very much shorter than the canals and the latter ending
distinctly short of the mouth margin. Under the circumstances and in
view of the very close agreement in all other respects of structure, I
deem it advisable to unite the Japanese and Atlantic forms “under one
species, though a more extented knowledge than we have at present
concerning the latter may possibly necessitate making racial distinction
454 TAKU KOMAI:
between the two. The specific identity of the Japanese form with JZ.
Jusiformis (originally named Zampetia fusiformis) of A. AGASSIZ and
MAYER, which was described from the Eastern Pacific, seems to be
nearly certain, especially since the larger examples of the former tend
to be of a relatively more slender shape than the smaller and thus
approach the latter form.
Genus Bolinopsis, L. Agassiz.
(Bolina, Mertens.)
2. Bolinopsis mikado (Moser) (Pl. VII, fig. 2).
Bolina mikado, Moser, 1907, p. 451.—Moser, 1908, p. 56, Pl. ii, fig. 1.
The body is ovoid, moderately compressed ; at the level of the
base of lappets, the tentacular axis is about 2/3 the length of pharyn-
geal axis and about ı/2 that of body proper. The body narrows
gradually towards the rounded aboral extremity. The lappets are. of
medium size and usually occupy a little more than half of the entire
body-length. The auricles in full-grown animals are 1/3-1/2 as long as
the length of body proper, their end reaching somewhat beyond the
margin of mouth. The deeply sunken aboral sense-organ is situated at
the bottom of a cleft which is 1/5 as deep as the length of body
proper. The comb-plates of the ribs begin to exist at the apical end
of meridional canals; the last comb-plate of subtentacular ribs lies at
base of auricles, that of subpharyngeal ribs close to lappet margin.
The pharynx is long and nearly half as long as the total length of
body including lappets. The pharyngeal folds are 1/4-1/3 as long as
the pharynx. The interradial canals divide at the level of the sense-
organ into the adradial canals which run alongside the wall of the
aboral cleft. The lappet-canals make some winding which is rather
simple and resembles the condition represented by BIGELOW for Boli-
nopsis vitrea (1912, p. 391). The tentacles are small and inconspicuous.
ON CTENOPHORES OF THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF MISAKI. 455
Colour. —Transparent and almost colourless; only the canals are
rosy when living.
Specimens examined.—A number of specimens were obtained at
Misaki and in the Gulf of Tokyo.
This species may be said to be the commonest ctenophore in those
localities. In the Gulf of Tokyo, during late-summer, the species some-
times swarms in such abundance that the fishermen are compelled to
give up using their nets, owing to the meshes becoming choked up with
the ctenophores. At Misaki, this species appears in large quantities
generally during summer and winter. After stormy weather, individuals
showing mark of injury in the aboral region are very commonly met
with.
Remark.—MOsER, the original describer of the species, established
it on the basis of a single preserved specimen taken by DOFLEIN in
the Sagami Bay. Of the characters pointed out by her as distinctive
of the species, the deep situation of the sense-organ is apparently the
most striking. This, taken together with the unusual length of sub-
pharyngeal ribs, seems to afford the most important distinctive criterion
between this species and allied forms. The size of lappets and of
auricles in relation to that of the entire body varies considerably with
age of the animal, as in other species of the same genus.
Genus Leucothea, Mertens.
(Eucharis, Eschscholtz.)
3. Leucothea japonica, n. sp. (Pl. VII, fig. 3).
Body compressed, rectangular in cross-section. Tentacular axis
‘about 2/3 as long as pharyngeal axis, and slightly over 1/4 the length
of body proper. Lappets moderately large and about as long as body
proper. Auricles very long and worm-like, often coiled into helices ;
attached to the oral 1/4-1/3 of body. Aboral sense-organ deeply sunken ;
being situated at the bottom of a cleft as deep as 1/4 the length
456 TAKU KOMAI:
of body proper. Prominences above the sense-organ tolerably conspicu-
ous, passing over into the intercostal ridges at interradial corners of
body. Surface of body beset with cönical papille. All ribs originate
at the same level and at that of the aboral end of meridional canals.
Subtentacular ribs reach somewhat beyond base of auricles, subpharyn-
geal ribs a little beyond margin of mouth. Combs fairly numerous ;
in a specimen 80 mm. in length of body proper, they numbered about
75 in each subtentacular, and about 110 in each subpharyngeal, rib
Pharynx about 2/3 as long as body proper; pharyngeal folds not so
long as in Z. multicornis, being restricted to the aboral 2/5-1/2 of
pharyngeal wall. Subtentacular adradial canals open into meridional
canals at a point somewhat below the aboral end of latter, as is usual
in the genus. The course of the internal branches of lappet-canals could
not be followed out, owing to damages of those parts in all specimens
at my disposal. Sexual products develop in blind-sacs of meridional
canals, a pair of which sacs occur to each comb. Both primary and
secondary tentacles are present; the former is simple, without branches.
The long blind sacs on either side of the broader surface of body is
similar to the same in other species of the genus.
Colour.—Body faintly brick-red; pharyngeal canals and lateral
blind-sacs of meridional canals somewhat more deeply so than other
parts. Margin of lappets tinged with amber-yellow, generally deeper
in tone in lateral than in inferior parts.
Specimens examined.—Four specimens, 53-120mm. in length of
body proper, were examined at Misaki between Dec. 30, 1917 and Jan.
9, 1918.
The ctenophore is extremely delicate in texture and becomes very
readily injured by influences of disturbed water. It comes to the
surface of water only when the sea is smooth after a succession of
some days of calm weather.
Remark.—Without doubt this ctenophore is very closely related to
the Atlantic Z. (Zucharis) multicornis. However, all the ribs seem to
ON CTENOPHORES OF THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF MISAKI. 457
be somewhat longer, and the pharyngeal folds are distinctly shorter
than in the latter; and moreover, the yellowish hue of lappet margin is
peculiar to the former. These facts, coupled with distinctness in their
geographical distribution, may suffice to specially distinguish the two
forms. ESCHSCHOLTZ (1829, p. 30, Pl. I, fig. 2) has recorded a form
which he referred to the genus Eucharis from the North Pacific, east
of Japan. But his description as well as the accompanying figure are
too imperfect to form any clear idea of that form. Some recent authors
(among whom is MOSER, 1908, p. 47) have expressed the view that
the ctenophore is nearer to Zesueuria rather than to Eucharis. This
view is not unwarranted, since the ctenophore in question was repre-
sented by him to be without lappets though provided with well-deve-
loped auricles. And yet there seem to be sufficient grounds left for
the assumption that ESCHSCHOLTZ may have been quite right in
referring his form to Zucharis. The colour of the body, the papillæ
on the surface, and also the dimensional proportions of the body,
apparently stand in favour of this assumption. Moreover, his description
of the auricules as “vier vierkanntige zolllange Fortsätze, die sehr
schmal sind, in ihrer ganzen Länge cine gleiche Dicke behalten, und
an ihren Kanten mit Reihen von Schwimmfäden besetzt sind,” conforms
precisely to the condition of the same organ in Zucharis, but not to
that in Lesweuria. Furthermore, the lappets in Zucharis are, as CHUN
(1880, p. 297) has remarked, body parts which present a high degree
of variation as regards development. Thus, an individual (1. 53 mm.)
came under my examination in which the lappets were merely repre-
sented by a pair of inconspicuous processes. Also it should not be
forgotten that the lappets are extremely liable to damages and are
easily torn off unless handled with great care. It is therefore not
altogether impossible that ESCHSCHOLTZ had before him really an
Eucharis but with the lappets either torn off or not normally developed.
As to the question whether or not ESCHSCHOLTZ’s E. ziedemanni is
specificially identical with the form under treatment, no positive answer
458 TAKU KOMAI:
can be given. In spite of this uncertainty, I have deemed it advisable
for the present to describe the latter as a new and distinct species.
Genus Ocyropsis, Mayer.
(Ocyroë, Rang.)
4. Ocyropsis fusca (Rang.) (Pl. VII, fig. 4).
Ocyroë fusca, Moser, 1903, p. 17. Moser, 1908, p. 65.
Ocyroë crystallina, Mayer, 1900, p. 81, Pl. xxxi, fig. 105. Moser, 1903, p, 17.——
Moser, 1908, p. 65.
Ocyropsis crystallina, Mayer, 1912, p. 38, Pl. x, figs. 55, 56.
Ocyroë maculata, Fewks, 1881, p. 137, Pl. iv, figs. 1-4. Moser, 1903, p. 18.—
Moser, 1908, p. 66.
Ocyropsis maculata, Mayer, 1912, p. 40.
The body is strongly compressed in the direction of tentacular
axis; this is especially marked in large specimens (body proper over
4omm. high), in which the pharyngeal axis is nearly three times as
long as the tentacular axis, while in smaller ones, the former is only
about twice as long as the latter. Vertical axis is moderately shorter
than pharyngeal axis. The aboral pole is subtruncate, presenting but
a slightly arched surface of a considerable extent. The sense-organ is
situated at the bottom of a shallow depression. The polar plates are
very narrow and unusually long, being only slightly shorter than half
the length of subpharyngeal rib. All ribs run parallel with one another
and with the pharyngeal plane of body. They begin close to the
sense-organ and terminate at base of lappets. The subpharyngeal ribs
are nearly twice as long as the subtentacular and may comprise twice
as many comb-plates as the latter. The comb-plates in large individuals
number 60-75 in a subpharyngeal and 30-40 in a subtentacular rib.
Lappets are well-developed, somewhat longer than 1.5 times the body
height, and nearly 1.5 times broader than long. They contain powerful
muscles which enable the ctenophore to swimm very actively by flap-
ping movements of the lappets. The lappet margin is simply rounded,
ON CTENOPHORES OF THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF MISAKI. 459
not divided into two wings as was said to be by some authors.
Auricules are roughly cylindrical ; their distal end falls usually some-
what short of the margin of mouth, probably never reaching beyond it.
The pharynx is very long, occupying nearly 4/5 the height of body,
and is strongly constricted at a point about 3/5 the pharyngeal length
from mouth. Pharyngeal folds present at aboral end of pharyngeal
wall as a pair of transverse semilunar areas of a whitish colour. The
meridional canals are provided with lateral branches, which occur not
only in the parts beyond the oral end of subpharyngeal ribs but also
in those parts which underlie ribs, subpharyngeal as well as subtenta-
cular. As a rule, a branch occurs on either side below each comb-plate.
All these branches are thin and very. delicate, showing only a few
furcations in their course. The branches departing from subpharyngeal
canals in the parts not covered by the rib, are much better developed
than those more superiorly situated, and are more conspicuous on account
of the milky colour of the genital element lodged in them. In all the
individuals examined, the branches in question showed considerable
difference both in length and breadth on the two sides of the canal,
being much longer and broader on perradial than on interradial side.
The winding of lappet canals as well as of the branches of pharyngeal
canals are highly complicated as shown in the figure. A diversity of
opinion prevails among the previous authors concerning the presence or
absence of the tentacle apparatus in Ocyropsis. MOSER stood for its
presence (1908, p. 66), but this fact was denied by MAYER (1912,
p. 40); whereas, FEWKS has given a rather ambiguous statement that,
“the tentacles, if present, are short and inconspicuous”’ (1881, p. 138).
The result of my examination stands in confirmation of MOSER’s view.
The tentacle apparatus is certainly very small and inconspicuous for
the size of the animal; nevertheless, its presence can be ascertained
without difficulty with the naked eye. It is situated a little below
the level of the constricted point of the pharynx, presenting itself as a
tiny knob-like body, connected as usual with the infundibulum by the
460 TAKU KOMAT:
tentacular canal. Sections show that the knob consists of the terminal
bifurcated part of the tentacular canal and of a rudimentary tentacle
basis intercalated between the canalar branches. The tentacle appara-
tus is thus in a very reduced condition in the adult; in younger stages,
however, it is more typically represented, as will.be described further on.
Colour. —Judging from the statements of previous authors, the
three species of Ocyropsis originally described by RANG, viz., O. fusca,
O. crystallina and O. maculata, seem to have been distinguished
exclusively on the basis of colouration. According to my observation,
however, this seems to be a very variable character. Among more
than twenty fresh specimens taken from a great swarm which appeared
at Misaki on April 1 of this year, I have‘ met with some representatives
of all the above three forms. All the individuals observed on that
day showed a suffusion of chestnut-brown colour on the entire inner
surface of lappets. This suffusion varied considerably in degree. In
many cases it was fairly deep, making the individuals referable to
“ O. fusca.” In other cases the suffusion was so slight as to be barely
discernible, apparently representing the state of colouration ascribed to
“O., crystallina.’ Finally, a few individuals bore two conspicuous
dark patches on the suffused ground, a condition which without ques-
tion identifies them with “ ©. maculata.’ The fact that all the three
states of colouration are represented in individuals of the same swarm,
makes it highly probable that we have here to do merely with
individual variations within a species. The above specimens were 15-
55 mm. in the height of body proper. In individuals smaller than
20mm. in height, the gonads are not yet developed, but the winding
of lappet-canals and of the branches of pharyngeal canals have nearly
attained the condition seen in the adult.
Of the three alcoholic adult specimens from Tateyama Bay, which
were examined, two showed clearly the chestnut-brown suffusion, one
with and the other without the patches, while the third showed neither
the suffusion nor the patches.
3
ON CTENOPHORES OF THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF MISAKI. 461
A very young specimen closely approaching both in size and in
structure the one figured by MAYER (1912, Pl. X, fig. 55) was captured
at Misaki, Dec. 29, 1916. It measures about 10 mm. from end to end
of horizontally extended lappets. The auricles are short and semilunar
in shape. In each octant of the body only a single comb is fully developed;
the second exists but in a rudimentary state, although it may bear a few
cilia in some octants. The condition of lappet-canals is nearly preci«ely
the same as depicted in the figure above referred to. The tentacles
are distinct and are furnished with a few number of branches. The
tentacular canals are also very distinct. These proceed from the infundi-
bulum and terminate each in two branches at the base of tentacle.
The animal was perfectly colourless in the fresh state. In sections of
this specimen I have ascertained the presence of colloblasts in the
tentacles.
Genus Cestum, Lesueur.
(Cestus, Chun.)
5. Cestum amphitrites Mertens.
Cestum amphitrites, Bigelow, 1912, p. 396.
Cestus amphitrites, Moser, 1908, p. 14.
Cestus veneris, Chun, 1880, p. 301 (partim).
Cestum veneris, Mayer, 1912, p. 44 (partim).
Cestus pectinalis, Bigelow, 1904, p. 267, PI. viii, fig. 30. Moser, 1908, p. 13.
There seems to exist no important structural difference between
this species and C. veneris, as far as can be judged from the existing
descriptions of the latter species. The body is long and ribbon-shaped,
slightly narrowing towards both extremities which are broadly rounded.
The aboral margin is vaulted, and is 2.5 times as wide as the oral
margin which is pronouncedly concave. The body is thickest midway
between the oral and aboral margins along the line of subtentacular
canals. The apical sense-organ is slightly depressed beneath the level
462 TAKU KOMAI:
of the aboral body surface. The condition of the polar plates as well
as of the crest-like prominences on either side of them seems to be
precisely the same as in C. veneris. The comb-plates are very numer-
ous and closely set; their number in a subtentacular rib is 12-14 in
the larger individuals and 8 or less in the smaller. The pharynx in
large individuals is about six times and in smaller ones about three
times as long as the infundibular canal. The arrangement of gastro-
vascular canals are perfectly similar to the condition described from C.
veneris. Primary tentacles are absent.
Colour. —The tentacle sheath and the area adjoining it are gener-
ally tinged with amber-yellow. Frequently a line of the same colour
runs along the subtentacular meridional canals. More rarely, the lateral
extremities of body show each a patch of the same colour. The
surface of the body, especially near the lateral extremities, is besprinkled
with minute dots of a light-bluish colour which displays iridescence.
In large individuals, the subpharyngeal meridional canals are faintly
brick-red, and the areas between the branches of pharyngeal canal
and the basal edge of body are of a bright vermilion colour.
Specimens examined.—Fight (length 15-50 cm.) from Misaki, Dec. 28,
1917 ; one (length about 60cm.) from the same locality, April I, 1918.
Remark.—As stated above and also remarked by BIGELOW (1912,
p. 396), scarcely any structural difference seems to exist between C.
amphitrites and C. veneris. As the only noticeable point of difference
between them, it was pointed out by the author just mentioned (p.
397), that the oral margin of the band-like body is about as broad as
the aboral margin in the former, instead of being very much narrower
as in the latter. But in all the individuals of C. amphitrites examined
by me, I found the aboral margin to be considerably broader than the
oral margin, precisely as is the case with C. veneris. It may not be
superfluous to note that the number of comb-plates representing a sub-
tentacular rib is somewhat larger than that usually given for C. veneris.
While both CHUN (1880, p. 83, Pl. xiii, figs. 4, 8) and MAYER (1912,
ON CTENOPHORES OF THE NETGHBOURHOOD OF MISAKI. 463
p. 44) have given the number of combs in the rib in question in that
species to be four, I find it to be 12-14 in the larger, and 8 or less in
the smaller, specimens of C. amphitrites at my disposal, It appears
that in C. veneris also, the number is not constant, since DELAGE and
HÉROUARD mention it to be 4-6 (1901, p. 751), while FOL has
represented 6-7 combs in his figure (1869, Pl. ii, fig. 6). Thus, it
seems futile to lay much weight on this point. The difference of
colouration between the two species probably affords a more reliable
criterion for distinguishing them. As remarked by BIGELOW (1912, p.
397), the occurrence of the yellowish tint in various parts of the body,
coupled with the presence of a vermilion band along the oral margin
on either side of body, constitutes a characteristic feature of C.
amphitrites.
Cestum amphitrites has hitherto been recorded exclusively from
the Eastern Tropical Pacific. BIGELOW described a form from the
Maldives under the name of C. pectinalis (1904, p. 267, PI. viii, fig. 30),
but this is probably specifically identical with the form just mentioned.
It is doubtful if ESCHSCHOLTZ’s C. najadis (1829, p. 23, PI. i, figs. 1-
I c) from the South Seas can likewise be referred to C. amphitrites.
since he has mentioned the occurrence of primary tentacles in his form
and has given clear figures of these.
Genus Beroé, Browne.
6. Beroé cucumis Fabricius (Pl. VII, fig. 5).
Beroé cucumis. Eschscholtz, 1829, p. 36. ——Vanhöffen, 1903, p. 7.——Moser, 1903,
Bestimmungstabelle.
Römer, 1903, p. 81. —— Moser, 1907, p. 453 ——Moser,
1908, p. 24.— Mortensen, 1912, p. 83 (partim)..——Mayer, 1912, p. 52, Pl.
xv, fig. 67, Pl. xvii, fig. 76.
Idya roseola, L. Agassiz, 1860, pp. 270, 296, Pls. i, i.——A, Agassiz, 1865, p. 36.
The body is fleshy and mitre-shaped, compressed in the direction
of the tentacular axis. It varies markedly in the ratio of length and
breadth ; the pharyngeal axis may be 3/4 as long as the vertical axis,
464 TAKU KOMAI:
but may fall under 1/3 of the latter. The length of tentacular axis
measures generally about half the pharyngeal axis. Viewed at on the
pharyngeal plane, the body is broadest at some distance below the
aboral pole and gently narrows towards the oral end which is about
half as broad as the greatest width of body. The ribs are all roughly
of the same length, although the subtentaculars are really slightly
shorter than the subpharyngeals ; they occupy the aboral 3/4-5/6 of the
entire length of meridional canals. The comb-plates are very numerous
and closely set; in large individuals as many as 300 of them occur in
each rib, The distance between subtentacular ribs measures usually
about twice that between subpharyngeal ribs. The sabre-shaped cilia
on the wall of pharynx are rather short and inconspicuous (length about
25 p, breadth about 2.5 4). The meridional canals send out on either
side several branches, which in large examples, show some anastomoses
among them. ‘These branches do not join with the pharyngeal canal,
except in large specimens which may exhibit such communication at a
few places. This communication usually numbers only one or two to
each pharyngeal canal, though in a single case there existed eight
communications to one of the canals and nine to the other. In small
specimens the branches of meridional canals anastomose neither among
themselves nor with pharyngeal canals. The sexual products develop
in the wall of meridional canals alone.
Colour.—Small specimens are transparent and dotted with dark
reddish spots; the larger ones are translucent and faintly rosy, covered
all over with minute pinkish dots.
Specimens examined.—This is one of the commonest ctenophores
in the vicinity of Misaki. The following specimens were studied either
in the living state or after preservation:—One (l. 75 mm.), Dec. 26,
1916; one (l. 50mm.), Feb. 24, 1917; four (l. 45—88 mm.), between
Dec. 30, 1917 and Jan. g, 1918; five (1. 78-127 mm.), April 1, 1918;
one (l. 142 mm.).
Remarks.—Most of the recent authors have accepted CHUN’S view
\
ON CTENOPHORES OF THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF MISAKI. 465
in making distinction between B. cucumis and D. ovata. According to
that view, the branches of meridional canals in the latter species should
show communications not only among themselves ' but also with the
pharyngeal canal; whereas, in the former such communications should
be altogether lacking. MORTENSEN (1912, p. 83) alone hase stood
against this distinction and has maintained that the character in ques-
tion is too variable to rely on and that the two “ species ” only represent
two phases of one and the same species. In the specimens of B. cucumis
examined by me, as already described, the lateral branches of meri-
dional canals do show a small number of anastomosis among themselves
and a few communications with pharyngeal canal. Thus, it is clear
that the distinction set up by CHUN can not be held up, indicating
that MORTENSEN is probably right in his opinion. Possibly a point of
difference between the two forms referred to consists in the size of
eggs. One morning in the beginning of April, 1918, some individuals
of B. cucumis, kept alive in a glass jar at Misaki, were found to have
laid eggs. These measured 0.4-0.5 mm. in diameter. AGASSIZ should
have given 0.5-0.6 mm. for the size of eggs of the same species (called
by him Jdya roseola) of the coast of North America (known to me
through CHUN, 1880, p. 100). Now the eggs of £. ‘ovata, according
to YATSU (1912, p. 2) should have a diameter of 1-1.2 mm. , CHUN
(1880, p. 100) also has mentioned that the largest ova of that species
measured 1.2mm. in diameter. It must then be said that the egg of
B. cucumis, in comparison with that of B. ovata, is half as small or
even smaller.
7. Beroé campana, n. sp. (Pl. VII, figs. 6, 6a).
The body is mitre-shaped, and distinctly compressed, the ratio of
the three main axes being on the average approximately 10:7: 2.
The apex is rather acute; the polar plates are exposed. The mouth
is large, being almost as wide as the body itself, and is without lip-
like projections. The distance between subtentacular ribs is greater
466 TAKU KOMAI:
than that between subpharyngeal ribs, the ratio being usually 5:4 and
sometimes 3:2. The subtentacular ribs are almost always shorter in
varying degrees than the subpharyngeal ribs, the difference of length
being very slight in large individuals but fairly marked in the smaller.
As will be seen from the following table, the degree of difference in
the length of the two kinds of ribs is, roughly speaking, inversely
proportional to the size of body.
Ratio of the length of| Ratio of the length
subtentacular rib to | of subpharyngeal rib
that of meridional to that of meridional
canal. canal.
Body length.
Over 30 mm. (Subpharyngeal rib only slightly longer than
subtentacular rib).
20-30 mm. 3:4
15-20 mm. 260
5-10 mm. Less than 1:2
The comb-plates are very numerous and closely set; I have counted
as many as 200 of them in each rib of an individual of 62 mm. length.
The area of sabre-shaped cilia on the pharyngeal wall is not prominent.
The cilia are small, measuring 25 # in length and 2.5 x in breadth on
the average. The meridional canals are provided with a number of
side-branches, which, in large specimens, repeatedly divide and present
a dendritic appearance; but no anastomosis occurs, excepting a few
near the oral margin of body. The level of the origin of side-branches
from meridional canal differs in the same way as MQSER has described
for B.. cucumis (1908, pP. 24, “figs, 1, 2): on the perradial side, the
branches arise from the parts near body-surface, and on the interradial
side from deeper parts of the canal. The pharyngeal canals never
send out branches. The marginal canal of oral aperture sends out
numerous branches on both aboral and oral sides ; some of these, on
the narrower sides of body, join with the side-branches of meridional
ON CTENOPHORES OF THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF MISAKI. 467
canals. The location of gonads is noteworthy. The ovaries, situated
on the perradial side of meridional canals, are developed on the wall
of those canals as well as on that of the basal parts of the canalar
branches of the same side. The testes develop on the interradial side
of the canals and also in special simple or branched blind-tubes arising
at positions more external than ordinary canalar branches of the side.
Some of the branches from the marginal canals around the mouth also
contain sexual elements; this is especially the case in those branches
oceurring on the narrower sides of body. All the parts of canalar
branches, in which the gonads are contained, become swollen and are
conspicuous on account of their milky colour.
Colour.
especially along meridional canals and their larger branches. The
Transparent and almost colourless, or slightly pinkish,
gonads appear milky white, as indicated above.
Specimens examined—A number of specimens were studied in the
living state and also after preservation: One (l. 62 mm.) from Misaki,
Dec. 30, 1916; thirty eight (l. 1.5-42 mm.) from Tokyo Bay, Sept. 2,
1917 ; one large specimen from Tateyama Bay, April, 1913.
This seems to be one of the commonest ctenophores in the waters
of the neighbourhood of Misaki. On Sept. 2 of last year, very large
swarms of the species were met with in the Gulf of Tokyo.
Remark.—It is not impossible that MOSER’S B. hyalina (1907, p.
450; 1908, p. 27, Pl. i, figs. 4, 5) is identical with this species, sharing,
as it does, with the latter the identity of locality, the simpleness of
pharyngeal canals as well as the delicacy of body texture. Neverthe-
less, the description given by her of that species does not accord well
with the characters of the present form in the following important
points: The location of gonads, as given by her for B. hyalina, is
entirely different ; all the intervals between ribs are said to be nearly
equal, all the ribs to be of the same length, and the marginal. canals
to be without branches. Now, eight specimens before me of about the
same size (l. 10-16 mm.) as those which were at MOSER’s disposal (1. 11-
468 TAKU KOMAI:
15 mm.), stand at variance with her description in the strongly compres-
sed body-form, in the striking diversity of the length of ribs, in the
unequalness of the intervals between ribs, and in that the marginal
canals send out a number of branches. It thus seems necessary to
specifically separate the present form from D. hyalina.
8. Beroë forskalii Milne-Edwards (Pl. VII, figs. 7, 7 a).
Borcé forskalii Chun, 1885, p. 309, Pl. xiv, figs. 3-5.——Moser, 1993, Bestimmungs-
Moser, 1908, p. 26. Bigelow
tabelle.—— Torrey, 1904, p. 47, Pl. i, fig. 2.
1912, p. 387.
Boro& australis, Agassiz and Mayer, 1808, p. 177, Pl, xvi, figs. 49, 50.
The body is subconical and: very strongly compressed, the width
along tentacular axis being 1/3 or somewhat less than ı/3 that along
pharyngeal axis, which is 3/5-2/3 as long as the vertical length of
body. Subpharyngeal ribs of each pair are disposed very close together,
especially in the aboral region where the two almost touch each other;
the greatest distance between them measures somewhat less than half
that between subtentacular ribs forming a pair. Superiorly the body is
moderately narrowed toward the pointed apex ; the mouth is very wide,
its margin looking like two lips of fair thickness. The area of sabre-
shaped cilia is precisely similar in outline to that shown in CHUN’s
monograph (1880, Pl. xiv a, fig. 8). The cilia are large (l. about
45 4, b. about 4.5 4) and visible to the naked eye. The ribs are all
of nearly the same length and are made up of very closely set comb-
plates bearing unusually stiff cilia. I have counted as many as about
one hundred plates in each rib of an individual of 28.5 mm. long. The
meridional canals send out numerous branches on either side; these
make anastomoses profusely between them, and also communicate with
pharyngeal canals, bringing about a fine-meshed network of canal-
system. The branches of meridional canals are less numerous on the
narrower sides of body than on the broader; and those which occur in
the aboral quarter of the former scarcely undergo anastomosis. The
ON CTENOPHORES OF THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF MISAKI. 469
gonads develop in the lateral branches of meridional canals to the
extent of Imm. at their base. In two young specimens before me (I.
8.5 mm. and ıomm.), the subtentacular ribs are moderately shorter
than the subpharyngeal ribs; some ten branches arise from either side
of subtentacular canal and many of them join with the pharyngeal
canal.
Colour.—An individual which I could examine in the fresh state
showed a conspicuous colouring. The ground colour of the entire
animal was faintly pinkish, which colour deepened towards the aboral
pole ; the narrower sides of body were dotted all over with conspicuous
round spots of a reddish brown; the mouth was bordered by a band
of the same colour lighter in tone. On the broader body surface, the
aboral one-third was thickly dotted with round dark-orange spots,
which area gradually passed over, both above and below, into that of
the general ground colour. In formalin, the colours have entirely faded
away.
Specimens examined.—One in the living state (1. 36.5 mm.), Misaki,
Dec. 30, 1917 ; one (l. 47 mm.) in alcohol, Tateyama Bay, April, 1899;
one (l. 56mm.) in alcohol, Tateyama Bay. April, 1898; one (l. 28.5
mm.) in formalin, Misaki, Dec., 1917; two (l. 8.5 mm. and 10 mm.) in
formalin, Misaki, Dec., 1917.
Remark.—In agreement with MOSER (1908, p. 27), it is with some
degree of hesitation that I refer the form under consideration to 2.
Jorskali. At any rate, there can be no question of its very close
relationship to that species. The fineness cf the network of canalar
branches in relation to the smallness of body, and the deep tone of
colouration are points in which the Japanese form does not seem to
agree quite with the descriptions of B. forskaliz. However, since this
species is known to vary considerably in those characters, it may be
advisable to have the Japanese form referred to it until definitely dis-
proved in the future.
470 TAKU KOMAT:
9. Beroë mitrata (Moser) (Pl. VII, fig. 8).
Pandora mitrata, Moser, 1907, p. 451.—Moser, 1908, p. 34, Pl. i, figs. 1-3.—
Bigelow, 1912, p. 389.
Two specimens obtained at Misaki on April 1, 1918, agree fairly
well with MOSER’s description and figures of the species from Hokkai-
do. The following description is based on the larger (1. 28 mm.) of the
two. The body is mitre-shaped and much compressed, the ratio of
three axial lengths being 10:5:2. The aboral pole is moderately
pointed ; the polar plates are exposed and provided on the margin with
the usual papilliform processes. The interval between paired subpharyn-
geal canals is about 2/3 that between the subtentacular. The ribs are
all very short; the subpharyngeals being nearly half, and the subten-
taculars about 1/3, as long as the meridional canals. The former
consists of abont 50 comb-plates and the latter of about 30. The mouth
is large and the pharynx very spacious. The sabre-shaped cilia on the
wall of pharynx are of an enormous size, being nearly as long and
thick as those found in 2. forskälii. The branches of meridional canals
are not very numerous. They are rather simple, showing only a’ few
furcations and run in the main obliquely towards the mouth. No
anastomosis occurs among them. Further, there exist branches which,
issuing from the deeper parts of meridional canals, are distributed on
the surface of pharynx and unite with pharyngeal canals. Such
branches occur mainly in the oral parts of body, forming a coarse-
meshed network in the pharyngeal wall. The gonads develop from the
wall of meridional canals, except for a short stretch at their oral end.
Colour. —This individual was faintly rosy-coloured along the meri-
dional canals. A patch of orange colour occurred on either broad surface
of body between subtentacular canals.
The second smaller specimen (l. 17 mm.) agrees with the above-
described in all essential features.
This ctenophore is very active in movement. One of the specimens
ON CTENPOHORES OF THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF MISAKI. 471
tried to swallow an Ocyropsis, several times larger in size. It was
further observed that the animal sometimes turned itself inside out, to
return to the normal condition after some time.
Remark.—B. mitrata, first described by MOsER under the name
of Pandora mitrata, may be distinguishable from all allied species by
the two sets of ribs differing considerably in length, by the characteris-
tic distribution of branches of meridional canals, and by the presence
of a network of canals in the oral parts of pharyngeal wall. The genus
Pandora, first established by ESCHSCHOLTZ, was later merged into
Beroé by CHUN, and has recently been reinstated by MOSER. Accord-
ing to the last-named authoress, the genus comes very near to Beroë,
but is distinguishable from it chiefly by the shortness of ribs and by
the subpharyngeal ribs being longer than the subtentacular ribs. Such
a condition of the ribs, however, is very commonly presented by various
species of Beroë, especially in their young stages, as for instance, by
half-grown individuals of B. campana. In the species just mentioned, I
may say, on the basis of my own observation, that the shortness and
unequalness of ribs in length is a normal character in the young. The
same apparently holds true for D. forskalii also. MAYER has likewise
pointed out (1912, p. 54) that the same condition is very often met
with in the young of B. ovata. Now Pandora was made to comprise
three species besides two doubtful ones, all of which have been described
from animals of a small size (P. flemmigii, 3-25 mm. ; P. pandorina,
2-6mm.; P. mitrata, 5-28mm.). From this it may be assumed that
all the forms stand represented by young individuals with ribs of
unequal length, which character later diminishes considerably or dis-
appears altogether. If that be so, Pandora would lose almost all
grounds for being held separate from Beroé.
472 TAKU KOMAT:
List of References,
Agassiz, A. and Mayer, A. G.—1899, Acalephs from the Fuji Islands.
Bull. M. C. Z., Harvard Coll, xxxii, No. 9, pp. 176-177, Pls. xv,
XVI.
1902, Reports on the Scientific Results of the Expedition to the
Tropical Pacific....‘“ Albatross,’ from ‚August, 1889 to March,
1900, etc. Mem:.M.C:Z,, ‚Harvard Coll xxyi, N0.3, pp: 170-
172, eb, a.
Agassiz, L—1860, Contribution to the Natural History of the United
States of America, iii, Part ii.
Bigelow, H. B.—1904, Medusa from the Maldive Islands. Bull. M.C.
Z., Harvard Coll, xxxix, No. 9, pp. 265-267, Pl. viii.
—— 1912, Reports on the Scientific Results of the Expedition to the
Eastern Tropical Pacific... “ Albatross ’’ from Oct., 1904 to March,
1905, etc. Bull. M. C. Z., Harvard Coll., Liv, No. 12, pp. 369-404,
PIS Gt
Chun, C.—1880, Die Ctenophoren des Golfes von Neapel. Fauna u.
Flora Golf. Neapel. Monogr. i.
1898, Die Ctenophoren der Plankton-Expedition.
Delase, Y. and Herouard, E.—1901, Traité de Zoologie Concrète, ii,
Part 2, Coelenteres. pp. 707-765, Pls. Lxviii-Lxxil.
Eschscholtz, F.—1829, System der Acalephen. pp. 20-39, Pls. i-iii.
Fewks, J. W.—1881, Report on Acalephæ. Bull. M.C.Z., Harvard
Coll., viii, pp. 137-138, Pl. iv, figs. 1-4.
Fol, H--1869, Ein Beitrag zur Anatomie u. Entwicklungsgeschichte
einiger Rippenquallen.
Mayer, A. G.—1900, Some Medusa from the Tortugas, Florida. Bull.
M.C.Z., Harvard Coll., xxxvii, No. 2, pp. 81-82, Pls. xxvii, xxxi.
1903, Medusæ of the Hawaiian Islands Collected by the Steamer
Albatross in 1902. Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 1903, part 3, pp..
II4I-1142, Pl. iii, fig. 12.
ON CTENOPHORES OF THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF MISAKI. 473
Mayer, A. G—1912, Ctenophores of the -Atlantic Coast ‘of North
America. Carnegie Institution of Washington. Publication No.
162.
Mortensen, Th.—1912, Ctenophora. the Danish Ingolf-Expedition, V, 2.
Moser, F.-—1903, Die Ctenophoren der Siboga-Expedition.
— 1007, Neues über Ctenophoren. Mitt. 2. Zool. Anz. xxxii, pp.
449-454.
—— 1908, Japanesche Ctenophoren. Abh. math.-phys. Kl. K. Bayer.
Akad. Wiss. Suppl.-Bd. i, Abh. 4.
Römer, F.—1903, Die Ctenophren. Fauna Arctica, iii, Liefr. 1, pp.
67-90.
Torrey, H. B—1904, The Ctenophore of the San Diego Region. Univ.
Calif. Publ. Zool. ii, No. 2, pp. 45-49, Pl. i.
Vanhöffen, E.—ı903, Nordisches Plankton, Liefr. 2, pp. 1-7.
Yatsu, N— 1912, Observation and Experiments on the Ctenophore Egg.
1. The Structure of the Egg and Experiments on Cell-division.
Journ. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, xxxii, Art. 3.
474
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Bice
DÌ
3.
4
5.
TAKU KOMAI:
Explanation of Plate VII.
Hormiphora palmata Chun.
Bolinopsis mikado (Moser).
Leucothea japonica, n. sp.
Ocyropsis fusca (Rang).
Beroë cucumis Fabricius.
Xp
Xi
I:
x 4/5.
OL
An individual with some anastomoses among branches of meridional
canals and with one communication between one of such branches and
a pharyngeal canal.
Fig
Fig. 6a.
Fig
Ro:
7A
io. 7a
8.
Beroé campana, n. sp.
The same, young individual.
Beroö forskalii Milne-Edwards.
The same, young individual.
Beroé mitrata (Moser).
x 1.5:
DER
25:
x 4.
PER,
— m U ne
On a Collection of Ophiurans from the Vicinity
of Kinkwasan, with Description of
a New Species.
By
H. Matsumoto, Rigakushi, Rigakuhakushi.
With 2 figures in text.
Of the ophiuran fauna of the vicinity of Kinkwasan, Rikuzen,
Asteronyx loveni MÜLLER & TROSCHEL, Ophiolebes asaphes CLARK,
Ophiopholis mirabilis (DUNCAN), O. aculeata var. japonica (LYMAN),
Ophiothrix marenzelleri KŒHLER (=O. hylodes CLARK), Stegophiura
sculpta (DUNCAN), S. sterea (CLARK), S. sladeni (DUNCAN) (= Ophiura
stiphra CLARK), Ophiura sarsii LÜTKEN, O. flagellata (LYMAN) and
Ophionereis eurybrachiplax CLARK have been recorded by CLARK,
and Ophiophragmus japonicus MATSUMOTO by me. In July, 1915, I
’
made some collection in that vicinity on board the “ Tökwamaru ” and
obtained representatives of the majority of these species besides two
additional ones, one of which appears to be new to science. I here
propose to make some notes on them.
I. Asteronyx lovent MÜLLER & TROSCHEL.
CLARK, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool, XXV, No. 1, 1915, p. 180;
MATSUMOTO, Journ. Sci. Coll., Tokyo, XXXVIII, Art. 2, 1917,
P. 33.
Five specimens; S. E. E. of Kinkwasan ; 104 fathoms.
2. Astrothrombus chrysanthi, sp. nov.
Two specimens; S.E.S. of Enoshima, N. from Kinkwasan; 43
fathoms.
1) This specific name is derived from the name of the type locality, “ Kinkwasan,”
which means “ Gold Flower Mountain.”
476 H. MATSUMOTO :
Diameter of disk 6.5 mm. Length of arm 25mm. Width of arm
at base 1.5 mm.
Disk five-lobed, with indented interbrachial borders. Dorsal surface
of disk covered with granules and rounded convex plates of unequal
size. The plates are coarser and
more close-set along the radii and
interradii, where the granules are not
so numerous as to form belts around
the plates. The more convex ones
of the plates are nearly hemispheri-
cal. The radial and interradial parts
covered by these plates are more
elevated than the surrounding parts
covered with the granules; so that,
the dorsal surface of the disk pre-
sents ten radiating ridges alternating
© with ten radiating furrows. Radial
shields partly naked; the naked
parts are pear-seed shaped or irre-
gularly oval, rather unequal in size,
Fig. 1. one third to two fifths as long as the
Astrothrombus chrysanthi, sp. nov. x8. disk radius, about twice as long as
a. From above. à. From below.
È Sa .. wide, widely separated from each
c. Lateral view of three arm joints near disk.
other.
Interbrachial ventral surfaces covered with granules similar to those
of the dorsal side, but without plates. Genital slits very small, short,
situated at the inner, adradial corners of the interbrachial ventral
surfaces ; those of the same interradius diverging outwards. The areas
just inside the interbrachial ventral surfaces are covered with a pave-
ment of coarse, polygonal or rounded, flattened grains of unequal size,
and mingled among them are a number of coarse, hemispherical tuber-
cles. A single madreporic shield, situated at the inner angle of an
ON A COLLECTION :OF OPHIURANS FROM KINKWASAN. 477
interbrachial ventral surface, small and rather insignificant. Oral angles
constricted off from the outer parts by a shallow groove, covered by a
pavement of coarse, polygonal or rounded grains. The grains near the
apices of the oral angles show a tendency to be papilla-like. Dental
papille and teeth alike, spiniform, acute. Oral papill& absent. Second
oral tentacle pores visible from below, situated on either: side of the
outer end of the oral slit, opening by means of a short cutaneous tube,
which contains very fine granules.
Arms stout at the base, gradually tapered outwards. Dorsal and
lateral surface annulated with double rows of granules, which bear
minute compound hooks. Interannuli covered with coarse, polygonal or
rounded, more or less flattened grains, which are arranged irregularly
in two, or sometimes three, transverse rows. The hook-bearing annuli
of cne or two first free arm joints interrupted at the dorsal median
parts by coarse, polygonal or rounded, flattened grains similar to those
of the interannuli. At the lower lateral end of each interannulus,
there is a large, rounded plate, which also bears minute hooks. Ven-
tral surface of arm covered with a pavement of coarse, polygonal or
rounded, flattened grains, which are coarser within the disk and finer
outwards. First brachial tentacle pores without any naked lateral
arm plate and arm spine. Those beyond protected by a small, convex,
ridge-like, naked lateral arm plate and by two, or sometimes three,
peg-like arm spines with thorny tips. The -adradial spine is longer and
stouter than the abradial, and slightly longer than, or about as long
as, half the corresponding arm joint. The abradial one is shorter than
half the same.
Colour in alcohol, light brown or whitish.
This new species is evidently near to both Astrothrombus rugosus
CLARK” from New South Wales and Astrothorax misakiensis DÖDER-
LEIN from the Sagami Sea. The former is stated to have the disk
plates and radial shields of very irregular size and two or three arm
1) Mem. Austr. Mus., IV, 1909, p. 548.
478 H. MATSUMOTO:
spines to each tentacle pore, and the latter to have the disk plates and
radial shields of very regular size and arrangement and three to seven
arm spines to each tentacle pore. The disk coverings of the present
species are not so irregular as in the former, and not so regular as in
the latter. In the number of the arm spines, the present species is
nearer to the former than to the latter. Moreover, I have some doubts
as to the generic distinction of Astrothorax from Astrothrombus. So
that, I am inclined to refer the present species to Astrothrombus at
least for the present.
