THE UNIVERSITY

OF ILLINOIS

LIBRARY

OCT 7 1939

PUBLICATIONS

OF

FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL

HISTORY

BOTANICAL SERIES

VOLUME XIII

PART II

THE LIBRARY OF THE

MAR 151939

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

CHICAGO, U.S.A.

1936-1938 £

THE LIBRARY OF THE

JUL 1-1936

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

BOTANICAL SERIES

FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

FOUNDED BY MARSHALL FIELD, 1893

VOLUME XIII

FLORA OF PERU

PART II, No. 2

BY

J. FRANCIS MACBRIDE

ASSOCIATE CURATOR, HERBARIUM, DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY

THE LIBRARY OF THE

MAR 3 0 1937

B. E. DAHLGREtfNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

CHIEF CURATOR, DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY

EDITOR

PUBLICATION 379

CHICAGO, U.S.A.

MARCH 15, 1937

PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

BY FIELD MUSEUM PRESS

58 0.

FB

V. ) 2>,

J. FRANCIS MACBRIDE

41. CHLORANTHAGEAE. Chloranthus Family

Reference: Solms in DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 1: 479-485. 1869.

Not only the articulate branchlets, enlarged at the nodes, but

also the agreeable fragrance which Ruiz and Pavon describe accu-

rately as seemingly emanating from the entire shrub, identify at

once the members of this small family. The resin exuded appears

as tear-shaped drops, with the color and odor of grains of the alma-

; ciga; in some places it is collected for the preparation of comforting

poultices (Ruiz and Pavon).

1. HEDYOSMUM Sw.

Tafalla R. & P. Syst. 269. 1798.

•jfc Shrubs or small trees, always readily known by the opposite

/branchlets jointed at the nodes and by the more or less elongate,

-.sheath-like, connate stipules. Flowers monoecious or dioecious,

£the staminate in ebracteate aments, the pistillate bracteate and

"^capitate or cymose, the cymes often branched. — Several of the species

|£are doubtfully distinct, but most of them are meagerly known.

£Some forms of H. racemosum are questionably separable from H.

^arborescens Sw., a species typically West Indian. It is a pity that

-<|lhe name Tafalla has not been conserved to commemorate the artist

' \flof the Ruiz and Pavon expedition, who collected so many of the

*" specimens.

^ Aments and cymules small, 1-2 sessile in the axils of small leaves;

leaves conspicuously scabrous beneath H. scabrum.

Aments and cymules well developed, the latter several, spicate,

paniculate, or capitate-congested.

Pistillate flowers in cymules, not capitate-congested.

Petioles 7-20 mm. long; leaves mostly 10 cm. long.

Cymules 6-8 mm. long, 3-4 mm. wide H. Dombeyanum.

Cymules smaller H. racemosum.

Petioles 3-8 mm. long; leaves mostly smaller.

Leaves ovate-elliptic or oblong-elliptic, bluntly pointed.

Branchlets scurfy; drupes 1.5-2 mm. long . . H. Kanehirae.

257

258 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XIII

Branchlets glabrous; drupes 3-3.5 mm. long . H. Huascari.

Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate H. Lechleri.

Pistillate flowers capitately congested; leaves oblong-lanceolate,

coarsely serrate H. glaucum.

Hedyosmum Dombeyanum Solms in DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 1:

482. 1869.

Petioles 1-1.5 cm. long; leaf blades ovate-oblong, 7-10 cm. long,

2-3 cm. broad, subacuminate, obtusely callous-serrate, glabrous but

somewhat scabrous and distinctly punctate above; cymules loosely

paniculate, about 3-flowered, the bracts subequaling the ovate,

trigonous drupes.

Huanuco: Cochero (Dombey}.

Hedyosmum glaucum (R. & P.) Cordem. Adansonia 3: 303.

1863. Tafalla glauca R. & P. Syst. 271. 1798.

Branches stout, obtusely angled; leaves acuminate, 10-15 cm.

long, rarely 3 cm. broad, glabrous; aments terminal, at first ovoid

and 1.5-2 cm. long, becoming cylindric and 3 cm. long; fruiting in-

florescence fleshy, to 3 cm. long and 2 cm. broad, the bracts linear,

shorter than the lustrous, ovate, trigonous drupes. Neg. 8537.

Huanuco: Cochero and Acomayo, Pavon. "Aitacupi," "alma-

ciga."

Hedyosmum Huascari Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 15. 1931.

Similar in foliage to H. Kanehirae but the cymules crowded in a

spike 6-8 mm. long, and the slightly exserted, light brown drupes

to 3.5 mm. long. — Named for one of the last kings of the Incas,

Huascar.

Cajamarca: Above Tabaconas, 2,400 meters, Weberbauer 6113,

type. — Amazonas: Chachapoyas, Weberbauer 4353.

Hedyosmum Kanehirae Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 14. 1931.

A tree about 5 meters high with densely scurfy-punctate branch-

lets having short internodes; leaves crowded, thick, the veins rather

prominent beneath, the blades closely and minutely callous-crenate,

dull, glabrous, oblong-elliptic-lanceolate, bluntly narrowed at the

apex, up to 7 cm. long and 3 cm. wide but mostly smaller; petioles

3-6 mm. long; cymules approximate in short racemes, many of them

sessile or nearly so, 4-5 mm. long and 3-4 mm. broad, the bracts

nearly enclosing the finally black, subtrigonous, acute drupes, these

FLORA OF PERU 259

scarcely 2 mm. long. — The leaves are employed as a remedy for

rheumatism (Kanehira).

Huanuco: Pan de Azucar, Sawada 64, type. Monzon, Weberbauer

3388. Pampayacu, Kanehira 115, 204-

Hedyosmum Lechleri Solms in DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 1: 484. 1869.

Leaves glabrous, thinnish, oblong-lanceolate, acutely acuminate,

remotely crenate-serrulate, 5-7 cm. long, 1.2 cm. broad, the veins

obscure, even beneath; cymules in a contracted raceme or spike,

about 5 mm. long; drupes pale brown, 3 mm. long, little exserted.

Puno: Talaxara (Lechler 2632, 2660). Sangaban, Lechler 2279. —

Ayacucho: Carrapa, 1,500 meters, Killip & Smith 22403.

The Killip and Smith specimen, from a tree 7.5 meters high, is

perhaps a distinct species, the cymules being 7-8 mm. long, the

drupes included, 4 mm. long.

Hedyosmum racemosum (R. & P.) G. Don, Gen. Syst. 3: 434.

1834. Tafalla racemosa R. & P. Syst. 271. 1798.

A glabrous shrub or small tree with ample, chartaceous, more or

less serrulate leaves; petioles in the type 7-10 mm. long but often

2 cm. long or longer; leaf blades lance-elliptic, acuminate, mostly

10-15 cm. long and 5-7 cm. wide; cymules in simple or nearly simple

racemes or spikes; drupes in the type trigonous, rather bright (or

reddish) brown, about 2 mm. long, exserted. — Solms recognizes H.

integrum Cordem. Adansonia 3: 302. 1863, and H. Sprucei Solms in

DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 1: 483. 1869 (Neg. 7831). The former is distin-

guished by exactly trigonous, well exserted drupes; the leaves are

lustrous and the cymules paniculate. H. Sprucei is similar but the

leaves are nearly dull and the pale drupes are well exserted. Possibly

these are distinct species but they may be variants, their apparent

differences being due, at least in part, to the degree of maturity.

My No. 5798 was a slender tree 7 meters high with a bushy top.

An infusion of the leaves in alcohol is used as a remedy for rheuma-

tism (Weberbauer). The odor is that of bergamot (Raimondi)

Neg. 7830.

San Martin: Zepelacio, 1,200 meters, King 3273, 3746. Tara-

poto, Spruce 4436 (H. Sprucei Solms!). Tarapoto, Spruce 4311.

San Roque, 1,400 meters, Williams 7006, 7500.— Junin: Chancha-

mayo Valley, Schunke 421, 481, 524, 525. La Merced, 1,400 meters,

5798. Pichis Trail, 1,500-1,900 meters, Killip & Smith 25956.—

Loreto : Pumayacu, 600-1,200 meters, Klug 31 75. Cerro de Escalera,

Ule 6583. — Without locality: Mathews 1994. — Huanuco: Haenke

260 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

(det. Pilger). Monzon, Weberbauer 3549; 256. Rio Posuso, 1,800

meters, Weberbauer 6738 (det. Mansfeld). — Cajamarca: Cutervo,

Raimondi (det. Krause). — Puno: Sandia, Weberbauer 1112 (det.

Krause); 278. — Ayacucho: Near Quillomito, 1,500 meters, Weber-

bauer 7544- Bolivia. "Anis," "supinum," "carpales," "asar guiru."

Hedyosmum scabrum (R. & P.) Solms in DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 1:

480. 1869. Tafalla scabra R. & P. Syst. 270. 1798. H. latifolium

Cordem. Adansonia 3: 308. 1863.

Petioles 1-2 cm. long or longer; leaves elliptic-ovate, shortly

obtuse-pointed, 8-12 cm. long, 4-6 cm. wide, coarsely callous-serrate,

glabrous above, definitely scabrous and more or less hirsutulous

beneath ; aments and cymules in pairs, sessile, both in fruit to 10 mm.

long. — Var. Pavonii Solms (Neg. 8535) has glabrous, acuminate

leaves 3-4 cm. wide and shorter cymules. H. Mandoni Solms of

Bolivia is to be expected. Its narrower leaves are densely and sharply

callous-dentate. Neg. 7828.

Amazonas: Chachapoyas, Raimondi (det. Krause). — Cajamarca:

Cutervo, Jelski 101; Raimondi. Chugur, Weberbauer 4070, 4075

(det. Krause); 259, 260. — Cuzco: Prov. Convention, Weberbauer

5894, 5893.— Huanuco: Chinchao (River o). Muna and Pati, Pavon.

Mufia, 1,950 meters, 4111. "Aytacupi." Colombia.

Doubtful Species

Hedyosmum angustifolium (R. & P.) Solms and H. laciniatum

(R. & P.) Solms, DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 1: 485. 1869 (under Tafalla

R. & P. Syst. 272. 1798) are essentially nomina nuda; no specimens

have been found. Probably both are referable to H. racemosum.

42. SALICACEAE. Willow Family

Cultivated members of the family include, according to Herrera,

Populus tremula L. as "alamo chileno" or "alamo temblon," for

ornament or for the making of charcoal, and Salix babylonica L.,

the weeping willow, "sauce lloron," which, according to him, "has

acclimated itself well in canyons of the Department of Cuzco, where

it is used for decorations at funerals and religious fetes." S. chilensis

develops into a stately tree in Cuzco and Apurimac (Weberbauer).

1. SALIX L. Willow

Apparently only two willows are native in Peru.

Salix chilensis Molina, Sagg. Nat. Chil. 169. 1782. S. Hum-

boldtiana Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 657. 1805.

FLORA OF PERU 261

Becoming a tree 10 meters tall or higher: leaves linear, acuminate,

serrulate; stipules deciduous; catkins appearing with the leaves, the

woolly bracts deciduous; capsules ovate, glabrous, the glabrous

pedicels longer than the gland. — Ascending to more than 3,000

meters, cultivated only (Weberbauer 85). Illustrated, Mart. Fl.

Bras. 4, pt. 1: pi. 71.

Cuzco: Particularly in the provinces of Urubamba, Calca, and

Quispicanchi (Herrera). Huasao, 3,200 meters, Herrera 3023.—

Arequipa: Region of Mt. Misti (Weberbauer 128, 129). — Ancash:

Puccha Valley (Weberbauer 173). Huaraz (Weberbauer 172).—

Junin: Tarma (Weberbauer 177).— Cajamarca: Ocros (Weberbauer

162). Maranon Valley (Weberbauer 174; 190).— Amazonas: Utcu-

bamba (Weberbauer 192). — Lima: Barranco (Weberbauer 148). San

Lorenzo Island near Callao, in 1852, Andersson. Huara, Ruiz &

Pawn; Dombey. — Piura: (Weberbauer 150). — Huanuco, 2,100 meters,

3232. Argentina and Chile to Texas and the West Indies. "Sauce."

Salix Martiana Leybold in Mart. Fl. Bras. 4, pt. 1: 227. pi. 72.

1885.

Similar to S. chilensis but the catkins looser, the scales of the

staminate linear-lanceolate and entire instead of ovate, the capsules

oblong, and the pedicels villous. — "Much less common on the Rio

Ucayali than on the Amazon; found only on the main stream and

some of the chief tributaries. Nevertheless I found a few isolated

examples in the great canyon of the Cerro de Canchahuaya" (Huber).

This is probably the species reported by Ule, Bot. Jahrb. 40: 121-123,

as S. Humboldtiana.

Loreto: Quebrada Grande del Cerro de Canchahuaya (Huber

1 328, 1 564) • Florida, Rio Putumayo, 200 meters, in forest, Klug 2075;

a tree of 5 meters. Fortaleza, 200 meters, Williams 4447. Lower

Rio Nanay, river banks, Williams 460. Brazil. "Paharbubu."

43. MYRICACEAE. Bayberry Family

Reference: Chevallier, Me"m. Soc. Sci. Nat. Math. Cherbourg

32: 85-340. 1901.

The pungent aroma that the resinous-glandular leaves or at least

the berry-like, crowded fruits yield on slight pressure is a well-known

character of this family, which is represented best in the northern

hemisphere. The fragrant, whitish wax covering the fruits of certain

northern species is sometimes largely replaced by or mixed with

pubescence in the Peruvian species.

262 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

1. MYRICA L.

Nothing about these ament-bearing shrubs serves to distinguish

them more readily, even at first glance, from other Peruvian amentif-

erous plants than the extraordinarily crowded and numerous leaves.

Leaves nearly oblong, about 1 cm. wide; plants dioecious.

M. Pavonis.

Leaves lance-obovate, about 2 cm. wide; plants monoecious.

M. pubescens.

Myrica Pavonis C. DC. in DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 2: 151. 1864; 287.

M. Pavonis var. glandulosa Chev. op. cit. 288.

A slenderly branched shrub or small tree, the youngest parts

canescent-pilose or puberulent; leaves scarcely narrowed to the obtuse

tip, 5-7 cm. long, 6-10 mm. wide, short-attenuate to the slender

petiole, more or less denticulate, resinous-glandular beneath; aments

1 cm. long; flower bracts ovate, acute, pubescent-margined, shorter

than the flowers. — The type was from Guayaquil, by Ruiz and

Pavon, who assigned an unpublished specific name referring to the

Salix-like leaves, which simulate those of the common South Ameri-

can willow. Neg. 8538.

Lima: Canta (Simm 88), — Cuzco: Pillahuata, 2,400 meters,

Pennell 14026, — Moquehua: Above Moquehua, 3,200 meters, Weber-

bauer 7391, 7390 (det. Markgraf). "Huacan timbu."

Myrica pubescens Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 746.

1806; 289.

Robustly branched, the virgate branchlets and leaves more or

less permanently pilose (rarely glabrous or glabrate), the latter

resinous beneath; leaves 7-10 cm. long, 1.5-3 cm. wide, coarsely and

sharply serrate or denticulate, acute or acuminate; aments often

3-6 cm. long; bracts awl-shaped, acuminate, pilose, exceeding the

flowers; fruits nearly 5 mm. thick, wax-covered, tomentose (var.

tomentosa Chev.) or glabrous (var. glabra Chev.). — Var. glandulosa

Chev. is glabrous or nearly so, but the young fruits are tomentose,

becoming waxy. The young fruits of my No. 3484 were citrous-

aromatic. "When one takes a bit of the pulverized bark of this shrub

in place of tobacco, one sneezes 10 or 12 times; the powder does not

irritate or damage the nose, and after cleaning with the handker-

chief the sting and the sneezing cease; experiment has shown that

this cleans out the head and relieves migraine" (Ruiz & Pavon).

Weberbauer determinations by Markgraf. Illustrated, Denkschr.

Akad. Wiss. Wien 15: pi. 4 (as "tinctoria"). Negs. 11553, 25097.

FLORA OF PERU 263

Cajamarca: Huambos, 3,000 meters, Weberbauer 4160, 4187; 260

(under an unpublished name). — Libertad: Chicama, 1,600 meters,

Weberbauer 6986 (var. tomentosa}. — Ancash: Huaraz, 3,200 meters,

Weberbauer 3245 (var. glandulosa) . Tallenga, Prov. Cajatambo,

3,600 meters, Weberbauer 2890 (var. glandulosa); 179 (under an

unpublished name). — Junin: Huacapistana, 2,500 meters, Weber-

bauer 2192; Killip & Smith 24519 (3-5 meters high). — Huanuco:

Cani, near Mito, dense shrub or tree of grassy slopes, 2,550 meters,

3484 (det. Killip as a glabrate form). — Lima: Canta (Rivero; var.

tomentosa). — Ayacucho: Between Tambo and Rio Apurimac, 2,900

meters, Weberbauer 5587. — Cuzco: Urubamba, 1,800 meters, Weber-

bauer 5057; 245 (det. Schellenberg). Marcapata, 3,200 meters, Weber-

bauer 7784- Convencion, Weberbauer 5057 (fruits white- waxy).

Peru to Venezuela and Costa Rica. "Laurel," "tuppassaire,"

"ssaire."

44. JUGLANDACEAE. Walnut Family

Only the black walnut or "nogal" represents this economically

important family in Peru.

1. JUGLANS L. Walnut

Reference: Dode, Bull. Soc. Dendr. France 4: 165-215. 1909.

Georges H. Barrel, Trop. Woods 10: 51-53, has given an account

of his personal observation of "nogal" in Peru. He noted it as

rather common on the upper reaches of the Rio Ucayali, along the

Pichis Trail and in the Chanchamayo Valley, as the following cita-

tions bear witness. He found that the native people recognized a

"nogal bianco" and a "nogal negro." Weberbauer and later Williams

recorded it from the Department of Amazonas, the former giving its

altitudinal range in the valleys of the north as 1,600-2,000 meters,

and on the eastern slopes in the rain forest as between 800 and 1,000

meters. Herrera has recorded it from Cuzco. Barrel found the

individual trees rarely clustered, often scattered, which in spite of

their great timber value (the wood is highly prized for fine construc-

tion) makes their lumbering expensive. Botanists have reported

the tree as "plentiful" near Chachapoyas, but probably not from a

lumberman's standpoint. Apparently the tree usually branches at

3-5 meters though trees have been reported to 30 meters high that

branched at 10 meters with a trunk 1 meter in diameter below.

Walnut is valued locally not only for its wood but also for a dye made

from a decoction of the bark, leaves, and fruit. According to He-

rrera, Juglans regia L., the English walnut, is cultivated in Cuzco,

264 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

the nuts being known as "nueces de Chile." The "nogal de la tierra"

identified by Ruiz and Pa von as J. nigra L., cultivated at Chancai

for its timber and nuts, has been determined by Markgraf as J.

neotropica Diels. Williams, Trop. Woods 27: 16-17, has added his

observations to those of Barrel and Weberbauer, upon which I have

drawn in part.

I have not seen Dode's types, and separate the Peruvian material

studied on the basis of the following key with great misgiving, feeling

that the differences noted represent only individual variations or

races. The problem can be solved only by abundant flowering and

fruiting material from marked trees, since examination of the types

alone cannot prove much. Practically, there is one acceptable

name for the walnut of Peru (sens, lat.), Juglans neotropica Diels.

The other names and descriptions are given for reference conven-

ience, as the opportunity for further study of the problem may

present itself.

Bractlet (staminate) 3-3.5 mm. long, borne under the perianth;

leaves (at least at flowering time) densely pilose beneath;

stigmas fleshy, short; young fruits densely pubescent; fruit

cells 6-8 J. neotropica.

Bractlet reduced to a woolly tuft on the pedicel ; leaves at flowering

time densely pubescent, especially beneath; stigmas slender;

young fruits densely pubescent; lateral fruit cells 4 . . . J. Honorei.

Bractlet minute, at the base of the receptacle; leaves soon glabrous or

nearly so, the youngest minutely granular-puberulent; stigmas

slender; young fruits sparsely pubescent; fruit cells 6-8.

J. peruviana.

Juglans Honorei Dode, Bull. Soc. Dendr. France 4: 205. 1909.

Leaflets 6-15 pairs, ovate-lanceolate, unequally rotund-sub-

cordate at the base, more or less abruptly acuminate, regularly

serrate, scabrous-pubescent on both sides, the rough, branched hairs

more numerous beneath (in youth densely velvety beneath); stami-

nate aments to 20 cm. long, 1.5 cm. wide; perianth 6-8-lobed, with

a 2-lobed involucre; anthers 60-70, pubescent at the tip; bractlet

reduced to a rusty tuft of wool at about the middle of the pedicel;

pistillate flowers 5-8; stigmatic branches slender; fruit subglobose-

subconic, 4-5 cm. long, densely villous; nut rather remotely and

obtusely rugose-costate, depressed at the base, subconic, scarcely

compressed, to 3.5 cm. high. — A tree of 25 meters or taller. The

native name of "tocte" is recorded by Spruce. In Peru known only

FLORA OF PERU 265

from cultivation, but the cultivated specimen by Pavon in Herb.

Madrid is determined by Markgraf as J. neotropica and, though

sterile, probably is; the leaves are not truly scabrous but densely

pubescent, especially on the veins beneath. Fruit illustrated, Dode,

op. cit. pi. opp. p. 178, from nuts supplied by M. Honore" of Lima;

leaves in plate on p. 169.

Lima: Cultivated (Pavon). Ecuador; Colombia.

Juglans neotropica Diels, Bot. Jahrb. 37: 398. 1906.

A tree to 30 meters high, the stout young branchlets, especially

at tip, and the leaf rachis at flowering time conspicuously rusty-

pubescent; leaflets 7-8 pairs (-14 according to Dode), at first above

sparsely, beneath densely velvety-pubescent, the largest middle

leaflets about 12 cm. long and 4 cm. wide, gradually long-acuminate,

minutely and evenly serrate; staminate aments 20-25 cm. long,

the flowers partly remote, partly approximate; bractlets 2-3.5 mm.

long, yellowish-brown-pilose; anthers apically pubescent; pistillate

flowers 3-10; calyx urceolate, rusty- tomentose, 18 mm. long, 6-7 mm.

broad, the narrow, reflexed teeth unequal, the larger 5 mm., the

smaller 2 mm. long; perianth segments 4, reflexed, irregularly den-

tate, 6 mm. long, 3-4 mm. wide; stigmatic branches broadly lingu-

late, densely papillose, 8-9 mm. long, 4 mm. broad. — Dode associates

somewhat doubtfully with this species nuts collected by Ruiz and

Pavon at Huanuco and figures them, op. cit. opposite p. 180. They

are ovoid, about 4 cm. high, 3.5 cm. thick, moderately rugose, pointed,

at base rounded, with 8 subelliptic cells. The Raimondi specimen is

much less pubescent than the type. See also J. peruviana. Illus-

trated, Weberbauer, pi. 13 opposite p. 199. Neg. 18254.

Amazonas: Moyabamba, 2,700-3,300 meters, Williams 7606.

Chachapoyas, 2,700 meters, Williams 7563. Utcubamba, near

Chachapoyas, 2,000 meters, Weberbauer 4304, type. — Lima: Culti-

vated at Lima and Chancai, Ruiz & Pavon (det. Markgraf); "nueces

de la Trexna," "nogal." — Cajamarca: Chirinos, Raimondi (det.

Markgraf). — Huanuco: Posuso, 900 meters, Weberbauer 6753. — •

Ayacucho: Rio Perene", 900 meters, Weberbauer 5632 (det. Nagel). —

Cuzco: Prov. Convention, Santa Ana and Marcapata (Herrera).

"Nogal."

Juglans peruviana Dode, Bull. Soc. Dendr. France 4: 208. 1909.

Separated by the author from J. Honorei by the larger fruits,

these globose-subconic, at least 5.5 cm. thick, and especially by

the more numerous fruit cells, these 6-8 and occupying a very large

266 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

space, particularly the basal ones; other characters given in the

above key are taken from Weberbauer 6753, with no ripe fruits.

This collector's 5632 may be the same. In view of the known

variation in walnut fruits, J. peruviana is probably only a form

of J. Honor ei, as Dode suggests; in this case the aberrant Weber-

bauer material is to be taken merely as showing the range of variation

in the unit J. neotropica, which compare for citation of above col-

lections.— Very similar is J. boliviano, (C. DC.) Dode (J. nigra L.

var. C. DC.), the strongly ribbed nuts to 6 cm. high and the leaflets

of the large leaves acuminate and unequal at base.

Lima: Apparently collected by M. Honor£ (type).

45. JULIANIACEAE. Juliania Family

One of the two genera that constitute this interesting family,

a group placed by Hemsley between the Juglandales and the Fagales,

is exclusively Peruvian. In foliage, in the presence of resin, in

the exalbuminous seed, and anatomically it resembles the Anacardia-

ceae, but its resemblances with the Juglandaceae may be more

fundamental, as for example the dissimilarity of the staminate and

pistillate flowers. Rendle in his Classification of Flowering Plants

follows Hemsley, but some botanists, as Standley in his Trees and

Shrubs of Mexico, place it next to the Anacardiaceae.

1. ORTHOPTERYGIUM Hemsl.

Reference: Hemsley, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, Ser. B.

199: 169-197. 1907.

A shrub or small tree with dioecious flowers borne rather densely

at the tips of the stout branchlets before or with the leaves. Leaves

unequally pinnate. Fruit a samara, consisting of the persistent

involucre borne on the solitary, wing-like stalk of the inflorescence,

the wing straight and equal-sided. — Asa Gray aptly likens the fruit

to that of the ash (Fraxinus) inverted.

Orthopterygium Huaucui (Gray) Hemsl. op. cit. 190. Juliania

Huaucui Gray, Bot. U. S. Expl. Exped. 1: 371. 1854.

Leaves at first tomentose, becoming glabrate above, usually

7-foliolate; petioles several cm. long; leaflets crenulate, oblongish,

about 1 cm. long; samaras pendulous, 11 cm. long, 8-10 mm. wide.

—The species name records incorrectly the vernacular name.

Seldom seen without leaves, and always black as if burned or blasted

(MacLean). The Weberbauer collections determined by Schellen-

berg. Illustrated, Hemsley, op. cit. pi. 24-

FLORA OF PERU 267

Lima: Covering the sides of the base of the Cuesta de Purru-

chuca, Prov. Canta, in 1831 (Mathews 591, type); (MacLean,

presumably the type locality). Yanga (Wilkes Exped.). Chosica,

1,600-1,900 meters, Weberbauer 5362, 5719, 5721, 5681, 5681 a; at

900 meters, rocky hillside, 2866. Rio de Lomas, 1,000 meters,

Weberbauer 5741- — lea: Above Pisco, Huauyanga-Pampano, Weber-

bauer 5371, 5372, 5373. — Ayacucho: Coracora, 2,800 meters, Weber-

bauer 5818. "Huancui," "huanarpu."

46. BETULACEAE. Birch Family

Reference: Winkler, Pflanzenreich IV. 61. 1904.

1. ALNUS L. Alder

The alder is one of the most important trees of the Peruvian

Andes because it ascends to altitudes (3,500-3,800 meters, according

to Weberbauer) where it is especially valuable for fuel and for

small construction. It is sometimes planted. Herrera has recorded

some form (erroneously as A. acuminata HBK.) as "cultivated

in great abundance in all the quebradas of the Department of Cuzco,

its wood greatly valued for all construction purposes." Ruiz and

Pavon found Betula alba L. cultivated about the convent at Huerta

de Ocopa near Tarma, one example having nine very tall trunks.

Weberbauer has reproduced a good photograph of the Peruvian

alder, showing it in a typical situation — Pflanzenw. Peru. Anden,

opposite p. 295.

Alnus jorullensis HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 20. 1817; 126.

Typically Mexican, var. typica Regel having elliptic-oblong

leaves 5-10 cm. long and 2.5-5 cm. wide, pale rusty-pubescent be-

neath, this variable species is represented in Peru by several varia-

tions, two of which are well marked: var. castaneifolia (Mirb.)

Regel (castaneaefolia) with glabrous (or pubescent in the nerve

axils), ovate-lanceolate leaves 8-10 cm. long and 1.5-3 cm. wide,

or larger on the sterile shoots; and var. ferruginea (HBK.) Kuntze,

with ovate leaves 10 cm. long and 3-6 cm. wide, or twice as large

on young branches, these and the prominent leaf nerves beneath

rusty-pilose. Scarcely distinguishable from the last are vars. Mirbelii

(Spach) Winkl. and acutissima Winkl., the former with coarsely

serrate leaves, glaucous and pale rusty-pubescent beneath, the latter

with ovate, acutely acuminate, denticulate leaves having the 13-18

nerves impressed above but prominent and pilose beneath.

268 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

Ruiz and Pavon collected the tree at Pillao and Chacahuasi,

noting that an infusion of the inner bark tans leather and dyes

cotton and wool a cinnamon-brown; the leaves crushed with butter

cicatrize wounds and without fat protect against inflammation;

applied to recent wounds the leaves stop bleeding. — Illustrated,

Me"m. Mus. Paris 14: 463. pi. 21, 22; vars. castaneifolia and Mirbelii,

Sargent, Sylva N. Amer. 9: pi. 457. Neg. 11652.

Cajamarca: Huaraz, 2,200 meters (Weberbauer 172, 179). —

Ancash : Caracha, 1,200 meters, Weberbauer 2650; 162, 168. Samanco

(Weberbauer 171).— Amazonas: Utcubamba (Weberbauer 192). —

Huanuco: Fifteen miles southeast of Huanuco, 2083. Huanuco,

Kanehira 34- Mito, 2,700 meters, 1527, 1907. Pillao, Ruiz & Pavon

(var. castaneifolia, det. Mildbraed). Chancai, Huanuco, and Cochero,

Ruiz & Pavon (var. ferruginea, det. Mildbraed). Huanuco Valley,

Poeppig (var. acutissima'} . — Lima: Matucana, 2,400 meters, 561;

Weberbauer 182 (var. acutissima). — Junin: Tarma, Esposto; at 3,600

meters (Weberbauer 177, 183); at 2,100 meters, 1021. Huancayo,

Esposto. Carpapata, edge of forest, 2,700-3,200 meters, Killip &

Smith 24480; a tree of 4.5-7.5 meters. Ocopa, 3,300 meters, Killip

& Smith 22008; a tree of 6-12 meters, by roadside.— Cuzco: Rio

Apurimac, 2,800 meters, Weberbauer 5892 (det. Schellenberg). Uru-

bamba, 2,800 meters (Weberbauer 174, 182, 243). Prov. Quispi-

canchi, 3,200 meters, Herrera 650 (var. acutissima, det. Mansfeld).

Calca, Valle del Urubamba, 3,000 meters, Herrera 2092. — Libertad :

Valley of Rio Mixiollo, 2,400 meters, Weberbauer 7040.— Puno:

Sandia, 3,200 meters (Weberbauer 184). Tabina, Lechler 1891 (var.

Mirbelii, fide Winkler). — Without locality, Weberbauer 7040.

Argentina and Bolivia to Mexico. "Aliso," "ramram," "lambran."

47. ULMACEAE. Elm Family

By Charles Baehni

The Peruvian plants of this family all belong to the Celtideae,

a group in which the fruit is a drupe containing a curved embryo, a

character not found in the rest of the family.

Stamens as many as the perianth segments.

Leaves alternate.

Stamens deciduous, included in the minute flowers; leaves

precocious.

Staminate flower segments induplicate-valvate, the pistillate

deciduous.. . .1. Trema.

FLORA OF PERU 269

Staminate flower segments imbricate, the pistillate persistent.

2. Celtis.

Stamens persistent; leaves appearing after the flowers.

3. Plagioceltis.

Leaves opposite 4. Lozanella.

Stamens twice as many as the perianth segments 5. Ampelocera.

1. TREMA Lour.

Sponia Comm. ex Lam. Encycl. 4: 139. 1797.

Scarcely distinct from Celtis, the flowers sometimes perfect and

with somewhat imbricate segments. Perianth persisting around

the drupe. — Species poorly understood or very variable in pubes-

cence and size and discoloration of leaves; cf. Planchon in DC.

Prodr. 17: 203, under Sponia.

Trema micrantha (L.) Blume, Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 2: 58. 1853.

Rhamnus micranthus L. Syst. ed. 10. 937. 1759. Celtis micranthus

Sw. Prodr. 53. 1788. Sponia micrantha Dene. Nouv. Ann. Mus.

Paris 3: 498. 1834. C. Lima Sw. loc. cit., non Lam. C. canescens

HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 28. 1817. C. canescens Dene. op. cit.

C. macrophylla HBK. op. cit. 30. S. macrophylla Dene. op. cit.

T. canescens Blume, op. cit. S. peruviana Klotzsch, Linnaea 20: 536.

1847. S. Chichilea Planch. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 10: 334. 1849 (not

1848 as usually cited). T. Chichilea Blume, op. cit.

An unarmed tree, usually a few meters tall; trunk sometimes

20-40 cm. in diameter; leaves usually lanceolate, acuminate, minutely

serrulate, 3-nerved, more or less scabrous above, merely scabrous or

glabrate to densely and softly pilose beneath, about 10 cm. long;

flowers greenish white, red to fiery red (Weberbauer). — The above

synonymy is partial, applying to Peruvian specimens cited or found

in herbaria. Illustrated, Fawc. & Rendle, Fl. Jamaica 1 : 39. Negs.

25569 (T. Chichilea), 11238 (T. canescens).

Cuzco: Santa Ana, 1,200 meters, Weberbauer 5038. Rio Pachaca,

1,100 meters, Weberbauer 5887. Machupicchu, 2,200 meters, Herrera

3240. — Huanuco: Monzon, 900 meters, Weberbauer 3433. Casapi,

Mathews 2038. Cochero, Poeppig 155, 1247. Pampayacu, Kane-

hira192. Vilcabamba, 1,800 meters, 5132. — Lima(?): Quebrada de

Pariahuanca (Mathews 829, var. of canescens ace. to Planchon). —

San Martin: Tarapoto, Spruce 4242. Near Moyobamba, 1,110

meters, Klug 3261 (det. Standley). Lamas, 840 meters, Williams

6446. Cumbasa, Williams 5765. San Roque, Williams 7376. —

270 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

Loreto: Florida: Rio Putumayo, 180 meters, King 2144 (det.

Standley). Lower Rio Huallaga, Williams 5006. Mouth of Rio

Santiago, Tessmann 4431. Yarina-cocha, Tessmann 3227 (glabrate),

3227a (pilose). Rio Nanay, Williams 368, 366. Rio Santiago, 200

meters, Mexia 6308, 6238. La Victoria, Williams 3088, 2591 . For-

taleza, 200 meters, Williams 4225. Rio Masana, Williams 194, 80.

Puerto Arturo, 135 meters, Killip & Smith 27860; Williams 5152.

Pebas, Williams 1759. Pinto-cocha, Williams 811. Soledad, 110

meters, Killip & Smith 29778. Mishuyacu, 100 meters, Klug 1314.

Iquitos, Killip & Smith 27387. Punchana, Williams 3755. — Junin:

Colonia Perene", 680 meters, Killip & Smith 25021. Chanchamayo

Valley, 1,500 meters, Schunke 201. Above San Ramon, 1,400-1,700

meters, Killip & Smith 24621. La Merced, 600 meters, 5229.—

Without locality; Ruiz & Pavon (type of T. Chichilea); Dombey;

Pavdn. Widely distributed in tropical and subtropical America.

"Aisegerina" (Huitoto name), "atadijo," "yana-caspi-"

2. CELTIS L.

References: Planchon, Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 10: 309, 1849; Miquel

in Mart. Fl. Bras. 4,pt. 1: 173. 1853; Planchon in DC. Prodr. 17: 186.

1873; Baehni, Candollea 7: 189. 1936.

Trees, shrubs, or lianas, usually armed with small, inconspicuous

flowers in axillary clusters or cymes. Perianth 4-5-lobed, deciduous.

Stigma divided into 2 branches to the base, sometimes each branch

again 2-cleft. Fruit a drupe. — The number of described species is

rather high. It seems, however, that they all belong to a few well

defined groups which are considered here as species. Ruiz and

Pavon record the name "chichillica" for an unindentified species

from Muna, the bark of which was used for coarse basketry and for

cords. This reference may well refer to Trema micrantha.

Adult leaves (except on the nerves) glabrous or practically so.

Fruit large (6-12 mm. in diam.); young leaves sericeous.

C. triflora.

Fruit small (4-6 mm. in diam.) ; young leaves pilose C. iguanea.

Adult leaves pubescent.

Inflorescence well developed (3 cm. long or more) C. dichotoma.

Inflorescence short or glomerulous C. pubescens.

Celtis dichotoma (Klotzsch) Miq. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 4, pt. 1:

182. 1853. Momisia dichotoma Klotzsch, Linnaea 20: 539. 1847. C.

Pavonii Planch. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 10: 313. 1849.

FLORA OF PERU 271

Branchlets, petioles, and young leaves beneath densely covered

with an indument of golden yellowish (sometimes rusty) hairs;

spines wanting or very short; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, acute or

acuminate, cordate, entire or coarsely dentate toward the apex,

glabrate in age beneath; staminate inflorescences many-flowered,

many times longer than the petioles. — Fruits large, globose, glabrous,

yellow and sweet, and (according to Ruiz and Pavon) eaten by the

Indians. Negs. 11739, 25566 (C. Pavonii).

Huanuco: Chacahuasi, Posuso, etc., Ruiz & Pavon.

Celtis iguanea (Jacq.) Sarg. Silva 7: 64. 1895. Rhamnus

iguaneus Jacq. Enum. PL Carib. 16. 1760. C. aculeatus Sw. Prodr.

53. 1788. Mertensia laevigata HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 31. 1817.

A small tree, a shrub, or a liana, glabrous or essentially so except

for some evanescent pubescence on the young branchlets and leaves

beneath, usually armed, the spines well developed, geminate; leaves

ovate or oval-elliptic, entire or remotely serrate toward the tip, the

young ones pilose, glabrous in age; cymes short, rarely two or three

times longer than the petioles; fruit small, 4-6 mm. in diameter. —

Illustrated, HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: pi. 103.

San Martin: Tarapoto, Spruce 4236. Alto Rio Huallaga, Williams

6756. Near Moyobamba, King 3303. Tarapoto, Williams 6666.

Juan Guerra, 720 meters, Williams 6846. Lamas, 840 meters,

Williams 6357. Rumizapa, Williams 6784- — Loreto: Yarina-cocha,

Tessmann 3428. Mishuyacu, 100 meters, Klug 1435. Paraiso, 145

meters, Williams 3365. — Junin: La Merced, 700 meters, Killip &

Smith 24079.— Piura: Serran, Weberbauer 6000.— Tumbez : Between

Ricaplaya and Casa Blanqueada, Weberbauer 7741- A species

widely distributed in South and Central America, West Indies, and

north to Mexico and Florida. "Palo bianco," "meloncito bianco."

Geltis pubescens (Humb. & Bonpl.) Spreng. Syst. 1: 931. 1825.

Mertensia pubescens Humb. & JBonpl. in Schult. Syst. 6: 312. 1820.

Mertensia brasiliensis Gardn. Lond. Journ. Bot. 2: 339. 1843.

Momisia brevifolia Klotzsch, Linnaea 20: 538. 1847. C. boliviensis

Planch. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 10: 310. 1849. C. velutina Planch, op.

cit. 313. Momisia flexuosa Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 18: 194. 1852.

M. crenata Wedd. op. cit. 195.

A tree, a shrub, or a liana, with flexuous branchlets, the young

twigs puberulous or velvety, armed with straight or slightly curved,

paired spines; leaves ovate or elliptic-ovate, acute or acuminate,

cordate or rounded at the base, entire or serrate toward the tip, the

272 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

young ones often with golden hairs, in age glabrous above, softly

pubescent beneath; cymes short, not much longer than the petioles;

fruit small, glabrescent, rough when dry. — The synonymy above is

partial, applying to Peruvian specimens only. Negs. 29617 (crenata),

29664 (pubescens).

Junin: Huancayo, Raimondi 9177. Between Sandia and Chun-

chusmayo, Azalaya, Weberbauer 1126. Chanchamayo, Isern 2322.

La Merced, 600 meters, 5438, 5280; Killip & Smith 24042, 23406.—

San Martin: Juan Guerra, 720 meters, Williams 6871. — Rio Acre: Ule

9334. — Lima(?): Quebrada de Pariahuanca, Mathews 826. — Huan-

cavelica: On the Montaro, upstream from Colcabamba, Weberbauer

6437. — Cajamarca: Prov. Contumaza, Cascas, Raimondi 7973.

Tropical South America, widely distributed.

Celtis triflora (Klotzsch) Miq. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 4, pt. 1: 181.

1853. Momisia triflora Klotzsch, Linnaea 20: 537. 1847. C. glycy-

carpa Mart, ex Miq. op. cit. 174.

Branches and branchlets glabrous or evanescently pilose, brown-

ish, the stout spines mostly solitary, slightly curved ; leaves ovate or

oblong-elliptic, acuminate, subcordate or cordate, entire or serrate

toward the tip, asperous above, glabrescent beneath; fruit large,

globose, smooth. — A tree, up to 12 meters high.

Huanuco: Posuso, Ruiz & Pavon. — Loreto: Mouth of Rio

Santiago, Pongo de Manseriche, Tessmann 4274- Bolivia; Brazil;

Venezuela.

3. PLAGIOCELTIS Mildbr., gen. nov.

A stoutly branched shrub with light yellowish brown bark.

Leaves appearing with the flowers, or immediately after. Racemes

terminal or nodal on the leafless branches of the preceding year.

Plagioceltis dichotoma Mildbr. in Herb. Madrid, sp. nov.

Frutex racemis atque ramulis novellis exceptis glaber; folia

juvenilia 5 mm. longe petiolata tenuia subelliptica remotissime

dentata acuta basi attenuata ad 7 cm. longa et ultra; racemi saepe

1-ramosi, bracteolis subrotundis; flores circa 2 mm. longi, sepalis

rotundatis, staminibus persistentibus; ovarium pilosum, stylo

staminibus longiore.

Glabrous except for the evanescently puberulent growing branch-

lets and racemes, the latter often once branched, 1-1.5 cm. long;

petioles 5 mm. long; leaves (young) thin, very remotely toothed,

subelliptic, attenuate at the base, acute, to 7 cm. long or longer;

FLORA OF PERU 273

bractlets roundish; flowers about 2 mm. long, the pilose ovary soon

exserted with the conspicuous style from the persistent stamens and

roundish petals. — Description from type in Herb. Madrid.

Without locality: Ruiz & Pavon.

4. LOZANELLA Greenm.

Unarmed trees or shrubs with opposite, serrate leaves and dioe-

cious inflorescences; fruit a small drupe containing a curved embryo

with oblong-rotund, scarcely curved cotyledons. — The two species

of this genus are readily distinguished from all other members of the

Ulmaceae on account of their opposite leaves.

Adult leaves not densely pubescent beneath; pistillate inflorescence

conspicuously branched L. enantiophylla.

Adult leaves densely pubescent beneath ; pistillate inflorescence with

short lateral branches L. permollis.

Lozanella enantiophylla (Bonn. Smith) Killip & Morton,

Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 21: 14: 339. 1931. Trema enantiophylla

Bonn. Smith, Bot. Gaz. 33: 339. 1902. L. trematoides Greenm. Proc.

Amer. Acad. 41:236. 1905.

A small tree, 3-7 meters high, or a shrub, with long-petioled,

ovate to oblong-ovate, leaves, united, deciduous stipules, and open,

much branched cymes.

Libertad: Prov. Pataz, Rio Mishiolla Valley, 2,000 meters,

Weberbauer 7049. Mexico, Guatemala, Colombia.

Lozanella permollis Killip & Morton, Journ. Wash. Acad.

Sci. 21:338. 1931.

A tree up to 8 meters high, the young branchlets covered with

densely matted hairs; leaves oblique at the base, elliptic, densely

covered on the veins beneath with long, appressed hairs; fruit a

small drupe, the styles persistent.

Cuzco: Lucumayo Valley, Cook & Gilbert 1376. This species has

been collected several times in Bolivia.

5. AMPELOCERA Klotzsch

Reference: Klotzsch, Linnaea 20: 542. 1847.

An unarmed shrub with remotely serrate, pinnately nerved

leaves. Flowers articulate, in axillary racemes, mostly geminate,

corymbose, polygamous, perfect, or staminate by the abortion of

the ovary. Filaments filiform, exserted. Ovary ovate, the stigma

274 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

deeply 2-parted, the subulate branches divaricate; ovule pendulous,

the micropyle superior. Seed arcuate. — The following species is the

type of the genus, to which Grisebach added a Cuban species, with

some doubt accepted by Urban, Repert. Sp. Nov. 15: 109. Both

Bentham and Hooker in Genera plantarum and Engler in Pflanzen-

familien have questioned the disposition of the genus in this family,

from which Planchon in DC. Prodr. 17: 152 definitely excludes it.

However, so far as I know, no one has yet placed it elsewhere, and

Kuhlmann, Arch. Jard. Rio Janeiro, has described two Brazilian

species which seem to establish it. It may not be Peruvian. The

genus is placed in Ulmaceae on anatomical grounds by Priemer (?),

Bot. Jahrb. 17: 466. 1893. The specimen he saw presumably was

the original from the Lambert Herbarium, but no specimen has

been found by me in Madrid material, Delessert Herb., or Berlin.

Ampelocera Ruizii Klotzsch, loc. cit.

Branches robust, squarrose, the branchlets slender, erect, evanes-

cently pubescent; leaves short-petioled, oblong or obovate, attenu-

ate at both ends, glabrous above, glabrate beneath, 5-9 cm. long,

2.5-3.5 cm. wide; stipules very thin, 2 mm. wide, 6 mm. long;

racemes 2.5 cm. long, evanescently pubescent; perianth divisions

obovate, dentate, persistent; style white-tomentose.

Without locality: (Ruiz & Paron).

48. MORACEAE. Mulberry Family

A family of great economic importance, especially in Central

America, where one member, Castillo,, is a source of rubber. In

Peru several trees are, at least potentially, of value for their timber,

notably the tupag or guariuba (Clarisia) with fine-grained, yellowish

wood and the aita (several species of Brosimum), the wood white,

on exposure reddish brown. Most of the trees exude a milky latex

more or less elastic when dried, and discoloring. It has often some

local use in medicine or otherwise.

At least two trees of the family are in cultivation: the mulberry

(Morns') in the coastal valley, and occasionally the breadfruit, arbol

de pan (Artocarpus incisa), as for example at La Merced.

The taxonomy of the family is in need of revision. Ducke,

Archiv. Jard. Bot. Rio Jan. 4: 6-8. 1925, and in previous and sub-

sequent volumes of the same publication, has given discriminating

diagnoses and helpful observations on which I have freely drawn.

In Arch. Inst. Biol. Veg. 2: 29. 1935, he indicates that he considers

FLORA OF PERU 275

as excessive the number of genera in the Olmedieae. In the following

synopsis of Peruvian forms the present day grouping is followed for

convenience but not in approval, for it results in wide separation of

similar trees and is absurdly impractical, especially in an economi-

cally important family. To facilitate determination and especially

to make clear the dovetailing of characters, the key for genera having

completely staminate or completely pistillate receptacles is divided,

one part being exclusively for staminate inflorescences, the other

for the pistillate, much herbarium material showing only one sort.

At the end of the general key is one keying all these genera as though

they pertained to one group. See Field Mus. Bot. 11: 62-63. 1931,

and remarks under some generic descriptions regarding possible

relationships.

Low herbs 1. Dorstenia.

Trees or shrubs.

Leaves palmately lobed or divided.

Leaves somewhat peltate; flowers spicate 2. Cecropia.

Leaves not peltate; flowers cymose 3. Pourouma.

Leaves entire, serrate, or lobed but not palmately.

Flowers on the inner surface of a hollow receptacle open only at

the top of the receptacle, i.e., a fig. . . . 5. Ficus.

Flowers not so disposed.

Flowers spicate or racemose, at least one sort.

Staminate flowers spicate, the spikes dense; pistillate capi-

tate or, in Trophis, in short spikes.

Trees often spiny; leaves never much longer than 10

cm., often much shorter.

Filaments exserted; pistillate flowers capitate.

8. Chlorophora.

Filaments included or barely exserted; pistillate

flowers spicate 6. Trophis,

Trees unarmed, the leaves ample, often 20 cm. long or

longer; pistillate flowers capitate. 11. Anonocarpus.

Staminate and pistillate flowers in aments, or the latter

rarely capitulate but few, or even solitary (Clarisia).

Staminate perianth present; leaves often somewhat

toothed.

Filaments not inflexed; aments lax; pistillate perianth

tubular or ovoid . . . . 9. Sorocea.

276 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

Filaments in bud inflexed; aments dense, at least

the pistillate, these fleshy in fruit.

Pistillate perianth tubular, accrescent; staminate

segments valvate; leaves usually entire.

6. Trophis.

Pistillate perianth segments distinct, the staminate

imbricate; fruit juicy; leaves serrate. .7. Moras.

Staminate perianth absent; leaves strictly entire.

10. Clarisia.

Flowers not in aments (cf. also Clarisia, sometimes, and

Chlorophora as to pistillate flowers).

Petioles mostly under 1 cm. long or if some to about 1.5

cm., these in the minority; ovules pendulous.

Receptacles head-like, composed of many stamens and

1-4 pistils, these deeply inserted.

Stamens exserted, crowded at throat of the receptacle

about the exserted style 20. Trymatococcus.

Stamens separated in all the receptacles by peltate

bracts 12. Brosimum.

Receptacles often capitate but completely staminate or

pistillate.

Pistillate receptacles (see below for key to staminate).

Receptacle 1-flowered; styles filiform (cf. Olmedi-

operebea under Pseudolmedia).

Ovary inferior, fixed to the perianth.

17. Pseudolmedia.

Ovary superior, free in the perianth . . 18. Olmedia.

Receptacle many-flowered; styles thick to filiform

(cf. Olmedioperebea) .

Styles thick, short, the stigma compressed or

capitate-cushion-like.

Perianth truncate, compressed, in aggregate

forming an Anona-like fruit.

11. Anonocarpus.

Perianth 4-toothed, the fruit fleshy, but scarcely

Anona-like (here also Olmedioperebea) .

14. Perebea.

Styles or at least stigmas slender or filiform.

FLORA OF PERU 277

Perianth lacking; bracteoles peltate (probably

in Peru) Brosimopsis.

Perianth present, sometimes pseudobracteolate.

Perianth segments divided to the base, the

parts thus bracteole- or scale-like in the

receptacle 13. Ogcodeia.

Perianth merely lobed or parted.

Perianth segments imbricate; receptacles

and young parts of plant reddish-

tomentose 19. Helicostylis.

Perianth segments various; pubescence, if

present, not characteristically reddish-

tomentose.

Perianth 4-lobed, the lobes not perfor-

ated; bracts all small. .15. Castillo,.

Perianth segments perforated; inner

bracts elongate 16. Noyera.

Staminate receptacles.

Perianth absent but the bracteoles may form a

pseudoperianth .

Bracts seriate, the inner not elongate; leaves

hirsute above or beneath 15. Castillo,.

Bracts toward the interior often longer than the

outer; leaves often smooth or, if hirsutulous,

only sparsely.

Bracteoles obvious, spatulate or peltate.

17. Pseudolmedia.

Bracteoles (or divided perianths) scalelike; see

Naucleopsis mentioned under 13. Ogcodeia.

Perianth present (deeply parted perianths may

simulate bracteoles).

Stamens interspersed with peltate bracteoles.

Brosimopsis.

Stamens and bracteoles not so intermixed, the

latter, if not wanting, not peltate.

Bracts all small, the interior little longer than

the outer.

Plant pubescence reddish brown.

19. Helicostylis.

278 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

Plant pubescence, if present, not at all or not

very reddish.

Leaves usually scabrous above.

17. Olmedia.

Leaves not scabrous above . . 14. Perebea.

Bracts unequal, the interior longer than the

outer, closely seriate.

Leaves glabrous or nearly so; receptacles

shortly pediceled or sessile . . 13. Ogcodeia.

Leaves harshly hirsute above; receptacles

long-pediceled 15. Noyera.

Petioles mostly 2 cm. long or longer; ovule erect.

Flowers cymose or the staminate capitulate and cymose;

stamens 3-4; stigma peltate 3. Pourouma.

Flowers globose-capitate, the heads single or cymose;

stamens 1-2; stigma penicillate 4. Coussapoa.

Aggregate Key to the Species of Genera 13-19, Inclusive

Leaves scabrous-puberulent, at least on one side.

Leaves scabrous on both sides.

Leaves entire; staminate peduncles 5-7 mm. long.

17. Pseudolmedia scabra.

Leaves generally undulate-serrate; staminate receptacles sessile

or subsessile 18. Olmedia aspera.

Leaves scabrous only beneath.

Leaves undulate-serrate; staminate receptacle sessile or sub-

sessile 18. Olmedia Poeppigiana.

Leaves entire; staminate peduncles to 6 mm. long.

14. Perebea Chimiqua.

Leaves glabrous to variously pubescent but not scabrous only.

Leaves strictly glabrous.

Leaves mostly or all narrower than 3 cm.

Leaves caudately acuminate; ovary superior.

18. Olmedia angustifolia.

Leaves obtusely acuminate; ovary inferior.

17. Pseudolmedia laevigata.

Leaves mostly or all 3.5-6 cm. wide or wider.

Branchlets spreading-hirsute 17. Pseudolmedia laevis.

FLORA OF PERU 279

Branchlets glabrous or puberulent.

Petioles to 3 mm. long; leaves somewhat acuminate.

17. Pseudolmedia Mildbraedii.

Petioles mostly or all much longer; leaves caudate.

Leaves rarely 6.5 cm. wide, the lateral nerves 15-20.

Petioles rarely 1 cm. long; nerves beneath rather

inconspicuous.

Leaves 3-4 cm. wide, cuneate at the base.

13. Ogcodeia ternstroemiiflora.

Leaves 5-6 cm. wide, rounded at the base.

13. Ogcodeia Tamamuri.

Petioles often longer; nerves beneath conspicuous.

Leaves rarely 5 cm. wide, the acumen often 2 cm.

long 13. Ogcodeia Tessmannii.

Leaves often 6-7 cm. wide, the acumen rarely 1.5

cm. long 13. Ogcodeia glabra.

Leaves mostly 8-12 cm. wide, the lateral nerves 25-30.

13. Ogcodeia Ulei.

Leaves more or less pubescent, at least on the nerves beneath.

Pubescence, at least on the midnerve beneath, setulose or

hirsute.

Leaves acute at base or, if subcordate, not at all pseudo-

peltate.

Petioles 2-5 mm. long.

Leaves strongly pubescent on both sides; interior bracts

of both sorts of receptacles elongate.

16. Noyera mollis.

Leaves glabrous (except Castillo) or finally glabrate

above; interior bracts little or not at all longer than

the outer.

Leaves, unless in age, harshly pubescent above; pistil-

late receptacles several-flowered . . 15. Castilla Ulei.

Leaves glabrous or glabrate above; pistillate receptacle

1-flowered.

Pubescence of plant appressed.

17. Pseudolmedia macrophylla.

Pubescence of plant hirtellous, sparse.

17. Pseudolmedia laevis.

280 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

Petioles 8-12 mm. long.

Leaves gradually acuminate, 3-5 cm. wide; staminate

perianth lacking 17. Pseudolmedia multinervis.

Leaves subcaudate-acuminate, 10-20 cm. wide.

Leaves not oblique at base; stigmas cushion-like.

14. Perebea australis.

Leaves oblique at base; stigmas Ungulate.

14. Perebea Tessmannii.

Leaves appearing peltate at the subcordate base.

14. Perebea pseudopeltata.

Pubescence merely a puberulence, or a reddish tomentum.

Pubescence not a reddish tomentum.

Petioles 2-5 mm. long; staminate receptacle yellowish-

pubescent, a perianth present.

17. Pseudolmedia macrophylla.

Petioles 5-7 mm. long, the receptacles not so pubescent.

Leaves about 5 cm. wide .14. Perebea elegans.

Leaves about twice as wide 14. Perebea Standleyi.

Pubescence a reddish tomentum. . .19. Helicostylis tomentosa.

1. DORSTENIA L.

Stemless or subprostrate herbs from thick, tuber-like rootstocks.

Receptacles large, rounded or lobed, on long or short peduncles.

Plants stemless; receptacles 4-sided.

Peduncles and petioles elongate, subequal D. Contrajerva.

Peduncles shorter than the short petioles D. tubicina.

Plants caulescent, subprostrate; receptacles orbicular . .D. umbricola.

Dorstenia Contrajerva L. Sp. PI. 121. 1753.

Leaves varying from entire to deeply lobed, ovate to suborbi-

cular, glabrous to pubescent, often 10 cm. long; petioles often

nearly as long or longer; receptacles green, entire or lobed, borne on

slender, erect peduncles usually 10-30 cm. long. — Known as "contra-

hierba" in Central America, where in some places the thick rootstocks

are used to flavor cigarettes (Standley). Illustrated, Bailey, Cycl.

Hort. 1067.

San Martin: Tarapoto, Ule 6509; Williams 5905. Rumizapa,

Williams 6832. Extending to Mexico and the West Indies.

FLORA OF PERU 281

Dorstenia tubicina R. & P. Fl. 1: 65. pi. 102. 1798.

Leaves cordate-ovate or cordate-oblong, doubly serrate, rough

above, soft-pubescent beneath; receptacles violet in flower, white

in fruit, recurving on peduncles shorter than the short petioles.—

The fragrant roots are used as "contrahierba." Illustrated, Bot.

