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JOURNAL

WASHINGTON ACADEMY

OF SCIENCES

VOLUME 15, 1925 | :

-9,.%8 BH S

BOARD OF EDITORS

E, P, Kine D. F. Hewirr S. J. MAaucHiy

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JOURNAL

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Vou. 15 JANUARY 4, 1925 No. 1

GENETICS.—The chromosomes of Citrus. Howarp B. Frost,

Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside, California (Communi-

cated by W. T. SwINGLe).

Many of the “bud variations” of Citrus? probably result from a

chimeral constitution of the tree producing the variation. It may be

assumed, however, that bud-variation types originate primarily

through either gene (point) mutation or chromosomal mutation (chro-

mosome aberration). In the investigation of the nature of somatic

hereditary variations of Citrus, therefore, determinations of chromo-

some number are necessary. They are also of interest in relation to

the great variability of F, hybrids between species,’ although I consider

it probable that this variability is mainly due to extensive heterozygo-

sis of the parent forms.

Strasburger* examined pollen mother cells and stem tips of sweet

orange (“‘Apfelsine;”’ C. sinensis Osbeck), sour orange (“‘Pomaranze;”

C. aurantium L.), citron (“Cedrate’’; C. medica L.), and a “bizzarria”’

form which was doubtless a mixed chimera, the components being

citron and sour orange. He states that the pollen mother cells have

8 pairs of chromosomes, diakinesis being the most favorable stage for

counting, and that ‘‘mit grosser Wahrscheinlichkeit” the very small

1 Paper No. 121, University of California, Graduate School of Tropical Agriculture

and Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside, California.

2? A.D. Saamet, L. B. Scorr, and C.S. Pomeroy. Citrus-frutt improvement: a study

of bud variation in the Washington navel orange. U.S. Dept. Agr. Bull. 623. 146 p.,

19 pls., 16 figs. 1918. Also: Dept. Bulls. 624 and 697 (1918); 813 and 815 (1920).

3Watrer T. Swinete. Variation in first-generation hybrids (imperfect dominance) ;

tts possible explanation through zygotaxis. Conf. Internat. Génétique, IV°. Compt.

Rend., p. 381-394, 10 figs.

4Epvuarp Srraspurcer. Uber die Individualitét der Chromosomen und die Pfropfhy-

briden-Frage. Jahrb. f. wissensch. Bot. 44: 482-555. 3 pls., 1 fig. 1907.

2 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 15, No. 1

stem-tip cells have 16 chromosomes. Osawa® reports for “unshuw”

(satsuma; C. nobilis var. unshiu (Lour.) Swingle) that the number of

pairs in pollen mother cells at diakinesis and at the first metaphase is

probably 8, and that the somatic number is ‘‘more than 14, probably

16.” Evidently neither Strasburger nor Osawa secured very clear

metaphase figures. No other determinations of chromosome number

for Citrus seem to have been published.

During the blooming season of 1924, pollen mother cells of several

commercial varieties of Citrus were stained by the present writer,

using Belling’s® iron-acetocarmine method (No. 2). This method

probably gives better fixation than has previously been secured;

in good material it gives some metaphase views in which every chromo-

Fig. 1 Fig. 2

ApoGAMIC PROGENY OF MEDITERRANEAN SWEET ORANGE

Vig. 1—Metaphase of first meiotic division; 9 bivalent chromosomes. Fig. 2.—

Same as figure 1, at second metaphase; 9 univalent chromosomes in each group; some

chromosomes distinctly split, but the halves always very close together.

some is well separated from its neighbors. Normal spore tetrads

are very uniformly produced. Polyspory and polycary have not been

observed.

The first count secured (at the metaphase of the first meiotic divi-

sion) showed 9 separate chromosomes. Further study showed that

9 is the normal number of pairs in two varieties of sweet orange (C.

sinensts Osbeck), namely, Mediterranean Sweet and Paper Rind

(St. Michael), and in the variety of grapefruit (C. maxima (Burm.)

Merrill) called Imperial. This conclusion depends on a few counts at

diakinesis, where poorer staining and irregular position made count-

SI. Osawa. Cytological and experimental studies in Citrus. Imp. Univ. Tokyo.

Coll. Agr. Jour. 4: 83-116. 4 pls.,1fig. 1912.

§ Joun Beirne. On counting chromosomes in pollen mother cells. Am. Nat. 55:

573-574. 1921.

JAN. 4, 1925 STANDLEY: NEW PLANTS FROM CENTRAL AMERICA 3

ing relatively difficult, a few counts at the first or second anaphase,

and more numerous counts at the first metaphase (fig. 1)7 and the

second metaphase (fig. 2).

As Strasburger’s! figures indicate, the chromosomes are very small.

Dark granules, sometimes resembling the chromosomes, were often

troublesome, and spoiled some preparations, but some metaphase

groups were individually decisive. With Mediterranean Sweet (that

is, one of the apogamic progeny from a species cross in which this

variety was seed parent), the case was finally put beyond the pos-

sibility of reasonable doubt. The chromosomes in two groups of

pollen mother cells at the second division were countable in a large

proportion of the cases, and 24 positive counts of 9 chromosomes were

made here; in four of these cells, both groups were countable and each

group consisted of 9 chromosomes. ‘The few apparent counts of 8 in

these groups were plainly to be classed with those of still smaller

numbers; that is, they obviously were cases where not all the chromo-

somes of the normal complement were distinguishable. It is also

significant that apparent counts of 10 are rare.

Since three varieties of Citrus have been found to have 9 pairs of

chromosomes, and two of these varieties belong to one of the species

which Strasburger studied, it seems probable that 9, not 8, is the usual

haploid number in Citrus. At least, it is certain that the number is

not uniformly 8.

BOTANY.—New plants from Central America... Pau C. STANDLEY,

U.S. National Museum.

In the course of work recently begun upon a flora of the Panama

Canal Zone, several new species have been detected, and descriptions

of them are published here. Two of the species described were recog-

nized a few years ago by the late Prof. W. W. Rowlee, while revising

the Scitaminales for the proposed Flora of Central America.

Most of the species here described belong to the large family

Rubiaceae, and particularly to the genus Hoffmannia. This genus

finds its greatest development in Mexico and Central America, and

consists of a large number of species, most of which seem to be

extremely local in their distribution.

7 The figures were drawn with the aid of a camera lucida, at a magnification of about

3065 diameters, and are reduced one-fourth in reproduction.

1 Published by permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.

4 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 15, No. 1

Calathea hirsuta Standl., sp. nov.

Plants 0.5 to 1 meter high; leaves all basal, long-petiolate, the sheaths

15-20 em. long, membranaceous, densely short-hirsute, the petioles 3 cm.

long or less, hirsute, the blades oblanceolate-oblong to oval, 19-41 cm. long,

11-12.5 cm. wide, rounded or broadly cuneate at base, abruptly short-

acuminate at apex, thin, green, sparsely short-pilose above or glabrate,

beneath soft-pilose or in age glabrate; scape 54-66 cm. long, slender, hir-

sute; spike 6-12 cm. long, 1-2 em. thick, the bracts 4 or 5, spirally imbricate,

rather lax, broad, thin, 2.5-4 em. long, acute to rounded and apiculate at

apex, densely hirsute; corolla glabrous, exserted 2-3 cm. beyond the bracts.

Type in the U. 8. National Herbarium, no. 1,165,835, collected at Alajuela,

Panama, August 18, 1923, by F. L. Stevens (no. 1131). Also collected in

damp woods on Ancén Hill, Canal Zone in 1923, Standley 25163.

A very distinct species, not closely related to any other known from

Central America.

Calathea panamensis Rowlee, sp. nov.

Plants small, 20-40 cm. high, with few or numerous, erect or spreading

basal leaves; petioles 8-16 em. long, sheathed for nearly their whole length,

minutely pilose or glabrate; leaf blades obovate to oval, 11-20 em. long,

5-10 em. wide, rounded and abruptly short-acuminate or apiculate at apex,

rounded or obtuse at base, thin, glabrous above except along the puberulent

costa, puberulent beneath; peduncles one or several, 3.5 em. long or less,

the spikes sometimes sessile; bracts numerous, the outer ones ovate tolance-

oblong, 4—7 cm. long, membranaceous, acute or acuminate, sparsely short-

pilose; corolla yellow, equaling or exceeding the bracts, the segments seri-

ceous outside.

Type in the U. 8S. National Herbarium, no. 863124, collected in deep

woods near Juan Diaz, Province of Panama, Panama, near sea level, Sept.

30, 1917, by Ellsworth P. Killip (no. 3078). The following additional

specimens represent the same species: '

Panama: Near Tapia River, edge of forest, Maxon & Harvey 6664.

Matias Hernandez, Pittier 6806. Chepo, Province of Panama, Pittier

4564.

Costa Rica: Matambu, Nicoya Peninsula, alt. 600 m., Cook & Doyle 710.

Myrosma panamensis Standl., sp. nov.

Plants acaulescent, small, usually 30-40 cm. high, with few or numerous

basal leaves; petioles 12-18 em. long, with broad green sheaths nearly their

whole length, glabrate; leaf blades elliptic or oval, 16-30 em. long, 7-13 cm.

wide, obtuse or acute at apex, rounded or broadly cuneate at base, thin,

glabrous above except along the puberulent costa, beneath slightly paler,

thinly short-pilose or puberulent; scapes equaling or shorter than the petioles,

bearing at apex a large long-petiolate leaf; racemes 2-4 from the axil of the

leaf, 4-6 em. long, on peduncles 1.5—-4 em. long; bracts numerous, lax, spread-

ing, rather remote, broadly ovate, about 2 cm. long, obtuse, scarious, gla-

brous; sepals oblong-lanceolate, 1 em. long; ovary glabrous.

Type in the U. 8. National Herbarium, no. 1,153,506, collected in wet

forest along the Rfo Tapia, Province of Panama, Panama, near sea level,

December, 1923, by Paul C. Standley (no. 26219). The following addi-

tional collections belong here:

JAN. 4, 1925 STANDLEY: NEW PLANTS FROM CENTRAL AMERICA 5

Panama: Rio Tecumen, Standley 26738.. Near the big swamp east of

Rio Tecumen, Sfandley 26608. Along the Corozal Road, near Panama,

Standley 26845.

Pleiostachya pittieri Rowlee, sp. nov.

Plants a meter high or more; petioles about 75 em. long, glabrous, the

callus terete, glabrous, 4 cm. long, with a distinct collar at its junction with

the petiole; leaf blades elliptic, about 45 cm. long and 15 cm. wide, green

and glabrous on both sides, acute at each end; spikes 2, sessile, linear, 15-19

em. long, 1.3 em. wide, slightly compressed; bracts ovate, 2.2 cm. long, acute,

coriaceous, closely appressed, glabrous; flowers white, exserted; spikes

subtended by a large petiolate leaf and by an obtuse oblong bract 3 cm.

long inserted opposite the leaf.

Type in the U. 8. National Herbarium, no. 679566, collected on hills of

Sperdi, Puerto Obaldia, San Blas Coast, Panama, altitude 200 meters or

less, September, 1911, by H. Pittier (no. 4409).

Pleiostachya pruinosa (Regel) Schum., the only similar species, differs in

its usually pedunculate, broader, more compressed spikes, with larger thinner

bracts, and in the dark red lower surface of the leaves.

Aristolochia panamensis Standl., sp. nov.

Stems erect or decumbent, simple, 30-100 cm. high, stout, the young

branches densely pilose with short subappressed hairs; petioles stout, about

1 em. long; leaf blades obovate-oval to oblong-obovate, 9-21 cm. long,

5-12 cm. wide, acute to rounded at apex, acute at base, thick, pinnate-

nerved, glabrous above, beneath very glaucous, finely soft-pubescent, the

yenation prominent-reticulate; flowers borne near the base of the stem;

peduncles slender, simple, in fruit 3-6 cm. long; calyx about 3.5 cm. long,

densely pilose, the basal portion narrow, the throat inflated into a large

sac 1.8 em. broad, the limb apparently broadly ovate and acuminate; cap-

sule oval, about 3 em. long and 1.5 cm. in diameter, 6-celled, tomentose or

glabrate, 6-costate.

Type in the U. S. National Herbarium, no. 1,154,510, collected in moist

forest along the Rio Paraiso, above East Paraiso, Canal Zone, Panama,

Jan. 7, 1924, by Paul C. Standley (no. 29906). The following additional

specimens belong here:

Panama: Vicinity of San Felix, eastern Chiriquf, alt. 120 meters or less,

Pittier 5463, 5750. Rio Pedro Miguel, Canal Zone, Standley 29950. Las

Cascadas Plantation, Canal Zone, Standley 25740, 29515.

The plant is abundant locally in wet forests about the Canal Zone. It is

quite unlike any of the other Central American species.

Aristolochia sylvicola Standl., sp. nov.

Stems very slender, scandent, glabrous; petioles slender, glabrous, 6-8 cm.

long; leaf blades broadly rounded-deltoid, 12-17 em. long, 10-15 cm. wide,

acuminate or somewhat abruptly acute, at base subcordate or subtruncate,

thin, dark green and glabrous above, beneath glaucescent and thinly puberu-

lent, palmately 5-nerved; inflorescence 4-flowered, borne on the naked

corky-angled stems, glabrous, the pedicels about 6 mm. long; immature

capsules oblong, 6-angled, 3 cm. long, glaucescent, glabrous.

6 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 15, No. 1

Type in the U. 8. National Herbarium, no. 1,153,853, collected in wet

forest on hills north of Frijoles, Canal Zone, Panama, Dec. 19, 19238, by

Paul C. Standley (no. 27469).

The stems were tightly wrapped about the trunk of a large tree. Only

one plant was found. Although without flowers, the plant is so distinct

from all known Central American species of Aristolochia that it seems best

to describe it as new.

Calderonia klugei Standl., sp. nov.

Tree; young branchlets sparsely hispid with short hairs; stipules triangu-

lar-ovate, 7 mm. long, brown, puberulent outside along the costa; petioles

about 3 mm. long, hispid; leaf blades broadly ovate, 4-6.5 em. long, 2-4.5

cm. wide, narrowed to the obtuse apex, usually deeply cordate at base,

glabrous above, hispidulous beneath along the costa; capsule subglobose,

2.5-3 em. long, glabrate, 2-celled, loculicidally bivalvate; seeds numerous,

horizontal, semiorbicular, strongly compressed, winged at one end, the seed

with its wing 2.5 em. long.

Type in the U. §. National Herbarium, no. 1,206,424, collected near

Chepo, Province of Panama, Panama, in 1924, by H. C. Kluge (no. 19).

The type material forms part of a small but interesting collection of timber

trees obtained by Mr. Kluge in the neighborhood of Chepo. The collector

states that this tree does not reach a great size and that it grows usually

on overflowed land. The vernacular name is ‘“‘palo colorado.”

The flowers are not at hand, and when they are collected it may be found

that the tree belongs to some other genus, but the fruit is so distinctive that

it seems probable that it belongs to the genus Calderonia, recently described?

from Salvador. Calderonia salvadorensis is distinguished from the Panama

tree by its large leaves, rounded or obtuse at base.

Manettia estrellae Standl., sp. nov.

Suffrutescent or woody vine, the stems villosulous; stipules 1-1.5 mm.

long, dentate; petioles 3-24 mm. long, villosulous; leaf blades ovate to

oblong-elliptic, 3.5-6.5 em. long, 1.5-3 em. wide, acute, obtuse or acute at

base, thin, villosulous on both surfaces, more densely so beneath; cymes

axillary, few-flowered, pedunculate, the pedicels stout, 2.4 mm. long, vil-

losulous; hypanthum densely short-villous, the 4 calyx lobes oblong-ob-

lanceolate, foliaceous, 4-5 mm. long, acute; corolla pinkish white, thinly

villous outside, the slender tube 1 cm. long, the lobes of about the same

length; capsule obovoid, 5 mm. long.

Type in the U. 8. National Herbarium, no. 1,153,146, collected in wet

forest, La Estrella, Province of Cartago, Costa Rica, March 27, 1924, by

Paul C. Standley (no. 39224). No. 39425 from the same locality is of this

species.

Among the North American species this is easily recognized by the copi-

ous pubescence upon all parts of the plant.

2 This JouRNAL 13: 290. 1923.

JAN. 4, 1925 STANDLEY: NEW PLANTS FROM CENTRAL AMERICA 7

Hamelia storkii Standl., sp. nov.

Branches glabrous; stipules subulate from a narrowly triangular base,

10-12 mm. long, ciliate; leaves opposite, the petioles 1.5-5 cm. long, glabrous;

leaf blades elliptic, 12-22 em. long, 4-9 em. wide, acuminate, acute at base,

sparsely barbate beneath in the axils of the lateral nerves, elsewhere gla-

brous; inflorescence terminal, the branches often 10 cm. long in age, glabrous,

many-flowered, the flowers secund, sessile or nearly so; calyx glabrous, the

lobes triangular-oblong, 1.5 mm. long, obtuse, longer than broad, erect;

corolla yellow, 2.5-8 em. long, tubular, slightly widened above, the throat

4 mm. broad; fruit oblong, 1 cm. long, 3 mm. thick.

Type in the U. S. National Herbarium, no. 1,166,466, collected in western

Panama, August 1, 1923, by H. E. Stork (no. 38). Also collected in the

Changuinola Valley, Panama, Jan. 14, 1924, by V. C. Dunlap (no. 326).

Related to H. calycosa Donn. Smith, of Guatemala, which has smaller,

mostly ternate leaves, a few-flowered inflorescence, and smaller corolla,

besides much larger calyx lobes.

Hamelia rowleei Standl., sp. nov.

Branches thinly pilose with long spreading hairs; stipules subulate, about

1 em. long; leaves opposite, the petioles 1.5-4.5 cm. long, sparsely pilose;

leaf blades elliptic-obovate, 15-19 em. long, 7-8 em. wide, abruptly short-

acuminate, cuneate-attenuate at base, villosulous above along the costa but

elsewhere glabrous, beneath copiously pilose with stiff spreading hairs;

inflorescence terminal, many-flowered, the branches pilose, the flowers

secund, sessile or nearly so; calyx pilose, the lobes deltoid, about as broad

as long, 1.5 mm. long; corolla tube puberulent, 28 mm. long, 5 mm. wide

above the base, the lobes broadly ovate, spreading.

Type in the U. 8. National Herbarium, no. 1,080,249, collected at Living-

ston, on the Reventazén River, Costa Rica, in 1920, by W. W. Rowlee and

H. E. Stork (no. 75).

Probably related to H. magniloba Wernham, of Nicaragua, which has

smaller flowers and nearly glabrous leaves.

Hoffmannia asclepiadea Standl., sp. nov.

Stems simple, herbaceous, green, 1.5 meters high, villosulous; leaves op-

posite, the petioles stout, 2.5-4 cm. long, villosulous; leaf blades ovate-

elliptic, about 20 cm. long and 8 cm. wide, long-acuminate, cuneate at base,

glabrous above, copiously short-villous beneath, especially along the nerves;

cymes sessile, shorter than the petioles, many-flowered, the branches densely

short-villous; calyx short-villous, the lobes ovate-deltoid, obtuse, 1 mm.

long; corolla ovoid and acutish in bud, greenish yellow, densely short-

villous.

Type in the U. 8. National Herbarium, no. 1,153,122, collected in wet

forest at Las Nubes, Province of San José, Costa Rica, altitude about 1,900

meters, March 20-22, 1924, by Paul C. Standley (no. 38349).

Among the Costa Rican species this is well marked by the copious pubes-

cence.

8 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 15, no. 1.

Hoffmannia amplexifolia Standl., sp. nov.

_ Stems simple, herbaceous, glabrous, sharply quadrangular, 1-1.5 meters

high; leaves ternate, sessile, oblanceolate or oblong-obovate, 23-35 em.

long and 8-13 ecm. wide or larger, long-acuminate, long-attenuate to the

deeply cordate, clasping base, glabrous above, beneath minutely puberulent

along the nerves; cymes clustered in the leaf axils, many-flowered, 3-8 cm.

long, the branches densely villosulous, the flowers slender-pedicellate;

calyx reddish, short-villous, the lobes narrowly triangular, obtuse; corolla

greenish yellow, puberulent or villosulous, in bud 5 mm. long, the lobes

longer than the tube; fruit red.

Type in the U. 8. National Herbarium, no. 1,153,192, collected in moist

forest near Orosi, Province of Cartago, Costa Rica, March 30, 1924, by

Paul C. Standley (no. 39869). Nos. 39717 and 39809, from the same locality

are also of this species.

Readily distinguished from other species of the genus by the clasping

bases of the leaves.

Hoffmannia josefina Standl., sp. nov.

Shrub 3 meters high, with few branches, the stems terete, glabrous; leaves

opposite, the stout glabrous petioles 1-1.5 em. long; leaf blades obovate or

oblong-obovate, 13-22 em. long, 5.5-9 cm. wide, acute or abruptly short-

acuminate, cuneate-attenuate at base, glabrous; cymes few or many-flowered,

pedunculate, longer than the petioles, the branches glabrous, the pedicels

1-3 mm. long; calyx glabrous or with a few short scattered hairs, the limb

2 mm. long, the lobes narrowly triangular, acute, green; corolla in bud

ovoid, acute, in anthesis 11 mm. long, glabrous, the lobes shorter than the

tube; fruit subglobose, 6 mm. long, dark red.

Type in the U. 8. National Herbarium, no. 1,152,900, collected in moist

forest between Aserri and Tarbaca, Province of San José, Costa Rica, al-

titude about 1800 meters, February 12, 1924, by Paul C. Standley (no.

34143).

Hoffmannia hamelioides Standl.,sp. nov.

Shrub 1.5 meters high, the branches glabrous; leaves opposite, the petioles

stout, 1-3 em. long, sparsely puberulent or glabrous; leaf blades obovate-

elliptic or oblancolate-elliptic, 12-21 cm. long, 4.5-7 em. wide, abruptly

acuminate, cuneate-decurrent at base, glabrous above, villosulous beneath

along the nerves; cymes sessile, few or many-flowered, about equaling the

petioles, the branches short-villous; calyx short-villous, the lobes 1-1.5

mm. long, narrowly triangular, acutish; corolla in bud ovoid, acutish, 4 mm.

long, greenish white, short-villous; fruit dark red, 7-8 mm. long.

Type in the U. 8. National Herbarium, no. 1,152,904, collected in moist

forest between Aserri and Tarbaca, Province of San José, Costa Rica, alti-

tude about 1,800 meters, February 12, 1924, by Paul C. Standley (no.

34149).

Related to H. josefina, but distinguished by the pubescence of leaves

and inflorescence.

JAN. 4, 1925 STANDLEY: NEW PLANTS FROM CENTRAL AMERICA 9

Hoffmannia macrophylla Standl., sp. nov.

Shrub 3 meters high, with few branches, glabrous throughout, the stems

green; leaves sessile or nearly so, the blades decurrent to the base, oblong-

obovate, 21-35 cm. long, 8-10 em. wide, abruptly acute, long-attenuate

to the base, bright green; cymes sessile or pedunculate, 3-4 cm. long, laxly

few-flowered, the pedicels 3-8 mm. long; calyx red, the limb shallowly lo-

bate, the lobes rounded-deltoid, 1.5 mm. long; corolla in bud cylindric,

obtuse, 6 mm. long, red outside, the lobes yellow, twice as long as the tube.

Type in the U. 8. National Herbarium, nos. 1,152,957-8 (from the same

plant), collected in wet forest, Cerro de la Carpintera, Province of Cartago,

Costa Rica, altitude about 1700 meters, February, 1924, by Paul C. Stand-

ley (no. 35636).

Hoffmannia leucocarpa Standl., sp. nov.

Shrub about 2 meters high, simple or with few branches, glabrous through-

out; leaves opposite, the petioles stout, 3-5.5 em. long, the blades elliptic

or lance-elliptic, 15-24 em. long, 6-12 em. wide, acuminate, acute or cuneate

at base; cymes axillary, equaling or often much exceeding the petioles, laxly

few-flowered, the flowers on slender pedicels 5-12 mm. long, the branches

bright red; calyx limb 2-3 mm. long, red, the lobes deltoid, acute; corolla

red, in bud 7 mm. long and acute, the lobes longer than the tube; fruit

subglobose, about 1 em. long, white.

Type in the U. 8. National Herbarium, no. 1,153,121, collected in wét

forest at Las Nubes, Province of San José, Costa Rica, altitude about 1600

meters, March 20-22, 1924, by Paul C. Standley (no. 38340). No. 38703

from the same locality belongs to this species.

Hoffmannia pallidifiora Standl., sp. nov.

Shrub 1-2 meters high, with simple quadrangular glabrous stems; leaves

opposite, the slender petioles 2-4 cm. long, glabrous, the upper leaves often

sessile; leaf blades elliptic or obovate-elliptic, 15-25 cm. long, 7-9 cm. wide,

acuminate, abruptly long-decurrent, glabrous; cymes few-flowered, long-

pedunculate, equaling the petioles, the branches glabrous, the flowers partly

sessile and partly pedicellate; calyx pale green, the lobes triangular, obtuse

or acute, 1-1.5 mm. long; corolla pale green, narrow and acute in bud, in

anthesis 8 mm. long, the lobes nearly twice as long as the tube; fruit oval,

red, 1 cm. long.

Type in the U. 8. National Herbarium, no. 1,153,101, collected in wet

forest at La Hondura, Province’ of San José, Costa Rica, altitude about

1500 meters, March 16, 1924, by Paul C. Standley (no. 37877). The fol-

lowing collections also belong here:

Costa Rica: La Hondura, Standley 37780, 37837. El Mufieco, south of

Navarro, Province of Cartago, alt. about 1400 meters, Standley 33435,

33951.

10 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 15, No. 1

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY AND AFFILIATED

SOCIETIES

WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

181sT MEETING

The 181st meeting of the Academy was held in the Assembly Hall of the

Cosmos Club the evening of Thursday, November 15, 1923, and was de-

voted to a consideration of Pan-Pacific problems. The program was as

follows:

J. C. Merriam: The origin and development of the Pan-Pacific Scientific

Congress.

T. Waytanp VauGcHAN: The Australian Meeting in 1923: The Scientific

Proceedings.

Dr. Vaughan, in reporting for Col. Alfred H. Brooks and himself as dele-

gates from the Academy, spoke in general of the cordial hospitality with

which the delegates were received by the Commonwealth Government,

the financial and other assistance rendered by the Government, the success

of the meetings, and in some detail of the fields covered by the general and

sectional meetings. There were present 81 official delegates, as follows:

Great Britain, 12; United States, 17; Canada, 3; Hawaii, 6; New Zealand,

13; Japan, 10; Philippine Islands, 5; Netherlands, 6; British Malaya, 2;

Tahiti, 1; Papua, 1; New Guinea, 1; Fiji, 1; Hongkong, 1; France, 1;

Chile, 1. The Congress was officially opened in Melbourne, August 13, by

an address from the Governor-General. The Sydney sessions were opened

August 24. The President of the Congress, Sir David Orme Masson,

Professor of Chemistry at the University of Melbourne, presided over the

general sessions at Melbourne, which were limited to opening and closing

meetings. The Vice-president of the Congress, Sir Edgeworth David,

Professor of Geology at the University of Sydney, presided over the general

session at Sydney, which were mostly devoted to subjects of general interest

to several sections. These were as follows: The structure of the Pacific region

and its influence on animal and plant life; Organization and coordination of

scientific work in the Pacific region; Insects, their distribution and role in the

Pacific region; Climate of the Pacific region, its causes and relations to eco-

nomic and social life; Settlement in areas of low rainfall.

The sections of the Congress were Agriculture, Anthropology and Ethnol-

ogy, Botany, Entomology, Forestry, Geodesy and Geophysics (including

Radiotelegraphy), Geography and Oceanography, Geology, Hygiene,

Veterinary Science, and Zoology. In addition to the technical discussions,

arrangements were made for several popular public lectures in both Mel-

bourne and Sydney. Outlines of the programs of the sections are as follows:

Agriculture.—(1) Problems relating to irrigation; (2) Agricultural educa-

tion and research; (3) Genetics and the improvement of farm animals; (4)

Diseases of wheat; (5) Soil surveys; (6) Genetics and the improvement of

crops; (7) Diseases of cereals; (8) Diseases of miscellaneous crops; (9)

Tropical agriculture; (10) Plant quarantine regulations.

