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FLORA OF PERU

BY

J. Francis Macbride

CURATOR, PERUVIAN BOTANY

BOTANICAL SERIES

FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

VOLUME XIII, PART IIIA, NUMBER 2

DECEMBER 21, 1966

PUBUCATION 808

NAi

MIS

FLORA OF PERU

BY

J. Francis Macbride

CURATOR, PERUVIAN BOTANY

BOTANICAL SERIES

FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

VOLUME XIII, PART IIU, NUMBER 2

DECEMBER 21, 1966

PUBUCATION 808

tlfT i:3RARY OF TV--

PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

BY CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM PRESS

FLORA OF PERU

J. Francis Macbride

SAPINDACEAE. Soapberry Family

Reference: L. Radlkofer, Sapindaceae, Pflanzenreich IV. 165.

1931-34.

Plants usually ligneous, sometimes trees, often lianas, less fre-

quently herbaceous vines, ordinarily with tendrils and alternate

commonly compound leaves, those of the climbing genera often

stipulate. Flowers pseudo-polygamous or unisexual, regular or

irregular, bracteate and bracteolate in cincinni disposed in racemi-

form or paniculate inflorescences, generally small with 4-5 (rarely

none) often more or less connate usually imbricate sepals and 3-5

(or none) imbricate petals that not rarely are squamate or barbate

within. Disk annular, regular or unilateral between the petals and

the stems, sometimes obscure. Stamens 8 (5-10 or more), the

filaments filiform, the 2-celled anthers usually introrse. Ovary

ordinarily 3-celled and 3-lobed, sometimes 2-celled, with simple or

divided styles and 1-2 or rarely more anatropous ovules in each cell

affixed to the axis. Fruits capsular or drupaceous, variously de-

hiscent or indehiscent, often consisting of 2-3 samaras. Seeds

without endosp)erm sometimes with a fleshy aril. — In the following

compilation the more generic term panicle has been used to include

reference to the frequently thyrsoid inflorescence in order to avoid

the awkward English plural of thyrsus. As defined by the mono-

grapher the species of some genera are highly critical; some, dis-

tinguished primarily by presence or absence of papillosity or hypo-

derma, are especially open to question as suggested by Radlkofer

himself who now and then qualifies the characters, if not in his key,

often in his descriptions; equally tenuous are a number of other

distinctions, particularly those pertaining to the leaves which pre-

sumably mark specific lines but more likely point up the variations

or instability or both of a few entities that maintain fairly constant

populations but produce plenty of aberrations. It is my feeling too

that the high proportion of incompletely known species explains

in part the difficult (from a practical standpoint) taxonomy, devised

largely by the monographer and notable as basically sound, clearly

organized and meticulously presented.

291

292 Field Museum of Natural History — Botany, Vol. XIII

The Litchi Tree (Litchi chinensis Sonnerat) indigenous to China

and one of the most ancient of cultivated plants is also one of the

best known members of this world-wide family because of its nut-

like subglobose bright red clustered fruits, their papery warty shells

drying brown and enclosing a pulp-surrounded seed. Perhaps also

in cultivation is the Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.), similar

but the brittle shell of the fruit covered with long soft processes.

The allied but native South American Mamoncillo or Genip (Meli-

cocca hijuga L.) has granulate-shelled plum-shaped fruits, the single

seed (edible when roasted) enclosed in a sweetish gelatinous pulp.

All these trees are in general related to the Peruvian Talisias and

illustrated, Chicago Nat. Hist. Mus. Pop. Ser. 26, and elsewhere.

Probably also in cultivation but primarily only for ornament

is the African Akee (Blighia sapida Koenig), a great tree with

beautiful pinnate foliage and large almost bizarre fruits ripening

red and yellow and opening into three parts each filled with lustrous

white or yellowish tissue (cooked when ripe but dangerous unless

taken at exactly the right stage) surrounding the large black poison-

ous seed.

Scandent plants, often with tendrils.

Calyx with 4-5 imbricate sepals, the two upper connate or the

outer smaller; leaflets rarely only 3.

Fruit a samara, usually 3 together; stems often rigid-ligneous

even above 1. Serjania.

Fruit often alate dorsally, never samaroid.

Fruit firm, capsular; stems ligneous even above . . 2. Paullinia.

Fruit membranous; stems rather herbaceous above.

Fruits little inflated, alate; leaflets 3 3. Urvillea.

FVuits inflated, not alate; leaflets several.

4. Cardiospermum.

Calyx 5-parted or -lobed, the equal segments valvate or sub-

imbricate; leaflets always 3.

Calyx cupulate, the lobes subimbricate; flowers pseudo-um-

bellate 5. Thinouia.

Calyx lobes valvate; flowers pseudo-racemose. . .6. Allosanthus.

Erect shrubs or trees.

Leaves compound (sometimes by reduction 1-f oliolate) .

Leaves 3-foliolate or the lateral leaflets rarely wanting.

7. Allophylus.

Flora of Peru 293

Leaves pinnate (or leaflets only 3 but pinnately disposed in one

Talisia) or bipinnate.

Leaves bipinnate 12. Dilodendron.

Leaves pinnate.

Fruits rather samaroid, the cells inflated (Peru); sepals

rounded, tomentose; leaflets entire.

10. Porocystis. 9. ToiUicia.

Fruits not samaroid; petals normally 5 (rarely 4 or more

than 5).

Calyx divisions free, broadly imbricate.

Leaflets entire; fruits indehiscent, usually glabrous or

puberulent.

Fruits not granular, usually 3-coccic; sepals petal-

oid; leaf rachis often winged 8. Sapindus.

Fruits granular, usually 1-celled; sepals subcori-

aceous; rachis emarginate 11. Talisia.

Leaflets serrate, unless C. scrobiculata; fruits capsular,

dehiscent 13. Cupania.

Calyx cupulate, 5-lobed; leaflets entire (Peru); capsules

dehiscent 14. Maiayba.

Leaves mostly simple; fruit a 3-lobed capsule 15. Llagunoa.

Leaves all simple; fruit a winged capsule 16. Dodonaea.

1. SERJANIA [Plum.] Schum.

Shrubs scandent by axillary or p>eduncular tendrils, the leaves

usually bitemate, often pellucid punctate, the stipules minute or

none. Flowers irregular, rather small in axillary racemes or panicles

with 4-5 persisting sepals, 2 sometimes more or less united, outer

2 smaller, the inner petaloid, and 4 petals, the scales of the lower 2

apically appendaged. Disk glands 4 or the 2 smaller ones some-

times obscure. Style 3-lobed. Fruit 3 samaras, broadly winged

toward the base, united along the axis and with indehiscent seed

cells at the apex, the seed aril small. — Secondary wood often com-

posite (abnormal) with 3-5 or 8-10 additional wood columns.

The fruit, while partly diagnostic, is incompletely known for many

Peruvian species, and much herbarium material is only in flower;

the following key therefore has been devised to lead (usually without

fruiting character) perhaps at least to some of the more commonly

encountered species.

294 Field Museum of Natural History— Botany, Vol. XIII

Leaves all simply 5-foliolate, the lower pair of leaflets undivided, or

3-foliolate.

Leaflets 5.

Petioles and rachis wing-margined S. dibotrya.

Petioles and rachis emarginate.

Leaflets rounded-obtuse or -retuse; inflorescences narrow.

S. elongaia.

Leaflets usually with short obtuse acumen; inflorescences

often panicled S. grandifolia.

Leaflets 3 S. grammatophora.

Leaves more compound; rachis rarely wing-margined (S. deltoidea).

Leaves all or mostly with only one pair of ternate or subternate

leaflets or obviously pubescent as S. longistipula; see page 298.

Indument of leaves (at least one side) or of stems conspicuous,

dense, usually in age and flowers large (4.5-6 mm. long);

fruit cells (known) often more or less compressed.

Branches slender, long-hispid; leaflets entire; wood simple.

S. altissima.

Branches slender, strigillose or glabrate as the green mem-

branous leaflets; wood composite.

S. communis var., S. dumicola.

Branches stout, soon 4 (3) -6 mm. thick, usually, as the firm

leaflets beneath, densely short-tomentose or hirsutulous.

Indument of branchlets short-hirsutulous; stipules ovate;

leaves biternate (Peru) S. diffusa.

Indument of branchlets in type sparse, lax or in var, dense;

stipules linear-subulate, leaves imparipinnate.

S. longistipula.

Indument at least of branchlets closely tomentose; stipules

ovate or "lanceolate-subulate" (S. mollis); leaves

biternate.

Wood composite; epidermis typically lacking mucus.

Panicles solitary or the upper panicled.

Terminal leaflets long-petiolulate (type); pedicels

2 mm. long S. mollis.

Terminal leaflets shortly petiolulate or subsessile

(type); pedicels to 5 mm. long. .S. sufferuginea.

Panicles paniculately congested (imperfectly known);

leaflets all subsessile S. peruviana.

Flora of Peru 295

Wood simple; epidermis containing mucus (as to tjrpes;

cp. following with S. mollis).

Fruit cells alulate; branches scarcely striate (type).

S. aluligera.

Fruit cells merely callose; branches lightly sulcate

(type) S. caUigera.

Indument never conspicuous unless in inflorescence; fruit cells

(known) more or less inflated except S. communis, S. in-

scripta, S. leptocarpa.

Flowers small, 2-3 (3.5) mm. long; sepals equally puberulent

and wood composite unless in the last four species and

S. rubicaulis with exception of S. pyramidata.

Leaflets coarsely serrate medially or nearly to base.

Upper stems soon glabra te; leaflets serrate, often below

middle.

Serrations subduplicate, approximate from below the

middle S. tenuifolia.

Serrations simple, irregular, remote, mostly from

middle S. memhranacea.

Upper stems short-hirsutulous; leaflets serrate only

above middle S. rufa.

Leaflets entire, subentire or serrations obtuse, rounded,

remote, few, or stems usually prickly.

Branches deeply 5-sulcate, more or less prickly; wood

simple S. rubicaulis.

Branches striate or lightly 8-sulcate, smooth; wood com-

posite except as noted above.

Leaflets ample, even the lateral usually several cm.

wide.

Leaflets remotely obtusely serrate, often slightly

pubescent.

Serrations coarse; fruit wings diaphanous, cells

lightly nerved S. memhranacea.

Serrations small or obscure; fruit wings firm-

membranous, cells deeply nerved.

Leaflets acute or acutely acuminate; wood

simple S. exarata.

Leaflets obtusely short-acuminate; wood com-

posite S. pyramidata.

296 Field Museum of Natural History — Botany, Vol. XIII

Leaflets entire or bidentate near obtuse acumen,

quite glabrous S. grandifolia.

Leaflets small, even the terminal rarely wider than

3 cm.

Leaflets subequal, all remotely serrulate above the

middle S. trirostris.

Leaflets obviously unequal, all entire or subentire.

Lateral leaflets subrotund, 2,5 X 2 cm., all

a little puberulent S. subrotundifolia.

Lateral leaflets subelliptic, 10 X 4-5 mm., all

glabrous except nerves S. Killipii.

Flowers large (for genus) normally at least 4 mm. long; sepals

in part soon glabrate or greenish or the leaflets entire or

obtusely few-dentate; wood simple only in S. exarata.

Sepals equally cinereous or fulvous puberulent except S.

caracasana and possibly forms of S. communis; leaflets

often entire or obtusely few-dentate.

Leaflets oblong-lanceolate, usually at least three times

longer than wide S. lethalis.

Leaflets ovate- or oblong-elliptic, often about twice lon-

ger than wide.

Leaflets (lateral) obtuse or obtusely acuminate, quite

glabrous (Peru) as outer sepals . . . .S. caracasana.

Leaflets acute or acutish, often a little pubescent as

outer sepals.

Stem angles, at least in part, very acute or even

winged.

Leaves subcoriaceous, lustrous; petioles often in

part margined; outer wood bodies triangular.

S. lethalis, S. paucidentata.

Leaves submembranous, often dull; petioles

emarginate; outer wood bodies lamellate.

S. nutans.

Stems 5-6-striate-angled; branches (early) as in-

florescence reddish-puberulent; petioles in part

margined S. inscripta.

Sepals, at least in part, soon glabrate, greenish (unless S.

glahrata, S. exarata); leaflets, usually at least lateral,

acutely, angulately, irregularly or coarsely serrate

Flora of Peru 297

often below the middle; wood compKjsite except S.

exarata.

Leaflets, unless the terminal, obtuse, glabrous (Peru)

as outer sepals S. caracasana.

Leaflets usually acute and as the outer sepals most often

slightly puberulent at least on nerves.

Fruit cells subcompressed, cristate; petioles emargin-

ate; leaflets unequal or dissimilar.

Leaflets remotely few-dentate or subentire.

Flowers roseate; leaflets pilosulous beneath,

similar S. leptocarpa.

Flowers yellowish; leaflets glabrate, diverse (var).

S. inscripta.

Leaflets repand-dentate at least to middle.

S. Alsmitkii.

Fruit cells subglobose; lateral leaflets often smaller

than terminal but rarely diverse; petioles ob-

scurely or not margined.

Leaflets lanceolate to somewhat ovate-lanceolate, to

about 3 cm. wide; upper stems 2-3.5 mm. thick;

fruit cells lightly nerved.

Petioles emarginate; leaflets small, ovate-lance-

olate.

Third and fifth sepals connate; stipules about

ovate S. communis.

Third and fifth sepals free; stipules subulate.

S. dumicola.

Petioles in part margined; leaflets narrowed at

each end S. sphaerococca.

Leaflets usually broadly ovate, often several cm.

wide; upper stems soon 4-5 mm. thick; fruit

cells deeply nerved.

Wood composite; petioles emarginate; leaflets

ample S. glabrata.

Wood simple; petioles in part submarginate;

leaflets 3.5 cm. wide (type) S. exarata.

Fruit cells inflated; petioles in part margined; leaflets

dissimilar, the much smaller lateral often sub-

lobulate-dentate S. inflata.

298 Field Museum of Natural History — Botany, Vol. XIII

Leaves usually imparipinnate, all or mostly with more than 1 pair

of ternate or subtemate leaflets, their divisions often only

1-2 cm, wide (cf. also the pubescent S. longistipula and

a doubtful specimen of S. diffusa might be sought here).

Lower pair of leaflets mostly 5-foliolate or pinnate; wood

abnormal except S. striolata; flowers 3.5 (3) -6 mm. long,

except S. deltoidea, unopened in S. striolata.

Leaf rachis wing-margined; fruit cells distended . . S. deltoidea.

Leaf rachis obscurely or not margined; fruit cells subinflated.

Leaflet divisions mostly or all about 1 (-1.5) cm. wide;

flowers large.

Inflorescences subspiciform; peripheric wood columns 5;

northern species S. brachyptera.

Inflorescences rather lax; peripheric wood columns 1-2;

southern species S. platypetala, S. squarrosa.

Leaflet divisions mostly or all about 2 cm. wide; flower

buds small; wood normal S. striolata.

Lower pair of leaflets merely ternate; wood normal except S.

parvifolia; fruit cells more or less compressed.

Leaflet divisions mostly about 2 cm. wide; flowers 3.5 (3)

-6 mm. long.

Ultimate leaf divisions rather oblong-elliptic; young fruit

and sepals (type) glabrous or nearly . . S. fuscostriata.

Ultimate leaf divisions obliquely obovate; fruit and inner

sepals puberulent S. striata.

Leaflet divisions mostly 1-1.5 cm. wide; flowers 2-2.5 mm.

long.

Leaves glabrous or nearly, lacking mucus; wood normal.

S. oxyphylla.

Leaves barbate in axils and lightly pubescent; wood

abnormal S. parvifolia.

Serjania Alsmithii Macbr., sp. nov.

Scandens, fruticosa; rami 5-angulares inter angulos mediocriter

canaliculati, juniores undique, adultiores ad angulos hirtelli; corpus

lignosum minus durum, compositum e centrali magno pentagono

cavitate medullari sat larga percoso et periphericis parvis angulis

centralis superpositis; foliis bitematis; petiolis canaliculato-striatis;

foliolis minutissime denseque pellucido-punctatis chartaceo-mem-

Flora of Peru 299

branaceis utrinque glabris vel in nervis supra obscure sparseque

hirtellis paullo nitidulis subtus pallidioribus oblongo- vel ovato-

ellipticis acutis, mucronatis, basi plus minusve attenuatis, sub-

petiolulatis, repando-dentatis, plerumque 6-7 cm. longis, 3^ latis,

lateralibus paullo minoribus; thyrsi solitarii laxe cincinnigeri,

cincinni breviter stipitati, pedunculo rachique tenere puberulis,

pedicellis fructiferis circa 4 mm. longis; floribus vix notatis ut

videtur 4-4.5 nmi. longis, sepalis subglabris circa 3 mm. longis. —

Fructus fere ovatus, glaber, valde compressus 3 cm. longus infra

medium circa 3 cm. latus basi et apice vix excisi infra loculos vix

constricti, alis paullo dilatatis.

Distributed as S. tenuifolia which it resembles considerably in

foliage but apparently it is rather a member of another section of

the genus, probably section Platycoccus Radlk. at least sens. lat.

It accordingly requires another name for purpose of cataloguing

in this work and, if it does not prove to be extra-Peruvian may

honor in the same group with S. Killipii the famous "botanical

brothers," to use the happy term of Croizat.

Loreto: Subligneous vine; fruit pinkish red, Yurimaguas, Killip

& Smith 28301, type.

Serjania altissma (Poepp. & Endl.) Radlk. Monogr. Serj. 251.

1875: 72. Cardiospermum aUissimum Poepp. & Endl. Nov. (Jen.

& Sp. 3: 38. 1844.

Scandent, suffruticose, the deeply 5-sulcate-costate branches

3.5 mm. thick and somewhat pilose-glandular as also setulose with

rusty spreading trichomes 3-3.5 mm. long, this sort of pubescence

in some degree extending to the inflorescence (this more glandular)

and the leaves, these glabrate in age; ligneous structure simple,

notably costate, in cross section sinuate or crenate-lobed ; stipules

subulate-linear, to 6 mm. long, setose, the petioles sparsely so,

8 cm. long, the intermediate ones 5, the lateral 1.5 cm., all striate-

sulcate; leaves bitemate, often 22 cm. long, 20 cm. wide, mem-

branous, brownish, paler beneath, rather to very obscurely pellucid-

punctate, epidermis containing mucus, above sparsely or scarcely,

beneath early more or less densely puberulent especially on nerves

and somewhat ciliate margins with many sessile glands intermixed,

the terminal leaflet long-attenuate to the petiolule, broadly elliptic

or subrotund, subobovate, to 9 cm. long, 4.5-5 cm. wide, the lateral

smaller, all abruptly and acutely acuminate and entire or rarely

with a tooth or two toward the tips; panicles solitary or paniculately

300 Field Museum of Natural History— Botany, Vol. XIII

congested, longer than the leaves, the approximate cincinni on

stipes 5-15 mm. long, the rather crowded pedicels 3-3.5 mm. long;

flowers about 5 mm. long, white; outer sepals puberulent and

articulate-glandular, the longer inner very minutely puberulent;

petals broadly obovate, the scales half as long, the upper obovate,

the lower dentiform; stamens pilose at base; fruit (barely half

mature) setigerous. — The fruit described by the authors does not

belong here, according to the monographer; in Williams JtllS it

measures 3 by 2.5 cm. scarcely 1.5 cm. at the cells, these setose,

carinate by the decurrent wings, the pericarp fragile, seed black.

F. M. Neg. 5533.

San Martin: Tarapoto, Spruce J^560; U5W; Mathews 1322; 1322

bis. Zepelacio near Moyobamba, 12-1,600 meters, Klug 3596 (det.

Standley). Chazuta, Klug Ji-lO^ (det. Standley).— Loreto: Yuri-

maguas, Poeppig 2U15, type; Williams U113; Killip & Smith 29071.

Serjania aluligera Radlk. Bull. Herb. Boiss. 1: 464. 1893; 64.

Canescent scandent shrub with subterete scarcely striate branches

— ligneous area simple— and upper temate or 5-foliolate-pinnate

leaves, the lower bitemate; stipules minute, ovate; petioles 3-4 cm.

long, the intermediate 2 cm. long, the lateral 6 mm. long; leaves of

the flowering branchlets 10-13 cm. long, 9-10 cm. wide, the oval

leaflets serrate-dentate above the middle, mucronulate, the terminal

4-6 cm. long, 2-3.5 cm. wide, attenuate into a petiolule 5-8 mm.

long, the lateral gradually smaller, sessile, all pinnate-nerved, sub-

chartaceous, brownish -green, opaque, microscopically glandular,

puberulent above, softly ashy pubescent beneath, epunctate, the

epidermis containing mucus; thyrsi subcorymbose-racemiform,

solitary, divaricate, the flowering part half as long as the peduncle,

the cincinni spreading, long (to 1 cm.) -stiped; bracts and bractlets

subulate, long-glandular; pedicels about 4 mm. long,in fruit to 7 mm.,

articulate at lower third; male flowers with inner sepals 5 mm. long,

the outer half as long, all ashy puberulent; petals oblong-spatulate,

6 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, glandular within, the scales villous at the

margin, the upper crest obcordate-bifid and with long deflexed

barbate appendage, the lower obliquely emarginate aliform; stamens

lightly pilose, the anthers glabrous; young fruit elliptic, ashy pube-

scent, rusty villous at apex, the cells compressed at sides and with

aluliform processes near the dorsal crest, these hidden in the tomen-

tum, the endocarp glabrous except very sparsely pilose in the angles.

F.M. Neg. 5964.

Cajamarca: Callacate, Jelski J^09, type.

Flora of Peru 301

Serjania brachyptera Radlk. Bot. Jahrb. 37: 145. 1905; 63.

Like S. squarrosa but the stems 8-angulate and particularly the

ligneous peripheral areas 5, the spreading panicles 7-26 cm. long

with only 1 cm. long about 5-flowered cincinni, the fruit cells gla-

brous or sometimes floccose within; petioles 5-10 mm. long; leaves

5-6 cm. long and broad with 3-4 pairs of leaflets, the lower temate

or pinnate, trichomes few; outer sepals ashy hirsute; fruit not mature,

subquadrate, glabrous, 1.5 cm. long, at base 1.2-1.4 cm. broad. — It

is possible that my 2291, incomplete, may belong here. F.M.

Neg. 5534.

Cajaniarca: Hacienda La Tahona near Hualgayoc, 2,600 meters,

Weberbauer ^057. — Hudnuco: Among herbs and shrubs, 3,200

meters, near Punchau, Prov. Huamalies, Weberbauer SSOIt, type.

Serjania calligera Radlk. Bot. Jahrb. 54: Beibl. 117: 42.

1916; 65.

Much like S. aluligera but the sordidly tomentulose tumid fruit

cells laterally entirely free scarcely cristate but at the lateral angles

above sometimes with a produced callus; branches 4-5-sulcate;

petioles 5-10 mm. long, the intermediate 2.5 cm., the lateral 3 mm.

long, all more or less rusty tomentulose as the leaves, the larger with

terminal leaflet 6.5 X 4 cm.; cincinni approximate on stipes only

2-3 mm. long, the pedicels 2-3 or in fruit 5 mm. long, articulate near

base; petals white, 6 mm. long, 3 mm. wide; ovary densely tomentose,

the cells villous within, the glabrous style trifid at apex; immature

fruit to 1.8 cm. long, 1.4 cm. broad, at the cells 8-9 mm. — Apparently

nearly S. mollis but the leaves smaller (Dahlem note) and certainly

doubtfully distinct from S. aluligera.

Cajamarca: Between Huambos and Mont^n, 2,500 meters,

Weberbau£r J^15, type. — Piura: Hacienda San Antonio, 1,300 meters,

Weberbauer 6011.

Serjania caracasana (Jacq.) Willd. Sp. PI. 2, pt. 1: 465. 1799;

91. PauUinia caracasana Jacq. Hort. Schoenbr. 1: 52. pi. 99. 1797.

Typically nearly glabrous even to the outer sepals, only the

branches (apically) and solitary or paniculate inflorescences micro-

scopically glandular and minutely pubescent, the former lightly

6-8-striate, 2-4 mm. thick; wood composite, peripheral areas often

about 8; stipules broadly triangular, 2 mm. long, puberulent, as the

6-12 cm. long emarginate petioles, especially at the articulation;

leaves usually bitemate but variable; leaflets oblong-lanceolate or

302 Field Museum of Natural History — Botany, Vol. XIII

subelliptic, mostly gradually and obtusely acuminate, or the lower

lateral ones shortly ovate and obtuse, all obtusely serrate-dentate

or subentire (Peru), membranous or subcoriaceous, lustrous above,

rarely barbate in the nerve axils, punctae and pellucid lines obvious,

epidermis lacking mucus, the terminal petiolule 1-1.5 cm. long,

its leaflets often 1 dm. long or longer, 3-5 cm. wide or wider; cincinni

more or less stiped, 5-11 flowered, the pedicels 3-5 (-7 in fruit)

mm, long, articulate above the base; flowers white; outer sepals

usually glabrous, inner sordidly puberulent, nearly glabrous within,

3.5-5 mm. long; petals long-clawed, 4.5-7 mm. long, 1,5-2 mm. wide,

laxly glandular within; scale-crests more or less emarginate, even

bifid or the lower dentiform; stamens lightly villous; fruit purplish

above, 2.2-3.8 cm. long, 2-2.5 cm. (at cells 8-9 mm.) broad, little

if at all constricted under the cells, truncate-rounded or shortly

cuneate at base, ecristate, glabrous except for scattered glands,

the endocarp glabrous or with a few trichomes at base and back of

cells. — The Peruvian forms are genuina Radlk. and elliptica Radlk.,

the elliptic leaflets subentire; cf. S. Ampelopsis PI. & Lind. under

S. inscripta.

Hudnuco: Mito, 1567 (distr. as S. striata). Without data,

Ruiz & Pavdn, fide Radlk. Widely distributed in South America,

north to Cuba and Mexico.

Serjania communis Camb. in St. Hil. Fl. Bras. 1: 362. 1825; 51.

Slender sarmentose triangulate sulcate branches as the biternate

leaves variously pubescent to nearly glabrous; stipules ovate-

lanceolate; petioles 2-4 cm. long, scarcely margined; leaves about

14 cm. long, 12 cm. wide, the larger terminal leaflet subrhombic-

lanceolate, 5-8 cm. long, 2-3 cm. wide, more or less attenuate to the

petiole, the lateral subovate-lanceolate, rounded at base, all acute

or obtuse, mucronulate, serrate-dentate, often doubly, membranous

to chartaceous, rarely more than obscurely pellucid-punctate or

areolate; panicles mostly solitary, the lower twice as long as the

leaves, hirsutulous or laxly puberulent especially the small lance-

olate bracts and bractlets as also the 4 mm, long pedicels, these

equaling the ellipsoid buds; outer sepals half as long as inner, all

crisp-pulverulent; petals white, obovate, microscopically glandular

within, the upper 5-6 mm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, the half as long

scales emarginate or obtuse, sometimes obsolete as also the lateral

glands; stamens pilose-puberulent; ovary oblong, little narrowed at

base, minutely glandular; fruit cordate-ovate, 2-2.7 cm. long, 1.8-2

cm. broad, narrowed at the pubescent cells (these narrowly cristate),

Flora of Peru 303

emarginate at apex, the puberulent wings more or less dilated at

base; cotyledons subequal, suberect; seeds ellipsoid. — Radlkofer

named three variants in accord with the degree or character of the

pubescence, mollis Radlk., pilosula Radlk. and glabra Radlk. The

wood structure is central (large, with 3 smaller peripheral columns;

cf. the author, Monogr. Serj. Suppl. pl.l). I should like to exclude

this from Peru but if the following incomplete specimens actually

belong here probably some flowering material cited under S. inflata

does also, as originally determined. F.M. Neg. 36040.

San Martin: Tarapoto, Spruce (var. glabra, fide Radlk.). —

Junin: Puerto Yessup, Killip & Smith 26313 (det. Killip). To

eastern Brazil.

Serjania deltoidea Radlk. Monogr. Serj. 322. 1875; 203.

Branches obtusely or acutely triangular, lightly striate, the

younger reddish tomentulose with crisped trichomes; wood com-

posite with 3 peripheral areas; stipules small, ovate; common

petiole emarginate, caniculate above, the leaf-rachi in part winged,

the wings narrowed below; leaves deltoid in outline, often 16 cm.

long, 12 cm. wide, membranous, glabrous or nearly both sides,

lustrous above, subopaque and paler beneath, containing mucus,

minutely pellucid punctate, bi- or subtripinnate (upper pinnae

simple, the lower pinnate, the pinnules themselves in part pinnate)

with 3-4 pairs of ovate-oblong obtuse sessile coarsely dentate or

incised leaflets, except the terminal, these 3.5 cm. long, 1.5 cm. wide,

petiolulate, elongate-subrhombic with obtusish acumen; panicles

solitary or paniculate, slender and interruptedly floriferous, the

rachis reddish tomentulose, the dense cincinni subsessile 5-6-

flowered with 1 mm. long pedicels articulate at base; outer sepals

less tomentose than inner, these 2 mm. long; petals 2 mm. long,

half as wide, the upper scales crenulate, the lower subaliform; fruit

retrorsely subhirsute, retuse, contracted below the cells, 2.5 cm.

long, 2 cm. wide, the endocarp reddish villous, the seed basal.

F.M. Neg. 5539.

Hudnuco: Chicoplaya, Ruiz & Pavdn. Near Rfo Monz6n, 600

meters, Weberbauer 3606, part. Bolivia.

Serjania dibotrya Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 35.

pi. 2U2. 1844; 108.

Glabrate high-climbing liana, the stout somewhat trigonous and

striate branches early rusty setulose and microscopically glandular

304 Field Museum of Natural History— Botany, Vol. XIII

at the tips, 3-6 mm. thick, the ligneous structure composite with 1-3

peripheral areas; stipules to 2 mm. long, puberulent; petioles to

10 cm. long and rachi to 5, wing-margined (to 6 mm. wide), the

leaves 5-foliolate, the lower to 25 cm. long or longer, 2 cm. wide,

early especially on the lower surface with a few appressed setae,

subcoriaceous, transversely reticulate, densely pellucid punctate,

glabrous and lustrous above, containing traces of mucus, paler, dull

and glanduligerous beneath, the lateral leaflets to 11 cm. long, 7 cm.

wide, ovate, acute or shortly acuminate, the base rounded with

short petiolule, the terminal subrhombic little larger, attenuate at

base, all obtusely repand-denticulate or subentire; panicles solitary

and congested paniculately in the apex of the branchlets, more or

less reddish tomentulose, glabrate, densely cinniferous, the cincinni

shortly stiped, 7-9-flowered, the pedicels scarcely exceeding 1.5 mm.;

flowers hermaphrodite; sepals all tomentulose, the outer as the

interior nearly 4.5 mm. long; petals lanceolate-oblong, 5.5-6 mm.

long, 1.5 mm. wide, glanduligerous within, the less than half as long

scales little villous; anthers glabrous; fruit minutely setulose, about

3.5 cm. long, 2.3-3 cm. wide, cordate at base, obtuse, constricted

under the cells, these subglobose and ecristate, the endocarp glabrous

except at base of cells. F.M. Neg. 5542.

Hudnuco: In woods, Cuchero and Pampayacu, Poeppig, type.

Chinchao, Rivero 222. Pozuzo, Ruiz & Pav6n. — Junin: Colonia

Peren^, Killip & Smith 2520U (det. Killip). Bolivia.

Serjania diffusa Radlk. Monogr. Serj. 302. 1875; 194.

Branches subterete, 6-7-striate and more or less rusty hirsute-

tomentose as the solitary panicles, the rachi of these somewhat

angled; wood composite with 3 peripheral areas; petioles striate,

tomentose-hirsute as the leaf-rachi and the small ovate stipules;

leaves tritemate (in Mathews specimen bitemate), the subrhombic

terminal leaflet 8 cm. long, half as wide, with petiolule to 1.5 cm.

long, the upper lateral oblong, the lower ovate, sessile, all coarsely

incised-dentate, acute or acutish, thick-membranous, above sparsely,

on the nerves beneath densely pilose, pellucid punctae hardly

discernible, epidermis containing mucus; cincinni crowded on stipes

barely 2 mm. long; outer sepals lightly pilose, the inner canescent

tomentose, 3.5 mm. long; petals 4.5 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, the upper

scale crest emarginate or subentire, the lower dentiform; young

fruit oblong, cleft at apex, yellowish canescent, the endocarp white

floccose, the seed basal. — Mature fruits of Solis 10839, apparently

Flora of Peru 305

correctly named, are 15-18 mm. long, the hard cells densely setulose.

The author suggests the Mathews plant may not belong here.

Amazonas(?): Pariahuanca (Mathews 1202). Bolivia to Colom-

bia.

Serjania dumicola Radlk. Monogr. Serj. 111. 1875; 57.

In general like S. communis var. moUis but differing in structure

of flowers (female not described); stipules small, subulate; third

and fifth sepals free; petals 4.5 mm. long, 3 mm. wide; fruit cordate,

apically emarginate, little constricted medially, 2.8 cm. long, 2.5 cm.

wide, puberulent, the cells subcuneate at base, cristate dorsally. —

To be expected in adjacent Peru. Wood structure: medullary

cavities small or hardly any.

Peru (probably). Bolivia.

Serjania elongata Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 28. 1931.

Smooth liana, even the elongate solitary racemiform inflo-

rescences essentially glabrous, these laxly flowered and often 2-3 dm.

long; leaves 5-foliolate, the leaflets all entire or sometimes obscurely

1-3-undulate-dentate, broadly elliptic, very obtuse or rounded at

both ends except the cuneately based and petiolulately contracted

terminal, mostly about 6 cm. wide, 10 cm. long, chartaceous,

moderately reticulate and lustrous on both sides, scarcely pellucid

punctate or lineolate; rachis and petiole not at all margined; in-

florescence branchlets only 2-4 mm. long or in fruit apparently

about twice as long, the flowers usually 4 or few; pedicels slender,

barely 2 mm. long in flower; sepals about 2-2.5 mm. long, glabrous

except the slightly longer inner, these a little tomentulose; petals

obovate, about 3 mm. long, slightly barbate within at base; filaments

short-pilose; fruits obcordate, glabrous, about 2.5 cm. wide and

long, the cells compressed. — Description of fruit from Krukoff 10967

referred by A. C. Smith to an apparently unpublished species name

of Rusby, which appropriately defines the shape of the leaflets.

Junln: In sunny brush. La Merced, 5511, type. — Loreto: Trail

to Tarapoto, Ferreyra Jt95U. Bolivia.

Serjania exarata Radlk. Monogr. Serj. 166. 1875; 110.

Similar to S. membranacea but rather more hirtellous and especially

leaflets acute or acuminate, less coarsely, even obscurely serrate and

the fruit manifestly dilated at base, glabrous, the wings chartaceous,

the divaricate cells deeply exarate between the veins; fruit 2.5 cm.

306 Field Museum of Natural History— Botany, Vol. XIII

broad, 3.5 cm. long; inner sepals 3 mm. long; petals 4 mm. long,

2.5 mm. wide. — Simulates S. glabrata but presumably distinct by the

simple wood (as to type) ; compare also S. pyramidata. Klug 3707

only in flower may be distinct; the leaflets are abruptly acuminate,

about 1 dm. long, half as wide, obscurely dentate, inflorescences to

3 dm. long; without fruit doubtfully belonging here but for expedi-

ency it may be designated var. extensa Macbr., var. nov. foliolis

ad 5 cm. latis, obscure serratis abrupte subcaudato-acuminatis

inflorescentibus valde elongatis.

Huanuco: Pampayacu, Rio Chinchao, 50J^9 (distr. as S. sphaero-

cocca). — San Martin: Zepelacio near Moyobamba, Klug 3707? (det.

Standley, S. altissima). Amazonian Brazil.

Serjania fuscostriata Radlk. Bot. Jahrb. 37: 147. 1905; 171.

Allied to S. oxyphylla and in general similar but the somewhat

larger leaves imparipinnate with 3 pairs of unequally serrate-dentate

leaflets, the lower pinnae temate, the next mostly bifoliate, the upper

simple, sometimes one or the other as the terminal leaflet more or less

modified; cincinni stipes about 5 mm. long, the pedicels 4 mm. long,

articulate below the middle; inner sepals 4 mm. long, the outer

especially ciliate; petals 3.5-4 mm. long, the scales villous at margins,

the crest of the upper deeply bifid; fruit unknown. — To this I refer

with some doubt, the leaves incomplete and no flowers, my own

collection which once I determined as S. brachyptera, that, as to type,

with much smaller leaflets; the glabrous fruits are 2 cm. wide and

long, the cells subinflated, the rachis densely hirtellous, the upper

stems puberulent. F.M. Neg. 5548.

Ancash: Below Pampa Romas, among trees near brook, 1,900

meters, Weberbauer 3183, type; 163. — Hudnuco: On canyon shrubs,

2291.

Serjania glabrata HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 5: 110. 1821; 113.

Older branches triangular, glabrate, the younger typically

sparsely pubescent but often densely and softly, 6-8-nerved;

ligneous structure composite with 3-5 peripheral areas; stipules

1-1.5 mm. long, ovate, puberulent; petioles 5-7 cm. long, the inter-

mediate 4-6 cm., bisulcate above, all emarginate; leaves finally

ample, bitemate, membranous, pale green, usually containing mucus,

obsoletely pellucid punctate and lineolate, glabrous above, laxly

to densely and softly pubescent beneath, the slightly larger terminal

leafiet sometimes 13-15 cm. long, 6-8 cm. wide, often smaller,

Flora of Peru 307

attenuate to petiolule 5-12 mm. long, subrhombic, the lateral

shortly contracted to the petiolules, all acute or subacuminate,

unequally and coarsely crenate, serrate or subrepand dentate;

panicles solitary and paniculately congested, the rachi sulcate-

angulate, the 5-16-flowered cincinni shortly stiped; pedicels 2-3 mm.

long, articulate near base or nearly at middle, puberulent; outer

sepals much shorter, glabrate or much less pubescent than the

3-4 mm. long whitish-tomentulose inner ones; petals white, 3.5-5

mm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, the upper scales subentire to dentate, the

lower bicomute; fruit usually 3-4 cm. long, 2-3 cm. broad, cordate-

ovate, hardly retuse, contracted under the cells, pilose or finally

glabrate, the cells transversely obovoid, divaricate or obliquely

erect, sulcate- and scrobiculate-exarate, the endocarp floccose. —

Forma genuina Radlk. is more glabrate than the commoner forma

moUior Radlk., the sepals distinctly diverse in degree of indument,

the pedicels articulate near base, the large fruit glabrate. F.M.

Neg. 5549.

Stems, macerated, used as a fish "poison" (Mexia); vine to

4 meters high, stems purplish, leaves soft, thin, glossy, paler beneath

(Woytkowski) ; flowers fragrant,

Piura: Canchaque, Prov. Huancabamba, Stork 11S97. — Caja-

marca: Colasai on the Rio Huancabamba, Bonpland, type. Calla-

cate, Jelski U15. Tambillo, Jelski 328. — San Martin: Tarapoto,

Spruce U1S9 (part) ; Ule 65SU; WiUiams 5^19; 5680; 585 Jt; 5908; 6261;

low woods and stream thickets, Woytkowski 35055; 35189 (both

det. Cuatrecasas). San Roque, Williams 72JtS; 7377; 775 J^; 7800.

Zepelacio, Kliig 3370 (det. Standley). — Hudnuco: White-flowered

vine in sunny shrubs, 4^56; Ruiz & Pav6n (the last det. Melchior). —

Junin: La Merced, 52^0- Near Peren6 Bridge, Killip & Smith 25^1

(in part S. ruMcauiis). — Loreto: Cachipuerto, Klu^ 3125 (det.

Standley, by slip of pen, "PauUinia"). Santa Rosa below Yuri-

maguas, Killip & Smith 28719 (det. Killip). Iquitos, Mexia 650 U

(det. Standley). Florida, Rio Putumayo, Klug 2080? (young).— Rio

Acre: Seringal San Francisco, Ule 9556; 9557. — Cuzco: Santa Ana,

Cook & Gilbert 16W' Paraguay to Ecuador. "Macote" (Williams;

Mexia); "verap" (Killip & Smith).

Serjania gramma tophora Radlk. Monogr. Serj. 258. 1875; 152.

Notable in Peru by the simply temate leaves, the three broadly

ovate (or the lateral, sometimes rather oblong-elliptic) leaflets

remotely repand-dentate or rarely sub-lobulate, all subsessile and

308 Field Museum of Natural History— Botany, Vol. XIII

mucronulately obtuse or shortly acute, shortly or the terminal

long-attenuate at base, not very unequal, often a dm. long or longer,

and about half as wide, early as the 6-7-sulcate stems, more or less

ashy pilose, glabrate in age, membranous, both sides minutely

glandular, pellucid punctate and lineolate, the epidermis lacking

mucus; wood simple; stipules minute; petioles emarginate, 4-5 cm.

long; inflorescences solitary, 6-12 cm. long, cincinni subsessile, ashy

tomentose including the sepals, the much longer inner 3.5-4 mm.

long, the basally articulate pedicels 1.5-2 mm. long; petals white,

5.2 mm. long, upper scales biappendaged; anthers puberulent. — The

type grown at Munich from seed, its origin unknown but similar

species are from the region of Guayaquil, Ecuador, S. longipes Radlk.,

151, and S. brevipes Benth., 151, in both of which the leaves are

obsoletely or most minutely punctate; in the former the elliptic

leaflets are subentire, the cincinni stiped, while in the latter

the leaflets are evenly 2-6-denticulate, the petals less than 3 mm.

long. F.M. Neg. 5968.

Peni(?) : See note above.

Serjania grandifolia Sagot, ex Radlk. Monogr. Serj. 166. 1875;

112.

Glabrous except the slightly pulverulent inflorescence including

the unequally, or in Peru subequally, puberulent sepals; wood

simple; stems 3-4 mm. thick; leaves bitemate but not rarely reduced,

the lower leaflets often simple; terminal leaflets well-petiolulate,

8-12 cm. long, 3.5-5 cm. wide, the lateral little smaller, all subentire

or entire, about oblong to broadly elliptic, obtusely short-acuminate,

coriaceous, lustrous at least above, obsoletely punctate and lineolate,

containing mucus; petioles canaliculate; petioles minute, broadly

ovate; inflorescences solitary, congested apically or on subleafless

branchlets; cincinni shortly stiped, the pedicels about 2 mm. long;

outer sepals in type subglabrous, nearly half as long as the tomentu-

lose inner, these scarcely 2.5 mm. long; petals nearly 3 mm. long,

glandular within; stamens basally pilose; fruits glabrous, reddish,

attenuate from cordate base, there about 3.5 cm. wide, at cells 1.4

cm. wide, to 5.5 cm. long, the ligneous sutures often bilamellately

produced. — The Peruvian liana seems to belong to this species

typically of the Guianas but may prove to be different when com-

pletely known; in flower the only marked distinction apparently is

the more pubescent outer sepals; for convenience it may now be

noted as var. pubisepala Macbr., var. nov. forma typica differt

Flora of Peru 309

sepalis plus minusve tomentulosis indumentum baud vel paullo

diversis.— 1)1% 965, type. F.M. Neg. 5550.

Loreto: Near Iquitos, KIilq 876; 88U; 965; Williams 8077.

French and Dutch Guiana; Amazonian Brazil.

Serjania inflata Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 36. 1844;

177.

Nearly glabrous, the branches acutely 6-angled and thus 6-

sulcate, sparsely crisp-pubescent, the flowering about 3 mm. thick;

wood composite with 2-3 small peripheral areas; stipules small,

ovate; petioles in part narrowly margined; leaves bitemate, about

1 dm. long, nearly as wide, the ovate-oblong subrhombic acute

terminal leaflets attenuate to petiolule, 5 cm. long, 2.5 cm. wide, the

others smaller, sessile, obtuse, even nearly orbicular, all remotely

serrate and at base sublobed, dark green, subcoriaceous, sparsely

crisped pubescent beneath and above on the nerves, more or less

pellucid with small dots, the epidermis containing mucus; panicles

solitary, minutely puberulent, the cincinni stipes 2-3 mm. long, the

pedicels 2-A mm. long, in fruit twice as long, articulate below or at

the middle; outer sepals slightly puberulent, the inner densely,

3.5-4 mm. long; petals 4.5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, the scales about

two-thirds as long, the upper bifid, the lower emarginate; style

glabrous; fruit glabrous, cleft both ends, 3 cm. long, nearly 2 cm.

wide, inflated above, the seed below the middle of the cells. — S.

rigida Radlk., forma glabra Radlk., 175, of Brazil, has less acutely

angled branchlets, the leaf nerves very rigid beneath. Probably at

least sens. lat. should include S. rigida and apparently there is also

an Ecuadorean form. F.M. Neg. 5555.

San Martin: Tocache, Poeppig 1965, tjrpe. Tarapoto, Williams

6568. Caceres, Prov. Marisca, Ferreyra UU65. — Hudnuco: Near Rio

Monzon, Weherhauer 8606, part; 286. Pozuzo, Ruiz & Pav&n (in

herb, as PauMinia curassavica). — Junfn: San Ram6n, Killip &

Smith 2^756? (dist. as S. communis). La Merced, 5360; Killip &

Smith 25^08? (dist. as S. communis). — Loreto: Mishuyacu, Klug

2557 (det. Standley but aberrant). — Cuzco: Quillabamba, Prov.

Convenci6n, West 7197.

Serjania inscripta Radlk. Bot. Jahrb. 37: 145. 1905; 62.

Branches 5-6-angulate, canaliculate, 4-5 mm. thick, puberulent-

tomentulose at least above as the p>etioles and the solitary elongate

inflorescences; wood composite, the peripheric columns small, 3,

310 Field Museum of Natural History— Botany, Vol. XIII

angled; leaves bitemate, the leaflets oval-lanceolate, remotely

crenate-dentate, the terminal and upper lateral 8-9 cm. long,

3-3.5 cm. wide, the lower lateral 3-5.5 cm. long, 2-2.5 cm. wide,

obtuse, the others all acute or subacuminate, more or less attenuate

to the sessile base, membranous, glabrous above except the obliquely

ascending nerve, sparsely pilose beneath, notably marked with im-

pressed lines and pellucid punctae above, the epidermis containing

mucus, the intermediate petioles narrowly wing-margined; stipules

minute, deltoid; inflorescences with the long peduncle 1.5-nearly

3 dm. long; cincinni stipes about 1 cm. long; pedicels 3-4 mm. long,

to twice as long and medially articulate in fruit; flowers about or

little longer than 4 mm., the free sepals subequal and equally

tomentulose; petals glandular within the half as long scales with

deflexed villous appendage; fruits cordate, glabrous or the compressed

cells villous, at least 2.5 cm. long, about 2 cm. wide. — Suggests

S. leptocarpa with larger flowers and more strongly serrate leaflets.

The specimen from Cutervo has fruits 3.5 cm. long, the stems

glabrate, petioles obscurely margined, leaflets diverse, the roundish

lateral 1-3-dentate and may not belong here, even as a variant; it

suggests some specimens of S. Ampelopsis PI. & Lind., 58, of Ecuador

if that species is variable enough to include them but as to type it

seems to differ in its simple wood, subequal ovate-lanceolate acute

or acuminate leaflets all entire and even the lateral with petiolules

to 2 cm. long. F.M. Neg. 5556.

Ynes Mexia found the macerated stems used as a fish "poison."

Cajamarca: Izco, Prov. Cutervo, Stork & Horton 10210 (det.

Standley, S. pyramidata?) . — Loreto: Iquitos, Mexia 650 Jf. (det.

Standley, S. — by slip of pen, "Paullinia" — glabrata). Lower Rio

Nanay, Williams 612. Fortaleza near Yurimaguas, Klug 2812

(det. Standley, S. rubicaulis). Bolivia; adjacent Brazil. "Macote"

(Mexia).

Serjania Killipii Macbr., sp. nov.

Scandens, fruticosa; ramis superioribus petiolis pedunculisque

gracilis multistriatis minute subhirsutulo-puberulis; corpus lignosum

compositum e centrali majore et periphericis circa 8 paullo minoribus

et centrali cingentibus; foliis bitematis; foliolis integris glabris vel

subtus ad nervos obscure pubescentibus, minute pellucido-punctatis,

valde diversis superioribus oblongo-lanceolatis vel terminalibus

paullo obovatis ad_^ basin breviter attenuatis acutis vel interdum

obtusis 3.5-4 cm. longis, circa 1.5 cm. latis, lateralibus paullo

Flora of Peru 311

minoribus inferioribus similibus sed lateralibus vix 1 cm. longis,

4-5 mm. latis; thyrsi solitarii et in apice ramorum paniculatim

congesti dense cincinniferi, cincinni vix stipitatis; pedicellis circa

2 mm. longis; sepalis exterioribus 1.5 mm. longis dense puberulis

tamen sepalis interioribus; petalis anguste obovatis circa 3 mm.

longis; filamentis pilosis; fructibus ignotis.

There are notes by Killip on the t5T)e sheet suggesting that this

is near S. trirostris with "larger serrate leaflets," while the leaves

exactly match those of S. gracilis Radlk. of Brazil, a species with

larger flowers; in the absence of fruits its position of course is

uncertain but it does seem to be related to S. trirostris and S. sub-

rotundifolia; indeed it may prove with more collections to be a part

of the latter but in this case there must be considerable variation

in the size and shape of the leaflets.

Loreto: Masisea, Killip & Smith 26853, type (U. S. National

Herbarium).

Serjania leptocarpa Radlk. Monogr. Serj. 112. 1875; 57.

Scandent, subherbaceous, the younger subterete-trigonous

striate-sulcate, 6-costate branches, thyrsi, petioles and leaflets both

sides more or less pubescent with short curved trichomes, finally

glabrate; branches brownish, 2-3 mm. thick; stipules minute;

petioles 5-7 cm. long, the intermediate little shorter, the lateral

1.5-2 cm. long, the larger bitemate leaves 18-22 cm. long, 1&-18 cm.

broad, the basally attenuate terminal leaflets about 9 cm. long,

4.5-6 cm. wide, the basally rounded lateral ones 5-8 cm. long, 3-4

cm. wide, all ovate, acute or subacuminate, angulately bi- or tri-

dentate or subserrate, subpetiolulate, glabrescent, membranous,

drying brownish, obscurely pellucid-punctate or -areolate; thyrsi

solitary, elongate, exceeding the leaves, the smaller often panicu-

lately congested in branchlets; buds 4.5-5 mm. long subequaling the

nearly glabrous pedicels; flowers in tjrpe pale rose, the subglabrous

outer sepals half as long as the whitish puberulent inner, the third

and fifth barely coalescent at base; petals clawed, obovate, about

8 mm. long, 3.5 mm. wide; upper scales dilated, the lower dentiform;

stamens short-pilose; ovary obversely pyramidal triquetrous; fruit

glabrous except microscopically glandular, 4-^.5 cm. long, 2.5-3 cm.

broad, little constricted below the cells, excised base and apex, the

wings obscurely dilated at base. — Wood structure, Radlk. I.e.

Suppl. pi. 3, the medullary cavity large. The Peruvian material

placed here with some doubt. Illustrated, Mart. Fl. Bras. 13, pt. 3:

pi. 58.

312 Field Museum of Natural History — Botany, Vol. XIII

Hudnuco: Near Chinchao, Ruiz & Pavdn, (part; cf. S. pyrami-

data). — Rio Acre: Seringal Auristella, Ule 9558. Bolivia; Brazil.

Serjania lethalis St. Hil. Hist. PI. Remarq. Br^sil 1: 206. 1824;

138.

High climbing glabrate liana, the stems obtusely triangular, the

branches subglabrous to subtomentulose, about 3 mm. thick, more

or less 6-striate and obscurely trigonous; ligneous structure com-

posite, with 3-4 triangular peripheral areas; stipules ovate, minute;

petioles sulcate above, the intermediate especially often narrowly

margined; leaves bitemate, the lower 26 cm. long, 24 cm. wide, all

sometimes on nerves a little pubescent or ciliate marginally, other-

wise mostly glabrous both sides except for microscopic glands,

lustrous, coriaceous, obsoletely pellucid punctate, containing traces

of mucus; leaflets lanceolate, narrowed both ends, sessile, obtuse or

obtusely prolonged into a linguiform acumen, entire or 1-3-dentate,

the terminal 9-15 cm. long, 3-4.5 cm. wide, the lateral little smaller;

thyrsi solitary or congested, the subsulcate rachi tomentose, the

mostly well-'stiped cincinni 6-9-flowered, the pedicels 3-6 mm. long,

articulate near base; outer sepals shorter, the inner 3-4 mm. long,

all lanate- tomentose; petals 4-4.5 mm. long, 2-2.5 mm. wide, the

scales more or less bifid; fruit cordate at base, where 2-2.5 cm.

broad, 2-3 cm. long, little if at all contracted under the cells, these

subglobose, lanate-tomentose, scarcely cristate, the lustrous wings

nearly glabrous, the endocarp more or less villous. — Ex range the

Peruvian plant could be S. nutans or S. paucidentata, especially

the latter, which compare.

St. Hilaire and Radlkofer, Monogr. Serj. 229, have discussed the

toxic qualities of this plant, used as a "fish poison" and said to be

injurious to other animals including man,

San Martin: Tarapoto, Spruce ^892 (det. Radlk.). Bolivia to

eastern Brazil. "Timbo"; "Sacha."

Serjania longistipula Radlk. Bot. Jahrb. 37: 148. 1905; 177.

More or less pubescent, the 3-angled lightly sulcate branches

typically with only a few long subsetaceous deciduous trichomes or

in variant densely hirsutulous-pilose; wood composite with 3 peri-

pheral areas; stipules linear-subulate, pilose, 8-10 mm. long; petioles

3-5 cm. long, the lateral 1.5-2 cm. long, all emarginate, striate;

leaves imparipinnate with 3 pairs of oval obtuse sessile or nearly

sessile leaflets, the terminal attenuate to petiolule, 7-11 cm. long,

Flora of Peru 313

3-4.5 cm. wide, the lateral smaller, rounded at base, all subserrate

about the lower half, membranous-chartaceous, minutely pellucid-

punctate and lineate, containing mucus, above on nerves densely,

between them sparsely pubescent with subsetaceous curved ap-

pressed trichomes, the pubescence beneath shorter and softer; lowest

pair of leaflets temate or 5-foliate-pinnate; panicles solitary, the

cincinni shortly stiped, the pedicels 4 mm. long, articulate below the

middle; outer sepals minutely, the inner ashy puberulent, 4 mm.

long; petals 4.5 mm. long, the villous scales with deflexed appendage;

young fruit slightly emarginate, somewhat yellowish tomentose, the

endocarp white-villous. — Apparently there is a variant with more

pubescent stems and more acute leaflets, the Stork and Horton

specimen less extreme in these characters; it may be known as var.

aberrans Macbr., var. nov., foliolis plus minusve acutis, ramulis

dense piloso-hirsutulis. — Weberbauer 7878, type. F.M. Neg. 5561.

Apurlmac: Prov. Andahuaylas, 2,800 meters, Stork & Horton

107S5 (var. det. Standley, Paullinia). — Cuzco: Marcapata Valley

above Chilechile, Weberbau£r 7878 (type, var. det. Macbride, S.

diffusa). — Puno: Among shrubs, 2,100 meters, Weberbauer 518, type;

also 537; 237.

Serjania membranacea Splitgerber, PI. Nov. Surinam, in

Hoeven & Vriese, Tijdschr. Nat. Gesch. 9: 11 (105). 1842; 109.

Scandent, little pubescent, the younger branches slightly and

obtusely 5-6-angled, lightly pilose or at the apex hirtellous, the

older subterete, multistriate, glabrate; ligneous structure simple;

stipules minute, broadly triangular; petioles 5-6 cm. long, the inter-

mediate 2.5 and the lateral 1 cm. long, bisulcate and pubescent

above; leaves bitemate (sometimes reduced), minutely pellucid-

punctate, containing mucus, hirtellous only on the nerves above

where lustrous, beneath paler, dull and longer pubescent on the

nerves, the larger 14 cm. long, 12 cm. wide; leaflets about 5 cm. long,

3 cm. wide, shortly ovate, remotely and coarsely blunt-dentate, the

little larger terminal contracted to the petiolule, the lateral sub-

sessile, all obtuse or shortly with mucronulate acumen; panicles

solitary and paniculately congested, the cincinni stiped, 7-9-

flowered, the pedicels 2 mm. long, subglabrous, articulate near the

base or at about one-third; sepals all more or less puberulent, the

nearly twice as longer inner hardly 2.5 mm. long; petals 2.5-3 mm.

long, 1 mm. wide; scales about as in related species, tomentose at

margins; anthers glabrous; fruit slender, cordate at the little dilated

314 Field Museum of Natural History— Botany, Vol. XIII

base, 2 cm. broad, 3.5 cm. long, retuse, glabrous with diaphanous

wings, the divaricate cells depressed between the transverse nerves,

the endocarp floccose. — The Lechler specimen was possibly mis-

labeled as suggested by Radlkofer; if Peruvian, see S. exarata or

S. leptocarpa to which also the rest of the material cited here could

be referred except that it has the smaller flowers of S. memhranacea;

the simulating S. tenuifolia has sessile cincinni. F.M. Neg. 23670.

Loreto: Timbuchi on Rio Nanay, Williams 970 (distr. as S.

leptocarpa). Maquisapa, Upper Rio Nanay, Williams 1199 (distr.

as S. exarata). Manfinfa, Upper Rio Nanay, Williams 1091

(distr. as S. leptocarpa) . — Puno : San Govdn, {Lechler 2332) . Guiana;

Costa Rica. "Novia sisa" (Williams).

Serjania mollis HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 5: 108. 1821; 67.

More or less rusty tomentulose — or the younger parts as the

sepals ashy — the stout 5-6-costate branches 4-6 mm. thick, obtusely

striate between the ribs; ligneous structure composite, the peripheral

areas 3-5; stipules lanceolate-subulate; petioles 3-4 cm. long; upper

leaves temate, to 14 cm. long, 12 cm. wide, the leaflets ovate, crenate

or subserrate-dentate, obtuse, rounded and subcordate at base or the

larger subtrilobed terminal ovate and decurrent into the 2 cm. long

petiolule, 9-11 cm. long, 7-8 cm. wide, the lateral little smaller, sub-

sessile, all tomentose-pilose, or in age scabrous above, most obscurely

if at all pellucid-punctate, epidermis lacking mucus; panicles equal-

ing the leaves, the cincinni shortly stiped; bracts and bractlets 4 mm.

long; inner sepals 5 mm. long, canescent both sides; petals not known,

pedicels 2 mm. long; fruit broadly cordate-ovate, 2-3 cm. long,

2.4-4 cm. broad, emarginate and with short hirsute style at tip,

deeply cordate at base by the long-produced wings, tomentose and

hirsute, the cells broadly cristate dorsally and usually comigerous,

the endocarp arachnoid-floccose, the seed affixed above the base of

the cells. — My specimen had fragrant greenish-white flowers with

yellowish centers; it is probably S. sufferuginea, as the following

except the Cajamarca specimens, if that is distinguishable. How-

ever, the monographer has .S^. mollis in his section Ceratococcus and

the latter in section Physococcus, the former with rather compressed

fruit cells, medially tumidulous, laterally comiculate, alulate or

callose produced while the latter section is described as having cells

inflated, scarcely ever cristate; these sections may be distinct as

regards other species but scarcely in respect to these plants. F.M.

Neg. 5564.

Flora of Peru 315

Cajamarca: Between Guerocotillo and Montdn, Bonpland, type.