Mag. pi. 2804, from specimens presumably from Trinidad. Neg.

11614.

Huanuco: Chinchao and environs, Ruiz. Argentina. "Carpales."

Dorstenia umbricola A. C. Smith, Bull. Torrey Club 58: 87.

1931.

Leaves green, oblong-lanceolate or obovate-lanceolate, cuneate

or truncate at the base, acute, entire or undulate-crenate, glabrous

above, sparsely pilose on the nerves beneath, 8-10 cm. long, on

slender petioles 5-13 mm. long; peduncles at maturity 2.2 cm.

long; receptacles (mature) 1.5 cm. broad, the staminate and pistillate

flowers separated. — Perhaps a variety of D. argentata Hook, f.,

with variegated leaves and fleshier receptacles, more definitely

tuberculate marginally.

Loreto: Soledad on Rio Itaya, Killip & Smith 29639, type.

2. CECROPIA L.

Beautiful and common trees of the montana, immediately recog-

nizable by their smooth, light-colored trunks and branches supporting

open crowns that bear abundantly large or even huge, long-stalked,

palmately divided leaves that are usually dark green above and

silvery or gray-tomentose beneath. Ruiz and Pavon observed that

the handsome leaves follow the course of the sun, the position of the

upper surface at night becoming partly reversed. Parts, at least,

of the hollow trunks and branches appear to be regularly inhabited

by black ants that rush out almost instantly upon the slightest dis-

turbance in countless hordes to defend their home. Ruiz and Pavon

noted, however, that sometimes the hollow, articulated branches or

trunks are filled with clear, perfectly tasteless sap which the Indians,

when other water lacked, drank to quench their thirst. The trunks

are said to be used for tibias or trumpets in the Amazon region, and

the fiber of the bark has been employed in making mats and coarse

cloth. The usual common name for the tree in Peru seems to be

"tacuna," written also "tacuma" and "tacona," or "setico," but

Spruce found "imbauba" used on the Amazon, and Wallace, who

observed the Indians using the leaves as a head-dress, recorded the

282 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

term as "umbooba." Weberbauer, 275, gives a good photograph of

slender Cecropia trees. It may be helpful to call attention to Pou-

rouma cecropiaefolia, which in foliage alone simulates Cecropia.

Leaves with many, usually 12-16, lobes or leaflets.

Leaflets distinctly petioled or entirely separate, paler but not

white-pubescent beneath C. sciadophylla.

Leaflets more or less joined (or the leaves merely lobed), at least

at the very base, and white- or grayish-pubescent beneath,

at least between the veins.

Leaves white-tomentose, pilose, or sericeous-pubescent above,

not scabrous or not scabrous only.

Leaves typically 10-11-lobed, greenish above.

Leaves divided nearly to the base; staminate spikes many.

C. leucophaea.

Leaves often only three-fourths divided; staminate spikes

about 4 C. acutifolia.

Leaves typically 12-13-lobed, white-tomentose above.

C. albicans.

Leaves scabrous above.

Leaves white- or grayish-tomentose beneath.

Leaves typically 11-16-lobed C. angustifolia.

Leaves typically 10-lobed.

Petioles and leaf nerves hirtellous beneath. . . .C. strigosa.

Petioles and leaf nerves tomentulose beneath.

C. montana.

Leaves reddish-hirsutulous, somewhat white-pubescent be-

neath C. tubulosa.

Leaves with 5-11 lobes, rarely parted to the base.

Leaf lobes entire or merely undulate-repand.

Leaves more or less pubescent above, usually scabrous.

Lobes of the leaves typically 10 or 11.

Leaves softly pubescent above, the scabrosity, if any,

obscured.

Leaves parted almost to the base C. leucophaea.

Leaves merely deeply lobed C. acutifolia.

Leaves scabrous-pubescent above, other pubescence not

marked.

Petioles and leaves beneath more or less hirtellous.

FLORA OF PERU 283

Leaves shallowly lobed C. strigosa.

Leaves very deeply lobed C. tubulosa.

Petioles and leaves beneath merely white-lanuginose.

C. montana.

Lobes of the leaves typically 8 or 9, or fewer.

Leaf lobes typically 8 or 9.

Leaves corrugated-rugose above.

Leaves concolorous beneath, the nerves villous.

C. nivea.

Leaves with nerves and veins beneath green or brown.

C. Klotzschiana.

Leaves not all or not definitely rugose above.

Leaf nerves many (20-25) and mostly 1 cm. or less

apart.

Staminate spikes many; leaves shallowly lobed.

C. latiloba.

Staminate spikes few; leaves deeply lobed.

Leaves somewhat floccose or more floccose than

scabrous above C. leucocoma.

Leaves obviously scabrous above C. bicolor.

Leaf nerves 12-15 and mostly more than 1 cm. apart.

Staminate spikes many (-50) ; leaves asperous above.

C. multi flora.

Staminate spikes few (-20); leaves often floccose

above.

Leaves hirtellous on the nerves beneath . .C. bicolor.

Leaves tomentose even on the nerves beneath.

C. obtusa.

Leaf lobes typically 5, 6, or 7.

Lobes of the leaves broadly obovate, 10-20 cm. wide.

Petioles, leaf nerves beneath, and peduncles loosely

pilose or hirsutulous.

Leaves asperous above, the lobes obtuse or acute.

C. ficifolia.

Leaves hirsutulous above, the lobes acuminate.

C. Standleyi.

Petioles, leaf nerves beneath, and, usually, peduncles

tomentose . . . . C. obtusa.

284 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XIII

Lobes of the leaves oblongish, scarcely at all obovate,

less than 10 cm. wide C. Engleriana.

Leaves glabrous above.

Leaves pubescent beneath.

Petioles white- tomentose; pistillate spikes 6-10 cm. long.

C. Francisci.

Petioles tomentose with soft, white, and setulose, often

brown hairs mixed ; pistillate spikes twice as long.

C. flagellifera.

Leaves glabrous beneath (the nerves mostly minutely puber-

ulent).

Leaves very deeply lobed; staminate spikes few, very

woolly, elongate C. Setico.

Leaves moderately (to three-fourths) lobed; staminate

spikes very many C. Tessmannii.

Leaf lobes, or some of them, dentate, repandly toothed, or pinnat-

ifid.

Leaf divisions dentate-serrate C. dentata.

Leaf divisions more or less pinnately lobed C. polystachya.

Gecropia acutifolia Tre'cul, Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 8: 81. 1847.

A tree with 10-11-lobed leaves, the lobes with rotund sinuses,

elongate and acutely subacuminate, the largest 5-7 cm. wide and

about 20 cm. long; pubescence of the branchlets and leaves beneath

early white- tomentose, later pilose on the former and the nerves;

petioles white- tomentose; staminate peduncles 5-7 cm. long; bracts

acuminate, 11 cm. long; spikes 4, on pedicels 5-10 mm. long; pistillate

spikes 6, nearly 20 cm. long, 8 mm. thick, the fruit verruculose,

oblong-conic, acute.

Peru: (Pavdn).

Cecropia albicans Tre'cul, Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 8: 82. 1847.

Leaves plane, divided halfway to the base, the lobes obtuse or

obtusely acuminate, white-hirtellous beneath between the very

slender, reticulate, rufescent veins; petioles 35 cm. long, white with

a short, dense pubescence; stipules 16 cm. long and 12 cm. broad;

pistillate peduncle thick, 1.5-2 cm. long; bract 5 cm. long, abruptly

attenuate; spikes 3-4. — Here seems to belong material at Madrid,

without locality, by Ruiz and Pavon; the staminate spikes are many.

Peru: Pawn.

FLORA OF PERU 285

Cecropia angustifolia Tre"cul, Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 8: 83. 1847.

C. digitata Klotzsch, Linnaea 20: 534. 1847.

A tall, handsome tree with pale bark and spreading crown; leaves

ample, dark green and scabrous above, deeply lobed, the lobes

oblong-ligulate, the larger about 5 cm. wide and 3-4 times as long;

petioles 30-40 cm. long; staminate spikes many, the pistillate 2-4,

about 4 cm. long; fruit oblong, acute. Neg. 11581.

Junin: La Merced, 1,200 meters, 5741. Above San Ramon, 1,700

meters, Killip & Smith 24737; a tree of 9-12 meters. — Huanuco:

Ruiz & Pavon. — Puno: Sangaban, Lechler(1}.

Cecropia bicolor Klotzsch, Linnaea 20: 531. 1847.

Leaves with elongate-oblong, shortly acuminate lobes, green but

scabrous above, white-tomentose beneath except for the green,

hirsutulous nerves; pistillate peduncle long-villous, about 7 cm.

long, bearing 4 spikes 15 to nearly 20 cm. long. — The greatly elongate

spikes are striking. The species may be allied to C. flagellifera.

Neg. 11582.

Huanuco: Mufia, Ruiz.

Cecropia dentata Klotzsch, Linnaea 20: 533. 1847.

Very imperfectly known; leaf lobes 9, short, obovate, acute, the

margins dentate-subserrate, green but hirsute-scabrous above, white-

tomentose beneath except for the muricate-hirsute midrib and nerves;

petiole 15-20 cm. long, sparsely pilose.

Huanuco :Muna, (Ruiz & Pavon).

Cecropia Engleriana Snethl. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 8: 365.

1923.

Allied to C. ficifolia but the pubescence of the lower leaf surface

entirely lanuginose, the stipules, petioles, and leaves often smaller,

and the latter deeply 7-lobed, the lobes oblongish, 5-7 cm. wide and

with 22-25 lateral nerves; staminate spikes very slender. Neg.

11586.

Rio Acre: Ule 9313.

Cecropia ficifolia Warb. ex Snethl. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 8:

365. 1923.

A small to tall (30 meters) tree with ample, peltate leaves, greenish

but densely asperous-pubescent above and white-tomentose beneath,

not at all deeply 5-6-lobed, the rotund-obovate lobes (to 45 cm. long

286 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

and 20 cm. wide) obtuse or acute, remote and little narrowed below;

lateral nerves 12-16; petioles 30-45 cm. long; stipules to 15 cm. long,

pubescent also within; staminate peduncle about 7 cm. long, the

pistillate twice as long; staminate spikes 12 or more, 5-7 cm. long,

2-3 mm. thick, the pedicels 1.5-2 cm. long; enveloping hairs 0.5-1

mm. long; filaments unequal; pistillate spikes 4-6, sessile, 8 cm. long,

about twice as long in fruit and 8 mm. thick, lightly tomentose;

stigmas penicillate; fruit 2-3 mm. long, faintly verruculose. Neg.

11587.

Rio Acre: UleOSll; Huber 4245.

Cecropia flagellifera Tre"cul, Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 8: 81. 1847.

C. Ruiziana Klotzsch, Linnaea 20: 532. 1847.

Apparently very similar to C. Francisci, but with shorter petioles,

smaller leaves, and fewer (4) pistillate spikes, these in fruit 20 cm.

long and 8-9 mm. thick.

Peru: (Pavori).

Cecropia Francisci Snethl. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 8: 369.

1923.

A tree as much as 25 meters high, with punctate-asperous branch-

lets, long-pubescent stipules to 20 cm. long, petioles nearly 40 cm.

long, and coriaceous leaves about 9-lobed to the middle, the

largest of the broadly obovate lobes 40 cm. long and 20 cm. broad;

peduncles 10 cm. long or longer; pistillate spikes 5-6, sessile, 7-8.5

cm. long, 4-5 mm. thick, before flowering densely tomentose; stigma

penicillate. — C. palmata Willd. has leaf nerves reddish beneath,

finely and minutely pubescent or puberulent rather than tomentose-

hirtellous. Neg. 11588.

Rio Acre: Ule 9312.

Cecropia Klotzschiana Miq. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 4, pt. 1: 151.

1853. C. scabra Ruiz ex Klotzsch, Linnaea 20: 531. 1847, non Mart.

1831.

Apparently too near C. nivea, but the pubescence beneath between

the veins felt-like, the peduncles sparsely hispid, and the pedicels

hirtellous. Neg. 11591.

Peru: Ruiz.

Cecropia latiloba Miq. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 4, pt. 1: 147. 1853.

Branchlets glabrate; leaves rather similar to those of C. obtusa

but with many (about 25) lateral nerves 0.5-1 cm. apart; staminate

FLORA OF PERU 287

spikes 25-30, about 8 cm. long, the pedicels 5 mm. long, hirsute;

pistillate spikes sessile, finally 15 cm. long; fruits 3 mm. long, tomen-

tose at the tip. Neg. 18838.

Loreto: Yarina-cocha, Tessmann 3467, 3466 (det. Snethlage).

Rio Masana, Williams 96. Lower Ucayali, Tessmann 3307 (var. ; det.

Snethlage). Cumaria, Tessmann 3253 (det. Snethlage). Brazil;

Bolivia.

Cecropia leucocoma Miq. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 4, pt. 1: 142. 1853.

Petioles, peduncles, and young leaves above greenish but lightly

and loosely lanuginose; leaves thin, deeply (even to the base) divided,

the elongate-obovate lobes apiculate or rounded, white-tomentose

beneath or merely araneose; lateral nerves about 1 cm. apart or less,

usually about 20; staminate spikes fewer than 12, about 7 cm. long,

the pedicels to 5 mm. long; pistillate spikes about 4, to 15 cm. long,

5-8 mm. thick, subsessile, the slender peduncle 6-8 mm. long.— Tess-

mann 4058 has been given a subspecific herbarium name by Sneth-

lage, but it has the close, parallel nerves of C. leucocoma and could be

treated as a variety of the latter with longer, thicker (20 cm. long,

9 mm. thick), distinctly pediceled pistillate spikes or, more probably,

as a distinct species. C. adenopus Mart, and C. scabra might be

sought here. The former may be known by its hispidulous petioles

and peduncles; the latter by its reduced (asperous and hirtellous)

leaf pubescence and its merely ternate staminate spikes. Neg. 11592.

Illustrated, Wawra, Bot. Ergebn. Reise Bras. pi. 85.

Loreto: Middle Ucayali, Tessmann 3306, 3455 (one a glabrate

form, det. Snethlage). Yurimaguas, 200 meters, Williams 4173.

Bolivia; Brazil. "Setico," "siari chal."

Cecropia leucophaea Poepp. ex Miq. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 4, pt.

1:151. pi. 50. 1853.

Probably allied to C. multiflora, but the more numerous acute

leaf lobes not more scabrous above than otherwise pubescent; nerves

beneath green but hirsute- villous; staminate spikes very numerous,

5-7.5 cm. long, on hirsute pedicels 4 mm. long.

Huanuco: Cochero, Poeppig.

Cecropia montana Warb. ex Snethl. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin

8: 368. 1923.

A small tree (to 10 meters) with short, white-pilose branchlets,

rather small stipules (about 5 cm. long) glabrate within, petioles 35

cm. long, and deeply 10-lobed leaves white-tomentose beneath, the

288 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

lobes oblong, the largest 30 cm. long and a little less than a third as

wide; lateral nerves 15-25; peduncle 2.5-4 cm. long; pistillate spikes

4, becoming 3.5-6 cm. long and 6-10 mm. thick; fruit oblong, 2 mm.

long, minutely tubercled. Neg. 11599.

Loreto: Cerro de Escalera, 1,300 meters, Ule 6845.

Cecropia multiflora Snethl. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 8: 367.

1923.

A small tree (10 meters, so far as known) with minutely pilose

branchlets and rather deeply lobed leaves, the largest obovate, acutish

lobes about 30 cm. long and scarcely half as broad, the pubescence

above merely asperous, beneath white-tomentose, the midrib and

12-14 nerves minutely pilose; peduncle 5-8 cm. long, finely pilose;

staminate spikes as many as 50 and 10-15 cm. long, 2-3 mm. thick,

on pedicels 1-2 cm. long; perianth 1-1.5 mm. long, minutely pubes-

cent; filaments nearly equal, the anthers before anthesis ecaudate.—

Similar to C. nivea and C. Klotzschiana, but from herbarium material

distinguishable by the even upper leaf surfaces. Neg. 11600.

Junin: Chanchamayo Valley, 800 meters, Weberbauer 1837, type.

Cecropia nivea Poepp. ex Klotzsch, Linnaea 20: 532. 1847.

Leaves large, deeply 9-parted, the acute, obovate lobes green but

scabrous-hispid above, loosely and densely white-tomentose beneath ;

staminate peduncle 3.5-5 cm. long, densely hispid-villous, bearing

many slender spikes 7 cm. long, their subulate pedicels 6 mm. long.—

Suggests C. multiflora, but the leaves are noticeably rugose. Neg.

11601.

Peru: Poeppig.

Cecropia obtusa Tre"cul, Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 8: 79. 1847.

Branchlets strigose; leaf lobes obovate-rotund, very obtuse,

tomentulose above at first, finally asperous, often 20 cm. long and

half as broad or larger, the lateral nerves 1-2 cm. apart, about 15;

staminate peduncle about 20 cm. long, bearing 12-15 shortly pedi-

celed spikes only 4-5 cm. long; perianth tubular, subentire, minutely

hirtellous; pistillate spikes 8-9 cm. long, 1 cm. thick, on pedicels 2-4

mm. long; fruit obovate, verruculose, white-tomentose-punctate.—

C. palmata Willd. has leaves glabrate above and pistillate spikes 13-15

cm. long. Neg. 25536.

Loreto: La Victoria, Williams 2557. Caballo-cocha, Williams

2068. — Without locality: (Pavdri). Brazil ; British Guiana. "Setico."

FLORA OF PERU 289

Cecropia polystachya Tre"cul, Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 8: 80. 1847.

C. pinnatiloba Klotzsch, Linnaea 20: 533. 1847.

Well marked (if the character is constant) by the lobed middle

leaflets; lobes 9-10, ovate, glabrous above, pubescent beneath, the

larger 7.5 cm. broad, about 20 cm. long; staminate peduncle tomen-

tose, 7.5 cm. long, the 20 pediceled spikes 5-10 cm. long; pistillate

spikes about 4 and 6 cm. long, the peduncle a little longer. Neg.

25538.

Huanuco: Mufia, Ruiz.

Cecropia sciadophylla Mart. Flora 24, pt. 2: Beibl. 93. 1841.

Immediately recognizable by its petioled or entirely disjoined

leaflets that are glabrous or merely puberulent-tomentulose in the

areoles, even beneath. — Snethlage has distinguished var. decurrens

Snethl. and var.Juranyiana (A.Richt.) Snethl.,the latter the extreme

variation with the leaflets actually sessile. This is a medium to tall

tree with huge leaves (the largest leaflets about 50 cm. long and nearly

10 cm. wide or wider), glabrate petioles several dm. long, 4-6 pistil-

late spikes about 10 cm. long, and several staminate spikes, the

filaments somewhat unequal. Illustrated, Mart. Fl. Bras. 4, pt. 1:

pi. 46.

Loreto: Lower Rio Napo, Tessmann 3718 (det. Snethlage).

Mouth of Rio Santiago, Tessmann 4717, 4278 (det. Snethlage).

Caballo-cocha, in forest, Williams 2130. Brazil. "Setico."

Cecropia Setico Snethl. in herb., sp. nov.

Folia inter maxima, ad 60 cm. lata et ultra, subtus ad nervos

fere microscopice pulverulenta; pedunculi leviter spinuloso-ciliati

vel glabrati ad 10 cm. longi; spicae 4 dense lanatae fere sessiles in

statu fructifero circa 20 cm. longae.

Leaves very large, at least 60 cm. wide, almost microscopically

pulverulent on the nerves beneath; peduncles lightly spinulose-

ciliate or glabrate, to about 10 cm. long; spikes 4, very woolly,

becoming about 20 cm. long, nearly sessile. Neg. 11608.

Loreto: Unanana, Lower Rio Napo, 100 meters, Tessmann 3713.

"Setico."

Cecropia Standleyi Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 61. 1931.

A small, slender tree of 3-6 meters, similar to C. ficifolia but

easily distinguishable by the soft, scattered trichomes of the upper

leaf surfaces and the short-acuminate, broadly obovate leaf lobes;

290 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

pubescence beneath not at all lanuginose; staminate aments 8-10,

9 cm. long, 3 mm. thick, the pedicels 1 cm. long, the filaments

equal; pistillate spikes 4, subsessile, 18 cm. long, 1 cm. thick, lightly

tomentose.

Loreto: Mishuyacu near Iquitos, 100 meters, Klug 399, type.

Iquitos, 100 meters, Kittip & Smith 27033. "Setico."

Cecropia strigosa Tre'cul, Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 8: 82. 1847.

Similar to C. angustifolia, but the leaf lobes fewer and the pubes-

cence more hirtellous, in this respect approaching C. tubulosa; stami-

nate spikes about 60; pistillate spikes about 7.

Peru: (Pawn).

Cecropia Tessmannii Mildbr. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 9:

260. 1925.

Leaves large, glabrous, deeply (three-fourths their length) 9-

lobed; spikes similar to those of C. multiflora but not distinctly

pediceled; filaments very short. — Fruit edible. C. laetevirens Huber,

Bol. Mus. Goeldi 6: 63. 1910, and C. bifurcata Huber, op. cit. 62,

would be sought here. The leaves of both are broadly and obtusely

lobed, more or less fulvous-pilose beneath but green and glabrous

to the eye. Williams 1*313 (part of a leaf) from Yurimaguas is per-

haps C. Tessmannii. Neg. 11609.

Loreto: Yarina-cocha, 150 meters, Tessmann 3454- Fortaleza,

in forest, 200 meters, Williams 4313. Santa Rosa, 200 meters,

Williams 4949. "Setico," "pungara."

Cecropia tubulosa Ruiz ex Klotzsch, Linnaea 20: 534. 1847.

Probably only a form or possibly a variety of C. angustifolia, but

the leaves beneath more conspicuously reddish-hirsutulous than

white-tomentulose. C. angustifolia may be rubescent on the nerves.

Neg. 11610.

Huanuco: Chinchao, Mufia, Ruiz & Pavon.

3. POUROUMA Aubl.

Trees with entire or 3-5-lobed leaves, or one species with 8-12-

parted leaves simulating those of Cecropia, but the inflorescence

always cymose and the rather large, often densely velvety-tomentose

fruits borne distinctly.— See Mart. Fl. Bras. 4, pt. 1: 123-132, for

a number of Amazonian species to be expected, particularly several

with entire leaves. Other extra-Peruvian species published more

FLORA OF PERU 291

recently, and possibly occurring, are mentioned below. Spruce

found the name "cocura" used for an Amazonian species.

Leaves not parted or deeply lobed.

Pubescence fulvous or brown P. phaeotricha.

Pubescence white or gray P. folleata.

Leaves palmately parted or lobed, at least typically and some of

them.

Leaves 8 (6)-12-parted P. cecropiaefolia.

Leaves 3-5-lobed.

Leaves deeply cordate at base, harshly hairy on both sides.

P. substrigosa.

Leaves little if at all cordate, or not pubescent.

Leaves not distinctly, if at all, cordate.

Branchlets glabrous or puberulent, the leaves white-hairy

beneath.

Petioles glabrous or early granulose P. Tessmannii.

Petioles tomentose, glabrate only in age ... P. Jussieuana.

Branchlets yellowish-hairy, like the leaves beneath.

Leaves strigose or scabrous above P. palmata.

Leaves glabrous above P. triloba.

Leaves deeply cordate at the base P. Ulei.

Pourouma cecropiaefolia Mart, ex Miq. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 4,

pt. 1: 123. pi. 36. 1853. P. multifida Tre"cul, Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 8:

107. 1847(7).

The only Peruvian species with Cecropia-like leaves that are

cordate-rotund and radiately parted; segments obovate-oblong-

lanceolate, velvety and ashy- or white-tomentose beneath, the

largest middle ones sometimes 15-30 cm. long and 10-20 cm. broad,

all more or less connate toward the base; petioles glabrous; peduncles

puberulent; inflorescence in flower dense, reddish purple with a close

puberulence, the fasciculate or capitulate staminate flowers sessile

or nearly so, their minutely setulose segments entirely free. — Accord-

ing to Martius, a tree of 10-15 meters with the habit of a Cecro-

pia but with juicy fruits that have a pleasant, sweetish-sour taste.

Sometimes cultivated. The Martius name (Reise 3: 1130. 1831) is

essentially a nomen nudum until taken up by Miquel. There is no

doubt, however, as to its application, and Martius gave the common

names and described the fruit. Lacking positive proof that P. multi-

292 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

fida Tre"cul is the same, I retain the well-known name. A specimen

by Killip and Smith (27932) from Puerto Arturo, Loreto, has been

determined in Herb. Berlin by Mildbraed as P. sapida Karst. It is

not clear to me that the latter species is distinct. Its leaves have 9

lobes. In the Field Museum specimen they are separate nearly to

the base.

Loreto: Above Pongo de Manseriche, 200 meters, in forest,

Mexia 6257. Mishuyacu, 100 meters, in clearing, Klug 1185, 1326.

Mouth of Rio Blanco, Tessmann 3054- Alto Rio Itaya, Williams

3347. Iquitos, Ducke 7581; Killip & Smith 27381, 29839 (both det.

by A. C. Smith). — Huanuco: Huamalies District, Weberbauer 3705.

—Rio Acre: Ule 9314.— Junin: La Merced, 600 meters, 5446. Brazil.

"Ambauba mansa," "ambauba do vinho," "mapaty," "cucura,"

"uvilla."

Pourouma folleata Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 8: 114. 1930.

Branchlets glabrous; petioles evanescently appressed-setulose,

2-3 cm. long; leaves entire or repand-undulate, elliptic, acute at the

base, very shortly acuminate, the larger 12 cm. long, 6 cm. wide,

glabrous above or the midnerve strigillose, shortly white-tomentulose

beneath between the 15 nerves, these densely strigillose; stipules

yellowish-villous, 2.5 cm. long; peduncles 1.5 cm. long; compound

cymes grayish-brown-hirsutulous, open, the slender-pediceled stami-

nate flowers not at all capitulate; segments linear-subulate, acumi-

nate.— P. apiculata Spruce and P. tomentosa Mart, have entire

leaves arachnoid-tomentose beneath, the former distinguished from

the latter by the apiculate leaf acumination. Its large fruits are

velvety. P. crassivenosa Mildbr. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 10: 419.

1928, is glabrous beneath to the eye except on the nerves. P. pa-

raensis Huber is hirtellous on the veins beneath, appressed-lanate in

the areoles.

Junin: La Merced, 1,300-1,700 meters, Schunke 416, A95.

Pourouma Jussieuana Tre"cul, Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 8: 106. 1847.

A tree with angled, verruculose, finally glabrous branchlets and

palmately 3-5-lobed, not at all cordate leaves; leaf lobes glabrous

above, oblong or the middle ovate, repand, acuminate, the larger 12

cm. wide and 15-25 cm. long, with 17-22 nerves, these conspicuous

beneath; petioles pubescent, 5-6 cm. long; pistillate inflorescence

cymose-paniculate, the puberulent peduncle 5 cm. long; fruit ovate,

densely pale-rusty-puberulent; seed depressed-ovate. — P. cuspidata

FLORA OF PERU 293

Warb. of Amazonian Brazil is recognizable by the scabrosity of its

leaves beneath and its small staminate flowers, less than 1 mm. long,

the branchlets of the inflorescence thick.

Peru: Buena Vista (Jussieu). "Amandier de Buena- Vista."

Pourouma palmata Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 29.

pi 141. 1838.

Young branchlets densely yellow-scabrous; leaves rounded or

subcordate, with 3-5 oblong or ovate, acute lobes, harshly scabrous

above but silky-pubescent beneath, especially on the prominent

nerves (the lateral about 30) ; petioles subterete, the upper 8 cm. long,

shortly pubescent; staminate flowers glomerate, the inflorescence

much branched; perianth segments shortly united, oblong, hirsutu-

lous at the apex, equaled by the dense filaments; immature fruiting

inflorescence velvety in appearance, with a dense, reddish brown

pubescence; pedicels thick, 3-5 cm. long; young fruits ovate, con-

spicuously capped by the peltate stigma. — Fruits edible. Neg.

11622.

San Martin: Tocache, Poeppig 2881, Addenda 153. — Huanuco:

Huamalies, Weberbauer 3639. — Loreto: Pampa del Sacramento

(Huber). "Uvilla."

Pourouma phaeotricha Mildbr. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin

10: 193. 1927.

Young branches, petioles, and inflorescence rusty puberulent-

tomentose, with paler, rigid hairs intermixed; leaves very regularly

oblong-elliptic, obtuse at the base, very acutely acuminate, often to

20 cm. long and 8-9 cm. broad, the mature ones glabrate above,

beneath on the midrib and 8-10 lateral nerves more or less hirsutulous

and rusty puberulent-tomentose, the areoles ashy green and under a

lens white-araneose; fruiting inflorescence with few short branchlets,

the pedicels 5-8 mm. long; stigma greenish white, pulvinate, densely

brown-tomentose and white-hirsute; immature fruit 12 mm. long,

8-9 mm. thick, bright green. — A tree of 7 meters, the trunk 8 cm. in

diameter, with few branches 2 meters above the base. P. aurea

Mildbr. op. cit. 10: 418, has obovate-oblong leaves broadest at the

upper third, with 15-17 lateral nerves. Neg. 11624.

Loreto: Iquitos, Tessmann 5364-

Pourouma substrigosa Mildbr. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin

10: 192. 1927.

A tree of about 15 meters with rather harshly strigose-hirsute

foliage and growing parts; petioles densely and shortly hirsute, to

294 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

25 cm. long; leaves 3-5-lobed, with narrow, deep sinuses, the seg-

ments short-acuminate, elliptic, the largest middle one 25-35 cm.

long and 15 cm. wide; staminate inflorescence 2-many times irregu-

larly branched, reddish brown with dense pubescence of granular

and club-shaped hairs intermixed, the flowers sessile and glomerulate,

their linear, more or less dilated segments ciliate at the apex, barely

1.5 mm. long, exceeding the filaments. — Trunk about 17 cm. in

diameter, with few branches at 6 meters. Fruit edible. Neg. 11625.

Loreto: Mouth of Rio Santiago, 160 meters, Tessmann 4642, type.

Streamlet near mouth of Rio Santiago, 400 meters, Mexia 6201; a

tree of 14 meters, the leaves and twigs inhabited by small ants.

"Uvilla."

Pourouma Tessmannii Mildbr. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin

10: 192. 1927.

Glabrous or lightly pubescent except for the more or less deeply

3-lobed leaves, these silvery beneath with an appressed tomentum;

petioles sulcate, to 15 cm. long; stipules 8 cm. long, acuminate;

leaves acuminate, 3-nerved from the base, 20 cm. long; staminate

inflorescence 7 cm. long, the peduncle as long, the branches and

branchlets chestnut-brown, with a dense covering of clavate hairs;

flower glomerules dense, the perianth segments subulate-linear,

closely white-pubescent, about 1.5 mm. long, the filaments half as

long. — A tree of 20 meters, branching at 12 meters, with a trunk

25 cm. in diameter. Inflorescence early greenish yellow, in anthesis

bright brown, becoming dark brown. Neg. 11626.

Loreto: Mouth of Rio Santiago, 160 meters, Tessmann 4236, type.

Yurimaguas, 200 meters, in forest, Williams 4688. "Setico."

Pourouma triloba Tre"cul, Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 8: 104. 1847. P.

triloba Klotzsch, Linnaea 20: 526. Oct., 1847.

Perhaps only a less pubescent variety of P. palmata; pistillate

flowers pubescent; staminate glomerules numerous, with the stamens

about 5 mm. thick; fruit oblong-obovate,. crustaceous, dehiscent by

two valves. Neg. 11623.

Huanuco: Macora, Ruiz, type. Pampayacu, Sawada 21.

Pourouma Ulei Warb. Bot. Jahrb. 40: 132. 1907.

A tree, the branches and petioles slightly tomentose or glabrate;

leaves long-petiolate, deeply cordate at the base, with usually over-

lapping basal lobes, smooth and glabrous above, closely and minutely

FLORA OF PERU 295

white-tomentose beneath, the broad lobes abruptly short-acuminate.

Neg. 11627.

Loreto: In pasture, El Recreo, 200 meters, Williams 3984- Ama-

zonian Brazil. "Uvilla."

4. COUSSAPOA Aubl.

Rather similar to Pourouma, but both sorts of flowers capitate,

the pistillate heads solitary or often few. Leaves entire, the petioles

often about half as long. Stigma capitate-penicillate. — Tall trees

with the name "chichillica," the trunks thick, the foliage abundant,

the fibers of the bark serving for the manufacture of coarse baskets,

sacks for the collection of coca and fruits, and various other articles;

it is used also to fasten and join timbers and beams (Ruiz & Pa von).

Species very similar and the characters accepted as definitive may

be variable.

Some of the following names by Tre"cul are in conflict with those

of Klotzsch for the same year (1847), but the former were published

in August while the latter probably appeared toward the last of the

year. Linnaea for this year consists of 12 numbers, the correction

page at the end of vol. 20 being signed as written only in August and

a much earlier article is signed also as written at this date (Nelly

Dubugnon, Conservatoire Botanique, Geneva).

Branchlets, especially apically, very villous or setose.

Leaves broadly rounded and emarginate at the apex.

C. emarginata.

Leaves acute or obtuse at the apex, not emarginate.

Branchlets long-setose; leaves glabrate or lightly tomentose

beneath C. hirsuta.

Branchlets hirsute- villous.

Leaves densely white-tomentose beneath C. villosa.

Leaves minutely hirsutulous and cobwebby beneath.

C. vellerea.

Branchlets glabrate or shortly pubescent.

Leaves acute, smooth and glabrous above.

Branchlets puberulent-hirsutulous; leaves 8-17 cm. long.

Leaves glabrous beneath or the nerves puberulent.

C. ovalifolia.

Leaves araneose-tomentulose beneath C. Tessmannii.

Branchlets glabrous; leaves 20-30 cm. long C. acutifolia.

296 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

Leaves rounded or retuse apically, often more or less asperous.

Pistillate heads solitary.

Leaves scabrous on the upper surface C. asperifolia.

Leaves smooth on the upper surface C. grandiceps.

Pistillate heads cymose.

Leaves finely short-hirsutulous beneath C. magnifolia.

Leaves white-lanuginose beneath, as well as sparsely hirsutu-

lous C. Standleyi.

Coussapoa acutifolia Klotzsch, Linnaea 20: 529. 1847.

With the large leaves of C. magnifolia Tre'cul, but these obviously

acute and glabrous except for the puberulent nerves beneath; in

these respects apparently like C. ovalifolia Tre'cul, with much smaller

and crowded leaves. Neg. 11555.

Huanuco: Cochero, Ruiz & Pawn.

Coussapoa asperifolia Trecul, Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 8: 96. 1847.

Branchlets soon glabrate or glabrous; leaves often almost square-

sided, about 15 cm. long or smaller, typically very scabrous above

and rather softly short-pubescent beneath and finely reticulate;

petioles 1.5-2 cm. long; staminate heads cymose; perianth oblong,

with short, glabrous teeth; filaments about as long as the flower;

pistillate flowers in a solitary head, tubular-urceolate; style very

short, the stigma capitate, villous; fruits very numerous, oblong,

exteriorly somewhat fleshy. — Both the Peruvian specimens are

essentially glabrous but are typical in the obtuse or retuse leaves.

C. Martiana Miq. has broadly ovate, somewhat acute leaves, often

larger and white-arachnoid beneath, in which respect it resembles

C. subincana Mart, with the leaves somewhat peltate. Neg. 11556.

Amazonas: Moyobamba, Weberbauer 4472 (det. Mildbraed).—

Junin: La Merced, 55-47. British Guiana.

Coussapoa emarginata Killip, sp. nov.

Arbor 12-15-metralis, ramulis crassis densissime pilis longis fulvis

mollibus pilosis dense foliatis; stipulae lineari-lanceolatae 6.5 cm.

longae attenuatae extus dense longipilosae; folia mediocria longi-

petiolata coriacea, petiolo crasso 4.5-5.5 cm. longo dense piloso;

lamina late obovato-ovalis vel rotundato-ovalis 13-17.5 cm. longa

9-12 cm. lata apice late rotundata et leviter vel profunde emarginata,

basi rotundata, supra in sicco fusca ad costam et interdum ad nervos

pilosa, aliter glabra, nervis non elevatis, subtus pallida ubique sub-

FLORA OF PERU 297

sparse adpresse tomentulosa, ad costam nervosque pilis longis ochra-

ceis sericeo-pilosa, costa crassa elevata, nervis lateralibus utroque

latere circa 15 rectis elevatis angulo semirecto obliquis in marginem

desinentibus, nervulis obscuris numerosissimis rectis arete parallelis;

iniflorescentia (immatura tantum visa) paucicapitata densa, capitulis

parvis dense paucifloris breviter pedunculatis, pedunculo petiolo

aequilongo.

Loreto: Mishuyacu, 100 meters, in forest, Killip & Smith 29955

(U. S. Nat. Herb., type; duplicate in Herb. Field Mus.).

Coussapoa grandiceps Killip, sp. nov.

Arbor, ramulis crassis sparse in statu juvenili hirtello-puberulis

cito glabratis; stipulae magnae circa 7 cm. longae pallido-tomentosae;

folia magna coriacea, petiolo crasso 6-10 cm. longo striato glabrato;

lamina ovali-ovata 24-32 cm. longa 16-19 cm. lata versus apicem

rotundatum paullo angustata, basi late rotundata brevissime cor-

data, supra glabra laevis, subtus minute arete pallido-tomentella,

nervis lateralibus utroque latere circa 18 rectis elevatis, venulis

ultimis creberrimis prominentibus arete parallelis; capitula feminea

geminata, pedunculis simplicibus crassis 5-6.5 cm. longis leviter

tomentulosis glabrescentibus, capitulis densissimis subglobosis multi-

floris 1.5 cm. diam.

Loreto: Yanon, wooded banks of lower Rio Huallaga, 135 meters,

W. J. Dennis (Killip & Smith 29246; type in U. S. Nat. Herb.);

a tree of 12-15 meters. Puerto Arturo, Yurimaguas, 200 meters, in

forest, Williams 5349. Apparently conspecific is Williams 4179

from Yurimaguas. "Renaco caspi."

Coussapoa hirsuta Tre"cul, Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 8: 97. 1847.

C. setosa Klotzsch, Linnaea 20: 528. 1847.

Branchlets conspicuously long-setose toward the tips; petioles

to 3 cm. long, evanescently pilose; leaves obovate, rounded at the

base, acute, about 15 cm. long, 10 cm. wide or narrower, slightly

floccose on the nerves beneath; pistillate heads cymose-corymbose,

the urceolate flowers thin and including the subdrupaceous fruit;

seed irregular. — Mildbraed (in herb. Madrid) maintains the Klotzsch

name. Neg. 11560.

Huanuco: Macora, Ruiz & Pawn.

Coussapoa magnifolia Trecul, Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 8: 98. 1847.

C. Ruizii Klotzsch, Linnaea 20: 529. 1847.

Suggesting C. asperifolia Tre"cul, but the leaves often 30 cm.

long and nearly as wide; lateral nerves 6-7; petioles glabrate, to 10

298 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

cm. long; pistillate heads several; ovary subobovate. — Mildbraed

employs the Klotzsch name. Neg. 11557.

Huanuco: Cochero, Poeppig 1371; Ruiz & Pavon, type.—

Junin: La Merced, 600 meters, 5447.

Coussapoa ovalifolia Tre"cul, Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 8: 95. 1847.

C. puberula Klotzsch, Linnaea 20: 529. 1847.

Petioles 4-6 cm. long; leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, rounded

at the base, mostly 8-12, rarely 15, cm. long, half as wide; lateral

nerves 13-15, the veins obvious; pistillate heads umbellate-cymose,

the flowers puberulent only at the tip; stigma penicillate; ovary

oblong. — Smoothish forms of C. asperifolia may be distinguished by

their obtuse leaves and solitary pistillate heads. C. trinervia Mildbr.

is glabrous, with strongly 3-nerved leaves. C. nitida Miq. is sparsely

hirtellous and the pistillate flowers glabrous. Neg. 11559.

Junin: Rio Paucartambo Valley, 700 meters, Killip & Smith

25341; a tree of 9-12 meters. La Merced, 600 meters, 5594.—

Huanuco: Chinchao, Pillao, Posuso, etc., /fou'z.— Loreto: Puerto

Metendez, Tessmann 3922 (det. Mildbraed).— Rio Acre: Vie 9316?

(det. Mildbraed). — Without locality: Ruiz.

Coussapoa Standleyi Macbr., sp. nov.

C. magnifoliae affinis; petiolis (12 cm. longis), nervis venisque

minutissime parceque hispidulis; foliis apice rotundato-obtusis ad

40 cm. longis supra glabris subtus dense arachnoideis, margine valde

undulato-repandis; nervis lateralibus circa 16 prominentibus; pedun-

culis dense ferrugineo-tomentuloso-hirsutulis; capitulis fern, circa

15 plerumque geminato-connatis, dense hirsutulis. — Seemingly well

distinct in character of pubescence, and the numerous pistillate heads

(these are undeveloped). Mildbraed referred the specimen to C.

magnifolia with a query. The pubescence suggests that of the

different C. vellerea. Neg. 29511.

Huanuco: Huamalies, 700-800 meters, Weberbauer 3702, type

(Hb. Berlin).

Coussapoa Tessmannii Mildbr. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin

10:413. 1928.

Youngest branchlets rusty-hirsutulous; leaves ovate, nearly

truncate at the base, triangular-acute at the apex, 13-17 cm. long,

9-12 cm. wide, on stout petioles a third as long; lateral nerves about

11, the veins and veinlets beneath densely reticulate and prominent,

the areoles thereby sunken; pistillate inflorescence many-headed,

FLORA OF PERU 299

on peduncles 1.5-2 cm. long, the short, thick branchlets somewhat

hirsute and granular; heads 5 to nearly 10 mm. thick, sometimes

geminate-connate; flowers 3 mm. long, glabrous, the shorter bracts

filiform or slightly widened at the apex.— Differs from C. puberula

in the pubescence. C. intermedia Mart, has very fine, scarcely at all

reticulate or obvious veins. Neg. 11562.

Loreto: Mouth of Rio Santiago, Tessmann 4673, type. "Renaco."

Coussapoa vellerea Klotzsch, Linnaea 20: 527. 1847.

Similar to C. villosa, but the leaf pubescence not at all tomentose,

the arachnoid hairs evanescent; leaves to 40 cm. long, 30 cm. wide;

peduncles 5 cm. long, to 11 cm. in fruit, geminate, the fruiting peri-

anth reddish-brown-hirsute, 3 mm. long.

Huanuco: Macora, Ruiz & Pavon, type.

Coussapoa villosa Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 33. pi. 147.

1838.

Branches, petioles, bracts, and peduncles villous-hirsute, often

even shaggy; leaves ample, sometimes 30 cm. long and a third as

broad or larger, broadly ovate and more or less cordate, acute or

obtuse; staminate heads few to rather many, corymbose-paniculate;

bractlets spatulate, often emarginate; perianth turbinate, trifid,

pubescent; pistillate heads solitary or geminate; perianth contracted

below the apex, oblong; style slender; fruit ovate-oblong. — C. Sprucei

Mildbr. has oval-oblong leaves, subvelvety-pubescent beneath. Neg.

11564.

Huanuco: Casapi, Poeppig, type. — Loreto: Mouth of Rio

Santiago, Tessmann 4696 (det. Mildbraed). Santa Rosa, Lower Rio

Huallaga, 135 meters, Kittip & Smith 28800 (det. A. C. Smith).

Ecuador.

5. FICUS L. Fig

By Paul C. Standley

Small or large trees with milky sap; leaves entire in the native

American species; easy of recognition among all American trees

by the form of the fruit, similar to that of the cultivated fig, but in the

wild trees much smaller, consisting of a hollow, more or less fleshy

receptacle, with a small apical opening (ostiole), this closed by

small, overlapping scales; flowers minute, densely inserted all over

the interior wall of the receptacle. — A large genus in tropical America,

doubtless with more Peruvian representatives than are listed here.

A few other Peruvian species, in fact, are represented in the herba-

300 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

rium by fragmentary material, insufficient for their diagnosis. The

plants often or usually begin life as epiphytes, the seeds germinating

upon a branch of some host tree. The seedlings send down aerial

roots that develop into long, cord-like stems which finally envelop

and strangle the host. The wood is soft and of no economic

importance. The larger fruits are fleshy, sweet, and edible (espe-

cially in the subgenus Pharmacosycea} . They are seldom eaten by

people but are much sought by birds and other animals. The latex

yields a kind of rubber. From the bark the ancient Mexicans pre-

pared paper upon which some of their manuscripts were written.

Receptacles solitary in the leaf axils; leaves often scabrous; involucre

3-lobate. Subgenus Pharmacosycea.

Leaf blades deeply emarginate at the base F. Macbridei.

Leaf blades not emarginate at the base.

Leaves gradually acute or acuminate, or cuspidate-acuminate.

F. glabrata.

Leaves obtuse or acutish, sometimes abruptly short-acute.

Leaves with very numerous, close lateral nerves.

F. anthelmintica.

Leaves with few distant lateral nerves F. radula.

Receptacles geminate; leaves never scabrous; involucre 2-lobate.

Subgenus Urostigma.

Branches hirsute with long, spreading, brown hairs. Fruit sessile.

Fruits large, about 12 mm. in diameter, densely hirsute.

F. juruensis.

Fruits about 6 mm. in diameter, glabrate F. Llewelyni.

Branches not hirsute, usually glabrous or nearly so.

Receptacles small, mostly 4-6 mm. in diameter.

Leaves large, about 35 cm. long, attenuate to the base, nar-

rowly oblanceolate-oblong F. caballina.

Leaves much smaller, chiefly 5-14 cm. long.

Young branches and petioles glabrous. Fruit glabrous.

Leaves 3-nerved at the base, commonly about 6 cm. long.

F. nitida.

Leaves not 3-nerved at the base, mostly 7-12 cm. long.

F. Matthewsii.

Young branches and petioles, at least at first, strigose or

appressed-pilose.

FLORA OF PERU 301

Receptacles strigose at first, becoming glabrate.

F. Killipii.

Receptacles glabrous from the first.

Nerves of the leaves very oblique, salient on the lower

surface F. Weberbaueri.

Nerves divergent at an angle of more than 60 degrees,

not elevated on the lower surface. .F. casapiensis.

Receptacles large, 8-20 mm. in diameter or even larger.

Fruits sessile.

Leaves rounded at the apex; involucre about half as long

as the fruit F. Urbaniana.

Leaves abruptly cuspidate-acuminate; involucre small and

inconspicuous F. paraensis.

Fruits pedunculate.

Leaves narrowed to the acute or obtuse base. . .F. gemina.

Leaves broad toward the truncate or shallowly cordate base.

F. Ruiziana.

Ficus anthelmintica Mart. Syst. Mat. Med. Bras. 88. 1843.

Pharmacosycea anthelmintica Miq. Lond. Journ. Bot. 7: 66. 1848.

A large tree, glabrous throughout; stipules narrow, long-attenuate,

as much as 11 cm. long; leaves long-petiolate, the blades elliptic-

oblong or elliptic, 13-23 cm. long, 5.5-10 cm. wide, acute or acutish,

subacute to rounded at the base, the lateral nerves close together,

prominent beneath, slender, 15-25 or more on each side, diverging

at a wide angle; receptacles pedunculate or almost sessile, globose,

commonly 2-2.5 cm. in diameter. — Illustrated, Mart. Fl. Bras. 4,

pt. 1 : pi. 25, f. 2.

Junin: La Merced, 600 meters, 5295; a large tree with widely

spreading, dense crown. — Loreto: Iquitos, in 1932, W. G. Scherer:

at 100 meters, Killip & Smith. Pebas, in forest, Williams 1867.

Widely distributed in Brazil. "Oje," "huito."

The sap (leche de oje) and bark (corteza de oje") are used medicin-

ally in the region of Iquitos, particularly as a local remedy for

tertian fevers.

Ficus caballina Stand!., sp. nov.

Omnino glabra, ramulis crassis ut videtur dense foliatis ochraceis;

stipulae non visae; folia inter maxima subcoriacea breviter petiolata,

petiolo crasso 1.5 cm. tantum longo; lamina anguste oblanceolato-

302 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

oblonga circa 36 cm. longa et 11 cm. lata obtusa basin versus longe

sensim attenuata, basi ipsa attenuato-cuneata, supra in sicco brun-

nescens, costa nervisque prominentibus, costa gracili subtus elevata,

nervis lateralibus utroque latere circa 15 gracilibus prominentibus

angulo lato divergentibus fere rectis versus marginem inaequaliter

conjunctis; receptacula numerosa ut videtur ex axillis defoliatis

nascentia globosa 5-6 mm. diam. glabra, ostiolo plus minusve

elevato, involucre bilobo, lobis brevibus late rotundatis vix 2.5 mm.

longis; pedunculi graciles 6-8 mm. longi.

Loreto: Caballo-cocha, in forest, Williams 2075 (type in Herb.

Field Mus. No. 608,842). "Renaquillo."

A species easily recognized by the very large, long and narrow

leaves and remarkably small receptacles.

Ficus Carica L. Sp. PI. 1059. 1753.

The common fig ("higo"), native of the Mediterranean region,

is cultivated frequently in various parts of Peru. It differs from all

American species in its deeply lobate leaves.

Ficus casapiensis Miq. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 3: 298.

1867. Urostigma casapiense Miq. Lond. Journ. Bot. 6: 548. 1847.

Branchlets thick, sparsely pilose or glabrate; stipules 2 cm. long

or less, acuminate, dorsally sericeous-pilose with long, pale hairs;

leaves petiolate, coriaceous, the blades oblong to oblong-obovate,

very abruptly short-acuminate, very obtuse to subacute at the base,

sparsely pilose beneath along the costa, elsewhere glabrous, the

lateral nerves about 17 pairs, divergent at a wide angle, very slender;

receptacles sessile, glabrous, globose, "slightly larger than a pea.

—The specimens from Loreto are referred here with some doubt.

Huanuco: Casapi, Mathews, type. — Loreto: Santa Rosa, 135

meters, in forest, Killip & Smith 27846. Puerto Arturo, 135 meters,

in forest, Killip & Smith 27846.

Ficus gemina Ruiz ex Miq. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 4, pt. 1: 98, in

syn. 1853. Urostigma geminum Miq. loc. cit.

A tree of 5-8 meters or more, glabrous throughout, the branches

relatively slender; stipules small and narrow, about 1 cm. long;

leaves slender-petiolate, subcoriaceous, the blades ovate-elliptic to

oblong-elliptic, commonly 6-12 cm. long and 2-5 cm. wide, acuminate

or abruptly acute, obtuse or subacute at the base and rather con-

spicuously triplinerved, the lateral nerves 8-15 on each side, very

slender, divergent at a rather wide angle; receptacles short-peduncu-

FLORA OF PERU 303

late, globose, generally 7-8 mm. in diameter, often spotted with red,

the ostiole plane or conspicuously elevated. — Neg. 11713. Illustrated,

Mart. Fl. Bras. 4, pt. 1: pi. 27, f. 3.

Huanuco: Pampayacu, Sawada 13, 17. Posuso, Ruiz, probably

type material. — Junin: La Merced, 600 meters, along stream, 5484,

a large tree with spreading crown, the bark white; Killip & Smith

23463, fruits yellow to orange with darker spots. — Loreto: Mishu-

yacu, 100 meters, Killip & Smith 29899. Moyobamba, Weberbauer

4523.— San Martin: Tarapoto, Ule 6510; Williams 5502; Spruce

4274. Chazuta, 260 meters, in forest, Klug 3972. Also in Colombia,

and reported from Brazil and Surinam. "Renaco," "higo silvestre."

Ficus glabrata HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 47. 1817.

A large tree, glabrous throughout; stipules narrow, usually not

more than 2 cm. long, often much smaller; leaves petiolate, the

blades elliptic-oblong to elliptic-oval, 12-25 cm. long, 5-10 cm. wide,

abruptly acute or acuminate, sometimes caudate-acuminate, acute

to obtuse at the base and 3-5-nerved, pale green when dried, the

lateral nerves remote, usually 8-15 on each side, rather stout,

divergent at a wide angle; receptacles pedunculate, globose, 1.5-4

cm. in diameter, glabrous or obscurely scaberulous, the ostiole

prominent, the involucre very small.

Junin: Chanchamayo, Isern 2329. — Loreto: Lower Rio Huallaga,

135 meters, Killip & Smith 29009, fruit rich purple. San Antonio,

145 meters, Williams 3548; Killip & Smith 29458, fruit deep and

pale green mottled. Iquitos, 120 meters, edge of forest, Williams

3747. Rio Masana, Williams 100. Balsapuerto, 150-350 meters,

Killip & Smith 28381. — San Martin: Tarapoto, Williams 6311,

5463. San Roque, Williams 7628. Extending to Brazil and north-

ward through Central America. "Oje"." Called "higueron" in Ecuador.

Ficus juruensis Warb. Bot. Jahrb. 40: 140. 1907, nomen.

A small or medium-sized tree, the branchlets densely brownish-

hirsute with spreading hairs; stipules brown-hirsute, often long-

persistent; leaves short-petiolate, the blades obovate-oblong to

elliptic or almost oval, mostly 7-15 cm. long and up to 6.5 cm. wide,

acuminate or sometimes obtuse and abruptly short-pointed, coria-

ceous, rounded or obtuse at the base, scabrous and somewhat pilose

on the upper surface or finally glabrate, beneath densely short-pilose

with soft, brownish hairs, the lateral nerves about 10 pairs, very

prominent beneath, almost straight, ascending at a rather wide

angle; receptacles sessile, globose, about 12 mm. in diameter, densely

304 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

brown-hirsute. Negs. 11706, 11710 (determined by Warburg as a

new species; Ule 5271).

Junin: Huacapistana, 1,800 meters, 5819; Weberbauer 2321.—

Loreto: Lower Rio Huallaga, 200 meters, Williams 4702. Without

locality, Ule 5271. Amazonian Brazil.

Ficus Killipii Standl., sp. nov.

Arbor 6-30-metralis, ramulis crassiusculis griseis vel fuscis

rimosis primo sparse strigosis cito glabratis dense foliatis; stipulae

circa 1 cm. longae anguste triangulares longiattenuatae puberulae vel

glabratae; folia petiolata coriacea, petiolo crassiusculo 1-1.5 cm. longo

glabrato; lamina oblonga vel obovato-oblonga 6-12.5 cm. longa 2.5-5

cm. lata obtusa vel breviter abrupte obtuso-acuminata, basi obtusa

vel anguste rotundata atque 5-nervia, costa utrinque prominente,

nervis lateralibus utrinque prominentibus utroque latere 9-11

tenuibus angulo latiusculo divergentibus prope marginem arcuato-

conjunctis fere rectis; receptacula geminata sessilia parva globosa

5 mm. diam. primo sparse strigosa cito glabrata, ostiolo paullo

prominente, involucre brevi, lobis late rotundatis.

Junin : Rio Paucartambo Valley, near Perene" Bridge, 700 meters,

in forest, Kittip & Smith 25252 (Herb. Field Mus. No. 616,750,

type). — Ayacucho: Choimacota Valley, 700 meters, Weberbauer 7538.

Weberbauer reports the local name of the latex as "aceite Maria,"

and states that it is taken by women as a remedy for sterility.

Ficus Llewelyni Standl., sp. nov.

Arbor, ramulis crassis ochraceis vel brunnescentibus primo

pilis longis brunneis dense paten ti-hirsutis; stipulae circa 1 cm.

longae dense brunneo-hirsutae; folia mediocria petiolata subcoriacea,

petiolo crasso vel subgracili 8-15 mm. longo hirsuto vel glabrato;

lamina obovato-elliptica vel oblongo-elliptica 7.5-12 cm. longa 4-6.5

cm. lata apice obtusa vel rotundata et abrupte breviter acutata, basi

obtusa vel anguste rotundata, supra in sicco fuscescens glabra,

costa nervisque impressis, subtus praesertim ad nervos brunneo-

pilosa vel subhirsuta, costa gracili elevata, nervis lateralibus utroque

latere 8-12 gracilibus prominentibus fere rectis obliquis marginem

fere attingentibus; receptacula geminata sessilia globosa circa 6 mm.

diam. primo strigosa cito glabrata, ostiolo prominente, involucro

parvo bilobo extus strigoso.

Loreto: Caballo-cocha on the Amazon, in forest, Williams 2308

(Herb. Field Mus. No. 608,283, type).— San Martin: Chazuta, 260

FLORA OF PERU 305

meters, in forest, epiphytic, Klug 4049. — Huanuco: Vitoc, Ruiz

& Pawn. — Junin : Chanchamayo, Isern 2231 .

Ruiz and Pavon assigned to the plant an unpublished specific

name now untenable.

Ficus Macbridei Standl., sp. nov.

Arbor 10-metralis, ramulis crassissimis primo albido-pilosis cito

glabratis, internodiis brevibus vel elongatis; stipulae angustae attenu-

atae circa 5.5 cm. longae glabrae; folia inter maxima petiolata sub-

coriacea, petiolo crasso circa 7 cm. longo glabrato; lamina obovato-

elliptica circa 30 cm. longa et 17 cm. lata apice obtusa et abrupte

breviter acutata, basin versus paullo angustata, basi ipsa anguste

rotundata et profunde (6 mm.) emarginata, supra glabra costa

venisque vix elevatis, subtus praesertim ad nervos scaberula vel ad

costam breviter hirtella, costa crassa elevata, nervis lateralibus

utroque latere circa 12 crassiusculis remotis angulo lato divergentibus

prope marginem arcuato-conjunctis; receptacula solitaria sessilia (?)

globosa 2 cm. diam. dense pilis albidis hirtello, involucre parvo

breviter trilobo.

