HARVARD UNIVERSITY

Ernst Mayr Library

of the Museum of

Comparative Zoology

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library

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HARVARD

VERSITY

VOLUME 87

Number 1~4

October, 2001

ISSN 0043-0439

Issued Quarterly

at Washington, DC

CONTENTS

Articles:

A Word from the Editorial Staff i

Centennial Celebration Symposium: Humanizing and Dehumanizing

Potentials of Communication Technology 1

John H. Proctor, Centennial Chair

The Washington Academy of Sciences Centennial Celebration 1

Cyrus R. Creveling, President

Welcome, Symposium Objectives, and Introductions 3

• Cyrus R. Creveling, USA

An Overview 5

• Paul-Georg Gutermuth, Germany

Towards a Value Based Perspective 9

• Igor M. Markarov, Russia

Greetings From The Russian Academy of Sciences 21

• Igor M. Markarov and Vil Rckhmankulov, Russia

Humans, Technologies and the World of Telecommunication 23

• Ronald W. Manderschied, USA

Freedom and the New Information Technology 29

• John H. Proctor, USA

A Call for Scientific Study of Humanizing and Dehumanizing Potentials

of Technology in Communications 33

• John H. Proctor, USA, Past President

International Advancement of Science 41

• Paul-Georg Gutermuth, Germany

Remarks on Being Elected a Fellow 43

• Frank Haig, S.J., USA, Past President

Genoa Declaration on Science and Society 45

Instructions to Authors 49

2001 Membership Directory 61

^^asfjington Scabemp of ^dencesf

Founded in 1898

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

President

Jorome Gibbon

President Elect

Marilyn R. London

Secretary

Vary T. Coates

Treasurer

Frank R. Haig

Past President

W. Allen Barwick

Vice President, Membership Affairs

Pedro Kanof

Vice President, Administrative Affairs

Sajjad H. Durrani

Vice President, Junior Academy Affairs

Paul L. Hazan

Vice President, Affiliate Affairs

Peg Kay

Board of Managers

Jerry Chandler

Cyrus R. Creveling

John H. Proctor

Janet W. Reid

Eric C. Rickard

Thomas E. Smith

REPRESENTATIVES FROM

AFFILIATED SOCIETIES

Delegates are listed on inside rear cover

of each Journal.

ACADEMY OEFICE

Washington Academy of Sciences

Room 8 1 1

1200 New York Ave., N. W.

Washington, DC 20005

Phone (202) 326-8975

FAX (202) 289-4950

Email was@aaas.org

Web http://www.washacadsci.org

EDITORIAL BOARD

Editor:

Thomas E. Smith

The Journal

This Journal, the official organ of the Washing-

ton Academy of Sciences, publishes original

scientific research, critical reviews, historical .

articles, proceedings of scholarly meetings of '

its affiliated societies, reports of the Academy,

and other items of interest to Academy mem-

bers. The Journal appears four times a year

(March, June, September and December). The

December issue contains a directory of the cur-

rent membership of the Academy.

Subscription Rates

Memberships, fellows, and life members in good

standing receive the Journal without charge.

Subscriptions are available on a calendar year

basis, payable in advance. Payment must be

made in U.S. currency at the following rates:

U.S. and Canada $25.00

Other Countries 30.00

Single copies, when available 10.00

Claims for Missing Issues

Claims will not be allowed if received more

than 60 days after the day of mailing plus time

normally required for postal delivery and

claim. No claims will be allowed because of

failure to notify the Academy of a change of

address.

Notification of Change of Address

Address changes should be sent promptly to the

Academy Office. Such notification should

show both old and new addresses and zip

codes.

POSTMASTER: Send address changes to

Washington Academy of Sciences, Room 811,

1200 New York Ave., N.W., Washington, DC

20005.

Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences (ISSN 0043-0439)

Published by the Washington Academy of Sciences, (202) 326-8975.

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A Word from the Editor

I This volume consists of speeches presented at a symposium entitled “Humanizing

and Dehumanizing Potentials of Communication Technology” that Doctors John H.

Proctor and Ronald W. Manderschied chaired. The symposium marked the Centennial

Celebration of the Washington Academy of Sciences. We are reminded daily of the

importance of good communication and the difficulty of remaining abreast of changing

technology that facilitates the accomplishment of that goal. We trust that readers will

I find this volume interesting and informative.

I Volume 86 in its entirety appeared in December 2000. It should have appeared in

'Il999 but did not. Thus, there was no publication of the Journal in 1999. The current

f volume, Volume 87, also appears as a single issue for the year 2001. Volume 88 will

appear in 2002 and should reestablish our regular publication schedule. Some of the

articles that are expected to appear in Volume 88 are:

j • Analytical Model for the Temperature Distribution in a Cylindrical Thermal

i Battery with Internal Heat Generation, Gaunaurd, G. C. and Zoski, G. D.

• Formative Period Human Remains from Coastal Ecuador: La Emerenciana

! Site (OOSrSr-42), Ubelaker, D. H. and Jones, E. B.

• New Evidence for Pre-Columbian Transpacific Contact between China and

Mesoamerica, Xu, M.

• On Electrodynamic Processes of Electrified Bodies in Motion, Gluckman, A. G.

• Resonance as Phase Matching Effects in Electromagnetic- Wave Scattering,

Guo, Y., Taylor, D. J., and Uberall, H.

Guidelines for Contributors appear near the end of this issue and on the Academy’s

i Web site, http://www.washacadsci.org. This site is an excellent source for current infor-

imation about the Academy and its activities. We hope you will visit it often.

On behalf of the Board of Managers and all members of the Academy, we thank

each of the contributors for their continued interest and their patience. We also express

our appreciation and gratitude to Marilyn R. London, who is now President Elect, for

her excellent and dedicated service to the Journal.

Thomas E. Smith

1

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Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences,

Volume 87, Number 1-4, 1-1, October 2001

Centennial Celebration Symposium Issue

of the Journal of the

Washington Academy of Sciences

The Washington Academy of Sciences (WAS) had its origin in the Philosophical

I Society of Washington, which was organized in 1 87 1 . In 1 898, the Academy was formed

I as a federation of the more specialized scientific societies in the greater Washington

area. The purpose of the new academy was to encourage the advancement of science

and “to conduct, endow, or assist investigation in any department of science.” Over the

years, the number of affiliated societies has increased from the original eight to over

fifty. The Proceedings of the WAS was published during the period 1899-1911. The

Journal superseded the Proceedings in 1911, and it has been published ever since.

Dr. Ronald W. Manderscheid and I co-chaired a symposium “Humanizing and

Dehumanizing Potentials of Communication Technology” as one of a number of events

celebrating the 100 years of contributions by the Academy to the affairs of science and

technology in our nation’s capitol. The Journal presents the papers delivered at this

i symposium.

John H. Proctor, Ph.D.

I Life Fellow, Centennial Chair

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Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences,

Volume 87, Number 1-4, 3-3, October 2001

Welcome, Symposium Objectives, and

Introductions

Cyrus R. Creveling, President

As part of the Centennial Celebration of The Washington Academy of Sciences, the

Academy hosted a seminar entitled “Humanizing and Dehumanizing Potentials in Com-

munication Technology.” The seminar was held on October 19, 1998 at the Cosmos

Club, 2121 Massachusetts Ave., NW in Washington, DC. The Centennial Committee of

the Academy recognized that society has been changed forever by the Internet. Time

and distance no longer modify human communication. This tool for the mind gives rise

to new ideas at an ever-increasing rate. The Academy invited a panel to present its

views and to respond to queries from the audience. The panel included Professor Vil

Rakhmankulov from the Institute of Systems Analysis, Russian Academy of Sciences,

Moscow; the distinguished Academician Igor M. Makarov, Past Scientific Secretary,

Russian Academy of Science, Moscow and a Fellow of the World Academy of Arts and

Science; Dr. Paul-Georg Gutermuth, Division Head, German Ministry of Economics,

Bonn; Ronald W. Manderscheid, Ph.D., Past President of the Washington Academy of

Sciences, Fellow of the World Academy of Arts and Sciences; and John H. Proctor,

Ph.D., Past President of the Washington Academy of Sciences, Chairman of the Cen-

tennial Committee and former Secretary General of the World Academy of Art and

Science. The seminar was led by Cyrus R. Creveling, Ph.D., Scientist Emeritus of the

National Institutes of Health and President of the Washington Academy of Sciences.

Following the presentations, a very lively discussion period ensued. The audience was

most expert as revealed by the sophistication of the questions. The session continued all

afternoon and well into the reception which followed. After the reception the group met

for dinner. During the dinner. Dr. Creveling presented Dr. Paul-Georg Gutermuth with

a certificate of Fellowship in the Washington Academy of Sciences.

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Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences,

Volume 87, Number 1^, 5-8, October 2001

Humanizing and Dehumanizing

Potentials in Communication Technology:

An Overview

Cyrus R. Creveling

An old Chinese proverb states, “...once on the back of a Tiger you can never get

off. . .” It is very clear that this proverb describes the present rapidly expanding state of

communication technology, specifically on the Internet. Despite the fears and caution-

ary statements by many people, the world cannot get off the Tiger. Little did the initial

designers realize the far-reaching effects of their creation! When the system was first

designed some thirty years ago, it was intended to allow communication in the event of

war or some catastrophic disaster. The designers reasoned that communication centers

would be the first targets of attack or systems failure. To be successfully protected, there

could not be central control points. Further, it had to function even when parts of the

system were destroyed or rendered inoperable. The design was simple in principle and

the originators had no idea that they had created the basis for the greatest change in

history since the invention of the printing press. All “nodes” in the system would be

able to originate, pass, and receive messages. The messages would be divided into packets,

each separately addressed. The pathway that each packet would take would be undeter-

mined with only the final address specified. The packet system was designed for effi-

ciency as well as security. Initially, the scientific centers in Great Britain and the United

States set up test networks. By 1969 the United States, the Advanced Research Projects

Agency, installed a node at the University of California with similar nodes at the Mas-

sachusetts Institute of Technology and Stanford University. In three short years there

were thirty-seven nodes. While the official intent of this initial system was to permit

high-speed transmission of scientific data and mathematical computation, it quickly

became a means for personal communication. The development of “Transmission Con-

trol Protocol” or TCP/IP in the public domain coupled with the commercial availability

of more powerful personal computers led to a virtual explosion in use. Today, in almost

every country on the planet and in space, there may be in existence as many as four

million “nodes.” The scale, speed, and lack of geographic limitation of the “Internet”

have resulted in many apparent humanizing as well as dehumanizing effects. The na-

tures of these effects are still not understood. Furthermore, the rapid growth of the

Internet has nearly outdistanced the attempts for governments to legislate controls and

6

CYRUS R. CREVELING

for the judicial system to deal with undefined legal questions relating to the Internet. At J o

each turn, exploration of the beneficial or humanizing aspects of the Internet reveals a li ^

problem or dehumanizing aspect. I have attempted to illustrate this paradox with some j]

examples. : p

Many of the humanizing aspects of this incredible communication system are clearly p

evident. The availability of instant access to information on practically any subject from “

anthropology to zoology has revolutionized scholarly pursuits. This is particularly evi- | 5

dent in schools — students have access to multiple dictionaries; encyclopedias; maps; p

books of all descriptions; and, more recently with the advent of 3-D graphics, a growing ^

variety of virtual pictures. It should also be noted that because impetus of the commer- } [

cial aspects of the Internet in the entertainment industry the Internet can provide mov- |

ies, plays, documentaries, and music from Mozart to rock. Such sources of information j ^

are available at essentially no cost to the user and have no geographic limitations. De- |

spite the benefits of this vast source of information, because of the essentially uncon- j

trollable nature of the Internet, it is also clear that much misinformation is present and | •

much information of an unsavory nature is available.

Another example of the advantages and disadvantages is growing extension of print |

versions of scientific journals by electronic versions. The table of contents and article ,

abstract of many journals are now available on the net at no cost. The cost for printed |

scholarly journals, however, is rapidly becoming unsustainable for both the individual j

and for libraries. In the field of physics, electronically archived journals have become ,

the primary means of communication. A similar change is occurring in the larger bio- j

medical field. Several of the major publishers have hundreds of journals on line. This |

phenomenon is bringing about a major change in publishing costs. Some of the prob- ,

lems engendered by electronic publishing are mechanisms by which scientific papers .| '

receive the essential critical review. Another major concern of scholars, libraries and i ,

publishers alike is the questions of how electronic materials are to be saved for poster- 1

ity. Paper has a great advantage over electronic records; it lasts! Consider that the first

codex of the Bible is dated in the 500 AD period; further, the Dead Sea scrolls are well i ,

over 2000 years old, and cuneiform records from Babylon may be over 5000 years old. |

Magnetic tape and compact discs have a very limited physical lifetime. In addition,

changes in software and hardware are such that tapes and compact discs are generally ,

unreadable after only a few years. The digital content of the Web is even more transient.