Monte Seco, Prov. Hualgayoc, 1,800 meters, Soukup 3831 (distr.

S. ferruginea). — Hudnuco: Mufia, 3905. — Ayacucho: Aina, Killip

& Smith 22Jk55. — Cuzco: San Miguel, Urubamba Valley, Cook &

Gilbert 977.

Serjania nutans Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 36. pi. 2^2.

1844; 144.

With the habit and pubescence of the allied S. lethalis; branches

(typically) acutely 6-8-angled, the ligneous structure more com-

posite; larger leaves 32 cm. long or longer, 20 cm. wide, membranous,

glabrous or early with some scattered reddish trichomes on nerves

both sides, paler beneath, pellucid-punctate, sometimes not con-

taining mucus, the leaflets obovate, the lower lateral elliptic, the

terminal to 14 cm. long, half as wide, all cuneate at sessile base,

obtuse or shortly acuminate, subentire or remotely crenate-dentate;

panicles solitary, laxly flowered, reddish puberulent, the short cin-

cinni sessile or nearly, the pedicels 8 mm. long, articulate above the

base; sepals all ashy-tomentulose, the inner 5.2 mm. long; petals

9 mm. long, 4 mm. wide, the upper scales subentire to bifid; style

scarcely 1 mm. long, puberulent; fruit 3.5 cm. long, 2.2 cm. broad

(Bolivian species), 2.5-3 cm. long, the cells hispid (Peru), horizon-

tally truncate at base according to Poeppig who noted the petioles

as margined, emarginate fide the monographer. — It is possible this

may emerge with several other similar extra-Peruvian forms in-

cluding S. paucidentcUa and S. lethalis.

San Martin: Tocache, Poeppig 1897, type. — Loreto: Balsa-

puerto, Kliig 3081 (det. Standley, S. glabrata). Masisea, Killip &

Smith 26852. Yurimaguas, Killip & Smith 27573.— Rio Acre:

Seringal San Francisco, Ule 9559. Bolivia; Brazil.

Serjania oxyphylla HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 5: 112. 1821; 170.

Scandent shrub, but the leaves beneath on nerves and margins

a little puberulent and the rachises of the solitary or congested

panicles tomentose-hirtellous; branches about 10-striate, 10-costate,

the ligneous structure simple; stipules small, ovate-acuminate;

petioles striate, emarginate or the secondary slightly margined;

leaves 11-16 cm. long, 9-14 cm. wide, bitemate or the terminal

leaflet 3-lobed or dissected, the lower pinnae temate, the others

simple; terminal leaflet 6 cm. long, 2.5 cm. wide with petiolule 12 mm.

long, the lateral gradually smaller, sessile, ovate-elliptic to sub-

316 Field Museum of Natural History — Botany, Vol. XIII

rotund, usually acute or acuminate, remotely and obsoletely to

conspicuously serrate or incised, membranous, glabrous and brown-

ish-green above, paler beneath, pellucid-punctate and lineolate,

lacking mucus, the few nerves oblique-erect; cincinni 6-9-flowered,

the lower with stipes 2 mm. long; pedicels glabrous, articulate at

base, becoming 2 mm. long; inner sepals 2-2.5 mm. long, all merely

ciliolate or fimbriate; petals 2 mm. long, about 0.7 mm. wide, the

upper scales crenulate or subbifid, the lower uncinate-corniform;

fruit shortly ovate or elliptic, cleft both ends, 1.5 cm. long, 1.2 cm.

broad, scarcely contracted below the cells or dilated at base, the

cells 7-8 cm. long, 6 cm. wide, inflated apically, glabrate, the endo-

carp glabrous. F.M. Neg. 5568.

Cajamarca: Near Querocotillo, Ja^n de Bracamores, Bonpland,

type. Callacate, Jelski UIO, part.

Serjania parvifolia HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 5: 113. 1821; 172.

Resembles S. oxyphylla but the branches about 8-sulcate, the

ligneous structure composite with 3-5 peripheral areas, the tips as

the petioles, leaf-nerves beneath with some small trichomes, other-

wise glabrous or nearly; leaflets 3 pairs, the lower temate, the rest

simple, the terminal leaflet about 1.5 cm. long, 6 mm. wide, attenuate

to petiolule, acutish, the lateral obtuse, ovate or oblong, subsessile,

all mucronate, crenate-serrate, subcoriaceous, paler and in nerve

axils beneath barbate, obsoletely pellucid-punctate, the epidermis

containing mucus; stipules minute; petioles including the lateral

not margined; panicles solitary, the cincinni on stipes 1.5-3 mm.

long; fruiting pedicels 3 mm. long, articulate near base; inner sepals

1.8 mm. long, all nearly glabrous; fruit glabrous, 8-9 mm. long and

about as broad, the cells well-produced and inflated above, wing-

dilated below the middle. F.M. Neg. 5571.

Cajamarca: Tomependa, Bonpland, type. Callacate, Jelski

Jf-lO, part.

Serjania paucidentata DC. Prodr. 1: 603. 1824; 141.

Scandent essentially glabrous shrub, the younger branches, these

2.5-4 mm. thick, and inflorescences sparsely pubescent or glabrate;

branches canaliculate, 6-angulate, the alternate angles more acute

or rarely costately obtuse; wood composite, the 3 peripheral columns

small, oblong; stipules small, ovate; leaves bitemate, the leaflets

elliptic or oblongish, the larger terminal more or less abruptly and

marginally petiolulate often to a dm. long, about half as wide, all

Flora of Peru 817

typically with a short linguiform acumen with 1-4 depressed teeth

below it on each side, lustrous or subopaque, membranous-coriaceous,

obsoletely and minutely pellucid-punctate, the epidermis containing

mucus; petioles usually margined only above; inflorescences solitary

or apically panicled, sometimes 2 dm. long or longer, the cincinni

stipes 3-10 mm. long, 7- rather many-flowered; pedicels about 2 mm.

long; sepals all ashy-tomentulose, the longer inner 3.5 mm. long;

petals oblong, attenuate below, 4.5 mm. long, glanduliferous within,

twice as long as the scales; fruits triangular from the cordate-excised

base, nearly 3 cm. long, nearly 2 cm. wide or at the pilose ovoid or

ellipsoid cristate cells 7 mm. wide, finally glabrate. — Very much like

S. lethalis unless the acutely angled branches and other perhaps

minor characters serve to distinguish it; with that species it is the

earliest name for closely allied forms. F.M. Negs. 5616; 33410.

San Martin: Tarapoto, WiUianis 6100. — Loreto: Pumayacu,

between Balsapuerto and Moyobamba, Klug SI 96 (det. Standley,

Paullinia grandifolia). Amazonian Brazil to Trinidad and Tobago.

Serjania peruviana Radlk. Monogr. Serj. Suppl. 154. 1886;

193.

Branches as the paniculate panicles sordidly canescent tomentu-

lose, the former subterete but 6-sulcate, the rachises of the latter

terete, not sulcate-angled; wood composite with 3-4 peripheral

areas; stipules unknown; petioles all emarginate, ashy tomentose;

leaves bitemate, the terminal leaflet 6 cm. long, 3.5 cm. wide, sub-

rhombic, the smaller lateral ones ovate, all subsessile, subacute,

crenate-dentate, thick-membranous, pubescent above, tomentose

beneath, nearly epunctate, the epidermis lacking mucus; cincinni

stipes only about 3 mm. long, the pedicels as long, articulate near

the base, sepals all canescent, the inner 4.5 mm. long; petals 5.5 mm.

long, 3 mm. wide, the upper oblong scale crest approximately as long,

the lower small, wing-like; stamens hirsute. — Otherwise unknown

and not seen by me but without fruit its position remains uncertain

until re-collected; except for the "apically paniculately congested

panicles" it seems to be, probably, a part of S. mollis or (and)

S. sufferuginea; well-developed specimens of the latter at least have

paniculate inflorescences and the length of the cincinni stipes

appears to depend on age.

Amazonas: Chachapoyas (Mathews 309It, type, herb. Kew).

Serjania platypetala Radlk. Bot. Jahrb. 54: Beibl. 117: 42.

1916; 64.

318 Field Museum of Natural History — Botany, Vol. XIII

Resembles S. squarrosa; branches sulcate, 6-10 costate, with

only 1 peripheral ligneous area; stipules minute, subulate; leaves

membranous, with a few subsetaceous trichomes above, glabrate

beneath, the terminal 1.5-3 cm. long, 1-1.5 cm. wide, the lateral

not more than half as large, oval or suborbicular; panicles to 3 dm.

long including the 8-10 cm. long peduncles; pedicels to 6 mm. long,

articulate below the middle; outer sepals glabrous; the inner 5 mm.

long; petals 6-7 mm. long; lateral glands obsolete; fruit shortly

ovate-subquadrate, laxly puberulent at tip, endocarp sordidly

(instead of white as in related species) villous, 1.5 cm. long, 1.3-1.5

cm. broad. — The author distinguished this by the membranous

leaves, longer inflorescences and cincinni stipes, smaller ovate-

subquadrate fruit. It seems to me doubtful that these characters

are significant.

Ayacucho: Near Ayacucho, rocky slopes among shrubs, 3,000

meters, Weberbauer 5506, type.

Serjania pyramidata [R. & P.] Radlk. Monogr. Serj. 155.

1875; 99.

Character in general that of the similar S. sphaerococca but the

petioles all (or the intermediate obscurely margined) emarginate,

the leaflets ovate-elliptic, remotely and obtusely serrate above the

middle, a little pilose on the midnerve both sides as well as in the

axils beneath, the lower 2 dm. long, nearly as wide, the terminal

leaflet 1 dm. long, 4.5 cm. wide, all sessile or nearly; pedicels 1.5-2

mm. long, in fruit 2.5 mm. long; outer sepals sparsely puberulent,

the inner ashy-tomentulose, 2 mm. long; petals 2.5 mm. long, 1 mm.

wide, the scales villous at margins, the upper with deflexed append-

age; fruit 3 cm. long, 2.2 cm. broad, the coarsely veined cells ob-

viously obliquely cuneate at base instead of globose and obscurely

cuneate as in the related species. — In herbaria as Paullinia pyrami-

date R. & P. Here might be sought S. mucronulata Radlk., 173, of

southern Ecuador intermediate in character of fruit to two sections

(Radlkofer), among Peruvian species nearest perhaps to S. inflata

with rather similar leaflets but somewhat larger flowers and inflated

fruit cells; the acute leaflets and smaller fruits distinguish it; the

fruits when mature suggest those of S. exarata, in nervation of

the cells.

Hudnuco: Valley of the Monzon, 600 meters, Weberbauer 3610;

862^; 286. Cuchero and Chinchao, Ruiz & Pav6n, type; Dombey.

Ecuador; Venezuela.

Flora of Peru 319

Serjania rubicaulis [R. & P.] Benth. ex Radlk. Monogr. Serj.

254. 1875; 150.

Scandent, suffruticose, more or less aculeate, and pubescent or

puberulent; branches canaliculately 5-sulcate, the ligneous structure

simple; petioles emarginate or the intermediate ones slightly; leaves

bitemate, nearly glabrous except both sides punctiform-glandular,

and slightly pubescent near the nerves beneath with crisp trichomes,

membranous-subcoriaceous, reticulate- veined, greenish-brown, paler

beneath, lacking mucus, pellucid-punctate and lineate; leaflets

lanceolate-oblong, the lower lateral ovate, obtuse, the others acute

both ends, sessile and with 1-3 (-5) large or small teeth near the tip

on both edges, the somewhat larger terminal often 10-12 cm. long,

4-5 cm. wide, sometimes smaller, rarely much wider; panicles mostly

paniculately racemose, crisply pubescent; flowers small or medium,

the sepals all densely tomentulose, upper petal scales merely emar-

ginate or calloused; fruit section cordate-ovate, abruptly narrowed,

little if at all contracted below the ecristate cells, glabrous as also

the endocarp, 1.5-2 cm. long, about 1-1.5 cm. wide, the seed medially

affixed. — The species name was originally in Ruiz and Pav6n's

Journal under Paullinia.

Killip and Smith noted its use as a fish stupefier.

San Martin: Valley of the Rio Mayo near Moyobamba, Weber-

bauer ^532; 289. Zepelacio, Klug 8730 (det. Standley, S. glabrata).

Tocache, Ferreyra U3^; H60. Pongo de Cainarachi, Klug 2613

(det. Standley). Juanjui, Ferreyra U55U- Tarapoto, SpriLce U139

(in part S. glabrata). — Hudnuco: Near Pozuzo, Ruiz & Pavdn, type.

Woods, Pampayacu and Cuchero, Poeppig. Distrito Divisioria,

Woytkowski Sj^56 (det. Cuatrecasas). Churubamba, Mexia 8120;

8205; 8215 (all det. Standley).— Junin: Rio Paucartambo, Valley

near Peren^ Bridge, Killip & Smith 30682 (det. Killip) ; also 25 W

in part (apparently in part S. glabrata, as det.). — Cuzco: Potrero,

Dept. Convencion 1,250 meters, Vargas 2H7 (distr. as Paullinia

species). — Loreto: Wooded banks of Lower Rio Huallaga, Killip

& Smith 29011 (det. Killip). Lorenzo, between Rios Pastaza and

Huallaga, Dennis 29282 (det. Killip, S. glabrata?). Bolivia. "Verap"

(Killip & Smith), "anti-Christo" (Mexia).

Serjania rufa Radlk. Monogr. Serj. 324. 1875; 204.

Reddish hirsutulous with mostly crisped or curved trichomes

including the 6-8 angled-sulcate branches, the bitemate leaves on

both sides, especially on the nerves, the panicles even to the sepals

320 Field Museum of Natural History — Botany, Vol. XIII

but there the indument more reduced and subtomentulose; petioles

striate, emarginate or the intermediate in part margined; stipules

small, lanceolate; terminal leaflet obovate-cuneate, 8 cm. long, half

as wide, the smaller lateral rather obliquely oblong-elliptic, all

sessile, abruptly and acutely acuminate, coarsely serrate from the

middle, subcoriaceous, nitidulous above, opaque beneath, minutely

pellucid-punctate, containing mucus; panicles solitary or panicled,

often 1-1.5 dm. long, slender, the glomeruliform cincinni sessile,

the basally articulate pedicels scarcely exceeding 1 mm.; inner sepals

2 mm. long, the third and fifth united nearly to the middle; petals

2-2.5 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, the upper scales obcordate, the lower

aliform; ovary pilose. — Type in flower; fruit of Killip & Smith

25063, fruits 2 cm. wide, 2.5 cm. long, lightly pubescent especially

toward the subglobose cells, their pericarp subindurate, those of my

5554- similar but as wide as long. F.M. Neg. 5580.

Mashed stems used to stupefy fish (Killip & Smith) .

San Martin: Near Tarapoto, Mathews 1321, type; Spruce J!t559. —

Junin: On river bank brush near La Merced, 555 J^; Killip & Smith

238U5 (det. Killip). Colonia Peren^, KiUip & Smith 25063 (det.

Killip). Pichis Trail, Killip & Smith 25k2k. (det. Killip). Rio

Paucartambo Valley, KiUip & Smith 25376. "Verap" (Killip &

Smith).

Serjania sphaerococca Radlk. Monogr. Serj. 153. 1875; 96.

Allied to S. caracasana which it resembles except that the

younger stems, as the rachises of the inflorescences, are at least

moderately pubescent with sordid or yellowish crisp trichomes, the

leaflets lanceolate and barbate in the axils of the nerves, the inter-

mediate and lateral petioles usually margined; leaves often 16 cm.

long, 12 cm. wide, the upper gradually smaller; petioles 4-9 cm. long,

early hirtellous; leaflets narrowed both ends, equally crenate or

subserrate, the slightly larger terminal one 7-9 cm. long, 2-2.5 cm.

wide; panicles often congested at branchlet tips and much longer

than the reduced leaves; pedicels 2.5 mm. long, in fruit to 4 mm.;

inner sepals 4 mm. long; fruit 2.5-3 cm. long, about 2 cm. broad. —

Illustrated, Mart. Fl. Bras. 13, pt. 3: pi. 69.

Hudnuco: Chinchao, Ruiz & Pavdn. Cuchero, Poeppig, addenda

j^9. — San Martin: Juanjui, King 3800 (det. Standley, S. leptocarpa?) .

Tarapoto, Spruce U060. — Junin: Along Rio Peren^ near Colonia

Peren^, Killip & Smith 25109 (det. Killip). La Merced, Killip &

Flora of Peru 321

Smith 23 J^90?.— Ay 3LCucho: Aina, Killip & Smith 23099 (det. Killip).

Bolivia.

Serjania squarrosa Radlk. Monogr. Serj. 115. 1875; 63.

Scandent shrub with rusty-red 5-6-angulate branches 2.5 mm.

thick, the lateral lightly canaliculate, puberulent toward the tips;

central ligneous area large with only 1 or 2 small peripheral ones;

stipules lanceolate; petioles 1.5-2.5 cm. long, striate, narrowly

canaliculate above; leaves subbipinnate, 8-9 cm. long, 5-6 cm. wide,

the lower pinnae 5-foliolate-pinnate, the following ternate, the upper

simple; terminal leaflet 2 cm. long, half as wide, the lateral half as

large, all subtrinerved, subcoriaceous, paler beneath, the smaller

ovate, cuneate at base, sessile, crenate or subserrate, scabrous

above, below on nerves a few scattered long trichomes and barbate

in the lower axils, epunctate or minutely and very obscurely punc-

tate, the epidermis containing mucus; rachis margined above;

panicles 7 or 8 cm. long, squarrosely spreading, about one- third

floriferous, puberulent, the free sepals sordidly; bracts and bractlets

subulate; flowers "rather large"; petals attenuate-obovate, glanduli-

ferous within, flabellately nerved, the scales of the upper with

deflexed appendage; stamens a little pilose; fruit cordate-ovate,

2 cm. long, as broad below, sometimes suborbicular, excised base

and apex, the cells dorsally cristate, puberulent, the endocarp

whitish villous. — Male flowers in type imperfect from fungus.

Most of the following material was distributed as S. platypetala

and some of it at least may belong there if that form is separable.

F.M. Negs. 5979; 36051.

Apurimac: Abancay, 2,400 meters, Vargas 9Jt3. — Cuzco: Pachar,

2,900 meters, Pennell 13688. Huasao, Prov. Quispicanchi, Herrera

687. Ollantaitambo, Cook & Gilbert 603 (det. Killip, S. brachypterd) ;

Pennell 13685; Cook & Gilbert 389; Herrera 8j^9a.—Funo: Ollachea,

Soukup 500. Without locality, Gay, type. "Huecjucjilla," "be-

juchilla" (both, Cook & Gilbert).

Serjania striata Radlk. Monogr. Serj. 280. 1875; 172.

Scandent shrub, glabrous except for some scattered trichomes

on the imparipinnate leaves beneath on the nerves and at the

margins, barbellate in the nerve axils, the tomentulose inner sepals

and the apex of the young fruit; branches about 10-striate, 10-

costate, the ligneous structure simple; petioles and leaf-rachises

striate, emarginate, unless the lateral; stipules small, ovate; leaves

16 cm. long, 14 cm. wide, the ovate leaflets 5-7 cm. long, 3-4 cm.

322 Field Museum of Natural History — Botany, Vol. XIII

wide, 3 pairs, the lower pinnae temate, the next often tripartite,

rarely subentire, the lower obtuse, the rest acute or caudate, the

terminal leaflet often tripartite or pinnate, all dentate or nearly

lobed, rather obovate and plicate, membranous, somewhat lustrous

above, paler beneath, true pellucid-punctae lacking, epidermis

lacking mucus; panicles solitary on stipes 5-10 mm. long, the 3-5

mm. long puberulent pedicels articulate below the middle; outer

sepals glabrous, the inner 5 mm. long; petals 6 mm. long, 3 mm.

wide, both the upper and lower scales bicruriate; fruit (young)

oblong, the cells villous-tomentose with seed at base, the endocarp

glabrous. — The Goodspeed collection matches the photograph but

the leaflet divisions are smaller. F.M. Neg. 36052.

Apurimac: Rio Pachachaca, 3-4 meters in shrubs, flowers waxy

white, 2,000 meters, Goodspeed Exped. 10521 (det. Standley). —

Cuzco: Gay, type.

Serjania striolata Radlk. Bot. Jahrb. 37. 147. 1905; 170.

Like S. oxyphylla but the branches ashy-pubescent at tip,

minutely puberulent between the costae, the leaves imparipinnate

with 3-4 pairs, the lower pinnae mostly 5-foliate-pinnate, the next

temate, the upper simple, all multinerved, the nerves spreading;

punctae not obvious; terminal leaflet acutely subulate-caudate,

the lateral obtuse, all with 8-12 approximate nerves; panicles

solitary, ashy-pubescent except the 1.5 mm. long pedicels that are

articulate below the middle; sepals glabrous except ciliate-glandular;

buds 1.5 mm. long, the opened flowers unknown. — It seems possible

that this could be a vigorous state of S. oxyphylla. F.M. Neg. 5582.

Ancash: In wood near river, 2,200 meters, Huaraz, Weherhauer

3031, type; 172.

Serjania subrotundifolia Radlk. Monogr. Serj. Suppl. 118.

1886; 132.

Somewhat pubescent liana, the younger branches as the in-

florescence reddish hirtellous, the older glabrate, 8-sulcate, 8-costate,

the composite wood with as many peripheral areas; leaves biternate,

the upper 15 cm. long, 12 cm. wide, membranous-coriaceous, lustrous

both sides, brownish, containing mucus, pellucid-punctate, glabrous

above, puberulent beneath, especially on the arcuate-ascending

lateral nerves and at the margins; leaflets elliptic, the lower lateral

subrotund, retuse and with apical callose on the lower side, subentire,

attenuate or contracted at the subsessile base, the terminal 6.5 cm.

Flora of Peru 323

long, 3.5 cm. wide, the lateral 2.5 cm. long, hardly 2 cm. wide;

petioles all emarginate; panicles congested, the cincinni stiped, the

pedicels barely 2 mm. long; inner sepals less than 2.5 mm. long,

tomentulose, the half as long outer ones also a little hirtellous;

petals 2.5 mm. long, scarcely 1 mm. wide, the upper scale crest

dilated, the lower dentiform; stamens villous, anthers glabrous

as the rudimentary ovary. — The type number as in Kew is the

same number (maybe the same species?) as the dubious collection

of S. membranacea.

Puno: Lechler 2SS1, type {2332 in herb. Kew).

Serjania sufferuginea [R. &. P.] Radlk. Monogr. Serj. 299.

1875; 176.

Scandent shrub, the 6-striate subterete branches sufferrugineous-

tomentose, about 3.5 mm. thick; ligneous structure composite, the

small peripheral areas 3; stipules small, ovate; petioles all emarginate

tomentose as the bitemate leaves especially beneath, these 16 cm.

long, 14 cm. wide, rather fleshy membranous, minutely pellucid

with orbicular punctae, the epidermis lacking mucus; terminal

leaflet 9 cm. long, 4.2 cm. wide, subrhombic-lanceolate, the elliptic-

lanceolate lateral gradually reduced, all sessile or the terminal

attenuate to short i)etiolule, crenate, acute; panicles solitary (perhaps

not always), the peduncles 5-angled, the rachises terete, loosely

and interruptedly cincinniferous, at least the lower branchlets

verticillately congested on stipes about 12 mm. long, the upper with

stipes 3-4 mm. long; pedicels 5 mm. long, articulate above the base,

rusty-puberulent as all the sepals, the inner 4.5 mm. long; petals

nearly 5 mm. long, about 2.5 mm. wide, the upper scales obcordate,

the lower obliquely winged; young fruit subtruncate, tomentose and

with some spreading reddish long trichomes, the endocarp floccose,

the seed at the base of the cells.— Scrap of type at Chicago consists

of the very young fruit; the closely hirsute cells would doubtless

match later those of S. mollis as cited but type of that perhaps less

hirsute. The herbarium name was the same at Madrid by Ruiz,

under another genus. Here might be sought S. rigida Radlk. forma

hirta Radlk., 176, of adjacent Bolivia, the flowering stems only

2 mm. thick, partial petioles margined, leaflets beneath and branch-

lets reddish hirsute-tomentose with crisped trichomes, epidermis

containing mucus; there is a glabrous or nearly glabrous form; see

under S. inflata.

Hudnuco: Vitoc, Ruiz & Pavdn, tjrpe. Bolivia.

324 Field Museum of Natural History — Botany, Vol. XIII

Serjania tenuifolia Radlk. Monogr. Serj. 220. 1875; 132.

Essentially glabrous, indument when present a minute puberu-

lence on the midnerve of the rather coarsely and somewhat double-

serrate leaflets, especially above and in the inflorescences; wood

composite, the peripheral columns suborbicular; branches about 8,

sulcate-costate, not canaliculate, the flowering 3-5 mm. thick;

leaves biternate, thin- or rather firm-membranous; darkening in

herbaria, the ovate-elliptic or suboblong leaflets mostly lineately

pellucid but also somewhat punctate, epidermis containing mucus;

the basally attenuate terminal 10-15 cm. long, about half as wide,

the lateral often only half as large, all acuminate or more usually

obtuse and mucronate or barely acute; petioles emarginate; in-

florescences mostly terminal, the cincinni sessile, scarcely crowded;

pedicels slender to at least 3 mm. long; sepals all pulverulent, 2 mm.

long; petals nearly 3 mm. long; fruit (half mature in type) ovate,

glabrous including endocarp, style pilose, seed near base of cell,

in Woytkowski specimen 2 cm. broad and long, little constricted

at the obscurely veined subtrigonous cells. — Stem climbing about

6 meters, latex white, leaves thin, soft, the nerves paler, petals

greenish-white (Woytkowski).

San Martin: Hera near Moyobamba, Woytkowski 35313 (distr.

as S. brachyptera Radlk.). — Junin: Thickets along Rio Peren^,

Killip & Smith 25138 (probably, but young; distr. as S. inflata). —

Loreto: Yurimaguas, Poeppig, addenda 92, type.

Serjania trirostris Radlk. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 6: 149.

1914; 200.

Glabrate or lightly puberulent as the tips of the nearly terete

striate branches; wood composite with 6 peripheral areas; stipules

small, deltoid; petioles all emarginate, the common one 3-4 cm. long;

leaves biternate, the terminal leaflet 9 cm. long, 4 cm. wide, all sub-

sessile, ovate-oblong-lanceolate, remotely and obtusely dentate from

the middle, subcoriaceous, glabrous above except the midnerve, very

sparsely crisped puberulent beneath, olive-green, epunctate, the

epidermis containing mucus; panicles dense, the short recurving

cincinni subsessile, the fruiting pedicels only 3 mm. long, articulate

below the middle; flowers white, 2 mm. long and broad, the sepals

all puberulent, the inner 2 mm. long, the third and fifth connate

below; upper scales with deflexed appendage, long-barbate, the lower

comiform; fruit sparsely crisped pubescent, 2 cm. long, nearly as

thick (doubtless larger at maturity) the cells dorsally produced into

Flora of Peru 325

erect-spreading beaks. — Resembles S. deltoidea with compoundly

divided leaves (Radlkofer). F.M. Neg. 9560.

Ayacucho: Afna, KiUip & Smith 23099? — Loreto: Yarinacocha

on the Rio Ucayali, Tessmann SSll, type; also SSI la. Bolivia.

2. PAULLINIA L.

With the habit of Serjania but flowers usually larger, leaves

often pinnately 5-foliolate and especially fruit a leathery 3-valved

capsule, the often reddish or yellowish 1-3-seeded valves winged or

ribbed, sometimes spiny. Flowers borne in axillary panicles that

are often racemiform or spiciform. Sepals 5, 2 of the inner more or

less united, imbricate. Petals 4, each with a crested hooded scale, the

upp)er ones with a deflexed appendage, barbate below. Disk glands 4.

Seeds more or less arillate. — Spruce noted the native names "Cu-

pana," "guarana" and "timbo" for some Amazonian species.

P. yoco Schultes & Killip and P. cupana HBK. are noteworthy

as containing enough caffein so that a stimulating beverage is made

from them — as noted below — while several other species are of

interest as serving the natives as fish stupefiers and one at least

(P. cururu L.) is in some kinds of curare poison.

Fruits echinate except P. neglecta; leaves all quinate or temate or

rarely 5-foliolate in P. neglecta.

Leaflets all or in part entire; fruits spinose.

Leaves often quinate; stems yellow setulose P. echinata.

Leaves temate and obscurely pubescent as the stems . P. hystriz.

Leaves temate and glabrous as the stems.

Leaflets reticulate veined; fmit firm, densely echinate.

P. paiUlinioides.

Leaflets subclathrate veined ; fmit spongy, sparsely echinate.

P. Sprucei.

Leaflets serrate toward tip; fmits smooth P. neglecta.

Fmits smooth, sometimes alate; leaves not simply quinate or temate

unless sometimes the uppermost temate.

Fmits alate (known); leaflets (Pern) acute or acutely short-

acuminate, unless P. Killipii.

Leaf rachis obviously margined, sometimes narrowly or the

leaves pinnate unless in P. enneaphyUa.

Leaves pinnate or lowest pair of leaflets temate or pinnate.

326 Field Museum of Natural History — Botany, Vol. XIII

Lower leaflets pinnate; plants setose-hispid P. hispida.

Lower leaflets often temate.

Leaflets nearly linear, 4-9 mm. wide P. linearis.

Leaflets lanceolate or ovate, wider.

Leaves pinnate with narrow leaflets.

Stems setulose P. tenera.

Stems glabrous P. fistuhsa.

Leaves bitemate with rather ovate leaflets.

P. serjaniaefolia.

Leaves 5-foliolate.

Stipules conspicuous, persisting; leaflets if dentate not only

at base.

Branches if setulose not angulately; wood simple.

Stems glabrous or minutely setulose.

Stipules often longer than 7 mm.; fruits obovate.

P. caloptera.

Stipules usually shorter than 6 mm.; fruits sub-

orbicular P. serjaniaefolia.

Stems conspicuously setulose P. setosa.

Branches barbate on angles; wood composite.

P. trilatera.

Stipules minute.

Leaflets often 1-2 dentate near base P. bidentata.

Leaflets closely denticulate P. enneaphylla.

Leaf rachis emarginate (see P. enneaphylla).

Indument clearly hispid-setose, often dense on petioles and

upper stems; panicles soHtary.

Stipules fimbriate, conspicuous P. fissistipula.

Stipules entire P. acviangula.

Indument nearly lacking to pilose-tomentose.

Wood simple; panicles soHtary or glomerate.

Panicles solitary (species ill-defined, may be ecotypes).

Stems lightly pubescent or glabrate P. nobilis.

Stems densely pubescent.

Leaves at maturity ample P. gigantea.

Leaves small, the leaflets less than 1 dm. long.

P. dasystachya.

Flora of Peru 327

Panicles glomerate in the leaf axils.

Leaves small, pilose beneath P. martinensis.

Leaves ample, glabrous.

Stipules conspicuous P. Killipii.

Stipules small, subulate P. exalata.

Wood composite; panicles unless uppermost openly fas-

cicled P. Alsmithii.

Fruits exalate (known); leaflets often obtusely short-acuminate

(merely apiculate in P. subroiunda), the rachis often dis-

tinctly wing-margined (in Peru) if leaflets notably acute.

Leaflets usually rounded or obtuse, often mucronate or callose

or if acutish, petioles and rachis not wing-margined.

Leaf rachis as often petioles at least narrowly margined; wood

simple unless in P. pinnata; panicles not glomerate.

Leaves subbitemate, the first pair of leaflets usually

temate P. pachycarpa.

Leaves 5-foliolate or imparipinnate and often 2-4 pairs.

Petioles emarginate; capsules subglobose.

P. spliaerocarpa.

Petioles at least narrowly margined.

Leaflets sharply dentate P. Josecuatrii.

Leaflets subentire or the teeth few, obtuse.

Leaves 5-foliolate; petioles margined.

Stipules minute.

Leaflets subentire; ovary as style puberulent.

Leaflets chartaceous, pale, subentire . P. laeta.

Leaflets rigid, drying dark, 1-2-dentate.

P. subauriculata.

Leaflets remotely dentate; ovary as style gla-

brous P. pinnata.

Stipules about 1 cm. long P. simulans.

Leaves usually with 2-4 pairs of leaflets; petioles

broadly winged.

Ovary glabrous; leaflets 2 pairs P. oUvacea.

Ovary tomentose; leaflets 3-4 pairs. P. pterophylla.

Leaf rachis as petioles emarginate; wood sometimes com-

posite.

Stipules entire, often deciduous or inconspicuous.

328 Field Museum of Natural History — Botany, Vol. XIII

Panicles solitary, sometimes disposed apically, elongate.

Leaf nerves subparallel, usually all less than 1 cm.

distant, venation clathrate; ovary tomentose.

Leaflet acumen entire P. elongata, P. faginea.

Leaflet acumen bidenticulate, short. .P. subrotunda.

Leaf nerves arcuate-spreading, variously distant.

Wood simple; plants often somewhat pubescent.

Leaflets consistently small, terminal rarely and

little longer than 1 dm.; stems striate or

costate; ovary tomentose (known).

Leaflets entire or subentire.

Stipules about 5 mm. long, persisting.

P. itayensis.

Stipules minute, caducous.

Panicles at most about as long as leaves.

Leaflets entire unless 1-2 callose near

base; panicle rachis nearly glabrous;

leaflet acumen broad . . P. uchocacha.

Leaflets subdenticulate toward tip;

panicle rachis puberulent; leaflet

acumen slender P. curvicuspis.

Panicles often exceeding leaves, mostly

borne apically P. capreolata.

Leaflets coarsely dentate, usually to below the

middle.

Leaflets firm; acumen obtuse.

Venation reticulate; panicle rachis to 1.5

mm. thick P. sphaerocarpa.

Venation clathrate; panicle rachis rather

stout P. obovata.

Leaflets diaphanous in herb.; acumen acute.

P. tenuifolia.

Leaflets consistently medium to large, lateral

usually well exceeding 1 dm.; stems often

sulcate; ovary or fruit glabrous.

Leaflets all long-cuneate to long petiolules.

P. cuneata.

Leaflets not cuneate-based except terminal.

Flora of Peru 329

Venation clathrate.

Petals 2.3 mm. long P. yoco.

Petals 4 to nearly 5 mm. long. .P. cupana.

Venation reticulate.

Stipules minute, caducous; stems striate-

costate.

Ovary pubescent; petals 3 mm. long;

acumen broad P. tarapotensis.

Ovary glabrous; petals 4 mm. long;

acumen narrow P. mazanensis.

Stipules to 8 mm. long, persisting; stems

angled, sulcate.

Flowers 3 mm. long, bracts minute;

leaflets acuminate P. simiUans.

Flowers 4.5 mm. long, bracts large;

leaflets obtusish P. Mariae.

Wood composite; plants glabrous or nearly, leaflets

medium size, reticulate; ovary glabrous.

Leaves 5-foliolate, pellucid lineolate ... P. spicata.

Leaves usually temate in part, obscurely pellucid.

P. neglecta.

Panicles glomerate, stout; ovary pubescent.

Leaflets glabrous, ample; wood composite. .P. exalata.

Leaflets pubescent, medium; wood simple.

P. martinensis.

Stipules stellately incised, persisting.

Stems short-hirtellous P. rugosa.

Stems long-hispid P. fissisHpiUa.

Leaflets acute or acutely acuminate and petioles or rachis wing-

margined (P. alata sometimes apiculate or obtusish).

Panicles solitary.

Panicles rather robust, the rachis several mm. thick; leaf-

lets about elliptic.

Leaves pilose beneath; fruits tomentose; wood composite.

P. eriocarpa.

Leaves subglabrous even beneath; fruits glabrous; wood

simple P. imberbis.

330 Field Museum of Natural History — Botany, Vol. XIII

Panicles slender, rachis to 1.5 mm. thick; leaflets oblong-

lanceolate; wood composite P. pinnata.

Panicles glomerate on stems or branches; wood composite.

P. rhizantha, P. alata.

Paullinia acutangula (R. & P.) Pers. Syn. PI. 1: 443. 1805;

324. Semarillaria acutangula R. & P. Prodr. 54. 1794. P. lactescens

Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 37. 1844.

High-climbing with 4-5-angled and thus 4-5-sulcate branches

sordidly or yellowish hirsute-hispid especially on the angles; wood

simple; stipules lanceolate-subulate, about 1.5 cm. long, 3 mm. wide

at base, hirsute beneath, glabrous above as the 5-foliolate-pinnate

leaves; petioles 4-8 cm. long, hirsute, more or less 3-4-angled but

emarginate as also the somewhat shorter rachis, both pilose-hirsute;

leaflets 10-15 (20) cm. long, 3-7 (9) cm. wide, or the terminal

a little larger and cuneate at base, the upper lateral broadly acute,

the lower rounded, all subsessile, oblong-elliptic-lanceolate to rather

broadly elliptic-obovate, cuspidate-acuminate, above the middle

remotely serrate-dentate, the teeth mostly mucronulate, mem-

branous, somewhat hispidulous beneath especially on nerves and

veins, above punctate-pellucid, lacking mucus; panicles solitary,

hirsute, the many-flowered cincinni stiped, the pedicels very short;

inner sepals about 4 mm. long, glabrous, the outer puberulent;

petals obovate; ovary hirsute; capsule obcordate-subrhomboid,

shortly stiped, 2 cm. long, half as wide, hirsute within and without,

the wings abruptly attenuate above the middle, the seeds apparently

glabrous. — Leaflet acumination in type to 12 mm. long, very acute.

Stems about 5 cm. thick, lactescent, the cinnamon-colored bark

rigid-hirsute (Poeppig). F.M. Neg. 23639.

Huanuco: Muiia, Ruiz & Pavdn, type. In woods at Pampayacu,

Poeppig 1758 (type, P. lactescens). — San Martin: San Roque,

Williams 71^7^- — Junin: Cahuapanas on Rio Pichis, Killip & Smith

26760 (det. Standley, P. nohilis). — Loreto: Yurimaguas to Bal-

sapuerto, Killip & Smith 28259 (det. Killip) ; 29050; 28662. Bolivia.

Paullinia alata (R. & P.) G. Don, Gen. Syst. 1: 660. 1831; 242.

Semarillaria alata R. & P. Fl. Peruv. 4: pi. 3^0. 1802.

Younger scandent branches triangular, more or less 6-costate and

sparsely crisped puberulent, the older soon twice as thick (6-8 mm.)

or larger and 3-sulcate; wood composite with 3 peripheral areas;

stipules 4 mm. long, lanceolate-subulate; petioles and leaf-rachises

winged, the former 4-6 cm. long, the latter 2-3 cm. long, the wings

Flora of Peru 331

each side 1.5-2.5 (-5) mm. wide, petiolules scarcely 2 mm. long,

leaves 5-foliolate-pinnate, the leaflets in type oblong-lanceolate but

apparently often broadly elliptic in variants, remotely dentate

(Peruvian) terminal 8-13 cm. X 3-5 cm., rest smaller or subentire,

membranous, nitidulous both sides, above on nerves, all over beneath

sparsely pubescent (rarely rather densely) and in the nerve axils

pilose, in tjrpe glabrescent in age, microscopically glandular and

subpellucid-lineolate, the epidermis lacking mucus but lower sides

sparsely crystallophorous; panicles 1.5-2 cm. long, appressed

yellowish-puberulent, borne on the branches, often fasciculate-

glomerate, the lower cincinni stiped, the upper sessile, the pedicels

3-4 mm. long, articulate above the middle; flowers 3.5 mm. long;

2 outer sepals less than half as long as the subglabrous inner, rotund

ovate, appressed puberulent; upper petals obovate-oblong, much

longer clawed than the lower oblong ones; ovary yellowish pilose;

capsule apparently subglobose, in var. loretana obovoid, about 2 cm.

long, shortly stiped, sparsely puberulent, the seeds medially arillate.

— See also P. rhizantha which may be distinct, the type of P. alata

having lanceolate leaflets. Stems to 6 meters tall and 2 cm. in

diameter; red fruit valves with black lustrous white-arilled seed

(Stork, Horton & Vargas).

All of the material from Loreto has much larger leaves but

apparently is not otherwise different; it may represent P. rhizantha

but I hesitate to use that name as the description does not quite

accord and some specimens approach the typical form; for con-

venience this then may be designated P. alata, var. loretana Macbr.,

var. nov., foliolis late ellipticis vel paullo obovatis interdum fere

1.5 dm. longis, 6-8 cm. latis. More distinctive is a collection that is

softly pubescent and may prove to be distinct but in the absence of

fruit may be treated as var. pubens Macbr., var. nov., ramulis

foliisque praecipue subtus molliter pubescentibus cum pilis flavis;

foliolis late ellipticis vel subobovatis 5-8 cm. latis, 10-12 cm. longis,

solum mucronato-apiculatis. P. largifolia Radlk., 241, and P.

densiflora Smith, 241, of the Amazon and Colombia respectively,

have temate leaves, the former with the panicles at defoliate nodes,

the latter in the axils of young leaves. P. fascicukUa Radlk., 242,

is more like P. alata var. loretana but has lustrous membranous

nearly glabrous leaves.

According to Kanehira used as a fish poison.

San Martin: Tarapoto, WiUiams 6092. Tingo Maria, Allard

2051 S. — Hudnuco: Chicoplaya, Ruiz & Pav&n, type. Pampayacu,

332 Field Museum of Natural History — Botany, Vol. XIII

Kanehira US. Prov. Huamalies, Stork & Horton 9564^ ^YP^, var.

pubens. Zepelacio, Klug 3263 (more pilose). — Loreto: Caballo-

Cocha, Williams 2339, type, var. loretana. Balsapuerto, Klug 2879

(det. Standley). Iquitos, Killip & Smith 27^21. Yurimaguas,

Williams J/Sl 7. Florida, Klug 1 993. — Cuzco : Deep woods, Echarate,

Goodspeed Exped. 104-5^ (det. Standley). Brazil to Panama.

"Macote" (Kanehira).

Paullinia Alsmithii Macbr., sp. nov.

Scandens fruticosa; ramis valde sulcato-costatis ramulis petiolis

paniculisque crispe pulverulento-strigillosis floriferis circa 7 mm.

crassis (corpus lignosum compositum); stipulis subulatis 6-10 mm.

longis, 0.5-1 mm. latis; petiolis costato-striatis et rhachis emargin-

atis, petiolulis 5-10 mm. longis; foliolis 5 late oblongo- vel ovato-

ellipticis basi plus minusve inequaliter rotundatis, apice breviter

subacute acuminatis plerumque 8-15 cm. longis, 4-7.5 cm. latis char-

taceis pellucido-punctatis-lineolatis remote repando-denticulatis

subclathrato-reticulato-venosis supra glabris subtus molliter puber-

ulo-pilosis; paniculis racemiformis 4-7 cm. longis 1-5 in axillis folio-

rum sessilibus vel superioribus interdum longe pedunculatis; bracteis

et bracteolis minutis; cincinnis breviter stipitatis remotis; pedicellis

3-5 mm. longis basi articulatis; sepalis subglabris interioribus circa

4 mm. longis; petalis oblongo-ellipticis; capsulis subrotundatis triala-

tis circa 1.5 cm. longis et latis glabratis, abrupte plus minusve stipi-

tatis.— Seems to be well-marked, possibly related to P. nobilis.

Loreto: Iquitos, Killip & Smith 26939, type; 27170; 27290; 2720k-

Paullinia bidentata Radlk. Monogr. Paull. 195. 1895; 276.

Nearly glabrous (but inflorescence unknown) scandent shrub

with terete branches, the wood simple; stipules minute, deltoid,

axillary, geminate, pilose as margined petioles; somewhat winged

leaf rachises, each about 3 cm. long, the 5-foliolate-pinnate leaves

as broad as long, about 18 cm., the upper leaflets 11-12 cm. long,

3 cm. wide, the lower 8 cm. long, 2.5 cm. wide, all lanceolate, gradu-

ally acuminate, the upper acute at base, sessile, the lower subtruncate,

subauriculate-bidentate, shortly petioled, pinnate-nerved, the nerves

arcuate-ascending, reticulate-veined, membranous, sparsely barbate

in the nerve axils, epunctate, containing mucus. — Placed by the

author with P. suhauriculata. F.M. Neg. 31037.

Cajamarca: Tambillo, Jelski kl2, type.

Flora of Peru 333

Paullinia caloptera Radlk. in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenfam.

3, 5: 304. 1895; 329. P. WiUiamsi Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 27.

1931.

Scandent, subglabrous, the branches triangular, the leaves

5-foliolate-pinnate with 4-sulcate or somewhat margined petioles

2-5 cm. long, the prominent linear-lanceolate acuminate stipules

7-17 mm. long; rachis often conspicuously winged, 5 mm. wide, the

sparsely pulverulent and ciliolate-hirsutulous leaflets ovate-lanceo-

late, subsessile or shortly petioled, acutely acuminate, nearly entire

or remotely 3-5-dentate especially toward the tip, laxly reticulate,

dull both sides, minutely punctate beneath, 3-3.5 cm. wide, 8-10

cm. long; inflorescence solitary, 2-3 cm. long, softly puberulent, the

very short ramuli only 3-5-flowered; sepals minutely pulverulent,

the outer 1.5, inner 3 mm. long; petals pilose at base. — With the

appearance of P. laeta and P. subauriculata but the leaflets acutish-

acuminate, the stipules large, the stems trigonous. The Peruvian

plant is slightly more puberulent than the typical form from Brazil

and Venezuela and when fruits are known may prove to be dis-

tinguishable at least varietally. P. emetica Schultes, Caldasia 2:

420. 1944, of southeastern Colombia has thin-membranous leaves

and erect lax inflorescences to 2 dm. long; an infusion of the leaves is

known to have been used as an emetic. Illustrated, Mart. Fl. Bras.

13, pt. 3: pi. 89.

Loreto: Rio Nanay, Williams 1196 (type, P. WiUiamsi). Mishu-

yacu, Kliig 91 S; IJ^SS. Timbuchi, Rio Nanay, Williams 982.

Venezuela; Amazonian Brazil. "Sapu-wasca" (Williams).

Paullinia capreolata (Aublet) Radlk. Monogr. Serj. 70. 1875;

300. Enourea capreolata Aublet, PI. Guian. 1 : 587. pi 235. 1775.

Liana, essentially glabrous except for the puberulent younger

branches, these terete, lenticellate, soon 3-4 mm. thick, and the

solitary or sometimes paniculate panicles, these 1.5-2.5 dm. long,

slender, (rachis 1-2 mm. thick), laxly flowered, the cincinni sessile

or shortly stiped; wood simple; petioles and rachis emarginate;

leaves pinnately 5-foliolate, the upper leaflets elliptic or elliptic-

lanceolate, the lower ovate, all subentire or rarely denticulate

apically, often undulate, shortly j)etiolulate or subsessile, 5-10 cm.

long, obtusely acuminate, rounded or acutish at base or the terminal

basally acute, lustrous both sides, micro-glandular, epidermis con-

taining mucus, laxly transversely veined, few-nerved, chartaceous or

subcoriaceous; bracts and bractlets minute, the pedicels about 2 mm.

334 Field Museum of Natural History — Botany, Vol. XIII

long, articulate medially; outer sepals scarcely a third as long as the

more or less connate subpetaloid inner, these 2.5 mm. long, all

ashy-tomentulose without; petals oval-obovate, the scales more or

less barbate including the bifid appendage; filaments complanate,

densely reddish-long pilose, the anthers glabrous; capsules depressed

globose, subsessile, glabrate without, lanate within, about 1.5 cm.

long, nearly 2 cm. broad; seed surrounded by the fleshy farinaceous

aril. — The branchlets of the Loreto specimens are notably lenti-

cellate; the minutely and sparsely puberulent subglobose fruits are

about 12 mm. in diameter, stipes 3 mm. long, pedicels 4 mm. long.

P. firma Radlk,, 299, is similar but the leaves are rigid coriaceous.

Loreto: Mishuyacu, Klug 695; 759; 870. Florida, Klug 1979

(det. Standley). Ucayali, Tessmann Jt.162. To Venezuela and

British Guiana. "Tingui" (Amazonian), "enourou" (Guiana).

Paullinia cuneata Radlk. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 6: 150.

1914; 281.

Nearly glabrous, suffrutescent, the younger branches sulcate,

sparsely puberulent, the wood simple, the leaves 5-foliolate-pinnate;

stipules linear, lightly pilose, to 15 mm. long; petioles as rachis

emarginate, the former a dm. long or longer, the lower leaflets with

petiolules to 14 mm. long, the upper subsessile, obovate-cuneate,

10 cm. long or longer, 7-9 cm. wide, very shortly obtuse-acuminate,

remotely subrepand-dentate from the middle, the short teeth

spreading, nerves obliquely erect, prominent both sides, lustrous,

glabrous, epunctate; panicles solitary, dense, sessile; bracts subulate,

2 mm. long; outer sepals minutely puberulent, the broadly obovate

inner 2 mm. long, glandular-ciliolate, otherwise glabrous; petals

oblong, 2.5 mm. long, the scales with puberulent deflexed appendage.

— Similar to P. cupana HBK., 281, scandent or suberect shrub of

Venezuela and Amazonian Brazil — possibly also Peru — source of

"Guarana" but that with lateral leaflets ovate, rounded at base,

scabrous-glandular beneath, sepals sparsely setulose-pilose. — Type

from Cobijn, Bolivia (Ule 9571) near Madre de Dios.

Peru (no doubt; cf. note above). Bolivia; Brazil?

Paullinia cupana HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 5: 117. 1821; 281.

Scandent or suberect liana, the apically brownish-pilose branches

soon glabrous and deeply 4-5 sulcate, the flowering 4-8 mm, thick,

the wood simple; stipules 2-3 mm. long, petioles and rachis emar-

ginate, canaliculate above, convex and lightly striate beneath;

Flora of Peru 335

leaflets 5, the upper oblong, the lower ovate, the short acumen more

or less obtuse, the terminal leaflet acute or subcuneate at base, the

lateral rounded or more or less petiolulate and remotely subrepand-

dentate, the dentations sometimes obscure, mostly prominent and

obtuse, usually 1-2 dm. long, 4.5 to 9 cm. wide, coriaceous, obscurely

clathrate-veined, glabrate both sides, obsoletely pellucid-punctate,

epidermis lacking mucus; panicles solitary, sessile or peduncled, the

subvillous rachis about 2 mm. thick, the rather remote cincinni

sessile, few-flowered; bracts subulate, 1-1.5 mm. long, pedicels

articulate below the middle, 4-5 mm. long; inner sepals 3 mm. long,

submembranous, all laxly hirsutulous, free; petals oblong, 5 mm.

long; filaments pilose, anthers glabrous; ovary glabrous, ~ stiped,

ellipsoid as the apiculate capsule, this brownish-tomentose within,

2-3.5 cm. long, deep red at maturity, the stipe finally 6-8 mm. long,

seed about 12 mm. long, glabrous. — Var. sorbilis (Mart.) Ducke,

Rodriguesia 3: 155-156. 1937 and Archiv. Inst. Biol. Veg. Rio Jan.

4: 47. 1938, differs in having tendrils, especially in the inflorescence,

often subentire leaflets, slightly smaller flowers, much smaller fruits,

these ovoid or spheroid, 15-18 mm. long, brilliant red, lustrous

(Ducke). Here may be mentioned Mexia 6297 with fusiform ellip-

soid fruits about 3 cm. long, leaflets remotely dentate, 1-1.5 dm.

long, referred to P. tarapotensis by Standley but with the venation

of P. cupana: it may not be related here but the native names

"Ycanchem" (Huitoto) and "lucumia" may be recorded. Illus-

trated, Radlkofer, I.e. 282; Ducke, Rodriguesia I.e.

The seeds of P. cupana and var. sorbilis are pulverized and mixed

with cassava flour (Manihot esculenta Crantz) and formed into

molds which are known as "pasta guarana" and dissolved as desired

in hot or cold water; the caffein content of the "pasta" is three to

six per cent, tannin two to three per cent so the beverage is astringent

(Schultes). Cf. Radlkofer I.e. for bibliography pertaining to medi-

cinal use.

Peru (possibly, see note above). Colombia to Venezuela and

Amazonian Brazil. "Cupana," "guarana."

Paullinia curvicuspis Radlk. Monogr. Paull. 237. 1895; 301.

Branches terete, substriate, sordidly pulverulent, finally sub-

glabrous, the wood simple, the leaves 5-foliolate-pinnate; petioles

and rachises emarginate, the former 3-6 cm. long, the petiolules 2-5

mm. long; leaflets 5-10 cm. long, elliptic-lanceolate, with narrow,

elongate, obtusish curved acumen, the terminal cuneate at base.

336 Field Museum of Natural History — Botany, Vol. XIII

the lateral subacute, all remotely denticulate above the middle,

petiolulate, few-nerved, narrowly transversely veined, subchar-

taceous, nitidulous and glabrous both sides but often barbulate in the

nerve axils beneath, microscopically glandular, containing mucus;

panicles solitary, the remote cincinni shortly stiped or subsessile,

the pedicels 2 mm. long, medially articulate; flowers medium in size,

all sepals canescent puberulent without; scales villous, the upper

bifid; filaments with some long reddish trichomes; otherwise known.

Puno: San Govdn, (Lechler 2358, type; 8277).

Paullinia dasystachya Radlk. Monogr. Paull. 270. 1895; 325.

Closely allied to and apparently not specifically distinct from

P. gigantea but the pubescence hirsute-tomentose; petioles 2-6 cm.

long, tomentose; leaflets 5-8 cm. long, 2-3.5 cm. wide, ovate-oblong,

acute or acutish, chartaceous, sparsely and minutely pubescent

above, slightly pellucid punctate-lineolate, coarsely serrate-dentate,

the few teeth obtuse; panicles yellowish-tomentose, cincinni long-

stiped, the fruiting pedicels about 4 mm. long, articulate at base:

sepals tomentose; capsule 3-winged, emarginate, the stipe about

3 mm. long, hirtellous-tomentulose without, pilose within, the seeds

lightly pilose. — Mexia 6773 from near Guayaquil, determined as P.

quitensis Radlk. 325, is probably better placed here. It is another

segregate, similar in pubescence but ovate leaflets remotely or

obsoletely dentate, epunctate, the tomentose capsule truncate on

stipe 1 cm. long.

Loreto: Florida, Rio Putumayo, Klug 2091; 2186? (det. Standley,

P. coloptera). Iquitos, Killip & Smith 27131. Pebas, Williams

18J^3. Bolivia; Ecuador.

Paullinia echinata Huber, Bol. Mus. Goeldi 4: 582. Aug. 1905;

303. P. echinata Radlk. Bot. Jahrb. 37: 153. Sept. 1905.

More or less reddish setulose high climbing liana, the pubescence

extending to the petioles, leaves both sides, especially on the nerves

and subclathrate veins, and the 3-5 fasciculately aggregate panicles

that are borne on the older branches; petioles 1-2 dm. long, subterete,

the sulcate petiolules 1.5-2.5 cm. long; leaves ternate or quinate,

the obovate leaflets shortly and narrowly acuminate, 15-25 cm. long,

6-10 cm. wide, entire or appearing repand when unequally revolute,

rigid-coriaceous, in age merely somewhat scabrous above, nitidulous

both sides, containing mucus; panicles 1-2 dm. long, the sessile

cincinni 4-6-flowered, the pedicels medially articulate, 3 mm. long,

Flora of Peru 337

8 in fruit; sepals tomentulose, the inner 4.5 mm. long; petals obovate

oval, glandular both sides; filaments rufous villous; capsule ellipsoid-

globose, on stipe 5-7 mm. long, densely echinate and setulose, the

spines rather rigid, about 4 mm. long. — Flowers pale rose (Ule).

F.M. Neg. 5597.

Loreto: Cerro de Canchahuaya, common in woods, on the

Ucayali, Huber IW, type. Yurimaguas, Ule 6865; Kuhlmann

209S1; Williams S992; Jt952. Puerto Arturo, KiUip & Smith 27880.

Brazil.

Paullinia elongata Radlk. Monogr. Paull. 238. 1895; 302.

Scandent terete striate branches yellowish-tomentulose with

a hirtellous indument; wood simple; stipules conspicuous, elliptic-

lanceolate, coriaceous, tomentose both sides, about 5 mm. long;

petioles and rachises emarginate, the former 5-8 cm. long, the

petiolules 1-2 mm. long; leaves 5-foliolate-pinnate, the leaflets

elliptic, obtusely acuminate, the terminal cuneate at base, the others

acute, 7-10 cm. long, about half as wide, all coarsely serrate-dentate,

coriaceous-chartaceous, clathrate-venose, glabrous above except for

the puberulent midnerve, yellowish puberulent-pubescent, especially

nerves, and microscopically glandular beneath, epidermis containing

mucus; panicles solitary, the bracts about 2 mm. long, the cincinni

sessile; pedicels 2 mm. long; sepals tomentulose, the inner nearly

4 mm. long; petals oblong; scales villous, the upper bifid with de-

flexed appendage; filaments whitish pilose. — This collection only in

flower was placed by the monographer with P. clathrata Radlk., 302,

of the Rfo Negro, with subentire leaflets, the pubescence less hirtel-

lous, both forms in contrast to the "glabrous crenate-dentate"

leaflets of P. faginea which compare; from material that has accumu-

lated it is not clear that these differences are not highly variable.

F.M. Neg. 23643.

Hudnuco: Vitoc, Ruiz & Pavdn, type.

Paullinia enneaphylla (R. & P.) G. Don, Gen. Syst. 1: 662.

1831; 330. Semarillaria enneaphylla R. & P. Fl. Peruv. 4: pi. SUl.

1802.

Obsoletely lenticellate scandent striate subterete branches

puberulent, finally glabrescent; wood simple; stipules small, deltoid;

petioles and rachis scarcely if at all margined, both about 3-4 cm.

long; leaves bitemate, the leaflets elliptic-lanceolate, acute both ends

(terminal, acuminate), 5-9 cm. long, 2-4 cm. wide, subsessile, rather

338 Field Museum of Natural History— Botany, Vol. XIII

densely serrate-dentate, chartaceous, glabrous above, barbate in the

nerve axils beneath, pellucid-punctate, lacking mucus; panicles

solitary, puberulent, the cincinni in flower subsessile, in fruit on

stipes 3-4 mm. long, the pedicels 1-2 mm. long, articulate at base;

flowers pubescent, whitish, the oval inner sepals 3 mm. long, all

sparsely glandular-ciliolate; petals obovate-oblong; ovary appressed

tomentose; capsule 3-winged, obcordate, apiculate, about 1,5 cm.

long, 1.8 cm. wide, glabrous without, puberulent within, the globose-

obovoid seeds glabrous, arillate nearly to the middle.— Capsule

sessile, that is estipitate, in contrast to that of the more northern

P. fuscesens HBK., 330, and P. navicularis Radlk., 335, both perhaps

variants found as near as Ecuador; both are more pubescent, con-

taining mucus, the leaf rachis more or less margined, barely in the

latter, the capsule stipe of the former short, of the latter 3 mm. long.

F.M. Neg. 29690.

Hudnuco: Chinchao, Ruiz & Pavdn, type. — Cajamarca: Between

Huambos and Montan, 2,500 meters, Weberbauer U21U-

Paullinia eriocarpa Tr. & Planch. Ann. Sci. Nat. s^r. 4. 18:

353. 1862; 265. P. eriantha Benth. ex Radlk. Monogr. Serj. 75.

1875.