Anthropology and Ethnology.—(1) Cartography of the Pacific (joint

meeting with sections of Geodesy and Geography); (2) Organization of

research among the natives of Australia and the islands of the Pacific, and

Linguistic problems of the Pacific; (3) Decline in native population in the

islands of the Pacific, and Variations in sex ratios in relation to the index

of declining fertility; (4) The Australian aboriginal—his origin and his re-

gan. 4, 1925 PROCEEDINGS: THE ACADEMY 11

lations to the Tasmanian and other races; (5) The relation of Melanesian,

Polynesian, and Indonesian peoples and languages; (6) Migration zones.

Botany.—(1) Forests of Victoria, and the big trees of Australia; (2)

Ecologie studies in Tasmania, and the flora of Krakatau; (3) Antipodean

shortage of softwoods (with Forestry Section); (4) Wheat diseases (with

Agricultural Section); (5) Distribution of plants, Australia’s influence on

adjacent floras, and Distribution of orchids; (6) So-called back-mutations

and plant ecology in arid regions; (7) Gymnosperms of the Pacific; (8)

Evolution of plant life in the Pacific; (9) General botany, especially the

phytogeography, of the Pacific.

Entomology.—(1) Parasitologic problems in veterinary science and zool-

ogy; The bufialo fly (jot meeting with sections of Zoology and Veterinary

Science); (2) Introduced pests and natural enemies (joint meeting with sec-

tions of Zoology, Botany, and Forestry); (8) Introduction of beneficial

insects into New Zealand, Distribution of anopheline mosquitoes, and The

termite problem as affecting Australia; (4) The Mediterranean fruit-fly,

Fruit-fly control, and Australian fruit-flies; (5) Control of noxious insects

by the introduction of their natural enemies, and Entomological control

of the prickly pear; (6) Control of the blow-fly pest; (7) Distribution of

insects in relation to disease (jointly with other sections).

Forestry.—The first three of the four sessions of this Section were devoted

to joint discussions with the sections of Botany, Entomology, and Zoology.

At the fourth session the topics were: Seasoning of hardwood timber, The

need for research into the properties of hardwood timbers. At Sydney

the topics were: Timber-boring insects, with special reference to the ex-

portation of Philippine lumber; Re-afforestation in the Pacific; A national

forestry school and the properties of hardwood timber; Introduced tropical

borers and their natural enemies; Plant quarantine (jointly with the sec-

tions of Agriculture and Entomology).

Geodesy, Geophysics, and Radiotelegraphy.—(1) Present condition of

mapping in the Pacific, and A geodetic survey of Australia; (2) Determina-

tion of gravity at sea, Isostasy in the light of the work in India, Earth-

tides, Australia’s possible contribution to knowledge of the figure of the

Earth; (3) Meteorology of the Pacific, and International researches in solar

physics; (4) Studies of terrestrial magnetism In the Pacific region, and The

magnetic observatory of the Carnegie Institution at Watheroo; (5) Geodetic

and trigonometric surveys and their status in New South Wales and the

Netherlands East Indies; (6) Gravity determinations in the Philippines,

Development of the hypothesis of isostasy, Limiting depth of earthquake

foci, Methods of geodetic work; (7) Tropical storms and associated phenom-

ena; (8) Location of earthquakes and the installation of seismographs and

related matters; (9) Microseisms and their correlation with the distribu-

tion of atmospheric pressure; (10) Engineering and architectural construc-

tion in countries of high seismicity; (11) Earthquake forecasting; (12)

Radiotelegraphy (three half-day discussions on ten topics, among them the

organization of wireless time signals in the Pacific and adjoining countries).

Geography and Oceangraphy.—(1) Mapping of the Pacific, and related

matters (jointly with the sections of Anthropology and Geodesy); (1) Hy-

drographic surveys in Australia, and An oceanographic institute in Australia;

(3) Meteorology of the Pacific (jointly with section of Geodesy and Geo-

physics); (4) Oceanography, Ocean currents of the southwest Pacific;

(5) Unexplored regions of the Pacific, especially in Melanesia; (6) Geo-

graphic education; (7) Physiographic unity of the Pacific (jointly with the

section of Geology).

12. JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 15, No. 1

Geology.—There had been selected for the Section of Geology eight topics,

and in the discussion of each of them an endeavor was made to cover the

Pacific region. ‘The different topics interlocked in scope, so that they were

mutually supplementary and taken all together a good general account, of

many of the important geologic features of the Pacific region was the result.

The topics were (1) Correlation of the Cenozoic formations; (2) The ore

provinces; (3) The geologic structure; (4) Post-Mesozoic volcanic activity;

(5) Carboniferous and Permian; (6) Coral reefs; (7) Oil and water re-

sources; (8) Coal resources and status of a real geologic mapping.

Hygiene.—(1) Mining hygiene; (2) Program of hygiene for the Pacific

region; (8) Control of plague, small-pox, and other diseases among native

races, and cooperation in public health matters; (4) Causes of the decline

of native races; (5) Climate and human efficiency; (6) Insects and the

distribution of disease by them (jointly with the sections of Entomology

and Veterinary Science). There were also papers on ventilation, diseases

among children in New South Wales, and heredity in cancer.

Veterinary Science.—The work of this section is so interlocked with the

sections of Agriculture, Entomology, and Zoology that it held no separate

sessions in Melbourne, and in Sydney most of the sessions were also with

those of other sections. Pleuro-pneumonia in cattle, Piroplasmoses of the

Pacific region, and The control of the cattle tick were separately discussed.

Zoology.—The papers before the section of Zoology were largely of mis-

cellaneous character. In Melbourne parasites ard genetics were discussed

with other sections, and fisheries and marine biological stations received

independent consideration. In Sydney the geographic, distribution of

several groups of organisms received attention; there were papers on the

evolution of the marsupials, on the evolution of mollusks concurrent with

topographic development, and on the ecology of marine organisms. The

preservation of the native fauna of Australia was specially considered.

In conclusion Dr. Vaughan spoke appreciatively of the general benefits

of the Congress in bringing widely separated investigators into direct con-

tact, in affording opportunity for first-hand information as to scientific

progress in distant regions, and in promoting good will and mutual under-

standing by the assembling of men actuated by the common purpose of

increasing and utilizing scientific knowledge in the improvement of human

welfare.

H. E. Grecory: The resolutions adopted by the Congress on International

Cooperation in Scientific Research.

The resolutions adopted by the Congress of 1923 show that the delegates

viewed the Pacific as a unit area, of which information in all branches of

science was deficient. It was recognized that increase of knowledge in any

branch is of great assistance to all other branches and that practical steps in

progress are to be made by utilizing all agencies concerned—governmental,

institutional, and individual. The resolutions therefore took the forms of

(1) pointing out needed investigations wholly within the sphere of a single

country, state, or institution, and (2) formulating projects which demand

specific contributions from different sources. For some problems, for

example the origin and history of the native populations, areas were de-

limited in which Japan, Dutch East Indies, Australia, New Zealand, and

the United States are to assume responsibility.

The Congress passed resolutions designed to insure mere methods

of field recording and label making, to provide for the publication of

JAN. 4, 1925 PROCEEDINGS: THE ACADEMY 13

manuscripts, and to develop more and better university courses of instruc-

tion in subjects directly related to the Pacific.

Resolutions which are essentially outlines of projects for investigation

in agriculture, anthropology, botany, entomology, forestry, geodesy, geog-

raphy, geology, geophysics, hygiene, oceanography, veterinary science,

and zoology, and which reveal an appreciation of the inter-relation of these

subjects and a knowledge of ways and means, were spread on the records

for transmission to institutions and government bureaus. Resolutions

dealing with conservation are considered of particular importance, because

of the urgency and human interest of the investigation which they formulate.

Attention was directed to the threatened extinction of indigenous terrestrial

fauna and flora and marine mammals; to the depletion of fisheries; to the

relative unprofitableness of tropical agriculture because of plant diseases

and insect pests; to the absence of ready communication between Pacific

peoples, and especially to the alarming decrease in the native population.

That the resolutions passed at the Australian session of the Pacific Con-

gress are likely to lead to accomplished results is indicated by the way in

which the suggestions formulated in resolutions at the Honolulu meeting

in 1920 have been put into effect. (Author’s abstract.)

182d MEETING

The 182d meeting of the Academy, the 26th annual meeting, was held at

the Administration Building of the Carnegie Institution of Washington the

evening of Tuesday, January 8, 1924. The program consisted of an address

by the retiring President, T. WayLanp VAUGHAN, entitled, Oceanography

in its relations to other earth sciences. This has since been published in the

Journal (14: 307-333. August 19, 1924).

After a short intermission following the address the annual business meeting

of the Academy was held. The minutes of the 25th annual meeting were

read and approved. The Corresponding Secretary, Francis B. SILsBEE,

reported briefly on the activities of the Academy during the year 1923.

On, January 1, 1924, the membership consisted of 15 honorary members,

3 #:trons, and 560 members, one of whom was a life member. Of the total

membership of 578, those living in or near Washington number 361, those

in other parts of the United States 192. There are 25 foreign members.

During the year the resignations of 13 members were accepted, and the

Academy lost by death the following: Winu1am H. Baxcocx, Joun B.

HENDERSON, Orro Kiotz, Aurrep A. Mayor, E. W. Mortuny, E. D. Wit-

LiaMson. There was, nevertheless, a slight gain in membership over the

last preceding year. Nine meetings of the Board of Managers were held,

one important activity being the election of nine honorary members, as

follows: ErRNest CLayton ANDREWs, Australia (Geology); CARL FREDERICK

ALBERT CHRISTENSEN, Denmark (Botany); Raoun Gautier, Switzerland

(Geodesy); Lron Manovvrier, France (Anthropology); Paunt Marcnat,

France (Biology); F. Omort, Japan (Seismology); Sir Ernest RUTHERFORD,

England (Radioactivity); Guiseprr STeraNInt, Italy (Paleontology); Max

Weser, Netherlands (Zoology). Other matters considered by the Board

of Managers pertained to support of the plan for a national arboretum

in Washington, relief to sorely distressed scientists of foreign countries, and

the proposed plan for preparing a complete and detailed history of scientific

work in Washington, a project which, unfortunately, it has been necessary

to postpone indefinitely. Especially noteworthy was the affiliation of three

14 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 15, No. 1

new societies with the Academy during the year: Society of American Bac-

teriologists (Washington Branch), American Society of Mechanical En-

gineers (Washington Section), Helminthological Society of Washington.

The effect of this has been to add about 350 scientists, or about 25 per cent,

to those now directly affiliated with and represented by the Academy. This

is the first occasion since 1912 that additional societies have become affil-

iated with the Academy.

The report of the Recording Secretary, Wituram R. Maxon, was read.

In addition to the annual meeting there were held during the calendar year

9 public meetings, nearly all in conjunction with one or more of the affiliated

societies, at which illustrated addresses were delivered. The titles and

dates and places of publication of the addresses were stated. Besides these

meetings the Academy participated in the memorial exercises held at the

National Museum the evening of Saturday, February 3, 1923, celebrating

the centenary of the birth of Spencer F. Baird, former Secretary of the Smith-

sonian Institution. Addresses on that occasion were delivered by WILLIAM

H. Datu, C. G. Assot, Epwin Linton, Davin Starr JoRDAN, and C. Hart

Merriam, all, with a single exception, members of the Academy.

The report of the Treasurer, R. L. Faris, showed total receipts of $5,307.12

and total disbursements of $6,190.09; the cash balance in hand December

31, 1923, was $1,788.50. Investments of the Academy have a total par

value of $16,036.37. The cost of maintaining and printing the Journal in

1923 was approximately $3,700, a slight increase over 1922.

The report of the Auditing Committee was read and the reports of both

the Treasurer and the Auditing Committee were accepted.

The report of the Editors of the Journal was read by Sipney Paice,

the senior Editor. The editorial policy of the Board had remained essen-

tially unchanged. Volume 13, for 1923, consists of 465 pages and includes

58 original articles, as against 486 pages and 52 original articles published in

1922. The cost of printing was slightly less per page than in 1922. Ref-

erence was made also to a definite provision adopted by the Board of Mana-

gers by which the Academy shares with authors the cost of illustrations,

and by which authors’ reprints may be purchased at a much lower price

than that charged by the publishers. With deep regret the Editors recorded

the death of EK. D. Witutamson, a member of the Editorial Board.

The committee of Tellers reported that the following officers had been

elected for 1924: President, A. L. Day; Non-resident Vice-Presidents, IRA

Remsen, W. E. Ritter; Corresponding Secretary, F. B. Stuspen; Recording

Secretary, W. D. Lampert; Treasurer, R. L. Farts; Managers, Class of

1927, F. G. Corrrent, V. KELLOGG.

The following Vice-Presidents, nominated by the affiliated societies, were

then elected: Anthropological Society, T. Micuntson; Archaeological Society,

Water Houau; Society of American Bacteriologists (Washington Branch),

W. M. Cuarx; Biological Society, J. W. Grotey; Botanical Society, L. C.

Corsett; Chemical Society, R. S. McBring; Institute of Electrical Engineers,

A. R. Curyney; Society of Engineers, M. C. GRoveR; American Society of

Mechanical Engineers (Washington Section), O. P. Hoop; Entomological

Society, S. A. Ronwer; Society of Foresters, G. B. Supwortx; National Geo-

graphic Society, FREDERICK V. Cov1LuE; Geological Society, G. F. LOUGHLIN;

Helminthological Society of Washington, B. H. Ransom; Historical Society,

ALLEN C. CiarK; Medical Society, Joon D. THomas; Philosophical Society,

D. L. Hazarp.

At 10:15 the meeting adjourned.

Wiuuram R. Maxon, Recording Secretary.

JAN. 4, 1925 PROCEEDINGS: PHILOSOFHICAL SOCIETY 15

PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY

905TH MEETING

The 905th meeting was held in the Auditorium of the Cosmos Club on

Saturday, October 4, 1924. The meeting was called to order at 8:15 P.

M. by President Hazarp with 50 persons in attendance.

The program of the evening consisted in reports from the meetings of the

British Association and the International Mathematical Congress, held in

Toronto during August 1924.

W. J. Humenreys reported upon that part of the program which dealt

with geophysics, including, particularly, meteorology, magnetism, and seis-

mology.

H. L. Curtis reported upon that part of the program which was con-

cerned with general physics, describing in detail also some of the enter-

tainment features and excursions.

Pau D. Foote reported upon that part of the program which dealt with

atomic physics, detailing particularly the papers by Compton and Duane.

E. W. Woorarp reported upon the meetings of the International Mathe-

matical Congress, discussing the papers under the headings of pure and

applied mathematics.

The reports were discussed by F. B. SmusBEE.

906TH MEETING

The 906th meeting was held in the Auditorium of the Cosmos Club on

Saturday, October 18, 1924. The meeting was called to order at 8:15 P.

M. by President Hazarp with 50 persons in attendance.

The first paper on the program was presented by O. H. GisH on Prelimi-

nary results of earth-current measurements at Watheroo, Western Australia.

The paper was illustrated with lantern slides and was discussed by Messrs.

Marmuer, Maucuty, TucKERMAN, BreitT, and CRooKER.

The first continuous recording of earth-current potentials in the Southern

Hemisphere was begun in October, 1923, at the Watheroo Magnetic Obser-

vatory of the Carnegie Institution of Washington near Watheroo, Western

Australia. The method used was previously described (see Tuis JouRNAL

14: 120. 1924). Curves of the diurnal variation for the months of Novem-

and December, 1923, show pronounced characteristics as follows: The South-

North component is a double wave which when plotted on local time is in

phase with the South-North component of diurnal variations inearth-currents

observed at Berlin (1884-1888) and Ebro (1914-1918). The West-East com-

ponent of the diurnal variation at Watheroo, however, is approximately a

single wave, while at Berlin and Ebro a double wave is obtained for this

component. This single wave is in phase with the principal harmonic of

the curve obtained at the other stations. The amplitudes observed at

Berlin are expressed in arbitrary units and consequently can not be used in a

comparison. At Ebro, however, the amplitude of either component is 20

times that found thus far at Watheroo, the range in values at Watheroo

being as follows: South-North component, 1.6 millivolts per kilometer;

West-East component, 0.6 millivolts per kilometer. The vector diagrams

of the diurnal variations at Watheroo are of similar character to those

obtained at both Ebro and Berlin. These diagrams are elongated along a

line extending from west of north to east of south, and on the day-light

portion the progression is clockwise. Though too early to draw definite

16 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 15, NO. 1

conclusions, these results do not appear to fit in to any existing theory.

(Author’s abstract.)

A paper on Graphical solution of spherical triangles was presented

by F. E. Wricur. It was illustrated with lantern slides and was discussed

by Messrs. Lirrnenaues, TuckERMAN, HawxkeswortuH, and HumpHReys.

The paper was published in full in the Journal of the Washington Academy

of Sciences for October 19, 1924.

W. D. Lampert presented the third paper on the program on The dis-

tance between two points on the Earth. The paper was discussed by

Messrs. O. 5. Apams, L. H. Apams, GarpNreR, Hayrorp, GisH, WRIGHT,

and HawkKESWORTH.

The problem of finding the latitude and longitude of a point given by its

distance and direction from a point of known latitude and longitude is

called “the principal geodetic problem.’”’ The problem in hand is the in-

verse of this, the two points being assumed to be given by their geographic

coordinates. Many solutions of these two problems have been given to meet

various conditions of distance, accuracy, or convenience in computation.

When the flattening of the earth is aJlowed for, there are various con-

necting lines which might be used, but the most natural one is the shortest,

or geodesic, line.

The complete solution for the geodesic was given in 1825 by Bessel

in the Astronomische Nachrichten (Vol. 4). It involves elliptic integrals,

and is decidedly laborious in spite of auxiliary tables. Associated with the

spheroidal triangle, the vertices of which are a pole of the earth and the

two points, there is a spherical triangle somewhat resembling the spheroidal

one and related to it in certain rather simple ways.

The spherical triangle should be conceived as a convenient geometrical

representation of certain quantities occurring in the computation rather

than as a deformation or projection of the spheroidal triangle. The rigorous

solution involves successive approximations, each approximation requiring

the solution of spherical triangles. If, however, too great accuracy is not

demanded, the solution may be found by applying to the first approximation

certain small corrections deduced from the differential variations of the

parts of a triangle. This is done in the proposed approximate solution.

This approximate solution is so accurate that, regardless of the distance

between points, a computation with five-figure tables will not distinguish

with certainty between the approximate and the exact processes, and often

a computation with six figures is no more than sufficient for the purpose.

(Author’s abstract.)

W. J. Humpureys presented, as an informal communication, a report as

delegate from the Philosophical Society of Washington to the Centenary

Celebration of the Franklin Institute at Philadelphia.

907TH MEETING

The 907th meeting was a joint meeting with the Washington Academy

of Sciences and was held in the Auditorium of the Cosmos Club on Saturday,

November 1, 1924.

The meeting was called to order at 8:18 P. M., by President A. L. Day,

of the Acapremy, with 95 persons present.

Dr. Henry Norris Russet of Princeton University addressed the

meeting on Recent advances in our knowledge of the interior of the stars.

JAN. 4, 1925 PROCEEDINGS: PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY 17

All our direct knowledge of the stars deals with their surfaces. We can

now find not only their distances and brightness, but their diameters, and

temperatures; that is, their surface temperatures. The largest stars are red

and relatively cool;those of intermediate size are white, and hot; the smallest

ones (“dwarf stars’) are again red, with few exceptions. These facts fit

in with the scheme of stellar evolution proposed by Lane and Lockyer, and

revised by the speaker, according to which a mass of gas contracting under

its gravitation will get hotter, both at the center and (more slowly) on the

surface till its density becomes so high that the atoms are crowded close

together, when the temperature falls again.

The cooler stars show mainly the spectral lines of the metals; the hotter,

those of the permanent gases. Saha and others have explained this on the

theory of ionization. When a metallic atom loses an electron it absorbs a

new set of lines—the spark lines. After losing from two to four, it no longer

absorbs anything in the visible spectrum. This happens at the higher

stellar temperatures. The permanent gases are much harder to ionize,

and demand these high temperatures even to get their atoms into the ‘‘ex-

cited” state in which they absorb lines in the visible region (instead of the

ultra-violet). The spectral differences are therefore no evidence of trans-

mutation of elements.

In the interior of the stars the temperature must be many millions of

degrees. Under these conditions the lighter atoms (about as far as sodium)

would lose all their electrons, and be reduced to bare nuclei. The heavier

ones would retain a few of the inner electrons. Even here, no general trans-

mutation occurs; if the gas cooled down, the original atoms would auto-

matically be reconstituted.

Eddington has shown that the enormous gravitational pressure is sup-

ported partly by the gas pressure due to the motion of atoms and electrons and

partly by the pressure of the imprisoned radiation. If the mass of the body

is less than one-tenth that of the sun, the radiation pressure has an insignif-

icant share. Such bodies can not shine brightly enough to be seen at great

distances—which explains why there are no stars of mass smaller than this.

The amount of light which leaks out to the surface of a star depends on the

opacity of the internal material. The first form of Eddington’s theory made

this opacity constant, and ascribed the low luminosity of the dwarf stars

to low internal temperature resulting from close packing of the atoms. Later

work leads to an opacity increasing with the density, and to internal tem-

peratures higher for the dwarfs than for the giants—the increased opacity

of the former preventing much escape of heat to the surface.

This demands that the stellar material should behave practically like a

perfect gas, up to at least 100 times the density of water. The nuclei, and

highly ionized residues of atoms inside the stars, are so much smaller than

normal atoms that this is entirely reasonable.

A few of the dwarf stars are white, and probably of great surface bright-

ness, small diameter, and high density.

The computed density for the comparison of Sirius is about 50,000 times

that of water. Even this enormous density is no longer incredible, and the

interpretation of these white dwarfs—previously a hopeless puzzle—is one

of the notable triumphs of the new theory. (Author’s abstract.)

18 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES voL. 15, No. 1

908TH MEETING

The 908th meeting was a joint meeting with the Washington Academy of

Sciences and was held in the Auditorium of the Cosmos Club on Saturday,

November 15, 1924.

The meeting was called to order at 8:17 P. M. by D. L. Hazarp, President

of the Philosophical Society, with 80 persons present.

President Hazard announced that the Committee on Elections would

receive nominations for officers of the Philosophical Society for the coming

year.

The address of the evening was delivered by Prof. Cu. Fasry of Paris

on the subject Thirty years of spectroscopy with the interferometer.

The address was termed by Prof. Fabry a scientific autobiography, and

the origin of interference fringes and their applications were discussed.

Views illustrating the first fringes obtained as well as some of the early

apparatus used were shown.

The address was discussed by Messrs. SosMANn, BurGEss, and SKINNER.

J. P. Aut, Recording Secretary.

SCIENTIFIC NOTES AND NEWS

At the Annual Meeting of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian In-

stitution the Secretary announced the appointment of Senators Smoor and

Prrrer to fill the vacancies on the Board caused by the death of Senator

Lodge and the resignation of Senator McCormick.

Dr. Wini1am M. Mann returned recently from an extended trip, in the in-

terests of the Federal Horticultural Board, to southern Europe where he

investigated the distribution of the Mediterranean fruit fly.

A meeting of the Petrologist’s Club was held at the home of H. G. Frr-

Guson on December 16. M. I. GotpMan described An instance of syngenetic

solution and epigenetic flowage in limestones, and observations on silicification.

There was also further discussion of SHANNON and Ross’s paper on Bentonite,

presented at the preceding meeting. Officers for 1925 were elected as follows:

Secretary, Epwarp Sampson; Governing Committee, H. G. Frerauson, J. M.

Mertir, H. E. Merwin.

The December meeting of the Pick and Hammer Club, held at the Geologi-

cal Survey on December 6, was devoted in part to an informal memorial and

tribute to the late ALFRED H. Brooks, chief of the Alaska Branch of the

Survey. Among the speakers were SipNEY Paice, GLENN S. Smiru, A. C.

Spencer, C. E. MEeNDENHALL, R. H. Sarcent, and G. O. Smita. The

regular program of the meeting consisted of reports on the work of the past

field season, made by N. C. Grover for the Hydrographic Branch, GLENN

S. Smirx for the Topographic Branch, G. R. MaNnsriztp for the Geologic

Branch, J. D. Norrurvp for the Land Classification Board, and 8. R. Capps

for the Alaska Branch.

ANN OUNCEMENTS OF THE MEETINGS OF THE ACADEMY

AND AFFILIATED SOCIETIES*

wie i ie - Tuesday, January 6. The Botanical Society.

Thursday, January 8. The Chemical Society.

Saturday, January 10. The Philosophical apes at the Cosmos Club.

_ =& Program: Danret L. Hazarp: Terrestrial magnetism in the twentieth century.

Tuesday, January 13. The AcapEmy.

Wednesday, January 14. The Geological Society.

_ Thursday, January 15. The Acapremy.

£ Saturday, January 17. The Biological Society.

: The Helminthological Society.

? = * The programs of the meetings of the affiliated societies will appear on this page if

sent to the editors by the thirteenth and the twenty-seventh day of each month.

CONTENTS

ORIGINAL PAPERS

“ Genetics —The chromosomes of Citrus. Howarp B. Frost. Sh sien se

Botany.—New plants from Central America. Pau C, STANDLEY.....

‘ie MER

PROCEEDINGS

/ Wie

OFFICERS OF THE ACADEMY

President: ArrHur L. Day, Geophysical Laboratory. eae,

Corresponding Secretary: Francis B. Siuspen, Bureau of Standards. .

Recording Secretary: W. D. Lampert, Coast and Geodetic Survey. a

Treasurer: R. L. Farts, Coast and Geodetic Survey. _ f

Vol. 15 JANUARY 19, 1925 No. 2

~ JOURNAL

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BOARD OF EDITORS

E. P. Kiiure W. F. Mreacrrs D. F. Hewerr

NATIONAL MUSEUM BUREAU OF STANDARDS GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

ASSOCIATE EDITORS

L, H. Apams S. A. RonwEr

PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

E. A. GoLpMAN G. W. Stosr

" BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY = GEOLOGICAL SOCINTY

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Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences

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JOURNAL

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Vou. 15 JANUARY 19, 1925 No. 2

MATHEMATICS.—On the empirical representation of certain pro-

duction curves! C. E. VAN ORSTRAND, Geological Survey.

INTRODUCTION

Production data representing the yearly output from individual

mines, or from groups of mines included within areas of the order of

magnitude of states or nations, can generally be represented by a

curve (a, figure 1) which has a zero value at the origin of time—the

curve rises irregularly and oftentimes quite abruptly to a maximum

value and then declines rather slowly; presumably to a zero value,

in an interval of time which may be assumed to be finite, or infinite.

The problem to be solved consists of two distinct parts—(a) the selec-

tion of an empirical equation, and (b) the evaluation of the constants

of the empirical equation selected to represent the observations. It

is proposed to treat both of these problems with sufficient detail and

generality to enable the investigator to adopt at the outset certain well

defined methods of procedure that will enable him to obtain satisfac-

tory results with a minimum expenditure of time and energy.

SELECTION OF AN EMPIRICAL EQUATION

Expressed in terms of mathematics, we may say that the equation,

y = FG)

which represents the production (y) in terms of the time (x) has a

zero value at the origin and at infinity—between these two values of

the abscissae, the function is finite, positive, and continuous. The

first derivative vanishes at infinity, but it may, or may not, vanish

at the origin.

1 Published with the permission of the Director of the U. S. Geological Survey.

20 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 15, No. 2

Functions satisfying these conditions can be defined in accordance

with the theorems of the modern theory of functions. The following

classification is based on the treatise by Forsyth.?

