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BIOLOGIA

CENTRALI-AMERICANA.

AVES.

Vou. I.

(TEXT)

BY

OSBERT SALVIN, F.RS., &c.,

AND

FREDERICK DUCANE GODMAN, D.C.L., F.R.S., &c.

1879-1904.

CONTENTS OF VOL. I.

Page

TePROUUCHION® so. 90 25 as 25s ca BL Ke So wt Be OE es a ae Se v

TABLE SHOWING THE GEOGRAPHICAL Distripution or tHe Famities or Birps

REPRESENTED IN Mexico AND CENTRAL AMERICA . . . we ee ew ew es xi

TABLE SHOWING THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE Sprectes oF Brirps oF

Mexico anp CentraL AMERICA... ee ee ee ee ee xiii

Taistor PGATEs ar a we es ar a a a te ie Ge Se Ce

Errata Ev CORRIGENDA. . 2 0. ww ee ee ee ee ee ee ee) MG

Page Page

Subclass AVES CARINATE. 1 Fam. Laniide . . » oe «218

Order PassErEs Rist: Gel—ee ee, Ais oli Fam. Ampelide. . . . . . . 215

Suborder Oscinss. . . 2. 1. . 1 Section IJ. Oscines Latirostres. . 222

Section J. Oscinzs Denvinostres. 1 Pat; Hirundinjde. « . « «222

Fam. Turdidee 1 :

Salta: Matis l Section ITI. Oscinzs TENUIROSTRES , 241

Z Mimine . . . . 26 Fam. Coerebide. . . . . . . 241

Ps Myiadectine . . . 39 Section IV. Oscrnes Controstres . 252

Fam. Cinclide . . . .. . 48 Fam. Tanagride . ... . . 252

Fam. Sylviide . 2... . 45 Subfam. Euphoniine . . . . 252

Subfam. Saxicoline. . . . 45 2 Tanagrine . . . . 266

" Reguline . . . . 48 Fam. Fringillide . . . . . . 334

re Polioptiline . . . 50 Section V. Oscines Cutrrirostris . 485

Fam. Paride . . . . .. . 55 Fam. Icteride . . . . . . . 485

Fam. Sittide . 2. . 2. 1. 1. 659 Subfam. Cassicine . . . . . 435

Fam. Certhiide . ..... 641 is Ageleine . . . . . 447

Fam. Troglodytide. . . . . 62 ” Sturnellinee » 456

Fam. Motacillide . . ster OF 55 Icterinze . 459

Fam. Mniotiltide . . . . +. 109 3 Quiscaline . . . . 479

Subfam. Mniotiltine . . . 109 Fam. Corvide . . . . . . . 486

% Icteriine . . . . 157 Subfam. Corvine . . . . . 486

43 Setophagine . . . 162 i Garruline. . . . 489

Fam. Vireonide. .... . 185 Fam. Alaudide . . . . . . . 510

a2

INTRODUCTION.

THE enumeration of the Aves of Mexico and Central America was commenced in

September 1879 by the late Osbert Salvin and myself, and is now completed in

four Volumes, three of text and one of plates. Salvin’s long-continued ill-health, and

sudden death in 1898, greatly retarded the conclusion of the Third Volume, which

was subsequently finished by me with the assistance of Dr. R. Bowdler Sharpe

and Mr. Ogilvie-Grant. On this account, too, it has been decided to abandon all

idea of a Supplement, and to close the volumes as they stand. The critical

examination of the large amount of additional material that has come to hand

during the progress of publication, and the analysis of the extensive literature on the

subject issued in recent years, could only have been dealt with satisfactorily with the

assistance of Salvin himself, and I am reluctantly compelled to leave this portion of

the subject untouched. It may be noted, however, that the additions are mainly

amongst the Passeres, which were completed in 1892.

The physical features of the whole region are described in the Preface to the

“Lepidoptera Rhopalocera,” concluded in 1901, and in the Appendix to the Botany,

published in 1887, and need not be again repeated here. This Introduction will

therefore be chiefly devoted to some remarks on geographical distribution, to the

journeys made by us in Central America, and the sources from which our material

has been obtained, concluding with a Table showing the distribution of the Families

and Species as arranged in this work. To make this latter as complete as possible,

the additional countries whence specimens were subsequently received are, however,

specially indicated.

In dealing with the Birds we have extended the limits of our region, so as to include

the Revillagigedo Islands on the Pacific side (on account of the numerous sea-birds

inhabiting them); the Island of Old Providence on the Atlantic side (this small island

vi INTRODUCTION.

having a peculiar humming-bird, Lampornis hendersoni); and some places on the

Isthmus of Darien a little to the south of the political limit of the State of Panama.

Baja (or Lower) California, though belonging politically to Mexico, is excluded.

The 1413 species of birds included in this work embrace representatives of

seventy-eight families and 539 genera. Out of the twenty Orders given in the

‘Nomenclator Avium Neotropicalium’ (1873), all but three (the Opisthocomi, the

Struthiones, and the Impennes) are represented. The other Neotropical families

wholly absent from Central America are the Phytotomide, amongst the Passeres; the

Steatornithide, of the Macrochires; the Todide, of the Coccyges; the Palamedeide,

of the Anseres; the Cariamide and Psophiide, of the Geranomorphe; and the

Chionidide and Thinocoride, of the Limicole. To the Passeres belong rather more

than half (741) of the total number of Central-American species, this proportion being

much greater than that given in the ‘ Nomenclator’ for the whole of the Neotropical

Region, with 3565 species, where the numbers are 1976 and 1589 respectively.

The geographical distribution of the families, exclusive of the Sea-birds and Waders,

may be stated as follows: (1) Exclusively Neotropical—Cerebide, Oxyrhamphide,

Pipride, Dendrocolaptide, Formicariide, Pteroptochide, Momotide, Galbulide,

Bucconide, Rhamphastide, Cancromide, Eurypygide, and Tinamide (the subfamily

Tinamotidine excepted); (2) Neotropical, but represented by one or more species in

North America—Tanagride (Pyranga), Icteride, Tyrannide, Cotingide (Hadrostomus),

Trochilide, Sarcorhamphide, Cracide, Aramide, and Parride; (3) Tropical countries

generally—Trogonide and Psittacide (each with a single species extending to a little

north of our boundary), Capitonide, Plotide, and Heliornithide; (4) North and

Central America—Meleagride (not reaching south of Guatemala); (5) Nearctic,

migrating south during the northern winter—Mniotiltide and Vireonide ; (6) Holarctic,

migrating south during the northern winter—Turdide, Motacillide, Laniide, Hirun-

dinide, Fringillide, Cypselide, Caprimulgide, Picide ; and (7) Cosmopolitan—

Corvide, Alaudide, Cuculide, Strigide, Asionide, Pandionide, Falconide, Ardeide,

Ciconiide, Plataleidw, Ibidide, Pheenicopteridse (except Australia), Anatidee, Colum-

bide, Peristeride, Phasianide, Rallide, Gruidze, Gidicnemide (not reaching north of

Mexico), and Charadriide.

Amongst the genera, thirty-eight are endemic :—Trochilide (14), Fringillide (4),

Momotide, Corvidee, Ampelide, and Turdidee (2 each), and Troglodytide, Mniotiltide,

INTRODUCTION. vil

Vireonide, Tanagride, Icteride, Tyrannide, Cotingidee, Formicariidee, Pteroptochidee,

Caprimulgide, Trogonide, and Cracide (1 each).

Out of the total number of 1413 species enumerated, 636 are endemic. Of these

latter, 271 are peculiar to (2) Mexico, Honduras, or Guatemala, 3 to (6) Nicaragua,

and 162 to (c) Costa Rica or Panama, the remainder (189) being more widely

distributed within the region or common to two of these divisions.

The Trochilidze include 118 species, with 84 endemic; the Fringillidee 104, with 52

endemic; the Tanagride 86, with 46 endemic; the Formicariide 52, with 28 endemic;

the Dendrocolaptide 47, with 26 endemic ; the Troglodytide 46, with 30 endemic; the

Turdide 41, with 24 endemic; the Psittacide 34, with 24 endemic; the Phasianide

32, with 25 endemic; the Peristeride 30, with 19 endemic; the Cotingide 26, with

12 endemic; the Trogonide 16, with 11 endemic; the Cracide 14, with 12 endemic;

the Tinamide 11, with 8 endemic; and the Rhamphastide 10, with 7 endemic.

It will thus be seen that these fifteen families are all rich in peculiar forms, and that

the families themselves are almost all tropical. On the other hand, a large number of

species belonging to the more widely distributed genera find their winter home in

Mexico and Central America, or even further south, returning to breed in the

Nearctic Region, some Humming-birds (such as Trochilus colubris and Selasphorus

rufus) and others wandering far north at this season. Jt would be very interesting

to show the lines of migration of many of the species, but we have not sufficient data

for this purpose. Some of them, no doubt, travel southward from the United States to

the mainland of South America by way of the Caribbean or the West Indian Islands,

perhaps just touching the eastern part of our region en route. Others probably find

their way down the central tablelands, and a few western species, again, pass down the

lowlands of the Pacific coast.

The Tres Marias, Coiba, and Pearl Islands in the Pacific, and the islands of

Cozumel, Mugeres, Holbox, Ruatan, and Old Providence in the Atlantic, possess

various slightly modified forms; and the Revillagigedo Islands are the home of

numerous interesting sea-birds not found on the mainland.

To summarize the results, the Avifauna of Central America may be described as

essentially Neotropical, with certain peculiar forms (such as Oreophasis derbianus,

Vill INTRODUCTION.

Meleagris ocellata, Pharomacrus mocinno, and Zeledonia coronata) restricted to it.

Central America, as here treated, is in fact merely a subregion of the Neotropical

Region, with a large admixture of Nearctic forms, especially during the northern

winter.

India, including Ceylon and Burma, the birds of which have been most exhaustively

studied, and which is perhaps the only other well-defined tropical region with which

the Central-American Avifauna can be compared, has 1626 species (Blanford, 1898)

as against our 1413. It must be remembered, however, that the area of India is

nearly twice as large as that of our region, so that the balance of numbers is very

considerably in favour of Central America. North America has 768 species (A.O.U.

Check-list, 1895).

The material for this work was mainly obtained by Salvin and myself during our

several visits to Central America. Salvin visited Guatemala three times—in 1857—

1858 ; 1861-1863, in company with myself, for part of the time; and, finally, in 1867.

On his way to and from Guatemala he also collected (with me) in British Honduras,

and on one of these trips he also investigated en route various places on the Isthmus

of Panama. Salvin first reached Belize in December 1857. After a few days’ stay he

"proceeded down the coast to Yzabal, over the inland lake called the Golfo Dulce, and

thence to the city of Guatemala, collecting by the way. Duefias, about thirty miles

south of the capital, situated between the Volcanoes of Agua and Fuego, was his

headquarters during his six-months’ residence in the country; but he also made two

excursions towards the Pacific coast, and one to the lake of Atitlan in the Los Altos

region. Leaving the country in June 1858, he returned home by way of Panama, On

the second journey I accompanied him. We arrived at Belize in September 1861, having

spent about three weeks in Jamaica on the way. From Belize we proceeded vid the

Golfo Dulce to Yzabal, remained there a few days, and then passed on over the Mico

Mountains to the ruins of Quirigua. From Quirigua we travelled vid Zacapa and

Guatemala city to Duefias. Here we stayed for about three months, collecting

principally in the forests on the slopes of the Volcan de Fuego. We then went

to San Gerénimo, in Baja Vera Paz, and spent about two months there, making various

exunusiane to the mountains of Santa Cruz, Chilasco, &c. From San Gerénimo we

continued our journey to Coban, whence trips were made to Choctum and Cubilguitz in

the low ground of Alta Vera Paz. Salvin left me at Coban, and went to Peten, by way

of Lanquin, Cahabon, and Chisec, and on by the River Belize to Belize, subsequently

INTRODUCTION. 1x

making a most interesting visit (May 1862) to the “ Cays,” where he found many sea-

birds nesting. In the meantime I went to the highlands of Quiché, Guatemala city,

Alotepeque, and Copan, and returned to Yzabal by way of Chiquimula, meeting Salvin

again on my way home. After I left he passed through the Altos, from Vera Paz,

staying at Totonicapam, Quezaltenango, and other places, and made two expeditions

to the Costa Grande: one to Retalhuleu, and the other to the lagoons of the coast and

the series of small lakes at Huamuchal, close to the frontier of Soconusco. Salvin, on

his third journey, arrived at San José in May 1873. He made his headquarters

again at Duefias, from which place he once more visited the forests of the Volcan de

Fuego, the Volcan de Atitlan, and the Altos, travelling thence to San Gerdénimo,

Guatemala city, and San José. On his way home he spent a week at Obispo, on

the line of the Panama Railroad, returning to England, vid New York, in June 1874.

On one of the earlier journeys to Guatemala, Salvin had been fortunate enough to be

able to train and secure the services of a native, Enrique Arcé, who subsequently

went to Costa Rica, Chiriqui, and Veraguas on our behalf.

In 1887-1888 I made an expedition to Mexico, visiting the Volcanoes of Popo-

catepetl and Ixtaccihuatl, Jalapa, Misantla, Vera Cruz, Puebla, Cuernavaca, Morelia,

Patzcuaro, Amecameca, Yucatan (Merida, Izamal, Ticul, Peto), &c. During part of

the time I had with me, as collectors, Mr. W. B. Richardson, Mr. and Mrs. Herbert '

H. Smith, and an Indian, M. Trujillo, all of whom did good work and continued to

obtain skins for us for some time after I left. Richardson subsequently visited the

Mexican State of Chiapas (1897), the Republic of Honduras (1898), Guatemala

(Volcan de Santa Maria), and Nicaragua, and sent us many birds from those

countries. Mr. H. Rogers was employed by me to visit Costa Rica (1877), and

Mr. W. Lloyd and Mr. F. B. Armstrong investigated the provinces of Northern Mexico.

Dr. G. F. Gaumer, who accompanied me for a short time in 1888, added to our

collection many birds from Cozumel, Mugeres, Holbox, Ruatan, and other islands

off the coasts of Yucatan and Honduras, as well as from the mainland of Yucatan.

Mr. F. Blancaneaux sent us various forms from British Honduras, Mr. C. F.

Underwood an extensive series from Costa Rica, and Mr. M-Leannan many birds from

the line of the Panama Railway. The Mexican series purchased by us in 1889 from

Sefior F. Ferrari-Perez, Director of the Museum at Tacubaya, and the North-American

collections acquired from Mr. Henshaw, Mr. W. E. D. Scott, and Mr. C. K. Worthen,

have been of much assistance in identifying many of the species, Professor Ridgway

having been kind enough to critically examine and determine all the specimens

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Aves, Vol. I., November 1904. b

xX INTRODUCTION.

belonging to the Henshaw collection before they were sent to England. We are

also much indebted to Professor Ridgway and the late Professor Baird, of the

Smithsonian Institution, and others, for the loan of various birds.

Salvin’s numerous ornithological papers (some of them written in collaboration with

Dr. P. L. Sclater), based upon the collections made by him or by myself in Guatemala

and British Honduras, are almost too well known to need recapitulation. Still, it

will not be out of place to give the titles of the most important of them here :—

(1) Ornithology of Central America, by P. L. Scrarer and O. Satvin. Ibis, 1859, pp. 1-22,

117-188, 213-234.

(2) Contributions to the Ornithology of Guatemala, by O. Satvin and P. L. Scrarer. Ibis, 1860,

pp. 28-45, 272-278, 396-402.

(3) Notes on the Humming-birds of Guatemala, by O. Satvin. Ibis, 1860, pp. 259-272.

« (4) History of the Derbyan Mountain-Pheasant, by O. Satvin. Ibis, 1860, pp. 248-253.

(5) On the Nesting of some Guatemalan Birds, by Rosert Owen, with some remarks by O. Satvin,

Ibis, 1861, pp. 58-69.

(6) Quezal-shooting in Vera Paz, by O. Satvin. Ibis, 1861, pp. 188-149.

(7) A List of Species to be added to the Ornithology of Central America, by O. Satvin. Ibis,

1861, pp. 3851-357.

- (8) A Fortnight among the Sea-birds of British Honduras, by O. Satvin. Ibis, 1864, pp. 372-

387.

(9) The Sea-birds and Waders of the Pacific Coast of Guatemala, by O. Satvin. Ibis, 1865,

pp. 187-199.

(10) A Further Contribution to the Ornithology of Guatemala, by O. Sauvin. Ibis, 1866,

pp. 188-206.

[612 species were known from Guatemala at this date: it includes Godman’s captures,

and makes some corrections to the first paper. |

(11) On the Psittacide of Central America, by O. Satvin. Ibis, 1871, pp. 86-100.

(12) Nomenclator Avium Neotropicalium, by P. L. Scrarer and O. Satvin. (1873.)

The eighty-four hand-coloured Plates issued in this work (including XV. a, LIV. a,

LVIII. a, LVIII. 6, and LIX. a) have all been drawn by Mr. J. G. Keulemans.

In conclusion, I may state that the whole of our Ornithological Collections,

numbering about 85,000 specimens, have been presented by Salvin and myself to

the National Museum at South Kensington.

F. D. G.

November 1904.

INTRODUCTION,

Geographical Distribution of the Famtties or Brrps represented in Mexico and

Vol. I.

Passurts.

Turdide

Cinclidee

Sylviida......

Paride ...

Sittide ...

Certhiide

Troglodytide

Motacillidze

Mniotiltide ..

Vireonidse

Laniide ......

Ampelide

Hirundinide..

Ceerebide ...

Tanagride.....

Fringillidee

Icteridze

Corvide

Alaudide

Vol. IT.

Oxyrhamphide

Tyrannide

Pipridz

Cotingids

Dendrocolaptide

Formicariide

Pteroptochids: 2

Macrocuirgs.

Trochilid@ ...............00668

Cypselide :

Pict.

Coccyezs.

Ke Ke *

HK HH R EK

HO eK OK OK OK KK ok

*

RRR:

; N. Am.

| Mex.

*

*

Momotidee ............ceeeeeeee Fe

Alcedinide...

Trogonida...

Galbulide ...

Bucconide...

Cuculidse

Capitonidz

Rhamphastidee

PsIrract.

Psittacidee

Vol. III.

Srricus.

Strigidee

Asionida

| B. Hond.

| Guat.

[ox

+

Pa

ORK KOK OKT Dox

es

xX 8 KOK

2 ok

ORK KOK

Central America ?!,

Ea

DOR eR Rk Rt

7k Ok OK OK OK

(oat -[d

Ae E s Old World, &e, General Remarks.

|S | |=

*|%*|*/ x] x*] Generally distributed.

T|*|*] «|... Europe, Asia, N. Africa. In the tropics in the vicinity of mountain-streams.

*|*|*1%]«] Generally distributed.

soles-[eef.. [4 Europe, Asia, Africa. Not represented in 8. America.

seefee.{-of.. ff Generally distributed. Not south of Mexico: in Mexico on the mountains only.

t|...)..[..[..f Generally distributed. Not represented in 8. America.

%* |x| *}«]x*] Europe, Asia.

...|..f pf Generally distributed. [&e.

«| %/*1x |x] Absent. Peculiar to America, many species wintering in Mexico,

/ * | %] xe] xe] Absent. Peculiar to America.

ajo] fpf Generally distributed. Not represented in S. America.

it} x) *[..[+«] Generally distributed.

«| «| «1 +] x] Generally distributed.

* ||] | x] Absent. Peculiar to America.

* |] Px] Absent. Peculiar to America.

«| « |) 1] x] Generally distributed.

* || «| «fx | Absent. Peculiar to America.

«| «tx 7 Generally distributed.

-|--f |... Generally distributed. In 8. America in the Andes of Colombia only.

we #)¥ Px LP Absent. Peculiar to Tropical America.

*#!%* | 1x] x] Absent. Peculiar to America: N.-American species migratory.

#% | efx]. Absent, Peculiar to Tropical America.

x oe] «Pe [| Absent. Almost peculiar to Centr.and §. America, one species only

(Hadrostomus aglaie) reaching north of Mexico.

« «| «Tx |. | Absent. Peculiar to Tropical America.

*|* | xpd. Absent. Peculiar to Central and S. America.

soe] ef xe Pf Absent. Peculiar to Central and 8. America (Scytalopus).

#/)*/*T x] +] Absent. Peculiar to America.

* | *|*Ix{ x] Generally distributed. Temperate and tropical regions generally.

«| *|*1*] x] Generally distributed.

*|*]*]*]«|Hurope, Asia, Africa. Absent from Madagascar, the Moluccas, Australia, &c.

*|* | «xP x]. Absent. Peculiar to Tropical America.

«|| *] x] Generally distributed. One genus only (Ceryde, with very few species) in America.

* ||] x] x] Tropical Asia and Africa. Peculiar to Central and 8S. America.

x) [ee]. t Absent. Peculiar to Central and 8. America.

%) >) «P|... Absent. Peculiar to Central and S, America,

x| |] x] *] Generally distributed.

|} «ef... Tropical Africa and Asia,

«| * |x fx ]..| Absent. Peculiar to Central and 8. America.

*|*|xf«]..] Tropical Asia, Africa, Australia. Only one species found north of Mexico.

*/&|« fx] Generally distributed. Extending to the Galapago Is.

x |x| [1%] Generally distributed. Cosmopolitan.

1 The dagger (t) indicates that one or more species were subsequently sent us from these districts.

2 Zeledonia was doubtfully referred to this family : it appears, however, from recent investigations, to be a purely Oscinine form.

6 2

xl

INTRODUCTION.

Geographical Distribution of the Families (continued).

a iE S ae ea 5 5

wird es = Be 8 fle 15 5 Old World, &e. General Remarks.

refed | fa S| Ds

Vol. III. (contin.).

ACCcIPITRES.

¥/¥}e] * Jx¥]...) fe] ] Generally distributed. Cosmopolitan,

x|e|e] * [xl] [x] *] Generally distributed. Cosmopolitan. ;

wll] * |x] x]xedxdxd Absent. American representatives of the Old World Vulturida.

STrEGANOPODES.

Phaéthontide ............444 Pe If] # f..] ef | Tropical regions only. Tropical and subtropical seas generally.

Fregatide .......... jee late] * |x| *|)*]* P| Tropical regions only. Tropical and subtropical seas generally.

Pelecanide..... eye] ex] % |] | xf eT? Generally distributed. Temperate and tropical coasts of both Hemispheres.

Sulide .......... eye e|.| # jx] *| xf... Generally distributed. Nearly every Temperate and Tropical ocean.

Phalacrocoracide.... Jedel alae]... |e} |e} ped Generally distributed. Sea-coasts and inland lakes generally.

Plotidee .......secseeeeeeeeeeeee xPel..fe] « [*]*/ x21. Tropical regions only. Tropical lakes and rivers.

Haroprongs.

Ardeid® «5000. c0scseniesavcicsa *]xl}x|x| * |x|*| x]. *]*] Generally distributed. .

Cancromide . sf |# le] .. fe] | xP. | Absent. Confined to Central and South America. ;

Ciconiide .... Axda |. «| *| «| *]...] Generally distributed. {of both Hemispheres.

Plataleide.. a Caen *|*/xP*]... Absent. Generally distributed in Temperate and Tropical portions

Ibidide ............. xix] «|x *|*| x] *]«[ Absent. Generally distributed in Temperate and Tropical portions

Pheenicopteride ............ cf Cane ..-[--]..[¢[-..f Europe, Asia, Africa. [of both Hemispheres.

ANSERES.

AMAA B sence sccsccsccacesovene x]x|x] x] * |x| *] x2] *] Generally distributed. Cosmopolitan.

ConumBzZ.

Columbidz x|*/x| * |«|*]«[*]*] Generally distributed. Cosmopolitan.

Peristeridz */*/x| * [*/%) x1 *]*] Generally distributed. Cosmopolitan.

GaLiing.

Cr acid 8 nosis ceva sciesesienisisee xfx|x|*| * |x!) *| Pep Absent. Tropical and Subtropical America only.

Meleagride .... ¥/*] xe]. [feel ip fp Absent. Confined to N. Amer., Mexico, and N, part of Centr. Amer

Phasianidz «x|*|*| * || *|/ 2] *] Europe, Asia, Africa. Represented by the Odontophorine.

GuErRANOMORPHA.

Rallidee .o. ssavesevaiseosvencess epe|x|%} * || *]*]*]*] Generally distributed. Cosmopolitan.

Heliornithide . J*/*) |) * [#1] *] xP x71 Tropical regions only. Tropical areas of both Hemispheres.

Aramid .......... w¥}x|...] * |«|*|.. peeled Absent. Tropical and Subtropical America.

Eurypygide . vesleee[ | cee [eee] | # PHP. P Absent. Peculiar to Tropical America.

Gruid@ ......... eee sau eee eee s++|..[--] #1 Generally distributed. Temperate and tropical regions of the Old World, not

passing south of Mexico in America.

Linicona. .

[America.

Cidicnemide..............006: sof |..[%] * [#1 | * P1417 Generally distributed. Almost cosmopolitan ; not reaching north of Mexico in

Parride .......... sel e De) *] 4%] * |e) *] *)*] x] Tropical regions only, Tropical and subtropical regions,

Charadriide .... xpxlxle] * |*)*] x] *]*] Generally distributed. Cosmopolitan ; many species migrating north to breed.

Gaviz.

Dari ee syste warcereuerias x[e|«x|*] * |x|) *| xP") *] Generally distributed. Atlantic and Pacific Oceans generally.

. Procellariidee #pe)tf oe Late fah pp Generally distributed. Atlantic and Pacific Oceans generally.

| TuBINARES.

| Pufinidle, cxsaeswscesecasceees *|. ...*] *] Generally distributed. Atlantic and Pacific Oceans generally.

| Diomedeide De coal Road (Cr) (nance tr cntcc nt Chiefly oceans of Southern Hemisphere.

spies {south as Mexico.

‘Colymbide on... eee MEM lesetis |i coag [escleerfoadedel | aeenmamtiennets pene North parts of both Hemispheres: in America as far

Podicipedide............. Je]*|-.j*) * |...[*]...*P*,N. Europe and N. Asia. Cosmopolitan.

ALCB.

AIS cctseernereioesens xo % | N. Europe and N. Asia. Northern oceans,

Cryrrurt.

TinaMide ....cccreceececeseeeafeos e)* |e) & |x] ae) xp eq oT Absent. Represented in Central America by the Tinaminz.

INTRODUCTION. xill

e Geographical Distribution of the Sprcizs or Birps of Mexico and Central America '.

:| . | ‘ : es

lélale ealalal lee

< a a Als 3a al$)alayq Old World, &e. General Remarks.

Besse ee eer

Vol. I.

TurpIpsx.

Catharus melpomene ........ ..........44 en ee ee A genus occurring throughout Colombia, Vene-

mses ALI COLS: « ce sseccrcanuntdaeanenareammacea sefeoe] Th...] zuela, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.

Ses FRAME 4 occa gemadelerdad vaaivoasincats saefowelweslhos steel vector eet

— occidentalis ........ fn

fuscater......... sill eealemell wal ise- ere Peel ae FENCE

griseiceps .............0008 esafoes]*+#]seslaes| aan [ane aoe]

gracilirostris........... 60+ ag[soattrcslece | see esull

—— mexicanus............0..065 555 of | ae tle} x

= ANY AB: sass essateauanceaemaaanreess vedeee| TH] + ceefeee|ene

Turdus mustelinus ................s0seeeee AX) tial oe LEE TL pee

fuscescens........ wee pele teef To [fT ] xe poe De

—— BWAINSON] «0.0... eee eee eee ed ep [eile] i. [Pel aed ede

Ustulatus .......ccccceceeeeenee ee ene ¥l*hote} Tt

ALOR sc annasicaregcapasenfanisersanse need pefeeleefT] ft [fe] apt pep NE, Asia.

—— pallasi ... 7 eo ee

auduboni ................ are Thelde

tristis ........ ve TY]

—— leucauchen.. ol TEE EEE

—— plebeius ..... Pll EY] oe Ee

— grayi......... ei tle) a lalalede

—— obsoletus ........ fisted] aria a | |

_| —— migratorius ..... 2) ¥ leo] ee ee

flavirostris ..... *

—— rufitorques .. | To.) *

Pinicola..........cceceeeeeee eres ares

—— infuscatus..... ae eos © lat

—— nigrescens ........seeeee eens gifveuliescleestees| sash level ae | #

Galeoscoptes carolinensis a oe ee * MH) cya ebeaepadaamias Bahama Is.

Melanoptila glabrirostris . ves] ee] % * he we Genus peculiar to Central America.

Melanotis czerulescens .......... ¥| |. ie Genus peculiar to Central America.

hypoleucus ... ........6+ see| Thal eb oP

Harporhynchus longirostris ... eos]

Ocellatus ........seeeeeeeee eee ..| ¥

— curvirostris ..... *| x

graysoni .:...... ae lotedaed| eo] eae Waceled eteafecsptea] esl weweaccawaamue Peculiar to Socorro I.

Mimus polyglottus .. HELE leielaria| aad Wewcllaceleaalcerbene] «= awaldiardin ecacewean Ziaiztin Genus extending to Galapago Is.

—— gilvus wo... ¥lele] x #1 * :

Rhodinocichla rosea oe Ao eee a wl etx

Myiadectes obscurus....... Bret fe folic eo camera el eee ee! Gen Ce Port Sea sieawivian Genus occurring also in S. America and W. Indies.

unicolor .......... ceedec Pee] % [eee]

—— MelanOps o..eeceeeseecerseeseseereceees heefeeeJeefeeleeed fT [ Tpe] t

Crnciipz.

Cinclus mexicanus ..........cc cece ee eee fest less] | ace | Plewslecabcedee| vase awaconsanee Genus also found in the 8.-Ameriecan Andes anid in

AYCESIACUS......... coerce eee ee eee eeee es sacfeaslaes|evslaaa| aoe [aos] | the mountains of the Old World.

Syivimps. rho Risen

Sialia sialis ............66+ Pebble tial we Pte ee cece ceeeeee eee Bermuda. A N.-American genus extending south

Mexicana ........ eye) *

Regulus satrapa .. Bl od (erred BA eee ee | ee ee Genus also represented in the Old World

ealendula ..... edt] «|...|

Polioptila ceerulea.. dxdele| ble}. pe. EC erro ore Bahama Is.

—— nigriceps ..... oe. | | Hea le x

—— pilineata ..... oe oe er ee eS

aexglbiloris: jancsesaeoeei atteeaneereted LA Ti ¥|...| * *

PariDz&.

Lophophanes atricristatus .........:6666 SPU ell) gece leecleccliefeetbeccs) © Sidgsadageaeevadaba Genus also found in the Old World.

—— wollweberi .....cceeerees eftix [confined to the high mountains.

Parus meridionalis .... LAT] ape. Genus also found in the Old World: in Mexico

Psaltriparus melanotis. cas] OR eon OR Genus also represented in N. America.

Auriparus flaviceps ........---0++00 Pepe fe). Lower California.

1 The dagger (t) indicates that specimens were subsequently sent us from these districts.

.—— modestus ...

—— hyperythrus.....

|| —— berlandieri ..

| —— rufus

Certhia mexicana

X1V

INTRODUCTION.

| N. Am.

Vol. I. (contin.).

Sirripx.

Sitta aculeata,

—— pygmea

Certinirp x.

TroGuopytip2x.

Campylorhynchus albibrunneus

capistratus oe

humilis........

-- — jocosus ...

-—— gularis ... ....

—— brunneicapillus

—— guttatus

zonatus ......

pallescens........

Salpinctes obsoletus ....

Catherpes mexicanus

sumichrasti .......

Cyphorhinus lawrencii....

Microcerculus philomela .

— luscinia

Thryophilus rufalbus .

sinaloa

zeledoni

—— leucotis......

—— thoracicus...

—— pleurostictus

—— nisorius .........

——semibadius ..

—— castaneus .....

nigricapillus,............

Thryothorus tasciativentris...

atrigularis

maculipectus ..

-— felix

—— albinucha...

bairdi ...........

Troglodytes aedon ..

—— insularis ........

—— intermedius ..

furvus

Mortaciuiw 2.

7

OK KOK OK ROK ROK OK

KO:

polyglottus ....... chap cteemmumcte sel tes

L

gid

aie

iz,

| B. Hond.

| Guat.

w

& Salv

Nicar.

ro

Ss

°

ies

Costa R.

Pan.

W. Ind.

I

<q

ao

Old World, &c.

Geographical Distribution of the Species (continued).

General Remarks.

K

*

OK KOK

Ed

Genus also found in the Old World.

(Old World.

Genus also represented in N. America and in the

Genus extending to S. America.

Lower California.

Genus represented in S. America.

Genus represented in §. America.

Genus represented in the W. Indies.

Tres Marias Is, only.

Genus also found in the Old World.

Peculiar to Socorro I.

Genus distributed through N. America generally,

and over nearly the whole of S. America.

{Genus widely distributed in the Old World.

Migrates in winter as far south as Guatemala,

Geographical

D

INTRODUCTION.

istribution of the Species (continued).

N. Am.

B. Hond.

Vol. I. (contin).

Myiotintipaz,

Helminthotherus vermivorus ..

Helminthophaga chrysoptera..

peregrina .....

Parula americana..

inornata .....

insularis ..

—— nigrilora .....

—— superciliosa ..

—— gutturalis.....

Dendreeca estiva ..

—— vieilloti........

-—— cerulescens ..

— coronata .....

auduboni ....

—— maculosa ..

— cerulea..........

—— pennsylvanica

castanea

— blackburniz .

dominica ....

decora .....

—— nigrescens............

virens

—— occidentalis .

—— chrysoparia ..

—— townsendi..

discolor...

Peucedromus olivaceus

Siurus auricapillus ......

noveboracensis.

motacilla .......

Oporornis formosa ...

Geothlypis trichas

melanops .......

—— speciosa.......

—— chiriquensis .

eaninucha....

—— poliocephala .

—— philadelphia...

macgillivrayi

Icteria viridis

Granatellus venustus

Cardellina rubrifrons

Ergaticus ruber

versicolor

Myiodioctes canadensis

—— mitratus

pusillus :

Basileuterus bivittatus...

culicivorus

leucopygius ....

melanogenys.

belli ........

2K

2k RE ka Ok

TUMVONS scascsaverwcacessemevesverss. ae

te a

ok

tat

#E Ss

+4:

=f

ae

2K aK ok ok ok ae ak

5 BRE

OK OK KK OK kK RE

ORK OR OK OK KOR OK KK OK Ok x

Se ee ee

HK OK 2 ok KF

2k ok OK ke kt

| Guat.

*

*

Hk OK Kk ok KE

*

*

2K OK 2K

KK HE

x aK!

-eeses

Sa OK +:

ak KE

S++

de aE

| Costa R.

| Pan,

2K OK ok

2K OOK OK OK

OK KS

*

*

*

eK ok ok ak

OOK OK ok OK OK OK

Old World, &e.

| 8. Am.

| W. Ind.

KOK OK OK

2K

*

2K OK OK OK at

General Remarks.

[tide wintering in Mexico and Centra] America.

One of the many N.-American species of Mniotil-

Genus extending to 8S. America,

Tres Marias Is, and Socorro I.

Bahama Is.

Bahama Is.

Bahama Is.

Has been found at sea near Swan I.

In Mexico and Guatemala confined to high moun-

Bermuda Is,

Winter visitant to Central America.

Bahama Is.

A winter migrant from the north.

A winter migrant from the north.

Lower California.

The only other known species of the genus is con-

fined to Amazonia,

Tres Marias Is. only.

Genus peculiar to Mexico and Guatemala.

ftigeting south from N. America

A winter migrant from the north.

[tains.

in winter.

1 Cozumel I.

xvl

INTRODUCTION.

Geographical Distribution of the Species (continued).

el : 2

al3l¥ 8 Joe af fe

bl en s|2a|8\@ Fle ‘a Old World, &e. General Remarks.

AZ ed el hd IS fos ye

Vol. I. (contin.). |

Moyioriitip# (contin.). |

Basileuterus delattrii ..............0c00 00 ae scal T Tle} t |#l}t

MESOCHTYSUS.........seeceeeee tec eeeeee 2 [saw |sieectn vee] cee foeef ae | De P ;

Setophaga ruticilla oo... eh fafa] oe [tla lade Pep cc cree Bahama Is. A migratory species.

PUCEA 00... ceeceeereee eet e teense eee eeees ele] x). a] x

WIN Ale wiisijsccncsemaicnnuarranvemaaiices ved [9 [2]

$$ BUIFADEIACA ose ceceeecec ee ee ee ee noes wonf ive icwalicauliees wae |

torquata wae]

—— lacrymosa * t

VIREONIDA,

Vireo calidris ..........ccccceceeeeeeene ees «|. on ed Co cd eee Migrates down E, coast and to the W. Indies.

olivaceus .... jehje| tial oe [tlalapede .

—— flavoviridis . AES ae See eee ed de eee Tres Marias Is.

—— magister ....... 82a pine EO hi

—— philadelphicus . a PO ree

—— gilvus .......... jeptiep.et] t

—— amauronotus seQe fF [.. f

josephe.......... hse inal wef | De

flavifrons . Wed.jwe pte] ot [ft fe) ape pe

—— solitarius . pepelelte) ft ... Ax

| ——cassini ....... wee | t

—= PIUMbeUS .....ceresesiroevenoensasesed *] |

atricapillus .............02: cesses eee |x

—— noveboracensis wl OVE 1) P18) Ge Tecclendec ef Swewisanaiceaaaye Bermuda.

— belli 0... wo De | x

— ochraceus . qxeixjet*e| tT yt

—— pallens .... sialon wae | HLH

—— huttoni.... *\% * ‘

-—— carmioli ...... meee Paes

—— hypochryseus ..... FE llaccilhete|| cater [ine sera Ae eel el ee Tres Marias Is. ;

Neochloe brevipennis .. Gow Leet ace feclalokdieticeh ceBiaoadioatuca Genus peculiar to Mexico.

Hylophilus decurtatus .. *e/tle| « [eel se

aurantiifVons 2.00... ce ceeeeeeeeeeeeeefee fees [easel pial hire) seins, Al atenuver ¥ |x

ochraceiceps...... Pane tix|*

ViridiflavUs 2.2.0.0... cece sees tease apeoapeeelees steals jsielean| IE

Vireolanius melitophrys .. ce

pulchellus ........... *1...)% *) x | *

Cyclorhis flaviventris .. sl TT |e

—— flavipects .......c.scccssceeneaeced sincfaael eat bivalves *|¥]*

Lanupz.

Lanius ludovicianus..................sse00s KPH [| loca] wis laeehivalanPawefias] —«-weszenmeasammnener Genus widely distributed in the Old World.

AMPELIDE.

Ampelis cedrorum ...........0.::0seeeeee epelaeLtel oe PPh *

Ptilogonys cinereus ........ tle... rooted | ~Saaddaghtecabinpass Genus peculiar to Central America.

caudatus ......... eepeeel, |e | %

Phainopepla nitens .......... #) el *

Phainoptila melanoxautha .............., eal cscs hegalazel xan, le SEI Eggle | Seetereneneamnanone Genus peculiar to the mountains of Costa Rica.

Hirunpinip 2.

Progne purpurea ........cccceeeceseeeeeeees Of Ca ee ere eee eee cd ee erect Genus also represented in W. Indies.

chalybea ............665 oe [tralia

Petrochelidon pyrrhonota ° ee Tell Po Lad PB hed —— eesamvevereseses Genus represented in §, Africa, India, and Aus

SWAINSONL .............06- 2) # fof

—— fulva...........00e ol Ret econ ed pe

Atticora cyanoleuca ... re eee ee thx

—— pileata .......csececreeectseeeceneneseey | *

1 Subsequently received from Cozumel I. and Ruatan I.

INTRODUCTION.

XVli

Geographical Distribution of the Species (continued).

chal ./S} | 3 i

aleleel loele el late

ie a am 3 2 A/S Si ghee Old World, &e. General Remarks.

iE foc es i eS eS foo fe

Vol. I. (contin.).

Hirvunpinip& (contin.).

Atticora tibialis ....... eee ceneferPele fete] vee Peep PRD PL

Hirundo erythrogaster... Aedel axle; tol tle ledape Bermuda Ts. A cosmopolitan genus.

Tachycineta thalassinus .. Aepehelifay fohota ppb. Genus widely represented in 8. America.

—— bicolor wee BS oe ere Oe ee Ge Bermuda Is.

albilinea ............66 8 sfx | tl ele] « [a falx

Stelgidopteryx serripennis .... oa Ca erence

uropygialis ............. AeePofeeefee [eee] eee [eee] oe | oe De

Cotile riparia .....c.ccseeeseeeeeeee seers wef ET | elf] Tt f..] ef. pepe PN. Asia and Kurope, and in] Bermuda Is,

Alrica in winter.

Carnsipa.

Diglossa baritula ....cc...ccccececceeeesee peepee Mice ieee \|seefaleadMecDawdd) - “Sassauioten suse dine’ Genus represented in S.-American Andes.

—— plumbea . seafeccfeee] cee fees a [4

Dacnis cayana ...... sfeeefece] cee [eoe[one] HI

—— ultramarina ... secfen fees? cee [oe | a |

venusta......... sesfeesfece] cee foee] | HD He

—— viguieri............ swale sz] ogi] west acs ave

Chlorophanes spiza ... veefep ae] ok [ef ae] ee

Coereba cyanea . el efe} ow [a] tT) pate

lucida ............ sfeofee [ep & [TPT x

Certhiola mexicana ... awaf% [oooh] ose [TH] PR Peel satessesavarvennens Genus largely represented in W. Indies.

: CADOO case snencernwsaasneeetinawernrase sasfcos] % fas] axe aveleoclenPeacfossy «——_wiswetetneveueanese Peculiar to Cozumel I.

TAnaGnriDs.

Chlorophonia occipitalis .................peqh.. |...) % Mewabodapsaupsva|' | » dew sieeasiearabsinenioiss Genus represented in 8. America.

—callophrys ........... wes foe ait |e)

—— cyanodorsalis ........ veefeae]

Euphonia elegantissima .. er

afGNis ....eecee eee ae xlxle] tT j*e]*

—— minuta.... vevfeeel Re] cee | | oe] ep

— gracilis ....... ailensinina| vies [ica 5] 90/8

luteicapilla ... sefoesfecefece] oon [TL fe

hirundinacea pfeil ele] xe Le] e

gnatho ......... Dave aes san|aed|: ide. fade |

laniirostris ... Prssfecstess lace] ane [aice| 96 | 9

— gouldi ....... .fefele! tT le]

fulvicrissa. eaalleeafeina|sive] ave. [nan] oxo] at fe

anne....... if we [ | %

Calliste florida . ae re ea Gon tes (cr eer oe Genus represented in the island of St. Vincent.

guttata ......... seed ee

—— icterocephala ase Ps

—— gyroloides....... atl we [ % | De

laviniz .... ae # |e) %

—— cabanisi.. es |see| ie

dowi ....... iia sielasl) ete | Jamie] ME BE

—— inornata sesfecefeca{ece] cee feoefeee| DH

—— larvata ..... 2 feel ae] e fel al ade

Buthraupis arcei . eck lese| eeolvae| wert -lacull eel Pacey da senwacaneieiieee Genus largely represented in S. America,

Tanagra cana [pepe] we [ele] ede

abbas....... vf [R11 %

palmarum................ peofecsfevcfens] coe | TL ae] eT

Rhamphoceelus passerinii nef Tlelae] & fel aye

icteronotus ...........60+ Dall are tlf anal ese) ene! [edad eared OE IP

—— dimidiatus iva # Pl...) De

luciani .......... ee we [eee]

uropygialis .....-.....eee a ee ;

Phlogothraupis sanguinolenta Be oe * jefe Lp. Geuus peculiar to Central America,

Pyranga rubra ....csesseeeeeeeeeeee sees Axi... t [alu] xpape Bermuda Is,

estiva ..... Axyx w [ele] epepe Bermuda Is.

— cooperi..... Ae

hepatica .. xp eld

——— teStacOA..eiaicicsrcsscatsenerersientavecdpoeefaaeloscfese|eee vee | [LP

— fighina ...scecccccccceere rere te ePefeeleen le] t

~ BLOL. CENTR.-AMER., Ayes, Vol. I., November 1904.

XViil

INTRODUCTION.

Geographical Distribution of the Species (continued).

N. Mex.

S. Mex.

| B. Hond.

| Guat.

Niear.

Costa R.

Pan.

| 8S. Am

W. Ind.

Old World, &e.

General Remarks.

Vol. I. (contin.).

TANAGRIDE (contin.).

Pyranga roseigularis .............eesecees Pan Fes

—— erythrocephala ...

— bidentata ....... ..

ludoviciana .........

Chlorothraupis olivacea .

Phenicothraupis rubicoides

— fuscicauda ..

salvini ........

Lanio aurantius

— leucothorax ....

melanopygius .

Eucometis cristata ....

spodocephala ....

—— nitidissimus..

Chlorospingus ophthalmicus sslathd sa hie

—— postocularis ......... ASEAN aceite Ms

olivaceus .......

—— albitemporalis .

—— punctulatus....

—— pileatus.....

hypopheus .

Buarremon assimilis .

—— brunneinucha .

—— gutturalis

albinucha .....

—— capitalis ..

tibialis ........

Arremon aurantiirostris

Saltator atriceps .........

Pitylus grossus ..

—— celano ........

FRInGiuuip2z.

Pheucticus chrysopeplus ............. noes be

tibialis .............eseee

Hedymeles ludovicianus .

melanocephalus ....

Cardinalis virginianus.

IZMCUS ..........006

Pyrrhuloxia sinuata..

Guiraca cerulea .....

‘concreta ...

—— cyanoides

parellina .....

Oryzoborus nuttingi..

—— funereus ......... aavacisiuslasinnaees Arr Aen ee

orythromelaena..........sececreseeeres codes

vinacea..... Oe new ewe near eaten eetenenen Peer

MABNOIMES ........sesseveceeeceeeaes ha

PLANS wees vsiesercereariarsn tire ss savion pa

—— plumbeiceps..........ccceesesseecesens eal

—— albicollis oo... tee seeeeeeeeees pee eek

VirenticepS ...cesccccecseeesseeeseeees sedis

POR KKK RS

KOK +

a

PoK RK KR RD DS

CAYMIOLL vcsiswssesdeweasceseenedoueerc’ pee ee ee

CASSINL crea siscssinscvennwavedersgessessies bisBuee [heat snls

Tachyphonus melaleucus.................. bi

= LUCEMOSUS ics eis scdsversiemeananevend nea

Kanthopygius .....ecccceeccceeese sees bs

—— chrysomelas ......0...ccccceseseeeeeeee Ree

Gelattril scnssasovesaciaavsseveunaens ey

KOK KOK It

ee EE oa

++

Dox

ee

2E OK KK KT

2k OK OK OK OK OK ok aK ae 2k

*

RK OK OK OK

* OK

*

*

XK OK OK Kk HS

xi

OK ROK

Yucatan.

Genus represented in 8. America,

Genus largely represented in S. America.

Genus represented in S.-American Andes.

Migratory species,

Genus represented in §. America,

Lower California; Tres Marias Is.

Lower California.

INTRODUCTION. xix

Geographical Distribution of the Species (contcnued).

als

yt Old World, &e. General Remarks,

i.

Costa R.

Guat.

Hond. &

Salv

Pan.

B. Honda.

q

<{

a

N. Mex.

S. Mex.

Nicar.

W.

j

Vol. I. (contin.).

Frinei.up2 (contin.).

Amaurospiza concolor ..,........:sceceeeee idbociofeae/eailaae| gui [ove] Se | feasrcel —-- Saadondacdesenies Genus peculiar to southern part of Centr. America.!

Spermophila minuta ... sal seleeslane| cays. fase

PALVA cesses ho.) # fT]. | t

torqueola ..

—— moreleti

——aurita ....

—— gutturalis.

—— corvina....

grisea ..

Volatinia splendens ...

Phonipara pusilla

intermedia .........

Cyanospiza versicolor ...

——- rosite ....... somsanes

leclancheri ...

*

*

ae

*

*

Genus largely represented in the Antilles,

Peculiar to Cozumel I., Holbox I., & Yucatan.

Lower California.

Peculiar to Tehuantepec.

A migratory species.

Bahama Is.

Bahama Is.

Genus represented in S. America.

3

*

*

«:

*

*

*

OR OK OK CK GR ok eR E

Haplospiza uniformis ...

Amphispiza bilineata ...

quinquestriata ......

Zonotrichia leucophrys ..

intermedia ........... a

— pileata ....... Ps Oe oe oe a

vuleani...,

Junco cinereus..

—alticola .........

Chondestes strigatus as ae

Spizella socialis............ ane H leseleed

pinetorum

pallida .......

breweri.......

——atrigularis ..............

Passerculus sandwichensis ..

TOStVALUS .........eeeee

Pocecetes gramineus........

Coturniculus passerinus ..

petenicus ..............

Melospiza lincolni

montana ....

heermanni .

Peucea botterii....

cassini ......

-—— boucardi ...

—— notosticta...........

Hemophila rufescens ..

sumichrasti ........

superciliosa ...

ruficauda ...

—— lawrencii ...

acuminata...

—- humeralis...

— mystacalis...........

Chamzospiza torquata....

Pyrgisoma biarcuatum

kieneri ..........c00008

rubricatum

-—— cabanisi....

leucote ....

occipitale ...

Atlapetes pileatus...

| Pipilo macronyx ...

—— armani ... bea

—— MACUIALUS.......cccesceeeeeeeeeeeeee Pos Pe

2k OOK

wll =" wadvelnesncumdctos , Lower California.

Genus largely represented in N. America.

8000-12,000 ft.

Genus represented in N. America.

Ruatan I.

Or ee rrr Lower California.

eduigecnesieenaiay Lower California.

OK KK Ok OK ORS

Cozumel I.; genus represented in 8, America.

Peculiar to Peten.

DR KR +E

jr Winter visitants to Mexico and Guatemala.

RE

Doe ke ROR OK KE

Genus also represented in 8. America,

kK OK OK

*

=

alets|! ws |[aalaeefesatcveraey! © Anaotaee sides east Genus peculiar to Mexico.

| 3] sais [eweteoeleesbeadfied|! sates cbiesent us Genus represented in S. America.

x Kae KKK RE

Be lid cellos, Radlett aNisl|.! gdayawaniendan Genus peculiar to Mexico. Alpine.

deatae sales saeuaaenaienmaness Peculiar to Socorro I.

+*

*

*

—

—

XX INTRODUCTION.

Geographical Distribution of the Species (continued).

Old World, &c. General Remarks.

| N. Mex.

| S. Mex.

Costa R.

Pan.

8. A

W. Ind.

| B. Hond

|

a

Vol. I. (contin.).

FRINGILLIDE (contin.).

Pipilo megalonyx oo... .eeeeeeceeseee enone *

§ —— fuscus ........ |

PUGS ccc cccesascsnccts sseiaisapate snnins sed

Embernagra rufivirgata .

crassirostris ..........

—— superciliosa ..

—— chloronota ..

verticalis ...

striaticeps...

— chlorura ..,

Spiza americana ..... ied

Calamospiza bicolor..............csceceeeee *

Calcarius ornatus....

Carpodacus cassini sia

frontalis ....... we

—— mexicanus of

Loxia mexicana .............. rn Ed

Coccothraustes vespertinus............../ *

——- abeill@i ow...

Seninpanene mtache Lower California.

*

* OOK

*

a aisaligrts Sahar att Genus represented in 8. America.

a

sae ee ee Poe Reel (et (rere Or Peculiar to Yucatan and Meco I.

* OK OK OK

pie:

[a

Be

chains acetate Genus represented in the Palxarctic Region

sioleeinchestealsfreeagias Lower California.

* * #:

KK eK KR KEE

2 tt

KK KOK KK KOK TOK KS

— notata .......... Bs Er

=e forrert ssssscwesnasoyemes Ax

—— atriceps..........c.ee

xanthogaster fe

mexicana ....... %

Sycalis chrysops ..

Acanthidops bairdi .

[+

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

Genus largely represented in S. America.

Genus peculiar to Costa Rica.

Icrerips.

Eucorystes wagleri .........0....cseceeeeee ved ef Lae] oe fae fae

Gymnostinops montezume..

| —— guatemozinus .........

Ostinops decumanus

Cassicus flavicrissus....

microrhynchus

Cassiculus melanicterus ...

Cassidix oryzivora .........

Ainblycercus holosericeus ..

Dolichonyx oryzivorus...........

Molothrus pecoris

PNOUB oe.s.es eee

Ageleeus pheeniceus .

gubernator ............

Xanthocephalus longipes... tis

Sturnella magna «0.0.0.0... ceeeecseeeeees *

Leistes guianensis.......

Icterus baltimore ..

bullocki

—— abeillai...... is

—— parisorum

siebincdia eRe miles Genus represented in S. America.

KKK KKK

OOK

DORR re en Ree Rene Genus restricted to Mexico.

ima

*!

*

ok

K

+

5 +

ok +:

2k

2K

Galapago Is. (accidental ?).

Genus represented in S. America.

es * a A Selocelicdeadl «= wamnorderamneiatatan Genus represented in Cuba.

2K OK Rk Ok Ok OK KOK E

ok

2

*

3K

oe

3k

sa mniisamaneecese Lower California.

KOK OK OK OK OK KE

%

prosthemelas .

—— maculi-alatus .... cca af onal aol Gas

melanocephalus ................ wef Xf

giraudi.....

—— mesomelas

—— cucullatus..

— nelsoni.....

—— BUPALUS....... cece enna Be Perl eee

—— poctoralis.......ceececcceeeeceeeeees ics ce

es

KOK ORE

*

*

*

=

2k OK OK Ok

3k

: *

oK

ok

*

3k

Mugeres T., Cozumel I.

Lower California.

Peculiar to Yucatan and Meco I.

:

*

*:

*

ok

? See Ridgway, Birds N. Am. i. pp. 449-450,

INTRODUCTION. xt

Geographical Distribution of the Species (continued).

‘ a 8 ; :

Del 5 [=] rs

abe |2 SlslsSlela| [ale

A Se 2s lale|sy. Old World, &c. General Remarks.

-f- -|2iSf)S1 la 2

Pepe foi ed cb |S feos

Vol. I. (contin.).

Iormripz (contin.).

Teterus gularis ............ cc eeeeeeeee eee pele ele] | x

sclateri ....... el # | To [x

—— pustulatus Here eer me | AREF a oP ee Lower California.

BYAYSODL. oon eccscndsensaendesvns wee Leelee pacteeliontcdieccl, ¢aeaueeeShodearawes Tres Marias Is. only.

Scolecophagus cyanocephalus ...... wee Pee Lt

Dives sumichrasti................ PevePoee| LH 9] L desaleas|eaafessfcc ws eevanwenticativievns Genus represented in 8. America and W. Indies.

’ P : :

Quiscalus macrurus . AaePelelala] « fal el epee eee . Genus represented in W. Indies.

graysoni ....... eee

tenuirostris . we %

——~ MOKICANUS ois aceceseeseceeeersee oes seelve|

Corvipz.

COPVUBCOPAX oe sete cansaccienns Sneentvestons wepeleljel « | Europe, N. and Centr. Asia.

cryptoleucus.... «|x

mexicanus ......... 4%

Cyanocitta macrolopha «#]x*|t

diademata..........0. j*|t

coronata ........0. jeje] *# [Tt

Aphelocoma californica 2 |

ultramarina......... wf | %

unicolor aan] % [oe] %

NANA dasa ctnacechert Lo.) * : :

Cyanolyca sanblasiana . dx | «|. RAIA ALAR ees Genus represented in northern part of S. America.

beecheyi .......... *

yucatanica /...... *le]x} t

—— melanocyanea .... */ * | %

soem ENTE aay cus cibia te *

—- cucullata : : *|%

— pumilo........ ie sesfeee] F] #

argentigula .... aie Aeefeedd | : :

Xanthura luxuosa .eecescececcceeceee xlelelx| # He) lee |e Pecan eee Genus represented in S,-American Andes,

Cyanocorax aflinis Bee ce [sll Ad x | *]* . .

Psilorhinus morio de ||. Bk cl Wee)» Geeaguaeaapingsutcls Genus peculiar to Central America.

mexicanus..... vf) eye] e Lele : ;

Calocitta colliei............cecceeecereeseeeee ae wien fagalese iccfaeaaty | SEHR Uenneteerie , Genus peculiar to Central America.

FOLMOSA. cis pnssesareanswases deenenine re Pe ee

ALAUDIDE.

Otocorys chrysoleema .........:::::2cce0e- SEN i9ei ad dalled loeeliccleaacdadsll | Sduntdvecedaéeeunss Genus represented in Old World.

Vol. II.

OxyrHaMPnipa.

Oxyrhamphus frater ........ Seceionaetacd pePeecfecteeefecs] cee feee) | ¥ peepee woe eon ate alos Genus represented in S. America,

TYRANNIDE.

Copurus leuconotus ...........seceseeeeeees pefeefeelefef oe |e] | RD og

Platyrhynchus cancrominus ............ Pe ee rr

albogularis sissseosvevenrescenneers seeecul ens oa] % | ef

SUPeLCiliaris..........eseeeeseeeeeeeeee sefeas|emelares |e fe] Pe

Rhynchocyclus brevirostris... * |e tl«|*

—— eequinoctialis .........:cseceeeeeeeees sec Dece| test sealant *|*

— sulphurescens .. aha Ra sae asf calferloeeloas wee] HP

CINCLEICEPS oo. eeeeeeeeeeeceeeeree ees sefe[ Hl Re] HX] & fe LH]

Todirostrum cinereum......... wlelel « [ele] ape

NigQVICEPS .....eeeeeeeeeveee as [aes ae fe

—— schistaceiceps ....... wl ele] .. [xe] el pe ; ;

Oncostoma cinereigulare . eee] T [tl elepe ped ce aeeanbae avis Genus peculiar to Central America.

—— olivaceum ........sescerees Sai afeee]

Lophotriccus squamicristatus .. |] pe ; ;

Orchilus atricapillus............ Caren o jana diene eeeesnicn Genus represented in S. America.

Colopterus pilavis.........:c-seceeerereeeres Bee) ee Pee ee ee

Xxii

Geographical Distribution of the Species (continued).

INTRODUCTION.

-

) Mionectes olivaceus ...

|) Leptopogon superciliaris..

q

|

12

1b

=

zi

S. Mex.

B. Hond.

Guat.

Hond. &

Salv.

Nicar.

Costa R.

Pan.

=|

|

(a)

W. Ind.

Old World, &e.

General Remarks.

Vol. II. (contin.).

TyYRANNIDe (contin.).

Serphophaga cinerea

oleagineus.........

flavovirens ........

pileatus.........

Myiopagis placens

—— macilvaini......

Capsiempis flaveola ..

Ornithion imberbe

pusillum ......

Tyrannulus elatus.

—— semiflavus...........

—— brunneicapillus

Tyranniscus vilissimus..

parvus ....

Elainea pagana.

—— martinica .

frantzii ...........

Sublegatus arenarum ..

Legatus albicollis........

Myiozetetes cayennensis .

—— BIMI]is 0.......ceeseeee

granadensis ...

Pitangus derbianus

—— hetor............

albovittatus ...

Sirystes albogriseus .........

Myiodynastes luteiventris

BudaK svrarrenseqevewens

—— hemichrysus .......

Megarhynchus pitangua .

Muscivora mexicana.......

Cnipodectes subbrunneus.

Myiobius barbatus .......

sulphureipygius ..

—— fulvigularis ........

—— nevius ......

capitalis .........00.,

Pyrocephalus rubineus

Sayornis saya ............

—— phete ....

—— nigricans .

—— aquatica we.