Scandent branches glabrate to hirsute, 4-5-angulate-sulcate, the

wood composite, the peripheral areas 2 or 3; stipules appressed

pilose, about 8 mm. long, 3-5 mm. wide; petioles 2-5 cm. long, the

rachises shorter, both with wing-margins 4-6 mm. wide; leaves

5-foliolate-pinnate, sometimes temate, the leaflets 5-15 (20) cm.

long, 2.5-6 (9) cm. wide, elliptic-lanceolate, upper cuneate at base,

lower acutish, all acuminate, remotely repand-dentate above the

middle, shortly petiolulate or subsessile, subcoriaceous, typically

glabrous or often densely pilose beneath, lacking mucus but sparsely

crystallophorous; panicles solitary with short even headlike flowering

portion only 2-4 cm. long, the bracts unusually broad, scariose,

7 mm. long, nearly as wide, sericeous beneath; cincinni sessile, the

flowers subsessile with sericeous sepals, the broadly ovate inner

7-8 mm. long, 5-6 mm. wide; petals tomentulose below, sepaloid,

8-9 mm. long, 3-5 mm. wide; capsule Hgneous, about 2.5 (3) cm.

long, 1.7 cm. wide, ovoid, shortly acuminate, yellowish-tomentose,

the long-arillate seed lanate. — The more northern and eastern

ranging P. leiocarpa Griseb., 264, has leaves merely barbate in the

nerve axils and subulate bracts; the southeastern Colombian P.

splendida Schultes, Caldasia 2: 421. 1944, said by author to belong

to section Pleurotechus Radlk. but apparently comparable to P. ,

Flora of Peru 339

eriocarpa, has bracts about 2 mm. long and broad, papjrraceous

leaflets to 2 dm. long; KiUip & Smith 2H71 from Rio Itaya might

be referable to it. F.M. Neg. 5598.

San Martfn: Tarapoto, Spruce UU15 (type, P. eriantha); WiUiams

58It9; 6770. — Loreto: Yurimaguas, WiUiams 1^802. To Panama.

Paullinia exalata Radlk. Bot. Jahrb. 37: 150. 1905; 244.

Glabrous liana even to the sepals or a few trichomes in the axils

of the nerves on the 5-foliolate-pinnate leaves beneath; older stem

3-angled, enlarged at the cirrose nodes, the triangular canaliculate

branches 6-costate; wood composite with 3 peripheral areas; stipules

subulate, 3 mm. long; petioles and leaf-rachises not winged, the

former 6-16 cm. long, the latter 4-6 cm. long, the terminal leaflet

with petiolule 1 cm. long, 16-18 cm. long, the elliptic-ovate shortly

acuminate lateral leaflets little smaller, all obtusely and remotely

subrepand-dentate, chartaceo-subcoriaceous, opaque both sides,

lateral nerves prominent beneath, lacking mucus; panicles glomerate

on older stems, 2-3 cm. long, puberulent, the lower cincinni shortly

stiped, the pedicels 5-6 (-8 in fruit) mm. long, articulate above the

middle; flowers 5 mm. long, nearly glabrous except for the appressed

pilose ovary, the outer sepals with a few trichomes, the inner gla-

brous, 5 mm. long; petals 5.5 mm. long, the upper scales barbate

and parted, the lower bifid and aliform; ovary pilose; capsule gla-

brate, 8 cm. long, the seed part 1.5 cm. long and wide, the valves

little enlarged, the lustrous seeds 1.5 cm. long. F.M. Neg. 5599.

Junin: La Merced, 1,000 meters, Weherhauer 1910; 282. Brazil.

Paullinia faginea (Tr. & Planch.) Radlk. Monogr. Serj. 76.

1875; 301. Enourea faginea Tr. & Planch., Ann. Sci. Nat. s6r. 4.

18: 379. 1862.

Similar to P. elongata especially to the var. pubescens Cuatr. of

Colombia but typically less pubescent; flowering branches terete,

reddish-puberulent, 3-4 mm. thick; wood simple; petioles and rachis

emarginate; leaflets 5, oval, obtusely acuminate, the terminal acute

at base, the lateral acutish or subrounded, all with petiolules 2-4 mm.

long, remotely crenate-dentate above the middle, to about 12 cm.

long, 5 cm. wide, chartaceous or submembranous, multinerved,

narrowly and obliquely clathrate veined, glabrous or the midnerve

above and the nerves beneath somewhat puberulent and barbate

in the nerve axils, epidermis containing mucus; panicles solitary or

paniculate, the upper much exceeding the leaves, shortly peduncled;

340 Field Museum of Natural History — Botany, Vol. XIII

rachis about 2 mm. thick, puberulent-tomentulose, laxly flowered,

the sessile cincinni contracted, the pedicels only about 1 mm. long;

inner sepals 3 mm. long, tomentulose, subpetaloid; petals oblong;

filament trichomes yellowish; ovary globose, sessile, reddish-

tomentose. — P. clathrata Radlk., 302, seems to be a form with more

broadly elliptic leaflets, the dentations less pronounced, and may be

represented by King 2001. F.M. Neg. 23644.

Loreto: Rio Mazdn, Jos^ Schunke 37 (det. Standley). Florida,

Rio Putumayo, King 2001 (det. Killip) ; Klug 2323. To Colombia

and Amazonian Brazil.

Paullinia fissistipula Macbr., sp. nov.

Scandens fruticosa; ramis thyrsigeris fere teretibus leviter cos-

tatis 1 cm. crassis utrinque sed praecipue in costis cum petiolis

rhachisque emarginatis pedunculisque 3.5-15 cm. longis conspicue

cum pilis rufis ad 2.5 mm. longis setoso-hispidis; corpus lignosum

simplex; stipulis subrotundatis ad medium stellato-incisis adpresse

hirsutis 2-2.5 cm. longis; petiolis striatis, petiolulis 2 mm. longis;

foliolis 5 late ellipticis vel interdum paullo obovatis breviter acuteque

acuminatis 12-15 cm. longis, 6-8 cm. latis, ad apicem repando-

dentatis (dentibus nervo excurrente calloso-apiculatis glabris) sub-

coriaceis pellucido-punctatis tenuiter clathrato-reticulato-venosis

supra (nerviis 12-15 approximatis exceptis) glabris, subtus sparse

setulosis; paniculis densifloris circa 1 dm. longis, 2 cm. latis; bracteis

ubique adpresse pilosis oblongo-acuminatis ad 1 cm. longis; pedicellis

ad 8 mm. longis supra mediam articulatis; sepalis adpresse cinereo-

pilosis interioribus circa 3.5 mm. longis; petalis circa 4 mm. longis;

ovario rufo-hirsuto. — Suggests the Brazilian or Amazonian P. ruhi-

ginosa Camb., 266, and P. stipularis Benth., 267, both with oblongish

leaflets and linear-subulate bracts, but probably is related to P.

fimbriata Radlk., 288, of Central America with much shorter denser

indument, larger flowers.

Loreto: Balsapuerto, Klug 3056, type (det. Standley, cf. P.

gigantea) .

Paullinia fistulosa Radlk. Monogr. Paull. 259. 1895; 319.

Completely glabrous even the short glomerate panicles borne at

the defoliate nodes of the older branches, these scandent, 5-angled

to subterete, and somewhat fistulose by the enlarged medular

cavities, the wood simple; stipules linear-lanceolate, falcately re-

curving, nearly 1 cm. long; petioles all emarginate, the common

Flora of Peru 341

7-10 cm. long, sulcate, costate-striate, the lateral 1.5-2 cm., the

rachis-segments marginate-winged above, 2.5-6 cm. long; leaves

imparipinnate, the lower of the 3-5 pairs of lanceolate long-acumi-

nate leaflets temate, the terminal leaflet attenuate at base, the

lateral acutish, sessile, all entire or with a more or less prominent

tooth on each edge near the base, membranous^ lacking mucus,

8-12 cm. long, 2.5-3 cm. wide; panicles 1-1.5 cm. long, the fruiting

pedicels about 3 mm. long; inner sepals 3.5 mm. long; capsules

obovoid, conspicuously attenuate into stipe 5 mm. long, the wings

above 2-3 mm. wide, glabrous without, pubescent within, the

somewhat pilose seed one-third arillate. — P. medullosa Radlk., 319,

of Brazil, the leaflets somewhat acuminate, the lateral petioles

marginate-winged above, is probably a variant. F.M. Neg. 36026.

Loreto: Mission de Sarayacu, Castelnau, tjrpe.

Paullinia gigantea Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 37.

1844; 324. P. quitensis Radlk. Monogr. Paull. 269. 1895, at least

as to Peru.

Resembles the related P. aciUangula but more robust; stipules

scarious, gradually subulate-acute from the base, about 3 cm. long,

nearly a third as wide; petioles 15-25 cm. long, subterete; leaflets

15-30 cm. long, 10-18 cm. wide, or apparently on newer branchlets

often only a dm. long, less than half as wide, elliptic or the lower

broadly ovate, the lateral rounded at base, all remotely repand-

dentate or sometimes subentire, sessile or shortly petiolulate, char-

taceous, clathrate- venose, typically epunctate; cincinni sessile or

shortly stiped, in t3rpe few-flowered, the pedicels 4-5 mm. long;

inner sepals about 4 mm. long, tomentulose without; petals oblong-

elliptic; capsule said to be subglobose with short wings, hirsute. — As

interpreted here the cited material includes plants showing consider-

able variation in degree of pubescence — nearly glabrous to shortly

hirsute-tomentose — shape and size of leaves; this varies, it seems,

even on the same plant. The capsules, as seen on a few of the

collections, are puberulent-hirsutulous, wings narrowed to attenuate

more or less stipitate base, narrower than capsule, to 3 cm. long,

2-2.5 cm. wide including wings. The Schunke specimen shows

leaves from near top of stem and from below; the former are only

a third as large; the stipules also run from lanceolate-subulate, 1 cm.

long, to ovate-lanceolate, 2.5 cm. long, nearly 1 cm. wide. See

P. nohilis, apparently a less pubescent state, and P. dasystachya,

a tomentose form. Scandent to the tops of trees, probably over

342 Field Museum of Natural History— Botany, Vol. XIII

30 meters long, very woody, a dm. thick (Poeppig). F.M. Negs.

5601; 5619 (P. quitensis).

San Martin: Juanjui, Klug ^292 (det. Standley, P. nohilis). —

Loreto: Iquitos, Killip & Smith 27230. Gamitanicocha, Rio Mazdn,

Josi Schunke 2J^2. La Victoria, Williams 2698; 3127; 2898. Yuri-

maguas to Balsapuerto, Killip & Smith 2828j^.

Paullinia hispida Jacq. Hort. Schoenbr. 3: 9. pi. 268. 1798; 321.

Liana, notable among Peruvian species by the conspicuous long

rigid yellowish trichomes that densely clothe the younger 4-5 sulcate

branches, petioles and petiolules; wood simple; stipules scarious,

setose-ciliate, ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 2-3 cm. long,

5-15 mm. broad; rachis more or less margined in the upper segments;

leaves subbipinnate with 4-6 pairs of lanceolate or lanceolate-

elliptic acute or acuminate subsessile or shortly petiolulate remotely

dentate subchartaceous subglabrous pellucid-punctate leaflets, 6-20

cm. long, 2-6 cm. wide, the lowest pair of leaflets 5-foliolate, the

second temate; panicles 5-12 cm. long, fasciculate at defoliate nodes

and in the leaf axils, sometimes solitary and elongate in the axils

of upper leaves; peduncles with two tendrils; cincinni more or less

stiped; bracts and bractlets minute, pedicels 2-3 mm. long; sepals

glabrous, the oval inner ones 4 mm. long, half as wide; petals oval-

oblong; filaments shortly pilose at base; ovary hispid tomentulose;

capsules with stipe nearly 2.5 cm. long, 12-14 mm. wide including

wings, these about 5 mm. wide at excised tip, strongly narrowed to

stipe, glabrous, reddish, pilose within, seed nearly glabrous.

Loreto: Iquitos, Killip & Smith 27 ^^^3. Soledad, Killip &

Smith 29686. Mishuyacu, Klug 752. Alto Rio Itaya, Williams

3353. To Panama and Venezuela.

Paullinia hystrix Radlk. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 6: 152.

1914; 304.

Allied to P. echinata and in general similar but merely scabrellous

or somewhat hirtellous on the leaf nerves, the elliptic leaflets with

1 or 2 callose obtuse teeth, the panicles solitary on leafy branches,

rusty villous, to 3 dm. long; inner sepals 5 mm. long; petals oblong,

6 mm. long; capsule puberulent and densely echinate with flexible

spines 6 mm. long or shorter, the stipe 2 mm. long. — The other

related species are P. paullinioides (Spruce) Radlk., 303, of Brazil

and P. granatensis (Planch. & Lind.) Radlk., 304, of Colombia, the

former with long-acuminate reticulately veined glabrous leaflets.

Flora of Peru 343

capsule stipe 4 mm. long, spines 1 cm. long, the latter with leaflets

of P. hystriz but glabrous except barbellate in nerve axils, the

capsule subsessile, the spines about 1 cm. long. These species, all

as yet known from only a few collections, may be found to be

variants of one and distributed in Peru, particularly in Loreto and

Madre de Dios. F.M. Neg. 5604.

Rfo Acre: Seringal San Francisco, Ule 9561, t)rpe.

FaulHnia imberbis Radlk. Monogr. Paull. 177. 1895 et Engl.

& Prantl, Pflanzenfam. 3, 5: 304. 1895; 263.

Glabrous scandent shrub, the 5-foliolate-pinnate leaves not even

barbate in the nerve axils beneath, only the solitary panicles min-

utely tomentulose; branches 4-5-costate, the wood simple; upper-

most leaves sometimes temate; leaflets elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate,

subrotund or acute at base, the terminal cuneate, 8-15 cm. long,

3-7 cm. wide, all shortly petiolulate, above the middle remotely

serrate or subrepand, subcoriaceous, lacking mucus, sparsely

crystallophorous; petioles (2-8 cm. long) and rachises broadly

winged, the wings 3-5 mm. wide each side; stipules linear-lanceolate,

5-12 mm. long; panicles solitary, cincinni sessile, pedicels 2-3 mm.

long, articulate above the middle; sepals ashy tomentulose both

sides, the outer suborbicular; petals about 5 mm. long, 2 mm. wide;

capsule pyriform, shortly stiped (stipe less than 1 cm.), red, the

seeds 9-12 mm. long. — P. ingaefolia Rusby, Mem. N. Y. Bot. Gard.

7: 291. 1927, from northern Bolivia is apparently similar but larger

in all parts; if a valid species it requires a new name. Illustrated,

Mart. Fl. Bras. 13, pt. 3. pi. 81.

San Martin: Tarapoto, Ule 686 j^. — Loreto: Cerro de Cancha-

huaya, Ucayali (Huber 1j^7, doubtful, fide Radlk.). Caballo-Cocha,

Williams 2363. Brazil; Guiana.

PauUinia itayensis Macbr., sp. nov.

Fruticosa; ramis teretibus obscure striatis parce piloso-puberu-

lentis ut etiam petiolis inflorescentiisque; stipulis lineari-lanceolatis

circa 5 mm. longis; petiolis rhachisque emarginatis; foliolis 5,

oblongo-ellipticis breviter et obtuse acuminatis, basi subacutis,

integris chsirtaceis praeter nervis supra utrinque glabris et glau-

centibus, tenuiter reticulato-venosis, supra nitidulis, circa 4 cm.

latis et 8 vel 10 cm. longis, breviter petiolulatis; pedicellis fructiferis

1 cm. longis; capsulis subglobosis apiculatis breviter stipitatis sub-

dense strigosis subcoriaceis ecostatis circa 1 cm. crassis. — Section

344 Field Museum of Natural History — Botany, Vol. XIII

Enourea. Imperfectly known and identity obscure but given a

name for convenience in the vicinity of P. curvicuspis.

Loreto: Along Rio Itaya, WiUiams 75, type.

Paullinia Josecuatrii Macbr., sp. nov.

Scandens fruticosa; caulis costato-teretibus petiolis paniculisque

plus minusve dense puberulis; corpus lignum simplex; stipulis ut

videtur caduceis ovatis circa 3 vel 4 mm. longis; petiolis rhachis-

que conspicue marginatis 3-4 mm. latis; foliolis 5 subsessilibus

oblongo-ellipticis basi acutis terminalibus cuneato-attenuatis apice

breviter obtuseque acuminatis plerumque 12-15 cm. longis, 5-6 cm.

latis, argute repando-mucronato-serratis, chartaceis, supra opacis

glabris, nervis 12-15 puberulis approximatis exceptis, subtus nitidulis

puberulis praecipue nervis venisque clathrato-reticulatis subpel-

lucido-lineolatis; paniculis solitariis spiciformis breviter pedunculatis

1.5-2.5 dm. longis, cincinni sessilibus contractis, pedicellis vix 2 mm.

longis; sepalis puberulis interioribus circa 2 mm. longis; petalis subob-

longis eroso-denticulatis 2.5 mm. longis; capsulis longe (circa 5 mm.)

stipitatis subglobosis extus sericeo-puberulis intus pilosis circa 1 cm.

longis, 8 mm. crassis intense sanguineis. — Simulates P. castaneifolia

Radlk., 269, of southeastern Brazil to which Jos^ Cuatrecasas

referred it but that apparently closely related species has acute or

acutely acuminate leaflets with emarginate petioles and rachis and

subsessile fruits. In the margined leaf-rachis it suggests the similar

P. seminuda Radlk., 268, of southern Brazil but that species is more

pubescent and also with acutely acuminate leaflets. It is true that

some species as P. spicata Benth. with normally emarginate petioles

may exceptionally have them margined but here this character is

associated with the obtuse leaflet acumen and therefore is probably

a stable significant species indicator. The collector noted the liana as

5 meters tall, the leaf-nerves above pale brown, flowers white,

fruits brilliant red.

Loreto: Aguaitia, Woytkowski S^^^^S, type.

Paullinia Killipii Macbr., sp. nov.

Fruticosa glabra; ramis floriferis sulcatis 7-15 mm. crassis (corpus

lignosum simplex) subfistulosis; stipulis papyraceis ellipticis acutis

2-3 cm. longis, 1-1.5 cm. latis; petiolis emarginatis, petiolulis 5-15

mm. longis; foliolis 5, oblongo- vel late ellipticis subacutis suba-

equalibus 1.5-2.5 dm. longis, 6-14 cm. latis, reticulato-venosis

chartaceo-membranaceis minutissime pellucido-punctatis; paniculis

in axillis foliorum glomeratis 1-2.5 cm. longis, pedicellis 2-4 mm. Ion-

Flora of Peru 345

gis; floribis glabris circa 3 mm. longis; capsulis ad apicem versus late

trialatis breviter stipitatis circa 2 cm. longis et latis (alis ad 5 mm.

latis). — May be near P. apoda Radlk., 318, of Colombia with three

pairs of leaflets but the stipules and fruits suggest those of P. hispida

while the leaves resemble those of P. nobilis to which I once referred,

carelessly it seems to me now, the type.

San Martin: Juanjul, KIilq j^OO (det. Standley, P. nobilis).

— Junin: Puerto Yessup, KiUip & Smith 263 83, type. — Loreto:

Santa Rosa below Yurimaguas, KiUip & Smith 28876; 287^1.

Paullinia laeta Radlk. Monogr. Paull. 195. 1895; 277.

Differs, ex char., from P. subauricidata: branches densely

lenticellate; leaves about 12 cm. long and broad; petioles and leaf-

rachis broadly winged, the wings obovate-cuneate, about 3 mm.

wide; leaflets elliptic-lanceolate, to 7 (9) cm. long, 3 (5) cm. wide,

1-2 mm. petiolulate, subentire, chartaceous, pale green, lustrous,

obsoletely barbate in nerve axils beneath, minutely pellucid-punc-

tate, containing traces of mucus; stipes of cincinni 2-3 mm. long, the

pedicels as rachis pilosulous; sepals petaloid, glabrous, the ovate

inner 3-4 mm. long; scales bifid, very shortly villous; ovary puberu-

lent. — Kliig 21^1 has apically borne spreading panicles about 1.5

dm. long, puberulent young fruits fusiform, stipes 4-5 mm. long,

leaflets broadly elliptic, 7-9 cm. long, 3.5-5 cm. wide. F.M. Neg.

23650.

Amazonas: Chachapoyas, Mathews, type. — Loreto: Liana in

dense forest, Florida, mouth of the Rio Zubineta, Klug 21^1-

"Imino-o" (Klug).

Paullinia linearis Radlk. Monogr. Paull. 223. 1895; 291.

Incompletely known but apparently distinctive by the 5-6 pairs

of narrowly linear leaflets, the lowest pair temate, the others acute

both ends, entire, sessile, 5-7 cm. long, 4-9 mm. wide, the margined

common petiole 4-5 cm. long, the rachis narrowly winged; stipules

about 2 mm. long; leaves imparipinnate, glabrous both sides except

with immersed glands beneath, epunctate, membranous; wood

simple; flowers and fruit unknown. — Said to be a small shrub.

F.M. Neg. 31038.

Loreto: Yurimaguas, Poeppig, type.

Paullinia Mariae Macbr., sp. nov.

i Liana glaberrima inflorescentia et stipula excepta; corpus lig-

nosum simplex; ramulis trigonis 5 mm. crassis costato-sulcatis; stip-

346 Field Museum of Natural History— Botany, Vol. XIII

ulis oblongo-lanceolatis 1-1.5 cm. longis, 4 mm. latis, adpresse

puberulis; petiolis rhachisque emarginatis leviter costatis, petiolulis

4-5 mm. longis; foliolis 5, late ellipticis obtusis terminalibus ad

18 cm. longis, 8 cm. latis lateralibus 9-12 cm. longis, 5-6 cm. latis

coriaceo-chartaceis nitidulis tenuiter reticulato-venosis obscure re-

moteque ad apicem dentatis vel subintegris paullo vel vix pellucido-

lineolatis; paniculis solitariis circa 1 dm. longis puberulis, cincinnis

sessilibus, bracteis oblongo-lanceolatis 7 mm. longis, pedicellis

5 mm. longis apice articulatis; sepalis 4 mm. longis; petalis obovatis

circa 4.5 mm. longis. — ^Apparently near P. tarapotensis to which

Standley referred it but the leaflets are obtuse and the stipules as

the bracts are conspicuous. The name commemorates the typist of

several numbers of the work, Mrs. Mary Fisher, who noticed with

characteristic alertness that I had used originally an untenable

name for this beautiful vine.

San Martin: Juanjul, Klug 3912, type.

PauUinia martinensis Cuatr. Fieldiana: Bot. 27, No. 2: 82.

1951.

Pubescent even to the outer calyx lobes except the leaves above,

the wood simple, the greenish-gray branchlets subterete, the in-

florescences forming sessile glomerules 1-1.5 cm. broad in the axils;

leaves 5-foliolate-pinnate, 1.5-2.5 dm. long, the rachis as petiole

emarginate, the chartaceous leaflets ovate or oblong-ovate or the

terminal subrhombic, all acute, the lateral rounded to truncate at

base, entire or coarsely 2-3-dentate above, 4.5-8 cm. long, 2.5-5 cm.

wide, the 5-6 lateral nerves prominent the laxly reticulate veins less

so, subglabrous above unless the principal nerves; petiolules 2-6 mm.

long, the terminal to 12 mm. long; stipules linear, 5-10 mm. long;

pedicels 0.1-3 mm. long; outer sepals broadly ovate, 3 mm. long,

inner little longer, puberulent; petals 4, glabrous, elliptic-oblong,

obtuse; scales half as long, the broader appendage deflexed, lightly

barbate, the upper crest bilobed, lower entire; tomentose disk with

2 oblong glands barbellate below; filaments pilose; ovary densely

hispid, the 3 styles glabrous. — Like P. alata (R. & P.) G. Don but

the branches are not winged and contain a simple wood system; it

differs from other species by its narrow linear stipules and pubescent

leaves, their rachis emarginate. (Description as remark after the

author.)

San Martin: Tarapoto, Woytkowski 85160, type.

Flora of Peru 347

PauUinia mazanensis Macbr., sp. nov.

Scandens fruticosa glabra (inflorescentia excepta) ; ramulis valde

costato-sulcatis; stipulis ignotis; petiolis rhachisque emarginatis

striatis, p)etiolulis circa 3 mm. longis; foliolis 5, ellipticis basi plus

minusve acutis apice abrupte tenuiter acuteque acuminatis ple-

rumque 10-13 cm. longis, 4.5-5 cm. latis chartaceis dense reticulato-

venosis obscure pellucido-puncticulatis; inflorescentiis solitariis vel

paniculatis 8-15 cm. longis puberulis, cincinnis nunc 1- nunc 3-7-

floris racemose dispositis; bracteis minutis; pedicellis 1 mm. longis;

sepalis interioribus 4.5 mm. longis; petalis oblongis; ovario glabro.

Without fruit but perhaps as suggested by Standley in herbaria

comparable as well to P. tarapotensis as to any other species and

apparently undescribed.

Loreto: Gamitanacocha, Rio Mazdn, Josi Schunke 2^, type.

Paullinia neglecta Radlk. Monogr. Serj. 71. 1875; 254. Sema-

rillaria nitida R. & P. Fl. Peruv. 4: pi. 339. 1802, not P. nitida HBK.

Essentially glabrous liana, the branches triangular or 5-6-

costate; wood composite with 3 peripheral areas; stipules small,

lanceolate; petioles and rachises of the leaves emarginate, the

former 2-4 cm. long, the petiolules 4-8 mm. long, all sparsely and

laxly puberulent above; temate (rarely 5-foliolate) leaves 12-15 cm.

long, the pinnate ones longer, all nearly as wide, the terminal

leaflets 8-13 cm. long, 4-6 cm. wide, obtusely acuminate as the

nearly as large lateral, all subacute at base, petiolulate, elliptic-

lanceolate, toward the tip more densely repand-dentate, or sub-

entire, subcoriaceous, lustrous, the veins prominent beneath, the

nerve axils barbate, pellucid-punctate, lacking mucus; panicles

sparsely pubescent, solitary, the cincinni sessile, 4-5-flowered, the

pedicels 3 mm. long, articulate at base; sepals subequal; capsule

glabrous, subglobose, abruptly contracted to stipe 3 mm. long,

about 1 cm. long and broad at seed, this 8 mm. long, glabrous, red.

— See remarks under P. tarapotensis; the characters used to separate

these several plants are doubtfully stable. The temately leaved

P. cururu L., 245, scarcely to be expected but possibly, as widely

distributed, has margined leaf rachis. F.M. Neg. 5612.

San Martin: Tarapoto, Williams 6626; 6752. Juan Guerra,

WiUiams 6851, 6911. — Hudnuco: Vitoc and Hudnuco, Ruiz & Pav&n,

type. Ganso Azul, Rio Pachitea, Sandeman 3381 (det. Standley).

— Junln: Chanchamayo, Isem 2381. Colonia Peren^, KiUip &

Smith 25205 (det. Killip).— Ayacucho: Aina, KiUip & Smith 22743

348 Field Museum of Natural History— Botany, Vol. XIII

(det. Killip). — Loreto: Canchahuaya on the Ucayali (Huber IS 89).

Bolivia.

PauUinia nobilis Radlk. Monogr. Paull. 271. 1895; 326.

Indument a minute puberulence, the scandent branches un-

equally 4-5-costate and sulcate, the wood simple, the 5-foliolate-

pinnate leaves with oval-oblong leaflets; stipules subulate, 7-9 mm.

long; petioles and rachises emarginate, about 5 cm. long, sulcate,

puberulent, the petiolules 2-3 mm. long; leaflets about 10 cm. long

and about half as wide, the lower lateral ovate, all shortly acuminate,

acute or rounded at base, subentire or remotely and rather coarsely

repand-dentate, chartaceous, nearly glabrous above except the

mid-nerve, minutely puberulent beneath and punctate-lineolate,

often branched pellucid, lacking mucus; panicles solitary, pulverulent,

the cincinni shortly stiped, to 7-flowered, the pedicels in fruit 4 mm.

long, articulate at base; sepals minutely puberulent, the inner oval

4 mm. long; petals apparently oblong; capsule 3-winged, obovate,

emarginate, puberulent without, pubescent within, the stipe 6-8

mm. long; seed somewhat pubescent, nearly to the middle arillate.

— P. boliviana Radlk., 327, has greenish instead of reddish-brown

branches, serrate oblong-lanceolate leaflets 7 X 2-3 cm.; smaller

(about 2 cm. long) glabrate capsule with 5 mm. long stipe, glabrous

seed; P. caloptera Radlk., 329, allied, of Brazil and Venezuela is

nearly glabrous, the leaf-rachis narrowly margined, leaflets densely

pellucid-punctate, stipules lanceolate, seeds pilose. Since so many

specimens have been placed here in herbaria the author's description

is included but the plant seems to be only a glabrate state of P.

gigantea. F.M. Neg. 5613.

Loreto: In woods, Yurimaguas, Poeppig, type; addenda 93.

Leticia, Ule 619 Jf, fide Radlkofer. Ecuador; Brazil.

PauUinia obovata (R. & P.) Pers. Syn. PI. 1: 443. 1805; 259.

Semarillaria obovata R. & P. Prodr. 54. 1794.

Nearly glabrous liana, only the younger parts slightly puberulent

and the leaves often barbate beneath in the axils of the rather

prominent nerves; branches three-angled and 5-6 costate, 3-5 mm.

in diameter; wood simple; petioles and rachis emarginate; leaves

5-foliolate, the terminal leaflets somewhat obovate, the lateral

oblong-lanceolate, subrounded at base, all acuminate, rather coarsely

dentate, petiolulate (petiolules to 5 mm. long), subchartaceous,

clathrate veined, to 11 cm. long nearly 5 cm. wide, usually smaller,

Flora of Peru 349

the epidennis lacking mucus; panicles solitary, dense, 10-15 or

sometimes to 45 cm. long, the sulcate rachis 3-4 mm. thick, tomentu-

lose with sessile contracted 5-7 flowered cincinni; bracts and bract-

lets minute deltoid; pedicels articulate at base; sepals densely ashy

tomentulose, ovate, p>etals oblong; capsules pyriform, subligneous,

finally glabrescent, about 3 cm. long and half as broad, the stipe

about 1 cm. long; seed nearly completely arillate, about 1 cm. long

and half as broad. — This is the earliest name in a group of closely

allied plants. Illustrated, Ruiz & Pav6n, Fl. Peruv. 4: pi. 338.

F.M. Neg. 23655.

The Indians eat the fleshy white sweet arils that half cover the

seeds (Ruiz & Pav6n).

Hudnuco: Macora, Ruiz & Pav&n, type. — Loreto: Gamitan-

acocha, Rio Mazdn, Jos^ Schunke 118 (det. Standley). Brazil.

"Monte lucuma" (Ruiz & Pavon), "patgo-huayo" (Schunke).

Paullinia olivacea Radlk. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 6: 151.

1914; 291.

Scandent nearly glabrous but the terete striate or lightly sulcate

branches lenticellate apically and evanescently puberulent-hirtel-

lous; wood simple; leaves imparipinnate with 2 pairs of oval or

suboblong-lanceolate obtusely acuminate leaflets, the terminal one

cuneate at base, the lateral acute, all sessile, remotely and obtusely

dentate, membranous-chartaceous, reticulate- veined, glabrous, lus-

trous, olive-green above, lightly puberulent especially on the nerves

beneath and microscopically stipitate glandular, densely lineolate

and punctate pellucid, lacking mucus, 6-12 cm. long, 2.5-5 cm. wide,

the winged rachis 1.5-2.5 cm. long, the common petiole 3-5 cm.

long with wings 2-3 mm. wide; panicles solitary, puberulent, the

slender rachis dense, the cincinni sessile, the pedicels and small

bracts canescent as at least the sepals in bud, these in part connate

medially, the inner 2.2 mm. long; petals oblong, glandular both sides,

small; ovary glabrous, globose, long-stiped; fruits of Killip & Smith

specimen to nearly 1.5 cm. thick, the stipe to 7 mm. long. — As

suggested by the author the species is very near P. pterophylla Tr, &

PI. but in the few specimens seen the fewer leaflets and glabrous

fruits seem to be concomitant characters. F.M. Neg. 5614.

Loreto: Santa Rosa below Yurimaguas, Killip & Smith 28966.

— Puno: San Govdn, Lechler 2332a tjrpe, pt. — Rio Acre: Seringal

San Francisco, Ule 9563; 9576.

350 Field Museum of Natural History— Botany, Vol. XIII

PauUinia pachycarpa Benth. in Hook. Jonrn. Bot. Misc. 3:

196. 1851; 296.

Glabrous except for the rusty tomentulose tips of the slightly

three-winged or subterete lenticellate branches, the flowering 3-5

mm. thick, and the solitary or paniculate sessile or pedunculate

panicles; wood simple; petioles and rachis wing-margined; stipular

scars broad, semiamplexicaul; leaves imparipinnate, the lower pair

of leaflets temate; leaflets subelliptic or oblong with a more or less

elongate obtuse acumen, all sessile, remotely serrate-dentate, rarely

subentire, coriaceous-chartaceous, transversely veined, subopaque

both sides, rather densely pellucid-punctate and lineolate 6-20 cm.

long, the lowest lateral smaller, epidermis lacking mucus; panicles

congested, stout, the stiped cincinni more or less contracted, the

elliptic lanceolate bracts 4-6 mm. long; pedicels short; sepals

canescent tomentulose, the high-connate inner 5 mm. long, sub-

coriaceous; petals 7 mm. long, oval-oblong; filament trichomes long,

whitish, abundant; capsules globose, 1.5-3 cm. long with stipe 5-15

mm. long, velvety tomentulose without, pubescent within, the peri-

carp thick; seed nearly enclosed by the aril. — The Peruvian material

was distributed as P. grandifolia Benth. ex Radlk., 294, weakly

distinguished by the scarcely emarginate rachis; both plants may

prove to be a part of P. ingaefolia Richard, 295, with, however,

sessile cincinni. F.M. Neg. 5617.

San Martin: Tarapoto, Williams 67JfS. — Loreto: Timbuchi on

Rio Nanay, Williams 86 U. Manfinfa on Rio Nanay, Williams 1086.

Iquitos, Tessman 3609. Mishuyacu, Klug 825; 1369. To Venezuela.

Paullinia pauUinioides [Spruce] Radlk. Monogr. Serj. 75.

1875; 303.

Glabrous, the terete branches 2-3 mm. in diameter above; wood

simple; petioles emarginate; stipules minute, triangular; leaves ter-

nate; leaflets elliptical, subacute at base, rather long acuminate,

entire or the lateral usually with a callosed tooth at least on the

inner revolute margin near the base, all long-petiolulate, coriaceous,

closely reticulate-veined, subopaque above, slightly lustrous be-

neath, often 8-14 cm. long, the epidermis containing mucus; panicles

solitary or panicled, sparsely puberulent, the rachis scarcely 1 mm.

thick, the sessile or shortly stiped cincinni contracted, pedicels about

3 mm. long, articulate medially or lower; sepals tomentulose, the

inner connate, about 4 mm. long, subpetaloid; petals oblong-oval;

filament trichomes white; capsules ellipsoid-globose, apiculate,

Flora of Peru 851

2.5-3 cm. long, the abundant spines to 1 cm. long, the pericarp

about 3 mm. thick, glabrous within, subglabrate without, the stipes

about 4 mm. long; seed glabrous, arillate to the middle. — This may

be the proper name for P. SpriLcei since that appears not constant

or not recollected; at least most of the following material has leaflets

with one or two calluses on one or more leaflets or the fruits are

closely echinate; Killip & Smith collections det. Killip. The species

name was unpublished by Spruce under Castanella. Illustrated,

Radlkofer, I.e. 221 (fruit).

Loreto: Yurimaguas, Williams 7S7U; S858; Killip & Smith 27570;

27981. Santa Rosa, Killip & Smith 28762. Near mouth of the Rio

Tigre, Rio Marafi6n, Killip & Smith 27526. Northern Brazil.

Paullinia pinna ta L. Sp. PI. 366. 1753; 247.

Nearly glabrous, the scandent trigonous branches 5-6-costate,

usually sparsely pubescent or subtomentose on the angles; wood

typically composite with 1-3 peripheral areas; stipules linear-

subulate, 3-7 mm. long, rarely lanceolate and to 15 mm. long;

petioles and rachises commonly broadly winged, the former 2-6 cm.

long or longer, the latter 2-3 cm. long; leaves 5-foliolate-pinnate, the

terminal leaflet 7-12 cm. long or longer, 3-5 cm. wide, the lateral

little smaller, all ovate, oblong or lanceolate, obtuse or acute both

ends, shortly petiolulate, remotely serrate, subcoriaceous, lustrous,

sometimes sparsely pubescent and barbate in the nerve axils, us-

ually pellucid-punctate and lineolate, lacking mucus; panicles

solitary, usually racemiform, pubescent, the cincinni subsessile, the

2-4 mm. long pedicels articulate near the base; flowers 3-5 mm. long;

sepals obscurely if at all costate, the outer appressed puberulent;

scales with deflexed appendages (the upper), the crest of the lower

aliform; capsule clavate, 2-3 cm. long, 10-14 mm. broad, apiculate,

sometimes more or less crenate; seed 12-15 mm. long. — The similar

and widely distributed P. cururu L., 245, has temate leaves.

The plant contains a toxic alkaloid (as P. cururu) and is used as

a "fish poison."

Hudnuco: Pozuzo, Ruiz & Pav6n (fide Radlk.). Widely distri-

buted in warm America; Africa. "Timbo."

Paullinia pterophylla Tr. & PI. Ann. Sci. Nat. s^r. 4. 18:

354. 1862; 290.

Glabrous or glabrate except the younger parts, the flowering

branches lenticellate, 3-6 nmi. in diameter; wood simple; stipules

352 Field Museum of Natural History— Botany, Vol. XIII

linear-lanceolate, 4-5 mm. long; petioles and rachis broadly wing-

margined; leaves imparipinnate with 3-4 pairs of lanceolate-oblong

acuminate sessile leaflets, the terminal cuneate at base, the lateral

acute, all serrate above the middle, chartaceous, reticulate-veined,

lustrous, obscurely pellucid-punctate and -lineolate, to 11 cm. long,

5 cm. wide, usually 5-9 cm. long, 2-3 cm. wide, drying, fuscescent,

paler beneath, the epidermis lacking mucus; panicles half shorter

than the leaves, solitary, the bracts and bractlets subulate, scarcely

1 mm. long, the slender rachis about 1 mm. thick with sessile con-

tracted cincinni, the pedicels 1.5 to 2 mm. long; inner sepals more

or less connate, 2,5 to 3 mm. long, subpetaloid, appressed puberulent

without, the half as long outer two subcoriaceous; filament trichomes

sparse, whitish; capsules globose, abruptly contracted to stipe 4-6

mm. long, shortly tomentose without, laxly pubescent within, the

subglobose seed nearly completely arillate. — P. olivacea probably

will prove to be a variant but no intermediates seen. Fruit edible.

F.M. Neg. 23654.

Pasco: Oxapampa, Soukup 1823.

Paullinia rhizantha Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 36.

pi. 2J^. 1844; 243.

Similar to P. alata and not clearly distinct but according to the

authors the older branches narrowly wing-angled, the younger,

according to the monographer, deeply 6-sulcate, 6-costate, the

costae hirtellous; leaves glabrous; petioles 7-15 cm. long, rachis

3-4.5 cm. long, wings 1.5-2.5 mm. wide both sides; petiolules 3-5

mm. long; terminal leaflets 14-18 cm. long, 6-10 cm. wide, the

lateral smaller, elliptic-ovate to obovate, angulate- or subrepand-

dentate; panicles 2-2.5 cm. long, the pedicels 6-8 mm. long, medially

articulate. — Flowers according to Spruce, slightly larger. It is

possible that most or all of the specimens from Loreto cited under

P. alata var. loretana should be placed here, as they have the wide

leaflets of this species; this character seems to vary, as also degree

of pubescence.

Loreto: Yurimaguas, Poeppig 2239, type; also addenda 50. — Rio

Acre: Ule 9565. Brazil; Colombia.

Paullinia rugosa Benth. ex Radlk. Monogr. Serj. 75. 1875; 287.

More or less hirtellous liana with 4-5 sulcate branches 4-6 mm.

in diameter, the wood simple; stipules conspicuous, suborbicular,

3-4 mm. long, densely pubescent without, stellate incised; petioles

Flora of Peru 353

and rachis emarginate; leaves 5-foliolate, the broadly elliptic or sub-

orbicular leaflets typically obtuse, the lateral sometimes cordate at

base, all shortly petiolulate, obscurely repand-dentate or entire,

6-18 cm. long, 4-10 cm. wide, coriaceous, drying reddish beneath,

laxly and obscurely clathrate-veined and obscurely pellucid-punc-

tate, the epidermis lacking mucus; panicles much shorter than the

leaves, solitary or panicled, sessile or peduncled, 5-12 cm. long, the

rachis 2-3 mm. thick, the sessile contracted cincinni approximate;

bracts 2-3 mm. long, nearly as wide, the lanceolate subulate bractlets

smaller; pedicels 4-5 mm. long, nearly apically articulate; sepals

ashy-tomentulose, almost entirely free, the inner about 4 mm. long,

coriaceous; petals obovate, about 5 mm. long; filament trichomes

brownish, abundant; capsules shortly stiped, trigonous subglobose,

densely reddish-hirtellous within and without. — The Peruvian

species is only in flower but seems to belong here; it has, however,

a slight difference in leaflets and may become var. peruviana

Macbr., var. nov., foliolis breviter obtuseque acuminatis. F.M.

Neg. 5624.

Loreto: Yurimaguas, KiUip & Smith 27H7. Northern Brazil.

Paullinia serjaniaefolia Tr. & PI. Ann. Sci. Nat. s^r. 4. 18:

356. 1862; 339. Paullinia selenoptera Radlk. Monogr. Paull. 303.

1895; 339.

Scandent shrub, glabrous except the puberulent petioles and

panicles, these solitary, about 5 cm. long; branches triangular,

lightly 3-4-sulcate, wood simple; stipules linear-subulate, 5-6 mm.

long; petioles 0.5-3 cm. long, sulcate above, the rachis 1-2 cm. long,

wings both sides scarcely 1 mm. wide; leaves bitemate or typically

with sometimes two pairs of leaflets, the lowest ternate, the terminal

leaflets about 5 cm. long, 2-2.5 cm. wide, long-attenuate at base,

acuminate, the lateral gradually smaller, acute, all sessile, remotely

serrate, submembranaceous, scarcely nitidulous, glabrous, punctate

and lineolate-p)ellucid, lacking mucus; panicles short, peduncled and

solitary or sessile on older branches; flowers apparently small,

puberulent; capsule broadly 3-winged, the broad wings semicircular,

subsessile, excised at apex, glabrous, within pubescent; seeds ellip-

soid, pilose, one-third arillate. — The forma settUigera Radlk. of

P. selenoptera from Brazil has peduncle-angles, stipules and leaf-

margins setulose. From the Peruvian material and the Colombian

from the region of the type it does not seem that the number of

leaflets is significant since at least one Peruvian collection (Killip

354 Field Museum of Natural History — Botany, Vol. XIII

& Smith 28065) has two pairs of leaflets; and material with sessile

panicles is neariy P. pterocarpa Tr. & PI., 338, but the leaflets are

not entire and the rachis is margined. Illustrated, Mart. Fl. Bras.

13, pt. 3: pi. 90. F.M. Neg. 23657 (P. selenoptera) .

Loreto: Yurimaguas, Poeppig, type; Killip & Smith 28065;

Williams 7879; 53U1; 4.196. Sierra del Pongo, 500 meters, mature

fruit rose-red, Mexia 6277 (det. Standley). Balsapuerto, Killip &

Smith 28666. Mishuyacu, Klug 10; 583; 807. Brazil. "Curuba-

huasca," (Williams).

PauUinia setosa Radlk. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 6: 154. 1914;

327.

Sulcate branches, peduncles of the solitary bicirrose panicles,

petioles and petiolules densely and more or less fasciculately long-

setose; stipules ovate-lanceolate, scariose, marginally setulose, 1.5

cm. long, 5-7 mm. wide; petioles emarginate, 8 cm. long, rachis

5 cm. long, narrowly wing-margined (1.5 mm. each side); leaves

5-foHolate-pinnate, the oval or suboblong leaflets 10-16 cm. long,

4.5-8.5 cm. wide, the terminal obovate-subrhombic, attenuate at

base, the upper lateral acute, the lower rounded at base, all acumi-

nate, remotely few-dentate, membranous, finely reticulate, both

sides on nerves, veins and margins, sparsely and finely setulose,

slightly punctate and lineolate-pellucid, lacking mucus; bracts 8 mm.

long, similar to stipules, the pedicels as long; sepals elliptic; petals

6 mm. long, 3 mm. wide, little glandular; ovary (male flowers)

pilose. — Suggests both P. gigantea and P. caloptera (cf. under P.

nobilis), and until fruit is known its position uncertain (Radlkofer).

If a branch of Krukoff 90^1 from Sao Paulo de Olivenga belongs to

the sterile specimen as preserved at Chicago the fruits are about

2 cm. wide and long, the wings nearly as broad at base as apex and

thus resemble somewhat those of P. serjaniaefolia and are congested

at defoliate nodes. The species thus must have either sessile or

peduncled panicles as P. caloptera. P. scaberula R. E. Schultes,

Bot. Mus. Leaflets Harvard. 13: 271. 1949, from the same locality

and therefore probably to be found within Amazonian Peru ap-

parently would be sought here in flower but the fruits are exalate

and the branchlets are "black scaberulent." F.M. Neg. 5625.

Rio Acre: Seringal San Francisco, Ule 9562, type. Brazil?

Paullinia simulans Macbr., sp. nov.

Liana glabra vel glabriuscula; corpus lignosum simplex; ramis

valde costato-sulcatis, trigonis, 5 mm. crassis; stipulis persistentibus

Flora of Peru 355

oblongo-lanceolatis circa 1 cm. longis striatis; petiolis rhachisque

emarginatis; petiolulis 3 mm. longis; foliolis 5, oblongo-ellipticis

breviter obtuseque acuminatis 8-15 cm. longis, 3.5-6 cm. latis ad

apicem remote denticulatis chartaceis paullo nitidulis vix pellucido-

punctatis reticulato-venosis; paniculis sessilibus vel longe peduncu-

latis interdum bicirrosis 4-8 cm. longis densifloris, cincinnis sessilibus

pulverulentis; floribus ut videtur circa 3 mm. longis; pedicellis 1 mm.

longis; bracteis 2.5 mm. longis subulatis; ovario puberulo. — Seem-

ingly allied to P. tarapotensis but the conspicuous stipules per-

sisting; it suggests also in general appearance P. spicata with

deciduous stipules, composite wood, glabrous ovary.

Loreto: Wooded banks of Rio Itaya above Iquitos, Killip &

Smith 29547, type (det. Killip, P. tarapotensis?). Mishuyacu, Kliig

U5. Florida, Rio Pishingo, Klug 2101?

Paullinia sphaerocarpa Rich, ex Juss. Ann. Mus. Nat. hist.

Nat. Paris 4; 348. 1804; 298.

Nearly glabrous liana, the younger lenticellate subterete branches

2-3 mm. in diameter, the wood simple; petioles emarginate, the

rachis wing-margined or in Peru obscurely; stipules minute, broadly

triangular; leaves 5-foliolate, the oval or oblong leaflets acuminate,

the terminal attenuate-cuneate at base, the lateral acutish or

rounded, all remotely, sometimes rather coarsely crenate-dentate,

4-12 cm. long, sessile or petiolulate, membranous-chartaceous,

laxly subclathrate- veined, lustrous both sides but paler beneath, the

epidermis containing mucus; panicles solitary or panicled, puberu-

lent, more or less peduncled, to 3 dm. long, the laxly flowered rachis

about 1 mm. thick with sessile or shortly stiped cincinni, the pedicels

2 mm. long; bracts and bractlets minute; sepals ashy-tomentulose,

the membranous inner about 2.5 mm. long, all free; filaments

hirsute-pilose; capsules subsessile, lanate within, finally glabrate

without, about 2 cm. in diameter. — Illustrated, Radlkofer, I.e. 221.

F.M. Neg. 5626.

Loreto: Iquitos, Williams S6U1. Mishuyacu, Klug 190. To the

Guianas.

Paullinia spicata Benth. in Hook. Joum. Bot. Misc. 3: 193.

1851; 256.

Liana, glabrous or essentially except the solitary spiciform

panicles, the branches subtriangular or 4-6 costate, about 5 mm. in

diameter, the wood composite with three smaller peripheral columns;

356 Field Museum of Natural History— Botany, Vol. XIII

petioles and rachis emarginate, at least in Peru; leaflets 5 or rarely

the uppermost leaves temate; leaflets oblong or oblong-lanceolate,

acuminate or acute, the terminal cuneate below the middle, the

lateral rounded or acutish at base, all shortly petiolulate, repand-

dentate or remotely serrate, subcoriaceous or chartaceous, very lus-

trous both sides, faintly reticulate- veined, barbate beneath in the

nerve axils, conspicuously pellucid-punctate and lineolate, the epider-

mis lacking mucus, the terminal leaflets about 1 dm. long and half as

wide or in Peru somewhat larger, the lateral little smaller; petiolules

2-5 mm. long; panicles subsessile or long-pedunculate, the tomentu-

lose rachis deeply sulcate, the subulate bracts about 5 mm. long, the

many-flowered cincinni sessile; pedicels stout, 2 mm. long, articulate

above the base; sepals tomentose puberulent, the inner about 4 mm.

long, 3 mm. wide; petals narrowly oblong-acutish; filaments pilose;

capsules 2.5 cm. long, 1 cm. broad, strongly spongy thickened within,

glabrous; seed compressed ellipsoid, nearly completely enclosed in

the aril, about 1 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide. — The Peruvian specimen

matches one by Claussen determined by Radlkofer at Paris (KiHip).

Acumen in Peru obtuse. F.M. Neg. 5998.

Loreto: Between Yurimaguas and Balsapuerto, Killip & Smith

28167 (det. Killip). Brazil to Ecuador and the Guianas.

Paullinia Sprucei Macbr. Candollea 6: 12. 1934; 305. P.

riparia Spruce ex Radlk. Monogr. Serj. 75. 1875, not HBK., 1821.

Glabrous with scandent terete branches, simple wood, ternate

leaves; petioles 4 cm. long, terete but narrowly sulcate, the petio-

lules 2-4 mm. long; leaflets elliptic, subacute at base, shortly acumi-

nate, the acumen obtuse, entire but revolute-margined, coriaceous,

subclathrate venose, nitidulous, containing mucus, 9-12 cm. long;

panicles solitary to 3 dm. long, the cincinni sessile, the fruiting

pedicels 3-4 mm. long; capsule globose, the stipe about 3 mm. long,

sparsely echinate with rigid spines 4-7 mm. long; seeds about 12

mm. long, two-thirds arillate. — Distinct from the other allied species

(P. echinata, etc.) by the spongy instead of compact mesocarp. The

name was Castenella riparia Spruce, in herb.

Loreto: Yurimaguas, at the junction of the Rio Huallaga and

the Rio Maranon, Spruce 3883, type.

Paullinia subauriculata Radlk. Monogr. Paull. 196. 1895; 276.

Scandent shrub, the trigonous-subterete branches lightly yellow-

ish-pilose at tips, the wood simple, the 5-foliate-pinnate leaves about

Flora of Peru 357

16 cm. long and as broad; stipules minute, deltoid, axillary, gemi-

nate; petioles margined or winged above, leaf-rachis winged, both

3-4 cm. long, the petiolules 2-4 mm. long; upper leaflets 9-10 cm.

long, 4 cm. wide, elliptic, shortly and obtusely acuminate, acute at

subsessile base, the lower about 7 cm. long, 3.5 cm. wide, ovate,

subauriculate-bidentate, all rigid-coriaceous, olive-green, subopaque,

epunctate, containing mucus, the lateral nerves arcuate-ascending,

reticulate- veined, especially beneath where sparsely barbate in the

nerve-axils, the nerves above and marginally puberulent; panicles

solitary, rachis pilose, pedicels puberulent, 3 mm. long; cincinni

subsessile; sepals free, sparsely appressed puberulent (male buds);

petals oval, the scales villous; ovary rudimentary, the style puberu-

lent. F.M. Neg. 6000.

Cajamarca: Tambillo, Jelski UlS, type.

Paullinia subrotunda (R. & P.) Pers. Syn. PI. 1: 443. 1805;

260. SamariUaria subrotunda R. & P. Prodr. 54. 1794.

Scandent, the striate or ultimately 4-5 sulcate branches minutely

rusty-tomentose, the wood simple, the leaves 5-foliolate-pinnate;

stipules unknown; petioles 5-7 cm. long, petiolules 3-8 mm. long

and as the rachises emarginate, somewhat puberulent; terminal

leaflet 9-14 cm. long, 5-7 cm. wide, cuneate at base, the somewhat

smaller lateral rounded, the upper obovate (-oblong), the lower

ovate-subrotund, all rounded at base, shortly apiculate-acuminate,

minutely serrate toward the bidenticulate short acumen, chartaceous,

clathrate-veined, more or less barbellate beneath and tomentulose

or finely argenteous (Poeppig) with laterally affixed trichomes,

sparsely pellucid-punctate, lacking mucus and not crystallophorous;

panicles solitary with dense sessile cincinni, the 2-3 mm. long

pedicels articulate; sepals densely puberulent, the inner subrotund,

3-4 mm. long; petals oblong, scales of related P. tarapotensis; fruit

pyriform, subglobose, green, finally glabrous, larger than a walnut

(Poeppig). — This seems to be too near P. faginea, the only apparent

difference being the almost minute acumination with two dentations

and the subrotund lateral leaflets; the latter character is approached

in some material of P. faginea but I have seen no specimen with the

same acumination. Illustrated, Ruiz & Pav6n, Fl. Peruv. 4: pi. SS6.

F.M. Neg. 5629.

As in some other species, for instance, P. ohovata, the Indians eat

the fleshy arils that half cover the seeds (Ruiz & Pav6n).

Hudnuco: Vitoc, Ruiz & Pavdn, type. Cuchero and Pampayacu,

Poeppig 1S27. "Lucumas de monte."

358 Field Museum of Natural History — Botany, Vol. XIII

Paullinia tarapotensis Radlk. Bot. Jahrb. 37: 151. 1905; 258.

Scandent shrub, completely glabrous except the somewhat

tomentulose solitary panicles including the rachis, sepals and ovary;

branches sulcate, 6-costate, the ligneous structure simple; stipules

deciduous, not known; leaves 5-foliolate-pinnate; petioles and leaf-

rachises emarginate, the former 5-8 cm. long, the terminal petiolule

6-8 mm. long, its obovate-subcuneate leaflet 10-12 cm. long, 5 cm.

wide; lower leaflets ovate, the intermediate oval, all narrowly and

obtusely caudate, remotely and obtusely crenate-dentate, petiolu-

late, membranous, glabrous, the arcuate-ascending lateral nerves

prominent beneath, reticulate, epunctate, lacking mucus; lower

panicles subsessile, spiciform, ecirrose, the upper long-peduncled,

bicirrose, the short cincinni sessile, the pedicels scarcely 2 mm. long,

articulate below the middle; petals oblong, 3 mm. long, nearly

equaled by the inner sepals, the upper scale crest obcordate and with

deflexed appendage, the lower aliform. — As remarked by the author,

intermediate to P. elegans Camb., 255, and P. sjyicata Benth., 256,

both known from adjacent lands and to be expected; both have

composite wood (but the related P. pinnata may rarely have simple

wood, suggesting that the character alone may not always be

significant), the former with narrower subacute leaflets barbate in

the axils, larger flowers, the latter with all panicles spiciform,

slightly larger flowers, leaflets barbellate in nerve-axils. It is pos-

sible that P. neglecta should include this in spite of the simple wood

and five leaflets as to types. F.M. Neg. 5630.

San Martin: Juan Guerra, Ule 6613, type. Tarapoto, Williams

6633.

Paullinia tenera Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 37. pi 2^3.

1844; 317.

Lightly sulcate 5-6-angled younger branches as also the sulcate

petioles (2-4 cm. long) setose-hirsute with reddish trichomes;

stipules subulate-lanceolate, ciliate, 5-10 mm. long, 1-2.5 mm.

wide; wood simple; leaves imparipinnate, the lower of the 4 pairs

of lanceolate-sublinear leaflets temate; rachis segments about 2 cm.

long; leaflets subsessile, acute at base, sharply acute at tip or with

1-2 teeth near base, entire, subchartaceous, glabrous, lustrous,

green, epunctate, lacking mucus, 7-11 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide;

panicles glabrous except the apically setulose small bracts, about

1 cm. long, congested at defoliate nodes, the pedicels about 4 mm.

long, sepals glabrous, the inner 3 mm. long; petals oblong, the scales

Flora of Peru 369

with barbate deflexed appendage, the filaments white-pubescent;

capsule obovate with narrow terminal wings, glabrous, the seed with

white bilobed aril. — This type was scandent, creeping among mosses

and defoliate while Klug noted it as a liana. It seems probable that

this may be the earliest name for several similar plants as P. hi-

dentata, P. fistulosa and P. linearis, all little known. F.M. Neg.

5631.

Hu^nuco: Cuchero, Poeppig 1090, type. — San Martin: Tarapoto,

Ule 5817. Juanjui, Klug U9S (det. Standley).

PauUinia tenuifolia Standley, sp. nov. in herb.

Scandens fruticosa glabriuscula; corpus lignosum simplex; ramis

teretibus circa 4 mm. crassis (cortice canescente); ramulis subher-

baceis leviter costatis vix 2 mm. crassis sparse ciliato-pilosis; stipulis

lineari-subulatis 5-7 mm. longis; petiolis rhachisque tenuis minute

costato-striatis, costis plus minusve dense ciliato-pilosis; foliolis 5,

subsessilibus vel terminalibus basi attenuato-petiolatis ovato-

oblongis vel ovatis anguste caudato-acuminatis remote arguteque

dentatis glabris membranaceis plerumque &-7 cm. longis 2.5-3.5

cm. latis tenuissime laxe reticulatis nervis lateralibus circa 7; pani-

culis 1-3-fasciculatis racemiformis 8-10 mm. longis minute pu-

berulis; cincinnis subsessilibus; pedicellis circa 1 mm. longis; floribus

ut videtur vix 1.5 mm. longis; capsulis glabris obovoideis 12 mm.

longis, 7 mm. crassis. — Since there is no indication by the author as

to the probable relationship of this delicate liana I may, as perhaps

often in other cases, be doing him a disfavor in publishing it for him

as undescribed; it seems to me to be distinctive in its extremely thin

leaves and small flowers, mostly borne on the older and leafless

nodes.

Loreto: Fundo Indiano near Iquitos, climbing to 4 meters in

dense forest, Mexia 6S9U, tyi)e.

Paullinia trilatera Radlk. Monogr. Paull. 254. 1895; 314.

More or less hirsute scandent shrub, the sharply three-sided

branches about 1 cm. in diameter and notably setose at the angles;

wood composite; stipules lanceolate, about 1 cm. long, 3 mm. wide;

rachis submargined, the nearly triangular petioles subhirsute on the

angles; petiolules 2-3 mm. long or the terminal longer; leaflets 5,

the terminal subrhombic, the upper lateral oblong-lanceolate to

15 cm. long, 6 cm. wide, often somewhat smaller, the lower ovate,

all long-acuminate, remotely and obsoletely serrate, membranous.