Fortunately, many groups are vitally concerned with developing solutions to the archiving

of information on a permanent basis. ,

The very available nature and partial anonymity of the Web makes it vulnerable to )

invasion by unscrupulous and destructive persons. An amazing advertisement on the '

Web is an offer to sell a “hacker kit.” Ostensibly, such a kit is designed to teach one how

to illegally break into a protected computer system or someone’s database, or to intro- ,

duce a virus. These actions are clearly unethical and criminal. The electronic invasion 1 ,

AN OVERVIEW

7

of computers range from annoyance to creating untold damage costing both time and

money. It should be noted that increasingly sophisticated programs to combat these

intrusions are constantly being designed. In the United States, the law against the ex-

port of effective cryptographic programs is being hotly debated. Further, the courts are

now successfully beginning to charge persons with “felony computer trespass” and

“misdemeanor computer fraud.” Programs are being developed to track and locate the

so-called “Webfreaks.” Various search programs are developing “Trust” programs to

promote user confidence in the Internet by using principles of disclosure and informed

consent. Many commercial sites now use a program called PGP (Pretty Good Protec-

tion) which involves opening and closing keys known only to the users. The question of

the privacy of information is critical, especially as regards successful commercial de-

velopment. The application of credit card payment for commercial transactions on the

Internet has led to a massive effort to protect the privacy of both buyer and seller. The

United States Federal Trade Commission publishes a continually updated report on

“How to Protect Your Privacy”.

The potential for the expression of a wide variety of political positions permits the

freedom of expression on a scale never before achievable. This level of expression and

debate certainly can be viewed as humanizing. Without some controls, however, the

bounds of freedom of expression can easily be overrun. For example, a recent suit was

filed by a group of doctors who provide abortion services. Their names, families, office

addresses, home addresses, and telephone numbers are listed on a particularly vile Web

page produced by a group associated with an anti-abortion position. The doctors filing

the suit feel that the information not only slanders them but also endangers their health

and life. The name of a recently murdered doctor is listed with his name crossed out.

This implication of an execution list is not lost on the courts. This suit has been upheld

and as a result one can expect considerably more caution in the content of Web pages.

Some of the Web pages representing the far left and the far right of political positions,

for example the Nazi Party pages, those from the Ku Klux Klan, and various radical

anarchist parties, have moderated their pages to remove statements for which they could

be held liable. There is no question that conflicting political messages and positions

will continue to be available on the Internet, but with the passage of time and experi-

ence the action of both the courts and the market place will provide a “civilizing” or

humanizing effect on its content.

One cannot fail to recognize the social effects of the use of the Internet for personal

communication. I have been receiving e-mail messages sent by the wife of a good friend

who is fighting cancer. She is able to communicate with a group of friends and family

with one message. We all know that the others in the group have received the same

message. This knowledge and our responses provide an exceptional avenue of personal

support. This is only one of many benefits of communication with others through e-

mail. Children keeping in touch with parents; parents keeping in touch with children;

8

CYRUS R. CREVELING

friends communicating around the comer or across the ocean; friends locating lost ’

friends — the list is endless, and clearly these interactions have a humanizing effect, i

However the humanizing effects of the growing ability to communicate with strangers I

through “chat rooms” or multi-user dungeons (MUDs) are not as clear and may have ^

provided avenues for asocial interactions. |

One curious effect of the Internet is the inadvertent establishment of English as a v

nearly universal language of use — much to the consternation of the French and Ger- j

mans. Apparently, symbolic languages like Chinese, Japanese, South Asian languages,

and even Arabic, Hebrew and the Cyrillic are not “user friendly.” While programs are

available to translate one language to another, usually to English, to-date they perform i|

very poorly. This hegemony of English may be a humanizing effect, but one can be sure ^

that it is only temporary.

In conclusion, it is not certain that the world will be able to successfully “. . .ride the '

Tiger” for the potential humanizing benefits of people and avoid the dehumanizing

pathways. One aspect, however, is emphatically clear — we can never “...get off the ®

Tiger.”

Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences,

Volume 87, Number 1-4, 9-19, October 2001

Humanizing and Dehumanizing

Potentials in Communication Technology:

Towards A Value Based Perspective

Paul-Georg Gutermuth

German Ministry of Economics, Bonn, Germany

Abstract

All information and communication influence people. This includes the new information

and communication technologies (ICT), which feature readily available information, a high

degree of networking, and the possibility of interactive use. The ICT are transforming our

society into an information and knowledge society. An a priori assumption that ICT either

conflict with human interests or foster them would not be valid. Their impacts must be

examined on a case-by-case basis to identify humanizing and dehumanizing potentials,

thus allowing us to draw consequences. Two levels are to be distinguished in this process:

the new communications’ technology level and the application level of the technologies. At

the application level, the theoretical distinction could further be made between the actual

act of application and the contents of the communication itself. In practice, however, this

would create considerable definition problems, above all as relate to psychological impacts.

We generally require no new criteria for an ethical assessment of ICT contents since we can

rely on the framework created by human rights and, within those lines, on general criteria

already conventionally applied for weighing conflicting goods and interests. The necessary

use of the terms “sustainability” and “future-friendly,” which regularly turn up in discus-

sions nowadays, in no way contradicts this thought. ICT are thus to be viewed above all

from the perspective of the following questions. Are they individually appropriate, socially

acceptable, and sparing of the environment? In attempting to arrive at an ethical assess-

ment, the distinction between individual communication and distributed communication as

suggested by literature on the subject helps us only to a limited extent since ICT, after all,

link together the formerly separate areas of telecommunications, data processing, and con-

sumer electronics. A more constructive and pragmatic approach would be to proceed by

sectors. This will be done in the following. The areas selected are the private sphere, social

sphere, work process, business, and policymaking.

Communication technologies are transforming our society

What is so special about the new communication technologies? Haven’t informa-

tion and knowledge always influenced and helped to shape our lives? The modem day

j is increasingly characterized by the ready availability of information (compressed for-

mats, high speeds), the high degree of networking (overcoming the bounds of time and

space), and the simultaneous possibility of the interactive use of information systems.

! While mechanical power replaced human labor in the industrial age, the informa-

tion age is seeing computers forge ahead into areas previously reserved for humans.

' Land, labor, and capital as the traditional factors of production, are thus increasingly

10

PAUL-GEORG GUTERMUTH

losing importance relative to the factors “information” and “knowledge” (Ip. 93). The

term “information and knowledge society” is therefore no mere cliche. It has been fore-

cast that some 50 percent of the German labor force will be employed in the informa-

tion sector by the year 2010 (2 p. 8). Just as high a percentage of German employees are

already working with ICT products (Ip. 96). There is no real alternative to this trend.

The new technologies for communication have an enormous potential to influence

people’s lives, both physically and psychologically.

Similar influences witnessed in the transformation from an agrarian to an industrial

society resulted in the development of structures such as our comprehensive systems of

protection and assistance (some examples are social legislation, self-help associations,

and a reorganization of the working process). Must comparable initiatives now be taken

in light of the new ICT?

Criteria for the ethical assessment of communication technologies

The new ICT are classic “enabling technologies,” that are both open to and in need

of structuring (6,99). An a priori assumption that they either conflict with human inter-

ests or foster them would not be valid. It is obvious that, on the one hand, they are

responding to the basic human need for communication while, on the other hand, they

open up possibilities of misuse and conflicts of interest.

We must therefore look at individual impacts of ICT on humans to see if and what

humanizing and dehumanizing potentials they offer and what action might be needed in

response. Two ICT levels may be distinguished in this process: the technology itself;

and the application of the technology, including application and processing of the

information.

Strictly speaking, there are actually three levels that can be distinguished: besides

the technology itself there is the level of the use of the technology independent of its

contents, and as the third level the contents of the communications. But in practical

terms, the use of the technology and information cannot always be clearly distinguished,

above all in terms of their psychological impact. As a result, I will refrain in the follow-

ing from making a distinction between levels two and three.

Ethical assessment of the ICT does not require the drafting of new criteria (3 p.

417). We may apply the framework created by human rights and, within those lines, the

general criteria already conventionally applied for weighing conflicting goods and in-

terests (3 p. 417). Spinello is right in his assertion that “These ‘revolutionary’ problems

can be confronted with the same analytical tools and ethical categories used for more

traditional concerns” (4 p. 173).

The question of the humanizing factors is closely connected here with the global

ideal of sustain-able development. In other words, the question also has a future-ori-

ented dimension. This was all too obvious in the results of the World Conference on

TOWARDS A VALUE BASED PERSPECTIVE

11

Environment and Development (UNCED in Rio, 1992). In the words of the Brundtland

Commission, sustainable development means . .meeting the needs of the present with-

out compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”

It is thus appropriate for us to look at the two levels of ICT I have described for the

purpose of answering the following questions (3 p. 416):

a) Are they individually appropriate?

b) Are they socially acceptable?

c) Are they sparing of the environment and of our natural resources? (Key aspect

here: Are environmental pressures and the use of natural resources kept to a minimum

in ICT’s production, use, and disposal, or by their application?)

First Level: humanizing and dehumanizing potentials of communication

technologies per se

Individual appropriateness includes on the one hand respect for individual human

rights which are an outflow of human dignity and, on the other hand, a user-friendly

and ergonometric design (3 p. 416). In evaluating the technology per se, there is above

all the question of user-friendliness. This is an ongoing process of adaptation to various

human features in close cooperation between users, providers, and industry.

The question of whether the technology spares the environment and natural re-

sources in its production, use, and disposal is a technical, scientific, and medical ques-

tion that cannot be treated in detail in the framework of my remarks today. Generally,

however, we can assert that ICT devices tend to miniaturize, and thus to allow minimal

material input and energy saving operations. As regards the raw materials needed, sili-

con-based glass fibers are increasingly replacing metal conductors. On the other hand,

the positioning of satellites requires major amounts of energy (3 p. 416).

Second Level: humanizing and dehumanizing potentials in the use of

communication technology in selected areas

In the ethical assessment of the contents of ICT, the suggestion is made in the

technical literature to distinguish between individual communication and distributed

communication (3 p. 417). Since, however, the special quality of ICT is the capability

of integrating the previously separate areas of classic telecommunications and data pro-

cessing (computer technology), as well as consumer electronics into a single complex,

the line separating individual and distributed communication will become increasingly

hazier and difficult to identify (5 p. 11).

12

PAUL-GEORG GUTERMUTH

I would therefore like to proceed in a pragmatic manner, sector by sector. In the '

face of the wide variety of affected areas and the limited time available for my remarks, | ^

this can only be done in excerpts. I will confine my discussion to five fields that would 1

appear to me to be especially important. They are the private sphere, social sphere, I **

work process, business, and policymaking. I

I P

I »

Private sphere and new communication I

Information and communications are influence factors (2 p. 31). They must fully

observe the dictate of dignity for all people and the basic rights derived therefrom. The

right to and freedom of personal and economic development must also be guaranteed in

global information network insofar as possible. This right is one of the pillars support-

ing our culture.

Negative influence or manipulation — and the resulting restraints on individual free-

dom— can occur through untruthful, incomplete, inexact information and through a 1

flooding with information (2 p. 30). An excessive offering of information does not fos- i

ter liberty but confines it (6 p. 1). Quantitative improvement in this area may result in 1

qualitative losses. Moreover, tests show that the capability of free decision-making does < i

not increase with expanding knowledge (6 p. 1). t

Such possibilities of manipulation are not peculiar to ICT, they are also found out- £

side the realm of the new ICT. This is an area where the individual must use his or her s

opportunity for self-determination. It is not, for example, society that must set limits on (

the flood of information (6 p. 2).

An integral part of human dignity is personal privacy, both consumer privacy and t

employee privacy (4 p. 50). Also included is protection from unauthorized access to i

personal and other data, and the security of electronic money transfers. More and more s

confidential data flow through international networks. Security problems in the net- i

work (e.g. hacking, computer espionage) are increasingly becoming a serious barrier to

the wider use of electronic commerce. The protection of data systems must stand along- (

side the user’s self-protection measures. This helps avoid, for example, the collection j

and use of personal data already at the phase of designing the system architecture. i

Absolute security, however, will probably never be possible. But absolute security is i

also not possible in other parts of our lives influenced by technology. i

Copyrights also relate to the rights of personality by protecting intellectual prop- i

erty. Some see copyrights as obstacles blocking the road to the information society. At 1

any rate, the new possibilities of copying and distributing material, they allege, will ]

make copyrights either senseless or at least reduce their significance. Others forecast

just the opposite. They claim that copyrights are taking on even more importance. For

without legal protection, no valuable information would be put onto data networks. We

may safely assume that the protection of authenticity is gaining additional importance.

This requires measures for safeguarding this aspect at many levels. j

TOWARDS A VALUE BASED PERSPECTIVE

13

The procedures for safeguarding rights to knowledge and knowledge products, how-

ever, must not be allowed to become so restrictive that it endangers access to informa-

tion, which is a prerequisite for equal opportunity (both on an individual scale and at the

level of nations).

In addition, there is the question of protection against the violation of the rights of

personality and against other illegal and damaging contents on the networks. Most sig-

nificant here are:

• pornography, sexual exploitation,

• defamation and slandering of minorities,

• instigation to racial hatred,

• subornation of criminal offenses,

• inciting violence,

• computer fraud.

Anonymity is helpful to those seeking to commit criminal offenses on the Internet.