Mitrephanes pheocercus .

aurantiiventris.......

albigularis

acadicus

—trailli ......

—— minimus ...

—— flaviventris

—— bairdi ......

—salvini ....

MaVeSCONS sso cicceeamswaniiie sascnees

' —— obscurus

hammondi

affinis

——_ CANESCENS o...seccssereceeserees

atriveps........, waster sictiucies

Contopus borealis cl

musicus......... wen cibas tiple va wai wth sd *

cz

Empidonax fulvifrons ...,...........c.000 *

xR OK KE

* KOKO

OK OK KK KOK:

KS

x OK E

ROK KOK SE

: x

2K OK OK OK

!) Leptotriccus superciliaris...............+-. wofesel>a=l use| ied

?) Pogonotriccus zeledoni..

KKK RK:

OK KOK KK KOR KS

KOK:

*

eK:

ORK OK OK

*

*

*

* >

KK KOK

xi

HK KOK

KK Ok OK aC Kt

2K OK KK KK OK OK OK OR OK KE

KOR KK SE

<i

KP

rer

Genus represented in 8. America.

Genus represented in 8. America.

Genus numerously represented in S. America.

Grand Cayman I. and Old Providence I.

Genus represented in Bahamas and W. Indies,

Genus represented in S. America.

Genus represented in S, America.

INTRODUCTION.

Xxiil

Geographical Distribution of the Species (continued).

5 rc Fe :

dle lel) loge’) [ale

2 ‘

a= |S |S Ag ggid E & Old World, &c. General Remarks,

spealieleels 1S | ay.

iz oe eS taile

Vol. II. (contin.).

TyRaNnNip& (contin.).

Contopus lugubris .......ccceeseeesees pia sfewe|8delcwnfdse] sea [eine a: |

ardesiacus...... eee ace: [egal oes] PR

— ochraceus . Wesalleai |e was bead

—virens .. Pare « [tj*e|Tpe]*

— richardsoni ... eleielel T olf lel epee

—— brachytarsus ... Pose ae «| Pe

Myiarchus crinitus .., x |*)e] xe] o. cad call hal

—— inquietus ...... ao] %

Magister .......eccecseecees % || ef & . .

———— 7a a * * * Oem weennene teenee Lower California,

—— nuttingi .... a | HE aealnns * | %

—— ferox...... eawers sepals AP . . :

ess anateeennts ales : Vesa Oa tad 29 Peculiar to Yucatan and adjacent islands.

—— lawrencii .... Praca) x [xl] *

—— nigriceps .... eeefenele ‘ «| pF

—— flammulatus. * | * Bohania Ts

Tyrannus pipiri . sof) Hl] we fel RP RP pi ciabieemeneneitan a Ae

z ane 2 * x* *Exd* ie seine Cerne eeeees Bahama Is., Virgin Is,

—— vociferans, #/*) ae] *

—— verticalis ...... ¥/ Tle

—— melancholicus . Pa oe oe Sad

crassirostris ... wpe] * 1.) Bal I

—— magnirostris... sceht Ue daa ig seegnnenaieeeaeat ees

Milvulus tyrannus #/e(e] me lx lel ape

— forficatus ............. scetaies oa ca seateae x Pel elela] « lel x

Piprip2z,

Piprites griseiceps Fs ee tne carey Genus represented n 8. America,

Pipra mentalis ....... * |] % *|*

auricapilla

velutina ....

leucocilla ....

—— leucorrhoa ..,....

Chiroxiphia lanceolata

linearis ............

Chiromacheris candi

—vitellina .........

aurantiaca ......

Heteropelma verspacis

stenorhynchum

Cotineipa.

Tityra semifasciata ........... eee Pee] x] x |

albitorques ....... fp) a] ele] x fe

*

Hadrostomus aglaiz

homochrous....

Pachyrhamphus versicolor

cinereus............

— cinnamomeus .

cinereiventris .

—— major .......

albogriseus

Lathria unirufa..

Aulia rufescens..........

Lipaugus holerythrus ........

Attila citreopygius .

—— gaumeri

— cozumele ...

— sclateri ........

——cinnamomeus ..

—— hypoxanthus ....

KOK OK Kk KE

2K 2K ak ok

2K OOK OK OK

a

* OK Kk Ok Ok

: * Ok

OK

K

Eo

aK kK Dt

* s

Oe KOK OK

2K OOK Ok ook

Peculiar to Yucatan and adjacent islands.

Peculiar to Cozumel I.

1 Mugeres I.

XXIV

INTRODUCTION.

Geographical Distribution of the Species (continued).

[4 ale) (all [ele

Ble slo. OmM\|H| a f=

et ss} 3 £.3|S)/2| |< re Old World, &e. General Remarks.

ed edleedl ccd cI endl scl a

Vol. IT. (contin.).

Cotinaips (contin.).

Cotinga amabilis ............:ccecceeeeeeees es * ASIP eb i da haceceraatodenns Genus represented in S, America.

ridgwayi ...... se oo | ; .

Carpodectes nitidus HOP lowcbehesl «guia ee Genus peculiar to Central America

ANCONIR, 0.0... cc cee ece er eeeee | ? :

Chasmorhynchus tricarunculatus A eee pee nner er eee Genus represented in 8S, America,

Querula cruenta ...........cseeeneee Oe ive: Rent to eee er eos ; :

Cephalopterus glabricollis ............... ia aPows lea] ayel eae cars dennatioareonenees Genus represented in 8. America.

DENDROCOLAPTIDE.

Synallaxis albescens .............000eeeeeeee pesfeesleesfecsteee] cee feoeleee] HEF

pudica ......... es

erythrothorax ... ele le] x

Siptornis erythrops ... aed

rufigenis ........... | *

Pseudocolaptes lawrencii.... Le eb eeers séseons Genus represented in 8, America.

Automolus rufobrunneus.... 1k

virgatus ........... ba | *

rubiginosus *

—— verepacis .... saa|eae| ® sellacipessfee| ssa wannadeooseuvies Peculiar to Vera Paz.

—— umbrinus ......... coefeee] ¥ SPE[SOREESEPes| | seseimstnsidclcs emasitines Peculiar to the Pacific Slope.

——- guerrerensis ...... HE Jctlans adlectlocterles| eased dues thence Peculiar to W. Mexico.

—— fumosus ...... al vaaliess| tes cn afoe ed

— cervinigularis ... +] ® [ale wee]

—— pallidigularis ... Be Paes

Philydor panerythrus ..... hculeeeloas aes

fuscipennis ............. Ma lneel ied fees]

Anabazenops variegaticeps . «|e [e.| 1) *] *

subalaris .........6.... see beatles cee feee[ He] De

Xenops genibarbis sel] Le] ede

—— rutilus ....... 2 aes

Sclerurus canigularis ssteyoteoes eae | avn | 28

mexicanus......... ca Seen wfeeef

guatemalensis ........ a * w]e] xe fe?

Margarornis rubiginosa .. ee sls ef ep e

brunnescens ........... 3 ae ee eas woe feee[ %] EF

Dendrocinela anabatina .. v¥lel a] x fx Lele

— homochroa ......... es er a)

- ruficeps....... el) wa} ee] sone] BE

OliVACED... 0... cece eca ee seefeeefeee] % [.] ee

£Glyphorhynchus cuneatus . ce ee ss cs

Sittosomus olivaceus ....... sel e] He] lel el ede

Dendrornis eburneirostris ele le] x lel x

NANA -vecncewsevevonsieraes ne ee

erythropygia Sh sr rnc

—— punctigula er er ie

lacrymosa.............. oe er a co

Xiphocolaptes emigrans “fH LMFT see [eae] lecber feof aud eeetaieare dane Genus represented in S. America.

Picolaptes leucogaster... * lawless] vem levelesslardee fess] —---Wacsuae ection taaaue Genus represented in 8. America.

affinis ............ fl jos) | eee [enc |

compressus . |e) ele] & fel ee

eracilis .............sceeee ‘i ee | *

Xiphorhynchus trochilirostris. a es ea

—— pusillUs.......cererecreees lee [ae | ee

Dendrocolaptes puncticollis mrs

validus .......... Peefeeclecsfec fees] cee [eee] |e P%

saNcti-thomae ......eccceeeeeeseee eed eoPooel elf] x fe] eed e

FormicaRtDa.

Cymbilanius lineatus ...............666.4. El sioa aise sare oiet ¥|*) eye

Thamnophilus melanocrissus . *

transandeanus .......seeeee las Aa cs

——- PUNCHALUS ..... eee eeseeeeeerseeeseeenees eset |)

INTRODUCTION. XxXV

Geographical Distribution of the Species (continued).

ald|ale) (Gel) [te

siSalsis| .[a|s

Slats ee) 8) 18° Ola World, &e. General Remarks.

Ala lailsioms fzlS|Sia

Vol, II. (contin.).

Formicarip x (contin.).

Thamnophilus bridgesi. - */%

virgatus............ ae | *

atrinucha.. * Paes

—— pulchellus.. es */ x

— doliatus.......... wpe lala] x fala lade

nigricristatus ...... sles fee) De

Thamnistes anabatinus ... | ae ee ee Genus represented in 8. America.

Dysithamnus semicinereus * of % | De

puncticeps ............ «| * | *

Striaticeps..........ceceee ace leerl

Myrmotherula surinamensis aes w{ De

— fulviventris .......... aes * [fe] ede

—— melena..... woe Joel oe | De

menetriesi....... Hee |e | ae | Pe

Terenura callinota ... ise | ep

Cercomacra tyrannina . ele} a] « lelalepe

nigricans .......... ie Pais

Formicivora boucardi . * *) ox felele ho Pe ee Genus represented in S. America,

Vit gate ov ecensssneevievecssanians # |...) %

Rhamphocznus semitorquatus veo] ae | ae |

Pufiventris i... scnsrcccsweresays * |e alate

Gymnopithys bicolor saafacel 98 Peos|ese = Rpidnnaaisacictlsleas Genus represented in 8. America.

—— olivascens ......... * | % |e |

Gymnocichla nudiceps veefee.[ pe

chiroleuca ............0006. , i * |...) %

Myrmelastes immaculatus ..............; Lins x lepx

lawrencii ..........0666 fee] ®

intermedius . xe | x

occidentalis .... ae

Myrmeciza swainsoni . w{ # Dx

lemosticta ....... | # | *

-—— stictoptera ....... |e

Hypocnemis nevioides. Paes es

Formicarius moniliger...

hoffmanni.......... Paras eo

——analis ..... | | Pe

rufipectus ......... ceefeee | %

Phlogopsis macleannani # |x| ¥], Genus represented in 8. America.

Pittasoma michleri ..............666+ es aap Genus peculiar to Central America.

ZOLEM ONL. cnonsevessee ons oeiaenetsas ins

Grallaria guatemalensis Hi] Fete lclecclespeas|| ——Sesaterlas shinee ere Genus numerous in species in S.-American Andes.

mexicana ........0.4.

princeps .... «| a

— oad al foes] ®

izanoi ........ “| *

—— intermedia baa eae

ives «02... cc cseeeeeeee ais wea] wes | | He

Grallaricula flavirostrig ...............66 | oe | se Pe

PrEROPTOCHIDA.

Scytalopus argentifrons .............00... Lecffonelieas[aatlene] ieee! fewafit|eafeafess|| —aeaaenenanwavies Genus numerously represented in S. America.

Zeledonia coronata2..........c.ceececseeees st Poadleasliad basal, aoee lhe PR [Goede be dae ieicuire duetegeints Genus peculiar to Costa Rica,

TrocuILipa.

Heliothrix barroti...........:ccsseeeeecee ees ee se ee ses

Hemistephania veraguensis .. Pad daeiweeiatereacace Genus represented in S. America.

Glaucis hirsuta.............+ malls rae eo

Jache latirostris * |

—— magica ........ on i ;

—— lawrencii .......... taf eaa|ivea| weal woe fires [ews] seafleea fed sovtastansenedenes Tres Marias only.

—— doubledayi ....... vee] ® :

Phzoptila sordida...........- sale saat sae sof oaa loss deeb alae! Newel eais| wel veel Sana Baewedeeictesst Genus peculiar to Mexico.

1 See footnote, antea, p. xi.

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER,, Aves, Vol. I., November 1904. d

XXV1 INTRODUCTION.

Geographical Distribution of the Species (continued).

Old World, &e. General Remarks.

Am

N. Mex.

| S. Mex.

| B. Hond,

Ss. Am

W. Ind.

Vol. II. (contin.).

Trocurip x (contin.).

Genus represented in S. America.

Chlorostilbon auriceps ..........:::2:0e+++4 oe ees al

Peculiar to the islands off the coast of Yucatan

LOPPCAGUS: ssaicsiewiaasmerniannaesdosan cePeeef ae fee).

caniveti......

—— assimilis ........

Thalurania townsendi .

colombica@ ............6

Microchera albocoronata . nrelaealeaelivel eax llvealas

—— parvirostris ............ secles [oer[ees] ase | 1%

Oallipharus nigriventris . weafeea|ied/iecstinaiel awn [aes

Eupherusa eximia Redceales ceshog | |ael A] ace [lal ded saa waiewereres Genus peculiar to Central America.

—— egregia ......

poliocerca...

Elvira chionura

cupreiceps ..

Hypuroptila buffoni..

urochrysea ..

AM Leaded] ---aiaaaaensievawenpares Genus peculiar to Central America.

lca (ee ten (Gere reese ec Genus peculiar to Central America.

| Lampornis violicauda . Ba |Fe, Pees | Ge Fe ene

prevosti ........ ne Ce oo en Es

—— hendersoni ASE | ecDsach = Seserraktasinitonas Peculiar to Old Providence I.

veraguensis .......

Petasophora thalassina.

cyanotis.............

—— delphine ...

Panterpe insignis

Agyrtria lucie ...

candida epee.

Arinia boucardi ....... sesieaie PRRP veal ice| aare| Seia|) ase’ ael| DE | data ne ce

Cyanomyia verticalis : *

— violiceps .......... Ae ee

*

*

danni ewes stieate Genus peculiar to Central America.

didecaneeodee aves Genus with many species in S. America.

Genus peculiar to Central America.

Genus represented in S. America.

—— viridifrons

—— guerrerensis....

—— microrhyncha .

—— cyanocephala

guatemalensis ....

Amazilia cinnamomea . [ave

graysonl .......... PP ee | feel cee feeefee fee Pep chececeeesereecene Peculiar to Tres Marias Is.

—— beryllina ..

devillii ...

—— cyanura.

ocai ......

sumichrasti ..

—— yucatanensis....

—— cerviniventris .

viefferi ........

edwardi...

—— niveiventris

—— sophie .........

Floricola longirostris

| —— constanti .......

——leocadiz ............

Cyanophaia ceruleigularis ..

Damophila panamensis

(TAT sip «ni. cajsesiantienier

Polyerata amabilis .

decora ...

Chrysuronia eliciz .

Basilinna leucotis....

Eutoxeres salvini ..

Threnetes ruckeri ..

Phaethornis emilix . A secilleeai|ivate [aie tee lee

—— lomgirostris .........ccceeeeeeeeeeeees adele tet ae] om fe

Pygmornis adolphi ........-.-:seeeee bcs: | lees

siavdraiatejaserelvccaters Peculiar to Western Mexico.

a

2k

*

Hea Kk et

*

oo

ea

*

:o%

*

* Ox

*

*

ORK RE

2 aes

eK KKK

: *

clinic eugene Genus represented in 8, America.

es ks Genus represented in Lower California.

coeiecesrentene oii Genus represented in S.-American Andes.

i peaamthcverues Genus represented in 8, America.

OK KK KE

ata

*

*

*

INTRODUCTION.

XXvil

Geographical Distribution of the Species (continued).

g

<j

[

Vol. II. (contin.),

Trocuinipx (contin.).

DUS wie saving saree stron sarees es

Eugenes fulgens ...

—— spectabilis........

Ceeligena clemenciz ..

Oreopyra leucaspis ..

—— cinereicauda.....

—— calolema ......

-—— pectoralis ...

Delattria henrici ...

margarethe ...

viridipallens...

sybille .........

hemileuca......

Lamprolema rhami...

Heliodoxa jacula ......

Florisuga mellivora ...

Abeillia typica ......

Klais guimeti

Doricha enicura

elizm ............

bryante .......

Tilmatura duponti ...

Calothorax lucifer

pulcher .........

Selasphorus floresii .

rufus .......

scintilla

torridus ....

—— platycercus .

ardens .......

Trochilus colubris

alexandri ....

Atthis heloise ..

—ellioti .....

Stellula calliope .

Lophornis delattrii .

— helene ........

adorabilis............

Prymnacantha conversi ...............00. ass Pseis Levee | sated | Gates

CypsELipz&,

Aéronautes melanoleucus ............... ¥L..

Panyptila cayennensis......

saucti-hieronymi ....

Cheetura zonaris ..........

—— semicollaris ..

—— pelagica

——— fumosa .........06+.

brunneitorques

Cypseloides niger .......

SS CREETIE «ha savsutenetiswsacitendassianes ae

at

OK OK ok F

OK Ok ROKK KD I

Pan.

S. Am.

W. Ind.

Old World, &e.

General Remarks.

*

2K OK OK OK Ok Ok

K

He?)

*

Genus peculiar to Central America.

Genus represented in S, America.

Genus peculiar to Central America.

Genus peculiar to Central America.

Peculiar to Western Mexico.

Genus peculiar to Mexico and Gua‘emala.

Genus peculiar to Central America.

Genus represented in Bahamas.

Genus peculiar to Central America.

Genus peculiar to Central America.

Extends northward to British North America.

Extends northward to British North America.

Genus also represented in California.

d 2

XXviil INTRODUCTION.

Geographical Distribution of the Species (continued).

dlalal [2 ea) etd

Ae soils Flels|) she

| [st zs BA\Elo| dh rt Old World, &c. General Remarks.

Lifes a A\S aoe

Vol. II. (contin.).

CapPrRIMULGID.

Caprimulgus carolinensis ......-+.+++++/ 7 Cae ce bo

= FULUS: seteetsateeneoes afiesfesalsea]iee eee epedx

— vociferus ...... en Cs Cae Pm eo

macromystax ... a1] Boel %

salvini ............ fee | *

—— yucatanicus . of Rilacleedliase [erleleedefeel, cavedanaeneancaitiats ‘| Peculiar to Yucatan.

saturatus ...... fains|> * | %

Phalenoptilus nuttalli sana

Otophaues macleodi..............- ef FE [|e lsae| cae fecafens|ecgfoaspeesl gnaw naanaratnesens Genus peculiar to Mexico,

Stenopsis cayennensis ............ speec[ees|acs|oeslooe| arse [ovo] | 96 fe

Nyctidromus albicollis.... ele] ele] we Le el aT

Chordeiles virginianus . HL) LR eee PTE waaeaae cous peri Bahama Is,

texensis ..........005 ele LL e] Re LLL

Nyctibius jamaicensis .. Oe Cer se es eo

BLONdiS se scsccseanonsescsvestieriens sae ac foeshaare waleas aa es

Pics.

Colaptes mexicanus ...........:seeceereeees «|x| *

| —— mexicanoides .. taal aon RE cawies FE

chrysvides ...... ..... PAD [secticdlissl aes [oofevdheed maf anaeanennesseeaeas Lower California.

Chloronerpes eruginosus . sepa |

yucatanensis ......... ele le] # |X) el efx

—— auricularis ..... |

—— godmani ..... |

CALLOPLELUB, sscrccereraeeantentearerers suchas (sie eve tens pee

SIMplex.......cceceeesecneecsereeneeses st] cea kaw [awe lens *|*| x

Melanerpes forwicivorus. efelelale] x [elele

chrysauchen.......... adleslsesleecleadlees| Gee \oelone| He

—— pucherani..... eS

— wagleri...... ag se legel oval 3 [3 [islands

rubriventris sao Re lawelfede| AE beegloeilieddccchee|l! «=~ chabhaaveba denny Restricted to Yucatan, Honduras, and adjacent

aurifrons ... x] x|*

hoffmanni... Be ee *[%

santacruzi ee

—— Mu 108 occ eee eceeeeeeeeeres voces] HP

——$ CANOSCENS ... 0. sseeereeccoerereeneeer ey eid ssl et foe * Peculiar to Ruatan I.

uropygialis .. fe pe |e]. Lower California.

elegans ........ wf. f |

—— hypopolius ..... peed. ..|

Sphyropicus varius .. Axe pe|effe] oe |e fe

nuchalis ..... Pedal elds

—— thyroideus Ae pe] *

Dendrocopus harrisi pepe] *

jardinii........... wife f ae] we [* fae |e

—— stricklandi .|

arizonee w]e | *

sCalaris ......0..6...006 *|*

Dendrobates oleagineus . | #

——— caboti oe ep e LHL oe x | +

sanguinolentus x [*

—— cecilise ........0004 veefee | HH

Celeus castaneus a ee * |* |x

loricatus ....... pePeccfecefecefecs] coe [eee] oe] HUH

—— immaculatus .... sri | #

Campopbilus imperialis wed ve | *

guatemalensis ....« wfelepaelael « pele] x

— walherbii....... stsfiaelewelaevllews| gea, [ee] een] a

—— splendens.......... Be ed oe ed

Ceophleus scapularis . ale l ala] & |e |x?

lineatus.......... iss *

Picumus O1iVACOUS ......... cee ceee eee eee * *

INTRODUCTION. XXIX

Geographical Distribution of the Species (continued).

elas} (S] [ea igs 4

ala’ 8 | 3 Ne ale

b al A g|6ale % ine Old World, &e. General Remarks.

aoe Om 2'o obsle

Vol, IL. (contin.),

Moworipsz,

Momotus lessoni .0...........cc0000cceeeee vedee.| ele fe] me fell

—— emruleiceps 0... eee eeeeeereefeee *

—— subrufescens,.......secsssssceee epee feseteeelens */*

—— mexicanus *| |

—— castaneiceps ... siqes awed

Baryphthengus martii ted, cee] vee |] | De

Eumomota superciliaris ...... ad ell * |*|%/ x

Prionornis platyrhynchus ... rn rr dc

—— carinatus ........... aeees lel el we fle

Aspatha gularis..............ecccceseeceseepeefees eee Lead aE | a Genus peculiar to Guatemala.

Hylomanes momotula ...........0000...05 poof. [ HH] Genus peculiar to Central America.

ALCEDINIDZ.

Ceryle aleyon .......seesceeeseccecsseseeees elalelale] « lal alalaele

torquata ... af fe] ele le] x lel el ade

amazona ...... of | HH) He) |e) KEK

—— septentrionalis.. elx|*iela| « lxlelx

—— 1d & sasisisevies cpeceefeeefeecfeee] coe [ [eee] ep

—— superciliosa ............ dissientiudiny eta en ee es

Troaonipz.

Pharomacrus mocinno ............ 000006 evafecelecsfooe] #] HLH] He

Euptilotis neoxenus..... parelteeleaull atte (uae ele PaD! | Sygate! On om Genus peculiar to Northern Mexico.

Trogon mexicanus | | of ae

—— elegans..,...... : Je) « |e)

—— ambiguus . *|%

— puella ....... veel 1 HLH] oe |e] |

— atricollis .... sealesefeefee] 9 [|] DH

— chionurus..., Brae Be wa] #

—— bairdi Pe |e] *

—citrevlus ......... * | *

—— melanocephalus ele lela] we fe] #

—— caligatus ......... %)% |e] we |e) Rl ede

— chrysomelas. we wee |

macrurus .... woe fovelene | HEE

—— massena .... Wr x lee] x

—— cClathratus .o.ceeeeeeeceseneneeee asLene| sal ccdhers | * | %

GaLBuLipa,

Galbula melanogenia .........seeeceeeeee epee fe] ] He] He fel ele

Jacamerops aurea .......0 coewedaasyaess scafeoefeasfosa|ene| ove feos] # | ED

Bucconipz,

Bucco dysoni .......csssseeeeeeeee destclaies sedee.fe [fa] oe Lae] Pe *

— pectoralis .... jade

subtectus .... | * dD

ruficollis . | De

fulvidus ........... we evefeee] # 1%

Malacoptila panamensis sefece| coe [aoe] [2 fe

— inornata ............ *|* *

Nonnula frontalis a seafood] #

Monasa grandior ... H Be a i ae | *

—— pallescens......,c0cccsereserereeeeeneey psePeaelena|sialowe *|*

Ovcunipsz.

Coccyzus minor... Pe Pea flee] a [oe foe | oe fe Dx Swan I.

americanus ......... wp | LL] OK La | oe | ok De De Swan I.

—— erythrophthalmus on ed ee en er es a

Piaya cayana ...... esactdevsiiawed ceumses eB oe [oe foe Fok | ote foe | ae | a De

XXX INTRODUCTION.

Geographical Distribution of the Species (continued).

Old World, &c. General Remarks.

B. Hond.

Guat.

q

ee

zi

N. Mex.

S. Mex.

Costa R.

Pan.

W. Ind.

d

Leef

cn)

Nicar.

Vol. II. (contin.).

CucuLip& (contin.).

*

Piaya mexicana,...........0:cseeeeereeeereey me

MUNUEA .....seeeeseseceeeneeeeceneeseees eoePuae|sacleaielese|| aan [oea) cel OM

Neomorphus salvini ......

Geococcyx californianus .

BAGS: cascncinaisianmarcces im on

Morococcyx erythropygus ...

Diplopterus nevius ............

Dromococcyx phasianellus

Crotophaga major ....... ca

*

ee

OK KK KE

kK

4

*

2K OK OK OK

*

*

{the islands off the east coast.

annuncemtatiatinas Not on mainland of Mexico and Honduras, but on.

snvientreniaasieoxnes Lower California,

*

*!

a

2K OOK OK OK OK

KK OK OK Ok

Caritonipa.

Capito maculicoronatus ...........-...66 Da Alhoatll poll Seas

salvini ..........

RuAMPHASTIDE.

Rhamphastos carinatus .

brevicarinatus......

LOCAL secesisnisé oy

Pteroglossus torquatus. on |

— frantzii ............. ee cla

ok

ca

K

ook

Ok OK OF

*

sanguineus ....

Selenidera spectabilis ......

Aulacorhamphus prasinus

Waglerl osserssaseasrouxe wise

—— cwruleigularis ......0...... cee Yt oa Gl Yoel

ak OR Ok OK kK

K

PsitTacipa.

ALA BPN TA UNO cn pcwsiees cxvsinwiidscocsarederd Hse) Pla een ee

macao ........ wedboe | |.)

—— chloroptera ..

——wilitaris .....

ambigua ..

SOVELAY -ptacunsnacenueconnsverea omen er ee

Rhynchopsittacus pachyrbynchus ...... *

Conurus finschi..... oe

bolochlorus ..

rubritorquis.. | eee ae |e

—— brevipes ..... ae lode.

aztec ........

—— ocularis

canicularis ....

Pyrrhura hoffmanni.........

Bolborbynchus lineolatus

Psittacula cyanopygia .............

-Brotogerys jugularis...

Chrysotis guatemale

virenticeps ......

inornata .......

—— panamensis ................4..

— auropalliata ....

—— levaillanti

finschi .......

—— viridigena.... oe

autumnalis ...............0e

BALVINL: sa coinegaansnatonermeryen

——albifrons ....

xantholora . Ad.

Pionus menstruus...........ccececceeseeeeee nh

: x

OK OK OK OK OK

idfelecwantelastea tines Peculiar to Socorro I.

OK KR EE

*

*

*

*!

2k

2k

INTRODUCTION.

XXxi

Geographical Distribution of the Species (continued).

.| [3 ; :

lel a/3)_(2 =|] |.

{* a asad s élalafr Old World, &e. General Remarks.

ami oH SSL e

Vol. II. (contin.).

PsirraciD& (contin.),

Pionus senilis 0.0... cessseseseeeeeeeeeeePeofees He) * me] we Lele

Pionopsittacus hematotis on on ee ee

—— coccineicollaris...............0060e veferdecelecete |

Vol. III,

Srriaipa,

Strix perlatia.s, icsesissssssessssvuraneaazy. epee) He] lala lade

ASIONID..

Asio wilsonianus ..........c.:cceseceseeeeen #]*| *

—— clamator . Ae ie Ra see foosfeee] HP

—— stygius ..... fn Pee eee fe 2

—— accipitrinus . xed. |. /*]*] Europe, Asia, &c. Chile, Falkland Is,

Syrnium sartorii . fon ae

— fulvescens.... AP Feo eid ees ad

— occidentale . Sa ee

Nyctala acadica.... Jap..jal.|*

Bubo virginianus .... Wed) ell * Pa aes

Lophostrix stricklandi Se eee ee

Scops trichopsis ...... Perrreren fee ce acer ee 2s

Maccalli: .. ssensssnnnsataesvessensajass Paes

—— cineraceus.. # |e?

vinaceus Ae

—— cooperi....... fH feceferef fe LH

guatemalee .....0cscccrsccesceeroorsed ede os % [fae] cee fp ef eye

Dean ANF. sxvsnamemmessasancaexceN eds aa uaeal nat h selbee Thea) Me: laze Ae

—— hastatus .... sa % |

—— barbarus .. fn poe ee

—— flammeola.. Ds ee

—— NUS... eee eeeeeeereeeetereceeree pepe. seafece{ece] cee Jose] | DH

Ciccaba nigrolineata ..........eceeeed epee. cd

—— perspicillata .........eeeceesceeeeeee pees fe] ele] * [ele lade

virgata ....... jx |x| *) x x {*|#]*

squamulata *|%

Speotyto cunicularia ... afl ald soa ¥eclleoe ll #

Glaucidium phalznoides.. wep ee] oe fel el ae

Hoare BONE ncsuoraeotamtne De ee

gapierps wa [ ee | #

ardinii............ a Cae i ee

RGesratlas whitneyi ... .+.| * |. Lower California.

QPAYSONM casievecsserccasintvccceeseeocfens * Peculiar to Socorro,

Panpdionip#,

Pandion haliactus ........sccccssseseeeeee xfelelele] «© |x]... e.* [Europe and Asia.

Fanconip.

Circus hudsonius ............0ccceeeeeeeeees # pel elle Pa ee ed re Bahama Is.

Astur atricapillus.. oa a

Accipiter cooperi .. Se se ae re

bicolor ........ Cs

—— velox........... PS a er 2

—— chionogaster....... je] % |e

ATS oo ce sscre circieieitielnscipaautticneatecstinns Lassa sietallss |! corore: "| 290] call SE PE

Geranospizias niger .........ccecceeseeeeee de Jxlelaela] « lalate

Archibuteo ferrugineus. Jalx

Buteo harrisi............. fe pe | ef % | | DE

albicaudatus a a es | * | ee Lower California

—— abbreviatus .. Ae fae [ol oe een co fen Bahania Is ‘

—— borealis........ epee |e] Paice ed cd Socorro 1. only,

=> sBOCOTTORNEIE of Tres Marias Is. only.

—— fumosus ........eeeeee eran ed KL

XXxil INTRODUCTION.

Geographical Distribution of the Species (continued).

Jelalel eli) fats

Aalolaiso a dGlsle q ES

il a oe ale Old World, &e. General Remarks.

Pe] wie vat | O] ©

‘ fz iad a fe bes |

Vol. III. (contin.),

Faxconp2Z (contin.).

W} Buteo harlani ..............cccceeseeeeeeeee # |... *

7) —— lineatus..... A ee Noes Lower California.

—— swainsoni.. fe] | || Cae a ee Masafuera 1.

latissimus..... efx | «]. * |x) e| ePaede

brachyurus .. ede | ef.) «|x lapel e

Asturina nitida Mecafecs|ii [nae] veal sae [pve]aan| EI

—— plagiata ....... Axpel ett] * le] x

Rupornis ruficauda ... xlelelel x lelelePobep lu. Pearl Is.

Urubitinga zonura ... seal. ae ey *|x>*

ridgwayi ....... pepe |] pe] ef ele

anthracina ........... ope pele |fe] # [ela] apede

Leucopternis ghiesbreghti x [lela

—— princeps ........... | *

—— plumbea .... 2a pe

—— semiplumbea * |...[ «| pe

Busarellus nigricollis ..... aad ka

Heterospizias meridionalis . sae * [ede

Harpyhaliaetus solitarius %fea| x]

Morphnus guianensis .. sw we| # pe

Thrasaetus harpyia ... wee| fone] % * | *

Aquila chrysaetus.... wpala jf oe ff. [wf Burope and Northern Asia)

Spizaetus ornatus. fe) ele] * jel el ade

TYPADNUS seceessxe sae ‘ [eft] H [we] ep De

Spiziastur mclanoleucus .. weep ae] cee fe | ae fae be

Elanoides furcatus ........ je) ele] & [ele] foe pe

Elanus leucurus ...... | eee] He *

Gampsonyx swainsoni x *

Rostrhamus sociabilis .. * | *

Leptodon cayennensis .. % |¥| x) x] x

Regerhinus uncinatus .. x|x

megarbynchus..... sass *

Ictinia plumbea ...... x [x |.j ape

mississippiensis

Harpagus fasciatus ..... * wee |] LR

Micrastur melanoleucus .. *| we |e le fate

AMAUTUS ......ee reese *

—— wirandollei . oa ide Pa cs

| -—— guerilla............ce.00 wel x] * ale la fx

| Herpetotheres cachinnans .... ele fei a] % lel elie

] Falco peregrinus ........... ele); ae] * «|. | Europe and Asia. Swan I.

mexicanus # |

rufigularis ¥en fe] fae fae foe fe

deiroleucus .... seas Peesleai| oes] #/ | el x

fusco-ceerulescens.. a es ae sedis lowell A

—— columbarius...... fe fl % | x]. Soe aed Co 2 eerie Swan I.

—— richardsoni ........ ede

Tinnunculus sparverius .... jxtel etal] # fee] x

Polyborus cheriway .......... Axlalael.je] * [ele] de Lower California.

pallidus ........... * |... mn A Tres Marias Is. only.

Milvago chimachima oN Mose al mers

Ibycter americanus .........0......0000000 7 Ben ere * |x) «| ef

SaRcoRHAMPHIDA,

Gypaguys papa wies.screcsseceeseecseereeees epee fae feee[ 9] 9% foe fae] ee

| Catbarista atrata . .. w* |e fedoe] oe [oe] xe | oe De

Cathartes aura csscccipsnsenreasendenssnengns Cer ee od

PuantTHontTips.

Phaethon americanus .........0s-0.ceeeeee *f.. we AML Beebe eserves Atlantic coast of Central America; Bahama Is,

—— wthereus .........cereeceeesereereecee: * * 7 aes Lower California; Revillagigedo Is.

INTRODUCTION. XXX1il

Geographical Distribution of the Species (continued).

| \ro} leg : :

[4 a «| |S A gsi

SelB S|. El es als

aM e Old World, &e. General Remarks.

: jA\Alalacim Blo dale

Vol. III. (contin.).

Freaatipz,

Fregata aquila ...........cccsceeceecceeeees wpelelelel we fale lafe pep cee Revillagigedo Is,

PELECANIDE.

Pelecanus fuscus ...........-e0e0ee ea deteaa apelelalel x leleladedad we eee Revillagigedo Is.; Galapago Is.

— erythrorhynchus #/* | * |...) %

Sunipz.

Sula bagsama .............cceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees wpe Pt] oo. foe./-ee ee. p.. Coast of W. Europe, N. Afri, Gulf of Mexico.

ca, Madeira, and Canaries,

nn A £50) 0). er H pelle coe feeefeee[se aff #f Indian Ocean. Revillagigedo Is., 8. Atlantic, and 8. Pacific.

—— piscator...... ial % [ep De Swan I.

—— websteri PE fensfoselcics] vag |owaleaelaodecfess Revillagigedo and Galapago Is. [Galapagos.

—— nebouzi...... Pw laccelacs teres] coe." [ece eenfencf Ms Islands in Gulf of Oalifornia, Revillagigedos and

leucogastra ee Ce ee a oe 2 he Swan I., Pearl Is.

—— browsteri .........:cccesssnsecesessceee ME esl ic 26.4] sates losie| seal zaaBscLe|l | Sa evuenetahacency Revillagigedo Is., Lower California.

PHALACROCORACID2.

Phalacrocorax pelagicus ..............004 Pa eee Pacific coasts of N. Asia. | Lower California.

auritus ......... px |...| % | *

—— cincinnatus ie [eos |esewe| eee cileesl Mba © weavieeneseeedover Revillagigedo Is.

—— Vigua.......0..- AE ee ed *|* |x) *

———— MCKICANUS........- cece eee eee ese eens # | * | «|...] %

Pioripz.

Plotus anhingas.......cccccccceecececeeeees wpelallel # lel el ade

ARDEIDZ.

Ardea herodlias ...........:..cceeeeeee centres Pa a ae ee Sd Cd 2 er eeeeeeeeeeereeeee Galapago Is.

egretta .....-... ee] fee] ] wee fe] DD

candidissima ... Hadwelal ele] « lela] ape

— tricolor...........- dade jal ele] .. [ale lade de

—— cerulea.... dadela| ele] « [eleleete

— rufa ......... Qe ee 2 ee ee Lower Oalifornia.

virescens ... Aaedalal*l*| « |xlelaepele Pearl Is., Lower California.

agaMi «oe... Adepal ata] oe [pel apa Pearl Is.

Nycticorax griseus ... Axe las..[*e] « [ae] el pete

Nyctanassa violacea ... fede lai[*] « [ell ated Revillagigedo Is., Pearl Is., Lower California.

Pilberodius pileatus... Mca re*|egeteaa|ees] was dawsfane| ATE

Tigrisoma lineatum ... peoceleccfeesfene! vee dese] HP®

— excellens ........- vefecefecclecefeee| 3 | 9 [oo PI

—— cabanisi Dope la] ele] «ele lel e

Ardetta exilis ........... Hafele lef] on feel *

Botaurus lentiginosus .. ee ee Pee

——— PINNALUS «0. seers eteee eer eee eens ioefrwis)isio|ecufeae| axe [ME leicsleeep™

OancromIDz.

Cancroma zeledoni ............-20seeseeees wed] ele %] cee [opel

Cicon11Dz.

Mycteria americana ..... Pd %* | %* |e

Tantalus loculator * px] *|...| * %|*| Pe

PLATALEIDE.

Platalea ajaja ...ccccesseseeeseeseeeereeeees #Pe le) el] oe | el el REE

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Aves, Vol. I., November 1904.

XXXIV INTRODUCTION.

Geographical Distribution of the Species (continued).

alzlalZ| [S|] [ets

GO) Sl slag olaile a

FS Hrsl eg sig ais. Old World, &e. General Remarks.

Wipe fs foc JS fete IS |e fos

Vol. III. (contin.).

Inrpip2.

Eudocimus albus ...........ccsceeeeeeeeeeee # Te | «| el Ke PEPE Dec ee eee Lower California.

ruber.......00.6008 ¥ fe? Jed -

Plegadis guarauna .. Sd Cc ee er ee 2 2 ee Hawaiian Is.

Harpiprion cayennensis ..............0664 sag] ats [aenfese/sed|) aise [ewelanel PE

PHGNICOPTERID&.

Pheenicopterus ruber ........eseccseeeeees Eos c| SL ocliosl: ava lemlccclenPOR aby | oaumatgeoaeeeeat Galapago Is., Bahama Is.

ANaTIDA.

Cairina moschata .............ccccceseecee es sf) x lela] x lela lade

FBX SpONnsa........ esses ata ae ae wes 4 eR ney Bermuda Is.

Chen hyperboreus Ae p..| x]. 4---]---] N.E. Asia and N. Europe. ;

Anser gambeli ....... [| | x]. j---]*] EB. Asia. Lower California.

Branta canadensis .... j*] x | x [Burmah.

Dendrocycna fulva . A*dx| «|. ...[-[* 2-4 Africa, Madagascar, India,

autumnalis .... PE Ce ce eS

Anas boseas ........ jxdx| «|. .«.|*[--1* 1 Europe, Asia, Africa.

diazi ..... ion ee?

——aberti ........ ce. ope P xe | x

Chaulelasmus streperus ... [ede | x]. anal *} Europe and Asia,

| Mareca americana ...... PEPE] * fe] oe feet fed Europe,

Nettium carolinense.... fe fe | x ® |..-|..J--f---f *] Europe,

Dafila acuta 20... eeeeeeeeeene eee ed ed] x | «le x *|*|*[...1*] Europe, Asia, N. Africa.

Querquedula discors ..............00eeee4 epelalela] x lela lafede Lower California.

—— cyanoptera oo... ee eeeeeeeees ePele] Lp oe pel pen. Falkland Is.

| Spatula clypeata ......... j*]*)*].le] . |] ep P ef Europe, Asia, N. Africa.

Nyroca americana Ae] * |x

vallisneria....... A a ae coe [oe foo ol %

| Fuligula marila Ax] *]...).. ...|-.J------[ Europe and Asia,

|——affinis ....... Ae px) xed x | ¥| *

| —— collaris............. Sd cc ae coefeedfe LX

| Clangula glaucion Sa cae eee -..|* | Europe and Asia.

albeola .......... ARP) x]. - | *] Europe.

Nomonyx dominicus ... A* de.) & || x x] *

| Erismatura jamaicensis .................. *] xe) * 1) jx]*

Merganser americanus... fede. icles! Seana aatacaas Bermuda Is,

Lophodytes cucullatus...................4. ¥ Lx] * Europe

Cotumsipz.

Columba leucocephala ...............:00884 co eee Bahama Is., Swan I.

| —— speciosa..,.......... oe on en ee es

—— flavirostris oo... cece cee eed ¥Pe lela] we fal x

MACFENSIS..........-ececeeeeeeeece seven sea [ Alas leutal taal sea Newel ced lvmeDeaeecl| © -—_cdiedicacusatterrnbeette Peculiar to Tres Marias Is,

rufina ..... Pe oe ee 2

fasciata..... ne Poe oe co en es

crissalis ..... = | %

nigrirostris sy K|Kl HK] w Lela le

subyinacea .... cea vec cat] Sav lool venl! cis «| x] %

Ectopistes migratorius..................044 ¥7../ #

PERIsTERIDE,

Zenaidura carolinensis,.............0..00+ ps Ce ce ee eS Oe

clarionensis ....... de Nhe Peculiar to Clarion I. in the Revillagigedo group

graysoni ...... sae jx slese Peculiar to Socorro I. in the Revillagigedo group

Zenaida yucatanensis .... Weolae del. Peculiar to coast of Yucatan and adjacent islands

Melopelia leucoptera .... welll] « lael x Lower California.

Scardafella inca ....... se 2 Lower California.

Chamepelia passerina wx laelelael oe lalla dade Lower California.

—— socorroensis....... a ea Pe Peculiar to Socorro I. in the Revillagigedo group’

$$ MINUEA 00... e cece ee eec ees eeccnceecses eo Peoe| H [eel % Par

INTRODUCTION.

XXXV

Geographical Distribution of the Species (continued).

N. Am.

N. Mex.

S. Mex.

B. Hond.

Guat.

Costa R.

Nicar.

Pan.

8S. Am.

W. Ind.

Old World, &c.

General Remarks.

Vol. III. (contin.).

PeRisTERipZ (contin.).

Chamzpelia rufipennis .................. ies

Peristera cinerea ...........

mondetoura. ........

Leptoptila brachyptera..... me

—— fulviventris .......,...

——capitalis ......

verreauxi

—— gaumeri ...

—— plumbeiceps

—— cassini ...........

—— vinaceiventris .....

—— cerviniventris .....

— rufinucha ........

—— battyi ......cseseuee

Geotrygon albiventer ..

montana ...

—— lawrencii ...

—— costaricensis ..

—— veraguensis .....

—— albifacies ........

—— chiriquensis ............02ccceeeceeceee adifews ical aen| 22]! sige: pees

Cracip#.

Crax globicera ......

—— panamensis ..

—— chapmani...........

Oreophasis derbianus .......

Penelope purpurascens

—— cristata ...... seiseinaiccins

Penelopina nigra ........

Chamepetes unicolor

Ortalis wagleri .....

—— poliocephala...

—vetula .........0

—— leacogastra .....

—— cinereiceps .....

—— BHULHOPUS 2... eeceseeeeeseeserserees Lactic lbael selon acedleshes

Ma.eacripgz.

Meleagris gallopavo....... sevansaa ves soosed] %

— ocellata...... gin savainia Vind Sisibw oulan cate Te ie

PHASIANIDE.

Dendrortyx macrurus ..,........-.000eeeed Heel et

barbatus ...........

—— leucophrys ..

—— hypospodius.....

Callipepla squamata..

Lophortyx gambeli .

—— douglasi ........

Philortyx fasciatus ............

Eupsychortyx leucopogon ....

——leylandi ...........

—— nigrogularis ..

—— hypoleucus ...

Ortyx texanus ......

—— pectoralis ...

—— graysoni ...

—— godmani ...

—— ridgwayi ...

Pook ok kok ok

ae Ka KE

*

*

poio*®

Pook ok ok ok

OK OK

2k OK OK ok Ok

Pearl Is.

Peculiar to Yucatan.

Peculiar to Tres Marias Is.

Pearl Is.

Peculiar to Yucatan and adjacent islands.

Peculiar to Ooiba I.

Peculiar to Yucatan.

Peculiar to high mountains of Western Guatemala.

[mala, and Nicaragua.

Peculiar to the high mountains of Chiapas, Guate-

Peculiar to the Pear! Is.

Genus peculiar to N. and Oentr. America,

XXXVI INTRODUCTION.

Geographical Distribution of the Species (continued).

<s ; :

aldla/e|_[@ |_| als

Raps st |e Baisiglela Old World, &e. General Remarks

Bel | | S/S 2lolal hy

[2itei fos ab fe Oe fos IE

Vol. ITI. (contin.).

Puastan1p& (contin.),

Ortyx coyolcos ... | *

—— atriceps... | *

—salvini ............ 1%

Cyrtonyx montezume . # | * |

sall@i ...... va | *

ocellatus ..........65 J * lle] *

Dactylortyx thoracicus ... le], |

Odontophorus marmoratus eefecelcec fees] cee [eee] #] De

—— melanotis ............... sepeocleccdecfecdd coe [ae | 1%

Jeucolemus ..............cseceeeceoees secbecs|ecclesc[eee] cee [ove| 3 |

Sa PULEALUS! 2... nesaiied saverdevensomange, on oe er a

veraguensis ............ ” wou] |

Rhynchortyx spodiostethus Fan i be Be % |]

— CINCEUS 0..........cccscessnsscecseessned seaflecelaict|avclenall osc soslecal ie

Rau.

Rallus tenuirostris . *1%

virginianus .... xP xe fell we veep

Aramides axillaris ele! x wef

chiricote ....... sepeosfeeeficcfeee] eee [eel % | De

albiventris! . vscsssasserwosacanvawntexsd oe er 2

—— plumbeicollis ..........cceeee eee sedeesfecclcfeoel % [9]

Amaurolimnas concolor Ppl] oe fe x1* :

Porzana carolina .......... oe a «| Europe (accidental) ......... Swan I.

Creciscus jamaicensis . *

Oxi iiiicsewwrwideseennseresiacesss anced ees firta lee | sie

—— albigularis ......... cee eeeeeseeeeeee awsfnoe af

cinereiceps .. alae hele

ruber........... Hl x/*

Gallinula galeata ..... wee hfe] me fe] xi*

Porphyriola martinica. a a er oes eo

Fulica americana ..............00008 sass w*Pe fella] x fll odie

Haioryiruipa.

Heliornis fulica ............:0cc006 Ses pees eee ee ee es 7

ARAMIDE,

Aramus pictus ....... dereeeseeens seseaaneed HP |e fe) oe Lele LD de

Evryrramw2.

Eurypyga major w......... cesses veneer Pe ecclecs{eeel | eve [eae] | 3D

Grupa.

Grus canadensis ..............066 ner * | %

—— americana................ es *| %

Civicnemips,

Cidicnemus bistriatus ..............0...00. evefeoe] Klee] Pele | Pe

Parripa,

wee] HD

ve] HD

en

INTRODUCTION. XXXV1l

Geographical Distribution of the Species (continued).

fal S| fe fd

HIS 21S) le 2ls: z

pa P= HEGIE q E Ee Old World, &e. General Remarks.

FilF [od I lS le

Vol. III. (contin.).

Onarapeiipa,

Arenaria interpres ...........ceeccccceee oP* Pe] #]*) ae]... |f 4] ete tet Europe and Asia,

Hematopus palliatus ... Dd Gees eo

—— frazari ..... eee. © ial (hall all cl Pres cee PO ee A Fe Lower California,

Hoploxypterus cayanus .......0.....0.....4.../, vee] [oc denel ee fF

Squatarola helvetica........ jx]* +1%] ... |..J.[ fff Europe and Siberia,

Charadrius dominicus ..................... os oe er ee er ed

Aphriza virgata ...... Dad Coed eres ee Pe

Ochthodromus wilsoni...............000-.. epalelelal oo [fled

Oxyechus vociferus ...........0cccccceeeee wpe le ele) we fal elefedeP Bermuda Is.

AXgialeus semipalmatus D had bel Rd eee ee eee

Aigialitis collaris ....0.0......ccccsseeoedfee fe. Ho el oe fel el ade

DIVE cc sscciecessiioasdaadensvareuneed Ad ho ae er eee

Himantopus mexicanus ... De aa? C2 C2 ere Galapago Is.

Recurvirostra americana... Se Cae

Numenius longirostris ... Dad Nall ell al ee ee A 2

—— hudsonicus ......... Rial a Ga ee 2 ee Galapago Is.

Limosa fedoa ........ saa Aedelelelaed oo hh pie

Macrorhamphus griseus ... RPe | eile] of ef Pe PP Europe

Micropalama himantopus Dd La ee ore ee

Sy phenta semipal mata... Pepe el ef pee Hurope oe eee eens Bahama Is.

Totanus melanoleucus ...... Dd Cs ee se eos

flavipes............. Ded esos Co Cs re Swan I.

Helodromas solitarius ... JePe|* *) el oe fel ela fad«

Heteractitis incana ..................00000. wf el dp. Oceania and N.E. Australia|

Tringoides macularia .................. «. KL)... *] & |x] x] ex] x] Europe.

Bartramia longicauda ..................065 HD eel we lela le fe

Ereunetes pusillus ....... Ball Niall aay al ee Se cd co fe re Swan I.

Tringites subruficollis . Padelallotoe Loleli feb. Europe and Siberia. S

Calidris arenaria ...............c0ccec0eeeee wfelelelel o.. -.[..[* [9 Europe, Asia, Africa, Galapago Is., Hawaiian Is.

Australia,

Limonites minutilla.......... [RPE Re] fe] ele pep P Europe oes Galapago Is.

Heteropygia maculata.. ... Pepe) ele] oo. lela pepe Hurope oe Swan I.

— bairdi ...... Sadcenieisagien Pepe let oo. fff Pe. SW. Africa,

fuscicollis........ Dal oe ee eS 2 Falkland Is.

Gallinago delicata .......... Pepele ela] xe lle] epafe

Phalaropus hyperboreus .... J*pe-]*)--f a] o. [pep ff Europe, Asia,

Steganopus tricolor .................000060. x] «| # /...)

Laripz,

Hydrochelidon surinamensis ............ apalalefel « [jelafe _ _ [Australia.

Gelochelidon anglica .......... Aefelal.jel o. .-[f*f--f Europe, Asia, Africa,

Hydroprogne caspia....... td ae ee ..[--.[ Europe, Asia, Africa,

Sterna forsteri ........ Pepe] x |.f x Ae _ __[Malayasia,

fluviatilis ... Ss Seed .|*|*| Europe, Asia, Africa.

— dougalli * #*/ #1, «| *{ Europe, Asia, Africa, Aus-

tralia.

—— cantiaca ..[*/*#] x]... Luff. fop-| Earope, Asia, Africa,

—— maxima Kel el xl |]... Pe] W. Africa.

legans........ */* LLL ee a :

nestles peefeoel ® [iw] oc.) eff. Pep S. Atlantic and Indian Is. | Pacific Is.

and coasts generally. riers

—— fuliginosa ..........ccccsescseseeeeee *fel..j«el.) « fel..J*h pp Tropical Oceanic Islands | Revillagigedo Is.

generally,

——antillarum ... od a 2 er Oe ae ae és

i ropical Seas, &.

alien SU Eli eles ob A sy came Revillagigedo Is, Paciffe Ooean generally

Micranous leucocapillus .. Po ne vea[eeefee fee. | Atlantic Ocean. Pacific Ocean.

aller te anne Asal) emcees Conumel I

Larus philadelphia ... Jpe| x

franklini ......... [x De] *...] aoa] * ef

atricilla......... Ax pel eel x o] % [eae ef

—— heermanni ............... esses ecbiesd Ea an ee

XXXViil

INTRODUCTION.

Geographical Distribution of the Species (continued).

| N. Mex.

S. Mex.

B. Hond.

Guat.

| Nicar.

Vol. III. (contin.).

Larrp (contin.).

Larus argentatus .........-0.cecceeeeeeeeeee

delawarensis .

—— californicus ..,

ProcELLARIIDA.

Procellaria tethys.............cccccseceeeees .

Halocyptena microsoma .

Cesaunibons keedingi....

—melania ........

—— socorroensis ..

PourFinip£.

Puffinus cuneatus ........0.0066 ceseceevenes

——auricularis ..

DIiomEpEp 2,

Diomedea nigripes

' Thalassogeron culminatus

CoLyMBIDz.

Colymbus glacialis

PopicIPEDIDz.

Aichmophorus occidentalis...............

Podicipes californicus

dominicus......... ...

Podilymbus podicipes

ALCIDZ.

Brachyrhamphus brevirostris

TinaMIpaz.

Tinamus robustus

| —— fuscipennis ....

castaneiceps

Nothocercus frantzii ......

Crypturus meserythrus ...

—— cinnamomeus

—— goldmani

boucardi

—— mexicanus

—— occidentalis gen aaa be

OK OK Ok

* OK OK RE

KOK Kk Tt

OK Ok

| Costr. R.

| Pan.

2K OK OK OK OK

*

S. Am.

E

Old World, &e.

General Remarks.

OK OK OK

*

. Aleutian Is., Japan, &.

Bermuda Is.

West coast of Central America and Galapago Is.

Lower California, San Benito I.

Revillagigedo Is,

Lower California, San Benito I.

Revillagigedo Is., San Benito I,

&e.

Revillagigedo Is., Hawaiian Is., Lower Oatitotsie,

Revillagigedo Is.., Lower California,

Gulf of Mexico, Bahama Is,

Southern Seas.

Revillagigedo Is., N. Pacific.

Southern Seas.

Lower California.

Lower California.

North Pacific.

Pearl Is.

LIST OF PLATES.

Plate. Fig. | Page. Plate. Fig. | Page.

VIREONIDZ.

VOL. I. Vireo ochraceus ...........-..--.. XII. 1 | 201

Palleny, 2c sien ta de Gee ws ebndt XII. 2 | 202

CAPMION 3 hs44. oo sieaecng pete sie XI. 3 | 203

Dunnina, Neochloe brevipennis.............. XIII. 2 | 205

Catharus griseicepp .............. I. 2 6 || Hylophilus viridiflavus ............ XII. 1 | 208

gracilirostris ..............-. I, 1 6

MeXiCaNUS .......- ee eee eee II. 1 6 is

SS UPAR aii cena a ceets ia leielace pe age II 2 4 accuses

Turdus flavirostris................ II, 1 | 21 |) Phainoptila melanoxantha.......... XIV. .. | 221

DIZTESCENS ....-.. eee eee eee IV. bas 25

Melanoptila glabrirostris .......... III. 2 | 27 Hise,

Atticora pileata ...........2...05. XV. 2 | 230

Seer: Tachycineta albilineaf ............ XV. 1 |} 235

ee || & ae Coneninx,

Diglossa plumbea, 3 ...........22.. XV. a. 1 | 243

ar! shame’ ate cates erie ear XV. a. 2 | 243

Daenis viguieri .................. XV. a., 3 | 246

Tepahoprnem. Certhiola caboti .........0000 0000 KV.a. | 4 | 251

Microcerculus philomela .......... Vv. i 3 6

VS CAND sie caves jiesialgcec oslecte esses Vv. 7

Thryophilus thoracicus .........-.- vI. |1,2/ 86 Tanaenipg.

semibadius ..........-.005- VIL 3 88 || Euphonia gracilis ................ XVI. 3 | 259

Thryothorus atrigularis............ VI. 4 91 luteicapilla ................ XVI. 1 | 260

POLI) «sess GaSe sata lapis saat ears VII. 1 93 fulvicrissa ...............0.. XVI. 2 | 264

albinucha ..........eeeeeeee VII. 2 94 || Calliste florida .................. XVII. 1 | 267

Cistothorus polyglottus* .......... VIL. 3 | 105 || Rhamphoccelus passerinii .......... XVIII. 1 | 281

uropygialis ................ XVIII. 2 | 284

Pyranga testacea, ¢ .....-........ XIX. 1 | 292

M ; eee ter ee ee XIX. 2 | 292

iceman erythrocephala .............. XVII. 2 | 294

Parula inornata .............e eee VIII. 1 | 120 || Chlorothraupis carmiolit .......... XX. 1 | 299

—— superciliosa ............ 00s VIII. 2 | 122 || Eucometis spodocephala............ XX. 2 | 307

gotturalis ..... ec. ee ee ee eee VII. 3 | 123 || Tachyphonus chrysomelas.......... XXI. 1 | 311

Dendreeca decora ............44.. X. 1 | 136 nitidissimus, ¢.............. XXI. 2 | 312

Geothlypis chiriquensis ............ IX. 1 | 152 i ron 5 Aetivas idle ec Soaus wets whe XXI. 3 | 312

caninucha .......6.eeeee eee IX. 2 | 153 | Chlorospingus punctulatus.......... XXII. 1 | 316

poliocephala .........-.-.... IX, 3 | 154 PUCAUS ssicscis oon alee eels as XXII. 2 | 316

Ergaticus versicolor .........-.++- XI. 1 | 165 hypopheus 2.26. .seeceeu ens XXII. 3 | 817

Basileuterus melanogenys .......... X. 3 | 174 |) Buarremon capitalis .............. XXIII. 1 | 322

Setophaga torquata .......+-+-.5- X. 2 | 183 |) —— tibialis 2.00. -e es eeceeareees XXIII. 2 | 322

lacrymosa .........e0eee eens XI. 2 | 184 || Pitylus celeno ................6. XXIV. .. | 832

* Cistothorus elegans on the Plate. + Hirundo albilinea on the Plate. t+ Phenicothraupis carmioli on the Plate.

xl

LIST OF PLATES,

Plate. Fig. | Page. Plate. Fig. | Pages

Frineinuipz. Prpripa,

Cyanospiza rosita, d.......+.- sates XXYV. .. | 862 || Piprites griseiceps ................ XII. 3 | 107

ee re ere XXYV. *: | 362 || Chiromacheris aurantiaca, gd ...... XII. 1 | 115

Haplospiza uniformis.............. XXVII. 1 | 366 yD) Sibi ee eee nan XII. 2 | 115

Amphispiza quinquestriata*........ XXVII. 2 | 368

Zonotrichia vulcani .............. XXVI. 2 | 371 Buaiaians

Junco alticola.............. ee cee XXVI. 1 | 374 °

Spizella pinetorum................ XXVII. 3 | 378 || Pachyrhamphus cinereiventris ...... XLII. 1 | 127

Coturniculus petenicust .......... XXVIII. 2 | 385 albogriseus, ¢ ........00. eee XLITI. 2 | 128

Peucwa notosticta ............000- XXVIII. 1 | 393 i asus Rawaevwsteet es XIII. 3 | 128

Hemophila rufescens.............. XXIX. 2 | 394 || Carpodectes nitidus, gd ............ XLII. .. | 140

superciliosa ..............-- XXX. 1 | 395 QD aust eeeawenes ‘ XLII. 140

Puficauda 2...cceasceseeeees XXX. 2 | 396

—— humeralis .................. XXIX, 1 | 398

Ohrysomitris atriceps......... 0... XXXI. |1,2| 499 ce

xanthogastra............0-0. XXXII, 3 | 4380 || Synallaxis pudica ................ XLIV. .2 | 149

Siptornis J erythrops.............. XLY. 1 | 151

PUAONIS as a5 Suede se aad whe eo ave XLV..- 2 | 152

Tc Automolus rufobrunneus ** .,...... XLVI. 2 | 154

supeninhee Philydor fuscipennis ..,........... XLVI. 1 | 161

Gymnostinops guatemozinust ...... XXXII. .. | 489 || Sclerurus guatemalensis .......... XLIV. I | 168

Icterus auratus ..............005: XXXIII. 2 | 473 || Margarornis rubiginosa ............ XLVII. 1 | 170

BCIALETL, 6s sence oem ee eleie es XXXII. 1 | 476 brumnescens ................ XLVII. 2 | 170

Dendrornis lacrymosa ............ XLVIII. 1 | 182

Xiphorhynchus pusillus............ XLVIII. 2 | 189

Corvip.z.