360 Field Museum of Natural History — Botany, Vol. XIII

glabrous above, somewhat hirsute beneath, not punctate or con-

taining mucus; panicles glomerulate on older branches on the leaf

axils, scarcely 1 cm. long, the 7-8 mm. long pedicels articulate

toward the base; outer sepals very small, the obovate inner about

3 mm. long, glabrous; petals obovate-oblong, more or less unguicu-

late; stamens glabrous; capsules broadly obovate or obcordate,

attenuate to the slender stipe, this about 1 cm. long, conspicuously

3-winged, 2,5-3 cm. long, the wings about 5 mm. wide on each side,

glabrous without, densely pilose within; seed ellipsoid, slightly

pilose, 10-12 mm. long, nearly as broad.

Peru (probably). Rio Putumayo, Peru-Colombia boundary,

Klug 1606. Amazonian Brazil.

Paullinia uchocacha Macbr., sp. nov.

Fruticosa praeter inflorescentibus glaberrima; ramis teretiusculis

leviter striatis; petiolis rhachisque circa 6-striatis baud marginatis;

foliis 5-foliolato-pinnatis; foliolis ellipticis basi acutis apice obtuse

subcaudato-acuminatis, lateralibus breviter, terminalibus longe

petiolatis integris vel interdum ad basin grosse bidentatis, plerumque

6-8 cm. longis et circa 4 cm. latis, chartaceo-coriaceis sparse pellucido-

lineolatis utrinque nitidulis et conspicue reticulato-venosis subtus

glandulis immersis adspersis; inflorescentiis solitariis ad 1 dm. longis,

parce pulverulentis; bracteis subulatis, parvis; floribus circa 3-

fasciculatis, tomentulosis circa 3 mm. longis; sepalis 2 exterioribus

1-1.5 mm. longis, subglabris, ovalibus; pedicellis circa 2 mm. longis;

capsulis subligneo-coriaceis depresse subglobosis 1.5 cm. crassis

breviter abrupteque stipitatis extus et intus glabris exalatis sub-

verrucosis ut videtur rubris. — If the detached fruit belongs to these

flowering specimens this seemingly is a very distinct species, as in

foliage it is quite different from others in the section Enoura to

which the fruit-character apparently best refers it. While most

comparable in Peru to P. curvicuspis the leaves bear some resem-

blance also to those of P. reticulata Radlk., 272, of Amazonian

Brazil but the leaflets in that species are acutely acuminate and

subsessile. The name proposed is a union of the native names as

recorded by the collector, omitting "huasco" (i.e. liana) ; cf. Williams,

Field Mus. Bot. 15: 536. 1936.

Loreto: Maquisapa on the Rfo Nanay, Williams 1211, type;

1209. "Uchohuasco," "cacha."

Paullinia yoco Schultes & Killip, Bot. Mus. Leaflets Harvard

10: 302. 1942.

Flora of Peru 361

Widely spreading liana, the robust scabro-lenticellate stems

attaining 12 cm. in diameter, the younger branches pulverulent and

with approximate stout tendrils, these becoming woody; leaves

usually 5-foliolate to 3.5 (4.5) dm. long and nearly as wide, the

sparsely puberulent rachis sulcate but emarginate; leaflets elliptic

(upper obovate), all shortly and obtusely acuminate, entire, cori-

aceous, chartaceous, glabrous (except puberulent nerves), 1.5 to

2.5 dm. long, 8-11 cm. wide, dark green but lustrous, drying yellow-

ish-brown beneath, clathrate-veined, the 7-9 nerves prominent;

panicles solitary, sparsely pulverulent, 10-15 (25) cm. long, the

rachis 3 mm. thick, axillary, racemiform, sometimes with a tendril;

pedicels 3-8 mm. long, minutely hirtellous as the acuminate bracts;

outer 2 sepals subcoriaceous, tomentulose without and ciliate as the

larger membranous inner three; petals entire, obovate, minutely

pilose within, 2.3 mm. long; filaments lanate; ovary globose, gla-

brous, the stigma deeply trifid; fruits subdrupaceous, obliquely

ovoid, 10-14 mm. long, 4-7 mm. wide, attenuate into stipe, red.

— Appears to be most closely related to P. clathrata Radlk., 302, of

Amazonian Brazil which is much larger and has pubescent sub-

dentate leaflets; there are also several floral differences (authors).

In Peru it suggests greatly P. cupana sens. lat. including the var.

sorbilis.

Klug and Schultes found all the softer tissues of the bark, stems

and wood used to extract the white or brownish sap which in 1927

was analyzed as containing 2.73 per cent caffeine (cf. Rouhier and

Perrot, probably this plant. Bull. Sci. Pharm. 33. 537-539: 1926;

Trav. Lab. Med. 17, pt. 6. 1926; Compt. Rend. 182: 1494. 1926;

Chem. Zentrbl. 1: 138. 1927. According to the authors, the Indians

in adjacent Colombia regularly used this product as a breakfast

beverage.

Loreto: Near the upper Putumayo, fide Schultes, I.e. 321.

Adjacent Colombia and Ecuador. "Yoco," "yoco bianco," "yoco

Colorado," "huarmi yoco."

3. URVILLEA HBK.

Cirrose scandent shrubs similar in habit to the more slender

species of Serjania but the petioled leaves nearly always 3-foliate,

sometimes the terminal leaflet triparted, the lateral deeply lobed.

Fruit samaroid-capsular, membranous or chartaceous, 3-winged,

the cells reticulate, the wings radiately venose.

362 Field Museum of Natural History — Botany, Vol. XIII

Urvillea ulmacea HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 5: 106. 1821; 357.

Scandent, sparsely pubescent, the adult stems deeply trisulcate,

the flowering 1.5-2 mm. thick; stipules small, ovate-lanceolate;

leaves normally temate; petioles to 5 cm. long, terminal leaflet to

9 cm. long and 4,5 cm. wide, attenuate to petiolule, the lateral little

smaller, abruptly contracted to short petiolules, ovate or ovate-

lanceolate, acute or acuminate, mucronulate, unequally or sub-

duplicate serrate-dentate, above, especially on the nerves, puberu-

lent, beneath more or less canescent, rarely glabrate, epunctate or

somewhat pellucid-punctate, containing mucus; panicles exceeding

the leaves, puberulent, the cincinni sessile, the white flowers about

4 mm. broad; sepals glabrous or puberulent; petals obovate-spatu-

late, sparsely and microscopically glandular within; capsule elliptic

or obovate, shortly stiped, narrowly or broadly winged, subexcised

apically, glabrous or puberulent without, glabrous or glandular

within, the cells inflated; seeds 2-3 mm. long, ellipsoid. — In herbaria

by Ruiz and Pavon as "Paullinia dentata."

San Martin: Spruce 3215 (det. Radlkofer). — Hudnuco: Pozuzo,

Jf569; Ruiz & Pavdn; Rivero. — Junin: On sunny brush. La Merced,

5590. — Rio Acre: Seringal Auristella, Ule 956 Jt. Texas and Mexico

to Paraguay and Argentina.

4. GARDIOSPERMUM L.

Suffrutescent or annual with the habit and general character of

Urvillea but the membranous or subchartaceous incompletely 3-

celled fruit inflated. Lower disk glands obsolete.

Flowers 6-8 (-10) mm. long, the upper disk glands corniculate;

terminal leaflets usually wider than 3 cm C. grandiflorum.

Flowers 4-6 mm. long, the disk glands orbicular; terminal leaflets

rarely 2.5 cm. wide.

Terminal leaflets usually distinctly petiolulate; seed hilum typi-

cally small C. Corindum.

Terminal leaflets usually decurrently petiolulate if at all; seed

hilum typically large C. Halicacabum.

Gardiospermum Corindum L. Sp. PI. ed. 2. 526. 1762; 397.

C. Corindum L. forma villosum (Mill). Radlk. I.e. 401 fide Radlk.

Habit of C. grandiflorum and as variable, especially in pubescence;

leaves often more or less subbipinnate or subtritemate; leaflets

Flora of Peru 363

ovate-lanceolate to linear, the terminal at least well-petiolulate,

little larger, 4-7 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide, all incised dentate to crenate

or subentire; capsule to 4 cm. long and broad, sometimes half as

large; seed of C. grandiflorum but only 2.5-4 mm. in diameter. —

Peruvian forms are lozense (HBK.) Radlk., stems white lanate,

leaves bitemate, leaflets ovate-oblong, dentate, yellowish appressed

setulose above, canescent beneath; moUe (HBK.) Radlk., stems

villous, leaves decompound, the small leaflets appressed pilose, the

large fruits softly hirsute; subsetulosum Radlk., crisply hirtellous to

subglabrous, the leaves to bipinnate, setulose on nerves and veins,

fruit large and pubescent or small and glabrate; etc. — Half-shrub of

drier valleys, 800-3,000 meters (Weberbauer). Standley and

Steyermark, Fieldiana: Bot. 24, no. 6: 240. 1949, reduced this, per-

haps correctly, to C. Halicacabum. Yellow and light brown mature

fruits in pretty festoons among cactus and acacias of dry Pampas

River plain, the most conspicuous plant March 1, 1939 (Stork &

Horton).

Piura: Amotape Hills, (Haughl & Svenson 11525). — Lima:

Amancaes, Ruiz & Pav&n; Wilkes Exped. Matucana, on slide rock,

29j^. — Hudnuco: Near Hudnuco, on shrubbery, 2061; Ruiz & Pav&n;

Haenke; Stork & Horton 9380 (4 meters high on Schinu^, det. Stand-

ley); Soukup 2229.— Junin: San Rafael, 2^8; Sawada P lU.

Cabello, 1335. Amazonas: Chachapoyas, Mathews; Weberbauer

4361; 29 Jt; 1335; 2061; 2^8. Near Tupen, Weberbauer It78It; 5^67;

155. — Arequipa: Prov. Camana, Worth & Morrison 156^2. Mejla

(Gunther & Buchtien 258, det. Bruns). — Apurfmac: Prov. Anda-

huaylas. Stork & Horton, 10661; Rio Pampas & Chincheros, 10788;

10735. Abancay, Soukup 759. — Cuzco: Prov. Urubamba, Vargas

11059. Valley Yucay, Herrera 1368. Widely distributed in warm

regions.

Cardiospermum grandiflorum Swartz, Prodr. 64. 1788; 372.

C. elegans HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 5: 99. pi. JtS9. 1821. C. hispidum

HBK., I.e. 101.

Rather stout, the 5-6 costate-sulcate flowering stems about 3

mm. in diameter, early typically hirsute-tomentose as the petioles

and long rachises, the bitemate leaves softly pubescent beneath, or

in variants all these parts subglabrous or more or less hispid ; leaflets

ovate, the upper lateral suboblong, the terminal subrhombic, this

7-8 cm. long, 3.5 cm. wide, with petiolule 1.5 cm. long, the upper

lateral 5.5 cm. long, 2.5 cm. wide, the lower 2.&-3 cm. long, about

364 Field Museum of Natural History— Botany, Vol. XIII

2 cm. wide, all petiolulate, coarsely or incised dentate, membranous,

yellowish-green; sepals 4, often hispidulous, about as long as the

obovate or elliptic petals (said to be 8-10 mm. long, rarely seen

fully developed); upper disk glands erect, corniform; capsule char-

taceous, obovate or elliptic, trigonous, acute both ends, reticulate,

to 6.5 cm. long, 3.5 cm. broad, shortly stiped, pilose, setulose or

subglabrous; seeds globose, 7.5 mm. in diameter, the whitish hilum,

scarcely exceeding 1.5 mm., suborbicular. — The forma hirsutum

(Willd.) Radlk. is the hirsute-setose stemmed race, (possibly dis-

tinct?) the forma elegans (HBK.) Radlk., (t3T)e locality simply

"Peru") the nearly glabrous variant as to stems, leaves and fruit.

Most of the herbarium material seen lacking flowers is placed here

on the basis of leaf-character; the Williams' collections were dis-

tributed by me as C. Corindum, form.

Cajamarca: Tomependa, Bonpland (type, C. hispidum). —

San Martin: Tarapoto, Ule 66Jt.2; Spruce U217; Williams 5535; 552^.

Vaco Pozo, Woytkowski 351 UA; 35169 (both det. Steyermark).

Morales, Williams 566U- Juan Guerra, Williams 68^2. Juanjui,

Ferreyra ^553 (f. hirsutum). Near Saposoa, Ferreyra Ji.621. — Junin:

Chanchamayo, Isern 2101. La Merced, 5Jlf67 (det. Macbride, C.

Corindum, form). Puerto Bermudez to Cahuapanas, Killip &

Smith 26703 (det. Killip). Puerto Yessup, Killip & Smith 26301

(det. KiUip). — Huanuco: Mission Tocache, Poeppig. — Cuzco: Alto

Urubamba, Diehl & H err era 2Jf90. Without locality, Gay. Warm

America; Africa. "Casha huasca" (Williams), "achocha-china"

(Ecuador, Mexia).

Cardiospermum Halicacabum L. Sp. PI. 366. 1753; 379.

Climbing annual herb, glabrous or minutely puberulent, the

upper leaves biternate, about equaled by the slender bicirrose

panicles; terminal leaflet rhombic-lanceolate, 4-8 cm. long, 1.5-2.5

cm. wide, the lateral smaller, the lower ovate, the upper oblong,

obtuse or subacute both ends, or acuminate, all sessile, closely

incised-dentate or obtusely lobed, sometimes parted, especially on

the nerves and margins, both sides crisply or setulosely pubescent;

flowers 4 mm. long, equaled by the pedicels; sepals 4, glabrous or

sparsely pubescent; disk glands short; capsule subsessile, sub-

globose or turbinate-trigonous, 3-4 cm. long and broad, or smaller,

pubescent; seeds globose, about 5 mm. thick, said to be equaled by

the whitish cordiform bilobed hilum. — The var. microcarpum (HBK.)

Blume is the plant with smaller capsules. Illustrated, Radlkofer,

p. 380 from Pflanzanfam. 3, Abt. 5: 308 (fruit and flower).

Flora of Peru 365

San Martin: Chazuta, Kltug 3997 (det. Standley).— Hudnuco:

Pozuzo, Jt6Jt5. — Junin: Colonia Peren^, KiUip & Smith 25U16 (det.

Killip). — Loreto: Punchano near Iquitos, WiUiams 1815; Killip &

Smith 27SA1 . Iquitos, Williams 1 U6; 795S. Cachiperto, King 8117

(det. Standley). Balsapuerto, Klug 2881 (det. Standley).— Aya-

cucho: Kimpitiriki, Killip & Smith 2285 J^ (det. Killip). — Cuzco: In

patio at Illapani, 700 meters, Biies. In all tropics and subtropics.

"Baillarina" (Williams).

5. THINOUIA Tr. & PI.

Habit of Paullinia or UrviUea but the fruit consisting of 3 seed-

cells with terminal samara-like wings joined at one edge to a central

axis and the nearly regular flowers notably pseudo-umbellate.

CalyTc 5-parted. Petals 5, the scales bifid or 2. Leaves always

trifoliate, the leaflets petiolulate.

Thinouia obliqua (R. & P.) Radlk. Sitzungsb. Akad. Wiss.

Munchen 8: 282. 1878; 425. Paullinia obliqim R. & P. ex Klotzsch

(?), Bot. Zeit. 5: 393. 1847. T. repanda Radlk. in Pflanzenfam. 3,

Abt. 5: 308. 1895; Mart. Fl. Bras. 13, pt. 3: 456. 1897, at least as to

Peru. T. myriantha Tr. & PI. Ann. Sci. Nat. s6r. 4. 18: 369. 1862,

at least to Peru.

Nearly glabrous scandent shrub with terete lightly striate

lenticellate branches, scarcely pulverulent apically; stipules minute;

petioles 4-7 cm. long; terminal leaflet 8.5-10 cm. long, excluding

petiolule 1-nearly 2 cm. long, rounded at base, the little smaller

lateral truncate or subcordate at base, all ovate, acute, mucronu-

late, entire or obsoletely bi-tridentate apically (lateral more or less

inequilateral), chartaceous-coriaceous, subtransversely reticulate-

veined with 4 lateral nerves, these pilose in the axils beneath,

otherwise glabrous both sides, containing mucus and impressed

glandular punctate; panicles cirrose or ecirrose, puberulent, the

pedicels medially articulate; fruit 6 cm. long, the cells rather tumid,

inconspicuously reticulate- veined, 1 cm. long, 8 mm. wide, glabrous,

glandular within, the wings 4 cm. long, 1.5 cm. wide at middle where

broadest, constricted at base. — With flowers unknown in type,

generic position doubtful (Radlkofer) but from the materials now

accumulated it seems doubtful if there is any specific difference in

the relative lengths of petals and petal scales. However this may be,

the small petals may barely exceed the calyx but may be exceeded

by the scales. F.M. Neg. 5639.

366 Field Museum of Natural History— Botany, Vol. XIII

Hudnuco: Pozuzo, in woods, Ruiz & Pav&n, type. — Junin: Santa

Rosa, 650 meters, Killip & Smith 26139 (det. Killip, T. repanda).

—San Martin: Juanjui, Klug ^293. Chazuta, Klug 4058; 4102.

— Loreto: Rio Mazdn, Quebrada Andrade, Jose Schunke 183 (det.

Standley, T. repanda). On the Rio Ucayali, Tessmann 3314; 3500

(det. Dahlem, T. myriantha vel aff. T. obliqua). — Ayacucho: Near

Kimpitiriki, Killip & Smith 22969. — Cuzco: Echarate, 900 meters.

Stork, Horton & Vargas 10496 (det. Standley, T. repanda).

6. ALLOSANTHUS Radlk.

Scandent shrub simulating closely AUophylus but the regular

flowers (only the male described) with 5-lobed calyx, the 5-deltoid

lobes valvate and scarcely exceeding the patellate disk, this with

subconvex center and elevated free margin. Petals 5 with 2 inner

densely villous scales. Stamens 8, densely villous-tomentose below,

exserted, the globose anthers papillose, excised at base, the pollen

grains globose. — Fruit unknown but genus placed by the author in

the vicinity of Cupania with dehiscing capsules.

Allosanthus trifoliolatus Radlk. Pflanzenreich IV. 165: 1157.

1933.

Glabrous, except the ashy-puberulent or pulverulent inflores-

cences, these solitary to several in the axils of the sparsely leafy

4-5 mm. thick terete branchlets; leaves trifoliolate, the petioles

4-10 cm. long, the distinct lateral petiolules about half as long as

the terminal, the entire oblong-elliptic leaflets subequal, mostly

about 1 dm. long, 4-5 (8) cm. wide, broadly obtuse or rounded at

base, the lateral unequal, all shortly and obtusely acuminate, firm-

chartaceous or subcoriaceous with 6-8 lateral nerves anastomozing

before the margin, the laxly reticulate veins subprominent both sides,

epidermis lacking mucus; inflorescences 6-10 cm. long, the stiped

cincinni 5-9-flowered nearly to base, the pedicels 2.5 mm. long;

bracts and bractlets deltoid; flowers 3 mm. wide. — Type climbing to

25 meters, the trunk diameter 4.5 cm.

San Martin: Juanjui, Klug 4176 (det. Sand with, with query;

distributed as Connarus Patrisii). — Loreto: Between Iquitos and

Pongo de Manseriche (Tessmann ^^^^; 4462, type collections).

7. ALLOPHYLUS L.

Erect shrubs or small trees with normally trifoliate leaves, the

lateral leaflets more or less oblique, all often pellucid-punctate or

Flora of Peru 367

-lineolate. Inflorescence racemiform or loosely paniculate, axillary,

the small or minute flowers globose or nearly, and usually closed.

Sepals 4, opposite in pairs, the outer much smaller. Petals each

with a 2-lobed or bifid scale and 2-4 disk glands opposite them,

the disk unilateral. Stamens usually 8; anthers short-ellipsoid, the

pollen grains trigonous-placentiform. Ovary deeply bilobed, the

lobes joined by the bilobed style. Fruit an obovoid-globular in-

dehiscent coccus, the erect seed with a very short but fleshy aril.

— The monographer has relied primarily on the number of inflo-

rescence branches — or their lack — and the size of the flowers in

order to group the species. The first character, particularly, is not

entirely reliable or discernible, especially in undeveloped specimens.

Leaves 1-foliolate.

Younger branchlets reddish-hirtellous A. amazoniciLS.

Younger branchlets soon glabrous A. loretensis.

Leaves 3-foliolate.

Panicles (so far as known) consistently simple; leaves soon gla-

brous or essentially, except A. semidentatiLs, rarely A. edulis,

always pellucid-punctate.

Leaflets obovate, nearly or quite half as wide as long, pubescent

beneath A. semiderUatus.

Leaflets about elliptic-lanceolate, often a third as wide as long.

Leaves membranous-chartaceous, hypoderma none, greenish

in herbaria.

Leaflets (medial) canaliculately cuneate at base. .A. edulis.

Leaflets all petiolulate or at least medial A. punctattis.

Leaves coriaceous in type, reddish in herbaria, and upper

surface with hypodermal tissue A. peruvianus.

Panicles usually with one or more branches or rarely simple and

the leaves then (in Peru) densely pubescent beneath.

Leaves soon glabrous or essentially; inflorescence branches often

elongate.

Inflorescence branches often, at least some, with one or more

branchlets; leaflets usually broadly obovate-elliptic,

subabruptly acuminate, membranous. . . .A. panicxdatus.

Inflorescence branches simple; leaflets often about lanceolate

or oval, firm, usually subcoriaceous unless in A. leio-

phloeus.

368 Field Museum of Natural History— Botany, Vol. XIII

Rachis branches slender even in fruit, rarely 1 mm. thick,

soon glabrate A. leiophloeus, A. floribundus.

Rachis branches stout even in flower, tardily glabrate.

Leaflets lanceolate, 4-6 cm. wide A. scrohiculatus.

Leaflets oval, 2-3 cm. wide A. amentaceus.

Leaves obviously pubescent especially beneath, at least the

nerves with conspicuous trichomes.

Leaflets somewhat elliptic-obovate, sharply denticulate, 4-9

cm. wide; inflorescence branches elongate. .A. divaricatus.

Leaflets nearly elliptic, crenate or dentate, 2-5 cm. wide;

inflorescence branches usually short or none.

Leaves coriaceous; inflorescences usually short-branched.

A. coriaceus.

Leaves membranous; inflorescences rarely branched.

A. densiflorus.

AUophylus atnazonicus (Mart.) Radlk. Pflanzenfam. 3, Abt.

5: 312. 1895; 480. Schmidelia amazonica Mart, in Flora 22: Beibl.

1:6. 1839.

Shrub or small tree, the branchlets densely hirtellous, the older

glabrate brown branches pale lenticellate-punctate; leaves 1-foliate,

sometimes with stipelliform processes at juncture of the 1-2 cm. long

petiole and the obovate, elliptic-oblong or sublanceolate blade, this

about 1 to nearly 2 dm. long, 4-7 cm. wide, acute or subobtuse

at the sessile base, shortly and obtusely acuminate, crenate-serrate,

the lateral nerves about 10-15, the veins subclathrate, chartaceous,

glabrous, drying brownish-green, lustrous above, containing mucus,

minutely and obsoletely pellucid punctate; panicles half as long or

as long as leaves, sometimes exceeding; cincinni sessile or subsessile,

3-11-flowered, the ashy-puberulent typically white flowers 2 mm.

wide, the petal claw and scales barbate; fruit obovoid, subglabrous,

7 mm. long, 5 mm. thick. — The Peruvian plant, according to the

monographer, is var. angustifolia Benth., younger branches, more

slender panicles and petioles subglabrous instead of rufescent-

hirtellous; panicles subequaling the leaves, the cincinni sessile, but

this specimen, not seen, is probably A. loretensis Standley. A 7-

meter tree with yellow fruits (Spruce). F.M. Neg. 5651.

Loreto: Yurimaguas, (Spruce 3907 var., fide Radlk.). Brazil.

"Parana" (Brazil).

Flora of Peru 869

AUophylus amentaceus Radlk. Sitzungsb. Akad. Wiss. Mtiii-

chen 38: 215. 1909; 508.

Younger branches as the petioles (5-15 mm. long) and short

panicles fulvous tomentulose-puberulent, the older terete, rugulose,

glabra te, densely lenticellate; middle leaflet 3.5-7 cm. long with the

1-2 mm. long petiolule, all oval, about 2-3 cm. wide, shortly acumi-

nate, entire except for 1 or 2 teeth near the tips, fleshy rigid-coria-

ceous, glabrous above except for the rusty pubescent midnerve, also

beneath except fulvous barbate in the axils of the 6-10 lateral

nerves and a few setae on the prominently reticulate veins, brownish,

subopaque, with brown hypoderma above; panicles soon glabrate,

mostly geminate in the axils, 1-5 cm. long, to 3 cm. broad, the

younger amentaceous, densely multiflowered ; buds small, sub-

glabrous; otherwise unknown. — Like A. crassinervis Radlk. of the

West Indies it emits, moistened, the odor of Piperaceae. As in the

case of the Pav6n collection of A. Cominia (L.) Sw., 508, the type

may have come from Guayaquil. The latter is more tomentose,

the panicles rarely geminate, branched medially, often exceeding

the leaves. F.M. Neg. 23617.

Peru(?): Pav6n, tjije. Herb. Boiss.

AUophylus coriaceus Radlk. Sitzungsb. Akad. Wiss. MUnchen

38: 211. 1909; 488.

Branches 3-5 mm. thick, the terete younger as the short nearly

subsessile panicles fulvous with a dense spreading tomentum, the

older as the petioles (1.5-5 cm. long) and petiolules (3-6 mm. long)

sordidly so, finally glabrescent, obsoletely pale lenticellate; leaflets 3,

the middle one rhombic-lanceolate, cuneate at base, 4.5-13 cm. long,

3-5 cm. wide, the lateral a third smaller, obliquely ovate-lanceolate,

all definitely acuminate, petiolulate, above the lower third uncinate

or subcrenate-serrate, 8-14 lateral nerves, beneath densely and

finely, above laxly reticulate- veined, coriaceous, the nerves above

early, the veins also beneath ashy-tomentose, obsoletely punctate,

lineolate-pellucid; panicles 1-3 cm. long; pedicels very short; flowers

about 2 mm. wide, the sepals pilose-ciliate, sparsely appressed

puberulent at base; petal claw and scales ciliate, the blade of petal

sparsely; disk hirtellous; stamens except at tip densely pilose, the

rudimentary ovary densely setulose. F.M. Neg. 23620.

Cajamarca: Magdalena to Contumaza, 2,500 meters, Weber-

bauer 722S (det. in herb., A. stenodiclyus). Without data, Ruiz &

Pav6n, Herb. Boiss., type.

370 Field Museum of Natural History— Botany, Vol. XIII

Allophylus densiflorus Radlk. Sitzungsb. Akad. Wiss. Miin-

chen 38: 211. 1909; 489.

Similar to the allied A. coriaceus; younger branches as petioles

(1-3.5 cm. long) and peduncled panicles (1-5 cm. long) spreading

or subappressed puberulent, lenticellate-lineolate; middle leaflet

5-8 cm. long, 2-3 cm. wide, on petiolule 1-3 mm. long, all elliptic-

lanceolate, the upper one-third or one-half coarsely serrate, the

lateral little smaller, membranous, drying green or above fuscescent,

glabrous except for the sparsely puberulent nerves and veins and

beneath barbate in the axils; sepal cilia glandular; petal blade sub-

glabrous; disk glabrous. — Otherwise like the related species, and less

pubescent, perhaps a variant; the panicles are sometimes a little

branched; both species, with the Columbian A. stenodictyus Radlk.,

505, are very near A. mollis (HBK.) Radlk., 511, with somewhat

broader leaves in Colombia, the type locality. The extent of

branching accepted by the monographer to distinguish these two

similar shrubs certainly is not constant in development. Further-

more, these forms appear to be doubtfully distinct specifically from

the more northern widely ranging A. Cominia (L.) Swartz, 508, with

perhaps more serrulate leaflets. Radlkofer referred a specimen

from Guayaquil by Pavon (or Tafalla) to this species, apparently

the basis for his indication in his key, 462, of its occurrence in Peru;

cf. A. incanus Radlk., perhaps another variant, mentioned under

A. divaricatus Radlk. F.M. Neg. 23619.

Amazonas: Chachapoyas, Mathews 3208, type. — Piura: Frias,

Prov. Ayavaca, 1,400 meters, Weberhauer 64^1 7.

Allophylus divaricatus Radlk. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 13, pt. 3:

493. 1900; 512.

Subterete branches, terete petioles (1.5-7 cm. long) and basally

divaricately 3-6-branched panicles (7-14 cm. long) densely and

crisply pale-fulvous tomentose-strigillose, finally glabrate; middle

leaflet broadly elliptic-lanceolate and slightly obovate with 2-8 mm.

long petiolule, 8-19 cm. long, 4-9 cm. wide, the lateral a third

smaller, subsessile, oblique, all nearly to the base acutely, closely

and rather coarsely somewhat double serrate, herbaceous, drying

brownish-green above, lustrous and sparsely puberulent unless on

the nerves, pale green and densely ashy-hirtellous beneath, es-

pecially on the 12-20 approximate oblique nerves and the densely

clathrate veins, obsoletely and very minutely pellucid-punctate;

flowers white, many, crowded, only about 1 mm. broad; sepals

Flora of Peru 371

pilose and glandular-ciliate, the petal claw and scales barbate; disk

pubescent; style subglabrous. — The related A. incanus Radlk., 513,

of Ecuador has spreading panicle branches, merely subcrenate

leaves, the younger ashy subsericeous, all petiolulate, the middle

petiolule to 1 cm. long while the rather similar A. cinnamomeus

Radlk., 513, of Bolivia, with reddish-brown tomentum, subsessile

unequally and sharply serrulate leaflets, has yellowish flowers

notably about 3 mm. broad. Shrub or 8-meter tree (Spruce) with

straight trunk to 3 dm. in diameter; common in thickets on the

plain of Tarapoto (Williams). F.M. Neg. 5653.

San Martin: Near Rio Mayo, SpriLce j^89. Near Tarapoto,

Ule 6639; Williams 5969; 60SS; 6187.— i\mm: La Merced, Chan-

chamayo Valley, 1,000 meters, Weherhauer 1925; 282. — Loreto:

Rio Putumayo, Klug 2S6j^ (det. Standley). Brazil; Ecuador.

"Yurac-tortilla-caspi" (Williams).

Allophylus edulis (Camb.) Radlk. in Warming, Symb. pt. 37:

995. 1890 (Vid. Medd. Kjoeb. 1890; 244) 493. Schmidelia edulis

Camb. in St. Hil. Fl. Bras. 1: 381. 1827.

Usually nearly glabrous shrub or small tree, the rather slender

branches strict, the younger somewhat hirtellous ones densely

foliate, short, angulate, with many pallid lineolate lenticels, the

older ashy or reddish-brown, glabrate, the lenticels verruculose;

petioles mostly dilated apically, 3-5 cm. long, the middle leaflet

often 8-10 cm. long, 2.5-3 cm. wide, sometimes larger or smaller,

basally long-cuneate but subsessile, medially serrate, all conspicu-

ously acuminate, the lateral sessile, little smaller, ' more or less

oblique, lateral nerves 8-14, membranous-chartaceous, glabrous or

the younger especially on the nerves pubescent, often barbate in the

axils, lustrous and lucidulous above, at least early pellucid-punctate,

hypoderma none; panicles crowded at the base of the younger

branches, terminally and laterally, usually long-ped uncled, laxly

flowered, glabrous or minutely puberulent, the cincinni sessile or

stiped; flowers about 2 mm. broad, yellowish-white, the sepals

glabrous except the glandular-ciliolate margins, the petals on mar-

gins little, on scales densely barbate; disk puberulent; ovary glabrous

or rarely sparsely puberulent; fruits red, drying black, to 8 mm. long,

obovoid, glabrous, edible. — Illustrated, St. Hil., Juss., et Camb. PI.

Us. pi. 67 (1828, not 1824, fide Radlk. which makes the Camb.

citation I.e. above correct).

Rio Acre: Seringal San Francisco, Ule 9569. Brazil to Paraguay,

Bolivia and Guiana.

372 Field Museum of Natural History— Botany, Vol. XIII

Allophylus leiophloeus Radlk. Sitzungsb. Akad. Wiss. Miiii-

chen38:214. 1909; 503.

Slender tree, the strict terete lenticellate branches early pu-

berulent, finally glabrescent as also the petioles (3-6.5 cm. long),

equally long usually bi-branched panicles and leaves beneath; middle

leaflet obovate-lanceolate, cuneate at base to petiolule 2-3 mm.

long, the lateral a third smaller, elliptic-lanceolate, subsessile,

oblique at acutish base, all acutely acuminate, remotely and coarsely

serrulate above the middle, membranous, glabrous above except for

the 7-12 lateral nerves, densely and finely reticulate-veined, niti-

dulous both sides, obsoletely pellucid-punctate; pedicels nearly 2

mm. long; flowers about 2 mm. broad, white, the sepals nearly

glabrous except the pilose and glandular-ciliolate margins, the petal

scales and claw densely barbate, the petal blade sparsely ciliolate,

the scale lobes ligulate; disk subglabrous; fruit not known. — Ap-

parently a state of A. floribundus and all of the collections from San

Martin cited under that name probably belong here if A. leiophloeus

is valid. Allied by the author to A. petiolulatiis Radlk., 501, widely

distributed in Brazil and known from Bolivia, with leaflets typically

long-petiolulate, leaflets barbate in nerve axils beneath; there are

other minor differences but the Bolivian plants seem to be inter-

mediate and probably there is only a single species. These named

forms center around A. glahratus (HBK.) Radlk. of Colombia. Five

to 7 meters tall (Spruce).

San Martin: Tarapoto, Spruce W2, type. Juan Guerra, UU

6615 (det. Ra,dlk.).

Allophylus floribundus (Poepp. & Endl.) Radlk. Pflanzenfam.

3, Abt. 5: 312. 1895; 502. Schmidelia floribunda Poepp. & Endl.

Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 38. 1844.

Much branched, densely leafy tree, the older branches glabrate,

cinerescent, the younger as the panicles sparsely puberulent, the

latter crowded apically, and usually with 1-3 basal branches about

as long as the leaves, many-flowered, the pedicels glabrous and only

about 1.5 mm. long; petioles complanate above, 1-2 cm. long;

middle leaflet 8.5-15 cm. long, 2-4 (6) cm. wide, lanceolate as the

little smaller or oblique lateral ones, all shortly and mucronulately

subfalcate acuminate, shortly petiolulate, remotely and subrepandly

uncinulate-serrulate on the upper half, rigid chartaceous, somewhat

lustrous above, subopaque below, obsoletely punctate-lineolate

pellucid, glabrous except barbate in the 6-12 distant lateral nerve

Flora of Peru 373

axils beneath, where especially densely reticulate- veined ; flowers

about 1.5 mm. broad; sepals glabrous except the ciliolate margins;

petal claws and scales densely barbate; disk nearly glabrous; young

fruits sparsely puberulent, obovoid-globose. — The San Martin

material probably is referable to A. leiophloeus Radlk. if that is

separable. Loreto determinations by Standley. Small tree 4-11

meters tall with open crown, slender cylindrical trunk, the grayish-

brown bark with many small fissures (Williams). F.M. Neg. 31032.

Hudnuco: In woods at Cuchero, Poeppig 1^0, type. — Junin:

Chanchamayo Valley, 700 meters, Weberbauer 18S1; 19U7; 282.

La Merced, 52^9; Killip & Smith 2S50S; 2Jt062. San Ram6n,

KiUip & Smith 2U890. Colonia Peren^, KiUip & Smith 250W;

250U1- San Martin: Tarapoto, Ule 6592 (det. Radlkofer); Williams

5Jt5S; 6020; 6596; 6791 . Juanjui, Klug 3823 (det. Standley). Bella-

vista, Ferreyra U73U. San Roque, Williams 7001; 7007; 7239.

Chazuta, Klug 3879 (det. Standley). Lamas, Williams 6U05; 6U2.

— Loreto: Yurimaguas, WiUiam^ ^31. Pumayacu, Kliig 3155.

Balsapuerto, KItLg 3033; 3043. Florida, Rfo Putumayo, X% 2055;

2302. "Shitari-caspi" (Williams).

Allophylus loretensis Standley, sp. nov. in herb. A. avnazonicus

(Mart.) Radlk., var. angustijolius Benth. ex Radlk. Pflanzenreich

IV. 165: 481. 1932?

A. amuzonico arete affinis; insignis ramis junioribus thyrsis et

petiolis subglabris; petalis ad unguem et ad squamam leviter bar-

batis; cincinnis sessilibus. — Type Klug 3103. These differences,

slight indeed, seem to be constant; furthermore, the inflorescences

are very slender, nearly glabrous, sometimes almost as long as the

leaves, these usually drying gray-green, and the open flowers are

scarcely 1.5 mm. wide; fruits (Killip & Smith 26801) rather coarsely

venose, little narrowed to base, about 8 mm. long. It seems pro-

bable that Spruce 3907 included by Radlkofer in the variety of

Bentham (compare A. amnzonicus) belongs here if Standley 's 4-6

meter tree or shrub proves with more collections to be specifically

distinct. As usual the author has not indicated his own idea of

relationship and it may be questionable courtesy to adopt his

unpublished name (as for that matter often in other cases) but here

too the material has been generally distributed so that convenience

calls for the use of this name.

San Martin: Chazuta, Rio Huallaga, Klug 4001 (det. Standley).

— Junfn: Cahuapanas on Rio Pichis, Killip & Smith 26801 (Killip,

A. panicuiaius). — Loreto: Balsapuerto, Klu{i 3103, type. Brazil?

374 Field Museum of Natural History— Botany, Vol. XIII

AUophylus paniculatus (Poepp. & Endl.) Radlk. Pflanzenfam.

3, Abt. 5: 312. 1895; 514. Schmidelia paniculata Poepp. & Endl.

Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 38. 1844.

A rather tall subglabrous tree often 10-12 meters tall, the new

branches as the panicles sparsely ashy-puberulent, the former terete

in age, glabrous, the latter paniculate with many mostly branched

branches; petioles to 1.5 dm. long, semiterete, broadly complanate

above, dilated at tip, the middle petiolule to 2 cm. long, its obovate-

elliptic leaflet to 2.5 dm. long, 1 dm. wide; lateral leaflets a third

smaller, scarcely oblique, all well-acuminate, acutely petiolulate,

the upper half remotely and subrepandly serrulate, at maturity

chartaceous-membranous, drying brown, nitidulous, densely and

obsoletely pellucid-punctate, glabrous, early puberulent on the 10

distant arcuate-ascending nerves, the veins loosely clathrate and

densely reticulate; panicles subequaling the petioles, laxly many-

flowered, the cincinni sessile, the pedicels 1 mm. long; flowers about

2 mm. broad, usually white, the sepals glabrous except for pilose-

ciliate-glandular margins, the petal claw, scales and margins ciliate;

disk subglabrous; style glabrous. Flowers white or cream-colored

(Mexia). F.M. Neg. 31033.

Hudnuco: Cuchero and Pampayacu, Poeppig, type. Rocky

forested slope above Cayumba, Mexia 8321 (det. Standley, A.

peruvianus). Rio Cayumba, Mexia 8263 (det. Standley, A. peru-

vianus). — San Martin: Pongo de Cainarachi, Kliig 2731.

AUophylus peruvianus Radlk. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 13, pt. 3:

488. 1900; 497.

Like A. punctattis but (as to type) the stouter branches more

coarsely lenticellate, petioles 2-10 cm. long, the leaflets lanceolate,

cuspidate, coarsely serrate the upper two-thirds, in type rigid

coriaceous, glabrous, the younger nitidulous beneath, drying

reddish-brown, hypodermatic above; sepals (on fruits) glabrate,

ciliate. — Species of doubtful validity; Radlkofer himself. I.e. 497,

observed that there is in Herb. Boiss. a specimen by Pavon inter-

mediate between these named forms. The Madrid type is distinctly

punctate against a strong light. F.M. Neg. 5659.

Hudnuco: Chinchao, Sawada 89. Without locality, Ruiz &

Pavdn, type.

AUophylus punctatus (Poepp. & Endl.) Radlk. Pflanzenfam.

3, Abt. 5: 312. 1895; 496. Schmidelia punctata Poepp. & Endl. Nov.

Gen. & Sp. 3: 38. pi. 2U- 1844.

Flora of Peru 375

Small tree, the younger branches appressed yellowish puberulent,

soon glabrate, pale lenticellate, the older cinerescent; petioles sub-

terete, dilated at tip, 2.5-6.5 cm. long, the middle j)etiolule 3-8 mm.

long, the leaflets 8-20 cm. long or longer, 2.5-8 cm. wide, elliptic-

oblong or broadly lanceolate, the lateral similar or half as large,

somewhat oblique and often subfalcately incurved, all acuminate,

the upper half obsoletely or coarsely serrate (or subentire),

membranous-chartaceous, subopaque both sides, green or drying

brownish, more or less conspicuously pellucid-punctate and lineo-

late; hypoderma none, epidermis containing merely traces of

mucus, glabrous unless for barbate nerve axils beneath the lateral

nerves 8-15, venation subclathrate; panicles solitary or many,

mostly exceeding the petioles, laxly flowered, canescent or glabrous,

the cincinni subsessile, many-flowered, the pedicels 1-2 mm. long;

flowers whitish, 2 mm. broad, the sepals pilose and glandular-ciliate,

the scales and petals densely ciliate-barbate; disk glabrous (type)

or pubescent; stamens glabrous or pilose below; fruits to 9 mm. long,

8 mm. thick, orange or red. — This seems to be very near A. ediUis

(Camb.) Radlk.

Hudnuco: Tocache, Poeppig 1858, type; 2395. Monz6n, Weber-

bauer 8^85; 284.— San Martin: Tarapoto, Spruce U18; U60;

WiUiams 5556; 5716; 5781; 586U; 6108; 62U9; 6802 (det. Standley,

A. scrobiculatiLs) . Bellavista to Moyobamba, Ferreyra 1^825. —

Ayacucho: Rio Apurimac Valley near Kimpitiriki, Killip & Smith

22988.— horetxi: Yurimaguas, Killip & Smith 29086 (distrib. as A.

scrobiculatiLs) ; Williams W7. Florida, Rio Putumayo, Kliig 2081

(det. Standley). — Rio Acre: Near mouth of Rio Macauhdn, Krukoff

5286; 5If27. Bolivia; Ecuador; Brazil.

Allophylus scrobiculatus (Poepp. & Endl.) Radlk. Pflanzen-

fam. 3, Abt. 5: 312. 1895; 504. Schmidelia scrobiculata Poepp. &

Endl. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 37. pi. 2U. 1844.

Tree typically with lenticellate branches, ashy-puberulent

especially at the nodes and ashy-puberulent mostly nodding panicles

usually with 1-4 branches and longer than the petioles, these sub-

terete, 3-5.5 cm. long; middle leaflet with exarate petiolule 3-5.5

mm. long, lanceolate, about 1-1.5 dm. long, 4-6.5 cm. wide, the

lateral little smaller, little oblique, all obtusish acuminate, acutely

and shortly petiolulate, remotely and repandly uncinate-denticulate

above the lower third, firm-chartaceous, drjring brown above, paler

brownish-green and subopaque beneath, minutely pellucid-punctu-

376 Field Museum of Natural History — Botany, Vol. XIII

late, glabrous unless barbate in the axils of the 8-12 arcuate-ascend-

ing nerves beneath where subclathrate and finely reticulate- veined;

pedicels short; sepals minutely pilose and glandular-ciliate (or gla-

brate); petal claw densely (as scales), blade sparsely, ciliate; disk

glabrous; fruits about 5 cm. long, 4 mm. thick, slightly ashy-puberu-

lent as the style. — Some of the material placed here has nearly

smooth branchlets, subglabrous sepals, while Woytkowski 507 is

further marked by almost hirsute branchlet tips. Type from a tall

tree with grayish bark and hard white wood. F.M. Neg. 5660.

Hudnuco: Fundo San Ricardo, Divisoria, 1,700 meters, Woytkow-

ski 507? — San Martin: Tarapoto, Williams 6712. — Loreto: In woods

at Yurimaguas, Poeppig 2Jf.51, type; 228^. Santa Rosa below Yuri-

maguas, Killip & Smith 2895^ (det. Standley) . Lower Rio Nanay,

Williams 5j^^; 567. Iquitos, Williams 7903 (det. Standley). Pebas,

Williams 1763. Florida, Rio Putumayo, Klug 2171. "Jimuiequir-

ey" (Huitoto, Klug), "shimbillo," "parinari," "quinilla colorada"

(all Williams).

Allophylus semidentatus (Miq.) Radlk. in Pflanzenfam. 3,

Abt. 5: 312. 1895; 486. Schmidelia semidentata Miq. Linnaea 22:

798. 1849.

Slender-stemmed shrub, the 2-3 mm. thick branches, panicles

and petioles, these 2.5-8 cm. long, early spreading pubescent with

soft trichomes, finally glabrate or sparsely persisting especially

beneath on the large trifoliate leaves; intermediate leaflets obovate,

8-20 cm. long, nearly half as wide on petiolules 1-5 mm. long, the

lateral little shorter, inequilaterally obovate-lanceolate, all notably

acuminate and above the middle coarsely and unequally serrate,

densely pellucid-punctate, containing mucus; panicles slender,

simple, 1.5-10 cm. long, the peduncles 0.5-3.5 cm. long; flowers

2 mm. wide, the puberulent sepals glabrous within equaled by the

white sparsely ciliolate petals with densely barbate scales, the disk

as ovary hirsute, the style subglabrous, the stamens pilosulous

below. — The typical form (known to me only from photograph) is to

be expected in the adjacent Department of Madre de Dios. Stand-

ley, without indication of relationship, has designated the Klug

collection as an undescribed species which it may prove to be but

as I hesitate to give him responsibility, since ex char, it seems too

near A. semidentatus, 1 propose it myself as merely a variant using,

however, the apt name under which it was distributed as a species:

var. pilosus Macbr., var. nov., ut videtur similis A. semidentata sed

Flora of Peru 377

differt foliolis papyraceo-membranaceis paullo pellucido-punctatis

et ramulis petiolisque conspicue pilosis. F.M. Neg. 21349.

San Martin : Juanjuf, 6-meter tree, KIilq S78S (type, var. pilosus).

— Rio Acre: Seringal Guanabara, Alto Xapuri, Ule 9570. To

eastern Brazil.

8. SAPINDUS [Plum.] L.

Trees with exstipulate mostly abruptly pinnate leaves and large

terminal divaricately branched panicles of small minutely bracted

and bracteolate obliquely sjmnmetric flowers, the sepals and petals

in the Peruvian species both 5, the stamens exserted, the fruits

smooth drupes.

Sapindus saponaria L. Sp. PI. 367. 1753; 639. S. peruvianus

Walp. Nov. Act. Acad. Leop.-Carol. 19: Suppl. 1: 312. 1843.

A small nearly glabrous tree with abruptly pinnate leaves, these

with 3-6 pairs of oblong-elliptic-lanceolate oblique subsessile acute

leaflets, the rachis and petiole more or less wing-margined, entire,

membranous, pale green, glabrous or softly pubescent; upper

petioles 2-7 cm. long, rachis segments 2-5 cm. long, the wings 2-6

mm. wide, petiolules 2-3 mm. long, the leaflets about 7-12 cm. long

or longer, 3-5 cm. wide; sepals glabrous except at the base and the

ciliolate margins; petals 3 mm. long, scarcely half as wide, ciliate,

sublobulate or squamate and villous above the claw; stamens ex-

serted, villous at base; disk complete, fleshy, cupulate, glabrous;

fruit usually with only one cell, yellowish, glabrous, globose as the

seed, 1.5-2 cm. in diameter. — According to Weberbauer it is found

mostly under 1,500 meters in the dry hot interandine valleys,

chiefly on the western slope. Illustrated, Radlkofer, I.e. page 645;

Ruiz & Pav6n, Fl. Peruv. 4: pi. SJ^ and many others.

The fruits with which the children play are called cholocos and

bolillos (Ruiz & Pav6n); the whitish pulp that surrounds the seed

contains saponin which foams or "suds" with water and is com-

monly used as soap, for instance to wash baize cloth (Ruiz & Pav6n) ;

the wood and roots, astringent, are said to be tonic.

Lima: Surco, Huara and Lima, Ruiz & Pav6n. Loma Zone,

Weberbauer, 148 and 150. ff Along streams, Weberbauer, 155; 162.

— Ancash :|Santa Valley near Caraz, Weberbauer, 172. Caracha,

1,200 meters, Weberbauer ^fi^.— Hudnuco: Roadside tree, S536.

San Martin: Riverbank, Juanjui, Klu^ ^^85. — Apurimac: Abancay,

Vargas. Rio Pachachaca bank, Goodspeed Exped. 1053^.— Cuzco:

378 Field Museum of Natural History— Botany, Vol. XIII

Prov. de Convencion {Hen era). Quillabamba, Soukup 135. — Tacna:

{Woitsehach). Warmer America; Africa; Oceanic Asia. "Sullucu,"

"jabonera," "cholocos," "jaboncillos" and "bolillos" (the fruits).

9. TOULICIA Aublet

Trees or tree-like shrubs with exstipulate mostly abruptly-

pinnate leaves and large subterminal sparsely branched panicles of

rather small nearly symmetric flowers, these in the Peruvian with

only 4 petals, deeply bifid scales, unilateral disk. Fruit about as in

Serjania or in Peru the cells subinflated. — In flower simulates

Talisia in part but the rounded tomentulose sepals are a dis-

tinguishing character.

Toulicia reticulata Radlk. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 6. 154.

1914; 622.

Petioles (about 4 cm. long), sub terete rachises and leaflets

beneath as well as the laxly branched panicles even to the orbicular

sepals without softly rusty or yellowish tomentose; leaflets about

10 pairs, the lower short-ovate, about 6 cm. long, 4 cm. wide,

opposite, the upper with petiolule 5-10 mm. long, to 25 cm. long,

9 cm. wide, alternate, elliptic to broadly oblong, strongly oblique,

shortly obtuse-acuminate, acute at base, entire, subrevolute, rigid

coriaceous, glabrous and prominently reticulate above, the oblique

lateral nerves conspicuous beneath, epunctate, the epidermis lacking

mucus; flowers subsessile, 4 mm. across; disk glabrous; petals villous,

the scales filiform appendaged; fruit cells with wings 3-4 cm. long,

the former 12-14 mm. wide. — Related Amazonian species are T.

elliptica Radlk., 622, and T. bullata Radlk., 623, both with pubescent

disk, the former with glabrous alternate leaflets, those of the latter

subopposite, bullate, minutely pubescent beneath. To 30 meters

tall. F.M. Neg. 5668.

Loreto: Cachipuerto between Balsapuerto and Moyobamba,

Klug 3127 (det. Standley) .— Rio Acre: Seringal Auristella, Ule 9566,

type; 9567. Mouth of Rio Macauhdn, Krukoff 52J^7; 5560. Brazil.

10. POROCYSTIS Radlk.

Glabrous tree with subterete branches, exstipulate abruptly

pinnate leaves (petiolules and rachis obscurely sulcate) and terminal

or axillary panicles of white 4-petaled flowers borne on lateral

branchlets. Sepals 5, imbricate, concave, the 2 outer smaller.

Flora of Peru 379

Petals ovate, unguiculate, sericeous without with barbate bifid

scale within. Disk unilateral, tomentose. Stamens 8, filaments

exserted, villous. Ovary 3-celled, tomentose. Fruit consisting of

3 membranous inflated cocci cohering centrally and crowned by the

3-parted indurated style,

Porocystis toulicioides Radlk. Sitzungsb. Wiss. Miinchen

Akad. 8: 354. 1878; 630.

Small tree, the trunk diameter (known) to only 8 cm. ; flowering

branches to 1 cm. in diameter; petioles enlarged at base; leaves

3-4.5 dm. long with 7-12 alternate or subopposite oblong or elliptic

subequilateral leaflets 1.5-2.5 dm. long, 4.5-10 cm. wide with about

10 divaricate nerves anastomosing before the entire margins; panicles

equaling the leaves, on slender subflexuose branchlets, puberulent;

dichasia glomeruliform 5-11-flowered, the short pedicels articulate

below the middle, the pubescent bracts and bractlets small; flowers

scarcely wider than 3 mm.; sepals all appressed pubescent, the

petaloid inner with glabrous margins; fruits about 2 cm. high, 3-4

cm. wide, the subglobose seeds about 8 mm. thick. — Simulates

TotUicia guianensis Aublet with deeply sulcate branches and com-

pressed petioles. Since it is known in the area of Solimoes, Brazil,

it probably extends into Amazonian Peru. Illustrated, Radlkofer,

i.e. 628 (flowers, fruit, ex Pflanzenfam.) et Mart. Fl. Bras. 13, pt. 3:

pi. 108.

Peru (probably; cf. note above). Amazonian Brazil; British

Guiana.

11. TALISIA Aublet

Acladodea R. & P. Prodr. 133. pi. 29. 1794, ed. 2. 121. 1797.

Shrubs or trees, often sparsely branched and the leaves crowded

at the tips. Leaves exstipulate, abruptly pinnate, the petioles often

tumid at base, the rachises subterete or subtrigonous. Inflorescence

various, the flowers rather small with 5 sepals and petals, the disk

annulate or cucullate. Stamens 8 or 5. Fruit baccate, granulate,

ovoid or ellipsoid, rather large, mostly 1-celled and 1-seeded, the

ovary, however, 3-celled, attenuate into a subulate style. — Some

herbarium material may be confused with the genus Picramnia

of the Simaroubaceae.

Leaves pinnately trifoliolate T. peruviana.

Leaves pinnate, multifoliolate.

380 Field Museum of Natural History— Botany, Vol. XIII

Leaflets pubescent beneath, sublinear; calyx medially parted,

persisting T. pinnata.

Leaflets glabrous, suboblong or elliptic.

Calyx medially parted, persisting; stamens glabrous.

T. cupularis.

Calyx deeply parted, deciduous: stamens hirtellous.

T. cerasina.

Talisia cerasina (Benth.) Radlk. Sitzungsb. Akad. Wiss. Miin-

chen 8: 347. 1878; 845. Sapindus cerasinus Benth. in Hook. Joum.

Bot. Misc. 3: 197. 1851. S. ohlongus Benth. I.e. 198.

Small tree or shrub, glabrous except for the ample terminal

panicles, these more or less densely ashy-puberulent or white,

pyramidal with many erect or spreading branches and usually

longer than the leaves; branches stout, terete, lustrous; petioles

2-15 cm. long, the basally enlarged petiolules 2-10 mm. long, both

as the rachis subterete or early bisulcate; leaflets 3-8 pairs, opposite

or subaltemate, oblong, the lower suboblique, all abruptly short-

attenuate at the base, acutely acuminate, 4-24 cm. long, 1 longer,

1.5-8 cm. wide, subcoriaceous, lustrous at least above, drying green

or brownish, the 7-25 anastomosing lateral nerves prominent on

both sides; panicles to several dm. long and broad, the pedicels to

3 mm. long; flowers white or yellowish, 7-8 mm. long; calyx parted

nearly to base, more or less puberulent, glabrous within, the ovate

obtuse or rounded lobes ciliate, a third or a quarter as long as the

erect linear-oblong petals, these glabrous without except ciliate

below, and within as the scales densely fulvous villous, the latter

shortly bifid and as long; disk tumid, cupulate, shortly hirtellous

above; stamens 8, hirtellous, anthers linear-oblong, cordate at base;

fruit edible, cerasiform, minutely granulose, yellowish subsericeous,

apiculate. — Attains 5-10 meters (Ule). T. obovata A. C. Smith,

Brittonia 2: 154. 1936, of Bolivia and adjacent Brazil has only two

pairs of obovate leaflets 12-25 cm. long, 7-12 cm. wide, stamens 5,

the disk glabrous. Some of the flowering collections may be in-

correctly determined. The Burgos specimen from a tree to 30

meters tall, wood used for construction.

The leaves are said to furnish a black dye and a remedy for

gonorrhea.

Hudnuco: Tingo Maria, Burgos (or affine, Standley). — San

Martin: Juanjui, Klitg U303 (det. Standley). — Loreto: Yurimaguas,

Flora of Peru 881

Poeppig; Klug 2798 (det. Standley). Rio Mazdn, Williams 81 U-

Gamitanacocha, Rio Mazdn, Jos^ Schunke SOS. Mishuyacu near

Iquitos, Klug 2J^8; S89; 811; lOU; 1160; 1558; 2509 (this last

number det. Standley). Iquitos, Killip & Smith 2702U- — Rio Acre:

Seringal San Francisco, Ule 9517. Brazil. "Pitomba" (Spruce);

"juapina" (Burgos).

Talisia cupularis Radlk. Sitzungsb. Akad. Wiss. Munchen 8:

350. 1878; 852.

Tree, glabrous except for the large robust broadly pyramidal

panicles, these sometimes 0.5 meter long, 4 dm. wide, canescent

with a short velvety indument; branches terete, papillose-punctate,

4-8 mm. thick; petioles bulbous above the base, terete; leaflets

3-8 pairs, opposite or subaltemate, elliptic-oblong, somewhat

acuminate, attenuate at base into bulbously thickened petiolules

2-5 mm. long, the 7-12 lateral nerves anastomosing before the

margin and with the laxly reticulate veins rather prominent beneath,

coriaceous, drying brownish; bracts rigid; i>edicels 2-3 mm. long;

flowers white, 6-7 mm. long, the calyx parted to the middle, densely

puberulent within, the broadly ovate obtuse lobes closely ciliolate,

the twice as long oblong petals ciliate below, glabrous, eglandular,

equaled by the Ungulate entire erect scales, these densely villous

within; disk hirsute, cupulate, sinuate-pentagonous; stamens gla-

brous; fruit ovoid, yellowish-pubescent as the rather long style, the

persisting calyx appressed-cupulate. — The Krukoff specimen from

a tree 30 meters tall; vegetatively scarcely distinguishable from

T. cerasina. Illustrated, Mart. Fl. Bras. 13, pt. 3. pi. 113.

Rio Acre: Mouth of the Rio Macauhdn, Krukoff 5725; 56S0;

5787. Amazonian Brazil.

Talisia peruviana Standi. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 165. 1936.

Shrub or small tree 2.5-6 meters high, the slender subterete

branchlets minutely strigillose; leaves alternate, pinnately 3-foliolate,

slender-petioled, the leaflets shortly petiolulate (to 5 mm.), oblong-

elliptic, lanceolate-oblong, or obovate, 5.&-18 cm. long, 2-8 cm.

wide, subabrupt-acuminate or often long-cuspidate-acuminate, acute

or cuneate at base, glabrous, minutely and densely pellucid-punctate,

membranous; inflorescence racemiform, half as long as leaves, few-

flowered, pedicels 2-3 mm. long, densely strigillose, little elongate

in fruit, bracts minute; sepals 1.5 mm. long, obtuse, sericeous;

petals cuneate-obovate, 2 mm. long; disk thick, glabrous; ovary

382 Field Museum of Natural History— Botany, Vol. XIII

2-celled, strigillose; styles bifid to base, the branches short; fruit

broadly oval, to 2 cm. long, yellowish-green, rounded both ends or

somewhat narrowed at tip and obtusely tubercled, 2-celled; seeds

large, solitary in each cell. — Near to T. japurensis (C. DC.) Radlk.?

Generic position uncertain, ovary of Talisia said to be early 3-celled.

San Martin: Tarapoto, Williams 57^5, type; 6652; 6578; 6208.

Pongo de Cainarachi, Klug 2713. Loreto: Puerto Arturo, Williams

5218; 5118; 5303; Killip & Smith 27915; 2787 A. Yurimaguas,

Killip & Smith 276^5; 27673; 27636. Balsapuerto, Killip & Smith

2851^9; 28^8A; 28627. Santa Rosa, Killip & Smith 28857. "Sinca

zanango" (Klug).