3. Ophiopholis mirabilis (DUNCAN).
CLARK, loc. cit., p. 268; MATSUMOTO, loc. cit., p. 160.
Numerous specimens ; off Ayukawa, 17 fathoms. Numerous speci-
mens; S. E. S. of Enoshima, N. from Kinkwasan ; 43 fathoms.
4. Ophiophragmus japonicus MATSUMOTO.
CLARK, loc. cit., p. 239; MATSUMOTO, loc. cit., p. 183.
Numerous specimens; off Oginohama, as already reported by me.
5. Amphipholis pugetana (LYMAN).
CLARK, loc. cit., p. 242; MATSUMOTO, loc. cit., p. 191.
One specimen; S.E.S. of Enoshima, N. from Kinkwasan; 43
fathoms.
So far as known, this locality is the southern limit of the present
species along the western border of the North Pacific.
6. Ophiothrix marenzelleri KŒHLER.
CLARK; loc. cit., p. 273 (O. hylodes); MATSUMOTO, loc. cit., p. 273.
One specimen ; off Ayukawa; 17 fathoms.
7. Stegophiura sterea (CLARK).
CLARK, loc. cits, p. 317; MATSUMOTO, loc. cit., p. 258.
Numerous specimens; S. E. S. of Enoshima, N. from Kinkwasan ;
43 fathoms. Two specimens; S. E. E. of Kinkwasan; 104 fathoms.
ON A COLLECTION OF OPHIURANS FROM KINKWASAN. 479
8. Stegophiura sladeni (DUNCAN).
CLARK, loc, cit., p. 317; MATSUMOTO, loc. cit., p. 259. È
Numerous specimens; S. E. S. of Enoshima, N. from Kinkwasan ;
43 fathoms. Numerous specimens; S. W.S. of Enoshima, N. from
Kinkwasan ; 31 fathoms.
9. Ophiura sarsii LUTKEN.
ECLARK, loc. cit, p. 323; MATSUMOTO, loc. cit. p. 272:
Numerous specimens ; off Ayukawa; 17 fathoms. Numerous speci-
mens; S. E.S. of Enoshima, N. from Kinkwasan; 43 fathoms. Three
specimens; S. W.S. of Enoshima, N. from Kinkwasan; 31 fathoms.
10. Ophionereis eurybrachiplax CLARK.
CrARK loc. cit; p. 289; MATSUMOTO, loc: git., p. 336.
Three specimens; E. of Kinkwasan ; 43 fathoms.
In the very rudimentary condition of the supplementary dorsal
arm plates, the present species stands nearest to Opfiodoris, of all the
known species of Ophionereis. The same holds true also of certain
internal structures. The peristomial plates are double, the common
outline of the oral and dental plates in dorsal view is II-shaped and
the teeth are quadrangular, quite as in the majority of the Ophioneretdine.
The lateral wings of the oral frames are of course well developed, and
better developed than in Ophiodoris pericalles CLARK (MATSUMOTO,
loc. cit., pl. VI, figs. 10 and 11), but less so than in Ophionerets
annulata LE CONTE (ditto, pl. VII, fig. 1), O. reticulata LUTKEN
(ditto, pl. VII, fig. 2) and Ophiocrasis marktannert MATSUMOTO (ditto,
pl. VII, fig. 3). The shortest one of the basal vertebræ is not the
first as in Op/iodoris, but the second as in the other Op/ionereis and
in Ophiocrasis. The dorsal side of the vertebræ of the free arm joints
is notched inwards more strongly than in Ophiodoris, but much more
feebly than in the other Ophionereis and in Ophiocrasis. In short, so
far as these characters are concerned, the present species stands between
480 H. MATSUMOTO:
Ophiodoris and the other Ophionereis, as Ophiodoris does between the
Ophiochitonine and the other Ophionereidine.
Further, the present species reminds us of the Ophiocomide, though
in a minor degree, in the wide arms and dorsal arm plates and in the
presence of four, instead of three, arm spines. I have already pointed
out that, the notched dorsal side of the vertebræ is a character of a
different line of specialisation of the
Ophionereidine in contrast to the
Ophiocomide, and that, the less
specialised forms of the Ophdoneret-
RES
dine in this character, such as
Ophiodoris, may be nearer to the
phylogenetic base of the Ophiocomide
(MATSUMOTO, loc. cit., pp. 380 and
381). So far as this character goes,
the present species is also nearer to
the Ophiocomide than the other
Ophionereis and Ophiocrasis.
I have observed on board the
“ Tokwamaru” that, the arms of the
present species are not so freely
mobile in life as those of Ophiocrasis
marktannert, though more freely so
Fig. 2. than those of many other ophiurans.
Ophionereis eurybrachiplax CLARK. In alcohol, they are rather straight
a. From above. x4. 4. From below. x 4. x
c. Lateral view of four arm joints near disk. and not so strongly flexed) ES
x4. d. Dorsal view of the skeleton of two commonly the case in the other
oral angles and one arm base. x7. e. Dor- 7 F 4 5 :
Ophionereis and Ophiocrasis. This
sal view of two vertebræ somewhat near
disk. x 6. relatively lesser flexibility of the
arms is correlated with the very well developed dorsal arm plates, the
rudimentary supplementary dorsal arm plates and the not very strongly
notched dorsal side of the vertebra.
Mallophaga from Birds of the Ponapé I. (Carolines)
and the Palau Is. (Micronesia).
By
Seinosuke Uchida, FuisaZusti.
With 2 figures in text.
The specimens of Mallophaga, upon which this paper is based,
were obtained by Mr. Naoshi Teraoka during the spring of 1914, while
engaged in collecting birds for the Ornithological Society of Japan, in
Micronesia and in the Caroline Islands. They hail principally from two
localities, viz. the Palau or Pelew Ids. (Micronesia) and the Ponape Id.
(Carolines).
The collection includes 9 genera and 21 species, taken from 15
species of birds. Of the above number of Mallophaga species, two are
apparently new to science and will be called Psittaconirmus harrisont
and Myrsidea teraokai. The former, obtained from the Red Lory,
Eos rubiginosa, is the second species of the genus Psittaconirmus
Harrison (1915); the latter was taken from the Eastern Reef-heron,
Demiegretta jugularis grayi.
The list of the host species and of the parasites found on them is
as follows :
Host Parasite
Colpocephalum epiphanes Kell. and Chap.
ne: oe eulasius Kell.
Lipeurus potens Kell. and Kuw.
pas brevipalpe P.
Phethon candidus
Sula sula
482
Phalacrocorax
melanoleucus . .
Demiegretta jugularis
grayt....
Nycticorax caledonicus...
Megapodius laperousi ....
Strepsilas interpres ......
PA NOUSAStO LAUREE O
Sterna Vcr elt AREE
Sterna melanauchen ......
Globicera oceanica ......
ELOSSFUOLZINOSE NO
Haleyon soratdus ii
Halcyon pelewensis ......
Halcyon chloris teraokai..
S. UCHIDA:
Hipeurus subsetosus P.
Nirmus orarius Kell.
Colpocephalum importunum N.
Colpocephalum nyctarde VD.
Myrsidea teraokai n. sp.
. Lipourus baculus N.
Goniocotes minor P.
eee lineatus Tasch.
Colpocephalum pediculoides Mjöb.
Nirmus separatus Kell. and Kuw.
DR milleri Kell. and Kuw.
Docophorus albemarlensis Kell. and Kuw.
le olpocephalum importunum N.
Docophorus albemarlensis Kell. and Kuw.
Colpocephalum milleri Kell. and Kuw.
Colpocephalum importunum N.
Gontocotes carpophage Rud.
Ile olpocephalum importunum N.
Psittaconirmus harrisoni n. sp.
Bi denticulatus Harr.
Docophorus alatoclypeatus P.
Docophorus alatoclypeatus P.
Docophorus alatoclypeatus P.
Several species of the parasites known before were discovered on
hosts different from those
from which they were originally known, as
will be seen from the following table:
MALLOPHAGA FROM BIRDS OF THE PONAPE I. ETC, 483
Host previously Host in the present
Parasite. :
u reported. collection.
D. albemarlensis. Camarhynchus affinis.
a uffi St. melanauchen.
| Sterna bergü.
Demiegretta jugularis
gray.
Nycticorax caledonicus.
N. orarius. Charadrius dominicus.
Several species of
L. baculus. the Columbidz.
C. importunum.
Several species of ie bergü.
Ardea. || St. melanauchen.
It may be remarked that, in the cases of one and the same species
of the parasite having been taken from more than one host species,
these are birds which often occur together in company on rocks of the
islands.
Gen. Docophorus Nitzsch.
1. Docophorus alatoclypeatus Piaget.
Piaget, Les Pediculines, Supplement, p. 1e, pl. i, fig. 11.
Four females of the species were collected from Halcyon pelewensis
shot in the Palau Ids. (May 25), and two females and twenty one
males from Halcyon chloris teraokai shot in the same islands (May
23). Further a male and a young specimen were obtained from
Halcyon sordidus collected in the Palau Ids. (March).
2. Docophorus albemarlensis Kellogg and Kuwana.
Kellogg and Kuwana, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., IV, p. 465, pl. xxviii, fig. 5.
Three females were collected from Sterna melanauchen obtained in
the Ponapé Id. (April 29); and two males and three females were
obtained on Sterna bergii shot in the same island (April 26).
484 S. UCHIDA :
Gen. Nirmus Nitzsch.
3. Nirmus orarius Kellogg.
Kellogg, New Mallophaga I, p. 104, pl. v, fig. 5.
A single female specimen was taken from Demiegretta jugularis
grayi obtained in the Ponape Id. (April).
The type specimen of this species was taken from the Golden
plover, Charadrius dominicus (Lawrence, Kansas, U.S.A.). This is a
somewhat strange instance of distribution, but I entertain no doubt as
to the correct identification of the parasite before me, since it agrees
quite weli with Kellogg’s description of orarius.
4. Nirmus separatus Kellogg and Kuwana.
Kellogg and Kuwana, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. IV, p. 472. pl. xxix, fig. 6.
A male and a female, both immature, were obtained from Anous
stolidus shot in the Palau Ids. (Feb. 22).
:Gen. Psittaconirmus Harrison.
5. Psittaconirmus harrisoni n. sp. (fig. 1).
A single female specimen of this new species was obtained on Eos
rubiginosa shot in the Ponapé Id. (April 20).
This second species of the Genus Psittaconirmus is closely allied
to Harrison’s species? P. australis from the Purple-crowned lorikeet,
Glossopsittacus porphyrocephalus, but is distinguished by the following
points:
1. Size larger. Length of body 2.02 mm., instead of 1.73 mm.
2. Head much broader, especially behind antenne. Measurements
of head being .44 mm. by .39 mm., instead of .42 mm. by .32 mm. as
in P. australis.
1) Parasitology Vol. VII, 1915, p. 403, pl. xxvi, fig. 7 and xxvii, figs, 12, 13.
MALLOTHAGA FROM BIRDS OF THE PONAPÉ I. ETC. 485
Fug. 1.
Psiltaconirmus harrisoni n. sp., female.
x 69.
3. The oval emargination in
front ofthe frontal margin is bound-
ed all around by a broad chitin-
ous band, which, in P. australis,
bounds only the posterior margin
of the emargination.
4. Eye with a very fine
spine instead of a hair.
5. Antennæ somewhat shorter
and broader.
6. The inner row of hairs on
the metathoracic border contains
two hairs instead of three.
7. The first abdominal seg-
ment much narrower, bringing
about a distinct constriction be-
tween metathorax and abdomen.
8. Thoracic and lateral ab-
dominal bands much darker in
colour,
9. Transverse bands of ab-
domen darker in colour and well
defined.
The specimens which Mr.
Harrison” obtained from the Blue-
bellied lorikeet, Zrzchoglossus no-
ve-hollandie, closely resemble the present species as regards the size
of body, the shape of head, the chætotaxy of metathorax, and the
colour of body markings.
They were provisionally assigned by him
to P. australis, but are, in my opinion probably identical with the
present new species.
1) Parasitology Vol. VII, p. 405, fig. 3, pl. xxvii, fig. 14.
486 S: UCHIDA:
MEASUREMENTS.
Typical P. australis Harrison
; ns from the
È P. australis, blue-bellied lorikeet.
P. harrisont.
Length of body. 2.02 mm. 1.73 mm. 1.86 mm.
Width of body, Si © yD AR
Length of head, AT 420 LV oy
Width of head, 30, 32.0 155 35 »
Length of thorax, o vo 2607, ee LES
Width of thorax, 12905, 37 5 305,
Gen. Goniocotes Burmeister.
6. Goniocotes carpophage Rudow.
Zeitschr. f. ges. Naturwiss. XXXV, p. 478; Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, p. 187; Taschen- :
berg, Die Mallophagen, p. 99, Taf. ii, Fig. 10, 10a.
A single female specimen was obtained from Globicera oceanica,
shot in the Palau Ids. (June 2).
7. Goniocotes minor Piaget.
Piaget, Les Pediculines, p. 241, pl. xxi, fig. 2.
One female and two males of this species were collected from a
skin of Megapodius laperousi collected by Mr. Sukeyo Fujita in the
Palau Ids. (March 6, 1915).
Gen. Lipeurus Nitzsch.
8. Lipeurus subsetosus Piaget.
Piaget, Les Pediculines, p. 336, pl. xxvii, fig. 5.
A male individual from Phalacrocorax melanoleucus shot in the
Palau Ids. (May 25).
9, Lipeurus baculus Nitzsch.
Denny, Monogr. Anopl. Brit, p. 172, pl. xiv, fig. 3; Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, p. 216;
Piaget, Les Pediculines, p. 303, pl. xxv, fig. 2; Taschenberg, Die Mallophagen,
MALLOPHAGA FROM BIRDS OF THE PONAPÉ I. ETC, 487
p. 123; Osborn, Bul. No. 5 (n. ser.), Div. Ent. U.S. Dept. Agr., p. 100, fig.
121; Kellogg, New Mallophaga, II, p. 506, pl. Lxviii, figs. 4 and 6.
A male specimen of this cosmopolitan parasite of the pigeon was
obtained from Mycticorax caledonicus collected in the Palau Ids. (May).
10. Lipeurus potens Kellogg and Kuwana.
Kellogg and Kuwana, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. Vol. IV, p. 477, pl. xxx, fig. 1.
Six male, eight female, and eleven young individuals of the species
were collected from su/a sula shot on sea, off the Mariana Ids. The
size of body in thg present specimens is somewhat smaller than in the
type specimens. Measurements of the specimens on hand are as
follows :
© 2
Length of body, 3.50 mm. 3.00 mm.
Width of body, 06, 17,005,
Length of head, 66, 1600,
Width of head, LOR} oy 03005
Length of thorax, AO, AO:
Width of thorax, 60 ,, 57055
11. Lipeurus sinuatus Taschenberg.
Taschenberg, Die Mallophagen, p. 180, Taf. vi, fig. 6.
A male specimen was taken from Megapodius laperousi obtained
in the Palau Ids. (March 6).
The specimen agrees with Taschenberg’s description and figure,
except in the smaller size of body and in the shape of the last
abdominal segment which is less conspicuously emarginated. The
differences are, however, probably due to the immaturity of the speci-
men examined by me.
Measurements (those in parenthesis are Taschenberg’s) :
Length of body, 2.14 (2.61) mm.
Width of body, "40 (1:53);
Length of head, .54 ( .66) „
488 S. UCHIDA :
Width of head, :36 ( .45) mm.
Length of thorax, .39 ( .45)
Width of thorax, .35 ( .46)
”
Gen. Colpocephalum Nitzsch.
12. Colpocephalum milleri Kellogg and Kuwana.
Kellogg and Kuwana, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., IV, p. 483, pl. xxx, fig. 6.
Eleven female, two male and numerous young specimens were
collected from Anous stolidus shot in the Ponapé Id. (April 21); and
further, a young specimen was obtained from Sterna melanauchen shot
in the same Island (April 29).
13. Colpocephalum importunum Nitzsch.
Denny, Monogr. Anopl. Brit., p. 214, pl. xviii, fig. 1; Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, p. 272;
Piaget, Les Pediculines, p. 548, pl. xlv, fig. 8.
Seven male, ten female and numerous young individuals were
collected from Demiegretta jugularis grayi shot on the Ponapé Id.
(April 28). Further, three females from Sterna bergii; and one male,
three females and a young from Sterna melanauchen (both Sterna
species obtained on the Ponapé Id. (April 29).
This species has heretofore been found only on birds of the
Ardeidæ (Ardea cinerea, A. minuta and A. garzetta). The specimens
from the two species of terns may be attributed to straggling from the
reef-heron which often occurs on same rocks in the island.
14. Colpocephalum nyctardæ Denny.
Denny, Monogr. Anopl. Brit., p. 215, pl. xx, fig. 9.
A male specimen from Demiegretta jugularis grayi (date and
Exact locality unknown).
MALLOPHAGA FROM BIRDS OF THE PONAPE I. ETC. 489
15. Colpocephalum unicolor Rudow.
Rudow, Zeitsch. f. d. ges. Nat. XXXIV, p. 392, Piaget, Les Pediculines, p. 535, pl.
xliv, fig. 7.
A male, two female and seven young specimens were collected
from Globicera oceanica obtained in the Palau Ids. (April 2).
16. Colpocephalum pediculoides Mijöberg.
Mjöberg, Arkiv. för Zoologi, Bd. VI, p. 44, Taf. 2, fig. 6.
One male from Sirepsilas interpres shot on the Ponape Id. (April
14).
17. Colpocephalum epiphanes Kellogg and Chapman.
This species was first described in 1904 by Kellogg and Chapman,»
from three female specimens obtained from Anous stolidus collected at
Kahului, Maui Island. The present specimens were found on Phethon
candidus shot in the Palau Ids. (April 2) and consist of three
females and three males.
The male is paler in colour than the female and much smaller in
size of body but especially in that of abdomen. Head comparatively
larger, with a constriction on the lateral margin in front of ocular
emargination ; front more rounded, expanded, with two strong spines
near each lateral margin. Genitalia indistinctly distinguishable through
the body-wall, extending forward into segment 6.
MEASUREMENTS:
OO CÒ en
Length of body, 1.58 1.50 1.64 1.98 1.97 mm.
Width ot body, 1047 A0 COCO,
Length of head, 723 ZU RZ 340,
Width of head, I AST Bay Ge
Length of thorax, .40 .40 .4I .43 .43 »
Width of thorax, .42 .42 .42 47 .47 »
1) Fauna Hawaiensis III, p. 313, pl. x, fig. 7; Journ. N.Y.Entm. Soc., X, p. 160, pl.
xiv, fig. 2.
499 SUCH IDAs:
Gen. Myrsidea Waterston.
18. Myrsidea teraokai n. sp. (Fig. 2)
A single female specimen was
=== = taken from Demiegretta jugularis grayi
shot in the Ponape Id. (April 26).
CARS (jane BS This new species somewhat re-
2 sembles Myrsidea insolita Kellogg and
i SS
“i Paine,” and also M. extranea Carriker,”
but differs from both in the more
developed metathorax as well as in
the shape of abdominal segments. The
members of Myrsidea have heretofore
been found chiefly on Passerine
birds, especially on the higher groups
such as the Corvide. Myrsidea diffusa
Kellogg and Chapman, which was
taken from the Ardeidæ as well as
from several passerine hosts, was the
only species of the genus which was
recorded to have been ever taken from
the Ardeidæ.
Description of the female :—Body
Fig. 2.
a. Myrsidea teraokai n. sp., female. short, broad, 1.41 mm. long and 0.55
x50. 4%. Ventral aspect of the anterior mm. wide; with enormously developed
part of abdomen. x 50.
metathorax. Ground colour of body
pale brownish; with distinct markings of pitchy brown on head and
with smoky brownish lateral bands on abdomen.
Head 0.31 mm. long, 0.46 mm. wide; front broadly rounded, with
two short hairs at middle and two long and a few short marginal
1) Kellogg and Paine, Rec. Ind. Mus., X, 1914, p. 238, fig. 4.
2) Carriker, Univ. Stud. Nebr., III, 1903, p. 173, pl. vi, fig. 3.
MALLOPHAGA FROM BIRDS OF THE PONAPÉ I. ETC. 491
hairs on each side of forehead; a long hair at the angle in front
of each shallow ocular emargination ; ocular fringe distinct, composed
of long stiff hairs ; palpi projecting to an extent of half the length of
the apical segment; the eye is large, emarginate and with a brownish
fleck ; temples broad, rounded, each bearing four long pustulated hairs
and a few prickles; occipital margin concavo-convex, with four short
hairs. Colour of head clear brownish; temples with narrow brownish
margin; the curved line bounding the antennal region pitchy brown;
occipital margin edged with pitchy brown, paler in the middle; a
brownish spot on the margin, just in front of each palpus.
Prothorax 0.15mm. iong, 0.29mm. wide, hexagonal in outline,
with produced and sharp lateral angles, each bearing two spines and
a hair; anterior lateral margin straight; posterior margin flatly convex,
bearing six long and pustulated hairs; transverse and longitudinal
chitin bars distinct, of a clear brownish colour. Mesothorax 0.066 mm.
long, 0.32mm. wide; distinctly divided from metathorax by lateral
emargination and a sutural line, with convex lateral and truncate
posterior margins; two short prickles on the posterior margin ; a reddish
brown band around sides and anterior angles, broken medially. Meta-
thorax pentagonal, 0.49 mm. long, 0.46mm. wide, and about three-
fourths as long as abdomen; anterior lateral margin bare, straight,
diverging posteriorly ; posterior lateral angles obtuse, each bearing four
spines and a short submarginal hair ; posterior margin parabolical, with
four short submarginal hairs on the summit; the region posterior to
posterior lateral angles very large. Ground colour of metathorax pale
brownish; each lateral margin with a brownish submarginal band,
curving at the lateral angle; smoky brown indistinct bands running
inward from the median part of the bands, nearly meeting together
medially. Legs long and stout, somewhat paler than thorax, with
darker marginal markings on femoræ and tibiæ.
Abdomen broad, elliptical; widest at the fourth segment ; lateral
margin of segments rounded ; the first segment the longest; posterior
492 S. UCHIDA?
angles projecting, furnished on segments I-VII each with a long hair
and three or four spines and on segment VIII with a short and two
long hairs; the last segment broad, with a fringe of hairs on the flatly
rounded posterior margin; two long hairs on each side of that fringe.
Posterior margin of first and second segments strongly curved posteriorly,
almost parallel to metathorax; posterior margin of third segment
convex: that of the fourth straight ; that of the fifth to cighth concave.
Dorsal surface of first to third segments with several short hairs on
each side of the posterior margin; dorsal surface of the fourth to
seventh with a row of hairs of different length, interrupted in the
middle. Ground colour of abdomen pale brownish, with broad smoky
brown lateral bands which become darker on posterior segments and
end on the eighth sezment; no transverse bands on dorsal surface,
but those of ventral surface show themselves through the body; the
transverse bands of first and second ventral segments indistinct ; those
of seventh to nineth segments form one continuous blotch covering the
whole space between the lateral bands. Sternite of first abdominal
segment reduced; that of second segment the longest, with a group of
four very strong spines on each side of the concave posterior margin ;
posterior margin of third to eighth segments concave and thickly
covered with hairs of different lengths.
Gen. Menopon Nitzsch.
19. Menopon eulasius Kellogg.
Kellogg, Sjöstedts Kilimandjaro-Meru Expedition, 1908, 15, 4, p. 54. Taf. 7, Fig. 11.
Six fenale and four male specimens were collected from Phethon
candidus obtained in the Palau Ids. (April 2). The males agree very
closely with Kellogg’s description and figure of a specimen taken from
Phalacrocorax africanus. The female, which remained unknown to
Kellogg, is larger and slightly darker than the male ; abdomen more
elongate-elliptical, the posterior margin of eighth abdominal segment
MALLOPHAGA FROM BIRDS OF THE PONAPE I. ETC. 493
slightly convex and not concave as in the male; the last segment
more rounded, with a fringe of hairs. Measurements of the present
specimens are as follows:
Mo
Length of body, 1.80 1.80 1.78 1.70 2.17 2.17 2.17 2.08 2.08 mm.
Width of body, TO O IE IT BB RI
Length of head, LAO 37040 AO AS AA AA A3 AT,
Width of head, Yl a dp pi al ats wer Shes Anke
Length of thorax, .47 .47 .46 .46 47 .47 .47 47 .47 »
Width of thorax, .56 .54 .56 .56 .62 .62 .62 .63 .64 ,,
20. Menopon brevipalpe Piaget.
Piaget, Les Pediculines, p. 498, pl. xl, fig. 5.
Five females and one young were obtained from sz/a sula shot on
sea off the Marina Ids., July 7th 1916.
Gen. Eomenopon Harrison.
21. Eomenopon denticulatus Harrison.
Parasitology Vol. VII, 1915, p. 385, fig. 5, pl. xxvi, fig. 5, pl. xxvii, figs. 6, 16.
One male, three female, and three young individuals were taken
from Hos rubiginosa shot on the Ponapé Id. (April 20).
Tokyo, Oct. 30, 1917.
Page 500,
502,
504,
509,
510,
513,
518,
531;
533
541,
542,
546,
559,
553,
”
line
line
line
line
line,
line
line
line
CORRIGENDA.
28, for “ Bianch” read “ Bianchi.”
7, 10123 re4d 222. Nye
15, for “neat” read “near.”
5, for “emale” read “ female”
10, for “ Corca ” read “ Corea.”
2, for “ Part” read “ Port.”
B
18, for “thfs” read “this”
SHOT nerd Sine
omit «lines 4-6.”
line
line 8, for “ Kokuryö’
line
line
line
line
line
24, for “river” read “ rivers.”
?
read “ Hokuryö.”
23, for “ migraties” read “ migrations.”
”
10, for “ traggler” read “ straggler.”
15, for “tall” read “tail,”
14, for em read. “ini
14, Omit “i.”
Notes on Corean and Manchurian Birds.
By
Nagamichi Kuroda, Æigakushr.
The following notes on Corean and Manchurian birds are based
in part on my own collection made during my visit to those regions
in April and May of last year, and in part on specimens preserved in
some other collections, but chiefly in the Seoul museum, in the Seoul
Higher Common School and in the Government Middle School at Port
Arthur. As regards the avifauna of Corea, I have been able to add
47 species and subspecies to what has hitherto been known of it, bring-
ing up the total number of forms in it to 361; and as regards that of
Manchuria, I have added 16 forms, which would make the avifauna
of that region, as known at the present, to consist of 313 forms.
Mr. S. Shimoköriyama of the Seoul Museum, Mr. T. Mori of the
Seoul Higher Common School and Mr. S. Wakiyama of the Middle
School at Port Arthur have given me exceptional facilities in the ex-
amination of the specimens under their care. Messrs. U. Tanaka and
Y. Kuroda of Seoul, Mr. Z. Kono of Mukden, and Messrs. T. Yano
and K. Yamamoto of Port Arthur have all rendered me very useful
help to my collecting work. Messrs. T. Mori and K. Mori of Seoul,
Mr. Z. Kono of Mukden, Mr. S. Wakiyama of Port Arthur and Mr.
O. Yoshikura of Dalni have presented me many valuable specimens.
To all above gentlemen my best thanks are due.
Fam. Colymbide.
1. Colymbus septentrionalis Linn.
Abi.
Gavia stellata (Pontoppidan), Clark, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXXVIII, p. 148.
496 NAGAMICHI KURODA :
Two females in non-breeding plumage obtained on the Naktung
River (or Rakutökd) near Fusan, Apr. 6. The species was observed
in the harbour of Fusan (Apr. 5), in the mouth of the River Yezınkö
near Mok-po (Apr. 13) and in the harbour of Genzan (Apr. 26).
2. Colymbus adamsi Gray.
| Hashijiro-abi.
A specimen of this species is preserved in the Seoul Museum. It
was collected at Juntatsumen, Tstsen, Kogen District, Apr. 7, 1914.
Fam. Podicipedide.
3. Podicipes cristatus Linn.
Kammuri-kaitsuburi.
Ingram, Ibis, 1909, p. 469.
Specimens of this species are preserved in the Seoul Higher
Common School (near Seoul, Nov. and Dec., 1916) and in the Seoul |
Museum (Chosen, Kogen Distr., Apr.) the species was observed in |
non-breeding plumage on the Naktung River, Apr. 6. This has been
already recorded from Manchuria, but not from Corea.
Fam. Pelecanidæ.
4. Pelecanus crispus Bruch.
Garan-cho.
Kuroda, “ Döbutsugaku Zasshi” (Tokyo Zoological Magazine), 1916, p. 189.
An immature specimen, taken at Chemulpo, Keki Distr., Nov. 3,
1914, is preserved in the Seoul Museum.
Fam. Ardeide.
5. Herodias intermedia (Wagler).
Chüsagi.
An adult male in breeding plumage was collected at Issan, Kéki
NOTES ON COREAN AND MANCHURIAN BIRDS. 497
Distr., Apr. 19. I have purchased another specimen of the species from
the same locality. This egret is a common summer resident in the
middle parts of Corea. There exists as yet no report of its occurrence
in Manchuria.
6. Herodias alba alba (Linn).
Daisagi, Momojiro.
A specimen of this typical form is preserved in the Seoul Higher
Common School. It was collected at Hekai, Kogen Distr., Apr. (?),
1916. Four specimens from Corea but without dates are in my posses-
sion ; they measure as follows:
Breed.
pl. or
non-br. pl.
Middle toe
|
Exp. culm.| Wing Tail |Exp. thigh) Tarsus with claw
1-5 mm. | 450 mm. | 164 mm. | 142 mm. | 205 mm. | 124 mm.
| |
il | |
12200, 446 > | 169 i SON, MT OPEN | CC | ,
|
Issan, Kéki 129 „ | 450 » | 174 » |123 „ | 210 „ | 122 „| >
Distr. | |
Suishoku, ,, 125 00, dl aaa. zz. Tas OSH 3 ze >. | »
The smaller form, Æ7 alba timoriensis (Cuv.), also occurs in Corea
as well as in Manchuria, as was reported by Giglioli and Salvadori
and by Taczanowski. Two specimens measured by them of that form
show the wings to be only 385mm and 370mm. respectively in length.
7. Demiegretta eulophotes (Swinhoe).
Kara-shirasagi.
Herodias eulophotes Sw, David et Oust., Ois Chine, p. 441; Clark, Proc. U.S. Nat.
Mus., Vol. XXXVIII, p. 152.
A fine male in breeding plumage was obtained in the Bay of
Sotowan, near Port Arthur, May 8. Exposed culmen 81mm., wing
271mm., tail 93 mm., tarsus 93.5 mm., middle toe and claw 63 mm.
This species is found also in Corea during summer only. It is
498 NAGAMICHI KURODA:
very remarkable that the true Herodias garzetta has yet been recorded
from neither Corea nor Manchuria. But it is said that dorsal plumes
of that species were once procured by a native in the northern part
of Corea.
8. Phoyx purpurea manillensis (Meyen).
Murasaki-sagi.
An adult bird in breeding plumage was given me by Mr. S.
Wakiyama. It was collected at Ying-kou or Yingtzu, S. Manchuria,
and is preserved in my collection.
9. Ardea cinerea jouyi Clark.
Awo-sagi.
Clark, Broc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXXII, 1907, p. 498; Clark, op. cit, Vol.
XXXVIII, 1910, p. 152; A. cinerea (nec. L.), Giglioli and Salvadori, P. Z. S.,
1887, p. 588; Tacz., P.Z.S., 1887, p. 611; Tacz., op. cit., 1888, p. 468; Camp-
bell, Ibis, 1892, p. 244; Ingram, Ibis, 1909, p. 458.
River Yézanko near Mok-po: 1 À ad. and ı ad., Apr. 13; near
Hekiteri, Keri Distr.: 13 ad., Apr. 18; Kuppapari, Keki Distr.: 14
ad. and ı ? ad., Apr. 20; Giseifu, Keki Distr.: 1 (sex?) ad, Apr. 22.
Very common on the plains, fields, and river-sides in Corea from ,
spring to summer. Once during a journey from Fusan to Shingist, I
have counted 136 individuals of this species from the railway car. I
have collected seven eggs from four nests on pine trees in a small
delta of the River Yezanko, Apr. 13. These eggs are pale blue or
greenish blue in colour, with some small white chalky markings. They
measure 55-63.5 mm. by 40.5-44 mm.
In the north of Corea and in southern Manchuria, this heron is
not abundant.
It is remarkable that Nycticorax nycticorax has never yet been
collected in the peninsula of Corea but has obtained on the island of
Quelpart.
NOTES ON COREAN AND MANCHURIAN BIRDS. 499
10. Butorides javanica amurensis (Schrenk).
Sasagoi.
An adult male in breeding plumage was obtained at Kuppapari,
Keki Distr., Apr..4. The species is rare near Seoul.
II. Nannocnus eurythmus (Swinhoe).
O-yoshigoi.
Mr. T. Mori has reported to me that this species was obtained at
Riuganpo, N. Heian Distr. May-June, 1917. It is found also in
Manchuria. |
Fam. Ciconiide.
12. Platalea minor Temm. & Schl.
Kurotsura-hera-sagi.
Clark, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXXVIII, p. 151.
An adult specimens was purchased at Seoul. It was collected at
Kaishü, Kökai Distr. Date unknown. Further, six eggs of this species
were purchased in Corea. They were obtained at Ito, N. Zenra Distr.,
July 22, 1917. They measure 64-67.5 mm. by 41-45 mm.
It is said that 2. /eucorodia occurs in S. Corea.
Fam. Anatidæ.
13. Mergus serrator Linn.
Umiaisa.
Taczanowski, P. Z. S., 1888, p. 460.
An immature male was collected in the Bay of Genzan, Apr. 26.
The species was seen in abundance on the Naktung River, Apr. 6.
500 NAGAMICHI KURODA:
14. Oidemia fusca stejnegeri (Ridgw.).
Birödo-kinkuro.
Three adult males were obtained on the Bay of Genzan (Apr. 26),
where this subspecies occurs in abundance.
15. Harelaa glacialis (L.)
Köri gamo.
Momiyama, “ Tori” (Aves). No. IV, 1917. 44.
The Seoul Museum is in possession of several examples of this
interesting duck from Juntatsumen, Tsüsen, Kogen Distr., Apr., 1914.
Mr. T. Momiyama reported this bird from the harbour of Seishin, N.
Kan-kyo Distr., Jan. 2, 1915. I have a male specimen in non-breeding
plumage from Issan, Kéki Distr., end of March, 1916. One male and
one female, both in breeding plumage, were collected by me at Gen-
zan, Apr. 26, 1917. In the harbour of Genzan it is very abundant,
but I have seen only a single case of a male in non-breeding plumage.
16. Clangula clangula glaucion (Linn.).
Höjiro-gamo.
C. glaucion (L.), Tacz, P.Z.S., 1887, p. 611; C. clangula clangula (L.), Clark,
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXXVIII, p. 150; Zuligwla clangula, Campbell,
Ibis, 1892, p. 245.
An immature male (sex ?) was captured at Genzan, Apr. 26. I
have seen a group of some twenty birds at the same locality.
17. Nyroca bari Radde.
Akahajiro.
Ingram, Ibis, 1909, p. 461.
An immature bird is preserved in the Seoul Museum. It was
collected on the Han River near Seoul, Oct. 18, 1912. This duck was
reported by Bianch and Ingram from S. Manchuria.
NOTES ON COREAN AND MANCHURIAN BIRDS. SOI
€
18. Fuligula marila (L.)
Suzugamo.
Campbell, Ibis, 1892, p 245; Æwlix marila (L.), Tacz. P.Z.S., 1888, p. 460;
Fuligula affinis mariloides, Ingram, Ibis, 1909, p. 460.
Entrance of Mok-po Harbour: 23s juv. and 13 ad, Apr. 11;
mouth of Yézan River near Mok-po: ı Ljuv., Apr. 13; Genzan: 4 fs
ad. and 1 ? ad., Apr. 26. Very common in harbours and on rivers.
19. Spatula clypeata (L.)
Hashibiro-gamo.
a lac, P.Z.S., 1888, p. 460.
An adult male in breeding plumage was shot near Riuganpo, N.
Heian Distr., May 3. Another male from Dasenjo, Keiki Distr., early
of Apr., 1917. is in my possession.
20. Nettion crecca (L.)
Kogamo.
Ingram, Ibis, 1909, p. 460; Clark, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXXVIII, p. 150;
Anas crecca L., Tacz., P.'Z.!S., 1888, p. 460; Campbell, Ibis, 1892, p. 245.
An adult male was obtained at Orikol or Goriudo, Keiki Distr.,
Apr. 25
21. Anas boschas Linn.
Magamo.
Tacz., P. Z. S., 1888, p. 460; Ingram, Ibis, 1909, p. 459.
I have two abnormally coloured specimens of this species: a female
entirely in buffy plumage was collected at Kinpo, Keiki Distr., end of
Mar., 1916, and another male in melanistic plumage was obtained at
Bun-san, Keiki Distr., Feb. 1917. I have seen this species at Mok-po
on Apr. 14.
502 NAGAMICHI KURODA :
22. Ale galericulata (L.).
Oshidori.
Ingram, Ibis, 1909, p. 459; Aix galericulata (L.), Tacz., P. Z.S., 1888, p. 640;
Anas galericulata, Campbell, Ibis, 1892, p. 245.
À female with a large white patch at base of bill was purchesed
at Fusan. It was collected at Shintokuri, S. Keishö Distr., Jan. 9,
1917. An adult female was shot at Köryo, Keiki Distr., Apr. 23.
have a male specimen from Hekö, Kögen Distr., end of Dec., 1915.
23. Pseudotadorna” cristata Kuroda.
Kammuri-tsukushi-gamo.
Tadorna casarca x Querquedula falcata(?), Sclater, P. Z. S., 1890, p. 1. Pl. I;
Kuroda, “ Senman Chörui Ippan,” p. 45, 1917 (Coloured plate); id., “ Tori,”
Vol. I, No. 5, 1917, p. 1-3, Fig. 1.
The type specimen is probably an adult bird. It was obtained on
the Naktung River near Fusan, Dec. (3 ?), 1916.”
This interesting sheldrake is easily distinguishable from its allies
by a distinct pendent crest, by a white ocular patch and by the upper
and the lower surface being dark brown vermiculated with narrow but
distinct white lines. The wing pattern is nearly the same as in other
sheldrakes, except in the first tertiary being black in basal parts and
1) This genus was described in the author’s papers referred to, as follows:—Edges of
upper mandible with moderately prominent lamellæ; indentations of upper mandible incon-
spicuous; colour of bill and feet pale; culmen not concave, almost straight; anterior border
of loral feathering at base of bill convex; outer web of tertiaries chestnut; tail somewhat
graduated.
2) According to Mr. Uchida (“ Tori,” Vol. II, No. 6, 1918, pp. 6-8), birds of this species
seem to have been, some two hundred years ago, imported from Corea into Japan by the
hand of bird dealers. It may be that in those times the species was not so rare in Corea
as at present. Amusing the Japanese it was known by the name of “Chösen-oshi.” In
the old Japanese ornithological work “ Kanbun-kinpu,” there stands a description of both
male and female of the species. From it, it is plain that the type specimen, from which I
have described the species in 1917, is a female. An old drawing of the male (“ Tori,” 1. c.,
fig. 2) should be in the possession of Viscount Matsudaira
NOTES ON COREAN AND MANCHURIAN BIRDS. 503
also very narrowly along its outer margin. Total length about 535
mm., exposed culmen 41.5 mm, bill from gape 66mm., wing 310 mm,
tail 115 mm., tarsus 47 mm., middle toe with claw 54 mm. long.
24. Tadorna cornuta (S. G. Gmelin).
Tsukushi-gamo.
Ingram, Ibis, 1909, p. 459.
I have received a fine pair of this sheldrake from an acquaintance
in Shuan, Keiki Distr. They were shot at that locality, Nov. 11,
1917. This duck is very common in spring on the Y&zankö River,
near Mok-po.
25. Casarca rutila (Pall.).
Aka-tsukushi-gamo.
Tadorna rutila, Campbell, Ibis, 1892, p. 245; Casarca ferruginea (Pall.), Clark,
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXXVIII, p. 150; Cairina rutila (Pall.), Tacz.,
P.Z.S., 1887, p. 611.
A female was presented me by Mr. Y. Kuratsuka. It was shot
at Kinsü or Chin-chou. S. Manchuria, Nov. 25, 1916. This species is
not uncommon in Corea and Manchuria, but during winter only.
26. Anser anser (L.).
Koma-karigane.
Alpheraky, Geese of Eur. and Asia, p. 24, Pl. 3.
A specimen preserved in the Seoul Museum. It was collected at
Goshöri, Quelpart Island, S. Corea, Feb. 13, 1915. Mr. Shimokoriyama
told me that the collector of the Museum had obtained two more birds
at the same place.
27. Anser minutus Naumann.
Kokarigane.
Anser finmarchicus Gunner, Alph., Geese of Eur. and Asia, p. 59, Pl. 5 and 6.
504 NAGAMICHI KURODA :
Mr. Yasukichi Kuroda has shot two birds from a group of this
species at Dasenjo, Keiki Distr., early in April, 1917.
28. Melanonyx segetum segetum (Gm.).
Hime-hishikui.
Anser segetum (Gm.), Tacz., P.Z.S., 1888, p. 460.
Two specimens, doubtless of the form, are preserved in the Seoul
Museum. One of them was collected near Tsüsen, Kögen Distr., Sept.
30, 1914; and the other at Jözan-po, Quelpart Island, S. Corea, Feb.
25, 1915.
The larger form, M. segetum serrirostris, also occurs in Corea and
Manchuria.
29. Cygnopsis cygnoides (Linn.)
Sakatsuragan.
D
Tacz., P.Z.S., 1888, p. 460. a
I have observed a group of some ten birds of this Goose neat
Riugan-po, N. Heian Distr., May 3. It is said that the species breeds
on the Shinto Island in the mouth of the Yalu River.
30. Cygnus bewicki Varrell.
Haku-cho.
Giglioli and Salvadori, P. Z.S., 1887, p. 589; Ingram, Ibis, 1909, p. 459.
A specimen (sex ?) was given me by Mr. Z. Kono. It was shot
by him on the Gaihei River, Mukden Province, March 31, 1917.
Fam. Falconide.
31. Gypactus barbatus (L.).
Higewashi.
Kuroda, “ Döbutsugaku Zasshi,” Vol. XXVIII, 1917, p. 95; Mori, “ Tori,” Vol. I,
No. 4, 1917, p. 41.