Huanuco: Pampayacu, mouth of Rio Chinchao, 1,050 meters,

Macbride 5090 (Herb. Field Mus. No. 536,141, type).

Ficus Matthewsii Miq. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 3: 298.

1867. Urostigma Matthewsii Miq. Lond. Journ. Bot. 6: 549. 1847.

F. oblanceolata Rusby, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 446. 1907.

A small or medium-sized tree, glabrous throughout; petioles

short or elongate, the blades obovate-oblong to narrowly oblan-

ceolate-oblong, mostly 5.5-12 cm. long and 2.5-4 cm. wide, acute or

obtuse, the extreme tip obtuse, acute or obtuse at the base, coria-

ceous, the costa very prominent beneath, the lateral nerves fine, very

numerous, closely parallel, divergent often at almost a right angle;

receptacles numerous, deep red or pinkish or yellowish dotted with

red, short-pedunculate, globose, 5-6 mm. in diameter, the involucre

minute.

Type collected in Peru by Mathews. — Huanuco: Huacachi, 1,950

meters, the trunk attached to a rock, 3866. — Junin: La Merced,

Weberbauer 1881. — Loreto: Iquitos, 120 meters, Williams 8012, 3737,

8079, 3694, 3784; Killip & Smith 27077. Timbuchi, Rio Nanay,

Williams 927. Mishuyacu, 100 meters, in forest, Killip & Smith

29897. Bolivia to Venezuela. "Renaco."

306 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

Ficus nitida Thunb. Ficus Diss. 10. 1786.

Glabrous throughout; a small or often a very large tree with

broad crown and numerous aerial roots; stipules narrow, attenuate,

about 1 cm. long; leaves small, petiolate, coriaceous, the blades

obovate, acute at the base, the apex acute or acutish but the tip

obtuse, the lateral nerves fine and inconspicuous; receptacles sessile,

globose, about 6 mm. in diameter.

An Asiatic species, said to be the most frequent street tree of

Lima. It is planted commonly for shade and ornament in many

parts of tropical America.

Ficus paraensis Miq. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 3: 298. 1867.

Urostigma paraense Miq. Lond. Journ. Bot. 6: 534. 1847.

A small or medium-sized tree, glabrous throughout; stipules 3 cm.

long or less, narrow, attenuate, caducous; leaves medium-sized, sub-

coriaceous, petiolate, the blades oblong to oval-oblong, mostly 10-18

cm. long and 6-8 cm. wide, abruptly acuminate or sometimes cau-

date-acuminate, subacute to broadly rounded and often emarginate

at the base, the lateral nerves numerous, divergent at a wide angle;

receptacles sessile or nearly so, globose, about 1.5 cm. in diameter,

the ostiole elevated, the involucre small and inconspicuous. — Illus-

trated, Mart. Fl. Bras. 4, pt. 1: pi. 28, f. 1. Neg. 18826.

Huanuco: Pampayacu, Sawada 4- — Junin: La Merced, 600 meters,

river bank, 5571; Killip & Smith 23711, the fruit green striped with

purple. Pichis Trail, 500 meters, Killip & Smith 26213. Rio Perene,

600 meters, Killip & Smith 25237. — Loreto: Yurimaguas, 200 meters,

edge of forest, Williams 3803. Puerto Arturo, 200 meters, Williams

503 If. Caballo-cocha, Williams 2171. Manfinfa, Williams 1141.

Iquitos, 100 meters, in forest, Killip & Smith 27484- Amazonian

Brazil; reported from British Guiana. "Renaco," "sacha-oje."

Ficus radula Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 1144. 1806. Pharmacosycea

radula Liebm. Dansk. Vid. Selsk. Skrift. V. 2: 330. 1851.

A large or medium-sized tree, glabrous or the branches and leaves

sometimes minutely puberulent; stipules narrow, attenuate, mostly

1-1.5 cm. long, caducous; leaves petiolate, coriaceous, the blades

oblong to obovate or oval, 8-16 cm. long, 4-8 cm. wide, rounded or

obtuse at the apex and abruptly short-pointed, obtuse or acutish at

the 5-nerved base, often somewhat emarginate, the lateral nerves

prominent beneath, 7-12 on each side, divergent at a wide angle;

receptacles short-pedunculate, globose, 1.5-3 cm. in diameter, sca-

brous, the involucre very small.

FLORA OF PERU 307

Amazonas: Chachapoyas, Weberbauer 4309. — Junin: La Merced,

700 meters, Kittip & Smith 23534. Rio Perene", 600 meters, in forest,

Killip & Smith 25166. — Loreto: Florida, 200 meters, in forest, Klug

2099. — Without locality: Ruiz & Pavon. Ranging northward to

southern Mexico. "Zauchama caspi" (Klug).

Klug reports that the Indians prepare from the bark a kind of

cloth that they use for their clothing. In various parts of the earth

numerous Moraceae are or have been employed in much the same

manner.

Ficus Ruiziana Standl., sp. nov.

Arbor alta fere omnino glabra, ramulis crassiusculis cinnamomeis

vel ochraceis; stipulae anguste triangulares attenuatae caducae

extus puberulae; folia mediocria vel majuscula subcoriacea longi-

petiolata, petiolo gracili glabro 3.5-10 cm. longo; lamina oblongo-

ovalis vel ovali-elliptica 9-25 cm. longa 5.5-12 cm. lata apice rotun-

data vel obtusa et abrupte in acumen angustum acuminatum brevem

contracta, basi late rotundata vel breviter cordata, glabra, in sicco

viridescens vel brunnescens, costa nervisque supra prominentibus,

costa subtus elevata gracili, nervis lateralibus utroque latere 8-16

remotis gracilibus prominentibus fere rectis angulo lato divergentibus

prope marginem arcuato-conjunctis; receptacula globosa 12-15 mm.

diam. pedunculata glabra geminata, ostiolo prominente, involucro

bilobo, lobis patentibus late rotundatis vix ultra 2.5 mm. longis;

pedunculi crassi 3-5 mm. longi.

Junin: La Merced, 1,200 meters, Macbride 5795 (Herb. Field

Mus. No. 536,824, type). — Huanuco: Cochero and Posuso, Ruiz (a

tracing of a leaf in Herb. Berlin, apparently referable here). — Loreto:

Santa Rosa, 200 meters, in forest, Williams 4877. Iquitos, 120

meters, Williams 7998. Caballo-cocha, in forest, Williams 2114.—

Cuzco: Santa Rosa, Urubamba Valley, 1,200 meters, Cook & Gilbert

1722. Probably also in Amazonian Brazil. "Renaco."

Ficus Urbaniana Warb. in Urban, Symb. Ant. 3: 459. 1903.

An almost glabrous tree, the branchlets very thick; stipules

broadly lanceolate, glabrous; leaves large, petiolate, the blades

rounded-obovate to obovate or oblong-obovate, 14-22 cm. long, 7-14

cm. wide, broadly rounded at the apex, obtuse or rounded at the base,

the lateral nerves 7-9 pairs, remote, ascending at a wide angle;

receptacles sessile or nearly so, globose, 1.5-2.5 cm. in diameter or

even larger, densely velutinous-pubescent, the large ostiole promi-

308 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

nent; involucre at first enclosing the young fruit, in age sometimes

2 cm. long, sericeous-puberulent.

Libertad: Below Hacienda Membrillal, 1,400 meters, Weberbaucr

6984- Ecuador, Venezuela, and the West Indies.

Ficus Weberbaueri Standl., sp. nov.

Ramuli crassi ochracei sparse strigosi densiuscule foliati, inter-

nodiis brevibus; stipulae triangulares attenuato-acuminatae 5-6 mm.

longae extus dorso strigosae; folia inter minora coriacea petiolata,

petiolo 10-17 mm. longo gracili sparse strigoso; lamina elliptico-

oblonga 6-10 cm. longa 2.5-4.5 cm. lata acuta vel subacuta, basi

paullo angustata obtusa, glabra vel glabrata, in sicco brunnescens,

costa supra elevata, nervis non elevatis, costa subtus elevata gracili,

nervis lateralibus utroque latere 8-10 arete elevatis fere rectis valde

obliquis angulo fere semirecto adscendentibus juxta marginem

arcuato-conjunctis; receptacula sessilia geminata parva globosa

glabra 5 mm. tan turn diam., ostiolo depresso, involucro bilobo extus

sparse strigoso, lobis late rotundatis vix 2 mm. longis.

Cuzco: Casnipata, Prov. Paucartambo, 700-800 meters, Weber-

bauer 6954 (Herb. Field Mus. No. 628,234, type). — Loreto: Iquitos,

125 meters, Williams 8138. "Renaco."

6. TROPHIS L.

Similar to Chlorophora but the pistillate flowers borne in short,

dense racemes, tubular and 4-dentate. Fruit globose, scantily fleshy,

edible.

Trophis racemosa (L.) Urban, Symb. Antill. 4: 195. 1905.

Bucephalon racemosum L. Sp. PI. 1190. 1753.

Leaves oblong-elliptic, 8-10 cm. long, entire; staminate aments

5-10 cm. long, the pistillate about 1 cm. long. — The Peruvian tree,

sometimes 10-15 meters high, may have serrulate leaves, var. meri-

dionalis (Bur.) Macbr., comb. nov. (T. americana L. var. meri-

dionalis Bur. in DC. Prodr. 17: 253. 1873). The leaves and branch-

lets of the species are said to serve as a nutritious cattle food

(Standley). Illustrated, Fawc. & Rendle, Fl. Jam. 3, pt. 1: 41.

San Martin: Juanjui, 400 meters, in forest, Klug 3794. Tarapoto,

Spruce 4521 (the var.); Williams 6573, 6542.— Loreto: Mouth of

Rio Santiago, Tessmann 4083. Yurimaguas, 135 meters, in forest,

Killip & Smith 27685. Puerto Arturo, 200 meters, in forest, Williams

5243 (narrow-leaved form). Florida, 200 meters, Klug 2079. Near

mouth of Rio Tigre, 115 meters, Killip & Smith 27531. Caballo-

FLORA OF PERU 309

cocha, in forest, Williams 2086. Rio Masana, Williams 201. Sole-

dad, 110 meters, Killip & Smith 29576. Huallaga, Yurimaguas, 200

meters, Williams 4658. Above Pongo de Manseriche, 210 meters,

Mexia 6303, 6262. Ranging to Mexico and the West Indies. "Cu-

chara-caspi, ' ' ' 'uspai-manchinga. ' '

7. MORUS L. Mulberry

Reference: Bureau in DC. Prodr. 17: 237-249. 1873.

Flowers green, monoecious, each kind in separate aments. Seeds

included in the succulent fruiting perianths which, borne densely

in spikes, form the well known mulberry or "mora," M. nigra L.

or M. alba L., both of which, Asiatic in origin, are sometimes culti-

vated in Peru. In addition, according to Bureau, there are the two

following American species. Perhaps Herrera's reference in Contr.

Fl. Dep. Cuzco, ed. 2. 65. 1921, to M. nigra as "growing wild in

abundance in the Province of Convencion, from Huiro to Echarati,"

should apply rather to one of the following.

Morus celtidifolia HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 33. 1817; 246.

Branches and branchlets slender, glabrous or somewhat pubes-

cent; leaves ovate, rounded or cordate at the base, acuminate, sca-

brous above, hirtellous on the nerves beneath; stipules 1-10 mm.

long; spikes laxly flowered, both the staminate and pistillate peduncu-

late, the peduncle at least 5 mm. long. — A tree to 9 meters tall, the

wood valued in Ecuador for building purposes. Illustrated, Sarg.

Man. Trees N. Amer. 305.

Peru: (Mathews). Extending north to Mexico.

Morus insignis Bureau in DC. Prodr. 17: 247. 1873.

Branchlets at first whitish-tomentose, the branches glabrous,

flexuous; leaves broadly ovate, unequal at the subcordate base,

acuminate, very scabrous above, more or less pubescent beneath,

densely so in youth; stipules 2 cm. long; staminate spikes 4-8 cm.

long, the peduncles 3-4 mm. long; fruiting spikes often greatly elon-

gate, subsessile.

Peru: Ruiz & Pavon. Colombia; Costa Rica.

8. CHLOROPHORA Gaud. Fustic

Small trees or shrubs, variable vegetatively, spiny to unarmed,

with entire to coarsely serrate or 3-lobed leaves, glabrate or hirtellous,

but distinctive by its unisexual inflorescences, the staminate ament-

like spikes or sometimes globose heads, the pistillate globose heads;

310 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XIII

fruit many-seeded and semifleshy. Perianth 4-parted, that of the

pistillate flower cupulate, thickened at the apex.

Branches armed with stout, recurved spines; staminate flowers

capitate C. brasiliensis.

Branches unarmed or with straight spines; staminate flowers in

slender aments C. tinctoria.

Chlorophora brasiliensis (Mart.) Standl., comb. nov. Brous-

sonetia brasiliensis Mart. Flora 24: Beibl. 10. 1841. Madura bra-

siliensis Endl. Gen. Suppl. 4: 34. 1847.

A shrub or small tree, almost glabrous, the branches armed with

numerous long, abruptly recurved spines; leaves slender-petiolate,

elliptic or broadly ovate, abruptly short-acuminate, obtuse at the

base, thin, glabrous, entire or nearly so; staminate heads 5-6 mm.

in diameter. — Illustrated, Mart. Fl. Bras. 4, pt. 1: pi. 54.

San Martin: Juan Guerra, 720 meters, Williams 6855. Brazil.

Described by the collector as a vine. The generic position of the

plant is somewhat doubtful but for the present, at least, it may be

placed in Chlorophora.

Chlorophora tinctoria (L.) Gaud. Bot. Freyc. Voy. 508. 1826.

Morus tinctoria L. Sp. PI. 986. 1753. Madura affinis Miq. in Mart.

Fl. Bras. 4, pt. 1: 155. 1853. Madura tinctoria (L.) D. Don, var.

affinis (Miq.) Bureau in DC. Prodr. 17: 230. 1873; var. chlorocarpa

Bureau, op. cit. 229.

Leaves varying from lanceolate to elliptic, usually about 10 cm.

long and several cm. wide, entire or serrate, on petioles 1 cm. long;

staminate aments 3 to several cm. long, pedunculate as also the

globose pistillate heads.- — This tree is well known as the source of

fustic dye-wood, furnishing the olive-drab of khaki and other tones

in greens, browns, and yellows. Its light yellow wood, close-grained,

durable and taking a high polish, is used in the manufacture of

furniture, wheels, etc., in some parts of its range. Variable in leaf

form. Illustrated, Mart. Fl. Bras. 4, pt. 1: pi. 51, 52.

Amazonas (?): (Mathews 1981}. Yurimaguas, Poeppig 2384.

—Without locality, Ruiz & Pavon; (Mathews). — Loreto: Rio Ucayali,

Tessmann 3366. Iquitos, 120 meters, Williams 8040, 8050, 7217.

Rio Nanay, Williams 501, 672. Caballo-cocha, Williams 2441.

Parana-pura, 200 meters, Williams 2441. — San Martin: Pongo de

Cainarachi, 230 meters, Klug 2607. Tarapoto, 750 meters, Williams

5435. Rio Mayo, in forest, Williams 6254. Brazil to Mexico and

the West Indies. "Insira," "insira caspi," "limulana."

FLORA OF PERU 311

9. SOROCEA St. Hil.

Small trees with subentire or spinulose-toothed leaves and laxly

flowered, unisexual racemes or spikes. Staminate perianth present,

4-parted. Otherwise very similar to Clarisia.

Leaves spinulose-dentate S. ilicifolia.

Leaves, if toothed, repandly and bluntly.

Branchlets puberulent or glabrous.

Petioles 8-10 mm. long, or longer.

Leaves bluntly toothed; pedicels 5 mm. long, or longer.

S. Briquetii.

Leaves entire or repandly toothed ; pedicels very short.

Leaves elliptic-obovate, to nearly 10 cm. wide or smaller.

S. Ulei.

Leaves elliptic-oblong, to 6 cm. wide or smaller. .S. opima.

Petioles 2-5 mm. long.

Leaves glabrous S. muriculata.

Leaves finely pubescent beneath S. Sprucei.

Branchlets and especially the leaves beneath hirtellous . . S. hirtella.

Sorocea Briquetii Macbr. Candollea 4: 311. 1931.

Glabrous except for a minute puberulence on the pistillate

peduncle and pedicels; leaves firm-membranaceous, ovate-oblong-

lanceolate, acute at the base, obtusely acuminate, mostly 10 cm. long

and 3.5 cm. wide, irregularly serrate, especially above the middle,

lustrous above and rather prominently net-veined, paler beneath,

the about 10 principal lateral nerves arcuately joined before the

margin; peduncle 5-7 mm. long; pedicels to 10 mm. long; fruit sub-

globose, 5 mm. thick; stigmas apparently acute. Neg. 11637.

San Martin: Tarapoto, Spruce 4220, type. Rumizapa, 800

meters, Williams 6803.

Sorocea hirtella Mildbr. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 10: 183.

1927.

Young branchlets and leaf nerves beneath short-hirsute with

spreading hairs; petioles 1 cm. long; leaves often slightly unequal

at the rounded base, long-acuminate, mostly 10-13 cm. long and

6 cm. wide, glabrous above, the lateral nerves 10-12; rachis and

peltate bracts hirtellous; perianth segments glabrate, to 2.5 mm.

long and nearly 2 mm. broad. — A tree of 13 meters growing in upland

woods, the trunk 21 cm. in diameter. Probably here belongs a Ruiz

312 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

and Pavon fruiting collection in Herb. Boissier with original label

"Clarisia gen. nov.," on the basis of which the name Clarisia nitida

(Allem.) Macbr. was proposed (see Clarisia racemosa). Its largest

elliptic-acuminate leaves are over 20 cm. long, and 10-12 cm. wide.

The axillary fruiting spikes are minutely pilose, 2-4 cm. long, the

sessile, crowded, puberulent, globose fruits 5-6 mm. in diameter.

Neg. 11640.

Loreto: Mouth of Rio Santiago, 160 meters, Tessmann 4016,

type. Mishuyacu, 100 meters, in forest, King 739. Caballo-cocha,

Williams 2092.— Without locality: Ruiz & Pavon (?).

Sorocea ilicifolia Miq. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 4, pt. 1: 114. 1853.

Distinctive because of the spinulose leaf serration; a glabrous

shrub or small tree with oblong-elliptic or broadly elliptic, sharply

acuminate leaves on petioles 1 cm. long or often shorter and with

racemes 4-6 cm. long. — S. Klotzschiana Baill. (S. castaneifolia Huber,

Bol. Mus. Goeldi 5: 333. 1909) of the Amazon is not obviously

different. Neg. 18810.

Junin: La Merced, Weberbauer 1858. Brazil.

Sorocea muriculata Miq. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 4, pt. 1: 113. pi.

34. 1853.

A densely leafy, slender, often flexuously branched shrub or

small tree, the young branchlets, petioles, and inflorescences puberu-

lent; leaves thin, oblong-elliptic, bluntly caudate-acuminate, acute

at the base, mostly 8-10 cm. long and 3 cm. wide, paler and reticulate

beneath; staminate spikes to 4 cm. long, the shorter pistillate ones

often fasciculate; stigmas obtuse; fruit muricate-scabrous, thick-

pediceled. — S. Steinbachii Mildbr., with mostly broader leaves, some

with a tooth or two, might be sought here. Its fruits are mostly

sessile. S. amazonica (Mart.) Miq. is scarcely distinguishable from

S. muriculata except by its acute stigmas and smooth fruits.

San Martin: Near Moyobamba, Klug 3566 (probably, in flower).

—Loreto: Iquitos, 120 meters, Williams 8010. Mishuyacu, 100

meters, Klug 153. Mouth of Rio Santiago, Tessmann 4059, 4111

(det. Mildbraed), 5251.

Sorocea opima Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 64. 1931.

A shrub with sparsely puberulent branchlets, densely puberulent

pistillate racemes, and glabrous leaves; petioles 8 mm. long; leaves

chartaceous, gray-green, subopaque, rather obscurely veined above,

conspicuously reticulate beneath, the primary lateral nerves 10-12,

FLORA OF PERU 313

subrotund to the acutish or obtuse base, caudate-acuminate, the

apex very broad (about 5 mm. at the middle) and up to 2 cm. long,

entire or undulate-margined, the largest to 20, the smallest 10 cm.

long; racemes extra-axillary, in fruit to 5 cm. long; fruit sessile or

subsessile on the strongly thickened rachis, finally glabrous, 1.5 cm.

long and 1 cm. thick, distinctly beaked.

Loreto: Caballo-cocha, in forest, Williams 2357, type. — San

Martin: Zepelacio 1,200-1,600 meters, mountain forest, Klug 3566.

Sorocea Sprucei (Baill.) Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 16. 1931.

Pseudosorocea Sprucei Baill. Adansonia 11: 296. 1875.

Apparently glabrous but under a lens the branchlet tips, petioles,

and leaf nerves beneath more or less puberulent; branchlets short

and stiff; petioles scarcely 5 mm. long; leaves subcoriaceous, lustrous

above, paler beneath, mostly about 8 cm. long and 3 cm. wide, short-

acuminate, entire; staminate spikes subsessile, 1-2 cm. long, the

flowers about 2 cm. wide, minutely pubescent; pistillate inflorescence

unknown. — Described as entirely glabrous.

San Martin: Near Tarapoto, Spruce 4483, type.

Sorocea Ulei Warb. ex Ule, Bot. Jahrb. 40: 141. 1907, nomen.

Glabrous, with thin, green or grayish leaves, all entire or more

usually somewhat repand-toothed, elliptic-obovate, to 20 cm. long

and nearly half as broad but mostly smaller, rather abruptly caudate,

acuminate, the obtuse point about 1 cm. long, subobliquely and little

narrowed, or even subrotund, to the acutish base; petioles to 1.5 cm.

long, somewhat hirsutulous; petals glabrous, about 1 cm. long.—

Described from Ule 5871, from Brazil. S. Steinbachii Mildbr. is appar-

ently similar but its leaves are more nearly entire, much more

cuneate below, and on usually shorter petioles. Neg. 25563.

Loreto: Rio Ucayali, Ule. Cultivated, from the Ucayali, Ducke

17044; Huber 6977. Brazil.

10. CLARISIA R. & P.

Reference: Lanjouw, Recueil Trav. Bot. Ne"erl. 33: 254-276. 1936.

Trees or shrubs with alternate, bistipulate, petiolate, entire or

dentate leaves. Flowers dioecious. Staminate spikes peduncled,

axillary or in short racemes. Perianth none, the 1-staminate flowers

intermixed with usually peltate bractlets. Pistillate flowers racemose

or 1-several in small heads, the ovoid perianth adnate to the inferior

or semi-inferior ovary. Style short, the exserted stigmas short or

314 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

long. — Tall, thick- trunked trees, the wood valuable. On incision,

the trunk yields abundantly a white resin that in the air is brownish

and somewhat elastic; it is excellent for water-proofing, and the

Indians cover their blow guns, etc., with it (Ruiz & Pavon).

Leaves 2-4 cm. wide, abruptly short-acuminate C. racemosa.

Leaves 5-7 cm. wide, long caudate-acuminate C. biflora.

Clarisia biflora R. & P. Syst. 255. 1798.

A tree with numerous short, very leafy branchlets; petioles sul-

cate above, minutely appressed-pubescent; leaves oblong-obovate

to obovate, rounded at the base, abruptly long-cuspidate, the acumen

nearly 1.5 cm. long, 5-7 cm. wide, the blades 10-15 cm. long or longer,

chartaceous, conspicuously reticulate and laterally nerved beneath,

somewhat lustrous above, paler or often reddish brown beneath;

stipitate pistillate flowers apparently binate at the base of the

petiole; pedicels 2-3 mm. long, in fruit thick, 7 mm. long; perianth

4-bracted, 1 bract smaller than the others, suborbicular, subpeltate,

fimbriate; perianth subglobose, about 5 mm. in diameter, the apical

opening with a short, cylindric, irregularly lobed collar; styles 7

mm. long; fruit globose, 2 cm. in diameter. Neg. 29482.

Huanuco: Cochero, Chinchao, Posuso, Pillao, Chacahuasi, Ruiz

& Pavdn. — San Martin: Zepelacio, 1,100 meters, in forest, Klug

3698; a tree of 15 meters. — Without locality: Weberbauer 7057.

"Yasmich," "piamich."

Clarisia racemosa R. & P. Syst. 255. 1798. Soaresia nitida

Allem. Arch. Palestr. Scien. Rio Jan. 1 : 142. 1858. C. nitida Macbr.

Field Mus. Bot. 11:15. 1931.

A tree to 30 meters, the ultimate branches numerous, slender;

petioles glabrous or sparsely puberulous, 4-15 mm. long; leaves

oblong-elliptic, rounded at the base, abruptly and obtusely acumi-

nate, the acumen about 5 mm. long, lustrous above, olivaceous and

paler beneath, the about 16 lateral nerves scarcely more prominent

than the reticulate veins; staminate aments usually several in 1-2

axillary, racemosely arranged inflorescences, the common peduncle

pubescent, 2-4 cm. long; spike peduncle 3 mm. long, the spikes 2-6

cm. long, linear-cylindric; stamens intermixed with variously shaped

bracts, these sometimes coherent basally as a pseudoperianth, the

rows of stamens bordered by subpeltate bractlets; pistillate flowers

in racemiform panicles, often 2-3 in the leaf axils, the rachis pilose,

5-10 cm. long; pedicels 5-10 mm. long, densely pubescent; perianth

FLORA OF PERU 315

subtended by 4 broad, membranous-edged bracts, dentate and

pubescent; perianth cupulate, glabrous except at the thin, obscurely

lobed opening; stigmas 4-5 mm. long; fruit to 22 mm. long, 16 mm.

broad, woody, the bracts persisting. — C. ilicifolia (Spreng.) Lanj.

& Rossb., with acute-based, remotely dentate leaves, and C. Spruceana

Lanj., with congested staminate spikes, the pubescence of the pedun-

cles reflexed and uncinate, may be expected in Amazonian Peru. Ruiz

and Pavon found the very durable and highly desirable wood already

known and appreciated, describing the cortex as blood-red, the roots

so red that they appeared to have bled. Ducke has observed that

the leaves vary in size and acumination. He has described the bark

as brown, verrucose, intensely red within as also the branchlets, the

wood as yellow, finally becoming brown-yellow, the grain fine. Ruiz

and Pavon recorded the vernacular name as "tulpay," Tessmann as

"mashonasti," but the usual Brazilian term is "guariuba." Illus-

trated, Allem. op. cit. Neg. 29483.

Huanuco: Chinchao, Posuso, Ruiz & Pavon. Pampayacu, Poep-

pig. Cochero, Poeppig 1087. — Junin: La Merced, Weberbauer 1885,

1912. — Loreto: Yarina-cocha, Tessmann 5433 (det. Mildbraed).

La Victoria, Williams 3097, 2684.— Rio Acre: Ule 9317. Cultivated

from the Ucayali (Ducke; Huber 6977). Brazil. "Capinuri."

11. ANONOCARPUS Ducke

A dioecious tree, the staminate flowers in long spikes, the pistillate

in elliptic heads forming at maturity a fleshy, subglobose, anona-like

fruit. Staminate perianth 2-4-parted. Pistillate perianth fleshy,

strongly compressed, obliquely tubular, the truncate apex with an

elongate cleft from which are exserted the 2 subsessile stigmas.

Anonocarpus amazonicus Ducke, Archiv. Jard. Bot. Rio Jan.

3: 39. 1922.

A tree, the youngest branchlets and petioles somewhat puberu-

lent, as also the leaf nerves beneath; petioles to 1 cm. long; leaves

obovate-oblong, commonly 10-15 cm. long, 4-7 cm. wide, charta-

ceous; staminate spikes about 1 cm. long or shorter, the white-puberu-

lent peduncles 1 cm. long; perianth and bractlets ciliate, about 1.5

mm. long; pistillate peduncle stout, about 1 cm. long, pubescent like

the head, the latter to 5 cm. long and 4 cm. thick. Neg. 11628.

Loreto: Puerto Arturo, Yurimaguas, 200 meters, in forest,

Williams 5334. Amazonian Brazil. "Mashunaste."

316 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

12. BROSIMUM Sw.

Reference: Ducke, Archiv. Jard. Bot. Rio Jan. 3: 29-30. 1922.

Shrubs or trees, marked among the Peruvian genera by the

globose receptacles that are composed of numerous crowded, round-

ish, thin-edged bractlets intermixed with the sometimes exserted

stamens, and contain one or more deeply imbedded pistillate flowers.

— Brosimopsis S. Moore is similar in aspect but the receptacles are

completely staminate or pistillate, the latter containing several

flowers; it is allied to Olmedia. There are a number of Amazonian

species, mostly very well marked in contrast to the Peruvian one,

which seem, except B. echinocarpum, to center around B. guianense

(Aubl.) Huber, Bol. Mus. Goeldi 5: 337. 1909, cf. Ducke. Apparently

nearest ours is B. Lecointei (B. Le Cointei) Ducke, Archiv. Jard. Bot.

Rio Jan. 3: 28. 1922, "aita." It has the small leaves ofB.Tess-

mannii, but they are bluntly short-acuminate. Its heartwood is

white, finally brownish rose instead of reddish purple as that of

typical B. guianense ("bois de lettre" or "nuirapinima"), to which

B. Aubletii has been referred. The former, however, has thicker,

scarcely (and obtusely) pointed leaves. B. discolor Schott has, appar-

ently, no clear difference, but the wood appears to be unknown.

From herbarium material and descriptions it seems probable that our

Brosimums, as here named, are distinct from B. guianense, to which

Poeppig, Miquel, and Huber referred them, unless, in fact, there is

but one variable specific entity, as Ducke suggests, for this particular

group. He has transferred all the Brazilian species to the earlier

name Piratinera Aubl., but Brosimum Sw. was already conserved.

Pittier, however (Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 20: 99. 1918), retains the

Aublet name for those species with 2 or more pistillate flowers, the

staminate being provided with a perianth, a logical segregation in

view of the acceptance of the presence or absence of a perianth as

indicating generic demarcation elsewhere in the family. Ducke

with reason rejects the character in this instance, although accepting

it elsewhere.

Leaves faintly and remotely serrate, the largest 7 cm. wide.

B. echinocarpum.

Leaves entire.

Leaves pubescent beneath.

Leaves obtusely acuminate, about 3 cm. wide. . . .B. Aubletii.

Leaves acutely acuminate, usually 1.5-2.5 cm. wide.

B. Tessmannii.

FLORA OF PERU 317

Leaves glabrous beneath.

Leaves mostly 5-6.5 cm. wide, pale when dried, oval-elliptic,

gradually acuminate B. Uleanum.

Leaves mostly 3-4 cm. wide, brownish when dried, oblong-oval,

abruptly caudate-acuminate B. paraense.

Brosimum Aubletii P. & E. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 34. 1838. B.

guianense (Aubl.) Huber, as to synonymy only.

A small tree (as known) with many oblong-obovate, obtusely and

shortly acuminate leaves mostly about 7 cm. long, lustrous above,

grayish-puberulent beneath; staminate flowers unknown; pistillate

peduncle nodding, only equaling the short petiole; bractlets thin at

the margins; flowers 2 (always); fruit red, succulent, edible, the 2

seeds globose, smooth. Neg. 11654.

Loreto: Yurimaguas, Poeppig 24-13. Guianas.

Brosimum echinocarpum P. & E. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 34. pi.

148. 1838.

A shrub or tree with oblong-ovate leaves, subcuneate at the base

and rather gradually long caudate-acuminate, distinctly but remotely

serrate, thin, glabrous, to 15 cm. long and 7 cm. wide; heads axillary,

peduncled, the pistillate rigidly setose, the pubescent setae 4-5 mm.

long; fruit tuberculate-asperous, orange. Neg. 11656.

Loreto: Yurimaguas, Poeppig 2255, type.

Brosimum paraense Huber, Bol. Mus. Goeldi 6: 67. 1910.

A large tree, glabrous throughout; stipules very narrow, elongate,

as much as 1.5 cm. long, brown; petioles short, the blades mostly

oblong-elliptic and 4.5-10 cm. long, coriaceous, usually lustrous,

the numerous lateral nerves diverging at a wide angle; fruiting heads

about 12 mm. in diameter, short-stalked. Neg. 11662.

Loreto: Caballo-cocha, in forest, Williams 2252. Forest near

Kokamas, Rio Nanay, Williams 725. Forest between Rio Nanay

and Rio Napo, Williams 683. Encanto, Fox 93. Amazonian Brazil

and the Guianas. "Palo de sangre."

There is some doubt regarding the proper determination of the

Peruvian tree, but the specimens agree rather well with authentic

material of B. paraense, and are probably conspecific. The tree

furnishes a valuable timber, used for furniture and other purposes.

Brosimum Tessmannii Mildbr. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin

10: 190. 1927.

318 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

Much \ikeB. discolor, according to the author, but the papery

leaves (mostly 6 cm. long) gradually long-acuminate, the lateral

nerves about 10; staminate receptacle borne on a slender peduncle

1 cm. long, subglobose, the yellow, peltate bracts numerous above,

few below. — A tree 25 meters high, the trunk diameter 55 cm., the

branches much branched. A "magic tree," eaten by the magicians

(Tessmann). Neg. 11667.

Loreto: Middle Rio Ucayali, 155 meters, Tessmann 3268, type.

Puerto Mele"ndez, Tessmann 4860. "Waira caspi."

Brosimum Uleanum Mildbr. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 10:

191. 1927.

Glabrous except for the very minutely puberulent young branch-

lets, stipules, petioles (5 mm. long), peduncles (scarcely 1 cm.),

and tips of the 2 large bracts; leaves usually oval-elliptic, obtuse

at the base, short-acuminate, about 8 cm. long and 4-6.5 cm. wide,

the 16 lateral nerves prominent beneath; receptacles green, sub-

globose, mostly staminate, 1 cm. broad, a few of the peltate bracts

1 mm. wide; stamens numerous, exserted, to over 2 mm. long;

style branches puberulent, nearly 2 cm. long.— A tree 40 meters

high with a trunk diameter of 1.25 meters. In upland forest. Neg.

11688.

Loreto: Mouth of Rio Santiago, Tessmann 4523, type. — Rio

Acre: Ule 9324.

13. OGCODEIA Bureau

Acanthosphaera Warb. Verh. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. 48: 150. pi. 2.

1907.

Pistillate receptacles more or less "spiny" in appearance by the

accrescence of the subulate bracteoles; staminate receptacles with

broad, seriately arranged bracts. Branchlets usually conspicuously

provided with large, stiff stipules. — See Mildbraed, Notizbl. Bot.

Gart. Berlin 10: 186. 1927; 11: 418. 1932, for a redefinition of

the genus and its relationship with Naucleopsis macrophylla Miq.,

which apparently is unknown from Peru unless 0. Ulei is a synonym

(cf. Ducke, Arch. Inst. Biol. Veg. 2: 30. 1935). It is not clear to

me that Ogcodeia is soundly separated; there is too much stress

placed perhaps on presence or absence of perianth in one sort of

flower and in bract development, especially when the bracteoles

here as elsewhere, or the perianth segments when completely divided,

may separate the flowers indiscriminately, thus morphologically

serving the same purpose. — Besides the following there is 0. amara

FLORA OF PERU 319

Ducke with leaves 5-10 cm. broad, the lateral nerves 15-18, and the

bractlets of the mature receptacle aculeate-linear and 3-5 cm. long.

It has a very little latex, and is used as a remedy for fevers under the

names "quina" or "balsamo," terms applied also to Quassia amara

and Myroxylon peruiferum respectively (Ducke). Another Amazo-

nian species has been indicated, 0. caloneura (Huber) Macbr. It

suggests 0. Tessmannii, but the young parts and the bracts are

puberulent-tomentulose.

Leaves mostly 3-6.5 cm. wide, with 15-20 lateral nerves.

Petioles rarely 1 cm. long; nerves rather inconspicuous beneath.

Leaves cuneate at the base, 3-4 cm. wide. .O.ternstroemiiflora.

Leaves rounded at the base, 5-6 cm. wide 0. Tamamuri.

Petioles often longer; nerves conspicuous beneath.

Leaves rarely 5 cm. wide, the acumen often 2 cm. long.

0. Tessmannii.

Leaves often 6-7 cm. wide, the acumen rarely 1.5 cm. long.

0. glabra.

Leaves mostly 8-12 cm. wide, the lateral nerves 25-30. . . .0. Ulei.

Ogcodeia glabra (Spruce) Mildbr. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin

11: 418. 1932. Naucleopsis glabra Spruce in herb.

Branchlets and leaves glabrous, the latter coriaceous, with a very

prominent costa beneath; lateral nerves 12-14, the veins reticulate;

petioles 2-2.5 cm. long; leaf blades 4-6 cm. wide, about 15 cm. long,

the acumen 1 cm. long; pistillate inflorescence 2 cm. wide; bracts

recurving, oblong-lanceolate, acutish, very minutely puberulent,

nearly 1.5 cm. long, or the innermost longer; perianth segments

puberulent, linear-clavate, 5 mm. long; style 2 mm. long, the

branches twice as long. — Description of pistillate inflorescence from

the following collection, from a tree of 6 meters with brownish

yellow flowers. Neg. 11649.

Loreto: Mishuyacu near Iquitos, 100 meters, in forest, Klug 257.

Amazonian Brazil.

Ogcodeia Tamamuri Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 64. 1931.

Similar to 0. ternstroemiiflora, but the leaves often 16-17 cm.

long and 5-6 cm. wide, and the staminate receptacles geminate.—

0. caloneura (Huber) Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 17. 1931, if sought

here, is distinguishable by its rusty-tomentulose branchlets.

Loreto: Timbuchi on the Rio Nanay, in forest, Williams 992,

type. "Tamamuri."

320 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

Ogcodeia ternstroemiiflora Mildbr. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin

10: 188. 1927.

Youngest branchlets minutely puberulent; leaves oblongish, cune-

ate at the base, with an acumen 1-1.5 cm. long, with this mostly

12-13 cm. long and 3-4 cm. wide, drying pale brown beneath,

densely but not conspicuously reticulate- veined ; staminate receptacles

axillary, to 4-fasciculate, on peduncles 5 mm. long, the spiraled

bracts about 9, puberulent, oval to orbicular, 5 mm. long; bractlets

1-1.5 mm. long, 0.75 mm. broad, the blade plicate; filaments 1.5 mm.

long, the anthers scarcely 1 mm. long. — A small tree, to 5 meters

high, or larger, the trunk 20 cm. thick; inflorescences greenish or

white or dirty white. Fruit eaten. In upland areas (Tessmann}.

Neg. 11650.

Loreto: Yarina-cocha, Tessmann 5467, 3228. Iquitos, Tessmann

5358. Rio Maranon near mouth of Rio Tigre, 115 meters, Killip

& Smith 27525. San Antonio, 110 meters, in forest, Killip & Smith

29305. Mishuyacu, 100 meters, King 1131. Soledad, Killip &

Smith 29810. "Lana." Amazonian Brazil.

Ogcodeia Tessmannii Mildbr. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 10:

189. 1927; 11: 420. 1932.

Similar to 0. ternstroemiiflora but quite glabrous; leaves thinner,

with large, conspicuous nerves and veins beneath and glabrous bracts

about 7 mm. long; pistillate heads nearly 2.5 cm. wide; bracts and

bractlets very minutely puberulent, the larger inner bracts triangular-

ovate, acuminate, about 1 cm. long, the perianth segments 4 mm.

long, rigid-aculeate; style base 2 mm. long, the branches 6 mm. long.

— A tree about 8 meters high, the trunk diameter 8 cm.; bracts

yellowish. Neg. 11651.

Loreto: Mouth of Rio Santiago, Tessmann 4109, type. Alto

Rio Itaya, Williams 3511. "Naccho-huasu."

Ogcodeia Ulei (Warb.) Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 16. 1931.

Acanthosphaera Ulei Warb. Verh. Bot.Ver. Brandenb. 48: 150. pi. 2.

1907. Naucleopsis Ulei Ducke, Archiv. Jard. Bot. Rio Jan. 3: 38.

1922.

A small to tall tree with conspicuous, persistent stipules 1.5-2.5

cm. long, acuminate from a broad base, and heavy, oblong-elliptic,

glabrous leaves on short, thick petioles 0.5-1.5 cm. long, the blades

with many (25-30) parallel lateral nerves and reticulate- veined,

especially beneath, several dm. long and 8-15 cm. wide; inflores-

cences axillary, sessile, the staminate 7 mm. long, 4 mm. broad;

FLORA OF PERU 321

stamens with their anthers and acute bractlets prominent, the

former 3 mm., the latter 2 mm. long; pistillate inflorescences 5 mm.

broad and long, the bractlets rounded at the tip, subasperous; style

2 mm. long, the branches longer; fruit globose, the aculeate bractlets

3.5 cm. broad, 3 cm. long, the bractlets themselves 8 mm. long and

2 wide. — Mature fruit pale yellow, sweet, edible (Ducke). The

Killip and Smith numbers were determined by Smith as N. macro-

phylla, "probably identical with N. Ulei, the specific status of which

is doubtful."

Loreto: Iquitos, Ule 6257; (Ducke}. Yurimaguas, 200 meters,

Williams 5194; Killip & Smith 28179, 28244. San Antonio, 110

meters, Killip & Smith 29300. Amazonian Brazil.

14. PEREBEA Aubl.

Trees with usually thick leaves and unisexual, flattish to sub-

globose, many-flowered receptacles, the pistillate conspicuously

pedunculate. Staminate perianth 4-parted, the pistillate 4-toothed.

Ovary semi-inferior or completely free. Style very short, bidentate.

—The rubber trees, Castillo,, to which one of the following species has

been referred, are very similar but the style is typically longer and

the stamens are mixed with scales. Filiform stigmas and elongate

bracts, the inner exceeding the perianth, are characters that serve

to distinguish Noyera. Olmedioperebea Ducke, to be expected,

differs in having only 1-4 pistillate flowers, these coalescent; the

staminate perianths, too, are very short. In all these characters,

other related plants considered, one may see degrees of development

rather than fundamental distinctions. Olmedia calophylla P. & E.,

which probably will be found, may well belong to Perebea (P. calo-

phylla Benth. & Hook.). It has heavy, callous-margined leaves,

obviously scabrous beneath. P. guianensis Aubl. has already been

found on the upper Amazon; its nearly glabrous, very large, and

thin leaves are somewhat serrate and its ovary is completely superior

(Ducke).

Leaves distinctly pseudopeltate P. pseudopeltata.

Leaves acute at base or merely subcordate.

Leaves 20 cm. long or longer.

Pubescence neither scabrous nor stellate; leaves subcordate or

emarginate at the base.

Leaves oblique at the base; stigmas Ungulate. P. Tessmannii.

Leaves not oblique; stigmas cushion-shaped P. australis.

322 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

Pubescence of the leaves beneath scabrous or stellate-puberu-

lent; leaves rounded to an acute base.

Leaves scabrous beneath P. Chimiqua.

Leaves stellate-puberulent beneath P. Standleyi.

Leaves 10 cm. long or shorter P. elegans.

Perebea australis (Hemsl.) Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 17.

1931. Castillo, australis Hemsl. in Hook. Icon. IV. 7: pi. 2676. 1901.

Young branchlets and leaves silky-tomentose or the latter gla-

brous above and hirsute beneath mostly on the costa and lateral

nerves; petioles 1 cm. long; blades coriaceous, oblong-lanceolate,

30-40 cm. long and 10-20 cm. wide, slightly emarginate at the base,

abruptly acuminate; primary nerves 17-19, joined before the undu-

late margin, prominent only beneath; pistillate receptacles axillary,

solitary, on stipes 2-2.5 cm. long; bracts in several series, acuminate,

free or nearly so; perianth free(?), lobed, pubescent; style short,

thick, hairy, the stigmas cushion-like. — Pittier, Contr. U. S. Nat.

Herb. 13: 258-260. 1910, cites this species as the only Castilla with

cushion-shaped stigmas. The species, as apparently well illustrated,

seems to be a typical Perebea. Probably the well known name Cas-

tilla, later than Perebea, should be conserved to include the latter

group and several other segregates, as remarked elsewhere. "Com-

mon in woods," according to the collector, at 1,300-1,700 meters,

in January, 1866, but apparently never collected since and the

staminate flowers unknown.

Cuzco(?): Moro Zungo (Pearce). — Junin: Near La Merced, 800-

1,300 meters, Killip & Smith 23877; a tree of 15-20 meters, the trunk

45 cm. in diameter.

Perebea Chimiqua Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 63. 1931.

Leaves distinctly although finely scabrous-puberulent beneath,

shortly caudate-acuminate, not at all cordate at the base, to 25 cm.

long and 12 cm. wide, often less than half as large, on petioles 1 cm.

long, thinnish; staminate receptacles 2-4 in the axils, short-peduncu-

late, 5 mm. wide; bracts broadly ovate, 1.5 mm. wide, scarcely acute,

strigose; perianth segments 4, little thickened at the apex; fila-

ments very short; anthers subrotund. — Near P. guianensis Aubl.,

with leaves slightly cordate and nerves more or less hirsute.

Loreto: San Antonio, Alto Rio Itaya, 145 meters, Williams 3412,

type. "Chimiqua."

FLORA OF PERU 323

Perebea elegans Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 63. 1931.

A tree of 20 meters; young branchlets rusty- tomentulose; petioles

5-7 mm. long; leaves oblong-elliptic, slightly oblique at the acute

base, short-acuminate, to 5 cm. wide, slightly puberulent on the reticu-

late veins and nerves beneath, the latter about 12; staminate recep-

tacles in 3's (mostly), globose, 7 mm. thick, the peduncles nearly 5

mm. long; bracts scale-like; perianth segments 4 mm. long, strongly

fleshy-cucullate at the apex, puberulent; filaments 4, thick, 2 exserted.

—Perhaps nearest P. laurifolia.

Loreto: Mishuyacu, near Iquitos, 100 meters, Klug 603, type.

Perebea pseudopeltata Mildbr. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin

10: 184. 1927.

A tree, readily known by its foliage, the lobes, of its deeply cordate

leaves so closely investing the petiole apex that is sunken in the leaf

base that the leaves appear to be peltate; they are oval-oblong,

abruptly acuminate, about 50 cm. long and nearly 25 cm. wide,

glabrous above, but appressed setose-pilose and puberulent on the

obvious (20-23) lateral nerves and the finely reticulate venation

beneath; stipules densely long-silky-pubescent; staminate recep-

tacles 6-12-fasciculate on short branchlets, 1.5-2.5 cm. wide (young),

the many marginal bracts in 2-3 irregular series, about 2.5 mm. long,

the outer broader, fewer; perianth segments 4, widened and thickened

below the tip. — Greenish yellow heads unpleasantly scented. A

tree about 15 meters high, branching at 8 meters, the trunk 22 cm.

in diameter. In upland woods. Neg. 11680.

Loreto: Mouth of Rio Santiago, in upland forest, Tessmann 4552,

type.

Perebea Standleyi Macbr., sp. nov.

Arbor; ramulis junioribus pedunculisque fulvo-stellato-tomen-

tulosis; petiolis circa 6 mm. longis; foliis circa 30 cm. longis 12 cm.

latis, membranaceis, basi rotundato-acutis, apice ignoto, ubique

costa subtus excepta minute parceque stellato-puberulenta glabris,

nervis lateralibus circa 18 solum subtus cum venis reticulatis promi-

nulis; pedunculis circa 1 cm. longis; receptaculis 2 cm. crassis; fructi-

bus angulatis obovoideis 1 cm. longis, ad apicem exceptis glabris,

apice dense fulvo-stellato-tomentosis 7 mm. crassis.

A tree, the branchlet tips and peduncles rusty stellate-tomentu-

lose; petioles 6 mm. long; leaves nearly 30 cm. long, 12 cm. wide,

rounded to the acute base, the apex unknown, membranous, glabrous

324 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

except the minutely and sparsely stellate-puberulent costa beneath;

lateral nerves about 18, with the reticulate veins prominent only

beneath; peduncles 1 cm. long; fruiting receptacles 2 cm. thick, the

angled fruits obovoid, 1 cm. long, glabrous except at the 7 mm.

broad apex which is velvety rusty-tomentose.

Loreto: Yurimaguas, Killip & Smith 28340 (Herb. Field Mus.

No. 615,971, type).

Perebea Tessmannii Mildbr. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 10:

185. 1927.

A tree 25 meters tall, with few branches, the young ones chestnut-

colored and appressed-setulose; petioles to 12 mm. long; leaf blades

ovate or elliptic-ovate, 25-30 cm. long and usually 12-15 cm. wide,

more or less markedly oblique at the base, with an acute acumen as

much as 2.5 cm. long, at first somewhat appressed-setulose above,

beneath laxly sericeous-setulose on the costa and conspicuous (about

20) lateral nerves and veins; pistillate receptacle 1.5 cm. in diameter,

the squamate bracts passing from rotund-ovate to narrowly triangu-

lar; perianth urceolate, 5 mm. long, pubescent, the Ungulate stigma

1.5 mm. long, glabrous; staminate receptacles 3-5 in the axils, on

peduncles 1.5 cm. long, somewhat hispid-pilose, 8-12 mm. broad, the

bracts similar but fewer than in the pistillate; perianth segments

rounded at the tip, tomentose, 2 of them broader; filaments rigid,

connate at the base. — Var. Ulei Mildbr. (Rio Acre) has smaller

leaves with 15-16 nerves, the midrib pubescence beneath spreading.

Trunk diameter to 31 cm.; branching at 12 meters. In upland

forests. The Klug specimen has leaves to 40 cm. long, distinctly

cordate at the base, the basal lobes overlapping, and suggests P.

pseudopeltata. Neg. 11681.

San Martin: Pongo de Cainarachi, Klug 2719 (det. Standley).—

Loreto: Mouth of Rio Santiago, Tessmann 4174, 4601. — Rio Acre:

Ule 9325.

15. GASTILLA Cervantes

Reference: Pittier, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 13: 247-279. 1910.

Very similar to Perebea, but the single Peruvian species distin-

guished by the short, harsh pubescence on the upper surface of at

least all but the oldest leaves. Ducke has remarked that the foliage

of P. guianensis, as yet not known from Peru, is, however, similar

to that of C. Ulei, and this similarity probably substantiates the

suggestion that the genera are not natural (see remarks under Pere-

FLORA OF PERU 325

bea}. In Central America the genus is a source of rubber. The

name has been written Castilloa.

Castilla Ulei Warb. Bot. Jahrb. 35: 674. 1905.

Branchlets more or less rusty-hispid, glabrous in age; petioles

5 mm. long; leaves oblong-elliptic, short-acuminate or apiculate,

10-25 cm. long, 4-6 cm. wide, appressed-tomentose beneath; fruit

solitary, axillary, subglobose, 2 cm. long, 2-2.5 cm. wide, the 3-5

seeds 12 mm. long, 6 mm. wide. — Illustrated, loc. cit.; Contr. U. S.

Nat. Herb. 13: pi. 22.

Loreto: Pebas, Williams 1802.— Rio Acre: Ule 9318. Brazil.

"Caucho negro," "caucho."

16. NOYERA Trecul

A tree with the foliage of the Peruvian species of Castilla, but the

interior bracts of both sorts of receptacles much longer than the

outer and the staminate receptacles long-peduncled. Style branches

(stigmas) long and slender.

Noyera mollis (Poepp.) Ducke, Archiv. Jard. Bot. Rio Jan. 3:

37. 1922. Olmedia mollis Poepp. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 31. pi 144- 1838.

Branchlets hirsute; leaves subsessile, oblong, acute, about 20 cm.

long, 7 cm. wide, pustulate-setulose above, hirsute beneath; staminate

receptacles several, fasciculate, with linear interior bracts; perianth

3-4-parted; stamens 2-4; pistillate receptacles sessile, 8-12-flowered;

ovary semi-inferior. — A tree as much as 20 meters high, with an

abundant, grayish yellow latex, the pale yellow wood worthless;

mature fruits greenish yellow, the drupes separating easily (Ducke).

At Obidos called "muiratinga da terra firma" (Ducke). Neg. 11687.

Loreto: Tessmann 5465 (det. Mildbraed). Amazonian Brazil.

"Caucho-rana."

17. PSEUDOLMEDIA Trecul

Small to large trees with smooth, puberulent, or sparsely hir-

tellous leaves and small, unisexual, bracteate receptacles, the pistil-

late 1 (-3) -flowered, and the bracts of these all tiny, those of the

staminate often elongate, at least the interior. Ovary adherent to

the perianth. — Olmedioperebea Ducke is similar to this and Olmedia

but the pistillate flowers if more than 1 (1-4) are concrescent, the

stigmas are short and thick, and bracteoles are lacking in both sorts

of receptacles. It is nearly Perebea except for its few-flowered pistil-

late receptacles, and its existence suggests that Perebea must naturally

326 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

include all the Olmedieae, including Castilla, which well-known name

ought to be conserved for the genus, sens. lat. The latter, as well

denned by Pittier, illustrates the great variation in characters else-

where accepted as of generic import. There is no sound distinction

between these small groups. The recently redefined Ogcodeia may

have some merit as a segregate because of its exaggerated bracteole

development and divided perianths, but these are relative develop-

ments, as is illustrated in the case of the former by Perebea acantho-

gyne Ducke.

Petioles 2-5 mm. long; leaf areoles shallow.

Branchlets and leaves glabrous, the latter mostly 2-4 cm. wide.

Leaves thin, 2-3 cm. wide P. laevigata.

Leaves thick, mostly 4-4.5 cm. wide P. Mildbraedii.

Branchlets and leaves (5-10 cm. wide) somewhat pubescent, not

distinctly scabrous.

Pubescence of appressed puberulence P. macrophylla.

Pubescence sparse, hirtellous, evanescent P. laevis.

Branchlets and leaves distinctly scabrous P. scabra.

Petioles 8-10 mm. long; leaf areoles very deep P. multinervis.

Pseudolmedia laevigata Tre"cul, Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 8: 131.

1847.

Similar to P. laevis but glabrous and with thinnish, much smaller,

oblong-lanceolate, obtusely acuminate leaves with an acute, slightly

oblique base, 5-9 cm. long; lateral nerves 15-18, not prominent;

staminate receptacles sessile, 2-several, the roundish bracts appressed-

puberulent, with scarious, ciliate-subfimbriate margins. — P. Huberi

Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 16. 1931 (P. obliqua [Huber] Ducke, not

[Karst.] Benth. & Hook.) has broader leaves, very oblique at the

rounded or truncate base.

Peru: (Pawn?}, Herb. Webb (type). — Loreto: Iquitos, Ducke

751 3 (?).— Without locality: Weberbauer 6965.

Pseudolmedia laevis (R. & P.) Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11:

16. 1931. Olmedia laevis R. & P. Syst. 258. 1798.

Young branchlets subcompressed, hirsute with spreading hairs,

the leaves beneath on the conspicuous lateral nerves (15-18) sparsely

so but subappressed or finally glabrous; leaves subcordate or rotund

at the base, gradually acuminate, rather thick, about 15 cm. long and

half as wide; pistillate receptacles sessile in the leaf axils, the bract-

FLORA OF PERU 327

lets strigose, the perianth densely soft-pubescent. — Perhaps only a

single variable species is concerned with this, together with P.

laevigata and P. macrophylla. P. ferruginea (P. & E.) Tre'cul, to be

expected, is similar to P. laevis, but the branchlets are hirsute and

the leaves are very oblique at the base. The trunk of P. laevis on

incision yields abundantly a white latex which on exposure to the

air condenses into an elastic resin, reddish chestnut in color (Ruiz &

Pavon). Neg. 11670.

Junin: La Merced, Weberbauer 1899. — Huanuco: Posuso region,

Ruiz & Pavon. — San Martin: Juanjui, 400 meters, in forest, King

3819; a tree of 15 meters.

Pseudolmedia macrophylla Tre'cul, Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 8: 132.

1847.

A tree or shrub with densely appressed-pubescent branchlets

(eventually glabrate) prominently marked by the stipular scars;

leaves oblong-elliptic, subrotund at the base, rather abruptly acumi-

nate, with a linear, obtuse tip, appressed-pubescent beneath on the

nerves, 15-20 cm. long, 5-10 cm. wide, the lateral nerves 17-18;

staminate receptacles geminate, 7-8 mm. broad, the roundish bracts

densely yellowish appressed-pubescent. Neg. 18815.

Peru: (Pavdn).

Pseudolmedia Mildbraedii Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 61.

1931.

A tree about 15 meters high, the staminate receptacles star-like,

the light yellow stamens and several narrow bracts spreading as

points; leaves 8-9 cm. long, the 15 lateral nerves conspicuous, as

also the reticulate venation above, not at all oblique at the acute

base, obtusely and broadly caudate at the apex or shortly obtuse-

acuminate; bracts thin but not scarious and obscurely ciliate on the

margins.

Loreto: Mishuyacu near Iquitos, 100 meters, in forest, Klug

633, type.

Pseudolmedia multinervis Mildbr. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin

10: 189. 1927.

A tree sometimes 60 meters high, with a trunk diameter of 1

meter, the densely leafy branchlets closely and persistently hirsute;

leaves ovate-oblong-lanceolate, mostly obliquely rounded at the

base, more or less gradually acuminate, usually 9-14 cm. long, 3-5

cm. wide, above glabrous except on the sunken costa, which is strongly

328 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XIII

hirsute beneath, the 17-22 conspicuous nerves less so, the areoles

between the numerous veins deeply granulate-rugulose; staminate

receptacles 1-1.5 cm. wide, the principal bracts broadly triangular,

sericeous-pubescent, as also the tips of the (2-3 mm. long) spatulate

bractlets; anthers 1.5-2 mm. long, apiculate, glabrous. — In upland

forest. Fruit eaten. Neg. 11671.