Cyanolyca § yucatanica............ XXXY. 498 saaianpiascis

argentigula ................ XXXIV. 501 || Thamnophilus punctatus .......... XLIX 1 | 198

bridges) .vseiwemewrwen ata as XLIX, 2 | 199

Thamnistes anabatinus, d ........ L. 1 | 205

Dysithamnus puncticeps, ¢ ........ L, 2 | 207

(5 Q bees exes ve wae eens L. 3 | 20

Vol. II. Myrmelastes intermedius tf, ¢ LI. 2 oo

iG Stsamieeseaeoeres LI. 3 | 22

TrRANWIDE. Myrmeciza lemosticta ............ LI. 1 san

Leptotriccus superciliaris .......... XXXVI. 2 18 || Grallaria princeps ................ LIT. .. | 241

Tyrannulus semiflavus ............ XXXVI. 1 32 perspicillata ..........-..... LIL. 2 | 249

Sublegatus arenarum|| ............ XXXVI. 3 | 80 || —— VES 5. sn ceceaeeeeere ies ws LITI. 1 | 243

Sirystes albogriseus .............. XXXVIT. | 1 | 47

Myiodynastes hemichrysus ........ XXXVIII. | 1 50

Misvivors metitemm @ coc. a. XNXIx, | 4.) 58 ial

pcp — aanaih itched marked XXXIX. 2 53 || Hemistephania veraguensis ........ LY. 1 | 253

Myiobius capitalis................ XL, 1 59 || Callipharus nigriventristt, d ...... LVII. 3 | 270

Empidonax albigulark ............ XL. 2 70 5 Ph aethcina gh a eee LVILI. 4 | 270

ALTICOPS ¢4 cutee es see ee es XL. 3 | 79 |} Hypuroptila melanorrhoa $$, ¢ LV. 2 | 276

Contopus ochraceus .............. XXXVIII. 2 84 || —— OO Bauceare elles tec ane cae: LV. 3 | 276

Myiarchus flammulatus............ XXXVII. | 2 | 96 || Oreopyra calolema, ¢ ............ LIV. 1 | 3338

* Zonotrichia quinquestriata on the Plate.

+ Ammodromus petenicus on the Plate.

t Ostinops guatemozinus on the Plate.

§ Cyanocitta on the Plate.

| Elainea arenarum on the Plate.

{ Synallazxis on the Plate.

** Philydor rufobrunneus on the Plate.

tt Myrmeciza immaculata on the Plate.

tt Eupheruza nigriventris on the Plate,

§§ Chalybura melanorrhoa on the Plate.

LIST OF PLATES. xli

Plate. Fig. | Page. Plate. Fig. | Page.

Oreopyra calolema, 2 ............ LIV. 2 | 333

Delattria margarethe, Gaels LIV. a. 1 | 336 Fanconi.

i eee LIV. a. 2 | 836 | Morphnus guianensis.............. LXIII. 88

sybillw, Si... ec eee eee eee LIV. a. 8 | 337 || Micrastur amaurus .............. LXV. 109

— if ES cares eek gen wanna aie w alent LIV. a. 4 | 337 mirandollei ............2020. LXIV. 109

hemileuca, ¢) ...........0.. LIV. 3 | 837 || Falco deiroleucus .............4.. LXVI. 117

Bee Gg eibesi eee dstechs eater LIV. 4 | 337

Selasphorus torridus, ¢ .......... LVI. 2 | 354 Pp

BEY dices oi iuhus aon te LNT, 3 | 354 Rare

= ATMENB! ree cee ee ek eae LVI. 1 | 356 | Leptoptila plumbeiceps ............ LXVII. 1 |} 261

Lophornis adorabilis, ¢ .......... LVII. 1 | 365 CABIN. 4 adei ei ee eeaee eas LXVIII. 1 | 262

5g Gee “ideas nace acaclesk dag seer ee LVII. 2 | 365 cerviniventris ............-- LXVII. 2 | 263

PUNNUCHA id a. duces doses: os Rose's LXVIII. 2 | 264

Geotrygon lawrencii .............. LXIX. . | 266

CaPRIMULGID. veraguensis T......-.ee ee eee LXX. 267

Caprimulgus salvini, gd ............ LVIII. 8. 387

yucatanicus, ds... .. ee eee eee LVIII. a. 388 Cracipz.

saturatus *, Go .....e ee ee eee LVIII. 38%

slates Ec) ee Chamepetes unicolor.............. LXXI. 278

Ortalis wagleri ......... re LXXII. 279

Picipza.

Chloronerpes auricularis, g ........ LIX. a. 3 | 408 PHASIANIDE.

godmani, J ....sseee esses ee LIX. a, 1 | 409 Odontophorus melanotis .......... LXXIII. 310

EAS Te a pean 1m | 2 308 leucolemus .........-.0.--- LXXIV. 311

URE ODEPTOD. sine geen dnecy ees 1 | 409 | Rhynchortyx t spodiostethus ...... LXXVI. 313

—— simplex....,......-0. 0005: LIX. 2 | 410 TG ieee ey) LXXV. 313

Melanerpes chrysauchen, ¢ ........ LX. 1 | 414 v7

OF eatetM amen pane LX. 2 | 414

Ratiipz&.

Aramides axillaris ................ LXXVII. 318

Vol. III.

TINAMIDZ,

AgionEDAl. Nothocereus frantzii§ ............ LXXVIII. 452

Syrnium fulvescens .............. LXI. 9 Jrypturus mexicanus, ¢ .......... LXXIX. 457

Scops trichopsis ............ 02000. LXII. 16 ADs carbines Saat ease ah ahata LXXIX. 457

* Antrostomus saturatus on the Plate.

t Geotrygon rufiventris on the Plate.

+ Odontophorus on the Plate.

§ Nothocercus bonaparti on the Plate.

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Aves, Vol. I., November 1904. ¥

87

101

121

123

126

137

145

147

146

147

165

174

175

178

181

219

223

225

225

227

234.

243

ERRATA ET CORRIGENDA.

14 for tarsi 0-9 read tarsi 1:3.

16 for tarsi 2:2 read tarsi 1-2.

32 for helveolus read helvolus.

35 for Rotosinapam read Totosinapam.

9 for Musicapa read Museipapa.

26 for Wicklam read Wickham.

3

: } for Ariba read Arriba,

14 for Temiscaltepec read Temascaltepec.

38 for Campylopterus read Campylorhynchus.

6 for Southern Mexico read Eastern Mexico.

30 = for Ariba read Arriba.

29 for Thyothorus read Thryothorus.

31 after Hab. insert “‘ Norra AMERICA,”

28 for vieillotti read vieilloti.

30 = for Syvicola read Sylvicola.

6 for Ariba read Arriba.

sl } for Sciurus read Seiurus.

31 for reorgnized read recognized.

24 ~— for moticilla read motacilla.

7 add at end of line “ (Tab. XI. fig. 1.)”

a6 } for Ariba read Arriba.

19 before 1878 insert * Ibis,”

26 for Ariba read Arriba.

28 for cinereus read caudatus.

24 for Guadalajura read Guadalajara.

1 for *Guaremara (Skinner), Peten, Belize,” read ‘“ Brivis

Honpuras, Belize (0. S..°); Guaremaza (Skinner), Peten,”

20 for series read species.

18 for coronota read coronata.

8 for Tupetero read Tupataro.

25 for cyana read cayana.

244 26,27,28 for C. read D.

252

before the heading Fam. TANAGRIDZ insert

Section LV. Oscrnzs CoNnIROSTRES.

xliv

Page

294

307

322

331

342

361

371

383

389

401

408

424

481

481

491

500

511

ERRATA ET CORRIGENDA.

add at end of line (Tab. XVII. fig. 2.)”

for “, Honduras, San Pedro” read “‘; Hoxpuras, San Pedro.”

for Tab. XXII. read Tab. XXIII.

for erythromilas read erythromelas,

for C. cardinalis read C. virginianus.

before “ P. Z. 8.” insert “ Bp.”

for Antiqua read Antigua.

for grammineus read gramineus.

for bottert read botterit.

for Quatro read Cuatro.

for Rio read Real.

for Pyrangra read Pyranga.

for Lamprospar read Lampropsar.

for Achil read Cachil.

for Cienguilla read Cieneguilla.

add at end of line “ Panama, Veragua (Arcé).”

for chrgsolema read chrysolema.

BIOLOGIA CENTRALI-AMERICANA.

ZOOLOGIA.

Class AVES *.

_ Subclass AVES CARINAT£&.

Order PASSERES.

Suborder OSCINES.

Section I. OSCINES DENTIROSTRES.

Fam. TURDIDA.

Subfam. TURDINZ.

CATHARUS. ©

Cols. Bonaparte, Consp. Av. i. p. 278 (1859). (Type C. aurantiirostris.)

Malacocichia, Gould, P. Z. 8. 1854, p. 285. (Type C. dryas.)

This genus differs from the true Thrushes (Zurdus) chiefly in its shorter, more

rounded wings and in its long slender tarsi—characters suited to the terrestrial habits

of all the species, and to their place of abode amongst dense brushwood or primeval

forest. Twelve species are now known of the genus, of which no less than nine are

found within our limits, the rest being Andean species occurring in various places as

far south as the province of Yungas in Bolivia, whence we have lately received the

species described as C. mentalis}, and where also C. dryas occurs. Though none of the

species appear to occur at or near the sea-level, some (such as C. fuscater, C. mexicanus,

* The classification here adopted is nearly that of the ‘ Nomenclator Avium Neotropicalium’ of Sclater and

Salvin.

+ Scl. & Salv. P. Z. 8. 1876, p. 352.

1

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Zool., Aves, Vol. 1, Sept. 1879.

2 TURDIDZ.

and C. dryas) are found in the forest-clad slopes of the mountains at moderate height ;

others (as C. melpomene, C. occidentalis, and C. griseiceps) frequent the woods of the

tablelands of 4000 to 5000 feet elevation; whilst the upland forests of the volcanoes,

to a height of 10,000 feet, are the abode of C. alticola, C. frantzii, and perhaps of

C. gracilirostris, The species are generally observed on the ground, searching amongst

dead leaves for their food. CO. melpomene has a pleasing song, not unlike that of a

Robin (Erithacus), a bird which its gait and actions also call to mind.

The genus was originally founded on a Venezuelan species described as C. aurantii-

rostris by Dr. Hartlaub, and subsequently as C. tmmaculatus by Bonaparte. Mr.

Gould’s genus Malacocichla (based upon Catharus dryas), though somewhat aberrant as

regards coloration, is structurally identical with Catharus. Mr. Gould considered his

species to be closely allied to Chameza and Grallaria (Formicariide); but this view

cannot be maintained, Catharus being a typical member of the Turdide. The figure

of C. dryas* shows the front tarsal plate to be divided into three scutella. This is

not so in any specimen we have examined, the tarsi of all of which have a single

undivided plate running down the front.

1. Catharus melpomene.

Turdus melpomene, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 5 (1850) ; Licht. Nomencl. p. 25.

Catharus melpomene, Scl. P. Z. S. 1858, p. 97”, 1859, pp. 823°, 362*, 370°; Scl. & Salv. Ibis, 1859,

p. 6°, 1860, p. 29"; Cab. J. f. Orn. 1860, p. 322°; Baird, Rev. Am. B. p. 7°; Lawr. Ann. Lyc.

N.Y. ix. p. 90"; Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N.H.i. p. 542"; Frantz. J. £. Orn. 1869, p.289 ”.

Catharus aurantiirostris, Scl. P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 294” (nec Hartl.).

Supra cinnamomeo-brunneus, alis extus lete saturatioribus, pileo dorso fere concolori; subtus griseo-albidus,

pectore grisescentiore, gula haud striata ; rostro et pedibus aurantiaco-flavis. Long. tota 6-5, ale 3,caude 2:5,

tarsi 1-25, rostri a rivtu 0°8. (Descr. exempl. ex Jalapa, Mexico. Mus. nostr.)

Hab. Mexico, Cordova (Sallé!3), Jalapa! (de Oca‘), Totontepec (Boucard®), Orizaba

(Sumichrast® 1); Guatemata, Duefias?, Coban (0. S. & F. D. G.); Costa Rica 8,

Quebrada Honda (v. Frantzius), San José and Grecia (Carmiol!°), Volcan de

Cartago (Arcé).

Catharus melpomene was originally described from a Mexican specimen (Jalapa),

where the species would appear to be not uncommon. In Guatemala we found it in

brushwood, both in the tablelands and also in Alta Vera Paz. In the highlands of

Costa Rica it seems to be equally abundant. Though the range of the species is pro-

bably broken by low-lying land at several points, no important variation has ensued,

and we are unable to trace any tangible differences between specimens from most dis-

tant localities. There is some variation in the intensity of the colouring of the back,

and also in the depth of the cinereous of the underparts; but these variations are not

* P.Z.8. 1854, p. 285, t. Ixxv.

CATHARUS. 8

traceable to any special locality, and appear to be simply individual peculiarities.

Catharus melpomene does not seem to be at all migratory in its habits: we observed its

presence the whole year in Guatemala; and specimens were obtained in every month

between July’ and November. M. Boucard found it at Totontepec in January4. Its

nest is an open structure composed chiefly of moss; the eggs are white, thickly marked

with rufous-red. Prof. Sumichrast says 1! that it nests in the gardens of Orizaba; and

we found it breeding close to Duefias in Guatemala. Its habits in Costa Rica seem to

resemble those it has in Guatemala. Dr. v. Frantzius says” that its monotonous but

sweet song may be heard everywhere in the tableland of San José between April and

June wherever green hedges line the roads in the neighbourhood of towns. The bird

glides quickly through the shrubs,-and flies close to the ground across the roads. It is

not shy, and allows one to watch it closely.

The eyes, bill, and eyelids of this species are rich orange in the male bird. The

maxilla of the female is light horn-colour’.

Prof. Baird has suggested ® that the Costa-Rica bird might be the true C. aurantit-

rostris of Hartlaub: but this is not the case; for on comparing it with a Venezuelan

example in our collection, the absence in the latter of the rufous margins to the wing-

feathers, as well as the olivaceous tone of the plumage above, is very apparent. The

previous comparison of Mexican specimens with the Venezuelan type by Dr. Hartlaub,

as recorded by Mr. Sclater 2, seems to have been overlooked by subsequent writers.

2. Catharus alticola, sp. n.

Catharus frantzii, Salv. Ibis, 1866, p. 190’ (nec Cab.).

Supra oleagineo-brunneus ; uropygio, alis et cauda concoloribus, pileo paulo rufescentiore ; subtus grisescens,

ventre imo et crisso albis; rostri maxilla cornea, mandibula flava; pedibus pallide corylinis. Long. tota

6°75, ale 3°5, caude 3-0, rostri a rictu 0°9, tarsi 1-4. Fem. mari similis.

Similis C. melpomena, sed alis extus et corpore supra minus cinnamomeis et rostri et pedum coloribus distin-

guendus. A C. frantzi uropygio et cauda oleagineis nec cinnamomeis notatus.

Hab. Guatema.a, forests of the Volcan de Fuego, from 6000 to 10,000 feet (0. S. &

F. D. G.).

We obtained a single specimen only of this species during our stay at Duefias in

November 1861; and this example was subsequently + referred to the Costa-Rican C.

frantzii. During Salvin’s last visit to Guatemala, he obtained several more specimens,

and found the bird not uncommon in the ravines of the Volcan de Fuego and through-

out the forests on that mountain almost to the commencement of the growth of pines,

at an elevation of 10,200 feet. It was observed usually on the ground, searching

amongst leaves for food in the deepest shade of the forest. When standing in a wood-

cutter’s track, one of these birds would occasionally perch on a log at the side of the

path with all the gesture of a Robin (Erithacus).

1*

4 TURDIDE.

The additional specimens brought home by Salvin show the slight differences we

have pointed out above when compared with the highland species of Costa Rica, C.

frantzi. As these seem constant, it is necessary to provide each form with a different

name. Compared with C. melpomene, the difference between the two is much more

striking. Instead of the orange bill, eyelids, and legs of the male C. melpomene,

C. alticola has the maxilla dark horn-brown and the mandible yellowish. The eyelid is

inconspicuous dull brown, and the legs pale hazel. These differences are very obvious

when freshly-killed specimens are compared.

3. Catharus frantzii.

Catharus frantzii, Cab. J. f. Orn. 1860, p. 323"; Baird, Rev. Am. Birds, p. 9°; Lawr. Ann. Lyc.

N. Y. ix. p.90°; Frantz. J. f. Orn. 1869, p. 289*; Boucard, P. Z.S. 1878, p. 50°.

Supra oleagineo-brunneus ; pileo, uropygio et cauda saturatius rufescentibus ; subtus grisescens, ventre imo albo ;

rostri maxilla cornea, mandibula flava; pedibus pallide corylinis. Long. tota 6°75, alee 3°7, caude 3, rostri

a rictu 0-86, tarsi 0-9. (Descr. maris ex San José, Costa Rica. Mus. nostr.)

Hab. Costa Rica !, Rancho Redondo (F. Carmiol *), San José (v. Frantzius?), Volcan de

Cartago (v. Frantzius+, Arcé), Potrero Cerrado and La Palma (v. Frantzius*),

Navarro (Boucard *).

This species seems to be nearly restricted in its range to the forests of the Volcano

of Cartago, where most collectors in Costa Rica have found it. Dr. v. Frantzius+ says

that it occurs at an elevation of from 6000 to 7000 feet, and that he found it on the

slopes of Irazu in May, at Potrero Cerrado in April, and later in the year at La Palma

to the northward of San José, Carmiol having met with it at Rancho Redondo on the

western slope of Irazu. Nothing is recorded of the habits of the species, which doubt-

less resemble those of C. alticola.

4, Catharus occidentalis.

Catharus occidentalis, Scl. P. Z. 8. 1859, pp. 323', 370°; Baird, Rev. Am. B. p. 8°; Sumichrast,

Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H.i. p. 542*; Lawr. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 4, p. 11°.

Supra cinnamomeo-brunneus, pileo et cauda vix saturatioribus ; subtus cinereus, gula et abdomine medio albi-

cantibus, pectore fusco subobsolete flammulato ; rostro corneo, mandibule basi flavicante ; pedibus pallide

corylinis. Long. tota 6:5, ale 3-5, caude 2:9, rostri a rictu 0:8, tarsi 1:15. (Descr. maris ex Totontepec,

Mexico. Mus. nostr. exempl. typ.)

Hab. Mexico, Totontepec (Boucard1?), Oaxaca (Fenochio), Orizaba (Sumichrast * 4),

Sierra Madre near Zapotitlan (Swmichrast®), Tierra fria (Je Strange).

M. Boucard first discovered this species at Totontepec, in the Mexican State of Oaxaca,

in January 18591; and specimens from the same district have been since sent to us by

Don A. Fenochio. It has also been found nearer the isthmus of Tehuantepec by Prof.

CATHARUS. 5

Sumichrast, who obtained specimens in the Sierra Madre near Zapotitlan®. During

his previous residence near Orizaba the same gentleman also met with it, and sent

several specimens to the Smithsonian Institution ?; he says that it has nearly the same

range as C. melpoinene*. These and others obtained by Mr. le Strange in the neigh-

bourhood of Mexico itself show that the species is not one peculiar to Western Mexico,

as Mr. Sclater at first supposed!?. Its range, however, seems to be very limited, as it

has not as yet been noticed out of the highlands of Southern Mexico.

The faint spots on the throat and chest render C. occidentalis easily distinguishable

from C. melpomene, and, indeed, from all its congeners.

5. Catharus fuscater.

Myioturdus fuscater, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1845, p. 341°.

Catharus fuscater, Scl. P. Z. 8. 1859, p. 8247; Salv. P. Z. 8S. 1867, p. 132°, 1870, p. 180°; Lawr.

Ann. Lye. N. Y. ix. p. 90°.

Supra schistaceo-niger, pileo fere nigro; subtus griseo-fuscus, abdomine medio albo; rostro et pedibus auran-

tiacis. Long. tota 6-5, al 3°5, caude 3, rostri a rictu 0°9, tarsi 1-3. (Descr. maris ex Cordillera de Tolé

in Statu Panamensi. Mus. nostr.)

Hab. Costa Rica, Cervantes (v. Frantzius®); Panama, Cordillera de Tolé (Arcé*), Calo-

vevora and Cordillera del Chucu (Arcé*).—Cotoms1a!; Ecuapor ?.

This, the oldest known member of the genus, was not referred to its proper position

until Mr. Sclater removed it from the Formicariide (where it had been placed by its

describer Lafresnaye '), and classed it among the Turdide in the genus Catharus?.

Its range, though wide, is not so extensive as that of its congener C. dryas ; still it is

found from Ecuador to Costa Rica, specimens from which places, as well as from the

State of Panama, show no differences that we can trace.

Though not so rare as most other Cathari, it cannot be said to be a common species.

More specimens have been sent us from the mountainous parts of Panama than from

elsewhere.

A Costa-Rican example was compared by Mr. Lawrence with Lafresnaye’s type at

Boston, and certain differences described ®, notably the colour of the maxilla and the

yellowish tinge of the abdomen in the Costa-Rica bird. The variation in the colour of

the bill, we believe, is due entirely to age, and the tint of the abdomen to the fresh-

ness of the specimen, the ochre tint of this part in C. dryas being very evanescent.

The blackness of: the back is a sexual difference in species of this section of the genus.

The nearly uniform blackness of the whole of the upper plumage distinguishes

C. fuscater from all other Central-American Cathari.

6 TURDIDZ.

6. Catharus griseiceps. (Tab. I. fig. 2.)

Catharus griseiceps, Salv. P. Z.S8. 1866, p. 68*, 1867, p. 182°, 1870, p. 179°.

Supra olivaceo-brunneus, capite toto cum collo griseis, pileo paulo obscuriore, alis extus et cauda cinnamomeis ;

subtus griseus, gutture pallidiore, ventre medio et crisso albis; rostro et pedibus aurantiacis. Long.

tota 6, alee 3-5, caude 2°6, rostri a rictu 0°85, tarsi 1:25. (Descr. maris ex Santa Fé in Statu Panamensi,

Mus. nostr. exempl. typ.)

Hab. Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui, Santa Fé, Chitra, Calovevora, Calobre (Arcé 123).

This species appears to be restricted in its range to the mountainous parts of the

State of Panama, being found from the Volcano of Chiriqui to Santa Fé and Calobre.

Further eastward it has not yet been met with, as none of the large collections made

on the line of the Panama Railway have contained examples. The grey head and nearly

uniform ashy under surface are distinguishing characteristics of this species.

7. Catharus gracilirostris. (Tab. I. fig. 1.)

Catharus gracilirostris, Salv. P. Z.S. 1864, p. 580°; Lawr. Aun. Lyc. N. Y. ix. p. 90’.

Supra oleagineo-brunneus, capite toto obscure cinereo; subtus cinereus, pectore dorso concolori; rostro nigro,

pedibus corylinis. Long. tota 5-5, alse 3:0, caudze 2°7, rostri a rictu 0°8, tarsi 2-2. (Descr. exempl. typ.

ex Volcan de Cartago, Costa Rica. Mus. nostr.)

Hab. Costa Rica, Volcan de Cartago (Arcé1, Rogers), San Mateo (J. Cooper ?).

Originally described from two specimens obtained for us by Arcé in the Volcan de

Cartago. Even in Costa Rica, the only country where it has been found as yet, the

species must be considered rare, few other specimens having come under our notice.

M. Boucard, during his recent journey to that country, obtained but two examples, both

from the Volcan de Cartago, from which locality Rogers also procured us a specimen.

This last is a young bird, the remains of the spotted plumage showing on the under surface.

The black slender bill, grey head, and olive chest serve to distinguish this species at

a glance from all its congeners. .

8. Catharus mexicanus. (Tab. II. fig. 1.)

Malacocichla mexicana, Bp. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 998"; Scl. P.Z.S. 1857, p. 2037; Scl. & Salv.

Ibis, 1859, p. 7°.

Catharus mexicanus, Scl. P. Z. S. 1859, p. 324°, 1864, p. 172°; Baird, Rev. Am. B. p. 11°; Salv.

P.Z. 8. 1866, p. 69’, 1870, p. 179°; Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ix. p. 90°; Sumichrast, Mem.

Bost. Soc. N. H. i. p. 542°.

Supra oleagineo-brunneus, pileo et capitis lateribus nigris ; subtus cinereus, pectoris lateribus dorso conco-

loribus, ventre medio albicante; rostro et pedibus flavis. Long. tota 6:0, ale 3:6, caudew 2-5, rostri a

rictu 0-9, tarsi 1:25. (Descr. exempl. ex Teleman, Guatemala. Mus. nostr.)

Hab. Mexico (White®), Jalapa (Sallé1*), Orizaba (Sumichrast }°) ; Guatemaua, Coban

CATHARUS. iT

(Delattre*), Teleman (0. 8. & F. D. G.6); Costa Rica, Tucurriqui (Arcé?®)

Panama, Calovevora, Cordillera del Chucu (Arcé 8).

This well-marked species is one of the older-known members of the genus, having

been discovered near Jalapa by M. Sallé, whose specimens were described by Bona-

parte!, Though of wide range, but few examples have come under our notice; nor

did we ever actually meet with it ourselves in Guatemala, though one was secured for

us by a native collector sent by us to explore the valley of the Polochic river. At no

point of its range is it common, judging from the single specimens that have reached

us in collections from various points. C. meaxicanus can at once be recognized by its

black head contrasting with the olive-brown back. In some specimens the cheeks and

chest are nearly pure grey and the head deep black; in others these parts have an

olivaceous tinge: the former we take to be male specimens, the latter female, though

Arcé’s dissected skins are marked the reverse.

9. Catharus dryas. (Tab. II. fig. 2.)

Malacocichla dryas, Gould, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 285, t. 75°; Scl. & Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 7’.

Catharus dryas, Scl. P.Z.8. 1859, p. 324°; Salv. P. Z.S. 1866, p.69*; Baird, Rev. Am. B. p. 10°.

Malacocichla maculata, Scl. P. Z. 8. 1858, p. 64°.

Catharus maculatus, Scl. P. Z. 8. 1859, p. 3247; Cat. Am. B. p. 1°.

Supra olivaceo-fuscus, pileo et capitis lateribus nigerrimis; subtus ochraceus, pectore toto fusco maculato ; rostro

et pedibus flavis. Long. tota 7:0, ale 3-9, caude 3-0, rostri a rictu 0°85, tarsi 1°35. (Descr. maris ex

VY. de Agua, Guatemala. Mus. nostr.)

Hab. Guatemaa (Skinner '), Teleman (0.8. & F. D. G.>), Volcan de Agua above San

Diego (0. S.).—Cotompia; Ecuapor ® §; Bo.ivia.

We have hitherto considered the species described by Mr. Sclater as C. maculatus to be

distinct from C. dryas; but the acquisition of additional specimens both from South and

Central America has enabled us to make further comparison, with the result that we

can no longer discriminate two species. It is true that freshly-killed specimens are as

brightly coloured as Gould’s plate}; but experience has shown that the yellow of the

under surface rapidly fades with exposure ; and this being the case, one of the chief dif-

ferences relied upon fails to differentiate the two species. The difference of the colour

of the back is sexual, females being more olivaceous than males.

It is somewhat singular that in Central America this species has hitherto only been

observed in Guatemala. Its presence in other parts doubtless remains to be discovered.

For a long time we were accustomed to look upon C. dryas as one of the rarest of

Guatemalan birds; and until Salvin’s last journey only three specimens had come under

our notice. Two of these were from Vera Paz, one of them having been shot in the

valley of the Rio Polochic near Teleman. The precise origin of the other, the type,

now in the British Museum, is not known.

8 TURDIDA.

When staying at Duefias in the autumn of 1873, Salvin’s Indian hunters occasionally

brought specimens from the forests of the slopes of the Volcan de Agua, above the

village of San Diego, and from 2000 to 3000 feet above the sea. In this way more

than a dozen specimens were acquired, amongst which was only one female. The bill,

eyelids, tarsi, and toes of the fresh bird are orange, and the under plumage of a rich

tint not seen in older skins.

_ In South America the range of C. dryas is extensive. It occurs, though rarely, in

Bogota collections. Fraser obtained it at Chillanes and Pallatanga, in Ecuador®; and

the birds described by Mr. Sclater as C. maculatus came from the valley of the Rio

Napo®. Mr. Buckley has also sent us a skin from Baisa in the same Republic. To

Mr. Buckley, also, we are indebted for a skin from Bolivia.

TURDUS.

Turdus, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 291 (1766) (partim).

Seventeen species of Turdus are found within the limits of Central America; of these,

eight are northern species, several of which visit the country only during the winter

months. The resident species are variously distributed, some having a range almost

coextensive with the limits of the subregion. Others are much more restricted in their

domicile ; and amongst these the species inhabiting the higher ranges of mountains and

the pine-clad summits of the volcanoes are specially to be noted. Nearly every large

section of the country has one or more Thrushes peculiar to it: thus in Mexico we find

on the shores of the Pacific, from Mazatlan to Tehuantepec, 7. flavirostris, and in the

pine-forests of the interior 7. pinicola. In the highlands of Guatemala T. rufitorques

is found; Mexico and Guatemala have 7. infuscatus in common, a true Blackbird,

very closely allied to the European species, of which a second representative is found in

the Andes, in Venezuela, and in the island of Tobago; Costa Rica has two peculiar

species in 7’. plebeius and T. nigrescens; and Costa Rica and the State of Panama share

T. obsoletus. The resident species of wide range are 7. tristis and T. grayi. The

former of these extends from Southern Mexico almost to the line of the Panama

Railway; the latter, with a wider northern extension, also passes still further to the

southward.

Concerning the seven species constituting Prof. Baird’s subgenus Hylocichla, we are

in some doubt how far to admit the claims of all of them to rank as separate species,

especially as it has been strongly urged by American writers that links are not wanting

connecting some of them together. Without going into a discussion of these claims,

we may remark that our chief object in treating Turdus ustulatus and T. alicie as

distinct from T. swainsoni, and T. auduboni as distinct from T. pallasi, is to give

prominence to the peculiarities of their geographical distribution in the winter season—

points which have considerable significance when the value of slight modifications of

colour or size is attempted to be estimated.

TURDUS, q

A. Hy.ocicua.

a. Major, capite late cinnamomeo, pectore et hypochondriis permaculatis.

1. Turdus mustelinus.

Tawny Thrush, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. p. 28; Penn. Arct. Zool. ii. p. 19°.

Turdus mustelinus, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 817°; Scl. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 294*, 1859, p. 8362’; Moore,

P. Z.8. 1859, p. 55°; Scl. & Salv. Ibis, 1859, p.6’; Baird, Rev. Am. B. p. 13°; Sumi-

chrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. i. p. 543°; Lawr. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 4, p.11”; Baird,

Brew. & Ridgw. N. Am. B. i. p. 7"; Gundl. Orn. Cub. p. 57%; Coues, B. N.W. p. 2”.

Turdus (Hylocichla) mustelinus, Coues, B. Col. Vall. p. 28%.

Turdus densus, Bp. C. R. xxxviii. p. 2, et Notes Orn. p. 26.

Supra precipue in pileo cinnamomeus, dorso postico et cauda olivaceo tinctis ; subtus albus, pectore et hypo-

chondriis distincte nigro maculatis ; auricularibus et capitis lateribus nigro et rufescente albido notatis ;

loris albis ; rostro corylino, mandibule basi et pedibus flavis. Long. tota 7:5, ale 4:3, caudee 2-9, rostri

a rictu 1-0, tarsi 1-25. (Deser. exempl. ex Choctum, Vera Paz. Mus. nostr.)

Hab. Nortu America, east of the’ Missouri plains 11, — Mexico, Cordova (Sallé*),

Jalapa (de Oca*), Orizaba (Sumichrast °), Tehuantepec city (Swmichrast 1°), Tierra

Caliente of the Atlantic (Je Strange), Tabasco; Guatemata?, Choctum, Coban,

Tactic, Godines (0. S. & F. D. G.); Honpuras, Omoa (Leyland *).—Cuba 22.

This well-known species was described by Latham 1 and Pennant 2 towards the end

of last century; and upon their descriptions Gmelin? bestowed the name Turdus

mustelinus. It is a common species throughout the United States, between the

Mississippi river and the Atlantic, and breeds as far north as Massachusetts!1. In

winter it rarely visits Cuba 12, but is common in the eastern parts of Mexico and Central

America, as far south as Omoa on the north coast of Honduras®. In Guatemala the

most western point we have met with it is Godines, a small village 7000 feet above the

sea, situated in the mountains at the eastern end of the upland lake of Atitlan ; here

it was observed in February 1874. In the neighbourhood of Coban, in Vera Paz, it is,

during the winter months, a very common bird; and it may be found in the second-

growth woods, especially wherever a mountain-stream runs. It utters no song during

its stay in Guatemala; but during the summer Turdus mustelinus is remarkable for its

song, to the sweetness of which all writers on North-American birds bear testimony 11.

As Prof. Baird remarks®, this Thrush is subject to very slight variation in its

markings, but some specimens have the spots on the breast rather larger and more

thickly spread than others. This difference is shown in our series from Guatemala,

and sufficiently proves that there is no ground for supposing 7. densus, Bonap., founded

on a specimen from Tabasco, to be a valid species 1.

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Zool., Aves, Vol. 1, Sept. 1879. 2

10 TURDIDZ.

b. Minores, cauda dorso concolori.

2. Turdus fuscescens.

Turdus fuscescens, Steph., Shaw’s Zool. x. p. 182’; Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. vil. p. 826°; Baird,

Rev. Am. B. p. 17°; Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 92*; Baird, Brew. & Ridgw. N. Am. B.i. p. 9°;

Gundl. Orn. Cub. p. 57°; Merrill, Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. i. p. 119’.

Turdus (Hylocichla) fuscescens, Coues, B. Col. Vall. i. p. 39°.

Supra rufescenti-brunneus unicolor; subtus albus, colli lateribus et pectore rufescentibus maculis subtriangu-

laribus brunneis parce adspersis; rostro corylino, mandibule basi et pedibus flavis. Long. tota 6°8, alee

3:8, caudee 2°75, rostri a rictu -9, tarsi 1-1. (Deser. exempl. ex Washington, D.C., Smiths. Inst. no. 28230.

Mus. nostr.)

Hab. N. America, Canada, Eastern States, and westwards to Utah, Colorado, and

Texas5®.—Panama, Lion Hill (ILeannan)*, Aspinwall (Mus. Boucard).—S.

America to the Amazon‘; Cuba &,

An excellent account of this species, as regards its range within the limits of North

America, its habits and synonymy, is given in Dr. Coues’s ‘ Birds of the Colorado

Valley’’, and in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway’s work ®. In the former Dr. Coues

remarks on the absence of Turdus fuscescens from Arizona and New Mexico, and adds

that it must take a somewhat circuitous route in gaining its winter home in Central

America. But the records of the occurrence of this species outside the limits of the

United States are so scanty that it can hardly be said that we really know where the

major portion of the winter migrants go during that season. It is quite rare in Cuba §;

and as far as Central America and Mexico are concerned, we have Dr. Merrill’s authority

for its occurrence in the valley of the Rio Grande’; but from this point, if we except

Prof. Sumichrast’s doubtful reference to the occurrence of this species near Orizaba*,

we have no trace of it whatever until we come to Panama, where M‘Leannan obtained a

single specimen”, and whence we have recently seen another in the possession of

Mons. Boucard, to whom it was sent from Aspinwall. These two specimens are our

authority for including Turdus fuscescens in this work. Passing into South America we

have only five instances of the occurrence of the species there. Herr von Pelzeln

records * that Natterer obtained four specimens in December at San Vicente in Brazil;

and Mr. H. Wickham also shot one at Santarem on the Amazon. This last-named

specimen we once had an opportunity of examining.

3. Turdus swainsoni.

Brown Thrush, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. p. 28’; Penn. Arct. Zool. ii. p. 19.

Turdus swainsoni, Cab., Tsch. Faun. Per. p. 188°; Scl. P. Z. S. 1858, p- 451*; Baird, Rev. Am. B.

p. 19°; Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ix. p. 91°; Lawr. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 4, p. 117 (?);

Baird, Brew. & Ridgw. N. Am. B. p. 14°; Gundl. Orn. Cub. p. 58°.

* Mem. Bost. Soc N. H. i. p. 543.

TURDUS. 11

Turdus (Hylocichla) swainsoni, Coues, B. Col. Vall. i. p. 34.

Turdus minor, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 809 (partim); Scl. P. Z.S. 1857, p. 212(?)".

Turdus minimus, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1848, p. 5”; Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. viii. p. 7.

Supra cinnamomeo-brunneus unicolor ; subtus albus, gula, genis et pectore fulvescenti lavatis ; cervice antico,

pectore et hypochondriis brunneo crebro maculatis; rostro corneo, mandibule basi et pedibus pallide

corylinis, Long. tota 7:0, ale 3-9, caude 2°8, rostri a rictu 0-8, tarsi 1-1. (Descr. exempl. ex Paraiso,

Panama. Mus. nostr.)

Hab. N. America, Eastern States, westwards to Humboldt Mountains, north to Slave

Lake and Fort Yukon §.—Mextco (?), Orizaba (Botteri+) (?), Tapana, Tehuantepec

(Sumichrast") (2); GuatemMata, Coban (Sarg fide v. Berlepsch); Costa Rica,

Barranca, Frailes, and Cervantes (Carmiol®), Ivazu (Rogers); Panama, Lion Hill

(M‘Leannan '), Paraiso (Hughes).—CotomBia ”; Ecuapor*; Peru®; Cuza?.

Though this Thrush was known to Latham! and Pennant? and other early writers,

no name was applied to it that is admissible until Dr. Cabanis, in 1845, bestowed upon

it that of Turdus swainsoni*, under which it is now universally known. The history

of the early nomenclature of this bird is fully given by Dr. Coues in his ‘ History of

the Hylocichle,’ and in the synonymy of the species 1°. A full account of 7. swainsont

and its close ally 7. ustulatus will also be found in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway’s work.

Putting aside 7. aliciw for the present, and considering the relationship subsisting

between the eastern and western forms of this bird, we find points in their winter

distribution that are of considerable interest. Hitherto we have been in the habit of

ascribing the winter visitant to Guatemala to the eastern bird, 7. swainsoni; but

the acquisition of a larger series and a reexamination of the question shows that

by far the larger portion of them are of the western form, 7. ustulatus. Still the

true T. swainsoni does occur in Guatemala, as Count v. Berlepsch assures us he has a

specimen from Coban that is undoubtedly of that race. Passing further south, we

find that in Costa Rica the true 7. swainsoni seems to be exclusively found. Beyond

Costa Rica we have been unable to trace 7. ustulatus at all, every specimen from

Panama and South America belonging to the 7. swainsoni form. We are left in some

uncertainty as regards the Mexican bird. 7. ustulatus has undoubtedly been recognized

in the Tres Marias Islands; but a bird from Orizaba, and others from Tehuantepec,

have been ascribed to 7’. swainsoni, a race we should not expect to find in Mexico at all.

The winter distribution of these two races is almost exactly parallel to that of

Geothlypis philadelphia and G. macgillivrayi, where the eastern bird is absent from

Mexico and Guatemala, the western bird being the prevalent species. The two mingle

in Costa Rica; and in Panama and further south the eastern form is exclusively found.

4. Turdus ustulatus.

Turdus ustulatus, Nutt. Man. i. p. 400 (1840)"; Baird, Rev. Am. B. p. 18°; Grayson, P. Bost. Soc.

N. H. siv. p. 276°; Lawr. Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. ii. p. 266°.

2%

12 TURDIDA.

Turdus swainsoni, var. ustulatus, Baird, Brew. & Ridgw. N. Am. B. i. p. 16°.

Turdus swainsoni, c. ustulatus, Coues, B. Col. Vall. i. p. 35°.

Turdus minor, Scl. P. Z. 8. 1857, p. 2127 (?).

Turdus swainsoni, Lawr. Bull. U. 8S. Nat. Mus. no. 4, p. 11° (?).

Supra olivaceo-brunneus unicolor; subtus albus, gula, genis et pectore fulvescenti lavatis; cervice antico,

pectore et hypochondriis brunneo crebre maculatis ; rostro corneo, mandibule basi et pedibus pallide

corylinis. Long. tota 7:0, ale 3-7, caudw 2°8, rostri a rictu *8, tarsi 1:2. (Descr. maris ex Volcan de

Agua, Guatemala (alt. 3500 ft.). Mus. nostr.)

Had. N. America, Pacific coast from Alaska to California®,—Mexico, Tres Marias

Islands (Grayson* +), Orizaba (Botteri’)%, Tehuantepec (Sumichrast §)?; Guatz-

MALA, Coban, Duefias, Costa Grande (0. S. & F. D. G.).

This western race of 7. swainsoni, from which it differs in the more rufescent tint of

its plumage above, seems to winter in Mexico and Guatemala. Grayson found it quite

abundant in the month of January in the woods of the Tres Marias Islands off the

Mexican coast, where it was more timid and shy than any other bird on the islands.

It uttered a low plaintive whistle, and seemed solitary in its habits. Grayson adds that

though common on these islands it is never seen on the adjoining mainland*. Birds

attributed to 7. swainsoni have been recorded from Orizaba’? and Tehuantepec®; but

from the line of migration of this race, which barely touches eastern Guatemala, it seems

probable that these birds really belonged to the rufous form 7. ustulatus.

In Guatemala we found it very common at Coban in Vera Paz during the winter

months, where it frequented the second-growth woods so prevalent in that district. On

the Pacific side of Guatemala we did not meet with it until the winter of 1873-74. It

was then found to be not uncommon on the slopes of the mountains between Capetillo

and San Diego, a heavily wooded tract of country with patches of second-growth woods.

In thus tracing the winter quarters of 7. ustulatus and T. swainsoni as shown by the

slight difference in colour between them, we are aware that these differences are of a

very slight character, and that it is very likely that the two forms will, at no distant date,

have to be considered as belonging to one somewhat variable species. Should this be so,

the name this species should bear is 7. ustulatus.

5. Turdus aliciz.

Turdus alicia, Baird, Birds N. Am. p. 217, t.81.f. 2"; Rev. Am. B. p. 21°; Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y.

ix. p. 91°; Salv. P. Z.S. 1870, p. 180°; Baird, Brew. & Ridgw. N. Am. B.i. p.11°; Gundl.

Orn. Cub. p. 58°.

Turdus (Hylocichla) swainsoni, b. alicie, Coues, B. Col. Vall. i. p. 857.

Similis 7’. swainsoni, sed colore corporis superi grisescentiore, genis griseis et colore gule et pectoris albicanti-

oribus distinguendus. Long. tota 7:0, ale 4:1, caude 3-0, rostri a rictu °8, tarsi 1-23. (Descr. maris ex

Chiriqui. Mus. nostr.)

Hab. N. Amurica, Eastern States, west to Fort-Yukon and Missouri-river States, shores

TURDUS. 13

of Arctic Ocean from Labrador to Kodiak °.—Cosra Rica, San José (v. Frantzius®) ;

Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui (Arcé+).—Cupa®; Eastern Asia in the north of

.- Kamtschatka.

Concerning the true status of Turdus alicie much controversy has taken place amongst

ornithologists of the United States. Prof. Baird was the first to distinguish it from

T. swainsoni'; and its specific distinctness is upheld in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway’s

work®, Mr. J. A. Allen has considered it to be undistinguishable as a species from

L. swainsoni, whilst Dr. Coues, in his most recent work 7, places it as an imperfectly

segregated race of 7. swainsoni, and ranks it in the same category with 7. ustulatus.

These naturalists have all had many times over the amount of materials at their disposal

for arriving at their conclusions than we have; so that we do not feel in a position to

give a decided opinion on go delicate a point; but the skins before us, so far as they go,

conform to the differences pointed out by the original describer, and we have no diffi-

culty in assigning our single Central-American specimen to its right position.

This skin, from the Volcan de Chiriqui, and another from Costa Rica are all that

have hitherto been obtained in Central America; so that that country can hardly be

looked upon as the usual winter quarters of the race. What becomes of the birds at

this season, which in summer swarm on the shores of the Arctic Ocean to breed, is+a

matter that is not yet known. J. aliciw is stated to have once visited Cuba®; and it

is said to be found on the mainland of South America; but on the latter point we have

no evidence of our own to bring forward. A full history of T. alicie is given in Baird,

Brewer, and Ridgway’s work.

c. Cauda rufescente, dorso haud concolori.

6. Turdus pallasi.

Turdus pallasi, Cab. Arch. f. Naturg. xiii. p. 205; Scl. & Salv. Ibis, 1860, p. 272°; Baird, Rev.

Am. B. p. 14°; Baird, Brew. & Ridgw. N. Am. B. i. p. 18%.

Turdus (Hylocichla) pallasi, Coues, B. Col. Vall. i. p. 20°.

Supra brunnescenti-fuscus, uropygio et cauda rufescentibus ; subtus albus, linea rictali et maculis pectoralibus

distinctis fusco-nigris ; rostro corylino, mandibule basi flavo, pedibus flavis. Long. tota 6:3, ale 3-5,

caudee 2°65, rostri a rictu °8, tarsi 1-2. (Descr. exempl. ex Coban, Guatemala, Mus. nostr.)

Hab. N. America, Eastern States 4.—Guatema.a, Coban (0. S.?).

The true Zurdus pallasi, the small Rufous-tailed Thrush of the eastern States, can,

so far as we know at present, only claim a place in the Central-American fauna from

the fact of a specimen of it having been obtained near Coban, Vera Paz, in November

1859. This agrees accurately with examples from the vicinity of Washington with

which we have compared it. It is decidedly smaller than the resident Mexican and

Rocky-Mountain race T. audubont, but larger than the western race usually called7’. nanus.

14 TURDIDA.

The usual winter quarters of the true 7. pallasi do not apparently extend beyond

Florida, as there are no authentic records of its presence in the West-Indian islands,

nor even in the valley of the Rio Grande. Our Guatemalan specimen therefore should,

we think, be looked upon as a straggler which has flown far beyond the ordinary limits

of the winter quarters of the species. A very full account of 7. pallasi and its allied

races is given in Dr. Coues’s recently published ‘ Birds of the Colorado Valley ’®.

7. Turdus auduboni.

Merula silens, Sw. Phil. Mag. new ser. i. p. 869* (nec Vieill.).

Turdus silens, Scl. P. Z.S. 1858, p. 800°.

Turdus solitarius, Scl. P. Z.S. 1857, p. 212°.

Turdus auduboni, Baird, Rev. Am. B. p. 16*; Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. i. p. 542°;

Henshaw, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv. p. 134°.

Turdus pallasi, var. auduboni, Baird, Brew. & Ridgw. N. Am. B. i. p. 21”.

Turdus (Hylocichla) pallasi, c. auduboni, Coues, B. Col. Vall. i. p. 21°.

Similis 7. pallasi, sed colore corporis supra cinerascentiore et minus cinnamomeo, cauda brunnescentiore ;

statura quoque crassitiore distinguendus. Long. tota 7:0, ale 4-0, caudex 3:1, rostri a rictu -8, tarsi 1:2.

(Deser. fem. ex Oaxaca, Mexico. Mus. nostr.)

Hab. N. America, Southern Rocky-Mountain region ® 7 §—Mexico, Temascaltepec

(Bullock 1), La Parada (Boucard *), Orizaba (Bottert®, Sumichrast®) ; GuaTeMaa,

Pine-forest of Volcan de Fuego, alt. 10,000 to 12,000 ft. (0. S.).

In his paper on Bullock’s collection of Mexican birds Swainson gave the characters of

this Thrush !, but unfortunately chose for it the name of Turdus silens, one that had

previously been employed by Vieillot. He also erroneously referred to pl. 43. fig. 2

of Wilson’s ‘ American Ornithology’ (vol. v.) as representing his bird, this figure, in fact,

being a portrait of 7. swainsoni. Swainson’s name, however, remained in common use

until 1864, when Prof. Baird showed the impropriety of its retention, and substituted

that of T. auduboni, basing his name upon a specimen from Fort Bridger ¢.

The relationship subsisting between the three forms of Red-tailed Thrushes T. padlasi,

T. auduboni, and T. nanus had long been a matter of discussion amongst ornithologists

of the United States; and the matter still seems to be sub judice. In Dr. Coues’s

‘ Birds of the Colorado Valley,’ and in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway’s ‘ North American

Birds, the small western form 7. nanus and the large Colorado and Mexican form

T. auduboni are treated as imperfectly segregated races of the eastern T. pallasi; but

Mr. W. H. Henshaw, in a recent paper °, seems inclined to the view that segregation has

proceeded far enough to admit of each race being recognized with certainty. As our

American brethren, with far more ample materials from which to form a judgment, seem

to be not yet of accord on this subject, it would be presumptuous of us to pronounce a

decided opinion; but as 7. nanus seems to be absent from our limits, and as the true

T. paliasi has only occurred once within them, 7. auduboni is left practically the sole

TURDUS. 15

representative of the three races within our limits. We therefore think it best to use

this name for the common Mexican bird.

In North America 7. auduboni is found from Fort Bridger southwards, Mr. Ridgway

having met with it in the Wahsatch Mountains, and Mr. Allen having observed it

breeding in the mountains of Colorado from about 8000 feet to the timber-line. In

Mexico it is a common species in the tablelands, judging from the number of specimens

sent home in collections. Prof. Sumichrast mentions it as an inhabitant of the alpine

region, and as common in the pine-woods of the district of Orizaba. He obtained it at

all seasons at Moyoapam, a locality about 8500 feet above the sea-level ®.

Its presence in Guatemala is known from a single specimen obtained in December

1873 in the pine-forests of the Volean de Fuego, at an elevation of about 11,000 feet

above the sea. Whether the species is resident in this tract of forest or not cannot at

present be stated; but it is not at all improbable that it is to be found there, as near

Orizaba, at all seasons. It is also almost sure to be met with in the upland ridges

of the Guatemala Altos which stretch north-westwards to the Mexican frontier. Our

Guatemala bird exactly resembles Mexican examples, being fully equal to them in size,

and consequently considerably larger than the Vera-Paz specimen of the true 7. pallast.

B. PLANESTICUs.

Gula nigro striata aut punctata, pectore et hypochondriis immaculatis.

Sexus similes.

8. Turdus tristis.

Merula tristis, Sw. Phil. Mag. new ser. i. p. 369’.

Turdus tristis, Scl. & Salv. P.Z.S. 1870, p. 838°; Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 180°; Salv. Ibis, 1872,

p. 314%.

Turdus assimilis, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 4°; Scl. P. Z. S. 1857, p. 202°, 1859, pp. 362’, 870°,

1864, p. 172°; Baird, Rev. Am. B. p. 24"; Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. i.

p- 543”.

Turdus leucauchen, Scl. P. Z. 8.1858, p. 447; Sel. & Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 6 %. Salv. P. Z. 8.1867,

p. 182"; Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ix. p. 91”.

Supra olivascenti-brunneus, cauda (in stirpe typica) dorso concolori; subtus dilutior, macula pectorali et ventre

imo albis; gula nigro distincte maculata ; rostro flavido (nonnunquam corylino), pedibus pallide corylinis.

Long. tota 9:0, alw 4:9, caude 3:8, rostri a rictu 1-0, tarsi 13. (Descr. exempl. ex Jalapa, Mexico.

Mus. nostr.) ne

Hab. Mexico, Temascaltepec (Bullock), Jalapa® (Sallé®, de Oca), Vigia (Sallé®), Juquila

and Teotalcingo (Boucard’), Orizaba (Bottert), Forests of Muero, Potrero, Cordova,

and Orizaba (Swmichrast}1), valley of Mexico (White ®, le Strange), Puente nacional

(Pease) ; GuaTemata }*, Coban, Choctum, Cahabon to San Luis, Duefias (0. S. &

F. D. G.); Honpuras, San Pedro (G. M. Whitely*); Nicaracua, Chontales (Belt )*:

Costa Rica, Dota Mountains (Carmiol 1°), Navarro (J. Cooper’); Panama, Volcan

16 TURDIDA.

de Chiriqui, Boqueti de Chitra, Cordillera de Tolé, Calovevora, Calobre, Santa

Fé (Arcé? 14),

Under the name Merula tristis Swainson, in 1827, described a Thrush from the

highlands of Mexico. The description is so brief that it is hardly to be wondered at

that the name was for some time unrecognized or misapplied, and the same species

received the new name of Turdus assimilis from Dr. Cabanis>. As Swainson’s type, still

existing at Cambridge, shows that the description, so far as it goes, is accurate, 7. tristis

is certainly the right name to use for this Thrush.

It belongs to a southern group of Thrushes, its nearest ally being 7. crotopezus of

Bolivia and South Brazil, from which it differs but little.

Within Mexico and Central America 7’. tristis has a wide range, extending from

South Mexico to the State of Panama; but within this area a very considerable amount

of variation is observable in a large series of specimens. Mexican individuals which

are typical of 7. tristis have the back olive-brown and a light-coloured tail. In Guate-

mala, especially in the western parts, birds with a rich olive-brown back are common ;

but their tails are somewhat darker than those of Mexican specimens. Similar birds also

occur at the extreme end of the range of the species, in the State of Panama. In the

northern parts of Vera Paz the prevalent form of this Thrush has the back of a blackish

ash colour; the white mark on the throat is also more conspicuous than in the Mexican

bird, and the black throat-marks more plainly shown. Upon one of these Vera-Paz

specimens Mr. Sclater bestowed the name 7. leucauchen 1?; but from the time the separa-

tion was made specimens have been reaching us from various parts showing characters

connecting by every stage of transition 7’. Jeucauchen to T. tristis. We have thus been

obliged to merge the former name as a synonym of the latter; for it is evident that

T. leucauchen, though in its extreme form very different from T. tristis, is not nearly

sufficiently segregated to admit of the two races bearing distinct names. The

T. leucauchen form is not strictly confined to the forests of Northern Vera Paz, but is

found also in Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica, but everywhere mingled with birds

approaching the 7. tristis type of colour.

Tf. tristis, as we propose to call all these birds, appears to be by no means an uncom-

mon species in Southern Mexico, as most collectors there have obtained an abundant

supply of specimens. Prof. Sumichrast tells us that it has a very extended area of dis-

tribution in the State of Vera Cruz, being, however, restricted to the hot and temperate

regions below an elevation of about 4300 feet. Though a sedentary bird, he adds, it is

not always to be found in the same localities, but changes its residence frequently,

influenced by the ripening of the berries upon which it feeds". M. Boucard obtained

its eggs in the State of Oaxaca, which Mr. Bolatey, described as like pale varieties of

T. merula, being of a pale greenish white, spottéd and freckled with two shades of

rufous, and measuring 1:1 by 0°75 inch 8.

TURDUS. aby

In Guatemala T. tristis is seldom absent from the neighbourhood of Duefias in the

plains between the Volcanoes of Agua and Fuego, where Ipomea murocoides abounds.

It is there a rather shy bird. “We never found its nest, but obtained young birds which

had not thrown off their first spotted plumage. In Vera Paz 7. tristis is by no means

common in the vicinity of Coban; but at a lower elevation in the forests that stretch

away to the confines of Peten it is very abundant. The bird-collectors of Coban obtain

many skins from this district ; and we ourselves observed it wherever we went in these

forests. Owing, perhaps, to the different character of the vegetation of this part of

Vera Paz to what prevails at Duefias, 7. tristis is here a strictly forest-loving species.

To this cause, too, is probably due the darker colouring of the birds of Vera Paz.

9. Turdus plebeius.

Turdus plebejus, Cab. J. f. Orn. 1860, p. 323*; Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ix. p. 91°; v. Frantz. J. f.

Orn. 1869, p. 290°.

Sordide fuscus, supra parum olivascenti tinctus, subtus nisi hypochrondriis dilutior ; subalaribus vix cervinis ;

rostro nigro, pedibus corylinis. Long. tota 10-5, ale 5-5, caude 4:3, rostri a rictu 1-2, tarsi 1:3. (Descr.

maris ex La Palma, Costa Rica. Smiths. Inst. no. 42804. Mus. nostr.)

Hab. Costa Rica}, Dota, San José, La Palma (v. Frantzius®), Grecia, Cervantes

(Carmiol ?), Volcan de Cartago (Rogers).

This plain-coloured Thrush was first described by Dr. Cabanis from Costa-Rica spe-

cimens sent by Drs. v. Frantzius, Hoffmann, and Ellendorf to the Berlin Museum.

Dr. v. Frantzius has since forwarded skins of it to the Smithsonian Institution ; and other

collectors in Costa Rica have also met with it, though it would appear to be not so com-

mon as some of its congeners. Dr. v. Frantzius tells us it is found in the forests of the

mountainous parts of the country at an elevation of from 3000 to 6000 feet above the sea.

Turdus plebeius, though devoid of any striking characters in the markings of its

plumage, is nevertheless a well-defined species, its nearest ally being JZ. ignodilis of

Ecuador and Colombia. It has the bill black as in that species; and the throat is

without the conspicuous patch of white which distinguishes 7. tristis and its allies.

It differs from 7. ignodilis in its larger size, and in having the whole of the under

plumage of the same dull grey-brown colour as the chest, these parts in 7. ignodilis

being nearly white. In his original description of the species, Dr. Cabanis compares

T. plebeius with T. amaurochalinus (i. e. T. lewcomelas), a bird of the same group as

T. ignobilis; and this seems to us to be its proper position. The first primary is quite

short, as in birds of that group; and the under wing-coverts have a rufous tinge.

T. nigrescens and T. chiguaco, between which T. plebeius is placed in the ‘ Nomenclater

Avium Neotropicalium,’ have each of them a long first primary, and thus belong to a

different section of the genus; and from their immediate vicinity we now think that

7. plebeius ought to be removed.

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Zool., Aves, Vol. 1, Sept. 1879. 3

18 TURDID.

10. Turdus grayi.

Turdus grayi, Bp. P. Z. 8. 1837, p. 118"; Scl. 1859, pp. 362 *, 370°; Scl. & Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 5*5

Owen, Ibis, 1861, p. 60°; Scl. P.Z.S. 1864, p. 172°; Scl. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 3447,

1870, p. 836°; Salv. P.Z.8. 1867, p. 182°, 1870, p. 180"; Ibis, 1866, p. 202", 1872,

p. 314”; Baird, Rev. Am. B. p. 26”; Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. viii. p. 175“, ix. pp. 91”,

199"; Grayson, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. ii. p. 266"; Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 4, p. 11”;

Pr. Bost. Soc. N. H. xiv. p. 276”; Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. i. p. 543”;

v. Frantzius, J. f. Orn. 1869, p. 290”.