Pec emes y =F (2) LIMITING CONDITIONS

Accidental (1) a™(ao + aaa + +++ ane”)

(bo + bie + ++ + byz”) RS

(2) af(ze 9 @ * (3) g (rt) > 0

Essential (") Aqa i

(3) | estaene? eMX\zF 4+ AG || n\ ° >0

(4) ax™e— 92) m>0g (zr) >0

(5) E m eo (x) + (. ‘) m>0O0g(t)>0

| ar

Accidental 1 1

and essen- <| (6) Crm ite aS: () m>O0g (*) >0

tial

1 -1

- 1 1

(7) Ez n () + of ‘) m>on C) >0

(8) Oba! o Pig: AS ero 6 Order of numerator <

Pi+Gi order of denominator

Equation (8) consists of polynomial and transcendental expressions.

The functions, f(x) and P(z, *), are polynomials, but g(#) and gu(-)

may be either polynomial or transcendental. The exponents in f(x)

are unrestricted—they may be positive or negative, integral or frac-

tional. The order of contact at the vanishing points is finite or infin-

ite according as the singularity is accidental or essential. The

inequalities tabulated in the column ‘Limiting Conditions” are

satisfied when the first derivative vanishes at the origin. Equations

V, VIII, and IX of the following list are very special cases,

y=a(1+=) (lee) eee ee (I)

Cy C2 Cy C2

2A.R. Forsyru. Theory of functions of a complex variable. Cambridge University

Press, 1900. A.L. Day and C.E. Van Orstrranp. The black body and the measurement

of extreme temperatures. Astrophysical Jour. 19: 24-30. 1904.

JAN. 19, 1925 VAN ORSTRAND: PRODUCTION CURVES 21

y=a @ _ a) Na CRNA REET ele Eel Ce hl ae ete arr ee (II)

ae ba = — br

y= 6 Q — *) Coan er er ree Sera IO TA ISELE. Hes RRA SIRES (IIT)

a —m —btan =

y=a ( + = € Sib PELE ATES a ES eas (IV)

is YAS:

on Ga a a Oe SIE CRETE AS BNE BREE OEE AUT (V)

y= a(x — ey cn Os eae Ghee See pe, ean Wart ene” ae Raed Gaates Mee ae eh (Vi)

petactgie ee. AT et ee FOU AOR Om yA jit oe ate. (VII)

= Ey ta CSO) Lees pe Ieee TA ee eT eR (VIID)

TS CER are ater en Meee re ae (IX)

= =a)?

Lf) = C8 LTE Oa OO ORS Ge tna oe aoe (X)

respectively, of equations 6, 7, and 4 of the preceding list. With the

exception of equation VII, the remaining equations in the list are

easily obtained in a similar manner by introducing zeros at the points

c, and c. instead of the points 0 and ~. Both zeros of equation VII

are at an infinite distance from the origin.

Apart from certain relations between the constants, equations I to

VII, inclusive, represent Pearson’s seven types of frequency distribu-

tion which have been used with great success by himself and others,’

chiefly in the field of biometrics. If we properly define the constants

in IX and put m = n = 2, the equation represents the distribution of

molecular velocities in a gas. Putting m = 0, n = 2, the equation

reduces to Pearson’s type VII, which is the well known normal, Lapla-

cean, or Gaussian distribution of frequencies on which the classical

theory of probabilities is based. Pearson’s type III and V are like-

wise special cases of IX. Two other very special cases of IX,

—_™

Y= OLes ONG = Ge

are used to represent decline or extinction curves. These relations

2,W. Pain Experton. Frequency-curves and correlation. C. and E. Layton, Lon-

don.

22 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 15, No. 2

are easily represented by straight lines on logarithmic paper. Equa-

tion VIII contains as a special case, the equation deduced by Planck

to represent at a particular temperature the distribution of energy in

the spectrum of a black body.

Pearson has developed criteria based on the method of moments by

means of which one may select from his list of seven functions the

particular equation of the group which will most accurately represent

the observed values. Unfortunately, this method of procedure, at

least in its present state of development, is not easily adapted either

to the determination of criteria or to the evaluation of the constants in

the selected equation when the observed frequency curve is incomplete.

In view of these defects and the fact that theoretical considerations

give us practically no information as to the nature of the required

function, it becomes necessary to adopt a different method of pro-

cedure. Evidently, variation, or degree of flexibility, or generality

of functions can be obtained in only two ways—either by increasing

the number of constants, or by putting the necessary mechanism into

the function itself. An extreme case of the first is a Fourier series—

of the second, a function of functions such as the expressions obtained

for the representation of a frequency distribution by the method of

semi-invariants. From the preceding brief discussion, it appears that

equation [IX best meets the requirement of possessing a very consider-

able range of generality expressed in terms of a minimum number of

constants. It has therefore been selected for a first trial.

COMPARISON OF METHODS OF EVALUATION OF CONSTANTS OF FREQUENCY

DISTRIBUTIONS

The precise evaluation of the constants of a frequency distribution

oftentimes presents more difficulties than does the selection of an

equation which is assumed to represent the data of observation. Four

methods of evaluating the constants are now in use: (1) Method of

least squares; (2) Pearson’s method of moments;? (3) Thiele’s* method

4Cuarues 8. Larkey. Mathematical determination of production decline curves.

Mining and Metallurgy 4: 341-344. 1923. Harry M. Rorsrer. Determining the con-

stants of oil-production decline curves. Trans. Am. Inst. Mining and Metallurgical

Engineers. (Birmingham meeting, October, 1924.) WitLtarp W. Curier, Jr. Es-

timation of underground oil reserves by oil-well production curves. Bull. 228 U. 8. Bureau

of Mines, VII + 114 pages, 1924.

5 ARNE Fisopr. An elementary treatise on frequency curves. The Macmillan Co.

1922. ARNE FisHer. The mathematical theory of probabilities. Vol. 1. Second edi-

tion. 1923. The Macmillan Co.

gan. 19, 1925 VAN ORSTRAND: PRODUCTION CURVES 23

of semi-inyariants; and (4), Krichewsky’s® method of evaluating the

constants of the first derivative of the required integral equation.

Columns 3 and 4 of table 1 give Elderton’s? computed values

(y-), and residuals (v) for the data tabulated in columns 1 and 2.

The values were obtained by adjusting Pearson’s type I by the method

of moments. Columns 6 and 8 give the computed values obtained by

adjusting equations IX and I, respectively, by the method of least

squares. The computed values in column 6 are too large over that

portion of the curve which approaches the age axis as an asymptote,

but over the remaining portion of the curve, the residuals obtained

by this method are less than those obtained by the method of moments.

Using the arbitrary values, c: = 9.1, co = 65.0, and adjusting the

remaining constants of equation I by the method of least squares, we

obtain the numbers tabulated in column 8. Judged by the usual

criterion that the sum of the squares of the residuals (2v?) must be a

minimum, the values tabulated in table 1, namely, 298, 550, and 169,

show that the method of least squares gives a better adjustment than

does the method of moments; furthermore, equation IX gives.a gradua-

tion only slightly inferior to that of equation I.

Column 11 gives the values calculated by Fisher’ from the

equation,

y = 1130 [¢o(x) + 0.0258 dpiti(x) + 0.0158 doi¥(x)]

wherein

1 -3 (Hen)

1.624 Vn ©

and the remaining terms are respectively, the third and fourth deriva-

tives of ¢,(z). The constants were evaluated by the method of semi-

invariants from the data of columns 9 and 10. In column 13 are

tabulated the values obtained from a least square adjustment of equa-

tion I, using the arbitrary values, c: = c. = 31.0. The values of m

and m, were assumed in this case to be independent. Comparison of

the corresponding values of 2v?, 124 and 639, suggests that.it is prob-

ably impossible to adjust equation I, either by the method of least

got) =

6S. Kricnewsxy. A method of curve fitting. Ministry of Public Works, Egypt.

Physical Department Paper No. 8. Government Press, Cairo, 1922. E.W.Woo.uarp.

On Krichewsky’s method of fitting frequency curves. Monthly Weather Review 62, no. 2:

91-94. 1924. P

7W. Pain EvpEerTon. Loc. cit. pp. 54-58.

8 A. Fisner. Loc. cit. First reference, pp. 48-52.

24 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES vou. 15, No. 2

squares or by the method of moments so as to obtain the remarkable

degree of precision obtained in this particular instance by the method

of semi-invariants.

TABLE 1.—Comparison or Metuop or Least Squares with Meruop or Moments

AND METHOD OF SEMI-INVARIANTS

EXPOSED aa 2 NUMBER) yar

CENTRAL | TO RISK me Bie a T CENTRAL aienas ANTS y

AGE AGE

Yo ¥ v z Yc x Uc Yo Yc r Uc

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13)

17 34 44 —10 1 43 =9 43 37 1 1 =29 0

22 145 137 +8 6 137 —4 145 42 6 5 24 0

27 156 149-7 11 158 +1 158 47 17 17 19 8

32 145 142 +3) 16 149 6 143 52 48 48 14 45

37 123 127 —4]| 21 128 1 127, 57 118 118 9 129

42 103 108 —5]| 26 105 | +16 107 62 224 226 —4 229

47 86 88 —2/] 31 88 21 87 67 286 291 +1 280

52 71 69 -+-2'| 36 65 26 «68 72 248 241 6 240

57 55 51 +4] 41 49 31 50 77 128 126 11 139

62 37 36 +11] 46 37 36 35 82 38 44 16 48

67 21 24 -—8] 51 28 |}+41 22 87 13 15 +21 ul

72 13 14 -1/] 56 20 46 13 92 2 3 26 0

77 7 7 0} 61 15 51 6 97 1 1

82 3 3 0!) 667 11 56 2

87 1 1 ON 7k 8 61 0

ZYo 1000 1000 1000 1130 1130

Lye 1000 1036 1001 1136 1125

Tv 298 550 169 124 639

log.a 0.94440 | 3.83910 5.03218 REaS 5.62412

m ears 0.86077 : Fic eee

b fore 0.07650

my 0.40983 eters 0.35530 Bear 7.00455

Ms 2.77698 arty 2.53785 Canehs 6.42181

Cy 1.99638 aio 9.1 eects 31.0

C2 13.52728 HABE 65.0 31.0

Origin—age | 26.75942 16.0 26.0 ms. 66.0

Mode 0.00000 11.25 00.0 meters 1.345

Mode—age 26.75942 27.25 26.0 ee 67.345

The method of least squares frequently fails to give a satisfactory

adjustment of Pearson’s type V; after passing the mode, the com-

puted curve generally falls considerably above the observed curve.

ORSTRAND: PRODUCTION CURVES

VAN

19, 192

JAN.

TABLE 2.—Pretroteum Propuction IN West VireGinia, 1890-1923

(12)

kau

—2.4

—0.5

kg)

—1.0

+0.4

—1.2

(Or

=053

—0.2

—0.3

+0.5

(11)

5.5

10.5

11.5

Ill

(10)

—2.4

+0.8

+0.1

13.4

13.1

ILL So

11.4

11.0

9.4

9.0

8.6

8.2

7.8

—(0).t8)

118)

ale)

+0.5

ileal

(Osi

—0.3

+0.7

(9)

10.5

13.4

12.9

Mil az

11.3

10.9

9.8

9.4

8.2

7.5

—ifao)

6.5

S ils)

—0.5

6.5

+7.5

8.5

11.5

13.5

15.5

19.5

—=2.4

—125

SNES) || G7 4b)

=i,3

Il 1

Hei

—0.1 |+12.5

—0.3

(6)

10.5

11.5

13.1

13.4 | +0.8

13.4 | +0.1

12.9

11.8

11.3 | +0.5

10.9

9.8

9-4

9.0

WON Onsale

6.8 | +0.2

4.5

5.5

20.5

23.5

—2.3

—1.4

—1.4) 14.5

a AS .5

+0.4| 19.5

Ai)QJ

—0.1| 24.5

~0.3| 25.5

+0.3) 31.5

10.4

11.4

13.0 | +0.9} 8.5

13.4 | +0.8| 10.5

13.0

11.8

11.4

11.0

9.8

9.4

9.0

PRO-

DUC-

TION

millions

barrels

8.1

10.0

13.9 |

14.2

11.6

| 10.7

| 11.8

9.8

ora

9.3

8.7

TIME

years

ite)

26 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 15, No. 2

This defect can be corrected in part by substitution of equation X for

equation V.

The preceding examples serve to call attention to some of the difficul-

ties involved in obtaining the best graduation of a particular set of

observations; none of the methods is infallible, and ordinarily, the

best method of meeting the requirements of a particular problem can

be found only by trial and investigation.

175

10.0 -

PRODUCTION-MILLIONS OF BARRELS

c ic + ze

w [e} Ww [o) wn oO wo uw

S ice) Q a (ep) je) 2) 2 Dy a 2 N

o © o 0 © D D D D D D

MES eV eARS

Fig. 1. Curves showing the effect of weighting the observation equations. Curve c

is weighted; curve b is not weighted.

ADJUSTMENT OF SOME PETROLEUM PRODUCTION DATA

The annual production of petroleum’ for the’ years 1875-1923,

inclusive, for the state of West Virginia is shown graphically in fig-

ure 1. The numerical values, expressed in terms of millions of barrels,

are tabulated in column 2 of table 2.

In figure 1 is shown an anomaly of the least square adjustment.

Curve b was obtained by adjusting equation IX, n = 1, on the basis

of equal weights of the observation equations written in the form

log.a + loge m — xb = log.y.

9G. B. Ricuarpson. Petroleum in 1919-1921. Mineral Resources of the United

States, 1921. Part II, pp. 253-333, May 26, 1923.

JAN. 19, 1925 VAN ORSTRAND: PRODUCTION CURVES 27

Curve c shows the result of adjusting the same equation after assign-

ing to each observation equation the theoretically correct weight,1°

y2. Following are the values of the constants:

Curveb. Weight1. log.a = — 1.4008, m = 1.2776,b = — 0.0376.

Curvec. Weighty. log.a = —5.6961,m = 4.5267,b = + 0.1609.

The first value of b is negative instead of positive as it should be.

Attention is called to this peculiar result as it occurs quite frequently

in attempting to adjust the complete data of production curves and

_may be incorrectly attributed to an error in the computation. The

defect disappears if the origin is displaced sufficiently to the right as

the following results, obtained by displacing the origin to the year

1889, readily show. ;

Weight 1. log.a = 0.19062, m = 1.45976, b = 0.10375, =v? = 73.41,

Weight y2. log.a = 0.80217, m = 1.14872, 6b = 0.08857, =u? = 65.61.

Comparison of the values of =v? shows that the best results are again

obtained by properly weighting the observation equations. Equal

weights may be assigned to observation equations written in the

form

y 4 + ylog.x dm — ay db = dy = 0 ote ues ousta rele: fe (1)

Using the preceding values of the constants obtained by assigning the

weight, y?, and solving for da, dm, and db on the basis of equality of

weights, we obtain the following results:

Weight 1. log.a = 0.76175, m = 1.16496, b = 0.08935, =x? = 65.06.

The value of =v? = 65.06 is practically the same as the former value

65.61; consequently, the two methods lead to identical results provided

the values of the constants used in the computation of dy = v in the

differential equation are a sufficiently close approximation to the cor-

rect values.

The true value of the exponent, n, in equation IX is not easily

determined. In order to obtain distinct types of equations which are

easily capable of interpretation in terms of the theory of generalized

probability, Pearson adopted the integral values, + 1, — 1, and + 2.

Fractional values of n must be admitted, however, if one desires to

100. M. Levanp. Practical least squares. First edition. p. 136, McGraw-Hill

Book Co. 1921.

28 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 15, No. 2

minimize Yv?. Curves corresponding to various values of n are shown

in figure 2. All negative values, including the value n = — 1 for

which the curve is shown in the figure, must be excluded for the reason

that in all of these cases the first derivative vanishes at the origin.

Comparison of the values of =v? for the remaining values of n shows

that the true value falls between n = 0 andn = 0.5. Values of the

order of magnitude of n = 0.01 leads to indeterminate solutions for

the remaining constants in the equation. This result is to be expected

for in these special cases the value of the exponential factor (e-?*”)

tends to approach a constant or a straight line. In the following final

computations, the value n = 1 has been selected as a sufficiently close ”

approximation to the true value.

TABLE 3.—ConstTants FoR TABLE 2

Ix IX It I

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

Lyo 329.3 329.3 329.3 329.3

Lye 337.5 337.0 336.7 336.8

Lv? 59.26 57.11 56.86 58.41

log.a 1.23530 1.46607 2.59166 2.59092

m 0.93588 0.81369 sacra

b 0.08033 0.07470 0.07470

my ere Aone 0.81373 0.76915

m2 ~ notre ane pices 15. 48968

C1 Sie yt 12.0 12.0

Ce Siac Face eter 222.0

Origin 1890 1890 1902 1902

Mode 165 10.89 —1.11 —0.93

Mode—year 1901.65 1900.89 1900.89 1901.07

The constants of the equation,

m br

y =are

are easily determined by writing the observation equations in the form

log.a + log. xm — ab = logy.

As previously stated, theoretical considerations show that each obser-

vation equation must be multiplied by the corresponding value of

yo. Using the data contained in the first two columns of Table 2,

we obtain 33 weighted observation equations of the following form:

JAN. 19, 1925 VAN ORSTRAND: PRODUCTION CURVES 29

2.4 log.a + 0.000 m — 2.46 = 2.101

3.8 log.a + 2.634 m — 7.66 = 5.073

6.4 log.a + 22.378 m — 211.2 b = 11.880,

the solution of which leads to the results summarized in the second

column of table 3. The first derivative vanishes at the points

The latter point is designated mode by Pearson, and peak by the petro-

leum geologist.

The ordinates in the preceding computation were placed at the ends

of the year intervals. Precision is generally supposed to be gained by

placing the ordinates at the mid-points instead of the end points.

The results of making the computation in this way are summarized

in table 2, columns 5, 6, and 7; and in table 3, column 3. In this

particular case, the value of =v? is reduced from 59.26 to 57.11, but it

must not be inferred that a reduction of this character will always be

obtained, for the value of Sv? is dependent also upon the point selected

for origin.

Pearson places the initial origin at any convenient point, and then

solves for c:, the point at which the curve touches the x axis. The

corresponding procedure by the method of least squares consists in

solving a differential equation similar to (1) for the differential ele-

ments da, db, de, and dm. I have not carried out the computations

for this solution. The results obtained by transferring the origin to

the point, z = 12.0, and adjusting type III on the basis of unrestricted

constants are tabulated in columns 9 and 10 of table 2. Comparison

of the values summarized in columns 3 and 4 of table 3 shows that the

two methods lead to identical results. The numerical values are

represented graphically by the curve designated, type IX, in figure 3.

Two attempts have been made to apply Pearson’s method of

moments: first, to the incomplete data (y.) tabulated in table 2,

column 2; and, second, to assumed complete data obtained by using

the observed values (y.) (column 2, table 2) from 1890 to 1923, inclu-

sive, and the computed values represented by that portion of the type

IX curve, figure 3, which extends from 1923 to the end of the curve.

The values of « inthe respective cases are «x = — 0.0123 and« =

— 0.2240, thus indicating that type I should be used in preference

to type III. Both types fail for incomplete data. Evaluation of the

constants from the so called complete data leads to the following

results:

iP —= Ce) Bhivoldy —

30 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 15, No. 2

0.4543

L x

ee (1 r sin (1 P sc)

Mode-year = 1889.5 + 10.016 = 1889.516 Skewness = 0.838

12.1008

Mean-year = 1889.5 + 24.323 = 1913.823 Le = 63.18

Standard deviation = 17.07 Lye = ozs

x 1.4749 — 0.0922x

Type lll. y = 12.42 (1 + | e

Mode-year = 1889.5 + 13.473 = 1902.973 Skewness = 0.636

Mean-year = 1889.5 + 24.323 = 1913:823 DT Se,

Standard deviation = IA LYc = 323.3

Type I appears to be preferable to type III. As the labor involved

in actually deciding the case would be very great, I have evaluated,

instead, the constants of type I, using the method of least squares.

Three computations were made, assuming for c; the arbitrary value,

12.0, and for c, the successive values, 132.0, 222.0, and 312.0. The

respective values of =v?, wherein v was carried to tenths of a unit, were

found to be 60.93, 58.41, and 57.97. The curve which represents

>v? expressed as a function of c, varies so slowly that these values alone

do not lead to an accurate determination of the desired constant.

However, the value c. = 222.0 appears to be a close approximation

to the true value, and as it does not differ greatly from the value

c. = 216.4 calculated by the method of moments, it has been used in

extending the computed curve until it reaches the 2 axis. The exten-

sion is designated type I in figure 3. Over the remaining portion of

the curve, the three types of formulae lead to almost identical results,

as may be readily verified by comparison of columns 6, 9, and 11 of

table 2. The values of Sv? tabulated in table 3 differ slightly, how-

ever, and suggest that types III or [X should be used in preference to

type I, but the agreement in the values is so close, and departures

from rigorous methods of evaluation of the constants have been so

marked, that definite conclusions can not be drawn except to say that

each of the formulas in question gives a very satisfactory representa-

tion of the data of observation.

SOME GENERAL RESULTS AND SUGGESTIONS

Table 4 summarizes the results of adjusting the petroleum produc-

tion data given by Richardson® for three states and one western

field. The constants of the equation

JAN. 19, 1925 VAN ORSTRAND: PRODUCTION CURVES 31

were evaluated by the method of least squares from weighted observa-

tion equations of the general form

- yolog.a + ylog.xm — xy.b = ylog-Yo.

The resulting values of the constants are tabulated in columns 1,

2, and 3. Column 4 contains values of r, the probable error of -an

observation of weight unity. The origins were determined by inspec-

tion. A correct determination of these points would reduce slightly

TABLE 4.—SumMary or ComMPUTATIONS FOR STATES AND FIELDS

als 5

z I a ©

STATE OR FIELD i=]

3 SB ae ESA eS as

3 5 2/88 | a) aa Aa A AIA

bo | m

—

(3) (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) (10) | (11) | (12)

year

2)1884/12 26/513. 9/499. 4/0.029|169.11}565. 1)2!

3|187410. 72/737 . 4/699. 1/0.055|203. 74/792. 4/25.

3|1890|10. 89/337 .0\329. 3/0 .023)110.07|447 .7|2

OHIO seteteaslos-i< 0.82158}1. 48136/0.12084|1.3

Pennsylvania. il .99230/0.92101\0.08595/2.3:

West Virginia|1.46607/0.81369|0.07470/0.9.

Kern River, |

@aleancntcec: |2.42293|0.50828,0. 10208|1.34/1900) 4.98|251.5/241.3/0.042) 63.18)/312. 4|20.2

the values of r. The mode-year is obtained by addition of the modeto

the year selected as origin—thus, the mode-year or peak-year for the

state of Ohio is 1884 + 12.26 = 1896.26.

Pearson’s method of moments equalizes the observed and computed

areas when applied to complete data. The value, Sy. = 328.1,

obtained by the method of moments from the assumed complete data

of West Virginia is in close agreement with the observed value, Dyo

= 329.3; on the other hand, all of the values resulting from the appli-

cation of least squares to the particular cases discussed in this paper

are too large. The magnitude of the discrepancy is shown in column

9 of table 4. The error, for example, in computing the total produc-

tion from 1890 to 1923 inclusive, for the state of West Virginia, is 2.3

per cent of the observed total production (Zy.) for the same time inter-

val. The corresponding error resulting from an imperfect application

of the method of moments is only 0.4 per cent. Unfortunately, this

advantage is offset to a considerable extent by the failure of the method

to minimize =v*; the difference between the two values, 63.18 and 57.11,

is altogether too large. Mathematicians seem not to have settled the

question as to the precise relation between the two methods of evalua-

tion of constants. Jackson“ has shown that the methods are identical

1 Dounwam Jackson. The method of moments. Am. Math. Monthly 30: 307-3811.

1923.

32 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 15, NO. 2

for power series, but the relationship existing between the two methods

when applied to the more complicated functions has not been estab-

lished. It is obvious from elementary considerations that the con-

dition of maximum probability and the other condition of equalization

of observed and computed areas are not necessarily satisfied at the

PRODUCTION-MILLIONS OF BARRELS

5 —_—— 4 1 - — ml

iso 4 + | +

é ~ ae [

L yrax atl

qe tte oats | [ Lede |

n b =007470

ae Mode = T= \0gs3 T

FI | Mean = 38¥= 26.163 (Ongin at 1690) |

aS is Lt

a Standard Deviation eS 17.702 (Origin at mean)

5 | ate tte — =0750

ar Bea 9 = ey a

a ee oe oe ee a ae ee ae ee

Fig. 3. Curves showing final adjustment of types I and IX

same time. The computations summarized in columns 3 and 8

of table 1 provide a numerical proof of this proposition.

The total area of the computed curve is easily obtained from the

formula

° im — br T (m+ 1) m!

area = | aw @ dx = St el ee

9 b b

The results obtained by substitution in this formula are tabulated in

column 11 of table 4. The values, 565.3, 792.1, 448.0, and 312.7

were obtained by summation of the computed ordinates (y.). The

agreement between the two summations is all that could be desired.

JAN. 19, 1925 VAN ORSTRAND: PRODUCTION CURVES 33

As the area of the computed curve from the origin to the mode (area

abca, figure 3) can not be evaluated by integration; it is necessary to

base the calculation on the computed values of y. The areas tabulated

in column 10 represent these summations for the integral years and for

the fractional part of the year interval extending from the end of the

last integral year tothe mode. The ratio of computed peak produc-

tion to computed total production is tabulated in column 12.

The preceding results show that the simple equation (2) can be

used to represent a very considerable range of production data with a

degree of accuracy that is quite sufficient for most purposes. The

constants are easily determined by the method of least squares, and

the mode is given by the simple ratio, m/b. The computations repre-

sented by the curves in figure 3 show that equation I also gives a satis-

factory representation of the data. For other states or areas, some of

the remaining equations in the list will undoubtedly prove to be

useful.

Pearson’s types of frequency distribution promise to be of great

value in various fields of science. It may be of interest in this con-

nection to call attention to the possibility that certain sands, for

example, may be characterized by the mode, mean, and skewness (see

figure 3) of the curve which represents the distribution of grain diam-

eters, and that certain properties of the sands, such as permeability,

may be related to these characteristics. The results recently obtained

by Wightman, Trivelli, and Sheppard” on the relation of size-fre-

quency distribution of grains in photographie emulsions to sensito-

metric characteristics serve to emphasize the importance of this

suggestion.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The investigation on which this paper is based was undertaken at

the suggestion of Mr. G. B. Richardson, Geologist, of the U. 8. Geolog-

ical Survey. Two of his assistants, Miss C. M. Shanner and Mrs. L.

Boswell assisted in making some of the preliminary computations.

The remainder of the computations were made by Mr. C. R. Randall,

Junior Geophysicist of the Geological Survey. I am greatly indebted

to all of those who have thus contributed so generously and efficiently

in the preparation of my paper.

2 E. P. Wicurman, A. P. H. Trivenu, and S. E. Suepparp. The size-frequency

distribution of grains of silver halide ‘n photographic emulsions and its relations to sensi-

tometric characteristics. Abridged Scientific Publications from the Research Laboratory

of the Eastman Kodak Company 7, no. 172: 24-33. 1923.

34 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 15, No. 2

PHYSICS.—WNote on the theory of optical dispersion. G. Brett,

Department of Terrestrial Magnetism. (Communicated by L.

A. BAuER.)

Soon after the development of the J pag = nh principle attempts

have been made by Sommerfeld and Debye! to account for optical

dispersion by studying the perturbations caused in the electronic

motion by the incident wave. These attempts, however, were unsuc-

cessful because the frequency at which the calculation showed the

reaction to be strongest proved to be the frequency of revolution of

the electron and not the absorption frequency given by the relation

AW =h»y. This difficulty was.avoided by Ladenburg and by Laden-

burg and Reiche? by disregarding the nature of the perturbations and

by postulating directly that an atom which is in a position to absorb

radiation of frequency », contributes to the refractive index of the

medium in which it is situated a term which would be contributed by

a linear oscillator of the same frequency ».. A modification of this

theory has been given by Kramers.’

In these theories the dispersion is discussed only for frequencies

which do not lie in the absorption band. For this reason the equiva-

lent classical resonator is not supposed to have any dissipation of

energy. It is the purpose of the present note to discuss how far it

is necessary to introduce the dissipation of energy into the theory.