Loreto: Mouth of Rio Santiago, Tessmann 4697. Soledad, 110

meters, Killip & Smith 29809. Fortaleza, Lower Rio Huallaga,

Williams 4379.— Rio Acre: Ule 9322. "Chimicua," "itauba amarilla."

Pseudolmedia scabra Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 62. 1931.

A tree of 4 meters, readily recognizable by the dense and fine but

"sticky," scabrous puberulence that covers the leaves on both sides;

leaves oblong-elliptic, equal and acute at the base, obtuse or nearly

so at the apex, finally 11 cm. long, 4-5 cm. wide, paler beneath, the

9 lateral nerves and veins prominent; staminate receptacles axillary,

2-3, on peduncles 5-7 mm. long, globose, 5 mm. thick; bractlets

little thickened at the apex, 1 mm. long; filaments slender, nearly

1.5 mm. long, the anthers nearly 1 mm. long.

Loreto: Mishuyacu near Iquitos, 100 meters, in forest, King 384,

type.

18. OLMEDIA R. & P.

Very much like Pseudolmedia in aspect, but the staminate flowers

ebracteolate and the ovary free. — 0. calophylla P. & E. (possibly a

Perebea) is well marked by its large, thick leaves, lustrous above,

opaque and scabrous beneath, and with a definite cartilaginous

margin.

Leaves glabrous, 1-2.5 cm. wide '. 0. angustifolia.

Leaves scabrous, at least beneath, mostly wider.

Leaves somewhat scabrous-pubescent, even above 0. aspera.

Leaves smooth above 0. Poeppigiana.

Olmedia angustifolia P. & E. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 30. pi. 143.

1838.

A small tree with slender, flexuous branchlets, the youngest

strigose-puberulent, and with numerous thin, oblong, entire (or

with 1 or 2 remote teeth toward the tip) leaves mostly 8-10 cm. long,

acute at the base, caudately acuminate, the tip often 1.5 cm. long;

receptacles with ovate-deltoid, sparsely strigillose bracts and many

silky-pubescent flowers.

Loreto: Yurimaguas, Poeppig 2270, type.

FLORA OF PERU 329

Olmedia aspera R. & P. Syst. 257. 1798.

Very well marked by the extremely scabrous leaves and, to a

less extent, the younger branchlets; leaves thinnish, obscurely

and remotely toothed, often 15 cm. long and 4-6 cm. wide or larger;

staminate receptacles sessile or nearly so. — A shrub or tree of 3-10

meters (Ule) . Incised, the trunk emits copiously a white latex similar

to that of Pseudolmedia laevis (Ruiz & Pavon). A large tree; the

inner bark, beaten and washed, used for making mats in which the

Indians carry their baggage on journeys, to serve them in place of

beds (Huber). Neg. 11674.

Huanuco: Posuso and Chinchao, Ruiz & Pavon. Cochero,

Poeppig 1267. — Junin: La Merced, 600 meters, 5269; Weberbauer

1916, 1871; Killip & Smith 23464, 23816. Chanchamayo Valley,

1,500 meters, Schunke 273, 272. Colonia Perene*, 680 meters, Killip &

Smith 25057. Rio Paucartambo Valley, 700 meters, in forest, Killip

& Smith 25369. Colonia Perene, Weberbauer 91. — San Martin:

Rio Chipurana, Huber 1548. San Roque, 1,400 meters, Williams

7195, 7082. Tarapoto, 750 meters, Williams 6022, 6019, 6544.

Juanjui, 400 meters, in forest, Klug 3787. — Without locality: Weber-

bauer 7059. Ecuador to Bolivia. "Llanchama," "minshi-pata."

Olmedia Poeppigiana Klotzsch, Linnaea 20: 525. 1847.

Probably only a variety or form of the above.— Of greater interest

is the related gigantic tree, 0. maxima Ducke, Archiv. Jard. Bot. Rio

Jan. 3: 32. pi. 3. 1922, "muiratinga" of the Amazon, with a yellowish

white wood, said to be valueless. Its rather abruptly acuminate

leaves are minutely pilose or glabrate beneath and the staminate

receptacles are pedunculate, with a few small, tomentulose bracts

at the base. Neg. 11677.

Huanuco: Cochero, Poeppig 1267. — Loreto: Puerto Mele"ndez,

Tessmann 3914-

19. HELICOSTYLIS Trecul

A tree similar to Perebea, but the stigmas long and slender and

somewhat contorted. The typical and Peruvian species is dis-

tinguishable, however, by the characteristic reddish brown tomentum

of the receptacles and growing parts, which is at least less markedly

present in other Moraceous genera.

Helicostylis tomentosa (P. & E.) Macbr. Field Mus. Bot.

11: 16. 1931. Olmedia tomentosa P. & E. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 32.

pi. 145. 1838. H. Poeppigiana Trecul, Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 8: 134. 1847.

330 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

Typically a large tree, the petioles, leaves beneath (on the

prominent nerves and veins), peduncles, and receptacles reddish

velvety-pubescent; leaf blades oblong, acute at the base, acuminate,

glabrous above except on the 11-16 nerves, 8-18 cm. long, 4-6 cm.

broad; petioles 6-10 mm. long; staminate receptacles 3-10-fascicu-

late, the peduncles 5-13 mm. long; pistillate receptacles solitary,

globose. — The Rivero plant is a variety with puberulent branchlets,

elliptic-oblong leaves subrotund at the base, abruptly acuminate,

glabrous above and shortly hirtellous or glabrate beneath, 12-25

cm. long, 5.5-9 cm. broad, on petioles 1.5 cm. long. The specimen

may be rather a Perebea.

Loreto: Florida, Rio Putumayo, 180 meters, in forest, a tree of

5 meters, King 2295(1}.— Without locality: (Rivero]. Brazil;

British Guiana.

20. TRYMATOCOCCUS P. & E.

Reference: Lanjouw, Recueil Trav. Bot. Neerl. 32: 262-272. 1935.

Generally a small tree with oblongish, acuminate, undulate,

very shortly petioled leaves and solitary, short-pediceled, subglobose,

nodding receptacles. Pistillate flowers deeply immersed, the perianth

wanting, the staminate 3-lobed, with 3 stamens. — Ducke has

recorded an abundant latex, which Poeppig did not find, perhaps

testing only young, fertile branches.

Trymatococcus amazonicus P. & E. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 30.

pi 142. 1838.

Leaves rigid, glabrous, or slightly lepidote above, to 15 cm. long

and 7 cm. broad, or often smaller, conspicuously yellowish net-

veined beneath; stamens included, the filaments coalescent below;

style exserted, bifid; fruit hard, 1-seeded, about 2 cm. thick. — T.

turbinatus (Baill.) Ducke, Archiv. Jard. Bot. Rio Jan. 3: 73. 1922, has

tomentose branchlets and petioles and much larger (2.5-3 cm.

across in fruit) receptacles that are velvety-pubescent. The thickly

veined, obovate-elliptic leaves of T. paraensis Ducke, Archiv. Jard.

Bot. Rio Jan. 3: 22. 1922, are mostly smaller, being only 4-5 cm.

long and 3 cm. wide, and the latex is greenish.

San Martin: Tarapoto, Spruce 3895. Pongo de Cainarachi, 230

meters, Klug 2718. — Loreto: Iquitos, Tessmann 5350, 5354 (det.

Mildbraed); (Ducke 7537); Killip & Smith 26997. Yurimaguas,

Poeppig 2630, type; at 135 meters, Killip & Smith 29052, 29114;

in forest, Williams 4525, 3875. Punchana, 120 meters, in forest,

FLORA OF PERU 331

Williams 3767. Pebas, Williams 1882. San Juan, Williams 3735.

La Victoria, edge of forest, Williams 2965. Brazil.

49. URTICACEAE. Nettle Family

By E. P. Killip

References: Weddell, Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 18: 197-232. 1852; IV.

1: 173-212. 1854; Arch. Mus. Paris 9. 1856-1857; DC. Prodr. 16,

pt. 1: 32-235. 1869; Blume, Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 2: 43-170. 1852-

1856; Killip, "Notes on Peruvian Urticaceae of the Marshall Field

Exploration," Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 15: 48-56. 1925.

Monoecious or dioecious herbs, shrubs, or trees, sometimes armed

with stinging hairs and often bearing cystoliths; leaves simple,

alternate, with those of the adjacent nodes often unequal, or opposite,

with those of a pair often unequal, entire, toothed, or rarely lobed,

stipulate; flowers small, greenish or greenish white, in unisexual or

androgynous clusters, the perianth 2-5-lobed or parted, or sometimes

wanting; fruit an achene.

Leaves opposite, those of a pair often unequal; plants mostly herba-

ceous.

Plants armed with stinging hairs; perianth of pistillate flowers 4-

parted 1. Urtica.

Plants without stinging hairs; perianth of pistillate flowers 3-parted,

or tubular and 2-4-dentate.

Stigma short-penicillate; inflorescence paniculate, cymose, or

capituliform; plants usually herbaceous 2. Pilea.

Stigma filiform; flowers in sessile clusters in the leaf axils or in

spikes; plants woody 3. Boehmeria.

Leaves alternate.

Perianth of pistillate flowers none.

Flowers in axillary glomerules 4. Phenax.

Flowers in long, slender spikes 5. Myriocarpa.

Perianth of pistillate flowers present.

Plants woody.

Stigma sessile, penicillate; plants usually armed with stinging

hairs 6. Urera.

Stigma filiform; plants without stinging hairs.

Pistillate perianth strongly nerved ; achenes crustaceous, light

brown to white; leaves entire (toothed in one Peruvian

species), those of the adjacent nodes subequal.

7. Pouzolzia.

332 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

Pistillate perianth nerveless; leaves toothed, those of the

adjacent nodes often very unequal 3. Boehmeria.

Plants herbaceous.

Leaves toothed ; plants armed with stinging hairs; inflorescence

paniculate 8. Fleurya.

Leaves entire; plants unarmed; inflorescence glomerulate.

9. Parietaria.

1. URTICA L. Nettle

Annual or perennial herbs armed with stinging hairs; leaves

petiolate, toothed or incised; plants monoecious or dioecious, the

flowers in androgynous or unisexual clusters, axillary and subsessile,

or forming elongate spikes or panicles, 4-parted.

Leaves flabellate-incised, the segments lobed U. flabellata.

Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, or cordate.

Inflorescences unisexual; leaves rufo-hirsutulous beneath.

U. Macbridei.

Inflorescences androgynous; leaves glabrous, or pilose or pilosulous

with pale hairs.

Achenes not more than 1 mm. long, very slightly flattened;

leaves thick, usually rugose-bullate U. echinata.

Achenes 1.2-2 mm. long, strongly flattened; leaves thin, flat.

Leaves incised-dentate; flowers in glomerules; plants annual.

U. urens.

Leaves coarsely dentate or serrate; flowers in glomerules or

elongate spikes; plants perennial U. magellanica.

Urtica echinata Benth. PI. Hartw. 252. 1846. U. andicola

Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 18: 198. 1852.

An annual herb up to 40 cm. high, usually densely covered

throughout with stinging hairs; stem pilosulous; leaves ovate or

ovate-orbicular, 0.5-3 cm. long, coarsely dentate, acute, usually

rugose-bullate and pubescent beneath; flowers in sessile, androgyn-

ous clusters shorter than the petioles; achenes 0.8-1 mm. long,

apiculate, very slightly compressed.

Huanuco: Bafios, Wilkes Expedition. — Junin: At 4,000 meters,

Mackenzie in 1924. — Arequipa: Nevado de Chachani, 4,200 meters,

Pennell 13289.— Tacna: Volcan Tacora, 4,000-4,500 meters, Weddell

4440 (type of U. andicola); Werdermann 1147. — Cuzco: Cordilleras

del Pachatusan, 4,400 meters, Herrera 2578. Also in Ecuador and

Bolivia.

FLORA OF PERU 333

Urtica flabellata HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 40. 1817.

An annual, branched from the base, sparingly bristly on the

stem, densely so on the foliage; leaves thick, flabellate-incised, with

the segments sub trilobate, rugose-bullate; panicles androgynous,

densely flowered, shorter than the petioles; achenes 1.5-2 mm. long,

acute, strongly flattened.

Huanuco: Pampas de Bombon, Ruiz & Pavon. — Junin: Raimondi

1186. Huancayo, 3,400 meters, Killip & Smith 22118. — Cuzco:

Paucartambo Valley, 3,600 meters, Herrera 2321. — Puno: San

Antonio, Lechler 1802. Sandia, Weberbauer 969. — Without locality:

Ruiz & Pavon; Gay 979. Also in southern Colombia, Ecuador, and

Bolivia.

Urtica Macbridei Killip, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 15: 49. 1925.

An erect herb, about 1.5 meters high, armed with a few weak

bristles; leaves sparse, cordate-ovate, 6-12 cm. long, 4-8 cm. wide,

acuminate, crenate, densely hirsutulous on the nerves and veins

beneath; plants monoecious, the flower spikes unisexual, the stami-

nate spikes 12-15 cm. long, in the upper axils, the pistillate 3-3.5

cm. long, in the lower axils; achenes 1 mm. long.

Huanuco: Mufia, 2,400 meters, 4271 (type).

Urtica magellanica Poir. in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. 4: 223. 1816.

A perennial herb, up to 80 cm. high, the stem glabrous or pubes-

cent, sparingly or sometimes densely armed with bristles; leaves

ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 2-7 cm. long, 1.5-5 cm. wide, acuminate,

cordate or rounded at the base, coarsely serrate or dentate; flowers

in androgynous glomerules or slender spikes, the staminate flowers

about 2 mm. wide; achenes 1.2-1.5 mm. long, strongly compressed.

Cajamarca: Cutervo, Raimondi 4101. Tambillo, Raimondi

4340, 4392, 7053.— Lima: Rio Blanco, 3,300 meters, Killip & Smith

21629.— Huanuco: Llata, 2,100 meters, 2268. — Junin: La Oroya,

Rose 1 8699.— Cuzco: Ollantaitambo, 3,000 meters, Cook & Gilbert

636, 798, 1204. Cuzco, Herrera 533, 679.— Puno: Puno, Soukup

12. — Dept. uncertain: San Damian, 2,400-3,000 meters, Hrdlicka

in 1913. Without locality: Gay 589, 2159. Also in Bolivia, Chile,

and Argentina. "Apiquisa," "eelula quisa," "quisa," "mula-quisa,"

"yana-quisa."

These specimens show much variation in the length of the

inflorescences, and perhaps more than a single species is represented.

U. ballotaefolia, a common plant of Colombia, is similar to U.

334 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

magellanica, and some of the Peruvian material listed above has been

referred to it. Other specimens have been cited in literature as U.

bracteata Steud.

Urtica urens L. Sp. PI. 984. 1753.

An erect or ascending annual, 15-50 cm. high, with a simple or

few-branched stem; leaves crowded, oval, 2-5 cm. long, 0.6-3 cm.

wide, rarely larger, rounded or acute at the ends, incised-dentate;

panicles androgynous, subsessile, usually shorter than the petioles;

achenes 1.5-2 mm. long.

Lima: Matucana, 2,400 meters, 11 '4. Surco, 1,500 meters, Killip

& Smith 21534. Rio Blanco, 3,000-3,500 meters, Killip & Smith

21627, 21709.— Junin: La Oroya, 3,650 meters, 974. Tarma, 3,100

meters, Killip & Smith 21781. — Cuzco: Ollantaitambo, 3,000 meters,

Cook & Gilbert 778, 788, 1202. Cuzco, Hen era 305.— Without

locality: Humboldt & Bonpland; Lechler 1803; Savatier; Gay 2285.

Introduced from Europe and widely distributed in the New World.

"Quisa," "cohuiquisa," "ortiga menor."

2. PILEA Lindl.

Reference: Killip, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 367-394. 1936.

Annual or perennial, monoecious or dioecious, usually succulent

herbs, sometimes suffrutescent; leaves opposite, entire or toothed,

trinerved or triplinerved, occasionally penninerved, those of a pair

sometimes unequal and dissimilar; flowers in clusters, rarely solitary,

forming dense heads, cymes, panicles, or umbels, which are andro-

gynous or unisexual; staminate flowers 4 (rarely 2-3)-parted, the

pistillate normally 3-parted, the segments unequal, the stigma short-

penicillate, sessile; achenes compressed.

Leaves all entire, usually less than 1 cm. long.

Leaves faintly 1-nerved.

Cymes sessile or subsessile; leaves, at least the larger one of a

pair, obovate or oblong, cuneate.

Cystoliths not elevated, very faint on under surface of the

leaves; plant suberect, up to 30 cm. high . . P. microphylla.

Cystoliths strongly elevated on both surfaces of the leaves;

plant lax, the branches 50 cm. or more long . . P. foliosa.

Cymes pedunculate; leaves nearly globular, appearing orbicular

when dry P. serpyllacea.

Leaves trinerved.

Staminate flowers borne singly or in pairs; leaves cordiform;

plant prostrate, much branched P. nerteroides.

FLORA OF PERU 335

Staminate flowers in sessile, androgynous heads; plant erect,

unbranched P. nitida.

Leaves (at least the larger one of a pair) toothed, sometimes sub-

entire in P. marginata.

A. Leaves of a pair dissimilar or very unequal, the larger more

than twice as long as the smaller.

Plants with densely pubescent branches and petioles; stipules

more than 2 mm. long, subpersistent.

Leaves less than 7 mm. long, the cystoliths conspicuous.

P. pulegifolia.

Leaves 1-3 cm. long, the cystoliths faint beneath.

P. ramosissima.

Plants glabrous throughout.

Foliar cystoliths none P. Weberbaueri.

Foliar cystoliths present.

Larger leaves at a node not more than 4 mm. wide.

P. diversifolia.

Larger leaves at a node more than 4 mm. wide.

Leaves appearing to be in fours at the nodes, owing to

the presence of a short branchlet bearing a pair of

leaves P. nutans.

Leaves otherwise.

Smaller leaf of a pair oblique, subentire; pistillate cymes

sessile.

Larger leaves very oblique, more than 7 cm. long,

fully 7 times longer than the smaller ones.

P. Bassleriana.

Larger leaves symmetrical or nearly so, less than

7 cm. long, and proportionately shorter.

P. imparifolia.

Smaller leaf symmetrical, toothed; pistillate cymes

peduncled.

Cystoliths all punctiform P. pichisana.

Cystoliths linear or fusiform, occasionally puncti-

form ones intermingled.

Achenes longitudinally costate; larger leaves not

more than 3.5 cm. long P. costata.

336 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

Achenes, as far as known, ecostate; larger leaves

more than 3.5 cm. long.

Larger leaves more than 3.5 cm. wide, more

than 5 times longer than the smaller ones.

P. Haenkei.

Larger leaves not more than 3.5 cm. wide, less

than 5 times longer than the smaller ones.

P. macrocystolithica.

A. Leaves of a node similar and equal or, if unequal, the larger

one not more than twice as long as the smaller.

B. Leaves averaging not more than 2 cm. long, usually massed

at the end of the stem or branches; plants slender, usually

prostrate or repent, the branches scarcely 10 cm. long.

Cymes androgynous; leaves coarsely crenate-dentate; stem

unbranched P. lamioides.

Cymes usually unisexual; leaves serrulate or crenate-ser-

rulate; stem usually branched.

Pistillate cymes sessile P. Dombeyana.

Pistillate cymes peduncled.

Stem long-repent and rooting at most of the nodes, the

leaves rather evenly spaced out . . P. nummularifolia.

Stem repent only in the lower part, the leaves massed at

the end of the stem and branches.

Stem densely pubescent P. strigosa.

Stem glabrous.

Cystoliths on lower surface of leaves linear or fusi-

form.

Leaves broadly ovate or suborbicular, toothed

nearly to the base, the cystoliths inconspicu-

ous P. dauciodora.

Leaves spatulate, rhombic, or suborbicular,

toothed only in the upper half, the

cystoliths conspicuous P. Fendleri.

Cystoliths on lower surface of leaves punctiform.

Achenes less than 1 mm. wide; leaves suborbicular

or subreniform ; plants monoecious . . P. pusilla.

Achenes more than 1 mm. wide; leaves ovate-

lanceolate; plants apparently dioecious.

P. delicatula.

FLORA OF PERU 337

B. Leaves averaging more than 2 cm. long; plants erect, more

than 10 cm. high, usually leafy throughout.

C. Plants glabrous throughout.

Leaves coarsely and sharply serrate-dentate; inflorescence

androgynous, sessile, much shorter than the petioles;

plants annual, with a simple stem P. hyalina.

Leaves not coarsely and sharply serrate-dentate; inflores-

cence unisexual, pedunculate.

Staminate flowers in dense, globose heads, these solitary

and long-peduncled or forming a once or twice

branched cyme.

Plants dioecious; pistillate inflorescences diffuse, longer

than the petioles P. minutiflora.

Plants monoecious; pistillate inflorescences compact,

short-peduncled P. Macbridei.

Staminate flowers in cymes or panicles.

Cystoliths stellate, 3-rayed; leaves subentire or denti-

culate only toward the apex P. marginata.

Cystoliths simple; leaves definitely toothed.

Stem verrucose-roughened, woody; leaves averaging

less than 3 cm. long P. verrucosa.

Stem smooth, usually herbaceous; leaves longer.

Leaves sessile or subsessile, sometimes clasping.

P. subamplexicaulis.

Leaves distinctly petioled, never clasping.

Leaves ovate, triplinerved well above the base;

inflorescences usually shorter than the

petioles P. punctata.

Leaves trinerved or subtriplinerved near the

base; inflorescences longer than the petioles.

Cystoliths of upper surface of leaves more

than 0.5 mm. long, coarse, all fusiform;

leaves thick-carnose P. suffruticosa.

Cystoliths of upper surface of leaves shorter

and finer, linear, fusiform, or punctiform;

leaves usually of a thinner texture.

Achenes minute, about 0.5 mm. long;

leaves cordulate . . .P. citriodora.

338 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

Achenes 1-1.5 mm. long; leaves narrowed

at the base.

Stipules 3-10 mm. long, persistent.

P. Poeppigiana.

Stipules less than 3 mm. long, soon

deciduous P. multiflora.

C. Plants pubescent throughout, or at least with some

indument on either the stem, leaves, or inflorescence.

Leaves of nearly equal size at all the nodes, the internodes

subequal, the inflorescence not confined to the upper

axils.

Plant annual, slender, with a pellucid stem; cymes

androgynous; leaves sharply serrate-dentate.

P. hyalina.

Plant perennial, with a coarse stem.

Stem succulent, essentially glabrous ... P. cushiensis.

Stem ligneous or subligneous, densely rufo-hirsute.

Leaves short-acuminate; plants monoecious, the

staminate flowers in a dense, globose head.

P. Pavonii.

Leaves caudate-acuminate; plants dioecious, the

staminate flowers in panicles P. hirsuta.

Leaves massed at the end of the stem and branches, or a

few, much smaller, at the lower nodes; inflorescence

mainly in the upper axils.

Staminate inflorescence borne at the rooting, leafless

nodes, the perianth lobes about 2 mm. long.

P. submissa.

Staminate inflorescence borne with the pistillate at the

upper nodes, or the flowers mixed with the pistillate

ones.

Cystoliths on upper surface of leaves all linear or fusi-

form, not elevated P. pubescens.

Cystoliths on upper surface of leaves punctiform or a

few fusiform, elevated.

Leaves acuminate, densely hirsute above.

P. ceratocalyx.

Leaves obtuse or subacute, glabrous above.

P. Spruceana.

FLORA OF PERU 339

Pilea Bassleriana Killip, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 381. 1936.

A coarse, succulent, glabrous herb, up to 50 cm. high, terrestrial

or on tree trunks; leaves of a node very unequal and dissimilar, the

larger elliptic, ovate-elliptic, or elliptic-lanceolate, 8-15 cm. long,

2.5-7 cm. wide, caudate-acuminate, subsessile or short-petioled,

coarsely crenate-serrate, the smaller ones orbicular-reniform, 5-15

mm. long, strongly oblique, sessile; plants monoecious or dioecious;

staminate cymes borne along the naked rooting portion of the stem,

pedunculate; pistillate cymes sessile in the axils of the leaves.

Loreto: Balsapuerto, 150-300 meters, Killip & Smith 28429,

28467, 28471 (type); King 2870. Yurimaguas, Killip & Smith

28993. Pongo de Manseriche, Killip, Smith & Dennis, 29145;

Mexia 6355, 6360; Tessmann 4603. Mouth of Rio Pastaza (Killip,

Smith & Dennis, 29196).

Pilea ceratocalyx Wedd. in DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 1: 148. 1869.

A low herb, densely grayish-hirsute throughout; leaves oblong

or elliptic-ovate, 3-7 cm. long, 1-3 cm. wide, acuminate, narrowed

at the base, sharply serrate, the cystoliths fusiform and punctiform;

plants monoecious, the cymes apparently unisexual, the staminate

compact, subsessile, the pistillate pedunculate, much longer than the

adjacent petiole.

Huanuco: Cochero, Poeppig 1032. — Without locality: Poeppig

3046 (type). These specimens are variously labeled "Peru" and

"Brazil" in herbaria. The general relationship is with the Peruvian

species.

Pilea citriodora Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 18: 216. 1852.

Urtica limoniodora Pavon ex Wedd. loc. cit., as synonym. P. tar-

mensis Killip, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 15: 51. 1925.

An erect, glabrous herb up to 60 cm. high, the stem un-

branched; leaves ovate-lanceolate, 6-14 cm. long, 2.5-6 cm. wide,

obtuse or short-acuminate, cordulate, crenate-serrate, the cystoliths

fusiform, linear, and punctiform; plants dioecious, both the staminate

and pistillate flowers borne in diffuse, long-peduncled panicles.

Huanuco: Casapi, Poeppig 1260. — Junin: Huacapistana, Province

of Tarma, 2,800 meters, 5822 (type of P. tarmensis); Weberbauer

1776a. Chanchamayo, Raimondi 2398. — Without locality: Ruiz

& Pavon (type).

Pilea costata Killip, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 382. 1936.

A succulent, glabrous herb about 50 cm. high, branched toward

the apex; leaves of a node unequal and dissimilar, crenate-serrate

340 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

nearly to the base, the cystoliths linear, the larger leaf lance-elliptic,

2.5-3.5 cm. long, 1.2-1.5 cm. wide, acuminate, the smaller one ovate,

1.5-2 cm. long, obtuse or subacute; plants dioecious, the pistillate

cymes 3-4 mm. wide, sessile or nearly so; achenes longitudinally

costate.

Junin: Enenas, Pichis Trail, 1,700 meters, Killip & Smith

25638 (type).

Pilea cushiensis Killip, sp. nov.

Herba dioica, caule foliato, infra glabro, ad apicem sparse rufo-

hirsutulo; folia elliptico-ovata, crenato-serrata, triplinervia, supra

glabra, subtus in costis sparse rufo-hirsutula, cystolithis linearibus,

creberrimis; inflorescentiae paniculiformes, in axillis fere omnibus.

A succulent, perennial herb 1-1.5 meters high; stem sparsely

rufo-hirsutulous toward the apex, otherwise glabrous; stipules ovate,

about 3 mm. long, obtuse, soon deciduous; leaves of a node similar

and subequal, elliptic-ovate, 7-15 cm. long, 3.5-6 cm. wide, acumi-

nate, nan-owed to a cordulate base, coarsely crenate-serrate, tri-

plinerved (lateral nerves extending to the upper quarter of the blade),

the cystoliths linear, dense, faint beneath, the petioles 2-12 cm. long,

those at a node often very unequal; plants dioecious, the staminate

inflorescences borne in most of the axils, paniculiform, about 3 cm.

long (not fully developed), rufo-hirsutulous, the perianth segments

suborbicular.

Huanuco: Cuschi, about 1,500 meters, June 19-23, 1923, on forest

floor, Macbride 4826 (type, Field Mus. No. 535,863).

In the key to the Andean species of Pilea (Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb.

26: 368-376. 1936) this species would be placed at the very end, being

differentiated from the Colombian P. Castronis by the shape of the

leaves and the cystolithic marking, and by having a more diffuse

inflorescence.

Pilea dauciodora (R. & P.) Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 18: 223.

1852. Urtica dauciodora R. & P. ex Wedd. loc. cit., as synonym. P.

uncidens Wedd. op. cit. 224. P. dauciodora var. uncidens Wedd. in

DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 1: 138. 1869.

A slender plant, often forming mats, glabrous throughout; leaves

broadly ovate or orbicular-ovate, averaging 1.5 cm. long and 1 cm.

wide, crenate-serrate, densely covered with linear and fusiform

cystoliths; plants monoecious or dioecious, the clusters unisexual,

though often both kinds borne at the same axils, rarely androgynous,

slender-peduncled .

FLORA OF PERU 341

Huanuco: Muna, 2,000 meters, 4117.— Junin: Huacapistana,

1,800-2,700 meters, Kittip & Smith 24160, 24408. Acobamba, Rai-

mondi 2800. — Ayacucho: Carrapa, 1,200 meters, Killip & Smith

22439. — Puno: Sandia, Weberbauer 753. — Without locality : "Andes,"

Ruiz & Pavdn (type) ; Spruce. Also in Central America, Colombia,

Venezuela, and Bolivia.

Pilea delicatula Killip, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 15: 51. 1925.

A slender, glabrous herb, up to 10 cm. high; leaves ovate-lanceo-

late, 1-1.5 cm. long, acute, sharply mucronate-serrate, the cystoliths

of the upper surface linear, faint, those of the lower surface puncti-

form; plants apparently dioecious; pistillate flowers in small, globose,

short-peduncled cymes.

Huanuco: Tambo de Vaca, 4,000 meters, 4400 (type).

Pilea diversifolia Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 18: 212. 1852.

A lax, much branched, glabrous herb, the stem up to 1.5 meters

long; larger leaves of a node narrowly cuneate-oblong, 5-10 mm.

long, 1-4 mm. wide, coarsely 3-7-toothed, 1-nerved, the smaller

leaves suborbicular, 3-5 mm. wide, entire or few-toothed, faintly

triplinerved; cystoliths linear; plants dioecious; pistillate flowers in

short-peduncled cymes.

Huanuco: Muna, 2,100 meters, 3984- — Junin: Dos de Mayo,

Pichis Trail, 1,800 meters, Killip & Smith 25885.— Ayacucho:

Carrapa, 1,500 meters, Kittip & Smith 22357.— Without locality:

Ruiz & Pavon (type).

Pilea Dombeyana Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 18: 221. 1852. P.

orbiculata Killip, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 15: 53. 1925.

A low, succulent herb; stipules broadly ovate, persistent; leaves

borne mostly near the ends of the branches, nearly orbicular, 7-25

mm. wide, short-petiolate, the cystoliths faint, fusiform; plants

monoecious or dioecious, the inflorescences unisexual, the staminate

flowers sessile in globose clusters in a few-branched panicle, the

pistillate in small, densely flowered, sessile cymes.

Huanuco: Chasqui, 3289 (type of P. orbiculata). — Dept. uncer-

tain: Between Callcan and Pelechuco, 3,600 meters, Pearce in 1864;

"Andes," Dombey (type). — Without locality: MacLean; "Herb.

Hooker 2031."

Pilea Fendleri Killip, nom. nov. Urtica dichroa Poepp. ex Wedd.

in DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 1: 61. 1869, as synonym. P. dauciodora var.

342 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

crenata Wedd. op. cit. 139, not P. crenata Britt. & Wils. P. daucio-

dora var. pilosula Wedd. loc. cit. P. leptophylla Killip, Contr. U. S.

Nat. Herb. 26: 387. 1936, not Urban.

A very slender plant, with the stem repent toward the base, at

length ascending and few-several-branched ; leaves rotund-spatulate,

rhombic-orbicular or nearly orbicular, 5-20 mm. long, subequal at a

node, cuneate, crenate or crenate-serrate above the middle, thin,

glabrous or sparsely pilosulous with hyaline hairs, the cystoliths

linear or fusiform, conspicuous; plants monoecious or dioecious, the

heads unisexual or androgynous, peduncled in the upper axils.

Huanuco: Cochero, Poeppig 1552.— Without locality: Poeppig

1383. Also in Venezuela and Colombia.

In a list in the Prodromus of species excluded from Urtica Weddell

gives U. dichroa Poepp., an herbarium name apparently, as equaling

Pilea nummularifolia. He does not, however, cite the name in the

synonymy of the latter. Poeppig's No. 1552, in the Vienna herbarium,

bears this name in Poeppig's handwriting, though the specimen is

clearly not P. nummularifolia.

Pilea foliosa Killip, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 377. 1936.

A glabrous, succulent herb with lax branches 50-150 cm. long;

leaves of a node unequal and dissimilar, the longer obovate, 5-10

mm. long, entire or obscurely undulate, the smaller subreniform,

1.5-3 mm. wide, entire; cystoliths linear, strongly elevated; plants

monoecious, the staminate flowers usually solitary, the pistillate

solitary or in small, subsessile clusters.

Junin: Carpapata, 3,000 meters, Killip & Smith 24400 (type).

Huacapistana, 1,900 meters, Killip & Smith 24281. Chanchamayo

Valley, Schunke 498, 678, 992.

Pilea Haenkei Killip, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 384. 1936.

A glabrous herb 25 cm. high or more; leaves of a node similar but

very unequal, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, cordulate, crenate-

serrate to the base, triplinerved, densely covered with fusiform and

punctiform cystoliths above and fusiform ones beneath, the larger

leaves 9-13 cm. long, 3.5-4 cm. wide, petiolate, the smaller ones

1.5-2 cm. long, subsessile; plants dioecious, the staminate cymes

sessile or short-peduncled, densely flowered.

Peru, collected in the montana, but the precise locality unknown,

Haenke 1870 (type).

FLORA OF PERU 343

Pilea hirsuta (Pavon) Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 18: 220. 1852.

Urtica hirsuta Pavon ex Wedd. loc. cit., as synonym.

An erect, robust herb, the stem ferruginous- villous; leaves ovate-

elliptic, 7-15 cm. long, 3-7 cm. wide, coarsely serrate, rugulose, fer-

ruginous-hirsute on the nerves and veins, the cystoliths fusiform;

plants dioecious, the staminate and pistillate inflorescences similar,

paniculate, slightly longer than the adjacent petiole.

Peru, without locality, Ruiz (type).

Pilea hyalina Fenzl, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Math. Naturw.

(Wien) 1: 256. 1850. Urtica arvensis Poepp. ex Fenzl, loc. cit., as

synonym.

A slender, erect annual, the stem unbranched, pellucid, glabrous;

leaves rhombic-elliptic or ovate, 1-6 cm. long, 0.8-4.5 cm. wide,

acute, cuneate, coarsely serrate-dentate, thin-membranous, glabrous,

or sparsely hyaline-strigillose above, the cystoliths linear, faint;

plants monoecious, the inflorescences androgynous, cymose-pani-

culate, much shorter than the petioles.

Amazonas: Moyobamba, Mathews 1555, — San Martin: San

Roque, 1,400 meters, Williams 7149. — Huanuco: Cochero, Poeppig

1539.— Jum'n: La Merced, 800 meters, Killip & Smith 23593. San

Ramon, 1,600 meters, Killip & Smith 24676. Yapas, Pichis Trail,

1,400 meters, Killip & Smith 25580.— Ayacucho: Aina, 750-1,000

meters, Killip & Smith 22746. — Without locality: Mathews 2032;

Gay; Ruiz & Pavon. Widely distributed in the American tropics,

from Mexico to Chile, Brazil, and Argentina, at elevations up to

1,500 meters.

Pilea imparifolia WTedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 18: 212. 1852. P.

dendrophila Miq. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 4, pt. 1 : 202. 1853.

A decumbent, glabrous herb with numerous suberect branches;

larger leaf rhombic-ovate to elliptic-oblong, rarely obovate, 2-6

cm. long, 0.8-2 cm. wide, crenate-serrate above the middle, oblique,

sessile or short-^etioled, the smaller leaf obovate-orbicular or

orbicular-reniform, 0.8-1.5 cm. long, very asymmetrical, subentire;

plants dioecious, the cymes sessile or subsessile, few-flowered.

San Martin: Tarapoto, Spruce 4434- — Loreto: Rio Itaya, Killip

& Smith 29308, 29515, 29572. Mouth of Rio Napo, Tessmann 3721.

Mouth of Rio Santiago, Mexia 6365. Maucallacta, Klug 3950.

Between Rio Ucayali and Rio Huallaga, Huber 1519. — Junin: San

Nicolas, Pichis Trail, Killip & Smith 26038. Colombia to northern

344 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

Peru, eastward to the Guianas and Amazonian Brazil; at low

elevations.

Pilea lamioides Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 18: 213. 1852.

An unbranched herb up to 12 cm. high; leaves ovate, 1-2 cm.

long, 6-12 mm. wide, coarsely crenate-dentate, obtuse; plants

monoecious, the cymes androgynous, borne in the upper axils, the

staminate flowers short-pediceled in sessile clusters, the pistillate

sessile in short-peduncled clusters.

Lima: San Geronimo, 150 meters, 5910. Atocongo, Pennell

14751. Amancais, Weberbauer 1594- — Without locality: Dombey

(type) ; Pavon.

Pilea Macbridei Killip, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 15: 52. 1925.

A glabrous plant about 1 meter high, the stem slightly woody,

much branched; leaves ovate or orbicular-ovate, 3-5 cm. long, 1.5-

2.5 cm. wide, acuminate, cordulate, serrate, the cystoliths linear

above, punctiform beneath; plants monoecious, the staminate flowers

in a subglobose, slender-peduncled head or in glomerules forming a

once branched panicle, the pistillate in short-peduncled cymes.

Huanuco: Rio Chinchao, 2,800 meters, 5179 (type). — Junin:

Carpapata, 3,000 meters, Killip & Smith 24457.

Pilea macrocystolithica Killip, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:

384. 1936.

A glabrous, unbranched herb about 30 cm. high; leaves of a node

dissimilar and unequal, the larger one ovate or ovate-lanceolate,

4-6 cm. long, 2-3 cm. wide, obtuse or obtusely acuminate, short-

petiolate, serrulate, the smaller one suborbicular, 1.5-2 cm. wide,

subsessile, the cystoliths of the upper surface very numerous, linear,

elevated, 0.7-0.8 mm. long, those of the lower surface shorter and

obscure; plants apparently dioecious, the staminate cymes sub-

globose, on very slender peduncles about 2 cm. long.

Peru, collected in the montana, the precise locality unknown,

Haenke 1860 (type).

In the original account of this species a line in the description of

the cystoliths was accidentally omitted, so that the reason for the

selection of the specific name was not at all apparent.

Pilea marginata (Poepp.) Wedd. Arch. Mus. Paris 9: 238.

1856-57. Urtica marginata Poepp. ex Wedd. loc. cit., as synonym.

An erect, glabrous herb 80 cm. or more high; leaves oblong or

elliptic-oblong, 10-20 cm. long, 4-8 cm. wide, attenuate-acuminate,

FLORA OF PERU 345

undulate, subentire or denticulate toward the apex, coriaceous, the

cystoliths stellate, 3-rayed; plants apparently dioecious, the stami-

nate flowers in small glomerules in a short, narrow panicle.

San Martin: Tarapoto, Ule 6508. — Huanuco: Cochero, Poeppig

3045. Pampayacu, 1,100 meters, 5086. — Junin: San Nicolas, Pichis

Trail, 1,100 meters, Killip & Smith 26032.— Dept. uncertain: Rio

Amazonas, Poeppig 1088 (type), 2088.

Pilea microphylla (L.) Liebm. Dansk. Vid. Selsk. Skrift. V. 2:

296. 1851. Parietaria microphylla L. Syst. ed. 10. 1308. 1759. Pilea

muscosa Lindl. Coll. Bot. pi. 4- 1821.

A glabrous, succulent herb, 4-30 cm. high, variable in size and

habit; leaves usually crowded, thick, short-petioled, obtuse or sub-

acute, entire, those of a pair unequal, the larger usually obovate, up

to 1 cm. long, the smaller orbicular or obovate-orbicular, up to 3

mm. long, the cystoliths linear, transverse across the blade; plants

monoecious, rarely dioecious, the flower clusters androgynous or

unisexual, sessile or subsessile.

Amazonas: Chachapoyas, Mathews. — San Martin: Tarapoto,

Williams 6071; Spruce 4028; Ule 6657. San Roque, Williams 7233.

Rio Huallaga, Williams 4082, 6662. Zepelacio, King 3719,—Loreto:

Iquitos, Killip & Smith 27500. Puerto Mele*ndez, Tessmann 4742. —

Huanuco: Piedra Grande, 1,500 meters, 3690. Cochero, Poeppig in

1830.— Junin: La Merced, 700 meters, Killip & Smith 24073. Rio

Paucartambo, Killip & Smith 25329. — Without locality: Ruiz &

Pawn. Throughout the American tropics. Often cultivated as a

border plant or in pots.

Pilea minutiflora Krause, Bot. Jahrb. 37: 529. 1906.

A glabrous herb 30-40 cm. high; leaves ovate-lanceolate or ovate-

elliptic, 3-8 cm. long, 1.5-3 cm. wide, acuminate, rounded or cordu-

late at the base, crenate-serrate, the cystoliths few and faint; plants

usually dioecious, the flowers in small clusters, the staminate ones

forming a once branched panicle, the pistillate forming subdichoto-

mcus cymes up to 7 cm. long.

Junin: Huacapistana, 1,900-2,000 meters, Weberbauer 2027 (type).

Huariaca, 2,900 meters, 3126. — Puno: Sandia, Weberbauer 575.

The Indians are said to use this as a remedy for unrequited love.

Pilea multiflora (Poir.) Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 18: 218.

1852, in part. Urtica multiflora Poir. in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. 4:

223. 1816. Pilea anomala Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 18: 217. 1852.

346 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

An erect, glabrous herb up to 1 meter high, the stem simple or

few-branched; leaves oblong-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 4-15

cm. long, 1.5-4 cm. wide, suboblique, long-acuminate, sharply ser-

rulate, the cystoliths linear and punctiform, faint; plants monoecious

or dioecious, the inflorescences unisexual, both kinds cymose-pani-

culate, diffuse.

Huanuco: Pampayacu, 2,100 meters, Weberbauer 6812. — Junin:

Pichis Trail, about 1,700 meters, Kittip & Smith, 25775, 25801,

25913, 25929.— Puno: Sandia, Weberbauer 6521. — Cuzco: Cerro de

Cusilluyoc, Pennell 14013. — Without locality: Jussieu (type). Also

in Bolivia.

Pilea nerteroides Killip, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 377. 1936.

P. cordifolia Killip, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 15: 50. 1925, not Benth.

A slender, prostrate herb, leafy throughout; stem villosulous;

stipules ovate, persistent; leaves cordate, up to 4 mm. long and 5 mm.

wide, villosulous, covered with punctiform cystoliths; staminate

flowers borne singly or in pairs, the peduncles 3-6 mm. long; pistil-

late flowers in 4-6-flowered, pedunculate umbels.

Huanuco: Tambo de Vaca, 4,000 meters, 4395 (type).

Pilea nitida Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 18: 211. 1852.

A very slender, glabrous plant, up to 10 cm. high; leaves elliptic-

ovate, obtuse at both ends, 4-15 mm. long, 2.5-8 mm. wide, entire

or rarely subcrenulate, obscurely 3-nerved, bearing linear cystoliths

on the upper surface; plants monoecious, the flowers in compact,

androgynous heads shorter than the petioles.

Cajamarca: San Pablo, 2,300 meters, Weberbauer 3872. — Lima:

San Agustin, Weberbauer 5244- — Without locality: Dombey (or Ruiz

& Pawn[1}; type).

Pilea nummularifolia (Sw.) Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 18:

225. 1852. Urtica nummularifolia Sw. Act. Holm. 1787: 63. pi. 1,

f. 2. 1787.

A repent or trailing plant, with a slender, villosulous or glabres-

cent stem; leaves orbicular, 5-12 mm. wide, crenate, strigillose with

stiff, hyaline hairs; plants monoecious or dioecious, the inflorescences

apparently unisexual, sessile, the staminate subumbellate, the pistil-

late cymose.

Loreto: Pebas, on the Rio Amazonas, Williams 1917. Also in

Venezuela and the West Indies.

FLORA OF PERU 347

Pilea nutans (Poepp.) Wedd. Arch. Mus. Paris 9: 196. pi. 7,

f. 11-13. 1856-57. Urtica nutans Poepp. ex Wedd. loc. cit., as

synonym. Pilea Herrerae Mildbr. ex Herrera, Anal. Univ. Cuzco 1 :

147. 1926, name only.

A diffuse, much branched, glabrous herb; leaves appearing in

4's (rarely in 3's) due to the presence at each node of 1 or 2 borne on

very short branchlets, serrate or crenate-serrate, triplinerved, the

cystoliths linear, the larger leaves of a node rhombic-ovate or

rhombic-lanceolate, 8-25 mm. long, 4-15 mm. wide, the smaller ones

rhombic or broadly ovate, up to 5 mm. long; plants dioecious, the

staminate flowers in small, 8-12-flowered, globose heads.

Huanuco: Cochero, Poeppig 1565 (type). — Junin: Huacapistana,

1,800 meters, Kittip & Smith 24274- Dos de Mayo, Pichis Trail,

Killip & Smith 25789. Porvenir, Pichis Trail, Kittip & Smith

25895. Pasla, Raimondi 9290. — Cuzco: Rio Yanamayo, Pennell

14049. Urubamba Valley, Cook & Gilbert 1095. Cosnipata Valley,

Herrera 6. — Puno: Ollachca, Raimondi 9649. — Without locality:

Dombey. Also in Bolivia. "Chia-chia," "quisa," "yuncaquisa."

Pilea Pavonii Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 18: 219. 1852. Urtica

cymosa Pavon ex Wedd. loc. cit., as synonym.

An erect herb, 40-60 cm. high, with a stout, quadrangular, rufo-

villosulous stem; leaves broadly ovate, 6-10 cm. long, 4-6 cm. wide,

short-acuminate, crenate-serrate, subcoriaceous, appressed-pilosu-

lous above, densely ferruginous-hirsute beneath, the cystoliths fusi-

form and punctiform beneath; plants monoecious, the staminate

inflorescences borne in the upper axils on stout peduncles, globose,

compact, the pistillate sessile or subsessile in the middle axils, cymose-

paniculate, much shorter than the adjacent petiole.

Huanuco: Muna, 2,000 meters, -4075. — Without locality: Pavon

(type).

Pilea pichisana Killip, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 383. 1936.

A slender, glabrous, subrepent herb, with lax branches up to 20

cm. long; leaves of a node unequal but similar, ovate-lanceolate,

acute or acuminate, petiolate, crenate-serrate nearly to the base, the

cystoliths all punctiform, the larger leaf 2-2.8 cm. long, the smaller

one 0.5-1.2 cm. long; plants dioecious, the pistillate flowers in sub-

sessile cymes.

Junin: Dos de Mayo, Pichis Trail, 1,800 meters, Kittip & Smith

25876 (type).

348 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

Pilea Poeppigiana Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 18: 225. 1852.

A glabrous plant, with the stem repent, at length erect, 30-50

cm. high; stipules broadly ovate, persistent; leaves ovate-lanceolate,

rarely oblanceolate, up to 15 cm. long and 7 cm. wide, acuminate,

cuneate at the base, coarsely crenate-serrate, the petioles up to 7

cm. long, the cystoliths fusiform and punctiform; plants dioecious,

the pistillate inflorescence cymose-paniculate, borne in the upper

axils, long-peduncled.

San Martin: Tarapoto, Ule 6844. — Huanuco: Yanano, 1,800

meters, 3770. Cochero, Poeppig 1032, 1539B.—Pichis Trail, 1,800

meters, Killip & Smith 25826, 25902. — Department uncertain:

"Subandean region," Poeppig (type). Also in the Amazon basin of

Colombia and Ecuador.

Pilea pubescens Liebm. Dansk. Vid. Selsk. Skrift. V. 2: 302.

1851.

Stem repent, at length erect and usually with several erect or

ascending branches, strigillose; leaves massed at the end of the stem

or branches, wanting or much reduced below, broadly ovate or

elliptic-ovate, up to 7 cm. long and 6 cm. wide, crenate-serrate,

sparingly strigillose above with hyaline hairs, or nearly glabrous,

hirsutulous beneath on the nerves and veins, the cystoliths linear

and fusiform above; plants monoecious or dioecious, the staminate

flowers in a sessile cluster at the base of the cymose-paniculate,

peduncled pistillate inflorescences, or scattered among the pistillate

flowers.

San Martin: San Roque, 1,350-1,500 meters, Williams 6957,

7695. Tarapoto, Spruce 4455. Widely distributed in the American

tropics.

Pilea pulegifolia (Poir.) Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 18: 218.

1852. Urtica pulegifolia Poir. in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. 4: 224. 1816.

An herb with an elongate stem and numerous densely tomen-

tellous, leafy branches; leaves appearing in 4's due to the presence

at each node of a pair borne on a very short branchlet, ovate, 3-6

mm. long, 2-4 mm. wide (those of a node similar but slightly un-

equal), obtuse, crenate-serrulate, the petioles tomentellous, the

cystoliths linear, conspicuous; plants dioecious, the staminate flow-

ers in small, pedunculate cymes in the upper axils.

Peru: Churugallana, Dombey (type).

FLORA OF PERU 349

Pilea punctata (HBK.) Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 18: 222.

1852. Urtica punctata HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 38. 1817.

An erect or ascending, glabrous herb, 20-40 cm. high; leaves

ovate, 3-8 cm. long, 1.5-3 cm. wide, acuminate, rounded at the base,

coarsely crenate-serrate, triplinerved well above the base, black-

punctate beneath, the cystoliths fusiform; plants monoecious or

dioecious, the inflorescences androgynous or unisexual, cymose,

longer than the adjacent petioles.

Cajamarca: Zaulaca, Humboldt & Bonpland (type). — Amazonas:

Chachapoyas, 1,600 meters, Weberbauer 1+307. — Without locality:

Ruiz & Pawn.

Pilea pusilla Krause, Bot. Jahrb. 37: 530. 1906.

A slender herb up to 10 cm. high, the stem filiform; leaves sub-

orbicular or subreniform, up to 1 cm. long and 1.5 cm. wide, obtuse,

subtruncate at the base, sharply serrulate, the cystoliths all puncti-

form; plants monoecious, the flower clusters forming slender-

peduncled panicles.

Junin: Palca, 1,900-2,000 meters, Weberbauer 2023 (type).

Pilea ramosissima Killip, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 380. 1936.

A diffuse herb, the stem slightly woody, with numerous lateral,

pubescent branches; leaves appearing in 4's, unequal and slightly

dissimilar, crenate-serrate, essentially glabrous except for the pubes-

cent petioles, the larger leaves rhombic-ovate, 1-3 cm. long, 7-15

mm. wide, obtuse, the smaller ones orbicular or ovate-orbicular,

4-5 mm. long, the cystoliths faint on the under surface; plants

dioecious, the pistillate flowers in small, 10-flowered, compact cymes,

their peduncles 1-1.3 cm. long.

Huanuco: Chaglla, 2,800 meters, 3650 (type).

Pilea serpyllacea (HBK.) Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 18: 205.

1852. Urtica serpyllacea HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 37. 1817. U.

thymifolia HBK. loc. cit. Pilea globosa Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III.

18 : 208. 1852. P. thymifolia Blume, Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 2 : 44. 1855.

A glabrous, very succulent herb, red-tinged throughout; leaves

nearly globular, 1-5 mm. in diameter, entire or shallowly crenate,

transversely striate with linear cystoliths; plants monoecious, or the

staminate flowers sometimes wholly wanting, the pistillate flowers

in peduncled cymes.

Cajamarca: Hualgayoc, Weberbauer 4054; Raimondi 2209.

Callacate, Raimondi 5639. — Huanuco: Huacachi, 2,000 meters,

350 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

3868, 4087. Huanuco, 2,200 meters, 3512; Pearce 118. Casapi,

Poeppig 1381. — Lima: Matucana, 2,500 meters, 447. Rio Blanco,

3,200 meters, Killip & Smith 21601.— Junin: Carpapata, 2,400

meters, Killip & Smith 24334- Tambo de Viso, Weberbauer 158.—

Cuzco: Cuzco, Herrera 51; Weberbauer 4892. Urubamba Valley,

1,800 meters, Cook & Gilbert 262, 1035; Herrera 2288. Apurimac

Valley, Herrera 3065. Ollantaitambo, Pennell 1 3657.— Without

locality: Ruiz & Pavon (type) ; Jussieu. Western Venezuela to Peru

and Bolivia, 2,000-3,500 meters altitude. "Accoicarpa," "quisa,"

"kkuru-quisa."

Pilea Spruceana Wedd. in DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 1: 161. 1869.

A low herb, the stem repent, at length erect, sparsely villous;

leaves oblong or ovate-oblong, 2-8 cm. long, 1.5-4 cm. wide, obtuse

or subacute, crenate-serrate, sparingly ciliate, strigillose above,

villous beneath, the cystoliths punctiform and fusiform, the latter

more numerous at the margin; plants monoecious or dioecious, the

pistillate flowers in short-peduncled cymes, the staminate flowers

subsessile at the base of the pistillate inflorescence.

San Martin: Tarapoto, Spruce 4376 (type). — Loreto: Cumbasa,

Ule 6843. — Huanuco: Posuso, Pearce 284- Also in Bolivia.

Pilea strigosa Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 18: 225. 1852. P.

repens var. strigosa Wedd. in DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 1: 156. 1869.

A low herb, the stem ferruginous-hirsute, repent at the base, with

lax branches; leaves suborbicular to broadly ovate, 8-25 mm. long,

rounded or subacute at the apex, crenate-serrate, strigose above,

ferruginous-hirsutulous on the nerves beneath; plants usually

monoecious, the cymes unisexual, pedunculate, the staminate sub-

globose, the pistillate paniculiform.

Loreto: Santa Rosa, 135 meters, Killip & Smith 28835, 28843.

—Huanuco: Cochero, Poeppig 1552 in part. — Junin: Dos de Mayo,

Pichis Trail, Killip & Smith 25795. — Without locality: Mathews

2031 (type). Also in Bolivia.

Pilea subamplexicaulis Killip, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:

390. 1936.

A glabrous plant 35 cm. high or more; leaves lanceolate or oblong-

lanceolate, 7-20 cm. long, 2.5-6 cm. wide, acuminate or attenuate-

acuminate, cordate or slightly clasping at the base, with numerous

fusiform and fewer punctiform cystoliths; plants dioecious; stami-

FLORA OF PERU 391

nate flowers in loose cymes up to 2 cm. long, the pistillate in short,

sessile cymes.

San Martin: Tarapoto, 1,100 meters, Ule 6588 (type). San

Roque, 1,350-1,500 meters, Williams 7425.

Pilea submissa Wedd. in DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 1: 151. 1869.

Plant terrestrial, or repent on tree trunks, the erect or ascending

portion of the stem less than 10 cm. long, pubescent; leaves rhombic-

elliptic, 4-9 cm. long, 1.5-3.5 cm. wide (extremes up to 15 cm. long

and 5 cm. wide), narrowed at both ends, short-petioled, crenate-

serrulate, glabrous above, hispidulous on the nerves and veins

beneath, the cystoliths fusiform, faint; plants monoecious or dioe-

cious, the cymes unisexual, the staminate borne at the rooting,

leafless nodes, their peduncles 4-8 cm. long, the pistillate at the upper

axils, their peduncles 2.5-3 cm. long.

San Martin: Tarapoto, Spruce 4155 (type). — Loreto: Pongo de

Manseriche, 250 meters, Mexia 6359. Pumuyacu, King 3186.—

Junin: San Nicolas, Pichis Trail, 1,100 meters, Kittip & Smith 26023.

Pilea suffruticosa Krause, Bot. Jahrb. 37: 529. 1906.

An erect, glabrous, suffrutescent plant, about 2 meters high, the

stem unbranched; leaves narrowly elliptic to ovate-elliptic, 5-8

cm. long, 2-3 cm. wide, acute, serrulate, the cystoliths fusiform,

prominent; plants apparently dioecious, the staminate inflorescences

cymose-paniculate, much longer than the adjacent petiole.

Amazonas: Chachapoyas, 2,500 meters, Weberbauer 4387 (type).

Pilea verrucosa Killip, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 15: 53. 1925.

A few-branched, glabrous shrub, about 1 meter high, the stem

verrucose-roughened; leaves ovate or subrhombic, 2-3.5 cm. long,

1-2.5 cm. wide, acute, crenate-serrate, the cystoliths punctiform;

plants monoecious, the inflorescences unisexual, the staminate

flowers in much branched panicles in the upper axils, the pistillate in

subsessile cymes in the lower axils.

Huanuco: Rio Chinchao, 2,800 meters, 5201 (type).

Pilea Weberbaueri Killip, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 380. 1936.

A branched, glabrous herb, up to 30 cm. high; leaves opposite or

sometimes appearing in 3's or 4's due to the presence at a node of a

pair of leaves on very short secondary branches, without cystoliths,

the larger leaves oblong-oblanceolate, 7-12 mm. long, 3-6 mm.

wide, obtusely acuminate, petiolate, 3-5-toothed near the apex, the

352 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

smaller ones orbicular-reniform, 3-5 mm. long, 4-6 mm. wide,

sessile or subsessile; plants apparently dioecious, the pistillate

flowers in dense clusters in a compact cyme, the peduncles filiform.

Junin: Between Palca and Huacapistana, 1,900-2,000 meters,

Weberbauer 2022 (type).

Species doubtfully occurring in Peru

Pilea angustata Killip, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 378. 1936.

This is based upon a Grisar collection in the Paris Herbarium, said

to have come from Ecuador or Peru. In view of other specimens in

this collection, it is probable that most, if not all, came from Ecuador.