Turdus tristis, Scl. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 294” (nec Swains.).

Turdus casius, Bp. Compt. Rend. xli. p. 657%; Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. vii. p. 326%.

Turdus helvolus, Licht. Preis-Verz. Mex. Vig. (1830), cf. J. f. Orn. 1863, p. 57” (descr. nulla).

Supra ochraceo-fuscus unicolor ; subtus cinnamomeus, gutture striolis fuscis notato; subalaribus lete cervinis ;

rostro fusco, pedibus corylinis. Long. tota 9, ale 5, caudee 4:2, rostri a rictu 1-1, tarsi 1:3. (Deser.

exempl. ex Coban, Guatemala. Mus. nostr.) ‘

Jw. supra dorsi plumis medialiter stricte cervinis, tectricibus alarum cervino terminatis; subtus plumis omni-

bus fusco transfasciatis. (Descr. maris juv. ex Costa Rica. Mus. nostr.)

Hab. Mexico, Tepic and Tres Marias Islands (Grayson ” 1°), Cordova (Sallé 2?), Jalapa

(Deppe, Mus. Berol.> ; de Oca*), Choapam and Villa Alta (Boucard*), State of

Vera Cruz (Suwmichrast ®°), Mirador (Sartorius 13), valley of Mexico (White®, le

Strange), Santa Efigenia, Tehuantepec (Sumichrast 18), Merida, Yucatan (Schott 1) ;

GuaTEMALA, Duefias*, Escuintla, Retalhuleu, San Gerdénimo®, Tactic, Coban

(0. 8S. & F. D. G.); Honpuras, San Pedro (G. UM. Whitely®); San Sanvapor,

Acajutla (J. M. Dow); Nicaraeua, Chontales (Janson); Costa Rica, San José

and Barranca (Carmiol 18), Quebrada Honda, Lepanto (v. Frantzius?!), Volcan de

Cartago (Carmiol) ; Panama, V. de Chiriqui (Arcé 1°), David (Hicks 12), Chitra and

Santa Fé (Arcé®), Lion Hill (/‘Leannan? 4), Obispo (0. S.).—Cotomsra.

This well-known Central-American Thrush was first described by Bonaparte from

Guatemalan specimens brought from that country by Col. Velasquez!. It had, how-

ever, been previously received in the Berlin Museum from Deppe and Schiede, who had

procured examples during their travels in Mexico near Jalapa”4. In his list of the

birds collected by these travellers, Lichtenstein included this Thrush under the name of

Turdus helveolus, but gave no description of it.

Turdus grayi is one of the commonest species of Thrush in Mexico and Central

America, being found nearly everywhere in the hot and temperate districts from Tepic

in the far north-west to Panama, and is a resident species wherever it occurs, except

perhaps at the extreme north-western limits of its range. Grayson, to whom we are

indebted for our knowledge of this district, says that it is at times abundant in the

winter months on the Tres Marias Islands, and that it is frequently found in the “ tierra

caliente” of the mainland, where he met with it breeding near Tepic in the month of

May. He adds that it is gregarious and partially migratory. Prof. Sumichrast, who

TURDUS. 19

found it in the State of Vera Cruz, says 2° that it is perhaps the most abundant of all

the Mexican Turdide, that it is resident in the hot and temperate regions, but does not

pass above an elevation of 4300 feet. He afterwards found it on the isthmus of

Tehuantepec; but there it was not so common!8. In Guatemala Turdus grayi is

common in the neighbourhood of towns and villages up to an elevation of between

5000 and 6000 feet. It was found breeding in abundance in April and May near

Duefias, and also near San Gerénimo in Vera Paz. It is usually to be seen in the

outskirts of plantations and in the orchards near houses, but not so much in the forest

away from habitations. Its song is rich and of considerable compass, being quite equal

to that of any of its congeners. Its powers of song make it a favourite cage-bird in

Spanish and native houses. Dr. v. Frantzius, who seems to have been less favourably

impressed with the song of Turdus grayi in Costa Rica than we were with it in

Guatemala, says?! that it is one of the commonest birds in Costa Rica, and that he

met with it from the shores of the Gulf of Nicoya to places as much as 6000 feet

above the sea, but that it is more rarely seen during the dry season than during the

wet, at the commencement of which it breeds, and when its monotonous song may be

heard everywhere from morning till night till it becomes wearisome. Its food in the

dry season consists of the small fruits of the various species of Ficus, which at this time

of year are found in great quantities.

Turdus grayi is subject to but slight variation in different parts of its widerange. The

most noticeable divergence from the normal colour prevalent in Guatemala is to be seen

in some specimens from Costa Rica and Panama, which are of a greyer tint ; upon one

of these Bonaparte seems to have founded his 7. casius 23, a bird Mr. Lawrence was at

one time disposed to admit as a species distinct from 7. grayi?+. But as these greyer

birds are found with others of the normal colour, we think their claims to separation

hardly established. In the neighbourhood of Santa Marta, in Colombia, a small race of

T. grayi is found which is rather less cinnamon in tint than the usual form; it is also

paler beneath. This race has been described by Bonaparte as Turdus luridus; but we

do not think it ought to be admitted as specifically different from 7. grayi.

In Guatemala Gray’s Thrush builds in low bushes a nest of roots and fibres and small

twigs, lining it with dry grass and fine roots. The eggs, usually three in number, are

more or less covered with spots and blotches of red-brown on a ground of pale bluish

green. One of them is figured in ‘ The Ibis’ for 1859, t. v. f. 7. They measure 1:2 x°8.

11. Turdus obsoletus.

Turdus obsoletus, Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. vii. p. 470+, ix. pp. 91 *, 145°; Baird, Rev. Am. B. p. 28°;

, Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 133°, 1870, p. 180°; Ibis, 1869, p. 312"; v. Frantzius, J. f. Orn. 1869,

p- 290°.

Supra cinnamomeo-brunneus unicolor ; subtus paulo dilutior, gutture striolis fuscis vix apparentibus, ventre

3*

20 TURDIDA.

imo et crisso albis, subalaribus late cervinis; rostro fusco-nigro, pedibus fuscis. Long. tota 9-0, alee 4:9,

caudee 3-7, rostri a rictu 1°1, tarsi 1:2. (Deser. fem. ex Santa Fé, Panama. Mus. nostr.)

Juv. subtus paulo dilutior, pectoris plumis fusco maculatis, tectricibus alarum cervino terminatis. (Descr. av.

juv. ex Costa Rica. Maus. nostr.)

Hab. Costa Rica®, Cervantes (Carmiol?, Uf. L. Calleja*), Orosi, Volcan de Poas

(v. Frantzius®); Panama‘, Santa Fé (Arcé®), Lion Hill (Jf‘Leannan 1).

This Thrush, which seems to be the northern form of the South-American Turdus

fumigatus, and still more nearly allied to the Amazonian 7. hauewelli, is distinguishable

from both by the whiteness of the feathers of the middle of the abdomen and under

tail-coverts, and from the former by its darker upper plumage. It was first described

by Mr. Lawrence from a Panama specimen }, whence we have also received examples ®,

as well as from the neighbouring State of Costa, Rica’, where Dr. v. Frantzius also found

it, at Orosi, in February and on the Volcan de Poas in March®. At one time we sup-

posed that, as the first specimens received were females, the males would prove to be

dark-coloured ®, as the bird is not unlike the female of the South-American Turdus ser-

ranus, the male of which is black’. Mr. Lawrence, however ?, has always held to the

belief that the sexes do not differ in T. obsoletus ; and all subsequent specimens received

tend to show that he is right in his opinion’. The name odsoletus, chosen for this

Thrush, seems to have been suggested by the presence in the type specimen of spots on

the greater wing-coverts, the remains of the immature plumage.

Turdus obsoletus appears to be nowhere common, and is confined in its range to the

narrow tract of country between Costa Rica and the Isthmus of Darien.

12. Turdus migratorius.

Turdus migratorius, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 2921; Licht. Preis-Verz. Mex. Vog. (1830), cf. J. f£. Orn.

1863, p. 577; Scl. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 294°, 1858, p. 300‘, 1859, p. 362°, 1864, p. 172°; Salv.

& Scl. Ibis, 1860, p. 8396’; Baird, Rev. Am. B. p. 28°; Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H.

p. 543°; Merrill, Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. i. p. 118°.

Planesticus migratorius, Gund]. Orn. Cub. p. 58”.

Turdus migratorius, var. migratorius, Baird, Brew. & Ridg. N. Am. B.i, p. 25”.

Turdus (Planesticus) migratorius, Coues, B. Col. Vall. i. p. 8”.

Supra cinerascens, pileo, capitis lateribus et cauda nigricantibus; subtus castaneus, ventre imo et crisso albis,

hoe fusco notato; gula alba nigro striolata; periophthalmio albo; rostro flavo apice corneo, pedibus

corylinis. Long. tota 9-0, ale 5:0, caudw 3:7, rostri a rictu 1-1, tarsi 1-25, (Descr. maris ex La Parada,

Mexico. Mus. nostr.)

Hab. N. America! 1° 2 13__Mexico?, Rotosinapam (Sallé*), La Parada (Boucard 4),

Jalapa (de Oca*), Mountains of Orizaba (Swmichrast®), Mirador (Sartorius By,

Oaxaca (Henochio), valley of Mexico (White®, le Strange); Guatemata, Coban

O. S.7).—Cosa 1.

The American Robin is a common bird in Mexico, where it is found throughout the

TURDUS. 21

highlands in the winter months, but where a considerable number remain to breed.

In this respect the habits of the species are much the same as in the United States, a

few birds being found nearly everywhere throughout the year. Prof. Sumichrast ® con-

siders 7. migratorius to be a resident species in the alpine region of the State of

Vera Cruz in Mexico, having found its young in July in numbers in the mountains of

Orizaba at an elevation of about 8000 feet. It is one of the most abundant of the

Thrushes, he says, in the alpine region, where it especially frequents the clearings and

natural openings in the forests of pines, which it animates with its lively manners and the

sweetness of its notes. Prof. Sumichrast only knew of a single instance of its occurrence

near the city of Orizaba. The breeding of Turdus migratorius in Mexico is also confirmed

by askin of a bird in the first (spotted) plumage in our possession, which originally formed

part of Mr. G. H. White’s collection made in the vicinity of the city of Mexico itself ®,

where also adults were obtained by Mr. le Strange.

The presence of Turdus miyratorius in Guatemala is only known from a single skin

having been obtained near Coban in January 1860’. The occurrence of the species

beyond Mexico must therefore be considered to be accidental.

A large flock of 7. migratorius appeared in Cuba in 1860; so Dr. Gundlach tells us ;

but since then none have come under his notice. It has not yet been observed in any

other of the West-India Islands.

13. Turdus flavirostris. (Tab. III. fig. 1.)

Merula flavirostris, Sw. Phil. Mag. new ser. i. p. 369°.

Turdus flavirostris, Scl. P. Z. 8S. 1859, p. 332°; Baird, Rev. Am. B. p. 31°; Scl. & Salv. P. Z.S.

1870, p. 550°; Grayson, Pr. Bost. Soc. N. H. xiv. p. 276°; Lawr. Mem. Bot. Soc. N. H. ii.

p. 266°; Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 4, p. 11’.

Turdus rufopalliatus, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1840, p. 259°.

Turdus palliatus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 272”.

Pileo, capitis lateribus, collo postico, alis extus et uropygio schistaceis; dorso medio et alarum tectricibus

oleagineo-rufis ; subtus albus, pectore subalaribus et hypochondriis lete castaneis, gutture toto nigro

distincte striolato; rostro et pedibus flavis. Long. tota 9°3, ale 5-0, caude 4:2, rostri a rictu 1:0, tarsi

"1:2. (Descr. fem. ex Plains of Colima, Mexico. Smiths. Inst. no. 30137. Mus. nostr.)

Hab. Mexico, Temascaltepec (Bullock +), Mazatlan, Tepic, Tres Marias Islands, Bendaras

Bay (Grayson*), Colima (Xantus, Grayson®), San Juan del Rio (Rébouch *), Tehuan-

tepec (Xantus, Grayson, Sumichrast*).

This species was first described by Swainson, in 1827, from a specimen sent from

Mexico by Bullock 1, and said to have been obtained in the tablelands. This, how-

ever, is perhaps incorrect; for subsequent investigation tends to show that Turdus

fiavirostris is only found in the western parts of Mexico bordering the Pacific Ocean

from Mazatlan to Tehuantepec. Here it has been met with by all the collectors

who have visited that part of the country—Grayson, Xantus, and Sumichrast, and

22 TURDIDA.

also by M. Rébouch, a skin of whose preparation we have in our collection from San

Juan del Rio.

Two other names have been applied to this Thrush. That of Turdus rufopalliatus 8,

given to it by Lafresnaye, was based upon a specimen said to have come from Monterey,

California; but this, as Prof. Baird has already pointed out, is an erroneous locality.

So also, probably, is “ Lower California,” quoted by Mr. Sclater in his “ Synopsis of the

Thrushes of the New World”?. The name Turdus palliatus °, used by Bonaparte, is

simply a synonym of the present bird.

Grayson, to whom Turdus flavirostris was well known, says® ° that it has the general

appearance of Turdus migratorius, and that, like that bird, it is also partially migratory

in its habits. It frequents the Tres Marias Islands in great numbers, and becomes ex-

cessively fat upon the berries which they find there in abundance. It breeds on these

islands, and is found equally commonly on the mainland. Grayson further describes it

as an inhabitant of woods and as gregarious in its habits, and says that in its migrations

it passes from one part of the country to another in quest of the different kind of berries

which are its chief subsistence.

The sexes of T. flavirostris are said to be almost alike.

Our figure is taken from one of Xantus’s specimens from the Plains of Colima,

which agrees with Swainson’s type still extant in the Cambridge Museum.

C. MeRu.a.

Sexus inter se dissimiles: mares nigri aut nigro varit; femine fusce aut fuscescentes.

14. Turdus rufitorques.

Turdus rufitorques, Hartl. Rev. Zool. 1844, p. 214°; DuBus, Esq. Orn. tt. 19, 207; Scl. & Salv.

Ibis, 1859, p. 6°, 1860, p. 29*; Baird, Rev. Am. B. p. 382°.

é niger, mento albo; gula nigro striolata; pectore toto et cervice undique lete castaneis; subalaribus fusco-

nigris; rostro flavo, pedibus corylinis. Long. tota 9-0, ale 5:3, caude 4-0, rostri a rictu 1-1, tarsi 1-3.

(Deser. maris ex Quezaltenango, Guatemala. Mus. nostr.)

@ fusca, gula striata, pectore et torque obscurius castaneis quam in mare ; rostro flavido, pedibus fusco-cory-

linis. (Descr. fem. ex Volcan de Fuego, Guatemala. Mus. nostr.)

Hab. Guatemata!, Duefias*, Calderas*, Volcan de Fuego (10,000 to 12,000 feet),

Godines”, Quezaltenango, Cordillera above Totonicapam (10,500 feet), Chilasco,

Tactic (0. S. & F. D. G.).

Dr. Hartlaub was the first ornithologist to describe this Thrush, from specimens

obtained in Guatemala!; it was soon afterwards figured by Vicomte DuBus in his

‘ Esquisses Ornithologiques’?; and from that time specimens of it have been occa-

sionally sent to Europe by Constancia and others.

Turdus rufitorques is rather local in its distribution in Guatemala, though its range

extends over a considerable area in that country. It has, too, a great range in altitude,

TURDUS. 23

being found below 5000 feet, both near Duefias and at Tactic in Vera Paz, and also

occurring in some numbers in the pine-forests of the summit of the Volcan de Fuego,

as high as 12,000 feet, and in the main Cordillera above Totonicapam at a height of

10,500 feet. It does not seem to be found only in one class of forest; for the plains

near Duefias, where Ipomea murocoides abounds, the oak-forests of the volcano, and

the pine-forests of the upper parts, the pine-tracts of Quezaltenango and Totoni-

capam, and the forests it frequents in Vera Paz are each very different in character.

It, however, is not so much an inhabitant of the belt of dense forest of mixed trees

which surrounds the volcano between 7000 and 10,000 feet ; and it is altogether absent

from the forests of the hotter parts of Guatemala, which lie below 4000 feet.

We never found Turdus rufitorques breeding; but as birds were observed about

Duefias and Quezaltenango in the month of August, it is probable that they had

built in the vicinity of those places. It is not, however, a migratory species, except,

perhaps, in a very limited sense.

The habits of 7. rufitorques recall those of 7. merula. It is rather shy, generally

keeping out of gunshot. Its powers of song are not remarkable, and are certainly

inferior to those of T. grayi.

The curious rufous ring which surrounds the neck of this Thrush recalls the similar

feature in the plumage of 7. albicincta of the Himalayas. The American bird, how-

ever, is of not nearly so robust a form as the Asiatic species; and there are other

differences between them.

15. Turdus pinicola.

Turdus pecilopterus, Licht. Mus. Berol. (fide Sclater), nec Nomencl. Av. p. 25.

Turdus pinicola, Scl. P. Z.S. 1859, pp. 8384", 362°, 1860, p. 250°, 1864, p. 172*; Cat. Am. B. p. 6,

pl. 1°; Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. i. p. 543°.

3 fusco-niger, capitis et dorsi plumarum scapis brunneis; alarum tectricibus majoribus fumido albo late lim-

batis, primariorum parte basali extus et intus macula magna alba occupata, apicibus eorum et secunda-

riorum grisescenti-albo terminatis; primariis tertio, quarto et quinto extus macula alba apicem versus

ornatis, secundariis medialiter albo extus marginatis ; cauda nigra, hujus tectricibus superioribus et rectri-

cum apicibus albis; abdomine cum crisso et tectricibus alarum inferioribus albis ; rostro nigro, pedibus

flavis. Long. tota 8:5, ale 5:3, caude 3:4, rostri a rictu 1:0, tarsi 1:1. (Descr. exempl. ex Mexico.

Mus. nostr.)

© brunnescentior, coloribus dilutioribus, gutture et pectore toto brunneis colore pallidiore marmoratis. (Descr.

fem. ex Jalapa. Mus. P. L. 8.)

Juv. supra capitis et dorsi plumis late ochraceis, dorsi postici ferrugineis ; subtus flavidus plumis singulis nigro

marginatis. (Deser. juv. ex Oaxaca. Mus. nostr.)

Hab. Mexico, Jalapa (de Oca), Orizaba (Sailé*), valley of Mexico (White4, le

Strange), Moyoapam (Swmichrast *), Oaxaca (Fenochio).

Though specimens of Turdus pinicola seem to have been in the Berlin Museum for

some years, under the unpublished name of T. pecilopterus, no published name was given

24 TURDIDA.

to the bird until Mr. Sclater described it, in 1859, from specimens obtained near Jalapa,

in Mexico, by Sefior de Oca, who found a pair on the highland, amongst the pines ?.

Other collectors have since met with it in similar localities 724; but it would appear to

be a rare species, of very restricted range. It only once came under Prof. Sumichrast’s

notice, when he found it at Moyoapam °, in the pine-woods north of the valley of

Orizaba, at a height of about 8400 feet above the sea.

The singular variegated plumage of this species renders it easily distinguishable from

all other American species. ‘The only Thrush that at all approaches it in this respect

is Turdus nevius, a bird which Prof. Baird places in a separate subgenus, Hesperocichla,

from the rest of the Thrushes, and in which Mr. Seebohm has found characters in

common with the Asiatic genus Geocichla and also with Oreocincla.

16. Turdus infuscatus.

Merula infuscata, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1844, p. 41°.

Turdus infuscatus, Scl. & Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 6°; Scl. P. Z. 8. 1859, pp. 334°, 362*, 370°; Sumi-

chrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. i. p. 543°.

¢ niger unicolor, rostro et pedibus flavis. Long. tota 8°7, ale 4:9, caude 3:8, rostri a rictu °95, tarsi 1-15.

(Descr. maris ex Coban, Guatemala. Mus. nostr.)

Q brunnescens, subtus dilutior, gutture striato, subalaribus rufis; rostro fusco, pedibus flavis. (Deser. fem.

ex Jalapa, Mexico. Mus. P. L. 8.) ;

Juv. brunneus, abdomine dilutiore et fusco maculato, tectricibus alarum fulvo terminatis. (Sp. ex Guatemala.

Mus. nostr.)

‘ . .

Hab. Mexico, Jalapa (de Oca*+), Totontepec (Boucard*), mountains of Orizaba (Su-

michrast °); GuaTEMALA®, Coban, ridge above S. Gerénimo, Quezaltenango (0. 8.

& F. D. G.).

Turdus infuscatus was originally described by the late Baron Lafresnaye !, whose type

we have examined, from a Mexican specimen ; and several more recent explorers have

found it in that country4>. Prof. Sumichrast gives as its habitat, in the State of Vera

Cruz °, the temperate and alpine regions, and says that in the lower part of the alpine

and the upper and wooded part of the temperate is the favourite resort of this

Thrush. He adds that it is quite common in these localities at the foot of the

mountains, at elevations of from 4200 to 8400 feet above the sea.

In Guatemala it is by no means a common bird; but we met with it more frequently

near Coban, in Vera Paz, than elsewhere. Here it was usually found in the patches

of older forest which clothe the summits of the curious conical hills which so abound

in this district. A young specimen in our collection most probably came from near

Coban, proving that 7. infuscatus is a resident species, as we also observed it in

November and January, a season at which the bird would not be breeding. Our speci-

mens were all obtained near Coban; for, though we observed this Thrush in the forest

of the mountain ridge above San Gerénimo, and at Quezaltenango, near enough to

TURDUS. 25

recognize it with certainty, no birds were obtained. Its note much resembles that of

Turdus merula.

No true Blackbird is found in Costa Rica; but in the Andes of South America, and

in the West-Indian island of Tobago, a second species, Turdus serranus, is commonly

met with. The close relationship of this species and T. infuscatus to the Old-World

T. merula is a curious fact of geographical distribution, and probably indicates the

remains of a much wider dissemination of the ancestral T. merula in past times, or that

a Blackbird inhabiting the high north has been pushed southwards in both America

and the Old World by advancing cold, and that, in America at least, these birds have

not followed the returning warmth, but have sought a congenial home in the mountains

of the south.

D. SEMIMERULA.

Major: ptilosis fere wnicolor, fusca aut fusco-nigra. Sexus similes.

17. Turdus nigrescens. (Tab. IV.)

Turdus nigrescens, Cab. J. f. Orn. 1860, p. 324°; Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ix. p. 91°; v. Frantz.

J. f. Orn. 1869, p. 290°; Salv. P. Z. 8S. 1870, p. 180+.

Brunnescenti-nigrescens, alis et cauda nigricantioribus; subtus paulo dilutior; rostro aurantiaco, pedibus

flavis. Long. tota 10-0, ale 5-5, caude 4:5, rostri a rictu 2-2, tarsil-4. (Descr. exempl. ex S. Francisco,

Costa Rica. Mus. nostr.)

Juv. subtus gula et pectore cervinis nigro maculatis ; dorsi plumis medialiter cervino notatis. (Descr. av. juv.

ex Volcan de Cartago. Mus. nostr.)

Hab. Costa Rica, Volcan de Cartago (Hoffmann, v. Frantzius, Arcé, J. Cooper), Dota

Mountains (Carmiol), San Francisco (fogers); Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui (Arcé).

Turdus nigrescens was first described by Dr. Cabanis from specimens obtained by

Dr. Hoffmann in the Volcan de Cartago}, and, Dr. v. Frantzius tells us, it is found in

this volcano at an elevation of from 9000 to 10,000 feet above the sea?. This mountain

seems to be the head quarters of the species in Costa Rica, as all collectors who have

worked there have obtained specimens. It is, however, also found in the Dota Moun-

tains, which lie at no great distance from Cartago. The only other locality in which it

has been obtained is the volcano of Chiriqui, whence several specimens have been sent

us by Arcé 4.

This Thrush seems to belong to a South-American section of the genus, found in the

Andes from Colombia to the neighbourhood of Mendoza, the best-known species of

which is Turdus gigas. It is, however, a well-marked species, and only remotely allied

to its next of kin. The sexes present scarcely any difference in plumage.

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Zool., Aves, Vol. 1, Sept. 1879. 4

26 TURDIDZ.

Subfam. M7MINZE.

GALEOSCOPTES.

Galeoscoptes, Cabanis, Mus. Hein. i. p. 82 (1851). (Type. Muscicapa carolinensis, Linn.)

The single species of this genus is a winter immigrant to Central America. In

Mexico and Guatemala it is abundant, but, in the latter country, only in. the eastern

parts. Southwards of Guatemala it is by no means common; but it has been traced as

far as Panama.

1. Galeoscoptes carolinensis.

Musicapa carolinensis, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 328".

Turdus carolinensis, Licht. Preis-Verz. mex. Vog. (1830), cf. J. £. Orn. 1863, p. 57°.

Mimus carolinensis, Scl. P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 294°.

Galeoscoptes carolinensis, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 82°; Scl. P. Z.8. 1859, pp. 362°,370°; Scl. & Salv.

Ibis, 1859, p. 77; P.Z. 8S. 1867, p. 278°, 1870, p. 836°; Baird, Rev. Am. B. p. 54”; Lawr.

Ann. Lyc. N.Y. ix. p. 204%; Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. i. p. 544”; Gundl. Orn.

Cub. p. 59”; Baird, Brew. & Ridgw. N. Am. B.i. p. 52%; Merrill, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. i.

p. 120%.

Mimus (Galeoscoptes) carolinensis, Coues, B. Col. Vall. i. p. 56”.

Plumbeus ; subtus dilutior, pileo et cauda nigris; crisso ferrugineo; rostro nigro, pedibus brunneis. Long. tota

7-7, ale 3-6, caude 3-8, rostri a rictu ‘9, tarsil-1. (Descr. maris ex Belize, Brit. Honduras. Mus. nostr.)

Hab. N. America, north to Lake Winnipeg and west to the head of the Columbia river

and the Cascade Mountains, Texas °.—Muxico, Cordova (Sallé*), Jalapa‘ (de Oca®),

Totontepec and Playa Vicente (Boucard ®), Orizaba (Sumichrast *), Mirador (Sar-

torius 1°), Merida, Yucatan (Schott 1"); GuaTemata, Coban, Choctum, Rio de la

Pasion, Cahabon, Barranco Hondo (0. 8S. & F. D. G.); British Honnuras, Belize

(O. S.7); Honpuras, San Pedro (G. I. Whitely®); Nicaraeua, Blewfield’s River

(Wicklam®); Panama, Frijole Station (1/*Leannan 1).—Cusa 8; Banamas }4,

The Cat-bird, by which name Galeoscoptes carolinensis is familiarly known in the

United States, is a winter visitant to Mexico and Central America, retiring northwards

in the summer to breed. Though found over a wide extent of country during the

winter months, it is by no means universally distributed, as we have hardly a trace of

its occurrence on the Pacific side of any portion of the country of which we are now

treating. In Mexico it has been only found in the south-eastern parts of the country,

in the State of Vera Cruz and on the borders of the State of Oaxaca; but it is absent

from the whole Pacific side from Mazatlan to Tehuantepec. Present apparently in

some numbers in Yucatan, it is found near Belize and on the shores of the Gulf of

Honduras to Omoa and San Pedro. Further in the interior it spreads over the forest

MELANOPTILA. 27

country to the mountains of Alta Vera Paz, and there ascends to the vicinity of Coban,

where it is very common in winter at an altitude of from 4000 to 5000 feet above the

sea. In the more southern parts of Guatemala we have only once met with it, a spe-

cimen having been obtained on October 22nd, 1873, by an Indian hunter near Barranco

Hondo on the slope of the mountains between the Volcanoes of Agua and Fuego at an

elevation of nearly 4000 feet. Southwards of Honduras we have only two records of it—

one from the Blewfields river, and another from the Panama Railway. The last record

is not in Mr. Lawrence’s Catalogue of Panama birds, but rests on a specimen sent from

Frijole Station by M‘Leannan to the Smithsonian Institution.

In Cuba G. carolinensis is a common bird in winter.

The habits of the species in the United States are fully given by Baird, Brewer, and

Ridgway, and also by Dr. Coues. In Guatemala, as might be expected, the bird does

not sing, but passes a retired life in the second-growth woods and about the edges of

clearings. Our specimens were all obtained in the autumn and winter months, between

October and February.

MELANOPTILA.

Melanoptila, Sclater, P. Z. 8S. 1857, p. 275. (Type Melanoptila glabrirostris, Scl.)

A peculiar genus of very restricted range, being only found as yet on the coast of the

Gulf of Honduras and the coral islands which line the shore. It is quite probable that

its range extends both northwards along the coast of Yucatan and also eastwards to

Cape Gracias a Dios, tracts as yet ornithologically unexplored.

The name glabrirostris, chosen by Mr. Sclater for the single species, was suggested

from no rictal bristles being observed in the specimens he examined. In all of our ex-

amples, however, they are fairly well defined.

1. Melanoptila glabrirostris, (Tab. III. fig. 2.)

Melanoptila glabrirostris, Scl. P. Z.S. 1857, p. 275"; Scl. & Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 77; Moore, P.Z.8.

1859, p. 55°; Salv. Ibis, 1864, p. 380°; Baird, Rev. Am. B. p. 55°.

Sericeo-purpurascenti-nigra, alis et cauda magis chalybeo tinctis; rostro et pedibus nigerrimis. Long. tota

7-5, ale 3°6, caude 3°5, rostri a rictu 1-0, tarsi 1-15. (Descr. maris ex Half-moon Cay, British Honduras.

Mus. nostr.)

Hab. BrivtsH Hoypvras, Lighthouse and Glover’s Reefs (0. S.+), Corosal (Roe) ; Hon-

puras (Delattre!), Omoa (Leyland }?%),

This interesting species was first described by Mr. Sclater from specimens in the

Derby and British Museums, obtained by the French collector Delattre somewhere in

Honduras, and from one in his own collection brought home by Mr. Joseph Leyland

from the vicinity of Omoa!. Mr. Leyland was not able to give much information

respecting the bird, as only one other individual came under his notice.

4*

98 TURDIDA.

Melanoptila glabrirostris was a much wished-for species that long eluded our obser-

vation in Guatemala ; and it was not until the early part of May 1862 that it was at last

found to be not uncommon on some of the islands of the outermost of the coral reefs

which line the coast of British Honduras. Several specimens were obtained on Half-

moon Cay on Lighthouse reef; and it was observed on Northern two Cays, Long Cay and

Middle Cay (islands of the same reef), and also on Glover's reef, which lies to the south-

ward of Lighthouse reef. In its actions and flight WV. glabrirostris much resembles a

Mocking-bird (J/imus) ; and it has a short but sweet song. It is said to lay blue eggs;

so that Mr. Sclater’s suggestion as to the position of the species amongst the Mocking-

birds seems to be correct, and the genus may be placed next to Galeoscoptes, from which

it mainly differs in the colour and texture of its plumage.

Since our specimens were obtained we have received two examples from the neigh-

bourhood of Corosal on the mainland of British Honduras. These were sent home in

spirits by Mr. Roe in a small collection of birds from that place.

MELANOTIS.

Melanotis, Bonaparte, Consp. Av. i. p. 276 (1850) ; Baird, Rev. Am. B.i. p. 56. (Type Orpheus

cerulescens, Sw.)

A genus of two species peculiar to Mexico and the highlands of Guatemala, each

district having a species to itself. Prince Bonaparte first removed the Mexican species

from the genus Orpheus (vel Mimus), in which Swainson had placed it, and made a

new genus, Jelanotis, for its reception, giving, however, no characters. This deficiency

has been supplied by Prof. Baird, who has fully described the external form. Melanotis

seems most nearly allied to Galeoscoptes and Melanoptila, having, however, several

characters by which it may be recognized. The young of Melanotis, as shown by

examples of young J. hypoleucus, have the back unspotted in the first plumage—

a fact which may help to determine the position of the genus and its allies at some

future day.

1. Melanotis ceerulescens.

Orpheus cerulescens, Swains. Phil. Mag. new ser. i. p. 369".

Mimus cerulescens, Scl. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 294°.

Melanotis cerulescens, Scl. P. Z.S. 1859, pp. 362°, 370°; Baird, Rev. Am. B. p- 56°; Grayson, Proc.

Bost. Soc. N. H. xiv. p. 275°; Lawr. Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. ii. p- 266"; Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus.

No. 4, p. 12°; Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. i. p. 543°,

Turdus melanotis, Temm. Pl. Col. 498”.

Turdus erythrophthalmus, Licht. Preis-Verz. mex. Vog. p. 2 (1830), cf. J. f. Orn. 1863, p. 57”.

Schistaceo-ceerulescens; capitis lateribus, loris et gula nigris; gutturis plumis elongatis, rostro et pedibus

nigris. Long. tota 10-5, ale 4:5, caude 5°2, rostri a rictu 1:3, tarsi 1-2. (Deser. exempl, ex Jalapa, S.

Mexico. Mus, nostr.)

MELANOTIS. 29

Hab. Muxico!1, Mazatlan, Tepic (Grayson®7), Tres Marias Is. (Grayson®7), plains of

Colima (Xantus‘), Sierra Madre near Zapotitlan (Sumichrast®), Oaxaca (Fenochio),

Talea, Juquila, Villa Alta, and Totontepec (Boucard*), Jalapa (Deppe™, de Oca*),

Temascaltepec (Deppe!!), Cordova (Sallé?), State of Vera Cruz (Sumichrast®),

Orizaba (le Strange), Mirador (Sartorius®).

A specimen from Bullock’s Mexican collection, still extant in the Cambridge Museum,

formed the basis of Swainson’s description of Orpheus cwrulescens, published in 18271.

The same species was afterwards described by Temminck as T'wrdus melanotis in 1830" ;

and in the same year Lichtenstein bestowed the title of Turdus erythrophthalmus upon

specimens in the Berlin Museum obtained at Jalapa and Temascaltepec by Deppe™.

The species has now been long known under Swainson’s name.

Melanotis cerulescens is widely dispersed in Mexico, being found from Mazatlan to

Tehuantepec. Except in the far north-western part of its range, it is usually an

inhabitant of the temperate region; but in the State of Vera Cruz, according to Prof.

Sumichrast®, it passes beyond these limits into the hot region and into the alpine region

as high as 4300 feet. Grayson, who found it at the sea-level in the Tres Marias Islands,

gives the following account of its habits there :—

“One of the most abundant as well as interesting song-birds of the Marias. They are

tame and confiding, allowing persons to approach very near them, often following me

in the woods, evincing considerable curiosity, and uttering mimicking cries, and occa-

sionally breaking out into the richest song, awaking the echoes of the silent woods.

Like the true Mocking-bird (Mimus polyglottus), this bird is solitary in its habits,

showing great aversion to the companionship of its own species ; and combats between

them are very frequent. The notes of this bird are full and melodious; at all seasons

of the year the woods are enlivened by its mellow song ; and during the spring, or love-

season, it is particularly so. They make excellent cage-birds, are easily kept, and soon

become reconciled to their prison, even when taken at an adult age.

“‘ They inhabit the densest forests and thickets, spending much of their time upon the

ground, turning up the leaves with their bills in search of insects.”

2. Melanotis hypoleucus.

Melanotis hypoleucus, Hart]. Rev. Zool. 1852, p. 460’; Scl. P. Z. 8.1859, p. 387°; Scl. & Salv. Ibis,

1859, p. 7°, 1860, p. 29°; Ex. Orn. p. 85, t. 43°; Baird, Rev. Am. B. p. 57°.

Schistaceo-cerulescens, capitis lateribus nigris; subtus nisi crisso et hypochondriis albus; rostro et pedibus

nigris. Long. tota 10°5, ale 4-3, caude 5:0, rostri a rictu 1°35, tarsi 1:3. (Descr. exempl. ex San Geré-

nimo, Vera Paz. Mus. nostr.)

Juv. plumis corporis subtus fusco-nigro et albo commixtis, rostri mandibula flava. (Descr. juv. ex Duefias,

Guatemala. Mus. nostr.)

Hab. Guatemaza 1, Duefias 345, Godines, San Gerdénimo, Coban (0, 8. & F. D. G.).

30 TURDIDZ.

This species was first described in 1852 by Dr. Hartlaub, from a specimen sent to the

Hamburg Museum by M. Gadechens!; and since that time numerous examples have

been transmitted to Europe, most of them from the vicinity of Coban, in Vera Paz.

Melanotis hypoleucus is a common bird in the neighbourhood of Duefias, where it is

resident throughout the year.“ It frequents the thick bushes and underwood on the

banks of the Rio Guacalate and the borders of the open land near Duefias. It isa shy

bird, skulking to elude observation, and never flying far in the open. During the greater

part of the year its song is rather disjointed and short; but as the breeding-season

approaches in May and June it improves, and is then of fair quality, containing a few

rich notes. The breeding-season would seem to spread over a considerable period. We

found nests with eggs about the end of May; two months later, on the 23rd July, a

young bird was shot that had just left the nest; and in the middle of September another

young bird was obtained, hardly more advanced than the first. The nest, which is

usually placed in a thicket, about 9 or 10 feet from the ground, is a very slight structure,

composed of small twigs and lined with fine roots. The usual complement of eggs is

three; these are of a uniform greenish-blue colour, and rather elongated in shape,

measuring 1:17 inch by °8. The food of M. hypoleucus consists chiefly of berries ; but

as it is also frequently in the habit of scratching about the roots of trees and among

dead leaves, insects and their larve are probably included in its diet. “

Melanotis hypoleucus, though restricted in its range to Guatemala, is a well-known

and common bird in the highlands of that country. The lowest district where we met

with it was the neighbourhood of San Gerdnimo in the plain of Salama, which lies at

an elevation of about 3000 feet above the sea. Near Coban, at an altitude of about

4500 feet, it is also common. Of its abundance at Duefias (altitude 4900 feet) we have

already spoken. It was also observed in some numbers on the road which skirts the

north side of the Lake of Atitlan, near Godines, at a height of not less than 7000 feet

above the sea. It will thus be seen that I. hypoleucus has, as a rule, a much more

elevated range than its congener MV. cwrulescens, which is found at the sea-level in some

parts of Mexico.

HARPORHYNCHUS.

Toxostoma, Wagler, Isis, 1831, p. 528 (nec Rafin.). (Type Orpheus curvirostris, Sw.)

Harpes, Gambel, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1845, p. 264 (nec Goldfuss). (Type Harpes redivivus, Gamb.)

Harporhynchus, Cabanis, Arch. f. Nat. xiii. p. 8323 (1847).

_ This peculiar genus consists of about eight or nine well-marked species, several of

which have been subdivided into geographical races or varieties. The head quarters of

the genus seems to be the basin of the Colorado, outlying species being found in Lower

California (H. cinereus), the Kastern States (H. rufus), and in the coast region of Cali-

HARPORHYNCHUS. 31

fornia (H. redivivus). In Mexico, too, we find three species, two of which, H. curvirostris

and H. longirostris, have a wide range, the third, H. ocellatus, being restricted to the

State of Oaxaca. The fourth species found in our region is peculiar to the island of

Socorro.

The genus has been carefully studied by Dr. Coues, who has written several papers

on the subject. His latest views will be found in his recently published ‘ Birds of the

Colorado Valley.’

Though placed in the Turdide by many systematists, the position of Harporhynchus

there is by no means assured. The short rounded wings of all the species, their scu-

tellated tarsi, and peculiar curved bills are not at all Thrush-like, and point rather to

the Troglodytide, in which family they have been placed by Prof. Cabanis. A close

examination of the internal structure of some member of the genus alone can afford

good grounds for settling the point.

Besides the four species mentioned below, two others, H. lecontii and H. crissalis,

occur on our frontier in the valley of the Gila, and may be found to pass to the Mexican

side. An account of both these birds will be found in Dr. Coues’s work already

referred to.

1. Harporhynchus longirostris.

Orpheus longirostris, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1838, p. 54’.

Mimus longirostris, Scl. P. Z.S. 1856, p. 294°.

Harporhynchus longirostris, Scl. P. Z.S. 1859, p. 362°, 1864, p. 172*; Baird, Rev. Am. B. p. 44°;

Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H.i. p. 543°.

Harporhynchus rufus, var. longirostris, Baird, Brew. & Ridgw. N. Am. B.i. p. 39’; Merrill, Pr. U. S.

Nat. Mus. i. p. 119°.

Harporhynchus rufus, b. longirostris, Coues, B. Col. Vall. i. p. 63°.

Harporhynchus rufus longirostris, Sennett, Bull. U. 8. Geol. Surv. iv. p. 3”.

Supra sordide castaneus, pileo paulo fuscescentiore ; alarum tectricibus albo terminatis, macula subapicali nigra ;

subtus albus, cervice lateribus, pectore, hypochondriis et crisso nigro longitudinaliter striatis ; gula et ventre

imo immaculatis ; rostro et pedibus obscure corylinis. Long. tota 9-5, ale 3-8, caude 4:9, rostri a rictu

1-4, tarsi 1-4. (Descr. exempl. ex 8. Mexico. Mus. nostr.)

Hab. N. America, valley of the Rio Grande, Texas’—Mexico 1, Jalapa (Deppe, Mus.

Berol.), Cordova (Sallé?), Jalapa (de Oca*), Orizaba (Swmichrast *), Mirador (Sar-

torius®), valley of Mexico (White *).

The position of this Mocking-bird in its relationship to the well-known Harporhynchus

rufus of the Eastern Sfates of America has long been a matter of doubt, most American

authors’ 8 considering it to be a local form of that species, which no doubt it is, differing

in the duller tint of the upper plumage, and in the greater curvature of the bill, in its

darker cheeks, and the larger size and closer arrangement of the spots on the breast and

382 TURDIDZ.

flanks. These points of distinction are not difficult to recognize; and as they appear to

be strictly associated with a definite area, the use of a distinct name for the bird seems

to be justified. The best accounts of Harporhynchus longirostris are those given by

Dr. Merrill ® and Mr. Sennett !°, who both observed it in considerable numbers on the

Texan side of the valley of the Rio Grande, where it is a resident bird. The habits of

the species are fully described by these authors in their respective papers.

Several years before Lafresnaye described the bird! Deppe met with it at Jalapa; and

his specimens are still in the Berlin Museum. Most of the more recent collectors have

since met with it in the same district ; and Prof. Sumichrast ° says that it is quite common

in the temperate region in the vicinity of Orizaba, ranging from an elevation of 3300

feet to 6600 feet above the sea. We have no record of the occurrence of the bird in

any part of Western Mexico; and its range seems to be strictly confined to the eastern

part of the country, from the valley of the Rio Grande on the north to the State of Vera

Cruz on the south.

2. Harporhynchus ocellatus.

Harporhynchus ocellatus, Scl. P. Z. S. 1862, p. 18, t. iti.’

Supra fusco-cinereus ; alarum tectricibus albo terminatis; caudex rectricibus, preter quatuor medias, albo stricte

terminatis ; subtus albus, pectore et hypochondriis maculis rotundatis nigris conspicue notatis ; gula et

abdomine medio immaculatis; hypochondriis et capitis lateribus paulo rufescenti tinctis; rostro nigro,

pedibus corylinis. Long. tota 11:5, ale 4:1, caudw 5:5, rostri a rictu 1-5, tarsi 1:5. (Descr. maris ex

Oaxaca, Mexico merid. Mus. nostr.)

Hab. Mexico, Oaxaca (Boucard 1, Fenochio).

Of this species hardly any thing is known. It was described from a single male spe-

cimen sent by M. Boucard from the neighbourhood of Oaxaca; and from the same dis-

trict we have received another bird of the same sex from Don A. Fenochio. No account

has reached us of its habits. The species is a well-marked one, as Mr. Sclater says 1, the

large round black spots on the clear white under surface rendering it easily distinguish-

able from every known member of the group.

3. Harporhynchus curvirostris.

Orpheus curvirostris, Swains. Phil. Mag. new ser. i. p. 369°.

Toxostoma curvirostre, Scl. P. Z. 8. 1857, p. 212°.

Harporhynchus curvirostris, Scl. P. Z. 8. 1859, p. 370°; Baird, Rev. Am. B. p. 45°; Sumichrast,

Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. i. p. 543°; Lawr. Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. ii. p. 267°; Lawr. Bull.

U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 4, p.127; Sennett, Bull. U. 8. Geol. Surv. iv. p- 4°; Merrill, Pr. U.S.

Nat. Mus. i. p. 119°.

Turdus deflexus, Licht. Preis-Verz. mex. Vég., cf. J. f. Orn. 1863, p. 57”.

Pomatorhinus turdinus, Temm. Pl. Col. 441 ™,

Toxostoma vetula, Wagl. Isis, 1831, p. 528”.

HARPORHYNCHUS. 33

Supra fusco-cinereus, campterio et tectricum alarum apicibus albis; subtus sordide albus, pectore fusco-

cinereo variegato, hypochondriis eodem colore suffusis; caude rectricibus (nisi quatuor internis) precipue

in pogonio interno albo terminatis; rostro nigro, pedibus obscure fuscis. Long. tota 9-7, ale 4:5, caude

4:5, rostri a rictu 1-4, tarsi 1:35. (Descr. exempl. ex Mexico merid. Mus. nostr.)

Hab. Norra America, southern frontier of United States4—Mexico Tableland

(Bullock 1), Mazatlan (Xantus °, Bischoff’), Tepic (Grayson °), Tamaulipas (Couch 4),

Mountains of Colima (Xantus*), Temascaltepec (Deppe, Mus. Berol.), Orizaba

(Botteri), Oaxaca (Boucard *), Tehuacan (Sumichrast"), Cuernavaca (le Strange).

Originally described by Swainson from a specimen obtained by Bullock in the table-

land of Mexico !, Harporhynchus curvirostris has since been met with by nearly every

collector who has worked in Southern Mexico; and the bird seems to be common from

the State of Oaxaca, where M. Boucard found it *, northwards to the valley of the Rio

Grande and Texas ® 9, extending also along the western coast through the mountains of

Colima ® to Mazatlan ®. Prof. Sumichrast never met with it except on the plateau of

Mexico, and omits the name of the species from his list of the birds of Vera Cruz,

stating that the localities cited in that State, where the species is said to have been found,

may be erroneous °.

We have no record of the habits of the species in Mexico; but in Texas, where it

came under the observation of both Dr. Merrill® and Mr. Sennett 8, it is described as a

bird of very retiring disposition and of no great powers as a songster.

In Mexico Prof. Baird speaks of the western specimens having heavier and thicker

bills and stouter legs than eastern birds, but does not attach much importance to the

fact. In Arizona a race occurs which has received the distinct title of H. palmeri, but

which is apparently only imperfectly separated from the typical form.

Of the names proposed for this species subsequently to Swainson’s, Turdus defleaus

of Lichtenstein !° seems, by the light of specimens in the Berlin Museum, to be certainly

applicable to H. curvirostris.

Pomatorhinus turdinus, given to it by Temminck 11, was applied to a bird said to have

come from New Holland! No such species has ever been recognized in Australia; and

the plate is a fair representation of H. curvirostris.

Wagler’s name Torostoma vetula? has always been a recognized synonym of this

species, and was suspected to apply to the same bird as Swainson’s title by Wagler

himself. This latter writer considers it to be the Chietottotl of Hernandez.

4. Harporhynchus graysoni.

Harporhynchus graysoni, Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. x. p. 1’; Grayson, Pr. Bost. Soc. N. H. xiv.

p. 298°; Lawr. Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. ii. p. 267°.

“ Male. Above of a rather dirty reddish-brown, the front paler, a blackish spot in front of and under the

eye; chin, upper part of throat and sides of the head pale ochreous, the latter marked with faint dusky

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Zool., Aves, Vol. 1, Nov. 1879. 5

34 TURDIDA.

bars ; tail dark liver-brown, the outer three feathers with a greyish spot on the inner web at the end ;

quills of the same colour as the tail, the larger ones narrowly edged with dull white, the others with dull

pale rufous; the entire under plumage is pale yellowish fulvous, sides darker, with longitudinal brown

stripes ; bill black; tarsi and toes blackish-brown. Length (fresh) 11} inches, wing 44, tail 51, bill 2,

tarsi 13.”—Lawrence, I. s. ¢.

Hab. Mexico, Socorro Island (Grayson 1).

Of this species, which Mr. Lawrence! says is so distinct from all others of the

genus that no comparisons are necessary, we have never seen specimens. From the

description it would seem to be allied to the H. redivivus section of the genus, in which

the plumage is unspotted. Grayson, to whom the credit of the discovery of the

species is due, found it during his expedition to the island of Socorro, and in his paper

on the birds of that island has given the following note respecting it ? :—

“Not very abundant, but seems to be well distributed over the island. It has all

the characteristics of the true Mocking-bird in its habits (Mimus polyglottus). Of

solitary disposition, it attacks every bird of its own species that approaches its usual

haunts.

“One took up its quarters in our camp, and was certainly the tamest bird of this

genus I ever saw; he appeared to take pleasure in our society, and attacked furiously

every bird that came near us. He doubtless regarded us as his own property, often

perching upon the table when we were taking our meals and eating from our hands,

as though he had been brought up to this kind of treatment; at times ascending to

the branches over our head, he would break forth into loud and mellow song, very

Thrush-like. In the still hours of the night, while roosting in the branches near us,

he would sometimes utter a few dreamy notes, recalling to mind the well-known habits

of the true Mocking-bird.”

MIMUS.

Mimus, Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 972. (Type Turdus polyglotius, Linn.)

With the single exception of WM. polyglottus, all the species of this genus are found

in South America, their distribution over the southern continent being almost universal,

extending from the northern shores to Patagonia, and including the greater Antilles

and the Galapagos Islands. The common North-American species VM. polyglottus is

found throughout Mexico to the isthmus of Tehuantepec, where its place is taken by

MM. gilwus, a species, under slightly varied plumage, extending through Yucatan,

Guatemala, and Honduras to Colombia, Venezuela, and Guiana.

In introducing the generic name Mimus, Boie gave no characters, merely men-

tioning the type species. This want is fully supplied in works on North-American

ornithology *.

* Baird, Brew. & Ridgw. N. Am. B. i. p. 48.

MIMUS. 35

1. Mimus polyglottus.

Turdus polyglottos, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 293’.

Orpheus polyglottos, Sw. Phil. Mag. new ser. i. p. 369°.

Mimus polyglotius, Scl. P. Z. 8S. 1857, p. 212°; Baird, Rev. Am. B. p. 48°; Sumichrast, Mem.

Bost. Soc. N. H. i. p. 543°; Grayson, Pr. Bost. Soc. N. H. xiv. p. 277°; Lawr. Mem. Bost.

Soc. N. H. ii. p. 267; Baird, Brew. & Ridgw. N. Am. B.i. p. 49°; Sennett, Bull. U.S.

Geol. Surv. iv. p. 3°; Coues, B. Col. Vall. p. 53”.

Mimus caudatus, Baird, B. N. Am. p. 345”.

Mimus polyglottus, var. caudatus, Lawr. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 4, p. 12”.

Mimus?, Scl. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 250”.

Supra cinereus, superciliis indistincte albis, loris nigris ; alis nigricantibus cinerascenti limbatis, primariorum

basi et eorum tectricibus (preter apices) speculum alare album formantibus; subtus albus, pectore paulo

grisescente ; cauda nigra, rectrice extima tota, secunde pogonio interno, et tertia (nisi parte media) albis ;

rostro et pedibus nigris. Long. tota 9°5, ale 4:4, caude 4-4, rostri a rictu 1:0, tarsi 1-35. (Deser.

exempl. ex Oaxaca, Mexico merid. Mus. nostr.)

Hab. N. America, from lat. N. 40° southwards *.—Mexico, between Guaymas and

Mazatlan (Grayson*), Mazatlan (Grayson, Bischoff’), Tres Marias Is. (Grayson*),

Real del Monte (Bullock*), Orizaba (Sallé’, Botteri?, Sumichrast®), Mirador

(Sartorius), valley of Mexico (le Strange), Oaxaca (Fenochio), Villa Alta (Boucard),

Tehuantepec (Sumichrast).

This well-known species, perhaps the most familiar of all the birds of the United

States, is found in suitable localities throughout Mexico as far south as the Isthmus of

Tehuantepec (where MV. gilvus is also found), its place being taken in the promontory

of Yucatan and in Guatemala by the southern species Mimus gilvus. Whether the

Cuban species spoken of by Dr. Gundlach * is identical with the northern bird is not

yet certain, as specimens do not appear to have been actually compared ; but as each

of the islands of the Greater Antilles appears to have a race of its own of this section

of the genus Mimus, it is probable that the Cuban bird differs to some extent from

Mimus polyglotius.

In Mexico WM. polyglottus was found by Grayson in the Tres Marias Islands, where,

however, though resident’, it is rare and a shy bird®. In the State of Vera Cruz Prof.

Sumichrast found it in the hot and temperate regions, and he says® that it is one of the

few species that are found equally abundant in localities the most widely different both

as to height and climate, being found from the gulf-shores as far up as the great plains

of the plateau, but always only in the more open portions. It nests in the neigh-

bourhood of Orizaba. Mimus polyglottus is found in abundance all along the northern

frontier of Mexico, both in the basin of the Colorado 1° and in the Rio-Grande valley °.

At one time Prof. Baird seemed disposed to separate the western bird under the

name UV. caudatus11, on account of the greater length of the tail of certain western

* Orn, Cub. p. 60.

5

36 TURDIDA.

specimens. In his later work this separation is not confirmed’; but Mr. Lawrence!”

refers Tehuantepec specimens to the long-tailed race, if such it is, under the name

Mimus polyglottus, var. caudatus. Our Oaxaca specimen, however, has a shorter tail

than one from Villa Alta and another from Cape San Lucas in our collection ; so that

the length of the tail cannot be said to be a characteristic of western specimens.

The well-known habits of this species are fully described in works on North-

American birds®.

2. Mimus gilvus.

Turdus gilvus, Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. ii. p. 15, t. 68 bis’.

Mimus gilvus, Scl. & Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 3”.

Mimus melanopterus, Lawr. Aun. Lyc. N. Y. v. p. 85, t. 2°.

Mimus columbianus, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 82%.

Mimus gracilis, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 83°; J. f. Orn. 1860, p. 410°; Scl. & Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 7";

Taylor, Ibis, 1860, p. 110°; Owen, Ibis, 1861, p. 60°; Salv. Ibis, 1866, p. 202%; Lawr.

Ann. Lye. N. Y. ix. pp. 91", 199”; Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 4, p. 12”; Frantz. J. f.

Orn. 1869, p. 290.

Supra cinereus; superciliis albis; loris nigris; alis nigris albo limbatis, tectricibus alarum et secundariorum

apicibus albis; speculo alari nullo; subtus albus, pectore paulo cinerascente; cauda nigra; rectricum

apicibus nisi duarum mediarum albis, rectrice utrinque extima pogonio externo toto et interno dimidio

apicali albis ; rostro et pedibus nigris. Long. tota 10-0, ale 4:1, caudee 5-0, rostri a rictu 1-0, tarsi 1-25.

(Descr. maris ex Belize. Mus. nostr.) ,

Juv. pectore et hypochondriis fusco maculatis. (Descr. exempl ex Duejias, Guatemala. Mus. nostr.)

Hab. Mexico, Tehuantepec (Suwmichrast 1%), Merida, Yucatan (Schott 2, Gaumer) ;

British Honpuras, Belize’, Lighthouse and Glover’s reefs (O. S.); GUATEMALA,

Salama, San Gerdnimo?, plain of Zacapa, Upper Motagua valley, Duefias °, Jutiapa

(0. 8S. & F. D. G.); Honpuras®, Comayagua (Taylor®).—Cotomsia‘; VENEZUELA? ;

Guiana!; Lesser ANTILLES.

The name Turdus giluus was bestowed upon a Guiana bird, which was also said to be

found in the warmer parts of South America; and Vieillot’s plate of it! fairly represents

the bird found throughout the northern parts of South America and Central America

as far north as Guatemala. Several names have since been proposed for this Mimus; but

the differences between birds from different localities seem hardly sufficient to justify the

retention of any of them. The bird found in Venezuela is perhaps the most distinct,

as it has the wing-coverts more broadly edged with ashy, and tipped more widely with

the same colour, than usual in Colombian and Guatemalan specimens; but the latter

are not quite constant in this respect, and we think all ought to bear the same name.

Thus M. melanopterus* of Venezuela, M. columbianus* of Colombia, and MV. gracilis ®

of Honduras all become synonyms of WM. gilvus.

Found in the isthmus of Tehuantepec !* and in Northern Yucatan !2 U. gilvus spreads

MIMUS.—RHODINOCICHLA. 37

over the whole of Guatemala and Honduras as far as Comayagua’. We have no

authentic record of its occurrence elsewhere in Central America; but in South America

it reappears in the neighbourhood of Santa Marta, in Antioquia, and the vicinity of

Bogota, and spreads eastwards through Venezuela to Guiana and some of the Lesser

Antilles. The record of its occurrence in Costa Rica, Dr. v. Frantzius tells us “, was

founded on an error, the bird sent home by Dr. Hoffmann ° having come as a cage-bird

from Guatemala.

In Guatemala Mimus gilvus has the same great range in altitude attributed to

M. polyglottus in Mexico. We found it at the sea-level near Belize and on the Cays of

the adjoining coral-reefs, and also at Duefias, 5000 feet above the sea. It is, however,

most abundant in the Upper Motagua valley and throughout the plain of Salama,

where its song may always be heard throughout the breeding-season. Mr. Owen? took

several of its nests near San Gerénimo, most of which were placed in the cactus-plants

grown for the cochineal-insects. Others were in hedge-rows or bushes on the plain, but

all in rather exposed situations. The usual complement of eggs was three, which were

of a pale greenish-grey, blotched with spots of red-brown and two shades of faint lilac.

They measure 1:05 in. x7. One of them is figured in ‘The Ibis’ for 1861 (t. 2. f. 2).

At Dueiias we saw very little of Mimus gilvus during our early visits to Guatemala” ;

but we obtained a young bird, which still retained spots on the under surface, which

must have been reared in the neighbourhood. In 1873 its numbers appeared to have

greatly increased, and birds were frequently seen in plains covered with scattered trees

of Ipomea murocoides. When disturbed a bird seldom flies far, but seeks shelter in

the nearest bush. Its song is very varied and rich, and the bird is much sought after

by the natives as a favourite cage-bird.

Note.—Another species of Mimus (M. nigriloris) has been doubtfully attributed to

Mexico by its describer, Mr. Lawrence*, upon the authority of Dr. Van Patten and

Mr. Gruber, of San Francisco. As the bird appears to belong to the section of the

genus containing I. longicaudatus and I. thenca, species of Western Peru and Chili,

a more southern origin than Mexico is probably its true one. Anyhow, better evidence

is required as to its habitat before including the bird in the fauna of Mexico.

RHODINOCICHLA.

Rhodinocichla, Hartlaub, Journ. f. Orn. 1853, p. 338. (Type Furnarius roseus, Less.)

This singular genus was long placed in the Dendrocolaptide, near the Oven-birds

(Furnarius), to which genus it was actually assigned by its original describer. Prof.

Baird seems to have been the first to recognize that Dr. Hartlaub was not far wrong as

to its generic affinities when he described the female as a species of Turdus. It is,

* Ann. Lye. N. Y. x. p. 187.

38 TURDIDA.

however, with the Mimine, or perhaps the Troglodytide, that Rhodinocichla has the

closest relationship, the short rounded wings, comparatively strong feet, with tarso-

metatarsus covered in front with several scales, as well as its strong curved beak and

rounded tail being all Mimine rather than Turdine characteristics. The young, too, in

its first plumage has a mottled under surface, the back being plain-coloured. In its

powers of song it resembles both sections; but in coloration Rhodinocichla is quite

peculiar. As regards the wings, the first primary is large enough to take its full

function as part of the wing, a very important point considering the high value that

has been placed upon this character. On the whole, then, though we are at present

disposed to place this curious form with the Miminz, we should not be surprised to find

that its affinities are really elsewhere. This point cannot be settled until more material

than the mere skin is examined, upon which alone opinions have at present been formed.