The possibility of feeding incriminating data into the Internet from anywhere in the

world frequently makes it almost impossible to pursue some criminal investigations.

The screening of contents is made considerably more difficult, if only because of the

quantity of material. In this respect, ICT are thus considerably different from conven-

tional media. Needed here would be ever-present government monitoring and thus

comprehensive controls. But major technical barriers prevent such supervision. “The

state can no longer meet all of the functions here that fell to it in the course of history”

i (5 p. 83).

' On the other hand, account must be taken of the basic right to freedom of informa-

i tion. Even commercial interests in globally expanding markets find their limits in the

I recognition of the informational rights and dignity of each and every individual. In this

' situation, we would be well advised to build on the capabilities and willingness for self-

i regulation and on increased international cooperation.

I But we cannot dispense with statutory framework conditions, if only in the interest

of providing legal clarity. A German court (Munich), for example, handed down the

following decision. If a commercial provider puts onto the network his own criminally

relevant material or third-party material that he has recognizably appropriated as his

own, he shall be liable for prosecution. By contrast, if he has only made third-party

material available for use, he shall be liable for prosecution only if he is aware of the

incriminating contents and if it is technically possible and would not require unaccept-

able effort to prevent the use of such material.

Social compatibility comprises the preservation of a certain historical continuity,

the safeguarding of tradition and history. In view of the medium’s vulnerability — data

loss, for example, cannot be ruled out — overall system security and the security of

diachronic development are fundamental questions that must be addressed. Owing to

the rapid increase of information and knowledge stored in electronic data media, prob-

14

PAUL-GEORG GUTERMUTH

lems here could mean socially unacceptable losses for mankind as a whole. It is my

opinion that more attention must be given to ensuring greater protection from such a

catastrophe.

iil

Sl2

Social sphere and new communication

A right to access to the new services must at any rate be assumed whenever they are | ^

an integral part of meeting people’s basic needs, thus when certain vital information

and services can only be obtained by electronic networks. The individual situation die- ,

tates when this is the case. Apart from these rather clear cases, free access to the new i

media possesses a considerable socio-economic and socio-structural aspect. i,

The average user of online media in Germany is thirty years of age, male, has ;

enjoyed an above-average education, and often has a rather high income (4 p. 96). j]

There are, therefore, clear points of emphasis among the many users, also in terms of jj,

social structure. However, social differentiation as to knowledge and to communication

competence is not automatically unsettling (5 p. 96). They have always existed. But j]

underneath the surface there may well be a problematical social situation, namely, dif-

ferences between the “opportunity-rich” and the “opportunity-poor,” as it were (5 p.

96). Such distinctions would be dehumanizing.

The danger of separating the world into the information-rich and the information-

poor, into an information-elite and a consumer-proletariat, must therefore be prevented

and the gap between the computer-literate and the computer-illiterate must be closed

insofar as possible (7 p. 27). We need measures aimed at ensuring access to information

and the availability of information for the broadest possible groups of the population |

and at fostering opportunity-poor groups’ abilities to use the new technologies for their

purposes (5 p. 96). Equal opportunity begins in the schools. But it also extends to senior

citizens, to small and midsize companies, and to the field of interaction between citi-

zens and government agencies.

Of decisive importance in this connection is training in the skills of media compe-

tency at all levels of society and the economy. And we must make sure that costs do not

prove prohibitive for some groups (fair access). An effective way of providing low-cost

offerings is to ensure as much competition as possible among the media. The liberaliza-

tion of the telecommunication market in Germany has clearly illustrated how within i|

only a short time intensive price competition can have a beneficial impact on the con-

sumer. But we must reject making demands for equal opportunity into demands for an i|

all-encompassing basic provision of services, for example, an Internet guarantee for st

everyone. Governments would not be able to finance such a measure. The guarantee of tr

free access to information, while it is indispensable as a condition for equal opportu- |

nity, must, however, largely be left to stand as a principle. n

I

S(

TOWARDS A VALUE BASED PERSPECTIVE

15

/ There is dispute about whether the ICT tend more to promote or to prevent commu-

^ j nity and thus humanitarian cohesiveness. In digital space, gender, skin color, social

status, etc. are left open to the imagination. Territoriality no longer plays a role in

I cyberspace. And this could produce a renaissance of community feelings across bor-

ders. Experience, however, shows that the lack of correspondence between real and

, social areas and the Internet chat rooms hardly leads to community forms. And when

' j this does happen, the forms are easy to disrupt and destroy (7 p. 45). Virtual communi-

' ties are extremely fragile (7 pp. 44, 63).

But does this also mean that the lack of direct social contact automatically makes a

“digital loner” out of the surfer in the worldwide web? Will the Internet thus become

the “medium of egocentric individualism”? Less family, less contact to neighbors, less

church to impart values, less literature as transmitter of values, less regional awareness?

Theoretically speaking, such dehumanizing potentials cannot be denied. But in analyz-

i ing these potentials we should take account of the following:

* Individualism is not identical with egotism; neither is collectivism the same as

altruism. Social responsibility is possible not only as collectively organized responsi-

1 bility (7 p. 57) but in other forms. The United States, after all, is a good example of this.

* Surfer need not inevitably stray from reality into the arbitrary universe of vir-

I tual landscapes but can also expand their horizons by traversing plains of acquired

! experience.

I* Interaction is ultimately not technically induced but socially motivated. Inter-

action aims at purpose fulfillment (7 p. 41). The virtual world remains plugged into the

real human world (7 p. 52). We can see that the Internet reinforces our yearning for

I direct encounters, for example, with political figures, with art works, and similar per-

! sons and things. Experience teaches that eye-to-eye exchange between persons is more

exact, more intensive than any electronic communication (7 p. 62).

• The age of Gutenberg still has a long way to go before drawing to an end —

and I personally doubt that it will ever be over.

• Finally, the new media open up previously unknown possibilities of self-

realization and thus provide the self-confidence of individual responsibility

and independence.

Work process and new communication

The information and communication technologies intervene in the network of work

structures, independent of the communicated contents, since they replace direct with

transmitted (indirect) communication, and they blur terms such as work time and work-

place. When, and where, the work is done is increasingly insignificant in terms of com-

munication. It must be assumed that this will cause serious dislocations, above all in the

working world, just as happened during the transition from the agrarian to the industrial

society of the 19th century (5 p. 48).

16

PAUL-GEORG GUTERMUTH

In overall terms, our new reality must offer us humane working conditions. On thei t

one hand, the new ICT must increase the possibilities of self-employment and self- e

determination and create new employment possibilities, particularly for frequently dis- c

advantaged groups such as women, the impaired, and the elderly. On the other hand,l

since the possibility of monitoring individuals has been expanded for virtual firms,i t

“Say good-bye to the office” should not now be turned into “Say good-bye to your night t

off.” And wage earners’ drift into the gray areas between dependent work and self- 1 ]

employment should also not result in their losing the protection of the social systems? 1

(payroll and salaried employees should not be forced into bogus self-employment to i I

save employers’ outlays for social insurance). In practical terms this means that new\ i

types of working relationships must be created which consider the interests of both!

sides and, among other things, replace roll calls at the office with quality control of theti

work performed. '

Business and new communication j,

The information and communication technologies are accelerating commercial glo-\

balization by enhancing market transparency and opening up new possibilities to pro- !

vide services from anywhere in the world via the net (5 p. 112). This increases national |

productivity, strengthens international competition, creates more jobs in overall terms|

according to experts, and thus helps advance human development. But observers rightly '

point out that the consumer does not always have a better market overview as a result. ,

And this is true whenever, as indeed happens, providers block search engines’ access to

their networks because they have no interest in consumers being able to compare

conditions.

The elimination of the need to work in any given place favors the employment of

foreign workers via the net in the form of service imports. This can bring with it the:

danger of tax evasion and customs duty circumvention and it can neutralize national l|

measures aimed at job safety, minimum- wage statutes, consumer protection, and envi-

ronmental protection (7 p. 56). This means that the globalization of commerce facili- ;

tates tendencies that cast doubts on the decision-making competencies of national!

law-making bodies as well as regulations enacted to protect human values. i

Experts ask with some skepticism whether the complicated decision-making pro- *

cesses of democratic governments in national and supranational sectors can effectively^

counteract these tendencies in the light of global companies flexibility (8 p. 366). Are :|

institutionalized coalitions of non-government organizations (churches, labor unions,

etc.) a way out of this dilemma (8 p. 366)? In my view, this is extremely doubtful!

(despite individual cases such as the Greenpeace/Shell affair about the sinking of an oil |

rig in the North Sea). On what would such coalitions base their legitimacy to act, whatl]

J

TOWARDS A VALUE BASED PERSPECTIVE

17

moral and customary values would they be working with? An international institution

equipped with decision-making powers would be desirable here, but in view of the

different international situations and interests it is not likely ever to come about.

Coordinated and harmonized action by governments at the international level would

therefore seem to be all the more important. To illustrate this I would mention that, at

the Bonn Conference in July of 1997, thirty countries, including the United States,

Japan, and Russia, initiated this process of determining internationally accepted guide-

lines for the use of global information and communication networks (“Bonn Declara-

tion”). EU Commissioner Martin Bangemann submitted a procedural proposal for more

efficiently coordinating the activities of international organizations (such as the OECD,

WTO, etc.) so as to develop a global framework to regulate the new media.

Policymaking and new communication

The information and communication technologies can help bring together people,

nations, regions, and cultures through communications that cross material and immate-

rial boundaries, thus fostering a humane manner of living together. Authoritarian re-

gimes are shocked to find out that they can no longer effectively seal their countries off

from unwanted information from abroad. A wide range of opinions and beliefs are

crossing international borders (5 p. 101). They are surmounting the walls erected by

dictators. And secret police are unable to control this information swell (7 p. 55).

Internet has thus arrived at a point of confrontation with social systems that restrict

personal freedom (spreading of Western democratic ideas, the call for human rights,

pluralism, liberalism, etc.). On the other hand, the communication network also stands

as a new instrument for manipulation, one that enables control over individuals and, at

the very least, facilitates the individual’s observation. It can be used to spread undemo-

cratic thought and thus threaten democracy (7 p. II). “Novel threats to internal and

external security” are emerging as the result of expanding networks and such threats

demand completely new methods of defense (5 p. 113).

It is all the more important that no single country and no individual company be

allowed to control events. The United States and American companies have been meri-

torious in their achievements in developing Internet standards. “But this cannot mean

that the standards, the central fields of application, and even the language is dominated

from there” (9 p. 7). International cooperation is the need of the day.

ICT offer the state better possibilities to provide citizen-friendly government (infor-

mation directly to citizens, participation of citizens in appropriate processes), and to

enhance government efficiency. On the other hand, we should not rule out the possibil-

ity that the position of the state in the information society is being increasingly weak-

ened by the fact that it is subject to growing competition to gain the favor of capable and

ever more mobile companies and citizens (5 p. 1 13). Neil Postmann (2 p. 11) thinks that

18

PAUL-GEORG GUTERMUTH

democracy is actually the big loser in the face of the new technologies. He is certain that

plebiscites will increasingly be carried out via the net, and that by decisions taken in

microseconds on data highways without the auspices of institutional responsibility, the

powers of elected representatives sitting in parliaments will be undermined. Govern-

ment can meet such threats by responsible participation of the citizen in the political

process and by boosting its own efficiency (5 p. 1 13).

Pointing the way to value-based conduct as the key to a humane information and

knowledge society

My remarks would indicate that the innate ethical ambivalence of every technology

also applies to ICT. There is no doubt but that the competence of the individual in

handling the new media will decide whether “cyber-cash” will become a “cyber-crash.”

Undeniable problem cases justify only criticism about human behavior and ultimately

about mankind’s inadequate moral responsibility. Educating the public to deal with the

media and to approach the new technologies from the perspective of a given value

system is the key to answering whether the humanizing or the dehumanizing potentials

of ICT will be dominant characteristics in the future. Providers and users, but also the

state and the society that is its foundation, have a great deal of responsibility here.

Far more is at stake than merely the practicing of new techniques. What we have

here is a journey into a fundamentally different world. “I am talking about the forma-

tion of a personality,” (10 p. 566) an education of the human “to freedom in the age of

information” (10 p. 566). “The school of the future must place the quality of learning on

center stage, not the quantity of knowledge” (10 p. 566). This means orientation to the

selection of information, pointing the way to self-competence, to responsibility, to a

“passion for democracy and the value of freedom” (10 p. 568). The key to solving the

problems of dealing with the new technologies lies in education, but not only in the

education, training, and advanced training in the school room, but also in the moral

equipment of the members of our society.

Humans in the information society stand out by displaying a high degree of

(2 p. 430):

• technical competence

• media competence

• social and communicative competence and

• the willingness for continued learning throughout life (rapid obsolescence of

know-how and information).

The state is called on to foster this development above all by reliable and adaptable

government- set framework conditions in data security; data protection; the protection

of juveniles; product liability; consumer protection; and statutes on commerce, copy-

rights, and criminal offenses, also in the international context (2 p. 10).

TOWARDS A VALUE BASED PERSPECTIVE

19

The globalization of communication technologies should be the occasion on an

I international scale to continue efforts toward greater harmonization of the differing

I legal views. “At any rate, these differences are becoming more obvious and reveal na-

tional restrictions as backward in the face of the universal and transparent technologies.