3. BOEHMERIA Jacq.

Trees, shrubs, or perennial herbs, unarmed; leaves opposite or

alternate, toothed, 3-nerved, those of the adjacent nodes sometimes

unequal and dissimilar; plants monoecious or dioecious, the flowers

in globose, usually unisexual clusters in the leaf axils or forming a

spike; staminate flowers 4 (rarely 3 or 5) -parted; pistillate flowers

tubular, contracted at the throat, 2-4-toothed or entire, the stigma

filiform; achene enclosed in the persistent perianth.

Flower clusters forming long spikes. Leaves opposite . . .B. caudata.

Flower clusters in the leaf axils.

Leaves opposite B. Mathewsii.

Leaves alternate.

Under surface of leaves appressed-silvery-sericeous. .B. Pavonii.

Under surface of leaves not sericeous.

Leaves coriaceous, strongly bullate, the larger usually nar-

rowly lanceolate B. aspera.

Leaves membranous, flat or slightly rugulose, the larger

ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate.

Styles about 1 mm. long; leaves of the adjacent nodes

similar and subequal J5. brevirostris.

Styles 1.5-2 mm. long; leaves of the adjacent nodes very

dissimilar and unequal.

Leaves coarsely crenate-serrate, pale and pilosulous

beneath B. fallax.

Leaves closely serrulate, concolorous, appressed-hispid-

ulous beneath . . . B. anomala.

FLORA OF PERU 353

Boehmeria anomala (Wedd.) Killip, sp. nov. B. Pavonii

var. anomala Wedd. in DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 1: 199. 1869.

A slender, open shrub, or a tree, about 4 meters high, the branches

flexuose, appressed-hirsutulous; leaves alternate, those of the adja-

cent nodes very unequal and dissimilar, the larger ovate-lanceolate

or oblong-lanceolate, 6-15 cm. long, 1.5-6 cm. wide, attenuate-

acuminate, often strongly oblique, closely serrulate, short-petioled,

membranous, appressed-hispidulous on both surfaces, concolorous,

the smaller leaves (rarely present in herbarium specimens) ovate or

suborbicular, 3-5 mm. long, 3 mm. wide, sessile; plants apparently

dioecious, the flower clusters about 5 mm. wide.

San Martin: Tarapoto, Spruce 3962 (type). — Junin: La Merced,

600 meters, 5268. — Ayacucho: Choimacota Valley, 1,400 meters,

Weberbauer 7529.

This is more closely related to B. fallax than to B. Pavonii.

Boehmeria aspera Wedd. Arch. Mus. Paris 9: 349. pi. 11, f.

24-28. 1856-57. B. diversifolia • Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. IV. 1: 202.

1854, not Miquel, 1851. B. Pavonii var. diversifolia Wedd. in DC.

Prodr. 16, pt. 1: 199. 1869, in part.

A shrub 1-3 meters high, densely leafy throughout, the branch-

lets grayish- or blackish-hirsute; leaves alternate, those of the adja-

cent nodes very unequal and somewhat dissimilar, the larger lanceo-

late, usually narrowly so, 4-13 cm. long, 1-4 cm. wide, long-acuminate,

crenate-serrate, short-petioled, coriaceous, strongly bullate, smooth

or hispid above, densely cano-hirsute beneath, the smaller leaves

ovate, 1-3 cm. long, 0.8-1.5 cm. wide, acute, subsessile; plants

monoecious, the flower clusters up to 8 mm. wide, predominately

pistillate, sometimes with a few staminate flowers intermingled.

Huanuco: Piedra Grande, 1,500 meters, 3698. Muiia, Pearce

120. — Junin: Palca, Dombey (type of B. diversifolia Wedd.). Hua-

capistana, 1,800-2,400 meters, Killip & Smith 24109, 24352; Weber-

bauer 1994. — Ayacucho: Carrapa, 1,500 meters, Killip & Smith

22324- — Without locality: Ruiz & Pavon. Also in Colombia.

Boehmeria brevirostris Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. IV. 1: 201. 1854.

A shrub about 3 meters high, the branchlets cano-hirsute; leaves

of the adjacent nodes similar and subequal, ovate or broadly ovate-

lanceolate, 3-15 cm. long, 2-7 cm. wide, attenuate-acuminate,

usually cordate, coarsely crenate-serrate, membranous, flat, ap-

pressed-hispid above, softly pubescent beneath; plants monoecious

354 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

or dioecious, the flower clusters 4-6 mm. wide, unisexual or

with a few staminate flowers in the pistillate heads; styles about

1 mm. long.

Junin: Rio Perene", near Colonia Perene", 600 meters, Killip &

Smith 25168. — Without locality: Mathews 2039 in part (type).

Boehmeria caudata Sw. Prodr. 34. 1788. B. peruviana Blume,

Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 2: 224. 1856.

A shrub or a small tree, up to 8 meters high; leaves opposite,

large, broadly ovate to elliptic, up to 25 cm. long and 10 cm. wide,

acute or acuminate, finely serrate to crenate-serrate, membranous,

flat or rugulose, hispid above, sparingly to densely pubescent beneath ;

plants dioecious, the flowers in dense clusters forming elongate

spikes; fruiting perianth at length broadly obovate, compressed.

Junin: Alcotanga, Raimondi 9199. — Ayacucho: Carrapa, Killip

& Smith 22338.— Cuzco: Urubamba Valley, Cook & Gilbert 886.

Santa Ana, Cook & Gilbert 1644- Cedrobamba, Herrera 2008.

Machupicchu, Herrera 3214, 3216, 3244, 3245.— Puno: Sandia,

Weberbauer 649. — Without locality: Gay 636. Widely distributed in

tropical America. "Quisa-quisa" (Cuzco).

Boehmeria fallax Wedd. Arch. Mus. Paris 9: 346. 1856-57. B.

fallax var. cordata Wedd. in DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 1: 198. 1869.

A much branched shrub 2-5 meters high, with slender, hir-

sutulous or puberulent branches; leaves alternate, those of the

adjacent nodes very unequal and dissimilar, the larger ovate-

lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 2-15 cm. long 1-6 cm. wide, long-

acuminate, short-petioled, coarsely crenate-serrate, membranous,

flat or slightly rugulose, scaberulous and more or less hispidulous

above, pilosulous and pale beneath, the smaller leaves suborbicular-

reniform, about 5 mm. wide, few- toothed, sessile, soon deciduous;

plants monoecious or rarely dioecious, the flower clusters androgy-

nous or unisexual, up to 5 mm. wide.

Huanuco: Casapi, Mathews 2036 (type). — Junin: La Merced, 700

meters, Killip & Smith 23662, 23712. Between San Nicolas and

Azupizu, Pichis Trail, Killip & Smith 26113. — Ayacucho: Carrapa,

1,500 meters, Killip & Smith 22954- Aina, 1,000 meters, Killip &

Smith 22765. Estrella, 500 meters, Killip & Smith 23087. —Cuzco:

Urubamba Valley, 1,800 meters, Cook & Gilbert 1118.— Without

locality: Pavon (type of B. fallax var. cordata); Poeppig 1623;

Mathews 2037. Also in Bolivia.

FLORA OF PERU 355

Boehmeria Mathewsii Killip, nom. nov. Boehmeria hirta Wedd.

Ann. Sci. Nat. IV. 1: 202. 1854, not Swartz, 1788. B. Weddelliana

Killip, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 15: 55. 1925, not Vidal, 1886.

A compact shrub 1.5-2 meters high, the branches densely hir-

sute; leaves opposite, broadly ovate, 6-10 cm. long, 3-6 cm. wide

(extremes up to 21 cm. long and 13 cm. wide), acuminate, rounded

at the base, crenate-serrate, membranous, rugulose, hispid above,

cano-tomentose beneath, becoming glabrescent; plants apparently

dioecious, the flower clusters axillary, 8-10 mm. wide, the perianth

of the pistillate flowers about 2 mm. long.

Huanuco: Mufia, 2,200 meters, 4012. — Without locality: Matheivs

2039 in part (type of B. hirta Wedd.).

Boehmeria Pavonii Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. IV. 1: 202. 1854.

Procris longifolia Pavon ex Wedd. loc. cit., as synonym. Boehmeria

Pavonii var. diversifolia Wedd. in DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 1: 199. 1869,

in part. Phenax pallidus Rusby, Mem. Torrey Club 4: 259. 1895.

B. pallida Killip, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 21: 347. 1931, excluding

synonym "B. diversifolia Wedd."

A shrub or a tree, 2-6 meters high, the branchlets nearly straight,

finely appressed-pubescent; leaves alternate, those of the adjacent

nodes similar but usually very unequal, oblong-lanceolate or elliptic-

lanceolate, serrulate or crenate-serrulate, strongly trinerved, dis-

tinctly petioled, subcoriaceous, flat or slightly rugulose, appressed-

hispidulous above, pale and closely appressed-short-silvery-sericeous

beneath, the hairs pointing toward the middle of the areoles, the

larger leaves 4-16 cm. long, 1.5-4.5 cm. wide, attenuate-acuminate,

the smaller ones 1-3 cm. long, 0.5-1.5 cm. wide, sessile or short-

petioled; plants dioecious, rarely monoecious, the flower clusters

6-8 mm. wide, unisexual, rarely androgynous.

San Martin: Tarapoto, Spruce 4029, 4951; Williams 5772.

Zepelacio, 1,200-1,600 meters, King 3572. Alto Rio Huallaga,

Williams 6314, 6781. — Loreto: Balsapuerto, 220 meters, King

2915. — Junin: La Merced, 700 meters, 'Killip & Smith 23442.—

Ayacucho: Aina, 800 meters, Killip & Smith 23125. — Without

locality: Ruiz & Pav6n (type). Also in Bolivia. "Ishanga."

There has been much confusion regarding this species and B.

diversifolia Wedd., due to Weddell's varying interpretations in his

three surveys of the genus, and to the misidentification of historic

collections of Boehmeria in several European herbaria. Many of the

specimens cited above were distributed as B. pallida.

356 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

4. PHENAX Wedd.

Unarmed shrubs or suffrutescent herbs; leaves alternate, toothed,

rarely entire, 3-5-nerved; plants monoecious or dioecious, the flow-

ers in dense, sessile, axillary clusters, the staminate usually 4-lobed,

the pistillate without a perianth, subtended by several bractlets, the

stigma elongate-filiform, persistent.

Plants dioecious; leaves usually narrowly lanceolate, attenuate-

acuminate P. angustifolius.

Plants monoecious; leaves ovate or ovate-elliptic (lanceolate in one

species), acute, acuminate, or obtuse.

Leaves entire or with 1 or 2 coarse teeth.

Inflorescence densely flowered; leaves lanceolate, 1-2 cm. long,

quintuplinerved P. integrifolius.

Inflorescence loosely flowered; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate,

less than 1 cm. long, trinerved P. Weddellianus.

Leaves with several teeth.

Flower clusters unisexual, loosely flowered; leaves coarsely and

unequally crenate P. laxiflorus.

Flowers clusters androgynous; leaves serrate or crenate-serrate.

Leaves essentially glabrous, usually drying light green.

P. laevigatus.

Leaves pubescent, at least beneath, drying darker.

Stem slender, deeply angled, pilosulous; leaves membra-

nous; staminate and pistillate flowers subequal in num-

ber to a cluster P. hirtus.

Stem stout, subangular, hirsute; leaves coriaceous or sub-

coriaceous; staminate and pistillate flowers often very

unequal in number to a cluster P. rugosus.

Phenax angustifolius (HBK.) Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. IV. 1:

193. 1854. Boehmeria angustifolia HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 34.

1817. Procris longifolia Poepp. ex Wedd. loc. cit., as synonym.

Phenax Ulei Krause, Verh. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. 48: 151. 1906.

A slender shrub or suffrutescent herb, up to 3 meters high, with

several branches; leaves linear-lanceolate or lanceolate, 5-15 cm.

long, 0.5-5 cm. wide, gradually attenuate-acuminate, minutely

serrulate, glabrous above, sparingly strigillose on the nerves and

veins beneath, the nerves impressed above; plants dioecious; achenes

minute, granular, the style 4-5 mm. long.

FLORA OF PERU 357

Loreto: Raimondi 2203. Iquitos, Killip & Smith 27446. Near

Pongo de Manseriche, 100-200 meters, Killip, Smith & Dennis

29146; Mexia 6323. Cerro de Escolar (Escalera), 1,200 meters, Ule

6842 (type of P. Ulei). — Junin: Colonia Perene", 700 meters, Killip

& Smith 24911, 25336. La Merced, Killip & Smith 23568.— Aya-

cucho: Aina, Killip & Smith 22513. — Without locality: Poeppig

1315. Costa Rica to Colombia, Bolivia, and Brazil.

Phenax Ulei appears to be merely a variant with proportion-

ately broader leaves.

Phenax hirtus (Sw.) Wedd. in DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 1: 23538.

1869. Boehmeria hirta Sw. Prodr. 34. 1788. P. urticaefolius Wedd.

Ann. Sci. Nat. IV. 1: 192. 1854, in part. P. petiolaris Wedd. loc. cit.

A shrub or suffrutescent herb, 0.5-2.5 meters high, the stem and

branches slender, deeply angled, pilosulous; leaves ovate or rarely

ovate-lanceolate, 3-12 cm. long, 1.5-7 cm. wide, acute or acuminate,

dentate-serrate, thin, flat or slightly rugulose, sparingly hispid above,

hirtellous on the nerves beneath; plants monoecious, the glomerules

androgynous with the staminate and pistillate flowers nearly equal

in number; achenes verruculose.

San Martin: San Roque, 1,400 meters, Williams 7161. — Caja-

marca: Cajamarca, Raimondi 1765. Hualgayoc, Raimondi 4176.

Chorrillos, Raimondi 7204. Tambillo, Raimondi 4630, 6039. Ca-

llacate, Raimondi 4227. — Junin: Alcotanga, Raimondi 9198. — Aya-

cucho: Carrapa, 1,200 meters, Killip & Smith 22436. Aina, Killip

& Smith 23176. — Without locality: Ruiz & Pawn. This species is

widely distributed in tropical America. Some of the specimens

cited above have proportionately longer leaves than in typical

Jamaican material, and may represent a variety.

Phenax hirtus var. minor Wedd. in DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 1:

23539. 1869. P. urticaefolius var. minor Wedd. Arch. Mus. Paris

9: 496. 1856-57.

Leaves 0.8-3 cm. long, 0.5-2 cm. wide; flower clusters usually

smaller than in the typical form.

Loreto: Near Yurimaguas, 135 meters, Killip & Smith 27863,

28849. — Cajamarca: Chorrillos, Raimondi 7760. — Lima: Matucana,

233, 2883. Obrajillo, Wilkes Expedition. Lima, Raimondi 12894-

Phenax integrifolius Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. IV. Bot. 1: 193. 1854.

Plant suffrutescent, the stem repent, at length procumbent or

ascending, diffusely branched, villous; leaves crowded, lanceolate,

358 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

1-2 cm. long, 3-8 mm. wide, entire, quintuplinerved, pilose; plants

monoecious, the glomerules densely flowered, androgynous; achenes

minutely granular.

Type a Peruvian plant collected by Pavon.

Phenax laevigatus Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. IV. 1: 192. 1854;

Arch. Mus. Paris 9: 497. pi 16 A. 1856-57.

A shrub 1-2.5 meters high, with spreading branches, the younger

ones pilosulous; leaves ovate, 3-9 cm. long, 1.5-4 cm. wide, acute or

acuminate, coarsely crenate-serrate or serrate, coriaceous, essentially

glabrous, sublustrous; plants monoecious, the glomerules androgy-

nous, 5-8 mm. in diameter.

Amazonas: Chachapoyas, Mathews 1556. — Huanuco: Mito,

2,700 meters, 1503. Huacachi, 2,000 meters, 4153. Pillao, Ruiz &

Pavon. — Junin: Huasa-huasi, Dombey (type). Huacapistana, Killip

& Smith 24099. Palca, Weberbauer 1775. — Lima: Above Lima,

Raimondi 12548. — Ayacucho: Carrapa, 2,200 meters, Killip &

Smith 22312. — Cuzco: Valle del Apurimac, Herrera. Also in Ecua-

dor and Bolivia.

Phenax laxiflorus Wedd. Arch. Mus. Paris 9: 499. 1856-57.

Plant suffrutescent, the branches slender, puberulent; leaves

ovate or elliptic, 1.5-4 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide, obtuse, coarsely and

unequally crenate with 2-4 crenations to a side, pilosulous above,

finely pubescent beneath; plants monoecious, the glomerules loosely

flowered, unisexual, the staminate in the lower axils, the pistillate

in the upper.

Huanuco: Pillao, Ruiz & Pavon (type). Muna, 2,500 meters,

4282, referred here doubtfully.

Phenax rugosus (Poir.) Wedd. in DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 1: 23538.

1869. Procris rugosa Poir. in Lam. Encycl. 5: 628. 1804. Boehmeria

ballotaefolia HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 35. 1817. Phenax ballotae-

folius Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. IV. 1: 192. 1854.

A shrub 2-3.5 meters high, the stem stout, subangular, densely

hirsute; leaves ovate, 4-12 cm. long, 2.5-7 cm. wide, crenate-ser-

rate, coriaceous or subcoriaceous, rugose, usually villous-tomentose

beneath ; plants monoecious, the glomerules very dense, the staminate

and pistillate flowers often very unequal in number in a glomerule;

achenes verruculose.

Huanuco: Muna, Pearce 158. — Junin: Carpapata, 3,000 meters,

Killip & Smith 24420. — Cuzco: Ollantaitambo, 3,000 meters, Cook

FLORA OF PERU 359

& Gilbert 588. Urubamba Vallay, Herrera 2248. Vilcanota Valley,

H err era 1077. — Dept. uncertain: Panahuanca, Mathews 931. —

Without locality: Jussieu (type); Mathews 2033; Gay 360, 1661.

Mexico to Venezuela and Bolivia. "Monte-pespeta" (Cuzco).

Phenax rugosus var. minor Wedd. in DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 1:

235 38. 1869.

Leaves elliptic-ovate, 1.5-2 cm. long, 0.8-1 cm. wide, subsessile,

serrate, thick-coriaceous, bullate, lustrous, glabrous above, tomentel-

lous beneath.

Junin: Tarma, Mathews 669 (type).

Phenax Weddellianus Killip, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 24: 43.

1934.

Plant suffrutescent, with a slender, glabrescent stem, diffusely

branched; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 5-18 mm. long, 3-8

mm. wide, entire or with 1-2 coarse teeth on either side, trinerved,

sparingly strigillose above, pilosulous beneath; plants monoecious,

the clusters loosely flowered, androgynous or rarely unisexual;

achenes narrowly ovoid.

Cuzco: Gay (type).

5. MYRIOCARPA Benth.

Unarmed trees or shrubs; leaves alternate, petiolate, toothed or

rarely subentire, trinerved, bearing cystoliths; plants dioecious,

rarely monoecious; staminate flowers in glomerules forming slender,

dichotomous spikes, the perianth 4-parted; pistillate flowers in

slender, elongate, dichotomous, sub-unilateral spikes, rarely in pani-

cles, without a perianth, the achenes compressed, stipitate or sessile,

often setose at the margin, the stigma lateral, semilunate.

Leaves ovate to ovate-oblong, conspicuously toothed nearly to

the base, membranous, the cystoliths of the upper surface

conspicuous M. stipitata.

Leaves prevailingly obovate, undulate-serrulate in the upper half,

coriaceous, the cystoliths obscure M. laevigata.

Myriocarpa laevigata Killip, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 15: 55.

1925.

A compact tree or shrub, up to 5 meters high, essentially glabrous

throughout; leaves obovate, rarely ovate, 7-14 cm. long, 4-8 cm. wide,

abruptly acuminate or acute, shallowly undulate-serrulate above the

middle, coriaceous, the cystoliths obscure; plants dioecious or some-

360 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

times monoecious, the spikes unisexual, once or twice forked near the

base, 6-15 cm. long; staminate flowers sessile in contiguous clusters;

achenes ovate-elliptic, setose at the margin, stipitate.

Huanuco: Muna, 2,300 meters, 3925 (type). Yanano, 1,800

meters, 3783. Rio Posuso, 1,900-2,000 meters, Weberbauer 6735,

6743. — Junin: Huacapistana, 1,800 meters, Killip & Smith 24186.

Myriocarpa stipitata Benth. Bot. Voy. Sulph. 168. pi. 55. 1844.

M. densiflora Benth. op. cit. 169. M. Dombeyana Wedd. Ann. Sci.

Nat. III. 18: 232. 1852. M. densiflora var. Dombeyana Wedd.

Arch. Mus. Paris 9: 487. 1856-57.

A tree 3-9 meters high, with a slender trunk, the branchlets

usually hirsute- tomentose; leaves broadly ovate to ovate-oblong,

10-25 cm. long, 6-12 cm. wide, acuminate, rounded or cordulate at

the base, crenate to crenate-serrulate, rugulose with age, bearing on

the upper surface conspicuous cystoliths which radiate from the

center of the areoles, membranous, essentially glabrous above,

sparingly pilosulous to densely tomentose beneath; spikes 1-3 times

forked near the base, the staminate shorter than the leaves, the

pistillate often much longer, up to 30 cm. long; achenes elliptic,

1-1.5 mm. long, subsessile or usually stipitate, generally setose at

the margin.

Piura: Prov. Huancabamba, 1,300 meters, Weberbauer 601 4-—

San Martin: Tarapoto, 750 meters, Spruce 4286; Ule 6507; Williams

6145. Pongo de Cainarachi, 230 meters, Klug 2748. Zepelacio, Klug

3536. — Loreto: Balsapuerto, 220 meters, Klug 2898. Pongo de

Manseriche, Mexia 6252. Rio Nanay, Williams 414' Cuschi,

1,600 meters, 4838. Pampayacu, Sawada 16. — Junin: Huasa-huasi,

Dombey (type of M. Dombeyana). Carpapata, 2,700 meters, Killip

& Smith 24374- Huacapistana, 2,000 meters, Killip & Smith

24139. La Merced, 600 meters, 5454; Killip & Smith 23475, 24059,

24064, 24075, 24077, 25386. Dos de Mayo, Pichis Trail, Killip &

Smith 25837, 25856. — Ayacucho: Carrapa, 1,000 meters, Killip &

Smith 22467, 22487. Aina, 900 meters, Killip & Smith 22687.

Estrella, 500 meters, Killip & Smith 23073. Kimpitiriki, 400 meters,

Killip & Smith 22952. — Cuzco: Urubamba Valley, 1,800 meters, Cook

& Gilbert 937, 1047, 1147.— Without locality: Mathews 2040 (type of

M. densiflora). Colombia to Venezuela and Ecuador. "Ishanga"

(Tarapoto), "tigre-tigre" (Cuzco).

M. densiflora was differentiated from M. stipitata on the basis of

the leaves being softly tomentose beneath and the achenes sub-

FLORA OF PERU 361

sessile rather than stipitate, and the two species have always been

considered distinct. The large number of specimens now available

fail to show a correlation of these or any other characters; the degree

of indument is highly variable and, even in a single spike, there is

variation in the relative length of the stipe to the body of the achene.

6. URERA Gaud.

Trees or shrubs, usually with stinging hairs; leaves alternate,

stipulate, petiolate, the cystoliths punctiform, linear, or wanting;

plants usually dioecious, the flowers small, in axillary, dichotomous

or irregularly branched cymes, the staminate with a 4-5-parted

perianth and 4-5 stamens, the pistillate with 4 equal or unequal

segments; stigma penicillate persistent; achene straight or oblique,

at least partially surrounded by the fleshy, enlarged perianth.

Leaves incised-lobed usually more than halfway to the midnerve.

U. laciniata.

Leaves not lobed, dentate, crenate, or subentire.

Achenes more than 2 mm. long; leaves coarsely dentate or sinuate-

dentate U. baccifera.

Achenes less than 2 mm. long; leaves crenate-dentate.

U. caracasana.

Urera baccifera (L.) Gaud, in Freyc. Voy. Uran. Bot. 497.

1826. Urtica baccifera L. Sp. PI. ed. 2. 1398. 1763.

A coarse, erect, subligneous herb, or a shrub, 1-4 meters high, the

stem densely covered with short, stout, stinging prickles; leaves

broadly ovate or round-ovate to oblong-ovate, up to 35 cm. long and

15 cm. wide, rounded or cordate at the base, coarsely dentate or

irregularly sinuate-dentate, glabrescent, rarely densely pubescent,

or with hairs or prickles, especially on the nerves; plants dioecious,

the flowers in much branched cymes; fruit succulent, white or rose-

colored, 3-5 mm. long.

San Martin: Chazuta, 260 meters, Klug 4029. — Loreto: Rio

Maranon Valley, 150 meters, Killip, Smith & Dennis 29169. Rio

Itaya, 110 meters, Killip & Smith 29376, 29465, 29579; Williams

3423. Mishuyacu, 100 meters, Klug 1085. Lower Rio Huallaga,

Williams 4350. — Huanuco: Muna, 2,200 meters, 3910. Monzon,

Weberbauer 3497, 3498.— Junm: Pichis Trail, Killip & Smith 25904,

26105, 26356.— Ayacucho: Aina, 900 meters, Killip & Smith 22794.

— Madre de Dios: Seringal, Ule 9330. Widely distributed in

tropical America.

362 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

Urera caracasana (Jacq.) Gaud, ex Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind.

154. 1859. Urtica caracasana Jacq. Hort. Schoenbr. 3: 71. pi. 396.

1798. Urera Jacquini Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 18: 200. 1852. U.

subpeltata Miq. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 4, pt. 1: 189. pi. 66. 1853. U.

acuminata Miq. op. cit. 190, not Gaud. U. Jacquini var. subpeltata

Wedd. Arch. Mus. Paris 9: 145. 1856-57. U. Jacquini var. Miqueli

Wedd. loc. cit. U. caracasana var. subpeltata Wedd. in DC. Prodr.

16, pt. 1: 90. 1869. U. caracasana var. Miqueli Wedd. loc. cit. U.

capitata var. Pavonii Wedd. op. cit. 92.

A shrub 1-6 meters high, with elongate branches, the young

twigs, petioles, inflorescence, and leaf veins usually armed with

stinging hairs; leaves broadly ovate or sometimes ovate-lanceolate,

variable in size, up to 30 cm. long and 25 cm. wide, acuminate, cor-

date at the base, usually with an open sinus but sometimes with a

closed sinus and overlapping basal lobes, crenate-dentate, scabrous

above, more or less pubescent beneath; plants dioecious, the cymes

regularly dichotomous, shorter than the petioles or often much

longer, the staminate flowers sessile in distinct, compact glomerules,

the pistillate flowers usually ternate, sometimes single or in dense

clusters, pedicellate or subsessile.

San Martin: Zepelacio, Klug 3554- Tarapoto, Spruce 4305.—

Loreto: Lower Rio Huallaga, Williams 4288, 4308, 4796, 4945.

Iquitos, Tessmann 3584; Williams 8041- Rio Maranon, Killip &

Smith 27518, 29230; Tessmann 3857, 4118. Pumayacu, Klug 3174.

Mishuyacu, Klug 441, 1071. Rio Putumayo, Klug 1639. Rio

Napo, Mexia 6469. Rio Amazonas, Williams 1861, 2005, 2673,

2789. Rio Nanay, Williams 490, 505, 802, 1256. Cerro de Escalera,

Ule 45 in part. Yarina-cocha, Tessmann 3198. — Huanuco: Casapi,

Mathews 2030. Monzon, Weberbauer 3704. — Junin: La Merced,

Killip & Smith 23929. Rio Perene", Killip & Smith 25151. — Ayacu-

cho: Kimpitiriki, Killip & Smith 22935. — Madre de Dios: Seringal,

Ule 9332. — Dept. uncertain: Pampa del Sacramento, Castelnau.—

Without locality: Ruiz & Pavdn (type of U. capitata var. Pavonii);

Gay; Poeppig; Fox 32. Widely distributed in tropical America.

"Ishanga," "ishangu del agua."

Urera caracasana is here interpreted in its widest sense. Many

of the specimens from northern Peru cited above have proportion-

ately narrower leaves than in the typical form and represent the

variety subpeltata. If further study proves that U. capitata, with

the pistillate flowers sessile in dense heads, is specifically distinct

from U. caracasana, some of this material, including the type of U.

FLORA OF PERU 363

capitata var. Pavonii, should be placed in that species. At present

it seems best to treat these as representing a young stage of U.

caracasana.

Urera laciniata (Goudot) Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 18: 203.

1852. Urtica laciniata Goudot ex Wedd. loc. cit., as synonym.

An erect, tree-like herb or often truly arborescent, 1-4 meters

high, the branches densely covered with stout bristles or spines;

leaves 15-35 cm. long and wide, deeply incised-lobed (lobes acumi-

nate, entire or few-toothed), membranous, spiny on the nerves

beneath, glabrescent; plants dioecious, the cymes up to 20 cm. long,

the staminate flowers in glomerules, the pistillate in glomerules or

distinct; achenes suborbicular, nearly 2 mm. long.

San Martin: Tarapoto, Spruce 4140. Alto Rio Huallaga, Wil-

liams 6799. San Roque, 1,350-1,500 meters, Williams 7785.—

Loreto: Mishuyacu, 100 meters, Klug 1079. Rio Nanay, Williams

451. Yurimaguas, 200 meters, Williams 4937. Rio Ucayali, Tess-

mann 3177. — Huanuco: Posuso, 600 meters, 4703. — Junin: La

Merced, 600 meters, 5315. Puerto Yessup, 400 meters, Killip &

Smith 26319. — Ayacucho: Estrella, 500 meters, Killip & Smith

22645. — Without locality: Haenke 1730; Ruiz & Pawn. Costa Rica

to Venezuela, Peru, and Bolivia. "Ishanga."

7. POUZOLZIA Gaud.

Low shrubs, rarely woody vines; leaves alternate, entire, toothed

in only a few American species, petiolate, 3-nerved, the upper sur-

face densely covered with punctiform cystoliths; plants monoecious,

rarely dioecious, the flowers in small, axillary clusters or in leafless

spikes; staminate perianth 4-5-parted or lobed, the stamens 3-5;

pistillate perianth tubular, 2-4-toothed, usually costate, the ovary

included, the stigma filiform, at length deciduous, the achenes

crustaceous, shiny.

Leaves entire.

Flower clusters in leafless spikes; plants scandent, dioecious,

glabrescent P. formicaria.

Flower clusters in the leaf axils; plants monoecious, densely

pubescent.

Under surface of the leaves hirtellous on the nerves, compactly

white-lanate between the nerves P. Poeppigiana.

Under surface of leaves densely brown-hirsute P. obliqua.

Leaves coarsely crenate-serrate P. longipes.

364 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

Pouzolzia formicaria (Poepp.) Wedd. Arch. Mus. Paris 9:

407. 1856-57. Boehmeria formicaria Poepp. ex Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat.

IV. 1:201. 1854.

A woody vine or a scandent shrub; leaves oblong-lanceolate, 4-

12 cm. long, 2-6 cm. wide, acuminate, rounded or cordulate at the

base, entire, subcoriaceous, concolorous, scabrid above, essentially

glabrous; plants dioecious, the flower clusters borne in spikes 8-15

cm. long; pistillate perianth about 2 mm. long, hispidulous; achenes

conical, about 1.5 mm. long, brownish white, the style about 3 times

longer, densely pubescent.

Loreto: Mainas, Poeppig 2287 (type). Rio Paranapura, 200

meters, Klug 3944- Rancho Indiana, 110 meters, Mexia 6411.

Mishuyacu, 100 meters, Klug 930. Iquitos, 120 meters, Williams

8117; Tessmann 3585, 3897, 3898. Rio Ucayali, Tessmann 3336.

Lower Rio Nanay, Williams 557. Florida, Rio Putumayo, 200

meters, Klug 1998, 2030, 2354.

Pouzolzia longipes Killip, sp. nov. P. procridioides var. hirsuta

Wedd. in DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 1: 231. 1869(?).

Herba monoica; folia late ovata, acuminata, grosse crenato-ser-

rata, supra setulosa, subtus in nervis puberula; glomeruli axillares,

androgyni vel unisexuales, perianthio masc. 4-lobato; achaenia

conica.

An herb 60-75 cm. high, woody below, the stem sparingly pilo-

sulous, at length glabrous, angulate; leaves broadly ovate, 5-10

cm. long, 3-6 cm. wide, acuminate, rounded and abruptly narrowed

at the base, coarsely crenate-serrate, membranous, sparingly setulose

above, puberulent on the nerves beneath, otherwise glabrous, the

petioles 2-5 cm. long; plants monoecious, the flower clusters axillary,

5-8 mm. wide, androgynous or unisexual; staminate perianth about

2.5 mm. long, deeply 4-lobed; pistillate perianth 1-1.5 mm. long,

scaberulous; achenes conical, nearly 1 mm. long, light brown, the

styles 3 mm. long, pubescent.

Junin: Enefias, Pichis Trail, 1,700-1,900 meters, dense forest,

July 2, 1929, Killip & Smith 25753 (type, U. S. Nat. Herb. No.

1,359,857; Field Mus. No. 632,801).

This species, one of the few American ones with toothed leaves, is

nearest the African P. procridioides (E. Mey.) Wedd., and agrees

well with the Bonpland specimen at Paris, labeled merely "Amer.

Trop.," which Weddell referred to P. procridioides. In addition to

the improbability of the African species occurring in Peru, there are

FLORA OF PERU 365

slight differences in the toothing of the leaves, the indument, and the

size of the achenes which suggest that another species is represented.

The type of P. procridioides var. hirsuta, a Pavon specimen in the

Boissier Herbarium, not examined in connection with the present

studies, may be P. longipes, though the description of the indument

does not well apply to the specimen cited above.

Pouzolzia obliqua (Poepp.) Wedd. Arch. Mus. Paris 9: 405.

1856-57. Margarocarpus obliquus Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. IV. 1:

204. 1854. Boehmeria obliqua Poepp. ex Wedd. loc. cit., as synonym.

A shrub or a small tree, 2-5 meters high, densely hirsute nearly

throughout; leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 2-14 cm. long, 1-5

cm. wide, attenuate-acuminate, rounded or cordulate at the base,

oblique, short-petioled, hispid above; plants monoecious or dioecious,

the flower clusters axillary, androgynous or unisexual; achenes light

brown or white, the styles 8-10 mm. long.

San Martin: Juanjui, Klug 1+169. — Loreto: Mainas, Poeppig 2032

(type). Guatemala to Venezuela and Peru, evidently uncommon

in Peru.

Pouzolzia Poeppigiana (Wedd.) Killip, Journ. Wash. Acad.

Sci. 21: 347. 1931. Margarocarpus Poeppigianus Wedd. Ann. Sci.

Nat. IV. 1 : 204. 1854. M. asper Wedd. loc. cit. Boehmeria discolor

Poepp. ex Blume, Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 2: 206. 1856. B. aspera

Blume, loc. cit., footnote, not Wedd. Pouzolzia discolor Wedd.

Arch. Mus. Paris 9: 408. pi. 13B, f. 18-24- 1856-57. P. aspera

Wedd. in DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 1: 233. 1869, not Wight.

A shrub 1-5 meters high, with elongate, villous branches; leaves

lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 2-15 cm. long, 1-4.5 cm. wide,

acuminate, rounded at the base, symmetrical or nearly so, entire,

above scabrous and hirsutulous, beneath rufo-hirtellous on the

nerves and compactly white-lanate between them; plants monoe-

cious, the flower clusters axillary, androgynous or unisexual, the

styles up to 1.5 cm. long, the achenes light brown or white, about

1 rnm. long.

San Martin: Lamas, 840 meters, Williams 6442; Spruce. Alto

Rio Huallaga, Williams 6683. Zepelacio, 1,400 meters, Klug 3437.

-Loreto: Rio Amazonas, Poeppig 3044- — Huanuco: Rio Huallaga

Canyon, 1,200 meters, 4328. — Junin: La Merced, 700 meters, Killip

& Smith 23386, 23528, 23586, 23938. Colonia Perene", Killip

& Smith 25024- — Ayacucho: Carrapa, 1,000 meters, Killip & Smith

22471.— Cuzco: Bues in 1930.— Without locality: "Peru subandina,"

366 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

Poeppig 1284 (type; also type of P. discolor); Ruiz & Pawn; Gay;

Mathews 2036, 2037. Also in Bolivia.

8. FLEURYA Gaud.

Annual herbs, usually with stinging hairs; leaves alternate,

petiolate, toothed, trinerved; plants monoecious or dioecious, the

flowers in clusters in large panicles, the staminate 4-5-parted, the

pistillate with 4 imbricate perianth segments, the stigma papillose,

at length hooked; achenes oblique, compressed.

Fleurya aestuans (L.) Gaud, in Freyc. Voy. Uran. Bot. 497.

1826. Urtica aestuans L. Sp. PI. ed. 2. 1397. 1762. F. glandulosa

Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 18: 205. 1852. F. aestuans var. glandu-

losa Wedd. Arch. Mus. Paris 9: 112. 1856-57. F. aestuans var. race-

mosa Wedd. in DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 1: 72. 1869.

An erect, simple or few-branched herb, up to 1.2 meters high, the

stem sometimes glandular; leaves broadly ovate, 7-17 cm. long, 2.5-

12 cm. wide, acute or acuminate, coarsely and sharply dentate,

slender-petioled, membranous, usually with a few stinging hairs

on the upper surface; panicles usually androgynous; achenes

1-1.5 mm. long.

Loreto: Fortaleza, Williams 4462. Puerto Arturo, 135 meters,

Killip & Smith 27755; Williams 5130, 5195. Iquitos, 100 meters,

Kittip & Smith 27074; Williams 1340, 1348, 8099, 8193. Lower

Rio Nanay, Williams 353. La Victoria, Williams 2603. Nauta,

Raimondi 2173. — Without locality: Poeppig 2086; Ruiz & Pawn.

Throughout tropical America.

9. PARIETARIA L.

Diffuse or tufted, slender herbs, without stinging hairs; leaves

alternate, entire, trinerved; flowers in small, axillary glomerules, the

staminate, pistillate, and perfect intermixed; perianth tubular,

4-parted; achenes straight, ovoid, lustrous.

Parietaria debilis Forst. Fl. Ins. Austr. Prodr. 73. 1786. P.

debilis var. ceratosantha Wedd. Arch. Mus. Paris 9: 515. 1856-57.

An erect or diffuse, pilosulous or glabrescent, annual herb; leaves

ovate, rhombic-ovate, or orbicular-ovate, 5-20 mm. long, obtuse or

rounded at the apex; clusters few-flowered.

Cajamarca: Cascas, Raimondi 8174. Tambillo, Raimondi 7995.

—Lima: Matucana, 2,500 meters, 262. Lima, 5870; Rose 18581.

Lurin, 5968. Atocongo, Pennell 14795. — Arequipa: Mollendo,

FLORA OF PERU 367

Hitchcock 22391, 22410; Johnston 3552. Tiabaya, 2,000 meters,

Pennell 13072. Arequipa, 2,600 meters Pennell 1 3194.— Locality

uncertain: Dombey; Weddell. Widely distributed in the warmer

parts of the world.

50. PROTEACEAE. Protea Family

Besides the following genera of this family, which is best repre-

sented in Australia, the silk-oak of Australia, Grevillea robusta Cunn.,

is doubtless cultivated, as in all warm regions, for shade. It may be

known by its fern-like leaves, silky-pubescent beneath.

Flowers showy, conspicuous above the leaves; hypogynous glands

large, or the disk entire or obscurely 3-lobed ... 1. Embothrium.

Flowers rather small, often inconspicuous; hypogynous glands or

scales 3-4 or the disk 4-lobed.

Inflorescence axillary, at least in part, 1-5 cm. long; hypogynous

glands 3; style laterally expanded 2. Lomatia.

Inflorescence usually terminal, often longer than the leaves;

hypogynous scales or glands 4.

Leaves conspicuously net-veined; fruit tardily dehiscent.

Leaves entire 3. Panopsis.

Leaves pinnate 4. Euplassa.

Leaves inconspicuously net- veined; fruit early dehiscent.

5. Roupala.

1. EMBOTHRIUM Forst.

Oreocallis R. Br. Trans. Linn. Soc. 10: 196. 1811.

Tall shrubs with long, willow-like branches, the ultimate ter-

minated by dense racemes of showy, strap-shaped, 1-petaled flowers.

Style oblong-fusiform or oblique at the tip. — The herbarium name

Catas Dombey is mentioned in synonymy by Lamarck, Encycl.

2: 355. 1786.

Inflorescence more or less reddish-pubescent E. grandiflorum.

Inflorescence glabrous, often pruinose-glaucous.

Leaves mostly 3-3.5 cm. wide, rarely 10 cm. long.

E. mucronatum.

Leaves mostly 4-5 cm. wide, usually 10-15 cm. long.

E. Weberbaueri.

Embothrium grandiflorum Lam. Encycl. 2: 354. 1786. E.

emarginatum R. & P. Fl. 1 : 62. pi. 95. 1798. Oreocallis grandiflora

R. Br. Trans. Linn. Soc. 10: 197. 1811.

368 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

Branchlets dark-barked, the youngest reddish-tomentose as the

new leaves beneath; petioles 1-2 cm. long; leaves coriaceous, gla-

brous and lustrous above, elliptic, acutish at the base, rounded and

mucronate or somewhat emarginate at the apex, about 10 cm. long

and half as wide; racemes often finally 10 cm. long; pedicels 1 cm.

long in flower, 3 cm. in fruit; flowers reddish, curved, 4-5 cm. long,

the perianth deeply 4-parted; anthers ovate, sessile; styles as long

as the perianth, persisting with the obliquely directed, peltate

stigma on the oblong-cylindric capsule; seeds winged, orbicular,

compressed. — A shrub or tree of 1-6 meters. Meisner in DC. Prodr.

14: 445. 1856, distinguished, under the name Oreocallis grandiflora:

var. emarginata. (R. & P.) Meisn., the leaves beneath and the branch-

lets pubescent; var. obtusifolia Meisn., the leaves glabrate; and

var. acutifolia Meisn., similar to the last but the leaves acute. Web-

erbauer (86) notes that the species is a widely spread east-Andean

type which, however, occurs in the inter- Andean valleys of the Hua-

llaga, etc., even to the western slopes in Cajamarca. Ruiz and Pavon

found the crushed leaves applied to bruises and to aching teeth, and

the flowering branches used to adorn altars and the arches carried

in processions. Illustrated, Weberbauer, 160.

Cajamarca: San Pablo, 2,400 meters, Weberbauer 3826; 256.

Huambos, 2,600-3,000 meters (Weberbauer 260). Toward Hual-

gayoc, 2,200 meters (Weberbauer 189). — Ancash: Huaraz (Weber-

bauer 179). Pichiu, 3,500 meters, Weberbauer 2922. — Huanuco:

Mito, 1380. Fifteen miles northeast of Huanuco, 3,000 meters,

2149. Yanano, 1,800 meters, 4936. Palca and Huasa-huasi, Ruiz

& Pavdn. Between Huanuco and Pampayacu, Kanehira 66.—

Junin: Huacapistana, 1,700 meters, Weberbauer 1742; 246. Chan-

chamayo, Isern 2179, 2302,—Cuzco: Valle de Lares (Hen era 788).

Santa Ana, 1,900 meters, Weberbauer 5000; 281. Without locality,

Diehl 2523. Pillahuata, 2,800 meters, Pennell 14084- Ecuador.

"Salta-perico," "tsacpa," "cucharilla," "zacpa," "llamas," "chappa,"

"cocaniro," "picahua," "catas," "machinparrani," "mastimpanrani."

Embothrium mucronatum Willd. ex R. & S. Syst. 3: 33. 1818.

Oreocallis Ruizii Klotzsch, Linnaea 20: 474. 1847.

Apparently very similar to E. grandiflorum but glabrous or nearly

so and the leaves often much smaller, oblongish, mucronate, some-

what lustrous above; terminal thyrse lax, the bracts sparsely pilose.

— A small shrub, perhaps only a variety of E. grandiflorum. Neg.

11772.

FLORA OF PERU 369

Huanuco: Ruiz (type). Pampayacu, Sawada P41- — Amazonas:

Chachapoyas, Raimondi (det. Diels); at 2,700 meters, Williams

7551. Ecuador. "Picahuay."

Embothrium Weberbaueri Perk. Bot. Jahrb. 45: 434. 1911.

A shrub of 3-5 meters, resembling E. mucronatum in lack of

pubescence but perhaps distinguishable by the larger, mostly

emarginate, obscurely mucronulate leaves and the terminal, racemose

inflorescence; racemes 20 cm. long or longer, the slender pedicels

2 cm. long; flowers rose-colored, 3.5-4 cm. long; fruits 4 cm. long,

the beak 2.5-3 cm. long, on stipes to nearly 4 cm. long. Neg. 11773.

Huanuco: Monzon, Prov. Huamalies, 1,000-1,500 meters,

Weberbauer 3464. (type).— San Martin: East of Moyobamba, 1,100

meters, Weberbauer 4762 (det. Perkins). Near Moyobamba, Klug

3417. San Roque, 1,400 meters, Williams 7820, 7668.

2. LOMATIA R. Br.

A shrub allied to Embothrium, but the axillary racemes rela-

tively short and few-flowered. Style expanded laterally at the

tip. — The generic name has been conserved.

Lomatia hirsuta (Lam.) Diels, comb. nov. Embothrium hirsu-

tum Lam. Encycl. 2: 355. 1786. E. obliquum R. & P. Fl. 1: 63. pi.

97. 1798. L. obliqua R. Br. Trans. Linn. Soc. 10: 196. 1811.

A glabrous-leaved shrub 2-3 meters high with reddish-villous

racemes about as long as the leaves, these coriaceous, lustrous above,

often colored beneath, ovate, very unequally serrate, 5-12 cm.

long, 2-5 cm. broad; perianth 1 cm. long, white; fruits pedicellate,

2.5-3.5 cm. long. — Some part of the plant is said to supply a dye.

Cajamarca: San Miguel, 2,600 meters, Weberbauer 3890. Cu-

tervo, Jelski. — Piura: At 3,000 meters, Weberbauer 6053. Rio Piura

and Nancho, Raimondi (det. Diels). — Libertad: East of the Mara-

fion, Raimondi (det. Diels). Chile. "Raral," "andaga," "garo,"

"shiapash."

3. PANOPSIS Salisb.

Andriapetalum Pohl, PI. Bras. Icon. 1: 113. 1827.

Shrubs or small trees with entire, often verticillate leaves.

Racemes axillary and terminal. Filaments obvious, borne below the

middle of the perianth lobes. Disk cupulate, 4-lobed. Fruit a hard,

1-seeded drupe. — The later name of Pohl was accredited to Schott

by Endlicher as Andripetalum.

370 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

Pedicels rigid, 10-12 mm. long, glabrous P. acuminata.

Pedicels lax, 5-6 mm. long, pubescent P. rubescens.

Panopsis acuminata (Meisn.) Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 66.

1931. Andriapetalum rubescens Pohl, var. acuminatum Meisn. in

DC. Prodr. 14: 346. 1856.

Leaves subsessile, oblong-lanceolate, acute to long-acuminate,

2.5-4 cm. wide, finely reticulate-veined on both sides, glabrous;

racemes glabrous, the stiff pedicels divaricate; flowers cream-colored.

— Perhaps better regarded as a variety of the next. A tree of

8 meters (Klug). Neg. 7445.

Loreto: Mishuyacu, near Iquitos, 100 meters, Klug 1540. Brazil.

Panopsis rubescens (Pohl) Pittier, Contr. Fl. Venez. 21. 1923.

Andriapetalum rubescens Pohl, op. cit. 114. pi. 91.

Similar to the above, but the young branchlets, leaves, and

racemes rusty-tomentulose; leaves narrowed to both ends, obtusish,

glabrous in age, beautifully reticulate-veined and suffused with red

from the midnerve.— Flowers pure white, with the odor of vanilla;

fruit 4-6 cm. long, 1-1.5 cm. thick, densely tomentose, indehiscent

(Ducke). The Peruvian form, var. simulans Macbr. Field Mus.

Bot. 11: 67. 1931, has acute or acuminate leaves. Neg. 19067.

Loreto: Timbuchi, Rio Nanay, Williams 1044 (type of var.

simulans}. Manfmfa, upper Rio Nanay, Williams 1121. Brazil;

British Guiana.

4. EUPLASSA Salisb.

Pinnately leaved shrubs or trees with racemes or narrow, raceme-

like panicles of rather small flowers. — Otherwise like Panopsis but

perianth oblique in bud, anthers subsessile, and disk entire.

Euplassa Isernii Cuatrecasas, sp. nov.

Ramis ignotis; foliis petiolatis, petiolo 8-9 cm. longo tereti

inferne applanato minute puberulento; foliolis 8-jugis breve petio-

lulatis paullo alternantibus, petiolulo 3-4 mm. longo tereti striato

puberulento, oblongo-ellipticis, acuminatis basi late acutis margine

repando-serratis vel subintegris 8-12 cm. longis, circa 4 cm. latis,

chartaceo-coriaceis conspicue reticulatis utrinque subnitidulis supra

viridibus glabris subtus castaneis ad nervum medianum minute

sparseque puberulentis; floribus paniculam angustam spurie race-

mosam referentibus; paniculis cum pedunculo 6 cm. longo 30 cm.

longis cum pilis adpressis minutis paullo fulvis parce pubescentibus;

FLORA OF PERU 371

pedicellis ad mediam connatis circa 7 mm. longis; petalis 10 mm.

longis; ovario glabro. — Apparently, by reason of its many leaflets

and glabrous ovary, very well marked, and the second species west

of the Andes, the other being E. occidentalis I. M. Johnston of Ecua-

dor, with 4 pairs of obovate leaflets. Included here with Dr. Cua-

trecasas' permission, the description supplied by me.

Junin: Chanchamayo, Isern 2283, type, Herb. Madrid.

5. ROUPALA Aubl.

Stoutly branched shrubs with alternate leaves. Racemes or

spikes slender, often more or less tomentose, the rather small flowers

often divaricate on short pedicels. Anthers subsessile on the upper

part of the perianth lobes.— A fruiting specimen (Williams 7439,

San Roque) has entire, ovate, long-acuminate, long-petioled leaves

exactly simulating those of R. macropoda Karst. of Colombia, but

the fruits are cylindric, 1 cm. long, 2 mm. thick; in the absence of

flowers the generic identity is uncertain. The Aublet name has been

written Rhopala, Ropala, and Rupala and, at least by typographical

error, still otherwise, using the same letters.

Flowers sessile, the spikes much exceeding the leaves . . . R. spicata.

Flowers always more or less pedicellate.

Mature leaves glabrous except the midnerve beneath, the trichomes

not distinct, usually forming a gray indument.

Leaves rotund-cordate; pubescence beneath grayish.

R. cordifolia.

Leaves not cordate, or at least the pubescence not a gray

indument.

Leaves simple, at least those of the flowering branchlets.

Leaves rounded-truncate at the base . . . R. dolichopoda.

Leaves cuneate at the base or at least acute.

Racemes distinctly pubescent; leaves 3.5-4 cm. wide.

Leaves finally glabrous beneath . . . . R. complicata.

Leaves pubescent beneath on the costa . . R. ferruginea.

Racemes glabrous; leaves mostly wider.... R. Dielsii,

Leaves pinnate, but only the sterile branchlets known.

R. Raimondii.

Mature leaves more or less pubescent beneath, the trichomes dis-

tinct, often red or fulvous.

372 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

Pubescence red-brown, very dense on the leaf nerves beneath;

pedicels often only 1-2 mm. long R. monosperma.

Pubescence grayish-fulvous, moderate; pedicels 3-5 mm. long.

R. pinnata.

Roupala complicata HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 153. pi 119. 1817.

A slender shrub or tree with thick, subglabrous, glaucescent

leaves and pallidly rusty-tomentose racemes that about equal them;

leaf blades entire or remotely and obtusely few-dentate, decurrent

into the petiole, this 2-3 cm. long; leaf nerves more or less elevated

or subimmersed, the veins obscurely and laxly reticulate; racemes

about 10 cm. long; pedicels 2-3 mm. long; ovary rusty-tomentose;

stigma scarcely clavate. — Variable; the specimens by Killip and

Smith were determined by the latter as R. Gardneri Meisn., a form

typically of interior Brazil with more elevated leaf nervation. See

Field Mus. Bot. 11: 66. 1931. Neg. 11749.

San Martin: Morales, Alto Rio Huallaga, 900 meters, Williams

5703. Zepelacio, 1,100 meters, Klug 3742; a tree of 4 meters, the

flowers light yellow. San Roque, 1,400 meters, Williams 7439.

Moyobamba, 800 meters, Weberbauer 4480; 290. — Junin: Chan-

chamayo Valley, 1,200 meters, Schunke 426; Isern 2327. San

Ramon, 900-1,300 meters, Killip & Smith 24782, 24891. Rio

Perene", 600 meters, in forest, Killip & Smith 25114; a slender shrub

of 1.5-2 meters; flowers creamy white. Colonia Perene", 680 meters,

Killip & Smith 25035. — Loreto: Along the Rio Ucayali, Tessmann

3431. — Cuzco: Santa Ana, 800 meters, Weberbauer 5024; also Uru-

bamba (280). North to the Guianas and Costa Rica. "Ingaina,"

"arellan."

Roupala cordifolia HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 152. pi. 118. 1817.

Much branched, the branchlets glabrous; petioles to 2.5 cm.

long; leaves to about 10 cm. long, remotely and coarsely dentate

or subentire, fleshy-coriaceous, soon glabrous, the laxly reticulate

veins subimmersed; racemes reddish-pubescent, very much longer

than the leaves; flowers 8-10 mm. long, white, the slender, rusty-

tomentose pedicels 2-3 times longer; stigma clavate.

Cajamarca: Jae"n de Bracamoros (Humboldt, type). Huambos,

Weberbauer 4192. Ecuador; Colombia.

Roupala Dielsii Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 65. 1931.

A glabrous shrub with slender, few-branched, densely leafy

branchlets; leaves elliptic-oblong or somewhat obovate, basally

FLORA OF PERU 373

attenuate to the (3-5 mm. long) petiole, shortly and broadly acu-

minate, 10 cm. long, 4 cm. broad, somewhat lustrous above but

scarcely veiny, opaque beneath, the lateral veins elevated but

obscurely reticulate, finally subcoriaceous, entire below but more

or less denticulate above the middle; racemes with flowers about

2 cm. wide, as long as the leaves, glabrous or glabrescent, only the

ovary reddish-tomentose; flowers 3.5 mm. long, a little longer than

the pedicels; style 6 mm. long, the stigma distinctly clavate.

Loreto: Rio Itaya, Williams 114 (type).

Roupala dolichopoda Diels, Bot. Jahrb. 54: Beibl. 117: 35.

1916.

A shrub of 2 meters; petioles 4-9.5 cm. long, slightly pilose

basally; leaves coriaceous, finally glabrous, ovate, short-acuminate,

nearly truncate at the base, appressed callous-serrate, 10-15 cm.

long, 6.5-11 cm. wide; racemes sessile, rusty-pilose, becoming gla-

brate, about 10 cm. long; pedicels 1.5-2.5 cm. long; perianth yellow-

ish, rusty-pilose, 7-8 mm. long; ovary rusty-tomentose, the glabrous

style obovate apically. — Allied by the author with R. complicate/,.

Neg. 11752.

Piura: Above Ayavaca, 1,700 meters, Weberbauer 6364 (type).

Roupala ferruginea HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 152. 1817.

Apparently too near R. complicate, HBK., but the leaves obovate-

oblong, entire, the costa beneath pubescent, even in age, otherwise

glabrous, reticulate-veined, about 7 cm. long; stigma clavate.—

A shrub of 2 meters.

Huanuco: Mito, 2,550 meters, 3447 (det. Johnston). — Caja-

marca(?): Chamay, Bracamoros (Humboldt, type).

Roupala monosperma (R. & P.) I. M. Johnston, Contr. Gray

Herb. 73: 42. 1924. Embothrium monospermum R. & P. Fl. 1: 63.

pi. 98. 1798. R. peruviana R. Br. Trans. Linn. Soc. 10: 192. 1811.

Branchlet tips, leaves, especially beneath, and racemes densely

pubescent with a more or less evanescent, nearly bright red or red-

brown tomentum; petioles 2-2.5 cm. long; leaf blades glabrous above

in age, obscurely toothed, somewhat obliquely elliptic, shortly acute

at both ends, finally about 10 cm. long and 6 cm. wide; racemes

10 cm. long; pedicels 1-2 mm. long; flowers glabrate, 6 mm. long,

the tube about three times longer than the limb; fruit 3 cm. long,

long-necked at the base, acute. — Flowers greenish yellow or yellow

(Weberbauer). R. Varelana Diels (named for the Director of the

374 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

Madrid Bot. Garden), from Ecuador by Ruiz and Pavon, differs

in its smaller, oblong-oval leaves and congested racemes, 3-5 cm.

long. Negs. 11759, 27824.

Junin: Huacapistana, 2,000 meters, Weberbauer 2168; 246.

Mantaro Valley, 2,500 meters, Weberbauer 6587. — Huanuco: Pam-

payacu, Sawada P. 28. Near Panao, Ruiz & Pavon. "Paco-paco

de la sierra."

Roupala pinnata (R. & P.) Diels in herb., comb. nov. Embo-

thrium pinnatum R. & P. Fl. 1 : 163. pi. 97. 1798. R. diversifolia R.

Br. Trans. Linn. Soc. 10: 193. 1810.