On the classical theory a frictional term in the equations of motion

could be interpreted as due to radiation. On the quantum theory

there is no continuous radiation. Thus a frictional term introduced

directly into the equations of motion of the classical resonator would

appear, to a certain extent, illogical, and one is led to look more closely

into the possibilities of a classical resonator without a frictional term

We adopt the notation of Van Vleck, and consider an energy level s

from which it is possible for the atom to go into higher states r by

absorbing energy and to descend into lower states t by emitting energy

Taking the orientations of the atoms to be random, the polarization

for N, electrons in the state s is hypothesized by Kramers to be

IPs = 2 4 l=. 2 an Vie De Ars | N, C

Vrs”

(v,22 — v?) Vs (ve — v”)

1 Depyg, Sitzungsber. Miinchener Akademie, p. 1, 1915.

2? LADENBURG and Retcus, Naturwissenschaften 27: 584. July 6, 1923.

3H. A. Kramers, Nature, May 10, 1924, p. 673; August 30, 1924, p. 310. See

Van Vurck, Phys. Rev. 24: 344. 1924.

4J.H. Van Vurck, Phys. Rev. 24: 330. 1924.

5 Van VLECK, loc. cit. Equation 17.

gAN. 19, 1925 BREIT: THEORY OF OPTICAL DISPERSION 35

where A,_;.dé is the @ prior? probability that in the time dt an atom

which is in the state r should fall into the state s. Whether this is

the actual form or only similar to reality the essence of what follows

remains unaffected.

Let us consider one particular dispersion term.

3 A o

a rs oS

y 32 74 Vrs (vp? — v?)

Eee (1)

This means that under the action of the incident wave having an

intensity & the V; atoms which are in the state s suffer a total polariza-

tion P,; owing to their ability to be transferred to the state r. Now

it is clear that any single atom can not give a purely monochromatic

expression (1) because it does not remain in the state s indefinitely

but on account of the A.;,is bound to leave s spontaneously. There-

fore, even if one should suppose that while an atom is in the state s

it gives a polarization of the type (1), one must expect an expression

different from (1) for the observed average polarization. Expression

(1) is essentially the reaction on the wave due to a classical oscilla-

tor and for this reason we shall simplify the discussion by considering

a resonator having the equation of motion®

eo p = ue (2)

Here E; is the x component of the incident wave, e, m, 2 are respec-

tively the charge, mass, and resonant frequency of the resonator.

The incident wave we suppose to be of the type

E, = E.» cos(wot — 6) (3)

Let us suppose that at the time ¢ = ¢,, the atom falls into the state s

and that at the time ¢ = f, it falls out of it. It is impossible to say

(with the present state of our knowledge) what the initial conditions

of the oscillator (2) are at tf = t. Lacking better information, how-

ever, we may take the oscillator to be in a state of rest and in a position

of equilibrium at the instant of its birth. The solution of (2) with

these initial conditions is

6 While writing this note the author was unaware of the derivation given by H. A.

Lorentz (Proc. Amst. Acad. 8: 591. 1906.) in which formula (10) is derived. Inasmuch,

however, as the present note considers the question from the point of view of Fourier

integrals, and shows the manner in which only the part of the polarization synchronous

with the incident wave survives, it has not been withdrawn from publication.

36 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 15, No. 2

€ Ex

= ih See) Is cos (€ — wots) cosQ2 (t — 4) —

a sin (€ — wo f,) sin Q @ — t1) + cos (aot — o| (4)

In the neighbourhood of w) = © this is very nearly the same as

Exo

L= Svar as E (wot — €) — cos {Q(t — tr) + wot - | (4’)

Letting

and neglecting w — 2in comparison with 2 we have in the neighbour-

hood of the absorption frequency the following Fourier Integral for x

xv (t; hi, dy) -

eB (ie —o)T sino — 97

rm (2 — wo')e 2) (cq — 109) 2 (w — )

| sine (° i) sin'(*® 5 =u)

e — (@ — wo) t) + | =

| cos (wl —

®— Wo (Op

€ — (w — wo)ti) \ dw (5)

Let us suppose that the intervals (4, t2) are distributed throughout a

long interval 7 in such a way that on the average their density is 1.

The value which concerns us is

(‘x Gain dt

i =0

--)

eile, mao w@ — 0) TS “(Se +o) “sin(g— ue

~) €08 (wt — e) +

TM (Q? — wo Ww — wo 2(@i—en) a 2a —

— —2

sin(® 5 “") in(?5* r) |

= — sin(wt — ‘|

@ — Wo wo —Q

a east Me 8 an

JAN. 19, 1925 BREIT: THEORY OF OPTICAL DISPERSION 37

sin(* = em) cin(*>°r) |

= = = cos(wt — o| dw

@ — wn a —Q

Again, to within the same approximation, the wave (2) when acting

for a time -7, and analyzed into a Fourier Integral is

tog 1 Bhs sin (w = BLO

E; 2 Nor aan) cos(wt — e)dw (7)

Since 7must be thought of as >>T the band of frequencies repre-

sin (w = By : .

sented by —————— is to be thought of as infinitely more sharp

® — Wo

sin(@ —. a)"

than that represented by ——————., and consequently we may re-

OP ip:

write (6) as

fat GL) dt, =

4=0

e E. i. = oat sin(wo — ©) a) ee

7m (Q?2 — «,?) @® — Wo 2, 2(wo — Q) % .

A — 0

<in(“ 5 r)

oe Ati its sin —

eri (w €)

° ®O— 07

(asm

sine 2 Na sata =o

id 2 Done)

Lee ®

feet! cos(ut = a| des (8)

: *sin? x , beh

Since | is dz = 0 we may disregard the part of (8) containing

) sin(wt — e) +

Comparing what is left of (8) with (7) it is clear that

®— Wo

the atom acts as though during the time 7 it had a polarization

38 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 15, No. 2

Deaceves {(r _ sin(wo — 2)T

~~ m(2 — we)

) cos(wot — ce) —

wo — 2

2 sin( “> *7)

zZ sin (wot — e)

wo — 2

(9)

If now we should suppose that the times 7 have a distribution function

~ATo T. :

of the type e SGI G) then we obtain an average value of P from

(9) viz.

P 3 é Bes TT? (Q = wo) [To COS(wot = €) + (Q — 9) sin (wot ae

5 )]

m (Q+ wo) [1 + Te? (wo — &)?) co

This result for the polarization is thus obtained on the hypothesis of

intermittent actions, the number of intervals of lengths between 7

and 7 + dT beginning per second being e id =. The total number

of intervals started per second is therefore 1 and the average duration

of an interval is 7). Hence, if we are to compare (10) with the result

of the classical theory for a single continuously acting resonator having

a frictional term then we must divide (10) by 7>. To within the

approximations made (on performing an elementary calculation for the

classical resonator) the result is seen to be identical on the two theories.

We have thus shown that the phase change introduced by the clas-

sical frictional force may be also thought of quantitatively as due to

the interrupted action of the resonator. If the Correspondence Princi-

ple may be applied in this case and if it is to be interpreted as assign-

ing a certain similarity to the actual dispersion and the theoretical

classical dispersion then we are practically forced to abandon any other

influence than that of interrupted actions in the higher quantum states.

If, further, the width of emission and absorption lines is related to the

dispersion by the laws of the classical theory then we must think of

this width as being entirely due to the finite time of each independent

emission.

Absorptions beginning in the lowest energy level occupy a singular

position in this theory because atoms may remain in these indefinitely.

Whether they suffer phase changes in their motion while in the lowest

state is unknown but for the sake of uniformity such changes might be

hypothesized.

gAN. 19, 1925 DYAR AND SHANNON: NEW MOSQUITOES FROM BRAZIL 39

It is of interest to observe (as will be brought out in more detail

in another note) that the above theory of interruptions accounts for

the polarization of resonance radiation in weak magnetic fields in a

more satisfactory manner than the classical resonator.’

ENTOMOLOGY.—New mosquitoes from Brazil (Diptera, Culicidae).

Harrison G. Dyar and Raymonp C. SHannon, U. 8S. National

Museum. (Communicated by 8. A. RoHWER.)

Dr. J. Bequaert has placed before us for determination a collection

of mosquitoes recently made in Brazil, chiefly in the State of Ama-

zonas. Among a number of interesting species collected, the following

are hitherto undescribed.

Sabethoides glaucodaemon, new species.

Of usual size in the genus, largely purplish black; proboscis extending well

beyond the antennae, slightly longer than the abdomen; palpi small, slightly

longer than the two basal flagellar joints; eyes contiguous on lower side of

head for a greater distance than they are above; prothoracic lobes contiguous

above, their scales overlapping; rather numerous setae on anterior margin;

mesonotum with setae only above roots of wings and a few on anterior mar-

gin; spiracular sclerite with three setae; propleura with two setae; sterno-

pleura without setae; a small but dense tuft of long setae on upper posterior

corner of mesepimeron; pleurae with dense white scales below; trochanters

and base of femora yellow, the under sides of the femora white scaled basally

along the entire length of the posterior pair; abdomen compressed laterally,

dark scaled on upper half, yellowish white scaled below, the colors divided

in a straight line, though the white is illy contrasted in certain lights. Wings

normal, basal cross-vein opposite the anterior cross-vein; roots of halteres

yellow, stem and knob blackish; mid tarsi white scaled below on last four

joints except narrowly at base of second.

Type, female, no. 27744, U.S. Nat. Mus.; near San Alberto, Rio Branco,

Amazonas, Brazil, August 28, 1924 (J. Bequaert).

Nearest related to imperfectus B.-W. & B.,differing chiefly in the slightly

longer proboscis, and from both this and chloropterus Humb. in the coloration

of the abdomen.

Culex (Choeroporpa) bequaerti, new species

Rather small dark brown species; occiput with erect forked scales, all the

recumbent scales broad, mostly white in front, a patch of black ones on each

side of the middle; antennae fairly long, exceeding length of proboscis, which

is about equal to the length of abdomen; integument of mesonotum very

dark brown, scutellum somewhat paler; scales narrow, dark brown; dorsal

setae sparse but well developed; a row of pronotal setae; pleurae yellowish,

7JIn such a way we may think of the field caused by virtual oscillators as virtual in

the sense that it carries energy away only statistically but does not necessarily produce

damping of the motions induced in the virtual oscillator by the exciting field.

40 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 15, No. 2

prealar setae about seven, a row of fairly strong setae along posterior margin

of sternopleura, a little weaker below; a single lower mesepimeral seta; legs

entirely dark, except for paler ventral surfaces of femora; abdomen dark

brown, with whitish scales on ventral surface at bases of segments; wing

scales broad subcostally, those on base of fork of second vein narrowly ovate

to ligulate; halteres pale, the knobs dark.

Male: palpi exceeding the proboscis by nearly the length of the last two

joints, the penultimate joint with a small whitish ring at base, otherwise

dark. Scales of mesonotum deep bronzy brown; three pronotal setae, broken

in the female type.

Hypopygium.—Side piece a little longer than hemispherical; inner division

of lobe strong, running far into the side piece, with an infuscated patch

basally, columnar, long, exceeding the outer lobe, with two strong long

hooked and distorted filaments at tip, one inserted basally of the other; outer

division small, with four stout rod-like filaments on the oblique outer aspect

and a small rounded leaf basally of them. Clasper slenderly snout-shaped,

the spine appendiculate. Tenth sternites comb-shaped, with six teeth, en-

larged at base, with only a rudiment of basal projection; first plate of meso-

some normal, the articulated plate rather narrow, emarginate on one side;

second plate curved, tip furcate, the arms short, inner pointed, outer smooth,

a long strong horn a little beyond the middle of the stem; basal hooks slender,

strongly recurved, not projecting at base; ninth tergites conically pointed,

small, setose, connected by a chitinous band.

Type, male, paratype, female, no. 27745, U. 8. Nat. Mus.; male, Sororoca,

Rio Branco, Amazonas, Brazil, September 1, 1924; female, Carmo, with other

data the same (J. Bequaert).

The preceding description was written before we had an opportunity of

examining Miss A. M. Evans’ recent paper! describing new Choeroporpa from

Brazil. Of the species there described C. (C.) thomasi Evans comes nearest

to the present form. The mesosomal plate in the two is much the same.

The comb of the tenth sternite of thomas? appears abnormal in Miss Evans’

figure; in bequaerti it consists of seven long equal teeth. The inner division

of the lobe of the side piece has a longer stem in beguaerti than in thomast,

the distance between the insertion of the two filaments being less than the

remaining basal part of the stem, whereas in the figure of thomasi the reverse

is the case. The outer division of the lobe of the side piece is differently

formed, having no inner limb in bequaerti and the leaf is inserted on the stem

basally of the other filaments, whereas in thomasz it arises between the limb

and the outer setal group.

Culex (Choeroporpa) albinensis Bonne-Wepster & Bonne

Culex (Choeroporpa) albinensis Bonne-Wepster & Bonne, Ins. Ins. Mens. 7:

173: 1920.

Culex (Choeroporpa) albinensis Dyar, Ins. Ins. Mens. 8:62. 1920.

Culex (Choeroporpa) gordoni Evans, Ann. Trop. Med. & Par. 18:369. 1924.

No difference is apparent between Miss Evans’ detailed figures of the

1 Ann. Trop. Med. and Par. 18: 363-375. 1924.

Jan. 19, 1925 DYAR AND SHANNON: NEW MOSQUITOES FROM BRAZIL 41

hypopygium of gordonz and the characters of albnensis in a slide before us.

The distribution of the species includes Paramaribo, Surinam, and Mandos,

Brazil.

Mansonia indubitans, new species

Basal antennal joints as dark as rest of antennae; antenna somewhat

shorter than length of proboscis; palpi as long as four basal flagellar joints;

proboscis on basal two-fifths with pale and dark scales intermixed, a

rather broad white ring a little beyond middle, beyond blackish, paler at

apex; mesonotum dark brown, setae normal, sparse small narrow golden

scales intermixed, with long dark scales on the sides posteriorly; a number of

pronotal setae; postspiracular setae present; sterno-pleural on posterior mar-

gin with one long stout seta midway and smaller setae on either side, mes-

epimeron with three setae near anterior margin; femora and tibiae with dark

and light scales intermixed; hind tibiae darker; first tarsal joint without basal

or apical ring, but with scattered white scales on inner surface; second and

third tarsal joints white basally, also the fourth joint of mid and hind tarsi,

remainder dark; wings dark scaled with numerous white ones intermixed,

all broad; abdomen dark, with triangular patch of white scales on first seg-

ment, apex directed forward, the venter with numerous broad white scales

intermixed. Knobs of halteres dark brown.

Type, female, paratypes, three females, no. 27746, U.S. Nat. Mus.; Belem,

Para, September 19, 1924; Carmo, Rio Branco, Amazonas, August 31, 1924;

above Santarem, July 22, 1924, Itacoatiara, Amazon River, September 15,

1924 (J. Bequaert).

Similar to étillans Walker, the palpi shorter, and with slight differences in

coloration as indicated above.

Anopheles celidopus, new species

Medium size, grayish in general appearance; occiput with erect truncate

white scales above, dark brown below, white setae and scales between eyes;

antenna shorter than palpus, scales only on the basal ‘flagellar joint; palpus

but little shorter than proboscis, with outstanding dark brown scales, a few

white ones at apices of second and third joints; prothoracic lobes with tuft of

scales above; mesonotum with pale curved hairs sparsely distributed, a little

denser anteriorly and darker on the sides; pleura with two indefinite pale

pollinose lines; legs dark with narrow white rings at apices and bases of all

but the last tarsal joints; abdomen dark, with sparse dark hairs, a few white

scales on the dorsum of the last segment, and many dark and white scales on

the venter of this segment; cerci densely scaled, mostly dark; wings with eight

more or less definite white spots on anterior margin, and numerous other

small white spots irregularly distributed over the wing; wing scales lanceo-

late; knobs of halteres dark.

Type, female, paratypes, four females, no. 27747, U.S. Nat. Mus.; Carmo,

Rio Branco, Amazonas, Brazil, September 1, 1924 (J. Bequaert).

This species does not fit well into any of the existing groups of Anopheles.

It comes nearest to Arribalzagia, but lacks the lateral scale tufts of the

abdomen.

42 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 15, NO. 2

SCIENTIFIC NOTES AND NEWS

Dr. 8. G. Mortury, Associate in Middle American Archaeology, Carnegie

Institution of Washington, gave public lectures at the Institution on October

28 and December 38, on Initial excavations at Chichen Itza, Yucatan.

Under agreement with the government of Mexico, the Institution has the

privilege of excavation and archaeological study at this ancient Maya city

for a period of ten years, beginning January, 1924.

Dr. A. E. Doveuass, Director of the Steward Observatory, University of

Arizona, gave an illustrated lecture at the Carnegie Institution of Washington

on December 5, on Cycles in development of tree rings as an evidence of

climatic variation.

Two lectures on atmospheric dynamics were given at the Carnegie Insti-

tution on January 6 and 8, by Pror. V. BirrKknus, professor of hydrody.

namics at the Geophysical Institute at Bergen, Norway, and research

associate of the Institution. The first lecture was on The forces which lift

airplanes, and the second, on Problems in dynamical meteorology.

Dr. J. A. ANDERSON, of the Mt. Wilson Observatory of the Carnegie Insti-

tution, gave an illustrated lecture at the auditorium of the Institution on

January 5, under the title: An experimental method of studying high

temperatures.

ANNOUNCEMENTS OF MEETINGS OF THE ACADEMY AND

AFFILIATED SOCIETIES

Tuesday, January 20. THe Acapemy, Anthropological Society, Archaeo-

logical Society, Biological Society (joint meeting), at the Carnegie Insti-

tution. Program: J. C. Merriam, A.Scuuttz, A. Hrpuicka. The origin

and evolution of man.

Saturday, January 24. The Philosophical Society, at the Cosmos Club.

Program: Reports from the Madrid meeting of the International Geo-

detic and Astrophysical Union. Henry Freupine Rem, Wm. Bown,

H. H. Knvreatt, L. A. Bauer.

Wednesday, January 28. The Geological Society.

Saturday, January 31. The Biological Society.

Tuesday, February 3. The Botanical Society.

PROGRAMS ANNOUNCED SINCE THE PRECEDING ISSUE OF THE

JOURNAL

Tue Acapemy, at the Carnegie Institution. Program: A.L.Day. The study

of earth movements in California. Annual meeting for reports of officers,

announcements of the results of the elections for 1925.

CONTENTS EA te,

ORIGINAL PAPERS

; Physies—-Note on the theory of Gpcinal ieeeraae G. BREIv....

Entomology.—New mosquitoes from Brazil (Diptera, eee

G. Dyar and Raymonp C. SHANNON.............. Pepi eles ans

fi Screnrivic\Nomms AND NEWS. 22.02.00. 0.5 ees Paet ceuee slemvaene

OFFICERS OF THE ACADEMY

i President: ple L. pedal National Research Council.

War, Recording Secretary: W. 'D. ee Coast and Geodetie Survey,

Ry Treasurer: R. L. Farts, Coast and Geodetic Survey. —

1. 15 Fepruary 4, 1925 . No. 3

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BOTAN Y.—Roseoeactus, a new genus of Cactaceae. Atwin BERGER,

New York Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, N. Y.

(Communicated by E. P. Krzirp.)

In 1838 J. Scheidweiler described and figured a curious little cactus

collected by Galeotti near San Luis Potosi, Mexico, where it was said

to grow on porphyritic rocks at an elevation of 6500 to 7000 feet.

This cactus was unlike any of the Cactaceae known at that time.

Scheidweiler recognized it as a new genus, so far monotypic, and gave

it the name Ariocarpus. The generic name alludes to the fruit of the

Aria, though in the case of this cactus it is a soft berry with many

small seeds. The specific name which Scheidweiler gave to the plant,

retusus, referred to the shape of the tubercles, which, mistaken for

leaves, somewhat resemble the leaves of Haworthia retusa from South

Africa; indeed the whole habit of the plant is similar to this strange

little aloid succulent. Scheidweiler did not discuss the relationship

of his new genus.

The following year Lemaire described the same plant under the name

Anhalonium prismaticum. In spite of the fact that this was a later

name, it has been more commonly used than Scheidweiler’s older one.

In 1842 Lemaire added another plant to his genus Anhaloniwm, A.

kotschoubeyanum, also from San Luis Potosi, where three specimens

of it had been collected by Karwinski. Lemaire, ignored the fact

that the Karwinskian plant differed from that of Galeotti in having

the tubercles split lengthwise by a deep fissure. In general habit,

of course, the two plants were much alike, and in both the flowers

came from the center of the plant; the exact origin of the flowers

could not apparently be determined without sacrificing the very rare

plants.

Later on, in 1850, Prince Salm-Dyck published a description of

44. JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 15, NO. 3

another plant, collected by Galeotti, under the name Anhaloniuwm

elongatum, and Lemaire added A. areoloswm in 1859 and A. pulvilli-

gerum in 1869. These three species, as well as several others, have

remained doubtful.

In 1856 G. Engelmann described a new plant of this relationship

collected by Schott and Bigelow near the junction of the Pecos and

the Rio Grande as Mammillaria fissurata. In 1859 he transferred this

tothe genus Anhaloniwm. Nine years later Lemaire needlessly changed

this name to A. engelmannit.

Schumann, in 1903, recognized four species of Ariocarpus, and Brit-

ton and Rose, in their recent excellent monograph of the Cactaceae,

admit three species. The different views as to the number of species

are not of great importance here; more important is the fact that in

these monographs the genus Ariocarpus is located in different sub-

tribes. While Schumann placed the genus among the Mammillarieae,

Britton and Rose place it with the Echinocactanae. This seems

strange but, as itis, they may both be right.

I was never quite satisfied with the conception of the genus as

stated by Lemaire and maintained by all subsequent writers. Scheid-

weiler’s plant with the smooth, sharply pointed tubercles, bearing

a little round areole with felt and some minute or obsolete spines near

the top, is utterly different from the others with cleft tubercles. It

was Lemaire who first included them under the same genus, his An-

halonium being only another name for the genus Artocarpus of

Scheidweiler.

Through the kindness of Dr. J. N. Rose, I was enabled to study

various living and dried plants and to compare them with Engel-

mann’s Mammillaria jfissurata from ‘Texas, cultivated at the New

York State Experiment Station. I finally have come to the con-

clusion that there are indeed two distinct genera, differing not only

in the nature of the tubercles but also, and chiefly, in the origin of the

flowers.

If we break off an old tubercle of the Texan plant or of Artocarpus

lloydit Rose and cut it longitudinally, we shall see that the fissure,

filled with grayish hairy wool, corresponds to an areole and we shall

discover in its lower part the remains of the fruit and perhaps even a

few seeds. On my living plant of Mammillaria fissurata Engelm., from

Texas, seeds are observed in many of the old areoles. The seeds are

more or less exposed and can be easily extracted; evidently in nature

they are removed by rainwater. I have shown four of them recently

and have three healthy seedlings at present. I do not know how old

FEB. 4, 1925 BERGER: ROSEOCACTUS 45

these seeds may have been. We see that these plants have one single

areole from which arise the flowers; in this character they agree with

the subtribe Echinocactanae.

The tiny areole at the top of the tubercles of the true Ariocarpus of

Scheidweiler is wholly different. It does not show any sign of having

ever produced flowers. In fact, if we break off one of the tubercles on

a dried specimen, we shall detect in the axil between the tubercles,

at the base of the tubercle but rising from the axis, the remains of the

old fruit and numerous seeds, which have been hidden there for years.

We see, therefore, that Ariocarpus, like Neomammillaria, has two

kinds of areoles, barren ones on the top of the tubercles and others

producing flower and fruit situated between the tubercles, or axillary

on the stem. There can be no doubt that Ariocarpus belongs in the

vicinity of Neomammillaria in the subtribe Coryphanthanae.

It is evident, now, that the plants hitherto included under Ario-

carpus not only are very different but may even belong to two sub-

tribes. It may be, however, that this longitudinal flower producing fis-

sure corresponds to the groove on the tubercles of the Coryphanthanae,

and that the spine-bearing areole at the top of the tubercle has become

obsolete. In this case these plants would be Coryphanthanae and not

belong to the Echinocactanae. This question can only be solved

by following the development of the plants from the seedlings, which

bear spines, to the adult state. At present the exact systematic posi-

tion must remain doubtful.

The only species which can positively be left in Ariocarpus Scheid-

weiler is A. retusus, the type species. Presumably there may be

more than one species. Schumann placed the species of Ario-

carpus proper in the subgenerus Leiothele and the two other

species, A. fisswratus and A. kotschoubeyanus in the subgenera Aego-

podothele and Chasmatothele. These latter species form a new genus,

for which I herewith propose the name, Roseocactus. I take great

pleasure in associating with these remarkable plants the name of

Dr. J. N. Rose, who has done so much for the exploration of the Mexi-

can flora and especially for the advancement of our knowledge of the

Cactaceae, and who has recently published with Dr. N. L. Britton,

Director of the New York Botanical Garden, a comprehensive mono-

graph of these plants under the auspices of the Carnegie Institution

of Washington.

Roseocactus Berger, gen. nov.

Extremely succulent plants with a thick turnip-like root and a flat or

hemispherical body with numerous, densely spirally arranged thick tubercles,

46 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 15, NO. 3

exhibiting only the triangular upper surface of the top, and this rough,

wrinkled or variously furrowed and deeply cleft lengthwise; cleft con-

cealing the areole filled with wool and sproducing the flower and fruit from its

lower part, the basal part of the tubercles generally quite hidden, the upper

part semiterete or flattened; ovary naked; fruit naked, finally desiccating;

seeds roundish obovate, finely rough-punctate, dull black; flowers from

very young tubercles in the slightly depressed woolly center of the plant,

surrounded by a dense mass of wool, the perianth shortly funnel-shaped, the

outer segments few, somewhat fleshy and paler, the inner perianth segments

in two rows, oblanceolate, finely dentate and cuspidate, sometimes retuse,

spreading when fully developed, usually deeply rose-colored; filaments

numerous, erect, somewhat longer than the tube; anthers small, yellow;

style overtopping the anthers, with 5 to 9 irregularly spreading stigma lobes.

The flowers open at noon in full sun and are of short duration. The

seedlings have minute white bristles in their areoles which disappear entirely

on the plants later on.

Fic. 1—Roseocactus FISSURATUS (ENGELM.) BERGER

Type species: Mammillaria fissurata Engelm.

The genus ranges from Central Mexico to Western Texas. It consists of

the following species:

Roseocactus fissuratus (Engelm.) Berger

Mammillaria fissurata Engelm. Proc. Amer. Acad. 3: 270. 1856.

Anhalonium fissuratum Engelm. Cact. Mex. Bound. 75, pl. 16. 1859.

Anhalonium engelmannii Lemaire, Cactées 42. 1868.

Ariocarpus fissuratus IK. Schumann in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanzen-

fam. 3%: 195. 1894.

Coahuila, and southwestern Texas.

The triangular surface of the tubercles show a deep linear impression fol-

lowing the outer margins of the triangle.

ER: ROSEOCACTUS

BER

AMOUMTE, (SOY)

IIGAO

IT SOLOVOO

aASOY—'Z ‘OMT

48 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 15, No. 3

“This plant is generally known as living rock. It is dull gray to brown in

color and grows on dry stony ground and, when not in flower, is easily mis-

taken for the rocks which surround it.’”!

Roseocactus lloydii (Rose) Berger

Ariocarpus lloydii Rose, Contr. U. 8. Nat. Herb. 13: 308. pl. 62. 1911.

Zacatecas. >

This species is very distinct from the preceding. In R. lloydii the tubercles

are without the linear depression along the margin, but areraised towards the

longitudinal cleft, almost as if they were compressed. Moreover, the exposed

end of the tubercles is broadly rhomboid rather than deltoid. It is of more

southern distribution than R. fissuratus.

Roseocactus kotschoubeyanus (Lemaire) Berger

Anhalonium kotschoubeyanum Lemaire, Bull. Cercle Confér. Hort. Dép.

Seine 1842.