Rhodinocichla being a monotypic genus, its geographical range is coincident with

that of the single species contained in it.

1. Rhodinocichla rosea.

Furnarius roseus, Less. Ill. Zool. t. 5’.

Rhodinocichla rosea, Hartl. J. f. Orn. 1853, p. 83°; Scl. P. ZS. 1855, p. 141°, 1856, p. 140°;

Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. vii. p. 292°, ix. p. 92°; Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. ii. p. 2677; Baird,

Rev. Am. B. p. 91°; Scl. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 345°; Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 183%,

1870, p. 180”; Finsch, Nat. Ver. z. Bremen, 1870, p. 829”; v. Frantz. J. f. Orn. 1869,

p. 291”.

Turdus vulpinus, Hartl. Rev. Zool. 1849, p. 276"; P. Z.S. 1850, p. 276”.

Cichlalopia vulpina, Bp. C. R. xxxviii. p. 6", et Orn. Not. p. 29%.

d fusco-niger, fronte, superciliis anticis, gutture, abdomine medio, crisso et campterio alari rosaceo-rubris,

superciliis posticis albis; hypochondriis fuscis; rostro pallide corneo, maxille basi et pedibus corylinis.

Long. tota 8-0, ale 3:4, caude 3-6, rostri a rictu 11, tarsi 1-0.

2 paulo minor et brunnescentior, coloribus maris rosaceo-rubris saturate fulvis; abdomine imo albicante.

Long. tota 7:5, ale 3-1, caude 3-5, rostri a rictu 1-0, tarsi 1-0. (Descr. maris et fem. ex Lion Hill, Panama.

Mus. nostr.)

Hab. Mexico, Mazatlan and Sierra Madre (Grayson"); Guavemata? (Mus. Derb.®) ;

Costa Rica (fide S. F. Baird®, v. Frantzius'?); Panama, David (Bridges*), Volcan

de Chiriqui, Mina de Chorcha, Chitra, Calovevora, and Santa Fé (Arcé}°11), Lion

Hill (Mf Leannan® °).—Venuzvewa' ; Cotomsia?.

Lesson, who first described and figured this species!, gave as its habitat “ San Juan,”

Brazil; but recent researches render it doubtful if the species is found outside the

limits of Venezuela and Colombia and the parts of Central America indicated above.

The bird described by Lesson was a male, from which the female differs so widely in

colour that it is hardly surprising that Dr. Hartlaub redescribed a specimen of the

latter sex under the name of Turdus vulpinus—the widely different views as to the

RHODINOCICHLA.—MYIADECTES. 39

position of this anomalous form entertained by these two ornithologists rendering the

recognition of the two birds as sexes of one species less easy, Lesson having placed his

bird in the genus Furnarius, Dr. Hartlaub the bird he described in the genus Turdus,

the distribution of the colours and, to some extent, the form suggesting to his mind a

resemblance to the African genus Cossypha. For many years Lesson’s views were usually

adopted; but latterly its relationship to the Turdide has been recognized partly from

a reexamination of the external form and partly from the discovery of the vocal powers

of the bird. There can now be but little doubt that Rhodinocichla must be considered

an aberrant Thrush or Wren, its affinity being, perhaps, nearer the latter family.

The range of R. rosea is somewhat singular. In the State of Panama it seems to be,

as in Venezuela and Colombia, a very common bird. In Costa Rica its presence has

been recorded ; and that is all that can be said concerning it. Mr. Sclater’s statement

of the existence of a Guatemalan specimen in the Derby Museum at Liverpool is all that

we know of the presence of the species in that country; for, of the thousands of skins

we have examined from there, we have never met with a single example of FR. rosea *.

It has never been detected in Southern Mexico; but in North-western Mexico it has

been noticed by both Grayson and Xantus. It is to the former of these travellers that

we owe the chief note on the habits of the species. He says that it is found near

Mazatlan in the thickly wooded district bordering the river, where it remains through-

out the year concealing itself in the densest bush, its voluptuous and melodious song

being often heard when the bird is invisible. Bridges also* speaks of having had his

attention attracted to the single bird he obtained at David by its very peculiar note.

Subfam. MYIADECTINE.

MYTADECTES.

Myiadestes, Swainson, Nat. Libr. Ornith. x. p. 182 (1838). (Type M. genibarbis, Sw.)

The position of this group of birds was long a matter of considerable doubt ; for

though Myiadectes was placed by some systematists in the family Ampelide with

Ptilogonys and Phainopepla, it was felt that the many points of difference from those

genera possessed by it rendered its removal from their vicinity only a matter of time.

In 1866 Prof. Baird made a careful and exhaustive examination of the external form

of Myiadectes when writing his ‘Review of American Birds ;’ and though he placed it

in the family Ampelide, he clearly pointed out the great affinity the genus has to the

Turdide, suggesting its removal into that family in any remodelling of these groups of

birds. This plan has now been pretty generally adopted ; and recent writers on American

birds place Myiadectes either as a subfamily of the Turdide or in the Sylviide, two

* Mr. Moore informs us that this specimen was purchased of Leadbeater in 1844. It bears a ticket with

“ Quatimala” written on it in an unknown handwriting.

40 TURDIDA.

families of very artificial limits, no very trenchant characters being found to separate

them. To the Muscicapide Myiadectes also has a certain resemblance, especially

when the form of the bill and the development of the rictal bristles are considered ;

of Muscicapide, the West-African genus Cassinia is that which Myiadectes most calls

to mind. The characters Myiadectes has in common with the Turdide are the spotted

first plumage of the young, the tarso-metatarsus covered with single plate in front, the

long pointed wings, and the great vocal powers of all members of the genus.

About ten species are included in the genus, all of which are very uniform in their

general appearance, though differing considerably in colour. They are distributed from

the Rocky Mountains through Central America to Bolivia; and several of the West-

Indian Islands possess species peculiar to them. In the north /. townsendi is found,

a species which may cross into Northern Mexico. Mexico and Guatemala have two

species in common; and in Costa Rica another isfound. A single species, if we except

the aberrant UM. leucotis, ranges throughout the Andes from Venezuela to Bolivia.

Cuba and Jamaica have each a species peculiar to them; and one is reported from San

Domingo, but has not yet been obtained. The Lesser Antilles have three other species,

all closely allied to the Jamaican bird.

The peculiar songs of the various species of Myiadectes have always excited attention.

Those of I. obscurus and M. unicolor, with which we are familiar, may be likened in

tone to pouring water into a tin vessel. The habit of the birds is to sit almost

motionless on a branch in thick underwood, the males uttering their song at intervals

chiefly in the morning and evening. UW. townsendi is described as sometimes running

on the ground*, a habit never observed by us in the Guatemalan birds. The food of

Myiadectes seems to consist chiefly of fruit; but MZ. townsend? devours insects also.

1. Myiadectes obscurus.

Myiadestes obscurus, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1839, p. 98°; Scl. P. Z. 8. 1857, p. 213 *, 1858, p. 302°, 1859,

pp. 363°, 376°; Scl. & Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 14°; Ex. Orn. p. 49, t. 257; Baird, Rev. Am.

B. p. 430°; Sumichrast, Bost. Soc. N. H. i. p. 548°; Grayson, Pr. Bost. Soc. N. H. xiv.

p. 277°; Lawr. Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. ii. p. 273.

Hypothyrius cesia, Mus. Berol.”

Schistaceus; oculorum ambitu albo, loris et striga rictali nigris ; alis fusco-nigris, extus rufo limbatis; inter-

scapulio pallidus rufo; dorso imo olivaceo perfuso; subtus dilute schistaceus, gutture et ventre medio

cum crisso albicantibus; remigum macula magna interna ochraceo-alba; cauda nigricante, rectricibus

duabus mediis cum unius utrinque proxime pogonio externo griseis ; rectricibus lateralibus albo termina-

tis; harum unius utrinque extime dimidio apicali pallide griseo notato ; rostro nigro, pedibus fuscis. Long.

tota 7:5, ale 4-0, caude 4:1, rostri a rictu °75, tarsi ‘9. (Descr. exempl. ex Jalapa, Mexico. Mus. nostr.)

Hab. Mexico!, Tres Marias Is. (Grayson 1 11), Tonila and Jalisco (Xantus 11), Real Ariba

(Deppe), Orizaba (Botteri?, Sumichrast®), Salapa (de Oca*), La Parada’, Yoletepec®

* Coues, B. Coll. Vall. i. p. 45.

MYIADECTES. 41

and Totontepec (Boucard), Oaxaca (Fenochio); Guatemata, Volcan de Fuego,

Cerro de Zunil, Quezaltenango, San Gerénimo, Tactic (0. S. & F. D. G.).

Though the late Baron Lafresnaye first described this species from Mexican speci-

mens}, the bird had for several years stood in the galleries of the Berlin Museum,

Deppe having found it near Real Ariba in Southern Mexico. The Berlin specimens

now bear the name “Hypothymis cesia”*. Since then the species has been observed

by many travellers in Mexico, where it is known under the name of “Jilguero.”

Grayson”? tells us that in the Tres Marias Islands the bird is more frequently to be met

with than on the mainland, confining itself to the hilly portions of the islands, where,

at all times, its strange medley of song may be heard in the morning and evening. It

will thus be seen that the bird is found in North-western Mexico at no great elevation

above the sea; but Prof. Sumichrast® places it amongst the birds of the alpine region

of the State of Vera Cruz, where it chiefly breeds up to a height of 8200 feet, being

found, however, as low as 3300 feet above the sea-level. In Guatemala it is very

abundant in some parts of the country, being diffused throughout the high tableland

(elevation from 5000 to 7000 feet) which forms the main cordillera. Eastward of

this M. obscurus follows the high ridge of mountains which runs into Vera Paz,

where it passes a little beyond the village of Tactic. Here its range terminates abruptly,

its place being taken by I. unicolor, the two species being never found together. In

the ravines of the volcanoes we found it very abundant, its clear, metallic, ringing song,

which is uttered at intervals throughout the day, at once attracting attention and

making its presence known. As it sits concealed in the thickest undergrowth of the

ravines, it is not a bird easily detected, and a sight of it can only be obtained by

cautious movements on the part of the observer.

The solitary habits of J/. obscurus, and its place of constant resort, have suggested

the name “ Guarda-barranca,” or “ Guard of the ravine,” by which it is well known to

the people of Guatemala. It is a very favourite cage-bird, living happily in captivity

and singing freely its peculiar and melodious song.

The eggs of this species, which were obtained by M. Boucard in Oaxaca, are described

by Mr. Sclater® as very Robin-like in appearance, being minutely freckled and streaked

with brownish ash-colour on a white ground, the markings being denser round the

larger end, where they form a ring; they measure ‘875 by ‘61 inch. ,

2. Myiadectes unicolor.

Myiadestes unicolor, Scl. P. Z.S. 1856, p. 299", 1857, p. 213°; Salv. & Scl. Ibis, 1860, p. 397°;

Ex. Orn. p. 51, t. 26*; Baird, Rev. Am. B. p. 428°; Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. i.

p- 548°.

* Mr. Sclater (P. Z.S. 1856, p. 299) at one time thought that this name applied to UM. wnicolor; but a

recent examination of the specimen showed us that it had been attached to M. obscurus,

BIOL. CENT.-AMER., Zool., Aves, Vol. 1, Nov. 1879. 6

42 TURDIDA.

Schistaceus fere unicolor, loris nigris, oculorum ambitu albo; subtus paulo pallidior, ventre medio albicantiore;

alis nigris, extus brunnescenti-oleagineo partim marginatis ; cauda nigra, reetricibus duabus mediis dorso

concoloribus, rectricum lateralium parte apicali pallidiore et apicibus ipsis albis; rostro nigro; pedibus

corylinis. Long. tota 7-5, ale 3:8, caude 3-4, rostri a rictu °6, tarsi -73. (Descr. exempl. ex Coban,

Guatemala. Mus. nostr.)

Hab. Mexico, Cordova (Sallé 1), Orizaba (Botteri?), State of Vera Cruz (Sumichrast ®) ;

GuateMaLA, Coban, Choctum, and forests northwards to Peten (0. 8. & F. D. G.).

This interesting bird was one of M. Sallé’s discoveries in Southern Mexico, where he

obtained the specimens described by Mr. Sclater in 1856 1, one of these type specimens

being afterwards figured in ‘ Exotic Ornithology’ 4. Cordova! and Orizaba ?° are the

only recorded localities in Southern Mexico where WM. uwnicolor is found, it being

apparently absent from the western parts of the country, the territory of MZ. obscurus.

Prof. Sumichrast, who found it in the State of Vera Cruz, states ® that it is an inhabitant

of the temperate region, where it is quite a characteristic species, being especially

abundant in the deep ravines of the districts of Jalapa and Songolica. In Guatemala

M. unicolor is exclusively found in the northern parts of the department of Vera Paz,

the line of demarcation between it and MV. obscurus being singularly well defined. A

traveller journeying to Coban hears the song of the last outlier of M. obscurus just

after passing the village of Santa Cruz; before he reaches Coban the notes of I.

unicolor alone strike his ear.“ Around Coban the present species is abundant in all the

patches of wood that clothe the peculiar conical hills of the district; in the vast

forests which stretch northwards to the confines of Peten the song of M. unicolor is

constantly to be heard. Its range in altitude thus extends from about 1000 to 4500

feet above the sea.

The name by which this species is known in Guatemala is “ Pito real ;” and it is even

more esteemed than the “Guarda-barranca” as a cage-bird. Its song is very similar

to that of its congener; but the difference between the two is very apparent to one who

has ever heard them.

“ A nest of I. unicolor, obtained near Coban by one of our hunters, was a cup-shaped

structure formed of fine roots and small twigs, and lined principally with moss. The

eggs were very similar to those of M. obscurus, described above. ,

3. Myiadectes melanops.

Myiadestes melanops, Salv. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 580, t. 36; Baird, Rev. Am. B. p. 426°; Lawr. Ann.

Lye. N.Y. ix. p. 97°; v. Frantz. J. f. Orn. 1869, p. 296+.

Schistaceus fere unicolor, subtus dilutior; fronte, loris, ciliis oculorum et mento nigris ; alis nigris, primariis ad

basin schistaceis, secundariis extus parte distali et tectricibus alarum mediis schistaceo limbatis ; plaga

magna alba in pagina alarum inferiore; cauda nigra, rectricibus duabus utrinque extimis albo terminatis,

rectrice utrinque extima pro majore parte distali schistacea, rostro et pedibus flavissimis. Long. tota 7-0,

ale 34, caude 3-0, rostri a rictu -65, tarsi -75. (Deser. exempl. typici ex Tucurriqui, Costa Rica. Mus.

nostr.)

CINCLIDA. 43

Juv. plumis omnibus supra et subtus maculis distinctis fulvis nigro circumcinctis notatis. (Descr. exempl. ex

Costa Rica. Mus. nostr.)

Hab. Costa Rica, Tucurriqui (Arcé!), La Palma® and San José‘ (v. Frantzius), Navarro

(J. Cooper*), Dota Mountains and Rancho Redondo (Carmiol?), Volcan de Irazu

(Rogers).

Myiadectes melanops was one of our collector Arcé’s discoveries in Costa Rica scon

after he reached that country from Guatemala in 1863. After sending us a small

collection from the shores of the Gulf of Nicoya, he proceeded into the interior, and,

crossing the mountains, descended into the valley of the Reventazon, and explored the

neighbourhood of Tucurriqui and Turrialba with such success that a score of novelties

reached us in the next collection he sent us. VM. melanops was one of the most inter-

esting amongst them; and of it he obtained several examples. Since then many

specimens have been obtained by collectors, mostly in the forests of the Volcan de Irazu

and in the Dota Mountains. Dr. v. Frantzius gives an account of the species, chiefly

derived from its habits in confinement‘; but he does not seem to have had a personal

knowledge of it in its native haunts, as he speaks of its living in the tops of the highest

trees—a place of abode so different from that of all its congeners that we cannot but

think some other species must have been mistaken for it. A living specimen kept by

Dr. v. Frantzius was fed exclusively on the fruit of Phytolacca decandra, to be obtained

throughout the year in the neighbourhood of San José. The bird would not refuse

other juicy fruits, but never touched insects of any kind. From Dr. v. Frantzius’s

description of the gait and song of his captive bird it would seem that I. melanops in

these respects quite resembles its congeners.

Fam. CINCLIDE.

CINCLUS.

Cinclus, Bechstein, Naturg. Deutschl. ii. p. 808 (1807).

America possesses four species of this genus, belonging to two very distinct groups,

the northern birds being closely allied to the Northern-Asiatic Cinclus pallasi, the

southern species having characters of coloration peculiarly their own. Of the northern

birds Cinclus mexicanus has a wide range throughout the Rocky Mountains, but is

confined to that chain, whence it passes into Mexico and Guatemala. C. ardesiacus, of

the high mountains of Costa Rica and Panama, is a local race of the northern bird.

Thus in Central America we find no trace of near relationship with the two Andean

species, one of which, however, is found as near our limits as the Quindiu Mountains

in Colombia.

In the Old World Cinclus is distributed pretty generally throughout the mountainous

6*

44 CINCLIDZ.

parts of the Palzarctic region, its southern limits extending in Asia to the Himalayas,

and in Africa to the Atlas Mountains.

The habits of the species are well known, and have been fully described by writers

on European and North-American birds. The number of recognizable species is about

thirteen, an account of which will be found in ‘The Ibis’ for 1867.

1. Cinclus mexicanus.

Cinclus mexicanus, Sw. Phil. Mag. new ser. i. p. 8368'; Scl. P. Z. 8. 1859, p. 861°; Baird, Rev.

Am. B. p. 60°; Salv. Ibis, 1866, p. 190‘, 1867, p. 120°; Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc.

N. H. i. p. 544°; Baird, Brew. & Ridgw. N. Am. B. i. p. 56"; Coues, B. of the N.W.

p. 10°; B. of the Col. Vall. p. 89’.

Obscure cinereus, capite undique fuscescente. Long. tota 6-2, ale 3:4, caude 1°8, tarsi 1-1, rostri a rictu 1-0,

(Deser, exempl. ex Oaxaca, Mexico. Mus. nostr.)

Hab. Mountains of Centra and Western N. America from the Yukon southwards? §.—

Mexico, Temiscaltepec (Bullock!), Jalapa (de Oca?), Tierra fria (le Strange),

alpine region of Vera Cruz (Sumichrast®), Oaxaca (Fenochio); GUATEMALA,

ridge above Totonicapam (0. S.*).

Though the Mexican Dipper was first brought into notice as an American bird by

Swainson, who described Bullock’s specimen 1, it was supposed by Bonaparte to be the

same as the Asiatic Cinclus pallasi, and for some time passed under that name *.

It has an extensive range in North America, reaching from the Yukon throughout

the Rocky Mountains, to Southern Mexico and probably to Guatemala. It seems

to be resident wherever it occurs, even in the most northern parts of its range,

where Mr. W. H. Dall found it in the height of winter’. Its habits, which

quite resemble those of the common European Cinclus aquaticus, have been fully

described by writers on North-American birds’®, and need not be repeated here.

From Mexico we have but few details concerning it; Prof. Sumichrast® places it

amongst the birds of the alpine region of Orizaba, but states that it follows the water-

courses of the Cordillera into the temperate region as low as 3300 feet above the sea,

its range in altitude extending upwards to an elevation of 7200 feet. In Guatemala

we only once met with Dippers, when, on the 5th September 1862, a pair were

observed in a mountain-torrent in the Cordillera above Totonicapam, at an elevation of

about 10,000 feet above the sea. One of these was shot, but lost in the stream. Not

having examined these birds at less than a gunshot distance, we cannot say whether

they actually agreed with the Mexican C. meaicanus; but we observed that their

plumage was of one colour, as in the northern bird.

Cinclus mexicanus has received several synonyms, which will be found enumerated

in Dr. Coues’s ‘ Birds of the Colorado Valley’®.

* Bp. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ii. p. 439, and Am. Orn. iii. p. 1, t. 16. f£. 1.

SYLVIIDA. 45

2. Cinclus ardesiacus.

Cinclus ardesiacus, Salv. Ibis, 1867, p. 121, t. 2'; Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ix. p. 92°; v. Frantz.

J. f. Orn. 1869, p. 290°.

Cinereus, subtus dilutior, capite toto fuscescente, gula albicantiore ; alis et cauda fusco-nigris, alarum tectri-

cibus et secundariis cinereo marginatis ; ciliis albis ; rostro nigro, pedibus flavis. Long. tota 5-5, ale 3:2,

caude 1:6, tarsi 1-2, rostri a rictu 0-9. (Descr. fem. ex Cordillera de Tolé, in statu Panamensi. Mus.

nostr.)

¢ juv. corpore subtus albido, alarum tectricibus albo terminatis. (Descr. exempl. ex eodem loco. Maus. nostvr.)

Hab. Costa Rica, Dota Mountains (Zeledon 2%); Panama, Cordillera de Tolé (Arcé?).

Of this southern form of Cinclus mexicanus but little is known. Since the receipt

of the two specimens from the Cordillera de Tolé, which formed the basis of the

original description!, no others have reached us from that part of the country. It

has, however, been detected in Costa Rica in the Dota Mountains??; and Mr. Sclater

has a skin obtained in the same country.

Cinclus ardesiacus is a close ally of C. mexicanus. It is, however, of a greyer tint;

and though of smaller size, its bill fully equals that of its congener in length. The

legs, too, of the type specimen are yellow; but this may indicate immaturity, as the

legs of young birds of C’. mexicanus are described as of that colour.

‘ Fam. SYLVIIDA.

Subfam. SAXICOLINAL.

SIALIA.

Sialia, Swainson, Zool. Journ. ili. p. 173 (1827). (Type Motacilla sialis, Linn.)

This small genus of three species is a purely Nearctic one, two of its members passing,

however, beyond the southern boundary as far as Southern Mexico and Honduras.

Its relationship seems to be nearest to the Old-World genus Sazicola, from which it

chiefly differs in its much shorter tarsi and more thickened bill, besides possessing a

totally different character of coloration in the plumage. The young have a spotted

first plumage as in the typical Turdide; and with that family Sialia and, indeed,

Saxicola have a very close relationship.

1. Sialia sialis.

Motacilla sialis, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 336°.

Sialia sialis, Baird, Rev. Am. B.i. p. 62’; Baird, Brew. & Ridgw. N. Am. B. i. p. 62°; Coues,

B. of the N.W. p. 13°; Sennett, Bull. Geol. & Geogr. Surv. iv. p.6°; Merrill, Pr. U.S.

Nat. Mus. i. p. 120°; Gundl. Orn. Cub. p. 61’.

46 SYLVIIDZ.

Sialia wilsoni, Sw. Zool. Journ. iii. p. 178°; Scl. P.Z. 8. 1856, p. 293°, 1858, p. 299", 1859,

pp. 861", 371”; Scl. & Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 8 #1860, p. 29” ; Jones, Nat. Bermuda, pp. 28,

66”; Taylor, Ibis, 1860, p. 110% ; Owen, Ibis, 1861, p. 60 a

Sialia azurea?, Sw. Phil. Mag. new ser. i. p. 869 (descr. nulla!)*; Baird, Rev. Am. B. p. 62”;

Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. i. p. 544.

Supra azurea, uropygio paulo letiore, genis vix obscurioribus; subtus rufo-castanea, ventre medio et crisso

albis. Long. tota 6°5, ale 4:1, caude 2°8, rostri a rictu 0°75, tarsi 0-75. (Descr. maris ex Volcan de Agua,

Guatemala, Mus. nostr.) a satin. 2)

Juv. supra fusca, interscapulio albo guttato; subtus albescens, plumis (precipue in pectore) rufo marginatis, alis

et cauda cerulescentibus. (Descr. av. juv. ex Duefias, Guatemala. Mus. nostr.)

Hab. Eastern Unitep States, west to Fort Laramie, north to Lake Winnipeg?.—

Mexico, Real del Monte (Bullock'8), Cordova and Cerro del Gallego (Sallé®),

valley of Mexico (Je Strange), temperate region of Vera Cruz (Suinichrast*),

Jalapa (de Oca), Mirador (Sartorius®), La Parada! and Juquila’ (Boucard);

GuATEMALA, Quezaltenango, ridge above Totonicapam, Godines, Duefias!*, San

Gerénimo", Tactic, Coban (0. S.& F. D. G.); Honpuras (Taylor *).—Burmupa ¥;

Cusa’.

The common Bluebird of the Eastern States, which has been known to naturalists

since the days of Catesby *, was described by Linnzeus under the name Motacilla sialis ;

but Swainson, using Sialia for the generic name, proposed to call the bird S. wilsoni,

by which it was long known. Prof. Baird restored the Linnean specific name whilst still

retaining Swainson’s generic title, considering that the slight difference in the termi-

nation of the two words was sufficient to justify such a course. The bird is now

universally known as Sialia sialis by all American ornithologists ; and we follow their

practice. |

In his ‘ Synopsis of the Birds of Mexico’ 18 Swainson seemed to consider the Mexican

bird to be distinct from the northern one, and proposed for it the name Stalia azurea,

but gave no description of it. This name Prof. Baird adopted for the Mexican

and Guatemalan bird, believing it to possess characters sufficiently pronounced to

admit of its being considered distinct. We have carefully examined a number of

specimens, to ascertain whether S. azurea can be distinguished with certainty; but

we fail to find constant characters by which to define it. Some Guatemalan examples

have the chestnut colour more diffused over the under surface and are somewhat large ;

but scarcely any difference is to be seen in the colour of the back when compared

with specimens of true S. sialis; and the other points being variable, we doubt whether

S. azurea deserves specific rank or is even to be considered a local form.

S. sialis would appear to be a common bird in Mexico, though by no means so

abundant in Texas®*®. In the State of Vera Cruz Prof. Sumichrast considers it to be

unquestionably a resident, but not always found in the same localities; wherever it

* Nat. Hist. Carol. i. p. 47, t. 47.

SIALIA. 47

appears it is very common throughout the entire temperate region, ascending to a

height of 7400 feet above the sea. In Guatemala it is distributed over the table-

lands of the Cordillera, ascending as high as 10,500 feet. It breeds in the neigh-

bourhood of Duefias, as we more than once obtained young birds in their first spotted

plumage in August. The lowest district where it is found is on the plains of San

Ger6nimo, where it also breeds, Mr. Owen having obtained its eggs in 1860. It is

also abundant in open places in Alta Vera Paz, having been noticed both at Tactic

and Coban. In Honduras, the most southern locality whence we have any tidings of

Sialia sialis, Mr. Taylor found it throughout the line of country he traversed, being

common amongst the pine trees of the high ridges 1°

In its migrations this bird would seem to be somewhat irregular, as it sometimes

makes its appearance in the United Statesin February, and even in the end of January

when the season is mild?. It is resident in Bermuda”, but in Cuba of uncertain

appearance. A large flock, Dr. Gundlach tells us, arrived in April 1860 in the neigh-

bourhood of Havana ; but since then he has not observed it 7.

2. Sialia mexicana.

Sialia mexicana, Sw. Faun. Bor.-Am. ii. p. 202"; Scl. P. Z.S. 1856, p. 293°, 1859, p. 362°; Baird,

Rev. Am. B.i. p. 63*; Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H.i. p. 544°; Baird, Brew. &

Ridgw. N. Am. B. i. p. 65°; Lawr. Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. ii. p. 2677; Coues, B. of the

N.W. p. 14°.

Sialia ceruleicollis, Vig. Zool. Voy. Blossom, p. 18, t. 3°.

S. siali similis, sed supra purpurascentius azurea, gula et abdomine medio cerulescentibus differt. Long.

tota 6°5, ale 4:5, caude 2°8, rostri a rictu “75, tarsi -75. (Descr. exempl. ex Jalapa, Mexico. Mus.

nostr.)

Hab. Western Nortu America, from Rocky Mountains to Pacific § §\—Mextco 12 (Salleé ;

le Strange), Saltillo (Couch *), Mazatlan (Grayson"), plains of Colima (Xantus*),

Jalapa (de Oca*), Popocatepetl (Sumichrast*).

In North-western Mexico Sialia mexicana would appear to be found at lower eleva-

tions than in Southern Mexico; and this may also be said of it in the districts it

frequents in more northern countries, Dr. Cooper recording its abundance in all wooded

districts in California, except in the high mountains®. This species would appear

to be more stationary in its habits than the eastern species S. sialis, as Dr. Cooper met

with birds associated in flocks in Washington Territory in December, at a time when

S. sialis is to be found in much more southern countries ®. In its habits S. mexicana

resembles S. sialis; but its song is described as far less tuneful ®.

In Guatemala we never observed this species ; for though Bluebirds were obtained in

mountains over 10,000 feet above the sea, they proved to be of the eastern species.

The Mexican Bluebird was described by Swainson, in a note in the ‘ Fauna Boreali-

48 SYLVIIDA.

Americana, ! from a specimen in Mr. Taylor's collection obtained from Mexico.

Though found in that country by several subsequent travellers, the bird would appear

to be rather local in its distribution in Southern Mexico, being, according to Prof.

Sumichrast 5, confined to the alpine region, at the extreme limits of vegetation, on

the lofty volcano of Popocatepetl; he doubts the accuracy of the locality “Jalapa”

assigned to de Oca’s specimens ° *.

Subfam. REGULINA.

REGULUS.

Regulus, Cuvier, Lec. Anat. Comp. i.t. 2 (1800). (Les Roitelets= Motacilla regulus, Linn. &c.)

Phyllobasileus, Cabanis, Mus. Hein. i. p. 83 (1850). (Type Motacilla calendula, Linn.)

This peculiar genus comprises six species, which are distributed over the Nearctic

Region, Europe, Madeira, and the Himalayas, two of them (or, including R. cuvieri,

three) being found in America. Both &. satrapa and FR. calendula enter within our

limits as winter migrants. One of the chief peculiarities of the genus lies in the nostrils

being covered by small stiff feathers—a character which, though rudimentary in

R. calendula, is still present, rendering Cabanis’s generic term for it, Phyllobasileus,

unnecessary.

1. Regulus satrapa.

Regulus satrapa, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 35’; Scl. P. Z. 8S. 1857, p. 2127, 1860, p. 250°; Baird,

Rev. Am. B. p. 654; Baird, Brew. & Ridgw. N. Am. B. i. p. 73°; Coues, B. Col. Vall.

p. 96°.

Supra virescenti-olivaceus ; alis caudaque fusco-nigris flavo limbatis; fascia alarum alba; pileo, oculorum

ambitu et stria rictali nigris; vertice summo maris flavo, centraliter rubro-aurantiaco, femine flavo

tantum ; fronte, superciliis, genis et corpore subtus sordide albis. Long. tota 0-4, ale 2-3, caude 1-7, rostri

a rictu 0-4, tarsi 0-7. (Descr. maris ex Washington, U.S. Smiths. Inst. no. 25217: Mus. nostr. Fem. ex

Mexico: Mus. nostr.)

Hab. Nort America generally.—Mexico, Orizaba (Sallé?, Botteri?), Tierra fria (le

Strange); GuATEMALA, Cordillera near Los Encuentros? (0. S.).

Though Lichtenstein was the first ornithologist to describe this species, it was

previously known to Wilson and others, who, however, failed to distinguish it from

the European Regulus cristatus. Like R. calendula it has a wide range in North

America, being, according to Dr. Coues, a more northern species upon the whole, as it

is rare in the basin of the Colorado and the country lying to the southward °.

£. satrapa passes the winter in the States, being found as far north as New England

and Washington Territory at that season’; but those which are found in Mexico and,

* Cordova has also been included, on M. Sallé’s authority, amongst the places where this species is found ;

but no. 85 of that traveller’s list (P.Z. 8. 1856, p. 293) has no locality assigned to it, and may have been

obtained in the upland region of the Volcano of Orizaba.

REGULUS. 40

perhaps, Guatemala during the winter months are probably immigrants from the

north; but on this point our evidence is scanty.

In Mexico it has only been noticed in the neighbourhood of Orizaba? and in the

highlands near the city of Mexico. Its presence in Guatemala must be considered

doubtful, as the only evidence of its being found there rests upon the fact of Salvin

having recognized a bird that flew across the road a few yards from him when riding

from Totonicapam to Los Encuentros in February 1874.

The habits of this species are fully described in the works on North-American birds

we have quoted above. Concerning its song some difference of opinion prevails,

Dr. Brewer speaking in high praise of it, whilst Dr. Coues has little to say in its

favour. If it at all resembles that of Regulus cristatus, we should certainly pronounce

it a very poor performance.

2. Regulus calendula.

Motacilla calendula, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 3377.

Regulus calendula, Scl. P. Z.S. 1857, p. 202°, 1858, p. 300°, 1859, pp. 361 *, 371°, 1864, p. 172°;

Scl. & Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 8"; Baird, Rev. Am. B.i. p. 66°; Baird, Brew. & Ridgw. N.

Am. B.i. p. 75°; Merrill, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. i. p. 120”; Coues, B. Col. Vall. p. 92";

Salv. Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 48”.

Supra virescenti-olivaceus, vertice coccineo ; uropygio, remigum et rectricum marginibus paulo flavescentioribus ;

alis albo bifasciatis ; oculorum ambitu albo; subtus omnino sordide flavo-albidus, rostro et pedibus

‘obscure corylinis. Long. tota 4:0, ale 2-4, caudx 1:8, rostri a rictu 0°5, tarsi 0-8. (Deser. exempl. ex

Jalapa, Mexico. Mus. nostr.)

Av. juvenis vertice coccineo caret.

Hab. Norra America generally—Mexico (Galeotti !*), Jalapa (Sallé?, de Oca*), La

Parada? and Talea® (Boucard), City of Mexico (White ®, le Strange) ; GuaTEMALA

(Skinner ’), ridge above Totonicapam ? (0. S.).

This well-known North-American Regulus has a wide range over that continent,

being found from the shores of the Arctic Sea to the Gulf of Mexico, and from the

Atlantic to the Pacific, and has even been known to stray to Greenland. It is a

migratory species; but the majority of the birds do not pass beyond the Southern

States in winter, being found in some abundance in that season in Texas !°. In Mexico

it is probably only a winter visitant; and it would seem to be not common there,

as several of the most assiduous collectors in that country have failed to meet with it.

In Guatemala its presence is assured from specimens having been sent from there by

Mr. Skinner? (one of which, doubtless from this source, is in the Smithsonian Insti-

tution °) ; and this is all that can be said concerning it in that country. We have never

ourselves met with a single specimen in the large Guatemalan collections of bird-skings

we have examined. When crossing the ridge of mountains between Quiché and

Totonicapam, Salvin thought he recognized this species in a bird that flew across his

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Zool., Aves, Vol. 1, Nov. 1879. 7

50 SYLVIIDZ.

path in the pine-forest at an elevation of 10,000 feet; but no specimen was secured,

so that its occurrence in those parts needs confirmation.

Regulus calendula is described by writers on American ornithology as gifted with

great powers of song. The habits of the bird are minutely described by them; but

as yet its eggs have never been obtained, and its nest was only quite recently described

by Dr. Coues. This would seem to be rather a clumsy structure compared with that

of Regulus cristatus.

Subfam. POLIOPTILIN.

POLIOPTILA.

Polioptila, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1855, p. 11. (Type Motacilla caerulea, Linn.)

The right position of this genus is still a matter of uncertainty. It has been placed

with the Paride, a family in which its slender bill makes it much out of place. It has

also been supposed to have relationship with the Old-World Muscicapide; but the

point has never been thoroughly examined, nor, indeed, would it be possible to do so

now without opening the wide question of the relationship of the Muscicapide with the

Sylviide, Turdide, &c., which would lead us into a discussion much beyond the scope

of this work. American writers have of late years placed Polioptila in a subfamily

of the Sylviide ; and in so doing we must, for the present, be content to follow them.

The form of the first primary and the general structure of these birds would seem to

indicate that such a position cannot be very far from the correct one, though it is

very questionable whether the group should take the rank of a subfamily.

The genus Polioptila comprises about eight or nine species, all very similar in colour

and of quite uniform structure. These range from the United States to the La-Plata

basin. Three species are found in North America, of which one, P. ce@rulea, enters

our region as a winter immigrant, the other two being resident beyond the northern

border. Counting P. cerulea, four so-called species are found in Mexico and Central

America: two or three of these, however, appear to mingle to some extent. Cuba has

a peculiar species in P. lembeyi, and also shelters P. cerulea in winter. Guiana and

South-eastern Brazil have each a species closely allied to one another and to the more

northern P. nigriceps ; and Bolivia and the La-Plata region have P. dumicola in common.

1. Polioptila czrulea.

Motacilla cerulea, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 8377.

Polioptila caerulea, Scl. P. Z. 8. 1859, p. 3627; Baird, Rev. Am. B. i. p. 74°; Lawr. Ann. Lye.

N.Y. ix. p. 199°; Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. ii. p. 267°; Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 4, p. 12°;

Baird, Brew. & Ridgw. N. Am. B. i. p. 787; Merrill, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. i. p. 120°;

Coues, B. Col. Vall. i. p. 101°; Gundl. Orn. Cub. p. 61”.

Culicivora mexicana, Bp. Consp. Av. i. p. 8316".

POLIOPTILA, 51

Polioptila mexicana, Scl. P. Z.S. 1859, pp. 862”, 873°, 1862, p. 18%; Scl. & Salv. Ibis, 1859,

p- 9”; Salv. Ibis, 1866, p. 202”. .

Polioptila, sp.?, Salv. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 298”.

Supra plumbeo-cerulea, fronte et superciliis nigris, loris, capitis lateribus et corpore subtus albis cinereo

tinctis ; oculorum ambitu albo ; alis fusco-nigris, remigibus et tectricibus sordide cinereo limbatis, secun-

dariis intimis late albo marginatis ; cauda nigra, rectricis utrinque extime parte exposita alba, proxime

dimidio apicali albo, tertia utrinque albo terminata; rostro et pedibus nigris. Long. tota 4:5, ale 2:1,

caudee 2, rostri a rictu 0-6, tarsi 0-75. (Descr. maris ex Lanquin, Vera Paz. Mus. nostr.)

mari similis, sed paulo cinerascentior, fronte et superciliis nigris absentibus. (Descr. fem. ex Duefas, Gua-

temala. Mus. nostr.)

Hab. Middle region of Unrrep Starss? 9.—Mexico 1! (le Strange), Mazatlan (Grayson *),

Tamaulipas and Colima (Couch *), Cordova (Sallé!"), Jalapa (de Oca? 1”), Oaxaca

(Boucard 3 1+), Tonila (Xantus*®), Santa Efigenia and Juchitan, Tehuantepec (Sumi-

chrast®), Merida, Yucatan (Schott*); Guaremaa, Retalhuleu, Escuintla, Duefias",

summit of Volcan de Agua 15, San Gerénimo, Tactic, Coban, Lanquin, savannas of

Peten (0. S. & F. D. G.).—Cusa; Banamas’.

Polioptila cerulea was well known to the old writers of the last century, having

formed the subject of plate 302 of Edwards’s ‘Gleanings of Natural History,’ pub-

lished in 1760, under the name of “The Little Blue-grey Flycatcher,” subsequently

called Motacilla cerulea by Linneus!. It is a familiar species in the United States

during the summer, where it arrives early in April and remains till September. Dr.

Coues, to whom the bird is well known, has given a full account of its habits in the

neighbourhood of Washington in the breeding-season, and described its nest and

eges®, Its winter quarters are ‘to be found in Mexico and Guatemala, all records

of its occurrence in the former conntry having been made in the autumn, winter, or

early spring months. In the latter country we only found it between September and

March. ‘The earliest record of its appearance is given by Prof. Sumichrast, who

observed it on the Isthmus of Tehuantepec in August, whilst it came under our notice

at Retalhuleu in September. March seems to be the month of its departure from the

south; we have a specimen shot at Lanquin in that month, but none later. In Texas

Dr. Merrill says it is abundant during the migration; but here a few remain to breed 8.

In Guatemala it is a very common bird nearly everywhere, its restless pursuit of insects

rendering its presence almost certain to be detected wherever it is found. Stems,

branches, and leaves of trees and shrubs are all searched with the greatest diligence, so

that the movements of the bird soon catch the eye of one on the look-out for such objects.

The great range in altitude at which Polioptila cerulea is found in Guatemala is

somewhat surprising; we observed it in the stunted bushes which grow on the crater

of the Volcan de Agua, at a height of 12,300 feet above the sea, and also at Retalhuleu,

which is not more than 900 feet, a difference of 11,400 feet! and this in places that

are almost within sight of each other.

7

52 SYLVIIDA.

It seldom happens that male birds with the black forehead and eye-streak are found

in Mexico and Guatemala; and this’ fact has given rise to the supposition that the bird

found in these countries, for which Bonaparte gave the name P. mexicana, is a species

distinct from P. cerulea. Mr. Sclater, in 1859, thought that the black marks in the

male were only assumed during the breeding-season. If this is really so, we know of

no parallel case of such a change taking place in Passerine birds; but the suggestion

receives support from the fact that one of our specimens with the black frontal line was

shot at Lanquin in March. Dr. Gundlach, however, speaks very positively on the

point, stating that the character which distinguishes the male from the female is only

to be observed in spring shortly before the departure of the birds from Cuba for the

United States in April 1°.

2. Polioptila nigriceps.

Polioptila nigricens, Baird, Rev. Am. Birds, p. 69'; Lawr. Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. ii. p. 267°;

Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 4, p. 12°.

P. cerulee similis, sed pileo toto cum loris et superciliis nitenti-nigris. Long. tota 4:3, ale 1-95, caude 2:0,

rostri a rictu 0°65, tarsi 0-75. (Descr. maris ex La Union, San Salvador. Mus. nostr.)

Hab. Mexico, Mazatlan (Xantus!, Grayson), Tepic (Grayson?), Quiotepec (Oaxaca),

Tapana and Santa Efigenia (Tehuantepec) (Swmichrast *); San Satvapor, La Union

(O. S.).—CoLomBiA; VENEZUELA.

Having had, through the kindness of the authorities of the Smithsonian Institution,

an opportunity of examining the type specimen of Polioptila nigriceps and of comparing

it with Colombian and Venezuelan examples some time called P. buffoni, we were

unable to appreciate any tangible differences between them. Both have the lores black ;

and in the amount of black on the outer rectrices both were almost exactly alike. We

are therefore obliged to acknowledge them to be of one species. The La-Union

specimen described above has a few white feathers in the lores, but does not otherwise

differ from the type of P. nigriceps. The true P. buffoni is from Guiana, and has, as stated

in Mr. Sclater’s original description, the outer rectrix nearly wholly white. The name

P. nigriceps, therefore, can be used for the bird having the range indicated above. It

is stated by Grayson? to be found in North-west Mexico in low brushy woods at all

seasons, and by Prof. Sumichrast * to be common almost everywhere in the west of the

Isthmus of Tehuantepec and in dry warm districts of the State of Oaxaca, frequenting

the ravines and thin woods and going almost always in pairs.

3. Polioptila bilineata.

Culicivora bilineata, Bp. Consp. i. p. 316".

Polioptila bilineata, Scl. P. Z.8. 1860, p. 2737; Baird, Rev. Am. B. i. p. 72°.

Polioptila superciliaris, Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. vii. pp. 304*, 322°, viii. p. 179°, ix. p. 927; Sel.

POLIOPTILA. 53

& Salv. P. Z. 8. 1864, p. 344°; Baird, Rev. Am. B. i. p. 71°; Salv. Ibis, 1866, p. 190";

P. Z.S. 1870, p. 182.

P. nigricipiti affinis, sed loris et superciliis albis, striga postoculari tantum nigra, capiti nigro conjuncta. Long.

tota 4:0, ale 1-8, caude 1-8, rostri a rictu 0°65, tarsi 0°7.

Q mari similis quoad lororum et superciliarum colorem, sed capite summo plumbeo nec nigro distinguenda.

(Descr. maris et fem. ex Lion Hill, in statu Panamensi. Mus. nostr.)

Hab. Guatemaua, Chisec (0.8. & F. D. G.1°); San Satvapor, La Union (0. 8.); Nica-

raaua, Greytown (Holland ®); Costa Rica, Punta Arenas (0. S.), Turrialba (Arcé),

Angostura, Atirro, and Guiatil (Carmiol); Panama, Bugaba (Arcé"), Lion Hill

(M‘Leannan 4®8°), Chepo (Arcé).—Cotomsra!; Ecuapor ?.

This species, originally described from specimens in the Berlin Museum obtained at

Carthagena in Colombia 1, was subsequently found by Fraser at Babahoyo in Ecuador ? ;

and we have since had specimens sent us from the island of Puna in the Gulf of Gua-

yaquil. It was afterwards described by Mr. Lawrence, from examples obtained on the

Isthmus of Panama‘, as P. superciliaris; but we think there is little room for doubt

that Panama, Colombian, and Ecuadorian birds belong to the same species, which should

bear the name P. bilineata. The species in its range passes beyond the State of

Panama through Costa Rica into Nicaragua, and as far as the Gulf of Fonseca, and then

reappears in the northern parts of Vera Paz, its range being interrupted by the so-

called P. albiloris—a state of affairs we have attempted to explain under the heading

of that form.

One of the birds shot at La Union is exactly in the plumage of the typical female

P. bilineata. It was found in company with males that approach much more closely

to P. nigriceps than to any other form, the only difference being the presence of a few

white feathers in the otherwise black lores of these male birds.

The specimen shot by Salvin near Punta Arena, in Costa Rica, was found in the

scrubby forests in the outskirts of the town. It exhibited the restless habits so well

known in its congener P. cerulea.

4, Polioptila albiloris. (Tab. V. figg. 1, 2.)

Polioptila albiloris, Scl. & Salv. P. Z. 8. 1860, p. 298°; Ibis, 1860, p. 8977; Owen, Ibis, 1861,

p- 61, t. 2.f.3°; Baird, Rev. Am. B. p. 73*; Lawr. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 4. p. 12°.

P. nigricipiti affinis, sed loris (nec superciliis) albis distinguenda. Long. tota 4-3, alee 1-9, caude 2:0, rostri a

rictu 0-6, tarsi 0-7.

Q mari similis, sed capite plumbeo distinguenda. (Descr. maris et fem. ex Chuacus, Guatemala. Mus. nostr.)

Hab. Mexico, Santa Efigenia and Tehuantepec city (Sumichrast®); Guatemaua, Chuacus

(0. S. & F. D. G.1? and R. Owen *); Nicaracua, Granada and Realejo (J. MZ. Dow 4),

The original specimen described as Polioptila albiloris was shot near the village of

Chuacus in Vera Paz, in a gorge opening out into the great valley of the Motagua.

54 SYLVIIDZA.

The bird, a male, was found in scrubby wood near the roadside. The following year

Mr. Owen obtained a female bird with its nest and eggs in the same locality. The

nest, a very neat compact structure, was composed outwardly of dried stalks of grass

and roots, with a coating of cobweb and other adhesive materials. ‘he lining consisted

of the feathery parts of seeds, horsehair, and fine grass; the whole structure measured

13 inch across the inside and 1} inch in depth. This nest was situated in low

brushwood, almost under the eaves of one of the ranchos. The eggs are white, spotted

with red, principally of two shades, the spots increasing in number towards the obtuse

end; they measure—axis 0°6, diam. 0°45 in.

Besides these typical birds, the male of which has the lores white, but no white

supercilium, though a few white feathers are to be seen in this region in the type

specimen, we have seen similar ones from the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, where Prof.

Sumichrast observed them in May and December.

Having thus given some account of the three forms of black-headed Polioptile found

in Central America (P. nigriceps with the lores wholly black, P. albiloris with the lores

white, and P. dilineata with both lores and superciliaries white), it remains to consider

the position of certain specimens which seem to have intermediate characters connecting

two or all of these forms together. These birds were obtained, with a female of the

true P. bilineata, near La Union in San Salvador, and have the lores black, with a

few white feathers intermingled. They were once attributed by us to P. buffoni—that

is, the Colombian bird we now consider to be the same as P. nigriceps; and they are

undoubtedly as closely allied as possible to that bird; Prof. Baird, however, preferred

to call some of them P. albiloris. Putting P. albiloris aside, and observing the ditribu-

tion of P. nigriceps and P. bilineata, we find the curious fact that the ranges of these

two forms actually cross one another, and that the area where P. bilineata comes into

contact with the northern section of P. nigriceps corresponds more or less to that occupied

by P. albiloris, at once suggesting the supposition that P. albiloris is not a true species

at all, but due to the intermingling of P. bilineata with P. nigriceps, and, further, that

technically these last-named birds are not true species either. The way the present

state of affairs has come about may have been as follows :—Formerly P. nigriceps was

the only form which was found from Colombia to Mazatlan. The form of Western

Ecuador, P. bilineata, then began to spread, pushed out or more probably absorbed

P. nigriceps in Panama and Costa Rica, where now only pure-blooded P. bilineata are

found. In San Salvador and Central and Western Guatemala to the Isthmus of Tehu-

antepec the process of absorption is still incomplete; and hence the presence of the

intermediate forms represented by P. albiloris. But P. bilineata has done more than

this; for in Vera Paz we find pure-blooded birds, showing that it has established itself

beyond the influence of P. nigriceps. The range of this last form has thus been com-

pletely severed, one part remaining in Colombia and the other in Western Mexico.

PARIDA. 5d

How our nomenclature is to recognize cases like the present is a matter not easy to

adjust. We believe that P. nigriceps and P. bilineata once occupied distinct areas, and,

not coming into contact, were “species” in the sense of the term as generally adopted.

P. albiloris, on the other hand, has never held this position, but is, in fact, P. nigriceps

bilineata or P. bilineata nigriceps, according to which form most prevails in individual

birds.

Fam. PARIDA.

LOPHOPHANES.

Lophophanes, Kaup, Skizz. nat. Syst. eur. Thierw. p. 92 (1829). (Type Parus cristatus, Linn.)

Beolophus, Cabanis, Mus. Hein. i. p. 91 (1851). (Type Parus bicolor, Linn.)

This section of the Paride differs from true Parus chiefly, if not entirely, in having

a more or less well-developed crest—a character of no great importance, but one which

has been used by American writers to distinguish Lophophanes as a genus. Still

further subdivision has been proposed by Cabanis, who placed the American species

under the name Beolophus, and applied the term Machlolophus to certain Indian species

with long crests. Including all these under Lophophanes, the genus comprises about

fifteen species, whereof four are American and one European, the rest being found

in the mountainous parts of India, chiefly in the Himalaya range. Of the American

species there is an eastern bird (L. bicolor) and a western (L. inornatus), the other two

being found near the southern frontier. Both these last occur in Mexico.

1. Lophophanes atricristatus.

Parus atricristatus, Cassin, Pr. Ac. Phil. v. p. 108, t. 21.

Lophophanes atricristatus, Baird, Rev. Am. B. i. p. 78°; Baird, Brew. & Ridgw. N. Am. B. i.

p. 90°; Sennett, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. iv. p. 6*; Merrill, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. i. p. 120°.

Supra olivaceo-cinereus, alis et cauda fuscescentioribus, capite summo et crista elongata nigris ; fronte et loris

albis, genis griseo tinctis; subtus albidus, hypochondriis et crisso rufescentibus; rostro plumbeo-nigro,

pedibus corylinis. Long. tota 5-0, alee 2:6, caude 2°4, rostri a rictu 0°47, tarsi 0-7. (Descr. exempl. ex

Vera Cruz, Mexico. Mus. nostr.)

Hab. Txxas, valley of the Rio Grande !34°.—Mexico ?, Vera Cruz (fide Boucard, mus.

nostr.).

Lophophanes atricristatus is a bird of very restricted range, being confined to the

valley of the Rio Grande, and thence probably passing southwards along the seaboard

of Eastern Mexico as far as Vera Cruz, whence we have a specimen supplied us

by M. Boucard. The bird has never, so far as we know, been obtained by collectors

who have worked more in the interior of Southern Mexico. In Texas it is described

as everywhere abundant and lively in its habits, as well as a good singer, having a loud

56 PARIDA.

whistling song much like that of the Cardinal (Cardinalis virginianus)4 >. Though

several nests with young have been found, no eggs have as yet been taken.

The specimens of L. atricristatus which were first described by Cassin were

obtained in Texas by J. W. Audubon in 1850; but until comparatively recent times the

bird has been very little known.

2. Lophophanes wollweberi.

Lophophanes wollweberi, Bp. Compt. Rend. xxxi. p. 478’; Scl. P. Z. 8. 1858, p. 299 7, 1859, p. 873°;

Baird, Rev. Am. B. i. p. 79°; Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. i. p. 544°; Baird,

Brew. & Ridgw. N. Am. B. i. p. 93°; Coues, B. Col. Vall. i. p. 117”.

Parus annexus, Cass. Pr. Ac. Phil. v. p. 103, t. 1°.

Lophophanes galeatus, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 90°.

Supra olivaceo-cinereus, vertice dorso concolori undique nigro marginata, crista elongata, stria postoculari

cum gula nigra conjuncta et torque nuchali nigris ; fronte, superciliis usque ad pectus productis et genis

albis; subtus griseo-albescens ; rostro nigro, pedibus obscure corylinis. Long. tota 4°8, ale 2-6, caude

2-4, rostri a rictu 0°45, tarsi 0°67. (Deser. maris ex La Parada, Mexico. Mus. nostr.)

Hab. South-western Untrep States, Arizona, New Mexico, and Western Texas ?.—

Mexico, La Parada? and ‘lalea? (Boucard), Mountains of San Diego, Orizaba

(Sumichrast®), Tierra fria (le Strange).

This is a well-marked species of rather limited range, being found only in Arizona,

New Mexico, and Western Texas’ within the boundary of the United States, and

again in Mexico in the highlands of the States of Vera Cruz and Oaxaca, as well as

in the vicinity of the city of Mexico. It is doubtless found in many parts of the

intermediate country, of the ornithology of which we know so little. Like Parus

meridionalis it appears to be in Mexico an inhabitant of high ground, Prof. Sumichrast

having observed it in the alpine region at an elevation of over 6000 feet above the

sea °.

Observers in the United States describe L. wollwebert as gregarious in habits, going

about in flocks of twenty-five or more individuals’. Its nest and eggs have not been

discovered up to the present time.

It is somewhat remarkable that the three names!®* bestowed upon this species all

appeared within a few weeks of one another. That proposed for it by Bonaparte

(L. wollweberi) has always been accepted, and has probably a slight priority.

PARUS.

Parus, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 341 (1766) (partim).

Of this well-known genus one species enters our limits, being found exclusively in

the high mountains of Southern Mexico. The genus itself (including Pwcile) contains

about fifty species, and is one of wide range, extending throughout the Palearctic and

PARUS. 57

Nearctic regions as well as to the Himalayas, Java, and West Africa, the South-

African birds being barely separable as Melaniparus. No form of the family Paride is

known from South America.

1. Parus meridionalis.

Parus meridionalis, Scl. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 293+, 1857, p. 81°, 1858, p. 299°, 1859, p. 363*; Baird,

Rev. Am. B. i. p. 81°; Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H.1. p. 544°; Salv. Cat. Strickl.

Col. p. 637

Supra cinereus; alis et cauda nigricantibus brunnescenti-cinereo limbatis; pileo toto cum nucha, gutture

et cervice antica nigris, genis et capitis lateribus albis; abdomine cinereo brunnescenti tincto ; pectore et

ventre medio albidis; rostro nigro; pedibus plumbeis. Long. tota 4°8, ale 2°5, caude 2°3, rostri a

rictu 0°5, tarsi 0°75. (Descr. exempl. ex Mexico. Mus. nostr.)

Hab. Mexico (T. Mann"), El Jacale (Sallé1), La Parada (Boucard?), Jalapa (de Oca*),

Moyoapam near Orizaba, 8200 feet (Sumichrast °), Tierra fria (le Strange).

This southern Tit, which has a general resemblance to the North-American Parus

atricapillus, is only found, so far as we yet know, in the higher mountains of Southern

Mexico, whence a specimen was sent to Strickland in 18447, where it was subse-

quently rediscovered by M. Sallé 1, and where several other collectors have met with it.

Mr. Sclater, who described M. Sallé’s specimens 1, afterwards? made a close com-

parison between it and P. atricapilius, which he was unable to do (for want of spe-

cimens) in his first notice of it. He was then able to point out that P. meridionalis

is a fairly well-defined species; and this view has been confirmed by subsequent

writers, who have left it full specific rank whilst placing several northern forms of

P. atricapilius as “varieties” of that bird. The real affinity of P. meridionalis, as

indicated by the absence of white edging to the feathers of the wings and tail, and

its short tail, seems to be with P. carolinensis, a species which is found in the Southern

States, and therefore geographically its nearest neighbour.

We have no account of the habits of P. meridionalis in Mexico; but it doubtless

resembles in this respect most other Pari. Though only known as an inhabitant of

Southern Mexico, we should not be surprised to hear of its being found in the Altos of

Guatemala towards the frontier of the State of Chiapas.

PSALTRIPARUS.

Psaltriparus, Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. xxxi. p. 478 (1850). (Type P. personatus, Bp., = Parus

melanotis, Hartl.)

This small genus contains three species, of which two are so closely allied as to be

deemed geographical varieties of one another by recent writers on North-American

birds; the third is well defined and is apparently exclusively found in Mexico and

Guatemala, being the sole representative of the Paride in the latter country. The

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Zool., Aves, Vol. 1, Fed. 1880. 8

58 PARIDA.

members of the genus are all of small size, and are distinguishable from Parus by

their long graduated tails, in which respect they approach the Old-World genus

Acredula.

1. Psaltriparus melanotis.

Parus melanotus, Sandbach, Rep. Brit. Assoc. iv. p. 99 (1887, descr. nulla)’.

Parus melanotis, Hartl. Rev. Zool. 1844, p. 216’.

Psaltriparus melanotis, Scl. P. Z. 8. 1858, p. 299°, 1864, p. 172*; Baird, Rev. Am. B. i. p. 84°;

Salv. Ibis, 1866, p. 190°; Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. i. p. 544"; Dugés, La

Naturaleza, i. p. 140°; Baird, Brew. & Ridgw, N. Am. B. i. p. 108°; Salv. Cat. Strickl.

Coll. p. 66°.

Psaltria personata, Westermann, Bijdrag Dierk. i. p. 16, t.”

Psaltriparus personatus, Bp. Compt. Rend. xxxi. p. 478”.

Supra fusco-brunneus, pileo toto plumbeo ; alis et cauda dorso fere concoloribus paulo cinerascentioribus, capitis

lateribus cum mento nigris; subtus rufescenti-albidus, gutture canescente ; rostro et pedibus nigris. Long.

tota. 4:0, ale 1:95, caude rectr. med. 2:2, rectr. lat. 1:7, tarsi 0°62. (Descr. maris ex La Parada, Mexico.

Mus. nostr.)

mari similis, sed loris et genis pallide brunneis nec nigris (cervicis posticis lateribus tantum nigris)

distinguenda. Iride, ave vivo, pallide straminea. (Descr. fem. ex Volcan de Fuego, Guatemala. Mus.

nostr.)

Hab. Mzxico1°, Guanajuato (Dugés§), La Parada (Boucard 3), Cayuilalpam (Saldé5),

valley of Mexico (White*, le Strange), alpine region of Vera Cruz (Sumichrast*) ;

GuateMALa 2, Solola®, Godines, Volcan de Fuego, San Lucas (0. 8. & F. D. G.).