NOTES ON COREAN AND MANCHURIAN BIRDS. 505
An immature bird. was collected near Sam-bang, S. Kankyo Distr.,
Dec. 21, 1916. Another immature specimen was obtained at Port
Arthur.
32. Circus spilonotus Kaup.
Siberia-chühi.
A specimen is preserved in the Seoul Museum. Locality : Sosha,
Keiki Distr., Nov. 10, 1914.
33. Circus melanoleucus (Forster).
Madara-chühi.
Ingram, Ibis, 1909, p. 456.
An adult male is preserved in the Seoul Museum. It was obtained
at Kögen Distr., June, 1909. This species occurs not uncommonly in
Manchuria, but rarely in Corea.
34. Accipiter virgatus gularis (Temm. & Schl.).
Essai, Tsumi.
Ingram, Ibis, 1909, p. 456.
An adult male was obtained by Mr. O. Yoshikura near Dalni,
May 9, and was presented to me by him. The iris of this bird was
dark carmine red, instead of orange as usual.
35. Aquila clanga Pall.
Karafuto-washi.
A specimen, collected near Port Arthur, Oct. 1914, is preserved
in the Middle School at Port Arthur.
Another specimen was obtained at the Seoul market, Feb., 1915,
and is preserved in the Seoul Higher Common School.
506 NAGAMICHI KURODA:
36. Aquila heliaca Savign.
Katashiro-washi.
A nearly adult bird was purchased at Seoul. It was obtained at
Risen, Keiki Distr., 1913. Another immature bird is preserved in the
Seoul Higher Common School; it was collected near Mok-po, May,
1916. This is the first time this species is recorded from Corea.
37. Haliaëtus pelagicus (Pall.).
Ö-washi.
An adult bird was purchased at Seoul; it was captured at Genzan,
Jan., 1917. Another bird, obtained at the same locality, Feb., 1917
is preserved in the Seoul Higher Common School. This species is less
common in Corea than Z. branickit Tacz.
38. Spizaetus nipalensis (Hodgson).
Kumataka.
A specimen is preserved in the Seoul Higher Common School. It
was collected at Kogen Distr., Jan., 1914.
39. Buteo leucocephalus (Hodgs.).
O-nosuri.
A specimen, obtained at Risen, Keiki Distr., Jan., 1917, was
purchased at Seoul.
40. Archibuteo lagopus (Gm.).
Keashi-nosuri.
A specimen, collected at Mok-po, Dec., 1915, is preserved in the
Seoul Higher Common School. I have purchased a specimen of this
bird at Seoul. This buzzard is not common in Corea.
NOTES ON COREAN AND MANCHURIAN BIRDS. 507
41. Falco peregrinus calidus Lath.
Hayabusa.
Hartert, Vög. Pal., p. 1046; Æ commumis (nec. Gm.), Tacz, P.Z.S., 1888, p. 459;
F. peregrinus anatum (nec. Bonap.), Clark, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXX-
VIII, p. 158.
An adult specimen, obtained at Shichikoku Mt., N. Chüsei Distr.,
middle of Apr., 1917, was purchased at Seoul. Another adult specimen
was received by me from Ccrea; it was shot at Risen, Keiki Distr.,
middle of June, 1917.
42. Falco tinnunculus tinnunculus L.
Chösen-magusodaka.
Harterf, Vög. Pal, p. 1082; Cerchneis perpallida Clark, Proc. U S. Nat. Mus.,
Vol. XXXII, p. 470; C. Zinnunculus (L.), Ingram, Ibis, 1969, p. 457; Æ tür-
nunculus perpallidus Claık, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXXVIII, p. 158.
An adult male was purchased at Seoul; it was shot at Yoshù, Keiki
Distr., Mar. 18, 1917. Bill (without cere) 15mm., wing 252 mm, tail
168 mm., tarsus 41.5 mm. in length. /. Zinnunculus japonicus is also
found in Corea and Manchuria.
43. Falco asaloa insignis (Clark).
Ko-chogenbo.
Clark, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus, Vol. XXXVIII, p. 158; Dendrofalco @salon (nec.
Tunst.), Tacz. P. Z.S., 1887, p. 598; Tacz., op. cit., 1888, p. 461; £ æsalon
(nec. Tunst.), Campbell, Ibis, 1892, p. 243; Ingram, op. cit., 1909, p. 457;
Clark, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXXVIII, p. 158; Æsa/on regulus insignis
Clark, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus, Vol. XXXII, p. 470; À columbarius insignis
(Clark), Hartert, Vög. Pal., p. 1076.
A specimen, obtained at Yöshü, Keiki Distr., Mar. 18, 1917, was
purchased at Seoul.
508 NAGAMICHI KURODA:
44. Erythropus vespertinus amurensis (Radde).
Aka-ashi-chogenbo,
E. amurensis (Radde), Ingram, Ibis, 1909, p. 457, Zalco vespertinus amurensis
Radde, Hartert, Vög. Pal., p. 1080.
A fine male was obtained near Hoku-Ryô, Mukden Province, S.
Manchuria, May 5. I have recently received another specimen from
Corea ; it was collected at Teishü, N. Heian Distr. This is the first
time this falcon is reported from Corea.
Fam. Phasianidæ.
45. Phasianus colchicus karpowi Buturlin.
Korai-kiji.
P. torquatus karpowi But., Ingram, Ibis, 1907, p. 461; LP. torquatus (nec. Gm.),
Gigl. and Salvad., P.Z.S., 1887, p. 584; Tacz., op. cit., 1887, p. 610; Tacz.,
op. cit., 1888, p. 467; Campbell, Ibis, 1892, p. 248; P. karpowi But, op. cit,
1904, p. 405; P. karpowi karpowi But. Clark, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.. Vol.
XXXVIII, p. 155.
A male was obtained at Shuan, Keiki Distr., Apr. 19; another
male at Shikusekirei, Keiki Distr., Apr. 22. I have two abnormally
coloured specimens of this subspecies: An adult male nearly entirely
in silvery whie plumage with very long tail from Mitsuyö, S. Keisho
Distr., Apr. 20, 1916, and a female with long tail like male from
Kahei, Keiki Distr. Further I have seen a specimen in white-and-
brown spotted plumage and entirely albinistic individuals of this pheas-
ant. The latter were collected near Mok-po -and Reizan, S. Chüsei
Distr. The pheasant is very common in bushes in all parts of the
peninsula as well as of outlying islets: Very rare, near Port Arthur
and Dalni, S. Manchuria.
46. Coturnix coturnix japonica Temm. and Schl.
Uzura.
Clark, Proc.. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXXVIII, p. 156; C. vulgaris japonica T. and
NOTES ON COREAN AND MANCHURIAN BIRDS. 509
S., Tacz., P.Z.S., 1888, p. 467; C. japonica T. and S., Ingram, Ibis, 19C9, p.
463; C. communis (nec. Bonnat.), Tacz., P.Z.S., 1887, p. 610; Bianchi, Ann.
Mus. Zool. St. Pétersb., 1902; Ingram, Ibis, 1909, p. 462.
A female was obtained at Kuppapari, Keiki Distr., Apr. 20. A
emale was shot by me at Söto Bıy, near Port Arthur, May 8. The
Japanese quail, together with Zurnir blanfordi, is found around Port
Arthur in greatest abundance early in Autumn (Sept.—Oct.), but very
rarely in winter and spring.
I have already pointed out that the European quail, C. coturnix
coturnix, is found neither in Japan nor in Corca (“ Dobutsugaku Zasshi ”
(Tokyo Zoological Magazine), Vol. XXVI, Sept., 1914, pp. 435-440).
The Japanese birds are shorter in wing which never exceeds much
over 100mm. Dr. Hartert (Nov. Zool., XXIV, 1917, pp. 420-425)
arrived at the same conclusion and remarked that “ since C. c. coturnix
is never found in East Asia, hybrids between it and C. c. japonica do
not and cannot occur.”
Fam. Rallide.
47. Porzana fusca paykulli (Ljungh)
Korai-hikuina.
Rallina mandarina Sw., Tacz., P.Z.S., 1888, p. 459.
One male specimen was presented to me by Mr. S. Wakiyama.
It was obtained near Port Arthur, Sept. 23, 1911. A specimen from
Corea, obtained near Dokuritsumon, Seoul, July, 1917, was procured
by purchase.
48. Gallicrex cinereus (Gmelin).
Tsuru-kuina.
Clark; Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus, Vol. XXXVIII, p. 153; G. cinerea (Gm.), Tacz.,
P.Z.S., 1887, p. 611.
A young specimen was purchased at Seoul. It was shot at Sui-
510 NAGAMICHI KURODA :
shoku, Keiki Distr., Sept., 1916. A specimen is found in the Govern-
ment Middle School at Part Arthur.
49. Fulica atra Linn.
O-ban.
Ingram, Ibis, 1909, p. 465.
An adult male was shot from a pair on the River Daidoko near
Heijo, S. Heian Distr., Apr. 29.
Fam. Gruidæ.
50. Grus leucauchen Temm.
Manazuru.
Tacz., P.Z.S., 1887, p. 611; Tacz., op. cit, 1888, p. 468; Pseudogeranus leucauchen
(T.), Clark, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXXVIII, p. 152.
A female was presented to me by a friend in Seoul. It was
obtained near Giseifu Station, Keiki Distr., 1916.
Fam. Charadriidæ.
51. Squatarola squatarola (L.).
Daizen.
S. helvetica (L.), Giglioli and Salvad., P.Z.S., 1887, p. 585; Tacz., op. cit., 1888, p.
456; Charadrius helveticus, Campbell, Ibis, 1892, p. 246.
A female in non-breeding plumage was collected at Shuan, Keiki
Distr., Apr. 19.
52. Ægialitis placida (Gray).
Ikaru-chidori.
Tacz., P.Z.S., 1887, p. 610; Tacz., op. cit., 1888, p. 468; Ingram, Ibis, 1909, p.
466; Clark, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. Vol. XXXVIII, p. 155.
NOTES ON COREAN AND MANCHURIAN BIRDS. 511
An adult male and another adult bird of doubtful sex were
obtained at Riusen, near Taiden, S. Chüshin Distr., Apr. 8.
53. Ægialitis dubia curonicus (Gm).
Ko-chidori.
Æ. minor (Meyer et Wolf), Tacz., P.Z.S., 1887, p. 610; Tacz., op. cit., 1888, p.
467; Charadrius minor, Campbell, Ibis, 1892, p. 246; /E. dubia (nec. Scop.),
Clark, Proc. U.S. Nat., Mus., Vol. XXXVIII, p. 155.
Two adult males and two adult females were colleted at Riusen,
near Taiden, S. Chüsei Distr.; a male and a female, both adults, at
Yuson, near Taiden, Apr. 8; four adult males and an adult female,
along the River Taiden, Apr. 9; an adult female, near Giseifu, Keiki
Distr., Apr. 22; an adult male and two adult females, on the River
Daidoko, S. Heian Distr., Apr. 29; an adult female, at Mukden,
May 5; and an adult female, near Port Arthur, May 9. Length cf
exposed culmen in all these specimens is tabulated below:
ES
Loc. Exp. culm. Sex.
River Riusen 13.5 mm. & ad.
5 14 » ® ad.
» 13.» &. ad.
» 13.5 >, Pad,
Yuson 13.5 35 S ad.
25 12.50» S ad.
River Taiden ~ 13.5 » & ad.
” 135 » S ad
” 13 3 & ad
5 HE € ® ad
» 13 » &. ad
Giseifu TA: S ad.
River Daidökö 13, 6 ad.
» 14.2 „ &. ad.
» 195 | © ad.
Mukden 13,05 Q ad
Near Port Arthur 12,00 &. ad
512 NAGAMICHI KURODA:
In None the exposed culmen reaches to 15mm. ‘This indicates
that the long-billed form, Æ. dubia dubia, is probably not found in
Corea, nor in S. Manchuria. It is certain that this short-billed form
breeds in Corea along rivers. I have taken out an undeposited egg
from a female collected on the Daidökö, Apr. 29.
54. Ægialitis alexandrina alexandrina (L.).
Hashiboso-shirochidori.
Chadrarius cantiana, Campbell, Ibis, 1892, p. 246. =
An adult male was obtained at Shuan, Keiki, Distr., Apr. 19; an
adult male, on the River Daidökö, S. Heian Distr., Apr. 29. Length
of exposed eulmen in both the specimens measures 16 mm.
55. Ægialitis alexandrina dealbatus Sw.
© Shirochidori.
An adult male was obtained at Shuan, Keiki Distr., Apr. 19; an
adult female, on the River Daidoko, Apr. 29; two adult males, Soto
Bay, near Port Arthur, May 8. In all these specimens the bill is
longer and stronger than &. alexandrina alexandrina and measures
from 16.5 mm. to 18.5 mm. in length.
56. Microsarcops cinereus (Blyth).
Keri.
Clark, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXXVIII, p. 155; Zodivanellus cinereus, Camp-
bell, Ibis, 1892, p. 246; Z. inornatus (nec. Sw.), Tacz., P.Z.S., 1888, p. 457.
An adult specimen was given me by Mr. Z. Kono. It was colleted
at Konka, Mukden Prov., May, 1916.
57. Hamatopus ostralegus osculans Sw.
Miyakodori.
Ingram, Ibis, 19c9, p. 497; H. osculans Sw., Tristram, Ibis, 1885, p. 195; Tacz,
NOTES ON COREAN AND MANCHURIAN BIRDS. 513
P.Z.S., 1888, p. 459; Campbell, Ibis, 1892, p. 246; Clark, Proc. U.S. Nat.
Mus., Vol. XXXVIII, p. 155.
An adult male was obtained on the mouth of the River Vezanko,
near Mok-po, Apr. 13. Two eggs of this bird were collected by me
on the gravelly ground of a small and low delta near the mouth of
the same river. The eggs of this oyster-catcher are stone-buff with
greyish underlying shell-markings and spotted and blotched on surface
with blackish or pale brown. The two taken measure respectively
58.5 mm. x. 40 mm. and 56x 39.5.
58. Recurvirostra avocetta L.
Sorihashiseitakashigi.
Mr. N. Okada sent me for inspection a specimen of this interesting
shore bird, collected near Kunsan, N. Zenra Distr., Jan. 4, 1914.
59. Numenius arquatus lineatus Cuv.
Daishakushigi.
Ingram, Ibis, 1909, p. 468; Clark, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XX XVIII, p. en
A specimen was presented to me by Mr. T. Nakano. It was
collected at Chemulpo, Keiki Distr. I have observed thfs form on the
Naktung River, Apr. 6; near Mok-po, Apr. 10-13; and near Riuganpo,
N. Heian Distr., May 3. In a marshy place near Mukden, on May 5,
I have observed a bird undoubtedly belonging to this form.
60. Numenius cyanopus Vieill.
Höroku-shigi.
Giglioli and Salvad., P.Z.S, 1887, p. 588; Tacz., op. cit.. 1888. p. 459, Ingram,
Ibis, 1929, p. 468; Clark, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXXVIII, p. 154.
An adult female was obtained on the Naktung River, near Fusan,
Apr. 6; and an adult female, at Genzan, Apr. 26. This curlew is not
514 NAGAMICHI KURODA :
uncommon in Corea on its spring and autumn migrations ; it is there
more common than the preceding form, as in Japan.
61. Numenius pheopus variegatus (Scop.).
Chüshaku-shigi.
Tacz., P.Z.S, 1888. p. 457.
A female was shot at one of the deltas of the Yalu River, May
5; two males were obtained at Soto Bay, near Port Arthur, May 8.
This bird is also not uncommon in Corea and S. Manchuria.
62. Limosa lapponica baueri (Naum.).
O-sorihashi-shigi.
Tacz.. P.Z.S., 1888, p. 457; Clark, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus, Vol. XXXVIII, p. 154.
An adult male in* beautiful breeding plumage was captured at the
mouth of the River Yezanko, near Mok-po, Apr. 13. It was the only
individual of the form that came under observation during the trip.
63. Terekia cinerea (Güldenst.).
Sorihashi-shigi.
Giglioli and Salvad., P. Z.S., 1887, p. 587.
An adult male was obtained out of a pair at the mouth of the
River Yézanko, Apr. 13. This species is rare bird in Corea, as in
Japan.
64. Totanus fuscus (L.).
Tsuru-shigi.
Campbell, Ibis, 1892, p. 246.
Two adult males and an adult female in breeding plumage were
obtained in the paddy-field at Daijori, Kosei, S. Heian Distr., Apr. 30.
At that place I have observed a flock of some twenty or thirty birds
in a group; they were all in the dark summer dress.
NOTES ON COREAN AND MANCHURIAN BIRDS, 515
65. Totanus totanus (L.).
Akaashi-shigi.
Tacz., P.Z.S., 1888, p. 457.
An adult female was obtained at Sötö Bay, near Port Arthur,
May 8.
66. Glottis nebularius Gunner.).
Awo-ashi-shigi.
Lotanus glottis (Lath.), Tristram, Ibis, 1885, p. 195; Tacz., P.Z.S., 1888, p. 457;
Campbell, Ibis, 1892, p. 246; 7. nebwlarius glottoides (Nig.), Clark, Proc. U.S.
Nat. Mus, Vol. XXXVIII, p. 154.
Two specimens of this species were collected for me by Mr. K.
Mori, at Orikol, Keiki Distr., Apr. 25.
67. Pseudoglottis guttifer (Nordm.).
Karafuto-awoashishigi.
A specimen of this interesting bird, taken at Shinpo, S. Kankyo
Distr., Sept. 13, 1912, is preserved in the Seoul Higher Common
Schoo!.
68. Rhyacophilus glarcola (L.).
Takabushigi.
Totanus glareola (L), Tacz., P.Z.S., 1888, p. 457; Ingram, Ibis, 1909, p. 468.
A female was obtained near Mukden, May 5; another female, at
Soto Bay, near Port Arthur, May 8; and a male and a female, near
Port Arthur, May o.
69. Helodromas ochropus (L.).
Kusa-shigi.
Clark, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXXVIII, p. 154; Totanus ochropus (L.), Tacz.,
P.Z.S., 1888, p. 457; Ingram, Ibis, 1909, p. 468.
5 16 NAGAMICHI KURODA?
A female obtained near Port Arthur, May 9.
70. Pavoncella pugnax (L.).
Yerimaki-shigi.
A young specimen, obtained at Shinpo, Kankyö Distr., Sept. 9,
1913, is preserved in the Seoul Higher Common School.
71. Eurynorhynchus pygmweus (L.).
Hera-shigi.
Three Corean specimens of this species in non-breeding plumage
were obtained by purchase. They were collected at Fuan, N. Zenra
Distr., Oct. 2, 1917. Mr. T. Mori has informed me that he collected
two specimens of the species on the shore of Han River, near Seoul,
Oct 7, 1917.
72. Limonites minuta ruficollis (Pall.).
Tonen.
Tringa ruficollis, Campbell, Ibis, 1892, p. 246; 7. minuta (nec. Leisl.), Tacz.,
P.Z.S., 1887, p. 610; Tacz., op. cit., 1888, p. 468; Ingram, Ibis, 1909, p. 467.
An adult male in the red-necked breeding dress was obtained at
Shuan, Keiki Distr., Apr. 19; and one female also in breeding plumage,
at Soto Bay, near Port Arthur, May 8. The typical form, Z. minuta
minuta, probably does not occur in Corea and S. Manchuria.
73. Limonites minutilla subminuta (Middend.).
Hibarishigi.
Tringa subminuta Midd., Tacz., P. Z.S., 1888, p. 457.
A male specimen was obtained at Soto Bay, near Port Arthur,
May 8.
NOTES ON COREAN AND MANCHURIAN BIRDS. 517
74. Tringa canutus rogersi (Mathews).
Ko-obashigi.
A young specimen is preserved in the Seoul Higher Common
School. It was obtained at Nisen, N. Kankyo Distr., Sept. 3, 1912.
T. tenuirostris (=crassirostris) is also found in Corea.
75. Heteropygia acuminata (Horsf.).
Uzura-shigi.
Tringa acuminata Horsf., Tacz., P.Z.S., 1888, p. 457.
Two males and a female were obtained at Soto Bay, near Port
Arthur, May 8; and two males near Port Arthur, May 9.
76. Pelidna alpina alpina (L.).
Ko-hamashigi.
A male in full breeding plumage was obtained on a delta near
Riuganpo, N. Heian Distr., May 3. At the same place I have obser-
ved a flock of some ten birds of the species. Measurements of the
above mentioned specimen in comparison with those of a British
example :
Loc.
Date. | Exp. culum Wing. Tail. Taisus. | Sex.
England | Sept., 1911.
|
| DA
Corea 3/5 1917. | 31mm. | 111.5 mm. 53.5 mm. 25 mm. Sad.
|
| 20 aura er BAG ZI, G juv.
I find no tangible difference between the two specimens before me.
In Corea this typical does not seem to be common.
77. FPelidna alpina pacifica Coues.
Hama-shigi.
Tringa cinclus (nec. L.), Tacz., P.Z.S., 1887, p. 610; Tacz., op. cit., 1888, p. 468;
ZT. alpina (nec. L.), Campbell, Ibis, 1892, p. 246; Pelidna alpina sakhalina
(Vieill), Clark, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXXVIII, p. 153.
518 NAGAMICHI KURODA:
Two adult males in non-breeding dress were collected at the
entrance to Mok-po, Apr. 11; and five adult males and three adult
females, also in non-breeding dress, at the mouth of the River Yézanko,
near Mok-po, Apr. 13. In all these examples the bill and wing are
distinctly longer than in the preceding form. It it noticeable that in
young males of this form the bill is generally much shorter than fn
adult birds, though these nor infrequently possess bill of an intermediate
length.
78. Gallinago gallinago (L.).
Tashigi.
G. scolopacina Bp., Tacz., P.Z.S., 1887, p. 610; Tacz., op. cit., 1888, p. 468;
Scolopax gallinago, Campbell, Ibis, 1892, p. 246; G. cælestis (Frenz.), Ingram,
Ibis, 1909, p. 467; G. gallinago uniclavus Hodgs., Clark, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.,
Vol. XXXVIII, p. 153.
An adult male with. nearly white axillaries was obtained at Riusen,
near Taiden, S. Chüsei Distr., Apr. 8 A female and four specimens
of doubtful sex with distinct barred axillaries, were collected at
Mukden, May 5; a male was captured near Port Arthur, May 9. In
S. Manchuria this species is not uncommon in the spring.
Fam. Glareolidæ.
79. Glareola pratincola maldivarum Lath. & Davies.
Tsubame-chidori.
A young specimen of this interesting form is preserved in the
Middle School at Port Arthur. It was collected on Soto Bay, near
Port Arthur.
Fam. Laridæ.
80. Larus argeniatus vega Palm.
Seguro-kamome.
Ingram, Ibis, 1909, p. 469; Z. cachinnans (nec. Pall.), Tacz., P. Z. S., 1888, p. 458.
NOTES ON COREAN AND MANCHURIAN BIRDS. 519
An adult male was collected near the entrance to Mok-po Harbour,
Apr. 11. A young male was obtained at Shuan, Keiki Distr., Apr. 19.
81. Larus crassirostris Vieill.
Umineko.
Tristram, Ibis, 1885, p. 195; Giglioli and Salvad., P. Z. S., 1887, p. 593; Campbell,
Ibis, 1892, p. 246; Clark, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXXVIII, p. 149.
Two adult males and a young female were obtained at Genzan,
Apr. 26. This species is very common in all bays, harbours and
river mouths in Corea and S. Manchuria.
82. Rhodostethia rosea (Macgill.).
Hime-kubiwakamome.
An adult specimen in non-breeding plunage partly winter and
partly summer dress was presented to me by Mr. S. Wakiyama. It
was collected at Söto Bay, near Port Arthur; date unknown, This
measurement is as follows: total length about 310mm., exposed culmen
20mm., wing 246mm., tail 112mm., difference of length between
middle and outer tail feathers 23.5 mm., tarsus 29mm. This little and
rare gull is undoubtedly a new addition to the avifauna of Manchuria.
83. Sterna bergüi, subsp.
Oajisashi.
I have a specimen of this species, said to have come from an
island about 72 miles north of Chemulpo, Keiki Distr., July 5, 1917.
It is an adult not yet in full nuptial plumage: the forepart of crown
white with some black feathers, and the bill chrome-yellow with dark
parts in the distal third of its length. The entire dorsal side, including
wings and tail, is much paler than in S. bergi boreotis, the back and
tails being nearly white or faintly greyish. Size also smaller exposed
culmen 59 mm., wing 325 mm., tail 163 mm., tarsus 25 mm.
520 NAGAMICHI KURODA :
84. Sterna longipennis Nordm.
Ajisashi.
Two specimens are preseved in the Seoul Higher Common School :
one from near Shinshö, 5. Kankyö Distr., Sept. 12, 1912, and the other
from Issan, Keiki Distr., Apr. 11, 1913. I have purchased a Corean
specimen collected near Todaimon, Seoul, Apr. 1917.
85. Hydrochelidon leucoptera (Schinz.).
Hajiro-kurohara-ajisashi.
A young male specimen was presented to me by Mr. S. Wakiyama.
It was collected near Port Arthur, Sept. 1916. Mathews claimed this
eastern bird to be identical with 7. leucoptera grisea (Horsf.), but
which identification does not seem acceptable.
Fam. Pteroclidæ.
86. Syrrhaptes paradoxus Pall.
Sakei.
Izuka, “ Dobutsugaku Zasshi,” Vol. XXIV, p. 103.
An adult female, collected near Mukden, Oct. 1915, was presented
to me by Mr. Z. Kono. Dr. A. Izuka has reported this species from
Corea, in which peninsula it is only an accidental visitor. In Manchu-
ria it is not uncommon.
Fam. Columbide.
37. Turtur orientalis (Lath.).
Kijibato.
Campbell, Ibis, 1892, p. 243; Ingram, op. cit., 1909, p. 461; 7! rupicola (Pall),
Tacz, P.Z S., 1887, p. 609; Tacz, op. cit. 1888, p. 467; 7: gelastis (Temm.),
Clark, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus, Vol. XXXVIII, p. 156.
NOTES ON COREAN, AND MANCHURIAN BIRDS. 521
A male was obtained at Shuan, Keiki Distr., Apr. 19; two speci-
mens (sex ?) at Kuppapari, Keiki Distr, Apr. 20; a specimen (sex ?)
at Koryo, Keiki Distr., Apr. 22; a specimen (sex?) at Chokudori,
Keiki Distr, Apr. 22; and a male and an unsexed specimen at
Hokuryo, Mukden, May 5.
88. Columba rupestris taczanowskii Stein.
Korai-bato.
C. rupestris (nec. Pall.), Tacz., P.Z.S., 1887, p. 609; Tacz., op. cit, 1888, p. 467;
Campbell, Ibis, 1892, p. 242; C. taczanowshkii Stejn., Clark, Proc. U.S. Nat.
Mus., Vol. XXXVIII, p. 156.
An adult male was collected near Mok-po, Apr. 11 ; another adult,
male, two adult females and a young male at Giujisan, near Riuko, S.
Heian Distr., Apr. 30; and a young female at Riuganpo, N. Heian Distr.,
May 5. I have found this bird most abundant on a cliff at the mouth
of River Daidoko, S. Heian Distr. On the roof of the old palace in
Mukden it was found mixed among a flock of domestic doves.
Fam. Cuculidæ.
89, Cuculus micropterus micropterus Gould.
Seguro-kakko.
Hartert, Vög. Pal., p. 952.
An adult female obtained at Riuganpo, N. Heian Distr., May 30
1917, is now preserved in the Seoul Higher Common School. A specimen
obtained at the same locality, May 31, 1917, was sent to me by Mr.
T. Mori.
90. Hierococcyx fugax nisicolor (Blyth).
Jiuichi.
Hartert, Vög. Pal., p. 9:3.
522 NAGAMICHI KURODA:
An adult specimen is to be seen in the Seoul Higher Common
School. It was obtained at Riuganpo, N. Heian Distr., ‘Corea, Sept,
1915. I have purchased a male specimen obtained at Riusen, N. Heian
Distr.
Fam. Coraciide.
91. Eurystomus orientalis calonyx Sharpe.
Bupposo.
Hartert, Vög. Pal., p. 875; £. orientalis (nec. L.), Tacz., P.Z.S., 1887, p. 600;
Tacz., op. cit., 1888, p. 462; £. calonyx Sharpe, Ingram, Ibis, 1929, p. 454;
Clark, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus, Vol. XXXVIII, p. 161 (Tsushima).
A young specimen was presented to me by Mr. K. Mori. It was
obtained near Seoul. I have procured by purchase an adult specimen
obtained Seiryori, Keiki Distr., July 1917. An adult specimen was
sent to me by Mr. Y. Aioi; it was collected at Dalni, middle of May,
1917. This bird is found in Corea and S. Manchuria in the nesting
season only.
Fam. Alcedinidæ.
N
[92. ? Halcyon smyrnensis fusca (Bodd.).]
Awo-shöbin.
Hartert, Vög. Pal, p. 884.
On the Yellow Sea, off the coast of S. Corea, May 11, I have
observed a bird which undoubtedly belonged to this form, flying about
the ship I was journeying.
93. Halcyon pileata (Bodd.).
Yamashobin.
Hartert, Vôg. Pal., p. 885; Z7. pileatus (Bodd.), Tacz., P. Z.S., 1887, p. 600; Tacz.,
op. cit., 1888, p. 462; LW. atricapilla (Gm.), Clark, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol.
XXXVIII, p. 161.
NOTES ON COREAN AND MANCHURIAN BIRDS. 523
I have purchased two eggs of this bird, collected at Seiryöri, near
Seoul, June 6, 1917. They measure 33-33. 5 mm. by 29-29.5 mm.
94. Halcyon coromanda major T. and S.
Miyama-shöbin.
Hartert, Vög. Pal, p. 886; 77. coromanda (nec. Lath.), Tacz., P. Z.S., 1888, p.
454; Ingram, Ibis, 1909, p. 454.
I have purchased an adult specimen of this bird collected at Eyo,
N. Keisho Distr., June 12, 1917.
95. Alcedo ispida bengalensis Gm.
Kawasemi.
Campbell, Ibis, 1892, p. 243; Clark, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXXVIII, p. 161;
Hartert, Vög. Pal., p. 882; A. dengalensis Gm., Giglioli and Salvad., P.Z.S.,
1887, p. 581; Jspida bengalensis Briss., Tacz., op. cit., 1887, p. 600; Tacz., op.
cit., 1888, p. 463; A. isfida (nec. L.), Ingram, Ibis, 1904, p. 454.
An adult specimen, collected at Dalni, middle of May, 1917, was
presented to me by Mr. Y. Aioi. I have also purchased seven eggs
of the form taken from two nests at Ojüri, near Seoul, June 2, 1917.
96. Ceryle lugubris lugubris (Temm.).
Yamasemi.
Hartert, Vög.. Pal., p. 878; C. Zugubris (T.), Tacz., P. Z..S., 1888, p. 463.
An adult male collected near Seoul, was given me by Mr. K.
Mori.
Fam. Upupide.
97. Upupa epops saturata Lonnberg.
Yatsugashira.
Hartert, Vög. Pal., p. 869; U. epops (nec. L.), Tacz., P.Z.S., 1888, p. 454; Camp-
bell, Ibis, 1892, p. 242; Ingram, Ibis, 1909, p. 454.
524 NAGAMICHI KURODA:
An adult specimen, obtained on the island of Y&sötö, near Che-
mulpo, end of March, 1917, was presented to me by Mr. Y. Onishi.
I have observed two birds of this form on one side of the Anpo
railway, near the Yao-chien-hu-tun Station, during a journey from
Antung to Mukden, May 4.
Fam. Strigide.
98. Bubo bubo kiautschensis Reichenow.
Washi-mimizuku.
Hartert, Vög. Pal., p. 066; 3. ignavus (nec. Forst.), Tacz., P.Z.S., 1887, p. 599,
Tacz., op. cit, 1888, p. 461; B. maximus (nec. Flem.), Campbell, Ibis, 1892,
P- 2435? 2. tenuipes Clark, Broc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXXII, p. 470; Clark,
op. cit, Vol. XXXVIII, p. 160; Hartert, Vög. Pal., p. 967.
An adult specimen of this form was purchased in Seoul; it was
collected at Seiryori, Seoul, Nov. 1916. A downy young of the same
was purchased at, the same place; it was obtained at the same locality
as above, Apr., 1917. Measurements of two Corean specimens and of
a Japanese Specimen are as follows:
Loc.
|
Tail. |
|
Tarsus.
|
Midd. tee. |
Claw of
| Midd. tee.
Issan, Keiki|
Dist.
Seiryöri,
Keiki Distr.
Amami-
öshima.
Nov. 1916.
Mar.
| 12, 1912.
230 mm. |
79 mm.
47 mm. |
46.5 »
33 mm.
ag
Clark’s B. tenuipes is prodably identical with this form.
99. Scops japonicus (lemm. and Schl.).
Konohazuku.
Tacz, P.Z.S, 1888, p. 454; S. stictonotus Sharpe, Tristram, Ibis, 1885, p. 194; 5S.
giu stictonota, Ingram, Ibis, 1909, p. 455; Otus japonicus T. and S, Hartert,
Vög. Pal., p. 983.
NOTES ON COREAN AND MANCHURIAN BIRDS. : 525
An adult male collected at Kyöryö, Keiki Distr. Apr. 23.
100. Scops semitorques ussuriensis Buturlin.
Sameiro-Okonohazuku.
Otus bakkamoena ussuriensis (But.), Hartert, Vög. Pal., p. 976.
A specimen of this form obtained near Chinnanpo, S. Heian Distr.,
was presented to me by Mr. T. Nakano. It is much paler in colour
and much smaller in its length, than S. semitorgues semitorques. The
wing measures only 170mm. in length. The typical form also occurs
in Corea.
101. Ninow scutulata scutulata (Raffl.).
Awobazuku.
Hartert, Vög. Pal., p. 992; N. japonicus (T. and S.), Tacz., P.Z.S., 1887, p. 598;
Tacz., op. cit., 1888, p, 461; Campbell, Ibis, 1892, p. 243; N. scutulatus
Japonicus T. and S., Clark, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXXVIII, p. 160.
A downy young, obtained near Dokuritsumon, Seoul, July, 1917,
was procured by purchase. As in Japan, it is a summer visitor to
Corea.
102. Syrnium aluco nivicolum Blyth.
Himaraya-fukuro.
S. nivicolum Blyth, Tacz., P.Z.S., 1887, p. 599; Tacz., op. cit., 1888, p. 462; ? .S.
ma Clark, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXXII, p. 471; ? Strix ma Clark, op.
cit, Vol. XXXVIII, p. 159; Strix aluco nivicola (Blyth), Hartert, Vög. Pal,
p. 1026.
An adult female and a white downy young were obtained at
Koryo, Keiki Distr., Apr. 23. I have purchased a young bird, collected
near Dokuritsumon, Seoul, May, 1917. The adult specimen agrees
exactly with Clark’s description of S. ma. I have almost no dout that
S. ma is identical with »zwzcolum. The female bird is of somewhat
526 NAGAMICHI KURODA :
smaller dimensions in comparison with the measurements given by
Clark and Hartert as will be seen from the following :
Loc. Wing. Tail. Tarsus. Measured by.
Corea. 28) mm. 183 mm. 55 mm. N. Kuroda.
2 297 » 192 „ 57 35 Clark.
India. 295-310 mm. — — Hartert.
Fam. Caprimulgide.
103. Caprimulgus indicus jotaka Temm. & Schl.
Yotaka.
Hartert, Vög. Pal, p. 855; C. jotaka T. and S., Tristram, Ibis, 1885, p. 194; Tacz.,
P.Z.S., 1887, p. 599; Tacz., op. cit, 1888, p. 462; Clark, Proc. U.S. Nat.
Mus., Vol. XXXVIII, p. 163.
A male specimen, obtained near Riusen, N. Heian Distr., was
purchased.
Fam. Cypselide.
104. Cypselus pacificus (Lath.).
Ama-tsubame.
Ingram, Ibis, 1909, p. 449; Micropus pacificus (Lath.), Clark, Proc. U.S. Nat.
Mus., Vol. XXXVIII, p. 163; Apus facificus (Lath.), Hartert, Vög. Pal, p.
841.
A male specimen purchased from Corea. I have observed this
species on Daiddkd River, near Heijo, S. Heian Distr., Apr. 29. I
have also seen the species near Port Arthur, May 9.
Fam. Picidæ.
105. Dryobates major tscherskii (Buturlin).
Kita-akagera.
IIartert, Vög. Pal, p. 908; Dendrocopus major (nec. L.), Ingram, Ibis, 1909, p.
449:
NOTES ON COREAN AND MANCHURIAN BIRDS. 527
A young male of this form was presented to me by Mr. S. Waki-
yama. It was obtained near Port Arthur, Sept, ıgıı. Length of
wing 138 mm.
106. Dryobates major japonicus (Seebohm).
Akagera.
Hartert, Vög. Pal, p. 908; Picus major (nec. L.), Tacz., P.Z.S., 1887, p. 608;
Tacz., op. cit., 1888, p. 466; Campbell, Ibis, 1892, p. 242; Dryobates japonicus
(Seeb.), Clark, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXXVII, p. 161.
Two males and a female were obtained at Koryo, Keiki Distr.,
Apr. 22, and another male at Shikusekirei, Keiki Distr., Apr. 22. A
female was shot at Hokuryo, Mukden, May 5. The Corean specimens
before me do not differ from the Japaneses specimens. It is clear that
this form is common to Japan and in Corea. It seems that D. major
tscherskii does not occur in Corea. The Mukden specimen above
mentioned is somewhat doubtful in that it has the bill somewhat stouter
and the white patch in median-coverts much wider than in Corean and
Japanese specimens, though the innermost secondaries have white spots
quite like, the Japanese form. So that, it may be said that the Mukden
specimen in question is intermediate between japonicus and Zscherskit.
107. Dryobates cabanisi cabanisi (Malh.).
Kara-akagera.
Hartert, Vög. Pal., p. 910,
An adult female collected at Hokuryo, Mukden, May 5.
108. Dryobates leucotos wralensis (Malh.).
Chosen-dakagera.
Hartert, Vög. Pal., p. 914; Dendrocopus leuconotus (nec. Bechst.), Tacz., P.Z.S.,
1887, p. 609; Tacz., op. cit., 1888, p. 466; Dryobates leucotos coreensis Clark,
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus, Vol. XXXII, p. 472; Dryobates leucotos ussurianus
528 NAGAMICHI KURODA:
Clark, op. cit, p. 473; Dendrodromas leucotos ussuriensis (But.), Clark, op.
cit, Vol. XXXVIII, p. 162.
A female purchased at Seoul. It was obtained at Suishoku, Keiki
Distr., Apr. 1916.
Both Dresser and Ingram have reported Dendrocopus leuconotus
from Manchuria, but it can not be ascertained if they really referred to
this subspecies.
109. Ingipicus kizuki seebohmé Hargitt.
Kogera.
Fungipicus seebohmi Harg., Tacz., P. Z.S., 1887, p. 609; /ngipicus seebohmi, Tacz.,
op. cit, 1888, p. 467; Yungipicus kizuki seebokmi (Harg.), Clark, Proc. U.S.
Nat. Mus., Vol. XXXVIII, p. 162; Dryobates kizuki seebohmi (Harg.), Hartert,
Vög. Pal, p. 928.
An adult female was obtained at Köryö, Keiki Distr., Apr. 22,
and an adult male at the same locality, Apr. 23. It seems that this
form is not common in Corea.
110. Ingipicus scintilliceps doerriesi Hargitt.
Amüru-kogera.
Fungipicus dörriesi Harg., Tacz., P.Z.S., 1887, p. 609; /ngipicus dörriesi, Tacz.,
op. cit, 1888, p. 466; Ingipicus doerriesi, Campbell, Ibis, 1892, p. 242; Yaungr-
picus scintilliceps doerriesi (Harg.), Clark, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXXVIII,
p- 163; Dryobates pygmaeus doerriest (Harg.), Hartert, Vög. Pal. p. 927.
A female obtained at Chokudöri, Keiki Distr., Apr. 23.
111. Hypopicus hyperythrus subrufinus (Cab. and Heine‘.
Chabara-akagera.
Hypopicus poliopsis (Sw.), Bianchi, Ann. Mus. Zool. St. Pétersb., 1902; Ingram,
Ibis, 1909, p. 452; Z. poliopsis manchuricus Ingram, op. cit., p. 453; Dryobates
lyperytirus subrufinus (Cab. and Heine), Hartert, Vög. Pal., p. 926.
NOTES ON COREAN AND MANCHURIAN BIRDS. 529
An adult male was presented to me by Mr. S. Wakiyama who
collected in near Port Arthur, Sept., 1916.
112. Gecinus canus jessoensis (Stejneger).
Yamagera. .
Picus canus jessoensis Stejn., Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. IX, p. 106 iYezo) ; Hartert,
Vög. Pal, p 895; 2. canus perpallidus Stejn., Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus, Vol, IX,
p. 107 (Eastern Siberia); Gecinus canus (nec. Gm.), Ingram, Ibis, 1909. p. 453.
A male specimen was presented to me by Mr. Z. Köno. It was
collected by him at Hokuryö, Mukden, Oct., 1916. Dr. Hartert stated
that the Manchurian bird is the same as the Hokkaidö bird. The
Manchurian specimen now before me is much moge gray on head and
the lower parts than specimens from Hokkaidö. The measurements
are: bill from gape 40mm., wing 145 mm., tail!97.5 mm., tarsus 25 mm.
113. Gecinus canus griseoviridis Clark.
Chosen-yamagera.
Clark, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXXII, p. 473; Clark, op. cit, Vol. XXXVIII,
p- 168; G. canus (nec. Gm.), Tacz., P.Z.S., 1887, p. 607; Tacz., op. cit., 1888,
p- 466; Campbell, Ibis, 1892, p. 242; Picus canus griseoviridis (Clark), Hartert,
Vög. Pal., p. 896.
Two males and one female were obtained at Koryo, Keiki Distr.,
Apr. 22; and a male, at Shikusekirei, Keiki Distr., Apr. 22. Length
of wing 144.5-150 mm. in the three &s, and 142.5 mm. in the single £.
114. Iynx torquilla japonica Bp.
Arisui.
Hartert, Vög. Pal, p. 940.
Mr. T. Mori has informed me that this bird was collected near
Riuganpo, N. Heian Distr., early in May to middle of June, 1917.
This is probably a new addiion to the avifauna of Corea.
530 NAGAMICHI KURODA :
Fam. Pittidæ.
115. Pitta nympha T. & S.
Yairocho.
Clark, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXXVIII, p. 160 (Tsushima).
From Mr. T. Mori I have learned that this species was collected
at Choen, Kökai Distr., Apr. 29, 1917.
Fam. Alaudidæ.
116. Alauda arvensis cinerea Ehmcke.
Ko-hibari.