Anhalonium sulcatum Salm-Dyck, Cact. Hort. Dyck. 1849: 5. 1850.

Anhalonium fissipedum Mony. Cat. 1846 ex Labour. Monogr. 154. 1858.

Stromatocarpus kotschubeyi Karw. ex Lem. Ill. Hort. 16: Misc. 72, 1868,

name only.

Ariocarpus sulcatus IK. Schumann, Monatschrift. f. Kakteenk. 8:9. 1897.

Ariocarpus kotschubeyanus K. Schumann in Engler and Prantl, Nat.

Pflanzenfam. Nachtr. 259. 1897.

Central Mexico.

In this, the smallest of the three species, the triangular surface of the small

tubercles is slightly rough; the flowers arise just a little below the triangular top

of the tubercle, from the areole but far away from the axil. This species has

been recently introduced rather frequently.

BOTANY.—Notes on Peruvian Urticaceae of the Marshall Field ex-

ploration... Evusworts P. Kinurp, U. 8. National Museum.

During the course of biological exploration in Central and South

America conducted recently by the Field Museum of Natural History

through the generosity of Captain Marshall Field, extensive botanical

collections have been made in Peru by Macbride and Featherstone in

1922 and by Macbride and Bryan in 1923. The material of several

families has been shared with the United States National Museum,

and the present paper is essentially a report upon the family

Urticaceae.

The South American Urticaceae have received little critical atten-

tion since the publication of Weddell’s treatment of the family in De

Candolle’s Prodromus.? Many of the species, particularly those of the

1BrirTron anD Rosg, The Cactaceae 3: 83. 1922.

1 Published by permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.

216!: 32-235. 1869.

FEB. 4, 1925 KILLIP: URTICACEAE 49

genus Pilea, are of limited range, and study of these two collections,

as well as of other Andean material recently received by the National

Museum,* has proved of the greatest interest.

Urtica magellanica Poir. Lam. Encycl. 4: 221. 1816.

Colombia to Chile.

Matucana, 2500 meters (174). La Oroya, 3700 meters (974).

Weddell’s description of this is probably too inclusive, certain species

which are cited in synonomy probably being distinct. These two Peruvian

specimens seem to be typical U. magellanica.

Urtica ballotaefolia Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. IJ. Bot. 18: 197. 1852.

Colombia, Peru.

In clumps at base of river cliffs, Llata, 2200 meters, August, 1922 (2268).:

Recognized by its elongate androgynous spikes. A much coarser plant

than the preceding.

Urtica macbridei Killip, sp. nov.

Plant herbaceous, about 1.5 meters high; stem erect, subquadrangular,.

suleate, finely pilosulous or almost glabrous near base, armed with a few

short, weak bristles, few-leaved, the internodes 6 to 20 cm. long; stipules in

pairs, subreniform, 3 to 5 mm. long, 6 to 8 mm. wide, free to base, densely

pilosulous; petioles 2 to 6 em. long, slender, widely divaricate or sub-reflexed,

pilosulous-tomentose; leaves cordate-ovate, large for the genus, 6 to 12 cm.

long, 4 to 8 cm. wide, tapering to an obtuse or acutish acumen, crenate from

base to apex, 5 to 7-nerved at base, reticulate-veined (nerves and veins

prominent beneath, paler than rest of blade), the upper surface pilosulous on

the nerves, marked with minute linear and punctiform cystoliths, bearing

numerous short inconspicuous bristles, otherwise glabrous, the under surface

densely appressed-brown hirsutulous on the nerves and veins; plants monoe-.

cious, the flower-spikes unisexual; staminate spikes borne at the upper nodes,

12 to 15 em. long, finely pilosulous, sparingly armed with weak bristles, the

flowers in dense, more or less contiguous glomerules 4 to 5 mm. thick; perianth

segments ovate, about 1 mm. long, obtuse, concave, pilosulous without;

stamens about 1.5 mm. long; pistillate spikes borne at the lower nodes, 3 to

3.5 em. long, very slender, pilosulous and armed with weak bristles, the

flowers in small, often contiguous glomerules 2 to 3 mm. thick; achenes ovate,

1 mm. long, compressed, glabrous.

Type in the herbarium of the Field Museum, no. 535353, collected at Mufia,

on the trail to Tambo de Vaca, Peru, altitude about 2400 meters, June 5 to

7, 1923, by J. F. Macbride (no. 4271). A specimen of this is also in the

National Herbarium.

This species apparently has no close relatives in America. The long

staminate spikes suggest U. ballotaefolia Wedd., but the inflorescences of U.

ballotaefolia are androgynous while those of U. macbridet are unisexual.

From U. dioica and the species that have been segregated from it, U.

macbridei is at once distinguished by the shape of the leaves, length of the

floral spikes, and general habit. Urtica morifolia Poir., of the Azores, is

apparently the nearest relative of this new species.

3 See Kitire; New Urticaceae from Colombia. This Journau 13: 354-360. 1923.

50 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 15, NO. 3

Urera laciniata Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. Bot. 18: 203. 1852.

Panama to Peru.

Sunny, gravelly river flat, Pozuzo, 600 meters, June, 1923, “about 6 ft.

high” (4703). Sandy flat, La Merced, 600 meters, August, 1923, “Coarse

perennial, or woody below, to 20 ft. high. Stalks 3-5, rarely fewer. Flowers

white. Wounds from spines cause swelling.”’ (5315).

Distinguished by its deeply laciniate leaves.

Urera baccifera (L.) Gaud. in Freyc. Voy. Bot. 497. 1826.

Mexico and West Indies to Peru and Brazil.

Mufia, 2200 meters, May, 1923. ‘Tree-shrub. Inflorescence red, with

stinging pubescence. Fruits white.” (8910).

A common tree in tropical America, distinguished from other species of this

genus by the large sinuate serrations of the leaves.

Pilea microphylla (L.) Liebm. Dansk. Vid. Selsk. Skrivt. V.2: 296. 1851.

Throughout tropical America.

Steep grass-shrub slopes, Piedra Grande, station near Rio Santo Domingo,

1600 meters, May, 1923 (3690).

A common plant in various habitats in the tropics, variable in size and

habit. Leaves ovate or obovate. Many segregates have been proposed on

slight differences.

Pilea thymifolia (H. B. K.) Blume, Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 2: 44. 1855.

Urtica thymifolia H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2:37. 1817.

Pilea globosa Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. II]. Bot. 18: 208. 1852.

Southern Colombia to Peru.

Rock-outcrop, Huanuco, 2200 meters, April, 1923 (3512). Huacachi,

station near Muna, May, 1923 (3868, 4087). In shallow soil on sunny, sloping

rocks, Matucana, 2500 meters, April-May, 1922 (447).

A plant with much the habit of the preceding, but with nearly orbicular

leaves. The name Pilea globosa has generally been applied to this species

because of the inappropriateness of the earlier name.

Pilea cordifolia Killip, sp. nov.

Slender, repent herb, leafy throughout, especially at the ends of the

branches; stems villosulous; stipules ovate, 1 to 1.5 mm. long, about 1 mm.

wide, obtuse, persistent; petioles slender, 1 to 2 mm. long; leaves cordate, up

to 4 mm. long and 5 mm. wide, obtuse at apex, entire or slightly undulate

and, when dry, often revolute at margin, inconspicuously 3-nerved, sparsely

villosulous on both surfaces, completely covered with punctiform cystoliths,

black when dry; plants monoecious; staminate flowers borne singly or in pairs

in the axils of the leaves on slender peduncles 3 to 6 mm. long, the perianth

segments narrowly ovate, 1.5 mm. long, concave, the stamens 1 mm. long;

pistillate flowers borne in a 4 to 6-flowered umbel on a slender peduncle 2 to

3 mm. long, the perianth segments unequal, the middle ovate, 0.5 mm. long,

the lateral minute; achene ovoid, 0.7 mm. long.

Type in the herbarium of the Field Museum, no. 535481, collected in mossy

uplands, Tambo de Vaca, Peru, altitude about 4200 meters, June 10-24,

1923, by J. F. Macbride (no. 4395). A specimen of this collection is in the

U.S. National Herbarium also.

This small plant has the general appearance of P. microphylla and P.

thymifolia. The leaves, the shape of the cystoliths, and the pubescence

distinguish it readily from these two species and their close relatives.

FEB. 4, 1925 KILLIP: URTICACEAE : 51

Pilea diversifolia Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. II. Bot. 18: 212. 1852.

Peru.

In patch at edge of shady brook, Mufia, 2200 meters, May 23-June, 1923

(3984).

A much branched herb, with small leaves, those of a node both dissimilar

and unequal.

Pilea minutiflora Krause, Bot. Jahrb. Engler 37: 529. 1906.

Peru (known hitherto only from the type locality, Huacapistana, Province

of Tarma, Department of Junin).

Mossy ledges, Huariaca, 2900 meters, April, 1923, ‘Indians take as remedy

to cause forgetfulness for unrequited love.”’ (3126.)

This and the following species belong to the long-peduncled group of the

section Glabratae. Pilea minutiflora is related to P. anomala. Wedd.

Pilea dauciodora Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. IIT. 18: 223. 1852.

Costa Rica and West Indies to Peru, Bolivia, and Venezuela.

Wet bank, Huacachi, station near Mufia, about 2000 meters, May, 1923

(4117).

Low creeping herb with leaves up to 3 cm. long.

Pilea delicatula Killip, sp. nov.

Plant slender, glabrous throughout, the stem repent, at length erect, 8

to 10 em. high; stipules ovate, 1 to 1.5 mm. long, abruptly acuminate; petioles

of a node unequal, the longer 4 to 8 mm. long, the shorter 2 to 5 mm.; leaves

crowded near end of stem, those of a node similar and nearly equal, 1 to 1.5

em. long, 0.5 to 1 cm. wide, acute, rounded or subcuneate at base, dentate-

serrate (6 to 10 teeth on each side, imbricate toward apex, mucronate), 3-

nerved (lateral nerves inconspicuous, barely reaching middle of blade),

bearing on upper surface, mainly along nerves, a few minute linear cystoliths,

on the under surface numerous inconspicuous punctiform cystoliths; plants

apparently dioecious, the staminate not seen; pistillate flowers borne in

globose glomerules 3 to 4 mm. in diameter, on peduncles 4 to 10 mm. long;

perianth segments subequal, about 1 mm. long; achenes broadly ovate, about

1 mm. long and wide.

Type in the Field Museum, no. 535486, collected in a wet mossy wood,

at Tambo de Vaca, Peru, altitude 4000 meters, June 10-24, 1923, by J. F.

Macbride (no. 4400). A specimen of this collection is also in the U.S.

National Herbarium.

Resembling P. daucidora Wedd. in size and habit P. delicatula differs in

having larger and sharper teeth on the margin of the leaves, less numerous

and less conspicuous cystoliths, which are punctiform, not linear, on the

under surface of the leaves, and a more compact, globose inflorescence. This

plant also resembles P. lamioides, a species of the short-peduncled group.

Pilea tarmensis Killip, sp. nov.

Erect herb, about 60 meters high, glabrous throughout; stem terete,

striate, and woody below, subquadrangular and succulent above, leafy

toward apex, naked below; stipules small, triangular-ovate, 2 to 3 mm. long,

2 mm. wide, obtuse; petioles 1 to 2 cm. long (or longer?), those of a node

subequal or one a third longer than the other; leaves of a node

subequal and similar, ovate-elliptic, 8 to 14 cm. long, 4 to 6 cm. wide, obtuse,

auriculate at base, crenate-serrate from base to apex, 3-nerved (lateral nerves

52 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 15, NO. 3

extending to apex of blade), covered on both surfaces with yellowish fusiform,

linear, and punctiform cystoliths, in addition finely black-punctate beneath;

plants dioecious; staminate flowers in dense clusters in a diffuse, long-

peduncled panicle (peduncle up to 5 em. long), short-pediceled, the perianth

segments ovate, 1 mm. long, mucronulate; pistillate inflorescence not seen.

Type in the herbarium of the Field Museum, no. 536847, collected among

rocks in a sunny shrubby canyon, near Huacapistana, Province of Tarma,

Peru, altitude about 2800 meters, September 8, 1923, by J. F. Macbride (no.

5822).

In the absence of pistillate plants it is difficult to determine the exact

relationship of this species. Weddell’s subdivision of both the section

Glabratae and the section Pubescentes on the basis of the peduncles of pistillate

inflorescence being longer or shorter than the subtending petioles is not

wholly satisfactory. Probably this species is nearest P. anomala Wedd.,

though it differs in having broader leaves with obtuse apices and blunter

teeth, and much denser flower clusters. Among the short-peduncled species

it comes nearest P. multiflora (Poir.) Wedd.

Pilea macbridei Killip, sp. nov.

Plant about 1 meter high, glabrous throughout; stem woody, terete, nearly

destitute of cystoliths, much branched above, the lower internodes 3.5 to

4 em. long, those near the ends of the branches 1.5 to 2 em.; stipules ovate,

about 5 mm. long, 4 mm. wide, rounded at apex, soon deciduous; petioles 4

to 5 mm. long, geniculate near base, densely covered with linear cystoliths;

leaves ovate or ovate-elliptic, 3 to 5 em. long, 1.5 to 2.5 em. wide, acuminate,

shallowly cordate at base, serrate from base to apex (teeth averaging 2 mm.

long), 3-nerved (nerves reaching the upper quarter of blade), faintly marked

with fine linear cystoliths above, copiously covered with minute punctiform

cystoliths and punctate with a few dark spots beneath, the upper surface

very dark green, when dry, often yellow green along the nerves; plants monoe-

cious; staminate heads cymose, about 5 mm. wide, borne 1 to 3 on slender

peduncles 2 to 3.5 em. long which arise in the axils of the upper leaves;

perianth purple-tinged, its segments minute; pistillate heads few-flowered,

about 4 mm. wide, borne in the axils of the lower leaves on peduncles 6 to 8

mm. long; perianth segments unequal, the middle ovate, 1.2 mm. long,

cucullate, the lateral barely half as long; achenes broadly ovoid or nearly

orbicular, 1 mm. long, punctulate.

Type in the Field Herbarium, no. 536217, collected at Villeabamba,

hacienda on the Rio Chinchao, Peru, altitude about 2800 meters, July 17-26,

1923, by J. F. Macbride (no. 5179).

The inflorescence of this plant resembles that of P. elliptica Hook. f., of

Chile, and in Weddell’s monograph, P. macbridez would key out close to P.

elliptica. However, in general habit and shape and texture of the leaves the

two species are very distinct.

Pilea marginata Wedd. Arch. Mus. Paris9:238. 1856-57. Peru.

Rocky trail edge through montafia, Pampayacu, hacienda at mouth of Rio

Chinchao, about 1100 meters, July, 1923 (5086).

Herb, about 80 em. high, the leaves coriaceous, minutely repand-serrulate

along upper half of margins.

FEB. 4, 1925 KILLIP: URTICACEAE 53

Pilea verrucosa Killip, sp. noy.

Shrub, about 1 meter high; stem terete and glabrous below, subquad-

rangular, ferruginous and verrucose above, the internodes about 2 cm. long;

stipules small, orbicular, 2 mm. long; petioles of a node equal or one half as

long as the other, 3 to 8 mm. long; leaves ovate or subrhombic, 2 to 3.5 cm.

long, 1 to 2.5 em. wide, acute, subauriculate and often slightly asymmetrical

at base, crenate-serrate (about 15 serrations to a side), triplinerved (lateral

nerves extending to upper quarter of blade), subcoriaceous, glabrous, bearing

very minute punctiform cystoliths on both surfaces; plants monoecious;

staminate flowers borne in much-branched, densely-flowered panicles 2.5 to

4 em. long, in the axils of the upper leaves (common peduncles about 1 em.

long), subsessile, very small, barely 0.5 mm. long, the segments acute;

pistillate flowers in sessile or subsessile, densely-flowered cymes in the axils

of the middle leaves, the perianth segments subequal, 1 mm. long, concave;

achenes ovoid, 1.2 mm. long, 0.6 mm. wide, narrowed toward apex.

Type in the Field Museum, no. 536240, collected at Villeabamba, hacienda

on the Rio Chinchao, Peru, altitude about 2800 meters, July 17-26, 1923, by

J. F. Macbride (no. 5201).

In many respects this plant agrees with the description of P. suffruticosa

Krause. Both are shrubs and the upper branches apparently have the same

peculiar roughness. The leaves of P. suffruticosa, however, are ovate-elliptic,

tapering to the base, 5 to 8 em. long, and long-petioled, while in P. verrucosa

the longest leaf present is but 3.5 em. long, and the leaves are ovate and

auriculate at the base. The staminate inflorescences of P. suffruticosa are

only half as long as the leaves and the individual flowers are long-pedicellate.

In P. verrucosa the staminate inflorescences fully equal the leaves and the

flowers are subsessile.

Pilea orbiculata Killip, sp. nov.

Low succulent herb, glabrous throughout, the stem repent, rooting at

nodes, the branches erect or suberect, simple, up to 15 cm. high, longitudinally

marked with fusiform cystoliths; stipules broadly ovate, 2 mm. long, 1 mm.

wide, obtuse, connate at base, persistent; leaves crowded near apex of plant,

those of a pair similar and subequal, orbicular or broadly ovate-orbicular, 7

to 10 mm. long, 9 to 12 mm. wide (leaves near middle of stem 5 mm. long and

wide), rounded or slightly narrowing at apex, rounded or truncate at base,

mucronate-serrulate except at entire base, short-petioled (petioles 4 to

6 mm.), often cartilaginous-thickened at margin, inconspicuously 3-nerved,

faintly marked on the upper surface with minute fusiform cystoliths, almost

destitute of eystoliths beneath; plants dioecious, the staminate not seen;

pistillate flowers borne in small, densely-flowered, sessile or subsessile cymes

2 to 5 mm. long, shorter than the subtending petioles; perianth exteriorly

covered with linear cystoliths, the segments unequal, the middle segment

ovate, 5 mm. long, the lateral segments less than half as long; achene ovoid,

about 5 mm. long, compressed.

Type in the herbarium of the Field Museum, no. 534560, collected on mossy

ledges, Chasqui, Peru, April 10, 1923, by J. F. Macbride (no. 3289).

The following points of difference are to be noted between this species and

its nearest relative P. pusilla Krause, both of the short-peduncled group of the

section Glabratae: P. pusilla—leaves crenate, cystoliths punctiform, petioles

8 to 12 mm. long; pistillate cymes on erect, slender peduncles, equaling or

54 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 15, No.3

slightly longer than petioles; achenes 1.2 mm. long; P. orbiculata—leaves

mucronate-serrulate, cystoliths fusiform, petioles 4 to 6 mm. long; pistillate

cymes sessile or subsessile, shorter than petioles; achenes 0.5 mm. long.

Pilea lamioides Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. Bot. 18: 213. 1852.

Peru.

Rocky hillside, San Geronimo, Lima, about 150 meters, September, 1923

(5917).

Small plant, 5 to 10 em. high, with the aspect of Lamium purpureum.

Pilea pulegifolia (Poir.) Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. Bot. 18: 213. 1852.

Urtica pulegifolia Poir. Encycl.4: 224. 1816.

Peru.

Thickets, Chaglla, about 2800 meters, May, 1923 (8650).

Stem elongate, lax (?), much branched; leaves of a node similar but very

unequal, the larger up to 2.5 cm. long; pistillate flowers in a loosely-flowered

panicle about 8 mm. wide, the peduncles filiform, 1 to 1.5 em. long; perianth-

segments unequal, the lateral less than half as long as the middle segment;

achenes suborbicular, 1 mm. long and wide, finely papillose.

The dimension of the leaves of Macbride’s specimen is twice that given by

Weddell in his description of P. pulegifolia, but in general habit, leaf shape,

and cystolithic markings this specimen agrees well with Weddell’s diagnosis.

Weddell evidently saw only staminate plants, while Macbride’s specimens are

all pistillate.

DOUBTFUL SPECIMENS OF THE GENUS PILEA

No. 3770. Yanano,about 1800 meters, May, 1923. Coarse, erect herb,

glabrous throughout, the leaves oblong-elliptic, up to 15 em. long, 4 em.

wide, narrowing to a rather broad base (petioles stout, 2.5 mm. long).

This plant is nearest P. goudotiana Wedd., a species cultivated in Colombia,

known to me only by description. In Macbride’s specimen, the inflorescence,

probably pistillate, is not in a condition for satisfactory determination of the

plant.

No. 4826. Cushi, about 1600 meters, June, 1923. Erect succulent peren-

nial herb, ‘‘4 feet’’ high; leaves long-petioled, oblong-elliptic, up to 16 cm.

long, 6 em. wide; inflorescence undeveloped.

Nearest P. spruceana Wedd., but larger in every way.

Boehmeria aspera Wedd. Arch. Mus. Paris 9: 349, pl. 11, f. 24-28. 1856-57.

Colombia, Peru.

Steep, grass-shrub slopes, Piedra Grande, station near Rio Santo Domingo,

May, 1923 ‘‘Shrub 2-5 feet”’ (8698).

Readily recognized by its coriaceous, bullate-rugose, lanceolate leaves.

Boehmeria pavonii Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. IV. 1: 202. 1854.

Peru and Bolivia.

La Merced, about 600 meters, August, 1923. ‘Slender open shrub-tree”’

(5268).

Leaves long-acuminate, the alternate ones often dimorphic; flowers clusters

small for the genus.

FEB. 4, 1925 KILLIP: URTICACEAE 55

Boehmeria weddelliana Killip, nom. nov.

Boehmeria hirta Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. IV. 1: 202. 1854, not Boehmeria

hirta Pers. (1807).

Peru.

Sunny stream edge, Muna, about 2200 meters, May-June, 1923. “Compact

5 it. shrub” (4012).

This is apparently the only South American species of Boehmerza with

both axillary flower clusters and opposite leaves. The plant is densely

hirsute throughout.

Pouzolzia aspera Wedd. in DC. Prodr. 161: 233. 1869.

Peru and Bolivia.

Steep grassy, rocky slope, canyon of the Rio Huallaga, below Rio Santo

Domingo, about 1200 meters, June, 1923, “Dense 2-3 ft. shrub’ (4238).

Leaves lanceolate, entire, rough above, cano-tomentose beneath.

Mpyriocarpa densiflora Benth. Bot. Voy. Sulphur 169. 1844.

Colombia to Bolivia and Peru.

Forest, Cushi, about 1600 meters, June, 1923, ‘“Rather open 10 ft. shrub-

tree”’ (4838).

A second specimen, collected at La Merced, about 600 meters altitude,

August, 1923 (5454), with larger leaves rugose above, and more densely

tomentose, is the subspecies dombeyana Wedd.

The differences between Myriocarpa densiflora and M. stipitata, described

at the same time by Bentham, are very slight, and the two may not be dis-

tinct. In such case the latter name must be used, but in the absence of type

material or authenticated specimens it does not seem advisable at this time to

treat them as conspecific.

Mpyriocarpa laevigata Killip, sp. nov.

Compact tree or shrub, up to 5 meters high, glabrous, except inflorescence,

petioles, and tips of branches, the bark of the younger branches cinerous;

stipules ovate-lanceolate, 6 to 8 mm. long, 4 to 5 mm. wide, acutish; petioles

up to 5 em. long, canaliculate, appressed-pilosulous or nearly glabrous; leaves

obovate or ovate, 7 to 14 cm. long, 4 to 8 cm. wide, abruptly acuminate or acute

at apex, subcuneate or rounded at base, shallowly undulate-serrulate above

middle, subentire in lower half, triplinerved with 3 or 4 ascending secondary

nerves on each side of the mid-nerve, reticulate-veined, coriaceous, glabrous

above, beneath often densely pilose in the axils of the principal and secondary

nerves, and sparsely pilosulous along midrib, otherwise glabrous, densely

covered on both surfaces with fusiform and punctiform cystoliths, the nerves:

on under surface bearing longer, linear cystoliths; plants dioecious (?);

staminate plants not seen; pistillate inflorescences solitary or in pairs in the

axils of the leaves, twice dichotomous, the branches slender, wiry, pilosulous,

5 to 8 mm. long, the primary branches slightly shorter, the ultimate elon-

gate, 10 to 15 cm. long, averaging 3 mm. thick; sepals 2, about 0.5 mm. long,

recurved, glabrous; achene ovate-elliptic, s stipitate, ‘about 1. 5 mm. long

(including stipe), compressed, slightly hispidulous, setose at margin (setae

subequal), the body dark brown, the stipe pale.

Type in the herbarium of the Field Museum, no. 534987, collected at Mumia.

Peru, altitude about 2300 meters, May 23 to June 4, 1923, by J. F. Macbride

(no. 3925). A specimen of this collection is also in the National Herbarium..

56 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 15, No. 3

Additional specimens examined:

Peru: Yanano, about 1800 meters, Macbride 3783. Cueva Grande, near

Pozuzo, about 1100 meters, Macbride 4811.

The smooth, coriaceous, nearly entire leaves distinguish this from the other

Peruvian species of Myriocarpa. The foliage more nearly resembles that of

M. heterostachys Donn. Smith, a plant of Guatemala, though in that species

the leaves are rather long-attenuate at the apex, thinner, and the cystolithic

markings are different.

Phenax hirtus minor Wedd. in DC. Prodr. 161: 235°. 1869.

eee urticaefolius minor Wedd. Arch. Mus. Paris 9: 496. 1856-57.

eru.

Shrubby canyon side, Matucana, about 2500 meters, March, 1923, ‘Loosely

branched shrub, about 4 ft. Flowers pink” (2883). Brook margin, Matu-

cana, April-May, 1922, ‘Woody below. Leaves glossy above.” (233.)

Leaves only 1.5 to 3 cm. long; otherwise apparently the same as typical

P. hirtus Sw., a common tropical plant.

Phenax laevigatus Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. 1V. Bot.4: 192. 1854.

Colombia to Peru.

Stream-canyon’ thicket, Mito, about 2700 meters, July, 1922, “To 4 ft.,

erect; branches spreading, ‘spray-like’’”’ (1503). Huacachi, station near

Muna, 2000 meters, May, 1923 (4153).

Leaves coriaceous, glabrous except, occasionally, on the nerves beneath.

Phenax laxiflorus Wedd. Arch. Mus. Paris 9: 499. 1856-57.

Peru.

Mufia, along trial to Tambo de Vaca, about 2500 meters, June, 1923 (4282).

Readily recognized by the loosely-flowered clusters. Usually more densely

pubescent than the other Peruvian species of Phenaz.

Parietaria debilis Forst. Fl. Ins. Austr. Prodr. 73. 1786.

Widely distributed in both hemispheres, from sea level to high altitudes.

In moist soil on rock ledges of canyon, Matucana, about 2500 meters, April—

May, 1922, “Stems clinging to face of rock,” (262). Upper slopes of seaside

hills, Chorrillos, near Lima, September, 1923 (5870). Sandy loams along

the sea, Turin, Lima, about 60 meters, September, 1923 (5968).

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY AND AFFILIATED

SOCIETIES

THE PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY

909TH MEETING

The 909th meeting was held at the Cosmos Club Saturday, November 29,

1924, with President Hazarp in the chair and 55 persons in attendance.

Program: W. W. Cosutentz: The measurement of planetary tenvperatures.

(llustrated.) ;

Author’s abstract: In 1921 a new method was used at the Lowell Observa-

tory, Flagstaff, Arizona, for determining the temperature of stars. The

novelty of the method consisted in separating the radiation into spectral

components by means of transmission screens, and measuring the energy by

means of stellar thermocouples similar to those used at the Lick Observatory,

Mt. Hamilton, California, in 1914.

FEB. 4, 1925 PROCEEDINGS: PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY 57

The results obtained were so promising that in 1922 the Lowell Observa-

tory provided financial means for testing the device on the planets, pre-

liminary to the crucial work at the opposition of Mars in 1924. Unfortu-

nately, owing to eye-strain, only a few nights could be devoted to the tests.

However, the results were entirely successful, indicating that the equatorial

temperature of Mars was high, perhaps 10° to 20°C.