One might view this as a step toward a global ethos” (11 p. 173). Such efforts will at

least strengthen community identity and be able to help regain “social cohesion” (2 p.

; 20) as an important pillar supporting the peaceful and humane future of our society.

i

References

j (1) Enquete-Kommission “Schutz des Menschen und der Umwelt - Ziel und Rahmenbedin-gungen einer

nachhaltig zukunftsvertraglichen Entwicklung,” AbschluBbericht, Deutscher Bundestag, Bonn, 26.06. 1998,

Drucksache 13/11200

(2) S. Hdfling, Informationszeitalter — Informationsgesellschaft — Wissensgesellschaft, Hanns Seidel Stiftung,

aktuelle Analysen 6, Miinchen, 1996

! (3) G. Bachleitner, Kommunikationstechnik, in: Lexikon der Bioethik, Gutersloh, 1998, Band 2

1(4) R. A. Spinello, Ethical Aspects of Information Technology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1995

(5) Enquete-Kommission “Zukunft der Medien in Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft — Deutschlands Weg in die

Informationsgesellschaft,” SchluBbericht, Deutscher Bundestag, Bonn, 22.06.1998, Drucksache 13/1 104

; (6) A. Keller, Informationsgesellschaft, in: Stimmen derZeit, Freiburg, 1996, Nr. 214

! (7) S. Eisel, M. Scholl, Internet und Politik, Konrad Adenauer Stiftung, Sankt Augustin, Interne Studien Nr.

f 164/1998

(8) J. O. Zoller, Weltherrschaft durch Weltwirtschaft, in: Anzeiger fur die Seelsorge, Freiburg, August 1998,

Heft 8

(9) G. Rexrodt, Wirtschaft und Kultur im Internet: Kulturwirtschaft, F.D.P.-Bundestagsfraktion, Bonn, 18. Mai

1998

I (10) R. Herzog, Erziehung im Informationszeitalter, Bulletin des Presse- und Informations-amtes der

Bundesregierung, Bonn, 18.06.1998, Nr. 43

! (1 1) G. Bachleitner, Die mediale Revolution, in: Forum interdisziplindre Ethik, Band 15, Frankfurt a. M., 1997

I ( 1 2) D. Tsichritzis et al., Informationstechnologie — Fakten, Perspektiven und Visionen, Konrad Adenauer Stiftung,

Sankt Augustin, Interne Studien Nr. 130/1996

20

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y Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences,

I Volume 87, Number 1-4, 21-21, October 2001

I

Greetings From

The Russian Academy of Sciences

Igor M. Markarov

Institute of Systems Analysis, Russian Academy of

Sciences 117312, Pr. 60-let Octjabria, 9, Moscow, Russia

Mr. President of The Washington Academy of Sciences, Dr. C.R. (Bob) Creveling,

Fellows of the Washington Academy of Sciences, and Guests. It is a great pleasure for

me to express on behalf of the President and Presidium of Russian Academy of Sci-

ences our greetings on the First Centennial Jubilee of Washington Academy of Sciences.

I particularly wish to convey the best wishes of some 15 Russian scientists who are

Fellows of the Washington Academy of Sciences for the continued successful develop-

ment in all of the Academy’s endeavors. To all Members and Fellows of the Washington

Academy, I thank you for including us today. These one hundred years have marked the

i unprecedented progress of science and the widespread recognition of the Washington

■ Academy by the scientific communities of the world. It is my hope that the Academy

I continues to advocate science, to reach out to young people and to attract to its activities

I not only US scientists and professionals, but also many specialists from over the world.

I I am most pleased to recognize a major sign of it’s excellence and importance by the

i growing number of affiliated scientific societies creating a good core structure which

helps to integrate scientific endeavors and achievements from different branches of

I science. Using this opportunity, we express our thanks for being invited to the celebra-

I tion and, in turn, we invite our kind hosts to take part in the 275th -year celebration of

I the Russian Academy of Sciences, which will be held in the spring of 1999.

Now it is my honor to introduce my presentation prepared together with my col-

league and Fellow of the Washington Academy Prof. Vil Rakhmankulov under the title

“Humans, Technologies and the World of Communication.”

Thank you.

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\ Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences,

! Volume 87, Number 1-4, 23-28, October 2001

Humans, Technologies and the World of

Telecommunication

I.M. Makarov and V.Z. Rakhmankulov

Institute of Systems Analysis, Russian Academy of

Sciences 117312, Pr. 60-let Octjabria, 9, Moscow, Russia

Introduction

Today we can see two major trends expressed by modem technology. The first one

I is a widespread “invasion” of microchips and semiconductor devices into every electri-

I cally powered piece of equipment or technological process. The second one, obviously

! related to the first trend, is the more and more growing tendency towards replacement

i of a good portion of traditional work activities with intelligent, software-based work

performance.

Software becomes an important part of the work scope in any field of practice. For

; instance, when we make a product at the shop level, we use CNC, DNC, or CAM soft-

ware in order to write a software program for Numerical Control (NC) machine-tools.

That is, before we get an output, we have to add a quite important step to the whole

production process, which makes it possible to automate the product’s manufacture.

When we design a product with the help of a computer, we use Computer Aided

Design (CAD) software. Again, we write a software program in order to make drawings

or to perform an engineering analysis.

When we manage a whole company’s computer system, we use Data Base Man-

agement System (DBMS) software. In fact, we write a program which helps to search

for desired data or aid in presenting decision making choices.

With the emergence of communication technology like INTERNET, EXTRANET

and other means of electronic communication, both trends mentioned above allow un-

precedented possibilities for this technology to be integrated and logically interrelated

under a common umbrella. Such an umbrella is capable of incorporating diverse sets of

technologies with embedded semiconductor devices, hardware and software into a new

universal media helping human beings work in a more efficient and productive way as

well as giving birth to the new forms of human activity covered by terms such as:

“virtual enterprise,” “virtual reality,” and “virtual design.”

24

IGOR M. MAKAROV, VIL Z. RAKHMANKULOV

More generally speaking, with this last trend we face a new paradigm or phenom-

ena which could be called “virtuality”: a specific electronic working environment which

allows the combination of multiple remote and distributed work efforts into strongly

integrated actions dedicated to a united aim or target [1-3]. If we take the commu-

nication technology and software integration away from this new paradigm, then the

main idea of virtuality disappears, becoming a traditional vendor-supplier or customer-

supplier interplay with all the known burden and inefficiency. Therefore, we may argue

that in the future of human work, the greater the use of computer software, the greater

the opportunities are opened for virtual forms of human activities. Is this development

harmful or humanizing? Perhaps, we should be prepared to expect both kinds of impacts.

Let us focus on different design activities, since contemporary Computer Aided

Design (CAD) is positioned on the frontier of the process and provides an illustration of

successful implementation of the concepts of virtuality.

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Work Humanization During The Spread and Growth of Software Design and ^

Development ,

The concept of virtuality has widely been used in the field of mechanical design ^

and even more so in the design of electronic devices such as chips, microprocessors and j

printed circuit boards. Having on hand very sophisticated and intelligent virtual proto- ^

types and models in CAD systems for electronic design, engineers and designers can ^

create, analyze, and test new products without building the expensive physical proto- .

types/test versions used before the era of virtuality. With this virtual approach to de- j

signing, it is possible to explain why the generations of computers have been changing

and progressing so rapidly. i

For the most part, computer aided design is the process of continual development ^

and active use of a particular application software. The main humanizing advantage of |

this kind of software related work is a great opportunity to perform it “on the fly,” that j

is, outside of the formal organizational structure of a face-to-face staff working within j

limited physical locations presented by a single firm or company. Under the virtual j

environment, a designer is free to choose how to create software. He can do it either at |

the main design office, at the customer site, at the supplier company, or even at home. ]

Now many companies use remote teams of home-based workers integrated by telecom- i

munication technology. In addition to the purely commercial benefits of that virtual

activity, people belonging to the industrial technological areas receive the same kind of ^

freedom which has mainly been experienced thus far by certain intellectual and creative

professions such as writers, composers, and artists.

As design software becomes a more and more sophisticated and complex artifact, it

is not enough just to buy a commercial software package for direct usage. Now there

exists a need to interpret all the specifics and complexities of the commercial package

HUMANS, TECHNOLOGIES AND THE WORLD OF TELECOMMUNICATION 25

before it can be used to the fullest extent in practical tasks. This job is done by special

teams of developers who interpret the commercial package by developing dedicated

applications aimed at repetitive use by end users. In this sense, virtuality is supporting

the professional “intermediaries” and thereby is expected to lead to a significant growth

in demand for these new professionals in the future. It would not be reasonable from an

economic point of view for every design office to keep such teams strictly as in-house

staff. Having been integrated by networks, agile teams of software professionals are

able to create new Jobs and generate fast growing markets in the field of application

software development.

Another humanizing aspect of virtuality is tele-existence and teleconferencing.

Usually, software related work requires a quite clear, precise and formal presentation of

tasks, procedures, and data handling instructions. Different design systems have differ-

ent formats for describing this formalized knowledge. Many efforts have been expended

to solve the well known difficulties of translating between proprietary CAD, CAM, and

CAE formats. Several standards (e.g., IGES or PDES/STEP) have been developed to

facilitate exchange of the formal data defining drawings, geometry models, and graph-

ics for engineering products and associated manufacturing processes. However, any

design process is directed by formal as well as informal data. The informal knowledge,

rarely exchanged through rules and standards, can be translated through interpersonal

contacts of the participating developers. Multimedia communication, allowing transfer

of audio, video, and graphics data together with the techniques of teleconferencing,

provide a solid basis for exchange of informal knowledge, data, personal know-how,

practical tips, and experiences.

At present it is well known that changes in software and hardware happen rapidly;

consequently, new releases of popular products, usually adding new functionality, be-

come obsolete in a matter of months. This tendency gives rise to the necessity for a

continuous re-training of the end users and software developers. This constant re-train-

ing is a sort of enforced compensation for the rapid change. In the virtual environment

it is much easier to provide the desired conditions for training and education of special-

ists through access to electronic documentation, virtual training courses, and highly

reactive “hot lines.” Telecommunication technology and virtuality provide a similar

level of increased efficiency to those who work with innovations and who need to ana-

lyze large flows of information worldwide.

Advances and achievements of information technology are accompanied by differ-

ent humanizing cultural implications stemming from the widening use of modem tele-

communication technology and virtual forms of human activities. Perhaps, the most

inspiring one is the rich access via Internet to a diverse global culture. In some cases we

can observe how purely technical solutions help to generate a cultural change. For in-

stance, many countries in the world are now fighting against the illegal use of licensed

software products. This problem is probably more important from the cultural point-of-

26

IGOR M. MAKAROV, VIL Z. RAKHMANKULOV

view rather than simply from the commercial viewpoint. In this respect, the global

Internet system has been providing a very interesting mechanism that is called “free

downloads.” These free downloads are restricted to some extent by versions of the cor-

responding licensed software products, which can be tested and evaluated by the users

free of charge. The result of such testing is often surprising when the users come to the

opposite conclusion that buying the licensed product is a preferable action for them if

they want to improve the professional quality of their work. This cultural change would

probably happen much more slowly without the widely used free download mecha-

nism. Considering the humanizing aspects of communication technology and virtual-

ity, we should also be aware of some problems and possible negative impacts which can

be potentially harmful to people and society.

Dehumanizing Impacts of Telecommunication Technology on Virtual Forms of

Human Activities

The most recognizable and understandable problem is the vulnerability of elec-

tronic communication and virtuality. Vulnerability to unauthorized entry into a private

system creates an issue that makes achieving complete security of information in net-

works still questionable. This problem creates a sensible reluctance in potential users

facing overly fast moves towards the new and attractive potentials of electronic com-

merce. Examples of this type of vulnerability abound: losses incurred from breaking

into a banking software security system are much larger than the amount of money

usually lost in a typical bank robbery. The design of new products is also a quite sensi-

tive area in terms of information security and know-how protection. Of course, this

problem becomes even more difficult to solve when the design has been performed

under the distributed environment and conditions of virtuality. Many technical protec-

tive measures have been proposed and developed to assure information security includ-

ing encryption, techniques of data compression, and access control mechanisms. But,

as usual, human vigilance and responsibility will be of greater value than all these

techniques in providing guarantees for secure and reliable functioning of systems. Per-

haps, the immense complexity of the design process provides some advantage in design

procedures for providing technical security, since the more complex and intelligent are

the transactions in a system, the more applicable and protective are purely technical

methods.

In general, virtuality creates a basis for self-organization and self-responsibility.

However, with higher priorities assigned to the autonomous status of work, the possi-

bility arises for the emergence of social isolation in people’s virtual activities. This

social isolation might take place due to the weakening of live contacts. Communication

via models and software interfaces may diminish the role of “socializing” effects asso-

\ HUMANS, TECHNOLOGIES AND THE WORLD OF TELECOMMUNICATION 27

dated with face-to-face contacts within the working environment. Sometimes this kind

of isolation could negatively impact the fundamentally positive features of organiza-

tions such as individual and group adaptation and learning.