This species, though previously indicated as an inhabitant of Mexico}, was first.

actually described from Guatemalan specimens”, where it is confined to the district of

the Altos, being found in most of the higher ranges of the Cordillera, between 7000 and

9000 feet above the sea. We observed it at several places in this region, between the

hills near Solola and the highest part of the road leading from the city of Guatemala

to Antigua. In its habits Psaltriparus melanotis much resembles Acredula caudata of

Europe. A small party of birds usually associate in a flock and fly from tree to tree,

one bird following another at short intervals. When congregated in a tree they are

restless like other Pari, and search the leaves and branches assiduously for food. In

Mexico the species seems to be also confined to the highlands. Prof. Sumichrast puts it

down as an inhabitant of the alpine region of the State of Vera Cruz, being found in

the mountains of San Diego at an elevation of over 6000 feet?. M. Boucard also found

it in the higher parts of the State of Oaxaca. Though included by Messrs. Baird, Brewer,

and Ridgway in their work on the birds of North America®, no specimens have as yet

been obtained in that country ; but Mr. Ridgway, when in the Humboldt Mountains of

Nevada, saw what he believed to be birds of this species. In life the iris of P. melanotis

is pale straw-colour.

AURIPARUS. 59

AURIPARUS.

‘Auriparus, Baird, Rev. Am. B. i. p. 85 (1864). (Type Agithalus flaviceps, Sundev.)

This genus, which contains but a single species, seems most nearly allied to Zyithalus,

differing from it in several points, especially in its short tarsi and its peculiar coloration.

Mr. Lawrence, who described the bird, as well as Sundevall, placed it in the genus

Conirostrum, a view which Dr. Coues* seems inclined to indorse. The presence of

the spurious primary, absent in Conirostrum, seems to preclude this view of its

affinities if this character is of the value usually attributed to it. Auriparus is at once

distinguishable from all other American Paride by its slender acuminate bill.

1. Auriparus flaviceps.

Aigithalus flaviceps, Sundev. Cify. Vet. Ak. Foérh. vii. p. 129°.

Psaltria flaviceps, Scl. P.Z. 8. 1856, p. 37”.

Auriparus flaviceps, Baird, Rev. Am. B. i. p. 85°; Baird, Brew. & Ridgw. N. Am. B. i. p. 111°;

Sennett, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. i. p. 121°; Merrill, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. iv. p. 6°.

Conirostrum ornatum, Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N.Y. v. p. 112, +. 5. f. 1%.

Supra fuscus, alis et cauda obscurioribus; capite toto flavo, pileo antico et fronte aurantiacis; subtus sordide

albidus flavido vix tinctus ; rostro et pedibus nigris. Long. tota 3-7, ale 1-9, caude 1:7, rostri arictu 0-45,

tarsi 0°55. (Descr. maris ex Cape San Lucas, Lower California. Mus. nostr.)

Hab. Norra America, valleys of the Rio Grande *® and Colorado +, Lower California 4.

—Mexico, El Paso (Emory *), Saltillo (Couch °).

This pretty species is quite unknown in Southern and Central Mexico, but occurs in

some numbers all along the northern frontier in the valleys of the Rio Grande and

Colorado, being specially abundant at Cape San Lucas in Lower California’. It breeds

throughout this district ; and its curious large nest, which is described as being shaped

something like a retort, has been noticed by most travellers in these regions. Except

as regards its nesting-habits, accounts of this species are rather scanty; but it is

described as having manners somewhat intermediate between those of the Tits and

Warblers, being, at the same time, usually very shy.

Fam, SITTIDZA.

SITTA.

Sitta, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 177 (1766).

The genus Sttta comprises about sixteen species, whereof five are found in the conti-

nent of North America; and of these, two enter our territory, being found in the high

mountains of Southern Mexico. Of the Old-World species five are variously distributed

throughout the Palearctic Region, and six are found in the Himalayas, India and

Burmah, these last being the most highly-coloured of the genus, and one of them,

* B, Col. Vall. i. p. 129.

8*

60 SITTIDZA.

S. magna, a giant amongst the rest. Though allied to the Paride, the Nuthatches

have sufficient differences of bill, feet, and general shape to justify their being placed

in a separate family. Dr. Coues has described these points very fully in his ‘Birds

of the Colorado Valley,’ where also a good account will be found of the habits of

several American species.

1. Sitta aculeata.

Sitta aculeata, Cass. Pr. Ac. Phil. viii. p. 254!; Baird, Rev. Am. B. p. 86’.

Sitta carolinensis, Scl. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 293°, 1858, p. 300*, 1859, pp. 363°, 373° (nec Latham).

Sitta carolinensis (vel aculeata), Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. i. p. 544”.

Sitta carolinensis, var. aculeata, Baird, Brew. & Ridgw. N. Am. B. i. p. 117°.

Sitta carolinensis aculeata, Coues, B. Col. Vall. i. p. 134°.

Supra cxruleo-plumbea, pileo toto cum nucha sericeo-nigris, superciliis et capitis lateribus cum gula albis,

corpore subtus fusco-albido, tibiis et crisso castaneis ; caude rectricibus mediis dorso concoloribus, reliquis

nigris, extimis utrinque pogonio externo (preter apicem) albis, his et duabus rectricibus utrinque proximis

apicem versus albo maculatis ; alis fusco-nigris, primariis intus ad basin albis, subalaribus nigerrimis ;

rostro obscure plumbeo, maxilla ad basin pallide corneo; pedibus corylinis. Long. tota 5:2, ale 3:6,

caude 1-9, rostri a rictu 0°85, tarsi 0°75. (Descr. exempl. ex Jalapa, Mexico. Mus. nostr.)

Hab. Western and middle provinces of Norra America®.—Mexico (Sallé?), La

Parada and Cinco Sefiores* (Boucard), Jalapa (de Oca*), Tierra fria (Je Strange),

Moyoapam and Popocatepetl (Sumichrast").

Mexican specimens of this Nuthatch belong to the western form of Sitta carolinensis

(which Cassin distinguished by the name S. aculeata), rather than to the eastern bird.

The difference, however, between the two is very slight, consisting chiefly in the

western bird having a much slenderer bill, and in the spots on the tertial feathers being

obsolete instead of well defined. Though granted full specific rank by Cassin 4, and by

Prof. Baird in his ‘ Review’, S. aculeata has since been placed as a “variety” or race

of S. carolinensis by writers on North-American birds®®. The relationship between

the two is undoubtedly close; but, we believe, intermediate links have not yet been

discovered connecting them. Anyhow, the position of the Mexican bird, with reference

to those of the north, is best shown by calling it Sitta aculeata. In Mexico a certain

amount of variation exists between birds of different localities, Mr. Sclater having

shown ° that Oaxaca specimens are smaller in all their dimensions than those from Vera

Cruz; but all possess the attenuated bill of 9. aculeata; and therefore the generally

smaller size of Oaxaca birds is, perhaps, of not much significance. This Nuthatch

would appear to be an inhabitant of the higher pine-forests of Southern Mexico, having

been obtained by Prof. Sumichrast at Moyoapam at an elevation of 8200 feet, and

at a great height on the sides of the volcano of Popocatepetl 7.

2. Sitta pygmea.

Sitta pygmea, Vig. Zool. Voy. Blossom, p. 25, t. 4. f. 21; Scl. P.Z.S. 1859, p. 83637; Baird, Rev.

. SITTA, 61

Am. B. i. p. 88°; Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H.i. p. 5444; Baird, Brew. & Ridgw.N,

Am. B. i. p. 120°; Coues, B. Col. Vall. i. p. 189°.

Supra czeruleo-plumbea, capite summo et nucha laterali brunnescentibus, loris et regione parotica paulo obscu-

rioribus, macula nuchali media alba; subtus sordide alba; alis nigris, secundariis intimis plumbeis, reliquis

plumbeo limbatis, primariis tertio, quarto et quinto ad basin albis et horum pogonio externo partim albo

limbatis ; rectricibus mediis dorso concoloribus, ad basin pro majore parte albis, reliquis nigris, duabus

extimis utrinque fascia obliqua alba notatis et ceruleo-plumbeo terminatis; rostro plumbeo-nigro, ad

basin pallidiore ; pedibus nigrescentibus. Long. tota 3°7, ale 2°75, caude 1:4, rostri a rictu 0-7, tarsi 0°6.

(Deser. exempl. ex Jalapa, Mexico. Mus. nostr.)

Hab. Wustern N. America, from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific °—Mextco, Jalapa

(de Oca?), Volcanoes of Orizaba and Popocatepetl (Swumichrast *).

This small Nuthatch was originally described by Vigors from specimens obtained

at Monterey during the voyage of H.M.S. ‘Blossom,’ under the command of Captain

Beechey!; and it has since been found to be very common in that locality and

throughout the western slope of the Rocky Mountains, from Washington Territory to

Southern California®. In Mexico it was found by de Oca?, who sent specimens from

Jalapa, which were probably obtained at a higher elevation, as Prof. Sumichrast tells

us‘ that it is an inhabitant of the alpine region, ascending to the extreme limits of

vegetation on the volcanoes of Orizaba and Popocatepetl. The habits of S. pygmea

have been fully described by American writers®®; but nothing concerning it in

Mexico has been recorded.

Fam. CERTHIIDA.

CERTHIA.

Certhia, Linnzus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 184 (1766).

This small but peculiar genus contains five species *, whereof C. familiaris is by

far the best known, having the widest range, being found throughout Europe and

North America; for it would now seem that C. americana is not really separable from

the Old-World bird. Three others are peculiar to the Himalayas, a fifth being found

in Mexico and Guatemala, southward of which points we find no trace of the genus.

1. Certhia mexicana.

Certhia mexicana, Reich. Handb. spez. Orn. p. 266 (ex Licht. Mus. Ber.) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 290’,

1858, p. 297°, 1859, pp. 862*, 372°; Baird, Rev. Am. B. i. p. 90°; Salv. Ibis, 1866, p. 190’;

Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. i. p. 544°.

Certhia familiaris, vax. mexicana, Baird, Brew. & Ridgw. N. Am. B. i. p. 128°; Coues, B. Col.

Vall. i. p. 146.

Supra obscure fusca ; capite summo, cervice postica et interscapulio albido striatis ; uropygio lete castaneo ; alis

nigro-brunneis, primariis et secundariis albido bisectis fasciam alarem formante, pogoniis externis apicem

versus albido marginatis, et plumis omnibus cum tectricibus alarum albo punctatis ; subtus fusco-albida,

gula fere alba, crisso rufescenti tincto ; rostri maxilla nigrescente, mandibula ad basin flavescente ; pedibus

* Cf. Dresser, ‘ Birds of Europe.’

62 CERTHIID 4.

obscure corylinis. Long. tota 5-1, ale 2°45, caudw 2°65, rostri a rictu 0°7, tarsi 0°55. (Deser. exempl. ex

Volcan de Fuego, Guatemala. Mus. nostr.)

Hab. Mzxtco, Ranchos de Suapam (Sal/é?), La Parada and Cinco Sefiores* (Boucard),

Jalapa (de Oca*), Orizaba (Je Strange), Moyoapam, Popocatepetl, Peak of Orizaba

(Sumichrast *); GuaveMata, Volcan de Fuego’, Totonicapam, ridge above San

Gerdnimo to Chilasco’? (0. 8S. & F. D, G.).

Though included in several works on North-American birds® !°, Certhia mexicana

does not seem to have ever been found so far north; nor have we any record of its

existence except in the higher mountains of Southern Mexico and Guatemala. Asa

species we are disposed to consider it quite distinct, a position that has of late not

always been conceded to it®. Granting that Certhia americana of North America

is inseparable from the European C. familiaris, C. mexicana seems to be always distin-

guishable by its altogether darker colouring, the richer chestnut of the rump, and the

colour of the under surface, which contrasts strongly with the white under-plumage

of its congener—differences which we have never, so far as the Guatemalan specimens

are concerned, seen destroyed by examples of intermediate character. This view is not

quite in accordance with that adopted by Mr. Dresser in his ‘ Birds of Europe,’ where

he unites the Mexican and North-American birds with Certhia familiaris, whilst he

admits the distinctness of the Guatemalan bird. An examination of more Mexican

specimens than we possess would settle the point; in the meantime our view is probably

most in accordance with fact.

In Southern Mexico Certhia mexicana seems to be exclusively found in the higher

mountains, Prof. Sumichrast including it amongst the birds of the alpine region of the

State of Vera Cruz, being found on the lofty volcanoes of Orizaba and Popocatepetl 8.

In Guatemala we only found it in districts where extensive tracts of pine trees grow,

such as the upper part of the Volcan de Fuego, at an elevation of from 10,200 feet to

between 11,000 and 12,000 feet, and also near Totonicapam, as high as 10,000 feet.

In Vera Paz we found it at a much lower elevation, amongst the pine trees'on the spur

of the range overlooking the plain of San Gerdnimo, where the Indian ruins which

now go by the name of Pueblo Viejo stand, which are less than 4000 feet above the

sea. Near the same district we also found it at Santa Barbara, and in the pine-forests

on the road to Chilasco, at an elevation of about 6000 feet.

The habits and notes of the species seemed quite to resemble those of the well-

known European bird.

Fam. TROGLODYTIDA.

CAMPYLORHYNCHUS.

Campylorhynchus, Spix, Ay. Bras. i. p. 77 (1824).

Heleodytes, Cabanis, Mus. Hein. i. p. 80 (1850). (Type Formicarius griseus, Sw.)

There are seventeen or eighteen species in this genus, all having a general structural

TROGLODYTIDA. 63

resemblance, but showing some diversity in colour. Two genera have usually been

admitted under the names given above; but the characters dividing them are very

slight, and some species have been placed first in one genus and then in the other.

The formation of the nostril is the chief character by which they have been sought to

be distinguished ; but this proves to be not very trustworthy, such species as C. jocosus

forming a connecting link between the two.

With the exception of one species found all along the southern frontier of the

United States, and another in the promontory of Lower California, all the species

belong to the Neotropical Region, Mexico and Central America being the metropolis

of the genus, where no less than half its members are found. In South America

Campylorhynchus ranges over nearly the whole country as far south as Bolivia; but

none of the species are specifically the same as those of Central America.

The various species are usually somewhat gregarious in their habits, as many as ten

or twelve individuals being often found together, except during the breeding-season.

Though C. brunneicapillus is credited with a powerful song, our experience of these

birds is that their notes are harsh, and that their song, if such it may be called, is

far inferior to that of many Troglodytide.

A. HELEODYTES.

Nares aperte subrotundate ; pileus fere unicolor.

a. Nares aperte, fere rotunde ; nucha haud striata.

1, Campylorhynchus albibrunneus.

Heleodytes albobrunneus, Lawr. Ibis, 1862, p. 10‘; Ann. Lyc. N. Y. vii. p. 4707; Scl. & Salv.

P.Z.S. 1864, p. 344°.

Campylorhynchus albibrunneus, Baird, Rev. Am. B. i. p. 98 *.

Brunneus, capite toto, cervice et corpore subtus cum tectricibus subalaribus pure albis, erisso brunneo subob-

solete transfasciato ; rostro et pedibus obscure brunneis. Long. tota 7:3, ale 3°83, caude 3:1, rostri a

rictu 1:1, tarsi 1-05. (Descr. maris ex San Pablo, Panama. Mus. nostr.)

Hab. Panama, Veraguas (Arcé), Frijole* and Lion-Hill Stations (M‘Leannan}?), San-

Pablo Station (0. 8.3).

This peculiar species has a very restricted range, all the specimens (with one exception)

that we have seen having been obtained at some one of the stations on the Panama

railway. It goes a little further into the Isthmus, having been sent from the neigh-

bourhood of Veraguas by Arcé.

Mr. Lawrence first described it in ‘The Ibis’ from specimens sent him by M‘Leannan!,

and afterwards included it in one of his lists of Panama birds? When crossing the

Isthmus in 1863, Salvin shot a bird of this species in some low trees near the railway

at San-Pablo Station. It was seen climbing about the outer branches of a tree

with the restless habits of a true Campylopterus °.

64 TROGLODYTIDA,

2, Campylorhynchus capistratus.

Picolaptes capistrata, Less. Rev. Zool. 1842, p. 174°; Des Murs, Icon. Orn. pl. 632.

Campylorhynchus capistratus, Scl. P. Z. 8. 1859, pp. 363°, 371°; Scl. & Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 8°;

P. Z. 8. 1870, p. 836°; Taylor, Ibis, 1860, p. 317"; Baird, Rev. Am. B. i. p. 104°; Salv.

Ibis, 1866, p. 202°; Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ix. p. 92”.

Heleodytes capistratus, Cab. J. f. Orn. 1860, p. 409”.

Campylorhynchus rufinucha, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1845, p. 339”; Less. Descr. Mamm, et Ois. p. 285”;

Baird, Rev. Am. B. i. p. 105"; Salv. Ibis, 1866, p. 191”.

Troglodytes (Campylorhynchus) cervicalis, Licht. fide Cab. J. f. Orn. 1860, p. 409”.

Supra lete castaneus, uropygio nigro transfasciato, capite summo et stria transoculari nigris; alis fusco-nigris,

extus castaneo variegatis ; cauda nigra, rectricibus maculis subapicalibus albis notatis, apicibus ipsis

sordide griseo-fuscis, rectricibus duabus mediis fasciis quinque imperfectis ornatis, rectricum duarum

utrinque extimarum pogonio externo albo maculato; corpore subtus et superciliis albis ochraceo vix

tinctis ; rostro corneo, mandibule basi albicante ; pedibus corylinis. Long. tota 0-7, ale 2°85, caudz 2:8,

rostri a rictu 11, tarsi 1-0. (Deser. maris ex Escuintla, Guatemala. Mus. nostr.)

Obs. Specimina quedam dorsum conspicue striatum habent, crissum fasciatum, et hypochondria maculis

paucis nigris notata (unde Campylopterus rufinucha, Baird, ex Lafresnaye).

Hab. Mexico!®, Vera Cruz (A. Lesson'*), Jalapa (de Oca*), Juquila and Playa Vicente

(Boucard*), Mirador (Sartorius *®), Chico (Mus. Ber.16; British Honpuras, Belize 5;

GuaTEMALA, plain of Zacapa, Chuacus’® and Trapiche Grande in the Motagua

valley, Savana Grande, Escuintla, Naranjo, and Retalhuleu in the Pacific-coast

region (0. S. & F. D. G.); Saw Sarvapor, Acajutla and La Union (0. S.);

Honpuras, near the Pacific (Taylor’), San Pedro (G. Ml. Whitely®); Nicaraeva,

Realejo (Lesson), San Juan del Sur (0. S.); Costa Rica, Punta Arenas (J. U.

Dow), San Mateo (J. Cooper 1°), Bebedero (Arcé).

There has long been considerable doubt whether the bird described by Lesson from

Realejo as Picolaptes capistrata 1 is distinct from one from Mexico, called by Lafresnaye

Campylorhynchus rufinucha—the latter having the back conspicuously striped and the

flanks sparsely spotted with black, the former having the back plain chestnut and the

flanks without marks. Des Murs?, when figuring the type of C. capistratus, considered

C. rufinucha to have been applied to a younger individual of the former; and this

view was generally accepted until Prof. Baird wrote his ‘Review of American Birds’

and reinstated C. rufinucha as a species 4. We were at one time 5 disposed to follow

Prof. Baird in thus recognizing two species ; but now, by the light of additional speci-

mens, we doubt the existence of more than one; for the extent of the markings of

the back is found to be variable, and not correlated with the spotting of the flanks.

Nor can we fix the birds with spotted backs to any special locality. Prof. Baird sup-

posed C. rufinucha to be the species of Eastern Mexico; but we trace it in some of its

characters to Costa Rica, specimens of the true C. capistratus being found at immediate

points.

C. capistratus has a wide range in Central America, being found from the State of

Vera Cruz in Mexico to Costa Rica. It nowhere occurs at a higher elevation than

CAMPYLORHYNCHUS. 65

about 3000 feet, and descends to the sea-level. In Western Mexico its place is taken

by C. humilis; but in Western Guatemala it is very abundant, and thence passes down

the coast of the Pacific, through San Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua, to the Gulf

of Nicoya in Costa Rica. On the eastern side it is found, as already stated, in Vera

Cruz ; it also occurs in the valley of the Motagua in Guatemala }, and near San Pedro

in Honduras ¢,

Though found in the outskirts of forests, its favourite resort is the more open parts

of the country where Mimose abound. In such a district we found it nesting in the

neighbourhood of Chuacus, the nest being placed in a low tree. This nest was a large

loose structure, rather elongated in shape, with the opening at the end of the longer

axis. The species is a restless noisy one, and has no song worthy of the name.

*

3. Campylorhynchus humilis,

Campylorhynchus humilis, Scl. Pr. Ac. Phil. 1856, p. 263°; Baird, Rev. Am. B. i. p. 1077;

Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H.i. p. 545°; Lawr. Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. ii. p. 267°;

Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 4, p. 13°.

C. capistrato similis, sed minor, capite toto summo rufescente nec nigro et stria rictali utrinque nigra distin-

guendus. Long. tota 6-0, ala 26, caude 2-3, rostri a rictu 0:9, tarsi 0°8. (Descr. maris ex Tehuan-

tepeque. Mus. nostr.)

Hab. Mexico, Mazatlan (Bell 1°), Colima (Xantus?*), San Juan del Rio (Rébouch),

Juchitan (Swmichrast *), Santa Efigenia and Tehuantepec city (Swmichrast ®).

This species is restricted in its range to Western Mexico, being found only in the

States bordering the Pacific from Mazatlan to the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. It has

been reported from Orizaba?, but incorrectly, as Prof. Sumichrast has shown®. The

last-named naturalist states ° that it is the most common species of the genus on the

shores of the Gulf of Tehuantepec, and is found as far as San Carlos on the road to

Oaxaca. It is, he says, a lively bird, whose song at the time of mating is agreeable and

varied. Except at this time, when it lives in pairs, it is almost always seen in small

flocks. Campylorhynchus humilis was originally described by Mr. Sclater from a specimen

in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, brought from

Mazatlan by Mr. Bell 1, whence other specimens have since been obtained and compared

with the type by Prof. Baird?. In general appearance C. humilis is not unlike

C. capistratus, but is quite distinct from it, as pointed out above. It seems, however,

to take the place of that species in Western Mexico, the two never being found

together.

The iris of this species in life is described as of a bright brick-red colour, the bill

blackish, and the basal half of the mandible and feet light plumbeous 4,

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Zool., Aves, Vol. 1, Fed. 1880. 9

66 TROGLODYTIDA.

b. Nares aperte, ovales; nucha striata.

4. Campylorhynchus jocosus.

Campylorhynchus jocosus, Scl. P. Z. 8. 1859, p.371*; Cat. Am. B. p. 17, t.8 >; Baird, Rev. Am. B.

i. p. 106°; Lawr. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 4, p. 18 i

Sordide brunneus, capite summo nigricantiore, dorsi plumis nigro ocellatis et medialiter albo punctatis ; cervice

postica albo nigroque striata; superciliis albis, stria transoculari et altera (valde obsoleta) rictali nigris ;

alis fusco-nigricantibus, tectricibus sicut in dorso pictis, remigibus extus brunneo regulariter transvittatis ;

cauda nigricante, supra (cum uropygio) brunneo regulariter transfasciata, rectricibus duabus utrinque

extimis in pogonio externo albo distincte maculatis, rectricibus quatuor utrinque extimis fascia subapicali

alba notatis; subtus lactescenti-albus, pectore toto et abdomine maculis rotundis nigris conspicue notatis,

gula immaculata ; rostro nigro, pedibus corylinis. Long. tota 6°5, ale 28, caude 2:5, rostri a rictu 1-1,

tarsi 0-95. (Deser. exempl. ex Oaxaca, Mexico. Mus. nostr.)

t

Hab. Mexico, Oaxaca 1, Tehuacan 2 (Boucard), Don Dominguello (Sumichrast *).

Little is known of this species, which has a restricted range in Mexico, extending from

Tehuacan to Oaxaca. It was first discovered by M. Boucard near the latter town ; and his

specimens were described by Mr. Sclater. Since then other naturalists have found it

in the same district. The iris of the living bird is described as of a red-brown colour ;

the bill blackish, and the feet dusky ash 4.

5. Campylorhynchus gularis.

Campylorhynchus gularis, Scl. P.Z.S. 1860, p. 462°; Baird, Rev. Am. B. i. p. 109°.

Supra brunneus, dorsi plumis omnibus nigro ocellatis et medialiter albo punctatis, cervice postica albo nigroque

conspicue striata; pileo toto brunnescenti-rufo unicolori, superciliis elongatis albis, stria postoculari et

altera rictali utrinque nigris ; alis fusco-nigricantibus, tectricibus sicut in dorso pictis, remigum pogonio

externo pallide brunneo regulariter transvittato ; cauda nigricante, apice late sordide albo, rectricibus

quatuor mediis pallide brunneo variegatis, duabus proximis utrinque in pogonio externo rufescente albido

maculatis, duabus extimis in utroque pogonio maculis magnis albis notatis; subtus lactescenti-albus,

ventre rufescente, pectoris lateribus et hypochondriis nigro sparse maculatis; rostro plumbeo, pedibus

pallide corylinis. Long. tota 7-0, ale 2-8, caude 2°8, rostri a rictu 0°85, tarsi 0°85. (Descr. exempl.

typici ex Mexico. Mus. P. L. Sclater.)

Hab. Mexico t.

A single skin, obtained by Mr. Sclater from Mr. Gould in 1860, is all that is known

of this species. The precise locality where it was obtained is not recorded; but the

skin is made up somewhat in the manner of Floresi’s preparations; and as many of

that travellers’ skins came into Mr. Gould’s possession, it is not improbable that this

skin once formed part of this collection. Floresi worked in Central Mexico, of the

ornithology of which hardly any thing is known at present. Prof. Baird has suggested 2

that C. gularis is nearly related to C. humilis, differing from it chiefly in its spotted

chest and flanks, and in the conspicuous longitudinal marks on the neck behind. It

has also a shorter, more decurved bill; but the coloration of the head in both species is

CAMPYLORHYNCHUS. 67

similar. The colouring of the hind neck connects it with C. jocosus, which is really its

nearest ally.

B. CaMPYLORHYNCHUS.

Nares sublineate, operculo sensim obtecte.

c. Pileus fere unicolor; dorsum longitudinaliter striatum.

6. Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus.

Picolaptes brunneicapillus, Lafy. Mag. Zool. 1835, cl. ii. pl. 47*; Heermann, Journ. Ac. Phil.

ii. p. 263°; Dugés, La Naturaleza, i. p. 140°.

Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus, Baird, Rev. Am. B. i. p. 99*; Dresser, Ibis, 1865, p. 483°; Baird,

Brew. & Ridgw. N. Am. B. i. p. 182°; Coues, B. Col. Vall. i. p. 156”.

Supra brunneus, pileo toto unicolori; dorso toto maculis elongatis albis nigro utrinque limbatis notato; alis

extusrufescente albo frequenter transfasciatis; cauda nigra, rectricibus mediis pallide brunneo indistincte

transfasciatis, extimis maculis magnis albis in utroque pogonio notatis; subtus albus, abdomine imo et

tibiis rufescente tinctis, pectore toto, gutture imo et hypochondriis maculis rotundis nigris permaculatis ;

crisso albescente maculis magnis nigris notato; rostro obscure plumbeo, mandibule basi albicante ;

pedibus pallide corylinis. Long. tota 7-0, ale 3:2, caude 3:0, rostri a rictu 1:1, tarsi 1-0. (Deser.

femine ex Mexico. Mus. nostr.)

Hab. Norta America, Rio Grande ® and Colorado valleys, Southern California, Utah,

and Nevada °.—Mexico, Guaymas (Heermann *), Guanajuato (Dugés 3), valley of

Mexico (le Strange).

Though apparently common all along the northern frontier of Mexico, from the

Atlantic to the Pacific, the only evidences we have of the occurrence of C. brunnei-

capillus further south are the statement of Dugés of its being found at Guanajuato

and the specimens brought home by Mr. le Strange from the vicinity of the city of

Mexico, one of which, through his kindness, we have in our collection. On the

northern frontier it is described by naturalists who have worked in that region?® as

frequenting very arid country where cacti abound, its partiality to that plant having

gained for it the name of the “‘Cactus-Wren.” It even builds its loose purse-shaped

nest in the cactus-plants, making it outwardly of grass and straw, and lining it with

cotton or feathers+. Its notes are described as harsh and scolding, but its song as clear

and ringing °,

Lafresnaye’s description and figure ! are, as Prof. Baird says, not satisfactory ; and as

the locality of the original specimen is supposed to have been either California or Peru,

there is a possibility that a different species from the one now under consideration

should bear the name C. brunneicapilius. This name, however, has always been

associated with the present species ; and it is universally admitted that it would be unwise

to disturb matters except on better grounds for so doing than at present exist.

Q*

68 TROGLODYTIDA.

7. Campylorhynchus guttatus.

Thryothorus guttatus, Gould, P. Z. 8. 1836, p. 89°.

Campylorhynchus guttatus, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1846, p. 94°; Baird, Rev. Am. B. i. p. 108°; Lawr.

Ann. Lye. N. Y. ix. p. 199%.

C. brunneicapillo affinis, sed supra paulo grisescentior et pileo pallidius brunneo, maculis corporis subtus multo

paucioribus et in hypochondriis nec rotundis sed transversim extensis, abdomine quoque albicante nec

rufescente differt. Long. ale 2°85, caude 3:1, rostri a rictu 1:2, tarsi 1. (Deser. exempl. ex Progreso

Yucatan [Smiths. Inst. no. 42401]. Mus. nostr.)

Hab. Mexico !, Progreso and Celestin, Yucatan (Schott *).

Though described many years ago by Mr. Gould! nothing further was known of

this species until Dr. Schott obtained several specimens of it in Northern Yucatan *,

where it would appear to be not uncommon, and where, we should not be surprised to

find, it is exclusively found. Prof. Baird, judging from the description, rightly con-

jectured that its closest ally would prove to be C. brunneicapillus, and even supposed

that it might be the same as that species. Dr. Schott’s specimens, however, which

came into Mr. Lawrence’s hands for examination, enabled that naturalist to point out

the differences between the two birds; and these differences we have given in our

diagnosis.

No notes have as yet reached us on the habits of C. guttatus.

d. Pileus variegatum ; dorsum transversim striatum.

8. Campylorhynchus zonatus.

Picolaptes zonatus, Less. Cent. Zool. p. 210, t. 70°.

Campylorhynchus zonatus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 2237; Scl. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 290°, 1859, p. 363°; Salv.

' & Sel. Ibis, 1860, p. 29°; Baird, Rev. Am. B.i. p. 104°; Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc.

N. H. i. p. 5457; Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ix. p. 92°; Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 4, p. 13°.

Campylorhynchus nigriceps, Scl. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 461; Baird, Rev. Am. B. 1. p. 109”.

Supra nigricans albido transfasciatus, plumis pilei griseo marginatis, collo postico albo striolato, superciliis in-

distinctis griseo-albidis ; cauda nigra fulvescente transfasciata, rectricibus mediis grisescentibus; subtus

albidus, ventre toto et crisso late rufescentibus, gutture toto crebre maculis nigris notato, hypochondriis

nigro transfasciatis ; rostro corneo, mandibule basi albicante ; pedibus flavescenti-olivaceis. Long. tota 7°5,

ale 3:3, caude 3-5, rostri a rictu 1°15, tarsi 1-1. (Descr. exempl. ex Choctum, Guatemala. Mus. nostr.)

Juv. (C. nigriceps, Scl.) supra niger fulvescenti lato maculatus, pileo omnino nigro; subtus fulvescens maculis

vix ullis. (Descr. exempl. ex Volcan de Fuego, Guatemala. Mus. nostr.)

Hab. Muxico? (le Strange), Cordova (Sallé*), Jalapa (de Oca‘), Mirador (Sartorius °),

Orizaba (Swmichrast"), Guichicovi (Sumichrast®); GuaveMaLa, near Duefias®,

Volcan de Fuego, Tactic, Coban, Choctum, Alotepeque® (0. 8. & F. D. G.);

Costa Rica, Turrialba and Cervantes (J. Carmiol 8), Tucurriqui (Arcé, J. Zeledon ey.

This bird was originally described by Lesson as coming from California!; but this

CAMPYLORHYNCHUS. 69

locality has long since been proved to be erroneously ascribed to it, as it has never yet

been found further north than Southern Mexico. Here, however, it would appear to

be common in the temperate region of the eastern part of the country up to an

elevation of 4300 feet, thence spreading to the hot lands of the State of Vera Cruz’.

In Guatemala its distribution is extensive, including the low-lying lands north of

Coban, as well as Alotepeque on the frontier of Honduras. In the forests of the

Volcan de Fuego and the hills about Duefias it is very common. “ It is generally found

in companies of eight or ten, or even more, which usually keep about the upper

branches of the forest-trees. Its cry is loud and incessant, having little resemblance to

that of a Wren. Its flight, however, is rather Wren-like. It builds a large loose

nest, composed chiefly of dried vegetable matter, including dead flowers, and measuring

fifteen inches in depth and twelve in diameter. One we ascended to was in the upper

branches of a tree, and had a side entrance near the top. It contained neither eggs

nor young, though the old birds passed in and out several times. '

In the higher parts of Costa Rica C. zonatus would appear to be just as common as

in Guatemala; but it is absent from the intervening country, and further south we

have no trace of it. In Colombia a near ally is found in C. zonatoides.

The young of C. zonatus differs considerably from the adult, having a black head and

the under surface without the black spots of the old bird. These differences led Mr.

Sclater to describe the young as C. nigriceps and to compare it with the black-headed

C. capistratus 1°. The real position of C. nigriceps was shrewdly suspected by Prof.

Sumichrast’; and his opinion has since been confirmed by specimens obtained by us,

which, though agreeing with the types of C. nigriceps, are undoubtedly young examples

of C. zonatus.

There is considerable diversity between individual specimens of the adult bird as

regards the number of spots on the throat and breast. In some these are much more

thickly spread than in others; but the variation does not seem to be due either to a

difference of sex or of locality, but are simply individual peculiarities.

The iris of C. zonatus in life is cinnamon-red, the maxilla black, the mandible horny,

and the feet yellowish olive °,

9. Campylorhynchus pallescens.

Campylorhynchus pallescens, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1846, p. 93°; Baird, Rev. Am. B.i. p.101*; Sumi-

chrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. i. p. 544°.

Campylorhynchus megalopterus, Scl. P.Z.S. 1858, p. 298*, 1859, pp. 363°, 371° (nec Lafr.).

C. zonato affinis, sed supra grisescentior maculis pallidis transversis latioribus et cauda magis distincte trans-

fasciata ; subtus fere omnino griseo-albus, maculis fuscis paucioribus notatus. Long. tota 6-8, ale 3-4,

caude 3:1, rostri a rictu 0-9, tarsi 1-1. (Descr. exempl. ex Jalapa, Mexico. Mus. nostr.)

Juv. C. zonato ejusdem etatis similis, sed omnino grisescentior et subtus ventre magis distincte fasciato

distinguendus. (Deser. exempl. ex Mexico, Mus. nostr.)

70 TROGLODYTID A.

Hab. Mextco1, La Parada‘ and Llano Verde® (Boucard), Jalapa (de Oca5), Orizaba

(Sumichrast *, le Strange).

For some years this bird was supposed by Mr. Sclater to be the Picolaptes mega-

lopterus of Lafresnaye, described in 1845 ; but Prof. Baird, who examined the question

very fully 2, came to the conclusion that the name C. pallescens was more strictly

applicable to it; and his verdict has since been allowed to stand.

The species is restricted in its range to the highlands of Southern Mexico, the

alpine region of the States of Vera Cruz and Oaxaca being its home, where it

would appear to be by no means uncommon. Prof. Sumichrast 3 gives as its vertical

range 5000 to 6500 feet, and says that he does not doubt that de Oca’s specimens

from Jalapa were obtained in the neighbouring mountains. It would thus seem to

occupy a more elevated tract of country in Mexico than C. zonatus, which is also found

in the same States.

We have no trace of the species in Guatemala, or elsewhere in Central America ;

but in Ecuador a closely allied bird, C. balteatus, occurs, in the western parts of that

country. :

Of the true C. megalopterus, said by its describer, Lafresnaye, to be from Mexico, we

have had no tidings of late years; nor has it been satisfactorily shown to what country

it actually belongs, if, indeed, it is really distinct from C. pallescens.

SALPINCTES.

Salpinctes, Cabanis, Arch. f. Naturg. xiii. p. 823 (1847) (type Zroglodytes obsoletus, Say); Baird,

Rev. Am. B. i. p. 109.

This genus and Catherpes have remarkably weak feet and toes compared with other

genera of Troglodytide, the lateral toes being very short. This is especially the case

in Salpinctes, in which the inner toe (without the claw) falls short of the distal end of

the second phalange of the middle toe, and the outer toe hardly passes it. All the

claws in these two genera are much compressed, and have a deep lateral depression on

each side. The tarsus in Salpinctes is peculiar in having the posterior surface enclosed

in several scutelle instead of a single plate, as in Catherpes and Troglodytide generally.

The bill is long, and depressed in a rather abrupt curve towards the end, near which a

slight notch is visible on the cutting-edge. The nostril is elongated, a membrane

slightly overhanging it. The nasal opening is pointed at its distal and rounded at its

proximal ead. The texture of the plumage is soft.

Until quite recently, Sadpinctes contained but a single species, though Catherpes was

for some time associated with it. A second species or race has since been discovered

inhabiting the small island of Guadalupe, situated in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of

California *,

* Ridgway, Bull. U.S. Geol. & Geogr. Surv. of Terr. ii, no. 2. p. 185.

SALPINCTES. 71

The metropolis of the genus is the Rocky Mountains, whence it spreads through the

Mexican and Guatemalan highlands.

1. Salpinctes obsoletus.

Troglodytes obsoleta, Say, Long’s Exp. ii. p. 4".

Salpinctes obsoletus, Cab. Arch. f. Naturg. xiii. p. 3237; Scl. P. Z. S. 1859, p. 871°; Scl. & Salv.

Ibis, 1860, p. 830‘; Baird, Rev. Am. B. i. p. 110°; Dugés, La Natur. i. p. 139°; Lawr.

Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 4, p.1387; Baird, Brew. & Ridgw. N. Am. B.i. p.185°; Coues,

B. Col. Vall. i. p. 159°.

Troglodytes latifasciatus, Licht. Preis-Verz. mex. Vég. p. 2” (J. f. Orn. 1863, p. 57).

Supra fusco-griseus obsolete fusco transfasciatus, plumis singulis maculis albis (apicalibus) et nigris (sub-

apicalibus) notatis, uropygio rufescente ; alis et cauda media fuscis nigro frequenter transfasciatis, rectri-

cibus lateralibus fulvo et nigro late transfasciatis; superciliis indistincte albidis; subtus albescens,

hypochondriis paulo rufescentibus, gula sparsim nigro striata, abdomine toto maculis paucis nigris

notato, crisso nigro variegato ; rostro et pedibus obscure corneis. Long. tota 5:5, ale 2°6, caude 2:1,

tarsi 0°8, rostri a rictu 0-85. (Descr. exempl. ex Cachil, Guatemala. Mus. nostr.)

Hab. Central region of NortH America and Lower California ®.—Mexico, Coahuila

(Couch *), Guanajuato (Dugés*), Apam (le Strange), Oaxaca (Boucard?), Caco-

prieto, Tehuantepec (Sumichrast"); Guatemaua ‘*, Quezaltenango, Salama, Rabinal,

Quiché, and Jutiapa (0.8. & F.D.G.); Saw Satvapor, Volcan de Conchagua (0.8.).

The Rock-Wren (by which name this bird is commonly known in the United States)

has a wide range throughout the Rocky Mountains, where it was first discovered by Say,

who accompanied Long’s expedition !. It is found from British Columbia and Vancouver’s

Island to Cape San Lucas, and southwards through Mexico to Guatemala and even as

far as the Gulf of Fonseca. It is, however, generally considered an inland rather than

a coast species, and in the mountains is found at considerable elevations. Its nesting-

habits are well known; and observations respecting them have been collected by Dr.

Coues in his ‘ Birds of the Colorado Valley’!. Though noticed by many travellers in

Mexico, we have no further account of it in that country beyond records of the places

where it is found. In Guatemala it often came under our observation, as it occurs in

some numbers in the hills surrounding the plain of Salama wherever open stony places

are found. Thus, when descending the Salama side of the Cuesta of Chuacus we

usually saw these birds about some old walls near the foot of the hill; and, again, near

the summit of the Cuesta of Cachil on the Coban road birds were seldom absent.

These places are at the comparatively low elevation of from 3000 to 4000 feet above

the sea. Salpinctes obsoletus, however, was more numerous about Quezaltenango, at an

elevation of 8000 feet, the stony barren hill-sides of that district being apparently well

suited to its habits. It is probably a resident species in Guatemala as elsewhere; our

specimens were obtained at Cachil in November, and at Quezaltenango in August; and

it was observed at the latter place in February. In March, too, Salvin observed it at

72 TROGLODYTIDA.

the top of the volcano of Conchagua, at an elevation of about 4000 feet, this mountain

forming the north-western extremity of the Gulf of Fonseca. Here, too, it was on open

barren stony ground. The wide gap in the range of this species between Conchagua

and Quezaltenango is partly bridged by specimens having been observed near Jutiapa,

in Guatemala, not far from the frontier of San Salvador.

There is considerable diversity in the plumage of different specimens of this species,

due, we believe, to season or age. Our Quezaltenango specimens, shot in August, have

none of the characteristic black and white spots on the back; but the whole upper

surface is transversely barred with black, giving the bird a very different appearance ;

a close examination, however, reveals a few freshly-moulting feathers of the normal

type; so that we are led to infer that these specimens are either young birds or old

ones in abraded plumage. A Cachil specimen killed in November is exactly like one

from the Yellowstone River.

Concerning the name Troglodytes latifasciatus 1 little can be said, except that it may

apply to this species. The description is exceedingly meagre; and, moreover, a fruitless

search in the Berlin Museum for Lichtenstein’s type leaves us with nothing but the

description upon which to form an opinion.

CATHERPES.

Catherpes, Baird, B. N. Am. p. 356 (1858). (Type Thryothorus mexicanus, Sw.)

Though the feet are somewhat stouter in this genus than in Salpinctes, the relative

length of the toes is about the same, and the feet are more feeble than in other

Troglodytide. The posterior covering of the tarsus is of the normal type, being a

single plate instead of several, as in Salpinctes. The bill is long and slender, and

without subterminal notch. The nostril is shaped much as in Salpinctes.

Two species constitute this genus, one of which, C. mexicanus, is rather variable in

its characters, at least in Mexico, but more stable towards the northern limits of its

range. The second species is only known from a single specimen obtained in the

Mexican State of Vera Cruz.

1. Catherpes mexicanus.

Thryothorus mexicanus, Sw. Zool. Tl. ser. 2. i. t. 11°.

Salpinctes mexicanus, Cab. Arch. f. Naturg. xiii. p. 323°; Scl. P.Z. S. 1857, p. 212°, 1858, p. 2974.

Catherpes mexicanus, Baird, B. N. Am. p- 356°; Scl. P. Z. 8. 1864, p.172°; Baird, Rev. Am. B. i.

p. 111’; Dresser, Ibis, 1865, p. 484°; Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. i. p. 545°; Lawr.

Mem. Bost. Soc. N, H. ii. p. 268"; Dugts, La Natur. i. p. 139",

Catherpes mexicanus, var. conspersus, Baird, Brew. & Ridgw. N. Am. B. i. p. 189”,

Catherpes mexicanus conspersus, Coues, B. Col. Vall. i. p. 164”°.

Troglodytes murarius, Licht. Preis-Verz. mex. Vog. p. 2™ (J. f. Orn, 1863, p. 57).

CATHERPES. es:

Thriothorus guttulatus, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1839, p. 99”.

Certhia albifrons, Girard, B. Texas, t. 18%.

Supra nigro-brunneus, pileo obscuriore ; dorso toto et cervicis lateribus albo nigroque stellato; cauda rufa

nigro anguste transfasciata, supracaudalibus rufis nigro maculatis ; alis fuscis nigro obsolete transfasciatis ;

subtus gutture toto albo, pectore rufo, ventre brunneo punctulis nigris albido terminatis notato; rostro

obscure corneo, mandibule basi albicante; pedibus nigris. Long. tota 5:5, ale 2:5, caude 2-1, tarsi 0°8,

rostri a rictu 1-1. (Deser. exempl. ex Tehuantepec. Mus. nostr.)

Hab. South-western parts of Centrat Norta America, Utah, Colorado, Arizona, Texas ®,

&c.12 13,—Mexico 4, Tepic (Grayson 1°), Guadalaxara (Grayson, Dugés1!), Guana-

juato (Dugés 11), Real del Monte (Morgan '), Rio Coahuayana (Xantus’), Mirador

(Sartorius), Yuantepec (Deppe, Mus. Berol.), valley of Mexico (White >, le Strange,

Sumichrast®), Orizaba (Botteri*), State of Vera Cruz (Sumichrast®), Oaxaca

(Boucard *), Santa Efigenia, Tehuantepec (Sumichrast).

Specimens of this Wren from America north of Mexico have been separated from

the Mexican bird by Mr. Ridgway as a geographical race under the name of Catherpes

mexicanus, var. conspersus 2; the differences observable between the two being stated to

be the greater curvature of the bill of the northern bird, the head and neck above being

thickly marked with white spots, the colours of the under surface more blended, as well

as other minor points. The validity of these distinctions is confirmed by Dr. Coues }%,

and, we have no doubt, indicate that the northern bird is fairly constant in its characters.

But when Mexican examples are compared, we find great diversity both in the size of

the bill and in the coloration of the plumage. A specimen from Sallé’s collection

from Southern Mexico is barely distinguishable from one of Mr. Henshaw’s specimens

from Arizona, whilst a Tehuantepec example exhibits all the characters attributed by

Mr. Ridgway to the true C. mexicanus. We possess other Mexican specimens which

are intermediate, having the bill of the southern bird and the plumage of the northern.

It would seem, then, that C. mexicanus is a variable species in Mexico, but that in the

northern parts of its range it is more constant in its characters.

The Mexican bird was first described by Swainson in 18291 from specimens obtained

at Real del Monte. Two years afterwards Lichtenstein named Deppe’s birds as

Troglodytes murarius**, under which name the specimens still stand in the Berlin

Museum. Again, in 1839, Lafresnaye renamed it Thryothorus guttulatus © ; and, lastly,

in 1841, Giraud included it amongst his sixteen birds of Texas, under the title of

Certhia albifrons 16, All these names apply to the Mexican race.

In North America C. mexicanus is usually found in the cafions of the south-western

portion of the United States, which form so characteristic a feature in the physical

geography of that district; and from this, its favourite resort, it is called the Cafion

Wren 3, But it by no means only frequents such barren localities, being also found

about walls and houses, where its familiar habits make it a general favourite’ 2, Its

song is described as a series of loud clear notes, uttered in a simple descending scale 1°.

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Zool., Aves, Vol. 1, Heb. 1880. 10

74 TROGLODYTIDZ.

It breeds amongst rocks and in walls, laying four white eggs thickly covered with large

blotches of a reddish or cinnamon-brown !.

In Mexico Catherpes mexicanus seems to be universally distributed, from Tepic in

the north-west throughout the central plateau to Oaxaca and Tehuantepec in the

south; but it has not yet been detected in Guatemala, though it might not unreason-

ably be looked for in the Altos bordering the Mexican State of Chiapas. Prof.

Sumichrast says it is also found in the temperate region in the department of Vera

Cruz. It builds in the houses of Orizaba, making a skilfully-wrought nest of spiders’

webs, which it places in crevices of old walls or in the interstices between the tiles of

the roofs of houses °.

2. Catherpes sumichrasti.

Catherpes sumichrasti, Lawr. Pr. Ac. Phil. 1871, p. 2331.

Brunneus, uropygio et alis obscurioribus, capitis lateribus paulo pallidioribus, gula grisescenti-rufa, pectore

fasciis angustis crebris obscuris notato, abdomine maculis minutis albis nigro cireumcinctis ornato, hypo-

chondriis indistincte fasciatis, crisso nigricanti-brunneo ; rostri maxilla nigricante, mandibule basi flavi-

cante ; pedibus nigricantibus. Long. tota (absque cauda) 5:0, ale 2°75, rostri a rictu 1-2, tarsi 1-2.

(Descr. exempl. typici ex Mexico. Mus. Smiths.)

Hab. Mexico, Mata Bejuco (Labarraque 1).

Through Mr. Lawrence’s kindness we recently had an opportunity of examining this

interesting and distinct bird; and had the specimen been perfect, we should have

figured it in this work. So far as we can see, Mr. Lawrence’s views as to its position

seem correct ; but this cannot be assured until the form of the tail (entirely wanting in

the only known specimen) is known. In general appearance the bird resembles

Catherpes mexicanus, except as regards its throat, which is rufous with a greyish tinge

instead of white ; it is also a considerably larger bird.

The single specimen in the Smithsonian collection was forwarded to that institution

by Prof. F. Sumichrast, he having obtained it from Sefior T. Labarraque, who found it

at a place in the State of Vera Cruz called Mata Bejuco. No further details of the

species have yet come to light.

CYPHORHINUS.

Cyphorhinus, Cabanis, Arch. f. Naturg. Jahrg. x. 1, p. 282 (1844) (type C. thoracicus, Tsch.) ;

Baird, Rev. Am. B. i. p. 112.

This genus was based upon a bird obtained by Tschudi in Peru, and called by him

C. thoracicus, since supposed by several writers to be identical with Thryothorus modu-

lator of d’Orbigny. d’Orbigny’s bird, however, is quite distinct, a most obvious

difference being its much shorter tail. The genus itself is a remarkable one, on

account of the peculiar form of the nostril, which is small and circular, and situated

CYPHORHINUS. 75

in the middle of the soft membrane which occupies the nasal fossa. The bill, too, is

much compressed at the base, and has the culmen rather abruptly bent just above

the nostril. These characters distinguish Cyphorhinus from all other Troglodytide.

Six species are now known of this genus, whereof C. musicus is peculiar to Guiana,

C. modulator to Bolivia and the Upper Amazon, C. thoracicus to Peru, C. phwocephalus

to Ecuador and the Cauca valley, C. dichrous to the Cauca valley, and C. lawrencii to

Central America as far north as Costa Rica. South-eastern Brazil has no known

species of the genus.

1. Cyphorhinus lawrencii.

Cyphorhinus cantans, Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. vii. p. 293° (nec Gm.).

Cyphorhinus lawrencii, Scl. MS.; Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. p. 5”, ix. p. 92°; Baird, Rev. Am.

B. p. 113‘; Scl. & Salv. P. Z.S. 1864, p. 345°; Ex. Orn. p. 41, t. 21°.

Supra fuscus, alis et cauda extus nigro frequenter transfasciatis; regione auriculari, mento, gutture et pectore

toto castaneis; ventre medio cinereo, hypochondriis et crisso brunnescentibus; rostro corneo; pedibus

fuscis. Long. tota 5:0, ale 2:5, caude 1:5, tarsi 0-95, rostri a rictu 0-9. (Descr. maris ex Panama.

Mas. nostr.)

Hab. Costa Rica, Angostura ? and Valza (Carmiol); Panama, Lion Hill (/‘Leannan!?°),

Chepo (Arcé ®).

This is a species of restricted range, being confined to the Colombian State of

Panama and to Costa Rica; but in the former district we have only seen specimens

from the Panama Railway, and from Chepo forty miles south of it. Its nearest ally is

C. phecocephalus, an Ecuadorean species which has also occurred at Remedios, in the

State of Antioquia*. From this it differs in having the belly cinereous, instead of

chestnut like the throat. C. musicus of Guiana has also a cinereous belly, but is again

distinguishable by having distinct black and white streaks on the side of the neck, of

which there are no traees in the present bird. ,

Cyphorhinus lawrencii was one of M‘Leannan’s discoveries, specimens of it having

been included in the first collection sent to Mr. Lawrerice from the isthmus of Panama.

These were at first supposed to belong to the C. ‘musicus of Guiana, = C. cantans

(Gm.) 1—an error poiuted out by Mr. Sclater, to whom Mr. Lawrence submitted his

specimens ”. “

We have no account of the habits of C. lawrencii; but from its resemblance to

species owning the suggestive names C. musicus and C. modulator, it is doubtless a

good songster.

* Sclater and Salvin, P.Z.8. 1879, p. 492.

10*

76 TROGLODYTIDA.

MICROCERCULUS.

Microcerculus (section of Cyphorhinus), Sclater, Cat. Am. B. p. 19 (1862); Baird, Rev. Am. B. i.

p. 113 (1864). (Type Turdus bambla, Bodd.)

This name was first used by Mr. Sclater to designate a section of Cyphorhinus, and

afterwards employed in a generic sense by Prof. Baird, who, however, was unable fully

to describe some of the characters, owing to the imperfection of his specimens.

Like Cyphorhinus, Microcerculus has a compressed bill, high at its base, but not so

high or so much compressed as in that genus. The form of the nostril is quite diffe-

rent, being partially covered by a membrane ; the nostril itself touches the lower edge

of the nasal fossa, and is comma-shaped, the tail of the comma pointing forwards. No

septum or division is visible externally; and therefore the nostril appears single, and

not double, as supposed by Prof. Baird. The tail in Microcerculus is very short, hardly

exceeding half the wing.

In general dimensions this genus is considerably less than Cyphorhinus, differing,

too, in the prevailing dark brown colour of its plumage.

Six species of Microcerculus are now known. These are distributed as follows :—

Guiana has VW. bambla peculiar to itself; in Eastern Ecuador WM. albigularis is alone

found ; Peru and Colombia share J. marginatus; whilst to the interior of Venezuela,

near the Colombian frontier, MZ. sguamatulus appears to be restricted; then we have

our two Central-American species, UZ. luscinia of the Colombian State of Panama and

M. philomela of Northern Vera Paz. Microcerculus, like Cyphorhinus, is absent from

South-eastern Brazil.

1. Microcerculus philomela. (Tab. V. fig. 3.)

Ruisefior, Salv. Ibis, 1861, p. 144’.

Cyphorhinus philomela, Salv. P. Z.S. 1861, p. 202’; Ibis, 1861, p. 352°,

Microcerculus philomela, Baird, Rev. Am. B. i. p. 114* (partim).

Supra brunneus, plumis anguste nigro marginatis, pileo et uropygio obscurioribus; subtus fuliginosus, plumis

medialiter nigris et nigro terminatis, gula pallidiore, hypochondriis brunneis nigro transfasciatis ; alis

caudaque nigris, alarum tectricibus majoribus macula parva subapicali ochrascenti-alba notatis; rostro

nigro; pedibus fuscis. Long. tota 4-0, ale 2:3, caudz 1:0, tarsi 0-85, rostri a rictu 0-8. (Descr. exempl.

typ. ex Vera Paz. Mus. nostr.)

Hab. Guatemata, Choctum 23, forests above Lanquin |, forests between Cahabon and

San Luis (0. 8. & F. D. G.).

This interesting little species seems to be restricted to the vast forests of Northern

Vera Paz, which lie between the Coban highlands and the department of Peten. It

was during an expedition in search of Quezals, in the mountains above Lanquin, that

Salvin first came across it, hearing its remarkable song, but unable to secure speci-

mens?. ‘These were afterwards obtained by a native collector between Choctum and

Chisec, and described in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society’?. The bird was

MICROCERCULUS.—UROPSILA. 77

subsequently not unfrequently met with in the same districts, and often heard in the

forest country lying between Cahabon and San Luis. The song of I. philomela is

remarkable for its sweetness and for the high notes of which it is composed. Itis clear

and melodious, without having much variation. The bird appeared well known to the

native hunters under the name of “Ruisefior” (or Nightingale), a title its vocal

powers have gained for it. We only found it in the undergrowth of the virgin forest,

where, but for its song, it would be a most difficult bird to see, owing to its small size

and the sombre tints of its plumage.

Some diversity of colour is observable in different specimens of this bird, the throat

of some being much lighter-coloured and the crescent-shaped marks of the under surface

paler. These examples may have been young birds.

2. Microcerculus luscinia. (Tab. V. fig. 4.)

Cyphorhinus bambla?, Lawr. Aun. Lye. N. Y. vii. p. 3201 (nec Bodd.).

Cyphorhinus philomela, Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. vii. p. 4677 (nec Salv.).

Microcerculus philomela, Baird, Rev. Am. B. i. p. 114° (partim, nec Salv.).

Microcerculus luscinia, Salv. P. Z. 8. 1866, p. 69 *, 1867, p. 184°,

M. philomele affinis, sed dorso haud transfasciato, gutture albido et corpore subtus haud fuliginoso lavato, rostro

quoque longiore differt. Long. tota 4:0, ale 2-2, caudex 0:9, tarsi 0°85, rostri a rictu 0°85. (Deser. maris

ex Santa Fe in Statu Panamensi. Mus. nostr.)

Hab. Panama, Santa Fé and Santiago (Arcé5), Lion Hill (If‘Leannan 123),

This Wren was a discovery of M‘Leannan’s, who shot a female specimen on the

ground in the jungle, and sent it to Mr. Lawrence!. That naturalist at first referred

it with doubt to the Guiana /. bambla1, but afterwards to the Guatemalan Jf. philo-

mela. Prof. Baird, on examining this specimen and comparing it with one of WZ.

philomela, considered it to be a more adult specimen of the last-named species?; and

it was only on the receipt of two additional examples that Salvin separated the species

under the name of Jf. luscinia*. The two are doubtless nearly allied; but the differ-

ences seem constant and sufficiently ones No accounts of the habits of this

bird have yet reached us.

Another near ally of IZ. luscinia is M. albigularis, Scl., from the valley of the Napo

in Ecuador; but in that species the throat is of a purer white, the legs yellowish instead

of dark brown, and it is smaller in all its dimensions.

UROPSILA.

Uropsila, Sclater and Salvin, Nomencl. Av. Neotrop. p. 155 (1873). (Type Troglodytes leucogastra,

Gould.)

This genus contains but the type species, a bird which has been at different times

assigned to Troglodytes by Mr. Gould, to Cyphorhinus by Mr. Sclater, to Heterorhina by

78 TROGLODYTIDA,

Prof. Baird, and lastly to a separate genus, Uropsila. This bird has a resemblance to

Henicorhina in the proportions of its wings and tail, as well as its general coloration ;

but instead of the open nostril of the members of that genus, the nasal opening is

overhung by a membrane just as in Thryothorus. As it also has a compressed lengthened

bill and short tail, it may be conveniently placed next to Microcerculus.

The single species U. Jewcogastra is only known as an inhabitant of Southern Mexico.

1. Uropsila leucogastra.

Troglodytes leucogastra, Gould, P. Z. S. 1836, p. 89°.

Uropsila leucogastra, Scl. & Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. pp. 7, 155°.

Cyphorhinus pusillus, Scl. P. Z. 8. 1859, p. 372°.

Heterorhina pusilla, Baird, Rev. Am. B. i. p. 119*.

Murino-brunnea, loris et superciliis posticis albis; secundariis extus et cauda nigro obsolete transfasciatis ;

regione auriculari albo variegata; subtus alba lateraliter cinerascenti tincta, hypochondriis, ventre imo et

crisso pallide brunneis; rostri maxilla plumbea, mandibula albida ; pedibus pallide corylinis. Long. tota

3°5, ale 1-75, caude 1°1, tarsi 0°75, rostri a rictu 0-7. (Descr. exempl. ex Mexico. Mus. P. L. Sclater.)

Hab. Mzxico, Tamaulipas (fide Gould '), Playa Vicente (Boucard *).

Of this small species but little is known. Mr. Gould’s description of a bird from

Tamaulipas was long unrecognized or misapplied to the Mexican race of Thryothorus

bewicki; and it was not until 1873 that its right title was restored to it?, Mr. Sclater having

in the meantime redescribed the species in 1859 under the name of Cyphorhinus pusillus °.