In estimating planetary temperatures the usual procedure is to consider

the intensity of insolation on the planet, the albedo of the planet, and various

other factors. The measurements, which were made in 1922, showed that

while the water cell is an excellent means for testing the presence of planetary

radiation, it was desirable to try out a new method which would permit the

correlation of the spectral distribution of the planetary radiation with that

of a black body radiator. This is possible by separating the planetary radia-

tion into spectral components by means of transmission screens as used in

1921.

The outstanding features of this investigation are the results of the meas-

urements on selected regions on the surface of Venus and of Mars. The sur-

face of the former planet is hidden by clouds, and its period of rotation is

undetermined. Hence, the thermocouple radiometer appears to be a means

of obtaining further information on this question.

It was found that not only does the illuminated crescent show the presence

of considerable planetary radiation, but the unilluminated part of the disk

also emits a large amount of infra red rays. This raises the question whether

the radiation from the dark side of the planet is owing to a rapid rotation,

say 1 to 10 days.

Radiometric measurements were made on Mars on 24 nights under a wide

range of instrumental and meteorological conditions. These measurements

show that the bright regions of Mars are cooler than the dark regions, that

the sunrise side of the planet is at a lower temperature than the side exposed

to the afternoon sun, and that the polar regions are intensely cold.

An estimate of the temperature of the irradiated equatorial surface of

Mars was obtained by four methods, as follows: (1) By comparison with

terrestrial conditions, Martian temperatures similar to those found on the

Earth were inferred; (2) By direct comparison of the spectral components of

the planetary radiation from Mars and the Moon, noonday temperatures

were obtained ranging from 5°C. for the bright equatorial region to 20°C.

for the adjacent dark regions; (3) By comparison of the observed spectral

components of the planetary radiation from Mars with similar data calculated

from the laws of spectral radiation of a black body, temperatures were ob-

tained ranging from — 15°C. for the bright equatorial regions to 12°C. for the

adjoining dark regions; and (4) By applying the fourth-power law of total

radiation to the water-cell transmissions of isolated regions, temperatures up

to 15°C. were calculated.

As a whole, these temperature estimates are in harmony with visual ob-

servations on Mars. The measurements show that the noonday tempera-

ture of the equatorial surface of Mars at perihelion is not unlike that of a cool

bright day on the Earth, with temperatures ranging from 5° to 15°C., or 40°

to 60°F.

The temperature estimates of the other planets are as follows: Mercury 75

to 100°C.; the upper limiting temperatures of the outer atmospheres of

Venus, Jupiter, Saturn, and Uranus, —60°, —75°, —65°, and —75°C. re-

spectively; and the unillumininated face of the Moon —75°C. to —200°C.

58 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 15, No. 3

W. D. Coxitins: Temperatures of air and water. The paper was illustrated

with lantern slides and diagrams, and was discussed by Messrs. SosMAN,

Humpureys, and L. H. Apams.

Author’s abstract: The large number of published measurements of earth

temperatures throughout the world indicate that at depths of from 30 to 60

feet the temperature at any place is practically constant throughout the year.

Computations by C. E. Van Orstrand from many temperature measure-

ments at different depths lead to the conclusion that in general this constant

temperature is about 2°F. higher than the mean annual air temperature at the

same place. A number of different results have been published for the rate of

increase of temperature with depth. A committee of the British Association

for the Advancement of Science reported in 1882 the selection of 1°F. for 64

feet of depth as the most probable average rate. Thus from the air tempera-

ture it is possible to estimate closely the probable temperature of water ob-

tainable from wells of any depth.

Measurements of surface water temperatures at 23 places in the United

States, published in United States Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper

520-f, show a reasonably close agreement between the mean monthly water

temperature and the mean monthly air temperature. In the warmer months

the agreement is somewhat better than in winter. The mean monthly air

temperature at any place may be taken as the approximate temperature of

surface water during the month, but the agreement with the actual tempera-

ture is not likely to be as close as the agreement between the calculated and

actual temperature of ground water.

910TH MEETING

The 910th meeting, being the 54th annual meeting, was held at the Cosmos

Club Saturday, December 13, 1924, with President Hazarp in the chair and

35 persons present.

The report of the Treasurer showed total receipts, $2015.12; disburse-

ments, $1074.04, leaving a balance of $941.08. The report of the Secretaries

showed that 18 meetings were held during the year, several in conjunction

with other societies.

The following officers were elected for the ensuing year: President, J. A.

FieminG; Vice-presidents, J. P. Autt and W. Bowin; Treasurer, P. R. HEY;

Recording Secretary, H. A. Marmrr; Members-at-Large, General Committee,

L. B. Tuckerman and H.E. Merwin.

Regular program: N. H. Hecx: Application of force diagrams to compass

compensation. The paper was illustrated with lantern slides and was dis-

cussed by Messrs. Curtis, HawkKESworRTH, PAWLING, FRENCH, and AULT.

Author’s abstract: Mariners of the Middle Ages did not recognize the need

for compass compensation, but with the arrival of the iron steamship, about

1850, and later the steel ship, the matter became of great importance. His-

tory is cited to explain why this old subject is revived. Early investigators

developed a mathematical solution which was improved by the British Navy

and by Diehl and Muir for the American Navy. About 1910 there was a

reaction against the mathematical treatment for several reasons, including:

Realization that sub-permanent magnetism of a ship does not change accord-

ing to fixed laws and may be affected by electrical machinery; magnetic ob-

servations at sea by the Coast and Geodetic Survey showed that variations

in ships’ magnetism made it difficult to get accurate observations and this led

to the use by the Carnegie Institution of the “Galilee,” and the building of

the “Carnegie,” a non-magnetic ship; the use of the gyro compass on large

FEB. 4, 1925 PROCEEDINGS: BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY 59

vessels has removed some of the more difficult problems. A reaction accord-

ingly followed and recent manuals give a very simple treatment, in some

cases the efforts to simplify lead to fallacies. This paper describes a rela-

tively simple treatment which is intended to give a picture of the forces

involved.

The old method described nine bars as representing the ship’s magnetism;

in any case, all the forces at the compass center can be resolved into compo-

nents in three directions, but this statement presents no picture that can be

visualized.

Starting with an iron filing diagram of a bar magnet, the directions of forces

at points in the field corresponding to that of the compass aboard the ship

are indicated. Magnetism of the ship is considered as represented by three

magnets symmetrically placed with respect to the ship, there being two such

sets of magnets, one for permanent and one for temporary magnetism.

Permanent magnetism. The forces due to the three magnets can be

readily visualized, and the simple force diagram gives the resultant direction

of the compass needle, taking into account the Earth’s field.

Temporary magnetism. This is a little more difficult to visualize. By

means of iron filing diagrams due to a soft iron bar making different angles

with a uniform field, it is seen that the field of the bar may be considered as

identical in form with that of a magnet of the same shape, but that the force

in the field changes with the direction of the bar, becoming zero when at right

angles to the direction of the uniform field. A simple force diagram shows

how the force normal to the meridian which causes the deviation may be

represented. From this an extremely simple diagram is developed for show-

ing the variation of this force with the heading of the vessel.

Compensation is briefly discussed, and the action of the spheres in compen-

sating temporary magnetism is demonstrated.

The application of this method, and discussion of the heeling error affords

a test of its value.

J. P. Autt, Recording Secretary. -

THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY

669TH MEETING

The 669th meeting of the Biological Society was held in the lecture hall

of the Cosmos Club, October 25, 1924, at 8:10 p.m., with President GIDLEY

in the chair and 72 persons present.

F. C. Lrxcotn reported that the Authors’ Index to the Proceedings of the

Biological Society had been issued, and exhibited copies.

S. F. Biaxe reported that during the past summer he had observed in

Connecticut a small snapping turtle which, when irritated by a stick, slowly

raised the posterior portion of its body and then jumped forward about an

inch, at the same time shooting out its head.

Program: VERNON Batter: Recent observations in Glacier National Park

(illustrated). The speaker compared the present numbers of the animals

in the park with observations made some years ago. Careful estimates of the

numbers of the larger animals in the park made by park officials for several

years provide a basis for future determination of increase or decrease, but

unfortunately there are few data for comparison from past years. From his

study of animal life in the park in 1917 and 1918, the speaker is confident

that there has been a noticeable increase in mountain goat, bighorn and deer,

60 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 15, NO. 3

a slight increase in elk and moose, and a notable decrease in predatory ani-

mals, such as coyotes, wolves, and mountain lions. With reasonable control

of these harmful species, the wild life of the park should go on increasing until

there is a constant overflow into surrounding country, much of which is well

adapted to game.

One of the most delightful features of the animal life in the park is its tame-

ness. White goats, bighorns, and deer are easily photographed at close

range, and the great hoary marmots, Columbia ground squirrels, and chip-

munks would often take food from the hand. Beaver, porcupines, snowshoe

rabbits, squirrels, martens, mink, weasels, and conies were often seen at

close range, and the birds of the park were equally confident and unafraid.

Colored lantern slides were shown of some of the wildflower gardens and

picturesque scenery of the park, as well as of many of the mammals and a few

of the birds.

P. J. BALDENSPERGER, Nice, France: Palestine and its fauna (illustrated).

The speaker described the country and its inhabitants, and illustrated both

the scenery and the people with numerous lantern slides, many of which

showed places of religious interest. Mention was made of some of the more

important birds and animals, and the decrease in wild life which has followed

the deforestation of the country during the war was particularly emphasized.

In conclusion the speaker, who is a practical bee-keeper, showed views of the

bee hives used in Palestine and described some of his experiences with bees.

670TH MEETING

The 670th meeting was held November 8, 1924, at 8 p.m., with President

Giwv-tey in the chair and 53 persons present.

L. O. Howarp read the following resolution regarding the recent death of

Nep Ho.tutstTer, an ex-president of the Biological Society:

Wuereas, the Biological Society of Washington has learned with profound regret

of the death of one of its ex-presidents Ned Hollister, Superintendent of the National

Zoological Park, therefore be it

Resolved that this Society place on record an expression of the deep loss that it has

suffered through the death of a most valued member, former editor and president; and

of its appreciation of his ability as a zoologist, and especially of his character and worth

as a man,

Resolved, further, that a copy of this resolution be spread upon the minutes of the

Society and that a copy be transmitted by the secretary to the bereaved family.—

L. O. Howarp, T. 8S. Paumer, H. C. OBeRHOLSER, COMMITTEE.

H. C. OBERHOLSER spoke of Mr. Hotuister’s work as editor of the “‘Jour-

nal of Mammalogy”’ and of the educational work he accomplished as director

of the National Zoological Park, as well as of his worth as a man.

T. H. Scuerrer, Biological Survey: Mountain beavers and moles in the

Puget Sound country (illustrated)—The peculiar little animal called the

mountain beaver (A plodontia) is to be found only on the Pacific coast of North

America. It resembles a tailless muskrat in size and general appearance,

but is not aquatic. It is particularly abundant in the edges of the forests and

on the old burns and cut-over lands of the Puget Sound country, where it

burrows extensively among the stumps and logs and in the slopes of the many

gulches that dissect the bench lands. The food of the mountain beaver

includes a great variety of herbs, and cuttings of both deciduous and evergreen

trees, shrubs, and vines. The animal is not arboreal in habit, but readily

climbs shrubs and saplings to a height of several feet, cutting off the small

branches and leaving short stubs to serve as the rounds of its ladder. Small

FEB. 4, 1925 PROCEEDINGS: BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY 61

piles of the green stuff it uses for food are cached temporarily at the entrances

of its burrows, or in exposed situations where they are sometimes left to dry.

The animal is active throughout the year. Skins of the mountain beaver

were used by the Indians for making garments and robes, but have not been

utilized by our modern furriers.

Of the two species of mole to be found in our Pacific Coast States, the

Townsend mole (Scapanus townsend) is the largest on the continent and is

more abundant locally than any species occurring elsewhere. This abun-

. dance is due, in a large degree, to the fertile, well watered soil of the North-

west Coast, which teems with earthworms, the principal food of the mole.

The Townsend mole burrows more deeply than the eastern mole and heaps

up unsightly mounds of earth in fields, parks, and on lawns. From the stand-

point of food habits it is more or less neutral in its effects on our interests, but

becomes an intolerable nuisance in gardens, parks, lawns, and meadows, be-

cause of its burrowing habits. The animal may be readily controlled by the

use of properly constructed traps, but by no other practicable method. The

fur of the Townsend mole is of excellent quality and is coming into use in the

trade. The skins are larger than those imported from Europe as Scotch mole

and Dutch mole. (Author’s abstract.)

G. A. Dean, Bureau of Entomology: The European corn borer in America

Gllustrated)—The European corn borer (Pyrausta nubdlalis Hiibner), now

firmly established in the United States and Canada, probably gained en-

trance into America in 1909 or 1910 in broom corn imported from Hungary

and Italy, but was first reported in the United States in 1917, from near Bos-

ton. In 1919 it was discovered in New York and northwestern Pennsylvania,

and in 1920 it was reported from Ontario. In 1921 a slight infestation was

found throughout a narrow strip of territory bordering on Lake Erie in Penn-

sylvania, Ohio, and Michigan. The survey for 1924 has disclosed increases

of 150 to 300 per cent in areas infested in Ohio, Michigan, and Pennsylvania.

New areas have been found in Staten Island, Long Island and Connecticut.

In Canada, the principal dent corn growing areas in Essex and Kent

Counties, Ontario, are now so seriously infested as to cause considerable com-

mercial injury. The prevalence of moisture, heavy dews, and high humidity

’ during the incubation of the eggs and during the early or first instar stage of

the larvae in 1924 apparently caused very little mortality of the eggs and per-

mitted large numbers of the larvae to become established in the tassels,

leaves, stalks, and ears of the corn plants.

In Massachusetts there has been not only a very marked decrease in the

intensity of infestation, but also very little spread in the infestation. This

decrease apparently is due principally to the adverse climatic conditions which

prevailed during the summer of 1923. The thorough clean-up of fields, gar-

dens, and small weed areas and the fall plowing of practically 90 per cent of

the cultivated fields probably also contributed considerably to the decrease

in the infestation. In eastern New York the infestation remains about the

same, that is, there has been very little spread and very little increase in the

intensity of the infestation.

Since the insect in the short time that it has been found in America has been

found infesting nearly two hundred species of plants, including many valuable

garden and farm crops, it is considered an insect of major importance. En-

tomologists and agronomists are convinced of its tremendous potentiality and

of what may be expected when it once becomes established throughout the

corn belt and has the benefit of one or two years of favorable climatic condi-

tions. (Author’s abstract.)

62 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 15, NO. 3

F. C. Lrycoin, Biological Survey: Results of bird banding in Europe (illus-

trated).—Bird banding in Europe has been practiced since 1899 when the

first experimental work was done by Prof. H. C. C. Mortensen of Viborg,

Denmark, followed by organized investigations in Germany, Holland, Hun-

gary, Sweden, Scotland, and England.

The records available trace the migration of the White Stork (Ciconia

ciconia) south through the valleys of the Elbe and Oder Rivers, across the

Carpathian Mountains, Asia Minor, and Syria to the delta of the Nile

River. This stream is then followed to its headwaters and on south to the

Transvaal, Orange Free State and Cape Colony where the birds spend the

winter. Another route is to the southwest through the valley of the Rhone

River to the Mediterranean coasts of France and Spain and also to Morocco.

It is not believed that the flight by this route (which is obviously of lesser

importance) is continued much south of the African coast as the stork evi-

dently dislikes the long flights which would be necessary to cross the Sahara

Desert. A few young birds have returned in later years to within a short

distance of their original home. The oldest bird, as revealed by banded

birds, was eleven years old when killed.

The Pintail (Dafila a. acuta) breeds in northern Europe, and a large number

were banded by Prof. Mortensen at the island of Fano, off the west coast of

Denmark. Many of these were subsequently recovered, some as far north

as Lapland, Finland, and the coast of the White Sea. The winter range is

shown to extend south through the valley of the Rhine River and along the

Bay of Biscay to the northern shores of the Mediterranean and Adriatic seas.

One bird was taken far in the interior, east of the Ural Mountains.

Professor Mortensen also banded a large number of European Teal (Nettion

crecca), another duck breeding to about 70° north. The winter quarters are

confined largely to the regions included between the isotherms of 4° and 6°C.

for January. These areas include almost all of Ireland, the south and west

coasts of England, the western part of France between the Loire and Gironde

Rivers, northern Italy and Jugo-Slavia. The fall migration to winter quar-

ters is probably via the coastwise route.

The Black-headed Gull (Larus ridibundus) breeds throughout Europe and

Asia to Kamchatka, but the birds banded were mainly from colonies along the ~

Baltic coasts and in Hungary. The fall migration of these birds follows the

coast line south to the Mediterranean Sea, a few crossing to the African coast.

From this main route there are several offshoots, the principal river valleys

being followed by different quotas. At times cross-country flights of con-

siderable length are undertaken and several ranges of mountains are regularly

crossed. Two gulls, banded at the German station of Rossitten on the Baltic

Sea, have been recovered in American waters; one near Bridgetown, island of

Barbados, British West Indies, and the other near Vera Cruz, Bay of

Campeche, Mexico.

European Swallows (Hirundo r. rustica) have yielded a few interesting

returns. Seven birds banded in England were recovered in South Africa,

over 7,000 miles from the point of banding. Six of these were young birds in

their first season. The route taken is not definitely indicated. Fifteen

Hungarian birds returned to the point of banding, two yielding three succes-

sive returns each. Corroborative evidence of the strength of the homing

instinct in these birds is furnished by records from England and Scotland.

FEB. 4, 1925 PROCEEDINGS: BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY 63

671ST MEETING

The 671st meeting was held November 22, 1924, at 8:00 p.m., with Presi-

dent GIpLEY in the chair and 98 persons present. New members elected:

Dr. ALBERT L. Barrows, C. 8. East, ARTHUR LOVERIDGE.

T. S. PALMER gave a report of the recent A. O. U. meeting at Pittsburgh,

referring especially to the moving pictures of birds and exhibition of bird

paintings. He also reported that one of his box turtles, after going into hiber-

nation in October, had appeared again but was not active. S. F. Buaxs

stated that a small Bell’s turtle which he had in captivity had reappeared

from the mud during the warm days in early November, but had gone into the

mud again at the time of the cold spell.

Vernon BariEy commented on the delicious quality of some wild rice

received from C. E. CHamptuiss, and discussed the hibernation of certain

mammals.

M. K. Brapy exhibited some living specimens of two rare Japanese sala-

manders, and commented on their characters.

S. F. Buaks reported that the series of books containing the minutes of

the Council meetings of the Society is now complete, but that the first book

of minutes for the open meetings has not been found.

A. WerTmore reported that a hen pheasant appeared in his yard at Takoma

Park on November 9.

JOSEPH GRINNELL: Faunal changes now taking place in California.—The

paper covers the faunal changes that have taken place since the coming of the

white man to California. The principal factors controlling the number of

animals are food supply, temporary refuges (cover), proper breeding places,

and suitable climate. All these factors of the environment are affected by the

following modifications, due to man: deforestation, afforestation, clearing

of brush land, irrigation, cultivation of grassy plains, drainage of lakes and

swamps, formation of reservoirs and canals, and grazing. Asa result of these

modifications, some species have been reduced in numbers, some have in-

creased (linnet), some have been exterminated (kit fox, last recorded in 1903),

and some have been added from adjacent territory (bobolink). Irrigation

has undoubtedly increased the number of individuals, but the species are

fewer, owing to the extermination of many.

In the Imperial Valley, where the Colorado River was diverted from its

course, the introduction of water into desert areas has brought with it the

cotton rat, muskrat, and Bermuda grass, the last closely followed by the pock-

et gopher. Some desert rodents have been eliminated in the flooded regions.

Examples of extermination are afforded by several rodents of very local dis-

tribution inhabiting regions where the environment has been greatly changed

by the advent of man.

New arrivals are the opposum, which was introduced by negro caterers at

San Jose in 1910 and is now found abundantly in the lowlands from Sacra-

mento to Riverside, and the roof rat (Rattus alexandrinus), which is making

its way along streams into remote places in the mountains.

In discussion, T. S. Parmer stated that the important date in a study of

changed conditions in California is that of the coming of railroads. In reply,

Dr. Grinnell stated that he considered the introduction of automobiles of more

importance in changing wild conditions. A. WETMORE, commenting on Dr.

Grinnell’s statement that the eucalyptus groves in California were practically

devoid of wild life, stated that he had found conditions much the same in the

eucalyptus groves of Argentina. Almost the only native bird that inhabits

64 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VoL. 15, No. 3

them there is a parrakeet, which builds very large nests. A species of teal

lays its eggs in the nests built by the parrakeet. Within five miles of Monte-

video the only conspicuous plants and birds were all introduced—eucalyptus,

tamarix, and the English sparrow.

The paper was also discussed by M. K. Brapy and J. W. Grpuey, who re-

ferred to the destructive effects of grazing in the northwestern states.

H. V. Haruan: The plains and hills of the Punjab and Kashmir (illustrated).

—Central and northwest India are regions of low rainfall. Much of the

Punjab is desert. In the drier sections of the Punjab several million acres

have recently been brought under irrigation. Cotton and wheat are the basic

crops. The Mogul dynasty did much to promote horticulture and there are

still remains of their work visible in the gardens of the tombs of several of

their emperors.

The Vale of Kashmir is a picturesque horticultural valley. The charac-

teristic trees of the valley are oriental plane, mulberry, white-barked poplar,

and willow. Berries, apricots, apples, and grapes are grown extensively.

The grain crops are rice, wheat, barley, and corn. There are remains of eleven

Mogul gardens several of which are still in good condition. They usually

contain plane trees several centuries old. The irrigation systems are the

original ones installed by the Moguls. Market gardens are grown in beds of

turf floated on shallow lakes. (Author’s abstract.)

672D MEETING

The 672d regular and 45th annual meeting of the Biological Society was

held in the lecture hall of the Cosmos Club December 6, 1924, at 8:15 p.m.,

with President GipLey in the chair and 22 persons present. The Annual

Reports of the Corresponding Secretary, Recording Secretary, Treasurer, and

Committee on Publications were read. The following officers were then

elected: President, S. A. Ronwer; Vice Presidents, H. C. OBERHOLSER, E. A.

GotpMaAN, A. Wermorg, C. E. Cuamsuiss; Recording Secretary, S. F. BLAKE;

Corresponding Secretary, T. E. SNypER; Treasurer, F. C. Lincotn; Members of

Council, H. H. T. Jackson, H. C. Futter, W. R. Maxon, C. W. Stiuus,

A. A. Doourrrie. The President-elect was nominated as Vice-President

of the Washington Academy of Sciences to represent the Biological Society.

8. F. Brake, Recording Secretary.

SCIENTIFIC NOTES AND NEWS

ALDEN Sampson, formerly a game preserve expert with the Biological Sur-

vey, died in New York City January 5. Mr. Sampson was widely known as

an explorer and traveler. He was a member of the Biological and Arch-

aeological Societies.

Dr. Ates Hrpiicka was recently elected President of the American An-

thropological Society, succeeding Dr. WALTER Hovueu.

The National Museum has received important ethnological, zoological and

botanical material from the National Geographic Society, obtained by the

Society’s recent expedition to China, headed by F. R. Wutsin.

_ ANNOUNCEMENT OF MEETINGS OF THE ACADEMY AND

AFFILIATED SOCIETIES

: Thursday, February 5. The Entomological Society.

_ Saturday, February 7. The Philosophical Society, at the Cosmos Club.

_ Program: W. P. Wuire: Some scientific aspects of the game of golf. H. L.

_ _Drypen: The Flettner rotor ship.

- Thursday, February 12. The Chemical Society.

_ Saturday, February 14. The Biological Society.

_ Tuesday, February 17. The Anthropological Society.

The Helminthological Society.

ernest, February-19. THe ACADEMY.

PROGRAMS ANNOUNCED SINCE THE PRECEDING ISSUE OF THE

JOURNAL

a Saturday, January 17. The Biological Society. A.B. Howewu: Mice that live in trees.

: R. F. Grices: Scientific results of the Katmai expeditions.

CONTENTS

ia ORIGINAL PAPERS

‘adh Botany.—Roseocaclus, a new genus of Cactaceae. ALWIN Brercer

; Botany.—Notes on Urticaceae of the Marshall Field Peruvian explorat

i WORTH. P. IRTOUIP 2 csp sg-slomesceien ser sas oo ears ee ae

PROCEEDINGS

\Screntiric Norms AND NBWS..-..2.650.c0000stegeeceretorciioasee enter

- | OFFICERS OF THE ACADEMY —

President: Vernon L. Ketoca, National Research Council.

Corresponding Secretary: Francts B. Stspen, Bureau of Stan

- Recording Secretary: W. D. Lampert, Coast and Geodetic Barve

Treasurer: R. L. Faris, Coast and Geodetic Survey.

Vol. 15 Frsruary 19, 1925 No. 4

- JOURNAL«,,_

“ OF THE

i ; 4

WASHINGTON ACADEMY

OF SCIENCES

BOARD OF EDITORS

E, P. Kiuure D. F. Hewerr S. J. Maucuiy

NATIONAL MUBEUM GEOLOGICAL SURVEY DEPARTMENT OF TERRESTRIAL MAGNETISM

ASSOCIATE EDITORS

L, H. Apams S. A. RonwER

PHILOS0PHICAL SOCIETY ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

E, A. GoLDMAN G. W. StosE

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY GEOLOGICAL SOCIDTY

R, F. Grices J. R. Swanton

BOTANICAL SOCIETY ANTHROPOLOGICAL SOCIETY

E. WicHERS

CHEMICAL SOCIETY

PUBLISHED SEMI-MONTHLY

EXCEPT IN JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER, WHEN MONTHLY

BY THE

WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

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JOURNAL

OF THE

WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Vor. 15 Fresruary 19, 1925 No. 4

BOTANY .—Notes on the taxonomy of American and Mexican Upland

cottons. FreperRiIcK L. Lewron, U. 8. National Museum.

A testimony to the difficulties in the way of assigning the proper

botanical names to the many cultivated species and varieties of cotton

is seen in the fact that students of the taxonomy of the genus Gossypium

are not in accord as to the proper name which should be assigned to the

group of varieties yielding the bulk of our annual crop of Upland

cotton amounting to millions of bales.

The name most commonly accepted for this important crop plant is

Gossypium hirsutum 1., the first American species to be recognized by

Linnaeus as distinct from Old World cottons. Some students of this

question, like Fletcher and Watt, after examining the Linnean speci-

mens, noting that his name hirsutwm was intended to apply to a cotton

plant having seeds with green fuzz and a flower with red spots on the

bases of the petals, have restricted the name G. hirsutum to a small

group of varieties of Upland cotton having the above named char-

acteristics; and have assigned other names to the bulk of the culti-

vated forms yielding American Upland Cotton. Sir George Watt

uses G. mexicanum Todaro to cover ‘Mexican cotton and the bulk of

the Upland Americans;’’! while Fletcher believes G. siamense Tenore

to be the true name of our plant.?. Before trying to decide between

these two views let us examine the validity of the arguments pre-

sented by the above writers in advocating the names proposed by

them.

‘Watt, Sir George: The wild and cultivated cotton plants of the world, pp. 226-244.

Bae F.: Botany and origin of American Upland cotton, Cairo Sci. Journ.

3: 264-266. 1909.

66 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 15, NO. 4

MEXICAN UPLAND COTTON NOT GOSSYPIUM MEXICANUM

The bulk of the commercial cotton crop of Mexico is yielded by a species

of Gossypiwm for which as yet we have no adequate name. To supply this

deficiency, Sir George Watt makes use of an apparently appropriate specific

name, @. mexicanum Todaro.

Todaro’s name does not seem to have been taken up by any other student

of the cottons until used by Watt in 1910. The latter does not cite any of

Todaro’s actual specimens, nor indeed any specimens from Mexico, but

apparently after deciding to apply G. mexicanum to the broad-leaved Mexican

cottons of the general upland type he finds specimens from all over the world

in the herbaria of Kew, British Museum, Geneva, and Calcutta, which he

assigns to this species. Before accepting Watt’s identification of ‘“Mexican

cotton” let us see if we can determine what kind of a cotton plant was in the

mind of Agostino Todaro when he proposed the name Gossypiwm mexicanum.