Talisia pinnata (R. & P.) Radlk. Sitzungsb. Akad. Wiss. Miin-

chen 8: 351. 1878; 856. Acladodea pinnata R. & P. Syst. Veg. 262.

1798. Talisia acladodes Spreng. Syst. 2: 223. 1825.

A small unbranched tree, the stem crowned apically by the

crowded pinnate leaves and ample rusty tomentose panicles of

whitish flowers; petioles to more than 2 dm. long, tomentose, en-

larged above the base to 5 mm. thick, the multifoliolate leaves even

to 1 meter long, 2.5-4 dm. wide; petiolules 2-4 mm. long, the long

rachis like the petiole terete and striate, the leaflets alternate,

oblong-linear, obliquely subacute at base, acuminate, 1-2.5 dm.

long, 2.5-5 cm. wide, glabrous and lustrous above, bullate toward

the margins, membranous, drying brown, softly pubescent beneath,

especially on the prominent reticulate veins and many approximate

nerves; panicles about 3 dm. long, pyramidal, much branched, with

many minutely pinnate bractlike leaves; pedicels scarcely 2 mm.

long; flowers nearly 7 mm. long, the calyx medially divided, densely

reddish tomentose, the obtuse broadly ovate lobes ciliate, half as long

as the broadly ovate petals, reflexed, ciliate below, medially below

the tip fulvous tomentose, the tomentose erect shortly bifid scales

as long; disk cupulate, very hirsute above as the filaments, the

linear-oblong anthers cuspidate. F.M. Neg. 23636.

Hudnuco: In woods at Chacahuassi near Pillao, Ruiz & Pavon,

type.

12. DILODENDRON Radlk.

Tree or shrub allied to Cupania but the large leaves abruptly

bipinnate, the 3-4, rarely 5 petals (or lacking in male flowers)

esquamate, the sublobate concave disk glabrous. Seeds with short

basal cupulate aril. The shrub is leafless when in flower.

Flora of Peru 888

Dilodendron bipinnatum Radlk. Sitzungsb. Akad. Wiss.

MUnchen 8: 357. 1878; 1067.

Petioles and rachises obtusely triangular-sulcate, early hirtellous,

the 3-7 pairs of alternate or subopposite oblong pinnae reduced

toward the base, each with 4-9 pairs of oblong-lanceolate subsessile

acute more or less serrate leaflets 4-6 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide, many-

nerved, smooth and glabrous above, minutely tuberculate-papillose,

hirtellous, stipitate glandular, opaque and glaucescent beneath,

minutely pellucid-punctate, containing mucus; panicles at tips

of defoliate branches or fasciculate on new branches above axillary

scales, flavescent-tomentulose, sometimes paniculate, 8-25 cm. long;

bracts and bractlets small; pedicels short, articulate at base; male

flowers with glabrous filaments, glabrate anthers, 3 mm. long, the

female 5 mm. long, the anthers glandular-setulose; capsule elliptic-

trigonous, 3-valved, 1.5 cm. long and broad, glabrous, within

hirsutulous. — Sometimes 10 meters tall or taller. Illustrated,

Radlkofer, I.e. 1066.

The seeds are said to provide an oil used for light and for food.

The rather soft wood has an unpleasant odor.

Cuzco: Prov. Convencion, Santa Ana, 1,100-1,300 meters,

Weberbauer 5020; 50ItS; SOU; 277; 316. Bolivia; Paraguay; Brazil.

13. CUPANIA [Plum.] L.

Trees or tall shrubs with terete more or less sulcate and lenticel-

late branches that are sparsely leafy with exstipulate actually but

not always clearly abruptly pinnate leaves that often exceed the

panicles or small regular flowers. Sepals free, 5, imbricate in 2 rows,

usually fleshy or subcoriaceous, mostly subequaling or a little

longer than the petals. Disk regular, annulate. Stamens of male

flowers exserted, 8 (-10). Fruit a capsule, trigonous to somewhat

3-lobed, dehiscing by 3 (2-^) lobes each provided with one ellipsoid

or obovoid seed more or less enclosed by the fleshy aril.

Capsules turbinate-triangular, shortly stiped; leaflets hirtellous or

tomentulose.

Leaflets papillose between the veins and hirtellous.

C. papillosa, C. latifolia.

Leaflets tomentose beneath and epapillose C. cinerea.

Capsules turbinate, more or less 3-comute, long (3-6 mm.) -stiped;

leaflets glabrescent C. scrobiculata.

384 Field Museum of Natural History — Botany, Vol. XIII

Cupania cinerea Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 38. 1844;

1031.

Younger branches puberulent; petioles 2-5 cm. long; leaflets

6-10, petiolulate, alternate, obovate-oblong, acute at base, obtuse

or subtruncate, 5-15 cm. long, 2-5 cm. wide, repand, serrate,

coriaceous, discolored, brownish above, more or less cinereous with

a minute and close puberulence beneath especially on nerves and

veins, epapillose, subeglandular, usually lustrous and with hypo-

derma above; panicles equaling or exceeding the leaves, minutely

tomentulose including the oval 2.5 mm. long sepals, disk and

turbinate- triangular capsule, this densely tomentose within, 1.5 cm.

long; cymules sessile, the bracts and bractlets 2-3 mm. long, the

pedicels 1-2 mm. long; petals white, brownish within (Woytkowski),

2 mm. long, nearly glabrous, the scales a third as long, laxly pu-

bescent; stamens pilose near base. — C. polyodonta Radlk., 1030, of

Ecuador has 4-6 hirtellous-puberulent leaflets. There are a number

of species known from Colombia and northern Brazil to Venezuela

that of course, may be found within Amazonian Peru. Determina-

tions mostly by Standley. F.M. Neg. 31044.

Often about 10 meters tall, beautiful (Poeppig), or nearly 20

meters with straight round chocolate-brown barked trunk 2 dm. or

more in diameter, the crown spreading (Williams).

San Martin: Tarapoto, Spruce W2; Williams 6023; Woytkowski

35078. San Roque, Williams 730^. — Loreto: Yurimaguas, in margin

of woods, Poeppig 3096; Diar. 2338, type; Klug 2795. Florida, Klug

2102; 2335. Rio Mazan, Jos^ Schunke 3^5. Bolivia; Colombia.

"Sama" (Herzog), "puca yacu," "huapina" (Williams), "fuapina"

(Woytkowski), "sama" (Bolivia, Herzog).

Cupania latifolia HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 5: 126. 1821; 1030.

Younger branches terete, puberulent, soon glabrescent and

lenticellate; leaves ample, often 3-4 dm. long with 5-6 mostly

alternate leaflets, the upper obovate, the remaining obovate-oblong,

all emarginate, retuse, subcuneate at base, remotely and equally

serrate, more or less petiolulate, 8-20 cm. long, 4.5-5 cm. wide,

coriaceous, obscurely subclathrate-veined, glabrous above, minutely

asperulous and sparsely papillose beneath; panicles 2-3 dm. long,

laxly branched, tomentulose, bracts and bractlets subulate, 2-3 mm.

long; pedicels 1 mm. long; sepals ovate, nearly 3 mm. long, sub-

coriaceous tomentulose, the unguiculate petals about as long,

pubescent at base, the 2 scales a third as long, pubescent; disk

Flora of Peru 885

tomentulose; stamens 3 mm. long, the basal trichomes reddish; ovary

tomentose; capsule obovate-trigonous, shortly stiped, tomentose

within and without, 1.5 cm. long, the obovoid basally arillate seed

1 cm. long. — C. polyodorUa, 1030, of Ecuador is similar but the

leaves are said to be epapillose. F.M. Neg. 5689.

San Martin: Juanjui, Kltig ^266 (det. Standley, sp. nov.). —

Amazonas: Tactamal to Vilaya, Prov. Luya, 1,400 meters, Weber-

bauer 71JtS. — Cuzco: Macchu-picchu, Soukup 205; 865. To Panama,

Venezuela.

Cupania papillosa Radlk. Sitzungsb. Akad. Wiss. Miinchen 9:

520. 1879; 1029.

Small tree with rusty tomentulose flowering branchlets including

the large panicles, the older glabrescent and lenticellate; leaves

ample, often 2.5-3 dm. long, typically with 6-10, apparently often

fewer, alternate or subopposite oblong leaflets, obtuse or in Peru

somewhat retuse, shortly acute at base, in type 6-15 cm. long, 2-5

cm. wide, in Peru to 3 dm. long, half as wide (C. latifolia?), more or

less serrate-dentate, coriaceous, the nerves and veins beneath

hirtellous tomentulose, papillose between the prominently reticulate

veins, glabrous above; pedicels 1-2 mm. long; sepals ovate, tomentu-

lose, 2 mm. long scarcely equaled by the basally pubescent clawed

petals; disk tomentose; capsules turbinate-triangular, shortly stiped,

tomentose within and without, 1-1.5 cm. long, the subglobose

basally arillate seed nearly 1 cm. long. — Toward C. americana L.

with subglobose capsules and, especially C. latifolia HBK., 1030,

with flowers 3 mm. long and obovate subretuse leaflets and it seems

probable that at least as regards the Peruvian material, there is no

substantial distinction.

Peru (possibly; cf. note above). Colombia.

Cupania scrobiculata Rich. Act. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris 1: 109.

1792; 1051.

Branches sulcate, early pulverulent; leaflets mostly 6-8, rarely

10-12, sometimes subopposite, oval or elliptic-oblong or oblong,

obtusish to acuminate, entire or repand-dentate, petiolulate or sub-

sessile, chartaceous-coriaceous obviously clathrate and reticulate-

veined beneath and mostly notably foveolate in the nerve axils,

glabrescent both sides, lustrous or sometimes opaque beneath,

obsoletely pellucid-punctate and lineolate. usually 5-15 cm. long,

2-2.5 cm. wide, panicles axillary or subterminal, often 2-3 dm. long,

386 Field Museum of Natural History— Botany, Vol. XIII

pulverulent tomentulose; bracts subulate-filiform, about 2 mm. long;

pedicels scarcely 1 mm. long, about 2 mm. long in fruit; disk glabrous;

sepals 1.5 mm. long, oval-oblong, chartaceous, tomentulose without,

nearly equaled by the acute or obtuse ciliolate petals; stamens 2 mm.

long, pubescent below the middle; capsules turbinate, more or less

tricornate, 1-2 cm. long contracted into stipe 3-6 mm. long, reddish

tomentose without, lanate within, the black ellipsoid seed two-thirds

arillate.— Illustrated, Mart. Fl. Bras. 13, pt. 3: pL 115.

Rio Acre: Mouth of Rio Macauhdn, Krukoff 5600; 5523; 552U.

To Panama and the Guianas.

14. MATAYBA Aublet

Shrubs or trees similar to Cupania except that the small calyx is

cupulate, opening early, 5-dentate-lobed, the segments subimbricate

only at base and, in the Peruvian species, the leaflets are entire.

Species mostly little known and the Peruvian collections are too

few or too incomplete for definite determination.

Leaflets 2-4 cm. long, 1-1.5 cm. wide M. peruviana.

Leaflets much larger.

Leaflets 3-5, 7-12 cm. wide, drying pale green M. purgans.

Leaflets 6 (2)-12, 1.5-5.5 cm. wide, drying dark.

Fruits glabrous within as without; leaflets 2-6. .M. arbor escens.

I^Yuits densely tomentose within; leaflets to 12. . .M. guianensis.

Matayba arborescens (Aublet) Radlk. Sitzungsb. Akad. Wiss.

Miinchen 9: 535. 1879; 1082. Sapindus arborescens Aublet, PL

Guian. 1: 357. pi. 139. 1775.

Glabrous, except the tips of the young branches, these yellowish-

tomentulose; leaflets usually 6 (3-8), alternate or subopposite,

elliptic-lanceolate or lanceolate, acuminate, entire, petiolulate or

subsessile, chartaceous, hypodermatous tissue lacking, densely

pellucid-punctate, 7-21 cm. long, 4-8 cm. wide, the 9-15 lateral

nerves rather prominent on both sides; petiolules 2-5 mm. long,

canaliculate above, bulbous at the base; panicles shortly tomentu-

lose or laxly puberulent, sometimes subequaling the leaves; bracts

and bractlets minute; cymules of male flowers subsessile, those of

the female more or less stiped; pedicels about 1.5 mm. long, 3-4 mm.

long in fruit, calyx scarcely exceeding 1 mm., deeply lobed, the acute

chartaceous-coriaceous lobes appressed puberulent; petals acute.

Flora of Peru 387

about 1 mm. long, pubescent, exceeded by the lanate scales; stamens

nearly 3 mm. long, the filiform filaments pubescent below, the

anthers puberulent; ovary appressed pilose; capsules 1.5-2 cm. long

and broad, the black lustrous seed with white aril. — The Peruvian

collections are all in fruit and the determination is certainly open

to question.

Loreto: Mishuyacu near Iquitos, Kliig 2508; 251S; 6S6. To the

Guianas.

Matayba guianensis Aublet, PI. Guian. 1: 331. pi. 128. 1775;

1097.

Much branched above, the subterete or lightly sulcate branches

glabrescent or puberulent; petioles somewhat complanate and pu-

bescent above; leaves 1.5-3.5 dm. long with 2-12 usually oblong-

ovate-lanceolate leaflets, sometimes with some smaller ones between

them, commonly rather acutely acuminate, more or less contracted

to the short or longish petiolules, 5-15 cm. long, 1.5-5.5 cm. wide,

few-nerved, 1-m'^y foveolate (or not at all), glabrous or lightly

pilose only beneath, subimpunctate or densely so and lineolate;

panicles ample or contracted, equaling or exceeding the leaves,

puberulent or tomentulose, the cjrmules shortly stiped, the white

flowers on pedicels 1-2 mm. long; calyx 1-nearly 2 mm. long, cori-

aceous, the lobes rounded, somewhat puberulent; petals 1-2 mm.

long, equaled by the reddish lanate scales; disk glabrous; capsule

trigonous-subglobose, shortly stiped, 1-2 cm. long, more or less

verruculose, glabrate without, densely tomentose within. — Variable.

The Killip & Smith species in fruit doubtful, the capsule long-stiped.

According to the author attains 20 meters.

San Martin: Zepelacio, Klug S658 (det. Standley). — Hudnuco(?):

Haenke (fide Radlk.).— Loreto: Santa Rosa, Killip & Smith 28782?

To the Guianas.

Matayba peruviana Radlk. Sitzungsb. Akad. Wiss. MUnchen

9: 536. 1879; 1080.

Branches terete, early tomentulose, with few leaves of 8-14

opposite or subaltemate shortly lanceolate obtusely acuminate

chartaceous-coriaceous many-nerved petiolulate leaflets 2-4 cm.

long, 1-1.5 cm. wide, acutish at base, glabrous above, appressed and

sparsely pubescent beneath except on midnerve, barbate on the

many round foveoli and with immersed digitiform glands, minutely

lineolate and punctate-pellucid; petioles and rachises tomentose.

388 Field Museum of Natural History— Botany, Vol. XIII

especially above; panicles axillary, solitary, subequaling the leaves,

tomentose, the white flowers shortly pedicelled; calyx nearly 1 mm.

long, coriaceous, appressed setulose pilose without; petals 1.5 mm.

long, the 2 lanate scales a third as long; stamens puberulent at base;

disk glabrous; style 2-3-lobed, equaling the setulose ovary. — A

branched tree about 4 meters tall (Spruce) . F.M. Negs. 6037; 23630.

San Martin: Guayrapurina near Tarapoto, Spruce j^619, type.

Loreto: Ule 6719. "Canela ucsha."

Matayba purgans (Poepp. & Endl.) Radlk. Sitzungsb. Akad.

Wiss. Miinchen 9: 536. 1879; 1094. Cupania purgans Poepp. &

Endl. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 38. 1844.

Shrub or tree 1-6 meters high with subterete lightly sulcate

glabrescent branches and large leaves with 3-5 alternate or sub-

opposite leaflets, the glabrous common petioles 9-12 cm. long,

complanate above, convex beneath; leaflets petiolulate, broadly

elliptic or the lower subovate, acutish or subrounded at base, very

obtusely acuminate-apiculate, 15-30 cm. long, 7-12 cm. wide, char-

taceous, efoveolate, green both sides, microscopically glandular and

pilose, otherwise glabrous, obscurely pellucid-punctate, hypoderma

none, nerves only about 8; panicles thjnrsoid, scarcely half as long

as the petioles, mostly 2-3-fasciculate, rusty tomentulose, the

cymules sessile, the pedicels 1 mm. long, the small flowers white;

calyx and petals 1 mm. long, the former tomentulose, the 1 mm. long

scales lanate; capsule shortly stiped, subchartaceous, glabrate

without, the endocarp pilose, 18 mm. long, 16 mm. broad, the dark

seed enclosed by the bluish viscid-succulent aril. — The name refers

to Poeppig's observation as to the property of the seeds. Illustrated,

Mart. Fl. Bras. 13, pt. 3: pi. 120.

San Martin: Tarapoto, Ule 6U^; Spruce; Williams 6^93. —

Loreto: Balsapuerto, Klug 2950 (det. Standley); Killip & Smith

28528 (det. A. C. Smith). Amazonian Brazil. "Itua" (Poeppig).

15. LLAGUNOA R. & P.

Shrub or tree distinctive in Peru by the conspicuous green or

slightly purple-tinged flowers, 1-7 on rather long pedicels in the

axils of the simple or mostly simple leaves. Flowers oblique with no

petals but a prominent unilateral widely expanded disk, in the

Peruvian species unequally lobed. Stamens a little exserted in

the male flowers, the filaments glabrous or merely puberulent.

¥

Flora of Peru 389

Style subulate-filiform. Capsule subglobose-trilobed, pendulous,

3-valved, each valve with a solitary lustrous black globose seed

without aril.

Llagunoa nitida R. & P. Syst. Veg. 252. 1798; 1343. Amirola

nitida (R. & P.) Pers. Syn. PI. 2, 565. 1807.

Young branches, petioles (1-2 cm. long) and inflorescences

(2-3 cm. long) lightly pubescent, finally glabrous; leaves simple or

trifoliate, the lateral then small, the terminal sometimes lobate,

dentate, broadly ovate-elliptic, sometimes oblong-elliptic, acutish

or obtuse, rounded or narrowed at base, 6-11 cm. long, 2-5.5 cm.

wide, glabrous or even tomentose beneath (var. mollis (HBK.)

Radlk.), the younger densely glandular; dichasia usually 3-7-

flowered, the peduncles and 5-15 nmi. long pedicels glandular and

puberulent as the calyx within, this expanded 1-1.5 cm.; stamens

6 mm. long, typically glabrous with red anthers; fruit crustaceous,

15-18 nrni. across, the seeds 6 mm. in diameter. — Trunk said to

attain at least 1 dm. Illustrated, Hook. Icon. 2: pi. 132. F.M.

Neg. 36021.

Known, according to Ruiz and Pav6n, as the "Arbol de cuentas

de rosario," in reference to the use of the lustrous black round seeds

for the making of rosaries; the wood beautiful for cabinets, being

white with black markings (Stork & Horton).

Cajamarca: Prov. Ja^n, Weberbaiier 6179. — Amazonas: Chacha-

poyas, Mathews; Weberbauer 1^302; 191. Llata, 2283 (det. Johnston).

— Ancash: Valley of the Rio Puccha, Weberbauer 3736; 174.—

Hudnuco: Mufla, 3935; Ruiz & Pav&n, t5rpe. — Apurimac: Valley

Rio Pincos, Weberbav£r 5915 (robust and leaves oblong-elliptic).

— Ayacucho: Tambo, Weberbauer 55Jt9. — Huancavelica: Prov. Taya-

caja, hills and ravines, 2,000 meters, Stork & Horton 10JtO6. — Cuzco:

Valley Urubamba, Weberbauer 5069; 237. Torontoi, 2,400 meters,

Cook & Gilbert 1770. Prov. Andahuaylas, 2,600 meters, Vargas

8801.— Puno: Sandia, Weberbauer, 245. Ecuador. "Arbol de rosa-

rio."

16. DODONAEA L.

Reference: Sherff in Field Mus. Bot. 23: 269-317. 1947.

Resinous-viscid shrubs with subopposite exstipulate simple

leaves and small dioecious or hermaphrodite regular flowers, pedi-

celled in panicled racemes, corymbs or panicles. Sepals often 4,

valvate or narrowly imbricate, finally reflexed and deciduous.

390 Field Museum of Natural History— Botany, Vol. XIII

Petals none. Disk obsolete but in the female flowers a short carpo-

phore. Stamens 5-8, the filaments very short. Fruit a 2-5-angled

or winged capsule that simulates a samara; the cells 2- (or 1-)

seeded.

Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq. Enum. Carib. 19. 1760; 1363.

Ptelea viscosa L. Sp. PL 118. 1753.

Glabrous viscous shrub-tree, the erect reddish-brown flowering

branches compressed, angled and with an elevated line below the

insertion of the more or less petioled leaves, these varying from

subobovate-cuneate to lanceolate or sublinear, acute or obtuse,

entire but the margins sometimes unequally subrepand, to 15 cm.

long, 2 cm. or so wide, subchartaceous, pale green, lustrous and

with many fine lateral nerves; panicles in flower about half as long

as the leaves, the 5-8 mm. long pedicels twice as long in fruit; flowers

greenish-white or reddish, 3 mm. long often hermaphrodite; sepals

usually 4, trinerved, puberulent marginally; capsule suborbicular,

excised apex and base or subcordate, mostly triquetrous, 3-celled,

each cell surrounded by a membranous radiately reticulate-veined

often roseate wing. — Herrera in Contrib. Fl. Cuzco, ed. 1. 2: 118

gave two names to Raimondi collections, both without description,

which ought not to be cited even as synonyms. Sherff has thought

it worth while to reinterpret the many variations, those in Peru

being var. linearis (Harv. & Sond.) Sherff, f. angustifolia (Benth.)

Sherff (Stork & Horton 1005; Vargas 9781, leaves 5-11 cm. long);

var. vulgaris Benth., f. Burmanniana (Schum. & Thon.) Radlk.

(Stork & Horton 1078j^; lOUlS), leaves 7-11 by 1.5-2 cm., acute

or obtusish and f. Schiedeana (Schlecht.) Radlk., leaves to 16

cm. long, 2 cm. wide, gradually acuminate both ends; var. arbor escens

(Cunn.) Sherff, f. spatulata (Sm.) Sherff (Chachapoyas, Williams

7564), leaves often more or less sinuate-dentate.

Common, especially in the interandean valleys between 1,000

and 3,000 meters and known everywhere by the native name

"Chamana" (Weberbauer). Used for fuel; crushed leaves applied

effectively in poultices for sprains (Ruiz & Pavon). Leaves mixed

with coca if latter too strong and with branches used for mattresses,

the gum sticking them together firmly (Stork & Horton).

Cajamarca: Socota, Stork & Horton 10095. Above Santa Cruz,

Weberbauer, 189. — Amazonas: Chachapoyas, Williams 7564- —

Ancash: Caraz, 2,200 meters, Weberbauer 3010; 173. Huantar,

Puccha Valley, Weberbauer, 174. Grass steppes, Rio de Chiquian,

Flora of Peru 391

Weberbauer, 111. — Hudnuco: Near Hudnuco, 2052; Kanehira 6J^,

Mito, SS35. Below Ambo, dominant on dry rocky eastern slopes,

2^16. Uspachaca, ISIS. San Rafael, Sawada Pi 20. Valley of the

Marafl6n, Weberbauer, 190. Valley of Utcubamba, Weberbauer,

191.— Junfn: Tarma, Killip & Smith 21818; Ruiz & Pav6n. Tarma

Valley, 2,700 meters, Weberbauer 2S87; 176.— Ayacucho: Near Rio de

Lomas, Weberbauer 575S. — Huancavelica: Stork & Horton lOUlS.

— Apurimac: Stork & Horton 1078 j^; Vargas 9781. — Cuzco: Prov. de

Paruro, Raimondi. Pomachaca, Urubamba, Weberbau£r 50U9; 211.

Ollantaitambo, Cook & Gilbert 7S7. — Puno: Sandia, Weberbauer

5^7; 238. All warm regions. "Chamana," "chamisa" and "cha-

massa" (Ruiz & Pav6n).

RHAMNACEAE. Buckthorn Family

Commonly shrubs (Gou^nia, Ampelozizyphus, Sageretia, scan-

dent) or small trees, rarely herbs, often thorny or the stipules

spiniform, these otherwise small or obsolete, always simple-leaved

and the flowers regular, usually 5- (or 4-) merous and in little

umbels that frequently are racemose or panicled. Petals, if present,

ordinarily cucullate or involute, and inserted with the stamens into

the edge of the thin or fleshy disk which often lines the short or

long calyx-tube and sometimes unites it to the 2-5-celled (rarely

incompletely 2-celled) ovary, the cells usually 1-ovuled. Fruit

a drupe with 1-3 pyrenes or a capsule with 1 erect seed in each cell,

or less often consisting of 3 cocci that may be winged.

Family known for several products, especially for "cascara

sagrada," obtained from Rhamnu^ Purshiana DC. of western North

America, and R. cathartica L. of the Old World. The fruit "jujube"

(Zizyphu^ Jujuba Mill.) of the Mediterranean region and the similar

Z. mauritiana Lam. may be cultivated in Peru; unlike the Peruvian

species these shrubs have fruits about the size of olives, reddish or

yellowish with a sweet edible pulp, and the latter species is tomentose.

For an excellent account of these and other cultivated Rhamnaceae

in Argentina, some of which of course are probably grown in Peru

for ornament or for hedges, see Marzocca y Marthi, Ministr.

Agric. y Ganad. 7, fasc. 120: 1-48. 1951.

The key has been devised of course as an aid in the determination

of Peruvian components of the family and not to suggest possible

relationships or to give technical characters.

392 Field Museum of Natural History— Botany, Vol. XIII

Shrubs, rarely scandent but then without tendrils and lateral nerves

not parallel.

Leaves multinerved, the nerves from midnerve subparallel; fruit

capsular 1. Alzatea.

Leaves medially 3-nerved from at or near the base.

Erect shrubs; fruit drupiform 2. Zizyphus.

Liana, long-leaved; fruit capsular 7. Ampelozizyphus.

Leaves pinnately nerved, sometimes lacking except in vegetative

(growing) periods.

Plants sparsely leafy, the small leaves often absent except in

growing season; branchlets, unless younger, often thorny;

fruit drupiform, or tardily capsular.

Leaves as branchlets opposite or nearly; ovary 2-4-celled.

Flowers sessile or nearly; fruits drupiform 6. Scutia.

Flowers pendent; fruits finally capsular 10. Colletia.

Leaves as branchlets alternate; ovary incompletely 2-celled.

3. Condalia.

Plants abundantly foliose; spines if present small, stipular.

Leaves opposite or subopposite (Peru).

Flowers sessile in open inflorescence; upper stems often

scandent; drupe with 3 nutlets 4. Sageretia.

Flowers pedicellate or subsessile but crowded; erect shrubs

or trees.

Caljrx tube persisting but not adhering to baccate fruit;

leaves without basal glands 5. Rhamnidium.

Calyx tube adhering basally to capsular fruit; leaves

(Peru) biglandular 8. Colubrina.

Leaves alternate; fruit baccate or drupiform.

Shrubs never spiny; fruit somewhat fleshy, indehiscent.

9. Rhamnus.

Shrubs often spiny; fruit baccate, the carpels finally

dehiscing 8. Colubrina.

Liana or clambering, tendrils usually present, the leaves with sub-

parallel lateral nerves 11. Gouania.

1. ALZATEA R. & P.

Generic character that of the single species. — Seems affine

MayteniLS but apetalous (DeCandolle) ; some of its characters

Flora of Peru 393

suggest affinity to Icacinaceae; but according to Loesener, Pflanzen-

familien, ed. 2, 20b, it may be a part of Rhamnaceae. The leaves

simulate those of some Guttiferae.

Alzatea verticillata R. & P. Fl. Peruv. 3: 20, pi. 2^1. 1802.

Glabrous stout-trunked tree with purplish verticillate branches,

opposite and verticillate petioles, ample coriaceous entire oblong-

obovate leaves, lustrous above, and many-flowered terminal corymbs

of lutescent apetalous flowers; calyx campanulate, colored, 5-parted;

stamens 5, apparently inserted on disk, filaments short, anthers

erect, cordate; style short, stigma obtuse; ovules affixed centrally

base to apex, the sessile ovary obcordate and 2-celled as the bivalved

several-seeded capsule; seeds winged, aril none. — Illustrated, Ruiz

& Pav6n, Prodr. pi 7. F.M. Neg. 29349.

Hudnuco: In woods near Mesapata, Chinchao, Ruiz & Pav6n,

type. Bolivia (fide Rusby).

2. ZIZYPHUS [Miller] L.

Commonly conspicuously thorny, the alternate subdistichous

coriaceous leaves 3-plinerved. Flowers in short axillary cjones.

Petals 5 (rarely none), cucuUate, deflexed. Calyx 5-parted with

broadly obconic tube persisting beneath in fruit, the ovate acute

spreading lobes carinate within and 3-angled. Disk plane, margin-

ally pentagonous, free. Ovary superior or semisuperior, 2- (rarely

3-4-) celled. Drupes somewhat fleshy, 1-3-seeded. — Originally

Ziziphus, derived from the Arabian or Greek native name.

Leaves subrotimd, villous on nerves beneath Z. piurensis.

Leaves oblongish, glabrous or puberulent.

Leaves puberulent, 1-1.5 cm. wide Z. Weherhaueri.

Leaves glabrous, 3-6 cm. wide Z. cinnamomum.

Zizyphus cinnamomum Tr. & PI. Ann. Sci. Nat. s^r. 5. 16:

380. 1872.

Cinereous-barked branchlets with numerous oblong lenticels;

leaves oblong-elliptic, obtuse, to 1.5 dm. long, half as wide, glabrous,

coriaceous, glaucescent, very finely and closely reticulate- veined,

the 3 primary nerves prominent; peduncles short, arcuate-reflexed,

lenticellate; pedicels and calyces tomentulose (authors). F.M. Neg.

4703.

394 Field Museum of Natural History— Botany, Vol. XIII

Loreto: Pongo de Manseriche {Tessmann ^703, det. Mansfeld).

Colombia.

Zizyphus piurensis Pilger, Bot. Jahrb. 54: Beibl. 117: 46. 1916.

Younger branchlets, petioles, these to 1 cm. long, and axillary

and terminal cymules densely puberulent; leaves broadly ovate,

usually subrotund, rounded both ends, distinctly crenate or obtusely

serrate-crenate, 5- (8) cm. long, 3-5 cm. wide, chartaceous, glabrous

above, villous beneath, especially toward the base of the 3 principal

nerves, the dense reticulate venation faint; sepals obviously carinate

within, 1.5 mm. long, equaled by the petals. — Allied to Z. thyrsiflora

Benth. of northern Ecuador with much less pubescent leaf-veins

and cymules; that species also has more remotely crenulate leaves

that are firmer and lustrous above. However, more material may

show the Peruvian tree, known to attain 8 meters, only a variant.

There is also a resemblance to Z. undulata Reiss. of Brazil, glabrate,

the leaves acutish.

Piura: Morropon to Salitral, 150 meters, Weberhauer 5962, type.

"Palo negro," "evano" (Ruiz & Pavon for Z. thyrsiflora).

Zizyphus Weberbaueri Pilger, Bot. Jahrb. 54: Beibl. 117: 46.

1916.

Branchlets divaricate, geminately short-spinose at some of the

upper nodes, the spines mostly 5-10 (14) mm. long; petioles 4-5 mm.

long, canescent puberulent as the young branchlets and small

axillary and terminal cjntnes including the scarcely 1.5 mm. long

sepals; leaves rather rigid, nearly concolorous, sparsely puberulent,

beneath on the 3 principal nerves especially toward the base, densely

reticulate-veined, minutely serrulate or subentire, ovate-oblong-

lanceolate or rarely long-oval, 1.5-3.5 cm. long, 8-16 mm. wide;

petals narrowly cochleate-spatulate, 1.5 mm. long; disk rather thick,

lightly crenulate; fruit reddish, globose-ellipsoid, 1 cm. long. — To

6 meters tall. Related to Z. mistol Griseb. of Argentina and to Z.

ohlongifolius Sp. Moore of Brazil, the last with different shaped

leaves, shorter spines, the first with leaves more glaucous beneath

and less pubescent cymes, smaller fruit (Pilger). The species of

Spencer Moore seems to be nearest but that is glabrous; the validity

of these species depends on the variability of these characters, as yet

unknown.

Apurlmac: In savana below Curahuasi, 2,100 meters, Weber-

hauer 5920, type.

Flora of Peru 395

3. CONDALIA Cav.

Much branched, the often spreading branchlets usually ter-

minating in a rigid spine. Leaves alternate, entire, with minute

stipules. Flowers axillary, solitary or usually in small umbels with

several flowers, sometimes panicled. Calyx deeply 5-lobed; petals

often none. Ovary free from both calyx and disk, incompletely

2-celled with 1 or 2 ovules; style base persisting on the drupe. — The

euphonious name commemorates a Spanish physician, A. Condal,

companion of Loefling on his voyage to the Rio Orinoco.

Gondalia Weberbaueri Perk. Bot. Jahrb. 45: 463. 1911.

Shrub with numerous short apically subulate-spinescent branch-

lets, these early sparsely gray-pilose as the 1.5-3 mm. long petioles;

leaves obovate or obovate-oblong, long-attenuate to base, acutish,

mucronate, mostly 1-2.5 cm. long, 3.5-9 mm. wide, entire, glabrous

above, grayish-pilose or on the 6-7 lateral nerves tomentose beneath;

stipules ovate, persisting; flowers axillary, solitary or fasciculate,

3.5 mm. long, the glabrous filiform pedicels 3-6 nmi. long; calyx

membranous, lightly pilose without, the ovate acuminate lobes

spreading; petals none; ovary glabrous, 2-celled(?), the ovules

soUtary; drupes ovoid, 7-8 mm. long, 5 mm. thick, ligneous, the style

5 nrni. long. — Easily distinguished from the related C. huxijolia

Reiss. by the form of the pubescent leaves and the pubescent calyx

(Perkins); my collection from a shrub to 1 meter high, fruits pur-

pUsh. F.M. Neg. 5840.

Junin: Tarma, Ruiz & Pav&n; Weberbauer 172J!f, type; 1076. —

Hudnuco: Hudnuco and Pillao, Ruiz & Pavdn. "Tanacancha"

(Ruiz & Pav6n). Bolivia.

4. SAGERETIA Brongniart

Resembles Scuiia but the minute flowers disposed in panicles

or glomerulate in the axils of the opposite or suboppK)site often

decussate branchlets. Disk cupulate, marginally 5-lobed. Ovary

3-celled. Drupes globose with 3 indehiscent pyrenes.

Sageretia elegans (HBK.) Brongn. Ann. Sci. Nat. s^r. 1, 10:

359. 1827. Rhamnus elegans HBK. Nov. C^n. & Sp. 7: 53, pi. 619.

1824.

Branches more or less spinescent, the slender virgate upper ones

often somewhat scandent, usually densely canescent puberulent

396 Field Museum of Natural History— Botany, Vol. XIII

as often the younger leaves and the leafy panicles of sessile greenish-

white flowers; leaves lanceolate to ovate-elliptic, glabrous (or nearly)

and lustrous at maturity, subcoriaceous, rounded or subcordate

at base, acute or acuminate, usually 4-9 cm. long; calyx laxly

tomentulose, 1-1.5 mm. long; fruit black or dark, subglobose,

6-8 mm. in diameter.

San Martin: Lamas, Williams 6U17. Tarapoto, Williams 61 3 U;

6251; 6503; Spruce U16. To Mexico.

5. RHAMNIDIUM Reissek

Shrub or small slender tree much like Rhamnus except that the

leaves are opposite or subopposite and the fruit finally baccate,

only 1-2-celled.

Rhamnidiutn elaeocarpum Reiss. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 11,

pt. 1: 94. 1861.

Branchlets opposite, abundantly lenticellate, the tips as petioles

(4-12 mm. long), leaves beneath and cjmies more or less puberulent;

stipules interpetiolar, oblong-acuminate, deciduous; leaves elliptic-

oblong, acute or obtusish, often subcordate at base, usually 7-10

cm. long, 2.5-5 cm. wide, with 8-12 lateral nerves; peduncles 4-8

mm. long, the many-flowered cymes simply dichotomous, finely

pubescent; calyx 4-5 mm. long, subequaling the pedicels, tube

broadly obconic, lobes erect, acute, strongly tubercled within,

carinate; petals bilobed, involute; fruit ellipsoid, 10-12 mm. long,

calyx cup and often stamens persisting. — Forming undergrowth

in dense forest to about 6 meters, the bark coarsely fissured (Wil-

liams, Field Mus. Bot. 15: 299. 1936; see also for wood anatomy).

Illustrated, Reissek, I.e., pi. 31.

San Martin: Near Tarapoto, Williams 6887; 6888 (det. R.

Gross). To Paraguay and Brazil.

6. SCUTIA Comm.

Scypharia Miers, Contr. Bot. 1: 299, pi ^2. 1861, fide Weber-

bauer, Field Mus. Bot. 8: 83. 1930.

Spiny or rarely unarmed shrubs, the branchlets often angled,

the coriaceous leaves opposite or nearly and pinnately nerved, the

5-merous flowers fasciculate or congested in small axillary umbels.

Calyx-tube hemispheric or turbinate, the acute lobes thickened

apically. Petals plane or cucullate, nearly equaled by the stamens.

Flora of Peru 897

Disk with undulate margin. Ovary free, 2-4-celled. Fruit obovoid

or subglobose, dry or scarcely fleshy, with 2-4 pyrenes and basally

enclosed in the calyx-tube. — S. gtiayaquilensis (HBK.) Weberbauer,

while similar to the known Peruvian species, is distinguishable by

the form of the leaves (Weberbauer) ; they are elliptic, rounded but

mucronate at tip, decurrent to short petioles, softly canescent

pubescent beneath.

Flowers sessile S. spicata.

Flowers shortly pedicellate S. paiLciJlora.

Scutia pauciflora (Hook, f.) Weberb. Field Mus. Bot. 8: 84.

1930. Discaria pauciflora Hook. f. Trans. Linn. Soc. 20: 229. 1851.

Scypharia (parviflora) pauciflora (Hook, f.) Miers, Contr. Bot. 1:

301, pi. It2. 1861. D. parviflora Hook. f. ex Miers, I.e.

Terete branches and branchlets spinescent; leaves caducous, few,

oblong-obovate or oblong, mucronate, shortly petioled; flowers

solitary or binate, subsessile; petals very broadly spatulate, bifid;

ovary 2-celled. — Distinguished by the very small flowers and the

bifid petals (Hooker f.).

Peru: (possibly). Galapagos; Ecuador.

Scutia spicata (Willd.) Weberb. Field Mus. Bot. 8: 83. 1930.

CoUelia spicata Willd. ex Roem. & Schult. Syst. 5: 513. 1819. Rham-

ntts senticosa HBK. Nov. Gren. & Sp. 7: 54. 1824. Sageretia senticosa

(HBK.) Brongn. Ann. Sci. Nat. s6r. 1, 10: 360. 1827. Scypharia

senticosa (HBK.) Miers, Contr. Bot. 1: 301, pi. U2. 1861. Scutia

maritima Perk. Bot. Jahrb. 45: 464. 1911.

Glabrous, the many terete or sub-4-gonous green spiny branchlets

subopposite the opposite subulate spreading spines 2.5-6 cm. long;

stipules minute, ovate-subulate; leaves few, solitary at base of spines

(petioles canaliculate, articulate to base, 2 mm. long), ovate, obtuse,

rounded at base, sub-5-plinerved, subcoriaceous, glaucous-green,

about 2.5 cm. long; flowers minute, 1-2 or 5-6-fasciculate-glomerate,

sessile; calyx subhemispheric, medially 5-parted, the ovate acute

spreading segments valvate before an thesis; p)etals 5, scale-like,

emarginate-bilobed, included, subcucullate; anthers 2-celled, affixed

dorsally above base; ovary depressed-globose, 3-celled, the cells

1-ovuled; style very short, the 3 stigmas obtuse; disk thin, seeming

obsolete; fruit globose, 1-3-seeded, the seeds lenticular. — After

HBK. This, as the related S. arenicola (Casar.) Reiss., has thinner

disk than in S. Imxifolia Reiss. (Weberbauer). The stout green

398 Field Museum of Natural History— Botany, Vol. XIII

thorns, often 6 cm. long, make passage through thickets of these

shrubs impossible; the small red fleshy fruits are sour but very-

palatable, according to Svenson, who gives a habital photograph,

Amer. Joum. Bot. 33: 396. 1946. Attains about 3 meters often

in stands alone, and characteristic for the dry coast land from

southern Ecuador to region of Chala, southern Peru, and reaching

at most 1,600 (1,800, Mexia) meters, this in central Peru (Weber-

bauer). Illustrated, Miers, Contr. Bot. 1: pi. U2 C. F.M. Neg.

9489.

Tumbez: Coastal plain, Weberhauer 771^. — Piura: Quebrada

Mogollon, Amotape Hills, abundant (Haught & Svenson 115^0).

Contumasay, Prov. Truxillo, Bonpland (type, R. senticosa). Ni-

gritos, Haught 68. — Libertad: La Goldina, Prov. Trujillo, Worth

9056 (det. Johnston). — Ancash: Yautan, 2561. — Lima: Chosica to

Matucana, Mexia 0U076. Above San Bartolom^, Weberhauer 5207.

Prov. Chancay, Goodspeed 1735 Jt. Prov. Huarochiri, Goodspeed

Exped. 30219 (det. Killip). Rio de Lomas, Weberhauer 5739. "Mo-

lono" (Bonpland), "Hpe," "muchilco" (both Weberhauer). Gala-

pagos; Ecuador.

7. AMPELOZIZYPHUS Ducke

Robust liana with alternate entire 5-nerved leaves, the 2 outer

nerves slender or obscure, and hermaphrodite flowers in axillary

cymes mostly on the uppermost leafless branches forming elongate

racemes or in ample panicles. Stipules caducous. Calyx-tube

shortly turbinate, the five 1-nerved apically callosed lobes spreading,

subequaled by the long-clawed petals, these inserted with the

shorter stamens at the margins of the adnate plane entire disk.

Ovary 3-celled, completely connate with calyx-tube and disk, the

solitary ovules erect. Capsules stiped by the stout torus the more

or less refiexed calyx-lobes persisting, 3-seeded, the seeds exal-

buminous, thus distinct from Coluhrina the capsules at maturity

dehiscent elastically (Ducke). Immature fruits suggest drupes,

perhaps evidence of the tenuous character of the taxonomy within

the family.

Ampelozizyphus amazonicus Ducke, Arch. Inst. Biol. Veg.

2: 158. 1935.

Glabrous except reddish-pubescent growing parts including

inflorescences; reddish bark of branchlets laminulately deciduous;

petioles to 2.5 cm. long; leaves ovate-elliptic, rounded or obtuse

Flora of Peru 899

at base, shortly acuminate or obtuse, coriaceous, 1.5-2.5 dm. long,

7-12 cm. wide, or usually much smaller on fertile branchlets;

peduncles to 2 cm. long; pedicels 2-3 mm. long; calyx 2 mm. long,

the lobes tomentulose within; fruits glabrous, obovoid. — Inflores-

cence and leaves suggest certain Menispermaceae; outer bark has

odor of methyl salicylate, as that of Pourouma, some Polygalas and

Parkia oppositifolia (Ducke). Capsules depressed-trigonous,

strongly callose-carinate, to 2 cm. high, 3 cm. wide; endocarp

crustaceous (Ducke, I.e. 4: 47. 1938). Illustrated, Ducke, I.e.

pis. 1, 2, opposite 172 and I.e. 4: 47. pi. S (fruit).

Loreto: Mishuyacu near Iquitos, Klug J^IO; 566; 589. Amazon-

ian Brazil.

"Saracura-mira" (Ducke).

8. COLUBRINA Richard

Cormonema Reissek in Mart. Fl. Bras. 11, pt. 1: 96. 1861. Caesia

Veil. Fl. Flum. 3: pi. 23, Text 107. 1825.

Trees or shrubs, sometimes spinescent, the alternate or opposite,

entire or dentate, pinnate-nerved leaves sometimes biglandular at

petiole apex or base of blade. Flowers 5-merous, in axillary fascicles

or umbelliform cymes. Cal5rx-tube hemispheric, the spreading lobes

often 3-angled and carinate within. Persisting petals clawed, in-

serted below the fleshy angulate or lobate disk which lines tube and

surrounds the free globose 3-celled ovary. Drupe finally capsular-

baccate, the epicarp thin, the carpels within crustaceous or with

a hyaline membrane; seeds obovoid. — Reissek separated as a distinct

genus species with leaf-glands and, especially, the carpels with a

hyaline membrane within; it is questionable if the characters are

concomitant and in any case it is practical taxonomy to treat them

as indicating sectional division under one name.

Mention may be made of C. Spriicei (Suesseng.) Cowan, Brit-

tonia 7: 405. 1952 {Cormonema Spriicei Suesseng. Bot. Archiv

[Konigsberg, etc.l 39: 387. 1938) from Rio Solim5es, Brazil, which

according to the author is similar to Cormonema ovalifolia Donn.

Sm. of Central America, differing in having darker lustrous leaves

with more acute tips. It has been most agreeable to find a student

supporting my union of two genera, in this instance in manuscript.

Leaves opposite or subaltemate, the glands at base of blade.

C. glandulosa.

Leaves alternate, the glands usually at apex of petiole. .C. VeUozoi.

400 Field Museum of Natural History — Botany, Vol. XIII

Colubrina glandulosa Perk. Bot. Jahrb. 45: 465. 1911.

Unarmed tree, the younger branches and leaves beneath rufo-

tomentose, glabrescent or finally glabrous except for the tomentose-

pilose cymes and calyces; petioles 1-1.5 cm. long, leaves opposite

or sometimes subaltemate, oblong-ovate or oblong, rounded at the

biglandular (rarely uniglandular) base, obtusely acuminate, 7.5-17.5

cm. long, 3-8 cm. wide, entire, chartaceous, lateral veins 4-6, these

often with a few minute trichomes beneath; flowers 4 mm. long;

pedicels 1-2 mm. long; calyx-lobes acuminate, spreading, callose-

tipped; fruit subglobose, 6 mm. in diameter, the 3 seeds obovoid.

— Allied by the author to C. rufa Reiss. of Brazil but distinct by the

glabrous glandular-based leaves. To 10 meters high (Klug). F.M.

Neg. 5846.

San Martin: Juanjui, Klug JtSJfO (det. Standley). — Huanuco:

Between Monzon and Rio Huallaga, 600 meters, Weherhauer 362S,

type.— Rio Acre: Ule 9633 (det. Pilger).

Colubrina Vellozoi Cowan, Brittonia 7: 405. 1952. Cormo-

nema spinosum (Veil.) Reiss. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 11, pt. 1: 96. 1861,

not Colubrina spinosa Donn.-Sm., 1897. Caesia spinosa Veil. Fl.

Flum. 3: pi. 23, Text 107. 1825.

Much branched, often armed, the tips of the short or long

branchlets typically pubescent; petioles short or to 1 cm. long;

leaves lanceolate to oblong- or ovate-elliptic, puberulent on nerves,

finally glabrous, biglandular at apex of petioles or very base of

blade, usually chartaceous, often several cm. wide and about twice

as long, obtuse to acuminate; fascicles ordinarily many-flowered,

the pedicels at last 4 mm. long; calyx spreading, 3 mm. broad, the

lobes callose- tipped ; fruit spherical, the crustaceous 3 carpels or

cocci 1-seeded and with a very thin subhyaline inner membrane.

— The var. peruviana Macbr. ex Cowan, I.e. (Cormonema spinosum

var. peruvianum Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 8: 124. 1930) has cupuliform

instead of patuliform leaf-glands, spines when present mostly about

2 cm. long, leaves subcoriaceous. To 7 meters tall. The species may

not be specifically distinct from C. heteronema (Griseb.) Standley,

known from Panama to Mexico.

San Martin: Chazuta, Klug ItlU2; ^l^S (det. Standley).— Junln:

La Merced, 5368 (type, var.); 526 J^; Killip & Smith 23530. Brazil.

9. RHAMNUS L.

Unarmed with usually alternate pinnately nerved leaves, small

deciduous stipules and axillary racemose or fasciculately cymose

Flora of Peru 401

4-5-merous flowers. Calyx tube after anthesis medially circum-

scissile the lower portion urceolate, persisting but free about the

base of the baccate drupe, the 3-angled lobes carinate within, erect

or spreading. Petals rarely none, sometimes plane. Disk plane,

the subsessile stamens inserted below its thin margin. Ovary free,

3-4-celled, the fruit with usually 2-4 scarcely or not dehiscent

pyrenes.

Branchlets granulately lenticellate; leaves soon glabrous, subentire.

R. granulosus.

Branchlets smooth, sparsely if at all lenticellate.

Leaves serrulate, firm R. Jelskii.

Leaves crenulate, membranous R. riojae.

Rhamnus granulosus (R. & P.) Weberb. Pflanzenfam. 3,

Abt. 5: 410. 1895. Ceanothus granulosus R. & P. Fl. Peruv. 3: 5,

pi. 228. 1802.

Densely leafy shrub or small tree, the many branchlets con-

spicuously lenticellate, the tips, younger petioles (1-1.5 cm. long)

and inflorescences early rusty villous-hispidulous except the last

soon glabrous; leaves oblong-elliptic or slightly obovate, shortly

acute at base, shortly acuminate, usually about 9 cm. long, 5 cm.

wide, or to 15 cm. long, 7 cm. wide, subentire or above the middle

obscurely and repandly mucro-denticulate, lustrous especially above,

glabrous or early more or less pubescent beneath along the nerves

or in their axils, soon coriaceous; peduncles to about 1.5 cm. long;

pedicels in fruit to 5 or 6 mm. long, umbellately several; calyx lobes

scarcely 2 mm. long, ovate, acutish; petals obovate, clawed, included;

disk obscure; ovary subrotund-turbinate, 3-celled; fruits sub-

spheroid, 5 mm. thick, sparsely appressed puberulent-hispidulous,

the seeds obovoid. — Tjrpe collections from Chinchao, Cuchero and

Vitoc, Ruiz & Pavdn. To 8 meters tall (Weberbauer).

Hudnuco: Pampayacu, Kanehira. Cuchero, Poeppig 12SJ^.

Chinchao, Weberbauer 6802 (det. Pilger).

Rhamnus Jelskii Szyszyl. Dissert. Classis Math.-Phys. Acad.

Litt. Cracov. 29: 224. 1895. R. pubescens (R. & P.) Tr. & PI. Ann.

Sci. Nat. s^r. 5, 16: 379. 1872, not Poir. nor Sibth. & Sm. Ceano-

thus pubescens R. & P. Fl. Peruv. 3: 6, pi. 228. 1802.

Shrub-tree, the numerous branchlets only at tips, younger

petioles, these 1-1.5 (2) cm. long and flowering cymes more or less

402 Field Museum of Natural History— Botany, Vol. XIII

canescently rufo-hispidulous or sub villous; leaves oblong-lanceolate

to -elliptic or somewhat ovate, acute to rounded at base, acuminate,

3-12 cm. long, 2-6 cm. wide, glandular-serrulate usually nearly

from base to apex, subcoriaceous in age, lightly pubescent to gla-

brate above and beneath or the subparallel (evenly spaced) nerves

more villous, as sometimes also the fine veins; peduncles about 1

cm. long or much shorter, pedicels 3-7 mm. long, fulvous villosulous

even in fruit; calyx 2.5-3 mm. long, greenish-yellow, the ovate-

lanceolate acute lobes erect; drupes depressed ovoid or subglobular,

lightly pubescent to glabrous, reddish-black, finally 6-8 mm. thick

and nearly as high. — Sometimes 5-8 meters tall and furnishing

a dye ( Weberbauer) . The closely related R. chrysophyllus (Reiss.)

Weberb. (or R. pubescens var. chrysophyllus (Reiss.) Ktze.) has the

leaves densely and apparently fulvous lanate beneath; R. Jelskii,

ex char, seems to be the most pubescent form of the Ruiz and Pavon

species within Peru, and R. chrysophyllus if not specifically distinct

would be of course the earlier name. F.M. Neg. 23297 {R. pu-

bescens).

Piura: Ayavaca, 2,900 meters, Weberbauer 6372. — Cajamarca:

Tambillo {Jelski 32^, type). Cutervo, Raimondi. Chota, Weber-

bauer U220. — Amazonas: Chachapoyas, Williams 7556 (det. Gross);

Mathews 767 (Mitten Herb.). Pariahuanca, Weberbauer 6593. —

Junin: Chacahuasi, Ruiz & Pavdn (type, R. pubescens). Panti,

Weberbauer 6593. Vitoc, Ruiz & Pavdn (det. Mansfeld). — Hudnuco:

Cani near Mito, 2,800 meters, 3J^37 (det. Standley). Chinchao,

Weberbauer 6820. — Huancavelica: Mantaro Valley, Weberbauer 6502.

Surcubamba, 2,600 meters, in bushwood. Stork & Horton 10352.

"Aravisa" (Raimondi).

Rhamnus riojae Perk. Bot. Jahrb. 45: 465. 1911.

Branchlet tips, petioles (5-10 mm. long) and cymes including

the calyces fulvous- tomentulose, the former soon glabrescent;

leaves oblong or obovate-oblong, cuneate at base, acuminate,

papyraceous or chartaceous, very sparsely fulvo-pilose on nerves

above, manifestly on the arcuate unevenly spaced nerves and veins

beneath, minutely glandular-serrulate, often 6.5-14 cm. long, 2-4

cm. wide; peduncles 1-10 mm. long, cymes 1-1.5 cm. long; flowers

3.5 mm. long, greenish-white; pedicels 5-8 mm. long; calyx-lobes

acute; ovary 3-celled, glabrous; drupes depressed globose, about

6 mm. in diameter. — In savana woods, to 2 meters tall; perhaps

not consistently distinguishable from R. Jelskii. F.M. Neg. 4697.

Flora of Peru 403

San Martin: Mayo near Tarapoto, Spruce 1^877 (det. Reissek,

n. sp. ined.)- — Loreto: Rioja, west of Moyobamba, Weherhauer

A697, type. Pumayacu, Balsapuerto to Moyobamba, Kltig SI 81

(det. Standley, R. pnbescens).

10. COLLETIA Comm.

Often leafless shrubs, the decussately opposite branches spinose,

notably compressed and sometimes enlarged at the nodes, these not

articulate. Flowers 4-6-merous (petals may be lacking), fascicled or

solitary below the spines, the 1-flowered pedicels nutant. Calyx

membranous, the tube produced above the adnate disk. Ovary

3-celled. Drupes finally capsular, coriaceous with 3 crustaceous

bivalved cocci. — For a discussion of the morphology of this and

related genera and a taxonomic review of Colletia see Miers, Contr.

Bot. 1: 230-304. 1851-61. A French botanist, D. Collet of about

1700, is remembered by the name.

Ck>lletia spinosissima Gmelin, Syst. Nat. ed. 13, 2: 408. 1791.

C. spinosa Lam. Illus. 2: 91, pi. 129. 1797. C. horrida Willd. Sp.

PI. 1: 1113. 1798. C. polyacantha Willd. ex Roem. & Schult. Syst.

5: 513. 1819. C. WeddeUiana, C. adculata, and C. Kunthiana Miers,

Contr. Bot. 1: 257, 263. 1851-1861. C. Ephedra Vent. Choix 11:

pi. 16. 1803. C. adculata Miers, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3,

5: 214. 1860. C. obcordata Vent. Jard. Cels pi. 92. 1800.

Much branched, to 1 meter tall, nearly leafless, the branches

and branchlets decussately opposite, pale green, hirtellous, apically

spinescent with subulate homy point; leaves opposite, subsessile,

obovate-lanceolate or spatulate, obtuse, concave, carinate beneath,

glabrous; stipules 2, ovate, caducous; peduncles 1-2 (3^) from

axillary tubercles, 1-flowered; flowers pendent, yellowish, only 1 in

3 or 4 fertile; calyx campanulate, 10-nerved, membranous, glabrous,

the acute oblong-lanceolate segments reflexing; disk fleshy, entire;

petals none; stamens exserted, anthers reniform, dorsiflexed; ovary

short-ovoid, sessile, 3-celled; style little exceeding the stamens, the

stigma subcapitate; capsules subglobose, glabrous, peduncles 4 mm.

long, cocci rounded, chartaceous, seeds subellipsoid, lustrous, 4 mm.

long. — After HBK. and thus Miers' C. Kunthiana. Calyx greenish-

yellow; anthers black (Stork & Horton). Miers, Contr. Bot. 1:

253. 1851-1861, considers the plant of Commerson from Buenos

Ayres as the type, which however was figured from a specimen by

Jos. de Jussieu from Peru; Lamarck considered them the same.

404 Field Museum of Natural History— Botany, Vol. XIII

Miers furthermore proposed C. aciculata for the Peruvian plant,

and also several other names; types not seen but from accumulated

materials and descriptions it is not evident that they represent

more than vegetative variations, the characters apparently being

relative and scarcely concomitant or constant; the problem however

is for a student of the group.

Contains colletin that seems to possess tonic properties; bark

and young branches serve as an efficacious aid for soap, and entire

plant is an excellent fuel for baking ovens (Herrera). Illustrated,

Minist. Agric. y Ganad. Argent. 7, fasc. 120, fig. 9. F.M. Negs. 9490

(C. horrida); 35969 (C. Weddelliana).

Piura: Huancabamba, on the paramo (Bonpland, type, C.

horrida) . Pampano above Pisco, Weberbauer 5370. — Ancash : Casma,

Raimondi. Huardz, gravelly river bluff, 2528. Llata, shores of

Rio Maraiion, 2280. — Libertad: Prov. Pacasmayo, Raimondi. — ■

Lima: Above San Bartolom^, Weberbauer 5207. Above Lima,

Raimondi. — Junin: Tarma to Palca, Weberbauer 1727 (det. Perkins);

176; Ruiz & Pavdn; Dombey; Martinet. Near Huancayo, Killip &

Smith 22030. — Arequipa: Misti Volcano, Weberbauer 4^835. — Huan-

cavelica: Gravelly hills. Pampas, Stork & Horton 10238. Lake

Titicaca (Weddell If391, type, C. Weddelliana). — Apurlmac: Trail to

Abancay, West 37 UU (det. Johnston, C. Weddelliana). — Cuzco:

Valle del Huatanay, 3,200-3,600 meters, Herrera 6^,0. Near Cuzco,

Weberbauer U893. Ollantaytambo, Cook & Gilbert 416; 1936. Chas-

pyoc, Huarocondo Rio, Edmund Heller 2170. — Puno: Salcedo,

Soukup ^66. "Ccacara" (West), "Hague" (Ruiz & Pavon), "zarza

de moyse" (Bonpland), "naqui" (Dombey), "yaquil" (Dombey),

"roqque." To Chile, Uruguay, Argentina.

11. GOUANIA L.

Cirriferous often high-climbing shrubs with alternate leaves and

polygamous 5-merous flowers in terminal or axillary spikes or

racemes, the branches or branchlets often produced as a tendril.

Disk filling short-obconic calyx-tube, 5-gonous or 5-comute. Ovary

inferior, 5-celled, style 3-branched. Fruit coriaceous, crowned by

the persisting calyx, usually 3-winged the 3 subligneous cocci in-

dehiscent, separating in age from the axis.

At least one species, G. lupuloides, is well known in many places

as a dentifrice, while an infusion of the stems is said to furnish a

pleasant bitter in the manner of hops and thus the common English

name of "chew-stick."