Hartert, Vög. Pal., p. 247; Ingram, Ibis, 1909, p. 444; A. arvensis (nec. L.), Tacz.,
P.Z.S., 1887, p. 603; Tacz., op. cit., 1888, p. 464; Campbell, 1892, p. 240.
A male was collected at Riusen, Taiden, S. Chüsei Distr., Apr. 8;
another male at Shuan, Keiki Distr., Apr. 19; and a female at Daijori,
Kosei, S. Heian Distr., Apr. 30. Mr. T. Mori has sent me a male
specimen from Koryo Bay, S. Heian Distr., May 24. A male and a
female were obtained at Kokaton, Port Arthur, May 8. Measurements
of the above six specimens as follows:
Difference of length |
= ee Wing: Tail. | Tarsus. e ee nz |
quill. |
Riusen, S. Chüsei Distr.| 9 mm. | 88 mm. 62 mm.21 mm. 4 mm. & ad. |
Shuan, Keiki Wists lot |192,,16825,.1105, N S ad. |
Daijöri, S. Heian Distr.| 10 ,, SO ISO 200, 35 » $ ad. |
Köryö Bay, S. Heian
Dego sg or COS 0 > Den d ad.
Kokaton, Port Arthur.\o ,, lio RE Se) 3 53 & ad.
Ditto. O 4 CR Mn LOS; | 35 » 2 ad.
Both wing and tail are distinctly longer in the male than in the
female. The Japanese subspecies, A. arvensis japonica, seems not to
occur in Corea and Manchuria.
NOTES ON COREAN AND MANCHURIAN BIRDS. 531
117. Alauda arvensis intermedia Sw.
Chühibari.
Hartert, Vög. Pal, p. 948; Clark, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXXVIII, p. 166;
A. arvensis pekinensis (nec. Sw.!), Bianchi, Ann. Mus. Zool. St. Petersb., 1902;
Ingram, Ibis, 1909, p. 445; A. arvensis blakistoni (nec. Stejn !), Clark, Proc,
U.S. Nat. Mus. Vol, XXXVIII, p. 166.
Five males and one female were collected on a small delta in the
River Daido ko, near Heijo, S. Heian Distr., Apr. 29. All these
specimens are intermediate size and the length of wing between
A. arvensis pekinensis and A. arvensis japonica, though the female is
smaller than mile. The measurements are as follows:
Wing. Tarsus. Sex.
110 mm. 23 mm. & ad. |
109» 2 cp & ad.
108.5 ,, ZB 4 ad. |
1075, 2205, S ad. |
107» 230 5 S ad.
OH | 230; Pad. |
I have a specimen from Port Arthur which is likewise smaller
than A. arvensis pekinensis (= blakistoni). This form was undoubtedly
breeding on a delta in the River Daidoko.
118. Galerida cristata coreensis Tacz.
Kammuri-hibari.
Hartert, Vôg. Pal. p. 236; Clark, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. Vol. XXXVIII, p. 166;
Galerita cristata coreensis Tacz., P.Z.S., 1887, p. 603; Tacz., op. cit., 1888, p.
464; Galerita cristata (nec. L.), Campbell, Ibis, 1892, p. 240.
An adult female was collected at Taiden, S. Chüsei Distr., Apr.
8; and an adult pair near Taiden, Apr. 9. In Manchuria, this sub-
species is replaced by the closely allied form, G. cristata leautungensis.
532 NAGAMICHI KURODA:
119. Melanocorypha mongolica (Pallas).
Kötenshi.
Hartert, Vog. Pal., p. 212.
A male specimen was procured by purchase at Mukden. It was
obtained near that city. In winter this species moves in groups from
Mongolia into S. Manchuria. It is a favourite cage-bird in S. Man-
churia, whence it is imported as such into Corea.
Fam. Motacillidæ.
120. Motacilla boarula melanope Pall.
Kisekirei.
Hartert, Vög. Pal, p. 300; Ingram, Ibis, 1909, p. 434; Calobates melanope (Pall.),
Tacz. P.Z.S., 1887, p. 603; Tacz., op. cit., 1888, p. 464; JZ. boarula (nec. L.),
Campbell, Ibis, 1892, p. 239; Budytes boarula melanope (Pall.), Clark, Proc. U.
S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXXVIII, p. 171.
A male in breeding plumage was obtained at Köryö, Keiki Distr.,
Apr. 22, and two males also in breeding plumage, at the same locality,
Apr. 23. A male in breeding plumage was collected at Söto Bay,
Port Arthur, May 8.
121. Motacilla flava simillima Hartert.
Mamijiro-tsumenaga-sekirei.
Hartert, Vög. Pal, p. 289; Pudytes flavus simillima Hart, Clark, Proc. U.S. Nat.
Mus, Vol. XXXVIII, p. 171.
A male of this form was obtained near Port Arthur, May 9. A
male:and two females, obtained May 10 at the same locality, were pre-
sented to me by Mr. S. Wakiyama.
122. Motacilla flava borealis Sundev.
Kita-tsumenaga-sekirei.
Hartert, Vog. Pal, p. 291; Ingram, Ibis, 1909, 435.
NOTES ON COREAN AND MANCHURIAN BIRDS. 533
A male was obtained at Hokuryö, Mukden, May 5, and another
male near the Mukden Station, May 5. In these localities, this sub-
species is the most abundant.. In Corea it is very rare; a specimen of
it preserved in the Seoul Museum was collected at Kakunimen, Tsüsen,
Kögen Distr., Apr. 4, 1914.
123. Motacilla alba grandis Sharpe.
Seguro-sekirei.
Hartert, Vög. Pal., p. 309.
A specimen is preserved in the Seoul Museum. It was obtained
at Johokumén, Ryozan; S: Keisho, Distr., Dec. 18, 1914 I have
collected one female on the River Taiden, S. Chüsei Distr., Apr. 9.
This wagtail is one of the rarest birds in Corea.
124. Motacilla alba leucopsis Gould.
Hojiro-sekirei.
Hartert, Vög. Pal, p. 304; AZ Zeucopsis Gould, Tacz., P. S. Z., 1887, p. 603; Tacz.,
op. cit., 1888, p. 464; Campbell, Ibis, 1892, p. 240; Clark, Proc. U.S. Nat.
Mus., Vol. XXXVIII, p. 170; M. Zugubris leucopsis, Tugram, Ibis, 1900, p. 433.
Busan Sad, wpm Oy, Katan, near Fusan: 16 ad. Apr. 6;
River Taiden, S. Chtsei Distr.: 14 ad., - Apr. 9; Mok-po Harbour:
TS ad. Apr. 11; Giseifu, Keiki Distr.: 12 ad., Apr. 22; Shikusekirei,
Keiki Distr.: 1% ad. and £9 ad., Apr. 22. I have purchased a nest
with five eggs from Corea; they were obtained at Ojüri, near Seoul,
June 10, 1917. This subspecies is very common on the plains and
near river in Corea, and apparently less so S. Manchuria as in Corea.
125. Motacilla alba ocularis Sw.
Taiwan-hakusekirei.
Hartert, Vög. Pal., p. 307; Ingram, Ibis, 1909, p. 434; JZ. ocularis Sw., Tacz., P.
Z.S., 1887. p. 603; Tacz., op. cit, 1888, p. 464.
534 NAGAMICHI KURODA :
A female in breeding plumage was obtained at Mukden, May 5.
126. Dendronanthus indica (Gm)
Iwami-sekirei.
Hartert, Vög., Pal., p. 309, Fig. 53; Clark, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus, Vol. XXXVIII,
p. 171; Zimonidromus indicus (Gm.), Tacz., P.Z.S., 1887, p. 603; Tacz., op.
cit, 1888, p. 464; Campbell, Ibis, 1892, p. 237; Vemoricola indica (Gm.),
Tristram, Ibis, 1885, p. 194.
An adult specimen (sex ?) was presented to me by Mr. S. Waki-
yama. It was obtained on Hakugyokusan, Port Arthur, May 19.
127. Anthus trivialis yunnanensis Uch. & Kurod.
Kobashi-binzui.
? A. trivialis maculatus (nec. Jerdon !), Ingram, Ibis, 1909, p. 435; A. maculatus
yunnanensis Uchida & Kuroda, Annot. Zool. Japon., Vol. IX. 1916, p. 134.
An adult bird (sex ?) was obtained at Hokuryö, Mukden, May. 5,
and an adult male near Port Arthur, May 9. The dimensions of bill
are as follows:
Loc. Bill from gape. Culmen. Sex.
Hokuryo 15 mm. 14 mm. ?
Near Port Arthur LS 13:50, 4 ad.
These short-billed birds agree exactly with the form occurring in
Formosa, Yunnan, and Tonkin. Mr. Uchida and I noticed that the A.
maculatus occurring in Yunnan and Formosa has a shorter bill in com-
parison with the series of Japanese birds, and so proposed to call it
by the name of A. mm. yunnanensis in a paper published in Annot. Zool.
Japon., Vol. IX., 1916, p. 134. Having since learned that those occur-
ring in Tonkin and S. Manchuria are of the same subspecies, I doubted
the appropriateness of the name. I accordingly consulted Sharpe and
Dresser’s works, which give the culmen of the typical Indian form to
NOTES ON COREAN AND MANCHURIAN BIRDS. 535
be 0.55 in (=14 mm.) in length. This being of the same dimension as
the culmen of Yunnan specimen (14.5 mm.-15.5 mm.), I am now
confident that the bird of Yunnan is not to be distinguished from the
typical Indian form. On the contrary, the culmen of Japanese speci-
men measures markedly longer (15.5 mm.-ı7 mm.), and, therefore, I
think it better to consider the bird breeding in Japan as a new
subspecies. A Corean example, examined by me, was the same as
Japanese form.
128. Anthus spinoletta japonicus T. & S.
Tahibari.
Hartert; Vög. Pal., p. 282; ? A. pratensis (nec. L.), Finsch, Verh. z.-b. Wien, XXII,
1872, pp. 253, 272; A. japonicus, Campbell, Ibis, 1892, p. 240.
An adult male obtained at Fusan, Apr. 6; another adult male
at Hadan, near Fusan, Apr. 6; and an adult female near Riuganpo,
N. Heian Distr., May 3.
129. Anthus gustavi Sw.
Sejirotahibari.
Hartert, Vög. Pal., p. 274; Clark, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol, XXXVIII, P- 171.
Six males and a female were presented to me by Mr. 5. Waki-
yama. They were obtained on the Hakugyokusan, Port Arthur, May
19.
Fam. Timelidæ.
130. Rhopophilus pekinensis pekinensis (Sw.).
Kara-chimedori.
Hartert, Vög. Pal., p. 614.
Two males, collected at Yenmudö, Sanya, Kökai Distr., March
24, 1914, are preserved in the Seoul Museum. This is the first record
of the occurrence of this species in Corea.
536 NAGAMICHI KURODA :
131. Suthora webbiana webbiana Gray.
Zuaka-hashibuto-chimedori.
Hartert, Vög. Pal, p. 411; S. webbiana Gr., Tacz., P.Z.S., 1887, p. 694; Tacz.,
op. cit., 1888, p. 464; S. Zongicanda Campbell, Ibis, 1892, p. 237 ($- ad !);
S. fulvicauda Campbell, op. cit., p. 237 (juv.!); Clask, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.,
Vol. XXXVIII, p. 173; S. webbiana mandschurica (nec. Tacz.), Clirk, op. cit.,
p. 173.
An adult male was collected on an islet in the harbour of Mok-po,
Apr. 11; three males and six females at Hekiteri, Koyo, Keiki Distr.,
Apr. 18; and two males at Koryo, Keiki Distr., Apr. 22.
All these specimens undoubtedly belong to one and the same form.
The tail measures: In 648: 62.5 mm.-65.5 mm.; in 62s: 55.5mm.—
66.5mm. in length. The wing is on the average longer in the male
than in the female, measuring in 64s: 49.5mm.—52mm. and in as
many 2s: 49mm.-50mm. It is assumable that Campbell's longicauda
and fulvicauda are both identical with the present species, inhabiting,
as they all do, the same locality.
Fam. Muscicapidæ.
132. Terpsiphone incei (Gould).
Kawari-sankocho.
Tchitrea incei (Gould), Hartert, Vög. Pal., p. 471.
A male and a female, both adults in the maroon coloured dress,
were obtained ‘at Shinkö-dö, near Riusen, N. Heian Distr., May 31,
1917. They are preserved in the Seoul Higher Common School. An
adult male in the white dress was captured at Hokaton, near Port
Arthur. It is preserved in the Middle School at Port Arthur.
133. Terpsiphone,atrocaudata atrocaudata (Eyton).
Kiusiu-sankocho.
T. atrocaudata (Eyton), Jony, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXXVII, p. 652; Clark,
NOTES ON COREAN AND MANCHURIAN BIRDS. 537
op. cit., Vol. XXXVIII, p. 164; Zchitrea princeps princeps (nec. Vigors), Hart-
ert, Vög. Pal., p. 471 (pt).
I have purchased an adult male and an adult female from Corea.
They were obtained at Fuan, N. Zenra Distr, Nov. 18, 1916. In
Hondö, Japan, as well as in S. China, this subspecies is replaced by a
very closely allied form, 7! afrocaudata owstoni Jouy. Jouy stated that
the specific name princeps was applied by Vigors in 1831 to a totally
different bird, a Pericrocotus, which at that time was included in the
genus Muscipeta.
134. Hemichelidon griseisticta Sw.
Yezo-bitaki.
Muscicapa griseisticta (Sw.), Härtert, Vög. Pal., p. 478; Clark, Proc. U.S. Nat.
Mus., Vol. XXXVIII, p. 164.
Mr. 5. Wakiyama has sent me an adult specimen of this species,
It was obtained on the Hakugyokusan, Port Arthur, May 19.
135. Xanthopygia narcissina tricolor (Hartl.).
Mamijiro-kibitaki.
X. tricolor (Hartl.), Tacz., P.Z.S, 1887. p. 605; Tacz., op. cit, 1888, p. 465;
Campbell, Ibis, 1892, p. 234; Muscicapa narcissina zanthopygia Hay, Hartert,
Vög. Pal, p. 490; AZ x. xanthopygia, Ingram, Ibis, 1999, p. 437, X. xanthopy-
gia (Hay), Clark, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXXVIII, p. 165.
An adult male was obtained at Koryo, Keiki Distr., Apr. 22; and
four adult males obtained at the same place, Apr. 23. A female was
sent me by Mr. S. Wakiyama from Port Arthur.
136.” Cyanoptila cyanomelana (Temm.).
O-ruri.
C. cyanomelena (T. and S.). Tacz., P.Z.S., 1887, p. 605; Tacz., op. cit., 1888, p.
465; Muscicapa cyanomelana T., Hartert, Vög. Pal., p. 493; C. della (Hay),
Clark, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXXVIII, p. 165.
538 NAGAMICHI KURODA:
An adult male obtained at Shingishü, N. Heian Distr., May 4.
Fam. Turdidæ.
137. Turdus fuscatus Pall.
Tsugumi.
Tacz., P.Z.S., 1887, p. 610; Tacz., op. cit., 1888, p. 463; Hartert, Vög. Pal, p.
658; 7. dubius, Ingram, Ibis, 1909, p. 424; 7. eunomus Temm., Clark, Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus, Vol. XXXVIII, p. 175.
Near Taiden Station, S. Chüsei Distr.: 14, Apr. 9; Shuan, Keiki
Distr.: 1&, Apr. 195 Kuppapari, Keiki”Distr 55 35 and 825, Ant
20; Koryo, Keiki Distr: 1$, Apr. 22 ; near Riuganpo, N. Heian Distr. :
14, May 3, Hokuryo, Mukden: 14, May 5; near Port Arthur: 19,
May 9. Very common near Seoul.
138. Turdus naumanni Temm.
Hachijö-tsugumi.
Tacz., P.Z.S., 1887, p. 601; Tacz., op. cit., 1888, p. 463; Hartert, Vög. Pal., p.
657; Ingram, Ibis, 1909, p. 425; Clark, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXXVIII,
p. 175; Merula naumanni, Campbell, Ibis, 1892, p. 232.
A female was obtained at Gainanmen, Taiden, S. Chüsei Distr.,
Apr. 8; a male(?) at Yuson, Taiden; Apr. 8; and another male at
Kuppapari, Keiki Distr., Apr. 20. I have purchased a male specimen
at Seoul; it was obtained at Koryo, Keiki Distr.
139. Turdus hortulorum Sclater.
Kara-akahara.
Hartert, Vög. Pal., p. 654.
An adult bird (sex ?) was obtained at Hokuryö, Mukden, May 5;
an adult male was obtaind at Kokaton, Port Arthur, May 8; and
another adult male near Port Arthur, May 9. By purchase was
NOTES ON COREAN AND MANCHURIAN BIRDS. 539
secured an adult male specimen at Seoul; it was collected near
Todaimon, Seoul, Apr. 1916. This species does not seem to be com-
mon in both Corea and S. Manchuria.
140. Turdus pallidus Gm.
Shirohara.
Tacz., P.Z.S., 1888, p. 454; Hartert, Vög. Pal., p. 655; Ingram, Ibis, 1999, p. 425 ;
Clark, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. Vol. XXXVIII, p. 175.
A male obtained at Kuppapari, Keiki Distr., Apr. 20.
141. Turdus sibiricus sibiricus Pall.
Shiberia-mamijiro.
Hartert, Vög. Pal, p. 644; Geocichla sibirica Pall., Ingram, Ibis, 1909, p. 425;
Cichloselys sibiricus (Pall.), Clark, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXXVIII, p. 175.
A male and a female from purchased at Seoul. They were
obtained near Koryo, Keiki Distr.
142. Monticola solitarius philippensis (P.L.S. Müll.).
Isohiyodori.
Hartert, Vög. Pal., p. 675; AZ. solitarius (nec. L.), Tacz., P.Z.S., 1887, p. 602;
Tacz., op. cit., 1888, p. 463; Petrophila manilla (Bodd.), Clark, Proc. U.S.
Nat. Mus., Vol. XX XVIII, p. 175.
An adult male was obtained at Giujisan, near Riuko, S. Heian
Distr., Apr. 30. Another male specimen procured at Seoul; it was
captured at Seiryori, near Seoul, middle cf June 1917. In Corea this
bird is sometimes met with on the rocky mountains.
143. Monticola gularis (Sw.).
Hime-isohiyo.
Hartert, Vög. Pal., p. 673; Ingram, Ibis, 1909, p. 426.
540 NAGAMICHI KURODA :
An adult male and an aduit female from Riuganpo, N. Heian
Distr., (Sept. 1915), are preserved in the Seoul Higher Common School.
Mr. T. Mori has sent me a pair of this fine bird, collected at the same
locality, May 27, 1917.
144. Erithacus sibilans (Sw.).
Shimagoma.
Compbell, Ibis, 1892, p. 232; Clark, Proc. U.S Nat. Mus., Vol. XXXVIII, p. 176;
Larvivora sibilans Sw., Tacz., P.Z.S., 1888, p. 455; Zuscinia sibilans (Sw.),
Hartert, Vög. Pal, p. 743.
A. specimen obtained near Todaimon, Seoul, Apr. 1917. This
species seems to be not uncommon in the neighbourhood of Seoul. Its-
notes are musical.
145. Cyanecula svecica robusta Buturlin.
Ogawa-komadori.
Luscinia svecica robusta (But.), Hartert, Vög. Pal, p. 748, Ærithacus cyaneculus
cæruleculus (nec, Pall.), Kuroda, “ Döbutsugaku Zasshi,” Vol. XXVIII, pp. 505-
510.
A young male is preserved in the Middle School at Port Arthur;
it was obtained on the Hakugyokusan, Port Arthur, Oct. 5, 1915. In
Japan, as yet only a single example of this form was obtained at
Suruga by late Mr. M. Ogawa.
146. Larvivora cyane (Pall.).
Koruri.
Ingram, Ibis, 1909, p. 427 ; Zuscimia cyane (Pall.), Hartert, Vög. Pal., p. 744.
A female was presented to me by Mr. S. Wakiyama. It was
obtained on the Hakugyokusan, Port Arthur, May 19.
NOTES ON COREAN AND MANCHURIAN BIRDS. 541
147. Tarsiger cyanurus (Pall).
Ruribitaki.
Campbell, Ibis, 1892, p. 233; Hartert, Vôg. Pal., p. 712; Nemura cyanura (Pall),
Ingram, Ibis, 1909, p. 427.
A young male, a female and a specimen of doubtful sex were
obtained at Koryo, Keiki Distr., Apr. 22; a young ‘male at Shikuseki-
rei, Keiki Distr, Apr. 22; a female at Koryo, Apr. 23; a female and
a specimen of doubtful sex at Kokuryö, Mukde:, May 5; and a female
near Port Arthur, May 9.
148. Pratincola torquata stejnegeri Parrot.
Nobitaki.
Hartert, Vög. Pal, p. 708; maura (nec. Pall.), Campbell, Ibis, 1892, p. 233;
Ingram, op. cit, 1909, p. 426; Clark, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus, Vol. XXXVIII,
p. 176.
Two adults in summer plumage, a male and a female, were
obtained at Chokudöri, Keiki Distr., Apr. 22; an adult male in summer
plumaze at Hokuryö, Mukden, May 5; and an adult female collected
near Dalni, May 9 and presented to me by Mr. O. Yoshikura.
149. Accentor montanellus (Pall.).
Vama-hibari.
‘Tacz., P.Z.S., 1887, p. 601; Tacz., op. cit., 1888, p. 463; Campbell, Ibis, 1892, p.
232; Prunella montanella (Pall.), Hartert, Vög. Pal., p. 768.
Two males purchased in Seoul: One obtained near Seoul, Apr.
24, and the other at Riuganpo, N. Heian Distr. The species seems to
be not uncommon in Corea.
Fam. Sylviidæ.
150. Locustella fasciolata (Gray).
Yezo-senniu.
Tacz., P.Z.S., 1888, p. 445; Hartert, Vög. Pal., p: 545; Ingram, Ibris, 1909, p.
431.
542 NAGAMICHI KURODA :
A specimen of this species was purchased in Corea. Exact locality
unknown.
151. Locustella certhiola (Pall.).
Shiberia-senniu.
Hartert, Vög. Pal, p. 550; Ingram, Ibis, 1909, p. 430.
Several specimens are contained in the Seoul Museum. In the
Seoul Higher Common School two adult specimens are preserved of
which one was obtained at Joshin, N. Kankyo Distr., Aug. 1912, and
the other at Riuganpo, Sept., 1915. Numerous specimens are preserved
in the Government Middle School at Port Arthur. They were obtained
on Hakugyokusan, Port Arthur. Mr. S. Wakiyama has sent to me
two specimens which were obtained at the same locality.
152. Locustella lanceolata (Temm.).
Makino-senniu.
Hartert, Vög. Pal., p. 553; Ingram, Ibis, 1909. p. 430.
Several specimens collected in the Kögen Distr. are preserved in
the Seoul Museum. An adult male collected at Riuganpo, N. Heian
Distr., May 24, 1917 is preserved in the Seoul Higher Common School.
Further, numerous specimens obtained on Hakugyokusan are to be seen
in the Government Middle School at Port Arthur. Mr. S. Wakiyama
has sent me a specimen, collected at the same locality, May 19. In
S. Manchuria, this species is more abundant than Z. certhiola during
spring and autumn migraties.
153. Phragamaticola aedon (Pall.).
Hashibuto-dyoshikiri.
Hartert, Vög. Pal., p. 554; Arundinax aédon (Pall.), Ingram, Ibis, 1999, p. 429.
NOTES ON COREAN AND MANCHURIAN BIRDS. 543
A male, either a young bird or one in autumn plumage, was
presented to me by Mr. S. Wakiyama, who obtained it on Hakugyoku-
san, Port Arthur ; date unknown.
154. Acrocephalus arundinaceus orientalis (T. & S.)
Oyoshikiri.
Hartert, Vög. Pal., p. 558; Ingram, Ibis, 1909, p. 429; A. orientalis (T. & S.),
Clark, Proc. U.S. Nat, Mus., Vol. XXXVIII, p. 174.
An adult male specimen purchased in Corea. It was obtained on
the island of Taikeito, N. Heian Distr.
155. Acrocephalus bistrigiceps Sw.
Koyoshiklri.
Hartert, Vög. Pal., p. 565; Ingram, Ibis, 1909, p. 429.
Mr. T. Mori has informed me that this bird was obtained near
Riuganpo, N. Heian Distr., from May to June, 1917.
156. Horeites cantans borealis (Campbell).
Chösen-uguisu.
Hartert, Vög. Pal., p. 532; C. minuta (nec. Sw.), Campbell, Ibis, 1892, p. 234; C.
minuta borealis Campbell, op. cit, p. 235; C. canturiens septentrionalis
Campbell, op. eit., p. 235 ; C. canturians (nec. Sw.), Clark, Proc. U.S. Nat.
Mus., Vol. XXXVIII, p. 174.
An adult male was obtained at Chokudori, Keiki Distr., Apr. 23.
On the plains in Corea this form is not very common.
157. Phylloscopus borealis borealis (Blas.).
Komushikui.
Hartert, Vög. Pal., p- 517; Phyllopneuste borealis Blas., Tacz., P. Z. S., 1887, p. 602;
Tacz., op. cit, 1888, p. 463; Phylloscopus borealis (Blas.), Ingram, Ibis, 1909,
p. 427.
544 NAGAMICHI KURODA:
A male specimen purchased in Corea; it was obtained at Funai-
men, near Riusen, N. Heian Distr. A specimen collected on the
Hakugyokusan, Port Arthur, was presented to me by Mr. S. Wakiyama.
158. Phylloscopus proregulus proregulus (Pall.).
Karafuto-mushikui.
Hartert, Vög. Pal., p. 523; 2. proregulus, Ingram, Ibis, 1909, p. 428.
The Seoul Museum contains a specimen of this form, obtained
among the Keum-kang Mountains, Kogen Distr., Sept. 14, 1914. I
have collected an adult male at Shingishu, May 2.
Four adult males, four adult females and a bird of doubtful sex
were collected at Hokuryö, Mukden, May 5. An adult female was
obtained at Kokaton, near Port Arthur, May 8; and another adult
male presented to me by Mr. O. Yoshikura, near Dalni, May 9. This
subspecies is probably a rare visitor in Corea, though it was met with
in abundance at HokuryO on small trees, such as willow tree, etc.
The notes are very musical.
159. Phylloscopus nitidus plumbeitarsus Sw.
Yanagi-mushikui.
Hartert, Vög. Pal, p. 511; 2. Zlumbeitarsus Sw., Ingram, Ibis, 1909, p. 427.
Three adult males were obtained at Shingishu, N. Heian Distr.,
May 3-4; an adult male near Riuganpo, N. Heian Distr., May 3.
Five adult males, three adult females and a specimen of doubtful sex
at Hokuryö, Mukden, May 5; three adult males and an adult female
at Kokaton, near Port Arthur, May 8. This form is also abundant at
Hokuryö on willow trees and other small trees, together with the
preceding species.
160. Regulus regulus japonensis Blak.
Kikuitadaki.
Hartert, Vög. Pal., p. 397; À. japonicus Bp. Sw., P. Z. S., 1870, p. 602; Tacz., op.
eit., 1888, p. 455; A. cristatus (nec. Koch), Campbell. Ibis, 1892, p. 235.
NOTES ON COREAN AND MANCHURIAN BIRDS. 545
An adult male was collected near Taiden Station, S Chüsei Distr.,
| Apr. 9; and another adult male at Koryo, Keiki Distr., Apr. 22.
Fam. Troglodytidæ.
161. Troglodytes troglodytes peninsula (Clark).
Chösen-misosazai.
Hartert, Vög. Pal. p. 783; 7. fumigatus dauricus (nec. Tacz.), Tacz., P. 7. S., 1887,
p. 601; Tacz., op. cit. 1888, p. 463; 7. fumigatus (nec. Temm.), Campbell,
Ibis, 1892, p. 236; Olbiorchilus fumigatus peninsule Clark, Proc. U.S. Nat.
Mus., Vol. XXXII, p. 474; Nannus fumigatus peninsule Clark, op. cit, Vol.
XXXVIII, p. 171.
A specimen purchased at Seoul.
Fam. Hirundinidæ.
162. Hirundo rustica gutturalis Scop.
Tsubame.
Campbell, Ibis, 1892, p. 242; Ingram, Ibis, 1909, p. 438; Clark, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., Vol. XXXVIII, p. 170; H. gutturalis Scop., Swinhæ, P.Z.S., 1870, p.
601; Tacz., op. cit., 1887, p. 600; Tacz., op. cit., 1888, p.:463 ; Chelidon rustica
gutturalis (Scop.), Hartert, Vög. Pal, p. 803.
An adult male obtained near Port Arthur, May 9.
163. Hirundo rustica erythrogastra Bodd.
Meriken-tsubame.
Ingram, Ibis, 1909, p. 438; Chelidon rustica erythrogastra, Hartert, Vög. Pal, p.
803.
I have examined two specimens of this form, sent me by Mr. S.
Shimoköriyama of the Seoul Museum. ‘One of them was collected on the
island of Röshima, N. Heian Distr., June 10, 1917, and the other on
the island of Shinyato, N. Heian Distr., June 12, 1917. Both the speci-
546 NAGAMICHI KURODA:
mens show much paler underparts when of compared with American
specimens.
Fam. Dicruridæ.
164. Buchanga atra (Herm.).
Ochi.
A specimen of this species is preserved in the Government Middle
School at Port Arthur. It was obtained on Hakugyokusan, of that
place. The species is common in S. China as well as in Formosa, but
has never before been collected at the latitude of Port Arthur, where
it is probably only a traggler from the south.
Fam. Amperide.
165. Ampelis japonica (Siebold).
Hirenjaku.
Campbell, Ibis, 1892, p. 239; Bombycilla japonica (Sieb.), Hartert, Vög. Pal, p. 457.
An adult bird was obtained at Shikusekirei, Keiki Distr., Apr. 22.
I have seen a group of some ten birds of the species at the same
locality.
Fam. Laniidæ.
106. Lanius tigrinus Drap.
Toramozu.
Ogilvie-Grant, Nov. Zool, 1902, p. 480; Hartert, Vög. Pal., p. 442; ZL. magnirostris,
Campbell, Ibis, 1892, p. 238; Clark, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXXVIII, p.
170,
An adult male purchased in Corea. It was obtained on the island
Taikeito, N. Heian Distr.
NOTES ON COREAN AND MANCHURIAN BIRDS. 547
167. Lamius eristatus lucionensis L.
Shimamozu.
Hartert, Vog. Pal., p. 447; Otomela lucionensis (L.), Tacz., P.Z.S., 1887, p. 605;
Tacz., op. cit, 1888, p. 464; ZL. Zucionensis, Campbell, Ibis, 1892, p. 239;
Ogilvie-Grant, Nov. Zool., 1902, p. 483; Ingram, Ibis, 1909, p. 436; Clark,
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXXVIII, p. 170.
An adult female specimen was sent me by Mr. S. Wakiyama. It
was obtained on the Hakugyokusan, Port Arthur, May 19. I have
purchased in Corea a female, in which was collected at Riuganpo, N.
LÌ
Heian Distr.
168. Lanius sphenocercus sphenocercus Cab.
O-karamozu.
Hartert, Vog. Pall, p.-4333 Z. sphenocercus Cab., Tacz., P.Z.S., 1887, p. (6955
Tacz., op. cit., 1888, p. 464; Campbell, Ibis, 1892, p. 239; Oxilvie-Grant, Nov.
Zool., 1992, p. 455, Pl. XXVI, fig. 5; Ingram, Ibis, 1909, p. 436; Clark, Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXXVIII, p. 170. |
An adult specimen was presented to me by Mr. Z. Köno, who
obtained it at Hokuryo, Mukden, Sept., 1916.
Fam. Sittidæ.
169. Sitta europea amurensis Sw.
Gojukara
Hartert, Vög. Pal., p. 331; Hellmayr. Fam. Sittidæ, 1911, p. 8; S. amurensis Sw.,
Tacz., P.Z.S., 1887, p. 601; Tacz., op. cit., 1888, p. 463; Ingram, Ibis, 1900,
p. 433; S. cesta amurensis, Campbell, op. cit., 1892, p. 236.
Two adult males were obtained at Köryö, Keiki Distr., Apr. 23.
Fam. Paridæ.
170. Parus major minor T. & S.
Shijukara.
Hiutert, Vög. Pal, p. 345; 2. minor T. & S., Tacz., P.Z.S., 1887, p. 604; Tacz.,
548 NAGAMICHI KURODA :
op. cit., 1888, p. 464; 2. atriceps minor, Campbell, Ibis, 1892, p. 236; 2.
cinereus minor T. & S., Ingram, Ibis, 1909, p. 432.
Katan, near Fusan: ı&, Apr. 6; near Taiden Station: ı ?, Apr.
9; Hekiteiri, Keiki Distr.: 2&s and ı 2, Apr. 18; Giseifu, Keiki Distr. :
14, Apr. 22; Chokudori, Keiki Distr.: 19, Apr. 22; Koryo, Keiki
Distr.: 1%, Apr. 22 and 12, Apr. 23.
Hokuryo, Mukden: 3&s and 2s, May 5.
171. Parus major quelpartensis Kuroda.
Shima-shijukara.
Kuroda, “ Tori” (The Aves), Vol. I, No. 5, 1917, p. 3, Pl. VI, fig. 1 and 2.
Three specimens preserved in the Seoul Museum were examined by
me. The Subspecies is similar to P. major minor or P. major com-
mixtus Sw., but has somewhat shorter wing, tail and tarsus ; moreover,
the olive green of mantle extends farther backward and even to the
rump; the white band on wing is somewhat tinged with pale olive,
instead of being pure white; the entire lower parts, except the median
black patch, is tinged with pale greyish olive, this being not limit. d to
the flanks only. Total length 135-143 mm., culmen II mm., wing
64.5-68 mm., tail 58-63 mm., Tarsus 17-18mm. in length. All the
three specimens were obtained by Mr. N. Toda from Quelpart Island.
172. Parus varius varius T. & S.
| Yamagara.
Hartert, Vôg. Pal, p. 354; 2, varius T. & S., Tacz., P.Z.S., 1887, p. 604; Tacz.,
op. cit, 1888, p. 464; Proparoides varius varius (T. & S.), Clark, Proc. U.S.
Nat. Mus, Vol. XXXVIII. p. 172.
An adult male obtained at Koryo, Keiki Distr., Apr. 22.
173. Parus ater insularis Hellmayr.
Higara.
Hartert, Vög. Pal., p. 359; 7, ater (nec. L.), Tacz., P.Z.S., 1888, p. 455; Camp-
bell, Ibis, 1892, p. 236.
NOTES ON COREAN AND MANCHURIAN BIRDS. 549
Two adult males, six adult females and one bird of doubtful sex
were obtained near Taiden Station, S. Chüsei Distr., Apr. 9. All these
examples are rather greyer than but otherwise very similar to, the
Japanese specimens, and are without the elongate occipital plumes of
P. ater pekinensis. I have not observed this form at any other locality
during my journey.
174. Parus palustris hellmayré Bianchi.
Chösen-kogara.
Hartert, Vög. Pal., p. 375; LP. palustris (nec. L.), Campbell, Ibis, 1892. p. 235.
Koryo, Keiki Distr.: 465 and 49s, Apr. 22, 16, Apr. 23;
Chokudori, Keiki Distr.: 1% and 12, Apr. 22. 5
175. Parus palustris crassirostris (Tacz.).
Hashibuto-kogara.
Hartert. Vög. Pal. p. 374; Ingram, Ibis, 1909, p. 433; Pecilia palustris crassi-
rostris Tacz, P.Z.S., 1887, p. 604; Tacz., op. cit., 1888, p. 464; Penthestes
palustris crassirostris (Yacz.,) Clark, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXXVIII, p.
172.
One male, three females, and one specimen of doubtful sex were
obtained tat- Hokuryo, Mukden, May 5. The measurements are as
follows :
Sex. Wing. Tail.
Ss 65 mm. 64 mm.
P 65 » 61.5,
& 0405, O2
>
?
550 NAGAMICHI KURODA ::
176. Acredula caudata trivirgati (T. & S.).
Enaga.
Mecistura trivirgata (T. & S.), Tacz., P.Z.S., 1887, p.(604; Tacz., op. cit., 1888, p.
464; Aegithalos caudatus trivirgatus (T. & S.), Hartert, Vôg. Pal., p. 385;
? Acredula trivirgata magna Clark, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXXII, p. 475;
Clark, op. cit, Vol. XXXVIII, p. 173.
A male and a female were obtained at Koryo, Keiki Distr., Apr.
22. They both compare well with the Japanese specimens measure-
ments as follows:
Sex, Wing. Tail.
© 59.5 mm. 69 mm.
Le COMM: 3006;
The single specimen which was subspecically called magna by
Clark was probably of the same form as the two specimens now
before me; only it had much longer tall the latter. In Corea I have
found this form to be rather rare
Fam. Corvidæ,
177. Corvus frugilegus pastinator Gould.
Miyama-garasu.
Hartert, Vög. Pal., p, 14; Ingram, Ibis, 1909, p. 448; Zrugilegus pastinator (Gould),
Tacz., P. Z. S., 1887, p. 605; Tacz., op. cit., 1888, p. 465; C. pastinator, Camp-
bell, Ibis, 1892, p. 238.
An adult male was secured near the Mukdén Station, May 5, and
a young female near Hokuryo, Mukden, May 5. This form was
observed most abundantly in Mukden city as well as along the rail-
way. I have seen a number of its nest in Mukden on trees near houses.
In Corea I have not observed this form during my journey in the spring
though C. macrorhynchos japonensis and C. corone orientalis were very
NOTES ON COREAN AND MANCHURIAN BIRDS. 551
common there. Campbell reported that a group of this bird were seen
near Seoul in winter.
178. Coleus dauricus (Pall.).
Kokumaru-garasu.
Hartert, Vög. Pal. p. 18; Ingram, Ibis, 1909, p. 447; Clark, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.,
Vol. XXXVII, p. 167; Monedula daurica (Pall.), Tacz., P.Z.S., 1887, p. 605;
Tacz., op. cit., 1888. p. 465.
Six adult males were collected at Hokuryo, Mukden,: May 5. In
that locality this species was seen nesting together with C. neglectus.
I have seen on May 7 a group of this bird at Hoshigaura, near Dalni.
It seems probable that in Corea this species is found during winter
only, like the preceding rook.
179. Coleus neglectus (Schlegel).
To-garasu.
Hartert, Vög. Pal, p. 18; Salvadori, Ibis, 1909, pp. 134-137; Ingram, op. cit, 1909,
p. 447 ; Clark, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXXVIII, p. 168.
Three adult males and one adult female were obtained at Hokuyro,
Mukden, May 5. I am inclined to think that this species or form is
merely a melanistic form of C. dauricus, in agreement with Dr.
Hartert’s opinion and contrary to Salvadori’s. I have observed that
this black bird is much less numerous than the preceding species in
all parts visited by me of S. Manchuria. Moreover, I have always
seen this bird in associative with C. dauricus.
180. Pica pica sericea Gould.
Kasasagi.
Hartert, Vög. Pal., p. 22; Ingram, Ibis, 1909, p. 447; 2. fica serica Gould, Clark,
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXXVIII, p. 167; :?. caudata japonica (T. & S.),.
Tacz., P.Z.S., 1887, p. 605; Tacz., op. cit. 1888, p. 465.
552 NAGAMICHI KURODA :
Hadan, near Fusan: 22s, 6 youngs and one egg, Apr. 6; Tando,
near Taiden Station: 22s, Apr. 8; Gainanmen, near Taiden Station :
6 eggs, Apr. 8; Köshü, S. Zenra Distr.: 4 eggs, Apr. 12; near Choku-
dori, Keiki Distr.: 7S, Apr 22 Hokuryo? Mukden: 175, lays:
In Corea this form is very common on the plains; but somewhat less
in the Northern parts of that peninsula. In S. Manchuria, it seems to
be in general much less common than in Corea. Once during a
journey form Fusan to Shingishü I have counted 274 individuals of this
form from the railway car. I have collected atove II eggs from
three nests. The eggs are pale bluish white, sparsely marked with pale
purplish blotches and closely spotted with brown. The markings are
always most numerous around the larger end. The long axis of eggs
is 34.5 mm.-38.5 mm. long and the diameter 22.5 mm.-25.5 mm.
181. Cyanopica cyanus interposita Hartert.
Koma-onagadori.
Hartert, Nov. Zool. XXIV, 1917, p. 493; Cyanopolius cyanus (nec. Pall.\, Tacz.. P.
Z.S.. 1887, p. 605; Tacz., op. cit., 1888, p. 465; Campbell, Ibis, 1892, p. 238;
Cyanopica cyanus (nec. Pall.), Ingram, Ibis, 1909, p. 446.
Two males and two females were obtained at Koryo, Keiki Distr.,
Apr. 22. At Köryö this bird is not uncommon, but I have not seen
it in any other part of Corea. On the Anpö railway, Antung to
Mukden, May 4, some individuals came under observation.
182. Garrulus glandarius brandti Eversm.
Miyama-kakesu.
Hartert, Vög. Pal, p. 33; G. drandti Eversm., Tacz., P.Z.S, 1887, p. 605; Tacz.,
op. cit., 1888, p. 465; Ingram, Ibis, 1909, p. 446.
Two males obtained at Koryo, Keiki Distr., Apr. 22.
NOTES ON COREAN AND MANCHURIAN BIRDS. 553
Fam. Zosteropidæ.
183. Zosterops palpebrosa ijimæ Kuroda.
]jima-mejiro.
Kuroda, oman (ner Aves) Vol L3N02 5,1917, por 4, El. VI, fig. 35 fies 2372:
Japonica (nec. T. & S.), Ijima, Journ. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ, Vol. V., Part I,
1891, p. 109 (Tsushima) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1892, p. 90 (Tsu-sima) ; Z. stejnegeri
(mec. Seeb.), Clark, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXXVIII, p. 166 (Tsushima,
Fusan and Oshima) (pt.).
I have examined two specimens from Tsushima (Feb. 19, 21, 1891),
three specimens from Quelpart Island (Jan. 11; Feb. 6, 1915), one
from near Mok-po (Apr. I4, 1917), and one yellow variety from near
Fusan (Sept. 1917). The subspecies is very similar to Z. palpebrosa
insularis from Tanegashima and Yakushima, but on the average longer
n bill, wing, tail and tarsus. Exposed culmen 12.5-13 mm., wing 59-i
62 mm., tail 44-46 mm., tarsus 18$-ıgmm. It is distinctly larger than
Z. p. japonicus and Z. p. loochooensis, but decidedly smaller than Z,
2. alani and Z. p. stejnegert. :
Fam. Fringillide.
184. Eophona personatus magnirostris Hartert.
Hashibuto-ikaru.