A brief description in Latin under this name was first published in 1868 in the

list of seeds which ripened in 1867 in the Royal Botanic Garden at Palermo,

Sicily; later a fuller and more detailed description was presented by Todaro

in his monograph of the genus Gossypium, published in 1878. This deserip-

tion was strengthened by an excellent colored plate, and shows a shrubby

small-bolled plant yielding tawny colored cotton and small flowers with a

spot at the base of each petal. He gives the habitat of the plant as ‘‘Northern

Mexico”’ and says that seed of this species was sent to him in 1864 by the

“celebrated Professor Decaisne”’ under the name ‘‘Coton sauvage de Siam dit

Siam clair,’ with the statement that it was shrubby and perennial. The

label on the specimen of cotton seed sent by Decaisne from the Botanic

Garden at Paris at once arouses a question in the mind of the reader as to

what “Wild Siamese Cotton’? was doing in Mexico about 1864. At first

thought it would seem that Todaro had misquoted Decaisne and unintention-

ally connected Siam and Mexico together, but an examination of Todaro’s

writings develops that in three distinct papers he mentions the wild Siamese

cotton having a habitat in Mexico.’

That such a species of cotton as was described and figured by Todaro is

really to be found in Northern Mexico was proven by that indefatigable

collector of Mexican plants, Dr. Edward Palmer, who brought to Washington

from Victoria, Tamaulipas, Mexico, specimens and fresh seeds of a shrubby

brown-linted cotton which he said was locally known as socollo or cocoyo.

Plants grown by the writer in Texas and Florida from the seeds brought by

Dr. Palmer appear as almost exact counterparts of Todaro’s plate of his

G, mexicanum.’ From carefully made field notes put down from the living

plants at Brownsville, Texas, the following description has been drawn:

8 Todaro, Agostino: Relazione sui cotoni coltivati al R. Orto Botanico nell’ anno 1864,

in Atti della Societa di Acclimazione e di Agricoltura in Sicilia 4: 164. 1864.

Todaro, Agostino: Index seminum Horti Regii Botanici Panormitani, ann. 1867,

p. 20 and 31. 1868.

Todaro, Agostino: Relazione sulla cultura dei cotoni in Italia, 193, pl. 6. 1877.

FEB. 19,1925 LEWTON: AMERICAN AND MEXICAN COTTONS 67

Gossypium mexicanum Todaro

Plant woody 1.5 to 2.5 meters high, very strict and: open, branching very

low. Stem erect, slightly hairy, green or reddish. Basal limbs numerous,

ascending, gradually becoming smaller upwards. Fruiting branches 15 to

20, ascending internodes very long, bolls not clustered nor fasciated.

Leaves 10 to 13 em. long from base to tip, width the same, dark green,

quite smooth above, smooth below, very flat, not thrown up in folds at the

sinuses, 3-lobed, divisions broad, basal sinus deep, open; pulvinus very small,

red; petioles 6 to 10 em. long, slightly hairy; nectaries present, small, oval

very deep, edges not raised.

Bracteoles small 2.5 to 4 em. long, 2 em. wide, oval, auriculate at base,

almost smooth, thin, laciniae 6 to 8, hairy, extremely long, especially the

middle one; nectaries 3, medium-sized, oval, shallow, not hairy; bractlets

absent.

Calyx, much appressed to the corolla tube, with conspicuous teeth, smooth;

extra-floral nectaries on the calyx 3, medium-sized, smooth, elliptical; internal

floral nectary broad, hairy hand broad.

Petals small, 3.5 em. long, yellow, usually with a small purple red spot on

the claw.

Stamens variable in length, scattered, staminal tube not toothed at apex;

pollen cream-colored, plentiful, style exserted.

Bolls exceedingly small, 1 to 1.5 em. in diameter, round, blunt, 3- and 4-

locked, short-stalked. erect, open poorly; oil glands very prominent, but a

little below the surface, scattered.

Seeds average 5 per lock, rather small, loose, very fuzzy; fuzz at first gray-

green, later becoming rusty brown.

Lint sparse, pale greenish brown changing to light brown on exposure to

light; fine, soft, short, weak.

The growing plant appears much like the common Mexican tree cotton,

with its long ascending limbs and smooth, thin, flat leaves.

The assigning of a specific name in the form of a geographical adjective

to a plant whose limits of distribution are not known at the time often leads

to the choice of a name which does not at all indicate the region where the

plant ismost abundant. Witness for example the many plants whose specific

name canadensis is far from indicating their true range of distribution. A

geographical specific name is also misleading even when it truly expresses the

plant’s native home if it is bestowed upon an obscure species when the same

area is occupied by more common or conspicuous species. However this

may be, the rules of taxonomy provide that even if the specific name is

inappropriate for either of the above reasons, it must be used if properly pub-

lished and not set aside by an oldername. We have such a case in Gossypium

mexicanum Todaro.

How much influence the Mexican types of Upland cottons have had in the

development of particular varieties cultivated in our. cotton belt is still a

matter of conjecture rather than of record, but certainly the species described

by Todaro and the small-bolled, brown-fibered cotton found by Dr. Palmer

had no part in the development of the Upland cottons of the United States,

and none of the varieties belonging to this group of Upland cottons are refer-

able to G. mexicanum Todaro.

68 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 15, No, 4

“stam”? COTTON

Fletcher’s argument,? that G. siamense Tenore is the true name for Ameri-

can Upland cotton, is not to be disposed of so easily, even though he misquotes

both Du Pratz and Tenore, on whose accounts he mainly depends. His argu-

ment, in brief, is as follows: (1) That G. hirsutum L. is typified by a plant

bearing 3 to 5-toothed bracteoles and flowers with dark red petal spots in the

center, neither of which characterize our Upland cottons; (2) that in a large

collection of varieties grown by him, the one most typical of the Upland cot-

ton was a Cambodian variety, considered a native of that country; (3) that

in 1758 “Du Prate” (Du Pratz) tells of the French colonists growing white

cotton of Siam in preference to the Turkey kind “cultivated in our colonies;”

(4) that in 1839 Tenore figured and described under the name G. siamense,

“apparently from the country of origin,’ a cotton of the Upland type; and

(5) that although G. religiosum L. “is undoubtedly the Upland plant,” and

has priority over the name given by Tenore it has been applied by others to

so many totally different varieties ‘“‘that it seems best to drop it altogether.”

However, Tenore’s name szamense of 18389 was already preoccupied by Tussae

in 1818 for a different type of cotton known at that time in San Domingo as

Siamese cotton.

Fletcher brings no proof of the Asiatic origin of his Cambodian Upland

cotton other than the opinion of the agricultural authorities there that itis

indigenous, and the existence of a similar supposedly wild type in the Philip-

pines. Undoubtedly the presence of this cotton in the Philippines is due to

the same cause as that of many other American plants found there; the early

commerce between Spain and her eastern colonies via Mexico. Although

Tenore was unable to trace the geographical origin of his white cotton of Siam

he used the specific name szamense because he was unable to find that this

variety had in Italy ever borne any other name. Du Pratz did say that the

cotton successfully raised by the French colonists in Louisiana was of the

“white cotton of Siam,” but the statement often credited to him, that the

cotton “cultivated in our colonies is of the Turkey kind,” was added in a

footnote by the English translator and refers to the British Colonies. More-

over, a few years later, a number of quite distinct types of cotton were known

and described from the West Indies as ‘Siam cotton.”

The following quotations and translations taken from the works of several

18th and early 19th Century writers indicate the widespread knowledge of

“Siam’”’ cotton 100 to 200 years ago:

Pire Lasar: ‘There is in the islands another species of cotton whose

seeds have been brought from Siam, and named for this reason cotton of

Siam. It has naturally the color of clear coffee. It is of an extraordinary

fineness, it is long and softer than silk. There is made of it stockings of an

admirable fineness and so beautiful as to make blush the best silk stocking.”

Du Prarz: “The cotton which is cultivated in Louisiana is of the species

4Labat, Pére: Nouveau voyage aux Isles de ’ Amerique 2: 406. 1724.

5 Du Pratz, Le Page: Histoire de la Louisiane 3: 364. 1758.

FEB. 19, 1925 LEWTON: AMERICAN AND MEXICAN COTTONS 69

of the White Siam, though not so soft nor so long as the silk-cotton it is

extremely white and very fine, and very good use may be made from it.’

Note added by translator of the English edition of 1774: ‘This East-India

annual cotton has been found to be much better and whiter than what is

cultivated in our colonies, which is of the Turkey kind. Both of them keep

their color better in washing, and are whiter than the perennial cotton

that comes from the islands although this last is of a better staple.”’

Bossu:' “‘The cotton of this country is of the species called white cotton

of Siam. It is neither so fine nor so long as the silky cotton, but it is however

very white and very fine. Its leaves are of a lively green and resemble spinage

very much; the flower is of a pale yellow, the seed contained in the capsule

is black, and oval like a kidney bean.”

Lamarck:’ “It is claimed that there exists in the Kingdom of Siam, a

cotton plant which produces cotton of.a russet or reddish color and of an

extreme fineness, and it is said to be of a quality superior to other cottons.

This cotton plant would appear to us to be still unknown to Botanists and

should be different from the species that we come to mention, seeing that

these all produce strong white cotton, even those which are grown in the

East Indies and Moluccas. They cultivate in the West Indies a cotton plant

analogous to that in question and which they call there Cottonzer de Siam.

It is remarkable in that it produces a reddish cotton or one of a good chamois

color and very fine. They make of it stockings of an extreme fineness and

which are preferable to silk stockings by their cost and their beauty. » There

are nevertheless very few of them made because they consume so much time.”

Cavaninues :§ “Tn the Royal Garden of Paris I saw a plant, not in bloom,

named Gossypzi flavi Siam, which seems to be reducible to this (G. religioswm) ;

the leaves themselves are quite the same as G. religioso and it is true also the

wool is yellow and not white as in other species.”

Von Rour:? Of the 34 varieties of cotton described by Von Rohr and

experimented with by him on Saint Croix, 4 were obtained from Martinique

where they were known as “Siam rouge” or “Siam blane’’ (Von Rohr’s

numbers 13, 16, 19 and 25).

The following paragraphs are from Von Rohr’s notes describing the varie-

ties grown by him:

“No. 13 Siam lisse, brownish smooth Siam, plain nankeen; grows the high-

est of all and already in the second year is 12 feet and spreads its branches 8

feet. Bolls small, fall easily, the staple weak; seeds smooth.”

“No. 16 Siam couronne, brownish crowned Siam; wool paler in color than

No. 13 and swells out of the boll better.”’

“No. 19 Siam blanc, white Siam; raised at Aux Cayes and Martinique.

Outside of the harvest it is impossible to tell this (white Siam) from No. 16

(brown Siam), even when they stand next to one another. .

“One would naturally think the white Siam was a sub-variety of No. 16,

but suchisnotso. I have grown both in quantities since 1785 and both have

held to their own characteristics. The wool of the white Siam is unusually

white, never gets dirty on the tree and never has a colored fiber.”’

® Bossu: Travels through Louisiana 1: 377-379. 1771.

7 Lamarck, Chev.: Encye. Method. Bot. 2: 136. 1786.

8 Cavanilles, A. J.: Monodelphiae classis Dissertationes, Sexta Dissert. 3: 314.

1788.

3 Von Rohr, Julius Philip Benjamin: Anmerkungen wiber den Cattunbau zum nuzen

der Daenischen Westindischen Colonien 1791.

70 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 15, No. 4

“No. 25 Brownish fuzzy Siam, mossy nankeen. In Guadeloupe called

Siam rouge velu. Has been grown for many years by Mr. Von Oxholm. The

color of the wool is isabella, it is very tender and elastic; seeds fuzzy.”

RaAFINESQUE:'® This prolific writer, fifty years after the appearance of Von

Rohr’s book, assigned Latin names to each of Von Rohr’s 34 varieties and

published very brief descriptions in Latin drawn from Von Rohr’s notes.

Rafinesque of course never worked with cotton plants, either living or in

herbaria.

The following are the names given to Von Rohr’s Siam cottons by

Rafinesque:

Gossypium fuscum Raf. Plain nankeen, Von Rohr No. 13.

G. pallens Raf. Crowned nankeen, Von Rohr No. 16.

G. asiaticum Raf. White Siam, Von Rohr No. 19.

G. isabelum Raf. Mossy nankeen, Von Rohr No. 25.

De Lasreyris:" This author includes an annotated list of 18 cotton

varieties which he credits to M. de Badier, a cotton farmer of Guadeloupe,

who made his experiments there in 1785-1787 (same time as Von Rohr in

St. Croix). The list is divided into two groups, the commercial cottons and

the uncultivated varieties which are used only by the Indians.

“Cotonnier Siam batard a graines recowerte d’un duvet verdatre obscur.

Distinguished by its dirty red cotton and by its seeds which are obscurely

greenish.”

“Cotonnier Siam batard a graines notres et lisses. It differs from No. 3 by

its seeds; the rest is the same.”

“Cotonnier Siam franc. Cotton brownish red; differs from Nos. 3 and 5,

by the felt which adheres to the seeds, and of a brownish red. The cotton is

very good.” De Lasteyrie also gives a table of Von Rohr’s 34 varieties, using

his names and tabulating his data as to character of lint and habit of plant.

Dr Tussac:” “There is found in the Antilles only one species of indigenous

cotton which is commonly known under the name of ‘‘Maron” cotton. I

consider it identical with the one I have just described (G. tricuspidatum).

The other species cultivated there have been brought from the Hast

Indies. . . . . The species cultivated by preference in the Antilles is

the hairy cotton (G. hirsutum) with white lint and its variety with brown lint,

the one with hairy seed adherent to the lint, the other with smooth seed easily

detached from the lint. chs

“A fourth species of cotton, less cultivated than the three others, is the cot-

ton of Siam (G. stamense), this is a small annual shrub which does not attain

a height of more than three feet, whose reddish branches are spread out and

hang to the ground, and produces a kind of cotton brown in color, or some-

times white, whose lint surpasses in fineness and length all the other species

known. The shrub on account of its smallness does not bear much cotton.

Its culture is convenient, but for one reason, that is, because it can be cul-

tivated in dry places where other varieties do not succeed. Some authors

have claimed that the Chinese manufacture the nankeens, which are sold to

Europeans with this species of cotton, but I assured myself that the brown

cotton of Siam bleaches upon being exposed alternately to dew and sunlight.

It is therefore probable that if it is really with this species of cotton that the

Chinese make their nankeens they surely have a method of fixing the brown

color.”

10 Rafinesque, C.8.: Sylva Telluriana pp. 14-19. 1888.

11 De Lasteyrie, C. P.: Du cotonnier et de sa culture, pp. 1389-146. 1808.

12'Tussac, F. R. de: Flore des Antilles 2: 67-68. 1818.

FEB. 19, 1925 BARTSCH: NEW HOSTS OF ASIATIC BLOOD FLUKE 71

CoNCLUSIONS

A study of the above arguments and quotations must bring us to the

following conclusions: (1) That neither G. mexicanum nor G. siamense are

proper names for American Upland cotton; (2) that for more than a hundred

years ‘“‘Siam cotton’’ was a general name given to several species or varieties

of West Indian cottons having tawny or brownish lint and to occasional white

forms of these; and (3) that there has been brought forward no valid evidence

to indicate an Asiatic origin for our American Upland cotton.

ZOOLOGY .—Some new intermediate hosts of the Asiatic hwman blood

fluke» Patt Bartscu, U. 8. National Museum.

The réle played by fresh-water mollusks as intermediate hosts of

Trematode worms parasitic upon man, has received considerable

attention in the last few years. As the elimination of the mosquito,

or the curtailment of its development, eliminates or curtails malaria,

so the elimination of the intermediate molluscan host of flukes will

place a check upon fluke diseases. Great work has been done by

Japanese workers in this field and more recently by Doctors Faust and

Melaney in China.

The known intermediate hosts of Schistosoma japonica, the Asiatic

human blood fluke, belong to two genera, namely, Katayama and

Oncomelania. The first of these is typified by Katayama nosophora

Robson, made known to us by the careful studies of Robson based upon

specimens secured in the Katayama district in the Province of Bingo

on the Island of Hondo, Japan. In the present paper I am recognizing

as subspecifically distinct from this, the form that occurs at Kurume

on the Island of Kiushiu, Japan, under the name of Katayama noso-

phora yoshidai. The Island of Formosa harbors the third race, Kata-

yama formosana, described by Pilsbry and Hirasi as Blanfordia for-

mosana some time ago. :

Dr. Faust’s researches in Chinese Schistosomiasis have brought to

light the occurrence of Katayama on the mainland, and I am describing

as Katayama fausti the species discovered by Faust at Shaohing,

Chekiang Province, China, and as Katayama fausti cantoni the race

which he found at Canton, Kwangtung Province, China.

The genus Oncomelania, of which there is more than one race, is the

intermediate host of the human blood fluke in the Yangtse Valley,

China. More material will be needed than I have at hand before a

systematic discussion of this group can be undertaken.

1 Published by permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.

72 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 15, NO. 4

Katayama nosophora yoshidai, new subspecies

Shell elongate-conic, brownish horn-colored. Nuclear whorls well-

rounded, smooth (always decollated in the adult specimens that we have

seen). Postnuclear whorls strongly rounded, narrowly shouldered at the

summit. The portion of the summit that is appressed to the preceding turn

forms a darker colored zone than the rest of the whorl. The postnuclear

whorls are marked by indications of somewhat irregularly developed and

spaced, axial, curved thread-lke riblets. These riblets are a little stronger

on the last whorl than on the preceding. Atirregular intervals strong varicial

thickenings are present. Periphery of the last whorl inflated, strongly

rounded. Base short, strongly rounded, narrowly openly umbilicated.

Aperture very broadly oval; outer lip strongly curved with a strong varicial

thickening immediately behind the peristome; inner lip almost vertical,

curved, reflected over and almost half covering the umbilicus; parietal wall

covered by a thick callus.

The type, Cat. no. 362024, U.S. N. M., was collected by Dr. A. Sadao

Yoshida at Kurume, Kiushiu Island, Japan. It has lost the nucleus. There

are eight whorls remaining, which measure: Length, 8.2 mm.; diameter, 3.3

mm. Cat. no. 340953, U. S. N. M., contains several hundred additional

specimens from the type locality, collected by Dr. Yoshida.

This subspecies differs from Katayama. nosophora nosophora in being in

every way more robust and larger, and in having a much stronger sculpture

than that race.

Katayama fausti, new species

Shell narrowly elongate-conic, horn-colored with a brownish tinge.

Nuclear whorls decollated in all our specimens. Postnuclear whorls well

rounded, narrowly shouldered at the summit, marked by very slender, curved,

axial threads and rather inconspicuous varicial thickenings at irregular inter-

vals. A very heavy varix forms a decided callus immediately behind the

peristome, which extends from the posterior angle of the aperture undi-

minished to the columella. Periphery of the last whorl well rounded. Base

short, well rounded, very narrowly umbilicated. The base is drawn out

anteriorly to join the varicial callus referred to above. Aperture oval, pale

brown within; peristome darker; outer lip gently curved, inner lip curved and

reflected over about half the umbilicus; parietal wall forming a strong callus

that renders the peristome complete.

The type, Cat. no. 362025, U.S. N. M., was collected by Dr. E. C. Faust

at Shaohing, Chekiang Province, China. It has lost the nucleus; the remain-

ing 54 whorls measure: Length, 6.5 mm.; diameter, 2.7, mm.

Katayama fausti fausti resembles in slenderness Katayama nosophora

nosophora, but is at once distinguished from this by the exceedingly strong

varical callus behind the peristome. The axial sculpture in this species is

also much finer than in Katayama nosophora nosophora.

Cat. no. 362026, U. S. N. M., contains paratypes also collected by Dr.

Faust.

Katayama fausti cantoni, new subspecies.

Shell elongate-conic, thin, semi-translucent, horn-colored with a brownish

flush. Nuclear whorls decollated in all our specimens. Nuclear whoris

FEB. 19, 1925 MANN! NEW BEETLE GUESTS OF ARMY ANTS 73

strongly rounded, narrowly shouldered, marked by obsolete, curved axial

threads which are a little stronger on the last turn than on the rest. In

addition to these there are inconspicuous varicial streaks at irregular inter-

vals. Periphery of the last whorl wellrounded. Base moderately long, well

rounded, narrowly umbilicated, anteriorly produced to meet the strong cal-

lus-like varix which extends behind the peristome from the posterior angle of

the aperture to the base. Aperture oval, pale brown within, with a dark

brown edge at the peristome; outer lip strongly curved; inner lip moderately

curved and reflected over about half the umbilicus; parietal wall covered by a

rather thick callus.

The type, Cat. no. 362027, U.S. N. M., was collected by Dr. E. C. Faust

at Fatshan near Canton, China. It has 6.1 whorls, and measures: Length,

6.5 mm.; diameter, 2.7 mm. Cat. no. 362028, U.S. N. M., contains para-

types also collected by Dr. Faust.

The present subspecies differs from Katayama fausti fausti in being much

thinner-shelled, and in having the varix behind the peristome much less

strongly developed. The axial sculpture here is also much finer and much

closer spaced than in Katayama fausti fausti. It is much larger than Kata-

yama nosophora nosophora, but smaller than Katayama nosophora yoshidat.

It differs from both these Japanese forms by having the varix behind the

peristome much stronger.

ENTOMOLOGY .—New beetle guests of army ants. W. M. Mann,

Bureau of Entomology, Department of Agriculture. (Communi-

cated by 8. A. RoHWER.)

The four species of beetles here described are file guests of army ants.

Dr. E. Wasmann has made photos of three of them, and included the

fourth, Ecitopora brevicornis new species, in a table of species in that

genus soon to be published in a general account of the Eciton guests.

All belong in the tribe Myrmedoniae of the Aleocharinae, and the

two new genera add a little to the heterogeny of this already un-

natural group.

The types of these species will be deposited in the U. 8. National

Museum.

Ecitopora brevicornis, new species

Length 1.8 mm.

Black, except abdomen and appendages which are brownish, the first two

and the apical abdominal segment much lighter than the rest, the antennae

reddish brown at base and the legs yellow. Opaque, ventral surface of abdo-

men somewhat shining; head, pronotum and elytra densely and rather

coarsely, abdomen more finely, and the ventral surface shallowly punctate.

Hairs on head, thorax, elytra, and abdomen exceedingly fine, short, recum-

bent, yellow in color, abundant, longer and abundant on appendages and

ventral surface of abdomen; mixed with stiff, erect black hairs on antennae

and apical portion of abdomen.

Head a little broader than long, front broadly and rather strongly impressed

at middle, with a narrow median impression with sublucid surface extending

74 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 15, No. 4

its entire length. Antennal scape about as long as the second and third

joints together, second joint as long as broad, joints 4 to 8 two times as broad

as long, joints 9 and 10 three times as broad as long. Prothorax a little

broader than long, broadest at anterior corners, evenly narrowed behind to

the very broadly rounded posterior corners; dise broadly and shallowly

impressed at middle, with elongate impressions at sides separated from the

median portion by very broadly rounded ridges. Elytra at base considerably

broader than pronotum, together broader than long; humeral and posterior

corners rounded, sides slightly convex. Abdomen flat above, strongly convex

beneath, narrowly margined at sides, the ultimate dorsal sclerite at basal

fourth with a pair of short, curved, acute spines.

Legs slender.

Type locality —Cachuela Esperanza, Rio Beni, Bolivia.

Host.—Eciton burchelli Westw.

Described from a single specimen running with the ant column.

Close to opaca Wasm. but the body is broader and darker in color, the

antennal joints are shorter and broader, with the apex obtusely conical (in

opaca it is more acute), and the abdomen is more finely punctate.

Ecitophya gracillima, new species

Length 5 mm.

Reddish brown, elytra dark brown to black. Subopaque, densely and

moderately finely punctate throughout. Erect hairs on head and body

coarse, golden brown in color, not very abundant, on appendages finer;

abdomen with very fine, not abundant yellow pubescence.

Head longer than pronotum and nearly three times as long as broad,

gradually broadened from occiput to eyes; vertex convex, front at middle

feebly impressed longitudinally. Clypeus at basal half constricted and

convex, broadly triangular in front, with the anterior border very feebly

emarginate. Eyes very convex, about as long as the transverse diameter

of first antennal joint. Antennae slender, only slightly thickened apically;

first joint nearly as long and a little thicker than the third, enlarged near

base and continuing of subequal thickness to apex; second joint broader than

long and about one-fourth as long as the third, which is distinctly longer than

the fourth and fifth together, joints 4 to 9 longer than broad; joint 10 shorter

than the 9th; terminal a little longer than the penultimate joint, with sides

nearly parallel on basal half, apical half conical, subacuminate at tip. Pro-

notum shorter than elytra, a little less than twice as long as broad, broadest in

front of middle where the sides are rounded (here a little broader than head

including eyes), the anterior corners and border rounded; sides at posterior

half nearly straight, posterior corners subangulate, border straight; dise at

middle with narrow, strong sulcus, extending five-sixths its length; at sides

posterior to middle broadly and shallowly impressed. Scutellum longer than

broad, its apical border narrowly rounded and sublamellate. Elytra together

longer than broad, humeri rounded, sides nearly straight and parallel. Abdo-

men slender, scarcely broader than elytra, as long as head and thorax together.

Legs long and very slender.

Type locality Holotype and paratype. Cachuela Esperanza, Rio Beni,

Bolivia.

Host.— Eciton hamatum (Fabr.).

- Near Ecitophya simulans Wasm. but smaller and lighter colored, with

a much more slender abdomen, shorter antennal joints and less pronounced

impressions on sides of pronotum.

FEB. 19, 1925 MANN: NEW BEETLE GUESTS OF ARMY ANTS 75

Wasmannina, new genus

Form elongate, slightly physogastric; heavily chitinized species. Head

broad, not constricted behind. Eyes large and very convex. Maxillary

palpi 4-jointed, the basal joint very small, second joint more than half as long

as the third, narrow at base and gradually thickened toward apex; third joint

cylindrical, slender, three and one-half times as long as broad; terminal joint

coarse, subulate, less than half as long as the third. Mandibles rather large,

arcuate, acute at tips. Antennae short and stout, first jomt scapiform.

Pronotum moderately elongate, deeply impressed at middle, inflexed at

sides. Elytra simple, not longer than pronotum. Abdomen a little longer

than head and thorax together, broader and thicker than the thorax, strongly

convex above and very strongly beneath, moderately margined at sides, with

6 distinct segments visible from above. Prosternum short, with a strong

median carina and anterior border margined by a strong and sides by weak

carinae. Mesosternum elevated between coxae as a high, strong carina;

posterior half broad and rather strongly convex. Metasternum short.

Anterior and middle coxae separated, posterior approximate. Femora nearly

straight, stout; tarsi 4-5, 5-jointed, the middle and posterior metatarsi not

much shorter than remaining joints together.

Genotype.—W asmannina trapezicollis.

Wasmannina trapezicollis, new species

Length 6 mm.

Dark brown to black, opaque; legs and basal joint of antennae and parts of

abdomen red brown and shining. Head, thorax, elytra, and mesosternum

densely, granulose-punctate, the remainder more finely and shallowly but

equally densely punctate. Stiff, black, erect hairs sparsely distributed on

head and body, more abundant on apical half of ventral portion of abdomen;

very fine and silky yellow recumbent hairs abundant on abdomen.

Head a little longer than broad, sides posterior to eyes broadly rounding

into the posterior border, which is convex at sides and narrowly concave at

middle. Front impressed at middle. Eyes about as long as their distance

from the occipital corners. Clypeus strongly and narrowly carinate at mid-

dle. Antennae thick and short, not longer than head and pronotum together;

first jomt longer than the second and third together with the apical two-

thirds strongly enlarged and rounded, nearly twice as thick as.the second;

joints 3 to 9 transverse, 10 and 11 longer than broad, the terminal slightly

longer than the penultimate and rounded at tip. Pronotum about one and

one-half times broader than head, nearly one-half longer than broad, widest

just behind the rounded anterior angles, from where the nearly straight sides

converge to the very broadly rounded hind angles and posterior border;

anterior border straight at sides, convex at middle; disc at middle with a

profound, narrow, longitudinal impression which is broadest in front, deep-

est at middle, and extends from the anterior border four-fifths the length of

the disc. Elytra together broader than long; sides nearly straight and very

feebly divergent behind, humeri rounded, posterior angles very broadly

rounded, the hind margin angulately excised at middle.