Virtuality can build new boundaries between professions dividing them into several

categories, each with a different degree of labor compensation. For example, the obvi-

ous division for software specialists could be in three conditional groups — “code pro-

ducers,” “software interpreters,” and “systems problem solvers.” Having been less

dependent on the virtual environment, the code producers would feel themselves per-

haps more comfortable at work with reduced overall responsibility and, accordingly,

I they would be paid less. Virtuality could, with this scheme, put this category of profes-

sionals at a lower devaluated status in comparison to the systems problem solvers or

I software interpreters.

The problem of copyright and intellectual property protection is very important in

the field of software development and operation. Virtuality adds new dimensions to this

I problem by opening opportunities to more broadly shared software. Probably the main

focus toward solving this problem will be on “pre-installed” type of software, particu-

; larly in view of the trend toward significant reductions in hardware costs. Now vendors

sell hardware together with the pre-installed software such as MS Windows or MS

Office. In most application areas, the cost of software has proven to be much higher

than that of the hardware. When hardware costs are a small part of the overall cost, then

this situation might turn out to be just the opposite. Vendors will sell software together

with the “pre-installed” hardware. The idea of a cheap communication computer is, in

my view, the best example of this in our foreseeable future.

Virtual companies can integrate many different teams of specialists and companies,

sometimes including competitors or independent companies. Less formal obligations

within such a structure could bring instability to the system under strong competitive

conditions. Virtual organizations will create new challenges for corporate management

of distributed organizations, as well as to the control systems providing access to data.

I Sharing Experience In The Virtual Firm

Since the middle of the 1990s my institute has been investigating and testing the

concepts of virtual companies. The aim is to implement this approach for practical

tasks. The purpose was to create an agile team of software experts capable of working

on dilferent projects initiated by different organizations ranging from academic institu-

tions and technical universities, to industrial, finance and business companies. This

kind of a virtual team should not belong to any of the formal organizations with which

it is working. However, some members of the team may be included from other organi-

zations due to particular needs during the project. All work is done on a contract/agree-

ment basis. The team itself has a relatively small permanent core of specialists and a

28

IGOR M. MAKAROV, VIL Z. RAKHMANKULOV

variable rotating staff of non-permanent specialists. Rotation depends on the type of

projects, volume of work, software tools used by the team, and availability of person-

nel. Projects can be carried out in a mixture of ways, ranging from conventional non-

electronic environments to communication through networks among widely separated

team members.

Our experience has shown that the most valuable features of developing and work-

ing in virtuality are agility and flexibility. Both of these features could be applied with

humanizing effects to the involved people and organizations as well as professional

maturation, which grows in relation to the choice of projects, ways of working, and

software development tools and packages. On the other hand, due to virtuality this new

kind of activity certainly faces many of the above mentioned problems associated with

the distributed nature of work under virtual conditions.

Conclusion

Modem communication technology is a remarkable human invention made in the

20th century. Together with other electronic and intelligent computer based technolo-

gies, it opens greatly increased opportunities for human beings to improve their quality

of life. It creates a new paradigm, herein called “virtuality;” capable of significantly

changing the way people perform their activities. Like many other great inventions,

electronic telecommunication can have positive and humanizing, as well as negative,

de-humanizing impacts on individuals and society. Special attention to and awareness

of all impacts and problems is needed in order to avoid negative implications in the

development of innovative and promising potentials inherent in these new technologies.

References

1. Akhrem, A.A.and Rakhmankulov, V.Z., “Virtual Design and Decision Making.” J. Design Automation, #4,

1997, pp. 20-30 (in Russian).

2. Tarasov, V.B., “Enterprises in XXI Century: Problems of Design and Management,” J. Design Automation, #4,

1998, pp. 45-52 (in Russian).

3. Artamonov, E.I., Markovsky, A.V., and Shipilina, L.B., “Organization of Work of CAD Users through

INTERNET.” J. Design Automation, #4, 1998, pp. 21-26 (in Russian).

Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences,

Volume 87, Number 1-4, 29-32, October 2001

Freedom and the

New Information Technology

Ronald W. Manderscheid, Marilyn Henderson, and David Brown

Center for Mental Health Services

As we race toward the new Millennium, we are also engaged in a race to understand

and control the new information technology in order to preserve and expand our essen-

tial freedoms. In this brief paper, we hope to be able to characterize the current state of

modem information technology, describe some principles developed for the mental health

field that may have more general applicability, and propose some as yet unanswered

questions about the role of modem information technology in American society.

Few would deny that modem information technology represents a radical departure

from anything experienced in the recent past. Modem information technology replaces

interpersonal contact as the primary vehicle for communication and social organization.

Nothing in human history is comparable. We are now able to transcend space, time, and

culture in our communication. A “group” can come into existence anywhere in cyber-

space, remain anonymous and a-historical and go out of existence without further trace.

What does all of this mean for us at the Millennium? Can we really get our hands

(and minds) around this issue? What consequences will ensue if we don’t? These are all

questions that are not currently being articulated in society, let alone answered. This

paper is intended to begin that journey.

The Status of Modern Information Technology

Modem information technology derives its power through amalgamation of several

other technologies: information processing, telecommunications (voice, fax, data), video

technology, entertainment media (television, CDs, and radio), and the World Wide Web

(www). When harnessed together, these technologies make it possible to have video

communications with anyone, anywhere, at anytime; to have access to virtually unlim-

ited information on any topic; to receive instantaneous world-wide news and entertain-

ment; to collect, process, and transform any type of data over the Internet; to purchase

any product over the Internet; to do all of these functions simultaneously; and to do

many other tasks. The sheer enormity of the change, its complexity, and its vast poten-

tial make consequences difficult to analyze.

30 RONALD W. MANDERSCHEID, MARILYN HENDERSON, DAVID BROWN

Two concepts have emerged to reflect some major consequences of this change.

They are prosumption and disintermediation. Each will be depicted briefly below. i

Prosumption refers to the capacity of modem information technology to “reach

out” to you wherever or whenever you are. Companies cart “reach out” and sell prod-

ucts. For example, a major clothing manufacturer is now selling custom made jeans i i

over the Internet. You provide measurements and a credit card number, and the com-

pany will custom tailor and deliver a pair of jeans through a fast delivery service. Orga-

nizations/people can reach out anonymously and entice, seduce, and scapegoat. Witness i

the concept of “spamming” for example, the sending of thousands or millions of e-mail f ■

messages to targeted politicians in support of or against President Clinton’s impeach-

ment. Health care firms can “reach out” to monitor symptoms at home in real time. For ■

example, the monitoring of acute diabetes can be done at home using monitoring tech- [

nology and the Internet without the intervention of medical professionals. Federal agen-

cies can “reach out” to collect taxes and other data over the Internet. Clearly, the effects I

of prosumption are very broad; some are positive; others are dangerous.

Disintermediation means exactly what it says. Modem information technology j

permits one to escape traditional social structures. The president of a company can i

communicate directly with any employee, thus disintermediating intermediate supervi- • i

sors. Traditional retailing stmctures — transportation, warehousing, wholesaling and r

retailing can be eliminated through direct selling by companies to ultimate purchas- ;

ers — Federal and State governments can bypass Local governments and directly tax, l|j

influence, and communicate. They, in turn, can also be disintermediated through direct ! ^

international and regional communications. An example of the latter is Internet therapy, , j

in which the Internet is used to provide psychotherapy. The therapist may be in Australia i|

or Canada; the patient, in the U.S. Effectively, all U.S. laws and regulations governing ;

psychotherapy are abrogated by this arrangement.

Principles Governing Modern Information Technology

What can be done to direct this technology toward goals that are humanizing! To ) ^

address this question, a small work group was formed early in 1998 to develop a set of fi j

principles to be used by the mental health field when modern information technology is ^

acquired.

The principles are intended as guidelines to action, and different principles may be ’

predominant at different times. These principles are displayed in Figure 1. ^

The principles were subsequently tested in a case study of information technology

acquisition by the mental health agency of Jefferson Parish Human Services Authority, t

Metairie, Louisiana. The case study, problems in applying the principles, and potential I s

course of action can be found on the Internet at www.mhsip.org.

FREEDOM AND THE NEW INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

31

i

How do these principles relate to the current discussion? The principles provide

one potential course of action toward modem information technology. They can stimu-

late discussion, guide acquisition, and provide a basis for future guidelines.

Modem information technology is well organized. Our social reaction to it is unco-

ordinated and disorganized. Further discussion will need to be stimulated to foster an

appropriate social response. The principles reflect the work of one small concerned

group over a short period of time.

; Figure 1. Principles for Acquisition and Application of Information Technology

1 . Technology: Implementation of any system should be based upon technology

that is consistent with the current state-of-the-art viable for the service setting,

and as adaptable to future needs as possible.

2. Difference Between Haves/Have Nots: Access to technology should be broad

within organizations and between organizations and their customers.

3. Humanization/Dehumanization: Technology should humanize i.e., increase

positive human interpersonal behavior, rather than dehumanize.

4. Efficiency/Effectiveness: A major purpose of acquiring information technology

is to help managers, staff, consumers etc., improve their performance and be

more efficient in their work.

5. Access: The introduction of new technological methods should increase cast of

access to traditional services.

6. Consumer Oriented: Technology should be consumer-oriented.

7. Recovery: Technology should support recovery principles and encourage

consumers to actively participate in recovery-oriented treatment through its use.

8. Risk/Cost Benefit Analysis: The risks and benefits of adopting or of not

adopting the technology should be examined.

9. Compatibility With Hardware/Software That Already Exists: New hardware

and software should be compatible with what is currently available.

The principles were developed by a Work Group on Technology, for the 1994 Southern Regional

Conference on Mental Health Statistics. Members were: David Brown, Ronald Manderscheid, Gordon

Neligh, Edward Payne, Mary Smith, and Carole Taff.

Major Current Issues with Modern Information Technology

In this section, we want to describe a few major issues with modem information

technology. The list is intended to be neither unique nor exhaustive. It is intended to

stimulate discussion and action.

32 RONALD W. MANDERSCHEID, MARILYN HENDERSON, DAVID BROWN

I

Home Sweet Home: With modem information technology, our home, so to speak,

is where our cyberspace is. In this context, one can be a virtual stranger in one’s physi-

cal home and family. This raises very significant questions about the socialization of j

children in the future, social supports for disabled and elderly persons, and the nature of

one’s family, community, societal, and cultural identity. Will socialization and support |

be a-family, a-community, a-societal, a-cultural, and a-historical in the future? What

does this imply regarding the concept of human?

The Neighborhood is “a Changing:” If one’s community is in cyberspace, then

one is less likely to focus attention on one’s geographical community. Geographical i

communities may cease to be sources of identity, nurturance, and support. Social com-

mentators have long noted that many American housing developments exhibit a fortress

mentality with gates, walls, and guards; that houses are designed to look inward rather

than outward; and that many people do not take responsibility for community social

control. “Virtual” communities would appear to promote and to accelerate these trends.

The negative impact will be a further erosion of our community structures, some of

which have almost disappeared even in rural heartland areas. Those who derive identity,

support and satisfaction from virtual groups are likely to have different personalities '

and values as well.

Cyberpersonality: A not unimportant question facing us at present is whether it is

possible to socialize children in cyberspace. Can sufficient nurturance and support be ^

programmed into our new information technology to foster development, personality

formation, and value transmission? Currently, we do not know the answer to this ques- ^

tion; yet tens of thousands of children are on the Web daily. We already know that some ^

children require more positive reinforcers (cookies, in Web parlance) than their elders. ^

This would suggest a need for short-term gratification. This is likely to be accompanied ,

by less tolerance for frustration. i

Finding Immortality : Some have even suggested that cyberspace is where immortality

can be found. By retaining sufficient detailed information about a person, that person

could be recreated virtually and remain across the generations. It is unclear how these

concepts relate to more traditional cultural concepts of after life, of soul, and of God.

Conclusion i

By now, it should be clear that modem information technology does not represent |

simply an extension of past technology, but rather a radical departure from anything

human society has experienced in the past. It is critical that discussion be stimulated j

about how we can address and control this technology. The technology will cause us to

think about who we are, how society operates, and our own natural limitations and

aspirations. It would seem pmdent to begin this dialogue quickly and to pursue it ear- ^

nestly. A lot is at stake.

Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences,

Volume 87, Number 1^, 33-39, October 2001

A Call for Scientific Study of Humanizing

and Dehumanizing Potentials of Technology

in Communications

John H. Proctor

Centennial Chair

Introduction

I believe that most of you know most of what I have to say about Humanizing and

Dehumanizing Potentials of Technology in Communications. But we do not know that

we share this knowledge. The purpose of this paper is to provoke the interests of scientists,

particularly information scientists, to study the impact of global information sharing

and provide their results to decision makers rather than allowing politicians to set the

rules for global information sharing without the benefit of facts gained scientifically.