Hartert, Vög. Pal., p. 58, Fig. 15.
An adult female specimen was recently sent to me by Mr. T.
Mori from Seoul. It was purchased at the Seoul market, Jan. 9, 1918.
Bill 24.5 mm., wing 115 mm., tail 83mm. It agrees in colour exactly
with Dr. Hartert’s description. The specimen is preserved in the Seoul
Higher Common School. This is the first record of the occurrence of
this bird in Corea. 7
554 NAGAMICHI KURODA:
185. Uragus sibirica sibirica (Pall.).
Onaga-benima hiko.
Hartert, Vög. Pal., p. 86
Two adult females were purchased at Seoul., Apr. 24. The smaller
form, U. sibirica sanguinolenta, also occurs in Corea.
186. Fringilla montifringilla L
Atori.
Swinhce, P»Z.S, 1870, p. 602; Wacz, op: cit, 1887, pi 0€6; Mac, op. cit, 1888
p- 466; Campbell, Ibis, 1892, p. 241; Hartert, Vög. Pal., p. 130; Ingram, Ibis,
1909, p. 441; Clark, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXXVIII, p. 169.
A female was obtained at Kôryo, Keiki Distr., Apr. 22; another
male in summer plumage at Giuzisan, near Riukö, S. Heian Distr.,
Apr. 30; a male in summer plumage at Hokuryo, Mukden, May. 5.
187. Chloris sinica ussuriensis Hartert.
Chösen-kawarahiwa.
Hartert, Vög. Pal., p. 64; Chlorospiza sinica (nec. L.), Tacz., P. Z. S., 1887, p. 606;
Tacz, op. eit., 1888, p 466; Zringilla sinica (nec. L.), Campbell, Ibis, 1892,
p. 241; Chloris sinica (nec. L.), Ingram, Ibis, 1909, p. 440.
An adult female and an adult male were obtained at Koryo, Keik
Distr, Apr. 22-23. A male, obtained near Dalni, May 9, was presented
to me by Mr. O. Voshikura.
188. Chloris sinica minor (T. & S).
Ko-kawarahiwa.
Hartert, Vög. Pal., p. 64.
I have examined two specimens from Quelpart Island; one from
Kanrasan, Jan. 11, 1915, and the other from Jozanpo, Feb. 13, 1915.
NOTES ON COREAN AND MANCHURIAN BIRDS. 555
Both are now preserved in the Seoul Museum ; they agree exactly with
the form which occur in Japan.
189. Passer montata saturatus Stejn.
Suzume.
Hartert, Veg. Pal, p. 161; P. montanus (nec. L.), Tacz., P.Z.S., 1887, p. 606;
Tacz., op. cit., 1888, p. 466; Campbell, Ibis, 1892, p. 241; Ingram, Ibis, 1909,
P- 440; ?. montanus orientalis Clark, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus, Vol. XXXVIII,
p. 160.
Hadan, near Fusan: 26s, Apr. 6; Riusen, near Taiden Station :
255, Apr. o> Musen, nean Taiden: I È and 22s, Apr. 8;, Heliteri,
Keiki Distr.: 1 &, Apr. 18; Shuan, Keiki Distr.: 1 & and 25, Apr,
10.
Mukden : 7&8s and 45, May 5; Hokuryo, Mukden : 4 & s, May
5; Kokaton, Port Arthur; 1 8 and 12%, May 8. Very Common.
190. Passer rutilans rutilans (Temm.).
Niunai-suzume.
Hartert, Vög. Pal., p. 161.
_ An adult male was obtained at Koryo, Keiki Distr., Apr. 23.
This sparrow is no doubt less abundant.
191. Emberiza fucata fucata Pall.
Hoaka.
Hartert, Vög. Pal., p. 187; Æ. fuscata Pall., Giglioli and Salvad., P.Z.S., 1887, p.
583; E. fucata Pall., Tacz., op. cit., 1887, p. p. 606; Tacz., op. cit., 1888, p.
465; Campbell, Ibis, 1892, p. 241; Ingram, Ibis, 1969, p. 443; Clark, Proc. U.
S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXXVIII, p. 169.
A male, presented to me by Mr. O. Yoshikura, was obtained near
Dalni, May 9.
556 NAGAMICHI KURODA :
192. Emberiza pusilla Pall.
Ko-höaka.
Hartert, Vög. Pal., p. 188; Ingram, Ibis. 1909, p. 443.
Mukden: 16, May 5; Hokuryo Mukden: 1 (sex?), May 5;
Kokaton, Port Arthur: 3% s and 9%s, May 8; near Port Arthur:
32s, May 9; near Dalni, ı 2, May 9. A large flock of this bird was
observed by me near Port Arthur. A specimen of this species has
been obtained in Corea.
193. Emberiza cioides ijimæ Stejn.
Jima-höjiro.
Stejn., Proc. U.S. Naf. Mus., Vol. XXVI, p. 638 (Tsushima).
I have examined some specimens from Tsushima, as well as some
from Seikiho, Quelpart Island (Jan. 12, 1915). The form is separable
from E. cioides ciopsis of Japan and £. cioides castaneiceps of Corea.
It has never yet been found on the Corean peninsula.
194. Emberiza cioides castaneiceps Moore.
Chösen-höjiro.
Hartert, Vög. Pal, p. 186; Ingram, Ibis, 1909, p. 443; £. castaneiceps Moore,
Giglioli and Salvad., P. Z.S., 1887, p. 582; Tacz., op. cit., 1888, p. 465; Clark,
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus, Vol. XXXVIII, p. 169; £. cioides (nec. Brandt), Tacz.,
P. Z.S.. 1887, p. 606; Campbell, Ibis, 1892, p. 241.
Hadan, near Fusan: 36s, 1% and 2 (sex?), Apr. 6; Taiden:
28s and 1%, Apr. 8; Yuson, Taiden: 2 6s, 1-% and 2 (sex ?), Apr.
8; Yukuto, Mok-po harbour: 14, Apr. 11; Shuan, Keiki Dis‘r.: 13,
Apr. 19; Chokudori, Keiki Distr;: 1%, Apr. 223) Daijori, SS Heian
Distr.: 16, Apr. 30} Giuzisan, Riko, S. Heian Distr: NO APR 20:
Very common in Corea, especially in the southern parts. I have
purchased a male specimen from Riusen, N. Heian Distr. Mr. S.
NOTES ON COREAN AND MANCHURIAN BIRDS. 557
Wakiyama has sent me a male specimen from near Port Arthur. It
seems that this bunting is rather rare in S. Manchuria.
195. ÆEmberiza tristrami Sw.
Shirohara-höjiro.
Campbell, Ibis, 1892, p. 241; Hartert, Vög. Pal, p. 192; Clark, Proc. U.S. Nat.
Mus., Vol. XXXVIII. p. 169.
A female obtained near Tödaimon, Seoul, Apr, 1917, and a male
from uncertain locality in Corea were procured by me by purchase.
196.. Emberiza chrysophrys Pall.
Kimayu-höjiro.
Hartert, Vög. Pal., p. 189.
Mr. O. Yoshikura has presented to me an adult male obtained
near Dalni, May 9. This is the first time that this interesting species
is recorded from S. Manchuria. It has obtained in Corea.
197. Emberiza elegans Temm.
Miyama-höjiro.
Campbell, Ibis, 1892, p. 241; Hartert, Vög. Pal, p. 174; Clark, Proc. U.S. Nat.
Mus., Vol. XXXVIII, p. 160.
Four adult males ‘were obtained at Käryö, Keiki Distr.; Apr. 22.
It is an interesting fact that the female of this species comes to col-
lector’s hand much less frequently than the male.
198. Emberiza spodocephala spodocephala Pall.
Kara-awoji.
Hartert, Vög. Pal., p. 176; Æ. sfodocephala Pall, Tacz., P Z.S., 1887, p. 606;
Tacz., op. cit., 1888, p. 466; Campbell, Ibis, 1892, p. 241. Ingram, Ibis, 1909,
| Pp: 442.
558 NAGAMICHI KURODA:
An adult male and a female (?) were obtained at Köryo, Keiki
Distr., Apr. 22; a female (?) at Kokaton, Port Arthur, May 8.
169. Emberiza aureola Pall.
Shima-awoji.
Hartert, Vög. Pal., p. 173; Ingram, Ibis, 1909, p. 442.
Three adult males were obtained at Hokuryo, Mukden, May 5.
An adult male from Daini (May 9) was presented to me by Mr. ©.
Voshikura. Mr. S. Wakiyama has sent to me two females obtained on
Hakugyokusan, Port Arthur, May 19.
200. Emberiza rustica Pall.
Kashiradaka.
Tacz., Pi Z.S.,. 5888, p. 455; Campbell, Ibis, 1892, p. 241; Hartert, Vog. Pal, p.
188; Ingram, Ibis, 1909, p. 443.
A male was obtained near the Taiden Station, S. Chusei Distr.,
API:
201. Emberiza leucocephalos S. G. Gm.
Shiraga-höjiro.
Hartert, Vög. Pal., p. 169; Ingram, Ibis, 1909, p. 442.
A female specimen is preserved in the Science College, Tokyo. It
was presented by Mr. N. Okada from Corea. I have a male specimen
“also from that peninsula, Feb. z5, 1911.
202. Emberiza yessoënsis (Sw.).
Kojurin.
Hartert, Vög. Pal., p. 193.
A male specimen is preserved in the Seoul Museum. It was
obtained at Usan, Keiki Distr., Jan. 25, 1914. Mr. T...Mori has
NOTES ON COREAN AND MANCHURIAN BIRDS. 559
informed me that this species has been obtained at Riuganpo, N. Heian
Distr., early in May to the Middle of June, 1917.
203. Emberiza pallasi (Cab.).
Shiberia-jurin.
Hartert, Vög. Pal., p. 194; Ingram, Ibis, 1909, p. 444; Schenicola polaris (Midd.),
Tacz., P.Z.S., 1887, p. 606; Tacz., op. cit, 1888, p. 466; £. passerina (nec.
Pall.), Campbell, Ibis, 1892, p. 241.
Four males in summer plumage were purchased by me at Seoul.
I have seen this species at Riuganpo, N. Heian Distr., May 3. One
female specimen was presented to me by Mr. S. Wakiyama from Port
Arthur. This bird is probably rather common in the reed-bushes in
Corea.
204. Emberiza scheniclus pyrrhulinus Sw.
O-jurin.
Hartert, Vög. Pal., p. 197, Fig. 38.
Three specimens of this subspecies are preserved in the Seoul
Museum. One of them is a male in summer plumage, obtained at
Suishoku, Keiki Distr., Apr. 3, 1914. The second is a female (?)
obtained on the coast of Ansan, Keiki Distr., Nov. 15, 1913. The
third specimen is a female (?), collected on the coast of Kakusanmen,
Tsüsen, Kögen Distr., March 3, 1914. The wing is shorter (71-77 mm.
only) than the iength given by Dr. Hartert (86 mm.). I have compared
the above three specimens with a series of Japanese examples, and
have found that there exists no difference between the two sets. That
is the males are somewhat larger than females, the wing of males in
Japanese specimens being 75-86mm. and in the females 74-83 mm.
long. Dresser has stated that Æ. scheniclus occurs in Manchuria, and
I am greatly inclined to think that the distribution of the present
subspecies extends into Manchuria.
560
NAGAMICHI KURODA :
A List of Birds known from Corea and Manchuria.
In the following list I have given the names and the distribution
of all the bird species and subspecies now known from Corea and
Manchuria.
The mark x indicates simply the occurence of the species or
subspecies concerned in the region named at top of the column; the
mark *, that the same is known to breed, or is probably a breeder,
in the region; and either of the above marks enclosed in a circle (9
or ©), that the same is a new addition, not recorded before.
Man-
Species and subspecies Japan | Corea ER Siberia
I. Colymbus septentrionalis L. -........... oe Keele xx el. Xe
m (E arcticus arcticus Vi, ss... Xu Xe x = oleic x
a Gs arcticus pacificus (Lawr.) +++-|*+ X++ls-s-..lse >
4. 1G: adamsi Gray. ---s...s.e...... xl Je BOE ele. x
5. Podicipes fluviatilis (Tunst.) -----..... IRE 350] por poolloay |
( 77 CURIUSA( ee et siete als do lods bo
75 24 nigricollis Brehm ..-......... te Keele KH Ole Keele x.
Sa ee: griseigena holboelli (Rienh.)----|** X - e. $00| PORCO DO x
Op IF CHRISTO ZITO I bod X. Oele X-
10. Diomedea albatrus Pall. -..-.......... SO, 999992309 DO EC 0/0 OT
11. Puffinus leucomelas T. -..-..... ...... x...
Ta tenuirostris (T.)----.......... Koeln less
13. Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis(Shaw&Nodd.)..%..l.. x --l-.æ-..l:- X
Ta capillatus (T. &S.):----- ae aullao done 2a0\luos4nc
I ee pelagicus Pall. --....:... +... x. RIO DES
TOP: bieristatus Pall. ....... enlace on (ob Meare x
17. Pelecanus crispus Bruch. -----..-...... STUPIRSI co d||baecroo
18. Herodias intermedia (Wagl.) ++++++++++ Re. 00) DESDE OOO
19. 4. alba elba (Dj: eo ere Le Peale been ce op
20. H. alba timoriensis (Cuav.)++++++++ SOLS nulles icons
21. Bubulcus coromandus (Bodd.) ----...... eu X erler X ccfoessslee I:
22. Demiegretta jugularis (Wagl.)---------- oe lee
2px, JD} eulophotes (Sw.) +-........1...... kel CoD) FOCE
24. Phoyx purpurea manillensis {Meyen)----|.. x ++|++ x ..|..%
x
NOTES ON COREAN AND MANCHURIAN BIRDS.
| Man-
Species and subspecies Japan| Corea natin Siberia eae China
Ardea cinerea jouyi Clark .....-.....- Xe... xl... “x
Nycticorax nycticorax (L.) +++++++- 205,208 A LE |
Butorides javanica amurensis (Schr.)----|-- KK Xi] x
Ardetta sinensis (Gm.) +++... kelke @.l......1......1.. x
A. cinnamomea (Gm.) -+-....s ++» 30 Feoalorenoollac se ol cocoloco x
Nannocnus eurythmus (Sw.)-*-*+*- se... Sado an oro] x
Botaurus stellaris (L.) +---............l.. Ung So oi A AS NRE ce
Ardeola prasinosceles SW.---.r.........|,, Sellers E ral. IL: ie x
Ciconia boyciana SWw..-++.102000 el pio een pas a
Ciconia nigra (L.)-.- +10... eee]. Sgrena a enni
Ibis nippon Temm. :---..............|.. See eee ent ||: ‘Xx
Z. melanocephala (Lath.) ...-........|.. CICLI Uan cale STO 0) (DIDO SOON x
Platalea leucorodia L. --.............. ae releases IS lux
IP: minor T. &S..-.-............. CES MS] TO > I cc x
Mergus merganser merganser Leo... ..l..x..l.x..l.. gene og
M. serrator L.- 1001-200000 ke] dos e a fe x
M. albellus L.--.................. posano. sollaaseonll ossa soogilea x
Oidemia americana S. & R....-...-.... Rx... IX
O. fusca stejnegert (Ridgw.) --.-.. 20 $2 valle vgdar ateo ee oollua Se sal
Cosmonetta historionica (L.)..--..-.-...|.. XE Ei pace (e x
Harelda glacialis (L.) --..............|.. ronds sels er
Clangula clangula clangula (L.) ----- --|..x--|..x----x Sola $2 pollacsca5| 00 x
Nyroca bert Radde .----............. X ee). CO exe ee x
N. ferina (L.)- .-................ nn $2 gallos S¢acllhecose | |
Fuligula marila (L.)----.............. cazione Senna ion | are ‘Xx
EF. cristata (Leach) --::.......... nl seele Sas lee x
Mareca penelope (L.).................. DEGLI | OR ea] 008% Be nee x
Spatula clypeata (L.).-}.-............- Sones III eels coco “x
Dafila acuta (L.) Bene YelloYiutaferufeieletekefsie san Xu Ce re Doo See x
Nettion crecca (L.)---.-................ ade goa] Porn Se velco Senile conte x
N. formosum (Georgi) -----....... cosi dallas socio pae clio se slice solo
Querquedula circia (L.)----...-........ SIT ta) TESTE TAN oilop <4 onllecan ooallo ‘Xx
Lunetta falcata (Georgi.) ---.-......... SOS] Meno se Po 2 oollocaseallec x
Chaulelasmus streperus (L.) --- ------- eK eK Kl X |» ove
LVRS URGES Wp, oa Rn x. |. x
562 NAGAMICHI KURODA :
Species and subspecies Japan | Corea Fasti Siberia er China
60. A. zonorhyncha Sw. ++... %--l..g..l..p. x... x... x
61. x galericulata (L.)--...ssmss.s.s.se. LE TRI ORE REI OE I exe... tease
62. Pseudotadorna cristata Kuroda -+---.-..|.... Qt... x
63. Casarca rutila (Pall.) FUOCO UE CIS OO Kerle Koeln X. x... x
64. Tadorna cornuta (Gm.) soso Xoro Keclee KM eelee X... Keele X
65. Anser anser (L.)-- 100000000000 ssl... Quel sexe... ec
66. A. albifrons (Scop.) ----.+..........|.. Kool X-eleoxX ele Xen] X x
67. Anser minutus Naum, +... Kerle @-le x... Xen xl. x
68. Melanonyx arvensis sibiricus Alph. ++... xs. X +++... Xen] veces x
69. IM. segetum segetum (Gm.)e++0 0/1 0000] Xl... exe... jee ?
TON UV: segetum serrirostris (SW.) --|-.X--|-- x x eXuejeruee: x
DS HA segetum mentalis (Oates) --.-|-- Xl. x Xl. x
72. Cygnopsis cygnoides (L.) +--...........l.. Xe.l.k..l.x..l.xe.l. Keeler x
73. Branta bernicla nigricans (Lawr.)---...|.. Xe... x .x. x
74. Chen hyperboreus hyperboreus (Pall.).-..|..x-.l..x ..|...... X
75. Cygnus musicus Bechst.-............... oe oo Séovlonsiodlbaitio ‘e X
76:1=G. bewicki Narr. ---.... RES I don ac Pc Deco] Sasso;
hfe Ce olor (Gm.) :-..........,.......1.,,...1.. Reset +
78. Vultur monachus (L.) --.-.-.. sessessssl.....l.. Msallacépoalldosacc core)
79. Gypaétus barbatus (L.) --..............1......1.. Sie ral) era Se tota lore mere ver
80. Circus æruginosus (Li) ----........... eos ER Re Soler Fer. ell sielarerers ‘e X
SIMO: spilonotus Kaup.---::...........|.. Xe Que -.. ln
SoG. cyaneus (15) verset een cal ea Gaertn baronies Se
83 (En melanoleucus (Forst.)--.:........|...... Qe alee fer efes x... Keele X
84. Astur palumbarius L. ................|,, Se meer I POE eccolo] te x
85. A. cuculoides (T.)--..s........ Sono tovec AS aoalbron calice das|00 dog x
86. A, soloensis (lLath,) == alate O RE en Ich | x
87. Accipiter nisus (L.) --................1.. kel.x..l.. x a SOS Boca
88. A. virgatus gularis (T. & S)---.|..m..|..x..|.. x Xerlereeneler x
So. Aguila chrysaëtus (L.) »--+ +++. +- ee FE è SE x
90. A. clanga Pall. +.................l...... QQ] x
gr. 26 heliaca Savig.--sesssssssssss.. Si ESSE Qi Kerle Xe... X
92. Haliaetus albicilla brooksi (Hume.) -.....x..l..x..l..x..l.:x..l......l.. x
OB Sek pelagicus (Pall.) +-......... se X ol QDeefereeee Mec Xe.
94. 4. branickii-Dacz; ovaie siosesleis oise site x
NOTES ON COREAN AND MANCHURIAN BIRDS.
Species and subspecies Japan Corea Inn Siberia ae
95. Spisattus nipalensis (Hodgs.) ++... Kerle i RESO DID .x-
96. Buteo leucocephalus (Hodgs.) »+-+++---- SI 400) De re IC SEGGIO 0008
0718 buteo plumipes Hodgs. ---....... Kl Keele
98. Archibuteo lagopus: (Gm.)---..--....... IRR SIGN RE SDR DEE | x
99. Butastur indicus (Gm.)...-............ oh a N A
100. Pernis apivorus (L)--................. Sole. [X
101. Milvus ater melanotis T. & S. sos. Kr * “xX: x
102. ? Microhierax chinensis David.D....... |......1...... *X Perses
103. Falco peregrinus calidus Vath. -----... ke. Keele Keele x ele... |
104. subbuteo Jakutensis But.......!:..|.. x ..l.. x. O0) PC 200) COCCRE
105. M Linnunculus tinnunculus L. +.....|..,,,,1.. 55% atiloo sà ollooe ond
ICH, 2 tinnunculus japonicus T. & S.----|.. axvodicasenoloaseonllaco0
107. 2: @salon insignis (Clark) .......... 0052 salaasa colle deg ac |on>@o0|\osenon
108. 7. cherrug milvipes Jerdon -.... ‘acdlooscos 'Moclooroedlceorselee x:
109. Lyrythropus vespertinus amurensis (Radde)|------ .&-- on oe
110, Zandion haltaéius (L.) ee EX) ch Xl -
111: Zurnix blanfordi Blyth -..............|.... Coca] ROSSA [Pos seller x:
112. /hasianus colchicus karpowi But. »----- BET x
ey v2 colchicus pallasi Roths. -..... (e a ac solle a6aloc $2
114. Pucrasia xanthospila Gray..-...-......|....,.|...... MR iocboobcalroaobe
115. [Crossoptilum mantchuricum Sal cocdculloaocoxllacesec seine rante neuere ste
RNG, Satie Gupte WM, ATI eee = ele NOCI x X
117. Coturnix coturnix japonica T, & S...-. ooSinolpassuglloc 2 vocasto
ER LOMAS Carl) ace copo chadecceec dc en ke X ele...
Mii LAOS MRI (ame OO A] BASS) DRE 200) BRICO) SACE
120. Porzana pusilla (Pall) .-.............. Sa So alla socleak 2aqlo0s3 SSA
ot IA Jusca paykulli (Ljungh) -«-.-.| x..\..x..|. “eee iene
. CITÒ (Tsushima)
vs Rallus aquaticus indicus Blyth, -....... Salata calloso so canallao x:
123. Gallicrex cinereus (GI) EEE EEE EEE x... Keele QD
124. Gallinula chloropus Paruifrons Blyth .%...@..l.....l.. D es
ne SAH GHz Mey oo oe ever ua. oe x: lo Sin lloe er x
126. Otis dybowskit Tacz. "eee 4 ax. Xp...
127. Grus japonensis (Müll,)--------........|.. x. ERSCHIEN RER so ond
1) Observed by Mr. Y. Enomoto at Riujuton, S. Manchuria.
NAGAMICHI KURODA »
Species and subspecies Japan | Corea Man: Siberia ER China
Grus communis lilfordi Sharpe. »------- Xe Uan lupi abolendo
G. migricollis Przew. -----.......... ee
G. monachus Temm.-.-.-........... Se KK? exe... xl. x
G. leucauchen Temm. ---:.......... x. x “| Keates xxx
G. leucogeranus Pall.--:..:.-........ Xe... ille Xe... X
Gi VELO (L.) na dorso 00060000 D else eee eee X - DE da Xe... x
Arenaria interpres oahuensis (Bloxh.) »-|-- X --| X--|+.x-.l..x..1......|.. X
Squatarola squatarola (L.) -----.--..... SC ou OS ec
Charadrius dominicus fulvus Gm. x... Klee Keefe x seen
Ægialitis placida (Gray)... sel] «| QE DE COS SE Een > 4
EB. dubia curonicus (Gm.) -----.l..%.. +. Kl X x... x
EB: alexandrina alexandrina (L.)- -- x |: "X | x... x ..|..... x
E. alexandrina dealbatus Sw. ||| era
Ochthodromus veredus (Gould) A rn el. x: | Ne Em =X sclee MK
|
O. geoffroyi (Wagl.) ------.. Daho lb DDC AE 0e
O. mongolus mongolus (Pall.)-- x... x-:.. ele fee]
Microsarcops cinereus (Blyth)--------.. x Xerox eee el Ne te e
Vanellus vanellus (L.) --.--......... collo sau aber alors an ol Lo “+X
Hamatopus ostralegus osculans SW. --..|..x..l..æ..l..x..l..x..l...... ET
Recurvirostra avocetta L,.----.......... rhone la I ou ee kee || pease
Numenius arquatus lineatus Cav. --:-.--.|.. x... x... x... Keele Xen x
N. cyanopus Vieill. -------.--.. xxx. x... x
N. pheopus variegatus (Scop.) --|..x..|.. x. excel Keele wees E
N. è minutus Gould-:.:.......... nt Sc (E Io ulloos@nollsosaullsu se
Limosa lapponica baueri (Naum.) ------ Fe wale 84 6 APR AEE Ru | |
VE, limosa melanuroides Gould e O SE AE IRE O DOPO O E
Terekia cinerea (Gild.)--+-+++-+++-+++-+: BBS Acs sod 36000 a|lac ee X
Heteractitis incanus brevipes (N.) ::-...l..x..|..x..l..x..l..x..l..... IX
Tringoides hypoleuzus (L.) -+--.-....... FOCA] BISI Kanes em o's DIO NON 2 o ‘Xx
Totanus fuscus (L.) «10000000000 DIR a De GS 20 eee ue Re tiee
Lis totanus AL.) +++ +++ teres rete On RI odin ea cllao sed lous colle nal:
is stagnatilis Bechst. -.-.-... bi COPI CLES
Glottis nebularius Gunn. -:-:-:--.-. BE res doc dose ae alien bllon se
Pseudoglottis gultifer (Nordm.) -----.-. ..%x. &- leo Kusfirunee
Helodromas ocrophus (L.)-------: Bis nicl BE ee lous Erler Bo Sa Deal
NOTES ON COREAN AND MANCHURIAN BIRDS. 565
Species and subspecies Corea BERN Siberia
163. Rhyacophilus glareola (L.) -------.....|.. PIE) SOL CRISIS CE SS] DEICIDE x
164. Pavoncella pugnax (L.)-----.--..-.....|.. Xe @-l.-.-.. vas
165. Phalaropus hyperboreus (L.) ----- +++ --|°* Xe Xe ee ge DIGG DIO x
166. Zimonites minuta ruficoliis (Pall.)-----.|-- X ele x o SI x .x- 5e
167. Limonttes minutilla subminuta (Midd.) .:|--x--|-- x Xe lee XX eeilcie cree x
168. Heteropygia acuminata (Horsf.) --.-....|** Xe... X -Q: x
169. Zringu canutus rogersi (Mathews)----..|°* Kell 206) DCE"
170%, 4h tenuirostris (Horsf.)---......... dios on lane “xX. x 5526 x
171. Calidris leucophaa leucophea (Vr.) »---|"% -+|--x ORE i "OCR x
172. Pelidna alpina alpina (L.) <<. .....-- eee D)
173- P. alpina pacifica (COMES a dear a N ss... +X
174. Eurynorhynchus pygmaeus (L\-.-....... Xen Yemen È o È OR DDDADE OO Bx
175. Limicola platyrhyncha sibirica Desser -.|--X--|..x..|...... 2092005 0000 x
176. Gallinago gallinago (L.) +-:........... oc cala o AR ee - X
177.6 stenura (RAR) Dee) ER ate | ge oc abc “Xx
176 (Ge LEIGH SN iota Eee TAR GERA ICI era dellouscelad 5
Or solitaria Hodgs.- - ----- --- ee CCS SEC) DCE 200 CS) Bb:
180. G. gallinula (L) NE SAT IR BS SV SOI oc eee babo SS ae
181. Scolopax rusticola rusticola L. ........ Hele Keele Keele Keele eee, ae
182. Rostratula capensis capensis (L.) ------ eK Xe... x
183. Glareola pratincola maldivarum Lath.
} Dave leche se ee ee
184. Larus ridibundus L. <................ Klee Xeelo. X oo Xeol...... x
1850 2% saundersi (SW) ---..-........... Dd Gailook Goloa sec x ase x
| SOR COIS Ne, eee eee be = pap calc sianllbaseculloaseccleaccen x
187 Crasserostris ds. e ICE Roca cales o edle Neue wis 052
188. Z. marinus schistisagus Stejn.---....... ke... x... x
189. Z. argentatus vege Palm.----........ eee XK elo X clos X cl... 2 88
190. Rissa tridactyla pollicaris Ridg.- ....... fe POCIDOO DOES "x |
(Saghalin)
191. Shodostethia rosea (Macgill.) ---.......|...... Jos... el. x
TOZ SEAL ber Sit, SUDSP. eee. | ce ..@?
TORACE ZA tia Nontao inno Cestari [Goose so SA
194. S. Zongipennis Nordm. --.......... Bo ht BORD acer Perrot ee u
195. S. MONICA co M un ee n a. EE Seas ER
196. Hydrochelidon leucoptera (Schinz.)......|..... cl... Qt. x... x |. x
566
ur
NAGAMICHI KURODA :
Species and subspecies Japan | Corea eee Siberia at China
Alca troile (L.) ----..................|. lee elle Love
Cerorhyncha monocerata (Pall.) --......|-- Kl xX- x “x
Uria carbo (Pall.) wee ce ewer ES CE Kerle Keele eee ealee x
Synthliborhamphus antiquus Gm. ----.. Sah Io [BO Nano Sodo
Sì wumizusume (V.)----|% | x
Syrrhaptes paradoxus (Pall.) ss... Sen Ale SOR AI SAIT eee x
Turtur orientalis (Lath.)------ rec RTE) DCR PES) SE EEE
ifs decaocta torquatus (Bodg.) ----..|..%..|.. x ..l.. x Real ele
Columba rupestris taczanowskii Sten. ++|------ Xi] 2... “x
Cuculus canorus telephonus Heine----..|..%..l..x..1.. x..|..x..1......1.. x
(62 optatus Gould --.---.-........ lo nolleu x2 allan x oullod oon -x
@ poliocephalus Lath..-.......... Kerle Kerle 2... x... + X |
e micropterus Gould ............ ce Xe @ecles....l. Keefer eee. Se |
Hierococcyx fugax nisicolor (Blyth.)---.|..#æ.-|..@..|.-.... Xe... "x |
Eurystomus orientalis calonyx Sharpe --|-.æ..|..%..|..3%..|.. x. Dore
[? Zalcyon smyrnensis fusca (Bodd.)] --|--....|.. @?/-.--..1......1...... "x
JET: pileata (Bodd.) ............ do StogootSss|lbo5acaloadasclacous - x
lab coromanda major T.& S. -:|-.æ..|..x..|..x..l......|..... "X
Alcedo ispida bengalensis (Gras odo aotollzo EA FIS SIINO AOC FIESSO) CICCIO e X
Ceryle lugubris lugubris (T.) So fade etere eterea ki. x |
Upupa epops saturata Lünnb...........|.. Me dallont nelle Se EN
INGICLEO muy CLEC (IO) RI eat ste Se alé etalerees ects x
Bubo bubo kiautschensis Reich.!)........ Xerox A x
Bs | GUO LO0ETAMTES BANGIN 2) eee tele eee) |(tete letali | ayetetetetel| ete x?
Scops japonicus (T. & S.) ----- IM 28011020 x aso cacao: sy
SY semitorques semitorques (DT. & S.)j..%æ..|..x..|...... Ne (exer eel ee x
SE semitorques ussurtensis But..-....|......|., Quei eil x
Asio otus (L.) --....... CASIO RGS Gela x. x Jen raise
A. fammeus (Pontop.) dicevo nia 08 2h SX ere Sac Fl
Ninox scutulata scutulata (Raffl.) -.....|.. elio. x ‘Xe : “+X
Ægolius tengmalmi sibiricus (But.)---...|.. lee + lo
1) Dr. Hartert has mentioned that Budo bubo subsp.= 2. 0. doerriesi But. (non Seeb.)
also occurs in Manchuria.
2) According to Dr. Hartert, the range of Bubo blakistoni doerriesi Seeb. reaches the
frontier of Corea.
NOTES ON COREAN AND MANCHURIAN BIRDS. 567
Species and subspecies Japan | Corea Siberia in China
228. ? Athene noctua plumipes SWY ssssssssresseeleseses 56S. Pillodoonsllabodaslloo x
229. Syrnium aluco nivicolum Blyth.----++-- 0] ODDO) DO Xe 2 ele. +X
230. Caprimulgus indicus jotaka T. & S..---|*- PRG EX STO X x SX
231. Chetura caudacuta caudacuta (Lath.) <.l-%--|.. Xe] Xe Rx
232. Cypselus pacificus (Lath.)---- +--......lr. Sessa eng aa
233. Dryobates major tscherskit (But.) +... [1000000000 pois 00 lie X
234. D} major japonicus (Seeb.)-.----|-- SzogpogEscaloa à
235. 2m»: Zeucotos uralensis (Malh.) -»---|:**-*-|»- %*----?
DIO LO) cabanist cabanisi (Malh.) »-»-|"*-- | +- X mehr... +X
ee ID) minor minutillus (But.) ++... E eee... EXT ax
238. Zyngipicus kizuki seebohmi Harg. ----.- kelke... x
239. J. scintilliceps doerriesi Harg. --|'--*-|°- Ca File. SG DICE.
240. Hypopicus hyperythrus subrufinus
(Cab. & Heine)--..|-----.|.-...- E RE Ag
241. Gecinus canus jessoensis (Stejn.) ------.. kel... el x... x
242 canus griseoviridis Clark. ------|**----|-- *
243. ? Picoides tridactylus crissoleucus (Reïich.)|:-----|------ x PX
244. Picus martius martius Ts... Ser ee aloe dallas x
(Hokkaido)
245. ?. richardsi (Tristr.) ++--..........|.. SCORSE
(Tsushima)
246. Iynx torquilla japonica Bp.:----.e.....l.- %--l.x--l- xl. gel... TR
247. Pitta nympha M EAST eee ||. Keele ‘2
248. Alauda arvensis cinerea Ehm.-.--.-....l...... edel RX ++?
249. A. arvensis intermedia SW..++++++-|1+.-.. RE ERI ERE ROLE SCR COLTE, 105%
Dr db arvensis pekinensis SW. ++++++++|+- racilesendco S<dollba Se os/oGoand ER
251. Galerida cristata coreensis Tacz.----+....l...... 2
25200 (CE cristata leautungensis (Sw.)---.|......|...... RE 305 ARSA] EC X
253. Melanocorypha mongolica (Pall.)--------|----- |... -- x x .x- x
254. Motacilla boarula melanope Pall. -.--..|-- eil]
255. IM. flava simillima Hart. ++......l...... Xi X Xl... x
256. A. flava borealis Sund.----- esse... ed) x "X
257. M. citreola citreola Pall. -.......|.. - |...... So S| FESSO X == 0
258 UL alba grandis Sharpe. ----....|.. %--|--@
259. M. alba leucopsis Gould. --......|.. Kerle SIA IR ee eles Keele Ks lee x
260. M. alba lugens Kittl-.--........ SOS, pi ESE PISO ath ee cai
1) Collected and reported by Mr. Y. Enomoto under the name of Glaucidium whitelyi,
which identification is probably a mistake.
568 NAGAMICHI KURODA :
Species and subspecies Japan | Corea a Siberia = China
261. Mottacilla alba ocularis Sw.0++0vv01000 0] 000 te X ele Meee x =X o/s x
262. M. alba baicalensis Swer == "++... .|. +» ss... Waele colleoeod ese
263. Dendronanthus indica (Gm)--..........|.. DARE STRA SO SA ee eee lass x
264. Anthus trivialis maculatus Jerd.........|.. SFodlloe se oalloo o bolle se asdaplise
265. A. trivialis yunnanensis Vchr& Karl seele large DO X
266. A. spinoletta japonicus T. & S. -...|..æ..|..x..|...... eo EN
267. A. cervina (Pall.).-.-..... SAcocce salle Mona si looeono 5082
268. A. roseatus Blyth --.....-........|...... SES, A RI it Nasa
269. A. gustavi SWirssssssssreneseeseselesss. Seel || ARENA CISA nt A
270.) 4. richardi richardi Vieill. »»--- == Je en Ode oto neo 0 soon Tax
QTA: richardi striolatus Blyth ------...|...... feno asa rase
272. ? Brachypteryx Sp.) «+++ LORO Ra Li ole Go e pollo x?
273. Rhopophilus pekinensis pekinensis Sw. celti cel. Qi] SOI SO DOES
274. Suthora webbiana webbiana Gray.) ...|0 Peel. fici] So $2
275. Hypsipetes amaurotis amaurotis (T.)....|..#æ..l..x..|..x..l......|...... ER
DO Lal, amaurotis hensoni Steyn. ---.|..#%..l.. x... --.|......|...... A
277. Terpsiphone incei (Gould)---...........|...... Qi eee ..X
275 06 atrocaudata atrocaudata(Eyton)|- - * x “x
279. Hemichelidon sibirica Gm. -........... eK ehe PIRA O SET FI
280. LH. Eriseisticta Sw. ess... 50 88 colle 5e "le xl... x
281. Alseonax latirostris (Raffl.) -.-......... SRI ER IA LISA 10x; x
282. Xanthopygia narcissina narcissina (T.)--|--XK--|-xg ife] x
DOSE: narcissina tricolor (Hartl.) eK efecto ele Hele x x “xX
284. Muscicapa parva albicilla Pall, -.......|...... x ee ee NX
285. I. mugimakt Temm, -----+-+-+ Sad dollassecdléccoer Rab agolbicogsalise x
286. Cyanoptila cyanomelana (T.).......-...|.. Kr... %--..X- . X
287. Geocichla dauma aureus (Hol.) +.......|.. Rex eee sex mel... x
288. Turdus fuscatus Pall, :--........... MA Sa PESARE esc x "x
Roy The HORMONE AD == eee: Olle o $2 5 rie ee x +. X
290. 7. DAT DIE EE dec opt 0660 CI onen sgoclmsause None: x
A) eis OOSCUFUSA GM. teen ea e Manoa 2 | CRESCA, CENCI) INCA | PIEESC
1) Mr. Y. Enomoto has collected and reported this bird from S. Manchuria, but the
description and dimentions given by him show that it probably is a male of Zarvivora
cyane.
2) Salvadori and Giglioli have reported that this bird was procured in Japan, but it
seems probable that they had to do with an escaped cage-bird.
NOTES ON COREAN AND MANCHURIAN BIRDS.
569
1)
Species and subspecies Japan | Corea Fa Siberia È China
Turdus hortulorum Scd...---............ LOS À px ele x
TE Dalla Gm. II Rat vas | 25 3 cles oe onl pee
TE sibiricus sibiricus Pall. ------..|...... DID SEI IRIS GI CIT, III OE x
Di PEG INST Sc E ee rence Los en lees x
Monticola solitarius philippensis (Müll)..%#.-1..3%..|.-#%....x..1......1.. x
IM. Gillis: (Bo spsposecarseodlesoscn oe CSR ee ee x
Erithacus sibilaus (Sw.) --.-.......... Bee SZ odledee collec Sa er x
Cyanecula svecica robusta But. ---..... TRITO ROS ale $8 Sails oncoc x
Calliope calliope (Pall).......-........ ee ET En RC TN MSA TRO
Larvivora cyane (Pall.)---.....:....... ne lee ne an. x
Tarsiger cyanurus (Pall.) -............ Goes alse eines dire A
Ruticilla aurorea (Pall.) ----.-........ SO ESE Pg Reso send loon.
Pratincola torquata stejnegeri Parrot. ---|--%--|.-K--|--%--|-- X 1.2... 1%
Accentor collaris erythropygius Sw. .…%..l..x..l-.x.-.l..x..l......1. x
Fa) montanellus (Pall)............ IA G2 eee RN ea x
Locustella fasciolata (Gray)----......... X. | Poe SERI Sa Br x
A ochotensis (Midd.).-..... x il SIA oe SCT ao I la x
JE, GEROLA (BAND en AO: X Sala Kita eos x
TE lanceolata (T.) ---.......... Hee] Qe |e xX lex |...) x
Phragamaticola aëdon (Pall) eeiit- 20 lernen. cadets Se taal ete eee la x
Acrocephalus arundinaceus orientalis |
(T. & S.)....l..#%..|..% Sr ah? lo aller x
AL bistrigiceps Sw. ce... ESC ll. selbe he calles 82 scllacaooulac x
Lusciniola schwarz (Radde) ------- OSO PES PE X--l-x--|..x--|......1.. x
Urosphena squamiceps (Sw.)--=*- ==... .. elek |... Nr belle 0%
Horeites cantans borealis (Cam Pb.) «cel... era es onlloo $2 acloocanallac x
Sylvia curruca afinis Blyth-..-..--.-..|..----|.-...- FO ee cale X
Phylloscopus fuscatus (Blyth) -----..... PIO aioe st ais upload
Le, borealis borealis (Blass.)----|--x --|--x DO IIc: ain SX
iz borealis xanthodryas Sw. Kol Keele cece ede X--.x.-l-.x
DE occipitalis coronatus (T. &S.)--%--|-..%.-|..-...|.- X =: eee] x
JR superciliosa superciliosa (Gm.) ++ Kerle x EC] GIOIE 0 DIS, lee x
IZ, Proregulus proregulus (Pall.)|------|-- BS EE een area lec x
This species was observed by Ingram during his sea voyage from Japan to Vladivo-
stock in June, 1907.
570 NAGAMICHI KURODA:
Species and subspecies Japan | Corea ar: Siberia Air China
324. Phylloscopus nitidus plumbeitarsus Sw.-.|------|..@D-.l..%..1..x 1... x
325. 2. PAS SISI 3 FERRE CA goa &
326. Regulus regulus japonensis Blak. -----.|-- Hele x ie] x-.l.-. cele x
327. Cinclus pallasi pallasi T.--............|.. Kodi cake ke ix
328. Troglodytes troglodytes peninsula Clark-.|---... DE 300 PE DE x
329. Hirundo rustica rustica L. .-..........|..... |...... RL Io aoulloc x
330. ZA. rustica gutturalis SCOp.---.-.... Ser 900 Se SERIES Xx
Beis Jel rustica erythrogastra Bodd.-...|..? »:|..@&-.|.. x "Do x
382 Jel rustica tytlert Jerd. ..--......|......)...... EX “XxX: = x
en Je daumen. Chines RIN tette le TSI cere
Baul, JEG daurica nipalensis Hodgs. ----|-- ar a Bos
335. Chelidon urbica whiteleyi SW. --........1......1......1.. Hes. x -X- x
336. Cotile riparia ijima (Lönnb.) ---.. soooalloc dise ee 0 Po
237 (Ge paludicola chinensis (Gray) -+:...|......|.. Xl. lee) lie olefins x
338. Pericrocotus cinereus Lafr. --...-......|.. Koei Rock. Se SESSO) DE x
Zep LA brevirostris (NVigors)--.+....|......1......|.. ati SISI] SISSI] ISIS x
340. Buchanga atra (Herm.)--»-- --.---.....1......1......1.. &- |) x
341. Ampelis garrulus garrulus (L.) ---..... Sollen solo age
342. A. Japonica (Sieb.) --.:........., nfo BM Hei = mE nl dot rate ee Koi cere. x
343. Zamus bucephalus T. & S. ---......... sega Vatu sc5.0.00/ 15.5 x
BAA en CHUSLALUS CKUSTALUS) Wu, seen eos siaie)|(elo lle asa Xl... x
B45 SL cristatus lucionensis L. .-...... Base calls 06°29 alfa sec Sale as x
346. Z tigrinus Drap. -+.............. + ceci | ere x
aye, Ib; excubitor mollis Eversm.---..... SUSE elec secte Xerox
348. L sphenocercus sphenocercus Cab.:.l.. Pili ix leg eli
349. Sttta europea amurensis SW. --.-...... Keil. Keele 00 CIS, SI00 DISCO DE x
Ase SS europea bedfordi Grant -:...--...|...... Be
(Quelpart Is.)