Type locality —Cachuela Esperanza, Rio Beni, Bolivia.

Host.— Eciton crassicornis Smith.

The holotype and single paratype were collected from a file of the ants

crossing a road.

76 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 15, NO. 4

The broad form of the head and thorax, strongly suleate prothorax, the

structure of the antennae and the pro— and mesosternum are distinctive in

this genus. The body is unusually heavily chitinized and punctate.

Acamatoxenus, new genus

Form elongate, with abdomen enlarged behind, constricted anteriorly.

Head depressed, elongate and narrowed behind. Eyes large and convex.

Maxillary palpi 4-joited, the basal joint very small, second joint a little

longer than broad and about one-third as long as the third joint, which is

subcylindrical, nearly four times as long as broad, and feebly bent on basal

half; terminal joint slender, subulate. Labial palpi 3-jointed. Mandibles

rather strong, apparently simple, bluntly tipped. Antennal fossae deep,

extending to anterior border of head. Antennae 11-jointed, basal joint

clavate, as long as second and third joints together. Labrum feebly con-

vex, its anterior border strongly concave at middle, sides rounded. Pronotum

elongate; laterally compressed, side margins deflexed, strongly lobed at middle

opposite coxae. Elytra elongate, narrowed behind; humeri rounded, sub-

gibbous. Abdomen carried elevated, constricted in front in the form of a

short petiole which, in profile, is a little longer than high, with the dorsal

surface strongly margined at sides and in the middle with an elongate elevation

separating two deep lateral concavities; remainder of abdomen strongly

swollen, very convex beneath and moderately above; not margined; seven

dorsal segments visible. Prosternum in front of coxae broadly concave,

margined in front and behind. Mesosternum prominent, convex, extending

forward as a broad carina between middle coxae. Legs long and slender,

femora normal; front coxae contiguous, middle and hind coxae separated;

tarsi 4-5, 5-jointed; middle and posterior metatarsi very elongate.

Genotype.—Acamatoxenus suavis.

Acamatoxenus suavis, new species

Length 3.5 mm.

Reddish brown, legs and apex of abdomen yellowish, shining. Head,

pronotum, elytra, and legs and petiole with small, setigerous tubercles,

sparsest on head and most abundant on the elytra, mesothorax, and sides of

abdominal pedicel; large foveolate punctures on head, thorax, pronotum,

epimera, and mesothorax; abdomen microscopically punctate, except near

border; stronger punctation in rows near posterior margins of abdominal

segments; antennae densely punctate and subopaque. Long, fine yellow-

brown hairs moderately abundant on head, body, and appendages; less

abundant on dorsum of abdomen and arranged in rows on apical half of

segments.

Head one and five-eighths times longer than broad, broadest just behind

eyes, from where the nearly straight sides converge to the prominently

rounded occipital corners. Clypeus flat, about five times as broad as long,

straight at anterior border. Front with a large, median, very profound

impression. Vertex and occipital border deeply excised, the ‘ ‘neck”’ portion

short and transversely concave. Antennae with first joint scapiform, thick,

slightly enlarged toward apex; basal joint equal in length to the two fol-

lowing together, second small, clavate, less than half as long as the third,

which is nearly as long as the fourth and fifth together and twice as broad

apically as at base; remaining joints (except the ultimate) each shorter and

very slightly thicker than the preceding; terminal joint conical, obtuse at

FEB. 19,1925 DYAR & SHANNON: MOSQUITOES OF PEARY’S EXPEDITION 77

apex, about as long as the joints 9and 10 together. Eyes large, with distinct

facets, situated at front of sides of head, half as long as their distance to occip-

ital border. Pronotum not as broad as head including eyes, more than twice

as long as broad and only alittle broader behind than in front; anterior border

convex at middle, produced at corners into obtuse angles, sides in front of

middle nearly straight and parallel, then very broadly subgibbous and, pos-

terior to this, feebly concave to the broadly rounded posterior corners, pos-

terior border convex; median surface in front of middle shallowly and broadly

impressed; sides posterior to middle with large and profound pits. Elytra

together one and one-third times as broad as pronotum, together longer than

broad; sides in front of middle nearly straight and parallel, then convergent,

posterior corners and margins broadly rounded.

Type locality—San Diego Cocula, Jalisco, Mexico.

Host-—Eciton (Acamatus) cocula Mann (MSS.)

The single specimen before me was found among a small cluster of this ant,

beneath a stone.

The genus is evidently a ‘‘file-guest”” and distinct from all related forms in

the structure of the head, which is very broad in front, and, due to the marked

incision at middle of posterior border, bilobed behind, with a profound frontal

fossa.

The abdomen is swollen behind, somewhat as in Mimeciton and Mimo-

nilla, but both of these lack the distinct pedicel in front, and the structure

ot the head and thorax is entirely different.

ENTOMOLOGY .—The mosquitoes of Peary’s North Pole expedition of

1908. (Diptera, Culicidae). Harrison G. Dyar and Ray-

MOND C. SHANNON, U.S. National Museum. (Communicated by

S. A. RoHWER.)

A small collection of insects made on Admiral Peary’s 1908 polar

expedition has recently been found in material at the National

Museum. The actual collector of the specimens is not of record, nor

is there anything in Peary’s narrative that throws light on the mat-

ter. Captain R. A. Bartlett of the expedition states that the col-

lecting must have been done by somebody on the “Erik,” the supply

boat. The mosquitoes of this collection are here recorded.

Aédes cantator Coquillett

One female, Sydney, Nova Scotia, July 8,1908. This is the first authen-

tic record of the species from Canada. Dyar gives! the distribution as ‘‘prob-

ably in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia,” which is now in part verified.

Two species of black-legged Aédes were taken in Hawk’s Harbor,

Labrador, in female examples only. It is possible that these are forms of

1 Trans. Royal Can. Inst.13: 106. 1921.

78 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 15, NO. 4

punctor or communis, and, indeed, the smaller and more abundant species

is practically identical with Aédes punctodes Dyar, of northern Alaska; but

we think it will be more definite to apply special names to them until males

have been found. ‘

Aédes pearyi, new species

Proboscis long, as long as the abdomen, slender, black. Palpi rather

long, about. one-fifth the length of proboscis. Head with narrow curved

light brown scales, which are whitish on the vertex in some lights. _Mesono-

tum black in the integument, the scales narrow, curved, dark bronzy brown

dorsally, shading to ight brownish yellow about the antescutellar space and

to a rather broad area of light gray on the sides. About 20 proepimeral setae

present (10 in A. punctor Kirby). Abdomen black, the segments with basal

white bands, broad and even, two-fifths the length of the segment, scarcely

widened laterally; venter uniformly whitish-scaled. Legs black; femora

pale beneath, rather densely whitish speckled above; tibiae with pale reflec-

tion below and small white tips; tarsi black. Wing scales hair-like black;

costa and sixth vein white-scaled at base. Length, 6 mm.

Type and paratypes.—Four females, no. 27861, U.S. Nat. Mus; Hawk’s

Harbor, Labrador, July 20, 1908.

Aédes labradorensis, new species

Proboscis slightly shorter than the abdomen, black. Palpi about one-fifth

the length of proboscis. Head with dark brown narrow curved scales, which

shade to whitish on the sides rather than on the vertex. Mesonotum black,

with narrow curved dark brown scales, shading to yellowish about antescutel-

lar space, but not gray on the lateral margins; black posterior side stripes often

quite distinct and edged within by a line of light scales, sometimes less con-

trasted. Abdomen black with basal segmental whitish bands, which are

narrowed centrally in an are and are not more than one-third the length of

the segment dorsally, widening moderately at the sides; venter whitish scaled,

the tips of the segments sometimes blackish shaded. Legs black, the femora

whitish beneath and narrowly tipped with white. A few white scales at base

of costa. Length, 4.5. to 5mm.

Type and paratypes.—11 females, no. 27862, U. S. Nat. Mus.; Hawk’s

Harbor, Labrador, July 20, 1908.

Three females reported? by Howard, Dyar and Knab from Cape Charles,

St. Lewis Inlet and Rigolet, Labrador, appear to be this species, and have

been placed under labradorensis instead of under the provocans label as the

latter has been made a synonym of punctor by Dyar.? A twelfth female from

Hawk’s Harbor is light gray. We think it to be a badly faded specimen of

labradorensis, although the date of capture is the same as that of the fresh

specimens.

Aédes alpinus Linnaeus

Two females, much worn and abraded, we refer to this species, although a

positive identification is impossible on account of condition and sex. God-

havn, Greenland, August 29, 1908; Holstenborg, Greenland, September 2,

1908.

2 Mosq. N. & Centr. Amer. & W. I. 4: 749. 1917.

3 Ins. Ins. Mens. 12: 41. 1924.

FEB. 19, 1925 PROCEEDINGS: ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 79

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY AND AFFILIATED

SOCIETIES

THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

361ST MEETING

The 361st meeting of the Entomological Society was held at the National

Museum December 6, 1923, with President Howarp presiding and 37 persons

present.

Georck A. Dean, of the Bureau of Entomology, was elected a member of

the Society.

The following officers for 1924 were elected: Preszdent, A. G. Bovina;

Vice-Presidents, R. A. CusHMAN and J. M. Aupricu; Editor, CARL HEINRICH;

Recording secretary, C. T. GREENE; Corresponding secretary-Treasurer, S. A.

RouWwER; Lxecutive Committee, A. N. CAUDELL, W. R. Watton, J. A. Hystor;

Vice-President of the AcapEmy, 8. A. RoHweEr.

Program: J. E. Grar: Sweet potato weevil eradication. The sweet potato

weevil, Cylas formicarius Fabr., is widely distributed throughout the tropics.

The insect was first found in the United States in the vicinity of New Orleans

about 1875. The facts concerning the first infestations are vague but from

information collected by T. H. Jones, it appears that the weevil was imported

from Cuba with seed sweet potatoes. The spread of the insect was very slow.

Outbreaks occurred at Manatee, Florida, in 1878, and on the Gulf coast of

Texas in 1890. In the following years occasional publications dealing with

this species were issued, and these showed that the Gulf coast was slowly

becoming generally infested.

Food plants of the weevil belong to the Convolvulaceae Family. Seven

species of the genus J/pomoea are infested to some extent, four of which are

favorite food plants. A few species of the genera Calonyction, Pharbitis, and

Jacquemontia are infested slightly. Many of the large-stemmed tie-vines,

especially the perennial species, are utilized as food plants by this insect.

362D MEETING

The 362d meeting of the Society was held at the National Museum, Janu-

ary 9, 1924, with President B6vine in the chair and 53 persons present.

Reports of officers for the year 1923 were read and approved.

Program: The retiring President, Dr. L. O. Howarp, gave a short review

of the entomological societies of the world. The address was discussed by

Messrs. ScHaus, Schwarz, Baker, ALpRIcH, and MArRnart.

H.S. Barber exhibited specimens of one of the smallest known beetles,

recently received from A. Dampf, who collected them from a Polyporus on a

fir near Mexico City. Two species! are represented in the sample received,

and with them are larvae supposed to be their young. The beetles area little

over 0.5 mm. long by about 0.1 mm. wide, and are therefore twice as long

as the smallest known beetle, Nanosella fungi Le Conte, which is described

as only a hundredth of aninchin length. This latter species has apparently

never been found since its original capture by Count Victor Motschulsky, at

Atlanta, Georgia, seventy years ago. A related widespread species, found

only once at Cincinnati, Ohio, by Charles Drury has, however, been recorded

under this name.

1 Described in Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington 26: 172 and 174. 1924, as Cylindroselta

dampfi and Mycophagus robustus.

80 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 15, No. 4

Although no information as to how it lived in the fungus was received, the

extremely elongate form strongly suggests that it lives in the sporetubes

and its coloration—clear yellow except the black head-—suggests that it sits

in the sporetubes with its head downward and nearly flush with the mouth

of the tube. The larvae, on the contrary, have the hind end infuscated

and strongly armed with formidable processes, suggesting the reverse to be

the normal position in the sporetubes. It is also suggested that these forms

are quite distinct from other groups of Ptiliidae, as they are dependent upon

fresh polypore fungi.

Program: J. C. Bripweuu: Bruchidius ater (Marsham), an unrecorded

immigrant from Europe (Bruchidae, Coleoptera). In the proceedings of the

meeting of the New York Entomological Society on October 1, 1918, Olsen is

recorded as exhibiting specimens of Bruchus caluus Horn from Woods Hole,

Massachusetts, where he is reported to have found it abundantly, breeding in

Cytisus scoparius, the common broom. In a note, apparently by Charles

Leng, it is suggested that the insect in question may be an introduced Euro-

pean form, since, under several names, Bruchidae have been recorded as

breeding in the broom.

Asa result of the examination of material in several collections in New York

bred from the broom at Wood’s Hole, the speaker found that the specimens

in question were of the common European species which affects the broom,

and were distinct from calvus. The synonomy of this species is involved,

so that there is some difficulty in ascertaining its proper specific name. It

has been commonly called Bruchus villosus or cist, but Schilsky, who exam-

ined Fabrician types finds that these names apply to another species. It has

also been called pubescens Germar, but an older available name is ater Mar-

sham. Baudi has identified Olivier’s fasczatus as based upon specimens of

this species, and it seems preferable to use Marsham’s name. The species

is referred by Schilsky to his genus Bruchidius.

Bruchus caluus Horn is referable to Acanthoscelides Schilsky and may be

readily distinguished from Bruchidius ater by the form of the pronotum, which

is much more transverse in B. ater. In A. calvus it is subconical and longer

than broad while in B. ater it is broader than long. Bruchidius ater is repre-

sented in the National Museum by several series of specimens from various

sources including some intercepted in the seeds of Cytisus laburnwm from

France by H. B. Shaw in quarantine at Washington. There are European

records of its breeding in the seeds of the black locust (Robinia pseudacacia)

but these are probably incorrect.

It may be noted that the seeds of Cytisws contain a considerable propor-

tion of spartein, an alkaloid intensely poisonous to mammals. The East

African Bruchid Carypemon cruciger (Stephens) also breeds in a poisonous

seed, that of Abrus pecatorius. In this case, however, the poisonous sub-

stance is proteid in its nature and is destroyed by heat. It is possible that

it is only poisonous when injected into the blood. It is occasionally used in

India by cattle poisoners.

The food plants of A. calvus still remain undiscovered. It is northeastern

in its distribution, and is not uncommon from the District of Columbia to

Massachusetts and Michigan; apparently it is abundant in the pine barrens of

New Jersey.

363D MEETING

The 363d meeting was held at the National Museum February 7, 1924,

with President B6vrne in the chair and 56 persons present.

FEB. 19, 1925 PROCEEDINGS: ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 81

The following were elected to membership in the Society: P. D. SanpERs,

G.S. Lanerorp, and §. F. Ports.

Program: C. P. Cuatusen: Entomological investigations in the Orient. The

paper was divided into two parts: (1) General observations on crop pests in

Japan, and (2) a discussion of various biological factors entering into the

problem of the introduction and establishment of the ten species of parasites

of Popillia japonica and related forms, found in Japan and Korea.

J. L. Kina: A brief sketch of entomological work in Japan. In Japan there

is no federal or centralized bureau of entomology comparable to that of the

United States. Most of the work is carried on in stations supported by the

Prefectoral Governments or in part by appropriations of the Division of

Agriculture. Much work, too, is under the direction of universities and

agricultural colleges. Many of these stations have their problems narrowed

to those concerning a single crop such as rice, fruits, silk culture, etc.

A short review of the work of the chief economic entomologists of Japan

was given, with special reference to the work of Dr. 8. I. Kuwana, Director

of the Imperial Plant Quarantine Station, Yokohama. This station has

branches at all the chief ports of Japan and Korea. Its chief function is the

interception and inspection of plants for noxious insects and plant diseases.

General work in economic entomology is also conducted by this department.

The collections of Dr. S. Matsumura, of the Imperial University of Hokkaido,

were described.

364TH MEETING

The 364th meeting was held in the National Museum March 6, 1924, with

Vice-President CusHMAN presiding and 31 persons present.

Program: C. T. GREENE: Remarks on the puparia of muscoid flies. It was

shown how the various types of puparia and their spiracular plates correlated

with the adult characters. The following six families were used in this

comparison: Tachinidae, Dexiidae, Sarcophagidae, Oestridae, Muscidae

(Calliphoridae), and Anthomyidae. The paper was discussed by Messrs.

ALDRICH, EWING, and SNODGRASS.

R. E. SNoperass: Anatomy asa basts for research in entomology. Anatomy

in its widest sense, is basic in all branches of entomological research,

such as taxonomy, metamorphosis, physiology, senses and sense organs,

parasitology, pathology, ecology, physiological effect of insecticides, insecti-

cides, chemotropism. This classification of gubjects is merely that by

which the different branches of entomology are taken up by the specialist

but includes what may be called the Fundamentals of Entomology. Anat-

omy may not be directly important to each one of these subjects, but workers

in each are likeiy at some time to require a knowledge of some anatomy;

to many of them anatomy is directly fundamental.

The paper was discussed by Messrs. ALpRicH, Baker, Ewine, Grar, Haut,

Howarp, WHITE and ZIEGLER.

Notes and Discussion: Dr. Aldrich stated that the National Museum had

acquired by exchange with the Zoological Museum, Copenhagen, representa-

tives of 80 species of Diptera from Greenland, including cotypes of 13 species.

With the exception of a few mosquitoes, these are the first Greenland Diptera

to be acquired by the Museum. They represent almost half of the known

species.

The flora and land fauna of Greenland were entirely exterminated during

the ice age, and are still very meager. Henriksen and Lundbeck have given?

2 Meddelelser om Grénland vol. 22. 1917.

82 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 15, NO. 4

an exhaustive list of the insects of Greenland, the number of species in the

different orders being as follows: Coleoptera 41, Hymenoptera 66, Diptera

188, Siphonoptera 6, Lepidoptera 46, Hemiptera 12, Corrodentia 2, Mallo-

phaga 43, Anoplura 7, Orthoptera 2, Thysanoptera 1, Odonata 1, Trichop-

tera 5, Neuroptera 2, Ephemerida 1, Collembola 14.

365TH MEETING

The 365th meeting was held at the National Museum April 3, 1924, with

President Bévrne presiding and 30 persons present.

Dr. Bovine read a translation from Swedish of Professor Ivar Tradgardh’s

paper Problems and methods in forest entomology. This paper was originally

given at the opening of the first Scandinavian Entomological Congress, held

at Stockholm in November, 1923.

Dr. T. E. SnyprrR gave an account of a trip to Panama made early in the

year. Of particular interest were the termite nests, seen along the railroad

from Colon to Panama and along the road to the Rio Tapia. Mention was

made of the damage done to the Hotel Tivoli by termites and to the lead cables

of the Miraflores Locks by Coptotermes. Dr. Snyder referred to the excellent

opportunities for biological studies at the tropical research station at Barro

Colorado Island, in Gatun Lake.

366TH MEETING

The 866th meeting was held at the National Museum May 1, 1924, with

President B6vine presiding and 30 persons present.

Drs. B6vine and Howarp paid a tribute to Dr. E. A. ScHwarz, who had

just reached his 80th birthday.

Program: J. B. Parker: On the biology of Tricrania. The meloid beetle

Tricrania sanguintpennis Say is parasitic on the solitary bee Colletes rufithorax

Swenk. The beetle passes the winter in the ground in the brood cell of the

bee from which it emerges, and lays its egg three or four weeks before the bee

begins its nesting activity. The eggs of the beetle are laid on the under side

of objects lying loose on the ground occupied by the bees. The time required

for the egg to hatch is about four weeks, and the young larval beetles, on

hatching, scatter about over the nesting area. The evidence obtained indi-

cates that the beetle gains entrance to the nest of the host by gaining lodg-

ment on the female bee and riding down on her to the brood-cell. Once in the

brood-cell the parasite first devours the egg of the bee and then completes its

development by devouring the honey and pollen provided by the bee for her

young. The insect passes through six instars in reaching the pupal condition.

In moulting the skin is cast free from the body in each of the first three in-

stars. In the fourth instar the cast skin is not ruptured but remains intact

as a covering for the insect. The fifth is cast in the same fashion within the

fourth, but the sixth is ruptured and cast free from the body within the fifth.

The pupal stage is passed within the case formed by the cast skins of the

fourth and fifth instars and within this case also the adult remains until time

for it to emerge the following spring. R

The time of emergence of the beetle and egg laying in the District of Colum-

bia varied in the different years of observations from March 30 to April 21,

and the one successful hatching of the eggs under field conditions required 26

days. How long the first instar can survive in the field is not known; in the

laboratory without food the greatest limit was eleven days. Data obtained

showed that the period of feeding, which includes the first four larva instars,

FEB. 19, 1925 SCIENTIFIC NOTES AND NEWS 83

varied from 26 to 41 days. In 1920 all larvae reared in the laboratory had

transformed to the pupal condition by August 23, and beetles obtained from

the brood chambers of the bee that year on August 31 were all in the pupal

stage. All beetles that year, whether bred in the laboratory or obtained from

the nesting area in the pupal stage, transformed to the adult stage prior to

September 17. The adult beetle, therefore, remains inactive in the brood

cell, where it developed from September till the following spring.

Notes and Discussion: The receipt of a number of drawings of the larvae of

bees from Brother Claude Joseph, of Santiago, Chile, was reported by 8. A.

ROHWER.

Cart HEINRICH gave an account of a trip to institutions in New York,

Boston, Ottawa, and Decatur, Illinois, in connection with his studies of

Microlepidoptera.

Professor C. B. Crossy, of Cornell University, spoke of the occurrence

of Pomphebius say? in New York every second year.

R. C. SHANNON reported the capture of several specimens of the rare

Syrphid fly.

367TH MEETING

The 367th meeting was held at the National Museum June 5, 1924, with

President Bovine presiding and 35 persons present.

Program: Marcus Bensamin: Thoughts on entomological writings. The

speaker made suggestions for the preparation of manuscripts.

Notes and Discussion: JAMES ZETEK gave an account of the scientific

research work that is being done on the Canal Zone. Barro Colorado Island,

recently established as a tropical research station, has an area of six square

miles. A screened building has been erected here. Scientists interested in

tropical research are invited to visit the island. Nineteen species of termites

and about 80 species of mammals have been reported from Barro Colorado.

Mr. Caudell exhibited a specimen of Arixenia jacobsoni Burr, an earwig-

like creature found in bat caves in Java.

368TH MEETING

The 368th meeting was held at the National Museum October 2, 1924,

with President Bovine presiding and 28 persons present.

Program: A. C. Baker: A major epidemic of a new pest on Citrus. The

paper was illustrated by charts showing Citrus localities in Florida and cli-

matic conditions, and was discussed by Messrs. Mason, Hystop, GAHAN,

and Rouwer.

Dr. J. M. Aldrich exhibited some specimens of the larvae of Nothomicrodon

aztecarum Wheeler, found in the nest of the ant Azteca trigona Emery. This

Dipteron is a remarkable form which can not be placed definitely in any

family. The specimens were donated to the National Museum by Dr. W. M.

Wheeler, of Harvard University.

Cuas. T. Greene, Recording Secretary.

SCIENTIFIC NOTES AND NEWS

At the annual meeting of the Washington Chapter of the American

Institute of Chemists, held January 9, the following officers were elected

for the ensuing year: President, J. F. Coucn, Bureau of Animal Industry;

Vice-President, H. E. Patren, Consulting Chemist, Washington Loan and

Trust Building; Secretary, J. N. Taytor, Bureau of Animal Industry;

S84 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 15, NO. 4

Treasurer, H. L. Lourtr, U. 8. Tariff Commission. Dr. C. E. Munror

was elected Honorary President.

At the meeting of the Petrologists’ Club at the Geological Survey Janu-

ary 21, F. L. Hess and W. T. Scuauuer discussed Replacement in peg-

matites. Definite progress can be recorded since the previous discussion of

the subject of the club in March, 1923. The new evidence tends to show

the common occurrence of replacement of one mineral by another in the

formation of many pegmatites.

The following program of radio talks by station WRC, under the aus-

pices of the Smithsonian Institution, has been announced: February 19,

Hi. 8S. Wasutncton: What the Earth is made of; February 26, W. M. Mann:

Habits of ants; March 5, E. Luster Jones: The work of the Coast and Geodetic

Survey in saving life and property at sea; March 12, B. A. Bran: American

Jishes.

Part Four of the Trees and shrubs of Mexico, by Pauu C. StTaNDLEY

(Contributions from the U. $8. National Herbarium, Vol. 23), was issued

last December. The families treated are from Passifloraceae to Sero-

phulariaceae, inclusive. It is expected that Part Five, the concluding

portion, will be published this year.

ANNOUNCEMENT OF MEETINGS OF THE ACADEMY AND

AFFILIATED SOCIETIES

Saturday, February 21. The Philosophical Society. at the Cosmos Club.

Program: H. W. Fisu: Magnetic secular change in Latin America; G.

Breit: The inductance and resistance of a coil encircling the Harth; O.S.

Apams: New World maps derived from elliptic integrals.

The Helminthological Society.

Wednesday, February 25. The Geological Society.

The Medical Society.

Saturday, February 28. The Biological Society.

Tuesday, March 3. The Botanical Society.

Wednesday, March 4. The Entomological Society.

PROGRAMS ANNOUNCED SINCE THE PRECEDING ISSUE OF THE

JOURNAL

Wednesday, January 28. The Acapumy and the Geological Society.

Program: F. L. Pack: Scenic aspects of Utah geology. H. D. Misrr: Erosion in

San Juan Canyon, Utah.

Thursday, February 5. The Entomological Society. Program: R. E. Snoparass:

Senses and sense organs of insects.

Thursday, February 12. The Chemical Society. Program: J.S. Norris, Massachusetts

Institute of Technology: The reactivities of atoms and groups in organic compounds.

CONTENTS:

ORIGINAL PAPERS

Zoology. Le new Griiermnediate hosts of the Asiatic human blood fluke.

BARTSCH, yess vote scio cls os aide

Entomology.—New beetle guests of army ants. V

Entomology.—The mosquitoes of Peary’s North Pole expedition of.

Harrison G. Dyar and Raymonp C. SHANNON............0..00e008

PROCEEDINGS

The Hatomological Society. <<... .c2 8eacl eet kak ys Wace

; Scrmnenrio)! Notes Any NMWSi¥ . nie sews eile ele te ON clalateis eee te Oe tae

OFFICERS OF THE ACADEMY

President: Vas L. cae National Research cone’

Recording Secretary: W. D. Sadan Coast fad Geodiika Mele i

Treasurer: R. L. Faris, Coast and Geodetic Survey. i

’

Vol. 15 Marcu 4, 1925 No. 5

JOURNAL

OF THE

WASHINGTON ACADEMY

OF SCIENCES

BOARD OF EDITORS

E. P. Kruuie D. F. Hewett S. J. Maucuiy

NATIONAL MUSEUM GEOLOGICAL SURVEY DEPARTMENT OF TERRESTRIAL MAGNETISM

ASSOCIATE EDITORS

¢ L. H. Apaus S. Av RonwER

{ PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

, E. A. GotpmaNn G. W. Strose

; BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY

, R. F. Griccs J. R. SWANTON

‘ BOTANICAL SOCIETY ANTHROPOLOGICAL SOCIETY

E. WicHERS

CHEMICAL SOCIETY

PUBLISHED SEMI-MONTHLY

EXCEPT IN JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER, WHEN MONTHLY

BY THE

WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Mr. Roya anp GuILFoRD AVES,

BauTimMorReE, MARYLAND

Entered as Second Class Matter, January 11, 1923, at the post-office at Baltimore, Md., under the

Act of August 24,1912. Acceptance for mailing at special rate of postage provided for

in Section 1103, Act of October 3, 1917. Authorized on July 3, 1918.

leg