After all, it is by science that communication technologies were and are being pro-

duced. Modem science: experimentation, replication of results, analysis and factual

documentation to test hypotheses, is a singular characteristic of one of the twentieth

century’s most influential belief systems. But it is a curious fact that science has not

undertaken to study the impact of technology in communication as a major global chal-

lenge for humankind. Previous generations have faced major disturbances to their

worldview, but never before on our planet

“...have our destinies been so tied to one another in such an intricate maze of

changes, forces and institutions that are global in proportion and scope. Tele-

communications, mass transportation, and linked economies have created a new

global context of daily human life.” (2a, pi 289).

The technologies of communication, while providing data through and around existing

institutions, pose additional problems by their incomprehensible speed and reach. And

today’s telephones, both wire and wireless, facsimile machines, television and the com-

puter based Internet, are providing print, voice, and pictures cheaper, faster and to more

locations than ever before. Indeed, the World Wide Web may dramatically alter how

and where science is accomplished in years to come — telecommuting from home (3),

voice interaction with the computer (4), and virtual enterprises and environments, “vir-

tuality” as Makarov and Rakhmankulov call these software created forms for human

activity (5). Please refer to Figure 1. Most technologies of communication have been

34

JOHN H. PROCTOR

improved, invented, and employed during our lifetime. Some say that advances in

communication technology are outstripping humankind’s ability to form moral judg- j

ments about it: what is helpful and what is hurtful; what is good and what is bad. In my /

view, third millennium communication of one person with one other person, one person i j

with many for people, many to one, many to many, at any and all levels of human i! ,

aggregation, rich field of inquiry scientists, particularly into questions of consequences. . ,

FIGURE 1 : Selected Steps in the Evolution of Communication of Ideas

4000 BC Earliest known form of writing is cuneiform developed by the Sumerians.^

1454 German inventor, Johann Gutenberg prints first book, A Bible, using moveable type.^ '']

1 839 First commercial telegraph system in Great Britain. ^ j

1 874 Emile Baudot (France) invents binary code of 5 bits to represent characters; used until I

1930.6

1876 Alexander Graham Bell invents the telephone (USA).^

1884 Herman Hollerith patents the first data processor (USA).^

1888 Henrich Hertz detects and produces radio waves for the first time — called Hertzian

waves. 6

1 895 Guglielmo Marconi first succeeds in sending wireless Morse Code (Italy )'^

1 897 Physicist Alexander Popov (Russia) uses antenna to transmit radio waves over 5km (3

miles)."^

1904 John A. Fleming (England) files patent for the 1st vacuum tube called the “Fleming

valve.”6

1907 Lee Deforest (USA) and R. Von Lieben invent the triode amplifier vacuum tube.^

1913 Edouard Belin invents the portable fax machine capable of using ordinary phone lines. ^

1919 William H. Eccles and F. W. Jordan write first paper of flip-flop circuits.^

1936 First transmission of scheduled television program: BBC in London.^

1945 First full description of stored-program computer by John von Neumann.^

1946 ENIAC is fully operational (USA)^

1948 Bell Telephone Labs first demonstrate the transistor by W. R. Shockley, J. Bardeen

and W. H, Brattain."^

1955 N. S. Kapany, Indian physicist first introduces fiber optics.^

195 1 UNIVAC I built by J. W. Mauchly and J. P. Eckert. (USA) ^

1 960 Kenneth Olsen (USA) introduces first commercial computer with keyboard input and

a monitor to show user input. ^

1967 Olof Soderblom introduces closed loop computer network; precursor to networked

systems.6

1977 First mass produced personal computer, the Commodore PET (USA).^

1984 IBM introduces megabit RAM (random access memory)^

1985 Togai & Watanabe (Japan) develop a logic chip that operates on fuzzy logic. ^

1996 New software JAVA for Web developers is most important since Mosaic, the Internet

browser that opened up the World Wide Web to a general audience."^

A CALL FOR SCIENTIFIC STUDY

35

Communications

Communication requires at least one human transmitter, a message, at least one

‘ human receiver, a value system and at least one point of view. Technology can enable or

^ inhibit the humanizing features of communication, intentionally or unintentionally,

directly or indirectly, swiftly or slowly. It is a key feature of all learning, of providing

choices, of confirming beliefs. Although technology of communication, in general, shares

with all technologies the “help” or “hurt” impacts upon humankind, it appears different

in several respects. While physical improvement in the quality of life and physical maim-

ing characterizes the benefits and harm of second millennium technologies, the tele-

communication technology of the third millennium might be characterized by a potential

for psychological harm. Control the technology of communication and you control access,

dissemination, reception — the very shaping of human thought, our institutions, mar-

kets, and value systems. Open the information highway to everyone and you permit the

introduction of child pornography and misinformation, while simultaneously you have

freed global communication at the personal level enabling greater understandings, sharing

of information, and more choices. “Do you have scientific studies to support that last

. statement,” you may ask? Not many, and that is why I present this paper: to encourage

you to do these studies, to raise this subject to a level of importance in your eyes.

Conceptual Frames of Reference

I recall three great awakenings in my life: women, a knowledge of Jesus Christ, and

systems theory. Having been educated in the 300-year-old reductionist approach to sci-

ence, 1 was utterly fascinated by the unfolding of the then 30-year-old holistic approach

for applied research: information theory (Claude Shannon), general systems theory

(Ludwig Von Bertalanfy) and cybernetics (Norbert Weiner) and particularly the “viable

systems” modeling of cybernetician Stafford Beer (8). From a focus upon individual

differences of humans as information processing problem solvers after World War II

(9), 1 shifted my interests to the problem solving behavior of groups, and groups of

:i groups, using and devising methods of computer assisted simulations (10,1 1). With E.

John Bums, 1 developed a general systems conceptualization which has proved useful

for over 35 years; an Organization (O) Relating (R) to its Environment (E) through

Time (T). We call it the ORET model and used it to study organizational behavior as

process as well as structure (12). As general system theorists observed, structure is

static process and process is dynamic structure. 1 suggest that we would do well to

I study the impacts of technology in communication using holistic as well as reduction-

istic approaches.

I

36

JOHN H. PROCTOR

Level of Aggregation

Whatever conceptual model we decide to use to study the humanizing and dehu-

manizing potentials of technology in communications, we must choose and describe ‘

the level of human aggregation we wish to study. For example, using the ORET, the ::

“O” can be defined at the individual, family, city, region, nation state, continent, or rj

global level. One study by Robert Kraut and his colleagues investigated if time on the j

Internet was changing the lives of average citizens in the United States (“O” = individual); ;j

whether the Internet computer technology is improving or harming participation in com-

munity life and social relationships. The results of examining the social and psychological 1|

impact of the Internet usage on 169 people in 73 households during their first 1 or 2’!

years on-line indicate negative impacts. “...[G]reater use of the Internet was associated]

with declines in participants’ communication with family members in the household,

declines in size of their circle, and increases in their depression and loneliness” (13).

Selecting the relevant attributes with which to describe the chosen level of aggrega-

tion, (O) as well as “R” (relating) to the “E” (environment) through “T” (time) is no

trivial matter. In my view, one of the reasons so few of us have attempted applied re-

search at the global level is because of the difficulties of describing phenomena at that !i

level, devising experimental designs and taking measurements.

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Point of View

*

In addition to level of aggregation, we must select our point of view. From what I

position or set of values will we make our observations, ask questions, take measure-

ments and analyze data? If we want policy makers to accept our findings at our choseno

level of human aggregation, it seems reasonable to expect them to question our point of I

view. Who is paying for the research and what is their point of view? Has the research!]

been peer reviewed? Who are the peers and what is their point of view?

These questions seem particularly relevant when working at the global level. Infor-

mation scientists must guard against the unreasoned rejection or acceptance of any onec'

cultural point of view or haphazard mixtures of viewpoints. For example, the political

and economic dominance of Western nation states is Westernizing other cultures. This'

seems to be the case at least at the surface or current superficial levels in terms off

business ethics, consumer behavior, life styles and personal preferences and beliefs.^

Western economic, military, and political power is influencing how people think and

act and the Internet, e-mail, television and radio are carrying a bias for making judg-

ments on how to improve quality of life. Dr. Anthony Marsella recently stated:

“Although many people are dismayed by the possibility of a world committed

to consumerism, materialism, individualism, competition, and unlimited and

rapid change... the Westernization of many of the world’s cultures is occurring

at a frantic pace.” (2b, p. 1288).

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A CALL FOR SCIENTIFIC STUDY

37

The philosophical issues surrounding research on the humanizing and dehumaniz-

ing potentials of technology in communications should be discussed by scientists as a

means of suggesting hypotheses to test. Is cultural homogenization the future of global

culture? Is cultural diversity valued as is biodiversity for this planet? Academician Rem

V. Petrov and I believe that scientists form a global subculture. “Strong global bridges

of art and science can help block the insanity of war, genocide and other possible inhu-

imanities in the coming century while sustaining morality, preventing disease, increas-

ing literacy and raising the dignity of individual human beings.” (14).

I

IGuidelines

Some guidelines or agreed upon definitions are needed that we all could apply in

studies to determine whether a particular configuration (ORET) of communication tech-

nology is humanizing or de-humanizing. For example:

* The extent that technology enhances the impaired faculties of the listener or of the

transmitter to parity, it is judged to be favorable communication — potentially humaniz-

ing.

* To the extent that technology maintains the faculties of the listener or of the trans-

imitter within the limits of parity, it is judged to be favorable communication — poten-

tially humanizing.

'* To the extend that technology departs from parity and distorts the discourse be-

ftween listener and transmitter, it is judged to be unfavorable communication — poten-

Stially dehumanizing.

* To the extent that technology departs from parity and diminishes the faculties of

listener or transmitter, it is judged to be unfavorable communication — potentially dehu-

manizing.

j Obviously, many terms will need to be defined. For example: Parity could be de-

fined as a standard obtained by consensus (a threshold or band of performance expected

[i( by reasonable people), and protected by law. Setting performance expectations with

5 standards will bring in a whole set of ideas about rewards and penalties: who does what

I to whom and how would the standard be implemented and enforced,

ii; Dr. Paul-Georg Gutermuth suggests that we do not need new criteria for ethical

Is assessments of information and communication technologies (ICT).

“...Since we can rely on the framework created by human rights and, within

)j those lines, on general criteria already conventionally applied for weighing con-

flicting goods and interests... ICT are thus to be viewed above all from the

perspective of the following questions. Are they individually appropriate, so-

cially acceptable, and sparing of the environment?” (15,p2).

j

38

JOHN H. PROCTOR

Policy makers are beginning to shape a strategy of inclusiveness, not only for the '!

traditionally disenfranchised, such as the hearing impaired, learning disabled, and people

poor economically, but also controls to protect children, patents and copyright, and !

personal medical records.

“...Governments must create a favorable environment for the development of

the Information Society and reduce the potential for misuse by adopting the

legal and regulatory framework.” (16, pg. 3).

Conclusion

Around 1000 AD, science and technology had developed in China: gunpowder, ,,

paper money, moveable printing type, and the production of cast iron. Arabic texts v

translated into Latin helped spread knowledge of mathematics, astronomical maps and ll

instruments, and intellectuals in India had created a numerical system of nine numbers i

followed by a “zero” (17). In 1999 AD, scientists around the globe share a stewardship

of knowledge. Policy makers view scientists as “knowledge brokers.” In our disciplines ,|

we are accountable for additions to the knowledge base and responsible for the use of l!

knowledge.

As we enter the century of three zeros, much of what we information scientists ;

regard as modem and contemporary in our scientific discipline, in music, literature and i

architecture, quickly becomes history. With scientific research helping shape global!

information sharing, coupled with our products offered as tools for the betterment of all 1

people, science and governance, the view from Circa 2099 should be dazzling. Exercis-

ing your scientific curiosity, with unfettered access to data through joint, collaborative :

efforts, constrained only by God and self-control, those that follow us will be proud of 1

the base you have provided for their attainments.

A CALL FOR SCIENTIFIC STUDY

39

References

1. Based upon the Co-chair’s paper delivered at the Centennial Celebration Symposium of The Washington

Academy of Sciences, The Cosmos Club, Washington, DC, October 19, 1998. Dr. Proctor is a Life Fellow,

Past President, and Centennial Chair of The Washington Academy of Sciences.

2. Marsella, Anthony J. “Toward a ‘Global Community:’ Meeting The Needs of a Changing World,” American

Psychologist, Vol. 53, No. 12, December, 1998, p 1289.

3. Staunton, J. M. “An Empirical Assessment of Data Collection Using the Internet,” Personnel Psychology,

Vol. 51, 1998, pp. 709-725.

4. Craiger, Philip and Weiss, R. Jason “Traveling in Cyberspace: Voice Recognition Systems,” The Industrial-

Organizational Psychologist, Vol. 36, No. 3, January, 1999, pp. 79-84.

5. Makarov, I. M., and Rakhmankulov, V. Z. “Humans, Technologies and the World of Telecommunications,”

Institute of Systems Analysis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; a paper delivered at the Cen-

tennial Celebration Symposium of the Washington Academy of Sciences, The Cosmos Club, Washington,

DC, October 19, 1998.

6. Bunch, B. and Hillmans, A. The Timetables of Technology. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993.

7. Bruns, Leonard C., and Olendorf, Donna, Editors. Science & Technology Firsts. Detroit, MI: Gale Research,

1997.