351. S. canadensis corea Grant, --.-..:.-.|...... 30
352. Larus major minor T. & S. -......... eS Foals Fa eco 222708 le RCE ETES
QE LIE major quelpartensis Kuroda:---.. a -&
(Quelpart Is.)
3547 varius varius T. & S, .......... S035 flaw
ASE ater pekinensis David-:.......... eee ie All taser aes | le oncles
He 2 ater insulari; Hellm.------...... oe] x
A IEA palustris brevirostris (Tacz.) ---.|...... He zazione
SO palustris crassirostris. (Tacz.) ----|.-.... Xl. Xl. x
NOTES ON COREAN AND MANCHURIAN BIRDS.
Species and subspecies
Parus palustris hellmayri Bianchi ------
er atricapillus baicalensis (Sw.) -
Acredula caudata caudata (L.) -------- SC
4: caudata trivirgata (T. &S)----
Aegithalus consobrinus suffusus (Clark) - -
Panurus biarmicus russicus (Brehm.)
Oriolus indicus Jerdon --.:............
Corvus corax ussurianus Tacz. ---.....
C. macrorhynchos japonensis Bp.----
(05 crone orientalis Eversm. ---..... do
C. frugilegus pastinator Gould). -
Colœus dauricus (Pall.)-..-..-......... té
Coleus neglectus (Schl.).--............. 000
Nucifraga caryocatactes macrohynchos
Brehm----
Pica pica sericea Gould --............ DE
P. pica bactriana Bp, «+++++++-+---- BE
Cyanopica cyanus interposita Hart--.-..
Garrulus glandarius brandti Eversm.---.|--
Spodiopsar cineraceus (Temm.) -------- .-
? Sturnia sturnia (Pall.}?).............. Le
Zosterops palpebrosa ijime Kuroda
AA erythropleurus SW. <.........
Certhia familiaris familiaris L......... sc
Coccothraustes coccothraustes japonicus
DAS Sum
Eophona personata magnirostris Hart. -
JD. melanura migratoria Hart.....|..
Loxia curvirostra curvirostra L. ...... DE
LS curvirostra albiventris Sw. --....|..
?L. leucoptera bifasciata (Brehm.)....|..
Carpodacus roseus (Pall.) .............. +
Japan | Corea Kr Siberia| ae China
20060062 Pee cllosocoallacooca||o 20 0a0||5.0 5%
S6s clo sesso] Macao
20510 x GRO x
os
Stuns -x
Corolle celles x those
él se tx EX
“sen remet x
2 Peche sal $2 callagseoolacds x
Kg. x “xX
X. X--|--9--|-- x - x X
Keele Keele eee dee x. x "x
x x |... x. > "x
aes oolloc x x» x anf?
Sani REESE] MORSE |......l. x
SRI Ala tar ls Vox
ovaio (Me abdos puloaos'vo|rooogo]| lea
x: roller ateo ac|cootasilae x
Seeliger .l22361 22205 so
A TEX x - X
(Tsusbima)
cee sx... p.ex...) x
od x = Xie CAS GIOCO CIO x
X le. -.|l..xX rcellcocuool-e x
SRE TGA EEE EE ce
X - x "x: x 2X
Xe x -X
x: a acileaoa caller colonne x
vacanze i calante
xX: Kc cfecccacloes X - Xl. x
1) James and Ingram have reported C. torquatus Less. from Manchuria, but it seems
to me improbable that that species occurs in that region.
2) Reported by Mr. Y. Enomoto under the name of S. sinensis from S. Manchuria |
which identification is probably a mistake.
572 NAGAMICHI KURODA:
Species and subspecies Japan | Corea Ser Siberia pare China
389. Carpodacus erythrinus grebnitskit Stejn.-.|--:---|.-....|.. ze Ba
390. Uragus sibiricus sibiricus (Pall.)--- ---.|.---.. 30300 BE ee Fe x: x "x
391.10: sibiricus sanguinolenta (T. & S.)| X x BI dr RISO SOSIA DIC x
392. Lringilla montifringilla L. --.......... AS res Rx" lu
393. Acanthis spinus (L.) ---- 1-2... BONO OU 6.5 Xe x ccleee...lee x
394. A. flavirostris brevirostris (Moore) 2.5.2 | ire EE Xl... rx
395. Acanthis flammea holboellüi (Brehm)....|..x-...x--|..x..l..?
396. Chloris sinica ussuriensis Hart. ----....|...... ARE EX Zr DER
397: Ci sinica minor (T. & S.) -....... SENSE IK
(Quelpart Is.)
398. Pyrrhula pyrrhula kamischatica Tacz.--|--% ei]. XE
399.22 Dyrrhula griseiventris Lafr. ..|--#æ-.-.l-..x-.|:.x-.l..x..|......1.4x
400. Petronia petronia brevirostris Tacz. ....|: PER Le XX. Keele x
401. Lasser montanus saturatus Stejn. --.... ae Ksar ?
(lop, IZ rutilans rutilans (T.) --+---+.--- Se nel lass Leics vetaretarel RIE “xX
403. Emberiza fucata fucata Pall. ...---.--- NEGRO DECISO FEIST olan Se Gallooo0ce -x
AOA EE, GAD NM, Seodadodosacacas Das nee Hiva x x aise
AO EE cla godlewskii Tacz.-.........|...... asus oi Slt) CRIER
406. . £. cioides castaneiceps Moore. ----|--.-. ih ox. ae eat - X
407. £. cioides ijime Stejn. ----.-.... Er)
(Tsushima) (Quelpart Is.)
408: £. Jankowskit Tacz. +-..........|..... Her e)| Er.
499. 2. LUSTRI oc Dos 40m) Hate ee lens once EL
AIO) 2% chrysophrys Pall. --.---- ee NEI ARIA Else RARO) rente x
ARTE. elegans Temm. «000.0... Ole) cantico oa do|laoooosilsà x
ALI spodocephala spodocephala Palli-.x--l..%k--|..x--|..x ..l...... x
4132 Ze Geass Balls O er ee xl. xl... Sissel (ole ule ree x
ANA KUSIUCOMEAN tt gine allo ossa se Foo x x
ais. 4. leucocephatos Gm.--------...- sexe? x x x
ALOn 2. sulphulata T. & S, ------...- PON a0 Ro | oma |nocee |lnocus x
dir 225 APTE Palle ee ee N ose e ee x
418. E yessoénsis (Sw.) +---.......... le)
A192 ZÆ: pallasi (Cab.)................/...... veri SE) PE x x
420, i schoeniclus pyrrhulinus Sw.---..|..æ..l..@::l.. Peli crei "x
421. Calcarius lapponica coloratus Ridgw. ----X |: x x Star ade ‘x 2
422. Passerina nivalis nivalis (Litta CICLI) OO O RARI RIS (dono x
IO.
II.
NOTES ON COREAN AND MANCHURIAN BIRDS. 573
List of literature consulted.
Bianchi, V.:—Matériaix pour servir à l’ornithofaune de la Mand-
chourie (russe). Annuaire du Musée de St. Petersbourg. VII, 1902,
ps XIV.
Campbell, C. W.:—A List of Birds collected in Corea. Ibis,
1892, pp. 230-248, Pl. V.
Clark, A. H.:—Eighteen New Species and One New Genus of
Birds from Eastern Asia and the Aleutian Islands. Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., Vol. XXXII, 1907, pp. 467-475.
Clark, A. H.:—Report on a Collection of Birds made by Pierre
Fous Jouy in) Koreas Proc. US. Nat. Mus, Vol, XXxXMIE
1910, pp. 147-176.
Giglioli, H. H. and Salvadori, T.:—Brief Notes en the Fauna of
Corea and the adjoining coast of Manchuria. P.Z.S., 1887, pp.
580-506.
Ingram, C.:—The Birds of Manchuria. Ibis, 1909, pp. 422-499,
PESVIN.
Jouy, P. L.:—The Paradise Flycatchers of Japan and Korea.
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXXVII, 1910, pp. 651-655.
Swinhoe, R.:—List of Birds collected by Mr. Cuthbert Colling-
wood during a Cruise in China and Japan Seas, with Notes. P. Z.
S., 1870, pp. 600-604. '
Taczanowski, M. L. :—Liste des Oiseaux recueillis en Corée par
M. Jean Kalinowski. P. Z. S., 1887, pp. 596-611.
Taczanowski, M. L. :—Liste supplémentaire des Oiseaux en Corée
par M. Jean Kalinowski. P.Z.S., 1888, pp. 450-468.
Tristram, H. B.:—On a small Collection of Birds from Corea.
Ibis, 1885, pp. 194-195.
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“ANNOTATION ES
| ZOOLOGICÆ JAPONENSES.
Vol. IX., Part V.
PUBLISHED
BY
The Tokyo Zoological Society.
TOKYO,
January, 1920.
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CONTENTS.
(Published January 30th, 1920).
T. Komal. Notes on Coeloplana bocki n. sp. and its development.
With 5 textfigures. ne ee EI
T. Komal. Preliminary notes on Gastrodes parasiticum Korotneff, —
with remarks on its systematic position. With 2 textfigures®. 585
7
M. VERI & T. KABURAKI. Notes on two new species of Japanese MM 3
Polyclads: Wath 3 dextfigures.: > ur RS ET
SA a
N. KURODA. On a collection of Japanese and Formosan mammals. 509 2%
=
Y. OKADA. Notes on some species of Retepora and Adeonella
occurring in Japan, with descriptions ‘of one new variety and
five new species. With Pl. VIII and 7 textfigures. .. ..
S. UCHIDA. On a second collection of Mallophaga from For.
mosan birds. With 2 textjignres, Si SI an oe og
Ag
Notes on Coeloplana bocki n. Sp.
and its development.
BY
Taku Komai,
Zool. Inst., Sci. Coll., Tokyo Imp. Univ.
With 5 textfigures.
During the summer of 1918, I have had opportunities of collecting
and studying in the Misaki Marine Laboratory a species of Coeloplana
which lives commensally on stocks of an alcyonacean and which I
regard to be new to science. According to verbal communication of
Professor Ijima, Dr. S. Bock of Upsala should have discovered, some
years ago, specimens of Coeloplana on Nephthya stocks which were
collected and preserved in Misaki and taken over by him to his country.
It is then more than probable that the first discovery of the Coeloplana
in question is to be credited to him. However, so far as I am aware
of, the specics has never yet been described. Therefore, I take the
liberty of calling it by the name of Coeloplana bocki in honour of the
above Swedish zoologist.
The alcyonacean, on which the Coeloplana habitually occurs,
represents, in my opinion, a species of the genus Dendronephthya. It
thrives in fair abundance in the littoral of the neighbourhood of Misaki.
Stocks of it harbouring the Coeloplana are not at all uncommon. It
is not seldom that as many as fifty or sixty individuals of that worm-
like coelenterate are taken from one and the same stock of a moderate
size. The coelenterate may be found adhering to any part of the stock
surface.
576 TAKU KOMAT:
Aside from what concerns its habitat, Coeloplana bocki may be
distinguished from the two Coeloplana species (C. willeyi and C.
mitsukurit) previously described by Abbott* from the same locality by
the body being on an average much ‘smaller and by peculiarities in
colouration as well as in the structure of polar plates. In all other
respects, but notably in internal organization, the new species may be
said to agree completely with both the species just referred to.
C. bocki commonly measures only about 1.5 cm. in diametre in:
the fully extended state, although in rare and exceptional cases the
body may reach about 3 cm. in diametre. In both the species of
Abbott the diametre measures generally 2 or 3 cm. and sometimes even
as much as 5 or 6 cm. in the fully distended state Similarly as in C.
willeyi the colouration of body varies within a wide range, but is
characterized by the presence, on the dorsal side, of markings which
are generally rather conspicuous. The markings consist of a number
of deeply coloured branching and anastomosing stripes which on the
whole run side by side in the tentacular direction and may be deep
vermilion, dark red, brick-red, pinkish, orange or even greyish in different
individuals. The stripes number a dozen or more in large specimens ;
in the smaller ones they may be discontinuous and irregularly streaky.
At all times they grow indistinct towards the margin of body. The
ground colour of body is usually similar to that of the stripes though
very much lighter in tone. Rarely it is of a colour which more or less
contrasts with that of the stripes; as for instance, I have found some
cases of individuals, in which it was of an orange hue while the stripes
were vermilion. The stripe marking constitutes a feature peculiar to
the species; it is found in neither of the previously known species, both
which are uniformly coloured, though C. wélleyi may show small
whitish patches confined to base of ‘‘dorsal tentacles” and to the
margin of body.
* Abbott, J. F. (1902). Preliminary notes on Coe/op/ana, Annot, Zool. Jap., Vol. IV,
Pp. 103.
Same (1907), The morphology of Coeloplana, Zool. Jahrb. Anat., Bd. 24, p. 41s
NOTES ON COELOPLANA BOCKI n. sp. 577
Another striking distinctive feature of C. bocki consists in the
peculiar structure of the polar plates. These are provided at their
peripheral marzin with 2-5 lobe-like processes, which somewhat remind
one of those occurring in the same organ of Ctenoplana.* In large
specimens of C. bocki, the occurrence of the processes is nearly constant,
though in the smaller ones they may be merely indicated or even
altogether absent. In both C. willeyi and C. mitsukurii, the lobation
of polar plates is unknown to me even in largest individuals.
What is of greatest interest is the fact that a number of C. dacki,
as they adhered on the host, were found to overlie a cluster of egz
which lay in direct contact with the ventral body-surfac:. The eggs
contained embryos in various developmental stages. It was possible to
rear up the embryos to an advanced stage in the aquarium. So that,
the development of this interesting animal could be followed to a fairly
satisfactory measure. |
Genital Organs.—The Coeloplana is hermaphroditic. The gonads
develop in the dorsal epithelial wall of certain canals, eight in number
and which represent the meridional gastrovascular canals of pelagic
ctenophores. Th: female gonad arises along the entire length of each
of these canals as a linear tract of egg cells, exactly as in the ordinary
ctenophore. The male gonad, on the other hand, occurs as separate
compact masses of sperm-cells along the same canals, there being 4 or
5 such masses to each- subtentacular, and about 2 of same to each
subpharyngeal, canal. Each sperm-cell mass or testis is provided with
a duct which opens on the dorsal surface of body and without doubt
serves for leading out the spermatozoa. A corresponding duct is entirely
wanting to the ovaries, the eggs apparently falling into the lumen of
the gastrovascular canals to be subsequently ejected through the mouth.
Along and close above each ovarial tract, the dorsal body surface
forms a series of deep invaginations which are narrowly tubular in the
* Korotneff, A, (1886). Ueber Ctenoplana kowalevski. Z. w. Z. Bd. 43, p. 242.
Willey, A. (1896). On Ctenoplana. Q. J. M. S. Vol. 39, p. 32%,
578 TAKU KOMAT:
outer parts but expand terminally into an ampulla-like or somewhat
irregular-shaped swelling. The number of tbe invaginations fluctuates
between 7 and 13 to each subtentacular, and between 4 and 8 to each
subpharyngeal, canal. Quite frequently, the invaginations, but especially
their blind terminal swellings, are seen to contain a large quantity of
sperma‘ozoa ; so that it is evident that they serve as sperm-receptacles.
Where and how the spermatozoa meet the eggs in fertilization is not
clear, but possibly they may make their way through the intervening
tissues and reach the eggs in the ovaries.
Eggs —As already indicated the laid eggs are found under the
mother animal, agglutinated together by a gelatinous substance, instead
of being set free as pelagic objects as in ordinary ctenophores. There
they undergo development and reach the stage in which the embryo
is completely formed. The number of eggs carried by an individual
in the said position is generally from 10 to 50, but may sometimes be
as large as 200. All those under one and the same mother individual
are nearly in the same stage of development.
Newly laid eggs (Fig. 1) show essentially the same structure as those
of pelagic forms. A distinct membrane envelops each egg. Directly
within it is a rather narrow space which appears to be filled with a thin
gelatinous substance. The size of eggs varies but little. The entire egg
as surrounded by the membrane measures in average diametre about
0.3 mm., and the egg-body proper without the membrane 0.25 mm.
As in ordinary ctenophores, the egg-body consists of the ectoplasm
(ec) presenting a finely granular appearance and of the endoplasm (er)
showing an alveolar structure: The former occupies the entire periphery
in a layer, while the latter in the central parts constitutes by far the
greater portion of the entire egr-body. Two polar bodies (/) are
frequently seen, lying on the surface of the egg-body ; they are either
spherical or more or less flattened. More rarely, there occur three
polar bodies lying side by side, apparcntly as the result of division of
the first polar bgdy.
NOTES ON COELOPLANA BOCKI n, sp. 579
Fig. 1 Fig. 2
mac
Fig. 1. Newly laid egg. x 170, Fig. 2. A stage during gastrulation,
ec. Ectoplasm. seen from the micromere pole.
en. Endcplasm. x 170.
m. Egg membrane. mac. Macromeres.
Ps Polar bodies. mic. Micromeres.
Development—The segmentation of egg goes on in practically the
same way as known from ordinary ctenophores. As in these, the third
cleavage furrows are oblique and the resulting eight cells are arranged
in the “ disymmetrical” manner. The succeeding divisions, which lead
to the formation of micromeres, are accomplished in nearly the same
manner as was described by Ziegler” for Beroé and by Yatsu” for
Beroé and Callianira.
The gastrulation occurs in precisely the same way as in ordinary
ctenophores. At the close of segmentation there is a stage in which
sixteen macromeres are arranged in a bowl-like group covered on the
concave side (micromere pole) by an assemblage of numerous micro-
meres. Then, some ‘‘ mesodermal” cells are budded off from the
macromeres on the convex side of the group (macromere pole), while
1) Ziegler, H. E., 1898. Experimentelle Studien über die Zelltheilung. III. Die Fur-
chungszellen von Beroë ovata. Arch. Entwicklungsmech. Bd. 7, p. 34.
2) Yatsu, N., 1911. Observations and experiments on the ctenophore egg: II. Notes
on carly cleavage stages and experiments on cleavage. Annot. Zool. Jap., Vol. 7, p. 333.
580 TAKU KOMAI:
the micromeres are multiplying rapidly and gradually spreading over the
macromeres (epiboly). Fig. 2 represents a stage in the above process,
seen from the micromere pole of egg, where a moderately large elliptical
gap exists between micromeres showing macromeres within. On the
macromere pole too, there is in this stage another but somewhat smaller
opening, which, however, is soon closed by the multiplying micromeres.
The gap on the micromere pole persists for some time after the closure
of the opening at the macromere pole, but sooner or later it too comes
to be closed. Directly after the closure of the gastrula at both its poles,
there appear first traces of the aboral sense-organ, tentacles and ribs, as
well as ofthe stomodaeal invagination, all nearly at the same time. The
aboral sense-organ develops on the micromere pole and the stomodaeal
invagination on the macromere pole, while the tentacles and ribs do so on
the lateral region of the gastrula nearer the micromere than the macromere
pole. Thus, the gastrula develops into a typical cydippid embryo.
Cydippid Larva.—Fig. 3 shows an unhatched cydippid larva of a
Fig. 3 ‚very early stage. The subspherical
body exhibits at its one pole the
mouth-opening (0) and at the opposite
pole the sense-organ (s), besides a pair
of tentacular rudiments (¢) and the
eight comb-plate rows (c). The sense-
organ, when viewed from above, is of
a rhomboid outline with the longer
diametre in the sagittal plane of the
larva; the otoliths form a small aggre-
Fig. 3. A young eydippid larva, sen gation at both ends of the shorter
on the tentacular plane, x 170.
c, Comb-plate rows. diametre. The polar plates can not
o. Mouth aperture.
oe, Oesophagus.
yet be observed. The comb-plate
Ph. Pharynx. rows as well as the tentacle rudiments.
s. Aboral sense-organ.
z. Tentacular rudiments. are located in the aboral half of the
body. The former are arranged in four close pairs, each row containing
NOTES ON COELOPLANA BOCKI n. sp. 581
six or seven combs with cilia which are still very short. The tentacle
rudiments appear each as a slight elevation of an elongate oval outline, .
which may be distinguished into a central and a peripheral part, both
gently swollen and separated from each other by a slight groove-like
depression. The tentacle appears to arise by prolongation of the central
prominence, though the tentacular epithelium is derived by extension
of that of the peripheral swelling.
The mouth (0) is nearly round. The pharynx (2%) it leads into
exhibits also a roundish outline in optical cross-section. The inner end
of pharynx lies nearly midway between the oral and aboral poles of
the body. A short process at the inner end of pharynx indicates the
oesophagus (oe).
In slightly more advanced larvae, the body presents a distinct lateral
compression, it growing longer in the transverse axis than in the sagittal.
Meanwhile, the tentacle-stem makes its appearance in the area
indicated above, at first as a tubercle-like prominence; the cilia of
comb-plates lengthen ; the mouth widens, elongating in the transverse
direction, while the inner half of pharynx becomes compressed in the
sagittal direction.
As the development still advances (Fig. 4), the lateral compression
of body grows to the extent that the length of the sagittal axis measures
about 2/3 that of the transverse axis. At the same time, the oral
region is somewhat produced, so that the body now appears roughly
heart-shaped with subtruncate oral end when viewed on the trans-
verse plane (Fig. 4), but nearly egg-shaped when seen on the sagittal
plane. The number of comb-plates in each row increases up to about
ten, their cilia growing at the same time very considerably in length.
A highly vaulted covering has now formed over the sensory cavity ;
and the otolith, forming a single mass of seven or eight granules, has
assumed a central position in the cavity. The tentacles (¢) have greatly
elongated and have assumed a club-like shape; they are now thickly
beset with colloblasts on the surface. The mouth (0) has widened
582 TAKU KOMAI:
remarkably in the transverse direction, while the inner half of pharynx
(24') has done so in the sagittal direction. Yellowish and brownish
pigment spots (fg) have appeared in the neighbourhood of the mouth,
the sensory capsule and the tentacular apparatus. Besides, a quantity
of dark spots now exists in the deeper tissues of the entire body, which
fact makes difficult the inspection of the inner organization.
Fig 4
Fig. 4. The cydippid larva ready to hatch out, seen on the transverse plane, x 170.
o. Mouth aperture. pg. Pigment spots.
„pp. Polar plates. 5. Aboral sense-organ.
4. Tentacle-stem. 2.57. Tentacle-sheath.
æ. Oesophagus. pi’. Inner part of pharynx.
Fig. 4 represents the fully developed cydippid larva ready to hatch
out. Such a larva is frequently observed to do stretching movements
in the egg membrane and to press the mouth region against the latter
as if in attempts to free itself. Eventually, the membrane ruptures and
the larva escapes. For a short while after hatching in a vessel, the
larva swims about very actively by means of the combs, sinking now
and then to the bottom and adhering there by the inner surface of the
inferior part of pharynx, which surface is turned outwards by excessively
widely opening the mouth. Four or five hours* after hatching, the larva
* The time required for the development varies considerably with temperature,
NOTES ON COELOPLANA BOCKI n. sp. 583
takes to swimming much less frequently than before, but remains most
of the time on the bottom, where it begins to creep about, using the
above indicated pharyngeal surface as the sole. In still four or five
hours, most of the cilia of comb-plates become either bent or broken off
in the middle, and finally fall away altogether. The larva is then
entirely incapable of swimming, and the creeping by means of the sole
becomes the only way of locomotion. The pigments increase in the
parenchyme ; the tentacle-stem develops some ten branches; the sole
flatly spreads out all around, while the inner end of the pharynx
develops a few folds on the wall (“ pharyngeal folds ”).
BIOS
8
oe Ri
PE.
Fig. 5. A larva during metamorphosis, adhering to the substratum by the
thinly spread-out sole. The main body laid back and seen
on the transverse plane. x 170.
pif. Pharyngeal folds. Other letterings as in Fig. 4.
After two or three hours more, the adherent larva is at an advanced
st ge of metamorphosis. By that time the combs have completely fallen
off, and the sole has extensively enlarged in all directions, flatteninz
584 TAKU KOMAI.
out in an almost film-like manner (Fig. 5). Thus, the larval body may
now be said to represent a somewhat hump-like elevation in the central
parts of a broad and thin basal expansion. It is easy to imagine that
by gradual depression of the elevation, the entire body would assume
the habitus of the adult. But stages representing this change have not
come under actual observation.
Of individuals which have completely changed into the adult shape
and which were taken from the alcyonacean host, the smallest and
youngest observed was one only about I mm. in diametre. The most
notable points in this little specimen were the facts that the gastrovas-
cular system consisted of eight broad and subequal pouches arranged
radially around a central cavity representing the infundibulum, and that
there exists the peripheral canal-system consisting as yet of a sparse
number of anastomosing canals. Of the eizht radial pouches, the four
in relation with the base of tentacles evidently represent the tentacular
canals, and the remaining four the meridional canals, of the adult.
Conclusion.—In the light of the developmental facts noted above
in brief, it goes beyond the reach of doubt that Coeloplana represents
a highly specialized form of the Ctenophor.. In fact, it will be conceded
to by allthat the genus appears to have been derived from a cydippid
ancestral form by a loss of certain old characters and by concomitant
acquirement of a series of new ones in adaptation to the change in
habit of life from the pelagic to the creeping. Most remarxable is the
undeniable indication that the entire creeping surface (ventral body
surface) of Coeloplana was derived by the turning out of a large part
of the inner pharyngeal surface of ordinary cydippids. It then seems
that the flatness of body in this aberrant form of ctenophores may be
regarded to be in a large measure due to that fact, and is not to be
explained by assuming merely the reduction of vertical body-axis, as
was done by Lang* and several other authors.
* Lang, A. (1884). Die Polycladen des Golfes von Neapel. Fauna u. Flora d. Golf.
Neapel. Monogr. XI.
Preliminary notes on Gastrodes parasiticum
Korotneff, with remarks on its
systematic position.
By
Taku Komai,
Zool. Inst., Sci. Coll., Tokyo Imp. Univ.
With 2 textfigures.
The peculiar parasitic coelenterate, Gastrodes parasiticum KOROT-
NEFF, living in the test of Sa/pa, has been so imperfectly known that
very diverse opinions were entertained as regards its systematic position.
KOROTNEFF!, the discoverer of the animal, referred it at first to the
Narcomedusæ and later? to the Actiniæ, while HEIDER? regarded it to
be a degenerate ctenophoran.
In the spring of 1919, it happened in Misaki that swarms of Salpa
fusiformis appeared for several successive weeks and offered opportunities
to collect specimens of the parasitic coelenterate in question. Examina-
tion of the parasite clearly showed at once that we have to do with a
ctenophore, and in fact with a ctenophore probably belonging to the
remarkable group of Platyctenea.
The animal is found imbedded in the Sa/pa test, invariably with
its ventral surface turned towards the main body of the host The
1) KOROTNEFF, A. (1888). Cunoctantha und Gastrodes. Z. w. Z. Bd. 47.
2) DI » (1891). Zoologische Paradoxen. Z. w. Z. Bd, 51.
3) HEIDER, K. (1893). Ueber Gastrodes, eine parasitische Ctenophore. Sitzb. Ges.
Nat.-Freund in Berlin. (This paper has remained inaccessible to me; its contents are known to
me only from the citation in DELAGE and HEROUARD'S “ Traité de Zoologie Concrete,” T. 2,
2 me. Partie, Coelentérés, p. 759, and from the abstract in the “ Zoologischer Jahresbericht ”
f. 1893, Coelenterata, p. 9.
586 TAKU KOMAT:
colourless disc-like body is more or less convex on the dorsal side and
measures O.5—3.00 mm. in diametre, The smaller and evidently the
Fig. 1. younger of the specimens collected
| agree very well in general appearance
and structure with the descriptions
and figures given by KOROTNEFF and
HEIDER, so that a detailed description
of those specimens may be dispensed
with. Only let the following be men-
tioned: The gastrovascular system is
represented by a connected pair of
cavities, each of which is laterally
divided into four peripheral pouches ;
Gastrodes parasiticum Korotneff, at an the oesophagus (æ) is not laterally
early stage of development. Dorsal view. One
compressed ; the tentacle apparatus (7.
of the youngest individuals observed by the
author. x90. @ Oesophagus. ».c Meridional 2) is indicated by mere thickenings of
al a er ne the epidermis, and the aboral sense-
organ by a shallow depression containing as yet no otolithic mass. It
is evident that both KOROTNEFF and HEIDER had before them only
such young individuals as above. Individuals of the above simple
organization pass by gradations into those which are larger and show
unmistakable ctenophoran characters.
Fig. 2 shows one of the largest individuals that came under obser-
vation, as seen from the side. Such an individual is provided with
eight rows of comb-plates (c), besides showing distinct indications of an
aboral sense-organ (s) and the tentacle-apparatus (?., 2. 5).
The aboral sense-organ, situated at the apex of the more or less
convex dorsal surface, includes a distinct otolithic mass in the centre of
the cavity. In all its structural details, the organ closely agrees with
that of ordinary ctenophores. Each comb-plate row consists of about
twenty plates made up of fairly long cilia. The tentacle-stem (4) is
represented by an unbranched stump-like rudiment; the tentacle-basis
PRELIMINARY NOTES ON GASTRODES PARASITICUM KOROTNEFT, ETC. 587
Fig. 2. Gastrodes parasiticum Korotn. at an advanced stage
of development. One of the largest and oldest in-
dividuals observed by the author. x50. The specimen
has assumed the almost hemispherical shape as in the
figure on liberation from the host. It is usually of a
much more flattened shape while within the latter.
c. Comb-plates. m.c. Meridional canal
s. Aboral sense-crgan. Ph.c. Pharyngeal canal.
t,o, Tentacle-basis. £, Tentacle-stem.
(2.6) is developed in essentially the same way as in ordinary cydippid
ctenophores.
The ventral surface of body, which is sonewhat concave, is beset
with cilia all over. The ciliation is especially heavy in the central
parts around the mouth opening. This leads into the well developed
cesophagus, which is so flattened that its longer diametre lies in the
sagittal plane. The cesophagus communicates above with the infundi-
bulum situated directly beneath the sense-organ. The infundibulum
gives rise to two perradial canals, each of which divides distally into
four meridional canals (x. c.) running under the comb-plate rows toward
588 TAKU KOMAT;
the circumference of the body. The meridional canals are relatively
broad, broadening gradually towards their pouch-like blind extremity
where they may show a slight sign of branching. Each perradial
canal also sends forth a tentacular canal and also-a pharyngeal canal
(ph. c) directed towards the body margin. «Aborally from the infundi-
bulum there proceed two éxcretory canals, each of which furcates into
two branches.» In each of ‚the two pairs thus formed of the excretory
branch-canal, one branch canal “opens externally by the excretory
pore, the two éxcretory . pores being situated in a diagonal relation
to each other, exactly as in ordinary ctenophores.
The epidermis ts very simple as compared with that of ordinary
ctenophores. It appears to be entirely devoid of glandular elements.
The ventral body surface, which is ciliated, presents much folds,
especially numerously in its central parts. The cesophagus is also
ciliated, the ciliation here being much denser than on the ventral
body surface. As in ordinary ctenophores, the endoderm presents itself
either as a tall, vacuolated and non-ciliated or a low and ciliated
layer. It is of the former character along the peripheral side of
meridional and tentacular canals as well as along the lateral sides of
pharyngeal canals. The layer in these parts frequently inclose clumps
of the blood-corpuscles of Salpa, apparently taken up as nutri-
ment. In the remaining parts of the canals, the endodermal layer
is low and ciliated. The so-called ‘rosettes,’ usually found in the
endoderm of ctenophores, have not been discovered. The mesodermal
gelatinous tissue is traversed by some branching fibres of probably
muscular nature.
In the epidermis of the ventral surface there is found a peculiar
kind of cells, the appearance of which has led KOROTNEFF (1888, 1891)
to regard it to be the egg. The cells were found in all individuals
examined; they occur in especial abundance in the marginal parts of
ventral surface, scattered among ordinary ciliated cells of the epidermis.
The larger of these cells present a flask-like shape, directing the narrower
PRELIMINARY NOTES ON GASTRODES PARASITICUM KOROTNEFF, E TC. 589
ead towards the free surface of the epidermis. They grow to a fairly
large size (length up to 0.06 mm., breadth up to 0.04 mm., diametre
of nucleus and nucleolus 0.03 mm. and 0.01mm. respectively), possibly
by absorbing nutriment directly from the host. A few of the cells
were also observed freely lying outside of the epidermis. Even in the
smallest individuals examined, the same cells, nearly as large as in the
older specimens, were sometimes found. In spite of this fact and of
their origin apparently from the ectoderm, I am inclined to agree with
KOROTNEFF in regarding them to be the egg. As points standing in
favour of this view may be menticned the very large size attained by
the cells as well as by their nucleus, and also the fact that they are
sometimes seen lying freely outside the body of the animal,
With regard to the systematic position of Gastrodes, there can be
no doubt whatever that it belongs to the Czenophora. Which, then, of
the orders of that class should it be assigned to?
From the presence of well-developed comb-plates in the larger
individuals, it may reasonably be assumed that the animal, after a period
of parasitism in the early part of its life, leaves the host and becomes
free. Possibly, on entering the latter period, it may undergo a more
or less marked change in structure. Necessary as it appears that we
should have a more complete knowledge than we at present possess
about the animal in order to be able to definitely settle its position
among the Ctenophora, yet from observations on its parasitic stages, so
much may, I think, be now said that it shows several features which
seem to point towards its affinity with the group Platyctenea. In the
first place, the fact that the ventral surface of body is lined all over
with the ciliated epithelium, as also the fact that profuse foldings are
developed in the central region of that surface, makes it highly probable
that the ventral surface of Gastrodes is morphologically of the same
nature as that of platyctenids. If that be so, the surface may be
regarded to have arisen, as I have shown in the article on the develop-
ment of Coeloplana in the present journal, as the result of the turning
590 TAKU KOMAI:
out of the pharynx, a feature which, in my opinion, is the most character-
istic of the group Platyctenea. Furthermore, the animal shares with
the forms of that group the features that the œsophagus is very well
differentiated, that the meridional canals exhibit signs - though slight—of
branching, and that the infundibular canal is obliterated. From this, it
appears assumable that the relationship of Gastrodes to the Platyctenea
is such that it may probably be taken up into that group.
Notes on two new species of Japanese Polyclads.
By
Megumi Yeri, Azgakushz,
Nara Higher Normal School for Women.
and
Tokio Kaburaki, ARıgakuskz,
Zoological Institute, Science College, Tokyo Imperial University.
Neostylochus fulvopunctatus, n. gen., n. sp.
Textfigures 1-3.
This new genus and species is based on a single individual which
was obtained at Misaki between the tide-marks in the summer of
1906.
Form and Size—The worm in the living state was of a some-
what oval form with wavy margin and with the anterior end more
broadly rounded than the posterior. ‘Without tentacles. The delicate
body measured 7 mm. long by 4.5 mm. broad.
Colouration.—The body, which was translucent, presented a buffy
ground colour, much paler on the ventral than on the dorsal side.
The latter surface marked all over with moderately large brownish
spots, more crowdedly in the central parts than in the periphery.
Eye-spots—Tentacular and cerebral eye-spot groups blend to-
gether. The tentacular eye-spots are larger than the cerebral. The
latter lie loosely scattered. about in front of and between the two
groups of the former. In addition there are present numerous small
marginal eye-spots distributed in a crescent-shaped tract close to the
592 MEGUMI YERI AND TOKIÖ KABURAKI:
head margin. The middle parts of that tract join posteriorly the area
of cerebral eye-spots; in the lateral parts there exist only one or two
eye-spots in its width. The ends of
EEE,
ET
EI El Ms =
FE EN the tract reach posteriorly to about
da, i A
DA : sese the level of tentacular eye-spots. The
: BEER - 1 ne
= secs brain occupies a position about one-
RIO
HS RATES fourth the length of body from the
ce gl gee eles
ERBE eet -
Be tam anterior end.
RR i
‘stats Body-wall.—The epidermis consists
Fig. 1 as usual ofa layer of columnar ciliated
19. .
which some minute
rhabdites and are of a greater height
cells, contain
Fig. 1. Neostylochus fulvopunctatus,
n. gen., n. sp. Drawn from the
living specimen.
on the dorsal than on the ventral
side. The cilia are much more strongly
developed on the dorsal side than on
the ventral surface. Numerous glands,
deeply situated in the body on each
side, open to the exterior in a narrow
Pig zone of the ventral surface along and
Fig. 2. Distribution of eye-spots : ran R i
È AE si: just within the body-margin. The
basement membrane is fairly well
developed. The dermal musculature, situated immediately below it.
consists of the externalmost longitudinal, the middle diagonal and the
innermost circular layers.
Digestive System.—The mouth is situated slightly in front of the
middle of body and at nearly the centre of the pharyngeal pocket
which is of a length somewhat less than one-half that of the body
and is provided with at least 12 diverticula corresponding in a general
way to the folds of pharynx. The rather narrow main gut, longer
than the pharyngeal pocket, gives rise to numerous pairs of lateral
branches with occasional, alternately standing outbulgings, which do
not undergo anastomosis. The gut-epithelium presents no noteworthy
NOTES ON 1WO NEW SPECIES OF JAPANESE POLYCLADS. 593
features, consisting, as it does, of two sorts of cells, glandular and
non-glandular, of which the latter sort is the more numerous.
Male Genital Organs.—Numerous small testes, containing sperma-
tozoa in all stages of development, are situated in the ventral half of
body between gut branches. Probably they are all connected together
by an anastomosing system of testicular ductules, but these could not
be definitely made out. <A pair of vas deferens run along the sides of
pharyngeal pocket, increasing in thickness as they proceed posteriorly.
Not far behind the posterior end of pharynx each vas deferens abrupt-
ly bends inward, finally to open, side by side with its fellow of the
opposite side, into a moderately large seminal vesicle with muscular
wall. The vas deferens shows a definite wall consisting of a thin
epithelium and a feeble layer of circular muscular fibres. The seminal
vesicle rises from below upward, obliquely posteriorly inclined ; at the
same time it gradually narrows and passes above into the slender
ejaculatory duct. This duct, after receiving that from the prostatic
gland on the dorsal side, makes an abrupt, obliquely posteriorly and
downwardly directed bend, soon to enter the base of penis and finally
to open at the tip of this.
The prostatic gland, situated immediately anterior and dorsal to
the seminal vesicle, is of an oblong shape. It is internally lined with
a non-ciliated epithelium of a glandular nature and externally with a
layer of parenchyma including numerous muscular fibres.
The penis is a long and slender tubular body, hanging from above
subvertically in the tubular penis-sheath. The sheath forms a small,
annular, obliquelly upwardly directed outbulging, the antrum, before
opening externally by the male genital pore, which is situated near
the anterior border of the last quarter of body.
Female Genital Organs —The ovaries occur in the dorsal parts
of body. The oviducts are only partially demonstratable. The two
uteri are wide tubes containing numbers of ripe eggs; anteriorly and in
front of the pharyngeal pocket they are continuous with each other
594 MEGUMI YERI AND TOKIO KABURAKI:
across the median line. Behind the pharyngeal folds, the uteri gradual-
ly narrow as they proceed backward; slightly behind the penis, they
unite in the median line to form a short unpaired uterine duct before
joining the thick-walled median vaginal passage on the ventral side.
Fig. 3. Genital end-organs of N. fulvopunctatus in sagittal
section, diagrammatically shown.
av accessory vesicle of vagina, ed ejaculatory duct, ¢
gut, Z penis, Zg prostatic gland, sy seminal vesicle,
uw unpaired uterine duct, v# vagina bulbosa, vd vas
deferens, vf vaginal passage.
The vaginal passage is lined with a ciliated columnar epithelium,
outside which is a thick muscular coating composed of an internal
longitudinal and an external circular layer of fibres. A large number
of ductules from unicellular glands, which produce a secretion similar
in nature to that of the prostatic gland, open into the vaginal passage
through the wall. Posteriorly the passage is continued for a short
distance as the wide duct of the large and sac-like accessory vesicle.
This vesicle has a wall consisting of a thick glandular epithelium and
a fine muscular coating; in the cavity are contained spermatozoa
together with a coagulum of the secretion. In the anterior parts the
vaginal passage makes an abrupt downward bend and passes over
into a space with a thick and somewhat plicated wall. This space
NOTES ON TWO NEW SPECIES OF JAPANESE POLYCLADS, 595
may be designated the vagina bulbosa. It opens to the exterior by
the small female aperture situated close behind the male aperture.
Remarks.—This interesting new genus and species agrees with the
Diplosolenid genus Pseudostylochus, recently instituted by us', in the
general plan of genital end-organs. Nevertheless, it stands widely at
variance from that genus in the presence of marginal eye-spots, not to
speak of other minor points of difference. Taken all in all, it seems,
in our opinion, to be more nearly allied to Stylochus than to any
other known genus, notwithstanding the peculiarities it presents in
organization. Hence we are inclined to place it in the Stylochide_
If we are right in this, the diagnosis of that family, last given by
BOCK*, should be emended to run somewhat as follows:
Fam. Stylochidæ. Craspedommata of oval body-shape, with or
without tentacles. Tentacular and cerebral eyes in distinct clusters |
marginal eyes in a crowded row or rows running around body. Pharyn-
geal chamber much folded in relation to plicated pharynx. Prostatic
gland a free sac-like organ opening into ejaculatory duct. With either
true or accessory seminal vesicle. Penis conical or tubular. With or
without vagina bulbosa ; accessory vesicle to vagina paired, single, or
none.
The following are the chief features which distinguish the new
genus Neostylochus :
Stylochidæ with oval body. Tentacles absent. Marginal eyes
confined to frontal margin. With true seminal vesicle. Prostatic
gland situated dorsal to seminal vesicle. Penis of a slenderly tubular
shape. Accessory vesicle of vagina single, large.