When describing C. pusiilus Mr. Sclater had four specimens before him, all from Playa

Vicente, on the eastern side of the mountains of Oaxaca. One of these seems to have

come afterwards into the possession of the Smithsonion Institution*. Besides these we

have a single specimen said to be from Mexico, but without exact locality. A sixth is

Mr. Gould’s type, the fate of which is not known. These, so far as we are aware, are

all the specimens that have been obtained up to the present time.

HENICORHINA.

Heterorhina, Baird, Rev. Am. B. i. p. 115 (1864) (nec Westwood, 1845, Coleop.). (Type Scytalopus

prostheleucus, Scl., = Cyphorhinus leucostictus, Cab.)

Henicorhina, Sclater & Salvin, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 170, vice Heterorhina, Baird.

Prof. Baird first separated this small genus of Wrens from Cyphorhinus, with which its

species had been perhaps more frequently associated than with any other; but the name

chosen by him having been unfortunately previously used, Henicorhina was substituted

for it in 1868. The open nostril lying at the anterior extremity of the nasal fossa,

without any trace of an operculum, removes the genus at once from Cyphorhinus and

also from Microcerculus and Thryothorus, and places it close to Thryophilus, in which

genus the form of the nostril is quite similar. The very short tail, hardly exceeding

HENICORHINA. 79

an inch in length, separates Henicorhina from Thryophilus, with which genus it might

be not improperly placed as a section.

Only two species are now recognized of this species, both being found at different

altitudes over nearly the same area from Mexico southwards. ZH. leucosticta, however,

spreads eastwards into Guiana, and H. leucophrys southwards into Peru. The form is

absent from South-eastern Brazil.

1. Henicorhina leucosticta.

Cyphorhinus leucostictus, Cab. Arch. f. Naturg. Jahrg. xiii. 1, p. 206*; Lawr. Ann. Lye. N.Y. vii.

p- 3207, ix. p. 92°; Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 4, p. 13‘.

Microcerculus leucostictus, Scl. & Salv. P. Z. 8. 1864, p. 345°.

Thryothorus leucostictus, Salv. P. Z. 8.1867, p. 134°.

Heterorhina leucosticta, Baird, Rev. Am. B. i. p. 1177; Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. i.

p. 545 ° (partim).

Henicorhina leucosticta, Salv. P. Z. 8. 1870, p. 181’.

Scytalopus prostheleucus, Scl. P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 290°.

Cyphorhinus prostheleucus, Scl. P. Z.S. 1858, pp. 63", 96, 1859, pp. 863°, 372“; Scl. & Salv.

This, 1860, p. 397%.

Heterorhina prostheleuca, Baird, Rev. Am. B. i. p. 116".

Supra brunnea, dorso postico rufescente, superciliis elongatis albis, capitis lateribus albo nigroque variegatis,

tectricibus alarum apicibus albo maculatis; subtus alba lateribus cinereis, ventre imo et crisso castaneis ;

alis et cauda fusco-nigris, extus rufescente brunneo transvittatis; rostro nigro; pedibus corylinis, Long.

tota 4:2, alee 2°1, caude 1-0, tarsi 0-9, rostria rictu 0°75. (Descr. maris ex Choctum, Vera Paz. Mus.

nostr.)

Hab. Mexico!#, Papantla!, Cordova (Sallé!°), Jalapa (de Oca), Orizaba (Sumi-

chrast*), Llano Verde and Playa Vicente (Boucard 4), Mirador (Sartorius '),

Tierra Caliente (/e Strange), Guichicovi, Tehuantepec (Sumichrast +); GuaTEMALA,

Choctum 45, forests between Cahabon and San Luis, Barranco Hondo and Savana

Grande, Pacific slope (0. S. & F. D. G.); Costa Rica, Angostura and Turrialba

(Carmiol®), Tucurriqui (Arcé); Panama, Boqueti de Chitra and Cordillera del

Chucu 9, Santa Fé 6, Calobre (Arcé), Lion Hill (‘Leannan?*).—Cotomsia ; VENE-

ZUELA; Ecuapor !}; Guiana}.

When first describing this Wren, D1. Cabanis had before him specimens from

Guiana and from Mexico, which he considered to be identical. Subsequent investiga-

tions have detected the species in almost every intermediate locality, showing that it

enjoys an uninterrupted range over this wide arca. On the receipt of the first Mexican

specimens from M. Sallé, Mr. Sclater compared them with Scytalopus griseicollis, and,

perceiving their difference, described the Wren as S. prostheleucus™, He soon 1112

discovered that it was not a Scytalopus at all, but a very near ally of Cyphorhinus

leucostictus, if not identical with it. The bird, however, retained this uncertain position

for some years, until the gradually increasing materials enabled us to state in 18645

80 TROGLODYTID A.

and again in 1867 that we were unable to distinguish it from Henicorhina leucosticta ;

and from this time we have always looked upon the species as indivisible. Prof.

Baird 7 15, in his ‘Review of American Birds,’ took the opposite view and granted each

full specific rank ; but when the characters he relied upon, such as the greater purity

of the white colour of the under surface in the southern race, its smaller size, and the

difference of the number and size of the spots on the shoulders and neck, are examined

by the light of a large series of specimens, it will be seen that they cannot be considered

of specific value.

Southern Mexico seems to be the limit of the northern range of H. leucosticta, where

it is doubtless restricted to the lowland hot forests of the district. Prof. Sumichrast ®

indeed speaks of it as found in the hot, temperate, and alpine regions of the State of

Vera Cruz; but we have no doubt, from our knowledge of the ranges of this species

and of H. leucophrys in Guatemala, that he here has looked upon both as one, and that

the birds noticed by him in the alpine region were of the latter species. In Guate-

mala we only found it in the low-lying forests of Northern Vera Paz, and also on the

Pacific side of the mountains in the forests covering the slopes of the volcanos of

Agua and Fuego. It is thoroughly Wren-like in its restless movements, keeping to

the undergrowth of the virgin woods.

2. Henicorhina leucophrys.

Troglodytes leucophrys, Tsch. Arch. f. Naturg. Jahrg. x. i. p. 2837.

Heterorhina leucophrys, Baird, Rev. Am. B. i. p. 118%.

Cyphorhinus leucophrys, Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ix. p. 92°.

Henicorhina leucophrys, Saly. P.Z.S. 1870, p. 181°.

Troglodytes guttatus, Hartl. Syst. Verz. d. Ges. Mus. p. 28°.

Cyphorhinus prostheleucus, Salv. & Scl. Ibis, 1860, p. 272° (nec Sclater).

Heterorhina prostheleuca, Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. i. p. 5457 (partim).

Cyphorhinus griseicollis, Scl. & Salv. Ibis, 1860, p. 897° (nec Lafr.).

Heterorhina griseicollis, Baird, Rev. Am. B. i. p. 117° (nec Lafr.).

. . 1" t

H. lewcosticte similis, sed corpore subtus plumbeo nec albo et tectricibus alarum immaculatis distingnenda.

(Descr. exempl. ex Volcan de Agua. Mus, nostr.)

Hab. Mexico, Jalapa (de Oca*), Moyoapam, Vera Cruz (Sumichrast’) ; GuaTEMALa,

Volcan de Agua ®®, Volcan de Fuego, Totonicapam (0. 8. & F. D.G.); Costa Rroa,

San José (v. Frantzius*), Volcan de Irazu (Rogers); Panama, Mina de Chorcha,

Cordillera del Chucu, Chitra, Calobre, Calovevora (Arcé +).—CoLomp1a; VENEZUELA;

Ecuapor; Perv!; Bourvia.

Though described in 1844 by Tschudi from specimens obtained by him in Peru,

where it has since been found by Jelski *, this species was many years before it found

* Taczanowski, P. Z.§. 1874, p. 504,

HENICORHINA.—THRYOPHILUS. 81

a final resting-place under Tschudi’s name. Mexican and Central-American specimens

were referred to the allied species H. leucosticta®7 and even to Scytalopus griseicollis, a

member of the Pteroptochide®®. A new name, Troglodytes guttatus, was also pro-

posed for Colombian examples of the same bird®. Then, again, Prof. Baird at one

time ?° considered that there were two recognizable species of this form, which he

called Heterorhina leucophrys and H. griseicollis, the ranges of which overlapped.

This view was opposed by Salvin* in 1870; and since then the bird seems to have

settled down into the quiet possession of its title, We have now a large series of speci-

mens, which prove that the slight amount of variation observable between them cannot

be traced to any definite locality.

Henicorhina leucophrys is, so far as we know, astrictly highland species, being found

in Guatemala in upland forests as high as 10,000 feet, but descending as low as

4000 feet or perhaps less. It is not uncommon in the forests of the volcanoes, where

it takes the place of its near ally H. leucosticta, a lowland form. In Mexico it does

not seem to be so well known; but in writing of H. leucosticta we have no doubt

Prof. Sumichrast” refers to this species when he speaks of the alpine bird found at

Moyoapam at an elevation of 6600 feet. Here he found its nest, which he describes

as formed of mosses woven with great skill, the interior being lined with the red

feathers from the breast of Trogon mexicanus. The nest was suspended to the branches

of a shrub,:and so skilfully disguised as to be easily mistaken for a bunch of moss.

Salmon, who obtained its eggs at Frontino, in the Cauca valley of Colombia, describes

them as either white or spotted with a few minute red spots *.

It is somewhat remarkable that this bird, being an inhabitant of highland forests,

and whose range is therefore interrupted at several points, should have retained its

specific features with such faithfulness. But such is the case; for*it is quite as constant

in its characters as its near congener H. leucosticta, whose lowland and therefore more

unbroken range has doubtless assisted to keep it specifically true.

THRYOPHILUS.

Thryophilus, Baird, Rev. Am. B. i. p. 127 (1864). (Type Thryothorus rufalbus, Lafr.)

This genus was separated from Thryothorus by Prof. Baird chiefly on account of the

difference it shows in the disposition of the membrane surrounding the nasal opening.

In Thryophilus the nostril is situated at the extremity of the nasal fossa, and is oval

in shape, with no membrane or scale overhanging it. The members of the genus thus

restricted are larger birds and have considerably longer tails than the species of

Henicorhina ; but the two genera are closely allied, having the same form of nostril.

Thryophilus contains fourteen or fifteen species, which are spread over a wide area,

extending from Western Mexico to South Brazil. The greater part of the species are

* Sclater and Salvin, P. Z.8. 1879, p. 493.

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Zool., Aves, Vol. 1, April 1880. 11

82 TROGLODYTIDA.

found within the limits of Central America and Mexico, our list containing eleven of

the whole number; and of these only three pass beyond our borders into the southern

continent, viz. the widely ranging. 7. rufalbus, T. lewcotis and T. nigricapillus, two

southern species which penetrate as far north as the State of Panama. The remaining

eight species are all locally distributed, Costa Rica and Panama claiming the larger

part.

A. Caput fere dorso concolor.

a. Subtus immaculati.

al. Crissum nigro transfasciatum.

1. Thryophilus rufalbus.

Thriothorus rufalbus, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1845, p. 337°.

Thryothorus rufalbus, Scl. P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 140°; Sel. & Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 8’; P. Z. S. 1864,

p. 345‘; Cab. J. f. Orn. 1860, p. 408°; Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. pp. 5°, 175’; v. Frantzius,

J. f. Orn. 1869, p. 291°; Salv. P. Z.S. 1870, p. 181°.

Thryophilus rufalbus, var. rufalbus et var. poliopleura, Baird, Rev. Am. B. p. 128”.

Thryophilus rufalbus, Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ix. p. 92"; Salv. & Godm. Ibis, 1880, p. 116”.

Thryothorus longirostris, Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. vi. p. 8320” (nec Vieillot).

Troglodytes cumanensis, Licht. Nomencl. p. 34, fide Cab. J. f£. Orn. 1860, p. 408”.

Supra lete castanea pileo paulo obscuriore, alis extus et cauda nigro frequenter transfasciatis; superciliis

distinctis et capitis lateribus albis, his nigro striolatis; subtus albus hypochondriis fuscescentibus, crisso

nigro late transfasciato; rostro corneo mandibula albicante; pedibus flavescentibus. Long. tota 62,

ale 2°8, caudee 2°3, rostri a rictu 1:0, tarsi 1-0. (Descr. maris ex Panama. Mus. nostr.)

Obs. Specimina ex Guatemala hypochondriis grisescentioribus differunt, unde var. poliopleura, Baird '°.

Hab. Guatemata, Volcan de Fuego, Duefias, Savana Grande, San Diego, Escuintla,

Retalhuleu, Coban (0. S. & F. D. G.); Costa Rica5, San José (v. Frantzius®),

Volcan de Irazu (Rogers), San Mateo (Cooper), Bebedero (Arcé); Panama, David

(Bridges*, Hicks"), Boqueti, Chitra, Castillo, Calovevora (Arcé®), line of railway

(MLeannan 1, O. S.4)\—Cotomsia, Obispo (0. S.)!214; VenzzveLa; TRINrpaD.

Thryophilus rufalbus is subject to a slight amount of variation at various points of

its wide range, which extends from Guatemala in the north to the South-American

continent, where it is found in the countries lying along the northern shore. These

variations have been fully described by Dr. Cabanis® and by Prof. Baird 1°, and consist

chiefly in the smaller size and more chestnut flanks of the southern as compared with

the Panama bird, and in the greyish cast of the white of the under plumage of Guate-

malan examples—differences observable, it is true, but so slight that we hesitate to pro-

nounce the possessors of them to be distinct races. Though Lafresnaye stated that the bird

upon which he bestowed the name 7. rufalbus came from Mexico 1, a more southern

origin for his type has latterly been attributed to it 0—a supposition which is probably

correct, seeing that the bird has not been detected in Mexico by recent travellers.

THRYOPHILUS. 83

In Guatemala this Wren is a common bird, as we found it abundant at all seasons in

the neighbourhood of Duefias and even as high as Calderas in the Volcan de Fuego, at

an altitude of over 7000 feet. It is also found equally abundant in the low-lying

country bordering the Pacific, in the neighbourhood of towns and villages, at as low an

elevation as 1000 feet above the sea. Specimens obtained on the line of the Panama

Railway were found at a much lower elevation than this.

Its place of resort is usually moderately thick forest, choosing trees of dense matted

growth rather than thickly grown underwood. Its song is powerful and melodious,

but with no great variation.

2. Thryophilus sinaloa.

Thryophilus sinaloa, Baird, Rev. Am. B. i. p. 130*; Lawr. Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. ii. p. 268”.

T. rufalbo affinis, sed multo minor, corpore supra fuscescentiore et hypochondriis brunnescentioribus differt.

Long. tota 5-2, alee 2-2, caude 2:0, rostri a rictu 0°8, tarsi0-9. (Descr. maris ex Mazatlan, Mexico [Smiths.

Inst. no. 34016]. Maus. nostr.)

Hab. Mexico, Mazatlan (Grayson !?, Xantus 1), Sinaloa (Grayson), Colima (Xantus 12),

This species may be considered to represent Thryophilus rufalbus in Mexico, where,

however, it has a limited range, which does not appear to pass beyond the western

coast of that country. Here its presence was detected by the two naturalists Grayson

and Xantus, to whose exertions our knowledge of the ornithology of Western Mexico

is almost entirely due. The following short note by the former traveller is the only

account we have of the bird :—*This little Wren is common from Sinaloa to Tehuan-

tepec. Its nest is usually built in the drooping branches of a thorn tree, thus giving

the abode of the young some protection against the innumerable ants and other insects

that would otherwise infest it. Most of its congeners build their nests in hollow logs,

among roots of trees, &c. The nest is partly suspended from the branches, and built

of fine grass. The eggs are usually five in number, and marked with small specks of

a brownish colour.”

b’. Crisswm immaculatum.

3. Thryophilus modestus.

Thryothorus modestus, Cab. J. f. Orn. 1860, p. 409'; Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. viii. p. 57; Sel.

& Salv. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 346°, 1870, p. 836*; Salv. Ibis, 1866, p. 205°; P. Z. S. 1870,

p. 181°. :

Thryophilus modestus, Baird, Rev. Am. B. i. p. 181"; Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N: Y. ix. p. 92°; v. Frantzius,

J. f. Orn. 1869, p. 291’.

Thryothorus feliz ?, Salv. & Scl. Ibis, 1860, p. 397” (nec Sclater).

Thryothorus leucotis, Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. vii. p. 320” (nec Lafr.).

Thryothorus albipectus, Scl. Cat. Am. B. p. 20, partim” (nec Cabanis).

Li

84 TROGLODYTID A.

Supra obscure brunneus, pileo paulo cinerascentiore, alis caudaque rufescentioribus ; cauda nigro transfasciata,

alis obsolete transfasciatis ; capitis lateribus albis nigro variegatis ; superciliis elongatis, gutture et ventre

medio albis ; hypochondriis, ventre imo et crisso rufescentibus ; rostro et pedibus plumbeis. Long. tota 5:2,

ale 2-4, caudee 2-2, rostri a rictu 0°9, tarsi 11. (Deser. exempl. ex San José, Costa Rica. Mus. nostr.)

Hab. Guatemata, Volean de Fuego, Duefias’, Savana Grande, Escuintla!? 1%, Retal-

huleu, Coban® (0. S. & F. D. G.); Honpuras, San Pedro (G. IL. Whitely*);

Costa Rica, San José, Quebrada Honda (Hoffmann'), San José (v. Frantzius’ ®),

Guaitil (Carmiol®), San Mateo (Cooper®); Panama, Bugaba (Arcé®), line of

railway (M‘Leannan 2? 11),

Costa Rica furnished Dr. Cabanis with the types of this species, the range of which

has since been traced to Guatemala in the north and to Panama in the south. Guate-

malan examples agree very closely with the Costa-Rica bird; but those from the

Isthmus are decidedly paler beneath, especially on the flanks, which are hardly tinged

with the rufous so conspicuous in the Costa-Rican form—a point already noticed by

Prof. Baird’. Except as regards size, the Panama bird approaches closely to T. zeledoni,

the form of 7. modestus found in the lowlands of the Atlantic side of the mountains of

Costa Rica.

In Guatemala this Wren inhabits nearly the same districts as 7. rufalbus, ranging

‘from an elevation of 1000 to 5000 or 6000 feet. It is also distributed over a wide

tract of country. It is, however, not quite so common a bird as 7. rufalbus, nor are

its notes so melodious.

After its first discovery in Central America, by Dr. Hoffmann in Costa Rica and by

ourselves almost at the same time in Guatemala, it was several years before 7. modestus

came into quiet possession of its name. Our Guatemala birds were at first doubtfully

referred to Thryothorus felix, and afterwards to T. albipectus}2; and M‘Leannan’s

examples from Panama were put under the name of 7’. Jeucotis11. An examination of

all these specimens, in Mr. Lawrence’s, Mr. Sclater’s, and our own collections, has

enabled us to determine that they all belong to 7’. modestus.

4. Thryophilus zeledoni.

Thryophilus zeledoni, Ridgw. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. i. p. 2527 (ex Lawrence, MS.).

T. modesto similis sed major, colore omnino grisescentiore et fasciis caude nigris latioribus et distinctioribus

distinguendns. Long. tota 5:4, ale 2:5, caude 2:1, rostri a rictu 0:95, tarsi 1:0. (Descr. maris ex

Costa Rica. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 64689.)

Hab. Costa Rica, lowlands bordering the Atlantic (J. Zeledon t)

We are indebted to Mr. Ridgway’s kindness for the loan of the only specimen of this

Wren that has as yet come under our notice. The species is considered by its describer

a well marked one, and allied to 7. modestus, whose place it would appear to occupy

in the low-lying lands bordering the Atlantic coast of Costa Rica, 7. modestus being

THRYOPHILUS. 85

from the higher mountainous interior of the country. T. zeledoni has a close resem-

blance to the Panama race of 7. modestus in its pale colour; but the Panama bird is

smaller, not larger, than 7’. modestus. As regards the ranges in altitude of these species

ascribed to them in Costa Rica!, no deduction of much value can be drawn; for in

Guatemala we found 7. modestus at elevations varying as much as 5000 feet and at less

than 1000 feet above the sea-level. It is therefore hardly likely to be restricted in Costa

Rica to the highlands. On the whole, we think that the relationships of 7. modestus

and the Panama race of it to T. zeledoni require further investigation; and we only

regret that our materials are not sufficient to enable us to attempt an explanation of

them.

5. Thryophilus leucotis.

Thriothorus leucotis, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1845, p. 388°; Bp. Consp. i. p. 2217.

Thryophilus leucotis, Scl. & Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 6°.

Thryothorus galbraithi, Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. vii. p. 820°.

Thryophilus galbraithi, Baird, Rev. Am. B. i. p. 181°.

Thryothorus albipectus, Cab. in Schomb. Guiana, iii. p. 673°; Scl. & Salv. P. Z.S. 1864, p. 3457.

Thryothorus, sp.?, Cassin, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1860, p. 193°.

Supra rufescenti-brunneus, uropygio cinnamomeo tincto; alis anguste, cauda late nigro transfasciatis; super-

ciliis distinctis, gula et genis sericeo-albis; subtus pallide fusco-cinnamomeus, gulam versus albicantior ;

rostro corneo, mandibula albicante ; pedibus obscure fuscis. Long. tota 5-0, ale 2-5, caudex 1-9, rostri

a rictu 1-0, tarsi 1-0. (Descr. maris ex Lion Hill, Panama. Mus. nostr.)

® mari similis.

Hab. Panama, Lion Hill (I‘Leannan*), Turbo, Isthmus of Darien (Schott®). —

CotomsBia!; VENEZUELA; GuIANna®.

This species has a very limited range in Central America, where it has not been

detected beyond the limits of the State of Panama. MHere it was discovered by

M‘Leannan and Galbraith, Mr. Lawrence describing the bird under the name of the

latter naturalist’. A careful examination of Central-American examples with others

from the northern parts of the South-American continent has convinced us? that no

definite points of distinction can be traced between them, and that all should bear the

name 7. leucotis, bestowed upon a bird from Colombia or Mexico (the latter locality

doubtless an error, but repeated by Bonaparte?) by the late Baron Lafresnaye!, of which

T. albipectus is a synonym®. In Western Ecuador a distinct race appears to exist,

which Mr. Lawrence has called 7. superciliaris, basing his characters upon specimens

from the island of Puna in the Gulf of Guayaquil.

At first sight 7’. lewcotis has a general resemblance to T. modestus, but may readily

be distinguished by the distinct dark bars on the wings.

86 TROGLODYTIDZ.

b. Subtus striati aut fasciatt.

ec. Guttur totum album nigro longitudinaliter striatum.

6. Thryophilus thoracicus. (Tab. VI. figg. 1, 2.)

Thryothorus thoracicus, Salv. P.Z.S. 1864, p.580*, 1867, p. 184°; Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N.Y. ix. p 93°.

Thryothorus brunneus, Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. viii. p. 179°.

Supra cinnamomeo-brunneus, pileo cinerascentiore, uropygio rufescentiore ; capitis collique lateribus cum gula

et pectore albis, plumis singulis undique nigro marginatis; alis extus, cauda et crisso brunneis nigro trans-

fasciatis ; ventre brunneo, lateribus rufescentioribus; rostro et pedibus plumbeis. Long. tota 4:6, ale 2:4,

caudex 1-7, rostri a rictu 0°85, tarsi 0°8. (Descr. exempl. typici ex Tucurriqui, Costa Rica. Mus. nostr.)

Hab. Nicaraeua, Greytown (Holland*); Costa Rica, Tucurriqui (Arcé!, Zeledon?),

Santa Rosa (Carmiol?); Panama, Santiago de Veraguas (Arcé?).

At first sight this species bears a strong resemblance in coloration to Thryothorus

maculipectus, but differs in many respects, in having barred wings and in the distinct

character of the markings of the chest. At one time! we considered these two species

to belong to the same group of Wrens; but a closer examination shows that, while

T. thoracicus has the open nostril of Thryophilus, T. maculipectus has the nostril with

overlying membrane, as in true Thryothorus.

Through Mr. Lawrence’s kindness we have had an opportunity of examining

his type of Thryothorus brunneus+, and found that it is undoubtedly an immature

example of the present species. We have figured this type; and the plate will, we think,

show the correctness of our views respecting it. Thryophilus thoracicus seems to be by

no means a common species, as but few specimens have come under our notice. Our own

types, one of which we now figure, were obtained by Arcé near Tucurriqui in Costa Rica.

c. Subtus corpus plus minusve nigro transfasciatum.

7. Thryophilus pleurostictus.

Thryothorus pleurostictus, Scl. & Saly. Ibis, 1860, p. 30'; P. Z.S. 1870, p. 551°; Scl. Cat. Am. B.

p. 21, t. 4°; Lawr. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 4, p. 13%.

Thryophilus pleurostictus, Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N.Y. ix. p. 92°.

Umbrino-brunneus, alis extus et cauda nigro transfasciatis ; superciliis distinctis et corpore subtus albis, capitis

collique lateribus albis nigro variegatis, hypochondriis et crisso late nigro transvittatis ; rostro plumbeo,

mandibule basi albida; pedibus pallide corylinis, Long. tota 5:2, ale 2:5, caudse 2-2, rostri a rictu

0:95, tarsi 1-0. (Deser. exempl. ex Bebedero, Costa Rica. Mus. nostr.)

Hab. Muxico, San Juan del Rio (Rébouch 7), Santa Efigenia, Guichicovi, Tapana (Sumi-

5). .

chrast®); Guatmmata (Skinner 1); San Satvapor, Conchagua (0. 8.); Nicaragua,

Corinto (Baxter), San Juan del Sur (O. 8.) ; Costa Rica, Tempate, Bebedero (Arcé).

For Revere years this species was only known to us from the single specimen in Mr.

Sclater’s collection, which once formed part of one of the large series of bird-skins

THRYOPHILUS. 87

transmitted by Mr. Skinner to Mr. Gould from Guatemala. In our description of this

specimen its origin is put down as Vera Paz; but we now think that it more probably

came from that part of Guatemala which borders the Pacific Ocean. We have,

however, never seen a second Guatemalan example; and our surmise as to the

origin of the type is derived from the fact that neither in Mexico nor in more southern

countries has the species ever been found far from the Pacific, it having been fre-

quently met with on the shores of that ocean.

In Mexico, 7. pleurostictus, though never observed in the eastern parts of the

country, nor yet in Oaxaca, was obtained near San Juan del Rio by M. Rébouch in

some numbers”; and at Tehuantepec it would appear to be by no means uncommon *.

Prof. Sumichrast, who describes its habits, speaks of its activity and tameness. Its nest,

he says, is made of the fine stems of dry grasses, which are woven into the shape of a

retort, and lined with hair and the seeds of a Bombax. This structure is placed in a

bush, or in the fork of two branches. The eggs, three to five in number, are of a beau-

tiful greenish-blue colour. It first came under our observation near La Union, when

descending the volcano of Conchagua. A pair were then observed in the brushwood

skirting the town of La Union. It was afterwards seen at San Juan del Sur in Nicaragua,

in the thin scrub on the shores of the bay. Other Nicaraguan examples examined by

us were in the possession of General Baxter, at one time American Minister to Central

America, who obtained them near the port of Corinto. The Costa-Rican specimens in

our possession were obtained by Arcé on the shores of the Gulf of Nicoya, and are

those alluded to by Mr. Lawrence in his list of Costa-Rican birds®.

8. Thryophilus nisorius.

Troglodytes nisorius, Licht. Mus. Berol. et Nomencl. p. 34° (descr. nulla).

Thryothorus nisorius, Scl. P. Z. 8. 1869, p. 591, t. 45 7.

Supra lete rufus, alis caudaque nigro regulariter transfasciatis, superciliis elongatis albis, capitis lateribus

albis nigro variegatis; subtus albus nigro ubique transfasciatus, tectricibus subalaribus albo nigroque

variegatis ; rostro et pedibus corneis. Long. tota 5:5, ale 2°7, caudw 2-2, tarsi 0°85. (Deser. Sclateriana

exempl. ex Real Ariba, Mexico. Mus. Berol.)

Hab. Mexico, Real Ariba (Deppe 12).

This Wren is a near ally of 7. pleurostictus, from which it mainly differs in having

the under surface barred throughout with black, instead of only on the flanks and

crissum as in its near relative. This difference, though sufficiently apparent in the

type, is not great; and an examination of a larger series of specimens may prove that

the two species are not really separable. At present the single example obtained by

Deppe, and now in the Berlin Museum, is the only one we have met with. This stood

for many years under an unpublished name of Lichtenstein’s, until Mr. Sclater described

and figured it in 1869.

88 TROGLODYTID A.

9. Thryophilus semibadius. (Tab. VI. fig. 3.)

Thryothorus semibadius, Salv. P. Z. 8. 1870, p. 181°.

Supra intense castaneus, fronte et capitis lateribus albis, plumis singulis nigro marginatis ; alis et cauda nigris,

extus badio transfasciatis, tectricibus alarum minoribus albo transvittatis ; subtus albus, a pectore usque

ad caudam nigro transfasciatus, gula pure alba, hypochondriis postice castaneo lavatis 5 rostro corneo,

mandibula pallidiore ; pedibus nigricantibus. Long. tota 5:8, alee 2°6, caudee 2:0, rostri a rictu 0°9, tarsi

0-9. (Descr. maris ex Bugaba, in Statu Panamensi. Mus. nostr.) :

Hab. Panama, Bugaba, Bibala (Arcé *).

This Wren is only known to us from specimens sent to us from the neighbourhood

of Chiriqui by our collector Arcé. The species is a very distinct one, allied to 7. cas-

taneus and T. nigricapillus on the one hand, and 7’. plewrostictus on the other—differing

from the former in having the top of the head of the same rich chestnut as the back,

and from the latter in the colour of the back and in the numerous cross bands of the

under surface.

B. Caput nigrum, dorsum castaneum.

10. Thryophilus castaneus.

Thryothorus castaneus, Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. vil. p. 321 *; Scl. & Salv. P.Z.S. 1864, p. 3467;

Salv. P. Z. 8. 1867, p. 184°.

Thryophilus castaneus, Baird, Rev. Am. B. i. p. 183°; Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ix. p. 93°.

Thryothorus nigricapillus ?, Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. vii. p. 293° (nec Sclater).

Supra lete castaneus, pileo toto cum capitis lateribus nigerrimis, regione parotica sericeo-alba; alis et cauda

nigris castaneo frequenter transfasciatis; subtus gula et pectore antico albis, stria mystacali nigra,

abdomine toto castaneo, hypochrondriis et crisso nigro transfasciatis ; rostro nigricanti-corneo, mandibula

pallidiore; pedibus fuscis. Long. tota 5:4, ale 2°8, caude 2:3, rostri a rictu 1:1, tarsi 1-1. (Deser.

maris ex Lion Hill, Panama. Mus. nostr.)

Obs. In speciminibus ex Costa Rica fasciee abdominis nigre carent, gula quoque nec pectus alba est. Forsan

species alia.

Hab. Costa Rica, Pacuar, Angostura (£. Carmiol®), Tucurriqui (Arcé); Panama, Santiago

de Veraguas (Arcé *), Lion Hill (M‘Leannan !? 4°).

This is a beautiful species allied to 7. nigricapillus, but differing from it in having

the underparts deep chestnut instead of barred with black and white. Mr. Lawrence,

on first receiving specimens from M‘Leannan, thought they might belong to 7. nigri-

capillus ®; but he soon afterwards described the bird under its present name}, All

the Panama birds we have seen have the underparts more or less barred with obsolete

black transverse bands. Costa-Rica specimens, on the other hand, so far as we know,

have the belly of a rich unbarred chestnut colour, and the white of the throat much

more restricted in extent. We thus have indications of the existence of two races of

this bird in Central America—the Panama bird, if our specimens indicate the normal

coloration, being somewhat intermediate in colour as well as in locality between the

one found in Costa Rica and that of Western Colombia and Ecuador which bears the

name 7. nigricapillus.

THRYOPHILUS.—THRYOTHORUS., 89

11. Thryophilus nigricapillus.

Thryothorus nigricapillus, Scl. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 84°; Cassin, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1860, p. 193.

Thryophilus nigricapillus, Scl. & Salv. P. Z. 8. 1879, p. 493°.

Thryophilus schottii, Baird, Rev. Am. B. i. p. 133+.

T’. castaneo similis, sed corpore subtus albo nigro transfasciato, superciliis albis et capitis lateribus albis nigro

variegatis differt. Long. tota 6-0, ale 2°8, caude 2:2, rostri a rictu 1-1, tarsi 1-1. (Deser. maris ex

Remedios, Colombia. Mus. nostr.)

Hab. Truando, Isthmus of Darien (Schott ?4).—CoromBia ?; Ecuapor 1.

Thryothorus nigricapillus just enters our region, specimens having been obtained by

Dr. A. Schott during Lieut. Michler’s exploration of the Isthmus of Darien 2. These

specimens were considered to belong to 7. nigricapillus by Cassin, but were afterwards

described by Prof. Baird as 7. schottii, on account of the throat being barred with

black instead of being pure white, as is usual in the Ecuadorian bird. But the acqui-

sition of a better series of specimens of this species shows that this character is variable

and therefore not of much value; we have accordingly reunited the Darien bird to

T. nigricapillus. Fraser, the discoverer of the species at Nanegal in Ecuador }, says

that the irides are red, the bill black above, blue below, the legs and feet lead-colour,

and that the gizzard of his specimens contained insects. Salmon, who obtained it at

Remedios and Santa Elena, in the Colombian State of Antioquia, describes the nest as

made of soft dry grass and placed in a low bush?.

THRYOTHORUS.

Thriothorus, Vieillot, Analyse, p. 45 (1816). (Type Troglodytes arundinaceus, Vieill., =Sylvia

ludovicianu, Lath.) Cf. Baird, Rev. Am. B. i. p. 120.

The nostril in birds of this genus is covered by a thickened overhanging membrane,

leaving the nasal opening an elongated slit, lying along the anterior portion of the

lower edge of the nasal fossa. This nostril is very different in shape from that of

Thryophilus, in which genus it is an oval and open, without any covering. The tail is

long, wide, and rounded, differing in these respects from that of Microcerculus.

The species comprised in Thryothorus are rather various inform. One group, having

very strong arched bills, has been treated by Prof. Baird as a separate genus, Pheugo-

pedius; whilst the birds with slender bills, the opposite of Pheugopedius, have been

placed in another genus, Thryomanes. These distinctions are completely broken

down by such birds as 7. hyperythrus and T. maculipectus, linking Pheugopedius to

Thryothorus; and as the rest of the members of Thryothorus show more diversity

between one another than exists between some of them and T. bairdi, we have thought

it best to retain all under one genus, Thryothorus, distinguished by its well-developed

tail and by the form of the nostrils. In splitting up the genus into minor sections

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Zool., Aves, Vol. 1, April 1880. 12

90 TROGLODYTID A.

we have employed slight characters which serve to group the species into what appear

to be natural groups.

About eighteen species are now known of the genus; of these, nine are found within

our borders. Four out of eleven belong to the Pheugopedius section, three of which

are peculiar to Central America and Mexico, viz. T. maculipectus to Mexico and

Guatemala, 7. atrogularis to Costa Rica, and T. hyperythrus to the State of Panama—

the fourth, 7. fasciativentris, ranging from Costa Rica to Colombia. Of the more typical

Thryothori, T. felix is peculiar to Mexico and T. lawrencii to the Tres-Marias Islands ;

T. berlandieri just enters our north-eastern border, and J. albinucha is peculiar to

Yucatan. Of the small-billed section Thryomanes, T. bairdi is found throughout

Mexico, and ranges beyond our northern border into the adjoining frontier territories.

No true Thryothorus is found in the South-American continent ; but three species are

peculiar to the Lesser Antilles.

A. PHEUGOPEDIUS.

Uropygium immaculatum.

a. Rostrum valde robustum, gula immaculata.

1. Thryothorus fasciativentris.

Thryothorus fasciato-ventris, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1845, p. 337’; Scl. & Salv. P. Z. 8. 1864, p. 346°,

1879, p. 493°; Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ix. p. 92*; Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 180°.

Cyphorhinus fasciato-ventris, Lawr. Aun. Lyc. N. Y. vii. p. 320°.

Pheugopedius fasciato-ventris, Baird, Rev. Am. B. i. p. 184”.

Cyphorhinus albigularis, Scl. P. Z. 8. 1855, p. 76, pl. 88°.

Supra rufescenti-brunneus, alis extus obsolete nigro transfasciatis ; cauda nigra brunneo transvittata; capitis

lateribus nigris, superciliis posticis et gutture toto pure albis, pectore late nigro, abdomine crissoque nigris

albo transfasciatis ; rostro nigricanti-plumbeo, tomiis pallidis ; pedibus obscure nigricantibus. Long. tota

5-6, ale 2°7, caude 2-4, rostri a rictu 1:0, tarsi 1-1. (Descr. maris ex Lion Hill, Panama. Mus.

nostr.)

Jw. subtus rufescentior, gula cinereo-albicante et abdominis fasciolis albis nullis, rostri mandibula flava.

(Deser. exempl. ex Chiriqui. Mus. nostr.)

Hab. Costa Rica, San Mateo (J. Cooper*); Panama, (Delatére®), Bugaba>, Bibald

(Arcé), Lion Hill (1‘Leannan 2 67).—Coromsra! 37.

Though skins of this Wren are occasionally sent in collections from Bogota, it is in

the valleys stretching northwards from that city that the bird is found, no trace of it

having as yet been met with in the upper waters of the affluents of the Orinoco and

Amazon. In the Cauca valley Salmon found it at Remedios and Neche 8, whence it

spreads northwards through the State of Panama to Costa Rica. A specimen from

Colombia furnished Lafresnaye with the description of his 7. fasciatoventris}, the

name Cyphorhinus albigularis having been given by Mr. Sclater to a Panama bird

THRYOTHORUS. 91

obtained by the French traveller Delattre. Both these names are now admitted to

apply to the same species. We have examined many specimens from the State of

Panama, and find them to vary slightly in the width of the black pectoral band and in

the number of the white cross bars of the underparts. In none, however, is the former

so narrow or the latter so wide as in Mr. Wolf’s representation of J. albigularis ®.

Nothing has been recorded of the habits of the species, which appears to be strictly

confined to the low-lying hotter districts of the countries in which it occurs. Remedios,

the elevation of which is a little over 2300 feet, is probably at the limit of its range in

altitude ; thence it descends to the level of the sea.

2. Thryothorus atrigularis. (Tab. VI. fig. 4.)

Thryothorus atrogularis, Salv. P. Z.S. 1864, p. 580°; Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ix. p. 92”,

Pheugopedius atrogularis?, Lawr. Aun. Lyc. N. Y. viii. p. 179°.

Castaneus, pectore, gula et capitis lateribus nigris, his cum superciliis obscure albo maculatis ; alis et cauda

fuscis, illis extus castaneis, hac aliquando septem fasciis pallidis transvittata; tectricibus subcaudalibus et

campterio alari nigris albido transfasciatis; rostro et pedibus nigris. Long. tota 5:3, ale 2-9, caude 2:4,

rostri a rictu 0-85, tarsi 1-0. (Deser. exempl. ex Tucurriqui, Costa Rica. Mus. nostr.)

Hab. Nicaracua, Greytown (Holland*)? Costa Rica, Tucurriqui (Arcé 12).

Three specimens of this Wren were included in a large collection of bird-skins

formed by Enrique Arcé at Tucurriqui and elsewhere in Costa Rica. These are all the

examples that have come under our notice; for Mr. Lawrence, in including the species

in his list of Costa-Rica birds, refers to Arcé’s specimens, none having at that time

reached the Smithsonian Institution, upon whose collections the list was founded. The

species is included with doubt in Mr. Lawrence’s list of the collection of birds made

near Greytown by Mr. H. E. Holland?.

T. atrigularis has no near allies that we are acquainted with, being a remarkably

distinct species, having an appearance recalling certain Formicariide. Of its habits

nothing has been as yet recorded.

b. Rostrum mediocre, guia nigro maculata.

3. Thryothorus hyperythrus, sp. n.

Thryothorus rutilus, Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. vii. p. 820’; Salv. P. Z.S. 1867, p. 1847, 1870, p. 181°

(nec Vieillot).

Supra murino-fuscus, capite paulo rufescentiore, alis dorso concoloribus, cauda nigro regulariter transfasciata ;

capitis lateribus et gula nigris albo distincte variegatis ; subtus ferrugineus, pectore paulo rufescentiore,

crisso albicante nigro transfasciato ; rostro et pedibus plumbeis. Long. tota 5:5, ale 2°3, caude 2-0, rostri

a rictu 0°85, tarsi 0°9. (Deser. exempl. ex Paraiso, Panama. Mus. nostr.)

Obs. J’. rutilo affinis, sed abdomine medio ferrugineo nec albo distinguendus.

Hab. Panama, Bugaba, Boqueti, Chitra, Calovevora, Santa Fé, and Santiago (Arcé 2 4),

line of railway (Jf‘Leannan'), Paraiso station (Hughes).

This Wren is a near ally of Thryothorus rutilus, Vieillot, under which name it has

12*

92 TROGLODYTIDE.

ol

hitherto stood. An examination of a number of specimens of both forms shows that

the under plumage of the present bird is of a nearly uniform rusty red, instead of

having the middle of the belly white, as is universally the case in Venezuelan examples

of the older form. In Colombia a third race is found; a single skin of Bogota make

having a very restricted red patch on the throat, and the rest of the under plumage,

including the flanks, russet-grey. This bird we propose to call Thryothorus hypospodius 6?

Thus restricted, 7. hyperythrus appears to be confined in its range to the Colombian

State of Panama, whence we have received many specimens.

4. Thryothorus maculipectus.

Thryothorus maculipectus, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1845, p. 3387; Scl. P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 290%, 1859,

pp. 363°, 372°; Scl. & Salv. Ibis, 1860, p. 30°; P.Z.S. 1870, p. 836°; Lawr. Bull. U.S.

Nat. Mus. no. 4, p. 13”.

Pheugopedius maculipectus, Baird, Rev. Am. B. i. p. 185°; Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H.

i. p. 545°.

Supra rufo-brunneus, pileo paulo rufescentiore alis dorso concoloribus, cauda nigro regulariter transfasciata ;

superciliis albis, capitis lateribus nigro et albo striolatis ; gutture toto et pectore albis nigro frequenter

maculatis, ventre imo et hypochondriis rufescente brunneis, crisso indistincte nigro transfasciato ; rostro et

pedibus plumbeis. Long. tota 5-0, ale 2:3, caude 2-0, rostri a rictu 0°8, tarsi 0:8. (Deser. maris ex

Choctum, Guatemala. Mus. nostr.)

Hab. Mexico 1, Cordova (Sallé*), Orizaba (Sumichrast °, le Strange), Jalapa (de Oca *),

Teotalcingo (Boucard*), Guichicovi (Swmichrast); GuateMALa, Vera Paz (Skinner®),

Choctum, Cahabon 8 to San Luis, Savana Grande (0. 8S. & F. D. G.); British Hon-

DuRAS, Corozal (Roe); Honpuras, San Pedro (@. M. Whitely®).

Originally described from Mexican specimens 1, 7’. maculipectus has since been met

with by most of the collectors who have worked in the southern parts of that country.

Prof. Sumichrast ® says it belongs to the hot and temperate regions, not extending its

range above the elevation of about 4000 feet, or the altitude of Orizaba, where it

becomes a somewhat rare species. In Guatemala it is also an inhabitant of the low-

lying forest-lands, being common at Choctum and throughout the forests of Northern

Vera Paz. We also found it in smaller numbers on the slopes of the Volcan de Fuego

at an elevation of about 3000 feet and less. The bird also occurs on the Atlantic side

of Honduras*; but it has not yet been traced in any of the other Central-American

States, nor yet in Panama.

In Colombia a closely allied race is found differing from the Central-American species

in having grey instead of russet flanks. In this respect it approaches the Peruvian

* Turyornorvs Hypospopivs, sp.n. 7. rutilo affinis, sed abdomine toto cum hypochondriis griseo-fuscis,

pectore solo plaga magna rufa notato et corpore supra rufescentiore differt. Long. ale 2°4, caude 2-0,

rostri a rictu 0:9, tarsi 0-9,

Hab. Cotomsra (mus, nostr.).

THRYOTHORUS. 93

bird recently described by Taczanowski as 7’. sclateri, and is probably inseparable from

that species.

Guatemalan specimens exhibit considerable diversity in the number of the black

spots of the under plumage, some having the throat pure white, which in others is

spotted like the breast. The example from Northern Yucatan shows the greatest

divergence, being of a much greyer cast of plumage above, especially on the tail.

B. THRYOTHORUS.

Uropygium maculis celatis albis notatum.

c. Rostrum mediocre.

5. Thryothorus felix. (Tab. VII. fig. 1.)

Thryothorus feliz, Scl. P. Z.S. 1859, p. 371*; Lawr. Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. ii. p. 268° (partim).

Pheugopedius feliz, Baird, Rev. Am. B. i. p. 136’.

Supra murino-fuscus, pileo antico rufo ; loris et capitis lateribus albo nigroque striatis ; alis dorso concoloribus,

cauda nigricanti regulariter transfasciata; subtus cinnamomeo-rufescens, ventre medio albicante, gutture

albo, crisso albo nigro transfasciato; rostri maxilla nigricante, mandibula et pedibus plumbeis. Long.

tota 5:5, ale 2-4, caude 2-6, rostri a rictu 0-9, tarsi 0-95. (Descr. exempl. ex Oaxaca, Mexico. Mus. nostr.)

Hab. Mexico, Mazatlan (Grayson ?), Juquila (Boucard ').

M. Boucard discovered this Wren in May 1859 in the Mexican State of Oaxaca!;

and it has since been traced as far north as Mazatlan, one of M. Boucard’s specimens

having been compared with another from the latter place, and pronounced by Prof.

Baird to agree in all essential respects 3.

Nothing is recorded of the habits of this Wren ; but it may be assumed to resemble

in this respect the following species, as Grayson’s note on 7’. dawrencii was made under

the supposition that the birds of the Tres Marias Islands and Mazatlan were identical,

which is now proved to be not absolutely the case. We have figured one of Boucard’s

Oaxaca specimens, the same as the one which furnished Prof. Baird with his description

of the species in the ‘ Review of American Birds ’?.

6. Thryothorus lawrencii.

Thryothorus felix B. lawrencii, Ridgw. Bull. Nutt. Orn, Club, 1878, p. 10"; Salv. Ibis, 1878, p. 196”.

Thryothorus feliz, Grayson, Pr. Bost. Soc. N. H. xiv. p. 278° (nec Sclater).

7. felici affinis, sed corpore subtus fere albo, hypochondriis vix rufescenti tinctis differt; superciliis distinctis

albis, genis immaculatis albis, et rostro graciliore magis incurvo quoque diversus. Long. tota 5:3, ale

2:3, caude 2:2, rostri a rictu 0-95, tarsi 0-9. (Descr. exempl. typ. ex inss. Tres Marias, Mexico. U.S.

Nat. Mus. no. 50818.)

Hab. Mexico, Tres Marias Islands (Grayson 1%).

Grayson® describes this Wren as a little larger than the one of the mainland, but

with similar notes. He adds that it is very common in the Marias, where it is a

94 TROGLODYTIDA.

constant resident, and the only species of Wren found there, where its lively song

chimes in with those of the other songsters of the woods at all hours of the day.

We are indebted to Mr. Ridgway for his kindness in lending us the type specimen

of this bird, which, compared with one of M. Boucard’s typical examples of 7. felix,

presents the differences pointed out above. ‘The island habitat of 7. lawrencit renders

it extremely improbable that these distinctions will be broken down by intermediate

links; and we are therefore of opinion that 7. Jawrencii should be kept apart.

7. Thryothorus berlandieri.

Thryothorus berlandieri, Baird, B. N. Am. p. 362, t. 83. f. 1" (ex Couch, MS.) ; Rev. Am. B. i.

p 1247.

mente , : ; 3 :

Thryothorus ludovicianus, var. berlandieri, Baird, Brew. & Ridgw. N. Am. B. i. p. 144°; Merrill,

Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. i. p. 121%.

Thryothorus ludovicianus berlandieri, Sennett, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. iv. p. 8°.

Supra rufescenti-brunneus, alis et cauda vix nigro transfasciatis, uropygio maculis celatis albis ornato; super-

ciliis albis, supra nigro marginatis ; cervicis lateralibus nigro maculatis; subtus rufescens, gula et abdomine

medio albicantioribus ; hypochondriis obsolete fusco transfasciatis; rostro et pedibus corylinis. Long.

tota 5°7, ale 2°4, caude 2:1, rostri a rictu 0-9, tarsi 0-9. (Descr. exempl. ex Mexico. Mus. P. L.

Sclater.)

Hab. Norra America, Rio Grande valley (Sennett®, Merrill +)—Mexico, Boquillo,

Nuevo Leon and San Diego (Couch 1).

The original specimens of this race of the Carolina Wren (TL. ludovicianus) were

obtained by Lieut. Couch at Neuvo Leon and San Diego, in Mexico; and it has since

been found in abundance in the valley of the lower Rio Grande. Its distinctness from

L. ludovicianus is not very pronounced; and Dr. Coues, in examining Mr. Sennett’s

specimens ®, speaks of them as being rather puzzling, owing to their being intermediate

between 7. ludovicianus proper and the full development of 7. derlandieri. He

decided, however, to associate them with the latter bird, which, according to Messrs.

Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, bears to the former about the same relationship that

Harporhynchus longirostris does to H. rufus.

Mr. Sennett procured several nests of this Wren during his stay on the lower Rio

Grande. These were found near the ground, in hollow trees, stumps, and even in dead

limbs lying on the ground. The eggs are described as being of a white or pinkish

colour, with brown and purple specks and blotches distributed over the whole surface.

We have no record of the occurrence of the species in Central or Southern Mexico.

8. Thryothorus albinucha, (Tab. VII. fig. 2.)

Troglodytes albinucha, Cabot, Pr. Bost. Soc. N. H. ii. p. 258’.

THRYOTHORUS. 95

Thryothorus albinucha, Baird, Rev. Am. B. i. p- 149°; Salv. Ibis, 1866, p. 191°; Lawr. Ann. Lye.

N.Y. ix. p. 199%.

Thryothorus petenicus, Salv. P. Z. 8. 1863, p. 187°; Baird, Rev. Am. B. i. p. 125°.

Supra brunneus, uropygio paulo rufescentiore et maculis celatis albis notato; alis vix nigro transfasciatis, loris

et superciliis albis, regione postoculari brunnea ; capitis et colli lateribus‘albis nigro vix vittatis ; cauda

nigra, rectricibus duabus extimis albo irregulariter punctatis, duabus mediis fusco-brunneis, his et reliquis

nigto fasciatis; subtus albus, hypochondriis brunneo lavatis, crisso nigro distincte transfasciato ; rostri

maxilla cornea, mandibule basi albicante ; pedibus pallide corylinis. Long. tota 5:1, ale 2°3, caude 2:0,

rostri a rictu 0-9, tarsi 0-85. (Descr. exempl. ex Sakluk, Peten. Mus. nostr.)

Hab. Mexico, Yalahao! and Merida4, Yucatan (Cabot1, Schott*) ; Guatemata, Sakluk,

near Peten (0. 8.5 §).

This species is one of very restricted range, being confined to the promontory of

Yucatan and the adjoining district of Peten. Dr. S. Cabot first discovered it during

his travels in Northern Yucatan, where it has since been obtained near Merida by

Dr. Schott. When at Sakluk near Peten, April 1862, Salvin shot a single specimen of

this Wren on the outskirts of a thicket in the open savannas in which the village is

situated. This bird was afterwards described as T. petenicus, but found to be in-

separable from Dr. Cabot’s bird when compared with it by Prof. Baird ?.

We have figured the type of 7. petenicus.

d. Rostrum debile.

9. Thryothorus bairdi.

Thryothorus bewicki, var. leucogaster, Baird, Rev. Am. B. 1. p. 127° (nec T. leucogaster, Gould) ;

Baird, Brew. & Ridgw. N. Am. B. i. p. 147°; Lawr. Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. ii. p. 268°;

Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 4, p. 14%.

Thryomanes bewicki leucogaster, Coues, B. Col. Vall. i. p. 169°.

Thryomanes bewicki, var. leucogaster, Merrill, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. i. p. 121°.

Thryothorus bewicki, Scl. P. Z. 8. 1859, p. 8727; Dugés, La Nat. i. p. 139°; Sennett, Bull. U.S.

Geol. Surv. iv. p. 9°.

Murino-brunneus, cauda nigro indistincte irrorata, rectricibus externis extus albo variegatis ; loris et super-

ciliis distinctis albis, stria postoculari murina; capitis lateribus et corpore subtus sordide albis, crisso

indistincte fusco transvittato; rostro et pedibus fuscis, mandibule basi pallidiore. Long. tota 4-7, ale

2-1, caude 2-0, rostri a rictu 0°75, tarsi 0-6. (Deser. exempl. ex Oaxaca, Mexico. Mus. nostr.)

Hab. Norrnt America, Colorado® and Rio-Grande valleys °®.—Mexico, Tamaulipas

and Nuevo Leon (Couch 1), Guadalaxara (Grayson *), Guanajuato (Dugés®), valley

of Mexico (Je Strange), Oaxaca (Boucard"), Puente Colorado (Sumichrast *).

This Wren is a race of 7. bewicki, found in Mexico and the border lands of the Rio-

Grande and Colorado valleys, having two near allies in the northern continent—one,

T. bewicki, belonging to the south-eastern States and as far west as Texas, and the

96 TROGLODYTID A.

other, 7. spilurus, in California. The differences between these three forms were first

set forth by Prof. Baird in his ‘Review of American Birds’'; and his views have been

confirmed by subsequent writers?*. These forms are stated to be strongly marked

geographical varieties separable by quite constant characters *, necessitating, in our

opinion, the use of a specific name for each, the fact of this constancy of character

rather than the amount of the difference between them requiring this recognition.

In differentiating these races, Prof. Baird thought that he recognized in the Mexican

bird the Troglodytes lewcogastra of Gould, and hence properly called it Thryothorus

bewicki, var. lewcogaster. But Mr. Gould’s name has since been found to apply to a

very different species, which now stands as Uropsila leucogastra*. This being the case,

it is obviously undesirable to retain the name lewcogaster for the present bird as well

as for the Uropsila; we therefore suggest that the former should stand as Thryothorus

bairdi.

Of 7. bairdi in Mexico little is recorded beyond its occurrence at several places

as far south as the State of Oaxaca’? and the Isthmus of Tehuantepec®; but good

accounts of it are given by Mr. Sennett ® and Dr. Merrill ®, who observed it on the Rio

Grande, and also by Mr. Ridgway? and Dr. Coues®. All these observers bear

testimony to the excellence of its song and the great variety of its notes. Dr. Merrill

describes its nest as placed in various situations, such as an old Woodpecker’s hole,

between joints of a prickly pear, or amongst twigs of dense thorny bushes. The eggs

are described as varying considerably, some having very fine inconspicuous markings,

others heavy marks of reddish and lilac. Our thanks are due to Mr. Ridgway for

lending us for comparison a specimen of the true 7. bewicki from Brazos in Texas.

This, with the good series of 7. spilurus in the Museum of the University of Cam-

bridge, formerly in Hepburn’s collection, and specimens of the Mexican bird in our

own and Mr. Sclater’s possession, have enabled us to compare the three races of this

Wren together, and to confirm, as far as our materials go, the observations of American

writers.

TROGLODYTES.

Troglodytes, Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept. ii. p. 52 (1807). (Type 7. aedon, Vieill.)

No well-marked characters distinguish Troglodytes from Thryothorus, though the

small size, more slender straighter bill, and shorter tail of the more typical members

of Troglodytes render them not difficult of recognition when compared with any of the

sections of Thryothorus, into which the species of that genus have been grouped. Still

such birds as the West-Indian Thryothorus martinicanus and its allies are so inter-

mediate in their characters that the passage from one to the other genus is almost

complete.

The classification of the races of Troglodytes allied to T. aedon, owing to the great

amount of variability observable amongst them, offers one of those difficult questions

* Anted, p. 78.

TROGLODYTES, 97

for solution which are not unfrequently met with in ornithology, and in dealing with

which no method of nomenclature has yet proved altogether satisfactory. Before

treating the Central-American races separately, it will be convenient here to view the

relationship of all the forms collectively.

Throughout the two continents of America andsome of theadjacent islands (the Antilles

alone excepted), Wrens of the Troglodytes aedon group are found. These seem at once to

be tolerably sharply divisible into two species:—T. aedon of North America, which also

occurs in Mexico; and a southern form, subject to great local variation, which spreads

from Mexico over the whole South-American continent to Cape Horn. Of T. aedon three

races have been set up, none of which do we think can be maintained, for reasons stated

below. Of the southern form, 7’. énsularis of the island of Socorro seems fairly separable;

and on the mainland the following names have been proposed :—T. intermedius for the

Central-American bird, which ranges from Southern Mexico to Costa Rica; T. inguietus

for the Panama bird; Z. striatulus for the Bogota bird; T. tessellatus for that of

Western Peru. The Guiana bird is 7. furvus, the Brazilian T. equinoctialis* ; the

bird of the extreme south is 7. magellanicus +, and the Chilian T. hornensis{. It is

with all these local forms that our great difficulty lies. Characters which in some

places seem definite, gradually disappear on the confines of the range of what at

first sight is an apparently distinct form; so that it would seem that no diagnostic

features exist by which to separate all these various races.

The Central-American 7. intermedius perhaps comes nearest the South-Brazilian

bird, differing in being rather more deeply coloured below, in having the crissum (in

the adult bird) more strongly banded, and in the tail being shorter. The Panama

Wren passes southwards through Colombia to Peru, no tangible difference being

evident between 7’. inguietus and T. tessellatus. The typical bird of this race is dis-

tinguished by the pale colour of its under surface, the flanks alone being tinged with

rufous, and by its having the feathers of the back more or less strongly barred across

with fine blackish bands. These characters are also present in the Guiana T. furvus,

though the upper plumage is a shade more rufous and the markings of the back less

distinct. Examples from the island of Tobago and others from the vicinity of Bogota

in Colombia are not separable; but in Trinidad and Venezuela specimens seem to be of

a deeper rufous above, and the dorsal marks are obsolete. This latter form passes to

Santa Marta, to the Amazons, Ecuador, and to the vicinity of Lima in Peru. Thus no

definite boundaries, in accordance with the generally recognized rules of the distri-

bution of South-American birds, can be set to these variable birds; and, failing them,

the only course open to us is to call them all Troglodytes furvus as a comprehensive

name, including the true 7. furvus of Guiana, and the aberrant 7. tessellatus of

Western America, from Panama to Peru. The bird of South-eastern Brazil has a

* Sw. Orn. Draw. t. 13. + Gould, P.Z. 8. 1836, p. 88.

+ Less. Journ. l’Inst. 1834, p. 316, et Navig. aut. d. Globe de ‘ La Thétis,’ ii. p. 327.

BIOL. CENT.-AMER., Zool., Aves, Vol. 1, Aprid 1880. 13

98 TROGLODYTIDZ.

strong rufous tint beneath; this is more particularly evident in Bahia examples,

where the throat alone is whitish; the crissum, too, of these birds is spotless. In Rio

examples the crissum has a few black marks; and this form extends southwards to the

Argentine Republic and Patagonia. Nor does the Chilian bird differ appreciably in

coloration; but the tail seems to be always longer than in birds from the eastern side

of the continent. This character also fails to be of much service, as the length of the

tail is found to be gradually less as one proceeds northwards from Patagonia and Chili.

Of these southern birds, those from Bahia are most readily distinguishable at first sight

by their brighter rufous under surface and spotless crissum ; but the points of distinction

between Rio birds and others already referred to from Venezuela &c. are so insig-

nificant as to be hardly capable of recognition with certainty. But the Venezuela

bird passes into 7. furvus of Guiana, and thence into T. tessellatus; so that the

passage between the extreme forms, the birds of Bahia and Peru, seems almost complete.