8. Beer, Stafford, Brain of The Firm, Second Edition. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1981.

9. Proctor. John H., “Man-Machine Communication in Problem Solving.” A paper presented at the symposium.

Cybernetic Aspects of Man Machine Relationships, sponsored by the University of South Florida and the

American Institute of Aeronautics, Tampa, Florida, 13 February 1965.

10. Proctor, John H. “Operations Research, Simulation and Gaming,” an instruction module presented at the

Department of Defense Computer Institute (DODCI), Flag Officers Course, 1964-65.

11. Proctor, John H. “Normative Exercising: An Analytical and Evaluative Aid in System Design,” IEEE Trans-

actions on Engineering Management, Vol. EM- 10, No, 4, December 1963, pp. 183-192.

12. Proctor, John H. “A Theoretical Basis for Intentional Organizational Change from a Thirty Year Perspective,”

Journal of The Washington Academy of Sciences, Vol. 82, No. 1, March, 1992, pp. 1-18.

13. Kraut, Robert; Patterson, Michael; Lundmark, Vicki; Kiesler, Sara; Mukopadhyay, Tridas; Scherlis, William;

“Internet Paradox, Social Technology That Reduces Social Involvement and Psychological Well-Being?”,

American Psychologist, September 1998, Vol. 53, No. 9, pp. 1017-1031.

14. Proctor, John H., Ph.D., (USA) and Academician Rem V. Petrov, Ph.D., MD (Russia) “Culture and Science:

Their Significance for All People,” Science In Russia, Russian Academy of Sciences Presidium and the

Ministry of Science and Technology of the Russian Federation, No. 4, July- August, 1998, pp. 29-31.

15. Gutermuth, Paul-Georg “Humanizing and Dehumanizing Potentials in Communications,” Federal Ministry

of Economics, Bonn, Germany, a paper delivered at the Centennial Celebration Symposium of the Washing-

ton Academy of Sciences, The Cosmos Club, Washington, D. C., October 19, 1998. See also, Enquete

Kommission “Zukunft der Medien in Wistschaft und Gesellschaft- Deutschlands Weg in die

Informationsgesellschaft,” SchluBbericht Deutcher Bundestag, Bonn, 22.06.1998. p. 113, Drucksache 13/

1104.

16. European Ministerial Conference, “Global Information Networks: Realizing the Potential,” Bonn, Germany,

July 6-8, 1997. Introduction, p. 3.

17. Swerdlow, Joel L., “Making Sense of the Millennium,” National Geographic, Vol. 193, No. 1, January, 1998,

p. 9.

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Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences,

^ Volume 87, Number 1-4, 41-41, October 2001

International Advancement of Science

John H. Proctor

Past President, Life Fellow, Chair, Centennial Committee

Over the years, the Washington Academy of Sciences has contributed to the ad-

vancement of science beyond the borders of the United States. Currently we have 20

Foreign Fellows residing in 9 countries elected in recognition of their contributions to

science. Our members and Fellows publish papers in foreign journals and attend con-

ferences and meetings throughout the world.

In December, 1994 it was my privilege to represent the Washington Academy of

Sciences in the International Symposium on Science and Power held in Genoa, Italy.

Work there led to the formation of the Genoa Forum of UNESCO on Science and Society,

which produced the Genoa Declaration on Science and Society in October, 1995. Past

President Reverend Frank Haig, S.J. represented us and signed this declaration on be-

half of the Washington Academy of Sciences. That Declaration is published here in its

entirety. Building upon these efforts, a UNESCO sponsored World Science Conference

is planned for the latter part of 1999 probably to be held in Budapest, Hungary.

Let us affirm that the Washington Academy of Sciences will forge more linkages

with academies of science and cooperative technology programs throughout the third

millenium.

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V Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences,

] Volume 87, Number 1-4, 43-44, October 2001

Remarks

Paul-Georg Gutermuth

German Ministry of Economics, Bonn, Germany

Mr. President, my dear friend John, Ladies, and Gentlemen. Thank you for the

great honor you have bestowed upon me today. I am very moved to be the first German

to be inducted by your Academy into its elite ranks. And I am delighted that this has

I given me a unique and even deeper contact to a place and country that have long meant

j a great deal to me.

My first visit to Washington D, C. was forty-two Years ago when I was on a Fulbright

scholarship as a post-graduate at William & Mary. Washington fascinated me, not only

as a center of power, but as a lively and truly beautiful city, full of culture and science.

I am also pleased to accept fellowship in the Academy as a sign of the strong bonds

of friendship and trust between the United States and Germany. I am not so much think-

ing of the fact that every fifth American can claim German lineage, although these ties

naturally further help to link our two peoples. Also impressive is that fact that over the

past few decades, some seven million American soldiers have served in Germany. Count-

ing family members, that means that approximately fifteen million Americans have

helped to maintain peace in the world, far away from their own homes. They have

established contacts and personal relationships to their German neighbors and thus be-

come a strong pillar in the friendship-bridge joining our two countries. But more than

this, in the five decades after the second world War we have together witnessed signifi-

cant milestones in the relationship between our nations, and these events are the expres-

sion of a vibrant friendship.

I need only mention the magnificent humanitarian initiative of the United States

and individual Americans who sought to lessen the plight of many million Germans

starving in the ruins of our cities by launching the Marshall Plan and sending Care

Packages. I will never forget the moment when such a package arrived at our home. All

of us children were full of Joy and gratefulness. It was for us like the giving out of

Christmas presents.

And I haven’t forgotten the Berlin Airlift. It was Washington’s determination and

resolute action that turned back the Communist threat and ensured the survival of an

encircled and free Berlin. We Germans know:

44

PAUL-GEORG GUTERMUTH

“Without the support of the United States, we would never have been able to

rebuild our country. Without America’s enduring friendship our people, our

country, would never have been able to accomplish reunification in peace and

freedom....

When dramatic changes appeared on the horizons of Eastern Europe, and when

the Wall was finally opened, no one gave as much help and support as our

friends across the Atlantic.” (Chancellor R. Kohl on the occasion of the visit of

president W. Clinton in Berlin on May 13 and 14, 1998).

We will never forget your encouragement and assistance.

We have sat down together here today to confer on the ethical issues raised by

modem communications, I hope that my modest contribution has also made clear that

German- American friendship rests on common values. Together we advocate the dig-

nity of man, freedom and government by law. Let us seek to guarantee that Americans

and Germans will continue to achieve success on this basis and work together in the

spirit of a shared history toward the peaceful future we all desire.

Thank you very much for your kind attention.

Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences,

Volume 87, Number 1-4, 45—48, October 2001

Genoa Declaration on Science and Society

Frank Haig, SJ.

Past President

Recognizing that the future of humanity depends critically on the continued vitality

of science and its applications, representatives of world’s major Academies of Science

and of the international scientific community have gathered in the City of Genoa, on the

threshold of a new millennium, to foster global awareness of science and of its impor-

tance for the welfare of mankind.

The last three centuries have witnessed the birth of modem science and its explo-

sive growth. The impact of science now extends to nearly all fields of knowledge and

applications thereof, from physics to biology, from agriculture to ecology, from neuro-

sciences to psychology, from material science to information technology, from medical

to social sciences, etc.

In this century alone, the conceptual framework of human knowledge and under-

standing underwent radical transformation. Determinism has gradually given way to a

more open vision, one that offers humanity a growing consciousness of its freedom and

of its responsibilities.

Moreover, the progressive transformation of the base of technology from empirical

to scientific has generated for science a critical role in all activities ranging from socio-

economic and industrial to philosophical, ethical, cultural and political.

Science has contributed immensely to society, even though its applications can be

and have been misused at times. However, it is important to ensure that this positive

relationship between science and society continues and is strengthened. Among the

potential threats to this relationship, which may differ from society to society, are irra-

tionality, various constraints on freedom in the conduct of science and dissemination of

the results of science, and undervaluation of the role of science.

Universality, freedom and critical thinking constitute basic elements in the scien-

tific process and form a common bond between all cultures. Accordingly, science can

make a significant contribution to constructive dialogue between different cultures and

thereby act as a powerful antidote to intolerance and to ideological and racial barriers.

Moreover, the progress and application of scientific knowledge can offer effective

means for solving many of the problems which face humanity, including those gener-

ated by the misuse of science.

46

FRANK HAIG

Recognizing the important and distinctive potential of science to contribute to a

better future for mankind, in which the culture of peace prevails, we reassert our adher-

ence to the following general principles:

— respect for the diversity of cultures within societies and promotion of

science as a distinctive and important contributor to bridging such diverse

cultures and promoting peaceful coexistence in accord with the principles

of freedom, autonomy and rationality;

— mutual cooperation, reflecting the recognition that the production and

utilization of scientific and technological knowledge are decisive for the

future welfare of humanity and that science, with its universality, is

uniquely positioned to serve as a laboratory in which mankind can work-

together to achieve a better future in accord with the principles of respon-

sibility, solidarity and respect for the rights of individuals and nations.

Therefore, the Academies and other scientific institutions represented at this meet-

ing reaffirm their commitment to the promotion of:

— the awareness that science, as a product of the history and creativity of

mankind, is an integral part of all cultures;

— an increased effort in science education at all levels and in raising the

young generations to be guided by a new vision of culture that embraces

the scientific “ethos” and the spirit of free inquiry that characterizes

science;

— wider dissemination and better public understanding of science and

technology;

— balanced development of science and of technology, recognizing that

both basic and applied sciences are vital for meeting human needs and

for tackling problems such as hunger and disease, environmental degra-

dation, rural and urban decline, and in the long run reducing disparities

between rich and poor nations.

International cooperation is a striking feature of the present century. Witnessing the

dramatic trend of transition to new socioeconomic structures, with the world in search

of new goals and approaches, we strongly recommend that particular effort be focused

on increasing the scientific and technological capabilities of developing countries.

We are meeting on the eve of the 50th Anniversary of the United Nations and of

UNESCO, whose Constitution assigns to it the mandate for promoting intellectual and

scientific cooperation within the UN Family. We call upon UNESCO to take a lead in

implementing the principles and recommendations of this document.

GENOA DECLARATION ON SCIENCE AND SOCIETY

47

This Declaration was approved at tire Meeting of the Steering Committee of the

Genoa Forum of UNESCO on Science and Society 50th Anniversary of the United

Nations and UNESCO: Science for the Dialogue Between Cultures and for

Development” Genoa, Italy, 8-9 October 1995.

RUBERTI, Antonio

BRIAN, Luigi

*COLLINS, Peter

*EBERHARD, Franz

FORTI, Augusto

GRUNBERG-MANAGO, Marianne

*GOTTSTEIN, Klaus

*HAIG. Frank

*HALPERN. Jack

HU, Qiheng

JOSHI, Shri Krishna

KOSTIOUK, Valeri

PATON, Boris

PUPPI, Giampietro

PETROV, Rem

SHPAK, Anatoliy

President, Steering Committee of the Genoa

Forum on Science and Society

President, Academy of Sciences and

Humanities of Liguria (Italy)

Head of Science Advice Section of the

Royal Society (United Kingdom)

Secretary General, International Association

of Universities

Secretary General, European Institute for

East- West Cooperation

President, French Academy of Sciences

(France)

Emeritus Member of Directorate, Max

Planck Institute for Physics (Germany)

Immediate Past President, Washington

Academy of Sciences (USA)

Vice President, National Academy of

Sciences (USA)

Vice President, Chinese Academy of

Sciences (China)

President, Indian National Science Academy

(India)

President, Association of International

Cooperation, Russian Federation

President, International Association of

Academies; President, National Academy of

Sciences of Ukraine (Ukraine)

Member of the Council Pontifical Academy

of Sciences (Vatican)

Vice President, Russian Academy of

Sciences. Russian Federation

Secretary General, National Academy of

Sciences of Ukraine

48

FRANK HAIG

*TANDBERG, Olof

VILLEGAS, Raimundo

KOUZMINOV, Vladimir

FORTI, Augusto

PETROV, Rem

*JOSHI, Shri Krishna

Foreign Secretary, Royal Swedish Academy

of Sciences (Sweden)

Chancellor, Latin American Academy of

Sciences (Venezuela)

Fellow of the World Academy of Art and

Science,

Fellow of the World Academy of Art and

Science

Fellow of the World Academy of Art and

Science

Fellow of the Third World Academy of

Sciences

"^Subject to the final approval according to the procedures of the respective

Institutions.

Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences,

Volume 87, Number 1-4, 49-59, October 2001

Instructions to Authors

Revised September 2001

Supersedes all other versions

Submission of Manuscripts

Manuscripts should be addressed to Editors, Journal of the Washington Academy

of Sciences, 1200 New York Avenue, NW, Room 8 1 1 , Washington DC 20005, USA.

Contributions appearing in the Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences are

normally original papers that have not been published elsewhere. The publication of a

paper that has been widely disseminated is permitted only if the editors judge that the

manuscript contains amplification or clarification of the original material of significant

benefit to the scientific community. Prior appearance of material reported in the sub-

mitted manuscript must be noted in the cover letter. It is the obligation of the author(s)

to inform the editors if there are any circumstances about the contribution that bear on

this policy. The style of manuscripts should follow the model of the Publication Manual

of the American Psychological Association, 3rd edition, with a few exceptions. The

main exception is that text which is intended to be italicized should use word processor

italic code rather than underline code. A second exception is in the use of numbers (see

below).