Now, the following seven genera have hitherto stood in the
1) YeERI and KABURAKI, 1918, Bestimmungsschlüssel für die japanischen Polycladen’
Annot. Zool. Jap. Vol. IX. Part 4.--Description of some Japanese Polyclad Turbellaria.
Journal of the College of Science, Imp. Univ., Tokyo. Vol. XXXIX.
2) Bock, SIXTEN. 1913. Studien über Polycladen. Zoologiska Bidrag frau Upsala.
Bd. 2. :
596 MEGUMI YERI AND TOKIÒ KABURAKI:
family: viz, Meixneria BOCK, Cryptophalus BOCK, Parastylochus
Bock, Stylochus EHRBG.. Zdioplana WOODWORTH, Woodworthia LAID-
LAW and Shelfordia STUMMER-TRAUNFELS. The present genus oc-
cupies, we think, a position intermediate between Stylochus and Jdio-
plana. Principal differential points of all the Stylochid genera may be
gleaned from the following key :
I. Without accessory vesicle to vagina.
A:3 With ductus vaginalis; = ers pec ee ad Cryptophallus.
B. Without ductus vaginalis.
a, Maginaivery dong). li Meixneria.
b. Vagina short.
al. Genital aperture closely approximated. With
true (sometimes trilobed) seminal vesicle... Szylochus.
b'. Genital apertures distinctly apart from each
other. With accessory seminal vesicle.. Parastylochus.
II. With accessory vesicle to vagina.
A. Accessory vesicle single.
a. Tentaclesabsent. ‚Penis slenderly tubular... .---
Neostylochus, n. gen.
Idioplana.
sms seen
b. @entacles present Penis coniealeer re ee
B. Accessory vesicle paired.
c. Tentacles present. Prostatic gland short.... Woodworthia.
d. Tentacles absent. Prostatic gland exceedingly pro-
Shelfordia.
Prosthiostomum trilineatum, n. sp.
Textfigures 4 and 5.
This species is based on a single specimen obtained on the coast
of Hatakejima in Prov. Kii in the summer of 1918.
Form and Size—The body in the living state isnearly similar
NOTES ON TWO NEW SPECIES OF JAPANESE POLYCLADS, 597
to that of other species of the genus. The broadly rounded head is
without tentacles of any sort, and passes behind into the trunk, from
which it is distinctly marked off. When fully extended the trunk is
elongate-slender, and is nearly uniformly broad for a great part of its
length, but tapers at the posterior end to a point. The dorsal surface
is slightly raised in the median parts from behind cerebral eyes. The
sucker and the mouth occur as usual in the median line, the former
nearly in the centre of the body and the latter close behind the
brain.
In the creeping state the specimen measured about 20 mm. in
length and about 4 mm. in breadth in the anterior parts.
Fig. 4. Fig. 5.
Fig. 5. Eye-spots, cerebral and marginal,
of Prosth, trilineatum.
Colouration.—The dorsal surface is
Hors generally of a milky white colour, showing
trilineatum, n. sp. in two well-defined, longitudinal, black bands,
LE EEE" running along either side of a median yellow
stripe, beginning from behind cerebral eyes
and extending nearly to the posterior body-end. The head exhibits
a black transverse marking of a broadly arc-like shape, of which
the convex anterior side is edged with an yellow border of a
crescentic shape, while the posterior side is notched in the middle.
598 MEGUMI YERI AND TOKIÖ KABURAKI.
The colourless notch contains cerebral eye-spots. The ventral surface
is as usual of a pale colour.
Eye-spots.—The cerebral eye-spots are densely grouped in two
oval clusters in the area indicated, each cluster comprising 15 eye-
spots. Besides, there exist a sparse number of marginal eye-spots
confined to the frontal margin in front of the yellow border of the
head marking, forming an irregular row one or two deep.
Genital organs were unfortunately yet undeveloped in the indivi-
dual examined.
Remarks.—The present species, referable to the genus Prosthiosto-
mum, differs widely from any other species of the genus in the colour-
ation of body.
On a collection of Japanese and Formosan
Mammals.
By
Nagamichi Kuroda, Azgakushc.
The following is an annotated list of Mammals from Japan and
Formosa now in my collection. Incorporated in it is the description
of a Japanese noctule bat which seems to deserve being made into a
new subspecies (Nyctalus noctula namiyei).
I. Mogera wogura wogura (Temminck).
A female obtained at Haneda between Tokyo and Yokohama,
Nov. 28, 1908. One unsexed and one female specimen collected in
Tokyo, July 29, 1909 and July 27, 1910, respectively.
2. Chimarrogale platycephala (Temminck).
One unsexed specimen purchased in Tokyo; date and exact
locality unknown. Another specimen (sex ?) obtained at Chichibu,
Prov. Musashi, Apr. 14, 1909.
3. Pteropus dasymallus Temminck.
Two male specimens sent me by Mr. S. Uchida; both collected
on a small island, Kita-Daitojima, one of the Loo-choo-group; one of
them dated July 1092, and the other without date. A rufous male
from one of the Loo-choos, purchased. A skull in my collection
measures: total length 63mm., basilar length 57mm., zygomatic
breadth 34.5 mm.
600 NAGAMICHI KURODA:
4. Pteropus pselaphon Lay.
One female specimen from one of the Bonin Islands, Feb. 1906.
5. Rhinolophus cornutus cornutus Temminck.
One female from Prov. Shimotsuke, Sept. 1906. Another female
collected by me in a cave at Hanedo in Kanatakemura, Prov. Chikuzen,
Aug. 29, 1918; it measures as follows: head and body 38mm., tail
25 mm., ear 16 mm., forearm 35 mm., thumb 6.5 mm., third finger 56 mm.,
fourth finger 47 mm., fifth finger 46mm., tibia 15mm., foot and claw
9.5mm., foot 8.5mm. Skull: total length 14 mm., basilar length 10.5
mm., zygomatic breadth 8 mm.
6. Rhinolophus ferrum-equinum nippon Temminck.
Two adult males collected by me in the same cave at Hanedo,
Chikuzen, Aug. 29, 1918, The measurements are as. follows:
No,
Foot and claw
Total length of
of skull
Basilar length of
skull
>
8 De
A do 20
£ = =
T =| 4 (de a
= è 8 Le) =
=] Pa +
[roi © i iI
3 By cS 8
2 = LE
=
Zygomatic breadth
——— ||| | | qj] _—|]| qq q—|—_—_]|—_—|\——\—
. è mm. mm. mm. mm. mm.
165 164.5 135.5 [27 [55 [Io |86 [69.5 [69.5
166 63 135.5 126.5 58 |10 [92.5 75 173
The species is said to be common in Prov. Chikuzen and Prov.
Buzen.
7. Plecotus auritus sacrimontis G. M. Allen.
P. sacrimontis Allen, Bull. Comp. Zool. Vol. LII, No. 3, 1908, pp. 50-51.
One female specimen, obtained at Nikkö, Aug. 1914, sent me by
Viscount Nagaatsu Kuroda. This is rare in Hondo, having hitherto
been taken only at Nikkö and Subashiri. It is also found in Hokkaidö
as well as in the Kuriles.
ON A COLLECTION OF JAPANESE AND FORMOSAN MAMMALS, 601
8. Nyctalus aviator Thomas.
Three specimens: one of which is a female captured in Tokyo,
Sept. 1906; the second a female (?) obtained in Hondö and without
date; the third a male obtained along R. Tamagawa in the neighbour-
hood of Tokyo, Nov. 5, 1911.
9. Nyetalus noctula namiyei, subsp. nov.
Vespertilio uoctula (nec Schreber), Temm., Faun. Jap. Mamm., p. 15 (1842);
Vesperugo noctula (nec Schreb.), Dobson, Monogr. Chiropt. Ind. Mus., p. 88 (1876);
Namiye, “ Dobutsugaku Zasshi” (Tokyo Zoological Magazine), Vol. I, p. 256 (1889);
Nyctalus noctula (nec Schreb.), Aoki, Annot. Zool, Japon., Vol. VIII. p. 282 (1913).
5 ad. (type of the subspecies). Similar to N. nmoctula noctula
(Schreber), but easily distinguishable from it by much shorter tail, fore-
arm and third finger. Length of head and body also distinctly shorter.
General colour of upper and lower parts much darker than in the
typical form, being nearly uniformly dark chocolate-brown instead of
dark yellowish-brown ; head and hind neck somewhat paler brown. Fur
of upper back and of lower parts tipped with buffy ; chin and upper
throat as well as sides of lower abdomen brownish buff.
The type specimen (No. 168) was collected by me Aug. 3, 1918,
on a sea rock called Otsukuejima, on the coast of Prov. Chikuzen.
Measurements of six adult females, nine young males and seven
young females as follows :
.
.
NAGAMICHI KURODA
602
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ON A COLLECTION OF JAPANESE AND FORMOSAN MAMMALS, 603
Nos. 174-189 are young examples in various stages of growth.
I have not been able to obtain adult male of the subspecies at
the same locality as the type specimen, but the late Mr. Namiye (/.c.)
has examined and recorded two adult males of evidently the same
form, collected at Chichibu, Prov. Musashi. He has given comparative
measurements of those specimens with the same number of European
examples as follows:
rg
RIS
= || à
2818 Locality
Oo
©
fu
Chichibu,
Musashi,
0 3
B
”
Marseilles,
France
Mr. Namiye pointed out that, whereas the typical Myctalus
noctula from France is not much smaller than the Japanese large
noctule bat, Nyctalus aviator Thos., the Japanese form of that species
is decidedly so.
According to Dobson (/c.) the male of typical (European) N.
noctula should measure as follows: Head and body 3 inches (76.5
mm.), tail 2 inches (51 mm.), head 0.9 inch (23 mm.), ear 0.75 in.
(19.5 mm), tragus 0.25 in. (6.5 mm.), forearm 2 in. (51 mm.), thumb
0.3 in. (7.5 mm.), 2nd finger 3.7 in. (94 mm.), 4th finger 2.1 in. (53 mm.),
tibia 0.75 in. (19.5 mm.), foot and claw 0.45 in. (11.5 mm.).
In some adult female specimens of the Japanese form the fur of
the dorsal and ventral parts of body is of an almost uniformly choco-
late-brown colour, while in others the hairs are tipped with brownish
buff. In immature specimens the fur is otter-brown or even blackish,
without a tinge of a chocolate colour, the hairs in the posterior half
of the dorsal and all ventral parts of body being distinctly tipped
604 NAGAMICHI KURODA:
with whitish buff. Very young examples show the fur of the dorsal
side hoary greyish ashy and that of the ventral parts much paler and
whitish ashy.
Distribution. According to Mr. Namiye (/c.), the form under
consideration is probably a rarer bat than N. aviator. I have found
it common on and around the sea-rocks (Tsukuejima, Hashirajima and
Kurose) near Genkaijima, at the entrance to Hakata Bay in Prov.
Chikuzen. It is said that the bat is also not uncommon in Keyano-
oto, a large basaltic rock cave on the coast of the same province.
10. Pipistrellus abramus (Temminck).
One female specimen purchased in Tokyo. Another male taken
at Akasaka in the same city, Nov. 17, 1915. Two females with 6
youngs collected by me at Haneda near Tokyo, July 15, 1915.
11. Manis pentadactyla Linnaeus.
A young specimen obtained at Horisha, Formosa.
12. Lepus brachyurus brachyurus Temminck.
Several specimens from Tokyo and from Prov. Sagami and Suruga.
13. Lepus brachyurus etigo Abe.
Abe, “ Dôbutsugaku Zasshi” (Zool. Mag., Tokyo), Vol. XXX, p. 252, p. 330
(1918), Lepus timidus timidus (nec L.), Aoki, Annot. Zool. Jap., Voi. VIII. p. 290
(1913).
One male in winter pelage sent me by Mr. M. Yamayoshi;
obtained near Yonezawa, Prov. Uzen, March 1908. One female in
winter pelage sent me by Mr. M. Midzuno; captured near Kanazawa,
Prov. Kaga, Jan. 1918. Furthur, one male in winter pelage from near
Aikawa, Island of Sado, Feb. 1918; another male in winter pelage
from Hanatatemura, Prov. Ugo, obtained early in March 1918.
ON A COLLECTION OF JAPANESE AND FORMOSAN MAMMALS, 605
Measurements of three specimens :
» |$ TNT Cr
È 8 | bey | Ba ES | Sa ss,
Ball = = of | 29 |tedl a3 lee 8 ;
= 38 ‘3 S a ss | |S S| Sa (SE. x
ee cS A y [LA | eo 1605) da 8.5 Locality 2
NT “i sr cu | oe (SY) Ee |S Su
FA FE 3 ° no È pe "dr 3 a
= e = 5
pee |e le le El ae SIE Re a: Near Kanazawa
139 | 500 | 25 | 74 |1465|93 | 74-5.) 47 | 40.5 | 15.5 Ka 2e
ga
140 | 537 |295 | — |131. | 88 71 45 38.5 |15.5 Sado &
141 | 485 — [97 155 87 70.5 | 44 36.5 |14.5 | Hanatate, Ugo | &
14. Lepus timidus ainu Barrett-Hamilton.
One female in winter pelage collected by Mr. H. Orii at Uinai
near Tomakomai in Hokkaido, Jan. 8, 1917. Head and body 535 mm.,
length of tail vertebrae 75 mm., hind-foot 155 mm., ear 79 mm.
Skull: total length 99 mm., basilar length 81.5 mm., zygomatic breadth
51.5 mm., length of nasals 42 mm., length of upper molar series 17 mm.
15. Sciurus vulgaris orientis Thomas.
One male and one female in winter pelage obtained by Mr. H.
Orii at Uinai near Tomakomai, Jan. 4, 1917.
16. Sciurus lis Temminck.
Hondo (exact locality unknown): 1 in summer pelage and I
(sex ?) in winter pelage. Foot of Mt. Fuji: 13 in wint. pel., Dec. 29,
1909. Urushiyama, Prov. Hida: 13 in wint. pel, Jan. 30, 1911.
Near Yomozu, Prov. Kai: ı in summ. pel., Dec. 3, 1915. Omiya
in Chichibu, Prov. Musashi: 27s in wint. pel. and 1% in wint. pel.,
Jan. 1916. Nikko: 1 ? in wint. pel., early in Dec. 1917.
17. Sciurus thaiwanensis centralis Bonhote.
One specimen (sex ?) purchased in Formosa ; obtained near Horisha,
Nanto Distr., date unknown.
606 NAGAMICHI KURODA:
18. Dremomys owstoni (Thomas).
One female collected by me at an altitude of 7050 ft. above sea-
level, on Mt. Arisan in Formosa, May 13, 1916. The species does
not occur at lower altitudes.
19. Eutamias asiatiens lineatus (Siebold).
One female obtained by Mr. N. Teraoka, at Yübetsu, Hokkaidö,
Ang. 4, 1913. Head and body 124 mm., tail 114 mm., hind foot 38
mm., ear 16 mm. Skull: total length 39.5 mm., basilar length 30.5
mm., zygomatic breadth 21.5 mm.
20. Tamiops macclellandi formosanus (Bonhote).
One specimen (sex?) purchased in Formosa; locality Horisha ;
date unknown. A male collected by me on Mt. Arisan, at an altitude
of 7050 ft. above sea-level, May 13, 1916. Two specimens (sex ?)
colleted by Mr. Y. Kikuchi at the same locality, Sept. 1918.
21. Petaurista leucogenys leucogenys (Temminck).
One specimen (sex?) obtained at Yamanomura, Isagori, Prov.
Satsuma, March 1908; sent me by Mr. H. Sakai.
22. Petaurista leucogenys nikkonis Thomas.
One female captured in Nikko, Dec. 21, 1917, was sent me by
Mr. S. Yamana. Another female obtained by the same collector at the
same locality, May 15, 1918. Both these examples are much paler
than the typical form.
23. Petaurista lena Thomas.
One specimen (sex?) obtained near Horisha, at an altitude of
about 6000 ft. above sea-level, in the spring of 1917. This fine species
ON A COLLECTION OF JAPANESE AND FORMOSAN MAMMALS, 607
is undoubtedly rare in Formosa. It does not occur in localities lower
than the above.
24. Petaurista nitidus (Desmarest).
One male specimen purchased in Formosa; obtained near Horisha ;
date unknown. The species is more common than the preceding in
the district of Ho isha.
25. Sciuropterus momonga amygdali Thomas.
: Two males collected by me at Shimoshiobara, Prov. Shimotsuke,
Aug. 19, 1917.
26. Glirulus japonicus (Schinz).
One female obtained by Mr. S. Vamana at Nikkö, Dec. 11, 1917.
Head and body 67.5 mm., tail 52.5 mm., hind foot 15 mm., ear 6 mm.
Skull: total length 23.5 mm., basilar length 18 mm., zygomatic breadth
14.5 mm.
The species has been reported from various parts of Hondo and
Shikoku, but not from Hokkaido; nor from Kiusiu, though probably
not absent there.
27. Microtus montebelli (Milne-Edwards).
A specimen collected at Asamushi, near Aomori, Prov. Mutsu,
Aug. 11, 1915. Thirty specimens collected by Mr. T. Nibe at Hana-
tate, Prov. Ugo, Nov. 5—29, 1915. A male specimen from Togane,
Prov. Kazusa, Dec. 1, 1918.
28. Evotomys amurensis mikado Thomas.
One male specimen collected by Mr. H. Orii near Tomakomai
in Hokkaido, Nov. 23, 1916.
608 NAGAMICHI KURODA:
29. Apodemus geisha hokkaidi (Thomas).
Two males (Nov. 8 & 19, 1916) and two females (Nov. 20, 1916)
obtained by Mr. H. Orii near Tomakomai in Hokkaido. Length of
ear in these specimens, as measured by Mr. Orii, from 12 mm. to 12.5
mm. Mr. Aoki united the Hokkaidö form with the typical Hondo
form, but in my opinion, Thomas is quite right in distinguishing the
two subspecifically.
30. Apodemus speciosus speciosus (Temm. & Schl.).
One female specimen from Tögane, Prov. Kazusa, Nov. 27, 1918.
31. Apodemus speciosus aine (Thomas).
Three males (Dec. 5, 1916) and two females (Nov. 21 & 28, 1916)
collected by Mr. H. Orii at the same locality with A. geisha hokkaidi-
32. Rattus rattus rattus (Linnæus).
Two males and one female obtained in Tokyo, May 8, 1908.
According to Mr. Namiye, the rat is restricted in its distribution to
the neighbourhood of Tokyo.
33. Rattus rattus alexandrinus (Geoffroy).
Several specimens obtained in Tokyo and at Haneda.
34. Rattus norvegicus (Erxleben).
Six specimens captured at Haneda. Mr. T. Nibe sent me nine
young specimens of this rat from Hanatate, Prov. Ugo; Nov. 11-—Ig,
1915.
35. Mus molossinus Temminck.
Two adults and two very young specimens sent me by Mr. T.
ON A COLLECTION OF JAPANESE AND FORMOSAN MAMMALS. 609
Nibe from Hanatate, Prov. Ugo; Oct. 7, 1915. One male sent me
by Mr. H. Orii; obtained near Tomakomai in Hokkaidd, Dec. 20.
1916. This is probably the first record of this mouse from Hokkaido,
36. Nesokia nemorivaga (Hodgson).
One specimen purchased in Formosa; from Horisha ; date un-
known.
37. Felis bengalensis Kerr.
One adult specimen purchased in Formosa. It was killed near
Horisha in 1917.
38. Felis viverrina Bennett.
One young specimen from Horisha in Formosa. It was obtained
in the spring of 1917.
39. Paradoxurus larvatus (Temminck).
1
One specimen (sex?) obtained near Horisha, Formosa, Oct. 27,
1917 ; sent me by Mr. Y. Kikuchi.
40. Mungs urva (Hodgson).
Two specimens obtained near Horisha, spring (?) of 1917 and Nov.
4, 1918 (purchased). Skull of one of the above measures as follows:
total length 77 mm., basilar length 72 mm., zygomatic breadth 45 mm.
41. Nyctereutes procyonoides (Gray).
One female from the island of Sado, Feb. 16, 1917; purchased.
The colour of fur in this specimen is predominantly rufous brown, with
little blackish parts. Head and body 515 mm., tail 130 mm., hind
610 NAGAMICHI KURODA:
foot 102 mm., ear 46 mm. Skull: total length 111 mm., basilar length
104.5 mm., zygomatic breadth 61 mm.
42. Mustela erminea kanei (Baird).
One stuffed specimen in winter pelage from the island of Para-
mushir, Kurile Islands, Jan. 1918; purchased. Length of tail without
hairs 58 mm., tail with apical hairs 100 mm., hind foot 33.5 mm., ear
15 mm., black apical hairs of tail about one-half as long as tail with
the apical hairs; tail without black apical hairs about half an inch
longer than posteriorly outstretched hind foot. The specimen is un-
doubtedly M. kanez, the type of which was obtained in one of the
islands of the Strait of Bering Sea; it differs distinctly from Cabrera’s
M. nippon (Bol. Soc. Espan., Tomo XIII, pag. 391, 1913) from
Prov. Shinano. It seems probable that M. kanet of the northern
islands is replaced in Hondo by the smaller and shorter-tailed 47
nippon.
43. Mustela nivalis Linnæus, subsp.
One skin in winter pelage sent me by Mr. S. Uchida. It was
obtained near Sapporo, Dec. 20, 1899. Head and body 200 mm, tail
25 mm., hind foot 24 mm., ear 11 mm. long. The specimen probably
represents Mustela gale of Pallas.
44. Mustela (Lutreola) itatsi Temminck.
Several specimens from Prov. Musashi. One adult male in winter
pelage from the Island of Sado; Feb. 24, 1917.
45. Mustela (Lutreola) taivana Thomas.
Thos., Ann, Mag. Nat. Hist, ser. 8, 12, p. 91 (1913).
Mr. Y. Kikuchi has recently sent me a specimen of this rare
ON A COLLECTION OF JAPANESE AND FORMOSAN MAMMALS. 611
Formosan mink. It was obtained at Suizan on Mt. Arisan, at an
altitude of 9000 ft. above sea-level, Sept. 1918. The measurements
taken from the skin are as follows: Head and body 300 mm, tail
193 mm., hind foot 52.5 mm., ear 16(?) mm. Skull: total length 65
mm., basilar length 56.5 mm., zygomatic breadth 35 mm. This appears
to be the second specimen ever obtained of the species, the first
being that obtained by Mr. Goodfellow and described by Thomas
(Ze):
46. Martes flavigula xanthospila Swinhoe.
Five specimens from Horisha, Formosa ; one of them obtained in
the spring of 1917, and the others on Nov. 13 and Dec. 12, 19, 1918.
Four skulls measured as below :—
Total length Basilar length Zygomatic breadth
47. Cervus (Rusa) unicolor swinhoei (Sclater).
A pair of antlers sent me by Mr. Takabe from Formosa.
48. Cervus (Sika) taiouanus Blyth.
A head with antlers purchased at Taihoku, Formosa.
49. Muntiacus reevesi micrurus (Sclater).
A pair of horns from Musha, Nanto Distr. in Formosa; purchased.
so. Nemorhedus sumatrensis (Shaw).
A skin sent me by Mr. Y. Kikuchi from Formosa. Several horns
purchased at Musha, Nanto Distr.
ve
BEN,
ai in ee A
oy Veet WA Lau COUV BEL,
Savi: ©,
“e | rali tas Mine taal
Din AU :
Notes on Some Species of Aedepora and Adeonella
occurring in Japan, with Descriptions of One
New Variety and Five New Species.
By
Yaichirò Okada,
Zoological Institute, Sci. Coll., Tokyo Imp. Univ.
With PI. VII. and 7 textfigures.
In his paper entitled “Die Japanische Bryozoenfauna ” (Arch. f.
Naturgesch. Jahrg. 56. Bd. 1. 1890) Ortmann has given thirteen species
of Retepora and three of Adeonella.
The list is as follows :
Genus Retepora Imperato. (Reteporidae).
. anatina Ortm. (p. 33). Sagami Sea. 150-200 fms.
. sanguinea Ortm. (p. 34). Ditto, depth ?
. tenella Ortm. (p. 34). Ditto, 200 fms.
R
R
R
* R. tumescens Ortm. (p. 34). Ditto, 200-230 fms.
R. bimunita Ortm. (p. 34). Ditto, 40 fms.
R. semispinosa Ortm. (p. 35). Ditto, 40 fms.
R. victoriensis var. japonica Busk. (Busk, Chall. Rep., p. 118).
be Gulf, 8-50 fms., Ortm. (p. 35). Sagami Sea, 200
fms.
8.* R. punctiligera Ortm. (p. 35). Sagami Sea, 40-130 fms.
9. R. cornuta Ortm. (p. 35). Ditto, 40-150 fms.
10* R. axillaris Ortm. (p. 36). Ditto, 40 fms.
614 YAICHIRÖ OKADA:
11. À. peripherica (Ortm.)= Reteporella peripherica Ortm. (p. 36).
Ditto, 100 fms. , Maizuru Gulf, 35-40 fms.
12* R. dendroides (Game Reteporella dendroides Ortm. © 36).
Sagami Sea, 200 fms.
13.x A. minor (Ortm.)=Reteporella minor Ortm. (p. 37). Ditto,
100-200 fms.
Genus Adeonella Busk. (Adeonidæ).
1. A. tuberculata Busk. Sagami Sea, 100 fms. and Maizuru
Gulf, 35-40 fms. (Ortm., p. 53).
2.* A. japonica Ortm. (p. 54). Sagami Sea, 100-200 fms.
4. A. sparassis Ortm. (p. 54). Ditto, depth ?
Now, in the Xefepora and Adeonella materials studied by me and
which are contained in the collection of the Zoological Institute, Science
College, I have found the six species marked with asterisk in the
above list, besides the following nine forms which are to be added as
new to the Japanese Bryozoan fauna :
t
I. Retepora pacifica japonica, n. subsp.
R. misakiensis, n. sp.
R. watanabei, n. sp.
R. monilifera umbonata MacGillivray.
R. tessellata Hincks.
R. phenicea Busk.
R. (Reteporella) kinoshitai, n. sp.
8. À. (Reteporella) crenulata, n. sp.
9. Adeonella hexangularis, n. Sp.
In fact, there are contained in the Zoological Institute collection
thirteen species of Retepora and two of Adeonella, as reported on in
the following pages.
NOTES ON SOME SPECIES Of RETEPJRA AND ADEONELLA 615
Reteporidae.
Genus Retepora Imperato.
1. Retepora pacifica japonica, n. subsp.
Pl. VIIL, figs. 2-3.
Numerous colonies from the shallow water near the Misaki Marine
Laboratory and from the deeper parts of Sagami Sea (Yodomi 60 fms.;
Onigasé, 120-160 fms.) are specifically identifiable with Robertson’s
Retepora pacifica', but, may at the same time be. nade to represent a
new variety or subspecies, which will here be called by the name of
japonica. ;
The Sagami Sea specimens seem to agree with typical À. pacifica
of the west coast of N. America in all essential points of habitus and
structure, except in this important respect that not all the reticulating
zoarial trabeculae consist of biserially arranged zooecia as they seem
to do in the latter, but some of them occurring in irregular distribu-
tion, are simple connectives canallated in the interior and showing no
sign of zooecial structure. Trabeculae of this barren nature are on
the whole thinner than those made up of zooecia ; moreover, they start
from, or join with, the latter at an angle considerably. wider than
that formed by these at the bifurcation point. So that, the barren
trabeculae can usually be readily distinguished from others of ordinary
structural composition. Further, the fenestrae in the Sagami Sea. form
are of a rather indefinite—though generally clongate—shape and .of
very varying dimensions, frequently reaching a length about four times
as long as wide; while in the typical form they should be oval and
only about twice as long as wide.
In the present form of the species I have observed that the open-
1) A. Robertson 1908, The incrusting chilostomatous Bryozoa of the west coast of N.
America. Univ. of Cal. publications in Zool., Vol. IV, No. 5. p. 310; 'pl. 24, figs. 81-84.
616 YAICHIRÒ OKADA:
ing of ovicells, as seen in ventral view, is broad and nearly
semicircular in shape, but, as the ovicells approach maturity, becomes
greatly narrowed owing to the downward growth of its arched upper
margin, which at the same time develops a weak peak in the middle,
somewhat as in A. elongata Smitt or A. tessellata var. coespitosa
Busk.
A variation of certain constancy seems to exist in relation to the
depth of localities, with respect to the numbers of dorsal avicularia
and of barren trabeculæ present on the colonies. Both the structures
are much more numerously found on the specimens from Yodomi and
Onigasé than on those from the littoral of Misaki. While in the
latter the dorsal avicularia occur in a very limited number, in the
former they are profusely present, occurring, as they do, one to each
and every surface area surrounded by slightly raised vibices.
2. Retepora misakiensis, n. sp.
Pl, VIE, fig, Po texthig.a:
Zoarium erect, consisting of a number of wavy or flexuose and
irregularly infundibuliform growths arising from an incrusting disk;
often with a short peduncle. Fenestrae irregular in size and shape,
measuring 1.9x0.8 mm.—2.6x0.5 mm. large, usually three to four
times as long as wide, mostly rhomboidal, not infrequently very narrow ;
trabeculae 0.8 mm. wide on an average, nearly as broad as the width
of fenestrae. Zooecium oblong or irregularly rhomboidal, arranged
biserially in alternate arrangement, closely connate with one another
by lateral walls, and with smooth or nodulous ventral surface which
is freqecntly perforated by two or three, small, circular pores.
Zooecial aperture semicircular, with thin margin and with oral fissure
at the middle of the lower margin. In the younger zooecia (textfig. 1 4),
the ventral zooecial wall slightly flares out at the rim of the aperture
and is thrown into some longitudinal folds, in the adjoining part. Oper-
NOTES ON SOME SPECIES OF RETEPORA AND ADEONELLA 617
culum (c) semicircular, thin, transparent, and with narrow marginal
sclerite which bears on each side of its proximal end a small vertical
Fig. 1. flange for the attachment of the
tendon of the retractor muscle.
There occur two well-developed
oral glands, opening on the distal
margin of tentacular sheath.
Avicularia (e) of a moderate size,
not present on all and every
zooecium, usually placed below
zooccial aperture; provided with
. an elongate subrectangular man-
cible, pointed and bifid at end
# and with a small circular lucida
in the centre, directed upwards or
obliquely so. Avicularian gland
consisting of two dissimilarly
Fig. 1. Retepora misakiensis, n. sp. shaped vesicles, one elongate and
a. A Ls zooecia, two of which are provi- gently constricted in the middle
ded with zooecia, x40. :
b. Young zooecia, with longitudinal folds and the other subglobular and
on frontal wall. x 4o.
c. Operculum. x 150.
Mandible of dorsal avicularium x150. Eoth the vesicles unite after a
e. Mandible of frontal avicularium with
bifid end. x 150,
somewhat larger. The ducts of
short course into one which opens
externa!ly at a point near the lower
margin of the mandible. Ooecia (a) ovoid, broadly rounded above,
smooth on surface, the wall with a narrow oblong fissure in the centre,
the lower margin prolonged below into a kind of lamina, extending
some way into the zooecial aperture, provided with two sinuses at the
inferior margin. Dorsal surface nodulous, divided by vibices into
numerous, irregularly shaped areas, some of which bear a raised avicu-
larium (4) with triangular hooked mandible of nearly the same size as
that of ventral avicularium.
618 YAICHIRÖ OKADA:
This new species is found in abundance in the shallow water of
Aburatsubo near Misaki and of Hamajima in the Miye prefecture,
growing on rocks and ‘seaweeds. In the live state, the colour is a
beautiful light orange, but fades away into a milky white when pre-
served in spirit. The species ‘bars neither fenestral «nor reteporidan
avicularia, a negative fact which seems to constitute a. peculiarity , ‚of this
species in contrast to all others of the genus. “is
Ve
3. Retepora watanabei, n. sp. bt
»PlVBL-fe. dti 2.//
Zoarium forming a convoluted mass and growing from an incrust-
ing disk or from a short peduncle; frequently sending; out from the
dorsal surface some calcareous rostlets which reach to the, substratum.
LASER
ua À
u È
Fenestrae ncarly uniform in size Fig. 2:
and shape, being oval or ellipti- iS
cal, 2.2x0.6—-2.9x0.8 mm. large
and about three times as long as
wide or longer. Trabeculae re-
latively strong, measuring 0.6—
0.8 mm. broad. Zooecia (textfig.
2, 6) small, elongate, lozenge-
shaped, arranged in alternate
series, with distinctly raised distal
and proximal margins, the ventral
wall perforated by three or four Fig. 2. Retepora watanabei, n. sp.
a. A few zooecia, two of which are seen
distributon. Zooecial aperture provided’ with ooecia. x 30.
x Fu Fi b. Zooecia with frontal avicularia. x 30.
small, suborbicular though inferior- © Operculum. x 200.
ly somewhat narrowed ; operculum d. Mandible of frontal avicularium with
two retractor muscles. : x200.
relatively small pores in irregular
(c) nearly orbicular with the lower
margin distinctly arched in the middle parts, with submarginal sclerite
hich shows a slight incurving on both its lateral limbs somewhat in
NOTES ON SOME SPECIES OF RETEPORA AND ADEONELLA 619
front of the middle. Avicularia (4) conspicuously large, present on
most zooecia nearly in the centre; their mandible triangular, slightly
curved, hooked at end, with oblong lucida in the centre and with the
attachment for the two tendons of occlusor muscles rather high up near
the distal end. Mature ooecium (a) moderately small, subspherical,
smooth-surfaced, with a small peak in the middle of lower margin ;
immature ooecium with much larger opening and without peak in the
lower margin. Dorsal surface nodulous, perforated only in the parts
close around fenestrae, with irregularly developed vibices. In some of
the areas surrounded by the vibices there is an occurrence of the same
kind of avicularia as that of the ventral surface.
This new species is represented in the collection, by a dried
specimen from Ösaka and numerous colonies in alcohol from Tomo
Gulf in Prov. Bungo. The Ösaka specimen is a large convoluted and
non-pedunculate zoarium 7 cm. broad and 3.5 cm. high. The Tomo
specimens are much smaller and pedunculated.
The species greatly resembles Xefepora pacifica Robertson in
many respects, but differs from it in the total absence of oral spines
and in the dorsal avicularia being immersed.
4. Retepora monilifera umbonata MacGillivray.
R. monilifera var. umbonata MacGillivray 1865, p. 8.—McCoy 1885, p. 23; pl.
37, figs. 1-3.— Waters 1889, p. 20.
R. hirsuta Busk 1884, p. 119; pl. 26, fig. 4.
Numerous small colonies and fragments in the collection may be
identified with the above form. The localities are: off Niijima (depth
unknown); Yodomi (54-62 fms.); Onigasé (117-156 fms.). In the
specimens from these localities, the oral spines are limited in occurrence
to marginal zooecia of the distal parts of stock.
5. Retepora tessellata Hincks.
Retepora tessellata, Hincks 1878, p. 35; pl. 19, figs. 9-12.—Busk 1884, p, 112.—
McCoy 1885, p. 29; pl. 99, figs. 4-8.
Of this species there are in the collection a few well preserved
620 YAICHIRÖ OKADA :
colonies and numerous fragments from Yodomi and a depth of 62-78
fms., as well as from Onigasé and a depth of 117-156 fms. In the
habitus of zoarium and in the shape of fenestrae, the specimens differ
somewhat from those previously described by authors from other
localities. The zoarium is of a simply lamellar or foliaceous shape,
not convoluted as in the Australian specimens described by Mac-
Gillivray. Some Onigasé specimens possess strongly developed rooting-
processes arising from the dorsal surface of the proximal parts of
zoarium. The fenestrae in all the Sagami Sea specimens examined
are 2.6X1.0—2.8X 1.8 mm. large. They are distinctly wider than
the trabeculae are broad (0.4-0.7 mm.). In comparison with previously
described specimens of the species, those now before me seem to have
much larger fenestrae and stronger trabeculae.
6. Retepora punctiligera Ortmann.
Retepora punctiligera Ortmann 1890, p. 35, pl. 2, fig. 24.
This species is represented in the collection by numerous fragments
from Onigasé (160-200 fms.) and a small complete zoarium from
Yodomi (60-80 fms.). The majority of Onigasé specimens have oblong
and narrow fenestrae usually measuring about 2.4-4.0 mm. long and
1.0-1.8 mm. wide, with trabeculae of 0.5-0.6 mm. breadth; whereas
the specimen from Yodomi has nearly circular fenestrae of 0.6-1.9 mm.
length and 0.5-0.9 mm. width, and trabeculae of 0.4-0.6 mm. width.
In spite of these differences between specimens from the two
localities, there exists a perfect agreement in all the important charac-
fters of zooecia. Ln fact, the size and shape of fenestrae seem to be of
not much specific importance. Labial fissure or pore is distinctly
present, especially so in the Yodomi specimen. Small oral glands of
a subglobular shape always occur near, and dorsal to, the distal end
of the tentacle sheath.
The compensation sac is large and distinct, with moderately thick
wall; it is of an oval outline, narrowed neck-like close to the opening.
NOTES ON SOME SPECIES OF RETEPORA AND ADEONELLA 621
7. Retepora tumescens Ortmann.
Retepora tumescens Ortmann 1890, p. 34, pl. II, fig. 20.
Numerous large specimens in the collection may be referred to
the above species. The localities are: Mochiyama (depth unknown);
Onigasé (117-312 fms.); Okinosé (depth unknown). The Mochiyama
specimens have large frontal avicularium prominently raised and pro-
vided with subtriangular mandible, exactly as in the type specimens
described by Ortmann from Sagami Sea, while in the Onigasé speci-
mens the same are raised to a less degree and have somewhat smaller
and more narrowly triangular mandible.
8. Retepora phenicea Busk.
Retepora phenicea Busk 1854, p. 94, pl. cxxi, figs. 1-2.—Hincks 1877, p. 362.
—Busk 1884, p. 124, textfig. 34—McCoy 1885, p. 27, pl. xcviii, figs. 1-5; pl. xciv,
fig. 13.—Waters 1887, p. 197, pl. vi, figs. 15 and 20.
The present species is represented in the collection by two small
but complete colonies. Both are from Yodomi and a depth of 80-100
fms. The species closely resembles Retepora sanguinea Ortmann in
many respects, but differs from it in the shape and situation of frontal
avicularia.
9. Retepora axillaris Ortmann.
Pl. VIIL, fig. 4; textfig. 3.
Retepora axillaris Ortmann 1890, p. 36, pl. ii, fig. 25.
Several large colonies in the collection may de identified with this
species. The localities are: Yodomi (63-312 fms.); Homba (234
fms.) ; Onigasé (117-156 fms.); a coral reef in the Loochoos (Okinawa
group).
The colour of the Sagami Sea specimens is always a dark purple
in the living state; it changes into a lighter purple when dried, and
fades away more or less in the spirit.
622 YAICHIRÒ OKADA:
The Okinawa specimen is peculiar in that it is of a violet colour
and is in shape infundibuliform, passing below into a short peduncle,
and in the zooecial aperture being provided with a thin and entire
(not dentate) peristome.
The Sagami Sea specimen, on which Ortmann based the species,
was without ooecia. In all the specimens now before me the ooecia
are present in abundance. The ooecial aperture in ventral view is
commonly of the configuration shown in (textfig. 3 4), there existing
on the lower ooecial margin a Wan 8.
pair of well developed peaks
which divide the upper parts
of the aperture into three '
broad recesses, a median and /
two lateral. Not infrequently
i Fig. 3. The ovicell of Retefora axillaris
may de entirely cut off from Ortmann showing the various state of its
aperture.
one meets with interesting.
variations in the development
and arrangement of the ooecial
aperture. The median recess
the main aperture, apparently
by fusion of the two peaks into one, and may then appear as a small
and isolated perforation of a slit-like, obovate or circular form
(c-g). The longitudinal line of fusion of the peaks may or may not
be indicated by a ridge-like thickening of the test, which thickening
is continuous with the thickened lip of the isolated perforation. At
other times, the median recess presents a spatulate form, connected
with the remaining portion of the aperture by a narrow stalk-like
part (/). Conjointly with the above variation, the lateral recesses
may be developed assymmetrically in regard to their relative size in
a pair (e) or in that they occur unilaterally in a single number
(d-c). The simplest cases sometimes observed of ooecial apertures
were those in which these, in ventral view, were of, a simple
NOTES ON SOME SPECIES OF RETEPORA AND ADEONELLA 623
oval shape (2), without the development of the peaks nor of lateral
recesses.
10. Retepora dendroides (Ortmann).
Retepora dendroides Ortmann 1890, p. 36, pl. II, figs. 27 a and 27 b.
A large colony of this species obtained at a spot off Odawara
(120 fms.) is in the collection.
Of the ventral avicularia, there are two kinds: the large with
triangular pointed mandible and the small with semicircular mandible,
the margin of which is recurved and serrated at edge. An avicularium
belonging to either of the two kinds may be situated just below
zooecial aperture, and a second avicularium of the other kind close to
the lower zooecial end; or it may sometimes be that both the avicu-
laria are of the larger kind. Marginal zooecia are mostly provided with
vicarious avicularium which has large triangular mandible pointed and
curved at end. The avicularian gland is always better developed in
avicularia of the smaller size than in those of a large size. In certain
zooecium one or two masses of spermatozoa occur on each side of the
polypide. The spermatozoa, distinctly visible through decalcified
zooecial wall, are relatively large and rod-like and stain deeply with
borax carmine.
II. Retepora minor (Ortmann).
Retepora minor Ortmann 1890, p. 37, pl. II., fig. 28.
Two small colonies of this species exist in the collection, both
obtained at Yodomi and from a depth of 64-78 fms. In those
specimens, most zooecia have one or two small roundish avicularia
with minutely crenated semicircular mandible as described by Ort-
mann; more rarely they bear an elongate subelliptical avicularium of
a larger size placed below the zooecial aperture, close to and on one
side of the labial fissure, instead of the small avicularium mentioned
before. Vicarious avicularia are larger than any frontal avicularia and
624 YAICHIRÔ OKADA : ‘
are provided with an elongate subtriangular mandible pointed and
curved at the extremity. All avicularia of the species have.a small
and inconspicuous avicularian gland of a globular shape and are
furnished with two retractor muscles attached to the lower margin of
mandible.