Branchlets, racemes, and younger leaves beneath more or less

rusty-tomentose; petioles 1.5 cm. long, rarely 2.5 cm.; leaves of

young shoots more or less coarsely serrate or lobed or even pinnate,

these with 5 pairs of leaflets, softly pubescent on both sides, strongly

oblique, the twice larger terminal one to 8 cm. long and 4 cm. wide;

normal leaves coarsely serrate, oval or roundish, almost equally

attenuate at the base, sharply acute or cuspidately acuminate, about

6 cm. long and 4 cm. wide, lustrous above; racemes 10 cm. long;

pedicels 3-5 mm. long; fruits short-necked at the base, acute, 2.5 cm.

long. — A compact tree of 5 meters (my specimen) with creamy

white flowers. Bark fetid (Ruiz & Pavon). Leaves of the Jelski

specimen very heavy, nearly round. Negs. 11765, 27822.

Huanuco: Muna, Ruiz & Pavdn; at 2,100 meters, 3948. Posuso,

1,200 meters, Weberbauer 6777.— Cajamarca : Cutervo, Jelski 97(1}.

"Paco-paco."

Roupala Raimondii Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 65. 1931.

Glabrous except the slender, densely leafy branchlet tips, these

evanescently reddish-pubescent; petioles to 4 cm. long; leaves finally

20-25 cm. long, the 4-7 pairs of ovate-lanceolate leaflets strongly

unequal at the entire, cuneate base, medially spinescent-serrate,

apically entire, long-acuminate, to 14 cm. long and 4 cm. wide,

often smaller or the terminal a little larger; veins and veinlets

obscurely and laxly reticulate on both sides; upper leaf surface

slightly lustrous, the lower opaque, reddish; teeth mostly 4 mm.

long, 2.5 mm. broad at the base, a few larger, all straight or nearly

so, apiculate, the sinus acute. — Type sterile and possibly, but not

at all certainly, the juvenile leaves of R. complicata or some other

species, but those of R. complicata (rarely pinnate) are not at all

spinescent-serrate, the teeth short. Neg. 11786.

FLORA OF PERU 375

San Martin: Crown of sierras, Tarapoto, 750 meters, Williams

5997 (type). Between Moyobamba and Tarapoto, Raimondi.

Roupala spicata Baehni, sp. nov.

Frutex vel arbor; ramuli petiolique leviter puberulo-tomentosi.

Laminae (in sicco conduplicatae) ovatae, basi et apice acutae, margine

indistincte dentatae, supra glabrescentes, subtus puberulae. Spicae

axillares, ferrugineo-pilosae. Flores sessiles; sepala semper ad basin

libera et medio coalescentia; antherae filamenta brevia; stylus glaber

apice clavatus, ovarium uniloculare (semina 2) lanatum, glandulae

hypogynae 4, liberae. — Petioli 1.5-2.5 cm. longi; laminae 4-5 cm.

latae, 5-6 cm. longae. Perianthium 8 mm. longum. Neg. 29570.

Branches, petioles, and leaves beneath lightly puberulent-

tomentose; petiole 1.5-2.5 cm. long; leaf blades broadly ovate, shortly

acute at base and apex, obscurely dentate, 4-5 cm. broad, 5-6 cm.

long; spikes rusty-pilose, 2-3 times longer than the leaves; perianth

segments coalescent at the middle, 8 mm. long; anthers subsessile;

style clavate. — Dr. Charles Baehni of the Conservatoire Botanique,

Geneva, has studied this plant, which had been determined, obvi-

ously in error, as R. cordifolia HBK. with pedicellate flowers (as all

other species!).

Cajamarca: Huambos, 2,300-2,500 meters, Weberbauer 1+192,

type in Cons. Bot. Geneva.

51. LORANTHACEAE. Mistletoe Family

Reference: Engler & Krause, Pflanzenfam. ed. 2. 16b: 98-203.

1935.

Traditionally known for the romantically and economically

important mistletoe, this family in recent times has acquired addi-

tional interest in the discovery that it contains a drug that affects

blood pressure (see Gautier, Semaine Me"dicale 513. 1907) and rubber

in important quantities, this from several members including

Peruvian species (see Warburg, Tropenpflanzer 9: 633. 1905 and

Engler & Krause, op. cit. 131 for additional references on both these

subjects). Many of the Peruvian species, notably in the genera

Phrygilanthus, Psittacanthus, and Gaiadendron, supply in flower

brilliant patches of color in the green mass of vegetation along

forest trails or river banks open to the sun.

The family is very closely knit. The forms with a calyx or

calyculus have been sorted into two groups, one comprising those

with a 1-celled ovary, the other those with the ovary 2-several-

celled. The segregation of these main divisions is based principally

376 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

on the presence or absence of endosperm in the seed, supplemented

by stamen characters. These characters occur in both Old and New

World forms and, significantly, are not associated concomitantly or

with other diagnostic features, not repetitive in some other com-

bination. It may be questioned, therefore, whether they show a

common origin and indicate a natural relationship; the genera

resulting do not suggest it. Perhaps there have been similar parallel

developments affording different combinations of the same characters

in this very homogeneous family. However this may be, it seems

possible to recognize the recently accepted genera so far as Peruvian

species are concerned, but if one were to include the genus Loranthus

L., only since Eichler restricted to the Old World, it would be appar-

ent that only the presence of endosperm distinguishes the Peruvian

group Aetanthus; if this establishes correctly a precedent, taxonomy

of a family may be chiefly chemical. As a practical matter and as a

matter of fact(!), there is a single highly natural genus, Loranthus

L., world-wide in distribution, divisible into sections that may indi-

cate the theoretical relationship of the species and groups of species.

Those who believe that the presence or absence of endosperm is

fundamental may thus express their judgment without depriving

the phytogeographer, ecologist, pharmacist, traveler, to mention a

few other than the professional taxonomist, of a group name for a

group obviously and reasonably self-contained in nature. The

extremes to which segregation must be carried logically have been

shown recently by Danser. It is noteworthy that the segregate

genera have been maintained mostly on characters, such as endo-

sperm and ovary cells, completely different from those on which

their authors founded them.

In the following treatment the receptacle and its more or less

developed edge are called the calyx, for which there is good prece-

dent, inasmuch as it is unknown whether the edge of this structure is

a reduced calyx or the edge of the blossom axil (receptacle); cf.

Engler & Krause, op. cit. 119. It may be remarked that those who

use the word calyculus for this edge, in practice nearly always apply

the name to the entire structure, as evidenced in giving the length ;

the term calyx, therefore, will be understood by everyone. The

bracteal development that results in a cupula, so called, more or less

enclosing the calyx and ovary, is mentioned here simply as cup.

Flowers minute, more or less immersed in a fleshy rachis or borne in

axillary clusters and strobiles, then sometimes tiny; calyx

obsolete, except more or less evident in Oryctanthus.

FLORA OF PERU 377

Flowers clustered and strobilate.

Leaves alternate.

Filaments elongate, free 1. Antidaphne.

Filaments short, mostly united to the perianth segments.

2. Eremolepis.

Leaves opposite 3. Lepidoceras.

Flowers spicate.

Flower parts 3; calyx wanting; spikes articulate.

Anther cells confluent, 1-pored ; leaves often small or wanting.

4. Dendrophthora.

Anthers 2-celled, dehiscing longitudinally; leaves well de-

veloped 5. Phorandendron.

Flower parts 6; calyx present; spikes not articulate.

6. Oryctanthus.

Flowers small to very large, or rarely tiny but never inserted in the

rachis; calyx present.

Anthers basifixed; ovary 1-celled; endosperm lacking.

7. Aetanthus.

Anthers versatile; ovary 1-several-celled.

Ovary 2-several-celled ; endosperm ruminate; leaves more or less

punctate beneath; flowers in 3's, each calyx subtended by

a persistent, spreading bractlet 8. Gaiadendron.

Ovary 1-celled; characters other than above, at least in part.

Flowers showy, usually 1 cm. long to much longer.

Endosperm present; calyx not enclosed in a cup but if

obviously bracteolate (bractlets often promptly cadu-

cous or minute), the bractlet sometimes foliaceous

but the flowers then not ternate. . .9. Phrygilanthus.

Endosperm lacking; each calyx more or less enclosed in a

cup, this sometimes shallow, or the calyces, borne in

3's, often subtended by one concave bractlet, this

sometimes foliaceous 10. Psittacanthus.

Flowers small, rarely 6 mm. long.

Crowded inflorescences basally white-bracteolate.

11. Peristethium.

Open or simple inflorescences not white-bracteolate.

12. Struthanthus.

378 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

1. ANTIDAPHNE P. & E.

A small shrub with alternate, roundish-obovate leaves and small,

clustered, strobile-like spikes, their imbricate bracts caducous at

anthesis. Staminate flowers apetalous; perianth segments of the

pistillate flower 3. — The Peruvian species grows especially on

Lauraceae.

Antidaphne viscoidea P. & E. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 70. pi. 199.

1838.

Leaves on flowering branchlets obovate, about 5 cm. long, 3

cm. wide, the terminal and those on older branches rotund-obovate,

to 6 cm. wide and 9 cm. long, the reticulate venation prominent;

flowers cream-colored. — Weberbauer found it between 2,700 and

3,000 meters. Neg. 11822.

Cajamarca: San Miguel, Weberbauer 3929; 258. Chugur, Weber-

bauer 4099; 259. — San Martin: Zepelacio, 1,200-1,600 meters, Klug

3594.. — Huanuco: Cochero and Pampayacu, Poeppig 1308. Bolivia

to Colombia.

2. EREMOLEPIS Griseb.

Shrubs allied to Antidaphne, but the perianth segments often

4 and present also in the staminate flowers. Leaves 3-5-nerved.—

No Peruvian specimens found cited, but in the Pflanzenfamilien

it is stated that there are 6 species in "Chile, Peru, Brazil, and

Cuba." Perhaps most to be expected is

Eremolepis punctulata (Clos) Griseb. emend. Benth. in Benth.

& Hook. f. Gen. PI. 3: 215. 1880. Lepidoceras punctulata Clos in

Gay, Fl. Chile 3: 165. 1847.

Pistillate and staminate flowers on separate plants; perianth

segments deciduous from the fruit. — E. Schottii (Eichl.) Engler has

the two sorts of flowers on different branches of the same shrub and

perianth segments persistent; E. Glazioui (van Tiegh.) Engler has

both sorts of flowers together, the perianth segments concrete with

the pistil, and fruits borne at the base of short, leafy branchlets.

Peru: (Possibly). Chile.

3. LEPIDOCERAS Hook. f.

Much branched shrubs with opposite leaves and axillary racemes,

the tiny flowers dioecious. Unlike the two preceding related genera,

the seeds are without endosperm. — Grows on Myrtaceae. Author-

itatively (see Pflanzenfam.) but surely not unquestionably Peruvian.

FLORA OF PERU 379

Lepidoceras Dombeyi Hook. f. Fl. Ant. 2: 293. 1846.

Branches very slender; leaves elliptic-obovate, typically sharply

apiculate; staminate flowers closely bracteate, the pistillate bracts

soon foliaceous. — Isern 2136, "Chanchamayo," but without original

label, the leaves obtuse or mucronulate, is L. Kingii Hook. f. As

Chanchamayo, Peru, is a region totally different phytogeographically

from the known range of the genus, the Isern locality is almost

surely an error.

4. DENDROPHTHORA Eichl.

Leafy plants, similar in appearance to Phoradendron, from which

they must be distinguished as indicated in the key, except that in

general they are less robust or smaller, with the flowers in single rows

on each side of the rachis.

Leaves developed.

Leaves mostly or all of them 2 cm. long or longer.

Petioles obvious.

Leaves 4-6 cm. long.

Petioles 1-2 cm. long; pistillate spikes 4-5 cm. long.

D. leucocarpa.

Petioles 1 cm. long; pistillate spikes 2 cm. long. .D. nodosa.

Leaves 1.5-4 cm. long.

Internodes terete; staminate flowers 50-100.

D. hexasticha.

Internodes (upper) compressed; staminate flowers rarely 60.

Dioecious; petioles 5-12 mm. long. . . .D. chrysostachya.

Monoecious; petioles 1.5-2.5 mm. long D. clavata.

Petioles lacking; leaves linear D. linearifolia.

Leaves, or at least most of them, 1.5 cm. long or shorter.

Petioles obvious.

Leaves acuminate; flowers monoecious D. Negeriana.

Leaves obtuse; flowers dioecious.

Leaves linear-spatulate D. Urbaniana.

Leaves obovate-orbicular D. crassuloides.

Petioles obsolete.

Leaves 6-14 mm. long, nerveless.

Leaves 6-10 (15) mm. long; spikes pistillate above, stam-

inate below . . D. mesembryanthemifolia.

380 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XIII

Leaves 8-14 mm. long; spikes entirely staminate.

D. ferruginea.

Leaves 5 mm. long, the lateral nerves obvious on both sides.

D. ramosa.

Leaves wanting or reduced to scales.

Branches terete or quadrate; flowers 4-seriate. .D. fasciculata.

Branches complanate; flowers 2-seriate D. Pavoni.

Dendrophthora chrysostachya (Presl) Urban, Ber. Deutsch.

Bot. Ges. 14: 285. 1896; 68. Viscum chrysostachyum Presl, Epim.

Bot. 254. 1849. V. globuliflorum Presl, op. cit. 134. Phoradendron

chrysostachyum Eichl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5, pt. 2: 107. 1868.

Dioecious; internodes 2-5 cm. long; petioles 1.5-2.5 mm. long;

leaves elliptic-oblong, obtuse, narrowed at the base, 2-4 cm. long,

7-20 mm. broad, basally 3-5-nerved; staminate spikes pedunculate,

4-7 mm. long; fruit globose, nearly smooth.

Huanuco: (Haenke). Muna, 2,100 meters, 3950. Vilcabamba,

1,800 meters, 5135.

Dendrophthora clavata (Benth.) Urban, Ber. Deutsch. Bot.

Ges. 14: 285. 1896. Viscum clavatum Benth. PI. Hartw. 189. 1845.

Phoradendron clavatum Eichl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5, pt. 2: 107. 1868.

Allied to D. crassuloides but monoecious; leaves 1.5-4 cm. long,

7-20 mm. wide; peduncles 5-15 mm. long; flowers 6-7-seriate in

1-3- jointed spikes 0.5-2 cm. long, the lower staminate joint 24-66-

flowered, the upper pistillate 18-42-flowered. — Apparently not col-

lected in Peru, but certainly occurring there. Neg. 29151.

Peru: (Probably). Bolivia to Ecuador and Venezuela.

Dendrophthora crassuloides (Presl) Urban, Ber. Deutsch.

Bot. Ges. 14: 285. 1896; 62. Viscum crassuloides Presl, Epim. Bot.

252. 1849. Phoradendron crassuloides Eichl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5,

pt. 2: 107. 1868.

Internodes soon terete, very shortly pilose, 2.5-5 cm. long;

petioles 3-5 mm. long; leaves rounded at the apex, gradually nar-

rowed to the petiole, 1-1.5 cm. long, nearly as broad, basally incon-

spicuously 3-5-nerved; pistillate spikes to 1 cm. long, 1-2-articulate,

the 4-8 flowers 4-5-seriate; peduncles 4-10 mm. long. — Closely

allied is D. portulacoides (Presl) Urban, with subcordate leaves and

staminate spikes with 50-120 flowers in each joint, about 10-seriate.

Huanuco: (Haenke). — Puno: Sandia, Weberbauer 737, 6124; 240-

FLORA OF PERU 381

Dendrophthora fasciculata Patsch. Bot. Jahrb. 45: 441. 1911.

Densely and fasciculately branched; spikes fasciculate, 4-5 cm.

long, 5-7-articulate, the superior flowers often staminate, the lower

pistillate, 8-12 in each joint; fruit white, to 1 cm. long, 3 mm.

thick. — On Euphorbia.

Ancash: Prov. Huari, 2,700-2,800 meters, Weberbauer 3300 (type).

Dendrophthora ferruginea Patsch. Bot. Jahrb. 45: 441. 1911.

A slender, branching shrub, the internodes 2-2.5 cm. long;

leaves linear, acuminate, 2 mm. wide; spikes solitary, 3-9 mm.

long, 1-2-articulate, the peduncle 5 mm. long; flowers dioecious,

ferruginous, 4-seriate, about 20 in each joint.

Huanuco: Monz6n, 3,300-3,500 meters, Weberbauer 3382 (type).

Dendrophthora hexasticha van Tiegh. Bull. Soc. Bot. France

43: 182. 1896; 67.

Similar to D. chrysostachya; young branchlets papillose-scabrous;

petioles 3-10 mm. long; staminate spikes with 3-4 joints, the lower

6-seriate, sometimes 10-seriate, with 50-100 flowers, the pistillate

2-3-articulate, 6-seriate, the flowers 20-36.— On Vaccinium. Neg.

29152.

Puno: Tabma,Lechlerl927. — Without locality: Dombey.

Dendrophthora leucocarpa (Patsch.) Trel. Gen. Phor. 218.

1916. Phoradendron leucocarpum Patsch. Bot. Jahrb. 45: 438. 1911.

A papillose-scabrous shrub, similar to D. nodosa; internodes

3-5 cm. long; leaves 2-2.5 cm. broad; pistillate spikes 5-7-jointed,

each joint 30-34-flowered. Neg. 18189.

Junin: Huacapistana, 2,500-3,100 meters, Weberbauer 2193, 2439.

Dendrophthora linearifolia Patsch. Bot. Jahrb. 45: 440. 1911.

Glabrous, the branches terete or somewhat angled, the internodes

3 cm. long; leaves obtuse, 3-5.5 cm. long, 4 mm. broad; spikes soli-

tary, sessile, not articulate, 5 mm. long, the upper flowers staminate,

the lower pistillate, 4-seriate ; fruit white, 5 mm. long, 3 mm. thick.—

On Croton.

Puno: Sandia, at 2,100-2,300 meters, Weberbauer 539 (type); 238.

Dendrophthora mesembryanthemifolia Urban, Ber; Deutsch.

Bot. Ges. 14: 285. 1896; 70.

Monoecious, the younger branches definitely striate-pilose and,

like the leaf margins, minutely papillose-pilose; leaves oblong- or

382 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

linear-spatulate, the tip acute, recurved or obtuse and mucronulate,

gradually narrowed to the base, 1-3 mm. broad; spikes mostly 2-

jointed, the joints 3-12 mm. long, 6-seriate, 8-50-flowered. — On Salvia.

Cuzco: Valle del Apurimac, Herrera. Cuyocuyo, Weberbauer 868

(det. Patschovsky). Pillahuata, 2,800 meters, Pennell 14098. Mo-

llepata, Herrera 1228 (det. Patschovsky). — Puno: Agapata, Lechler

1893. — Ayacucho: Totorabamba, 3,500 meters, Weberbauer 5465.—

Huanuco: Tambo de Vaca, 3,900 meters, 4383. Mito, 2,700 meters,

1606. Cani, 2,550 meters, 3477.

Dendrophthora Negeriana Patsch. Bot. Jahrb. 45: 440. 1911.

A slender shrub, the younger branches compressed, somewhat

scabrous, the internodes 3 cm. long; leaves lance-ovate, narrowed

to the (2 mm. long) petiole, 8-15 mm. long, 3-5 mm. broad; spikes

long-peduncled, solitary, 2-5 cm. long, 3-articulate, the flowers in

each spike ferruginous, 2-seriate, 2-8 in each joint.

Junin: Huacapistana, 2,500 meters, Weberbauer 2138 (type).

Dendrophthora nodosa Patsch. Bot. Jahrb. 45: 439. 1911.

Branches slender, papillose-scabrous, the internodes 2-2.5 cm.

long; leaves lanceolate, obtuse, narrowed to the petiole, prominently

nerved, 1-2 cm. broad; spikes solitary, the very slender staminate

ones 4 cm. long, 3-articulate, on a peduncle 6 mm. long; flowers

dioecious, 6-seriate, about 42 to each joint; pistillate spikes 2-articu-

late, the 2-5-seriate flowers 4-15 in each joint.

Puno: Toward Chunchosmayo, 1,800-2,600 meters, Weberbauer

1078 (type).

Dendrophthora Pavoni van Tiegh. Bull. Soc. Bot. France 43:

182. 1896; 71.

Leafless; flowers 1-2-seriate. — Allied by the author to D. Man-

cinellae Eichl. of Cuba. D. Poeppigii van Tiegh., of the upper

Amazon, is monoecious, the 2-5-jointed spikes staminate above,

pistillate below, the lower joint 4-6-flowered.

Peru, the locality unknown.

Dendrophthora ramosa Patsch. Bot. Jahrb. 45: 440. 1911.

A strongly branched shrub, the internodes 2 cm. long; leaves

spatulate, narrowed toward the tip, 2 mm. wide; spikes solitary,

the peduncle 10-13 mm. long, with 1 or rarely 2 joints 10-27 mm.

long; staminate flowers ferruginous, 4-seriate, 40-82 on each joint.

Huanuco: Near Monzon, 3,400 meters, Weberbauer 3369 (type).

FLORA OF PERU 383

Dendrophthora Urbaniana Patsch. Bot. Jahrb. 45: 440. 1911.

A slender, much branched, often pilose shrub, drying yellow;

branches terete, the internodes 2-3.5 cm. long; leaves 8-14 mm.

long, 3 mm. broad, rarely pilose, finely nerved, narrowed to the

(3 mm. long) petiole; spikes mostly solitary, the staminate 1-2

cm. long, the 2-seriate flowers 12-18 in the 1-2 joints; peduncle

3-5 mm. long; pistillate spikes 7 mm. long, each joint 4-flowered;

fruit globose, drying yellow, plicate-rugose, 4 mm. long, 3 mm. thick.

Neg. 27825.

Amazonas: Near Chachapoyas, 2,400 meters, Weberbauer 4404,

4388; 263.

5. PHORADENDRON Nutt.

Reference: Trelease, Gen. Phorad. 1916.

The key characters may serve to identify this well known genus.

It contains species that are harmful on account of their parasitic

habit on useful plants, notably in the Amazonian region on planta-

tions of young Hevea rubber trees (Warburg). The following com-

pilation is almost wholly drawn from the monograph by Trelease.

Three new species by him, kindly communicated by Mr. Ellsworth

P. Killip, are included, for which I have supplied Latin diagnoses.

Scales present only on the basal joint of each branch.

Leaves 2-5 mm. wide, 1-3 cm. long.

Leaves 3 cm. long, 3-nerved P. Ernestianum.

Leaves 1 cm. long, enervose P. virgatum.

Leaves about 1 cm. wide, 12-13 cm. long P. angustifolium.

Leaves much broader.

Leaves basinerved.

Nerves fine; leaves rather thin P. semiteres.

Nerves coarse; leaves fleshy P. obliqua.

Leaves pinnately nerved.

Spikes scarcely 2 cm. long, very slender P. Mathewsii.

Spikes mostly longer, in any case rather stout.

Spikes clustered, at least at some nodes . . P. Englerianum.

Spikes solitary P. peruvianum.

Scales present on all nodes.

Stems continuous or prevailingly not branching at all nodes;

flowers in 4-10 series.

384 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

Leaves obscurely pinnate- veined beneath; flowers 4 (-6).

P. piperoides.

Leaves basinerved; flowers in (4-) 6 or more series.

Flowers in 6 or fewer series, the spikes 2-5 cm. long.

Spikes often clustered; leaves rather obscurely nerved.

Leaves broadly elliptic, 3-10 cm. wide; scales several.

P. crassifolium.

Leaves nearly orbicular, 7-12 cm. wide; scales a single pair.

P. Albert-Smithii.

Spikes mostly or all solitary; leaves heavily nerved beneath.

Scales a solitary pair; leaves 5-7 cm. wide.

P. Urbanianum.

Scales several; leaves 3-5.5 cm. wide. . . P. ayacuchanum.

Flowers in 8(6)-10 series, the spikes about 6 cm. long.

Leaf nerves obvious at the base; scales about 1 cm. above

the node P. Lindavianum.

Leaf nerves completely lacking; scales nodal. P. Macbridei.

Stems normally forking at each node; flowers in 2-4 series; leaves

basally nerved P. huallagense.

Phoradendron Albert-Smithii Trelease, sp. nov.

Internodiis gracilibus, 3-4 mm. crassis, 15 cm. longis, teretibus;

vaginis cataphyllaribus 2 ad omnia internodia, paullo supra basin

abeuntibus; foliis 7-12 cm. latis fere rotundatis, ad basin longe

(1 cm.) angustatis, vix coriaceis basinerviis, nervis tenuibus;

spicis plerumque 3-5.3 cm. longis, 5-articulatis; floribus circa 22 in

quovis articulo in seriebus 4 (2)-6 dispositis. — Aequatoriales-

Percurrentes.

Glabrous, the long, slender internodes 3-4 mm. thick, 15 cm.

long, terete, with an annular pair of cataphylls shortly above the

base of each; leaves 7-12 cm. broad, drying rather thin, dull green

and finely basinerved on both sides, cuneately tapered at the base

for about 1 cm.; spikes yellow, before flowering 3 cm. long, with

about 5 joints, these about 22-flowered, the flowers in 4 (2) or 6 series.

Ayacucho: Aina, 750-1,000 meters (Killip & Smith 11598;

type in U. S. Nat. Herb.).

Phoradendron angustifolium (HBK.) Eichl. in Mart. Fl.

Bras. 5, pt. 2: 115. 1868; 65. Loranthus angustifolius HBK. Nov.

Gen. & Sp. 3: 442. 1820.

FLORA OF PERU 385

Not forked, the rather thin, basally finely nerved leaves about

10 cm. long; scales a single pair 5-10 mm. above the base of the

joint, spreading; spikes somewhat clustered, 2 cm. long, slender,

with 3-6 oblong joints, these 30-40-flowered, the pistillate flowers

in about 4 series; peduncle 4-6 mm. long, the scales narrowly white-

margined; fruit 4 cm. thick, smooth, the sepals inflexed. — Allied is

P. parietioides Trel., to which Tessmann 4880 from the Maranon

may possibly belong; it has somewhat falcate, finely nerved, veiny

leaves 1.5-2 cm. wide; fruit ellipsoid, 3 mm. thick, 4.5 mm. long, the

sepals spreading. Illustrated, Trelease pi. 79.

Cajamarca(?) : Olleras to Mt. Aipate (Bonpland 3508). — With-

out locality: Pavon (scales ciliate; pistillate spikes 30 mm. long,

about 12-flowered at the end of the joint). Bolivia.

Phoradendron ayacuchanum Trelease, sp. nov.

Internodiis 3-4 mm. latis 13 cm. longis teretibus sed versus nodos

paullo dilatatis; vaginis cataphyllaribus ad omnia internodia, 2 ad

infimum internodium tantum obviis, 3 vel 4 alteris supra basin

insertis; foliis falcato-lanceolatis, basi apiceque cuneato-angustatis,

obtusis, 3-5.5 cm. latis, 15-17 cm. longis, nervis e basi conspicuis;

spicis plerumque solitariis 2 cm. longis 4-5-articulatis, floribus

4-seriatis circa 10 in quovis articulo; perianthio clause.— Aequa-

toriales-Crassifoliae.

Glabrous, dark green, the leaves drying coriaceous and dull

brown; internodes 3-4 mm. thick, 13 cm. long or longer, terete

except at the slightly flattened nodes; cataphylls a sterile basal pair

and 3 or 4 subequally spaced, fertile pairs between each 2 leaf nodes,

broad and pointed; leaves falcately lanceolate, gradually blunt-

acuminate, 15-17 cm. long, cuneately subsessile, heavily basinerved;

spikes subsolitary, 2 cm. long, with 4 or 5 round-turbinate joints,

these about 10-flowered, the flowers in 4 (2) series; sepals closed.

Ayacucho: Aina, 750-1,000 meters (Killip & Smith 22713; type

in U. S. Nat. Herb.).

Phoradendron crassifolium Eichl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5, pt.

2: 125. pi 48. 1868; 144.

Occasionally pseudodichotomous; scales several pairs, only the

upper (often soon deciduous) fertile; leaves very thick and dull,

more or less lanceolately or elliptically ovate, obtuse or bluntly

pointed, 3-10 cm. wide, 8-16 cm. long, rounded or attenuate at the

base; spikes occasionally forming a compound, terminal inflorescence;

386 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

joints about 5, scarcely 10-flowered; peduncle 5 mm. long, often

with several pairs of crowded scales; fruit yellowish, slightly granular,

4 mm. thick, the sepals closely inflexed. — The Mathews specimen is

ascribed by Trelease to "Martens," presumably an error. Illus-

trated, Trelease pi. 213-214.

San Martin: Tarapoto, Williams 6126, 6588. Moyobamba

(Mathews 1622; leaves 9 cm. wide, 16 cm. long, acuminate).—

Junin : Chanchamayo Valley, 1,500 meters, Schunke 215. La Merced,

600 meters, 5531; Weberbauer 1860; 283.— Cuzco: Valle de Santa

Ana, Herrera 992. — Loreto: Mishuyacu, 100 meters, Klug 420, 42.

Bolivia to Central America and the West Indies.

Phoradendron Englerianum Patsch. Bot. Jahrb. 45: 439.

1911; 133.

Similar to P. peruvianum, the internodes sometimes somewhat

quadrangular; scales often 2 or even 3 pairs, within 10 mm. of the

base; leaves 2.5-6 cm. wide, 9-15 cm. long, cuneate to the petiole,

this 5 cm. long; spikes more or less clustered, subsessile. — Illustrated,

Trelease pi. 196.

Junin: Tarma, Weberbauer 1903, 1904; 283.

Phoradendron Ernestianum Patsch. Bot. Jahrb. 45: 439.

1911; 121.

Somewhat pseudodichotomous, the upper internodes rhombically

4-angled; scales a single pair, nearly basal; leaves lanceolate, acute,

3-nerved, cuneately subsessile; spikes mostly solitary, subsessile,

10-25 mm. long, the 3-5 rounded joints about 6-flowered, the

flowers in about 4 series; scales scarcely ciliate; fruit granular,

nearly 3 mm. thick, the erect sepals separated. — Illustrated, Tre-

lease pi. 177.

Cajamarca: Balsas to Celedin, Weberbauer 4251.

Phoradendron huallagense Ule, Verh. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. 48:

158. 1906; 155.

Cymosely dichotomous; scales a solitary, nearly basal pair;

leaves ovate, lustrous, mucronate, acuminate to very obtuse, 2-2.5

cm. wide, 5-6 cm. long, cuneately subsessile; spikes solitary, 1 to

finally 3 cm. long, with about 4 short, 4-flowered joints; peduncle

scarcely 2 cm. long; fruit white, granular, roughened, 2 mm. thick,

4 mm. long, the slightly parted sepals erect. — Illustrated, Trelease

pi. 267.

FLORA OF PERU 387

Loreto: Huallaga, Ule 6664, type. Mishuyacu, 100 meters,

King 1123. Florida, 180 meters, King 21 75. "Beguefide" (Huitoto

name).

Phoradendron Lindavianum Patsch. Bot. Jahrb. 45: 438.

1911; 155.

Not dichotomous or scarcely so, the long, thick branches some-

what flattened below the nodes, the elliptic-ovate leaves drying

golden yellow; scales one pair, sharply deltoid, keeled, borne about

1 cm. above the base of the joint; leaves more or less mucronate,

obtuse to emarginate, 4-9 cm. wide, 10-15 cm. long, decurrent on

the petiole, this 10 mm. long; joints about 4, often over 100-flowered,

the granular peduncle 5-10 mm. long; fruit (immature) 3 mm.

thick, 5 mm. long, the sepals closely inflexed. — Illustrated, Trelease

pi 235.

Puno: On Aralia, Weberbauer 1288 (type). — Huanuco: Cochero,

Poeppig.

Phoradendron Macbridei Standl., sp. nov.

Kami crassissimi subcompressi, internodiis valde elongatis infra

nodos dilatatis, cataphyllis ad basin internodii infimi tantum insertis;

folia magna crassissima, petiolis crassissimis vix ultra 6 mm. longis;

lamina oblonga vel oblanceolato-oblonga 8-15 cm. longa 3.5-7 cm.

lata, apice late rotundata vel breviter emarginata, basi acuta vel

basin versus sensim angustata, utrinque profunde dense rugulosa;

spicae solitariae sessiles circa 4 cm. longae crassae, nodis circa 6,

floribus numerosis circa hexastichis. — Berries white.

Huanuco: Muna, 2,100 meters, Macbride 3954 (type in Herb.

Field Mus.).

Phoradendron Mathewsi Trelease, Gen. Phorad. 133. 1916.

Allied to P. peruvianum, and similar; leaves somewhat obliquely

elliptic-lanceolate, 2-4 cm. wide, 16 cm. long, cuneately decurrent on

the petiole, this less than 1 cm. long; spikes clustered, 1.5-2 cm. long,

the 3-4 very Blender joints sometimes 8-flowered, the flowers in

about 4 series; peduncle 2 mm. long; fruit (immature) 2 mm. thick.

—Illustrated, Trelease pi. 197.

Amazonas: Chachapoyas, Mathews, type. — San Martin: San

Roque, 1,400 meters, Williams 6979. "Pishcuisman."

Phoradendron obliquum (Presl) Eichl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5,

pt. 2: 134. 1868; 86. Viscum obliquum Presl, Epim. Bot. 225. 1849.

388 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

Thick-stemmed, the nearly basal scales sometimes 2 pairs and

ordinarily another pair 2-3 cm. higher, tubular; leaves lanceolate,

often falcate, very obtuse, 4-8 cm. wide, 10-23 cm. long, basally

attenuate to the thick petiole; spikes 5-6 cm. long, the short, swollen

joints sometimes 30-40-flowered, the flowers in 4-6 series; peduncle

stout, scarcely 5 mm. long, with about 3 pairs of scales; fruit smooth,

3 mm. thick (immature), the sepals closed. — Illustrated, Trelease

pi. 117.

Huanuco: Huanuco Mountains (Haenke, type). Yanano, 1,800

meters, 3811.— San Martin: San Roque, 1,400 meters, Williams

7008. Ecuador.

Phoradendron peruvianum Eichl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5, pt.

2: 123. 1868; 131.

Scarcely dichotomous, the internodes ancipitally compressed;

scales a single pair, nearly basal, white-margined; leaves broadly

lanceolate, sometimes falcate, acute to obtuse, 3-5 cm. wide, 6-12

cm. long, basally acute, the petiole 5-7 mm. long; spikes solitary,

finally 4-5 cm. long, the 3-5 stout, oblong joints about 50-flowered,

the flowers in 6 series; peduncle stout, 3-4 mm. long; fruit wide,

smooth, 4 mm. thick, the sepals closed. — Illustrated, Trelease pi. 193.

Without locality, Ruiz & Pavdn. — Huanuco: Muna, 2,100

meters, 3970.

Phoradendron piperoides (HBK.) Trelease, Gen. Phorad.

145. 1916. Loranthus piperoides HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 443. 1820.

Rather frequently pseudodichotomous or dichotomous; scales

1-5 pairs toward the base of the lowest joint or 10-15 mm. above

the base of the other joints, white-margined; leaves lanceolate to

round-ovate, mucronately subacute to bluntly acuminate, 2.5-5

cm. wide, 6-10 cm. long; spikes slender, mostly clustered, usually

reddish, 3-6 cm. long, with about 6 joints, these 10-15-flowered;

peduncle 2-3 cm. long; fruit yellow or orange, warty to smooth,

about 4 mm. thick, 5 mm. long, the ascending sepals slightly parted.

—Illustrated, Trelease pi. 217, 222.

Loreto: Along Rio Ucayali, Tessmann 3345, 3052. El Recreo,

200 meters, Williams 3943. Lower Rio Nanay, Williams 615.

Near mouth of Rio Tigre, 115 meters, Killip & Smith 27523.—

Without locality: Ruiz & Pavdn. — Huanuco: Rio Huallaga Canyon,

1,200 meters, 4246. Yanano, 1,800 meters, 3720.— San Martin:

Rio Mayo, Williams 6284- Juan Guerra, 720 meters, Williams

FLORA OF PERU 389

6915. San Roque, 1,400 meters, Williams 6980. Juanjui, 400

meters, Klug 3868. Argentina to Mexico. "Suelda con suelda."

Phoradendron platycaulon Eichl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5, pt. 2:

108. pi. 33. 1868.

Branches with scales on all the joints, strongly compressed and

much dilated, striate, bright green; leaves oblong or linear-oblong,

3-5 cm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, obtuse; spikes clustered, 25 mm. long

or less, the joints about 3, 4-6-flowered. — Easily recognized by the

rather slender and strongly compressed branches.

Loreto: Caballo-cocha, Williams 2342. Amazonian Brazil and

French Guiana.

Phoradendron quadrangulare (HBK.) Krug & Urban, Bot.

Jahrb. 24: 35. 1898. Loranthus quadrangularis HBK. Nov. Gen.

&Sp. 3:444. 1820.

Plants rather slender, the branches conspicuously 4-angulate,

only the basal joints with cataphylls; leaves narrowly oblong or

elliptic-oblong, conspicuously petiolate, 4-6 cm. long, obtuse, cune-

ately narrowed at the base; spikes clustered, 3-4 cm. long, the 3-5

slender joints 12-26-flowered; berries white, subglobose, 3 mm. in

diameter, the sepals closely inflexed. — Illustrated, Trelease pi. 154,

155.

Loreto: Iquitos, 120 meters, Williams 8026. — San Martin:

Tarapoto, 800 meters, Williams 5496, 6307. Ecuador and Colombia.

"Pishco isman."

Phoradendron semiteres Trelease, Gen. Phorad. 69. pi. 85.

1916.

Somewhat pseudodichotomous; scales a single pair, tubular-

bifid, scarious-margined ; leaves obliquely or subfalcately lanceolate,

obtuse, about 3 cm. wide, 10 cm. long, 5-7-nerved, cuneately decur-

rent for 10-15 mm.; spikes more or less clustered, to 3 cm. long in

fruit, the usually 3 ellipsoid joints 10-23-flowered, the flowers in

about 4 series; peduncle 2 mm. long, the scarious-margined scales

eciliate; fruit red, nearly smooth, 3 mm. thick, the sepals closed.

Peru: Without locality (Ruiz & Pavori). Bolivia.

Phoradendron Urbanianum Ule, Verh. Bot. Ver. Brandenb.

48: 157. 1906; 155.

Very sparingly forked, drying olive; scales a single pair, about

5 mm. above the base of the joint, sharply deltoid, keeled; leaves

390 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

elliptic-lanceolate, mucronately acuminate to obtuse, 5-7 cm. wide,

8-13 cm. long, cuneately wing-petioled for about 10 cm.; joints

about 4 and 30-flowered, the slightly granular peduncle 3 cm. thick,

4 cm. long. — Illustrated, Trelease pi. 234.

Loreto(?): Cerro de Escalera, Vie 6681 (type).

Phoradendron virgatum Trelease, sp. nov.

Ramis elongatis, internodiis 2-4 cm. longis teretibus; vaginis

cataphyllaribus ad basin ramorum, ad internodia caetera nullis;

foliis oblongis 2 mm. latis 10 mm. longis obtusis sessilibus, nervis

obsoletis; spicis 1-5 ad 3 cm. longis circa 3-articulatis; floribus in

articulo 9 vel 11, 4-seriatis; baccis in statu juvenili globosis, sepalis

inflexis.— Aequitoriales-Virgatae.

Dark green, glabrous, the long, virgate branches with short

(2-4 cm.), terete internodes; cataphylls (not seen) evidently limited

to the basal joints; leaves oblong, 2 mm. wide, reflexed, obtuse, sessile,

drying concave, coriaceous, not evidently nerved; spikes commonly

clustered, about 3 cm. long, with about 3 swollen joints, these

9-11-flowered, the flowers in 4 (2) ranks; peduncle 3 mm. long, the

scales blunt, connate; fruit (immature) globose, with inflexed or

meeting sepals.

Junin: Carpapata, 2,400 meters (Killip & Smith 24350; type in

Herb. Field Mus.).— Huanuco: Mito, 2,700 meters, 3343.

6. ORYCTANTHUS (Griseb.) Eichl.

Reference: Eichler in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5, pt. 2: 87-92. 1868.

Plants parasitic on shrubs and trees, usually with aerial roots

and short, axillary racemes of small flowers, the flowers of the

Peruvian species perfect. — Closely allied to Struthanthus, but the

calyx throat barely developed and the bractlets greatly reduced or

obsolete. The genus is well illustrated in Pflanzenfam. ed. 2. 16b:

174 (0. ruficaulis Eichl.). The species or the forms so recognized

are defined very indefinitely, even the presence or absence of the

very minute bractlets, often promptly caducous, being of question-

able worth as a specific character.

Leaves broad and somewhat clasping 0. amplexicaulis.

Leaves broadly ovate to lanceolate, not clasping.

Spikes pedunculate; leaves often 3 cm. wide or wider.

Spikes mostly in a terminal raceme; bractlets obvious.

0. amazonicus.

FLORA OF PERU 391

Spikes, at least many of them, axillary.

Leaves opposite 0. botryostachys.

Leaves alternate 0. ovalifolius.

Spikes sessile or subsessile, all axillary; leaves 2-2.5 (-3) cm. wide.

0. florulentus.

Oryctanthus aniazonicus Ule, Verb. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. 48:

152. 1907.

Similar to 0. botryostachys Eichl., but the spikes in the upper leaf

axils passing into a terminal raceme 10-25 cm. long, and with

tooth-like but caducous bractlets present; branchlets, petioles, and

spikes rusty-red-furfuraceous; leaves ovate, 7-10 cm. long, 3-5 cm.

broad, nerved and reticulately veined ; flowers crowded, yellowish.—

Doubtfully distinct. Neg. 11818.

Loreto: Iquitos, Ule 6252 (type). Pisco, Rio Nanay, Williams

1284.

Oryctanthus amplexicaulis (HBK.) Eichl. in Mart. Fl. Bras.

5, pt. 2: 88. 1868. Loranthus amplexifolius HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp.

3: 445. 1820.

Nearly glabrous, with subrotund or oval, obsoletely nerved

leaves several cm. wide that are subamplexicaul ; spikes mostly in

a terminal raceme, the peduncles 5-12 mm. long, the spikes little

longer. — Well marked by its bluntly rounded, sessile leaves.

Loreto: San Isidro, Tessmann ^951 (det. Krause). Colombia

to the Guianas. "Suelda con suelda."

Oryctanthus botryostachys Eichl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5, pt.

2: 89. pi. 29. 1868.

Terete branchlets, petioles (2-4 mm. long), and peduncles more

or less rusty-furfuraceous, becoming glabrate; leaves broadly ovate

or oblong-ovate, rounded at the apex or rather acuminate, 5-8 cm.

long, 2.5-5 cm. broad, rounded to the acute juncture with the

petiole; nervation obvious but faint; spikes in several leaf axils and

in a terminal raceme several cm. to 10 cm. long or longer; peduncles

about 1 cm. long, the spikes often twice as long; flowers 2-3 mm.

distant; bractlets rudimentary, caducous. — The Weberbauer plant

is more than usually reddish and scurfy, and the determination

perhaps questionable. The name is sometimes written by recent

authors bothryostachys. 0. spicatus (Jacq.) Eichl. has no (or

poorly developed) terminal inflorescence, the flowers 4-5 mm. distant.

Neg. 19045.

392 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

San Martin: Moyobamba, 1,500 meters, Weberbauer 4766;

290 (det. Patschovsky). San Roque, Williams 7290. — Junin:

Hacienda Schunke, 1,600 meters, Killip & Smith 24829 (toward 0.

florulentus). Chanchamayo Valley, Schunke 248.- — Loreto: Iquitos,

on Siparuna, Killip & Smith 27218 (det. Smith). Yurimaguas,

Williams 3819 (form with subsessile spikes). Contamana, 150

meters, on Anona, Killip & Smith 26875. Brazil to the Guianas.

"Pishcu isman," "suelda con suelda," "pishcumicuna."

Oryctanthus florulentus (Rich.) Urban, Bot. Jahrb. 24: 31.

1897. Loranthus florulentus Rich. Act. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris 107.

1792. L. ruficaulis P. & E. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 61. pi. 185. 1838. 0.

ruflcaulis Eichl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5, pt. 2: 90. pi. 30. 1868.

Branches more or less compressed-angulate and, with the young

leaves, reddish-scurfy, becoming glabrous; petioles 3-5 mm. long;

leaves ovate to oblong-elliptic, usually 3-4.5 cm. long, 2-3 cm.

broad, most often rounded at each end, or subacute; spikes 1-3 cm.

long; flowers red, bracteolate. — 0. spicatus (Jacq.) Eichl. has been

mistaken for this species; it resembles more 0. botryostachys, which

compare. Neg. 21396.

San Martin: Moyobamba, Weberbauer 4490; 290 (det. Patschov-

sky). San Roque, Williams 7288. — Huanuco: Monzon, Weberbauer

3545; 256 (det. Patschovsky as 0. spicatus; cf. also 0. botryostachys).

— Loreto: Iquitos, Williams 3596, 1407. Pebas, on Citrus, Williams

1764- Brazil; Guianas.

Oryctanthus ovalifolius (R. & P.) Macbr. Field Mus. Bot.

11: 17. 1931. Loranthus ovalifolius R. & P. Fl. 3: 50. pi. 177. 1802.

Struthanthus ovalifolius G. Don, Gen. Syst. 3: 411. 1834.

Simple-stemmed, glabrous, very fleshy; leaves short-petioled,

oval, about 2.5 cm. long; spikes solitary or geminate, 1 cm. long;

flowers sessile in the fleshy rachis, crowded; calyx none or minute;

fruit oval, purplish. — Referred by Eichler to 0. botryostachys with a

query; perhaps a Struthanthus.

Huanuco: Pillao; Chacahuasi (Ruiz & Pavdn).

7. AETANTHUS (Eichl.) Engler

Nodosely jointed, dichotomously branched plants with heavy

leaves and short, axillary racemes of showy flowers. — The group could

be retained, as by Eichler, in Psittacanthus, but the anthers are very

slender and basifixed as in Loranthus of the Old World, which it

resembles except for the lack of endosperm ; see remark at beginning

FLORA OF PERU 393

of family. The nearly related Psathyranthus amazonicus Ule, Verb.

Bot. Ver. Brandenb. 48: 156. pi. 2. 1907, to be expected, has fleshy

anthers. The following names represent, probably, in reality only

about three variable species.

Anthers cross-celled.

Petioles slender, 1-2.5 cm. long.

Leaves obovate, long-attenuate at the base, 4-8 cm. wide.

A. cauliflorus.

Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, 4-5 cm. wide A. coriaceus.

Petioles stout, rarely as long as 12 mm.

Flowers 7.5-10 cm. long; leaves about 6 cm. wide .... A. nodosus.

Flowers 5-6 cm. long; leaves to 4.5 cm. wide. . .A. subandinus.

Anthers not cross-celled.

Leaves 3-4.5 cm. wide, obscurely veined A. ornatus.

Leaves 5-6 cm. wide, obviously veined A. Paxianus.

Aetanthus cauliflorus Ule, Verh. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. 48: 153.

1907.

Leaves 3-5-verticillate, 12-20 cm. long, long-attenuate to the

petiole, this 1.5-2 cm. long, often attenuate also to the obtusish

apex; flowers 6-7 cm. long; filaments sharply papillose. — Otherwise

apparently very similar to A. subandinus. Neg. 3293.

Loreto: Cerro de Escalera, 1,400 meters, Ule 6908 (type).

Aetanthus coriaceus Patsch. Bot. Jahrb. 45: 437. 1911.

Petioles 1.5-2.5 cm. long; leaves obtuse, 7-8.5 cm. long, the lateral

nerves slender; calyculus 5 mm. long; flowers to 8 cm. long, red below,

orange above; fruit 2 cm. long, 7 mm. thick.

Cajamarca: Above San Miguel, Weberbauer 3938 (type); 258.

Aetanthus nodosus (Desr.) Engler, Pflanzenfam. Nachtr. 3,

pt. 1: 136. 1897. Loranthus nodosus Desr. in Lam. Encycl. 3: 601.

1792. L. dichotomus R. & P. Fl. 3: 45. pi. 274. 1802. Psittacanthus

dichotomus Eichl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5, pt. 2: 27. 1868.

Branches often ternate; petioles short or 10-12 mm. long; leaves

verticillate, 6-10 cm. long, 4-7 cm. wide, lightly nerved, the lateral

nerves about 7 ; peduncles about equaling the petioles, 4-6-flowered ;

flowers tubular, pendulous, red below, yellow above; fruit greenish

yellow, oval, 2 cm. long, 12 mm. thick. — In Herb. Madrid the Ruiz and

Pavon specimen is identified by Krause as Psittacanthus dichotomus!

394 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

Huanuco: Muna, Ruiz & Pavdn; (Jussieu, type). Pampayacu,

Sawada 34. Tambo de Vaca, 3,900 meters, 4900. "Mocma,"

"mucma."

Ae tan thus ornatus Krause, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 8: 206.

1922.

Petioles 10-13 mm. long; leaves narrowly elliptic or obovate,

narrowed at the base, 5-8 cm. long; pedicels 5-8 mm. long; flowers

scarlet, with orange limb, the tube 14-18 mm. long, 3 mm. thick

at the base to 6 mm. at the apex, the lobes 3.5-4.5 cm. long, 1-1.5

mm. broad; filaments 14-16 mm. long, the anthers 12-15 mm. long.—

Nearly A. Mutisii (HBK.) Engler, of Ecuador, but the leaves and

flowers smaller and the petioles a little longer. Neg. 3295.

Piura: Above Palambla, Weberbauer 6057 (type).

Aetanthus Paxianus Patsch. Bot. Jahrb. 45: 437. 1911.

Not apparently distinguishable from A. ornatus except by the

broader, ovate leaves, 8-10 cm. long, the flowers 6-8.5 cm. long,

and the filaments 2-2.5 cm. long; fruit ovate, 2 cm. long, 13 mm.

thick. Neg. 3296.

Huanuco: Near Monzon, 2,500 meters, Weberbauer 3390 (type);

255.

Aetanthus subandinus Ule, Verh. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. 48:

154. 1907.

Branches terete, rarely trichotomous; leaves ternate, obovate

or broadly oblong, 7-9 cm. long, 3.5-4.5 cm. wide, narrowed to the

(3-5 mm. long) petiole, coriaceous, indistinctly nerved; pedicels

2-3 mm. long; calyculus 2-3 mm. long; flowers scarlet; filaments

4 mm. long, epapillose. Neg. 3297.

San Martin: Cerro de Cumbasa, 1,000 meters, Vie 6318, type.—

Loreto: Mouth of Rio Santiago, Tessmann 4367. Pumayacu, 600-

1,200 meters, King 3164 (det. Standley). Florida, 200 meters, Klug

2106; flowers brick-red and yellow. Caballo-cocha, Williams 2072.

Florida, Klug 2254- "Ucuguifise" (Huitoto Indian name).

8. GAIADENDRON G. Don

Typically well marked as indicated in the key; also the original

species becomes a tree and subsists then independently. However,

two of the Peruvian species are, so far as known, parasitic shrubs,

and have been determined in Herb. Madrid by Krause as Phrygi-

lanthus sp., following Eichler who, however, reduced the genus Gaia-

FLORA OF PERU 395

dendron to Phrygilanthus, although Krause himself accepts it; cL

Pflanzenfam. loc. cit. Dr. Charles Baehni has kindly verified my

assumption from appearance that these parasitic shrubs must be

associated with the original Gaiadendron, if the genus is maintained,

and the transfer of the species is here made for him, with his permis-

sion. G. Don included Phrygilanthus eugenioides (HBK.) Eichl.

here on the basis of its punctate leaves and sometimes terrestrial

habit, but it lacks the persistent bractlets and, presumably, has a

1-celled ovary.

Leaves lanceolate, acuminate; flowers white or yellowish white.

G. Tagua.

Leaves rounded at the apex or merely acute, often obovate; flowers

yellow.

Leaves more or less obovate, rounded or blunt, densely punctate

beneath; terrestrial trees.

Bracts not foliaceous.

Flowers about 2 cm. long; ovary 1-1.75 mm. wide.

G. puracense.

Flowers about 3 cm. long; ovary 2 mm. wide. .G. punctatum.

Bracts foliaceous G. macranthum.

Leaves not obovate, acutish, with few or obscure punctations;

parasitic shrubs.

Leaves lance-oblong, to 7 cm. long, less than half as broad.

G. lanceolatum.

Leaves elliptic, mostly 2.5-4 cm. long G. ellipticum.

Gaiadendron ellipticum (R. & P.) Baehni, comb. nov.

Loranthus ellipticus R. & P. Fl. 3: 47. pi. 276. 1802. Phrygilanthus

ellipticus Eichl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5, pt. 2: 48. 1868.

Apparently too similar to P. lanceolatus, but the leaf blades

somewhat shorter, the longest about 5 cm. long, on petioles 4-6

mm. long; racemes densely flowered, 3 cm. long. — The leaves of both

species are sparsely punctate beneath. Neg. 29469.

Huanuco: Posuso, Ruiz & Pavon. — Cuzco: Ollantaitambo, 2,800

meters, Herrera 683. Calca, 3,000 meters, Herrera 2091. Ollan-

taitambo, 3,000 meters, Pennell 13666. "Matapalo."

Gaiadendron lanceolatum (R. & P.) Baehni, comb. nov.

Loranthus lanceolatus R. & P. Fl. 3: 47. pi. 278. 1802. L. lancifolius

396 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

Poir. ex R. & S. Syst. 7: 142. 1829. Phrygilanthus lanceolatus Eichl.

in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5, pt. 2: 48. 1868.

A brown-barked shrub with yellow flowers borne ternately in

axillary and terminal racemes 4-7 cm. long; leaves oblong-lanceolate,

2-3 cm. broad, slightly lustrous above, punctate and drying brown

beneath, obsoletely veined; petioles 7-10 mm. long; pedicels 2-3

mm. long; bracts ovate, 4 mm. long, reflexed, persistent; flowers

about 12 mm. long, the 7-8 divisions nearly filiform; fruit oblong.

Neg. 29460.

Huanuco: Pillao, Ruiz & Pavon (type).

Gaiadendron macranthum Killip, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci.

24: 44. 1934.

Leaves obovate, 3.5-5 cm. long, 1.5-2.3 cm. wide; bracts similar

to the leaves, 10-25 mm. long, 4-10 mm. wide, persistent; bractlets

ovate, 5-7 mm. long, 4-5 mm. wide; flowers in 3's, the lateral short-

pediceled; calyx cylindric, 4 mm. long, the margin flaring, entire;

petals 7, orange, 3-3.5 cm. long. — Not clearly distinct from G.

punctatum, but the author separates it on "the large leaf -like bracts,

larger bractlets, and longer petals." A shrub about 2 meters high

(Weberbauer).

Ayacucho: Putis, Choimacota valley, 3,400 meters, Weberbauer

7523 (type).

Gaiadendron punctatum (R. & P.) G. Don, Gen. Syst. 3:

432. 1834. Loranthus punctatus R. & P. Fl. 3: 47. pi. 277. 1802.

Taguaria punctata Raf. Sylva Tell. 125. 1838. Phrygilanthus punc-

tatus Eichl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5, pt. 2: 48. 1868.

A tall shrub or small tree with very erect, terete branches;

petioles 4-5 mm. long; leaf blades oval or somewhat obovate, acutish

at the base, rounded at the blunt apex, to 7 cm. long and 4 cm. wide,

slightly lustrous above, dull and densely punctate beneath ; flowers

in dense, terminal and upper-axillary racemes, these 10 cm. long or

longer; peduncles 3-4 mm. long, 2-3-flowered, the elliptic bractlets

7 mm. long; petals 3 cm. long. — Often a tall tree that at flowering

time is brilliant because of the myriads of bright yellow flowers,

borne so profusely that they seem to clothe all the upper crowded

branchlets. Petals 6 in the original specimen, but this scarcely con-

stant. My collection was from a tree more than 20 meters tall.

Cajamarca: Huambos, 2,600 meters (Weberbauer 260).—

Huanuco: Pampayacu, Sawada 59, 40; Kanehira 35. Playapampa,

FLORA OF PERU 397

2,700 meters, 4894. Vilcabamba, 1,800 meters, 4971. Pan de

Azucar, Sawada 61. Rio Monzon (Weberbauer 255). Tambo de

Vaca, 4458. — Junin: Huasa-huasi, Ruiz & Pavon. Above Huacapis-

tana, 3,000 meters, Killip & Smith 24456; (Weberbauer 246).—

Ayacucho: Carrapa, 1,200 meters, Killip & Smith 23234, 22296.—

Cuzco: Pillahuata, 2,800 meters, Pennell 14086 (det. Krause).

Urubamba (Herrera). Bolivia; Colombia. "Matapalo."

Gaiadendron puracense (HBK.) G. Don, Gen. Syst. 3: 432.

1834. Loranthus puracensis HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 437. 1820.

Perhaps only a variety of G. punctatum, but slenderer and smaller

in all its parts; leaves lance-oblong, slightly obovate, 4-6 cm. long,

2 cm. wide; flowers in terminal, rather long racemes; petals 6-8.—

The shorter, slenderer flowers, slender ovary, and smaller bracts are

at once apparent in the following Weberbauer material, in contrast

to cotype specimens of G. punctatum.

Cajamarca: Huambos, 3,000 meters, Weberbauer 4164 (det.

Baehni, ex char.). — Junin: Huacapistana, 2,000 meters, Weberbauer

2119 (det. Baehni, ex char.). Colombia.

Gaiadendron Tagua (HBK.) G. Don, Gen. Syst. 3: 431. 1834.

Loranthus Tagua HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 436. 1820.