Flora of Peru 405

The need for revision of the genus is great; the Peruvian plants

may be referable to one or more of the Brazilian species if Reissek's

work in Mart. Fl. Bras. 11, pt. 1: 101-111. 1861 is sound; on the

other hand the characters seem intangible that define these from

the older widely distributed forms. Without a modem revision

available, expediency has determined the key characters which may

or may not prove to indicate specific values when the plants are

completely known.

Leaves soon glabrous beneath unless on the nerves.

Leaf glands of teeth lacking or minute G. lupuloides.

Leaf glands obvious.

Glands unless in age closed and tipped with trichomes.

G. trichodonta.

Glands glabrous, mostly open, patelliform or cupulate.

G. adenophora.

Leaves pubescent beneath even when mature.

Fruits winged; callus of leaf-teeth closed or nearly. .G. polygama.

Fruits wingless; callus of leaf-teeth more or less patelliform.

G. aptera.

Gouania adenophora Pilger, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 6:

314. 1915.

Scandent, sparsely cirriferous, glabrescent except new branchlets,

axils of the spiciform inflorescences, these to 18 cm. long, and the

slightly villous leaf-nerves on both sides; petioles to 1.5 cm. long;

leaves ovate- or oval-elliptic, rounded and often a little inequilateral

at base, shortly acuminate, acute, to 8 cm. long, 4-4.5 cm. wide,

coarsely and irregularly serrate-dentate or undulate, the teeth bear-

ing large cupulate glands, 6-7 nerves prominent only beneath; flowers

canescent villous, 5-merous; sepals 1 mm. long, about equaled by the

cucullate, scarcely clawed petals; disk glabrous. — Outstanding by

the large glands of the leaf-margins, comparable otherwise to G.

trichodonta (Pilger). Quite possibly a part of G. lupuloides. G.

acreana Pilger, I.e., to which Tessman 3805 was referred, seems also

to be a variant, the many spiciform racemes forming an efoliate

panicle. For that matter all of the following material has been

determined as G. lupuloides or G. domingensis var. pubescens (Poir.)

Ktze. or var. heterocarpa Ktze. F.M. Negs 5853; 5852 (G. acreana).

San Martin: Juanjui, Klu^ ItSll. — Junin: Puerto Yessup, Killip

& Smith 2622U; 26272.— Loreto: Yurimaguas, Williams U981;

406 Field Museum of Natural History— Botany, Vol. XIII

Killip & Smith 28059. Iquitos, Ule 16 pt., type; Killip & Smith

27107. Mishuyacu, Klug 163; 36 U; 52U; 600; 716; 1392; 1517.

Pebas, Williams 16 UO. Pucallpa, Soukup 3067.

Gouania aptera DC. Prodr. 2: 39. 1825. G. alnifolia Reiss. in

Mart. Fl. Bras. 11, pt. 1: 106. 1861? G. aptera Poepp. mss. ex DC.

fide Reissek.

Younger branchlets apically subtomentulose; tendrils at tip

or at base of spikes; petioles 6-10 mm. long; leaves subcordate or

ovate-elliptic to elliptic-subrotund, subacuminate or acute, glandu-

lar-crenate with large patelliform glands, 5-7.5 cm. long, 2.5-5 cm.

wide, early densely pubescent and tomentulose especially on the

6-7 lateral nerves, in age ferrugineous-puberulous on both sides;

spikes interrupted, slender, subracemose; calyx tomentose-fur-

furaceous, 3 mm. wide, longer than pedicels; disk glabrous, the lobes

little shorter than calyx teeth; style puberulent; petals cucullate.

— Scarcely distinguishable from G. polygama, sens. lat. unless the

fruits (unknown) are actually not alate; however, G. lupuloides has

a variety with fruits obscurely or not alate, as also G. adenophora.

Illustrated, Reissek, I.e. pi. 26, jig. 7 (leaf). F.M. Negs. 7015; 5854

(ined. name).

San Martin: Tocache, Poeppig 1976, type. Vitoc, Ruiz &

Pav6n. Chazuta, Klug Jf.129 (det. Standley, G. lupuloides). — Junin:

La Merced, Killip & Smith 23It98; 2JtOA6. Warm America.

Gouania lupuloides (L.) Urban, Symb. Ant. 4: 378. 1910.

Banisteria lupuloides L. Sp. PI. 427. 1753. Rhamnus domingensis

Jacq. Enum. PI. Carib. 17. 1760. G. domingensis (Jacq.) L. Sp.

PL ed. 2. 1663. 1763.

Sprawling or trailing over shrubs or trees, typically glabrous or

glabrescent except the minutely pubescent inflorescence; petioles

much shorter than the ovate to elliptic leaf-blades, these usually

shortly and obtusely acuminate, rounded or subcordate at base,

more or less crenate-serrate, often obscurely and distantly, the

marginal glands lacking or minute; flowers yellowish-green, the

pubescent calyx 1.5-2 mm. long including the 1 mm. long lobes

which are equaled by the petals; capsule wings 8-9 mm. broad, the

axis about 5 mm. high, the seed 2.5-3 mm. long. — After Fawcett

and Rendle. Perhaps not in Peru in typical form but understanding

of the group to which it belongs needs monographic work with

modern methods. G. domingensis var. heterocarpa Ktze. with fruits

Flora of Peru 407

obscurely if at all alate seems to be represented by Williams 80Jt2.

Schunke 27U may be G. Ulei Pilger if that is distinct. Illustrated,

Fawcett & Rendle, Fl. Jamaica 5: 73.

Loreto: Florida, Rfo Putumayo, Klug 2361 (det. Standley).

Mouth of Rio Santiago, Tessmann J^53S; U682. Iquitos, Williams

80Jt2; Mexia 6S92 (det. Standley). Rio Mazdn, Josi Schunke 27 j^.

"Chirapasacha" (Schunke). To Mexico; West Indies.

Gouania polygama (Jacq.) Urban, Symb. Ant. 4: 378. 1910.

Rhamnus polygamus Jacq. Enum. PI. Carib. 17. 1760. G. tomentosa

Jacq. Sel. Stirp. Amer. Hist. 263. 1763.

Upper scandent or sprawling branches, leaves beneath and

calyces more or less tomentose, the leaves sometimes sparsely or

pilose; petioles usually 1-1.5 cm. long or the lower to 2.5 cm.;

leaves ovate, the upper rounded or subtruncate or cordulate at

base, mostly 5-8 cm. long, 3.5-6 cm. wide, the lower broadly ovate,

to 1.5 dm. long, two- thirds as wide, cordate at base, all shortly

acuminate, the tip itself obtusish, mucronate; serrations uneven,

often serrate and rather obscure, the glands or calluses ordinarily

closed ; racemes in the upper axils and terminal often forming ample

panicles; caljrx 1.5 mm. long, the pedicels in fruit scarcely as long;

fruits to 14 mm. broad, the axis 3-4 mm. high, glabrate or the body

pubescent, the hard wings subrotund. — It is possible that one or

more of the four herbarium names proposed for some of the fol-

lowing specimens will be found to indicate at least variants but

Urban in herb, referred the two by Reissek and one of the two by

Ruiz & Pav6n to G. tomentosa as a variant. F.M. Neg. 5857 (ined.

name).

Hudnuco: Pampayacu, Rio Chinchao, 5121. Pozuzo, j^655;

Ruiz & Pav6n.—Junin: La Merced, 5233; 5236. To Mexico; West

Indies.

Gouania trichodonta Reiss. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 11, pt. 1:

108. 1861.

Habit of G. aptera branchlets ferrugineous pubescent especi-

ally on the angles; leaves broadly elliptic or subovate-elliptic,

acuminate, dentate-crenate, 5-7 cm. long, 3-5 cm. wide, the glandu-

lar teeth minutely fasciculate-pubescent, early pubescent on both

sides, finally glabrous above, lateral nerves 6, veins obscure; spikes

densely flowered; calyx appressed pubescent, 2 mm. long, little

exceeding pedicel; disk elevated, the lobes nearly two times shorter

408 Field Museum of Natural History — Botany, Vol. XIII

than calyx segments. — Kuntze referred this to G. domingensis var.

pubescens (Poir.) Ktze., that is to G. lupuloides, and indeed there

seem to be specimens intermediate in character. Illustrated, Reissek

I.e., pi 26, jig. 3 (leaf). F.M. Negs. 32601; 23291 (as G. alnifolia).

Loreto: Yurimaguas, Poeppig 3078, type. Lower Rio Nanay,

Williams 358 (det. R. Gross). Mishuyacu near Iquitos, Klug 13 5 U

(det. Standley). "Granadilla" (Williams). Bolivia.

VITACEAE. Grape Family

Reference: Planchon in DC. Monogr. Phan. 5. 1887.

Scandent (Peru) mostly by tendrils, the scabrous nodose or

articulate branchlets soon or tardily ligneous, the sap watery.

Leaves alternate (unless the lower), entire to variously lobed or

foliolate, usually palmately or pinnately compound, pellucid-

punctate dots frequently present, always with petiole articulate

at base and often dilated with 2 free stipules. Flowers small, com-

monly 4-5-merous, hermaphrodite or unisexual, variously borne but

often in a compound thyrse, the peduncles ordinarily cirriferous and

opposite the leaves. Calyx cupuliform, sometimes entire. Stamens

opposite the caducous free or calyptrately united petals, included

at the base of the disk, this various in form, mostly intrastaminal.

Ovary cells 2-6, 1-2-ovuled; style short, slender or none. Fruit

baccate, sometimes only 1-2-celled and more or less juicy-pulpous

with 1-4 seeds.

Besides "uva" the grape, and the beneficent beverages and other

products it yields, the family is well known especially in northern

climes for ornamental vines, as Virginia Creeper (Parthenocissus

tricuspidata (Sieb. & Zucc.) Planchon, and is often referred to as

the Vine Family.

The Peruvian species are here regarded as belonging to a genus

distinct from Vitis, the latter principally in temperate regions and

having the petals united and calyptrately deciduous.

CISSUS L.

Character of the family but the cymose corymbose flowers

always 4-parted, hermaphrodite, the petals free or early lightly

cohering. Disk cupulate, 4-lobate, adnate to the base of the 2-celled

ovary. Fruit 1-2-seeded, not edible.

Leaves all simple C. sicyoides.

Leaves compound unless the uppermost.

Flora of Peru 409

Leaflets entire or serrulate.

Leaves in part 5-foliolate, the leaflets equally cuneate to base.

C. granulosa.

Leaves 3-foliolate, the lateral obliquely rounded at base.

Stems sometimes alulate but not at all crenulately.

Leaflets sessile or the terminal cuneately petiolulate,

obovate-lanceolate, usually obtuse or acute . . C. erosa.

Leaflets often all well-petiolulate, acuminate, the terminal

rhombic *. C. rhombifolia.

Stems strongly crenulate-alate C. vlmifolia.

Leaflets irregularly lobed or lobate C gongylodes.

Cissus erosa Richard, Act. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris 1: 106. 1792;

548. C. salutaris HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 5: 225. 1822. C. quadria-

alata HBK. I.e. Vitis salutaris (HBK.) Baker in Mart. Fl. Bras. 14,

pt. 2: 211, pi 52. 1871. V. erosa (Richard) Baker, I.e. 210.

Typically glabrous except the somewhat strigose usually long-

ped uncled inflorescences, the slender stems acutely tetragonous-

sulcate or narrowly alate; leaflets 3, subsessile or the terminal

cuneately petiolulate, the lateral oblique at base, all oblong- or

ovate-lanceolate, obtuse or acutish or even shortly acuminate,

mucronulately crenate-serrulate or subentire, drying firm-charta-

ceous, lustrous, somewhat rufescent, the rather few nerves and many

reticulate veins prominent; inflorescences including the peduncles

crimson, or the flowers rarely white; fruits globose-ovoid, about 6

mm. long. — The var. salutaris (HBK.) Planchon, I.e. is more or less

hirtellous, especially the leaf-nerves, and apparently often with

stouter stems; the leaflets are obtuse as in the type by Leblond from

French Guiana, or acute. The interpretation of the species may be

open to question. Illustrated, Mart. Fl. Bras. 14, pt. 2: pi. 52.

F.M. Neg. 23806.

San Martin: Juanjuf, Klu^ ^258 (det. Standley, C. rhombifolia).

Tocache, Poeppig (det. Herb. Wien, C quadrialata) . — Hudnuco:

Below Tingo Maria, Stork & Horton 951tO (det. Standley, C. salutaris).

— Junin: Satipo, Soukup 28Jt9. — Loreto: Florida, Rio Putumayo,

Klug 2092. Rio Mazdn, JosS Schunke 6U (var., det. Standley). —

Cuzco; Gay (det. Planchon). — Ayacucho: Near Rio Apurlmac,

Weherhauer 56SU. "Navarria" (Schunke). To Mexico and the

West Indies.

410 Field Museum of Natural History — Botany, Vol. XIII

Cissus gongylodes (Baker) Burchell ex Planchon in DC.

Monogr. Phan. 5: 550. 1887. Vitis pterophora Baker in Mart. Fl.

Bras. 14, pt. 2: 213. 1871. V. gongylodes Baker, I.e. 209.

Tetragonous lower stems extraordinarily crenulate-alate or the

angles of the wings deeply crisped; leaflets 3 with one or more angled

lobes, the subsessile intermediate often trilobed, all rhomboid,

puberulent-pilose on the nerves, the lateral sessile or petiolulate

(Peru); cymes many-flowered, short-corymbiform; corolla depressed

globose, glabrous, th^ reddish-brown petals finally expanding. — The

Peruvian plant referred here by Baker was given an herbarium name

by Poeppig and seems to be at least a variant, since the lateral

leaflets are long- (1.5 cm.) petiolulate; it may become var. lobata

[Poeppig] Macbr., var. nov., foliolis lateralibus longe petiolulatis.

C. spinosa Camb. 549, related but lightly lobate, might be repre-

sented by my ^706 from Pozuzo but the incomplete material shows

only spine bases; the obovoid fruits are 12 mm. long, nearly 10 mm.

thick at apex. Illustrated, Pflanzenfam. ed. 2. 20D: 274. fig. 80.

Loreto: Yurimaguas, Poeppig 2273 (type, var. lobata, herb.

Vienna). Brazil.

Cissus granulosa R. & P. Fl. Peruv. 1: 64, pi 101. 1798; 555.

Among Peruvian species well-marked by the mostly 5-foliolate

leaves and the usually conspicuously granulate-tuberculate older

branches, the smooth younger obscurely 4-margined; leaflets sessile

or subsessile, cuneate-obovate, apiculate at the rounded or barely

acute tip, minutely serrulate, fleshy, 4-7 cm. long, 2-2.5 cm. wide,

finely reticulate- veined beneath; cymes dichotomously divided,

sometimes ample, often shorter than the leaves; calyx repandly

lobed; petals ovate-oblong, finally spreading, about 3 mm. long;

fruit globose, to nearly 10 mm. in diameter. — Completely glabrous

unless for an obscure puberulence on the slender pedicels. My

collections on low sunny shrubs or trailing on slide rock. F.M. Negs.

9780; 18235.

Hudnuco: Yanano, 3726; 3781. — Junin: Huasahuasi, Ruiz &

Pavdn, type. — Ayacucho: Yanamonte, 2,700 meters, Weberhauer

56J^6. — Loreto: Yurimaguas, Poeppig 2j^7.

Cissus rhombifolia Vahl, Eclog. Amer. 2: 10. 1798; 544. C.

obliqua R. & P. Fl. Peruv. 1: 65, pi. 101. 1798. Vitis rhombifolia

(Vahl) Baker in Mart. Fl. Bras. 14, pt. 2: 207. 1871.

Flora of Peru 411

Much like C. erosa but the stems striate-sulcate, not alate, and,

especially the leaflets often all abruptly long-petiolulate, or maybe

typically the lateral subsessile, more or less acutely acuminate, often

reddish hirtellous especially on the rather prominent nerves be-

neath, the reticulate venation much less marked, sometimes gla-

brescent; flowers umbellulately and densely congested, typically

pubescent including the red petals. — C. microcarpa Vahl, 546, to be

expected, seems to be scarcely distinguishable but is glabrous and

said to have narrowly 4-alate branches, these angled above, the

terminal leaflet long-, the lateral short-petiolulate. Type of C.

obliqua with all leaflets long-petiolulate, maybe a variety, glabrous

except for a few long appressed trichomes, according to Ruiz &

Pavon found at Hudnuco, Tarma, Huariaca, Rondos, Chablan and

Chaucha. F.M. Neg. 18238 (C. obliqua).

Tumbez: East of Hacienda Chicama, Weberbauer 7663. — Caja-

marca: On stone walls, Chota, Stork & Horton 10039 (det. Standley).

— San Martin: Chazuta, Klug Jt053 (det. Standley). — Hudnuco:

Chicoplaya, Ruiz & Pav&n. — ^Junfn: Near Tarma, Ruiz & Pavdn,

type. Near Palca, Stork 10973. — Loreto: Near Iquitos, Klug 11 U6.

Rio Mazdn, Josk Schunke 3JtO (det. Standley). — Cuzco: Prov.

Quispicanchis, Vargas 7762. Machupicchu, Vargas 67UU. "Sapo-

huasco" (Schunke). To Mexico and the West Indies.

Cissus sicyoides L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10: 897. 1759; 521. Vitia

iicyoides Morales in Poey, Repert. Fis.-Nat. Cuba 1: 206. 1866.

C. umbrosa HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 5: 223. 1822. C. canescens Lam.,

lUustr. 1: 331. 1791. C. compressicaulis R. & P. Fl. Peruv. 1: 64,

pi. 100. 1798.

Scandent or creeping, the branches terete or compressed, tuber-

culate or smooth, striate, the leaves cordate-ovate or oblong, some-

times abruptly and cuneately contracted at base, sometimes sub-

hastate, acutely acuminate or obtusish, somewhat denticulate,

rarely incised-lobate, thick-membranous, glabrous or especially

beneath more or less pubescent; cymes corymbiform, shortly

peduncled, umbellately and dichotomously divided, the small

flowers greenish-yellow, white or purplish, the obovoid-globose

fruits 1-seeded. — After Planchon, who interpreted the name as

applicable to a single species highly variable in leaf-serration,

-indument and -form as well as in size of flowers; he has listed

a dozen or so of the scarcely recognizable variations as forms and

among those that are cited as occurring in Peru are formas morifolia

412 Field Museum of Natural History— Botany, Vol. XIII

Planchon, 525, umhrosa (HBK.) Planchon, 530, canescens (Lam.)

Planchon, 531, and compressicaulis (R. & P.) Planchon, 531; the

first is said to have terete glabrous branchlets and short petioles, the

second tetragonous hirtellous branchlets, the third and fourth more

or less canescent pubescent, the latter with more prominent ser-

ration but the character is certainly intangible. However, Svenson,

Amer. Joum. Bot. 33: 463. 1946, observed two distinct forms in

the vicinity of Guayaquil, Ecuador, one apparently forma com-

pressicaulis with thin petals 1.5 mm. long and rotund anthers only

0.5 mm. long, the other quite glabrous, with thickened petals 2 mm.

long and elongate anthers 1 mm. long. Therefore there may be

some genetic characters that will require a revision of the present

understanding of this plant. However, in at least one herbarium

specimen, glabrous or glabrate, the anthers have appeared to be at

least subrotund. Determinations mostly by Standley, only a few

of the many collections cited. As presently understood the plants

vary also in habit and size from vigorous lianas to slender creepers,

depending in part at least on age and habitat, which ranges from

sandy beaches to shrubby thickets and tall forests, the stems how-

ever apparently always flexible and therefore serving as cords and

for baskets. When high-climbing, bundles of long cord-like fibers

are developed and reach finally to the ground where they often

take root; indeed any part of the plant may survive when cut. The

leaves supply a soap-like lather if rubbed in water. — F.M. Negs.

23808 (C. compressicaulis) ; 35989 (C. umhrosa) .

Tumbez: Southeast of Hacienda La Choza, Weherhauer 7703

(f. compressicaulis). — San Martin: San Roque, Williams 7J^73.

Lamas, Williams 6339. Tarapoto, Williams 5U0; 5853; 6172.

Juan Guerra, Williams 6839. — Ancash: Santa, Stork & Horton 9155

(det. Johnston). — Hudnuco: Chacahuasi, Vitoc, Ruiz & Pav6n

(type, f. compressicaulis). Churuplaya, Mexia 8253 (f. compressi-

caulis). Tingo Maria, Stork & Horton 9Jt65; Allard 20373 (det.

L. Smith). Pampayacu, Poeppig 2126. Pillao, Ruiz & Pavdn

(forma). — Lima: Near Lima, Dombey; Jussieu; Gaudichaud (f.

canescens). Chancay, Ruiz & Pavdn (type, C. compressicaulis).

Callao, Soukup 213^ (f. compressicaulis). — Junin: La Merced, 5255;

5560; Killip & Smith 23694- (f. morifolia). — Lore to: Lower Rio

Nanay, Williams 256; 289; 458. Iquitos, Williams 8001; 3531;

7906; 1393; Klug 1513; 151 A. Rio Paranapura, Klug 3938. Pu-

mayacu, Klug 3229. Creek Carapisa above Pongo de Manseriche,

Mexia 6256 (f . umhrosa) ; 61 78; 61 70. Near Yurimaguas, Klug 281 7;

Flora of Peru 418

WUliaitis 5155; It995; U76; U08. Florida, Klug 2066; 2S52. Ca-

ballo-Cocha, Williams 2291; 2Jt28. Leticia, Williams S150.—

Lambayeque: Chiclayo, Stork llltSl; West 3579 (det. Johnston).

— Ayacucho: Near Kimpitiriki, Apurimac Valley, Killip & Smith

2S02^; 230SS. —Cuzco: Valle del Urubamba, 2,200 meters, Herrera

SS12. To Mexico and the West Indies. "Ampato-huasca" (Wil-

liams) ; "zapo-huasca" (Mexia) ; "yedra" (Ruiz & Pav6n) ; "paja de

la culebra" (West).

Cissus ultnifolia (Baker) Planchon in DC. Monogr. Phan. 5:

552. 1887. Vitis ulmifolia Baker in Mart. Fl. Bras. 14, pt. 2: 213.

1871.

Glabrous or essentially except the puberulent peduncles and

pedicels; stems terete, multistriate and with 4 strongly crisped

wings; leaflets 3, coriaceous, lustrous above, reticulate-veined, acute

or obtuse, oblong-elliptic or the terminal subobovate, mostly 8-10

cm. long, about half as wide, minutely serrulate, all well-petiolulate,

rarely sessile; corolla glabrous, — Climbing tangle along bank and

open places, the flowers crimson, mature fruit black (Mexia). F.M.

Neg. 32627.

Loreto: Yurimaguas, Poeppig Addenda 22, type. Mishuyacu,

KliLQ 929. Above Pongo de Manseriche, Mexia 6317 (det. Standley).

"Sapohuasco Colorado" (Mexia).

TILIACEAE. Linden Family

References: Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 9: 592-880. 1926;

Schumann in Mart. Fl. Bras. 12, pt. 3: 119-200. 1886.

Trees, shrubs or infrequently more or less sufTrutescent herbs

with alternate entire, serrate or rarely lobed often stellate pubescent

leaves. Stipules conspicuous in Vallea. Flowers hermaphrodite or

hermaphrodite and pistillate, sometimes involucrate. Sepals

usually 4 or 5, valvate, the usually imbricate petals as many or

rarely reduced or wanting. Stamens numerous (exceptionally 100),

free or shortly connate, the anthers 2-celled, at least finally opening

longitudinally or apically (Sloanea). Ovary free (rarely inferior),

2-many-celled (rarely 1-celled by abortion), each cell with 2-many

ovules. Style simple or more or less divided at tip; stigma some-

times sessile. Fruit dry, often rough or even spinose, dehiscent or

indehiscent. — R. Weibel, Candollea 10: 155-177. 1945, in his careful

study of the placentation in this family has verified the existence

414 Field Museum of Natural History — Botany, Vol. XIII

of the parietal and concluded that Mollia and Goethalsia are genera

properly placed here.

For convenience the family Elaeocarpaceae, by many students

treated as distinct, is included here; C. Earle Smith, Jr., Contr.

Gray Herb. 175: 3. 1954, summed up the relationship as follows:

the family is a somewhat arbitrary assemblage of genera, mostly

removed from the Tiliaceae because they lack the mucilage ducts

common to the members of that family; some of the characters

suggest affinities with the StercuUaceae and the Malvaceae. Smith

found that about a third of the unidentified specimens of "Sloanea"

examined in herbaria belonged to the Flacourtiaceae; the latter

however have petaliferous flowers and rather thin-walled, usually

many-seeded fruits.

Interesting family as the source of hemp (jute) and other valu-

able fibers (Triumfetta, Cor chorus).

Perennials, often suffrutescent below; fruit a linear capsule; flowers

small, yellow 1. Corchorus.

Shrubs, the stems and branches slender, virgate; fruit a prickly bur;

flowers yellow 2. Triumfetta.

Trees or more or less arborescent shrubs; fruit sometimes armed

but not as above.

Leaves 3 (-7) -nerved from base (including midnerve), sometimes

pinnately nerved above base; anther dehiscence longitudinal

or early by apical chink.

Stipules wanting or small or caducous (subpersisting in Apeiba

tibourbou).

Leaves cordate-ovate, angulate-lobulate; flowers many, small

(except T. calycina) ; fruit finely bristly.

Fruit a bristly bur; flowers 1-2 (3), bracteolate.

2. Triumfetta.

Fruit disciform, bristle fringed; flowers in 3's (2's), often

ebracteolate 3. Heliocarpus.

Leaves entire or serrate; flowers few, medium size; fruits

various, never quite as above.

Flowers not involucrate; capsules alate, tubercled or bristly

(unknown for Neotessmannia).

Leaves slightly if at all oblique; ovary superior, 1-many-

celled.

Flora of Peru 415

Capsules not alate, opening by a central hole or at top

with woody teeth; anthers appendaged . 4. Apeiha.

Capsules alate apically, semi-bivalved; anthers not

appendaged 5. Mollia.

Leaves strongly oblique; ovary inferior, multicelled

below 8. Neotessmannia.

Flowers (each) early enclosed in a parted or calyciform

involucre; capsules ligneous, not alate apically, smooth,

5-valved.

Involucre divided; anthers connate, opening longi-

tudinally 6. Luekea.

Involucre cupulate; anthers divaricate above, early

opening by a chink 7. Lueheopsis.

Stipules conspicuous, persisting (sometimes absent in Vallea on

fertile branches; Apeiha tibourbou has tardily deciduous

stipules).

Fruit dry; stipules subrotund 9. Vallea.

Fruit fleshy; stipules linear 10. Muntingia.

Leaves pinnately nerved from base; anthers often opening by an

apical chink 11. Sloanea.

1. CORCHORUS [Toum.l L.

More or less suffrutescent herbs frequently hirsute with simple

trichomes, rarely stellulate, the leaves serrate, the shortly peduncled

almost subsessile 1-few-flowered bracteate inflorescences opposite

them or in the axils. Sepals and yellow petals 5 (4). Stamens

usually many, all antheriferous. Ovary 2-5-celled, many-ovuled;

style short the dilated stigma crenulate. Capsules elongate-linear

and smooth or rarely subglobose and muricate, 2-5-ovuled, some-

times septate between the numerous pendulous or horizontal seeds.

Weibel, Candollea 10: 173. 1945, confirmed the observation of Payer

that the ovary is 1-celled in bud.

Two similar Asian species (C. clitoritis L. and C. capsularis L.)

are the source of the important fiber, jute.

Sepals at most 4 mm. long; capsules narrowly 3-winged, with 3

finally horizontal apical horns C. aestuans.

Sepals longer than 4 mm.; capsules beaked or 4-apiculate.

Capsules acuminate-beaked; herbs or ligneous toward base.

416 Field Museum of Natural History— Botany, Vol. XIII

Capsules and usually stems hirsute, the trichomes spreading.

C. hirtus.

Capsules and often stems glabrate, the trichomes appressed or

obscure C. orinocensis.

Capsules obtuse but minutely 4-apiculate; shrubby species.

C. siliquosus.

Corchorus aestuans L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1079. 1759. C.

acutangulus Lam. Encycl. 2: 104. 1786.

Annual or perennial herb, the stem sometimes woody at base,

glabrate or pilose; leaves ovate to rounded, more or less acute,

crenate, the 2 lowest serrations now and then bristle-tipped; sepals

3-4 mm. long, cucullate at tip, equaled by the obovate petals;

capsules glabrous, 3-celled, 6-angled with 2 or 3 of the angles winged,

the beak with 3 entire or bifid horns.

Peru (probably). Widely distributed in tropical regions.

Corchorus hirtus L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 747. 1762. C. pilolohus Link,

Enum. Hort. Berol. 2: 72. 1822.

Similar to C. orinocensis but more or less hirsute with spreading

trichomes this indument extending to the capsules these often

curved near the base and compressed; leaves ovate to lanceolate-

oblong, rarely 5 cm. long, obtuse to acuminate; sepals pilose, 6 mm.

long, the petals about as long. — Many Peruvian specimens referred

here seem to belong rather to the related species which perhaps

should be treated as a variety, as by Schumann.

Lima: Huara, Ruiz & Pav6n (det. Burret). — Loreto: Rio Paran-

apura, Klug 3960, in part. Yurimaguas, Poeppig 2098. American

tropics.

Corchorus orinocensis HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 5: 337. 1823.

C. hirtus L. var. orinocensis (HBK.) Schuman in Mart. Fl. Bras. 12,

pt. 3: 127. 1886. C. mompoxensis HBK. I.e. 339, fide Dahlem Herb.

Usually erect, sometimes 2.5 meters tall, often woody below and

with 1-2 or few branches, sometimes a marsh herb, generally gla-

brate but the stems early lineately puberulent; leaves ovate to

lanceolate, or narrowly elliptic, 3-10 cm. long, acute to acuminate;

stipules filiform; sepals 6 mm. long or longer; ovary 3-celled; capsules

straight or nearly, sparsely appressed puberulent or almost glabrous,

with erect beak and transverse partitions. — Illustrated, Fawcett &

Rendle, Fl. Jam. 5: 86. F.M. Negs. 9493; 35423.

Flora of Peru 417

Piura: Serrdn, Weberbauer 5991. — San Martfn: Waste land,

Tarapoto, Woytkowski S5050 (det. Cuatrecasas) ; WiUiams 5582

(det. C. pilohulus, Standley); Spruce ^89. Pongo de Cainarachi,

Kltig 27S6 (det. Standley). — Libertad: Raimondi (det. Burret). —

Junin: La Merced, 5225. — Loreto: Balsapuerto, Klug 28^1 (det.

Standley, C. pilobulus). Rio Paranapura, Klug S960, part. Yuri-

maguas, WiUiaim U166; U6S; 5011; 50U1. To Texas and the West

Indies. "Espada pichana" (Williams).

Corchorus siliquosus L. Sp. PI. 529. 1753.

A more or less shrubby herb sometimes a meter or two high,

marked in fruit by 2-celled capsules obtuse but minutely apiculate

with 4 teeth; leaves only 1-4 cm. long, puberulent or glabrate, ovate

or oblong-lanceolate, acute or obtuse; sepals linear, about equaled

by the petals, these 5-6 mm. long; capsules glabrous but lineately

puberulent at the edges of the valves, not transversely septate. —

A specimen from near Lima by Ruiz & Pavon referred here by the

collectors was determined at Madrid by Burret as C. hirtus; how-

ever, it is without the fruit, diagnostic, and the species is probably

within Peru.

Peru (see note above). South America to Mexico, Florida and

the West Indies.

2. TRIUMFETTA [Plum.] L.

Reference: Ko Ko Lay, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 37: 315-395. 1950.

Suffrutescent stellate-pubescent (at least some trichomes) tall

herbs or slender shrubs, the usually small yellow or brownish-yellow

flowers axillary and few or fasciculate or sometimes disposed in an

elongate cylindrical inflorescence with or without bract-like leaves.

Sepals 5, as petals, or these rarely reduced or wanting, glandular or

foveolate at base. Stamens ordinarily many above the commonly

5-glandular elevated torus or gonophore that supports the 2-3 (5)-

celled spinulose ovary, each cell with 2 anatropous collateral pendu-

lous ovules; style filiform, the stigma entire or shortly 2-3-parted.

Capsules subgolobose, echinate-spinose, indehiscent or separating

into two or three 2-seeded cocci or finally falsely 5-10-celled, each

cell 1-seeded, exceptionally 1-celled, 1-seeded by abortion. — Honors

John Baptiste Triumfetti of Bologne, physician and director of the

Rome Botanic Garden.

Several species supply a fiber similar to hemp. My indebtness

to the exactingly executed and intelligent revision of Ko Ko Lay

418 Field Museum of Natural History — Botany, Vol. XIII

will be apparent, but it seems to me that when the evidence is

all in fewer entities, probably with more variations, will be rec-

ognized.

Flowers large, distinctly longer than 2 cm.; fruit spines 1-2 mm.

long, minutely pubescent T. calycina.

Flowers about 1 cm. long (rarely 2 cm.), usually shorter; fruit spines

retrorsely hispidulous to glabrous, 3-6 mm. long.

Leaves green, usually soon glabrescent, the trichomes often mostly

simple.

Indument of leaves scattered, stellate; flowers 14-18 mm. long.

T. grandiflora.

Indument sparse but rather even, mostly simple; flowers 8-13

mm. long T. bogotensis.

Leaves more or less canescent, at least beneath, with stellate or

mostly stellate trichomes.

Buds about 1 cm. long (8-11 mm.), appendage 1 nam. long;

leaves with some simple trichomes T. abutiloides.

Buds shorter than 1 cm. (5-8 mm.), appendages obsolete or

often 2 mm. long or longer; trichomes all stellate.

Leaves obviously 4-glandular at or near sinus; fruit body

6-8 mm. thick; spines many T. althaeoides.

Leaves eglandular or not obviously 4-glandular; fruit body

3-5 mm. thick; spines 75 or fewer except T. Bartramia.

Petals as gonophore developed, the latter at least 0.5 mm.

long.

Sepals deeply cucullate; gonophore short; tomentose

fruit body 3-4 mm. thick; spines glabrous or

essentially T. Bartramia.

Sepals appendaged or not deeply cucullate; gonophore

obvious, 5-glandular; spines hispidulous.

Sepal appendages to 2 mm. long; fruit body pubes-

cent, 3-5 mm. thick, spines 75 T. semitriloba.

Sepal appendages 3 mm. long; fruit body tomentose,

2-3 mm. thick; spines 25-40 T. oligacantha.

Petals as gonophore absent or obsolete; fruit body about

3 mm. thick, lightly stellate; spines hispidulous,

about 50 T. Lappula.

Flora of Peru 419

Triumfetta abutiloides St. Hil. Fl. Bras. Mend. 1: 287. 1827;

365.

Allied and in general similar to T. hogotensis but the indument

at least in part tomentose, the simple trichomes often gland-tipped,

the stellate approximate, the sepal appendages only about 1 mm.

long, and, especially, the mature fruit with six 1-seeded cells, the

septa false, the spines 100 or more; terminal leaf-lobe long-acuminate,

lateral lobes usually obtuse; petals 7-10 mm. long; stamens 20, the

filaments retrorsely serrulate; fruit body somewhat pubescent, in

Peru often nearly glabrous, 3-5 mm. thick. — Determinations mostly

by Lay, as elsewhere. I am not entirely convinced that the species

is in Peru. F.M. Neg. 35401.

Lima: Chosica, ^97 (distr. as T. semitriloha) . — Hu^nuco: Near

Hudnuco, 205S; S521 (det. Macbride, T. semitriloha) ; Ruiz & Pav6n.

Puente Durand, Stork & Horton 9572 (det. Standley, T. semitriloha).

Cuchero, Poeppig IW. — Loreto: Mishuyacu, Killip & Smith 2989 J^.

— Cuzco: At 700 meters. Biles. Marcapata, Vargas 3079. Torontoi,

Cook & Gilbert 819. Santa Ana, Cook &Gilhert 1^37. To Colombia,

Haiti, Argentina and Brazil. "Rata-rata" (Biies).

Triumfetta althaeoides Lam. Encycl. 3: 420. 1791; 371. T.

semitriloha Jacq. f. althaeoides (Lam.) Uittien in Pulle, Fl. Surinam

3: 56. 1932.

Openly growing bush sometimes a couple of meters high more or

less ferrugineous-tomentose the trichomes all stellate, the leaves

obscurely if at all 3-lobed and with 4 conspicuous glands at the

shallowy cordate basal sinus the rather regular serrations also there

usually glandular; petioles 4-6 cm. long; leaves ordinarily at least

1 dm. long, nearly as wide; cymes of 3-4 cjmiules or terminal

branches, peduncles 3-5 nrni. long; pedicels 1-2 mm. long; flowers

hermaphrodite, the buds about 6 mm. long, apical appendages 1 mm.

long or nearly obsolete; sepals 6-7 mm. long; petals linear, 3-4 mm.

long; gonophore stout, about 0.75 mm. long, the glands small;

urceolus less than 0.5 mm, high, 5-lobed; stamens 20, filaments

6-serrate; fruit body 6-8 mm. in diameter, sparsely stellate, 4-5-

celled, later falsely 8-celled, not more than 6 seeds maturing; spines

about 200, to 3 mm. long, retrorsely pilosulous; seeds p3rriform,

about 2 mm. long, 2.5 mm. broad. — Illustrated, Ko Ko Lay, I.e. 372.

Loreto: Near Iquitos, Williams 1401; 7950; 7958; Tessmann 3592

(det. Burret, T. semitriloha). Mishuyacu, Klug 1086; 1289. Balsa-

puerto, Klug 305 j^. Purubana, Williams 1316; 132U. Rio Nanay,

420 Field Museum of Natural History — Botany, Vol. XIII

Williams W. Rio Itaya, Williams 138. Near Caballo-Cocha,

Williams 2062; 2068; 206It. To Trinidad. "Caballosa" (Tessmann).

Triumfetta Bartramia L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10: 1044. 1759; 382.

T. indica Lam. Encycl. 3: 420. 1791? T. rhomhoidea Jacq. Enum. PI.

Carib. 22. 1760, fide Fawcett & Rendle. Bartramia indica L. Sp. PI.

389. 1753.

Shrub, a meter tall or taller, the older branches glabrous and

conspicuously white-lenticellate, the younger densely and shortly

stellate- tomentose as the slender petioles, these 3-5 cm. long;

leaves broadly ovate to rhombic-ovate, obscurely to deeply 3-5-

lobed, usually 4-5 cm. long and nearly as wide, sometimes 7-8 cm.

long, 6-7 cm. wide, obtuse or rounded at base where rarely glandular,

abruptly acuminate, nearly glabrate or with scattered coarse short

trichomes; cymes of 3-5 cymules axillary, peduncles 1-2 mm. long,

pedicels 1 mm. long; flowers hermaphrodite, the buds most expanded

at apex; sepals deeply cucullate, 5-7 mm. long, lightly stellate or

glabrate; petals broadly obovate, about 5 mm. long; gonophore very

short, glands small, urceolus deeply many-lobed; stamens 10-15,

filaments with 4-6 retrorse serrations; fruits in dense nodose clusters,

the densely tomentose body about 3-4 mm. in diameter, (2) 3-celled,

the cells 1-2-ovuled, 1-seeded, the 75-100 spines 1-1.5 mm. long,

nearly or quite glabrous. — Following the classification specialists

have established in the Malvaceae this is a generic type, since the

fruit is not naturally dehiscent. Illustrated, Mart. Fl. Bras. 12,

pt. 3: pi. 27.

San Martin: Tarapoto, Williams 5925. — Loreto: Iquitos, Killip

& Smith 27229. Puruchana, Williams 1314. New and Old World

tropics.

Triumfetta bogotensis DC. Prodr. 1: 506. 1824; 366. T.

Jelskii Szyszyl. Diss. Math. Nat. Acad. Litt. Cracoy [Elrakow],

29: 224. 1895?

A meter or two high, the indument mostly stellate and long single

trichomes mixed, the latter predominant or alone on the long

branches, in the inflorescence axils and on the sepals without;

petioles tomentose, 4-6 cm. long; leaves broadly ovate, usually

3-lobed, to about 1 dm. long, 8 cm. wide, rounded to subcordate at

base, acuminate, irregularly serrate, the simple trichomes of the

pubescence appressed; cymes axillary, peduncles 4-7 mm. long,

pedicels 3^ mm. long; flowers hermaphrodite, buds oblongoid,

constricted below the slender apical appendages, these 2-3 mm.

Flora of Peru 421

long; sepals oblong, 8-13 mm. long; petals broadly obovate, 8-9

mm. long, 3-4 mm. wide, claw densely plumose; gonophore slender,

1 mm. long, equaled by the glands, the short unlobed urceolus

distinctly ciliate; stamens 25-30, the filaments not serrated; fruit

body at maturity 3^ mm. in diameter, 3-celled, the slender re-

trorsely pilosulous spines about 3 mm. long; seeds 6, lenticular, 2-3

mm. long, about 2 mm. wide. — The identity of T. Jelskii, allied by

the author to T. caudcUa Tr. & PI. of Colombia, incompletely known,

the type not seen by Ko Ko Lay, is not certain ex char, but except

for the "subsessile flowers" which may be due to undeveloped

condition, the description seems to fit this species, the "laxly hirsute

leaves" especially suggesting it.

Cajamarca: Cascas and Cutervo, Raimondi ("vel affine," Burret).

Tambillo (Jelski 280, type, T. Jelskii).— Cuzco: San Miguel, Cook

& Gilbert 891 . Machupicchu, Vargas 795. Tropical America.

Trlumfetta calycina Turcz. Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 36: 574.

1863. T. midtilocularis Hochr. Ann. Cons. Jard. Bot. Gendve 18:

104. 1914?; 356.

Spreading shrub often forming clump or a small tree 2-A meters

high, densely stellate-tomentose, the more or less spreading trichomes

rather ferrugineous; petioles 4-6 cm. long; leaves broadly ovate,

narrowly acuminate, irregularly serrate, usually 3-lobed, to about

1 dm. long, 6-7 cm. wide; cjmies axillary usually with only

1 cymule, peduncles 8-12 mm. long, pedicels about 6 mm. long;

flowers hermaphrodite, the buds 22-25 mm. long, appendages 2-3

mm. long; sepals about 27 mm. with appendages; petals 24 mm.

long, 4-6 mm. wide, the 4 mm. claw densely plumose; gonophore

to 2 mm. long, the glands to 1.5 mm.; urceolus 10-lobed; stamens

25-30 (or sometimes 16?), the filaments retrorsely 2-serrulate; fruit

body 6-8 mm. in diameter, lightly and deciduously stellate, 3-5-

celled becoming 8-9-celled and -seeded, the many puberulent spines

only 1-2 mm. long; seeds ovoid, about 2 mm. long and broad. — It

may be an error to use Turczaninow's name, based on Mathews 889

without data for this species, but, as Ko Ko Lay points out, the

description agrees except that the author noted the stamens as 15

or 16; this is probably a slip of the pen or the printer since it seems

unlikely that this distinctive plant, compared with T. mollissima

HBK. of Colombia in herbaria, but that with smaller flowers,

tomentose fruits, has not been found again with so few stamens.

P.M. Neg. 23820 (T. muUilocularis) .

422 Field Museum of Natural History— Botany, Vol. XIII

Ancash: Higaris, 2^52. — Hudnuco: Yanano, 3809. Acomayo,

Woytkowski 3U013 (det. Cuatrecasas). Ambo, 3150. Pampayacu,

Kanehira 112. Near Hudnuco, Sawada P72; Ruiz & Pav&n;

Dombey. Mito, 1571. — Junin: Carpapata, Killip & Smith 2^61;

Stork 10970; Ochoa 287. Huacapistana, Rose 18550; Sandeman W9.

Ayacucho: Near Huanta, Killip & Smith 22309. — ^Apurimac:

Abancay, Goodspeed Exped. 10552. Marcapata, Vargas 9685. San

Miguel, Cook & Gilbert 1126; 1163. Machupicchu, Vargas 796;

West 6U73; Soukup 143. — Puno: Soukup 521. Sandia Weberbauer

507 (as T. macrantha). Valle del Urubamba, H err era 962; 2653.

Prov. del. Cercado, Weberbauer (as T. macrantha). To Colombia.

"Ratan," "r'ata-r'ata" (Vargas).

Triumfetta grandiflora Vahl, Eclog. Amer. 2: 34. 1798; 363.

T. Schunkei Macbr. Candollea 5: 381. 1934?, fide Ko Ko Lay.

Shrub 2-4 meters high, the branches stellate-hirtellous or gla-

brate; leaves long-petioled, ovate or broadly ovate, large, cuspidate-

or caudate-acuminate, rounded or subcordate at base, glandular-

serrate, almost glabrous in age, early sparingly pubescent with

small stiff stellate trichomes; sepals glabrate, 15-18 mm. long,

about equaled by the linear-oblanceolate petals; capsules 1-1.5 cm.

in diameter, nearly or quite glabrous including the many slender

prickles. — After Standley and Steyermark, Fl. Guatemala, Fieldiana:

Bot. 24, No. 6: 322. 1949. Perhaps should be interpreted to include

T. mollissima. My plant was proposed primarily on the character of

style entire, apparently found to be variable by Lay. The sepals

and petals of this species were described as only about 12 mm. long,

but they may be nearly 15 mm. long when moistened. F.M. Neg.

32620 (Poeppig).

Junin: Chanchamayo Valley, Schunke 1597 (t5npe, T. Schunkei).

— Loreto: Yurimaguas, Poeppig 2053. To southern Mexico; West

Indies.

Triumfetta Lappula L. Sp. PI. 444. 1753; 378. T. quinqueloba

Turcz. Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 36, pt. 1, 1: 574. 1863, fide Lay. T.

heterophylla Lam. Encycl. 3: 420. 1791. T. Hostmanni Miq. Linnaea

22: 466. 1849.

Slender, tall, frutescent, the often lax branches coarsely fer-

rugineous-tomentose, none of the trichomes simple; petioles elon-

gate, sometimes nearly 1 dm. long; leaves broadly ovate, commonly

somewhat pandurately 3-5-lobed, the unequal serrations usually

Flora of Peru 423

glandular, obtuse to rounded at base, the lobe-tip, at least the

terminal, acuminate, often less than 1 dm. long, nearly as wide,

sparsely pubescent above, more tomentose beneath; cymules usually

only 2 in each axillary cyme, the flowering peduncles 2-3 mm. long,

the pedicels shorter; flowers hermaphrodite, the medially constricted

buds 3-5 mm. long, the very short appendages rarely wanting;

sepals densely tomentose, 4-6 mm. long; petals undeveloped as

gonophore and glands, the urceolus nearly obsolete; stamens 10

(rarely 5 or 15), the filaments smooth; fruit body about 3 mm. in

diameter, sparsely stellate, 3- or sometimes 2-celled by abortion,

the slender retrorsely pilosulous spines 2-3 mm. long. — The plant

of Lamarck with body of fruits 2-2.5 mm. thick may be a variant,

apparently the common form in Peru; it is considered distinct by

Fawcett & Rendle, Fl. Jamaica 5: 84. 1926. Illustrated, Ko Ko Lay,

I.e., 378; Mart. Fl. Bras. 12, pt. 3: pi. 27 (T. keterophylla) . F.M.

Neg. 23817 (T. Hostmanni).

San Martin: Chazuta, Kliig U150 (det. Standley). — Junin: La

Merced, KiUip & Smith 23^19 (det. Standley).— Amazonas(?):

(Mathews 1625, type, T. quinqueloba) . — Loreto: Balsapuerto, Klug

3093 (det. Standley, T. semitriloba). Iquitos, Killip & Smith 2723 J^

(det. Macbride, T. rhomboidea). Bolivia to the West Indies; western

Africa.

Triumfetta oligacantha Hochr. Ann. Cons. Jard. Bot. Geneve

18: 106. 1914; 377.

Closely resembles T. semitriloba but the leaves not lobed, caudate-

acuminate, rather regularly serrate; peduncles 8-10 mm. long,

pedicels 3-5 mm. long, sepal appendages about 3 mm. long, stamens

about 30, the filaments smooth, and, especially, fruits with 3 cells

each 1-seeded and spines only 25-40. — It seems probable that the

type, as many labeled simply Pavdn, was actually collected by

Tafalla, particularly since the species is otherwise known from the

region of Guayaquil.

Peru(?): Without data, Pavdn, type. Adjacent Ecuador.

Triumfetta semitriloba Jacq. Enum. PI. Carib. 22. 1760; Sel.

Stirp. Amer. Hist. 147. 1763; 373.

Suffrutescent, the older indument including that on the leaves

rather scabrous, short and entirely of stellate trichomes, early often

abundant and more or less tomentose; petioles 3-6 cm. long, the

trichomes in separate tufts; leaves usually broadly ovate but vari-

424 Field Museum of Natural History — Botany, Vol. XIII

able, often more or less 3-lobate and only the terminal lobe acumi-

nate, sometimes also the lateral, ordinarily to about 8 cm. long,

6 cm. wide; serrations commonly glandular, always very unequal;

cymes rarely terminal, with 2-3 cymules, peduncles and pedicels 2-3

mm. long; flowers hermaphrodite, 5-8 mm. long, appendages 1-2 mm.

long; sepals greenish, 6-10 mm. long, subequaled by the petals; gono-

phore less than 1 mm. long, urceolus scarcely half as long; stamens

15-25, the filaments 4-serrulate; fruit body 3-5 mm. in diameter,

lightly to rather densely stellate, 3-celled, each cell 2-seeded but

rarely 6-seeded, the 50-75 slender retrorsely hispidulous spines 2-3

mm. long. — Illustrated, Ko Ko Lay, I.e. 374.

San Martin: San Roque, Williams 7160 (det. Standley, T.

Lappula). — Junin: Chanchamayo Valley, Raimondi (det. Burret).

— Loreto: Yurimaguas, Williams 3950; Ji360 (det. Standley).

Widely distributed in the tropics.

3. HELIOCARPUS L.

Reference: Ko Ko Lay, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 36: 507-541. 1949.

Stellate pubescent trees or shrubs with serrate usually somewhat

3-lobed leaves and small flowers in terminal or rarely axillary

panicled cymes, these of hermaphrodite or pistillate flowers, the

latter apetalous. Sepals free, 4 as the basally foveolate petals,

these about the base of a more or less elevated torus, this 4-glandular

below the many distinct stamens. Ovary 2-celled (falsely 4-celled

at base), the cells pseudo-septate between the 2 ovules; style filiform,

the stigma bidentate or biparted. Carpels small, compressed, with

2 series of plumose bristles, each cell with 1 pendulous seed, the

endosperm oily.

Bark produces a strong durable fiber and the wood of the rapidly

growing Peruvian species, according to Ruiz and Pavon, was

favored for rafts. Seibert observed that it yields a latex of possible

value.

Heliocarpus popayanensis HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 5: 341.

1823; 532. H. americaniis L. var. popayanensis (HBK.) Schum.

in Mart. Fl. Bras. 12, pt. 3: 142. 1886. H. stipulatus Hochr. Ann.

Cons. Jard. Bot. Geneve 18: 121. 1914, fide Ko Ko Lay.

Older branches sparsely lenticellate, glabrate, the younger

somewhat tomentose with stellate and simple trichomes, the long

petioles densely; leaves more or less distinctly 3-lobed, often 1.5-2

Flora of Peru 425

dm. long, 14-18 cm. wide, finally deeply cordate, lightly stellate

above, glabrate in age, usually densely stellate beneath the pu-

bescence, on the nerves mostly simple; inflorescences commonly

terminal, the hermaphrodite about a dm. long and slightly wider,

the pistillate usually about 1.5 dm. long, 2 dm. wide; flowering

peduncles 3-radiate; buds without appendages at sepal tip; sepals

5 mm. long, petals 4 mm. long, in pistillate flowers the former 3-4

mm. long, the latter wanting; stamens about 12; style shortly bifid,

each stigma with 3 acute lobes; fruits ellipsoid to ovoid, slightly

tomentulose or glabrate. — Leaves are frequently without lobes at the

southern and northern limits of the range and present great diversity

of shape and size, according to Ko Ko Lay, upon whose careful

well-considered revision I have freely drawn with appreciation.

Sometimes 30 meters; flowers white, greenish-red or roseate.

Wood used for rafts (Ruiz & Pav6n). — Determinations, except as

noted, by (or verified by) Lay. Illustrated, Ko Ko Lay, I.e., 533.

F.M. Neg. 35443.

Cajamarca: Querocotillo, 2,000 meters, Weberbauer 712U. Nan-

cho, Raimondi. — San Martin: Moyobamba, 890 meters, KliLg S627;

W&ytkowski S5S17. Tarapoto, Spruce j^58. Juanjui, Kliig JtSBS. —

Junin: Vitoc, Ruiz & Pavdn. Near La Merced, KiUip & Smith

23926 (det. Standley). Pichis Trail, KiUip & Smith 2586^. Chan-

chamayo Valley, Schunke 290; 293; 1599. — Hudnuco: Near Hudnuco,

Sawada 101. Tocache, Poeppig 189U; 3102 (tjrpe, H. stipulatus

Hochr). Cuchero, Dombey; Ruiz & Pavdn. Monz6n, WeberbaiLer

3432. Muila, 4065. Sunny brushy slope, near Pozuzo, 4765. —

Loreto: Yurimaguas, KiUip & Smith 28166; 27831; 27853; Williams

4297. Balsapuerto, Klu^ 3076. — Cuzco: Prov. Convencion, Soukup

790. San Miguel, Cook & Gilbert 1072.— Madre de Dios: Iberia,

Seibert 2029 (det. Killip).— Rio Acre: Mouth of Rio Macauhdn,

Krukoff 5261. Western South America. "Palo de balsa" or "huam-

po" (Ruiz & Pav6n); "llausa-quiro" (Williams); "llaosa-pancho"

(Cook & Gilbert); "yausu-quiru" (Woytkowski) ; "huampo bianco"

(Sawada).

4. APEIBA Aublet

Reference: Uittien, Recueil. Trav. Bot. N^rl. 32: 244-251. 1935.

Trees or tree-like shrubs with ample 3-5-nerved leaves and

greenish-yellow flowers disposed in 2-3-dichotomous cymes that are

terminal or opposite the relatively short petioles. Sepals free,

usually, as the short petals, 5, these smooth to base. Stamens

426 Field Museum of Natural History— Botany, Vol. XIII

indefinite; filaments short; anthers erect, linear with a membranous

connective produced apically. Ovary 10 (8) -many-celled, the cells

many-ovuled; style simple. Fruit large, disk-like or depressed-

globose, tubercled or coarsely bristly, coriaceous, dehiscing centrally,

the numerous compressed seeds in a lustrous pulp. — Uittien in

Pulle, Fl. Surinam 3, pt. 1 : 438-440. 1941, revised his work in accord

with the observations of Ducke, Archiv. Inst. Biol. Veg. Rio Jan.

4: 51-52. 1938. Neither of these able botanists, however, have

succeeded in including exactly in their classifications the Peruvian

examples of these interesting trees, suggesting that there are more

species than they describe or fewer and these more variable.

Fruit covered with long hirsute or hispid bristles; branchlet tips

and petioles long-villous; leaves denticulate.

Leaves distinctly cordate at base; fruit subglobose. .A. tibourhou.

Leaves obscurely or not cordate; fruit depressed . .A. Schomhurgkii.

Fruit sharply echinate; branchlets as petioles glabrous or puberulent;

leaves entire A. memhranacea.

Apeiba membranacea Spruce ex Schumann in Mart. Fl. Bras.

12, pt. 3: 145. 1886.

Slender apparently glabrous tree but the leaves especially on the

nerves very minutely and evanescently puberulent and sometimes

glabrous, sometimes with tufts of trichomes in the axils of the lateral

nerves; leaves oblong-elliptic or elliptic, rounded or obscurely

cordulate at base, tip acuminate rarely minutely serrulate, the

nerves 6-9; flowers about 1.5 cm. wide; fruits depressed-globose,

about 6 cm. across, densely echinate with narrowly conic-based

short spines.— As here interpreted there is considerable variation

in the degree of development of the trichome tufts in the nerve

axils of the leaves beneath. Most of the Peruvian collections except

as noted were referred to A. aspera Aublet, Brazil to Guianas,

included by Uittien in A. glabra Aublet with bristly fruits and

4-5-nerved leaves and A. echinata Gaertn., same range, with nearly

the fruits of A. membranacea but the leaves grayish-tomentulose

beneath. However, the Peruvian tree seems to be the same as

A. intermedia Uittien of Surinam but the fruit of that species is

unknown. Attains 25 meters, the trunk 3 dm. in diameter (Tess-

mann) ; flowers golden or ochre yellow. F.M. Neg. 23809.

Hudnuco: Chicoplaya, Ruiz & Pav6n. — Loreto: Yurimaguas,

Poeppig 21 U; Williams 4.012; Killip & Smith 29075. Rio Mazan,

Flora of Peru 427

Josi Schunke 95. Rio Itaya, Williams SSI 5. Florida, Klug 2S4S

(det. Standley). Mouth of Rio Santiago, Tessmann U622 (det.

Biuret).— Rio Acre: Ule 9585; 9598. Mouth of Rio Macuahdn,

Krukoff 5S0Jt. Colombia; Amazonian Brazil. "Maqui-supa"

(Williams); "maqui-zapanaccha" (Schunke).

Apeiba Schomburgkii Szyszyl. Diss. Math. Nat. Acad. Litt.

Cracov. 27: 140. 1894. A. tihcurhou Aubl. var. membranacea Lockh.

ex Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 708. 1864, fide Uittien.

Branchlets and petioles villous with long trichomes; stipules

more or less promptly deciduous; leaves rounded or obscurely

cordate at base, membranaceous, smooth above but early minutely

stellulate especially on the nerves and with a few deciduous long

simple trichomes, lightly stellate- tomentose beneath, 7-9- (12)

nerved; flowers white; fruit depressed, nearly disk-shaped, opening

with 3-7 rather large woody teeth. — After Uittien; in the Peruvian

specimen that seems to belong here the leaves are 9-12-nerved and

the fruit bristles are hispid with appressed trichomes. F.M. Neg.

9251.

Loreto: Puerto Arturo, Williams 500 J^ (det. Standley, A. tibour-

bou). To Colombia and the Guianas. "Maqui-sapa-fiaccha"

(Williams).

Apeiba tibourbou Aublet, PI. Guian. 1: 538, pi. 21S. 1775.

A. hirsuta Lam. Encycl. 1: 208. 1783. A. tibourbou Aublet var.

rugosa Szyszyl. Diss. Math. Nat. Acad. Litt. Cracov. 27: 140. 1894.

A. albiflora Ducke, Archiv. Jard. Bot. Rio Jan. 3: 209, pi. 20. 1922,

fide Ducke.

Branches, petioles, these 1-3 cm. long and prominent ovate-

lanceolate rather tardily deciduous stipules hirsute with spreading

trichomes; leaves firm-chartaceous, typically densely stellate-

tomentose beneath, more or less rugose and sparsely stellulate above,

distinctly cordate at base, 9-15-nerved; flowers yellowish or white,

about 2.5 cm. wide, the petals 1-1.5 cm. long; fruit nearly globose,

slightly depressed, opening with minute woody teeth, the flexible

bristles abundantly spreading hirsute. — After Uittien. The Peru-

vian specimens vary in having scarcely to very rugose leaves often

lightly tomentose beneath; Tessmann recorded one tree 30 meters

tall the trunk 1 dm. in diameter but Williams noted the tree as

attaining 12 meters with often inclined small buttressed trunks

about 3 dm. in diameter, the wood spongy. Determinations mostly

428 Field Museum of Natural History— Botany, Vol. XIII

by Standley. Illustrated, Mart. Fl. Bras. 13, pt. 3: pi 29 (except

fruit). F.M. Neg. 9249.