The geographical inter-relationship of the extremes and means is so complicated that

a reasonable explanation as to how the present state of things has come about has not

suggested itself to us. Still we see, in the apparent rapprochement of the Central-

American and Brazilian birds, an example of a law of distribution of which we now have

many examples.

In treating of the forms of Zroglodytes within our boundaries our difficulties as

regards their discrimination are much less. J. aedon and T. insularis are easily

defined; and the relationship of 7. intermedius to the Panama race of T. furvus, as we

are now constrained to call the bird of the southern continent, is not too close to

prevent their recognition.

Altogether six species or races of Troglodytes are found within our borders,—one,

Tf. aedon, being the intrusion of a northern bird into Mexico; another, 7. furvus, the

extension of a southern form into the State of Panama; a third, 7. solstitialis, is a

bird of the Andes found in Costa Rica; two others are local modifications of the

southern 7. furvus; and T. brunneicollis a species without near allies.

1. Troglodytes aedon.

Troglodytes edon, Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. ii. p. 52, t. 107"; Baird, Rev. Am. B. i. p- 138°.

Troglodytes parkmanii, Aud. Orn. Biogr. v. p- 810°; Baird, Rev. Am. B. i. p. 140‘.

Troglodytes edon, var. parkmanni, Baird, Brew. & Ridgw. N. Am. B. i. p. 153°; Coues, Birds N.W.

p. 82°.

Troglodytes domesticus parkmani, Coues, B. Col. Vall. i. p- 171" (ex Bartram).

Troglodytes americanus, Aud. Orn. Biogr. ii. p. 452°.

Troglodytes edon, var. aztecus, Baird, Rev. Am. B. i. p. 189°.

Troglodytes aztecus, Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. i. p. 545 °°.

Supra murino-brunneus, uropygio paulo rufescentiore ; dorso, alis et cauda nigro transversim fasciatis ; subtus

griseo-albidus fusco vix irroratus, hypochondriis et crisso leviter fusco transfasciatis, rostri maxilla

TROGLODYTES. 99

brunnea, mandibula et pedibus corylinis. Long. tota 4:4, ale 2°1, caude 1:9, rostri a rictu 0°65,

tarsi 0- 7. (Deser. exempl. ex Jalapa, Mexico, U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 26368.)

Hab. Nortu America, whole of the United States and part of Canada ® °.—Mexico,

Charco escondido, Tamaulipas (Couch), Orizaba (Sumichrast®), Mirador (Sar-

torius®), Jalapa (de Oca®).

The differences said to subsist between the races of 7. aedon found in the Eastern

States, the Western States, and Mexico, called respectively 7. aedon, T. parkmani, and

iE aztecus, are of so slight a nature that we do not see how the sort of quasi recog-

nition that has been accorded to them can be long maintained. These differences are

concisely stated by Prof. Baird to be as follows :—

T. aedon. First primary nearly half the longest; colour above dark brown,

rufous towards the tail.

T. aztecus. Wing similar ; above paler brown.

LT. parkmani. First primary half the second ; above paler brown.

Of these characters the colour of the plumage above is very variable in intensity,

and we do not believe it possible to distinguish specimens with any thing approaching

certainty by this test.

As regards the length of the first primary, there does not seem to be any appreciable

difference between any of these races; but the difference of its proportion to the rest

of the wing is due to western specimens generally having a rather more lengthened

wing than eastern ones’. But a Florida example does not differ in this respect from

western birds, though Prof. Baird states the contrary was the case in the specimens

he examined ; so that here again is no certain test by which to discriminate these races.

Troglodytes aedon, as we prefer to call all these slight varieties, is a very well-known

bird in the United States; and its habits and economy are fully set forth in recent

works on North-American ornithology. Its range in Mexico seems strictly confined

to the eastern side of the country, where it extends to the environs of Orizaba and

Jalapa. Further south, in Yucatan and Guatemala, its place is occupied by its close

ally 7. intermedius, of which we give an account below.

As will be seen above, the name this little bird should bear has been much disputed.

That of Troglodytes aedon will satisfy perhaps all ornithologists, or those wos with

Dr. Coues, urge the acceptance of the names introduced by Bartram’.

2. Troglodytes insularis.

Troglodytes insularis, Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. x. p. 8 (ex Baird, MS.)*, et Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. ii.

p- 2687; Grayson, Pr. Bost. Soc. N. H. xiv. p. 299°.

Supra griseo-murinus, dorso leviter fusco irrorato; alis et cauda fusco-nigro transfasciatis ; subtus albidus,

crisso vix fusco notato; superciliis elongatis distinctis; rostro et pedibus corylinis, qmandiiale basi

13*

100 TROGLODYTID&.

albicante. Long. tota 4°4, ale: 1-9, caude 1-7, rostri a rictu 0°8, tarsi 0-8. (Descr. maris ex ins, Socorro.

U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 58259.)

Hab. Mexico, Socorro Island (Grayson +? *).

In the tint of the upper plumage this Wren resembles 7. aedon; but the back is

rather greyer in colour. Beneath it is nearly white, without dusky markings. 7. inter-

medius is altogether a browner bird both above and below; and from it, and also from

T. aedon, T. insularis differs in its long slender curved bill and in the greater distinct-

ness of the superciliary line.

Grayson, the only naturalist who has seen it, describes the Socorro Wren as the

commonest bird on the island, where its song is to be heard throughout the day,

either amongst the trees or brush-covered rocks that crop out everywhere. Like all

the indigenous birds of the island, it was very tame, and would climb about old logs

or creep over the trunks of standing trees, and even turn over leaves at his feet in

search of food, every now and then stopping to utter from a twig a cheerful song of

considerable volume for so small a bird?. He adds that he often saw it feeding on

dead land-crabs, crustacea being eaten more or less by all the birds of the island except

the Parrots and Pigeons °.

Grayson describes} the iris of the living bird as brown, the bill brown above, the

mandible paler, the feet brown with black nails.

3. Troglodytes intermedius.

Troglodytes intermedius, Cab. J. £. Orn. 1860, p.407'; Baird, Rev. Am. B. i. p. 142°; Lawr. Ann.

Lyc. N. Y. ix. pp. 93’, 199%.

Troglodytes aedon, Scl. & Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 9°; Salv. Ibis, 1866, p. 202° (mec Vieillot).

Troglodytes hypaedon, Scl. P. Z. 8. 1861, p. 128", 1862, p. 18°.

Troglodytes, sp.?, Scl. P. Z.8. 1859, p. 372°.

Troglodytes inguietus, Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ix. p. 93°° (nec Baird).

Supra brunneus, alis et cauda fusco-nigro frequenter transfasciatis ; subtus pallidior, hypochondriis vix, crisso

distincte nigro transvittatis, rostri maxilla brunnea, mandibula et pedibus corylinis. Long. tota 4:5,

ale 2-1, caudex 1°75, rostri a rictu 0-75, tarsi 0°7. (Descr. exempl. ex Duefias, Guatemala. Mus. nostr.)

Hab. Mzxico® ®, Totontepec and Capulalpam (Boucard®), Merida, Yucatan (Schott +,

Gaumer); GuaTEMALA, Duefias, Panajachel, Quezaltenango, Coban, &c., and in all

villages throughout the country (0. 8S. & F. D. G.); Costa Rica, San José and

Quebrada Honda (Hoffmann 1), San José and Barranca (Carmiol ?).

This is the common House-Wren of Guatemala and Costa Rica, being doubtless

found in the intermediate country. It also spreads northwards to Yucatan and the

Mexican State of Oaxaca, though we have as yet no record of it from Tehuantepec nor

yet from Western Mexico. In Eastern Mexico its place seems to be taken by 7. aedon;

TROGLODYTES. 101

and southwards of Costa Rica the Andean race of 7. furvus appears. From both of

these 7. intermedius differs in its rufous-brown colour, though in this respect it

approaches the Brazilian form of 7. furvus, the tail, however, being shorter and the

crissum more strongly banded.

After being for some time doubtfully referred to 7. aedon®, or left unnamed ®, it was

described from Costa-Rica specimens as 7. intermedius} by Dr. Cabanis, and the follow-

ing year as T. hypaedon by Mr. Sclater’ from Mexican and Guatemalan examples.

Subsequently Prof. Baird compared Mexican and Costa-Rican birds, and pronouncing

them to agree in general appearance, placed both under Dr. Cabanis’s name 2.

In Guatemala 7. intermedius is a very familiar species, being found in villages and

towns throughout the country irrespective of elevation, as we observed it at various

places from 8000 feet to the sea-level. Its favourite resort is the thatch or tiled roofs

of houses, where it lives a restless life in pursuit of food.’ Its song is lively, but short,

and of no great power or compass. It frequently utters a kind of scolding note, which

has doubtless gained for it the name of “ Curuchichi,” which not inaptly expresses it.

‘A nest found at Buenaventura, on the Lake of Panajachel, was in a hole in a bank, the

eggs being exactly like those of 7. aedon, pinkish white, thickly freckled with red spots.

4. Troglodytes furvus.

Motacilla furva, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 994".

Troglodytes furvus, Scl. Cat. Am. B. p. 23°; Scl. & Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotrop. p. 7’.

Troglodytes tecellata, D’Orb. & Lafr. Mag. Zool. 1837, Cl. ii. p. 25 *.

Troglodytes tessellatus, Salv. P. Z.S. 1867, p. 185°; Salv. Ibis, 1869, p. 312°; Scl. & Salv. P. Z. 8.

1879, p. 4937.

Thriothorus striatulus, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1845, p. 338 °.

Troglodytes hypaedon, Lawr. Aun. Lyc.N. Y. vii. p. 320°; Scl. & Salv. P. Z.S. 1864, p. 346° (nec

Sclater).

Troglodytes inquietus, Baird, Rev. Am. B. i. p. 143” (ex Lawr. MS.) ; Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. viii.

p. 174°”, ix. p. 93.

Thyothorus equinoctialis, Sw. Orn. Draw. t. 13™.

Troglodytes hornensis, Less. Journ. l’Inst. 1834, p. 316”.

Troglodytes magellanicus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1836, p. 88”.

Supra brunneus, dorso, alis et cauda fusco-nigro transfasciatis; subtus sordide albus, hypochondriis obsolete,

crisso conspicue nigro transfasciatis ; rostri maxilla cornea, mandibula et pedibus corylinis. Long. tota 4-4,

alee 2:1, caude 1:5, rostri a rictu 0-7, tarsi 0°75. (Deser. maris ex Panama. Mus. nostr.)

Hab. Pawama, David (Hicks 1), Chitra, Calovevora (Arcé), Obispo (0. 8.), Lion Hill

(M‘Leannan ® 1),—Conomsra?®; Ecuapor?; Guana’; Brazit, &c.—And gene-

rally throughout Sourn America in imperfectly segregated races.

We have already spoken of the difficulty we have experienced in attempting to

trace differences between specimens of the races of this Wren from various points in

South America, and of the conclusion into which we have been forced that they are

102 TROGLODYTID.

inseparable as species, owing to the gradual passage of even the most diverse of the

forms from one into another by insensible gradations.

In the ‘Nomenclator Avium Neotropicalium’ a somewhat similar conclusion was

arrived at?. Two southern species were there admitted, 7. furvus and T. tessellatus,

under the latter name being included all the birds from the Andes and Panama, the

former embracing the rest of the South-American Wrens of this form. We now find

that the birds of Guiana, the origin of the types of 7. furvus, are not separable from the

Wren of Panama, and that 7. furvus and T. tessellatus blend insensibly together. On

the other hand, slight differences in the Central-American 7’. intermedius seem to justify

its separation.

The Panama bird which Prof. Baird distinguished by the name of T. inquietus 1},

besides agreeing with the Guiana Wren, does not differ materially from the birds of

Antioquia ’, Bogota ®, and Peru‘. At Santa Marta it passes into the Trinidad and

Venezuela form, in which the marks of the back are less distinct, and is thus connected

by insensible degrees with the Wren of the Amazons, Brazil, and Chili. Its northward

extension seems tolerably defined, not passing the limits of the State of Panama. In

Costa Rica 7. intermedius takes its place, though 7. inguietus appears in Mr. Lawrence’s

list 18 of the birds of that country on our authority.

When crossing the Isthmus of Panama in 1863 we noticed that the notes of the

Wren found there differed from those of the Central-American bird, with which we were

then well acquainted. It frequented similar places, being a constant attendant about

houses and walls of old buildings. Salmon took its eggs at Medellin, in Colombia.

These exactly resembled those of T. aedon, being thickly freckled with red.

5. Troglodytes solstitialis.

Troglodytes solstitialis, Scl. P. Z. 8.1858, p. 550°; Scl. & Salv. Ex. Orn. p. 45, t. 23.£.1?; P.Z.S.

1879, pp. 493°, 593°; Tacz. P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 5055,

Supra saturate brunneus, alis et cauda nigro distincte transfasciolatis, striga postoculari distincta fulva; capitis

lateribus et corpore subtus dilute fulvis, abdomine medio albicantiore, crisso nigro transfasciato ; rostro fusco,

pedibus corylinis. Long. tota 3-8, ale 1:8, caude 1-2, rostri a rictu 0-7, tarsi 0°7. (Descr. exempl. ex

Costa Rica. Mus. nostr.)

Hab. Costa Rica (Rogers).—Cotompia? 3; Ecuapor!; Prru®; Bourvia‘.

The smaller size, the distinct superciliary stripe, the darker and more uniform tint of

the plumage above, and the whiter belly distinguish this species from all the forms of

T. furvus, it being, in fact, readily distinguishable from that bird. It has an extensive

range in the Andes, being found from Bolivia to Antioquia in Colombia, and also in

Costa Rica, whence we have recently received three specimens from Mr. Rogers.

f. solstitialis was one of Fraser’s discoveries in Ecuador, where he met with it in

June 1858 near Matos and Pinipi, villages situated on the eastern slope of the Andes,

TROGLODYTES. 103

not far from Riobamba!. Mr. Buckley’s recent collections from the same country also

contained examples. From Ecuador it has since been traced southwards to Peru ® and

Bolivia *, and northwards to the Colombian State of Antioquia?, and now to Costa Rica.

It seems to enjoy a considerable range in altitude, as Fraser’s specimens were obtained

a little under 10,000 feet above the sea, Salmon’s in Antioquia at a much lower eleva-

tion, and some of Mr. Buckley’s at Puna Island, almost at the sea-level. Salmon found

its nest, which he describes as placed in a hole in a wall or bank, or any convenient

spot, being made of soft blades of grass with an entrance at the side. The eggs are

white, spotted with small red spots, but not nearly so profusely as those of 7. aedon.

6. Troglodytes brunneicollis,

Troglodytes brunneicollis, Scl. P. Z. 8. 1858, p. 2977, 1859, p. 872”, 1862, p. 18°; Cat. Am. B. p. 23°;

Scl. & Salv. Ibis, 1860, p. 273°; Ex. Orn. p. 46, t. 23. f. 2°; Baird, Rev. Am. B. i. p. 1447;

Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. i. p. 545%.

Troglodytes aedon?, Scl. P. Z. 8. 1859, p. 363° (nec Vieillot).

Troglodytes hyemalis, Scl. P.Z. 8. 1856, p. 29019?

Supra fusco-brunneus, dorsi plumis plerumque fasciolis nigris transvittatis; superciliis et capitis lateribus

rufescentibus his leviter fusco vittatis; stria postoculari brunnea; uropygio maculis celatis albis notato ;

alis extus et cauda fasciolis nigris transvittatis; subtus clare fulvo-rufescens, abdomine medio pallidiore ;

hypochondriis, ventre imo et crisso nigro anguste transfasciatis ; rostro nigricante, mandibule basi albi-

cante; pedibus pallide corylinis. Long. tota 4:5, ale 2:1, caude 1°8, rostri a rictu 0°75, tarsi 0°85.

(Descr. maris ex Capulalpam, Mexico, Mus. nostr.)

Hab. Mexico, ? El Jacale (Sallé!°), La Parada’ (Boucard? ?®), Cinco Seftores (Boucard?),

Jalapa (de Oca*®*), Alpine region of Vera Cruz (Sumichrast’®); Guatemata,

forests of Volcan de Fuego (0. S. & F. D. G.*).

This is a well-marked Wren belonging to the group containing 7. aedon and its

allies, being of about the size of that species, and having a tail of similar proportions.

In colour, however, it somewhat recalls the North-American T. hyemalis, its longer tail,

larger size, and clear fulvous colour of the under surface distinguishing it from that

species. We suspect, however, that the first specimens obtained by M. Sallé at

Fl Jacale 1°, and called 7. hyemalis by Mr. Sclater, were really T. brunneicollis. These

birds have now been lost sight of and cannot be traced; but as they are the origin of

the only reference to 7. hyemalis in Mexico, we think that they were very likely mis-

named.

The first recognition of this Wren was based upon specimens obtained in December

1857 at La Parada by M. Boucard. This village is in the highlands of Oaxaca, and

stands at an elevation of about 10,000 feet above the sea. T. brunneicollis has since

been traced to many other parts of Southern Mexico, being, according to Prof. Sumichrast,

one of the commonest species of the alpine region of Vera Cruz at an elevation of from

5000 feet to 6500 feet above the sea ®.

104 TROGLODYTID.A.

In Guatemala we never found it much below 6500 feet, in the Volcan de Fuego,

where its chief resort is the deep ravines of the mountain and the belt of forest up to

between 10,000 and 11,000 feet. It is also not unfrequently met with in the lower

part of the tract of pine trees which clothe the upper 3000 feet of the cone. These

Wrens are usually seen in small flocks of five or six individuals, which move restlessly

amongst grass and shrubs near the ground. They keep carefully out of sight, uttering

a rather clear Wren-like call-note.

CISTOTHORUS.

Cistothorus, Cabanis, Mus. Hein. i. p. 77 (1850). (Type Troglodytes stellaris, Naum.)

This little genus is structurally not far removed from Troglodytes, having a similar

nostril with a covering membrane. Its tail is very rounded, the bill short and rather

strongly curved. In coloration it is somewhat peculiar, the dorsal feathers in all the

species, and those of the head also in some, being conspicuously striated longitudinally.

Its habits, too, are also peculiar, as it seems to be found exclusively in marshy spots,

frequenting the long rank grass and reeds which usually grow in such places.

In addition to Cistothorus Dr. Cabanis proposed a second generic name, Telmatodytes,

for C. palustris; but the differences between the two are too slight to be admissible.

The number of species in the genus is not well ascertained, owing to the difficulty of

determining the limits of some of them. Seven or eight names have been suggested at

various times, which are perhaps referable to four or five species. Of these, two come

within our limits, Cistothorus palustris, a northern bird which finds its way into Southern

Mexico, and C. elegans of Mexico and Central America. ‘The last named bird has a

close ally in North America, and does not seem to be separable from a species of wide

range in the southern continent to which the name C. polyglottus, Vieill., has been

applied.

1. Cistothorus palustris.

Certhia palustris, Wils. Am. Orn. ii. p. 58, t. 12. f. 4°.

Troglodytes palustris, Scl. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 290°.

Cistothorus palustris, Scl. P.Z.S. 1864, p. 172°; Baird, Rev. Am. B.i. p. 147*; Baird, Brew. &

Ridgw. N. Am. B. i. p. 161°; Coues, B. of N.W. p. 84°; B. Col. Vall. i. p. 178".

Cistothorus palustris, var. paludicola, Baird, Rev. Am. B. i. p. 148°; Lawr. Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H.

li. p. 268°.

Supra fulvescenti-brunneus, pilei lateribus et dorso nigris, hoc albido longitudinaliter striolato; alis et cauda

migro variegatis ; superciliis elongatis albis; genis, hypochondriis et crisso fulvis ; corpore subtus reliquo

albido ; rostri maxilla fusca, mandibula et pedibus pallide corylinis. Long. tota 4, ale 20, caude 1-6,

rostri a rictu 0°65, tarsi 0-8. (Deser. exempl. ex Mexico. Mus. nostr.)

Hab. N. America, throughout the temperate portions ® 67,—Mexico, Mazatlan (Gray-

son®), Tomatlan (Sallé*), near the city of Mexico (White®),

CISTOTHORUS. 105

This common North-American Marsh-Wren is widely distributed in the United

States, occurring as a summer visitor in New England, and even straggling to Green-

land; thence it appears to spread over the whole country to the Colorado basin, and

passes southwards to Southern Mexico. It breeds throughout this wide area, and

is probably only migratory in the northern parts of its summer range, as it has been

observed in winter as far north as the Columbia river on the west and in the Carolinas

on the east coast® In Mexico we know but little of it; but in all probability it is

resident there. Guatemala has been included in the range of C. palustris, apparently

from an incidental statement in Prof. Baird’s ‘Review of American Birds’+, where

that author speaks of Sclater and Salvin’s first article on Guatemala birds as including

the mention of a form of C. palustris which was unknown to him. This reference is

to C. elegans; yet all recent works on North-American birds include Guatemala, some-

times with doubt, sometimes without, as within the range of C. palustris.

Prof. Baird, in the work just quoted‘, separates the western from the eastern bird,

distinguishing the former by the name of var. paludicola. But as the species, as

Dr. Coues says’, is subject to a good deal of difference in details of coloration which

cannot be satisfactorily correlated with any special sex, age, or season, the difference of

race does not seem to be capable of definition with certainty. Dr. Coues keeps both

together under the single name Cistothorus palustris, which, so far as we can see, is the

right way of treating the species. A Mexican specimen in our possession has the

scapulars and lower back of a tawny rather than a light brown colour; but this differ-

ence may well come within the limits of individual variation.

C. palustris was first brought into general notice by Wilson, who described it as

observed by him in Pennsylvania, and figured it in his great work’; but it was noticed

by Bartram several years before, and mentioned in his ‘ Travels through Carolina &c.,’

under the name of Motacilla palustris’.

The habits of the species, as well as its mode of nidification, are fully described by

Brewer ® and Dr. Coues ®.

2. Cistothorus polyglottus. (Tab. VII. fig. 3.)

Todo voz, Azara, Apunt. ii. p. 29. no. 1511, undé

Thryothorus polyglottus, Vieill. N. Dict. d’Hist. N. xxxiv. p. 59”.

Cistothorus polyglottus, Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 48°; Scl. & Salv. P.Z. 8. 1879, p. 593 *.

Cistothorus elegans, Scl. & Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 8°, 1860, p. 30°; Baird, Rev. Am. B. i. p. 146’;

Salv. P. Z. 8. 1870, p. 182°.

Cistothorus stellaris, Scl. Cat. Am. B, p. 22°; Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. i. p. 545° (nec

Naum.).

Cistothorus equatorialis, Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. x. p. 3"?

Cistothorus graminicola, Tacz. P. Z.8. 1874, p.180"?

Supra fulvescenti-brunneus ; alis et cauda (dorso imo quoque obsolete) nigro transversim fasciatis ; pilei et inter-

BIOL. CENT.-AMER., Zool., Aves, Vol. 1, August 1880. 14

106 TROGLODYTIDZ.

scapulii plumis nigris, medialiter sordide albo striolatis ; subtus fulvido-albus, gula et abdomine medio

fere albis; crisso obsolete nigro notato; rostri maxilla fusca, mandibula et pedibus pallide corylinis.

Long. tota 4:3, ale 1°75, caude 1-75, rostri a rictu 0°6, tarsi 0-7. (Descr. femine ex Duefias, Guatemala.

Mus. nostr.)

Hab. Muxtco, Orizaba (Sumichrast ); Guaremaua, Lake of Duefias®® and grassy

summit of Volcan de Agua (0. 8S. dé F. D. G.); Panama, Chiriqui (Arcé §).—

Ecuapor !!2, Perv 122, Bourvia‘, Braziu®, Paraguay }.

The question of the value of the differences between the North-American Cistothorus

stellaris and the Guatemalan bird called C. elegans has long been in dispute. After

being a party to the sepatation of the latter in 1859, Mr. Sclater in his ‘ Catalogue of

American Birds,’ published in 1862, united it to C. stellaris, a course of proceeding

Prof. Baird in 1864 pronounced to be hasty, and accordingly granted C. elegans full specific

rank. In 1874, however, the same writer, with due deliberation and with apparently

the same materials before him, followed Mr. Sclater’s footsteps of 1862. The facts of

the case appear to be as follows:—After making considerable allowance for variation in

the size of the bill and in the amount of the striation of the feathers of the head, there

still seems to remain as a tolerably permanent difference between the two birds the

colour of the lower back and rump, which in C. stel/aris are marked with longitudinal

streaks like the back, and in C. elegans are more or less uniform fulvous-brown, occa-

sionally crossed with transverse bars*; the flanks, too, of the southern race are destitute

of any bars or spots, and the tarsi seem to be always longer. Guided by these tests we

trace C. elegans to Bolivia, whence we have a single specimen which has been already

called C. polyglottus*, raising the further question whether C. elegans is not after all

the southern C. polyglottus, a bird described by Azara1 and named by Vieillot?. Of

the latter bird we have a Nattererian specimen before us, obtained at Villa de Castro in

1820, and a Brazilian example belonging to the National Museum at Washington

agreeing well together. The latter has already been set down, with doubt, as C. elegans.

The only difference of any note between these two birds and C. elegans is in size, the

wing, and especially the tarsi, being shorter in the Brazilian specimens. As the colour

of the flanks and lower back is the same in both, we are inclined to think that the

difference in dimensions is not sufficient to be considered of specific value. We are

further of opinion that C. equatorialis of Lawrence ™ and C. graminicola of Tacza-

nowski ? are very probably referable to the same species, filling-in, as they do, links in

its wide range. Lastly, with regard to the name of this Wren, if, as it seems to us by

no means improbable, the North-American bird should be united with the southern (as

has been already done by writers on North-American birds), C. polyglottus, proposed by

Vieillot in 1819, has several years priority, and under this title all the rest should sink

to synonyms.

* These are exaggerated in the Plate.

CISTOTHORUS. 107

Of this species in Mexico we know but little. Prof. Sumichrast mentions it casually

as having been obtained by him in Orizaba. In Guatemala it is of very local distri-

bution, owing, doubtless, to scarcity of grassy swamps, its chief resort. On the western

border of the small lake near Duefias it was always present in the rushes and coarse

grass which surround the margin of the open water. This spot was the abode of a

good many pairs. Its shy skulking habits make it a bird difficult of observation, and

it is only by remaining motionless in a place near to where a bird has made its presence

known by its note that an occasional glimpse of it may be obtained. The original

specimen of C. elegans was thus secured on the Ist of February, 1858; but others were

subsequently shot at the end of July and of August, one obtained on the latter date

being a young bird in its first moult. The specimen from the Volcan de Agua was

found in the long grass which, with scattered pines, clothes the peak of the mountain

from 10,000 feet above the sea and upwards. It was at an elevation of 11,000 feet

that this bird was shot, in sight of the Lake of Duefias, but 6000 feet above it, and far

from any water. This bird differs in no way from the Duefias ones, except that its

bill is very short, hardly exceeding that of C. stellaris.

Of Chiriqui examples we have now seen several: in none are the striz of the head

very distinct ; but they show no other peculiarities.

The figure is taken from a Duefias specimen, the type of C. elegans.

Fam. MOTACILLIDZ.

ANTHUS.

Anthus, Bechstein, Naturg. Deutschl. iii. p. 704 (1807).

The genus Anthus has been divided into a number of sections, which have been

treated as genera or subgenera according to the views of different ornithologists. In

its comprehensive sense Anthus contains perhaps fifty species, which are spread over

nearly the whole world with the exception of the islands of the Pacific Ocean. Of

these, if we exclude A. pratensis, which only appears as a straggler in Greenland, eight

species occur in America, two in the northern and six in the southern continent. The

northern birds, on account of their longer and more pointed wings, have been sepa-

rated from the southern; and each section has been again divided into two—slight

differences in the formation of the point of the wing and in the proportions of the

tarsus, toes, and hind claws furnishing characters for their separation. These divi-

sions, however, are barely recognizable, and may all be merged in the genus Anthus

without difficulty.

In Central America only two species of Anthus occur, viz. Anthus ludovicianus,

which spends the winter months in the highlands of Mexico and Guatemala in small

numbers, and A. rufus, a southern species of wide range, which just enters our fauna

14*

108 MOTACILLIDA.

in the State of Panama, where it is found in scanty numbers in the more open savannas,

nowhere very extensive in this district.

1. Anthus ludovicianus.

Alauda ludoviciana, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 793’.

Anthus ludovicianus, Scl. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 293°; Scl. & Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 9°; Baird, Rev.

Am. B. i. p. 153; Dugés, La Natur. i. p. 140°; Baird, Brew. & Ridgw. N. Am. B.i. p.171";

Lawr. Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. ii. p. 2687; Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 4, p. 14°; Coues, B. N.W

p. 40°; B. Col. Vall. i. p. 193°; Merrill, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. i. p. 122 ae

Supra olivaceo-brunneus, plumis singulis medialiter obscure fuscis ; alis fuscis albido limbatis ; cauda fusca,

rectricibus duabus utrinque extimis gradatim albo terminatis, rectricis extime pogonio externo utrinque

fere omnino albo i superciliis et corpore subtus sordide brunneo-albidis ; cervicis lateribus, pectore et hypo-

chondriis fusco-nigro distincte maculatis ; rostro nigricante, mandibule basi albicante; pedibus obscure

corylinis. Long. tota 6, ale 3-2, caude 2°6, rostri a rictu 0-6, tarsi 0°8. (Descr. exempl. ex Duefias,

Guatemala. Mus. nostr.)

Hab. Whole of Norra America ©9 1°, Texas 14.—Mexico, Mazatlan (Grayson), Guana-

juato (Dugés®), Cordova (Sallé?), valley of Mexico (Je Strange), Orizaba (Sumi-

chrast +), Tehuantepec city (Sumichrast ®); GUATEMALA, Duefias (0. 8. & F. D. G3).

This Pipit is found at one season or another throughout the continent of North

America, even as far as Greenland ; and stragglers have been detected in Bermuda and

Heligoland‘. It is a strictly migratory bird, passing the winter months in the southern

part of its range, and breeding in the far north, Labrador °, and in the highest peaks of

the mountains of Colorado !.

In Texas Dr. Merrill describes it as very abundant from October to March !!; and in

Mexico’ and in Guatemala it has only been observed at the same time of year. In

the latter country it is by no means common; and we only occasionally met with birds

of this species, in small flocks of ten or twelve individuals, from December to February

in the open land near Duefias. Guatemala, therefore, is probably the southern limit

of the winter range of Anthus ludovicianus. Prof. Baird, however, speaks 4 with doubt

of its extension to Peru; but we have no evidence to confirm this statement.

The habits and breeding of this species are fully described in works on North-

American ornithology °°.

2. Anthus rufus.

Petite Alouette de Buenos Ayres, D’Aub. Pl. Enl. 788, f. 11, undé

Alauda rufa, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 7987.

Anthus i: ao Ann. Lye. N. Y. vii. p. 822°; Baird, Rev. Am. B. i. p. 156‘; Scl. Ibis, 1878,

Anthus (Notiocorys) parvus, Lawr. Pr. Ac. Phil. 1865, p. 106°.

Anthus parvus, Salv. P. Z. 8. 1867, p. 1357.

Anthus chii, Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 69 (nec Spix) °.

Anthus peruvianus, Nicholson, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 890°?

ANTHUS. 109

Supra fuscus, capitis et dorsi plumis pallide fulvo marginatis, alis et cauda fuscis fulvido limbatis ; cauda fusco-

nigra, rectricibus duabus utrinque externis gradatim fulvo-albidis; subtus cum superciliis sordide albus

fulvo (precipue in pectore) tinctus, pectore fusco-nigro distincte maculato; rostro corneo, mandibule basi

albicantiore ; pedibus flavidis. Long. tota 4:5-5, ala 2-4, caudex 1-8, rostri a rictu 0-6, tarsi 0°8. (Deser.

maris ex Santa Fé, Panama. Mus. nostr.)

Hab. Panama, Santa Fé (Arcé’), line of railway (Galbraith?*)—South America

generally to Peru®® and Brazin®8,

When endeavouring in 1867 to determine the proper name for a Veraguan specimen

of this little Anthus 7, we were quite unable to detect any valid differences between it

and Amazonian and Brazilian examples of a bird we believe to be the Anthus rufus (Gm.).

Since then we have had opportunities of examining other specimens, which have tended

to confirm our opinion that all belong to a single species. This, too, is Mr. Sclater’s

verdict, who has recently carefully investigated the subject®. We believe, too, that

Anthus rufus may be used as the name of the species; for though it does not extend

its range to Buenos Ayres, as D’Aubenton’s name would imply, the figure can hardly

have been drawn from a specimen of any other South-American Pipit. If, however, it

can be shown that the name Anthus rufus is not strictly applicable to it, Mr. Lawrence’s

title A. parvus may be used without doubt for the Central-American bird.

Of the habits of this species little information has reached us. Mr. Galbraith?

found it on the savannas near Panama, where it builds its nest on the ground, the

male ascending above the nest and remaining singing in the air for a long time.

Mr. Wallace ® observed it in tolerable abundance on the open dry plains in the island

of Mexiana at the mouth of the Amazons; and Natterer obtained ® specimens near Rio

Janeiro at pools in the road and in the swamps.

Fam. MNIOTILTIDA*.

Subfam. MNIOTILTINA F.

MNIOTILTA.

Mniotilta, Vieillot, Anal. p. 45 (1816). (Type Motacilla varia, Linn.)

Mniotilta, Baird, Brew. & Ridgw. N. Am. B. i. p. 180.

This genus contains but a single species, which differs from the other genera of this

* In the arrangement of this family we have to a great extent followed the system elaborated by Prof:

Baird in hig ‘ Review of American Birds,’ and used again in the ‘ History of North-American Birds.’ Dr. Coues

has also followed the same general plan in his ‘ Birds of the Colorado Valley,’ where, however, he has reduced

Prof. Baird’s four subfamilies to three, introducing thereby greater simplicity of arrangement. The family

itself is on all hands confessedly one of arbitrary rather than natural limits; but materials are not ripe for

a satisfactory recasting of it and the obviously allied groups Owrebide, Tanagride, &e.

+ Cf. Coues, B. Col. Vall. i. p. 203.

110 MNIOTILTIDE.

group in the elongation of the toes (especially the hind toe), enabling the species to

creep about the trunks of trees much like the Certhiide or Sittide. The single species

is a common North-American bird, which passes the winter months in large numbers

in Mexico and Central America.

1. Mniotilta varia.

Motacilla varia, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 333’.

Mniotilta varia, Bp. P. Z. S. 1837, p. 118°; Sel. P. Z. S. 1856, pp. 140°, 291‘, 1858, p. 298°,

1859, pp. 363 °, 3737, 1864, p. 172°; Scl. & Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 10°; P. Z.S8. 1864, p. 347”;

Cab. J. f. Orn. 1860, p. 8328"; Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. Vi. p. 822”, viii. p. 174", ix. p.93;

Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. ii. p. 269"; Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 4, p.15 **; Dresser, Ibis, 1865,

p- 476"; Baird, Rev. Am. B. i. p. 167 *. Saly. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 135%, 1870, p. 182”;

Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H.i. p. 546"; Frantz. J. f. Orn. 1869, p. 292 *; Baird,

Brew. & Ridgw. N. Am. B. i. p. 180%; Coues, B. Col. Vall. i. p. 204%; Gundl. Orn. Cub.

p- 63”; Merrill, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. i. p. 122.

Supra nigra, dorso toto albo striato, stria verticali et altera utrinque per oculos ducta albis ; alis nigris, fasciis

duabus albis notatis, remigibus primariis anguste, secundariis late albis ; cauda nigra, rectricibus extimis

versus apicem albo notatis; subtus alba, gutture toto et hypochondriis nigro pervittatis ; rostro corneo ;

pedibus nigris. Long. tota 4°8, ale 2°7, caude 2, rostri a rictu 0-65, tarsi 0°6. (Descr. exempl. ex Vera

Paz, Guatemala. Mus. nostr.)

9 aut avis junior subtus multo albicantior, genis, pectore et hypochondriis nigro sparsim vittatis, (Descr.

femine ex Volcan de Fuego, Guatemala. Mus. nostr.)

Hab. Eastern Norta America 3 24, Texas 1” 26—Mexico, Mazatlan (Grayson), Colima

(Xantus**), valley of Mexico (White’), Cordova (Sallé*), Jalapa (de Oca®),

Orizaba (Sumichrast*}, le Strange), La Parada®, Juquila, and Totontepec (Boucard’),

Guichicovi, Tehuantepec (Sumichrast 1); Britisa Honpuras, Belize (0. S.°) ;

GuatemaLa (Velasquez), Retalhuleu 18, Patio Bolas, Escuintla, Duefias !°, Volcan

de Agua, Volcan de Fuego, San Gerdnimo, Tactic, Coban, and Choctum (0. 8. &

F. D. G.); Costa Rica (Hoffmann), Punta Arenas (Dow 18), Barranca, Juiz,

San José, and Angostura (Carmiol'+), San Juan and Candelaria Mountains

(Frantzius**); Panama, Chiriqui (Bridges*, Hicks 13, Arcé®°), Santa Fé 1°, Chitra,

Cordillera del Chucu, and Calovevora (Arcé°), line of railway (‘Leannan 2 1°),

—Cotomsia *4; VENEZUELA 24; and ANTILLES! 24, Cuba? &c.

This is one of the commonest of the migratory Mniotiltide in Central America

during the autumn and winter seasons, arriving there about the middle of August, and

leaving «gain in April. During these months it spreads over the whole country from

the sea-level to an altitude of some 7000 or 8000 feet. In its winter migration it

passes into South America; and specimens not unfrequently occur in collections made

near Bogota. This is, perhaps, the most southern point of its range; but it extends

eastwards through Venezuela and Trinidad. In the Antilles it has been noticed in all

the larger islands, and as far eastward as the island of Santa Cruz; but it has not been

MNIOTILTA.—PROTONOTARIA. 111

recorded from the Windward Islands, which, doubtless, lie to the eastward of its route of

migration. In Jamaica it is said that a few remain to breed 23; but in Cuba none have

been observed to do so 25,

The range of Mniotilta varia in North America is extensive ; but the bird is said to

be nowhere abundant. It does not pass the Rocky Mountains, and reaches the Pacific

at no point north of Mazatlan. In the States, except perhaps in Texas, it is essentially

a summer visitant, and it breeds throughout the country from Texas (where Heermann

found its nest) northwards. Its habits are well described by Brewer 23 as resembling

those of a Creeper (Certhia) in its constant practice of climbing along the limbs and

stems of trees in search of food. In its winter quarters a sharp call is the only note

it utters; but in the breeding-season its song is described as sweet and pleasing though

not powerful.

The nest is always built upon the ground.

PROTONOTARIA.

Protonotaria, Baird, B. N. Am. p. 239 (1858). (Type Motacilla citrea, Bodd.)

Protonotaria, Baird, Brew. & Ridgw. N. Am. B. i. p. 183.

A single, peculiar-looking species constitutes this genus—a bird with a long bill and

long wings, and remarkable for the purity of the yellow colour of its head and under-

parts. The species is a scarce one in Central America, visiting Yucatan, Costa Rica,

and Panama during the winter months, and passing the summer in the Southern

States.

1. Protonotaria citrea.

Figuier & ventre et téte jaunes de la Louisiane, D’Aub. Pl. Enl. 704, f. 21, unde

Motacilla citrea, Bodd. Tabl. Pl. Enl. p. 44°.

Helminthophaga citrea, Cab. J. f. Orn. 1861, p. 85°.

Protonotaria citrea, Baird, Rev. Am. B. i. p. 173*; Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ix. pp. 94°, 200°;

Frantz. J. f. Orn. 1869, p. 2927; Scl. & Salv. P. Z. 8. 1870, p. 780°, 1879, p. 494°; Baird,

Brew. & Ridgw. N. Am. B. i. p. 184"; Coues, B. N.W. p. 47"; Gundl. Orn. Cub. p. 62”.

Supra olivaceo-virescens, uropygio, alis extus et cauda (rectricibus duabus mediis) cerulescenti-cinereis ;

capite toto et corporé subtus letissime flavis, subalaribus et crisso albis ; rectricibus (preter duabus mediis)

albis, pogonio externo et apicibus nigris; rostro corneo, pedibus plumbeis. Long. tota 5, ale 2°8,

caudw 1:8, rostri a rictu 0°75, tarsi 0°75. (Descr. exempl. ex Veraguas, Panama. Mus. nostr.)

Hab. Norta America, South-eastern States !°11,—Mexico, Merida, Yucatan (Schott) ;

Costa Rica3, Punta Arenas (J. Mf. Dow*®, v. Frantzius'); Panama, Veraguas (Arcé),

line of railway (Mus. G. N. Lawrence).—CotomBia®; VENEZUELA® ; Cusa !,

In its summer quarters the Prothonotary Warbler is restricted to the southern

region of the eastern section of the United States, being chiefly found in Kansas,

112 MNIOTILTIDA.

Southern and Central Illinois, Missouri, and in Kentucky; but stragglers are occa-

sionally met with as far north as Washington and even New Brunswick. Dr. Woodhouse

also observed it in numbers in Texas, where, however, recent observers do not mention

its occurrence. Its time of residence in these districts extends from April to October,

during which it breeds. The rest of the year it spends within the tropics, its line of

migration nearly coinciding with that of Geothlypis philadelphia. It is found in

Northern Yucatan ; but nowhere else in Mexico or Central America until we come to

Costa Rica, where, and in the State of Panama, a few specimens have been obtained.

In the Southern continent its range seems confined to the north-western coast, as

specimens have reached us from the State of Antioquia® 9, the neighbourhood of Santa

Marta, and from near Merida in Venezuela’. In its spring migration it is occasionally

(but rarely) met with in Cuba in the month of April’, but not elsewhere in the

Antilles.

The bird is described as being one of the shyest and most silent of all the Warblers.

Its place of abode is usually in bushy swamps on the margin of stagnant pools. Its

nest is placed in a hollow snag, a Woodpecker’s hole being often chosen for its site 1°.

HELMINTHOTHERWUS.

Helmitherus, Rafinesque, Journ. de Phys. lxxxviii. p. 417 (1819) (fide Baird). (Type Motacilla ver-

mivora, Gm.)

Helmitherus, Baird, Brew. & Ridgw. N. Am. B. i. p. 186.

Two not very closely allied species are usually placed in this genus—JZ. vermivorus,

the bird treated of below, and H. swainsoni, a rare species of which little is known, a

few specimens only having as yet been met with in the South-eastern States and in

Cuba and Jamaica. For the latter bird a separate generic name Helinaia was proposed

by Audubon. Helminthotherus, though differing greatly in coloration, is structurally not

far removed from Protonotaria, and has a long bill like that bird, and the middle toe

about equal to the tarsus. The bill, however, is rather stouter, the culmen somewhat

depressed, and the rictal bristles more fully developed. H. vermivorus is a strictly

migratory species, spending the winter in Mexico and Central America.

1. Helminthotherus vermivorus.

Motacilla vermivora, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 951).

Helmitherus vermivorus, Scl. & Salv. This, 1859,"p. 11°; Scl. P. Z. S. 1859, p. 863°; Cab. J. f.

Orn. 1860, p. 328‘; Baird, Rev. Am. B. i. p.179°; Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ix. pp. 94°,

200"; Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. i. p. 546°; Baird, Brew. & Ridgw. N. Am. B. i.

p- 187°; Gundl. Orn. Cub. p. 63°.

Helmintherus vermivorus, Salv. P.Z. 8. 1867, p. 185"; Frantz. J. f. Orn. 1869, p. 293"; Coues,

B. Col. Vall. i. p. 211”,

Vermivora pennsylvanica, Gosse, B. Jam. p. 150 (ex Sw.).

HELMINTHOTHERUS.—HELMINTHOPHAGA. 1138

Supra olivascenti-viridis, alis et cauda concoloribus ; capite toto et corpore subtus pallide ochraceo-fuscis, illo

fasciis quatuor nigris ornato, duabus verticis utrinque ductis a naribus ad nucham et duabus postocula-

ribus ; abdomine medio albicante; rostro corneo, mandibula et pedibus carneis. Long. tota 5:0, alee 2:8,

caude 2:2, rostri a rictu 0-7, tarsi 0°75. (Descr. maris ex Duefias, Guatemala, Mus. nostr.)

Hab. Eastern Norra America, from New England States southwards ® 13—Mzexico,

Jalapa (de Oca*), Mountains of Orizaba (Sumichrast §), Merida, Yucatan (Schott) ;

GuaTEMALA *, Duefias, Tactic, Coban, Khamkal, Choctum (0. 8S. & F. D. G.);

Costa Rica (Hoffmann *), San José (v. Frantzius 2, Carmiol®); Panama, Boquete

de Chitra, Santa Fé" (Arcé).—Cusa ; Jamatca #4.

Helminthotherus vermivorus is a winter visitant to South-eastern Mexico, Guatemala,

Costa Rica, and a portion of the adjoining State of Panama, arriving in September and

leaving again in April or May. It is also found during the same season in Cuba and

Jamaica, but does not reach any part of the continent of South America, the most

southern point of its range yet recorded being Santa Fé in the State of Panama. In

Guatemala it is by no means uncommon during the months it remains in the country,

and is pretty generally distributed everywhere, preferring the woods of the highlands of

Duefias and Coban—not exclusively, however, as we obtained many specimens from

Choctum and its neighbourhood in the hot forests about 1200 feet above the sea.

Like other members of the family, it is restless, but is rather slow in its movements

and not shy.

In its summer quarters in the United States it is spread over a wide area in the

eastern section of the country, but nowhere abundantly. It probably breeds through-

out its summer range, building a nest on the ground composed of dry leaves and lined

with fine mosses ?.

Bibliographical references to this species are fully given in Dr. Coues’s recent work },

HELMINTHOPHAGA.

Helminthophaga, Cabanis, Mus. Hein. i. p. 20 (1850-51) (type Motacilla chrysoptera, Linn.) ;

Baird, Brew. & Ridgw. N. Am. B. i. p. 191.

A short, delicate, sharply-pointed bill, without any notch, forms one of the chief

characters of this genus. The tarsus is long, compared with the middle toe; and the

rictal bristles are not perceptible. Five out of the ten species that are now known

occur within our limits as winter visitants. The remaining five, all more or less rare

species, do not, so far as is yet known, pass beyond the limits of the United States.

The species of Helminthophaga can be divided into two groups, to be recognized by

the presence or absence of a conspicuous white patch on the tail.

BIOL. CENT.-AMER., Zool., Aves, Vol. 1, August 1880. 15

114 MNIOTILTIDA.

a. Cauda albo conspicue maculata.

1. Helminthophaga chrysoptera.

Motacilla chrysoptera, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 333". |

Helminthophaga chrysoptera, Scl. & Salv. Ibis, 1860, p. 3977; P. Z. S. 1864, p. 347°; 1879, p. 494°;

Cab. J. f. Orn. 1860, p. 828°; Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. vii. p. 293°; ix. p. 947; Baird, Rev.

Am. B. i. p.175°; Salv. P. Z.S. 1867, p. 135°; 1870, p. 182”; Frantzius, J. f. Orn. 1869,

p. 293"; Baird, Brew. & Ridgw. N. Am. B. i. p. 192 2; Coues, B. Col. Vall. i. p. 216”;

Gundl. Orn. Cub. p. 63; Merrill, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. i. p. 123 ,

Sylvicola inornata, Sw. Phil. Mag. new ser. i. p. 434”.

Supra grisea, dorso medio et alis extus oleagineo lavatis, capite summo et tectricibus alarum letissime flavis ;

capitis lateribus et gula tota nigerrimis; subtus alba, hypochondriis griseo tinctis ; rostro et pedibus brun-

nescentibus. Long. tota 4°5, ale 2-4, caudex 2, rostri a rictu 0°6, tarsi 0-7. (Deser. maris ex Choctum,

Guatemala. Mus. nostr.) ; : = ;

Femina mari similis sed capite summo olivaceo nec flavo et alis fasciis duabus flavis notatis; capitis lateribus et

gula cinereis nec nigris distinguenda. (Descr. femine ex Coban, Guatemala. Mus. nostr.)

Hab. Norta America, Eastern province 12, Canada 1%, Texas !5—Mextco (Bullock 18) ;

Guatemata, Coban, Choctum 2 (0. 8S. & F. D. G.); Costa Rica (Hoffmann ®), Bar-

ranca (Carmiol™), Candelaria Mountains (v. Frantzius "), Dota Mountains (Carmiol),

Irazu (Rogers); Panama, Chiriqui, Santa Fé°, Calovevora!? (Arcé), Lion Hill

(M‘Leannan ® *).—CotomBia 4; Cusa !4.

Though found in spring in Texas”, this species appears to avoid Mexico in its migration

southwards, the only record of its occurrence in that country being Swainson’s reference

to it under the name Sylvicola inornata’*’. In Guatemala it only came under our notice

in Vera Paz in the neighbourhood of Coban and Choctum; and here it is not by any

means common in winter. It is not until we come to Costa Rica that H. chrysoptera

is found in abundance ; but there, as well as in the adjoining State of Panama and in

the north-western portions of the continent of South America, considerable numbers

pass the winter. The furthest southern point reached by it is the neighbourhood of

Bogota, whence we have received several specimens. In Cuba Dr. Gundlach says that

it is of accidental occurrence in the vicinity of Havana during its passage northwards in

April 4,

In the north it is described as nowhere a common species, and as distributed

over a comparatively small extent of country, comprising Georgia, Massachusetts,

New Jersey, Missouri, and Wisconsin, but’ straying outside these limits!2. Little is

recorded of its habits beyond the description of its nest and eggs—the former being

composed outwardly of dry leaves interwoven with roots, strips of bark, &c., and lined

with fine leaves, grasses, and roots. ‘This nest is usually placed in a low bush or on

the ground in a tussock of grass 12,

Dr. Coues gives full references to the literature of this species 18,

HELMINTHOPHAGA. 115

2. Helminthophaga pinus.

Certhia pinus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 1871.

Helminthophaga pinus, Scl. & Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 11°; Baird, Rev. Am. B. i. p.174°; Baird, Brew.

& Ridgw. N. Am. B. i. p- 195*; Coues, B. Col. Vall. i. p. 214°; Merrill, Pr. U.S. Nat.

Mus. i. p. 123°.

Sylvia solitaria, Wils. Am. Orn. ii. p. 109, t. 15. f. 4”.

Vermivora solitaria, Sw. Phil. Mag. new ser. i. p. 434°.

Helmitheros solitarius, Scl. P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 291°.

Supra olivaceo-viridis, alis et cauda cinereis, illis fasciis duabus albis notatis ; vertice antico et corpore subtus

flavis, loris nigris, crisso albo; rostro et pedibus brunnescentibus. Long. tota 4°5, ale 2-4, caude 1-9,

rostri a rictu 0:6, tarsi 0-7. (Deser. exempl. ex Coban, Guatemala. Mus. nostr.)

Hab. Norra America, Eastern States*®, Texas ®—Mexico%, Vera Cruz (Bullock ®)

Jalapa (Deppe, Mus. Berol.), Cordova (Sallé®); GuaTEMALA 2, Retalhuleu, Coban 3,

Choctum, Teleman (0. 8S. & F. D. G.)

Helminthophaga pinus is by no means a common bird in either Mexico or Central

America in winter, the only time of year it is to be found there. Besides being included

in Swainson’s list of Bullock’s birds, the evidence of its occurrence in Mexico is almost

confined to the appearance of its name in the first list of Mons. Sallé’s birds, to the:

existence of one of Deppe’s specimens in the Berlin Museum, and to the mention of

a Mexican specimen in the Smithsonian Institution; the bird seems to have been

unnoticed by de Oca, Sumichrast, and other assiduous collectors in Mexico. In Guate-

mala it occurs most frequently in the neighbourhood of Coban; but, besides being

found in this mountain-region, we obtained it almost at the sea-level in the Polochic

valley and at Retalhuleu, less than 1000 feet above the Pacific Ocean. Like so many

of its family, it is to be found in the neighbourhood of cleared ground.

In the States, though it occurs in Texas ®, it is almost exclusively an eastern bird.

Here it spends the breeding-season, remaining from the early part of May to September

or October*. Its nest is described by Wilson’; but his account of it does not tally

with that of Mr. Ridgway, who found several near Mount Carmel in Illinois, where the

bird is plentiful. The latter authority says that the nest is a very loose open structure,

composed chiefly of broad thin flexible strips of bark.

The synonymy of this bird has been much involved with that of Dendreca pinus, a

very different species. The difficulties connected with this question have been carefully

unravelled by Dr. Coues °®.

b. Cawda uniformis, macula alba nulla.

3. Helminthophaga ruficapilla.

Sylvia ruficapilla, Wils. Am. Orn. iii. p. 120, t. 27. f. 3".

Helminthophaga ruficapilla, Scl. P. Z.S. 1858, p. 298°; 1859, p. 873°; Baird, Rev. Am. B. i.

15*

116 MNIOTILTIDA.

p. 175‘; Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. i. p. 546°; Baird, Brew. & Ridgw. N. Am. B.

i. p. 196°; Lawr. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 4, p. 157; Coues, B. Col. Vall. i. p. 224°;

Sennett, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. iv. p. 12°; Merrill, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. p. 123°; Salv.

Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 89”.

Helmitheros rubricapillus, Scl. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 291”.

Helminthophaga rubricapilla, Scl. P. Z. 8. 1859, p. 363 x

Supra flavido-olivacea, uropygio paulo flavescentiore ; capite cinereo, vertice castaneo plus minusve obtecto ;

loris et oculorum ciliis albis; subtus lete flava, ventre imo albicante; rostro et pedibus corneis. Long.

tota 4:5, ale 2-4, caude 1°85, rostri a rictu 0-5, tarsi 0°65. (Descr. exempli ex Jalapa, Mexico. Mus.

nostr.)

Hab. Norrn America‘, Eastern province especially >®, Texas ® 1°, and Arizona®.— Mexico,

Cordova (Sallé 12), Jalapa (de Oca !*), Orizaba (Sumichrast °), La Parada (Boucard *),

Oaxaca (Boucard®), Santa Efigenia, Tehuantepec (Swmichrast’); GUATEMALA

(Constancia™).

A well-known winter visitant to Southern Mexico, where it has been noticed by

many collectors. In Guatemala it never came under our own observation or that of

any of the bird-hunters employed by us; but as long ago as 1848, and again in 1851,

the late Don José Constancia sent specimens to Strickland from Guatemala, which are

still in his collection at Cambridge”. The bird has never been traced south of this

point, nor is there any record of its occurrence in the West Indies.

Under the name of the Nashville Warbler, H. rujicapilla was long considered a rare

species in the States and confined in its range to the Eastern province. Within the

last few years, however, it has been traced throughout a much wider area, and found to

occur in many parts of the Middle province, at Fort Tejon in California, in Arizona,

and in the north, as a straggler, even in Greenland®. Its breeding-quarters, as far as at

present known, lie chiefly in the New-England States, especially Massachusetts*; but

Dr. Coues thinks that it may be found nesting much further south, in the Alleghany

Mountains, in the Rocky Mountains, and in the sierras of California 8.

4. Helminthophaga celata.

Sylvia celata, Say in Long’s Exp. i. p. 169*.

Helmitheros celatus, Scl. P. Z. 8. 1857, p. 2127,

Helminthophaga celata, Scl. P. ZS. 1858, p. 298°, 1859, p. 873*, 1862, p. 19°; Baird, Rev. Am.

B. i. p. 176°; Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. i. p. 546"; Sennett, Bull. U.S. Geol.

Surv. iv. p. 12°; Merrill, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. i. p. 123°; Coues, B. Col. Vall. i. p. 226”.

Helminthophaga celata, var. celata, Baird, Brew. & Ridgw. N. Am. B. i. p. 202".

Supra flavido-olivacea, uropygio paulo flavescentiore ; capite dorso concolori, vertice fulvo plus minusve celato ;

superciliis, loris et corpore subtus flavescentibus; rostro et pedibus comeis. Long. tota 4°3, ale 2:3,

caude 1:8, rostri a rictu 0-7, tarsi 0-8. (Descr. exempl. ex Chimuy, Vera Paz. Mus. nostr.)

Hab. Norra AMERICA generally, but especially the Middle and Western provinces,

HELMINTHOPHAGA. 117

Colorado valley 1°, Texas 8 9.—Mexico °, Orizaba (Botteri 2, Sumichrast"), La Parada

(Boucard?*), Oaxaca and Cinco Sefiores (Boucard*); GuaTemMata, Chimuy, Vera

Paz (Sarg).

This species has come under the notice of most of the collectors in Southern Mexico,

where it appears to pass the winter months. It is found in the mountainous parts of

the country, being apparently absent from the low-lying lands adjacent to the two

oceans. In Guatemala it never came under our own notice; but a short time ago we

obtained a skin from Herr Schneider, of Basle, to whom it had been sent by Mr. Sarg

from Chimuy, a place in the vicinity of Coban, Vera Paz. This proves that the bird

sometimes wanders thus far in its winter migration.

Beyond our frontier it has been noticed during the colder months in Texas § 9.

Thence it spreads throughout the States and northwards to the Yukon river and the

Great Slave Lake. In the eastern States it is rare and of uncertain occurrence, but

yet has been met with in various places from Florida to Massachusetts 1°.

H. celata breeds in the Arctic regions and in the higher mountains of Colorado,

building on the ground a nest composed outwardly of fibrous bark and inwardly of

grasses and moss and sometimes with a lining of some kind of fur 1°.

The species seems subject to some variation in the colour of its plumage. This in

the countries bordering the Pacific takes a more decided character; hence these birds

have been separated as a race and called H. celata, var. lutescens*.

5. Helminthophaga peregrina.

Sylvia peregrina, Wils. Am. Orn. iii. p. 83, t. 25. f. 2”.

Helminthophaga peregrina, Scl. P. Z. S. 1859, p. 373°; Cat. Am. B. p. 29°; Scl. & Salv. Ibis, 1860,

p- 31‘; P.Z. 8. 1864, p. 347 °, 1870, p. 836°; Cab. J. f. Orn. 1861, p. 85’; Lawr. Ann. Lyc.

N. Y. vii. p. 322%, viii. p. 174°, ix. p. 94°; Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 4, p.15"; Salv. P.Z.S.

1867, p. 185%, 1870, p. 182”; Frantzius, J. f. Orn. 1869, p. 293"; Wyatt, Ibis, 1871,

p. 322"; Baird, Brew. & Ridgw. N. Am. B. i. p. 205 *; Coues, B. Col. Vall. i. p. 230”;

Gundl. Orn. Cub. p. 63”; Merrill, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. i. p. 123%; Salv. & Godm. Ibis,

1880, p. 117”.

3 supra olivaceo-virescens, alis et cauda fuscis viridescenti limbatis ; capite summo cinereo ; loris, superciliis

et corpore subtus albidis, pectore vix ochraceo tincto ; rostro et pedibus corneis. Long. tota 4:5, ale 2:7,

caude 1:8, rostri a rictu 0°55, tarsi 0-65. (Descr. exempl. ex Chiriqui, Panama. Mus. nostr.)

Q (et av. juv.) mari similis sed capite summo dorso concolori et corpore subtus preter abdomen medium plus

minusve viridi lavato. (Descr. feminez ex San José, Costa Rica. Mus. nostr.)

Hab. Nort America, chiefly eastern parts, west to Colorado’, Texas !9.—MeExico *%,

Jalapa (de Oca*), Santa Efigenia (Sumichrast™); Guatema.a®, Duefias, Coban 4,

Lanquin® (0. S.& F. D. G.); Honpuras, San Pedro (G. M. Whitely®); Costa

* Baird, Brew. & Ridgw. N. Am. B. i. p. 204.