Leaves oblongish, fleshy-coriaceous, minutely punctate beneath,

to nearly 10 cm. long, 3-4 cm. wide; racemes 2-3 cm. long, axillary,

solitary; bractlets about as long as the calyx; petals 7, 2 cm. long;

flowers yellowish white, fragrant. — Peru to Costa Rica, British

Guiana, and Venezuela, according to Krause.

Peru: Apparently. Colombia.

9. PHRYGILANTHUS Eichl.

Half parasitic shrubs or rarely terrestrial trees, with mostly

opposite leaves and conspicuous, red, yellow, or white flowers.

Calyx rim obvious. Filaments definitely narrowed beneath the

versatile anthers in contrast to those of Aetanthus. — Besides the

following, P. heterophyllus (R. & P.) Eichl., P. tetrandrus (R. & P.)

Eichl., and P. aphyllus (Miers) Eichl. have been reported in Peru

in literature as recently as in the new edition of the PflanzenJ "ami-

lien but I have seen no specimens or definite citations that are

not highly questionable, as for example Dombey material given as

Peruvian. A "P. Lehmanianus" mentioned by Weberbauer, 162, "to-

ward Ocros," Cajamarca, seems to be an unpublished name for a

specimen probably referred to one of the following.

398 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

Flowers 6-8-parted; inflorescences mostly axillary.

Pedicels of the flowers subequal.

Leaves about 3 cm. long or shorter P. ligustrinus.

Leaves 5-10 cm. long.

Parasitic shrubs; bracts promptly deciduous.

Leaves 5-7 cm. long; pedicels 1-3-flowered . P. acutifolius.

Leaves 8-10 cm. long; pedicels 3-flowered P. repens.

Trees; bracts rather tardily deciduous P. eugenioides.

Pedicels unequal, the middle much shorter, or the flowers sessile.

P. suaveolens.

Flowers 5-parted; inflorescences mostly terminal.

Flowers about 10 cm. long or longer.

Bracts conspicuously exceeding the calyculus.

Leaves attenuate at the base, narrowly lanceolate.

P. monzoniensis.

Leaves rounded at the base, broadly ovate or elliptic.

P. grandiflorus.

Bracts small, little if at all longer than the calyculus.

Leaves short-petioled P. Chodatianus.

Leaves sessile P. peruvianus.

Flowers 2-5 cm. long.

Leaves opposite; bracts conspicuous P. longebracteatus.

Leaves often ternate; bracts small P. verticillatus.

Phrygilanthus acutifolius (R. & P.) Eichl. in Mart. Fl. Bras.

5, pt. 2: 49. 1868. Loranthus acutifolius R. & P. Fl. 3: 48. pi. 274.

1802. Psittacanthus acutifolius G. Don, Gen. Syst. 3: 417. 1834.

Very similar to P. eugenioides, but perhaps always parasitic;

leaves lanceolate, acutely long-acuminate, obscurely veined, dull

on both sides, 5-10 cm. long, about 2 (-2.5) cm. broad; racemes 3

cm. long; ternations and flowers pedicellate, the pedicels of each

about 3 mm. long; bracts promptly deciduous; flowers white, 12 mm.

long; fruit oval, black, the size of a pea.— The bracts are not "tardily

deciduous" on the type specimen. Loranthus albiflorus Hook. Icon.

pi. 683 is the same, according to Eichler. Neg. 29457.

Huanuco: Ruiz & Pavdn. — Ayacucho: Rocky cliffs, Weberbauer

5518. Ecuador.

FLORA OF PERU 399

Phrygilanthus Chodatianus Patsch. Bot. Jahrb. 45: 435. 1911.

Internodes 1-2 cm. long; leaves obovate, strongly cuneate to

the base, 3-4.5 cm. long, about 0.7 cm. broad; racemes secund, 4.5

cm. long; bracts 4-5 mm. long; calyx 2-3 mm. long; flowers 4 cm.

long, scarlet; fruit 1 cm. long, scarlet. — On Polylepis. Negs. 3286.

27827.

Ancash: Pichiu, 4,000-4,100 meters, Weberbauer 2934 (type);

217, 225. — lea: Above Pisco, Weberbauer 5434 (det. Krause).

Phrygilanthus eugenioides (HBK.) Eichl. in Mart. Fl. Bras.

5, pt. 2: 50. 1868. Loranthus eugenioides HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp.

3: 435. 1820. Gaiadendron eugenioides G. Don, Gen. Syst. 3: 431.

1834.

Branches rugose; leaves ovate-lanceolate, sometimes narrowly

so, basally attenuate to the slender petiole, long-acuminate, usually

about 10 cm. long, lustrous above, more or less obviously veiny

and punctate beneath; racemes axillary and terminal, often several

cm. long; bracts promptly caducous; flowers pedicellate, 12-16 mm.

long, greenish white; calyx scarcely 1 mm. high; fruit black, 8 mm.

long. — Variable in shape and size of leaves; very doubtfully distinct

from P. acutifolius. Half parasitic on trees or growing independently.

Illustrated, Mart. Fl. Bras. 5, pt. 2: pi. 12.

Huanuco: Huariaca, 2,850 meters, 2402. San Rafael, Sawada

115. Ambo, 2,100 meters, 3198. — Amazonas: Chachapoyas, Weber-

bauer 4386; 263 (det. Patschovsky). — Piura: Huancabamba (Hum-

boldt, type). Negritos, Haught. Argentina to Brazil.

Phrygilanthus grandiflorus (R. & P.) Eichl. in Mart. Fl.

Bras. 5, pt. 2: 46. 1868. Loranthus grandiflorus R. & P. Fl. 3: 45.

pi. 273. 1802.

Branches more or less pendent, bearing terminally several

scarlet flowers 10-15 cm. long; leaves usually opposite, oval or elliptic,

blunt, slightly lustrous above, somewhat veiny; bracts persistent,

foliaceous, well exceeding the calyx; fruit oval, bluish, the size of

an olive.

Huanuco: Posuso, Muna, Pillao (Ruiz & Pavdn). Monzon,

Weberbauer 3366 (det. Patschovsky). — Cajamarca: Nancho, Rai-

mondi. "Hatun-mocma," "hatun-mucma," "moma."'

Phrygilanthus ligustrinus (Willd.) Eichl. in Mart. Fl. Bras.

5, pt. 2: 48. 1868. Loranthus ligustrinus Willd. ex R. & S. Syst.

7: 136. 1829. L. ligustrifolius Willd. op. cit. 135.

400 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

Similar in general to P. acutifolius, but the leaves only about

half as large and the flowers corymbose or racemosely congested.—

In Peru according to Engler & Krause, Pflanzenfam. Neg. 11820.

Peru(?): (Haenke, type of L. ligustrifolius) . "Middle America"

(Humboldt).

Phrygilanthus longebracteatus (Desr.) Macbr. Field Mus.

Bot. 11: 17. 1931. Loranthus longebracteatus Desr. in Lam. Encycl.

3: 599. 1792. L. glaucus R. & P. Fl. 3: 45. pi. 275. 1802. L. corym-

bosus Dietr. Gaert. Lex. Nachtr. 4: 468. 1815-21. P. corymbosus

Eichl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5, pt. 2: 46. 1868.

Allied to P. verticillatus, but v/ith showy, reddish flowers, medially

yellow, 3.5-5 cm. long, and conspicuous bracts 1 cm. long; leaves

glaucous, opposite, ovate-lanceolate, obtusely subacuminate; inflo-

rescences terminal, few-flowered; fruit deep purple, ovate-oval. —

Flowers scarlet, according to Weberbauer. Neg. 29458 (P. glaucus}.

Huanuco: Yanano, 1,800 meters, 3737. Mito, 2,700 meters,

3344. Huasa-huasi, Pillao, Muna,. Chinchao, Ruiz & Pavdn.—

Cajamarca: Cutervo, Raimondi (det. Krause). — Ancash: Chiquian,

Weberbauer 2849 (det. Krause). — Junin: Huancayo, Raimondi.

Chile to Colombia. "Pupa."

Phrygilanthus monzoniensis Patsch. Bot. Jahrb. 45: 436. 1911.

Branches papillose-verrucose, the internodes 2 cm. long; leaves

lanceolate, acuminate, about 4 cm. long, 4-8 mm. broad, the nar-

rowed petiolar base 3-5 mm. long; flowers 8 cm. long, the foliaceous

bracts 2 cm. long; calyx dentate, 6 mm. long; fruit ellipsoid, 12 mm.

long, black. — Flowers bright red, orange-zoned. Negs. 3288, 27828.

Huanuco: Near Monzon, 3,400 meters, Weberbauer 3342 (type).

Phrygilanthus peruvianus Patsch. Bot. Jahrb. 45: 435. 1911.

A shrub of 2 meters, the internodes 6-9 cm. long; leaves ovate-

lanceolate, acute, 4-5.5 cm. long, 3-4 cm. broad; flowers to 9 cm.

long, red, in terminal, secund racemes; bracts acute, 4-5 mm. long,

2 mm. broad; calyx twice as long; fruit red, 1 cm. long. Neg. 3287.

Ancash: Ocros, 2,400-3,500 meters, Weberbauer 2117, 3147.—

Lima: San Buenaventura, 2,800 meters, Pennell 14545; flowers

scarlet-red.

Phrygilanthus repens Patsch. Bot. Jahrb. 45: 436. 1911.

A parasitic shrub with long adventitious roots; internodes 3-4

cm. long; leaves lanceolate, 1-1.5 cm. broad, acutely acuminate,

FLORA OF PERU 401

narrowed into a petiole 2 cm. long; racemes about 8 cm. long, the

pedicels 3-flowered; petals 6, white; calyx 3 mm. long, dentate;

fruit 7 mm. long. — Perhaps not a Phrygilanthus; parasitic on Schinus

Molle, the white flowers very fragrant. Neg. 3289.

Ancash: Valley of the Puccha, Weberbauer 3733 (type).

Phrygilanthus suaveolens (HBK.) Eichl. in Mart. Fl. Bras.

5, pt. 2: 49. 1868. Loranthus suaveolens HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3:

435. 1820.

Branches terete, smooth; leaves ovate-oblong, rounded at the

base, acuminate, lustrous above, about 5 cm. long, half as wide;

petioles 4-5 mm. long; racemes 2-4 in the axils; flowers white, short-

pediceled, the middle subsessile, 6-8 mm. long, ebracteate; calyx

obsoletely dentate. Neg. 3290.

Cajamarca(?) : Gonzanama (Humboldt).

Phrygilanthus verticillatus (R. & P.) Eichl. in Mart. Fl.

Bras. 5, pt. 2: 47. 1868. Loranthus verticillatus R. & P. Fl. 3: 47.

1802. L. Poeppigii DC. Prodr. 4: 308. 1830; P. & E. Nov. Gen. &

Sp. 2: 61. pi. 184. 1838.

A half parasitic shrub with verticillate, erect branchlets and

subverticillate, lanceolate, enervose leaves; flowers crowded, grena-

dine red, mostly borne ternately, 3-5 cm. long; bracts shorter than

the calyx; fruit oval, purplish black.

Cuzco: Urubamba (Weberbauer 4901); (Herrera 2271; det.

Krause). Chile; Bolivia. "Ictriho," "itiu," "ictrigo," "bela-bela."

10. PSITTACANTHUS Mart.

Reference: Eichler in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5, pt. 2: 23-45. 1868.

Except for the negative character, "endosperm lacking," the

genus can not be distinguished, all species considered, from Phrygi-

lanthus. The majority of species, however, may be recognized by

the presence of a cup-like bracteal development in which the ovary

is partly concealed and which may represent the complete union of

the bractlets; it is hereafter referred to as a "cup."

Flowers solitary or few, axillary or nodose; nodes not or little

enlarged.

Leaves about 1 cm. long P. cuneifolius.

Leaves about 10 cm. long or longer.

Petioles often 1 cm. long; leaves cuneate or acute at the base;

flowers red.

402 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

Pedicels verruculose; flowers acute P. crassifolius.

Pedicels smooth; flowers truncate P. peculiaris.

Petioles to 7 mm. long; leaves not at all acute at the base;

flowers red or yellow P. Krausei.

Flowers racemose, the racemes often short, or in branched inflores-

cences, the nodes enlarged in many cases.

Leaves opposite or ternate (see also P. calcaratus).

Leaves cordate-amplexicaul.

Leaves auricled at the base P. amplexifolius.

Leaves merely slightly clasping the stems P. cardiphyllus.

Leaves little if at all cordate.

Leaves narrowly oblong or, if ovate, round-obtuse at the apex.

Cup cyathiform; leaves 3-6 cm. wide P. Cordiae.

Cup patelliform; leaves rarely as wide as 3 cm.

Leaves subsessile; peduncles 6-8 mm. long. . . P. obovatus.

Leaves sessile; peduncles 15 mm. long P. tumbecensis.

Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate or at least narrowed to

the apex.

Calyx much exceeded by a foliaceous bract .... P. cucullaris.

Calyx not so subtended.

Leaves 10 cm. long or much longer.

Flowers pedicellate P. subalatus.

Flowers sessile P. cupulifer.

Leaves 3 cm. long or shorter P. coccineus.

Leaves alternate or not strictly opposite.

Flowers usually 8-10 cm. long P. calcaratus.

Flowers 1-4 cm. long.

Leaves roundish, not at all narrowed at the base.

P. Weberbaueri.

Leaves cuneate at the base, narrow.

Leaves petioled; calyx twice longer than the cup.

P. divaricatus.

Leaves sessile; calyx slightly longer than the cup.

P. linearis.

Psittacanthus amplexifolius (van Tiegh.) Engler, Pflanzen-

fam. Nachtr. 1: 136. 1897. Arthraxon amplexifolius van Tiegh.

Bull. Soc. Bot. France 42: 353. 1895.

FLORA OF PERU 403

Allied to P. cardiphyllus, but the leaves auricled at the pro-

nouncedly amplexicaul base, as in P. cordatus, but rounded at the

apex; perianth in bud not enlarged apically.

Cajamarca: Jae"n (Vidal Senege).

Psittacanthus calcaratus A. C. Smith, Bull. Torrey Club 58:

89. 1931.

Branches stout, subquadrate; leaves veiny, rather thin, blunt

or rounded at the apex, cuneate to the base, subelliptic, mostly 11-12

cm. long, 5 cm. broad; petioles 1-1.5 cm. long; inflorescence terminal,

crowded; peduncles to 4 cm. long, the stout pedicels about half as

long; cup 2 mm. long, 4-5 mm. wide at the rim, subpatellif orm ;

calyx 4 mm. long, truncate, minutely denticulate or entire; perianth

blunt, 7-9.5 cm. long, each interior margin of the 6 linear lobes

triangularly spurred near the tip; filaments attached 11 mm. below

the tip of the perianth, 5-6 mm. long, equaling the pubescent an-

thers.— Flowers red and yellow. The related P. clusiifolius (Willd.)

Eichl., with leathery leaves and stamens attached near the tip of the

perianth segments, may occur.

Loreto: Mishuyacu, 100 meters, Klug 694 (type).

Psittacanthus cardiphyllus (Willd.) Eichl. in Mart. Fl. Bras.

5, pt. 2: 27. 1868. Loranthus cardiphyllus Willd. ex R. & S. Syst. 7,

pt. 1:162.1829.

Like P. Cordiae, but the leaves distinctly cordate at the base;

terminal racemes many-flowered, with about 10 nodes, the pedicels

3-4 mm. long. — Of this affinity are P. bicalyculatus (Mart.) G. Don

and L. cordatus (Hoffm.) G. Don, the former with longer pedicels,

2-4 inflorescence nodes, and oblongish leaves, the latter with lan-

ceolate, acuminate leaves, hastately cordate at the base.

Peru(?) : Probably. Brazil.

Psittacanthus coccineus Patsch. Bot. Jahrb. 45: 436. 1911.

Glabrous; leaves opposite, sessile, lanceolate, 3 cm. long, 4-8 mm.

broad, subcoriaceous, the nervation evident; flowers in terminal

racemes, on pedicels 4 mm. long; cup 2 mm. long, the usually dentate

calyx 3 mm. long; perianth segments free, red, nearly 3 cm. long,

the filiform filaments attached below the middle; fruit elliptic-

oblong, black, 4 mm. long, 2 mm. thick. — On Salix and Schinus

Molle. Neg. 3299.

Ancash: Near Ocros, Weberbauer 2643 (type).

404 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

Psittacanthus Cordiae Krause, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 8:

206. 1922.

Branchlets terete; leaves sessile or nearly so, rigid-coriaceous,

ovate or roundish, rarely slightly emarginate at the base, 5-8 cm.

long, 3-6 cm. wide; nerves many, obvious; flowers short-pediceled,

in terminal racemes; bracts broadly ovate, 2-2.5 mm. long, about as

long as the cyathiform cup, this scarcely equaling the ovary; perianth

scarlet, the linear-lanceolate lobes usually free to the base, 3-3.4

cm. long, sparsely and very shortly pilose without; filaments about

medially inserted; anthers 2-2.5 mm. long. — P. chanduyensis Eichl.

and P. obovatus Benth., both Ecuadorian, may be expected; the former

has smaller leaves, rarely 3.5 cm. long, and very short racemes;

the latter obovate leaves, more or less attenuate basally, distinctly

nervose, 2.5-5 cm. long. Neg. 3298. P. cinctus (Mart.) G. Don

with scurfy inflorescence and orange-tomentose flowers would also

be sought here.

Piura: On Cordia rotundifolia, near Serran, 200-300 meters,

Weberbauer 5996 (type). La Brea, 150 meters, Weberbauer 7766.—

Without locality, Raimondi. "Piiia."

Psittacanthus crassifolius (Mart.) G. Don, Gen. Syst. 3:

417. 1834. Loranthus crassifolius Mart, ex R. & S. Syst. 7, pt. 1:

123. 1829.

Young parts obsoletely reddish-scurfy; branches terete; leaves

broadly ovate or elliptic, fleshy-coriaceous, opaque, 8-12 cm. long,

5-7 cm. broad or exceptionally half again as large; flowers mostly

ternately arranged in the axils, the common peduncle 4-6 mm. long;

perianth to 9 cm. long, the filaments attached to about 1 cm. below

the apex, the anthers 5-6 mm. long. — A. C. Smith, from whom this

description, in part, is drawn, observed 1 or 2 spurs on each perianth

lobe. Neg. 19056.

Loreto: Mishuyacu, 100 meters, Klug 119 (det. Smith). Brazil.

Psittacanthus cucullaris (Lam.) G. Don, Gen. Syst. 3 :416. 1834.

Loranthus cucullaris Lam. Journ. Hist. Nat. Paris 1: 444. pi. 23. 1793.

Completely glabrous, drying black; petioles 2-6 mm. long; leaves

elliptic-oblong or linear-lanceolate, acute, to 10 cm. long, 1.5-4

cm. broad, subcoriaceous, with 5-7 nerves; flowers terminally

paniculate, the peduncle of the ternations to 12 mm. long; bracts

cucullate-concave, foliaceous, 12-20 mm. long; perianth segments

yellow, orange, or reddish, the filaments medially inserted; fruit

ellipsoid. — Illustrated, Mart. Fl. Bras. 5, pt. 2: pi. 7.

FLORA OF PERU 405

Loreto: Mishuyacu, Klug 1317 (det. Smith). Brazil to the

Guianas.

Psittacanthus cupulifer (HBK.) G. Don, Gen. Syst. 3: 417.

1834. Loranthus cupulifer HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 438. 1820.

Allied toP.cucullaris; branches terete; leaves subsessile, obliquely

ovate-oblong, narrowed to the obtuse apex, reticulate, 2.5-5 cm.

broad; inflorescences densely flowered, 3-6 cm. long, the flowers

sessile or subsessile, 4 cm. long, subtended by a concave bract 5 mm.

long; calyx 6-8 mm. long; filaments medially adnate; fruit ellipsoid.

— Weberbauer noted the flowers as scarlet below, golden yellow

medially, orange toward the tips; Klug as yellowish green and red,

yellow and red, and yellow. Here as elsewhere G. Don has been

accepted as second authority for the name instead of Blume, who in

R. & S. Syst. 7, pt. 2: 1730. 1830, indicated the transfer without

actually making it.

San Martin: Moyobamba, Weberbauer 4718 (det. Patschovsky).

—Loreto: Maucallacta, 200 meters, Klug 3955. Pebas, Williams

1871. Florida, 180 meters, Klug 2189, 2325. Fortaleza, 140 meters,

Williams 4315; Klug 2804- Lower Rio Nanay, Williams 614, 531.

Yurimaguas, 180 meters, Williams 7875, 7874- Caballo-cocha,

Williams 244%- Rio Nanay, Raimondi. Middle Rio Apaga, Tess-

mann 3838 (det. Krause). Lower Rio Blanco, Tessmann 3076 (det.

Krause). Ecuador to Bolivia. "Pishcu-isman," "jucu-gui-o"

(Huitoto name), "suelda con suelda."

Psittacanthus cuneifolius (R. & P.) G. Don, Gen. Syst. 3:

416. 1834. Loranthus cuneifolius R. & P. Fl. 3: 46. pi. 276. 1802.

Phrygilanthus cuneifolius Eichl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5, pt. 2: 49. 1868.

Densely branched, the slender branches spreading; leaves oblong-

cuneate or narrowly obovate, subsessile, 1.5-2 cm. long, about 5

mm. broad, apically rounded, mucronate, faintly 3-nerved; flowers

solitary or 3-5 in axillary fascicles or racemes scarcely 1 cm. long, the

pedicels 5-7 mm. long; cup 2.5 mm. deep, the teeth marked, the

calyx nearly twice as long; flowers about 3 cm. long, yellowish red;

petals coalescent; filaments filiform, subulate; fruit 8-10 mm. long.

— Subsp. peruanus Engler is apparently the typical, i.e. the Peruvian,

form. A shrub of 5 meters on Rhamnaceae (Killip & Smith). The

fruits are used for the making of bird lime, which boys smear on the

branches of trees to catch small birds, particularly the "chchainas"

(jilgueros)', the gum is employed also as a plaster for fractures, etc.

(Herrera). Neg. 29462.

406 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

Huanuco: Cheuchin, Ruiz & Pawn. Chulki, Sawada 57. Mito,

2,700 meters, 1781. Huanuco, 2,100 meters, 2046. — Junin: Between

Viques and Ingahuasi, 3,150 meters, Killip & Smith 22173. — Cuzco:

Capana, Prov. Paucartambo (Herrera 635). Parcocella, 3,600

meters, Herrera 1144- — Arequipa: Yura, 2,700 meters, Weberbauer

1415. Above Pampa Redonda, Weberbauer 5767. — Ayacucho:

Ayacucho, 3,100 meters, Weberbauer 5530. Chile to Brazil. "Pupa,"

"liga," "suelda con suelda."

Psittacanthus divaricatus (HBK.) G. Don, Gen. Syst. 3:

417. 1834. Loranthus divaricatus HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 433. 1820.

Branches spreading; leaves subsessile, elliptic-oblong, rounded

at the apex, coriaceous, 2-3 cm. long, 10-18 mm. wide; peduncles

3-flowered, paniculately disposed; flowers 2.5 cm. long or longer,

on pedicels to 4 mm. long; calyx obsoletely dentate. — The original

locality is given as perhaps the Rio Orinoco, but the species is

accredited in literature to Chile.

Cajamarca: Nancho, Raimondi. Brazil (?); Chile(?).

Psittacanthus Krausei Macbr. Candollea 5: 349. 1934.

Branches terete, markedly nodose; petioles 6-7 mm. long; leaves

ovate, attenuately and acutely acuminate, to 10.5 cm. long, about

3.5 cm. broad; flowers 2-3 in corymbs and umbels, the common

peduncle 12-15 mm. long; pedicels glabrous, 10-12 mm. long; flowers

lustrous, 6-6.5 cm. long; anthers 3 mm. long, with a mucro 2

mm. long. — P. peronopetalus Eichl., with larger leaves, puberulent

inflorescence, shorter pedicels, and short-mucronulate anthers, may

be expected. P. biternatus (Hoffm.) G. Don, similar, has elliptic

leaves rounded at both ends.

Loreto: Mishuyacu, 100 meters, King 1323 (type).

Psittacanthus linearis (Killip) Macbr., comb. nov. Phrygi-

lanthus linearis Killip, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 24: 45. 1934.

Glabrous, with terete branches and linear, obtuse leaves, slightly

narrowed at the base, sometimes subopposite, 2-3.5 cm. long, 1.5-5

mm. wide, obscurely 1-nerved; inflorescence compactly subcorym-

bose, the spreading pedicels of the ternately arranged flowers 3-5

mm. long; bractlets triangular-ovate, 2-3 mm. long; cup 2-2.5

mm. deep, denticulate, slightly exceeded by the subentire calyx;

petals 6, bright red or scarlet, 2-2.5 cm. long; filaments about 2

cm. long, thus attached toward the base. — This plant, from descrip-

tion, must be a Psittacanthus, apparently similar to P. coccineus.

FLORA OF PERU 407

According to Haught, it is slender, semi-trailing, almost always on

"algarroba," the branches 2 meters long or longer, flowering all the

year and broken off with long poles by goat herders for their animals

that seem to prefer this to any other plant. On Acacia and Prosopis

limensis.

Piura: Prov. Paita (Haught 9, type). Negritos, Haught F21.

La Brea, Weberbauer 7765. Prov. Paita (Townsend 823?; "but

leaves to 6 cm. long, 15 mm. wide"). "Pina."

Psittacanthus obovatus Benth. ex Eichl. in Mart. Fl. Bras.

5, pt. 2: 27. 1868. Loranthus obovatus Benth. Bot. Voy. Sulph. 103.

1844.

Slightly scabrous; branches dichotomous or verticillate; leaves

subsessile, obovate, obtuse, rounded or cuneate at the base, faintly

reticulate- veiny, 2.5-5 cm. long, 12-25 mm. wide; racemes with

5-6 short nodes; peduncles 6-8 mm. long, finely puberulent; flowers

in 3's, the pedicels 4-6 mm. long; cup a little shorter than the calyx;

petals 6, 3.5-4 cm. long. — Allied by Eichler with P. chanduyensis

Eichl. with sessile, not at all obovate leaves.

Piura: Negritos, Haught F 22. Ecuador. "Pina."

Psittacanthus peculiaris A. C. Smith, Bull. Torrey Club

58: 90. 1931.

Leaves ovate-lanceolate, falcate to broadly ovate, cuneate at the

base, narrowly acuminate or sometimes only acute, 4-8 cm. wide,

mostly 10-12 cm. long; petioles about 1 cm. long; flowers red, usually

2 or 3, the common peduncle and pedicels 2-3 mm. long; cup sub-

patelliform, 0.8 mm. long, 2 mm. wide at the rim; corolla finally to

5 cm. long, very slender toward the base, the throat narrowed, the

linear lobes each partly obscured by a fleshy, oblong, horizontal spur

nearly 2 mm. long; filaments scarcely 1 mm. long.

Loreto: Mishuyacu, 100 meters, Killip & Smith 29967 (type);

King 118, 1206. Pefia Blanca, Rio Itaya, 110 meters, Killip &

Smith 29653. Leticia, Williams 3147. Lower Rio Nanay, Wittiams

593, 646.

Psittacanthus subalatus Krause, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin

8: 207. 1922.

Branchlets stout, 4-angled and wing-margined; petioles 1-3 mm.

long; leaves coriaceous, rarely cordate-emarginate at the base,

mostly subfalcate, to 20 cm. long, 4-9 cm. wide; lateral nerves dis-

tinct on both sides; flowers pedicellate; bracts broadly ovate, con-

408 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

cave, 2-3 mm. long, the subpatelliform cup 2-3 mm. long, the calyx

2 cm. long; ovary 5-6 mm. long; perianth lobes roseate, free to the

base; filaments medially attached, 3-4 cm. long; style 7-8.5 cm.

long. — Differs from P. cupulifer (HBK.) Eichl. in its larger and

broader leaves and much smaller cup. P. fakifrons (Mart.) G. Don,

with golden yellow flowers and oblong-lanceolate leaves 1-4 cm.

wide, may be expected. Neg. 3300.

Piura: Above Palambla, 1,400 meters, Weberbauer 6030 (type).

Psittacanthus tumbecensis (Killip) Macbr., comb. nov.

Phrygilanthus tumbecensis Killip, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 24: 45.

1936.

Leaves narrowly oblong, subfalcate, 5-10 cm. long, 1.5-3 cm.

wide, obtuse, narrowed at the base, with many obscure nerves;

inflorescence loosely corymbose; bractlets 2-3 mm. long; cup 2-2.5

mm. long, 4-5 mm. wide, the calyx slightly longer; petals 6, 3-4

cm. long, "fiery red with yellow point." — Apparently allied to

P. obovatus.

Tumbez: Mountains east of Hacienda Chicama, 500-700 meters,

Weberbauer 7668, type.

Psittacanthus Weberbaueri Patsch. Bot. Jahrb. 45: 437. 1911.

Glabrous, erect; leaves sessile, oblong-ovate, obtuse or rounded

at the apex, 3-3.5 cm. long, 2-2.5 cm. broad, the lateral nerves

reticulate; flowers in terminal racemes on pedicels 3-4 mm. long; cup

cucullate, the calyx 3 mm. long; perianth 2.3-3.5 cm. long; filaments

filiform, medially attached; fruit oblong, 5 mm. long, 3 mm. thick.

Neg. 3301.

Cajamarca: Llallan, 600-700 meters, Weberbauer 3796 (type).

11. PERISTETHIUM van Tiegh.

Reference: van Tiegh. Bull. Soc. Bot. France 42: 175. 1895.

A segregate of Phrygilanthus, but as well marked as any genus

by virtue of its small flowers crowded in axillary inflorescences and

basally subtended by white bracts that on falling leave a little collar,

to which peculiarity the generic name refers. — No Peruvian specimen

appears to exist, but the plant is included here because definitely

stated to occur in Peru by all authorities!

Peristethium leptostachyum (HBK.) van Tiegh. loc. cit.

Loranthus leptostachyus HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 440. 1820.

FLORA OF PERU 409

Petioles 10-12 mm. long; leaf blades ovate-elliptic, acuminate,

net-veined, about 10 cm. long and half as wide; axillary spikes

2-several, much shorter than the leaves; flowers scarcely 4 mm. long.

Peru: (Occurrence doubtful). Colombia.

12. STRUTHANTHUS Mart.

Phthirusa Mart. Flora 13, pt. 1: 110. 1830.

Reference: Eichler in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5, pt. 2: 52-87. 1868.

Erect or not infrequently scandent shrubs, often developing

adventitious roots. Flowers tiny, in simple or branched, axillary or

terminal spikes, racemes, or panicles, or rarely solitary or subsoli-

tary, usually dioecious or perfect. Stamens often unequal, the fila-

ments of the longer then sometimes scalloped at each side, appar-

ently by pressure of the anthers of the shorter ones. Filaments in

varying degree thin and slender, short and thick, or even lacking,

even in staminate flowers. — Except in treating Lor anthus L. sensu lat.,

this group must be maintained as distinct. Even though its char-

acter of small flowers is intangible, this is obviously a natural genus

or, in the former case, subgenus. Here, as elsewhere in the family,

G. Don is given as second authority in place of Blume in R. & S.

Syst. 7, pt. 2: 1731. 1830, where the combinations are only indicated.

Rubber has been produced commercially from two of the species

found in Peru, S. aduncus and S. pyrifolius, the fruits having yielded

as high as 7 per cent rubber on an average. The practicability of

cultivation is highly questionable (Krause), so that no economic

significance can be envisaged, the exploitation of wild plants for this

purpose surely being very limited.

Plants glabrous; filaments (except in 2 species) slender.

Leaves 5-7.5 cm. wide, at least most of them, or the filaments

thick, often scalloped.

Filaments thin, straight; leaves all or most of them wider than

5 cm.

Verticels bracteolate, pedicellate, more or less paniculate.

S. retroflexus.

Verticels spicate, ebracteolate or the bractlets promptly

caducous S. polystachyus.

Filaments thick, often laterally scalloped; leaves mostly 4-5

cm. wide.

All the flowers panicled; anthers acuminate. . . .S. aduncus.

410 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XIII

All or nearly all the flowers spicate or racemose; anthers

mucronate S. Eichleri.

Leaves regularly narrower, rarely if ever some of them about 5

cm. wide.

Verticels ebracteolate or the bractlets very promptly caducous,

free; leaves little longer than broad.

Racemes several cm. long S, orbicularis.

Racemes less than 1 cm. long S. lucarquensis.

Verticels bracteolate, the bractlets more or less united; leaves

usually distinctly longer than broad.

Flower clusters all in corymbs or pseudocymes, the inflores-

cence rarely longer than 2 cm., usually shorter.

Leaves obovate-suborbicular S. retusus.

Leaves oblong-lanceolate S. dichotrianthus.

Flower clusters in spikes or racemes often longer than 2 cm.,

the terminal inflorescence rarely paniculate.

Flower clusters borne in spikes (typically).

Spikes 2-5 cm. long; flowers to about 6 mm. long; leaves

nearly nerveless S. concinnus.

Spikes 1 cm. long; flowers to 3 mm. long; leaves nerved.

S. tennis.

Flower clusters pedicellate, that is, racemose (cf. S. tennis).

Leaves fleshy, veinless S. acuminatus.

Leaves thin, veiny on both sides S. sarmentosus.

Plants more or less reddish-furfuraceous; filaments thick.

Inflorescence branchlet not conspicuously compressed; fruit

reflexed S. pyrifolius.

Inflorescence branchlet strikingly compressed; fruit spreading.

S. platycladus.

Struthanthus acuminatus (R. & P.) Blume ex R. & S. Syst.

7, pt. 2: 1731. 1830. Loranthus acuminatus R. & P. Fl. 3: 49. 1802.

Slender, with long, virgate, slightly angled branches, the narrowly

ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate leaves remote; petioles 3-5 mm.

long; leaf blades 6-7 cm. long, 1.5-2.5 cm. broad, rounded or scarcely

acute at the base, dull; racemes solitary, about 4 cm. long, the

slender rachis sharply quadrate; ternation pedicels 2 mm. long, the

flowers sessile; bracteoles tardily caducous, nearly free, subequal,

shorter than the calyx; flowers pale yellowish, 4 mm. long, the

FLORA OF PERU 411

medially attached filaments very short; fruit oval. — In aspect similar

to some forms of S. thyrsiflorus (C. & S.) Blume (S. syringifolius

Mart.), with short-acuminate and somewhat veiny leaves and one

bractlet longer than the other. Neg. 29464.

Huanuco: Pillao, Chinchao, Panao, Ruiz & Pavon.

Struthanthus aduncus (Meyer) G. Don, Gen. Syst. 3: 414.

1834. Loranthus aduncus Meyer, Prim. Fl. Esseq. 149. 1818. L. pani-

culatus HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 442. 1820. L. conduplicatus HBK.

op. cit. 441. L. Theobromae Willd. ex R. & S. Syst. 7: 132. 1829.

Phthirusa Theobromae Eichl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5, pt. 2: 56. pi. 14.

1868. P. paniculata Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 17. 1931.

Glabrous, erect or scandent, the bark grayish; petioles 5-10 mm.

long; leaf blades ovate or ovate-lanceolate, somewhat acute, 3-10

cm. long, 3-7 cm. wide, coriaceous; flowers usually white, 4-6 mm.

long, the perianth segments spreading, paniculate or the lower

axillary spikes simple, the ternations sessile or subsessile; calyx mem-

branous, truncate; fruit red, oblong. — Not at all clearly distinct and

more or less typically represented by some of the following col-

lections is var. orinocensis (Spreng.) Baehni & Macbr., comb. nov.

(Phthirusa orinocensis [Spreng.] Eichl. op. cit. 60), with the terna-

tions more or less pediceled and the racemes not at all panicled.

San Martin: Morales, Williams 5693. Zepelacio, 1,200-1,600

meters, Klug 3605. San Roque, 1,400 meters, Williams 7064.—

Loreto: Iquitos, Tessmann 3530, 5068; Williams 7976, 8095. Mishu-

yacu, 100 meters, Klug 3937. Florida, 200 meters, Klug 2134,

2047. Mainas, Poeppig 2383,—Cuzco: Urubamba, Weberbauer 5063

(flowers yellow). Widely distributed in tropical America. "Suelda

con suelda," "pishco isman," "rochido-ey" (Huitoto name).

Struthanthus concinnus Mart, ex G. Don, Gen. Syst. 3: 411.

1834.

Branches long, slender, terete; petioles 3-6 mm. long; leaf blades

lanceolate, acute at the base, gradually and acutely acuminate,

4-7 cm. long, 1.5-2.5 cm. broad, nearly nerveless, thin, dull beneath;

ternations sessile or subsessile; flowers greenish yellow, the stami-

nate to 6 mm., the pistillate to 4 mm. long; filaments affixed below

the middle of the linear perianth segments; calyx denticulate; fruit

ellipsoid. — S. rubens Mart, ex G. Don has coriaceous leaves lustrous

on both sides, the lateral nerves obvious. The Peruvian specimens

may be rather S. sarmentosus; at any rate, they are aberrant here by

412 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

reason of the pediceled flowers. Illustrated, Mart. Fl. Bras. 5, pt.

2: pi. 24-

Junin: Huacapistana, Weberbauer 2157 (det. Patschovsky).

Colonia Perene", 680 meters, Killip & Smith 25058. La Merced,

700 meters, Killip & Smith 23507. Chanchamayo Valley, 1,200

meters, Schunke 331. Above San Ramon, 1,300-1,700 meters,

Schunke A93. Carpapata, 2,400 meters, Killip & Smith 24366.

Huacapistana, 1,800-2,400 meters, Killip & Smith 24314- — Huanuco:

Yanano, 1,800 meters, 3724- — Ayacucho: Carrapa, 2,200 meters,

Killip & Smith 22310. Brazil; Surinam.

Struthanthus dichotrianthus Eichl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5,

pt. 2: 75. 1868.

Densely branched, the branches more or less scandent; petioles

3-10 mm. long; leaf blades oblong-lanceolate, obviously nervose

beneath, attenuate at both ends, 2.5-7 cm. long, 1-3 cm. wide;

ternations pedicellate, the pedicels 2-5 mm. long, in 2-3-chotomous,

axillary umbels; bracts minute; flowers white, the larger staminate

ones 5-6 mm. long; calyculus entire; fruit oblong, 5-6 mm. long,

3 mm. thick. — The Peruvian collection was determined apparently

by Patschovsky.

Loreto: Puerto Limon, Tessmann 4886. Surinam and British

Guiana; Venezuela.

Struthanthus Eichleri Baehni & Macbr., nom. nov. Phthirusa

polystachya Eichl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5, pt. 2: 57. pi. 19. 1868, not S.

polystachyus (R. & P.) G. Don.

Nearly S. aduncus, but the leaves rather less coriaceous, about 10

cm. long, the flowers all in simple, axillary spikes and, especially, the

filaments slightly glandular, the anthers shortly produced. — Flowers

purple (Ule). S. nitens (Mart.) Baehni & Macbr. would be sought

here; its lustrous, narrowly ovate-lanceolate leaves are attenuately

acuminate, its spikes solitary, the filaments eglandular, the anthers

apiculate.

Rio Acre: Ule 9337 (det. Krause). Brazil.

Struthanthus lucarquensis (HBK.) Macbr., comb. nov. Lor-

anthus lucarquensis HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 440. 1820. Phthirusa

lucarquensis G. Don, Gen. Syst. 3: 421. 1834.

Much branched, the branchlets terete; leaves somewhat mem-

branous and veiny, 2.5 cm. long, 18-20 mm. broad; flowers sub-

sessile, 3 mm. long, whitish yellow; racemes only 6 mm. long; petals

FLORA OF PERU 413

4, oblong, acute, slightly concave; filaments membranous, nearly

free; berry ovoid. — Because of the slender filament, this plant must

belong to the group Struthanthus.

Peru(?) : Lucarque ( Humboldt}. Ecuador.

Struthanthus orbicularis (HBK.) Blume ex R. & S. Syst. 7,

pt. 2: 1731. 1850. Loranthus orbicularis HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3:

434. 1820.

A shrub with long, flexuous branches, these often pendent and

twining, the young leaves prehensile; petioles 8-12 mm. long; blades

more or less approaching orbicular, 2.5-5 cm. long, attenuate or

contracted to the petiole, coriaceous; ternations subsessile in axillary

spikes 2.5-10 cm. long, the rachis sharply quadrate; flowers yellowish

green, to nearly 6 mm. long, more or less pediceled; bracts free, cadu-

cous; fruit oval, red, 1 cm. long. — Here would key Tessmann 3248

with more elliptic leaves, from the Ucayali; the ternations are

pedicellate, the racemes only 1-2 cm. long.

San Martin: Rioja, west of Moyobamba, Weberbauer 4702;

290 (det. Patschovsky). Brazil, north to Central America.

Struthanthus platycladus (Ule) Baehni & Macbr., comb. nov.

Phthirusa platyclada Ule, Verh. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. 48: 153. 1907.

Similar to S. pyrifolius, to which it could be joined as a variety;

leaves coriaceous, rounded-obtuse, mucronate; flowers 2-3 mm.

long, yellowish green; fruit ascending-spreading. — Perhaps all the

Peruvian material is rather referable to S. pyrifolius.

San Martin: Tarapoto, Wittiams 5711. — Loreto: Yurimaguas,

Williams 4984- Middle Rio Blanco, Tessmann 3141- Brazil.

"Pishco isman."

Struthanthus polystachyus (R. & P.) G. Don, Gen. Syst.

3: 410. 1834. Loranthus polystachyus R. & P. Fl. 3: 50. 1802.

Branches long, terete, the branchlets more or less compressed

at the nodes; petioles 1-1.5 cm. long; blades broadly ovate, acumi-

nate, acute at the base, to 15 cm. long, 7 cm. wide, perfectly opaque,

coriaceous, cartilaginous-margined, obviously finely reticulate- veined

on both sides; spikes 2 or more together, to 6 cm. long, the rachis

angled; ternations 5-7 mm. apart; bractlets inconspicuous; flowers

tiny, purple; fruit oval, brownish yellow, 6 mm. thick.— Flowers

lacking in the Madrid material. Neg. 29465.

Huanuco: Muna, Pillao, Panao, Pati, Chinchao, Ruiz & Pawn.

414 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

Struthanthus pyrifolius (HBK.) G. Don, Gen. Syst. 3: 413.

1834. Loranthus pyrifolius HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 441. 1820.

Phthirusa pyrifolia Eichl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5, pt. 2: 63. pi. 17. 1868.

Branchlets compressed, more or less reddish-scurfy but soon

glabrous; petioles rarely 10 mm. long; blades ovate-lanceolate,

often acuminate, scarcely coriaceous, distinctly nervose, about 10

cm. long and half as wide or smaller; ternations of red-brown perfect

flowers sessile or subsessile in axillary spikes or rarely in a terminal

panicle (var. terminalis Macbr., comb, nov.; P. pyrifolia var.

terminalis Macbr. Candollea 5: 349. 1934); calyx obsoletely dentic-

ulate; perianth segments 6, narrowly lanceolate, 1.5-2 mm. long;

filaments short; fruit oblong, red. — The name is sometimes modern-

ized or corrected to read "pirifolius." S. rufus (Mart.) Macbr.

(comb, nov.; Loranthus rufus Mart.) has dioecious flowers 5-6 mm.

long, borne in a terminal panicle. Also to be expected are S. micran-

thus (Eichl.) Baehni & Macbr. (comb, nov.; Phthirusa micrantha

Eichl.) and S. phaeoclados (Eichl.) Baehni & Macbr. (comb, nov.;

Phthirusa phaeoclados Eichl.), both with usually 4-merous flowers

and sessile anthers, the former with them in axillary glomerules, the

latter in axillary spikes, the leaves emarginate and 5-7-plinerved. S.

santaremensis (Eichl.) Baehni & Macbr. (comb, nov.; Phthirusa

santaremensis Eichl.), similar, has pinnately nerved leaves.

San Martin: San Roque, 1,400 meters, Williams 7482 (type of var.

terminalis Macbr.). Morales, Williams 5711. Rumizapa, Williams

6790 (toward S. platydadus}. — Amazonas: Chachapoyas, Weber-

bauer 4458. — Junin: Colonia Perene", 680 meters, Killip & Smith

24996,25071. Rio Peren<§, 600 meters, Killip & Smith 25716. La

Merced, 600 meters, 5337. — Loreto: Iquitos, Ule 6249 (flowers

purple); Williams 3584; Killip & Smith 27310. Caballo-cocha,

Williams 2257. La Victoria, Williams 2695. Puerto Arturo,

Williams 4984. Tropical South America to Central America.

"Suelda con suelda," "pishco isman."

Struthanthus retroflexus (R. & P.) G. Don, Gen. Syst. 3:

415. 1834. Loranthus retroflexus R. & P. Fl. 3: 49. pi 279. 1802.

Stoutly branched, the branches terete; petioles nearly 1.5 cm.

long; leaves broadly elliptic or oval, about 10 cm. long, dull or nearly

so, coriaceous, cartilaginous-margined, very faintly veiny on both

sides, acute at both ends; panicles axillary and terminal, to 15 cm.

long, the ternation pedicels scarcely 2 mm. long; rachis minutely

papillose, angled; bractlets persistent, broadly ovate; flowers sessile,

FLORA OF PERU 415

tiny; fruit oval, nearly 10 mm. long, 6 mm. thick. — The type at

Madrid has been referred by Krause, following Eichler's suggestion,

to S. marginatus (Desr.) Blume, var. paniculatus Eichl. That Brazil-

ian species, however, seems to be uniformly a much more slenderly

branched plant, with typically narrower, thinner leaves. Neg. 29466.

Huanuco: Chinchao, Macora, Ruiz & Pavon.

Struthanthus retusus (Gham. & Schlecht.) Blume ex R. & S.

Syst. 7, pt. 2: 1731. 1830. Loranthus retusus Cham. & Schlecht.

Linnaea 3: 215. 1828. L. polyrrhizos Mart, ex R. & S. Syst. 7, pt.

1: 139. 1829. S. polyrrhizos Mart, ex Don, Gen. Syst. 3: 412. 1834.

Scandent, flexuous, branched; petioles 8-12 mm. long; leaves

obovate-suborbicular, 2.5-3 (-5) cm. long, 0.5-3 cm. broad, usually

marginate, sometimes deeply so, coriaceous; ternations in axillary,

peduncled corymbs, more or less pedicellate; flowers greenish yellow,

4-6 mm. long, the pedicels of the pistillate ones as long, those of the

staminate shorter; fruit ovoid-oblong, under 6 mm. long. — The

Peruvian collection is apparently determined by Patschovsky, as

"aff. polyrrhizus" ; but see remark under S. orbicularis.

Loreto: Middle Rio Ucayali, Tessmann 3298. Brazil.

Struthanthus sarmentosus (R. & P.) Blume ex R. & S. Syst.

7, pt. 2: 1731. 1830. Loranthus sarmentosus R. & P. Fl. 3: 49. pi.

278. 1802.

Similar to S. acuminatus, but the shorter branchlets nearly terete,

the leaves more shortly acuminate, thin and distinctly veiny, dull

beneath, lustrous above, clearly acute at the base or slightly decur-

rent on the slender petiole, this about 1 cm. long; terminal racemes

panicled. — The Killip and Smith material has been referred to S.

concinnus Mart., but as its flower clusters are pedicellate, it rather

belongs here or to S. tennis Patsch., but the petioles are only 4-5

mm. long. Neg. 27839.

Huanuco: Muna, Ruiz & Pavon; at 2,100 meters, 401 9. — Junin:

Huacapistana region, Killip & Smith 24314, 24366. — Loreto:

Caballo-cocha, Williams 2144- — Ayacucho: Carrapa, Killip &

Smith 22310. "Liga."

Struthanthus tenuis Patsch. Bot. Jahrb. 45: 438. 1911.

Slender-stemmed, the internodes to 10 cm. long; petioles 1 cm.

long; leaves broadly ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 5-6 cm. long,

3.5 cm. wide; bractlets lanceolate, 2 mm. long; filaments medially

416 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

adnate to the greenish perianth segments. — This is probably to be

included in S. sarmentosus (R. & P.) Blume.

Junin: La Merced, 1,000 meters, Weberbauer 1948, type; 283.

52. SANTALACEAE. Sandalwood Family

Reference: Pilger, Pflanzenfam. ed. 2. 16b: 52-91. 1935.

The source of sandalwood and oil, the family is outstanding in

Peru in no respect unless by the contrast between its representatives

there: a genus of small trees strikingly reddish-pubescent, and two

genera of inconspicuous herbs.

Woody plants with oval, more or less pubescent leaves.

1. Cervantesia.

Herbs.

Bractlets not united; plants diminutive, creeping, the hidden

stems yellow 2. Arjona.

Bractlets united to form a cup; erect or ascending plants.

3. Quinchamalium.

1. CERVANTESIA R. & P.

Casimiroa Dombey ex Baill. Adansonia 3: 126. 1862-3.

Small trees with elliptic leaves that are pubescent, especially

beneath, as well as the branchlets and the terminal or subterminal

flower clusters. Tube of the perianth shortly campanulate above

the ovary. — Named for Vicente Cervantes, Mexican botanist.

Cervantesia bicolor Cav. Icon. 5: 49. pi. 475. 1799.

Similar to C. tomentosa, but the branchlets and leaf pubescence

beneath a dense tomentum of reddish, crisped or crinkly hairs; leaves

5-8 cm. long, mostly 5-6 cm., 2-2.5 cm. broad; perianth segments

rounded or subacute.

Lima: Obrajillo and San Buenaventura, Nee. Ecuador.

Cervantesia tomentosa R. & P. Prodr. 39. pi 7. 1794; Fl. 3:

19. pi 24. 1802.

Branchlets and leaves beneath yellowish or somewhat rusty,

pilose or lanuginose with long, more or less flexuous hairs, especially

those of the leaves; leaves soon lustrous and glabrous above, mostly

9-10 cm. long, 2-2.5 cm. broad; young leaves and inflorescences

densely red-pilose, the small flower parts hidden in the abundant

pubescence; perianth segments acute, persistent and nearly enclos-

ing the acorn-like fruits, these about 1 cm. long, 8 mm. thick. — A

FLORA OF PERU 417

shrub of 8 meters, with fiery red fruits (Weberbauer). C. glabrata

Stapf, Kew Bull. 1906: 76. 1906, of Ecuador, has glabrate, elliptic

leaves only 3-4 cm. long. Neg. 27874.

Junin: (Ruiz & Pavori). Huasa-huasi, Ruiz & Pavdn, type; also,

according to Ruiz & Pavon, at Huarocheri and Canta. Chancha-

mayo, Isern 2395. — Lima: Chorrillos, Raimondi. — Libertad: Otuza,

Weberbauer 6989.

2. ARJONA Cav.

Reference: Skottsberg, Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 10: 520-528. 1916.

Herbs with underground stems or rhizomes, alternate, linear or

linear-lanceolate leaves, and one to several terminal or subterminal,

white, lilac, or purplish red flowers. Tube of the perianth elongate

above the ovary. Placenta thick and short.— The name has been

written variously since its publication as above, in honor of Francisco

Arjona, a teacher of botany at Cadiz.

Arjona glaberrima Pilger, Bot. Jahrb. 37: 398. 1906.

Rhizomes branching, remaining attached to the original plant

from which rise the 1-2-flowered branches, these scarcely more than

2 cm. long or much shorter; leaves 2-3 mm. long; flowers glabrous,

purplish, the tube 6 mm. long, the lanceolate lobes 1.5-2 mm. long.—

In wet cushions of Distichia, etc. Neg. 14343.

Lima: At 4,500 meters, Weberbauer 5157.

3. QUINCHAMALIUM Juss.

Low herbs, often branched at the caudex, from thick roots.

Flowers mostly terminally aggregate, yellowish green to brown or

reddish brown. — Regarding the name see Pilger, op. cit. 90, in foot-

note. As this author remarks, "The species are nearly related, difficult

to separate"; perhaps, it may be added, the species are in reality

rather forms or races of fewer variable or unstabilized specific entities.

Anthers barely exserted from the tube Q. brevistaminatum.

Anthers well exserted to at least a third the length of the lobes.

Leaves 3-4 (-5) mm. long; perianth tube 5-6 mm. long.

Q. Stuebelii.

Leaves mostly longer; flowers often 7-8 mm. long.

Perianth segments cucullate at the tip.

Leaves 5-9 mm. long; flowers apparently reddish from

anthesis . . Q. Raimondii.

418 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XIII

Leaves mostly 1-2 cm. long; flowers at anthesis yellowish

green .Q. procumbens.

Perianth segments plane at the tip or merely curved-apiculate.

Leaves 1.5-2.5 mm. broad Q. lomae.

Leaves scarcely 1 mm. broad.

Stems several dm. long Q. elongatum.

Stems rarely 20 cm. long Q. Hoppii.

Quinchamalium brevistaminatum Pilger, Notizbl. Bot. Gart.

Berlin 10: 1030. 1930.

Stems ascending, about 10 cm. long, sparsely leafy; leaves linear

or narrowly lanceolate, 1-1.5 cm. long, 1-3 mm. broad; calyculus

subglobose, 2 mm. across; perianth tube narrow, 4-6 mm. long, the

divisions scarcely longer than 2 mm.; style slightly, the stamens

scarcely exserted from the tube; anthers nearly 1 mm. long, subsessile.

— Flowers at first greenish yellow, later reddish brown.

Lima: Loma formation, railway to San Agustin, 300-400 meters,

Weberbauer 5718, type.

Quinchamalium elongatum Pilger, Notizbl. Bot. Gart.

Berlin 10: 1031. 1930.

Similar to a robust plant of Q. procumbens, but the leaves nearly

filiform and the fruiting racemes to 3 cm. long; perianth tube 8.5-10

mm. long, the divisions 3-4 mm. long; anthers 1.5-2 mm. long. Neg.

14352.

Ancash: Ocros, 2,400 meters, Weberbauer 2661, type. Between

Samanco and Huaras, 3,000-3,400 meters, Weberbauer 3122; 171.

Quinchamalium Hoppii Pilger, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 10:

1030. 1930.

Not clearly distinct from Q. elongatum unless somewhat smaller

in all its parts; stamens attaining three-fourths the length of the

perianth divisions. Neg. 14354.

Arequipa: At 3,000-3,500 meters, Hopp 56.

Quinchamalium lomae Pilger, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 10:

1030. 1930.

Branches to 30 cm. long, the leaves finally attaining 2 cm.;

perianth tube 7-10 mm. long, the divisions at least 3 mm. long;

anthers 1.5 mm. long. — Allied by the author with Q. majus Brongn.

FLORA OF PERU 419

(Q. chilense var. majus Speg.) with shorter perianth divisions in

proportion to the tube. Neg. 14356.

Arequipa: Loma formation, between Atiquipa and Chala, 280

meters, Weberbauer 7187, type.

Quinchamalium procumbens R. & P. Fl. 2: 1. pi. 107b. 1799.

Q. linifolium Meyen ex Walp. Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. 19: Suppl. 1:

1412. 1843, fide Pilger.

Stems few to many, a few cm. to 20-30 cm. long, procumbent-

ascending to suberect from a woody caudex surmounting the stout

taproot; leaves 1-2 or sometimes 3 cm. long, about 1 cm. wide,

glabrous; calyculus scarcely 2 mm. thick; flowers soon reddish

brown, the tube 5-6 mm. long, the anthers reaching to about one-

half the length of the (2 mm. long) perianth divisions, these apically

cucullate; anthers 1.5 mm. long.— An earlier name may be Q. chilense

Lam. Encycl. 111. 2: 142. pi. 125. 1797, or a more suitable, var.

procumbens (R. & P.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 3: 284. 1893, but to judge

from the Lamarck illustration of the type by Jussieu, the name might

as well apply to some other species, as for instance to Q. brevista-

minatum. Other names which may apply to the Peruvian forms

include Q. ericoides Brongn., Q. Dombeyi Brongn., and Q. gracile

Brongn. in Duperr. Voy. Coq. Bot. 231. pi. 52. 1826-1829, the

last Latin name used repeatedly by Weberbauer for the Peruvian

plant. It has been treated also as Q. chilense var. gracile (Brongn.)

Hook, (fide Kuntze). The Ruiz and Pa von localities were given

as Huarocheri, Canta, Tarma, and Conception. The above descrip-

tion is drawn from the Madrid type, without locality.

Ayacucho: Below Coracora, 2,600 meters, Weberbauer 5793.

Chavina, 3,300 meters, Weberbauer 5783. Ayacucho, Weberbauer

5524- — Lima: Chilca, Casapalta (Ball, as Q. ericoides). Obrajillo,

Nee. Canta, 3,100 meters, open bank, Pennell 14599. San Buena-

ventura, 2,700 meters, open slopes, Pennell 14501. Quebrada de

San Mateo, Isern 2077. — Piura: Huaitara, 2,700 meters, Weberbauer

5412. — Cuzco: Herrera. Urubamba, 3,500-3,700 meters (Weber-

bauer 181). — Puno: Pisacoma (Meyen, type of Q. linifolium). Bolivia.

"Quinchamoli," "chinchimali," "chinchinami."

Quinchamalium Raimondii Pilger, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin

10: 1031. 1930.

Branches divaricately spreading; leaves less than 1 mm. broad;

calyculus 2 mm. thick; perianth divisions 3 mm. long, apically

short-cucullate, the stamens reaching to about three-fourths their

420 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

length, the anthers 1.75 mm. long. — This seems to be the same as

Q. procumbens or possibly Q. gracile Brongn. Neg. 14360.

Lima: Raimondi.

Quinchamalium Stuebelii Hieron. Bot. Jahrb. 21: 306. 1896.