12. Retepora kinoshitai, n. sp.
PI, VIIL, fis, 25 textfs, 2:
Zoarium erect, sometimes slightly decumbent, spreading in a plane
from a common peduncle which expands below into a non-celliferous
base for attachment. Branches numerous, dichotomous, dorsoventrally
flattened, broadest in basal parts, non-reticulating, conically rounded
at the free end. Zooecia rhomboidal, alternately disposed ; the ventral
surface irregularly nodulous, sparsely perforated by pores. Zooecial
Fig. 4. aperture small, nearly semi-
circular, the curved lower
margin with a distinct labial
fissure. In the younger zooecia
(textfig. 4 a.) and also in those
situated on the lateral sides of
branches, the marginal wall of
the aperture forms, on each
side and at the upper end of
the cell margin, an angular
process bearing a small spine
Fig. 4. Retepora kinoshitai, n. sp. atthe apex. Operculum broad-
ra a Mi of nd ly semicircular, with moderate-
. Zooecium with ooecium. x 30.
c. Operculum showing two opercular glands, ly thick sclerite (c). Avicularia
x 200.
d. Frontal larger avicularian mandible with two
retractor muscles and an avicularian gland. kinds: small, medium sized,
x 200.
immersed, present in three
PR ad A and large. The small avicu-
e. Oral avicularian mandible with retractor
muscles and an avicularian gland. x 200. larium (e) is the commonest,
NOTES ON SOME SPECIES OF RETEPORA AND ADEONELLA 625
occurring on either side of the labial fissure and partly projecting into
the apertural space; it has a semicircular mandible slightly curved,
minutely denticulated at the distal margin and directed obliquely
downwards. The medium-sized avicularium (4) is less common, being
found mostly below, but sometimes on either side of, the zooecial
aperture ; it is spherical and is provided with a broad subtriangular
mandible minutely denticulated on the distal margin and variously
directed. The large avicularium (7) is the least common, b.ing not
present on many zooecia; it is nearly elliptical in outline, and is
provided with a: large shield-like mandible. This kind of avicularia
occurs mostly just below zooecial aperture but sometimes in the centre
of ventral zooecial surface. Ooecia (6) small, circular in outiine,
weakly inflated, with the lower margin prolonged below into a kind
of lamina and extending a short way into the zooecial aperture,
smooth on sucface, the ventral wall with a small narrow elliptical
fissure in the centre. Dorsal surface of zoarium convex, divided into
jrregular areas by weak vibices; each of these areas bear several
avicularia which may be distinguished into the same three kinds as
those found on the ventral side. In the basal part of zoarium, the
surface is almost smooth throughout, all traces of zooecium being
nearly completely obliterated. On the distal margin of retracted
tentacular sheath there open two small oral glands.
The collection includes several colonies of this new species,
obtained at Onigasé (117-234 fms.), at a spot off Odawara, and
in the Kagoshima Gulf (54 fms.). The Onigasé specimen, which I
have made the type of the species, is 35 mm. high. All the other
specimens are smaller. The Kagoshima specimen is peculiar in that
the branches are somewhat truncate at the free end and the ventral
zooecial surface is granulated and imperforate, instead of being smooth
and perforated.
The species is one which should be assigned to Reteporella, were
this to stand either as a distinct genus or a subgenus under Ketepora.
626 YAICHIRÖ OKADA:
Ortmann ranged this species under Busk’s Reteporella. In agree-
ment with Waters I greatly doubt the tenability of Reteporella as a
genus distinct from Retepora. Sufficiently warranted as seems to me
the amalgamation of the two, yet the former may possibly be held up
as a subgenus under the latter. In addition to the non-reticulate
character of zoarium in all the species which had been taken under
Reteporella, there may exist some more common characters by which
that group as a subgenus might be distinguished from Xefepora s. str.
At least in all the four species studied by me and with non-reticulate
zoarium—viz., Retepora (Reteporella) minor (Ortm.), R. kinoshitai n.
sp., and A. crenulata n. sp.—I find, as against Retepora s. str., 7) the
ovicells are immersed, not raised; 2) their ventral wall is prolonged
below into a sort of lamina extending a certain distance into the
zooecial aperture; 3) the aperture of ovicell is longitudinally fissure-
ilike with non-denticulate margin; 4) the avicularian gland is single
globular, and usually larger in ventral, than in vicarious avicularia.
13. Retepora crenulata, n. sp.
Pl. VIIL, hes 6, textness:
Zoarium erect, about 50 mm. high, consisting of dichotomously
subdividing branches which expands fan-like or are somewhat con-
torted. The branches are somewhat flattened dorsoventrally, almost
truncate at end, and nearly uniformly wide throughout. Zooecia
(textfig. 5 a-b) mostly rhomboidal, not infrequently oval, arranged
in alternating rows; surface distinctly nodulous except along lower
margin of zooecial aperture which is smooth, frequently perforated by
minute, irregularly scattered pores. In young zooecia (7) at the end
of branches, the distal parts of zooecium are distinctly prolonged in a
tubular manner. Zooecial aperture circular, with raised and serrated
lower margin which shows a small labial fissure in the middle; the
upper margin is entire in mature zooecium, while in young zooecia
it is 4-5-toothed, the teeth being moderately prominent and frequently
NOTES ON SOME SPECIES OF RETEPORA AND ADEONEL!.A 627
surmounted each with a short oral spine (). Ventral avicularia are
distinguishable into three forms, a, 8 and c, each with two retractor
Fig. 5.. Retepora crenulata, n. sp.
a. Two zooecia with ovicells. x 30.
db. A few zooecia with three kinds of frontal avicularia. x 30.
c. The operculum and two pear-shaped oral glands hanging down from
the distal margin of tentacular sheath. x 100.
d. The shield-like mandible (4) of frontal avicularium with two retractor
muscles and an avicularian gland. x 200,
e. The semicircular mandible (0) of frontıl avicularium. x 300.
f. The triangular mandible (c) of frontal avicularium. x 200.
g The elongate shield-like mandible of vicarious avicularium. x 200.
l. Young zooecia; one of them with oral spines on the toothed apertural
margin. x 30.
muscles and a single avicularian gland. Form a (d) is of an
oblong shape, with variously directed, elongate shield-like mandible
which is pointed and slightly curved at apex ; it is situated at varying
positions in the middle or rather posterior parts of ventral zooecial
surface. Form 5 (e) is of an oval shape, found in the same
628 YAICHIRÖ OKADA:
position as the above, with nearly semicircular mandible directed
obliquely downwards and showing weakly reflexed and serrated distal
margin. Form c (f) is of a nearly oblong outline, with triangular
mandible hooked and weakiy reflexed at apex; occurring in the
posterior parts of zooecial surface, together with either of the two
preced'ng forms. Vicarious avicularia (g) larger than any frontal
avicularia, provided with large shield-like mandible pointed and slight-
ly curved at apex. Dorsal surface convex, nodulaus; divided by
vibices into numerous regularly shaped areas, each of ‚which exhibits
two avicularia. One of these agrees in shape’ and size with the first
kind, and the other with the second kind, of the ventral avicularia.
Ooecia small, orbicular, weakly inflated, with a plain narrow fissure in
the middle of its smooth surface; the lower margin,is prolonged into
a lamina and extends some way into the zooecial aperture.
This is another species of the. Reteporella ‘etoup. It is represented
in the collection by a small and a moderately large colony, and by
fragments. They were obtained at Onigasé (117-234 fms.), at Yodomi
(64-78 fms.), and at a spot off Jögashima (80 fms.) The species
somewhat resembles Reteporella minor Ortmann, but differs from it in
the absence of oral avicularia and in the presence of the large oblong
ventral avicularia.
Adeonidae.
Adeonella Busk 1884.
1. Adeonella japonica Ortmann.
Pl. VII, fig: (o) textip 6
Adeonella japonica Ortmann 1890, p. 54, pl. IV, fig. 11.
The zooecial features vary. considerably according to age of the
animal. Young zooecia (textfig. 6 4.) are of an elongate oval form,
with raised central parts surrounded by a weak elliptical ridge and
NOTES ON SOME SPECIES OF RETEPORA AND ADEONELLA 629
outside of this by a series of marginal pores which grow smaller dis-
tally; whereas, the older zooecia (c) are irregularly hexagonal and
somewhat depressed in the frontal parts, the marginal pores becoming
very small or nearly filled in by growth of the shell. Blind zooecia,
frequently occur in the proximal parts of colony, and in those zooecia
the median pore has entirely disappeared, there, remaining only a few
marginal pores. Frontal avicularia (4) with triangular mandible which
is simply pointed at end without curving; they are about one half as
large as the vicarious avicularia. The younger zooecia (5) have each
Fig. 6.
Fig. 6. Adeonella japonica Ortmann.
a. View of a young zooecium with zooid within. xca. 70.
c.s. compensation sac. me.p. median pore.
m.p. marginal pore. op. operculum.
oc m, occlusor muscle. Z.». partietal muscle.
p.v.m. parieto-vaginal muscle. ‘7.72. retractor muscle.
Two young zooecia. x 30.
An older zooecium. x 30.
Mandible of frontal avicularium. x 150.
Mandible of vicarious avicularium. x 150,
SEES
a single frontal avicularium, while the older zooecia (c) have two of
same, the one placed below zooecial aperture being always larger than
the other, The median pore is circular in young zooecia, while in
630 YAICHIRÔ OKADA:
older zooecia it assumes a bisqui:-like shape. The membranous wall
of the unusually large compensation sac (fig. a, c.e.) passes continu-
ously into the zooecial wall at the margin of median pore, besides of
course at that of zooecial aperture. So that, the compensation sac
opens to the exterior at two places as in Microporella. Operculum
(fig. a, op.) nearly circular, with weak vertical flange and with sub-
marginal sclerite; occlusor muscles (fig. a, oc.m.) inconspicuous, pro-
ceeding from the distal parts of the lateral wall of zooecium and
attached to the vertical flange; divaricator muscle not found. The
parieto-diaphragmatic muscle (fig. a, p.v.».) is strongly developed,
springing out from the lateral wall of zooecium and attaching itself to
the distal wall of tentacular sheath. There are 17 tentacles.
A large number of the colonies of this species came under my
observation. They were obtained from DI considerable depth in the
Sagami Sea: viz. Okinosé (195 fins.); off Matsüwa (78 fms.); off Jöga-
shima (depth unknown); Yodomi (54-100 fms.) ; Kona in Izu Province
(400 fms.).
2. Adeonella hexangularis, n. sp.
PI. VIIL, fig. 10; textfig. 7.
Description of the type :—Zoarium consisting of numerous com-
pressed foliaceous branches, rising irregularly from an encrusting base.
Branches irregularly divided into lobes of varying size. Young zooecia
(textfig. 7 @.) are of a subhexagonal shape, with slightly convex
ventral surface surrounded by a single row or. double rows of marginal
pores; their aperture is suborbicular with thin and slightly elevated
peristome ; median pore numbering from four to eight, always situated
below frontal avicularium, minutely fimbriated inside. Old zooecia
are of an irregularly hexagonal shape, slightly depressed in front, and
exhibit some pores which have decreased both in size and number,
due to the progress of growth of the wall. At bifurcating points as
well as at indefinite places near lateral edges of most zoarial branches,
NOTES ON SOME SPECIES OF RETEPORA AND ADEONELLA 631
there exist. groups of three to seven zooecia which are distinctly larger
than ordinary zooecia and are probably to be regarded as gonoecia (a).
Fig. 7. Adeonella hexangularis, n. sp.
a. A gonozcium (right) and an ordinary zooecium (left).
x 50.
6. Fimbriated median pores of a zooecium. x 150.
Mandible of frontal avicularium. x 150,
d. Mandible of vicarious avicularium. x150.
e. Mandible of frontal avicularium (Kagoshima specimen).
X 150.
f. Mandible of vicarious avicularium (Kagoshima specimen).
x 150.
The zooecia in question have zooecial aperture distinctly transversely
elongated and about twice as long as that of ordinary zooecia. Frontal
avicularia (c) with triangular mandible which is simply pointed at end
without curving; they are much smaller than vicarious avicularia.
Vicarious avicularia (4) are provided with large triangular mandible,
being pointed and slightly curved at apex.
The above type specimen was obtained from off the Misaki Marine
Station. Depth unknown. A somewhat smaller specimen, which may
be regarded to be specifically identical with the type, is to hand from
Kagoshima Gulf. This differs not inconsiderably from the type in
632 | YAICHIRO OKADA:
some respects of zcarial form and. the shape of avicularian mandibles.
It has narrower (about half as wide as in the type) and rather re-
gularly dichotomously dividing branches. ‘The mandibles are some-
what narrower and more strongly curved and pointed at apex.
This new species somewhat resembles Adeonella japonica Ort-
mann, but may be distingiushed from it by the longer and more
narrowly triangular vicarious avicularia | and by the more numerous
presence of fimbriated median Pd n°
NOTES ON SOME SPECIES OF RETEPORA AND ADEONELLA 633
List of References,
Busk, G.—1854 (1). Catalogue of the Marine Polyzoa. pt. 2, Cheilo-
stomata. London.
1884 (2). Report on the Polyzoa collected by H.M.S. “Chal-
lenger,” during the years 1873-76. The Cheilostomata, in voyage
of H.M.S. “ Challenger”, Zoology x.
Hincks, Eh.—1878. On the genus Retepora. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,
series v, vol. I.
Ortmann, A—1890. Die Japanische Bryozoenfauna: Arch. für Natur-
gesch., Bd. I, Heft. I.
Robertson, A.—1908. The incrusting Chilostomatous: Bryozoa of the
West Coast of N. America. Univ. of Calif. Publicat. Zoology,
vol. iv, No. 5.
MacGillivray, J —1865. New or little known Polyzoa. Trans. Roy. Soc.
Victoria., v.
McCoy, F.—1885. Prodromus of the Zoology of Victoria. Decade x.
Waters, A. W.—1887 (1). Bryozoa from New South Wales, North
Australia, etc. II. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., series v, vol. 20.
—— 1889 (2). Bryozoa from New South Wales. Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist., series vi, vol. 4.
634
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig
g.
Fig.
: Fig;
Fig.
Fig.
Leni
© IAU A w% N
9
YAICHIRÔ OKADA.
Explanation of Plate VII,
Retepora misakiensis, n. sp. X I.
Retepora pacifiea var. japonica, n. var.
do. EL
Retepora axillaris Ortmann. X 1.
Retepora watanabei, n. sp. XI.
Reteporella crenulata, n. sp. X 1.
Reteporella kinoshitai, n. sp. XI.
Reteporella dendroides Ortmann. XI.
Adeonella japonica Ortmann. XI.
Adeonella hexangularis, n. sp. XI.
On a Second Collection of Mallophaga from
Formosan Birds.
By
Seinosuke Uchida, Fuzrgakushi.
With 3 text figures.
The collection of Mallophaga, here noted on, consists of specimens
which were taken from. birds collected in Formosa partly by Dr. T.
Shiraki and partly by Mr. Y. Kikuchi, during the early summer of
1917. The parasites were taken from the hosts in the fresh state.
A list of the hosts and of the parasites is as follows:
Host Parasites
Herodias garzetta ....... Myrsidea kikuchii n. sp.
Milvus ater govinda...... Be gonorhynchus G.
Nirmus fuscus G.
Nirmus ovatus Uchida.
Lipeurus variabilis N.
Cy CTE ee Lipeurus intermedius var. major Uchida.
Goniodes intermedius Neumann.
Menopon productum P.
Myrsidea mikadokiji (Uchida).
Lipeurus formosanus Uchida.
Todo, Lipeurus rubrifasciatus P.
Goniocotes microcephalus Uchida.
Menopon pallescens N.
Amaurornis phoenicura .. Rallicola bisetosa (P).
636 SEINOSUKE UCHIDA ;
Charadrius cantianus .... Docophorus semivittatus G.
Glareola orientalis ...... Nirmus furvus N.
| A | Docophorus albemarlensis Kell. and Kuwana.
Sternalsinensis une ee .{Lipeuriis potens Kell. and Kuwana.
|Comatomenopon elongatum n. g. n. sp.
Turtur chinensis ...... .. Goniocotes kurodai Uchida (juv.).
Hirundo daurica striolata. Docophorus excisus G.
Lantus SACE Docophorus communis N.
£ IE (Docophorus communis N.
Oridlus indica ae ene eae tie
Nirmus mundus N.
Corvus macrorhynchus
ETI jar yrsidea shirakit n. sp.
Urocissa caerulea ........ Myrsidea urocissae (Uchida).
Acridotheres cristatellus .. Docophorus leontodon var. affinis P.
Zosterops simplex ........ Docophorus communis N.
Gen. Docophorus Nitzsch.
I. Docophorus nisi Denny.
Denny, Monogr. Anopl. Brit., p. 109, pl. iii, fig. 11; Docophorus gonorhynchus
Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, p. 70; Piaget, Les Pediculines, p. 20, pl. i, fig. 3.
Three males and twelve females were collected from Milvus ater
govinda shot at Nanpeisho, June 4.
2. Docophorus semivittatus Giebel ?
Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, p. 102.
Two young specimens taken from Charadrius cantianus obtained
at Suiteiryo, June 6.
3. Docophorus albemarlensis Kellogg and Kuwana.
Kellogg and Kuwana, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., vol. IV, p. 465, pl. xxviii, fig. 5.
ON A SECOND COLLECTION OF MALLOPHAGA ETC. 637
Two male and six female individuals collected from S/erna
sinensis shot at Toko, June 3.
4. Docophorus excisus Giebel.
Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, p. 88, pl. ix, fig. 1, 2 and 3.
A single female specimen taken from Hirundo daurica striolata,
June 5.
5. Docophorus communis Nitzsch.
Uchida Journ. Coll. Agric. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, vol. III, p. 173.
Six female specimens collected from Oriolus indicus, Lanius schach
and Zosterops simplex, all captured at Nanpeishö, June 4.
6. Docophorus leontodon var. affinis Piaget.
Five male and seven female individuals taken from three specimens
of Acridotheres cristatellus shot at Nanpeishö (June 4), at Chosu
(June 7) and at Reikö (June 13).
Gen. Nirmus Nitzsch.
7. Nirmus fuscus Nitzsch.
Denny, Mongr. Anopl. Brit., p. 118, pl. ix, fig. 8; Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, p.
123, pl. viii, fig. 2; Piaget, Les Pediculines, p. 130, pl. x, fig. 9.
A single female specimen of this species obtained from Milvus
ater govinda shot at Nanpeishö, June 4.
8. Nirmus ovatus Uchida.
Uchida, Journ. Coll. Agr. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, vol. IIT, p. 174, pl. x, fig. 3.
Twenty one males, twenty three females and eleven youngs
collected from Calophasis mikado shot on Mt. Arisan, June 15. This
638 SEINOSUKE UCHIDA :
species was described by me from two male specimens from the same
host obtained at the same locality. The description of the female is
as follows :
Very similar to male but differing from it in the following points.
Body, but especially the abdomen, much larger. Antennæ shorter, but
proportional lengths of segments about the same as in the male.
Eighth abdominal segment longer and its posterior margin straight
instead of concave. The last abdominal segment small, posteriorly
slightly emarginated and with a very fine hair on each side.
Measurements of Mirmus ovatus.
er, I
mm.
Length of body 1.91 192 1.92 185 192 152 150 156 1.53
Width of body :' .67 .65 .67 .64 .67 .57 55 58 156°"
Length of head .52 51 52 51 52 50 47 .48 47
Width of head .49 .47 +49 47 ‘47 42 43 -43 43
Length of thorax 31 32 Be .29 .31 .25 27 .27 .27
Width of thorax. .40 .38 .39 .38 .38 .36 +35 .36 35
Antennæ .25 +25 ‚25 .24 .24 — .24 — .24
9. Nirmus furvus Nitzsch.
Two males and three females obtained from G/areola orientalis
(June 5.).
10. Nirmus mundus Nitzsch.
Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, p. 135; Piaget, Les Pediculines, p. 161.
Three female and one young individuals were taken from Oriolus
indicus shot at Nanpeishö, June 4.
Gen. Rallicola Johnston and Harrison.
11. Rallicola bisetosa (Piaget).
Piag.t, Les Pediculines, p. 217, pl. xviii, fig. 4.
©
mm.
1.53
.56
«47
.42
.27
+34
«24
ON A SECOND COLLECTION OF MALLOPHAGA ETC. 639
Two male and six young specimens collected on Amaurornis
phoenicura taken at Nanpeisho, June 4.
Measurements of two adult specimens on hand:
© ©
Length of body 1.43 mm. 1.33 mm.
Width of body SÒ 5 Son ss
Length of head ASIE AZ,
Width of head BU BBs
Length of thorax DU DA;
Width of thorax 20 FL)
Gen. Goniodes Nitzsch.
ı2. Goniodes intermedius Neumann.
Neumann, Archives de Purasitologie, vol. xv, p. 627, figs 15—18; Uchida,
Journ. Coll. Agric. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, vol. III, p. 179.
A single male specimen taken from Calophasis mikado shot on
Mt. Arisan, June 15.
Gen. Goniocotes Burmeister.
13. Goniocotes microcephalus Uchida.
Uchida, Journ, Coll. Agric. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, vol. III, p. 177, pl. x, fig. 1.
This species was described from females taken from Arboricola
crudigularis (Mt. Arisan). The present collection contains six speci-
mens from the same host species shot on Mt. Suizan, June 20.
Fortunately one of them is a male.
Description of the male: Smaller than the female; head slightly
elongate ; indistinct conical trabeculae present; antennae longer than
in the female, though about the same in proportional lengths of
seg nents; posterior margin of each eye with a long hair, which in the
female is replaced by a short spine. Near the apex of triangular
metathorax two weak hairs on each side. Abdomen remarkably shorter
640 SEINOSUKE UCHIDA :
and broader than in the female; dorsal surface of same with a row
of long hairs behind each spiracle on sezments I—VI (instead of
segments III—VI as in the female); segments I—IV each with a
median row of four to six weak hairs; the last segment semi-circular,
protruding and entire with four long and a few fine hairs on the
posterior margin.
MEASUREMENTS.
2 Be Teer se
mm. mm mm. mm. mm.
Length of body 7.280 NI 25 0001-25 eee .96
Width of body .69 .65 .69 .65 .60
Length of head 537 .36 37 36 31
Width of head 43 42 44 .40 35
Length of thorax .25 .24 .24 .25 20
Width of thorax 37 Yi 38 36 32
Antenna 15 .14 .15 .14 IS
14. Goniocotes kurodai Uchida.
Uchida, Journ. Coll. Agric. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, vol. III, p. 175, pl. x, fig. 4
A single young specimens from Zurtur chinensis shot at Nanpei-
sho, June 4.
Gen. Lipeurus Nitzsch.
15. Lipeurus intermedius var major Uchida.
Uchida, Journ. Coll. Agric. Imp, Univ. Tokyo, vol. III, p. 182.
Two males collected from Calophasis mikado obtained on Mt.
Arisan, June 15.
16. Lipeurus variabilis Nitzsch.
Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, p. 219, pl. xvi, fig, 3; Uchida, Journ. Coll. Agric Imp.
Univ. Tokyo, vol. III, p. 181.
Four female specimens obtained from Calophasis mikado shot on
Mt. Arisan, June 15.
ON A SECOND COLLECTION OF MALLOPHAGA ETC. 641
17. Lipeurus formosanus Uchida.
Uchida, Journ. Coll. Agric. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, vol. III, p. 179, text fig. 1.
A female and seven male specimens obtained from Arboricola
crudigularis taken on Mt. Suizan, June 20.
The species was first described by me from a single female speci-
men taken from the same host species obtained on Mt. Arisan in 1916.
The following is a description of the male: Much smaller than the
female ; head narrower, temples less expanded, trabeculae short, blunt,
but more distinct than in the female. Antennae with first segment
largest, being of about half the length of the remaining segments taken
together ; second segment narrower than the first and about two-thirds
as long; third segment shorter than the second, with an angular
projection {at distal end; fourth segment shortest, and fifth segment
about equal to third. Abdomen much shorter and narrower than in
the female; sides nearly parallel; the last abdominal segment large;
posterior parts of lateral margin concave; the emarginated tip showing
on each side an angulated projection bearing three fine hairs; a long
and two short hairs on each lateral margin and another long hair on
each side of dorsum; a capitate and somewhat chitinized process pro-
jecting from the end of the ventral surface of the last segment.
Genitalia well chitinized, reaching from the posterior margin of sixth
abdominal segment to the middle of the last segment; basal plate
short, broad; parameres short, decurved.
MEASUREMENTS :
2. (>) OS 8 S ©
nm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm:
Length of body DRS! COTON SG 1521-58
Width of body 45 .30 39 30 .29 +30
Length of head .52 .47 .46 45 .46 47
Width of head 40 533 .32 .32 32 32
Length of thorax .38 .35 .34 34 34. 34
Width of thorax Ae .28 .28 .28 .27 .28
Antenna .27 31 .30 :30 — .30
642 SEINOSUKE UCHIDA:
18. Lipeurus rubrifasciatus Piaget.
Piaget, Les Pediculines, Supplément, p. 71, pl. vii, fig. 8; Uchida, Jcurn, Coll,
Agric. Imp. Univ, Tokyo, vol. III, p. 181, pl. x, fig. 6.
Three male and six female specimens collected from Arboricola
crudigularis taken on Mt. Suizan, June 20.
19. Lipeurus potens Kellogg and Kuwana.
Kellogg and Kuwana, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. IV, p. 477, pl. xxx, fig, I.
A single female specimen from sterna sinensis shot at Toko,
June 3.
Gen. Menopon Nitzsch.
20. Menopon productum Piaget.
Piaget, Les Pediculines, p. 461, pl. xxxvii, fig, 8; Uchida, Journ. Coll. Agric.
Imp. Univ. Tokyo, vol. III, p. 183.
One female obtained from Calophasis mikado shot on Mt. Arisan
June 15.
21. Menopon pallescens Nitzsch.
Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, p 293; Uchida, Journ, Coll, Agric. Imp, Univ. Tokyo,
vol. III, p. 184.
A male and two female specimens collected from Arboricola
crudigularis taken on Mt. Suizan, June 20.
Gen. Myrsidea Waterston.
22. Myrsidea kikuchié n. sp.
This new species is founded on a single female specimen which
was obtained from Zerodias garzetta shot at Nanheishö, April 3.
ON A SECOND COLLECTION OF MALLOPHAGA ETC. 643
Description of the female :—Body short, broad, 1.72 mm. long and
0.63 mm. wide. Ground colour of body pale brownish with pitchy
and smoky brown markings on head and thorax; with dark brown,
continuous, transverse bands on abdomen.
Head large, comparatively long 0.33 mm. long, 0.56 mm. wide;
front broad, rounded; frontıl margin on each side with five fine hairs
and four longer hairs, of which the hindmost one is remarkably
elongated; a long and a short hair at the angle in front of each
ocular emargination; a fine and a long hair on each side of the
dorsum of front. Eye large, distinct, provided with a very short,
weak hair; ocular fleck black, distinct; ocular fringe distinct, com-
posed of numerous long and curved hairs; palpus projecting from
the lateral border of head with ‘nearly the whole length of its
terminal segment; temples expanding, somewhat angulated in front
and behind, each bearing five long pustulated hairs and a few short
hairs and prickles; occipital margin straight, with two pustulated hairs
in the median parts. Ground colour of head brownish; ocular blotch-
es irregular, pitchy brown, outwardly fading into a smoky brown;
a short and curved dark brown band on each side in front of man-
dibles ; short smoky brown occipital bands connected posteriorly with
similarly coloured broad bands running along the border of temples,
occipital margin and posterior margin of temples narrowly, but con-
spicuously, bordered with pitchy brown. On the ventral aspect of
head, in the space in front of mandibles, a hair and two bristles on
each side; six fine hairs in the space between antennal grooves; on
each side of the quadrate posterior ventral sclerite a row of three
hairs, of which the hindmost one is the longest and strongest.
Prothorax 0.16 mm, long and 0.30 mm. wide; narrow, somewhat
hexagonal in outline ; lateral angles with two spines and a short hair ;
anterior lateral margin straight, bare; posterior lateral margin convex ;
posterior margin convex, with six hairs; colour of prothorax brownish
with an indistinct W-shaped, smoky brown marking ; distinct transverse
644 © SEINOSUKE UCHIDA :
and longitudinal chitin bars of a clear brownish colour. Mesothorax
nearly as wide as prothorax, distinctly divided from metathorax by
lateral emarginations and a sutural line, with short convex lateral,
and truncate posterior, margin; two minute prickles on the posterior
margin; lateral borders margined with brownish band. Metathorax
0.25 mm. long and 0.5 mm. w.de; trapezoidal ; the anterior margin
straight, with two short hairs; lateral margins bare, nearly straight
and diverging posteriorly ; posterior lateral margin convex, with a
short hair near each lateral angle. Ground colour of metathorax
brownish, paler toward the centre, with a narrow dark brown band.
Legs long and stout, somewhat paler than thorax, with dark brown
dorsal markings, bearing a few scattered hairs and spines, and on
the ventral surface of hind femora several rows of numerous short
spines ; onychium large, oblong.
Abdomen 0.97 mm. long and 0.63 mm. wide; elliptical, widest at
the fifth segment; length of segments III—VII nearly equal, that of
segments I, II and VIII slightly longer and subequal; posterior angles
of segments projecting a little laterally, those of segments I—VIII
bearing each a long hair and three or four spines; the last abdominal
segment broad, with a fringe of hairs on the flatly rounded posterior
margin; two long and a short hairs on each side of the fringe.
Posterior margins of segments I and II slightly convex, that of seg-
ments III—VII nearly straight. Dorsal surface ot se,ments I—VII
with a row of about nine, short, submarginal hairs on each side along
the posterior margin; dorsal submarginal hairs of the eighth segment
fourteen in number, much longer than those of other segments. A
group of five strong spines on each side of the posterior margin of
the second abdominal sternite. Ground colour of abdomen pale brown-
ish, with a dark brownish transverse band running right across each
segment.
I have named this species for Mr. Y. Kikuchi of the Taihoku
Museuin.
ON A SECOND COLLECTION OF MALLOPHAGA ETC. 645
23. Myrsidea mikadokiji (Uchida).
Menopon mikadokiji Uchida, Journ. Coll. Agric. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, vol. III,
p- 183, pl. x, fig. 7.
A single young specimen of this species was taken from Calopha-
sis mikado shot on Mt. Arisan, June 20.
24. Myrsidea shirakii n. sp.
Twelve male and fourteen female specimens collected from Corvus
macrorhynchus levaillanti killed on Mt. Arisan, June 21.
This new species is characterized by the peculiarly formed tergite
of the second abdominal segment. Ground colour of body pale buff,
with smoky brown and pitchy markings on head and thorax, the
abdomen with smoky brown, continuous, transverse bands.
Description of the female :—Head robust; front broadly rounded,
with a very slight angulation on the meson; a long and several
short marginal hairs on each side of front; two rather long marginal
hairs on each lateral margin, and a long and a short pustulated hair
at the angle in front of each ocular emargination. The eye is large,
emarginate and with a distinct, quadrangular black fleck ; ocular fringe
distinct, comp»sed of numerous stiff, curved hairs; palpus projecting
with the whole length of its terminal segment; temples rounded, pro-
jecting, each bearing four long pustulated hairs and several short
hairs and prickles; occipital margin concave, bearing two long hairs
in the median parts. Colour of head yellowish buff, pa'er in the
middle ; the curved line bounding the antennal region pitchy inside
and fading into dark brown outwards; a pitchy brown spot near the
margin just in front of each palpus; temporal margin bordered with
blackish brown; occipital margin edged with pitchy brown, narrower
in the middle. On the ventral aspect of head, in the space in front
of mandibles, a hair and a bristle on each side; six short hairs in
two rows in the space between antennal grooves; on each side of the
646 SEINOSUKE UCHIDA :
quadrate posterior ventral sclerite seven hairs, of which the hindmost
is the longest and strongest.
Prothorax narrow, with produced lateral angles, each bearing two
spines and a hair; anterior laferal and posterior lateral margins
slightly concave, the former furnished with a short spine; posterior
lateral angle obtuse, each bearing a long hair followed by four (rarely
five) hairs along hind half of the posterior margin, which is obtusely
angulated in the middle. Colour buffy whitish; transverse chitin bar
pale but distinct ; posterior margin bordered with dark blackish brown ;
similarly coloured curved line running subparallel with each lateral
margin. Mesothorax dark blackish brown, nearly as wide as pro-
thorax, distinctly divided from metathorax by lateral emarginations
and a sutural line; lateral margin convex; posterior margin truncate
with two short prickles. Metathorax short, trapezoidal ; lateral margin
bare, straight, diverging posteriorly ; each posterior lateral angle with
two hairs and four spines; posterior margin nearly straight, with a
series of twelve (rarely fourteen) submarginal hairs. Ground colour of
metathorax buffy whitish, with dark brownish, heavy, lateral bands,
which are bend along the posterior margin. Legs long and stout, fore-
femora greatly swollen; middle femora less so; hind-femora but little
swollen, furnished with scattered hairs and spines, and on the ventral
surface with several rows of short spines ; onychium large, rounded ; colour
of legs slightly:darker than thorax, with dark brown dorsal markings.
Abdomen broad, elliptical; widest at the fifth segment, though
the tergite of that segment is narrower than that of either the fourth or
the sixth segment; length of segments nearly equal, except the second
segment which is the shortest; posterior angles projecting, furnished
on segments I—VII each with a long hair and several spines ; segment
VII with a short and two long hairs; the last segment broadly
rounded, with a short and two long hairs on each side and a fringe.
of hairs along the posterior margin. Median parts of the posterior
margin of the first segment triangularly produced posteriorly, reaching
ON A SECOND COLLECTION OF MALLOPHAGA ETC. 647
to the posterior, weakly convex margin of the second segment ; posterior
margin of all following segments nearly straight. Dorsal surface of
the first segment wit four hairs on each side of the posterior margin
and with four more hairs on the margin of the produced median parts;
dorsal surface of segments II—VI with four to six weak hairs on each
side of posterior margin, and that of segments VII and VIII with two
or three hairs. A group of four strong spines on each side of the
posterior margin of the second abdominal sternite.
Ground colour of abdomen buffy whitish ; transverse band of the
first segment broad, brownish; that of the second segment dark brown
and interrupted by the triangular projection of the preceding segment ;
segments III—VIII with a continuous, dark brown transverse band;
sutures broad, buffy-whitish ; the last segment uniformly coloured.
Description of the male:—Much resembles the female. Body
smaller, metathorax slightly narrower than in the female; abdomen
distinctly smaller and narrower; posterior margin of all abdominal
segments nearly straight and bearing a row of twelve to sixteen hairs
on segments I—VII and four hairs on segment VIII; the last segment
narrower than in the female, with a few fine hairs instead of a con-
tinuous fringe of same. Genitalia long, distinct, well chitinized, reaching
from posterior margin of the third segment to the posterior end of
abdomen.
MEASUREMENTS :
SG DR Ss SS Ss Ss
Length of body ZO OO OST OST OS 1553 I-70 1.08, E72, e172
Width of body 0/20/0072 0/72 OST 0:57 0:50) 0.591. 0:50) 0:57
Length of head 0.37 0.36 037 037 036 033 034 034 0.34 0.35
Width of head 0.67 0.70 0.69 0.69 0.69 060 0.61 0.62 0.62 0.62
Length of prothorax 0.23 0.23 0.23 022 023 0.20 021 O21 0.22 0.23
Width of prothorax 0.43 C.43 0.43 043 041 037 036 037 036 0.38
Length of metathorax 032 0.30 0.31 032 031 0.29 0.30 0.29 0.30 0.29
Width of metathorax 0.65 0.63 063 067 0.63 049 050 050 0.49 0.50
648 SEINOSUKE UCHIDA ;
Named in honour of the collector, Dr. Tokuichi Shiraki of the
Agricultural Experiment Station of Taihoku.
25. Myrsidea urocissae (Uchida).
Menopon urocissae Uchida, Journ. Coll. Agric. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, vol. III, p.
186, pl. x, fig. 5,
A female and three male individuals collected from Urocissa cerulea
shot at Shishitö, May 27. The species has hitherto been known from
females only.
Description of the male :--Smaller than the female, especially in
the size of abdomen; posterior margin of all abdominal segments
nearly straight, except the eighth in which it is slightly convex; the
last abdominal segment somewhat narrower than in the female, and
bearing eight fine hairs on the posterior margin instead of being con-
tinuously fringed by same. Genitaliajsomewhat broad, distinct, reaching
from the anterior margin of the fourth sezment to the middle of the
last segment.
MEASUREMENTS :
© S +
mm. mm. mm.
Length of body 1.70 1.60 2.00
Width of body 0.70 0.69 0.87
Length of head 0.31 0.31 0.32
Width of head 0.59 0.59 0.65
Length of pıothorax 0.21 0.20 0.25
Width of prothorax 0.36 0.37 O4I
Length of metathorax 0.27 0.27 0.27
Width of metathorax 0.50 0.50 0.63
Gen. Comatomenopon n. gen.
Menoponidae with elongate, whitish translucent body. Head long,
rounded at anterior margin; temples prominent; lateral margin with a
deep, distinct notch just in front of eye. No spines on ventral surface
ON A SECOND COLLECTION OF MALLOPHAGA ETC. 649
of head. Mesothorax small, scarcely separated from metathorax. A
series of combs upon the ventral surface of posterior femora, and also
on each side of certain abdominal ste-nites. Gastric teeth present at
the distal end of crop. Male genitalia consisting of a very long and
slender basal plate, continuous distally with a broad lamina, at the
base of which elongate and inwardly curved parameres are set.
Genotype: Comatomenopon elongatum n. sp.
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Fig. 1. Comatomenopon elongatum.
n. sp, female, x 50.
26. Comatomenopon
elongatum n. sp.
Fig. I—3.
Two male and four female
specimens obtained from Sterna
sinensis shot at Toko, Nanheisho,
April 3.
This new species may be recog-
nized at a glance by the pale and
unusually elongate body and by the
presence of gastric teeth.
Description of the male : —Body
very narrow, elongate, especially the
abdomen which is gradually tapering
towards the end; ground colour of
body yellowish white, with some
brownish markings on head.
Head elongate; front rounded,
with several prickles and two
marginal hairs on each side; a long
and a short hair at each lateral
angle, in front of a wide and distinct
ocular emargination; two hairs and
a spine on each side of the dorsum
650 SEINOSUKE UCHIDA:
of front; eye prominent, slightly emarginate, with a distinct, quadran-
gular, black fleck; ocular fringe covered by the anterior margin of
temple, comb-like, triangular in shape, composed of numerous short
spines. Palpi long, projecting by the whole length of the terminal
segment. Antennae (Fig. 2) prominent, projecting; the first segment
short, with a few prickles; the second |
segment large, broadend toward the apical
side, bearing three short hairs; the third
segment the smallest, cup-shaped ; the fourth
Fig. 2. Antenna of
the largest, somewhat globular, bearing Comatomenopon
elongatum. x 230.
numerous sensory hairs on tip. Temples
expanded; margins somewhat angulated in front and behind, each
bearing six hairs and a few prickles, both on margin and on dorsum;
occipital margin slightly concave, with four hairs. Ground colour of
head yellowish white, more deeply yellowish in front; ocular blotches
and a spot near the margin in front of each palpus reddish brown ;
occipital margin narrowly edged with yellowish brown. On the ven-
tral aspect of head, on each side of the median line, between mouth
parts and the occipital margin are seven hairs which gradually become
longer posteriorly.
Prothorax small, with produced lateral angles, each bearing a
hair and two spines; anterior lateral margins convex, each with two
prickles; transverse chitin bar pale but distinct, with obliquely long-
itudinal bars at its ends; posterior lateral margins bare, slightly
convex ; posterior margin straight. On the dorsal surface of prothorax
a row of eight hairs along the posterior margin. Metathorax triangular
in outline, with very slight lateral emarginations and an indistinct
sutural line between meso-and metathoracic segments; anterior lateral
margins straight, diverging posteriorly, with numerous short hairs >.
posterior lateral angles obtuse, each with two long hairs in the near
neighbourhood ; posterior margin truncate with eight submarginal hairs.
On the dorsal surface of metathorax numerous weak hairs arranged
|
ON A SECOND COLLECTION OF MALLOPHAGA ETC. 651
roughly in three rows. Ground colour of thorax translucent yellowish-
white, without markings. Legs concolourous with thorax, long and
slender, with numerous short hairs and spines; tarsus and claw very
long; onychium oblong; hind pair of legs longer than the rest; on
the ventral surface of hind femora three rows of dark‘coloured combs,
each composed of twelve to eighteen spines.
Abdomen remarkably long and narrow; widening gradually to-
wards the third segment which is about equal to the fourth segment,
then narrowing rapidly to the ninth segment; length of segments
nearly equal; lateral margins of segments slightly convex; median
parts of segments I—VIII with several short and one to three long
hairs which become gradually longer in the posterior segments ; the
last segment rounded, with slight lateral emarginations, bearing two
long hairs on each side. Posterior margins of segments I—VIII trun-
cate, each bearing:a submarginal row of a dozen hairs, of which the
lateral ones are distinctly longer than the others. Numerous short and
weak hairs on the dorsal surface of segments, those on segments I
and II arranged roughly in two rows and those of segments III—VIII
in one row; two pairs of short hairs on the dorsal surface of the last
segment. Ventral surface of each abdominal segment with two or
three irregular rows of weak hairs of various lengths ; a pair of charac-
teristic dark-coloured comb-like spines on each side of the ventral
surface of the third segment; six long submarginal hairs along the
posterior margin of the last segment. Colour of abdomen nearly
translucent without any markings. Genitalia elongate, well chitinized,
reaching from the posterior margin of the fourth segment to the end of
the last segment; basal plate exceedingly long and slender ; continuous
distally with a broad lamina, at the base of which the elongate, in-
wardly curved parameres are set.
Description of the female (Fig. 2.) :—Similar to the male; body
somewhat broader, especially in abdomen; posterior margin of
metathorax convex instead of being straight; dorsal hairs of abdominal
652
SEINOSUKE UCHIDA :
segments IV—VIII sparsely present ; a fringe of fine hairs on the posterior
margin of the ventral surface of the last segment, instead of the six
long hairs of the male.
In both sexes, a dense row of dark coloured teeth (Fig. 3) situated
Fig:
MN
astric teeth of Comatomenopon
elongatum x 230.
at the distal end of the crop, is
visible through the integment of
the third or fourth abdominal
segment. This is the second case
known of the presence of gastric
teeth in the Mallophaga, the first
case having been reported by *Mr.
Cummings from TZrzmenopon echi-
nodermata taken from Cavia aperea.
Length of body
Width of body
Length of head
Width of head
Length of prothorax
Width of prothorax
Length of metathorax
Width of metathorax
MEASUREMENTS:
2.13 2.18 2.15 2.14
0.45 0.45 0.38 0.38 °
0.37 0.37 0.35 0.35
0.41 0.43 0.42 0.42
0.18 0.18 0.19 0.19
0.28 0.29 0,28 0.28
0.24 024 0.24 0.24
0.35 0.37 034 0.33
* B. F. Cummings, Bul. Entom. Res. vol. IV, p. 40, 1913.
R NOTICE.
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