San Martin: Chazuta, Klug WA- Juanjui, Klug ^21 3. Tara-

poto, Williams 56H; 6727. — Junin: La Merced, 5569. — Loreto:

Mishuyacu, Klug 1087. Yarina Cocha, Tessmann 3^03 (det.

Burret). Yurimaguas, Poeppig 2097. — Rio Acre: Mouth of Rio

Macauhdn, Krukoff 5291. To Central America, the Guianas and

the West Indies. "Maqui-sapa-naccha," "maqui-sapa" (Williams) ;

"tibourbou."

5. MOLLIA Mart.

Reference: Baehni, Candollea 5: 403-425. 1934.

Usually pubescent often slender branched trees with entire or

only apically serrate leaves and rather showy white flowers solitary

or fasciculate in the axils, sometimes pedunculate. Sepals free,

5 as the petals. Stamens indefinite shortly coalescent in clusters

of 10, the 5 outer longer alternate to the petals; anthers narrowly

sagittate. Ovary 2-celled, the cells many-ovuled; style filiform.

Capsules 2-celled, ligneous, shortly alate apically, the cells semi-

2-valved, spuriously septate between the many compressed emar-

ginate seeds. — Leaves perhaps always barbate beneath in the nerve-

axils. My indebtedness to the distinguished Director of the Con-

servatory of Botany, Geneva, Switzerland, for his stimulating

association and thought-provoking work over many years may here

be given this merited recognition. Besides, the following mention

may be made of Williams 963 from Nanay especially to note the

native name "Uchu-huayo"; it has ovoid fruits barely pointed

apically.

Leaves densely lepidote only beneath, serrulate M. gracilis.

Leaves equallj^ lepidote both sides, entire M. Williamsii.

MoUia gracilis Spruce, Joum. Linn. Soc. Bot. 5: Suppl. 2: 59.

1861; 413, 424.

Slender branchlets, petioles, these 5-6 mm. long, and leaves

both sides lightly and minutely lepidote, the sessile or shortly

pedunculate 1-few-fiowered inflorescences cinereous lepidote; leaves

chartaceous, obscurely serrulate toward obtusish tips, rounded at

base, barbate in the nerve axils beneath, elliptic or oblong-elliptic,

to 10 cm. long, 6 cm. wide, often smaller; pedicels slender, 2-3 cm.

Flora of Peru 429

long; calyces tjrpically about 2 cm. long; fruits unknown. — 8-meter

tree (Tessmann). Weibel, Candollea 10: 169, 172. 1945, described

the placenta tion, showing the ovary to be 1-celled in bud. F.M.

Neg. 32618.

San Martfn: Tarapoto, Spruce It9It9. — Loreto: Santiago, Teas-

mann U198. Adjacent Colombia and Brazil.

Mollia Williamsii Baehni, Candollea 7: 136. 1936.

Younger branchlets sparsely, petioles, these 12-13 mm. long,

peduncles and leaves beneath except the nerves densely lepidote

pubescent; leaves entire, ovate, rounded or subacute at base, long-

acuminate, 11.5-13.5 cm. long, 4.5-nearly 5 cm. wide, coriaceous,

lightly squamose above, not barbate in the axils of the 3 nerves

beneath; inflorescences shortly ped uncled, 2-4-flowered, fruiting

pedicels 2-2.5 cm. long; capsules opaque, scabrellous, sparsely

lepidote basally, densely apically, distinctly mucronate, ovoid,

complanate, narrowly alate, depressed laterally at septum, 11-13

mm. long, 15-17 mm. wide, 11-12 mm. thick. — Fruits recall those

of M. lucens Baehni of the Rio Negro but those are lustrous and

scarcely bilobed, and the short peduncles and larger long-acuminate

leaves mark M. Williamsii easily. Type from a straight cylindric-

trunked tree about 7 meters tall.

Loreto: Rio Nanay, Williams 1160, type. "Uchu-mullaca."

6. LUEHEA Willd.

Reference: Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Beriin 9: 822-837. 1926.

Trees or tall shrubs, the usually dentate leaves stellate-tomentose

beneath, the showy white or rose-colored flowers disposed in multi-

bracteolate axillary cymes or terminal panicles. Sepals and petals

5, the latter glandular-thickened within at base. Stamens many

obscurely or very shortly coalescent (in one species completely con-

nate) in phalanges of 5 or 10, the filiform exterior without anthers,

basally lanate or pubescent; anthers of the inner sagittate. Ovary

5-celled, many-ovuled; style simple. Capsules subligneous, semi-

5-valved, the numerous seeds wing-margined above. — The bractlets

may be somewhat coalescent but are never jjermanently united; the

anthers are parallel-connate to apex, and dehisce at the same time

by long chinks (Burret). The nerve-axils beneath are usually if not

always without the tufts of trichomes found in MoUia.

430 Field Museum of Natural History— Botany, Vol. XIII

Leaves oblong-elliptic or elliptic but mostly rather more than twice

as long as wide; sepals 1-2 cm. long; capsules at most 3 cm.

long, obovoid.

Petals oblanceolate; leaves acuminate; capsules nearly shaggy

pubescent below L. Tessmannii.

Petals obovate; leaves shortly acute; capsules rather appressed

pubescent L. paniculata.

Leaves broadly elliptic, mostly less than twice as long as wide;

sepals about 3 cm. long; capsules 3 cm. long or longer.

Capsules cylindrical, 3.5 cm. long or longer; staminodia filaments

shorter than tube L. grandiflora.

Capsules sphaeroid, 3 cm. long; staminodia filaments longer than

tube L. tarapotina.

Luehea grandiflora Mart. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 99, pi. 61. 1826;

832. L. densiflora St. Hil. and L. laxiflora St. Hil. Fl. Bras. Merid.

1: 293-294. 1827, fide Burret, ex char.

Branches and branchlets slender, glabrous; petioles stout, 5-10

mm. long; leaves elliptic, very shortly acuminate or apiculate,

slightly oblique at the rounded-subcordate base, commonly less than

twice as long as wide, denticulate, usually closely, glabrous or

nearly above, stellulate and more or less arachnoid tomentulose

beneath, the nerves and veins finally glabrate; flowers usually

several in dense or open inflorescences, the early conspicuous sepa-

rating narrow bractlets about as long as the sepals, these at lieast

about 3 cm. long, the oblong or elongate-obovate petals gradually

attenuate to the narrower or scarcely narrower claw; free part of

the staminodia short, fringe-like; capsules to 2.5 cm. long or longer,

less than half as thick, densely ferrugineous with stellate- tomentum.

— After Burret in part, who points out that there are floral differences

between this species and the more northern L. speciosa Willd. with

which it has been confused; apparently his conclusions are sound

but the characters relied upon may prove to be variable. The

Peruvian material seen is meager but seemingly it belongs here.

Illustrated, Mart. Fl. Bras. 12, pt. 3: pi. SI (as L. speciosa, fide

Burret). F.M. Negs. 35411; 35413 (L. densiflora, L. laxiflora).

Loreto: Cachipuerto, Klug 3131 (det. Standley, L. tarapotina).

Yurimaguas, Poeppig 2191, Addenda 62 (det. L. speciosa in herb.).

To southeastern Brazil.

Flora of Peru 481

Luehea paniculata Mart. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 100, pi. 62. 1826;

834. L. parvifolia Huber, Bol. Mus. Paraense 2; 507. 1898, fide

Ducke.

Beautiful tree, the slender branchlets, petioles (5-7 mm. long),

leaves beneath and many-flowered terminal panicles more or less

ferrugineous tomentulose; stipules promptly caducous, 4-5 mm.

long; leaves broadly oval or elliptic, truncate or subcordate at base,

shortly acuminate, 7-12 cm. long, 4.5-7 cm. wide, more or less

inequilateral, coriaceous, glabrous above at maturity, unequally

dentate; bracts 4-5 mm. long; peduncles and pedicels 5-10 mm.

long; involucrate bracts 9, linear, acute, 8-9 mm. long; sepals

lanceolate, 11-12 mm. long; petals irregularly crenulate, about 16

mm. long, 13 mm. wide, white changing to rose, puberulent within

above the entire basal gland; stamens in 3-4 clusters, 4-7 mm. long;

ovary orange-tomentose; capsule about 2 cm. long, 12-14 mm. thick

medially, reddish tomentose, the seed wings rounded apically. —

Most of the Peruvian collections fide Burret and not seen by me

at least during the final preparation of this compilation. F.M.

Neg. 19678.

San Martin: Tarapoto, {Spruce U880). Morales near Tarapoto,

Williams 5699. — Hudnuco: Chinchao, Ruiz & Pavdn; Raimondi

(det. Burret); Rivero. Grass steppe, Prov. Huamalies, 1,000 meters

(Weberbauer S492).—Junin: Peren^, 700 meters (Weberbauer S29).

— Cuzco: Sta. Anna, Prov. Convenci6n {Weberbauer 5021; 50It7).

To southeastern Brazil. "Inchato" {Weberbauer); "calzoncillo-

panga" (Williams).

Luehea tarapotina Macbr. CandoIIea 5: 382. 1934.

Younger branchlets early reddish furfuraceous with short

stellulate indument; petioles 6-7 (12) mm. long; leaves broadly

and subobliquely elliptic, lightly cordate at base, subabruptly and

broadly acuminate, to 14 cm. long, 8 cm. wide, irregularly dentate,

chartaceous, green, slightly lustrous and very sparsely stellate

puberulent above, rusty-cinereous tomentulose beneath the nerves

and veins reticulate; fruiting pedicels about 2 cm. long, furfuraceous-

puberulent; capsules pentagonous-sphaeroid, obscurely angled,

about 3 cm. long, 2 cm. thick, densely and persistently rusty pu-

bescent; seeds lustrous, 7 mm. long. — The permanently pubescent

fruits and smaller seeds seem to distinguish this from L. apeciosa

Willd. The Klug specimen seen shows imperfect flowers; apparently

however the sepals attain 3 cm., the petals are obovate, rather

432 Field Museum of Natural History — Botany, Vol. XIII

abruptly broad-clawed, and the filamentous portion of the stamino-

dial phalanges is slightly longer than the united part or tube; the

significance of this character may be open to question. However,

the capsules are distinctive among the Peruvian species; but as

noted by Burret in his careful revision the fruits of several species

(Bolivian) are unknown.

San Martin: Juanjui, Klug J^3J^7 (det. Standley). Morales near

Tarapoto, Williams 570^, type. "Calzoncillo."

Luehea Tessmannii Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 9: 836.

1926.

Younger branches terete, dark red, glabrous, longitudinally

rugulose in drying, the divaricate branchlets above as the petioles

(4-8 mm. long) and inflorescences (5-8 cm. long) yellowish-stellu-

late; leaves elliptic or slightly elliptic-obovate, rather abruptly and

shortly but conspicuously acuminate, obliquely rounded at base,

evidently denticulate toward the tip, often 5.5-9.5 cm. long, 2.5-4.5

(6) cm. wide, subcoriaceous, soon glabrous above, very minutely

and closely puberulent with a cinereous or in herb, ochraceous

indument, clearly stellulate only if at all on the more prominent

nerves and the conspicuous clathrate-reticulate veins; bractlets

deciduous before anthesis, much shorter than the oblong sepals, these

yellowish strigose-pilose without, 12 mm. long; petals narrowly

oblanceolate, 14 mm. long, basally pilose; ovary yellowish-villous;

capsules 1.5-2 cm. long, densely villous especially toward the

narrowed base, somewhat obovoid. — PYuit unknown in type. Species

nearly L. cymulosa Spruce of the Upper Amazon with oblong-

lanceolate gradually acuminate leaves, less dense indument on the

lower surface (Burret) . These distinctions appear varietal but more

material is needed of the Spruce species from the region of the type.

Type 8 meters, trunk diameter 2 dm.; attains 15 meters (Schunke).

F.M. Neg. 9247.

Loreto: Flood free wood, Rio Itaya, Tessmann SSSIt, type. Sole-

dad, Tessmann 5180. Near Iquitos, Klug lJf72; Tessmann 5122.

Rio Mazdn, Jose Schunke 132. Caballo-Cocha, Williams 2Jtl9.

"Museg-gui-ey" (Klug, Huitoto); "boleyna" (Schunke).

7. LUEHEOPSIS Burret

Reference: Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Beriin 9: 83&-843. 1926.

As the name implies there are no obvious vegetative characters

to distinguish these trees from Luehea, but the bractlets are com-

Flora of Peru 433

pletely connate, and not separating in age; the petal bases are less

thickened, the stamens are always united below into a tube and

esp)ecially the anthers are free above the middle, somewhat divergent

and before anthesis with triangular subcochleariform apical opening,

this chink finally extending to base. — The flowers in some species

are precocious (Uittien). These observations have added to an

understanding of the species-relationships but from a standpoint

of floristic, which is to say practical, taxonomy they ought to

indicate a subgroup within Ldiehea from which except in flower they

are not distinguishable. As the thoughtful author has detailed in his

remarks the characters of bractlets and stamen-connation are found

in varying degree within the more narrowly defined Luehea.

Lueheopsis Juliani Macbr., sp. nov.

Arbor, 10 m. alta; foliis ut videtur non evolutis jam florens;

ramulis junioribus petiolisque (11 mm. longis) striatis et minute

stellulato-puberulentis; vetustioribus glabris; foliis late ellipticis

vel elliptico-obovatis basi valde inaequaliter rotundatis apice

breviter abrupteque acuminatis 11-16 cm. longis, circa 7 cm. latis

prope apicem grosse repando-dentatis coriaceo-chartaceis, supra

glabris nitidis subtus aequaliter et brevissime adpresseque cinereo-

pubescentibus, nervis principalibus 3 et venis transversalibus subtus

prominentibus subclathratis vix vel obscure reticulatis; ramulis

inflorescentiorum plerumque 1-3 cm. longis ut floribus stellulato-

pulverulentis; pedunculis circa 5 mm. longis; cupula 5 mm. alta,

dentibus ovato-acutis 1-2 mm. longis vel demum profundius fissis;

sepalis 14 mm. longis intus sericeo-strigosis; petalis vix 14 mm.

longis extus ad basin distincte adpresseque pilosiusculis; antheris

1.5 mm. longis. — Evidently near to and possibly a variant of L.

Hoehnei Burret, I.e. 841, of Mato Grosso, Brazil, to which species

Standley referred it, but the much larger leaves strongly oblique at

base and the pubescent petals suggest that it is specifically estab-

lished. The t)rpe consists only of a leafy branchlet and a separate

leafless inflorescence; it is probable that the honest collector Klug got

them from the same tree and while the size of the leaves may be due

to their being on a shoot their form is different from those of Burret's

tree and the petals of the latter are described as glabrous without,

the flowers too, apparently accompanied by leaves.

In naming this tree for the energetic and enthusiastic Curator

of the Department of Botany, Chicago Natural History Museum,

Julian Steyermark, I am sincerely pleased because my sense of

434 Field Museum of Natural History— Botany, Vol. XIII

indebtedness for his cooperation in selection of materials for the

preparation of this work is great.

Loreto: Mishuyacu near Iquitos, Klug 2528, type.

8. NEOTESSMANNIA Burret

Tree with stellate and some simple indument, simple alternate

leaves, regular hermaphroditic 4-5-merous flowers with valvate

distinct sepals, many free stamens, all equal, and with 2-celled

introrse linear anthers dehiscing by a short longitudinal nearly

apical chink, the pollen grains smooth, in tetrads pyramidally

connate. Ovary inferior, in lower part multicelled, in upper part

1-celled with long prominent lateral membranes between which,

above and below, are affixed densely the small anatropous ovules.

Style simple with clavate tip, the stigma decurrent. — Without

fruit position uncertain but seems to require a separate section

(Neotessmannioideae Burret) characterized by the unique (for

the family) inferior ovary, multicelled below, numerous ovules

between partial or complete walls, and pollen grains cohering in

tetrads (Burret); the author suggests the available data recall the

genera Apeiha and Muntingia.

The name meritoriously commemorates the famous ethnographer

Gunther Tessmann, who made exceptionally documented botanical

collections in Amazonian Peru and in Africa.

Neotessmannia uniflora Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin

9: 125. 1924.

Reddish virgate branchlets at tip, leaves, especially beneath on

the nerves and petioles (12-18 mm. long) and finally supra-axillary

1-flowered peduncles more or less densely tomentulose with yellowish

slender stellate trichomes, some glanduliferous; stipules caducous,

the scars oblique; leaves very obliquely cordate at base, obtuse at

apex, broadly oblong, to 28 cm. long, 11 cm. wide, obscurely repand-

denticulate with 5-6 basal nerves and but 6 lateral, reticulate

venation prominent and dense beneath; sepals oblong, obtuse,

tomentose on both sides, to 18 mm. long; petals yellow, obovate-

oblong, 3-3.5 cm. long, membranous, lightly tomentose near base;

filaments subulate, 4 mm. long, little shorter than basally cordate

anthers; style 4 mm. thick at base; ovary semiglobose, tomentose,

with about 25 thin more or less complete divisions. — F.M. Neg.

9248.

Loreto: Flooded banks of Rio Aguaytia, Tessmann 3160, type.

Flora of Peru 435

9. VALLEA Mutis

Reference: F. Ballard, Bot. Mag. 157: pi. 9S65. July 2, 1934.

Slender branched shrubs or trees, at least some branches with

conspicuous reniform stipules, especially on sterile shoots, and

usually ovate, frequently cordate leaves. Flowers on axillary or

terminal peduncles, the 5 (rarely 4) sepals valvate, the 3-lobed

petals imbricate. Stamens indefinite, in 2 series, the disk biannulate,

the linear erect anthers apically dehiscing by 2 oblique pores.

Ovary 3-5-celled, the cells medially 2-ovuled; style subulate, the

3-5 filiform stigmas uneven. Fruits finally subligneous, bluntly and

camosely tubercled, tardily dehiscing, imperfectly 3-5-valved. —

Commemorates Felix Valle, author of "Florula Corsicae" (1762).

Vallea stipularis L.f. Suppl. 266. 1781. V. cordifolia R. & P.

Syst. Veg. 132. 1798. V. pyrifolia Turcz. Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 31,

pt. 1: 237. 1858. V. pubescens HBK., Nov. Gen. & Sp. 5: 350. 1823.

V. glabra Miers, Contr. Bot. 2: 184. 1860-1869.

Attractive small tree, several to 6 meters or so tall, bearing

abundant leaves, bright green above, glaucous beneath, pretty

roseate to dark or bright red flowers gracefully borne in loose cymes

near or at the tips of the many brown-purple branchlets, and early

dark green somewhat berry-like fruits covered with soft processes,

often all on the same branches at the same time; indument, if present,

an unevenly deciduous tomentum of brownish trichomes mostly on

the peduncles and pedicels and leaves beneath or now and then

persisting in tufts in the nerve axils; stipules obsolete to conspicuous,

especially on young sterile shoots, reniform; leaves ovate-lanceolate

to broadly ovate, more or less acuminate or acute, rarely reniform

or rounded, cordate to subtruncate, usually 6-7 cm. long, 3-^ cm.

wide, but highly variable, the veins prominent; petals 3-lobed,

usually medially, 9-11 mm. long; stamens densely white pubescent,

the somewhat glandular filaments curved and filiform below the

greenish or yellowish anthers, both subequal; fruits subglobose,

about 1 cm. across, often dehiscing on the tree. — Bark of old trunks

fissured; leaves yellowish or reddish in the dry season, those of

young shoots sometimes crenate-lobulate. Var. pyrifolia (Turcz.)

Ballard, I.e., was proposed for glabrous specimens (except nerve-

axil pubescence); more striking at least is the variant designated

parvifolia by me, Candollea 5: 381. 1934, the leaves rotund-reniform,

rounded at apex, mostly 3-4 cm. wide, only 2.5-3.5 cm. long; how-

ever, as Diels has remarked, the conclusion of Ballard that the

436 Field Museum of Natural History — Botany, Vol. XIII

species is highly variable but not divisible, as unstable, is sound.

Illustrated, Bot. Mag. 9365; HBK., Nov. Gen. & Sp. 5: pi. A89;

Miers, Contr. Bot. 2: pi. 81 (V. pubescens).

Wood reported as valuable by Grisard and Vanden-Berghe, Rev.

Sci. Nat. Appl. 39: 587. 1892; West found a tea made from the leaves

used medicinally. Common, at least formerly, at middle altitudes,

especially from the central valleys, southward.

Piura, Cajamarca, Ancash: Raimondi. — San Martin: West of

Moyobamba, Weberbauer 266. — Hudnuco: Near Pampayacu, Sa-

wada; Kanehira. Near Huanuco, 2130; Weberbauer 1766. Pillao,

Woytkowski 3If091. Mito, lJl^79; i 7^7.— Junin: Near Tarma, Ruiz

& Pav6n (type, V. cordifolia); Woytkowski 35Jf.65. Huariaca, 3093;

Poeppig. Huacapistana, Killip & Smith 2^208 (type, var. parvi-

folia); Weberbauer 1766. Carpapata, Soukup 3Jt30 (va. parvifolia).

— Huancavelica: Salcabamba, Stork & Horton 10288. — Ayacucho:

Near Ocros, West 3672 (det. Johnson, V. cordifolia) . Near Huanta,

Killip & Smith 2331 If. — Apurimac: Abancay, Balls 6896. — Cuzco:

Wenner Gren Ruins, Metcalf 3076 Jf (det. Killip). Galea, Vargas

171. Ollantaytambo, Herrera 331,3; 3U0; 3U1; Cook & Gilbert

387; 631. Urubamba, Soukup 26; Weberbauer, 182.— Puno: Near

Limbani, Vargas 9638. Near Puno, Soukup ^^^. Oconeque,

Metcalf 30585. Tabina, Lechler 2083. Sandia, Weberbauer, 237.

Without locality (Mathews 30^8, det. Miers, V. pubescens); (Mathews

892, det. Miers, V. cordifolia). Bolivia; Ecuador and Colombia.

"Cugur," "cunhur" (Ruiz & Pavon), "gellccoy" (Stork & Horton),

"chchicllur" or "chchicllurmy" (Herrera), "tchillumay" (Cook &

Gilbert), "chillunmay" (Vargas), "sacha-capuli" (Spruce), "olla-

olla," "quellccoy" (both, Raimondi).

10. MUNTINGIA L.

Stellulate pubescent little tree with dentate leaves and white

flowers peduncled in the axils and usually 2 or 3 together, sometimes

solitary. Sepals free, commonly 5, early 6 or 7 as the broad smooth

petals, these approximate with the indefinite stamens about the

annulate disk. Ovary glandular-pilose, 5-7-celled, multi-ovulate;

stigma sessile, lobulate. PYuit indehiscent, globose, irregularly

many-celled, the numerous minute seeds pulp-imbedded. — See Lil-

loa 3: 31. and plates, Descole and O'Donell.

Bark furnishes a tough fiber suitable for basketry.

Flora of Peru 487

Muntingia Calabura L. Sp. PI. 509. 1753.

Shrub or sometimes a slender tree attaining 12 meters, with

many basally very oblique oblong-lanceolate leaves these densely

cinereous or brownish stellate beneath, puberulent or soon green

and glabrate above, commonly 5-12 cm. long, 2-3 cm. wide; petioles

2-6 mm. long, exceeded by the linear stipules; pedicels 1-3 cm. long;

sepals 8-12 mm. long, with nearly filiform acumen about equaling

the rarely rose-tinted broadly obovate petals; berry globose, red or

yellow, about 1 cm. in diameter, edible. — Branches divaricate, early

hirsute, in age glabrous and reddish brown. Illustrated, Mart. Fl.

Bras. 12, pt. 3: pi. SJ^.

Piura: Cafia Dulce, Haught 108; 197; Weberbauer, 150.— San

Martin: Tarapoto, Woytkowski 35162. Juanjui, Klug 3762. Vitoc,

Ruiz & Pavdn. — Amazonas: Along streams, Weberbauer, 155. —

Junin: La Merced, 5232. Colonia Peren^, Killip & Smith 25067;

25178. — Loreto: Rio Nanay, Williams 1^57. Lower Huallaga,

Williams ^931. Rio Pachitea, Sandemun 3308. Iquitos, Williams

8025; Mexia 6510, part. PongodeManseriche, Mexia 6169. Puerto

Arturo, Killip & Smith 27929. — Cuzco: Valle de Santa Ana, Herrera

S212; 3283. Santa Rosa, Soukup. Valle de Urubamba, Herrera

S220. To southern Mexico and the West Indies. "Bolina," "iuma-

nasa," "mullaca-huayo" (all, Williams), "yumanaza," "ccoillor-

ppanchu" (Herrera), "guinda yumanasa" (Mexia).

11. SLOANEA [Plum.] L.

Reference: C. Earle Smith, Jr., Contr. Gray Herb. 175: 3-114.

1954.

Trunks often buttressed. Leaves alternate or opposite, pin-

nately veined; stipules sometimes present only in bud. Inflores-

cences various but usually axillary and racemose or paniculate.

Sepals 4-11, ordinarily free. Petals none. Stamens about 50 to

more than a hundred, always with connective extended as a knob

or an awn. Pistil 3-6-celled, ovules 8-10 in 2 rows per cell, anatro-

pous, pendent, placentation axial. Fruit a loculicidally dehiscent

capsule with 3-6 rigid often ligneous valves, smooth or armed with

persisting or easily detached (and irritant) spines. Seeds 1-2 (3),

medially or nearly completely covered by a firmly attached aril

(except one species). — After Smith, who has given a detailed and

obviously well-considered and clearly presented monograph, from

which the following key and descriptions are compiled. The genus

is developed largely to the east and north of Peru but of course

438 Field Museum of Natural History— Botany, Vol. XIII

several species besides the following may be found within its north-

eastern boundary.

Sepals 4-11, unequal, not covering stamens and pistil in bud;

flowers in lateral racemes (subgenus Sloanea C. E, Smith).

Stipules caducous; flowers often crowded; capsules to 3.5 cm. long

(section Brevispicae C. E. Smith).

Leaves clustered apically.

Stamen awn elongate-filiform; capsules to 2 cm. long, spines

to 5 mm. thick S. rufa.

Stamen awn short, thick.

Capsules merely granulose; sepals 4 or 5 S. granulosa.

Capsules spinose; sepals usually 5 S. spathulata.

Leaves distributed evenly S. guianensis.

Stipules at least somewhat persistent; flowers borne laxly (section

Sloanea C. E. Smith) S. fragrans.

Sepals 4 (5), equal, covering stamens and pistil in bud; flowers (Peru)

not racemose (subgenus Quadrisepala C. E. Smith).

Flowers paniculate; capsule spines to 1 cm. long S. laxiflora.

Flowers 1-3, subumbellate; capsule spines short (2 nmi.).

S. temiflora.

Sloanea fragrans Rusby, Mem. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 7: 294.

1927; 68.

Stout twigs, rigid coriaceous obovate leaves and long (13-27 cm.)

inflorescences minutely puberulent to glabrate; stipules 2.5-13 cm.

long, obovate, obtuse, unevenly dentate; petioles terete, 5-20 cm.

long, alternate; leaves 4.5-6.5 dm. long or longer, 2-3 dm. wide,

acute at base, obtuse, undulate-margined; peduncles 1 dm. long,

pedicels to 2.5 cm. long, bracts ovate, 4-10 nun. long, unevenly to

few-dentate; flowers 1-1.5 cm. long, sepals 7-9, ovate to lanceolate,

obtuse, 4-6 mm. long, puberulent-sericeous on both sides; stamens

4-8 mm. long, anther awn flattened, to 1 mm. long, the awns in bud

imbricate, forming a globose mass; style not parted; capsule (young)

densely covered with curved spines. — A large tree.

Loreto: Pongo de Manseriche, mouth of the Rfo Santiago,

Tessmann Jt609. Bolivia to Colombia.

Sloanea granulosa Ducke, Bol. Tech. Inst. Agron. do Norte

19: 13. 1950; 45.

Flora of Peru 439

Related to and resembling S. rufa but glabrate or shortly pu-

bescent; stipules deltoid-lanceolate, to 2 mm. long; petioles 8-15

mm. long; leaves subacute to rounded at base, obtuse to emarginate

at apex, 9-14 cm. long, 4.3-9 cm. wide, sparsely short-pubescent

beneath and with scattered long trichomes along the mid-rib; in-

florescences 1.5-2 cm. long, 3-7-flowered, the peduncles 1-4 mm.

long, i)edicels 4-12 mm. long, bracts 1-2 mm. long, rarely few-

dentate; flowers 4-9 mm. long, sepals 1.5-2 mm. long, glabrous

within; stamens 1.5-2.5 mm. long, the broad anthers with a short

stout glabrous awn; style deeply 4-parted; capsules about 3.5 cm.

long, ovoid, the 4 valves 4-5 mm. thick, smooth and red inside,

granulose and densely fine-pubescent without; seed 17 mm. long,

covered to the funiculus with a fimbricate 5-lobed red aril. — The

only locality in Peru (if that of Pearce) is on the Rio Maran6n.

Becomes a very tall tree with large radiating buttresses (Ducke).

Peru(?): Monterico (Pearce). Amazonian Brazil.

Sloanea guianensis (Aublet) Benth. Joum. Linn. Soc. 5: suppl.

69. 1861; 33. Ablania guianensis Aublet, PI. Guian. 585. pi. 23U.

1775.

Stipules 0.5-1 mm. long, lanceolate, obtuse; petioles 1-3 mm.

long, opposite or subopposite, not clustered at twig-tip; leaves

obovate to elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse to cuneately acute at base,

obtuse to acuminately obtuse at apex, 5-22 cm. long, 2.5-9.5 cm.

wide, glabrous to minutely pubescent above, sometimes sparsely

hirsute and barbate in the prominent nerve axils beneath, entire to

obtusely dentate; inflorescences 1-9-flowered, 1.5-3 cm. long,

sparsely to densely fuscous pubescent, the peduncles to 1.5 cm. long,

pedicels 3-8 mm. long, bracts 5-15 mm. long, these deltoid to

obtusely lanceolate; flowers white to yellow, 3-8 mm. across, 5-8

mm. long; sepals 4-9, variable in size, shape and pubescence, some-

times glabrous within; stamens 2-4 mm. long, the. awn a fourth to

a third as long as the sublanceolate anthers; style 4-parted; capsule

9-12 mm. long, 6-9 mm. in diameter, the usually 4 valves velvety

and rather densely spiny antrorsely pubescent spines 5-9 nmi. long;

seed to 1 cm. long, almost enclosed by a 5-lobed aril. — Said to attain

25 meters and to develop triangular buttresses; valued for firewood

and paddles (Mexia). S. trichosHcha Williams & Sandw,, Flora

Trinidad & Tobago 1: 110. 1929, has smaller flowers with exserted

awnless stamens, hirtellous capsule spines and has been found in

adjacent Brazil (Rio Acre).

440 Field Museum of Natural History — Botany, Vol. XIII

Loreto: Pongo de Manseriche, Rio Maranon, Mexia 6137.

Along the Ucayali, Tessmann 3213. Brazil to Trinidad and Venezu-

ela. "Cutana-cuspi" (Mexia). '

Sloanea laxiflora Spruce ex Benth. Journ. Linn. Soc. 5: suppl.

65. 1861; 82. S. acutiflora Uitt. Recueil Trav. Bot. Ne^rl. 22: 357.

1925, fide Smith. S. polyantha Ducke, Archiv. Inst. Biol. Veg. Rio

Jan. 2: 162. 1935, fide Smith.

Glabrous except for the finely pubescent branchlets and often

terminal inflorescences, these 5-11 cm. long; petioles alternate, to

1.5 cm. long; leaves ovate to elliptic, rounded at base, acuminate-

acute to obtuse, 4.5-15 cm. long, 2.5-8 cm. wide, subcoriaceous,

veins prominent beneath, margin more or less entire; peduncle

3-5.5 cm. long, pedicels 5-10 mm. long; flowers white or yellowish,

6-10 mm. long, sepals apparently soon falling, puberulent both

sides; stamens 3-7 mm. long, anthers dehiscing apically, with a short

glabrous awn; style entire; capsules 2.5-3 cm. long, subglobose, the

4 valves 2-2.5 mm. thick, densely spinose; spines subrigid, 8-10

mm. long, puberulent; seed white, to 2.3 cm. long, with a 3 lobed

pale yellow aril (fruit character after Ducke). — A buttressed tree

observed as high as 15 meters.

Loreto: Iquitos (Ducke 1833). To the Guianas.

Sloanea rufa Planchon ex Benth. Journ. Linn. Soc. 5: suppl.

68. 1861; 43. S. longicaudata Ducke, Bol. Tech. Inst. Agron. do

Norte 19: 14. 1950, fide Smith.

Twigs stout, cinnamon pubescent; stipules subpersistent, ovate,

laciniate, 4-12 mm. long, densely pubescent; petioles to 7.5 cm. long,

rufous-tomentose; leaves elliptic to obovate, rounded to cordate

at base, acutely or obtusely short-acuminate, 11-32.5 cm. long,

5.5-27 cm. wide, coriaceous, densely pubescent medially above,

rufous-tomentose. beneath, the veins prominent, obscurely but

sometimes spinulosely repand-dentate; inflorescence 5-9-flowered,

1.5-3 cm. long, densely pubescent, the peduncles 1-2 cm. long,

pedicels 3-10 mm. long, bracts 1-3 mm. long, laciniate; flowers

5-7 mm. long, pale green or yellowish; sepals 2-3 mm. long, within

pubescent only toward margin; stamens 2-4 mm. long, the glabrous

filiform awn to 1.5 mm. long; style 4-parted; capsules probably to

2.5 cm. long, valves 4(?), to 1.5 mm. thick, with many semirigid

sparsely hispid clavate spines about 4 mm. long. — Small tree to

7 meters tall (Klug) resembling S. spathulata C. E. Smith and

Flora of Peru 441

S. granulosa Ducke in the apically crowded leaves but distinctive

in pubescence and stipules. S. Duckii C. E. Smith, I.e. 44, is dis-

tinguished by glabrous foliage and much smaller capsules (author) ;

found as near Peru as S5o Paulo de Olivenca, it probably extends

westward.

Loreto: Mishuyacu near Iquitos, Klug 5S. To French Guiana.

Sloanea spathulata C. E. Smith, Contr. Gray Herb. 175: 43.

1954.

Twigs sparsely pilose or glabrate, the leaves crowded toward the

tips; stipules lanceolate, to 5 mm. long, pilose; petioles stout, 3-9

mm. long, canaliculate above; leaves obovate, abruptly obtuse at

base, mucronulately subacute, 12-33.5 cm. long, 4.5-nearly 14 cm.

wide, chartaceous, sparsely pilose beneath, the secondary nerves

very prominent, undulate or repand-dentate toward apex; in-

florescences immature, to 1 cm. long, pubescent, the peduncles

4 mm. long, pedicels 3-4 mm. long, bracts 0.5-1 mm. long, entire,

obtuse; flowers 3-4 mm. long; sepals mostly 5; anthers longitudinally

dehiscent, shortly apiculate; style 4-parted apically; capsules 2-2.5

cm. long, the usually 4 valves 2.5-3.5 mm. thick, the many sparsely

tomentose spines 6-8 mm. long, slightly curved. — Differs from

S. rufa Planchon in the narrow leaves with very short petioles and

in the short anther awn (author) ; probably occurs in adjacent Peru.

Type was a tree 18 meters high.

Rio Acre: near mouth of Rio Macauhan, Krukoff 53S7, type;

also 5S9S.

Sloanea terniflora (Moc. & Sess^) Standi. Trop. Woods 79: 10.

1944; 94. Lecostemon terniflorum Moc. & Sess^ ex DC. Prodr. 2:

639. 1825. S. (ruadrivalvis Seem. Bot. Voy. Herald 85. pi. 15. 1853.

Unique among Peruvian species in the umbellately 1-3-flowered

inflorescences, these 3.5-5 cm. long; indument on all parts a puberu-

lence or lacking; petioles alternate to opposite, 3-20 mm. long;

leaves subovate, elliptic or obovate, subcordate, rounded or cune-

ately obtuse at base, rounded to obtuse at apex, 6.5-15 cm. long,

3-7.5 cm. wide, chartaceous to coriaceous, entire to unevenly

repand-dentate; peduncles 1.5-3 cm. long, pedicels 8-13 mm. long;

flowers maroon, 5-7 mm. long; sepals ovate, puberulent on both

sides; stamens 3.5-4 mm. long, anthers apically dehiscent, the

puberulent awn 0.5-1 mm. long; style entire; capsule ellipsoid,

1.5-2.5 cm. long, 1-2-seeded, the 4 valves 1-3 mm. thick, densely

442 Field Museum of Natural History— Botany, Vol. XIII

covered with easily detached spines, these about 2 mm. long; seed

1-1.2 cm. long, nearly covered with irregularly margined aril. —

Buttressed tree (known to 30 meters high).

Loreto: above Iquitos, Mexia 6510. To Mexico and Brazil.

"Anallocaspi" (Mexia).

MALVACEAE. Mallow Family

Herbs or shrubs, rarely arborescent, the indument usually

stellate or lepidote, the stems often fibrous. Leaves alternate, entire

or variously lobed, the stipules free, except Nototriche. Flowers

hermaphrodite, rarely dioeceous or polygamous, often bracteolately

involucrate. Sepals (4) 5, more or less connate, valvate or the calyx

rarely truncate. Petals 5, distinct but often adnate at base to the

staminal column, contorted or imbricate. Stamens many (or 5 or

10), hypogynous, monadelphous, the anthers 1-celled. Ovary free,

2- or more-celled, the fruit usually consisting of 4-many carpels

around a central axis or rarely of 1 carpel, or the carpels seriate

vertically; style sometimes completely connate, as many or twice

as many as the carpels; ovules 1 or more, from the inner angle of

each cell. — The fruit is usually dry, separating into cocci, these

indehiscent, or bivalved, or the fruit rarely capsular.

Here belongs of course cotton, at least one species native to Peru.

And the family is scarcely less known for two beautiful plants widely

grown for ornament, hibiscus (H. rosa-sinensis L.) in the tropics

and subtropics, and mallows or hollyhocks (Althaea rosea Cav.) in

temperate regions. The alpine mallows of Peru, the Nototriches,

are among the most beautiful of high Andean flowers; the plants

often form little gray-green cushions in loose soils and rocks, usually

below melting snow, and in flower many varieties are colorful with

their small mallow-type blossoms in delicate or bright blues and

violets, scarlet or crimson, sometimes white.

The wording of this compilation of the Peruvian mallows is mine

since the well-known student of the group, B.P.G. Hochreutiner,

was unable to contribute it as long planned. However, he has been

kind enough to read it for errors and omissions, reminiscent of his

co-operation and encouragement during my Geneva sojourn. Most

of his many useful suggestions have been noted in the text by his

name or his initials. The technical key is naturally in part tra-

ditional but also in part after Thomas H. Kearney, Am. Midi. Nat.

46: 98-105. 1951, and I acknowledge my indebtedness and ap-

Flora of Peru 448

preciation also for his useful "The American Genera of Malvaceae,"

I.e., which contains references and critical notes detailing the basic

characteristics of most American genera, especially those whose

relationships are still incompletely understood; it has been my

endeavor to pass on accurately Kearney's observations and those

drawn by him from other students, notably from Hochreutiner's

great contributions to an understanding of the fruiting characters

of the family in Ann. Cons. Jard. Bot. Geneve 21: 347-387. 1920,

which is summarized lucidly; cf. Hochreutiner, Flora Madagascar.

Besides the technical key, one devised largely on characters other

than those of fruits for the determination of perhaps most at least of

the Peruvian species has been appended. The present taxonomy

of the group does not permit this to be entirely definitive; probably

someone will simplify this in due time, letting sectional names serve

for present generic ones maintained on relatively developed char-

acters of carpels and carpel-dehiscence. Of course, as in better

organized families, concomitance of characters should be stressed,

not differences largely, but similarities.

Omitted from the key is Lavatera assurgentiflora Kellogg, of the

Santa Barbara Islands; it was found cultivated at Huancayo by

Luis A. Chavez; in Puno by J. Soukup; it resembles Hibiscus, but

has a broadly 2-3-lobed involucel. L. arhorea L., with villous

inflorescences, was purchased in the markets of Lima (Cook &

Gilbert 2076), as "Malva real or comun" and, while similar to the

former, has deltoid-ovate bractlets longer than calyx lobes, erect

instead of recurved-assurgent pedicels, and violet instead of roseate

flowers.

No single "Flora" has contributed more to the preparation of

this one than the scholarly example. Flora of Jamaica, by Fawcett

and Rendle and it is fitting for me to give it credit here particularly

since so many Malvaceae occurring in Peru are also found in Ja-

maica.

Key (Peruvian Species)

Carpels in 2 or more superposed verticels (unless one species), at

maturity completely separate, indehiscent; herbs with solitary

flowers, no involucel 1. Palaua.

Carpels commonly as many or half as many as the style branches,

uniseriate; genera never completely as above.

Style branches normally 10, twice as many as the indehiscent

(or tardily) carpels; stigmas capitate or discoid.

444 Field Museum of Natural History — Botany, Vol. XIII

Petals auriculate on one side below; fruit, until dry, berry-like

with fleshy envelope 2. Malvaviscus.

Petals unappendaged; fruit not berry-like, even early, dry.

Inflorescence foliaceous-bracted 3. Malachra.

Inflorescence not foliaceous-involucrate.

Leaf midnerve beneath with gland near base; carpels

glochidiate 4. Urena.

Leaf nerves glandless; carpels sometimes aristate or

muricate 5. Pavonia.

Style branches and carpels same number or style unbranched.

Carpels never free, the fruit capsular; stamen tube rarely

filamentous at apex.

Style branches somewhat divergent, stigmas more or less

capitate or discoid; seeds usually reniform.

Calyx regularly 5-dentate or -lobed, persisting.

6. Hibiscus.

Cal3rx spathaceous, unevenly 2-3-lobed, deciduous.

7. Abelmoschus.

Style branches short, erect or style unbranched, clavate;

seeds usually angulate or obovoid; calyx with black

glands.

Bractlets small, more than 3, or wanting; calyx 5-cleft.

8. Cienfuegosia.

Bractlets 3, foliaceous or caducous; calyx dentate or

subentire 9. Gossypium.

Carpels finally free, the fruit a schizocarp unless Abutilon;

stamen tube filamentous at and often below apex.

Stigmas decurrent on the slender pointed style branches.

10. Malva.

Stigmas apical or nearly, distinctly larger than styles (except

a few Chilean species of Abutilon).

Ovules normally 2 or more in each carpel.

Involucel wanting.

Carpels more or less completely divided (by a fold of

the lateral walls) into 2 superposed cavities.

11. Wissadula.

Carpels 2-celled by a horizontal projection (endo-

glossum) of the dorsal wall .... 12. Pseudabutilon.

Flora of Peru 445

Carpels 1-celled, the cavity undivided ... 13. Abuiilon.

Involucel present; herbs 14. Modiola.

Ovule normally solitary (except Sphaeralcea, and solitary

in the Peruvian species).

Involucel present (sometimes obsolete or caducous in

Malvastrum, Sphaeralcea) ; ovule erect or ascending.

Carpel cavity more or less divided by transverse

septum, a horizontal projection of the dorsal

wall 14. Modiola.

Carpel cavity not divided or only slightly (one genus,

sens. lat.).

Carpels clearly diverse apically and basally, reticu-

late, lower part indehiscent. ... 15. Sphaeralcea.

Carpels not clearly diversely segmented, usually

not reticulate 16. Malvastrum.

Involucel none; (rarely present in Nototriche annuals)

also see Malvastrum, Sphaeralcea.

Carpels much inflated.

Carpel cavity entirely open 13. Abuiilon.

Carpel cavity with an organ maintaining the seed

inside the dehiscent carpel 18. Gaya.

Carpels little or not at all inflated.

Carpel bases separated from carpel body, uniting

into a cup, apices often alate 19. Cristaria.

Carpel bases not cupulate nor apices alate, unless

in Sida (rarely).

Carpels typically with diverse indehiscent basal

section 15. Sphaeralcea.

Carpel cavity partly to completely divided (by

fold of lateral walls) but dehiscence equal.

11. Wissadula.

Carpel cavity entirely open.

Stipules (rarely none) and petioles united;

ovule erect-ascending; stems, except few

annuals, polsterform 17. Nototriche.

Stipules free; ovule pendulous or horizontal.

Carpels loculicidal nearly to base; calyx

lobes 4 23. Tetrasida.

446 Field Museum of Natural History — Botany, Vol. XIII

Carpels septicidal, often septicidal and locu-

licidal, separating; calyx lobes 5.

Lateral carpel walls firm 20, Sida.

Lateral carpel walls fragile 21. Anoda.

Carpels loculicidal, persisting; calyx lobes 5.

22. Bastardia.

Vegetative Key (only for Peruvian Species)

Flowers subtended by large foliose bracts.

Bracts laciniate, exceeded by the showy flowers. . . .9. Gossypium.

Bracts entire, conspicuous, concealing the small flowers.

3. Malachra.

Flowers often with an involucel of more or less developed bractlets

but not notably foliose-bracted.

Involucel of 3-many distinct or connate bractlets present at calyx

base (sometimes deciduous, rarely caducous as in Malvastrum;

see also annual Nototriche).

Flowers showy, several cm. long.

Corolla funnelform, petals with 1 auricle on claw; fruit

berry-like 2. Malvaviscus.

Oorolla more spreading (unless rarely in Hibiscus); petals

not auricled nor fruit berry-like.

Calyx deeply 5-lobed, gland-dotted 8. Cienfuegosia.

Calyx shortly 5-dentate or -lobed or 2-3-lobed.

Calyx persisting, the teeth or lobes regular ... 6. Hibiscus.

Calyx deciduous, 2-3-lobed, spathe-like. .7. Abelmoschus.

Flowers small, at most a cm. or two long, rarely somewhat

longer (see one or two species of Hibiscus.)

Leaves with 1 or more glands on nerves beneath; bractlets

connate 4. Urena.

Leaves without nerve-glands; bractlets distinct.

Herbaceous annuals or biennials.

Style branches slender, introrsely stigmatic; plants often

low, spreading 10. Malva.

Style branches with apical or subapical stigmas.

Flowers solitary; carpels transversely subseptate.

14. Modiola.

Flora of Peru 447

Flowers not solitary, often racemose; carpels with

2 sections or slightly if at all septate.

Carpels (typically) with 2 diverse parts.

15. Sphaeralcea.

Carpels not clearly diversified 16. Malvastrum.

Suffrutescent or shrubby, sometimes acaulescent.

Style branches twice as many as carpels; leaves green or

greenish, longer than wide or flowers few, pedicellate;

inflorescences short, few-flowered or paniculate.

5. Pavonia.

Style branches and carpels same number; flowers race-

mose or somewhat congested; leaves about as wide

as long (HibisciLS hrasiliensis might be sought here).

16. Malvastrum.

Involucel none (specimens with only mature calyces of group

with involucel only into anthesis [as Malvastrum sp.] might be

sought here).

Flowers solitary, adnate as stipules to petioles; depressed alpine

perennials, rarely annuals 17. Nototriche.

Flowers, stipules and petioles not jointly adnate.

Styles as many as carpels, the latter in 2 or more superposed

verticels except one species; flowers axillary, solitary.

1. Palavxi.

Styles or branches as many as the uniseriate carpels.

Leaves entire or essentially, except Anoda, sometimes

obscurely or minutely crenulate, rarely serrate and

hastately lobed, never linear.

Flowers solitary on axillary peduncles; leaves often

hastately lobed 21. Anoda.

Flowers not solitary nor leaves lobed.

Calyx 4-lobed; carpels basally loculicidal; leaves soon

glabrous above 23. Tetrasida.

Calyx 5-lobed; leaves glabra te or pubescent on both

sides.

Petals white, medially adnate to stamen tube;

leaves green; tree 20. Sida.

Petals usually yellow, only basally adnate; leaves

canescent beneath; herbs or shrubs.

11. Wissadvia. 13. Abutilon.

448 Field Museum of Natural History— Botany, Vol. XIII

Leaves more or less distinctly serrate, rarely entire and

linear, sometimes palmately lobed or parted, not

hastately leaved annuals.

Leaves more or less palmately lobed or parted.

Carpel bases dilated, forming a cup; flowers long-

pedicellate 19. Cristaria.

Carpel bases cupulate, not dilated; flowers sessile or

pedicellate 20. Sida.

Leaves serrate or rarely entire, then linear.

Carpels much inflated; leaves usually canescent at

least beneath.

Carpels 1-celled 13. Abutilon.

Carpels partly divided 18. Gaya.

Carpels not or little inflated; leaves often green or fruit

capsular (Bastardia).

Carpels normally 1-seeded.

Indument glandular; carpels persisting, locu-

licidally dehiscent 22. Bastardia.

Indument eglandular; carpels separating, sep-

ticidally or septicidally and loculicidally

dehiscent 20. Sida.

Carpels normally 2-several-seeded.

Flowers rarely 1 cm. long; seeds 2 or 3 in capsule

divided by a fold or a dorsal projection or

a lateral fold.

12. Pseudabutilon. 11. Wissadula.

Flowers rarely as short as 1 cm.; seeds usually

several, in a single-celled capsule.

13. Abutilon.

1. PALAUA Cav.

Reference: Hochreutiner, Ann. Cons. Jard. Bot. Geneve 5:

170-173, 1901.

Tomentose or glabrate herbs, rarely suffrutescent, with axillary

peduncled solitary ebracteolate flowers and usually sinuately lobulate

or dissected leaves. Anthers clustered at apex of filament tube.

Ovary cells many, 1-ovuled, the filiform style branches same number,

enlarged apically and vertically stigmatose. Carpels at maturity

inordinately capitate-congested in 2 or more superposed verticals

Flora of Peru 449

(except in P. Guentheri), parting from the receptacle, indehiscent,

the seed ascending. — Genus name changed to Palava and Palavia

by later authors but honors Antonio Palau y Verdera, early botanist

of Madrid. See also Ulbrich, Bot. Jahrb. 42: 104-113. 1908 for

a detailed revision.

Perennials, suflfrutescent; leaves densely tomentose, obscurely or

not lobulate.

Leaves crowded, ovate-cordate, nerves impressed above, rugose

beneath P. moschata.

Leaves soon openly borne, ovate or elliptic, plane .... P. vdutina.

Annuals; leaves, at least cauline, rarely undivided, then lightly

pubescent.

Leaves all undivided or the upper more or less obscurely lobulate.

Petals little if at all exceeding the calyx.

Leaves green, the indument sparse P. malvifolia.

Leaves densely stellulate, especially beneath . . P. inconspicua.

Petals much longer than the calyx.

Leaves green, lightly stellulate only beneath in age.

P. rhomhifolia.

Leaves cinereous, greenish-gray even above only in age.

P. tomentosa.

Leaves more or less divided or subbasally trifid and lobulate un-

less the early basal.

Calyx lobes ovate; leaves dissected or trifid, at least upper.

Upper leaves trifid, the lobes lobulate P. Weberbaiieri.

Upper as lower cauline leaves more or less dissected.

P. dissecta.

Calyx lobes linear; leaves unequally pinnate or subentire.

P. Gueniheri.

Palaua dissecta Benth. Joum. Linn. Soc. Bot. 6: 101. 1862;

173. P. fiexuosa Mast. Card. Chron. 435. 1866. P. mollendoensis

Ulbr., P. geranioides Ulbr., P. pusilla Ulbr., Bot. Jahrb. 42: 108,

111, 112. 1908.

Decumbent ascending or early subacaulescent and suberect,

lightly (unless calyces) stellulate-hispidulous or subtomentose, the

cauline leaves palmately dissected, the lobes themselves more or

less and unevenly pinnate, 3-5-lobed or rarely subentire, the crenate

basal oblong-ovate, the dissected upper more deltoid-ovate, variable

450 Field Museum op Natural History— Botany, Vol. XIII

also in size, ordinarily 2.5-5 cm. long and somewhat narrower;

stipules subulate to 7 mm. long; peduncles slightly or early much

exceeding the leaves; calyx 7 mm. long, hispid-stellate, the broadly

ovate lobes acute to acuminate, 4 mm. long, not glandular-dotted;

petals (1) 2 cm. long or longer, mauve to magenta or white below;

anthers bright red; carpels obovoid, rugose reticulate. — Partly after

Hooker and Masters, the former under Bot. Mag. pi. 5768. The

type with much-dissected leaves was mixed with P. rhombifolia

Grab, with entire leaves; the purplish petals only 1 cm. long, in

Chile (Johnston). Flowers deep magenta, the centers white (Worth

& Morrison). Pennell 13329, referred by Ulbrich to his P. pusilla,

as "t3rpical but only 3 cm. high, unbranched, with few leaves."

P. mollendoensis is apparently merely a robust (certainly annual)

specimen, larger in all parts; Guenther & Buchtien specimen consists

of young plants with subentire leaves on the lower parts of the stem

(Ulbrich). P. geranioides apparently has slightly larger stipules

but nothing else to distinguish it. The carpels have been described

by Bruns on the basis of Guenther & Buchtien 229 as nearly 30,

brownish, tetragonous, laterally applanate, scarcely convex, gibbous-

verrucose, the elliptic seed with some long trichomes in the region

of the hilum. F.M. Negs. 9255 (P. geranioides); 9256 (P. mollen-

doensis); 9257 (P. pusilla).

Lima: San Lorenzo, Maclean, type. Without locality, Cuming.

— Arequipa: Posco, Vargas 2015; Cook & Gilbert 53 (det. Ulbrich);

{Guenther & Buchtien 212, det. Ulbrich). Lomas near Mollendo,

600 meters, Weberhauer 158Jt. (type, P. mollendoensis); Weherhauer

1^67 (tjrpe, P. geranioides); Weherhauer 1573 (det. Ulbrich); Mexia

05165; Worth & Morrison 15755; West 8199 (all det. Johnston).

East of Islay (Worth & Morrison 15711, det. Johnston). Mejia,

40 meters (Guenther & Buchtien 229, det. Ulbrich, P. geranioides).

Mejia to Chalascapa, (Guenther & Buchtien 219; 220, det. Ulbrich,

P. mollendoensis). Open gravelly places, Pampa de Arrieros, 3,750

meters, Pennell 13329. Chile. "Corilla" (Mexia).

Palaua Guentheri Bruns, Mitt. Inst. Allgem. Bot. Hamb. 8:

56, pi. 8. 1929. Malvastrum mollendoense Ulbr. Bot. Jahrb. 42: 120.

1908. P. mollendoensis (Ulbr.) Johnst. Journ. Arnold. Arb. 19: 260.

1938, not Ulbrich, 1908.

More or less ashy stellate-tomentose annual with usually several

spreading slender stems, the unequally pinnate leaves and flowers

crowded at the nodes and tips; leaves with 1-2 (type) or 3-5 (7)

Flora of Peru 451

narrowly linear-lanceolate segments 1-1.5 mm. wide; peduncles

1-3 cm. long; calyx 8 (-12) mm. long, parted nearly to the base,

tomentose especially below, the linear lobes strongly 1-nerved;

petals blue or pale rose-color, little longer than calyx, obtuse, ciliate

toward base; stamen tube 5-7 mm. long; styles 3-6 mm. long,

9-12-lobed, filaments 2-2.5 mm. long; carpels 9-12, convex, sub-

globose, glabrous. — Undoubtedly a species of Palaua (Johnston);

not a good Palaua, the carpels being uniseriate although somewhat

unequal in length (young) ; its most striking feature is the high and

narrow deeply lobed somewhat urceolate calyx, the slender lobes

marked by a dark central stripe (Kearney). It is a heresy to have

a plant with uniseriate carpels in the genus Palaua (B.P.G.H.);

and, finally, Krapovickas, Bol. Soc. Argent. Bot. 4: 187. 1952, has

studied material that confirms the original diagnosis and the ob-

servation of Johnston that the carpels actually are in two incom-

pletely superimposed series (Leafl. West. Bot. 6: 168. 1952). F.M.

Negs. 20924; 9319 (M. mollendoense) .

Arequipa: Prov. Islay, sand dunes, Mexia 7777 (det. Johnston);

Vargas 8ItS2. Mejia, lomas, Guenther & Buchtien 191, type. Near

Mollendo, Weberhauer 151^ (type, M. mollendoense)', Mexia JtlSO,

Palaua inconspicua Johnst. Contr. Gray Herb. 85: 151. 1929.

Herbaceous annual; stems erect or more or less decumbent,

solitary or many, 1-2 dm. long, slender, simple, rarely shortly few

branched, with minute stellate pubescence; leaves scarcely rosulate,

upper reduced, all orbicular-reniform-cordate, obtuse, 1-3.5 cm.

long and wide, more or less obscurely 3-5-lobate, minutely stellulate

above, paler and densely stellate beneath, the 5 palmate nerves

prominent; petioles slender, stellate; stipules subulate, persisting,

ciliate, 2-5 mm. long; peduncles slender, 1-3 cm. long, 1-5-flowered,

the articulate part 1-4 mm. long; calyx campanulate, 2-3 mm. long,

stellate, the lobes ovate; petals white, 2-3 mm. long, scarcely longer

than the calyx which conceals the depressed globose fruit, this 3-4

mm. broad; carpels 20-25, 1-seeded, 0.9 mm. long, compressed

ovoid, glabrous, rugose, the seeds 0.7 mm. long. — Differs from

P. modesta (Phil.) Reiche in distinctly annual, shorter, less con-

spicuously spreading trichomes, smaller corollas (Johnston). Not

seen (as indicated of course by the parenthesis of the collector's

name) but the description of fruit as "depressed" has caused Hoch-

reutiner to query: Is it sure that this is pluriverticillate with super-

posed verticils?

452 Field Museum of Natural History— Botany, Vol. XIII

Arequipa: Lower edge of fertile belt, Mollendo, (Johnston 3565,

type). Chile.

Palaua malvifolia Cav. Diss. 1: 40. pi 11. 1785; 172. P.

parviflora (L'H^r.) Hochr. Ann. Cons. Jard. Bot. Geneve 5: 173. 1901.

Malope parviflora L'H^r. Stirp. Nov. 1: 105, pi 50. 1789. P.

declinata Moench. Meth. 609. 1794. P. micrantha Ulbr. Bot. Jahrb.

54: Beibl. 117: 48. 1916, fide Johnston.

Prostrate annual, simple or well-developed plants with many-

stems, these rather remotely branched, the indument sparse or

nearly lacking, minutely stellulate except on the 1.5-2 mm. long

narrow stipules; leaves broadly ovate to subrotund, sinuate to

obscurely lobulate, variable in size, often 2-3 cm. long; peduncles

to 2.5 cm. long, usually shorter; flowers red; calyx 2-3 mm. long, the

lobes broadly ovate; petals suborbicular, 3-4 mm. long, the stamen

tube about half as long; carpels many, glabrous, rugulose, scarcely

1.5 mm. long, the seeds glabrous. — P. micrantha var. hirsuta Ulbr.

Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 11: 517. 1932 has white flowers and

larger leaves, these sparsely hirsute both sides, the petioles and

branches more densely. Ulbrich confused this with P. rhomhifolia

Graham, in spite of the revision of Hochr. I.e. 170-173. As pointed

out by Otto Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 3: 157. 1898, Fries and others

(cf. Sida palmata) the correct date of L'H^ritier's work (above page

and plate) is 1789. Dombey from the Lima sands is the type for

both names. My specimens were from the dryer seaward slopes

of sandy lomas. Hochreutiner restricted the name of L'H^ritier

to the type, the leaves subcuneate at base, but has indicated to me

he now feels both names apply to the same species. F.M. Negs.