Annual, the branches to 2.5 cm. long; leaves papillose, puberulent,

mucronate; calyculus 2 mm. long, the larger teeth nearly 0.5 mm.

long; perianth divisions 2 mm. long, scarcely half as wide, the stamens

shorter, the style equaling the latter. Neg. 14361.

Puno(?): Tomarape", 4,200 meters, Stuebel 112a. Bolivia.

53. OPILIACEAE. Opilia Family

By Paul C. Standley

Trees or shrubs; leaves alternate, without stipules; flowers very

small, racemose or paniculate, perfect or unisexual; calyx none or

poorly developed, not accrescent in fruit; perianth segments 4-5,

free or more or less united; stamens as many as the petals and usually

opposite them, inserted upon the disk or at the base of the petals;

disk 4-5-lobate; ovary free or sunk in the disk, 1-celled, 1-ovulate;

fruit drupaceous. — Only one other genus of the family is known in

America, in Venezuela.

1. AGONANDRA Miers

Slender shrubs or trees, usually glabrous or nearly so; flowers

minute, dioecious, greenish, racemose, the racemes axillary or borne

at defoliate nodes; calyx minute, cupular, 4-lobate; petals 4 in the

staminate flower, the stamens 4, the filaments filiform, exserted;

petals none in the pistillate flower; ovary glabrous, the stigma sessile,

discoid.

Agonandra brasiliensis Miers, Ann. Nat. Hist. II. 8: 172.

1851, nomen; Benth. & Hook. Gen. PI. 1: 349. 1862.

A slender tree of 4-8 meters or more, the branches and leaves

glabrous, the bark pale; mature leaves subcoriaceous, on short

or elongate petioles, oblong-elliptic or ovate, 4-9 cm. long, 2-4 cm.

wide, gradually or abruptly acuminate, often long-acuminate, acute

or obtuse at the base or often contracted and decurrent, the nerves

obscure; racemes 1-5 cm. long, few- or many-flowered, slender,

solitary or geminate opposite the leaves, usually densely and minutely

puberulent, the pedicels 1-4 mm. long; petals 1.5-2.5 mm. long, green;

drupes oval, red, about 1 cm. long. Neg. 19070.

FLORA OF PERU 421

Loreto: Mishuyacu, 100 meters, in forest, Klug 397. Bolivia

and Brazil to Colombia.

The South American material referred to this species is decidedly

variable in its more obvious characters, and it is quite probable that

a careful revision, with ample material, will show that it is divisible

into several species.

54. OLACACEAE. Olax Family

By Paul C. Standley

Trees or shrubs; leaves usually alternate and entire, penninerved,

without stipules; inflorescence commonly axillary and few-flowered,

the flowers solitary, fasciculate, cymose, or racemose, small, greenish

or white, regular, perfect or unisexual; calyx small, with 4-6 teeth

or lobes, sometimes accrescent in fruit; petals 4-6, free or more or

less united, valvate or slightly imbricate; stamens 4-12, inserted

with the petals and more or less adnate to them, all fertile or partly

sterile, the filaments free or rarely monadelphous, the anthers 2-

celled; disk various; ovary free, 1-celled or imperfectly 3-5-celled;

ovules usually 2 or 3; fruit drupaceous, commonly 1-celled and

1-seeded.

Calyx in fruit becoming greatly enlarged and brightly colored, often

flat and rotate. Stamens twice as many as the petals; flowers

fasciculate in the leaf axils 1. Heisteria.

Calyx little or not at all enlarged in fruit, not brightly colored.

Stamens free, fewer than the petals. Petals 5-6 2. Liriosma.

Stamens united to form a tube, of the same number as the petals.

Stamens united to form a tube about the style. . . .3. Schoepfia.

Stamens united with the petals 4. Aptandra.

1. HEISTERIA Jacq.

Glabrous trees or shrubs with entire, membranaceous or coria-

ceous, short-petiolate leaves; flowers minute, short-pedicellate or

sessile, fascicled in the leaf axils; calyx minute, 5-6-dentate or lobate,

in fruit greatly enlarged and persistent, erect and enclosing the fruit

or often reflexed and exposing it, usually red or purple, subentire

to deeply lobate; petals small, more or less villous within; stamens

usually 10-12, rarely 5-6, hypogynous or adnate at the base to the

petals; ovary depressed-globose, 3-celled; fruit a drupe, globose or

oblong, the flesh thin, the endocarp crustaceous.

422 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

Fruiting calyx lobate almost to the base, much longer than the

drupe H. cauliflora.

Fruiting calyx subentire or only very shallowly lobate, usually

shorter than the drupe, often reflexed or at least not enclosing

the fruit.

Fruit globose or depressed-globose, as broad as long or broader.

Calyx spreading in fruit; leaves acute at the base. . . H. pallida.

Calyx abruptly reflexed in fruit; leaves obtuse or rounded at

the base H. eurycarpa.

Fruit ellipsoid or oval, conspicuously longer than broad.

Fruiting calyx conspicuous, spreading, more than half as long

as the fruit H. cyanocarpa.

Fruiting calyx inconspicuous, erect, less than one-third as long

as the fruit H. densifrons.

Heisteria cauliflora Smith in Rees, Cycl. 17: No. 2. 1819.

A shrub or tree 3-10 meters high ; leaves short-petiolate, coria-

ceous, blades variable, chiefly oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 8-25 cm.

long, acute to obtuse or narrowly rounded at the base, long-attenuate

to the apex, lustrous; flowers clustered in the leaf axils or on naked

branches below the leaves, short-pedicellate or subsessile; pedicels

in fruit usually short but sometimes much elongate; calyx in flower

minute, dentate; petals whitish, 2.5 mm. long; fruiting calyx pink

or red, usually 2 cm. long or more, spreading or rather closely en-

closing the fruit, lobed almost to the base, the lobes obtuse; drupe

oval or rounded-oval, about 1 cm. long, longer than broad. Neg.

27860.

Junin: Chanchamayo, Isern 2171. — Loreto: Rio Itaya, Mexia

6477. Timbuchi, Alto Rio Nanay, in forest, Williams 996, 1034.

Rio Masana, Williams 18, 98, 25, 26, 27, 8160. Mishuyacu, near

Iquitos, 100 meters, King 385, 326, 1363, 906. Pinto-cocha on the

Rio Nanay, Williams 834, 798, 836, 834- Iquitos, 100 meters, in

forest, Williams 8058; Killip & Smith 27188, 27190. La Victoria,

on the Amazon River, Williams 2957. Forest between Rio Nanay

and Rio Napo, Williams 698. Puerto Arturo, Yurimaguas, edge

of forest, Williams 5191. Fortaleza, Yurimaguas, in forest, Williams

4248. Recreo, Yurimaguas, in forest, Williams 4161. Yurimaguas,

135 meters, in forest, Killip & Smith 27696. — Without locality: Ruiz

& Pavdn 14-52. — San Martin: Zepelacio, King 3305. Also in the

Guianas and doubtless in Amazonian Brazil. "Platina-caspi,"

"huangana caspi."

FLORA OF PERU 423

The numerous specimens exhibit remarkable variation in the

form of their leaves, but they appear to be uniform in fruit charac-

ters, and these alone seem to be dependable for limitation of species.

One or two of the numbers listed perhaps do represent distinct

species, so far as one may judge from leaf form, but unfortunately

they do not bear fruits.

Heisteria cyanocarpa P. & E. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 35. pi. 241.

1845 ; Engl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 12, pt. 2 : 17. pi. 5, f. 2. 1872. H. nitida

Engl. op. cit. 18. 1872.

A shrub or tree 3-9 meters high; leaves short-petiolate, the

blades somewhat coriaceous, lance-oblong to narrowly elliptic,

mostly 10-20 cm. long but often larger, obtuse to acute at the

base, long-attenuate to the apex, usually lustrous; flowers clustered

in the leaf axils, the pedicels about 2 mm. long, in fruit equaling or

shorter than the calyx; calyx in flower 1 mm. long, 5-dentate;

petals whitish, lanceolate, 3 mm. long; fruiting calyx red, orbicular,

1 cm. long or less, subentire, usually reflexed; drupe blue, about 1 cm.

long. Negs. 27861, 27865.

Loreto: Balsapuerto, Klug 2899. Rio Putumayo, Klug 1607.

Florida, Klug 2161. Rio Santiago, Mexia 6183. Type from Yuri-

maguas, Mainas, Poeppig. La Victoria, on the Amazon, Williams

2949, 2745, 2805, 2808. Caballo-cocha, on the Amazon, Williams

2038. Leticia, on the Amazon, Williams 3169. Pebas, on the Ama-

zon, in forest, Williams 1572, 1741. Lower Rio Nanay, in jungle,

Williams 477. Rio Masana, in forest, Williams 86. Rio Maranon,

near mouth of Rio Tigre, 115 meters, wooded bank, Killip & Smith

27513, 27536. Huallaga, Yurimaguas, Williams 4661. Mishuyacu,

near Iquitos, 100 meters, Klug 1138, 414, 1038; Killip & Smith

29942. Yurimaguas, Killip & Smith 27691. Wooded banks of Rio

Itaya, above Iquitos, 110 meters, Killip & Smith 29396. Iquitos,

Kittip & Smith 27399.— Without locality: Ruiz & Pavon 14-54- Also

in the Amazon Valley of Brazil. "Cotoma masacey" (Huitoto name).

The type of H. nitida is Spruce 4148 from Tarapoto. I have seen

no material of that number, but the characters upon which the species

was separated from H. cyanocarpa do not appear to be of taxonomic

importance.

Heisteria densifrons Engl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 12, pt. 2: 17.

pl.5,f. 1. 1872.

A glabrous tree; leaves short-petiolate, ovate to elliptic-oblong,

7-17 cm. long, 3-6 cm. wide, rather abruptly long-acuminate, acute

424 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

at the base; flowers few, the pedicels very short and thick; calyx

in anthesis minute, urceolate, very shallowly denticulate, in fruit

accrescent and cyathiform, about 3 mm. long; fruit obovoid, broadly

rounded at the apex, almost 1 cm. long. Neg. 19085.

Loreto: Paraiso, Alto Rio Itaya, 145 meters, Williams 3379.

Amazonian Brazil. "Parinari" (perhaps an erroneous name).

Heisteria eurycarpa Standl. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 148. 1936.

A shrub; leaves short-petiolate, the blades subcoriaceous, elliptic

or oblong-elliptic, 5-9 cm. long, rounded or very obtuse at the base,

abruptly narrow-acuminate at the apex, lustrous; flowers densely

clustered in the leaf axils, the pedicels very short; fruit depressed-

globose, much broader than high, about 1 cm. wide; fruiting calyx

apparently green, abruptly reflexed, shallowly lobate, the lobes obtuse.

Loreto: La Victoria, on the Amazon River, in forest, Williams

2719, type.

Heisteria pallida Engl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 12, pt. 2: 16. 1872.

A medium-sized tree; leaves short-petiolate, subcoriaceous, the

blades oblong or lance-oblong, 9-13 cm. long, obtuse or acutish at the

base, narrowed to the bluntly short-acuminate apex, lustrous; pedicels

in flower mostly 5-9 mm. long, in fruit longer than the petiole;

fruiting calyx 1 cm. long, spreading, membranaceous, indistinctly

lobate; drupe globose, 1 cm. in diameter, pruinose. Neg. 27865.

San Martin: Type collected near Tarapoto, Spruce 4531. Tara-

poto, in forest, Williams 6719, 5966, 5813. "Chuchuhuasha,"

"huaami chuchu huasha."

2. LIRIOSMA P. & E.

Trees or shrubs with slender branches, glabrous or somewhat

pubescent; leaves at first very thin, becoming membranaceous or

subcoriaceous; flowers very small, in short or somewhat elongate,

simple or branched, axillary racemes; calyx minute, cupuliform,

truncate, the limb somewhat accrescent in fruit; petals 6, connate to

the middle; fertile stamens 3, the filaments lanate, becoming gla-

brate; sterile stamens 6, spatulate, bifid at the apex; ovary 3-celled

at the base, 3-ovulate; fruit drupaceous, 1-seeded.

Leaves finely puberulent beneath, soft to the touch . . . .L. adhaerens.

Leaves glabrous.

Petals glabrous outside L. gracilis.

Petals puberulent or pilosulous outside L. Spruceana.

FLORA OF PERU 425

Liriosma adhaerens Spruce ex Engl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 12,

pt. 2:26. pi 6,f.3. 1872.

A slender shrub of 2-3.5 meters, the branches sometimes elongate

and somewhat trailing, minutely puberulent or glabrate, green;

leaves short-petiolate, thin, oblong-ovate to broadly ovate, 5-9 cm.

long, 2.5-4 cm. wide, acute or acuminate, acutish to rounded at

the base, glabrous above or nearly so, minutely soft-puberulent

beneath; racemes short, longer than the petioles, few-flowered,

flexuous, puberulent throughout, the pedicels 2 mm. long; petals

6 mm. long; fruit apparently oval, red, 2.5 cm. long. Negs. 21938,

19072.

Junin: Puerto Bermudez, 375 meters, in forest, Killip & Smith

26475, 26664; flowers green or white.— Loreto : Manfinfa, Alto

Nanay, Williams 1109. Yurimaguas, in forest, Williams 4748. —

San Martin: Tarapoto, Spruce 4207, type collection; Williams 6632,

5520, 6315. Amazonian Brazil, and reported from Rio de Janeiro.

Liriosma gracilis A. C. Smith, Bull. Torrey Club 58: 91. 1931.

A slender shrub or tree 1-5 meters high, sometimes with elongate,

clambering branches, the branchlets glabrous or sparsely puberulent;

leaves short-petiolate, ovate or oblong-ovate, mostly 6-8.5 cm. long

and 2.5^4.5 cm. wide, acute or acuminate, acute to rounded at the

base, rather thick, glabrous or practically so; racemes 3-6-flowered,

little exceeding the petioles, the rachis minutely pilose; petals 6-7

mm. long, glabrous; fruit ellipsoid, about 2 cm. long. — The flowers

are described as white, yellow, or orange-yellow, the fruit as orange-

yellow.

Loreto: Mishuyacu, in clearing, 100 meters, Klug 44, type

collection; 848, 851, 1557. Lower Rio Nanay, Williams 659. Iqui-

tos, 100 meters, in forest, Killip & Smith 27320. Morona-cocha, 115

meters, in second-growth, Mexia 6513. Florida, 200 meters, in

forest, Klug 2014, 2242. "Senimoro-ey" (Huitoto name).

Liriosma Spruceana Engl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 12, pt. 2: 24. 1872.

A slender shrub or tree, 5.5 meters high or less, the green branches

glabrous or nearly so, often much elongate; leaves thin or rather

thick, short-petiolate, ovate or oblong-ovate, 7-15 cm. long, 3.5-8

cm. wide, acuminate, acute or obtuse at the base; racemes short or

elongate, flexuous, glabrous, mostly 6-8-flowered, the pedicels 4-5

mm. long; flowers 5 mm. long; fruit ellipsoid, 2 cm. long. Neg.

27871.

426 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

Loreto: Puerto Arturo, 200 meters, in forest, Williams 5055,

5008, 5304. La Victoria, in forest, Williams 2532. Florida, 180

meters, in forest, King 2293; flowers white. Iquitos, 100 meters,

Killip & Smith 26990; fruit pale orange. — San Martin: Mount

Guayrapurina, near Tarapoto, Spruce 4884, type.

3. SCHOEPFIA Schreb.

Shrubs or small trees; leaves glabrous, membranaceous or coria-

ceous; flowers few, in short, axillary racemes; calyx small, cupular,

obscurely 5-denticulate, unchanged in fruit; petals 4-6, inserted on

the margin of the disk, united for most of their length, with a fascicle

of hairs within above the middle; stamens as many as the petals and

opposite them, the filiform filaments adnate to the corolla for almost

their whole length; ovary partially 3-celled, 3-ovulate; fruit dru-

paceous, enclosed except at the apex in the accrescent disk, 1-seeded.

Schoepfia flexuosa (R. & P.) R. & S. Syst. Veg. 5: 160. 1819.

Haenkea flexuosa R. & P. Fl. 3: 8. pi. 231. 1802.

A glabrous shrub or small tree, as much as 5 meters high, with

more or less flexuous branches; leaves somewhat coriaceous when

dry, short-petiolate, narrowly or broadly ovate, about 6 cm. long

and 4 cm. wide, acute, almost rounded to subacute at the base, the

lateral nerves few and distant, the veins obsolete; racemes solitary

or geminate, less than half as long as the leaves, few-flowered, the

flowers almost sessile, each subtended by a small, ovate bract, 4-5-

parted; perianth yellowish, about 6 mm. long, the segments united

for somewhat more than half their length, the lobes spreading or

reflexed, glabrous within; drupe said to be "as large as a chick-pea

(deer)."

Huanuco: Type collected in the mountains of Pillao and near

San Antonio de Playa Grande, Ruiz & Pavon. Without locality,

Ruiz & Pavon. San Antonio de Playa Grande, Ruiz & Pavon 29-

59. — Libertad: Hacienda Membrillal, 1,200-1,400 meters, Weber-

bauer 6983.

4. APTANDRA Miers

Small or large trees, glabrous throughout, with slender branches;

leaves rather thin, acuminate; flowers in small, axillary panicles;

calyx very small, patelliform, 4-dentate, fleshy, in fruit slightly

accrescent and cupuliform, partly enclosing the fruit; petals 4, fleshy,

almost linear, inflexed at the apex, finally reflexed and spirally con-

volute; disk composed of squamiform glands; stamens 4, the fila-

FLORA OF PERU 427

ments united to form a fleshy tube; ovary 1-celled, 1-ovulate. — One

other species is known from Brazil, and another occurs in western

Africa.

Flowers on long, slender pedicels A. Spruceana.

Flowers short-pedicellate or almost sessile A. tubicina.

Aptandra Spruceana Miers, Ann. Nat. Hist. II. 7: 202. 1851.

A small or medium-sized tree, reported to reach a height of 16

meters, with long, slender branches; leaves short-petiolate, oblong

or elliptic-oblong, mostly 9-12 cm. long and 4-5 cm. wide, abruptly

and narrowly obtuse-acuminate, acutish at the base; panicles broad,

shorter than the leaves, the very numerous white flowers umbellate

at the ends of the branches, the pedicels sometimes 2 cm. long but

mostly much shorter; petals 3 mm. long; drupe globose, as much as

2 cm. in diameter. — Illustrated, Miers, Contr. Bot. 1: pi. 1; Mart.

Fl. Bras. 12, pt. 2:pl.l,f. 2. Neg. 19075.

Loreto: Santa Rosa, 200 meters, edge of forest, Williams 4798.

San Ramon, Yurimaguas, 200 meters, in forest, Williams 4550.

Timbuchi, edge of forest, Williams 964- — San Martin: Pongo de

Cainarachi, 230 meters, in forest, Klug 2698. Amazonian Brazil.

"Pamashto," "trompo huayo."

Aptandra tubicina (Poepp.) Benth. ex Miers, Ann. Nat. Hist.

III. 4: 360. 1859. Heisteria tubicina Poepp. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 35.

pi. 251. 1845.

A small tree with slender, green branches; leaves short-petiolate,

elliptic, 10-13 cm. long, 5-6 cm. wide, linear-attenuate at the apex;

panicles one-fourth or one-third as long as the leaves, the flowers

on pedicels only 1 mm. long, subracemose, the pedicels in fruit

elongate and thickened; fruit blackish, ovoid-globose, 2.5 cm. long.—

Illustrated (flower), Mart. Fl. Bras. 12, pt. 2: pi. 1 J.I.

Loreto: Type collected in forest near Yurimaguas, Poeppig.

Amazonian Brazil.

55. BALANOPHORACEAE. Balanophora Family

Reference: Harms, Pflanzenfam. ed. 2. 16b: 296-339. 1935.

Fleshy, yellowish or red root parasites that at least superficially

suggest some strange fungus rather than a flowering plant. A

Brazilian species, Lophophytum mirabile Schott & Endl. (illustrated,

Pflanzenfam. ed. 2. 16b: 325), that reminds one of a sea-anemone

as much as of a plant, and is represented in Peru by a variety, has

428 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

the local reputation of endowing with magical power (Harms). The

rhizomes often bear or are more or less enveloped in gall-like struc-

tures of symbiotic character; cf. Strigl, Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss.

Wien 1127-1172. 1908.

Rhizomes scaly, with deciduous bracts, the elongate flower body

basally bracteate; perianth lacking 1. Lophophytum.

Rhizomes ebracteate.

Flower body without imbricate bracts.

Flowers borne externally; perianths lacking.

Staminate flowers on the upper part of the flower body.

2. Ombrophytum.

Staminate flowers on the lower part of the flower body or

absent 3. Juelia.

Flowers sunk in hair-like paleae, the staminate with a perianth.

Perianth 3-parted; flower body often oval 5. Helosis.

Perianth tubular; flower body often elongate. . .6. Corynaea.

Flower body bracteate, the bracts imbricate 4. Langsdorffia.

1. LOPHOPHYTUM Schott & Endl.

Flower body devoid of a cup-like base, whitish to reddish violet.—

Some medicinal use of the Brazilian species has been made, par-

ticularly in the treatment of rhachitis (Peckolt).

Lophophytum bolivianum Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 14: 185.

pi. 10. 1850.

Rhizomes lobed, the cone-like inflorescences 10-30 cm. long,

sometimes half buried; staminate flowers red, hidden by the sharp,

erect, brown bracts, the pistillate ebracteolate, 4-5 mm. long; styles

exserted but deciduous in age. — Doubtfully distinct from L. mirabile

Schott & Endl.; cf. Hook. f. Trans. Linn. Soc. 22: 48. 1856. Tess-

mann noted the color of the plants as reddish below, shading to light

brown or white toward the tip.

Loreto: Mouth of Rio Santiago, Tessmann 4202 (det. Harms).

Bolivia.

2. OMBROPHYTUM Poepp.

Allied to Lophophytum, but the stamens and pistils separately

borne around a disk or knob-like structure, the flower body basally

enclosed in a deep cup or volva; lacking the cone-like scales of the

related genera, the plants are totally different in appearance, these

suggesting an ear of maize. Styles short, falling promptly. — The

FLORA OF PERU 429

plants develop rapidly after a shower, enduring only a short time

(the author therefore called them "rain plants"), or they are soon

killed, like fleshy fungi, by insect larvae (Poeppig). The authority

for the generic name is as given!

Anthers many.

Volva cup-like, 3-lobed 0. peruvianum.

Volva entire, tube-like 0. zamioides.

Anthers few, about 7 0. Ulei.

Ombrophytum peruvianum P. & E. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 40.

pi. 155. 1838.

Yellowish, 10 cm. tall or taller, the broad volva more or less

3-lobed and as much as 10 cm. deep. — Illustrated, Pflanzenfam. 327.

Huanuco: Cochero (Poeppig).— Loreto: Upper Maranon (Tess-

mann 3994, det. Harms). — Rio Acre: ( Ule, fide Harms). Brazil.

"Maiz del monte."

Ombrophytum Ulei Harms, Pflanzenfam. ed. 2. 16b: 328.

/. 165. 1935.

Distinguished especially by the low staminate disk and the few

stamens; volva narrow, entire. — Illustrated, Pflanzenfam. ed. 2. 16b:

327.

Rio Acre: (Ule). — Loreto: Rio Maranon above Pongo de Man-

seriche, 200 meters, Mexia 6337a, on floor in dense forest.

Ombrophytum zamioides Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 14: 184.

pi. 10. 1850.

Apparently like 0. peruvianum, but smaller, the tubular volva

entire. — Perhaps here belongs a similar violet-colored plant from

Tocache which Poeppig mentions. Hooker f. suggests, Trans. Linn.

Soc. 22: 50, that the plate of 0. peruvianum by Poeppig and End-

licher is partly from memory, the differences of the Weddell plant,

therefore, more apparent than real, and reduces the latter name.

Only further collections can prove this assumption.

Peru(?): Prov. de las Cordilleras (Weddell).

3. JUELIA Asplund

Fleshy, the tuberous rhizome without scales. Flowers ebracteo-

late, chiefly pistillate, with staminate intermixed toward the base of

the flower body. Stamens 2. Ovary 1-celled, destitute of free pla-

centae as in Ombrophytum at first.

430 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

Juelia subterranea Asplund, Svensk. Bot. Tidskr. 22: 274. 1928.

Rhizome about 5 cm. thick; peduncular portion of the plant equal-

ing or exceeding the volva; flowers rosaceous or pale rose; filaments

1-1.5 mm. long, the linear anthers twice as long; styles 1 mm. long.—

The bracts are stiped, with a one-sided, pointed, peltate upper end.

In the type only one per cent of 100-150 flowers were staminate. As

the original locality is near the boundary of the Department of

Puno, the plant in all probability grows also in Peru, with Lepi-

dophyllum quadrangulare (Meyen) Benth. & Hook., the host plant.

Peru: (Probably). Bolivia.

4. LANGSDORFFIA Mart.

Rhizomes at first tomentulose, more or less contorted, bearing

1-3 egg-shaped inflorescences subtended by several imbricate rows

of pointed bracts. Pistillate flowers imbedded in tissue, the free

staminate ones with a 2-3-parted perianth.— Candles prepared from

the rhizomes, which are rich in wax, are sold in the markets of Colom-

bia under the name "siejos" (Harms).

Langsdorffia hypogaea Mart, in Eschwege, Journ. Bras. 2: 178.

pi. 5. 1818.

Plants to several cm. high, the flower bodies 2-4 cm. in diameter;

staminate flowers many, 8-12 mm. long. — On roots of palms and fig

trees (Ficus). Illustrated, Pflanzenfam. ed. 2. 16b: 336. The cita-

tion has not been verified.

Huanuco: Cochero (Poeppig). Mexico to southern Brazil.

5. HELOSIS L. C. Rich.

Stipes of the roundish flower bodies raised from a short, cup-like

base of the branching rhizomes. Staminate perianth 3-parted. — The

name has been conserved.

Helosis cayennensis (Sw.) Spreng. Syst. 3: 765. 1826. Cyno-

morium cayenense Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 1: 13. 1797. H. guyanensis

Rich. Me"m. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 8: 416. pi. 20. 1822.

Flowering stipes 5-30 cm. long, the basal cup very short; flower

body ovoid, 2-4 cm. long, the flowers blood-red and more or less

exserted. — Plants bright yellowish or reddish yellow, or the stems

purplish red. On Myrtaceae. Illustrated, Mart. Nov. Gen. & Sp.

3: pi. 298, 300.

Loreto: Mouth of Rio Santiago, Tessmann 4402. Lower Rio

Napo, Tessmann 3714. Cumaria, Tessmann 5077. (All det. Harms.)

FLORA OF PERU 431

6. CORYNAEA Hook. f.

Similar to Helosis except as indicated. — Besides the following,

the Colombian and Ecuadorian C. Sprucei Eichl. may occur in Peru;

it may be known by its unisexual flower bodies. The genus is illus-

trated, Trans. Linn. Soc. 22: pi. 13, 14.

Corynaea Purdiei Hook. f. Trans. Linn. Soc. 22: 55. 1856.

Rhizome broad, flattened, lobed, sometimes several dm. long;

stipes white, 2-2.5 cm. high, 12 mm. thick, bearing a subglobose or

ovoid, bisexual flower body about 3.5 cm. thick, this at first white

but soon covered with brown-red, hexagonal, peltate scales. — On

Cinchona roots. The related species being Colombian, the locality

as Peruvian may be questioned.

Peru(?): San Juan del Oro (Weddell). Colombia.

56. ARISTOLOCHIACEAE. Birthwort Family

Reference: 0. C. Schmidt, Pflanzenfam. ed. 2. 16b: 204-242.

1935.

The penguin flower, A. brasiliensis Mart. & Zucc., with blossoms

15 cm. long, the lower lip as broad — Pflanzenfam. /. 122c— is

cultivated at the Lima Botanic Garden (Killip) and may possibly be

found in Peru.

1. ARISTOLOCHIA L.

References: Duchartre in DC. Prodr. 15, pt. 1: 432-498. 1864;

Schmidt, Repert. Sp. Nov. 23: 282-299. 1927; 292-293. 1930; 30:

65-75. 1932.

The determinations of practically all recent collections are by

Schmidt or have been verified by him. The reference numbers after

the citations are to the treatment by Duchartre.

Leaves truncate at the base or very shallowly cordate.

Leaves subrotund, mostly more than 11 cm. wide (cf. A. bicolor).

Pubescence of the 5-nerved leaves beneath cobwebby.

A. maranonensis.

Pubescence of the 7-nerved leaves beneath merely crisped.

Flowers purple and blotched about the edge, yellow within,

about 2 cm. wide at the tip A. Pilgeriana.

Flowers twice or thrice larger, purple-blotched within.

A. Ruiziana.

432 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

Leaves deltoid-ovate, mostly narrower than 10 cm. (cf. A. bicolor).

Leaves mostly very lightly cordate at the base, glabrous or the

pubescence minute.

Stipules present (that is, here as elsewhere, pseudo-stipules).

Leaves glabrous, not sculptured beneath. . . .A. physodes.

Leaves pubescent, subcircularly sculptured beneath.

A. deltoidea.

Stipules none.

Leaf nerves 7; leaves 11 cm. wide A. bicolor.

Leaf nerves 5; leaves 6-7 cm. wide A. putumayensis.

Leaves rounded- truncate at the base, crisp-pubescent beneath.

A. Guentheri.

Leaves distinctly cordate, usually cordately lobed, at the base.

Leaves glabrous beneath or the pubescence microscopic or con-

fined, as in A. Weberbaueri, to the nerves.

Leaves ovate, pandurate or hastate.

Leaves pandurate; flowers large A. pandurata.

Leaves not pandurate, often ovate or subovate; flowers

medium-sized.

Leaves deltoid-cordate; petioles to 4 cm. long.

A. Weberbaueri.

Leaves broadly hastate; petioles 5.5-7 cm. long.

A. mishuyacensis.

Leaves subrotund.

Leaf blades 10-20 cm. long.

Leaves concolorous; flowers about 5 cm. long.

Perianth lip wide and flaring, purple A. floribunda.

Perianth lip narrow, yellowish A. cauliflora.

Leaves glaucous beneath; flowers about twice as long.

A. didyma.

Leaf blades 4-8 cm. long.

Perianth lip rounded, flaring A. elegans.

Perianth lip split, narrow A. lingulata.

Leaves distinctly but often finely pubescent all over beneath.

Stems glabrous.

Width of leaves usually less than 8 cm. (4.5-8 cm.); flowers

solitary.

FLORA OF PERU 433

Leaves oblongish, 15-18 cm. long; perianth limb bifid.

A. iquitensis.

Leaves ovate-cordate, 7-10 cm. long; perianth limb entire.

A. Rimbachii.

Width of leaves usually more than 8 cm. (6-18 cm.); flowers

several.

Leaves gradually acuminate ; flowers roseate. A . peruviana.

Leaves short-acuminate; flowers yellowish.

A. maranonensis.

Stems pubescent.

Trichomes of the stems 1.2-2 mm. long, spreading.

Leaf pubescence beneath short, dense; perianth lip 2-3 cm.

wide.

Leaves to 5 cm. long or longer, broadly ovate; perianth

lip about 2 cm. wide A. amazonica.

Leaves often larger, ovate-deltoid; perianth lip wider.

A. truncata.

Leaf pubescence beneath hirsutulous; perianth lip 8 mm.

wide A. pilosa.

Trichomes appressed or short.

Trichomes subappressed; leaves sometimes pandurate.

Leaves pandurate A. Burelae.

Leaves not pandurate A. Macbrideana.

Trichomes spreading; leaves not pandurate.

Leaves velvety beneath, the sinus under 1 cm. wide;

flowers several A. asperifolia.

Leaves more or less pubescent beneath, the sinus often

broader; flowers solitary or binate.

Leaves 5 (-T)-nerved, scabrous or pubescent above;

perianth limb short-acuminate.

Leaves deltoid, subobtuse A. Killipiana.

Leaves ovate, acuminate A. fragrantissima.

Leaves 3-5-nerved, glabrous above; perianth limb

I typically long-acuminate A. Mathewsii.

Aristolochia amazonica Ule, Verh. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. 47:

122. 1905.

434 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

Stems herbaceous, setose-pilose; petioles 3-5 cm. long; leaves

sometimes 7 cm. long and nearly as wide, acute, glabrous above,

shortly and densely tomentose beneath; flowers axillary, solitary,

the pedicel with ovary 5-6 cm. long; perianth densely pilose, about

7 cm. long; tube slightly curved above the middle, cylindric, finally

broadened and expanded to the one-lobed limb, this 2-2.5 cm. long;

lip broadly elliptic, rounded-obtuse, to nearly 3 cm. long, pubescent

within, with subulate processes. — Remarkable for the long (to 3 cm.)

utricle. Flowers purple or olive with dark markings, the lip in the

middle bright brown-yellow, at the tip thickly flecked with purple.

Neg. 4896.

Loreto: Cainarachi, Ule 6406, type. Yurimaguas, 135 meters,

in forest, Kittip & Smith 27583, 27996. El Recreo, 200 meters, edge

of forest, Williams 3957. Balsapuerto, 220 meters, in forest, Klug

3042.

Aristolochia asperifolia Ule, Verh. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. 47:

121. 1905.

A high-climbing vine with round and forking stems; petioles 3-4

cm. long, that is, little longer than the depth of the leaf sinus;

leaves to 16.5 cm. long and 9 cm. broad, ovate-oblong, acuminate,

above rough-pubescent, indistinctly 5-nerved; flowers 6-7 cm. long,

green, in short racemes; tube 2.5 cm. long, pubescent without, ventri-

cose-ovoid at the base, refracted, recurved, expanding above the

middle to the cordate-ovate, acutely cuspidate limb, above densely

glandular; capsule to 6.5 cm. long and 3.2 cm. thick; seeds tri-

angular, broadly margined, verruculose. — Near A. Sprucei Mast.,

but distinguished by its rough leaves, narrowly cordate at the base.

Neg. 4899.

San Martin: Tarapoto, Ule 6502 (type). Alto Rio Huallaga,

Williams 5653. — Junin: La Merced, 600 meters, in thicket, 5459.—

Rio Acre: Ule 9340. "Canastilla."

Aristolochia bicolor Ule, Verh. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. 47: 124.

1905.

Herbaceous, glabrous except for the grayish white, finely pubes-

cent leaves beneath; petiole 5-7 cm. long; leaves triangular-acute,

thin, dark green above, nearly silvery beneath (but the 7 nerves

glabrous), 12-13.5 cm. long, 11-12.5 cm. wide; capsule rugose,

ellipsoid, 5-6 cm. long; seeds 6 mm. long and 3 mm. broad, minutely

pubescent, acute at the base, incised at the apex. Neg. 4900.

Loreto: Yurimaguas, Ule. Brazil.

FLORA OF PERU 435

Aristolochia Burelae Herzog, Medd. Rijks Herb. Leiden 40:

2. 1921.

Slender, the youngest stems, leaves on both sides, and flowers

tomentose; petioles 1.5-2 cm. long or somewhat longer; leaves

oblong-lanceolate or narrowly deltoid, acute, 5.5-12 cm. long, 3.5-

8.5 cm. wide, 5-7-nerved; flowers axillary, solitary; tube 2 cm. long,

the lip 3 cm. long, 8 mm. wide at the lightly cordate base, narrowly

oblong-lanceolate, acute, black-hirsute and glandular-punctate with

yellow-bordered, black spots about the opening. Neg. 4903.

Rio Acre: Ule 9342. Bolivia.

Aristolochia cauliflora Ule, Verh. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. 47:

120. 1905,

A thick-stemmed, high-climbing liana with cordate-acuminate,

thick leaves; petioles about 15 cm. long; leaves blunt, with a broad,

deep sinus, 13.5-22 cm. long, 11-20 cm. broad; flowers few, in

fascicles, yellowish with lilac-red veins, to 10 cm. long; tube 2-2.5

cm. long; limb 1-lobed, lanceolate, sparsely pubescent within; lip

4-6 cm. long but only 2 cm. broad; capsule long-beaked, cylindric.—

The tube throat is yellow at the edge, toward the mouth lilac or

brown-purple, from the middle to the tip yellow, the tip itself

flecked with dark purple and black-purple-papillate. Neg. 4904.

San Martin: Tarapoto, Ule 6634 (type). Chazuta, 260 meters,

King 4125. — Loreto: Almeria, Middle Rio Ucayali, Tessmann 3516.

Aristolochia deltoidea HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 146. pi. 112.

1817. Howardia deltoidea Klotzsch, Monatsb. Akad. Berlin 1859:

611. 1859.

Stems sulcate, puberulent above and at the nodes; leaves deltoid,

5-nerved, somewhat pubescent on the nerves beneath but not silvery,

6-9 cm. long and 5-6 cm. broad; pseudo-stipules orbicular-reniform,

sessile; flowers axillary, small, greenish without, with brown veins,

within yellowish, the tip of the lip pale green with dark brown veins;

utricle ovoid, puberulent, 3 mm. long; tube to 10 cm. long, strongly

infundibuliform, with one rounded lobe only 3 mm. long, the other

1.5 cm. long.

Cajamarca: Maranon Valley, Humboldt 3645 (type). Tabaconas

Valley in half -xerophy tic shrub, 1,200 meters, Weberbauer 6166.

Bellavista, in evergreen shrub, 500 meters, Weberbauer 6210. Jaen,

Raimondi. — Amazonas: Bagua, Raimondi. Brazil.

436 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

Aristolochia didyma S. Moore, Journ. Bot. 53: 7. pi. 535. 1915.

Stems angled, glabrous; petioles 5-10 (-25) cm. long; leaves

cordate-suborbicular, 5-nerved, glabrous, papyraceous, 10 cm. wide

and 12 cm. long or sometimes twice as large; flowers 8-10 cm. long,

purplish, red-lineate, axillary, solitary, the peduncles 6-10 cm.

long; utricle 3-3.5 (-5) cm. long, the tube 2.5 cm. long, the limb nearly

twice as long; lower lip densely long-ciliate within, the upper, erect

lip 2-lobed, the ovate, obtuse segments glabrous without, ciliate

within; capsule 3.5 cm. long, nearly 3 cm. thick. — Emits, as so many

species, the odor of carrion. Flowers pale yellow, with purple stripes

and margins (Ule).

Rio Acre: Uk 9338. Brazil. "Zapato difunto."

Aristolochia elegans Mast. Card. Chron. n. ser. 24: 301. /. 64.

1885.

Flowers solitary from the herbaceous shoots; petioles to 5.5 cm.

long; blades ovate-reniform, openly but evidently cordate at the base,

obtuse, glabrous, beneath glaucescent, to 8.5 cm. long and 9.5 cm.

broad; flowers long-stalked, the slightly distended (2 cm. long) tube

abruptly bent upward, cream-colored with many purplish brown

markings within, the golden-yellow throat (6.3 cm. long) surrounded

by a deep purple blotch, velvety in texture; limb obliquely cordate-

ovate, 7.5-8 cm. long, 5 cm. wide; utricle 3.4 cm. long, 12 mm.

thick, within at the base arachnoid-pubescent; gynostemium 6 mm.

long, the anthers 4 mm. long. — Widely cultivated and naturalized

in tropical lands.

Junin: In hedge at La Merced, 600 meters, 5322. Santa Rosa,

Killip & Smith 28923.

Aristolochia floribunda Lem. 111. Hort. 15: pi. 568. 1868. A.

juruana Ule, Verh. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. 7: 118. 1905.

Allied to A. cauliflora, but the thinner, cordate-reniform, acumi-

nate leaves with a shallow sinus; flowers large, greenish yellow,

the throat within dark carmine, with white veins, the tube mouth

greenish yellow, the tube itself 1 cm. long, the throat 4 cm. long

and nearly as wide; limb cordate-ovate, peltate; peduncles 4 cm. long,

fasciculate-racemose, the flowers few or as many as 12. Neg. 4919.

Loreto: Mouth of Rio Santiago, Tessmann 4193. Brazil.

Aristolochia fragrantissima Ruiz, Mem. Virt. Bejuco Estrella

46. 1805. Howar dia fragrantissima Klotzsch, Monatsb. Akad. Berlin

1859: 615. 1859.

FLORA OF PERU 437

High climbing or procumbent and diffuse, the very long, sulcate-

angled branchlets rusty-pubescent; leaves ovate-cordate, with a deep

sinus, acuminate, above scabrous, beneath densely pubescent, to

nearly 20 cm. long and half as broad, on petioles 2-5 cm. long;

peduncles axillary, rarely geminate or ternate; calyx villous within;

utricle to about 1.5 cm. long, the tube 2 cm. long, broad and little

ampliate, the lip 3.5 cm. long; capsule oblong, obtusely hexagonous.

—Leaves all only 5-nerved in 3 sheets comprising the type at Madrid,

the 2 lateral basal nerves much fainter, so the leaves at base are

prominently only 3-nerved. The measurements are from Ruiz's

illustration, loc. cit. The illustration in Lambert, Cinchona 173,

shows the tip of the lip with numerous small warts, placing the

species (Schmidt) in the Papillatae. The flowers are said to be

brown-red. Neg. 4914.

Huanuco: Posuso, Ruiz. "Bejuco de estrella," "contrayerba."

Aristolochia Guentheri 0. C. Schmidt, Repert. Sp. Nov. 27:

292. 1930.

Stems, especially the older ones, erose; stipules none; petioles

3-4.5 cm. long; leaves 10-15 cm. long, 5.5-9 cm. wide, gradually

acuminate, 5-7-nerved; flowers 4-5, glabrous, the peduncles 3-6

cm. long; utricle ellipsoid, 2 cm. long, 8 mm. thick, arachnoid within,

the tube about 1.5 cm. long, the limb peltiform, spotted with deep

purple, 2.5-3 cm. wide. — Allied with A. Pilgeriana. The flowers of

the Peruvian specimen are larger, the limb about 4 cm. long and

more than 3 cm. wide (Schmidt). Neg. 4917.

Junin : Chanchamayo Valley, 1,200 meters, Schunke 392. Bolivia.

Aristolochia iquitensis 0. C. Schmidt, Notizbl. Bot. Gart.

Berlin 10: 196. 1927.

Stipules none; leaves sublanceolate, 15-17 cm. long, 5.5-8 cm.

wide, the sinus of the cordate base broad; bracts narrowly oblong-

cordate, 1-1.5 mm. long; pedicels 2.5-3.5 cm. long; flower base

obovoid, 7-9 mm. long, glabrous without, the obliquely truncate tip

transitional to the erect, cylindric tube 7-8 mm. long, the upper

lip of the dilated limb consisting of 2 lobes 1.2-1.6 cm. long and

6-8 mm. wide, these rounded and dilated at the apex; capsule

narrowly elliptic, 7 cm. long; seeds narrowly oblong-cordate, 5 mm.

long. — Similar to A. lingulata Ule, but the flowers different, these

bright yellow and red-brown (Klug), basally green, purplish red

above.

438 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

Loreto: Iquitos, Tessmann 5120 (type). Mishuyacu, 100 meters,

in forest, Kittip & Smith 29905; King 66, 1388.

Aristolochia Killipiana O. C. Schmidt, Repert. Sp. Nov. 38:

111. 1935.

Stems slender, more or less sparsely pilose; petioles pilose, to

2.5 cm. long; leaf blades to 9.4 cm. long, 5 cm. wide, the sinus to

12 mm. deep and 15 mm. broad, thin, short-pubescent above, pilose

beneath, especially on the 5-7 prominent nerves; flowers solitary,

pilose, the utricle obovate-elliptic, the nearly erect tube apically

dilated and almost bilabiately expanded, the subovate limb acumi-

nate.— Allied to A. triangularis Cham., with glabrous, scarcely

cordate leaves, the perianth lip not abruptly expanded. Only young

flowers are known, for which the author gives the measurements:

peduncle 3 cm. long; utricle 1 cm. long; tube 5 mm. long; lip 13 mm.

long, 12 mm. broad.

Cuzco: Machupicchu, about 2,100 meters (Cook & Gilbert 841,

type).

Aristolochia lingulata Ule, Verh. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. 47:

123. 1905.

Herbaceous, glabrous, with slender, round branchlets; leaves

cordate-orbicular, acute, glaucous beneath, thick, 8-10 cm. long,

7.5-9 cm. broad, on petioles 5-6 cm. long; flowers solitary, axillary,

12-14 cm. long, the pedicel about as long, straw-colored with dark

purple markings; tube base ventricose, the tube 2 cm. long; limb

2-lobed, the upper lobe lanceolate, acute, 4.5 cm. long, the lower

8-9 cm. long, lanceolate-lingulate, constricted toward the tip and

there expanded; capsule elliptic, 8 cm. long. Neg. 4921.

San Martin: Tarapoto, Ule 6581 (type). Chazuta, 260 meters,

Klug 3988. — Loreto: Iquitos, Tessmann 5157. Santa Rosa, 135

meters, in forest, Kittip & Smith 28923.

Aristolochia Macbrideana Standl., sp. nov.

Scandens herbacea, caulibus crassiusculis subteretibus pilis

minutis brunnescentibus adpressis vel valde adscendentibus pilo-

sulis; folia mediocria membranacea, petiolo gracili 3-3.5 cm. longo

minute adpresso-pilosulo; lamina late triangulari-ovata 7-12.5 cm.

longa 4.5-8 cm. lata acute acuminata, basi profunde (ad 2.5 cm.)

cordata, sinu lato aperto, lobis basalibus late rotundatis, in sicco

fusca, supra subsparse pilis brevissimis subadpressis brunnescentibus

conspersa, subtus concolor, undique sed sparse minutissime adpresso-

FLORA OF PERU 439

pilosula, basi 5-nervia, nervis elevatis, venulis prominentibus laxe

reticulatis; flores laxe racemosi, racemis paucifloris, rhachi plus

minusve elongata, subsessiles, ovario clavato-lineari pilis minutis

brevissimis patentibus vel subreflexis induto; utriculus obovoideus

circa 1.8 cm. longus sordide minute adpresso-puberulus, abrupte in

tubum 18 mm. longum medio 3 mm. crassum constrictus, labio

(perfecto non viso) ut videtur ovato-oblongo apice obtuso vel

rotundato extus minute adpresso-puberulo intus sparsissime villoso.

—Flowers violet, green, and yellow.

San Martin: Chazuta, Rio Huallaga, altitude 260 meters, April,

1935, G. King 4079; type in Herb. Field Mus.

Aristolochia maranonensis 0. C. Schmidt, Repert. Sp. Nov.

23: 296. 1927.

Slender stems and petioles glabrous, the latter 3-7 cm. long;

leaf blades glabrate above, densely arachnoid-pilose beneath and

reticulate, 9.5-18 cm. long, 10-18 cm. wide, the sinus to 18 mm.

deep; flowers 6 or fewer, greenish yellow, 8-10 cm. long; utricle

obovoid, 3-3.5 cm. long, puberulent within and without as also the

(1.5 cm. long) tube; limb broadly ovate, short-acuminate, 8.5-10.5

cm. long, with 2 brown-purple spots; gynostemium 5 mm. long, the

lobes lanceolate, the anthers linear; capsule narrowly elliptic, 8 cm.

long; seeds short-acuminate, 5 mm. long. Neg. 4922.

Loreto: Puerto Mele"ndez, Tessmann 4865 (type).

Aristolochia Mathewsii Duchartre in DC. Prodr. 15, pt. 1:

497. 1864. A. reticulata Seem. Bot. Voy. Herald 193. 1852, not Nutt.

Branches pubescent; leaves oblong, cordate at the base, 3-5-

nerved, obtuse or short-cuspidate, 5-12 cm. long, 2.5-3.5 cm. wide,

glabrous above, pubescent and reticulate beneath; flowers solitary;

perianth about 8 cm. long, the cordate limb villous without; capsule

3.5 cm. long.— By error Seemann's name has been written "utricu-

lata" by Duchartre and later students. A. Buchtienii 0. C. Schmidt,

Repert. Sp. Nov. 27: 292. 1830, from northwestern Bolivia, has

leaves 12-20 cm. long, 2-4 cm. wide, narrowed to the tip, densely

short-pilose beneath, and flowers about 6.5 cm. long.

San Martin: Tarapoto (Mathews).

Aristolochia mishuyacensis 0. C. Schmidt, Repert. Sp. Nov.

32: 96. 1933. A. Williamsii 0. C. Schmidt, op. cit. 30: 70. 1932,

not Rusby, 1910.

440 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

Stems slender, glabrous; petioles 5.5-7 cm. long; leaves broadly

hastate, 12-18.5 cm. long, 8-10 cm. wide, usually acute, reniform-

cordate at the base, the broadly rounded lobes 1.5-3 cm. long,

glabrous, thin; stipules ovate, cordate at the base, acuminate, 25

mm. long, 18 mm. wide; flowers solitary, axillary, glabrous without,

the peduncle with the ovary about 9 cm. long; utricle 5 cm. long,

2.2 cm. thick, glabrous within; upper (outer) part of the limb curved-

cymbiform, the base truncate, to 5 cm. long, the apex subabruptly

cordate, the appendage about 14 cm. long; ovary attenuate at the

base; gynostemium 6.5 mm. long, the stipe 1.5 mm. long. — Flowers

green and red-brown or greenish yellow, and dark violet (Klug).

Loreto: Fortaleza, Rio Huallaga, 200 meters, Williams 4314

(type). Mishuyacu, 100 meters, in forest, Klug 1177, 1302.

Aristolochia pandurata Jacq. Hort. Schoenbr. 4: 49. pi. 497.

1804; 475.

Stems sulcately angled; lower leaves mostly pandurate-hastate,

the upper hastate, acuminate, the deeply cordate base with oblong-

ovate, obtuse, divergent lobes, 7-nerved, 8-16 cm. long, 3.5-6

cm. wide; peduncles longer than the petioles, these 3-4.5 cm. long;

flowers within lineate or reticulate with white or yellow; utricle 22

mm. long, the tube 10-15 mm. long, the limb 7 cm. long; capsule

oblong, beaked, 7.5 cm. long.— Flowers yellow and whitish with

black-purple markings (Ule).

Rio Acre: Ule 9339. Bolivia to Central America and Venezuela.

Aristolochia peruviana 0. C. Schmidt, Notizbl. Bot. Gart.

Berlin 9: 136. 1924.

Stems below corky-ridged, to 1 cm. thick; petioles slender,

tortuous, glabrous, 4-5 cm. long; leaves chartaceous, finely silvery-

pubescent beneath, glabrous above, 5-nerved at the base, cordate-

ovate, 8-17 cm. long, 6-11.5 cm. wide, the sinus rarely as much

as 2 cm. deep; flowers glabrous, developing fasciculately from the

lower stem, 6-10 together, the inflorescence to 6 cm. long; peduncles

to 2.5 cm. long; limb peltate, 2.5-3.2 cm. long, 1.8-2.5 cm. broad, the

tube slender, 7 mm. long, 4 mm. thick; utricle oblong-cylindric,

rounded at the base, 12-15 cm. long, 4-7 mm. wide; perianth within

deep red with black and white spots, the throat of the tube white,

without spotted with pale lilac-red, the throat orange; gynostemium

5 mm. long, with 6 spreading lobes; anthers stipitate, 2 mm. long;

ovary glabrous. Neg. 4925.

Loreto: Yarina-cocha, Tessmann 3459, type.

FLORA OF PERU 441

Aristolochia physodes Ule, Verb. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. 47:

119. 1905.

Similar to A. deltoidea, but the leaves often constricted medially

and therefore subtrilobate, and somewhat silvery-glaucescent

beneath; utricle 18 mm. long; tube strongly inequilateral, 6-7 mm.

long; throat 3-3.5 cm. long, about 2 cm. broad; limb peltate, ovate,

long-mucronate, the base bilobate-emarginate.— Ground color green-

ish white but the lip within reddish with dark purple marks and

orange at the throat, the tube itself greenish white. Here would

key A. pseudotriangularis 0. C. Schmidt, Repert. Sp. Nov. 38: 110.

1935, with glabrous leaves. Neg. 4927.

San Martin: Tarapoto, Ule 6582 (type).

Aristolochia Pilgeriana 0. C. Schmidt, Repert. Sp. Nov. 23:

297. 1927.

Similar to A. peruviana but the leaves 7-nerved and with no

marked sinus; leaf nerves beneath densely and finely pilose; utricle

pink with purple nerves, purple-pubescent within, usually 2.5 cm.

long, obovoid; tube to 14 mm. long, 5-6 mm. thick, glabrous; limb

ovate-suborbicular, cordate at the base, obtuse, mucronate, to 3.5

cm. long; gynostemium obconic, to nearly 4 mm. long, the linear

anthers 1.8 mm. long; ovary glabrous. — By slip of the pen A. Pilgeri

0. C. Schmidt, op. cit. 27: 293. 1930. Neg. 4926.

Loreto: Mouth of Rio Santiago, Tessmann 4374 (type).

Aristolochia pilosa HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 146. pi 113.

1817; 454.

Stems slender, spreading-hirsute with brown hairs; petioles 2.5

cm. long; leaf blades ovate, cordate or subhastate-cordate, the deep

sinus with nearly parallel, rounded lobes, glabrous above, 7 cm.

long, 4-4.5 cm. wide at the base; peduncles 1.5 cm. long; flowers

sparsely pilose; utricle 22 mm. long, the tube 3 cm. long, the lip 18

mm. long.

Peru: (Surely). Bolivia to Central America.

Aristolochia putumayensis 0. C. Schmidt, Repert. Sp. Nov.

38: 112. 1935.

Slender-stemmed and glabrous except the leaves beneath and the

flowers within; petioles to 5 cm. long; leaves oblong-ovate or deltoid-

ovate, to 14.5 cm. long, truncate, angulately rounded, short-acumi-

nate, chartaceous, shortly grayish-silvery-pilose beneath ; flowers few,

442 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII

reddish brown and orange, the peduncles about 6 cm. long; utricle

narrowly obovoid, arachnoid within, to nearly 3 cm. long and 2

cm. wide, the suberect tube to over 4 cm. long, its oblique limb over

2 cm. long; ovary pilose; capsule narrowly elliptic, about 6.5 cm.

long, very thin. — Related to A. Pilgeriana, according to the author.

A. KlugiiO.C. Schmidt, op. cit. 30: 66, is smaller, the tube only 3

cm. long but the limb to 7 cm. long and flaring, as in A. iquitensis.

Loreto: Florida, Rio Putumayo, 200 meters (King 2032).

Aristolochia Rimbachii 0. C. Schmidt, Repert. Sp. Nov. 23:

287. 1927.

Stems slender; petioles 3.5-4.5 cm. long; leaves narrowly cordate,

the sinus nearly 2 cm. deep, 4 cm. wide, short-cuspidate, chartaceous,

5(-7)-nerved, more or less densely but very shortly pilose beneath;

flowers whitish without, glabrescent; utricle obovoid, 10-12 mm.

long; tube about 12 mm. long, 2 mm. thick, the opening yellow; limb

narrowly peltiform, 5-7.5 cm. long, 3 cm. broad, glabrous, reddish

brown with pale reddish nerves; capsule oblong-ovoid, acuminate,

6 cm. long, 2.5 cm. thick. — Near A. odoratissima L., widely dis-

tributed in South America, and to be expected; its utricle is about

twice as long, the flowers violet and purple, like those of A. pandurata,

the capsule 12 mm. thick.

Peru: (Probably). Ecuador; Bolivia.

Aristolochia Ruiziana Duchartre in DC. Prodr. 15, pt. 1: 476.

1864. A. Duchartrei Andre", Le Mouvem. Hortic. 61. 1867; Fl.

Serres 18: 35. 1869.

Stem smooth and lustrous; petioles stout, to 12 cm. long; leaf

blades coriaceous, green and lustrous above, very glaucous, shortly

crisped-puberulent, and conspicuously reticulate-veined beneath,

15 cm. long or longer and nearly as wide, short-acuminate, the base

angled-truncate, scarcely cordate; flowers large, the connate limb

12 cm. long or longer, the obovoid utricle 7.5 cm. long and 3 cm.

thick, the tube 3.5 cm. long, the throat 12-18 cm. long. — The meas-

urements (as in other descriptions usually) are by Schmidt, in this

instance from Colombian material, the type being imperfect. The

flowers without are yellowish with brown veinlets, the throat within

thickly flecked with black-purple on a whitish ground, the mouth of

the tube white. Klotzsch assigned the name in herbarium under

Howardia. Illustrated, Fl. Serres 18: 35. Neg. 4930.

Huanuco: Chicoplaya, Ruiz & Pavdn. Colombia.

FLORA OF PERU 443

Aristolochia truncata Field. & Gardn. Sert. PL 1: pi 44. 1844.

Howardia truncata Klotzsch, Monatsb. Akad. Berlin 1859: 610. 1859.

A. tarapotina Ule, Verh. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. 47: 123. 1905.

Closely allied to A. amazonica, but the leaves often 10-14 cm.

long and 7-8 cm. wide; flowers yellowish green, the oval-ovate lip

purple-splotched within and sparsely papillose with fleshy processes.

Negs. 4937, 27818.

San Martin: Tarapoto, 750 meters, Ule 6501; Williams 5454,

5560, 5570. Brazil. "Oreja de perro."

Aristolochia Weberbaueri 0. C. Schmidt, Repert. Sp. Nov.

23:294. 1927.

A vine with somewhat angled branches; petioles 1.5-4 cm. long;

leaf blades deltoid-cordate, 4.5-10.5 cm. long, 3-6 cm. broad, the

sinus 8-12 mm. deep, 7-nerved, glabrescent above, pilose on the

nerves beneath; stipules ovate, 6-12 mm. long; flowers axillary,

solitary, glabrous without, 4.5 to nearly 6 cm. long, reddish brown;

utricle broadly ovate, 12-18 mm. long, sparsely arachnoid within;