9495; 23760.

Lima: Lomas de Chancay, Raimondi (det. Ulbrich). Barranca

near Lima, Weherhauer 1600; 1606; 5692 (type, P. micrantha).

Ruiz & Pavdn; Dombey. Lurin, 5939 (det. Johnston). — Arequipa:

Atiquipa, Raimondi (det. Ulbrich). Near Mejia, Loma formation,

200 meters (Guenther & Buchtien 198, type, var.). Chile.

Palaua moschata Cav. Diss. 1: 41, pi 11. 1785. P. lomageiton

Ulbr. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 11: 516. 1932.

Sprawling, often forming patches, the defoliate older lignescent

stems and branches densely clothed with stipular and petiolar

remains; stipules lanceolate; petioles 1-8 cm. long; leaves many,

crowded at the branchlet tips, cordate-ovate, obtuse or rounded at

Flora of Peru 453

apex, crenate or crenate-serrate, sometimes obscurely lobulate,

2-5.5 (8) cm. long, nearly or quite as wide, densely tomentose on

both sides, more or less bullate above by the impressed veins,

rugulose beneath by the prominent nerves and veins; calyx tomen-

tose, about medially lobed, angled, 1-1.5 cm. long, the lobes acute;

p)etals reddish-lilac, obovate, obtuse or truncate, 1.5-2 (2.5) cm.

long; stamen tube 1 cm. long, little exceeded by the styles; fruit

enclosed in calyx, the carpels reniform. — Var. macrantha R.E. Fr.

Sv. Vet. Akad. Handl. ser. 3. 24, no. 2: 3. 1947 has larger leaves,

strongly cordate sepals 13-16 mm. long, 7-9 mm. wide, corolla to

2.5 cm. long, scarcely a genetic variant. P. lomageiton, unknown to

the lomas, with much larger leaves and flowers is allied to P. veliUina

Hill & Ulbr. of the lomas with different leaves, larger flowers (Ul-

brich). Entire plant is said to be strongly musk-scented. My

specimens were from loose stony upper slopes of seaside hills,

Murphy's from sheltered hollows among summit rocks. P.M.

Neg. 29772.

Lima: Huara, Ruiz & Pavdn; sands, Dombey, type. San Lorenzo,

Gaudichaud; Mathews 1010 (type, var. macrantha). Chorillos, 5872;

Weberbauer IW, 146. Callao, Andersson; Wilkes' Exped. San Gallen,

Murphy 3j^76 (det. Johnston). — lea: Lomas, 500 meters, Bahia de

la Independencia, Weberbauer 7961, (type, P. lomageiton). Chile.

Palaua rhombifolia Graham, Edinb. New Phil. Joum. 369.

1830.

Sprawling-ascending annual, the weak stems, slender petioles,

these 1-3 cm. long, and leaves beneath lightly hispid-stellate, the

latter as the carpels without soon glabrous or nearly so; leaves

alike but reduced above, ovate-rotund or -elliptic, often about 2 cm.

wide and long, sometimes three times as large, somewhat irregularly

crenate-lobulate; peduncles 3-4 cm. long, densely hirsute; calyx

about 8 mm. long, the broadly ovate lobes acute, canescent puberu-

lent within; petals about 12-18 mm. long, or longer, bright rose-red,

the narrow claws densely ciliate; fruits about 7 mm. across. —

Illustrated, Bot. Reg. pi. 1375; also Bot. Mag. pi. SIOO. F.M. Negs.

23761; 23762.

Ancash: Lomas de Mong6n, Goodspeed Exped. 9175 (det. John-

ston).— Lima: Near Lima, Cruckshanks, type. Sandy lomas along

the sea, Lurfn, 5921 (det. Johnston). Anc6n, Grant 7^69. Loma

Pasomayo, Stork & Vargas 9355 (det. Johnston).

454 Field Museum of Natural History— Botany, Vol. XIII

Palaua tomentosa Hochr. Ann. Cons. Jard. Bot. Geneve 5:

171. 1901.

Spreading-ascending more or less stellate-tomentose annual, the

broadly ovate or subrotund leaves less densely so above; stipules

subulate, slightly ciliate; petioles (1) 5-9 cm. long, the longer basal

especially sparsely long-pilose; leaves cordulate or subtruncate at

base, rather obscurely and unevenly 3-5-lobulate and coarsely

dentate the larger teeth mucronulate, the younger tomentose both

sides, the older greenish above, all 7-9-nerved, about 5 cm. long and

wide or the basal somewhat larger, progressively smaller toward the

tops of the elongating stems; i)eduncles 3.5-5 cm. long, articulate

above the middle; buds subglobose; calyx 8-9 mm. long, reddish

tomentose below, the subcordate ovate acute lobes 5-6 mm. long,

3-4 mm. wide near the base, sparsely setose within; petals obovate,

typically 1.5-2 cm. long, lilac or pink, paler below; stamen tube as

styles 8 mm. long; carpels many. — Stamens deep red, petals pink

to lavender, white in center (Worth & Morrison). This plant could

not be Mexican, as the type label indicates. F.M. Neg. 23763.

Arequipa: Loma near Atiquipa, Worth & Morrison 15672.

Sandy quebradas, Atiquipa, Worth & Morrison 15629. — Moquehua:

Torata, Weberbauer 7U20? (flowers smaller). Without locality,

Pavdn, (type. Herb. Geneve).

Palaua velutina Ulbr. & Hill, Bot. Jahrb. 42: 108. 1908.

Habit of the generally similar P. moschata but as to type much

more open in growth, the slenderer stems and branches with fewer

irregularly crenate and lobulate ovate-elliptic leaves 2-4.5 cm. long,

1-2.5 mm. wide, the close indument velutinous; flowers purplish,

2.5-3 cm. in diameter; calyx cupulate, 12 mm. long, the lobes ovate-

deltoid, acute, 6-7 mm. long; petals obovate, claw ciliate, 1.5-2

cm. long, 8-10 mm. wide; stamen tube 6-7 mm. long; carpels many,

2 mm. long, rugulose only dorsally. — F.M. Neg. 9258.

Arequipa: Loma sands (Guenther & Buchtien 192; and between

rocks, 192a, both det. Ulbrich). Lomas near Mollendo, Weberbauer

H93. — Tacna: Near Lacumba, 1,500 meters, Woitschach, type.

Palaua Weberbauer! Ulbr. Bot. Jahrb. 42: 110. 1908.

Annual, simple or laxly branched, stellulate pubescent including

the calyces, only the subulate-lanceolate persisting stipules (4-5

mm. long) pilose with simple trichomes; petioles 2-3 (5) cm. long;

basal leaves rotund obovate or suborbicular, irregularly coarsely

crenate or sublobulate-crenate, the upper leaves rotund-ovate.

Flora of Peru 455

3-5-lobed the larger terminal lobe obovate, the lateral obliquely

ovate, all coarsely and unevenly crenate-lobulate, all forms variable

in size, 2-4.5 cm. long, 1.5-4.5 cm. wide, cordate to subtruncate

at base, rather densely stellulate, the nerves prominent beneath;

flowers subumbellate in the upper axils on pedicels 2-6 cm. long;

calyx cupulate, 5-6 mm. long, the lobes obovate-acuminate, 4 mm.

long and wide above the base; petals about 1 cm. long, nearly as

wide, red or purple, ciliate and inconspicuously glandular at base;

stamen tube 6-7 mm. long, glabrous, as the styles and ovary. —

P. rhombifolia var. acaulis Hochr. seems to be a young plant. This

probably should be included in P. tomentosa. F.M. Neg. 9259.

Arequipa: In Lomas near Mollendo, Weberbauer H70, tjrpe;

Hitchcock 22^20; Mexia 0U168 (det. Johnston, P. dissecta); (Giinther

& Buchtien 227, det. Ulbrich). Mejia Giinther & Buchtien 228.

Pasco, 575 meters. Cook & Gilbert 50 (det. Ulbrich); {Giinther &

Buchtien 226, det. Ulbrich). — Moquehua: Torata, Weberbauer 7Jt20;

7It20A? Without locality, Mathews 912. "Gorilla" (Mexia).

2. MALVAVISCUS [Dill.] Adans.

Reference: Schery, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 29: 183-244. 1942.

Shrubs, sometimes arborescent, the solitary axillary or terminal

or subterminal flowers usually bright red, the corolla funnelform,

the petals connivent (or spreading only apically) and auriculate on

one side of the claw, the stamen column usually long-exserted.

Involucel present. Stigmas apical. Ovules solitary, ascending.

Fruit baccate, the 5 uniseriate indehiscent carpels enclosed in a fleshy

envelope until full maturity but this character is not apparent in

old fruits (Schery). — Schery considers the Peruvian shrub as con-

stituting one species as indicated below in the sjaionjnny; this may

be the correct interpretation but types (unfortunately) have not

been designated nor typical forms described even for the earliest

name. The Peruvian shrub is at least expediently divisible into two

variants or species and since there is disagreement as to their

disposition a key to them is given after the description of the original

species without an implied opinion by me. See Hibiscus spiralis

for M. Poeppigii (Spreng.) G. Don, possibly M. aboreus Cav.

according to Schery.

Malvaviscus arboreus Cav. Diss. 3: 131, pi U8. 1787; 209.

Af. BaLbisii DC. Prodr. 1: 445. 1824; also M. mollis DC. I.e., fide

Schery.

456 Field Museum of Natural History — Botany, Vol. XIII

Shrub or straggling in other vegetation, rarely several meters

tall, the indument tomentose to scabrous-stellate sometimes nearly

lacking especially on the leaves above, these more or less lobed to

entire; flowers about 3-5.5 cm. long; involucel usually densely

pubescent the linear-lanceolate to spatulate segments subequaling

or exceeding the variously pubescent calyx, its lobes commonly

subdeltoid; petals often deeply retuse; stamen column finally ex-

serted ordinarily for one-fourth to one-third its length (after Schery).

The type from Mexico with the following characters: Tree with

cordate crenate subtrilobed acuminate tomentose leaves, the middle

lobe more produced; stipules setaceous, small, marcescent; peduncles

villous, axillary, solitary, shorter than petioles; bractlets 8, linear;

calyx tubular, lO-striate; corolla suffussed-red (Cavanilles). —

Illustrated, Schery, I.e. text figures and pis. 14^-17.

Peru (see below). Central America; Mexico; West Indies. —

Doubtfully in Peru at least typically but varietally, subspecifically

or perhaps specifically divisible as follows:

Calyx subturbinate or short-cylindric, at anthesis scarcely twice

longer than wide or at maturity scarcely enclosing the fruit.

M. arboreus, tjT)ical.

Calyx at least twice as long as broad at anthesis, at maturity ob-

viously enclosing the fruit.

Bractlets distinct in anthesis, rarely 3 mm. wide.

var. longifolius or M. longifolius.

Bractlets subimbricate even in anthesis; petal auricle 1 cm. long.

var. Williamsii or M. Williamsii.

Malvaviscus longifolius Garcke in Otto & Dietr. Allg. Gartenz.

22: 321. 1854. M. arboreus Cav. var. longifolius (Garcke) Schery,

Ann. Mo. Bot. Card. 29: 218. 1942. M. cuspidatus Turcz. Bull. Soc.

Nat. Mosc. 31, pt. 1: 190. 1858. M. maynensis Huber, Bol. Mus.

Goeldi 4: 583. 1906. M. Ulei Ulbr. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. BerHn 6:

328. 1915.

Like M. arboreus highly variable in leaf-lobation and pubescence

but the calyx long-cylindric, contracted above to enclose the fruit

within the tube and perhaps not stabilized even as regards its

character, as suggested by Schery but in Peru apparently distinct.

— Synonymy after Schery; more or less villous-stellate specimens

det. Schery as M. aboreus; M. maynensis as to type has subglabrous

leaves truncate or obscurely cordate at base, the branches glabrous

Flora of Peru 457

or puberulent, M. Ulex subentire openly cordate or scarcely cordate

leaves, indument a short puberulence. F.M. Neg. 9430 {M. Ulei),

San Martin : Juanjuf, KIilq 4S82; S919. Boquer6n, AUard 2207 Jt.

— Hu^nuco: Divisoria, Woytkowski Sj^59. — Junln: Juaja (Univ. of

Lima IS). Chanchamayo Valley, Schunke A116; 21; H92. San

Ram6n, Killip & Smith 2j^7H. Puerto Bermudez, KiUip & Smith

266^8.— Ay acucho: Estrella, Killip & Smith 2S065. —Loreto: Rio

Ucayali, Huber 1S83 (type, M. maynensis). Balsapuerto, Klug

SOI 5. Iquitos, WiUiams 8068 (det. Ulbrich, M. maynensis). Rio

Nanay, Williams 508. La Victoria, WiUiams 2675 (det. Ulbrich,

M. cuspicUUus) . To Colombia.

Malvaviscus Williamsii Ulbr. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Beriin 11:

545. 1932. M. arboreus Cav. var. Williamsii (Ulbr.) Schery, Ann.

Mo. Bot. Gard. 29: 227. 1942.

Terete younger branches scabrous- tomentulose; stipules tri-

angular-lanceolate, 4 mm. long, half as wide; petioles tomentose,

5-8 cm, long; leaves cordate-orbicular, 8-11 cm. long, 9-12 cm. wide,

coarsely but rather regularly crenate, membranous, minutely and

sparsely stellulate on both sides, a little tomentose on the nerves;

peduncles 1.5-3 cm. long; involucel bractlets 9-11, ovate, acutish,

membranous, obscurely stellulate, 1 cm. wide, 1.5 cm. long, nearly

as long as the campanulate scabrous tomentose calyic, this softly

tomentose within the lobes, 4 mm. long, 5 mm. wide at base; corolla

roseate, 4-4.5 cm. long, 6-7 cm. across, the oblong petals 2-2.5 cm.

wide with a lateral triangular appendage nearly 1 cm. long, fimbriate,

also slightly stellulate and simply pilose; ovary subglabrous; stamen

tube 6 cm. long, glandular styles pilose; fruiting involucre and

calyx subindurate, carpels 8 mm. high. — Nearest M. Balbisii DC.

with smaller involucre and leaves (Ulbrich). Probably only a var.

of M. longijolius or a subvar. if that is treated as a variant of M.

arboreus. Curiously, type apparently not seen by Schery, who

wrote, "Only variety with large broad involucral lobes."

Loreto: Forest, Rio Nanay to Rio Napo, Williams 706, type.

Florida, Klug 2077. Colombia.

3. MALACHRA L.

Reference: Hochreutiner, Ann. Cons. Jard. Bot. Gendve 20:

144-149. 1917.

Perennial herbs or more or less suffrutescent, marked by the

clustered flowers often attached to conspicuously venose foliaceous

458 Field Museum of Natural History— Botany, Vol. XIII

bracts, rarely with involucre, each flower provided with subulate-

filiform bractlets, or sometimes the inner flowers subtended by

narrow stipules. Anthers subsessile, the tube truncate or 5-denticu-

late. Ovary cells 5, the solitary ovule ascending; style branches 10,

apically capitate-stigmatose. Carpels uniseriate, indehiscent or

opening vertically toward base. — Probably not more than nine

species, some extremely variable and difficult to define (Kearney);

see also Gurke, Bot. Jahrb. 16: 345. 1893. Hochreutiner suggested.

I.e. 144-145, that varieties could take care of the more stabilized

characters of the two or three established entities.

Indument canescent-tomentose or appressed on stems; inflorescences

more or less peduncled M. capitata.

Indument spreading, hispid; inflorescences sessile or subsessile.

M. alceifolia.

Malachra alceifolia Jacq. Coll. Bot. 2: 350. 1788. M. fasciata

Jacq., I.e. 352.

Abundantly hispid or rarely sparsely with spreading yellowish

simple and stellate trichomes, erect, sometimes a meter or two tall;

lower leaves cordate, 3-5-lobed or angled, the upper rounded at

base and more or less serrate or lobate, all subrotund, glabrous or

asperous or sparsely hispidulous, usually at least about a dm. long

and wide; stipules 1-2 (3) cm. long; capitate inflorescences sessile or

more or less pedunculate; bracts broadly ovate, deeply to slightly

cordate, acute to acuminate, sessile to petiolate, often pellucid-

membranous especially below in age, dentate or entire, the outer to

2.5 cm. long; calyx membranous, the lobes aristate, 5-8 mm. long

in flower, longer in fruit; petals yellowish, white or pink-tinted,

1-1.5 cm. long; carpels 3-3.5 mm. long, usually persistent. — Giirke,

I.e., retained M. fasciata and described several forms but the leaves

and bracts are variously subentire to lobed, obtuse to acute, the

carpels pilose to reticulate and glabrous (M. fasciata); varieties

could be designated, as M. fasciata, the bracts rounded to sub-

cordate, the leaf -lobes acute. F.M. Neg. 32649 (M. fasciata).

Ancash: Santa, Stork & Horton 91 5 If (det. Johnston). — Lima:

To Ancon, Mexia 8103 (det. Killip). — Loreto: Pucallpa, Soukup

3076 (det. Rudd). Yurimaguas, Williams U0Jf7. Rio Nanay,

Williams Uk7. Rio Itaya, Williams 212. To the West Indies.

"Malva."

Flora of Peru 459

Malachra capita ta L. Syst. Nat. ed. 12: 458. 1767. M. ruder-

cUis Giirke in Mart. Fl. Bras. 12, pt. 3: 460. 1892. M. Poeppigii

Gurke, Bot. Jahrb. 16: 347. 1893.

Entire plant canescent with a fine indument mostly of stellulate

and simple trichomes intermixed or the latter lacking; lower leaves

subrotund, usually 5-lobed, the upper 3-lobed or undivided, all

rounded or obtuse at base, unequally serrate, the larger leaves 6-10

cm. long, 4-7 cm. wide; heads solitary, or 2-3 in the upper axils

or terminal; bracts plane or conduplicate, the sometimes revolute

margins entire or with 1-2 teeth, sessile or subsessile, cordate, to 2

cm. long; cal)rx 6-8 mm. long, the ovate lobes obtuse; petals 1 cm.

long; carpels 3 mm. long. — M. ruderalis is the form or variety with

medially conduplicate revolute marginal bracts which appears to be

a condition scarcely of genetic origin. A photograph of the type

shows clearly, I think, that the species of Linnaeus is the basic entity

here; the two species of Giirke are the same as pointed out by Hoch-

reutiner, and may constitute at least a variety. A common weed.

Illustrated, Cav. Diss. 1 : pi. 33, fig. 1 . F.M. Neg. 9420 {M. ruderalis) .

San Martin: San Roque, WiUiams 7775. Juanjul, AUard 22512

(det, Lyman Smith). Tarapoto, WiUiaTus 5656. — Loreto: Yuri-

maguas, Poeppig 2232 (type, M. ruderalis, M. Poeppigii) ; Williams

1^368. Rancho Indiana, Mexia 6^1 9a. Near Iquitos, Williams

1311; lUU; Klug m; 78^. Rio Nanay, Williams 779; 1252. Rio

Itaya, Williams 323 J^. Pebas, Williams 1586. La Victoria, Wil-

liams 3029. Bolivia to Colombia. "Malva."

4. URENA L.

Reference: Hochreutiner, Ann. Cons. Jard. Bot. Geneve 5:

131-146. 1901.

Herbs or shrubby, the leaves usually angled or lobulate, the

small flowers commonly glomerate in the axils and involucrate by

the 5 connate bractlets. Stamen tube truncate or 5-denticulate,

the anthers subsessile. Carpels 5, usually glochidiate. — Otherwise

like Malachra, the styles also 10. The leaves commonly have 1-3

narrow thick-margined glands at the base of the medial nerves

beneath. See also Giirke, Bot. Jahrb. 16: 330-385. 1893, for the

original revision.

Urena lobata L. Sp. PI. 692. 1753; 136.

Highly variable vegetatively; leaves typically subrotund, angu-

late, usually cordate at base, the obscure lobes acute or palmately

460 Field Museum of Natural History— Botany, Vol. XIII

parted or serrate or deeply sinuate, glabrous to tomentose; calyx

5-7 mm. long, usually slightly shorter than the involucel; petals

1-2 cm. long; carpels about 6 mm. long. — U. sinuata L., if found,

may be recognized by its leaves lobed medially or more deeply.

Hochreutiner recognized and defined (modifying Giirke's treatment)

a dozen variants; a meter- tall shrub with bright lilac flowers, in

clearing (Klug). Illustrated, Bot. Mag. pi. SOJtS; Fawcett & Rendle,

Fl. Jam. 5: 127.

Loreto: Mishuyacu, Klug 9Jt^. (det. Ulbrich). Nearly cosmo-

politan in warm regions.

5. PAVONIA Cav.

More or less ligneous, or rarely completely herbaceous with ser-

rate, entire or angulate-lobed often pellucid-punctate leaves and

variously colored flowers solitary and peduncled in the axils or

clustered at the ends of the branches. Bractlets 5-many, distinct

or more or less connate basally and with the calyx. Carpels obo-

void-trigonous, never glochidiate but sometimes echinulate and

often 1-3-aristate or -rostrate, often separating septicidally. Ac-

cording to Hochreutiner carpels early or tardily dehiscent, also

loculicidally, except in species with obsolete dorsal nerve, while

those of P. spinifex (et cetera with thick-walled carpels) split open

only upon germination. Style branches and stigmas always 10 but

ovary with 5 monospermed loculi (B.P.G.H.).

Two keys are given, the one based on fruiting characters kindly

contributed by Dr. Hochreutiner; however, the vegetative key,

while not accounting for leaf-variations, will lead to most flowering

specimens, otherwise scarcely determinable.

Carpels with long hamate-pilose awns; leaves usually more than

twice as long as wide; flowers solitary in the axils or grouped

at end of stem or branches.

Awns narrow, nearly filiform; carpel body transversely rugose.

Leaves cordate or subcordate; bractlets 10-16 mm. long.

P. spinifex.

Leaves not cordate; bractlets 4-8 mm. long P. sepium.

Awns unequal or shorter than carpels, these not distinctly trans-

versely rugose.

Bractlets 5-6, ovate; inflorescence densely umbellate.

P. fruticosa.

Flora of Peru 461

Bractlets 8-10, linear; inflorescence laxly paniculate.

Bractlets much longer than caljrx.

P. oxyphyUaria, P. peruviana.

Caljrx much longer than bractlets P. leucantha.

Carpels awnless, sometimes only mucronate, smooth; inflorescence

capituliform P. Riedelii.

Carpels awnless, smooth or rugose, muticous or gibbous.

Stipules lanceolate; petals yellow P. spicata, P. paniculata.

Stipules filiform; petals yellow P. sidaefolia.

Petals red P. mollis.

Vegetative Key

Flowers solitary in the axils (rarely lateral and 2), at least 1.5 cm.

long (unless rarely in P. septum).

Leaves ovate to oblong-elliptic, at most 2-3 times longer than

wide.

Indument soft to touch.

Bractlets linear; petals cuspidate, red P. mollis.

Bractlets lanceolate; petals yellow P. sidaefolia.

Indument of leaves scabrous, at least upper surface (Peru).

Petals 2.5 cm. long or longer; leaves often somewhat cordate.

^ 'P. spinifex.

Petals less than 2 cm. long; leaves usually narrowed to base.

P. sepium.

Leaves lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, several times longer than

L: wide.

m Flowers subsessile; bractlets expanded apically. . . .P. Riedelii.

^' Flowers long-peduncled; bractlets linear, hispid.

P. oxyphyUaria.

Flowers all or mostly several together and always shorter than 1.5

cm.

Leaves ovate or rotund to about twice as long as wide; carpels

weakly armed if at all.

Bractlets hispid, exceeding calyx P. panicuUda.

Bractlets short-stellate, shorter than caXyx. P. spicata.

Leaves usually much more than twice as long as wide; carpels

spinose at tip.

462 Field Museum of Natural History— Botany, Vol. XIII

Tall, erect, with peduncled or capitate inflorescences; calyx

and involucel subequal.

Stipules conspicuous; flowers capitate; carpel awns unequal.

P. fruticosa.

Stipules minute; flowers laxly corymbose; carpel awns sub-

equal P. leucantha.

Low, ascending; stipules conspicuous; csdyx and bractlets very

unequal P. peruviana.

Pavonia fruticosa (Mill.) Fawcett & Rendle, Fl. Jam. 5: 130.

1926. Sida fruticosa Mill. Gard. Diet. ed. 8. 1768. P. typhalaea

(L.) Cav. Diss. 3: 134. 1787. Urena typhalaea L. Mant. 2: 258. 1771.

More or less ligneous with few if any branches, sparsely and

minutely stellate pubescent, at least the tips and the leaves both

sides, these oblong- or lanceolate-elliptic, sometimes rather obovate,

more or less acuminate, cuneate to rounded at base, coarsely and

irregularly serrate; flowers usually 5-15 or more, capitate at tips of

stems and branchlets; bractlets 5-8, ovate-lanceolate, united about

one-fourth, (6) 8-10 mm. long; calyx 5-7 mm. long; petals white,

10-13 mm. long, longer than stamen tube; carpels trigonous, 5-6

mm. long, dehiscing from base, smooth dorsally but with 3 apical

retrorsely setose spines, the longer medial 5-7 mm. long. — Often

a meter or two high. Determinations by Standley except as noted.

Uittien in Pulle, Fl. Surinam 3: 434. 1941, who overlooked. I.e. 14,

the Miller name, suggests that it can be discarded by calling the

latter's work an "opus negligendum," Fawcett & Rendle identified

the Miller plant; the comer stone of plant naming rests on the law

of priority; if Uittien's idea is followed his own may well be discarded

some day by new students; once disrespect for established basic

nomenclatorial law occurs, it becomes a modus operandi; compare

Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 19: 247-252. 1929. P. rosea Schlecht.,

perhaps occurring, is similar but the often roseate flowers are

corymbose or loosely capitate, the bractlets linear-lanceolate.

Illustrated, Mart. Fl. Bras. 12, pt. 3: pi. 87.

San Martin: Cainarachi, Klug 2732. Tarapoto, Williams 5852

(det. Ulbrich). San Roque, Williams 7080. — Junin: La Merced,

5366 (det. Blake, P. rosea). Puerto Yessup, Killip & Smith 26266

(det. Killip).— Hudnuco: Tingo Maria, Allard 21163; 21904- (det.

Lyman Smith). Pampayaca, 5128 (det. Blake, P. rosea). — Loreto:

Rio Paranapura, Klug 3953. Iquitos, Williams 13^2 (det. Ulbrich);

8103. Rio Nanay, Williams U29; J^U8 (det. Ulbrich). Caballo-

Flora of Peru 463

Cocha, Williams 21H (det. Ulbrich). Mishuyacu, Klug 1US9.

Iquitos, KiUip & Smith 27259 (det. Killip). To Central America

and the West Indies.

Pavonia leucantha Garcke, Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berlin 1: 211.

1881.

Stem more or less appressed hirsute-stellate especially toward

the apex, slender, irregularly branched above, a meter or so high;

stipules 2-3 mm. long, deciduous; petioles about 1 cm. long; leaves

oblong-elliptic or lanceolate, often 3-4 times longer than wide, the

lower to about 1.5 dm. long, 3-6 cm. wide, rounded to somewhat

acute at base, acute or acuminate, serrate, minutely appressed

stellate both sides and beneath, hirtellous; corymbs 3-6-flowered

the lower p)eduncles 5-6 mm. long, the basal bracts 5-parted, in-

volucral bractlets 8-10, connate about medially, lanceolate, 3-

nerved, 4-5 mm. long, the campanulate stellate calyx 5-6 mm. long,

its deltoid acute lobes ciliate; petals 10-12 mm. long, exceeding the

glabrous stamen tube; carpels glabrous, dorsally 1-nerved, 7 mm.

long, the retrorsely pubescent awn 3 mm. long. — Determinations by

Standley. Illustrated, Mart. Fl. Bras. 12, pt. 3: pi. 89. F.M

Neg. 9452.

San Martin: San Roque, Williams 697U; 7158; 762S; 7683; 7722.

Lamas, Williams 6437. Vitoc, Ruiz. Zepelacio, Klitg 35ItO. Tara-

poto, Williams 6713; Woytkowski 35069 (det. Cuatrecasas). — Loreto:

Rio Itaya, WiUiams 3U; 2^1 (det. Ulbrich). Yurimaguas, Poeppig

2302, type; Williams 5239; 5305; 5092. Near Iquitos, Klug 1032;

WiUiams 8101; 8206. Santa Maria, AUard 22^63 (det. Lyman

Smith). Ecuador; Bolivia.

Pavonia mollis HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 5: 282. 1822. Astero-

chlaena cv^pidata Garcke, Bot. Zeit. 8: 668. 1850. P. Kunthii

GUrke var. mollis (HBK.) GUrke in Mart. Fl. Bras. 12, pt. 3: 511.

1892. Hibiscus cordifolius L.f. Suppl. 309. 1781, fide Glirke, not

P. cordifolia Wawra.

Shrub, a meter or so high, the slender flowering stems stellate

puberulent and more or less hispid with somewhat glandular spread-

ing trichomes, the subrotund-ovate cordate-based acuminate leaves

softly stellate tomentose both sides or rarely sparsely so, the flowers

all axillary on slender peduncles as long or longer than the leaves;

stipules 3-4 mm. long; petioles to 10 cm. long; leaves to a dm. long,

and nearly as wide or the upper considerably smaller, crenate-serrate;

bractlets 7-9, linear, ciliate and puberulent, 8-16 mm. long, about 1

464 Field Museum of Natural History— Botany, Vol. XIII

mm. wide; calyx 4-5 mm. long, stellate and somewhat hirsute; petals

1.5-2 cm. long, rose-colored, glabrous or nearly without; stamen

tube glabrous, 1-1.5 cm. long; carpels muticous, reticulate-rugose,

pubescent, coriaceous, about 5 mm. long, the sparsely puberulent

seeds about 3-3.5 mm. long. — Fruit tardily dehiscent, loculicidally

and finally septicidally (Hochreutiner) . The type of A. cuspidata

was from Guayaquil. F.M. Negs. 9438 (A. cuspidata); 9450.

San Martin: Tarapoto, Williams 5792 (det. Ulbrich, A. cus-pi-

data). Juanjui, Klug ^221 (det. Killip). Zepelacio, Klug 3538.

Ecuador; Colombia.

Pavonia oxyphyllaria Donn. Sm. Bot. Gaz. 23: 237. 1897.

P. costaricensis Hochr. Ann. Cons. Jard. Bot. Geneve 10: 18. 1906,

fide Standley.

Ligneous cylindrical stems more or less pubescent, with long

reddish trichomes; stipules subulate, filiform, rufous villous as the

petioles (2-5 mm. long) and peduncles, these about 1.5 cm. long, to

5 cm. long in fruit; leaves lanceolate-oblong or oblong-elliptic, acute

or acuminate, serrate; peduncles axillary and congested at apex of

stems, articulate in upper part; involucral bracts about 13, linear-

filiform, conspicuously yellowish-red villous and setose, about 1.5

cm. long, scarcely 1 mm. wide at base; sepals about 4 mm. long,

tomentose; petals obliquely obovate, retuse, pubescent both sides;

fruit depressed, the 5 carpels dorsally nervose, the 3 spines about

1 cm. long with reflexed setae; seeds 5 mm. long. — Related to

P. Pseudo-Typhalaea with larger fruits and differing from P. Warm-

ingiana by the form of the fruit (Hochreutiner; description of petals

after Smith). The second record for Peru, according to Ulbrich.

Loreto: Pebas, Williams 1H7 (det. Ulbrich). Costa Rica;

Panama.

Pavonia paniculata Cav. Diss. 3: 135, pi. U6, fig. 2. 1787.

Half-shrub sometimes a meter or two high, more or less glandular

and stellate pubescent, often setose with some longer simple spread-

ing trichomes; stipules lanceolate, to 1 cm. long; petioles several to

many cm. long, about equaling the ovate, angled or somewhat

lobate leaves these glabrescent above or the nerves and veins

stellate puberulent, cordate at base, acute or acuminate at apex

(as lobes); flowers usually in a compound corjnnb or panicle, or

solitary in the upper leaf axils; bractlets 7-12, distinct, linear,

hispid, much exceeding calyx, this 5-8 mm. long, the yellow petals

Flora of Peru 465

sometimes twice as long; stamen tube antheriferous from base, 5-6

mm. long; carpels trigonous, 3-4 mm. long, dorsally a little rugulose,

edges scabrous, apex rarely with a weak short spine. — Determina-

tions by Standley except as noted. Illustrated, Mart. Fl. Bras. 12,

pt. 3: pi. 96.

Lima: Rio Rimac, Safford. — San Martin: Chuzuta, Klug U008.

Zepelacio, Klug SSS3. Juanjul, Klug It221. Shores of Lake Rilami-

Cocha, Woytkowski 35126 (det. Cuatrecasas). — Hudnuco: Chinchao,

Mexia 0^151. Rio Maran6n, Domhey, type. Cuchero, Poeppig.

Near Hudnuco, in thickets and along fences, 20^7; 3538 (det.

Hochreutiner). — Junin: Colonia Peren6, KiUip & Smith 2U992 (det.

Killip). Oxapampa, Soukup 2J!t29 (det. Rudd). Satipo, Soukup

2850. La Merced, Killip & Smith 231^72; 2j^051. Puerto Bermudez,

Killip & Smith 26622.— Ay acucho: AIna, Killip & Smith 23106;

22554 (det. Killip). — Loreto: Common field weed, Iquitos, Williams

7933; 8209. Florida, Klug 20U- Leticia, Williams 303U (det.

Ulbrich, var. corymbosa Gurke). To the West Indies. "Malva-

malva."

Pavonia peruviana Giirke in Mart. Fl. Bras. 12, pt. 3: 487.

1892. P. parva Ulbr. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 11: 543. 1932.

P. nana Ulbr. Verb. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. 50: 85. 1908, not R.E.

Fries, Bull. Herb. Boiss. s^r. 2. 7: 999. 1907.

Ascending-erect, the usually arcuate simple stem 1-few dm. tall,

more or less simply hirsute especially above and on the leaves both

sides (typically) or glabrate in age; lower petioles 1-2 cm. long;

stipules linear-lanceolate, rigid, deciduous, about 1 cm. long; leaves

oblong-elliptic, rounded to cuneate at base, acuminate, the larger

intermediate ones to about a dm. long, a third as wide, rarely some-

what stellate pubescent, coarsely and irregularly serrate; flowers

corymbosely congested, in age more or less laxly few- to several-

flowered, the peduncles 5-15 (20) mm. long with a triparted basal

bract; involucel turbinate, the 9-10 linear acuminate 3-nerved

segments 8-11 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, sparsely long-hirsute without

and ciliate; calyx campanulate, 4-5 mm. long, stellate-pubescent

without, the broadly deltoid lobes ciliate; petals obovate, very

obtuse, 8-10 mm. long, puberulent; stamen tube 5-6 mm. long,

glabrous; carpels 5, trigonous, 1-nerved, glabrous, 9-10 mm. long,

the awns about (2.5) 4-5 mm. long, erect, retrorsely setose; seeds

glabrous. — P. Warmingiana Giirke, I.e. 488, of Brazil, to which some

Peruvian specimens have been referred, was distinguished by more

466 Field Museum of Natural History— Botany, Vol. XIII

dense inflorescence, less connate involucel bractlets, pilose calyx

lobes, and P. parva from it by rose-colored exserted flowers, sub-

equal awns; none of these characters seem to be constant or con-

comitant, but should be studied when more collections are available.

Compare also P. rosea Schlecht. under P. fruticosa, with entire

bracts, the lateral carpel awns much shorter than the medial. Illus-

trated, Giirke, I.e., pi 88. F.M. Negs. 9458 (P. parva); 23705.

San Martin: San Roque, Williams 7735 (det. Ulbrich, P. parva)',

7637 (distr. as P. Warmingiana) ; 6988 (det. Ulbrich, P. Warmingi-

ana, with query). — Hudnuco: Pampayacu, Poeppig 158^, type.

Without locality (Mathews 6J^Jf). — Loreto: Cerro near St. Antonio

de Cumbaso, Ule 6861 (tjrpe, P. parva). Brazil; Colombia.

Pavonia Riedelii Giirke in Mart. Fl. Bras. 12, pt. 3: 493. 1892.

Stems slender, more or less lineately stellate-puberulent, gla-

brescent below, this indument also on the petioles (4-5 mm. long),

peduncles (1-4 mm. long) and oblong-lanceolate leaves, especially

above; stipules subulate-filiform, 3-4 mm. long; leaves subrotund

or slightly cordate at base, acuminate, mostly 4-6 cm. long, 1-1.5

(2) cm. wide, irregularly serrate-crenate, gradually smaller above,

becoming bractiform; inflorescences capituliform, 3-5-flowered, in

the upper axils or at the tips of accessory branches; involucel bract-

lets 9-11, linear, hispid with simple trichomes, 5-7 mm. long, usually

with a broader reflexed apical appendage; calyx cupulate, hirsute,

7-9 mm. long, the acuminate lobes 3-nerved; petals yellowish, to

about 2.5 cm. long; carpels trigonous, dorsally convex, membranous,

hirtellous, obtuse but shortly mucronulate, 3-4 mm. long. — F.M.

Neg. 9465. Illustrated, Giirke, I.e., pi. 91, fig. 2 (analysis).

San Martin: San Roque, Williams 7120; 7358 (det. Ulbrich).

Zepelacio, Klug 3581 (det. Standley). Brazil.

Pavonia sepium St. Hil. Fl. Bras. Merid. 1: 225. 1827.

Much like the related P. spinifex and in Peru apparently merging

but in general smaller in all parts; leaves usually oblong-ovate,

narrowed or obtuse at base, rarely rounded or lightly cordate, often

7-10 cm. long, 3-4 cm. wide; petals 12-15 mm. long; stamen tube

8-10 mm. long; carpels 4 (-6) mm. long with spines 5-7 mm. long.

— The subsp. macrocarpa R.E. Fr. Sv. Vet. Akad. Handl. 24, no. 2:

24. 1947 has ovate leaves long-narrowed to tip, shortly acute, rounded

or rarely lightly cordate at base, early densely stellate beneath, the

carpels 11-12 mm. including the 5-6 mm. long spines, a variant

Flora of Peru 4ffl

apparently better treated as merely a variety. Illustrated, Mart.

Fl. Bras. 12, pt. 3: pi. 86, fig. 1.

Cajamarca: Huancabamba, Sandeman 4^22. — Hudnuco: Near

Hudnuco (Asplund 1SU6S, det. Fries, subsp. macrocarpa). — Junin:

Pichis Trail, Killip & Smith 25880 (det. Killip).— Cuzco: Machu-

picchu, Herrera 3219 (distr. as P. paniculata). Southern South

America to Colombia.

Pavonia sidaefolia HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 5: 283. 1822.

Velvety tomentose even to the involucels and calyces and

typically also more or less spreading hirsute with long simple tri-

chomes; stipules 3^ mm. long; petioles 1-4 cm. long; leaves cordate-

ovate, acute, crenate, usually 4-7 cm. long, 3-4 cm. wide; peduncles

axillary, 2-6 cm. long; bractlets of the involucel 6-9, lanceolate,

1-2 cm. long, 2.5-5 mm. wide; calyx 5-10 mm. long, the lobes

deltoid, 5-nerved; petals yellow, red at pubescent base, 2-2.5 cm.

long; stamen tube glabrous, 6-7 mm. long; carpels coriaceous,

obsoletely reticulate-rugulose, 3^ mm. long, gibbously obtuse;

seeds striate, 2.5-3 mm. long. — The Peruvian plant is the var.

diuretica (St. Hil.) Giirke without elongate trichomes. Illustrated,

St. Hilaire, PI. Usu. pi. 58. F.M. Neg. 9796.

The diphthong in the species name may be written "t" in accord

with recommendation 44 of the International Rules of Botanical

Nomenclature; however, when this work started it was the intent

at least to follow the spelling of the author and indeed this has been

found to be the sensible solution also as regards place names, native

names and even the name of the author himself, since an arbitrary

attempt at uniformity may be more trouble than it is worth and may

even lead to greater confusion.

San Martin: Tarapoto, Woytkowski 850^3 (det. Cuatrecasas) ;

Williams 5539 (det. Ulbrich); also 5406; 5515. To Venezuela,

Paraguay.

Pavonia spicata Cav. Diss. 3: 136. 1787. Malache acabra Vogel

in Trew, PI. Sel. 50, pi. 90. 1772, not P. acabra Presl.

Shrub, the younger parts even to the calyces finely stellate-

tomentose or the ovate leaves glabrate both sides except toward the

cordate base; glandulosity lacking; stipules linear-lanceolate, often

a cm. long; petioles about a third as long as the leaves, these nar-

rowly acuminate, entire or minutely serrate-dentate, often about

a dm, long or longer; flowers in terminal sometimes more or less

468 Field Museum of Natural History— Botany, Vol. XIII

corymbose racemes; bractlets 8-10, oblong-lanceolate, shorter than

calyx, this 12-13 mm. long; the greenish-yellow petals 1.5-2 cm.

long; stamen tube 1.5 cm. long; carpels acutely trigonous, 9-11 mm.

long, dehiscent within medially, sometimes crested dorsally, bluntly

3-cusped apically.

Peru (probably). Tropical South America to Florida.

Pavonia spinifex (L.) Cav. Diss. 3: 133, pi. It5, jig. 2. 1787.

Hibiscus spinifex L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 1149. 1759.

Glabrescent or lightly stellate-puberulent shrub or half-shrub

with rather large mostly solitary axillary yellow flowers and irregu-

larly serrate ovate leaves; stipules to about 1 cm. long; petioles 1-3

cm. long or the lower twice as long; leaves usually somewhat cordate,

the lowest to 12 cm. long, 8 cm. wide; peduncles usually 1-4 cm.

long; bractlets nearly distinct; calyx deeply parted, 9-12 mm. long;

petals yellow, 2-3 cm. long, sometimes larger, usually exceeded by

the stamen tube; carpels 4-6 mm. long, indehiscent, transversely

rugulose dorsally and with 3 ribs terminating at apex in retrorsely

setose spines 5-10 mm. long. — Illustrated, Fawcett and Rendle,

Fl. Jam. 5: 129; Mart. Fl. Bras. 12, pt. 3: pi. 85.

Cajamarca: Prov. Hualgayoc, Soukup 3852. — Hudnuco: Pam-

payacu, Sawada 65. Hudnuco, 20^8. Mito, 1570. Huacho, Stork

& Horton 9^11 (det. Standley). — Cuzco: Abandoned field, Echarate,

Goodspeed Ezped. 10U52 (det. Standley). San Miguel, Cook &

Gilbert 1037; 1071. Machupicchu, yargras ^OSi . Warm and tropical

America. "Anguia," "taroca-asta," "cuemo de venado" (Cook &

Gilbert).

6. HIBISCUS L.

Reference: Hochreutiner, Ann. Cons. Jard. Bot. Geneve 4:

23-191. 1900.

Shrubs or vigorous herbs, rarely arborescent, with mostly showy

flowers involucrate by several to many usually narrow, rarely

reduced free or somewhat connate bractlets. Leaves various.

Stamens disposed evenly or unevenly below the truncate or dentate

column apex. Ovary cells 5, each (2) 3-many-ovuled. Style

branches 5, the stigmatic part globose or spatulate-dilated. Capsules

loculicidal, rarely ligneous, sometimes with false partitions, the

seeds usually reniform, glabrous or pubescent. Bractlets rarely

bifurcate at tip, sometimes simple in part in the same involucel.

Flora of Peru 469

The detailed monograph of Hochreutiner is without descriptions

but replete with sjmonymy and keys, with many critical notes and

observations. Since the Peruvian species are mostly relics from culti-

vation and popular ornamentals in many plazas, a purely artificial

key is appended to facilitate their identification.

Peduncles shorter than flowers.

Leaves rotund-reniform, entire, green above, canescent beneath.

H. tiliacexis.

Leaves serrate to lobed, glabrescent or pubescent on both sides.

Flowers about 4 cm. long; plants glabrescent. . .H. cannabinus.

Flowers larger; plants more or less pubescent.

Bractlets typically forked apically; leaves often rather cor-

date-ovate.

Bractlets longer than calyx, stellate-hirsute.

Stems aculeate- verruculose H. bifurccUus.

Stems not aculeate H. furcellatus.

Bractlets shorter than calyx, puberulent H. peruvianus.

Bractlets simple; leaves all oblong-lanceolate, often tomen-

tose H. Lamhertianus.

Peduncles mostly (or all) at least soon longer than flowers.

Petioles, peduncles, often leaves beneath densely pubescent.

Leaf lobes acute; calyx soon inflated H. miUabilis.

Leaf lobes rounded; calyx little accrescent H. HUchcockii.

Petioles, peduncles, leaves glabrous or only early pubescent.

Flowers about 2 cm. long; bractlets often exceeding calyx.

Sepals more than half connate H. spiralis.

Sepals free or less than half connate.

H, Cavanillesianiis, H. brasiliensis.

Flowers much larger; bractlets at most equaling calyx.

Petals entire; bractlets and calyic subequal.

Bracts as calyces glabrous or trichomes fine; leaves often

lobed, minutely serrate H. Sabdariffa.

Bracts as calyces setose; leaves coarsely serrate.

H. rosa-sinensis.

Petals dissected; bractlets minute H. schizopetalus.

Hibiscus bifurcatus Cav. Diss. 3: 146, pi. 51. 1787; 108.

Glabrescent or setose, but stems, i)etioles and leaf midnerve

more or less prickly, the lower leaves typically deeply and acutely

470 Field Museum of Natural History— Botany, Vol. XIII

lobed, sometimes sub-hastate, often nearly glabrous, cordate, the

upper leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, all acutely serrate and

with a gland on midnerve; peduncles shorter than calyces these

becoming coriaceous, nervose with a medial nerve for each lobe and

sinus, the latter nerve parted at sinus to extend marginally on each

lobe anastomosing at apex with the medial nerve; flowers axillary

and apically spicate, pink or violet; bractlets linear-filiform, con-

spicuously forked at tip, free but joined at base to calyx; capsules

barely included, ovoid, acute, flavescent-pubescent; seeds 3 mm.

long, glabrous.

Peru (probably) . Tropical and subtropical America.

Hibiscus brasiliensis L. Sp. PI. ed. 2. 977. 1763; 87. H.

phoeniceus Jacq. Hort. Vindob. 3: 11, pi. 1^. 1776, fide Hochreutiner.

Slender-stemmed soon glabrescent shrubs sometimes several

meters high; petioles about 1.5 cm. long; leaves ovate, truncate or

subcordate at base, acuminate, sometimes the lower deeply 3-lobed,

those of the flowering branches often about 6 cm. long, 4 cm. wide;

peduncles typically elongate, articulate about medially; bracts

narrowly linear, glabrous or nearly, usually 2 cm. long, equaling or

much exceeding the subglabrous calyx, nearly equally wide from

base to apex; calyx deeply lobed, 10-12 mm. long, the ovate lance-

olate lobes acuminate; flowers rose-colored or rarely white, 1.5-2

cm. long. — The var. sylvaticus (Benth.) Hochr. has the larger lower

leaves deeply 3-lobed, 8-9 cm. long, 12-16 cm. wide; var. luteus

[Pavon] Hochr. has yellowish rigid stellate trichomes especially on

the stems and leaves beneath, peduncles articulate in the upper

one-fifth and bractlets densely ciliate. This could well be H.

Cavanillesianus HBK. but compare note under that species.

Tumbez: Rainy-green formation, southeast of Hacienda La

Choza, Weberhauer 7717 (det. Ulbrich, H. phoeniceus). — Loreto:

In garden, Caballo-Cocha, Williams 2373 (det. Standley). Northern

South America and the West Indies.

Hibiscus cannabinus L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 1149. 1759; 114.

H. unidens Lindl. Bot. Reg. 10: pi. 878. 1825.

Highly variable in size and contour of leaves, indument and

presence of glands on caly^, the bracts simple or more or less bi-

furcate; petioles and leaves subequal, the latter usually glabrescent,

more or less deeply 3-lobed or -parted, the ovate or oblong-lanceolate

lobes acute or acuminate, serrate; peduncles short or flowers even

Flora of Peru 471

subsessile, these often about 3 cm. long; bracts connate at base,

linear, commonly simple, rarely one or more somewhat 2-forked

at tip, subequaling the calyx, its acuminate lobes as the bracts with

a few rigid hyaline trichomes, these also present on the shorter

ligneous pointed capsules. — The var. unidens (Lindl.) Hochr, I.e.

115, has the involucel more or less forked.

This has been cultivated as a source of fiber.

Loreto: In garden, Fortaleza, Williams U508; also at Nanay,

but apparently wild, Jt22 (both det. Standley). Old and New World

tropics.

Hibiscus Cavanillesianus HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 5: 290.

1822; 124.

Shrubby, a meter high or higher, with smooth glabrous stems;

branchlets hispid-stellate; stipules persisting, 6-8 mm. long; petioles

8-10 mm. long; leaves subrhombic to ovate-oblong, acute at base,

narrowly acuminate, 3.5 cm. long or longer, about 2.5 cm. wide,

lightly pubescent on both sides or especially beneath, the indument

appressed with rigid scattered stellate trichomes, coarsely and

irregularly serrate; peduncles at apex of axillary branchlets about

8 mm. long, shortly hispid as the 10-11 linear subspreading bractlets;

calyx lobes ovate, acute, 3-nerved; petals violet, suborbicular,

stellate-pubescent without, 14-16 mm. long; styles 5; ovules 6;

carpels depressed, ovate, hirsute; seeds 4. — Hochreutiner remarks:

very doubtful species, placed in Furcaria group with simple bractlets

from the description of the calyx, but type not at Paris. However,

compare H. brasiliensis, var. liUeiis with pubescent bractlets.

Hochreutiner suggests to me that species should be suppressed as

diagnosis omits seeds and permits only h5rpothesis; however, it will

probably be identified by recollection at type locality.

Cajamarca: Near Tomependa, Bracamores de Ja^n (Bonpland,

type).

Hibiscus furcellatus Desr. in Lam. Encycl. 3: 358. 1789; 107.

Similar to H. hijurcaius but bractlets often less or not at all

forked and all younger parts more or less tomentose-scabrous with

brownish-gray stellate trichomes; leaves usually entire or angulate,

more or less obscurely dentate; calyx shorter than involucel the

acute lobes glanduliferous; petals 6-8 cm. long, red. — The var.

Diodon (DC.) Uitt., Pulle, Fl. Surinam 3: 21. 1932, has 3-5-lobed

leaves, bractlets more or less bifurcate, var. afurca Uitt., the bract-

I

472 Field Museum of Natural History — Botany, Vol. XIII

lets entire; the species therefore seems to merge with typical H.

bifurcatus and probably represents a phase of it, the characters

apparently variable, not consistently concomitant, even intangible.

F.M. Negs. 7988; 23725; 23726 (type and vars.). Illustrated,

Rodrigo, Rev. Mus. de la Plata n. ser. 7, Bot.: 119.

Hudnuco: Divisoria, Woytkowski 3j^55? Tropical and subtropical

America.

Hibiscus Hitchcockii Ulbr. ex Kearney, Leafl. West. Bot. 7:

271. 1955.

Shrub, about 2 meters tall, the younger parts minutely stellate-

tomentose, the leaves becoming glabrescent above; pyetioles about

a third as long as the suborbicular blades, these at least 11 cm. long,

with or without a shallow open sinus, shortly 3-5-lobed, the rounded

lobes sparsely crenate; peduncles often longer than 9 cm., solitary

in the upper axils or subcorjrmbosely clustered at the apex of the

stem and the few branches; involucel of 8-9 bractlets 12-18 mm.

long, the conduplicate ovate blade — this nearly 1 cm. wide — much

longer than the subcylindric lower portion; calyx at anthesis 19-22

mm. long, cleft nearly to base, the lanceolate acuminate 5-nerved

lobes eglandular; corolla funnelform-campanulate, the roseate

petals scurfy puberulent without, 6-7 cm. long; stamen tube much

shorter than style, this included, the stout branches clavate; capsule

ovoid, 2-2.5 cm. long, scurfy puberulent, equaling or subequaling

calyx, the rigid valve-cusps 4 mm. long, very sharp; seeds densely

lanate. — Characters of involucel suggest relationship to H. sororins

L. f., which was placed by Hochreutiner in his revision. I.e. 166,

167, in his section Spatula, but he characterized this section as

having glabrous seeds (Kearney) ; in Peru H. sororius L. f . resembles

most H. furcellatus Desr. but the similarly dilated bractlets are not

forked, the leaves not lobed; as Kearney remarks, Ulbrich's species

appears to be very distinct; type from near Guayaquil.

Piura: between Canchaque and Serrdn, Prov. Huancabamba,

Stork llJf21 (det. Johnston). Ecuador.

Hibiscus Lambertianus HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 5: 291, pi.

U78. 1821; 142. H. salviaefolius St. Hil. Fl. Bras. Merid. 1: 249.

1827, fide Hochreutiner.

Slender, typically canescent-tomentose, velvety in Peru, or in

type leaves more hirsute above (in a variety glabrous) these oblong-

or ovate-lanceolate, serrulate, truncate at base, acute to acuminate.

I

Flora of Peru 473

often about 1 dm. long, 3-3.5 cm. wide; peduncles short; bractlets

linear, free, simple, shorter than the soon inflated shortly lobed

cal3rx, the broad lobes without marginal nerves; petals about 1 dm.

long; capsules included, short-setulose. — The flowers of the Peruvian

specimen noted by collector as pale purple, darker at base, column

purple, stigma white; the leaves are about equally velvety-tomen-

tulose both sides and acute rather than acuminate, in this resembling

the St. Hilaire type to which it was referred. F.M. Negs. 35500;

23729 (last two, vars.); 35499 (H. salviaefolius) . Illustrated, Rev.

Mus. de la Plata n. ser. 7, Bot.: 133.

San Martin: Shores of Lake Rikuri-Cocha, Tarapoto, Woytkow-

ski S5124. Colombia to Brazil and Paraguay.

Hibiscus mutabilis L. Sp. PI. 694. 1753; 147.

Shrubs or small trees with ample cordate-rotund less than

medially lobed leaves, the lobes acute, and large flowers that charac-

teristically change color, commonly opening white, becoming

roseate and finally yellowish; indument close, scurfy-stellate,

especially dense on the upper stems, bracts and calyces, the second

free, narrowly lance-linear, soon shorter than the quickly enlarged

or in fruit much inflated cal}^, its broadly ovate acuminate lobes

nervose but not marginally; capsules included, the seeds lanuginose.

— Probably originally from China or Japan, but long established in

South America and tropical America. Determinations by Standley.

Loreto: La Victoria, Williams 2760. Lower Rfo Huallaga,

WiUiams j^55. Rio Maraiion Valley, Dennis 29167 (det. Killip).

Rio Itaya, WiUiams 215. Tropical regions. "Flor variable."

Hibiscus peruvianus R. E. Fr. in Sv. Vet. Akad. Handl. ser.

3. 24, no. 2: 31. 1947.

Branchlets, petioles and leaves beneath canescently stellate-

puberulent, glabrescent in age, and more or less minutely aculeate

with recurved yellowish prickles; petioles to 7 cm. long; leaves

ovate-triangular, basally truncate or slightly and openly cordate,

to one-third sinuately 3-5-lobate, the divergent deltoid lobes acute

or the uppermost leaves little if at all lobed, all irregularly crenate,

the largest 6-10 cm. long and broad, membranous, green, glabrous

above except slightly hirsute on the principal nerves, early minutely

stellate-pubescent beneath; flowers solitary in the axils; pedicels 2.5-3

cm. long, to 6 cm. long in fruit, shortly and densely cinereous-tomen-

tulose, sometimes abundantly aculeate; involucral bractlets 9-10,

474 Field Museum of Natural History— Botany, Vol. XIII

densely puberulent with rigid stellulate trichomes, linear, about 12

mm. long and 1 mm. broad, bifurcate apically; calyx cupulate, canes-

cent-tomentulose, about 1.5 cm. long, the lanceolate-deltoid acute 3-

nerved lobes with a small round gland on the medial nerve; an-

droecium about 3.5 cm. long; ovary narrowly ovoid, acute, densely

appressed yellowish-setose. — Similar to H. bifurcatus Cav. (and H.

jurcellatiLS Desr.), both of which have hirsute or hispid-stellate

involucels and calyces. Illustrated, Fries, I.e., pi. 2, figs. 11-13.

Loreto: Florida, Ucayali (Tessmann 8072, type). Florida, Klug

2182. Santa Rosa, Killip & Smith 28956. Near mouth Rio Mara-

fion, Dennis 29237. Mishuyacu, Klug 1J^73 . Caballo-Cocha, Wi7^taws

2304' (det. Ulbrich, H. furcellatus) . Pebas, Williams 1862. Naza-

rete, Osgood 23; 2Jt.. — Huancayo: Near Huanta, Dennis 29239.

"Binaqui-ey" (Huitoto, Klug).

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. Sp. PI. 694. 1753; 133.

Glabrous or essentially glabrous shrub with ovate or ovate-

elliptic acute or shortly acuminate crenate serrate leaves, these

mostly rounded at the base, about 8 cm. long, 4-5 cm. wide; pe-

duncles articulate above the middle; bractlets 5-8, sublinear,

shorter than the rather tubular clayx, this about 2.5 cm. long,

deeply dentate; flowers 7-10 cm. long, the petals entire, the stamen

column exserted, the anthers evenly disposed; capsules obovoid,

seeds not lanate. — Conforming with present custom the specific

name is hyphenated; commonly grown for its beauty it not in-

frequently is collected as an escape, only a few of many collections

cited. H. syriacus L., totally different but conveniently noticed

here as perhaps also cultivated and escaping, has basally cuneate

leaves, somewhat 3-lobate, the bractlets at least equaling the calyx,

the stamen column not exserted.

San Martin: Tarapoto, Williams 59 U5. — Hudnuco: In the plaza,

Hudnuco, Woytkowski. — Loreto: Clearing, Mishuyacu, near Iquitos,

Klug 678. In field near Iquitos, Williams 82^5. Yurimaguas,

Williams U08U. Rio Itaya, Williams 219. Rio Nanay, Williams

J^33. Caballo-Cocha, Williams 2375; 2376. Leticia, forest edge,

Williams 3057. La Victoria, Williams 2519. Generally in the

tropics. "Cucarda," "flor Betun" (Williams).

Hibiscus Sabdariffa L. Sp. PI. 695. 1753; 116.

Glabrous or essentially except for the ciliate or setose bracts,

calyces and ovoid acute capsules; leaves oblong-lanceolate, some of

Flora of Peru 476

them more or less hastately lobed, many merely minutely serrulate;

peduncles shorter than calyces, these rigid-fleshy as the connate

simple sublinear bracts, both about equal and enclosing the fruits;

flowers pink or red, about 3 cm. long; capsules 2 cm. long; seeds

reniform, laciniate-lepidote.

The early fleshy calyces and bracts, often reddish, are rather

acid and not infrequently serve to flavor pleasantly beverages —

called "Karkardi" in the Old World (B.P.G.H.)— or for confitures,

and, according to Killip & Smith, the fruit is used for vinegar.

A common name in many parts of the world is "Roselle" or "Ro-

zelle," and the leaves according to the monographer are cooked

and eaten as sorrel.

Loreto: Mishuyacu, near Iquitos, Killip & Smith 29979. Gen-

erally in warm and tropical regions.

Hibiscus schizopetalus (Mast.) Hook. f. Bot. Mag. pi. 6524-