Manuscripts may be submitted in either the traditional paper format or electroni-

cally. Microsoft Word or WordPerfect are the preferred word processors. In either case,

editors will acknowledge the submission. With paper manuscripts, an original and three

clear review copies of everything must be submitted. Each copy should include glossy

or clear photocopies of all figures. Figures may also be submitted electronically as

TIFF or other high-resolution format. If high resolution is not necessary for display of

the desired photographic details, other formats such as JPEG and GIF may be adequate.

Photocopies are acceptable only if they show all details necessary for critical examina-

tion of the data. This is particularly important for halftone photographs. Submission of

three hard copies and a 1 .44 Mb disk containing the exact content and format of the

hard copies are preferred.

General Policies and Guidelines

Review Procedures

The editors and associate editors are appointed by the Washington Academy of

Sciences and have final responsibility for all editorial decisions. The editors, in consul-

tation with associate editors, select reviewers for their competence in a specialized area

50

THOMAS E. SMITH

of science or engineering. When a manuscript is received, the editors will first judge if i 1

its content falls within the scope of the Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences.

Manuscripts of a very specialized nature, or those that in the judgment of the editors are

not of sufficient interest to the general reader of the journal, will be returned to the ' ^

author(s) without review. If the manuscript is acceptable, it will be sent to two indepen- ;

dent reviewers for evaluation. The reviewers are advisory to the editors and their reports 3

are used to reach all editorial decisions. If the reviewers disagree, or if in the judgment 1 1

of the editors the manuscript has not received adequate consideration, the manuscript :i

will be given to a third reviewer. When a manuscript is returned to the author(s) for i

revision, they should reply to all specific recommendations of the reviewers in an ac-

companying letter, indicating the recommendations they have incorporated into the re- (

vision and their reasons for disregarding those they feel are unacceptable. Minor cor- ! (,

rections may be made on the manuscript by typewriter; major corrections will require ^

retyping of the entire page or section. Handwritten corrections will not be accepted. | j

The revised manuscript, in triplicate, should be returned to the editors within 60 days. * |

Revised manuscripts received more than 120 days after return will be considered as tf

new submissions and will undergo a new review. j

English Language

To assure the widest possible readership, only manuscripts in English will be con- ^

sidered for publication. Authors not entirely familiar with English usage should seek ai G

native English-speaking colleague for advice on correct syntax and word usage. En-

glish-language editorial assistance is available when needed. Correct style and word I |

usage, however, are the responsibility of the author(s). p-

I

References in the Text

in

All reference material should be accessible to the public (i.e., articles in standard

journals and governmental reports). References should follow APA style: they are cited ^

in the text by author and year (Fenchal & Finlay, 1992), or by year alone when the

author’s name is in the text; for example, “as described by Olive and Blanton (1980)...”

Unpublished experiments or observations, personal communications, papers submitted

for publication or in preparation, abstracts and dissertations should not be included in

the References section but should appear parenthetically in the text.

, I

Hyphenation ^

Do not use a hyphen at the end of a line to divide words, including compound ^

words. If the words are unfamiliar to the printer, they may be incorrectly hyphenated Ji

Compound words consisting of a noun and an adjective should be hyphenated, as in ^

electron-microscopic examination. Noun-noun compounds used as adjectives should

also be hyphenated, as in lymph-node cells. tOf

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

51

Right- Justification

, Do not justify right margin of text even if your word processor permits you to do so.

, Boldface and Italics

Word processor code is sufficient. If your word processor does not have boldface

’ and italic codes, then underline text to be italicized and put a wavy underline under text

^ to be boldfaced.

f I Metric System

■ ’ The metric system should be used in all instances. Use SI units with standard prefixes.

■ (In 1990, the prefixes yocto- (y) (denoting lO'^"^), zepto- (z) (denoting lO'^O, zetta- (Z)

■ (denoting 10^0» ^nd yotta- (Y) (denoting 10^^) were added to the SI system.) Do not use

^ nonstandard units such as Angstrom, millimicron, cubic centimeter, etc.; rather use

‘ I nanometer (nm), microliter (mL), etc. Compound units, such as newton-meter, should

' I be denoted N m or Nm. Use appropriate symbols from your word processor or draw

^ i them carefully and accurately. Quotients of units, such as meter per second, should be

denoted m/s, m s ^ or ms ^

i. Preparation of Manuscripts

a General Instructions

i The instructions for the development and submission of a manuscript should be

followed exactly to prevent delays in reviewing and handling. Before preparing a new

paper for submission the author(s) are advised to examine carefully current issues of

the Journal to familiarize themselves with the Journal’s conventions and note any changes

in style.

j All pages of the manuscript must be printed or typed on one side of the paper,

, double-spaced throughout (including Acknowledgments, References, Footnotes, Tables,

M and Figure Legends) on 22 x 28 cm (8 heavy-bodied paper. Ample margins of about 2.5

cm (1") should be left on all sides for editorial corrections and queries. Number the

^ \ manuscript pages consecutively in the upper right comer beginning with the title page.

ID The author’s name should not appear on the manuscript beyond the title page.

If typed, the manuscript should be prepared with a standard typeface, size Elite or

j larger, using a new black ribbon and solid white paper. Computer generated documents

! must be clear and readable of letter quality, using a font size of 12. Avoid using fonts

nd that are not standard and/or common for the preferred word processors listed above.

i The author is responsible for putting the manuscript into the correct form. If this is

in I not done at the outset, changes in the manuscript or text will have to be made during

jldi refereeing and editing, resulting in delay of publication. The author(s) should use clear,

concise English. It is often useful to have a draft of the paper read by one or more

52

THOMAS E. SMITH

colleagues. They will often be able to point out irrelevant matter and illogical or ver-

bose statements. While a polished literary style is not demanded of scientific papers, ^

they should conform to the elementary rules of grammar, syntax, and punctuation. Un- -

attached participles, subject and verb complements, and long sequences of nouns are j

some of the most common errors that author(s) should look for in their writing. Words j

that may not be familiar to most readers should be boldfaced and defined the first time

they are used. Slang and language that reflects prejudice (e.g., sexist, racist language)

must be avoided.

Cover Letter "

A submittal letter must accompany the manuscript and should include a statement j

by the author(s) that no significant amount of material reported has been published, or S

is under consideration for publication elsewhere. ]

Permission to Reprint

The author must obtain written permission to reprint illustrations or tables from

other publications. Any such material should be accompanied by a complete citation of

the copyright owner (usually the publisher) and a statement that permission to reprint i

has been granted.

Organization

The text of the manuscript for an original experimental contribution should be ar- ' i

ranged as follows (not all sections need be included): (1) Title Page; (2) Abstract; (3) i

Introduction; (4) Materials and Methods; (5) Results; (6) Discussion; (7) Acknowledg- i

ments; (8) References; (9) Footnotes; (10) Table Legends; (11) Tables; (12) Figure Leg-

ends, followed by art work and camera-copy tables. Critical reviews and historical ar- 1 (

tides should adhere to the general format of regular published papers in the Journal but t

do not require the subheadings of an experimental paper. The desired position of tables (

and figures should be indicated in the left margin of the text. t

t.

Subheads i

All subheads should be descriptive clauses, not complete sentences or questions, ' n

and should follow the format shown below. ii

Si

One level:

Level 1 Subhead

Two levels: ^

Level 2 Subhead

Level 1 Subhead

I

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

53

Three levels:

Level 2 Subhead

Level 3 Subhead. Text.

Four Levels:

Level 3 Subhead

Level 4 Subhead. Text.

Five levels:

Level 4 Subhead

Level 5 Subhead. Text.

Level 1 Subhead

Level 1 Subhead

Level 2 Subhead

LEVEL 1 SUBHEAD

Level 2 Subhead

Level 3 Subhead

Title Page

Page one should contain a short “running title” (no more than 70 letters and spaces)

at the top of the page; the title (no more than 100 letters and spaces); the author(s)’

name(s) (capitalize all letters and omit degrees or titles), and full departmental and

institutional affiliation(s) (in italics); a list of key words not present in the title, and the

name, address, telephone number and facsimile (FAX) number, if available, of the cor-

responding author.

The title should be specific and informative. Subtitles are not encouraged and a pair

of articles numbered “I” and “H” is acceptable only if both are submitted and accepted

together. Avoid special symbols and formulas in titles unless they are essential to indi-

cate content. In the title, capitalize the first letter of all words except articles, preposi-

tions, and coordinate conjunctions. The listing of the names of co-authors implies that

the manuscript meets with their approval. The affiliation appearing under the author’s

name should be the organization where the experimental work was carried out. If this is

no longer the author’s current affiliation, the latter address is given in a footnote. Fund-

ing sources, contribution numbers, and presentations, if any, of the material given at a

scientific meeting (give dates and sponsoring societies) should be acknowledged in a

footnote.

Abstract

The abstract starts on page 2 and is a brief summary or synopsis consisting of 250

! words or less and should include information on objectives, procedures, results, and

I conclusions. When published, the abstract will precede the introductory section of the

54

THOMAS E. SMITH

text. The abstract should be written in complete sentences; it should be self-explanatory

and intelligible without reference to the rest of the article. The abstract should not be

written in the first person and abbreviations and references should not be used.

Introduction

The introduction (not headed) should begin on page 3. The introduction should

state the purpose of the investigation, briefly and clearly describing its relationship to

previous research in the field and on related topics. However, extensive reviews of the

literature should be avoided.

Materials and Methods (Experimental Procedure)

The materials and experimental procedures section should describe in sufficient

details the experiments performed to enable full understanding and allow for the results

to be reproduced and confirmed. Normal experimental procedures should be described

in detail with shorter terse descriptions given for general techniques with complete

published procedures referred to by literature citations of both the original and any

published modifications. When experimental procedures require the use of particular

products and equipment, the name and location of the supplier should be given in pa-

rentheses. Whenever hazardous procedures or materials are utilized, the necessary precau-

tions should be stated.

Results

The results should be presented concisely. Tables and figures should be used only if

they are essential for the comprehension of the data. The same data should not be pre-

sented in more than one figure, in both a figure and a table, or redescribed completely in

the text. As a rule, interpretation of the results should be reserved for the discussion.

Discussion

The purpose of the discussion is to interpret the results and to relate them to exist-

ing knowledge in the field. In general, observe brevity consistent with clarity. Informa-

tion given elsewhere in the manuscript should not be repeated in the discussion. Exten-

sive reviews of the literature should be avoided.

Acknowledgments

Acknowledge in this section technical assistance, advice from colleagues, gifts,

etc. Financial support should be acknowledged in a footnote to the title.

References

Articles “in press” may be cited in the reference list, but articles “submitted for

publication” or “in preparation” should not be included.

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

55

I

i

!'

Journal Articles. Each citation to a journal article should give the surnames and

initials of all authors, followed by the year in parentheses, title of the article, name of

the journal, volume number, and inclusive pages. In titles of articles, capitalize only the

initial letter and words that are capitalized in normal text. Italicize titles of journals,

capitalizing major words. (Clear abbreviations are acceptable.) Italicize volume numbers.

Examples:

Brill, D., Ayres, V., & Gaunaurd, G. (1987). The influence of natural resonances on

scattering and radiation processes. J. Wash. Acad. ScL, 77, 55-65.

Kumar, S. (1987). Fatty acid synthase: a protein having many catalytically active

domains. J. Wash. Acad. ScL, 77, 66-75.

Articles in Books. Citations to articles in books should give the surnames and

initials of all authors, followed by the year in parentheses, title of the article or chapters,

editor(s)’ name(s), book title, inclusive pages in parentheses, place of publication, and

publisher. In titles of articles and books, capitalize only the initial letter and words that

are capitalized in normal text. Italicize titles of books. (Do not abbreviate.)

Example:

Nozawa, Y., & Thompson, G. Y. (1981). Lipids and membrane organization in

Tetrahymena. In M. Levandowsky & S. H. Hutner (Eds.), Biochemistry and physiology

of protozoa (2nd ed., pp. 275-338). New York: Academic Press.

Books. Citations to books should give the surnames and initials of all authors, fol-

lowed by the year of publication in parentheses, title of the book, place of publication,

and publisher. In titles of books, capitalize only the initial letter, any word following a

semicolon or a dash, and proper nouns. Italicize titles of books. (Do not abbreviate.)

Example:

Riedl, R. (1978). Order in living organisms: A system analysis of evolution. New

York: John Wiley.

Technical Reports. Citations to technical reports should give the surnames and

initials of all authors, followed by the year of publication in parentheses, title of the

report, report number, place of publication, and publisher. In titles of technical reports,

capitalize only the initial letter, any word following a semicolon or a dash, and proper

nouns. Italicize titles of technical reports. (Do not abbreviate.)

Example:

Brush, L. (1979). Why women avoid the study of mathematics: A longitudinal study.

(Contract No. 400-77-0099) Washington, DC: National Institute of Education.

Tables

All tables must be cited in the text of the manuscript. Since tabular material is

, expensive to reproduce, it should be simple and uncomplicated, with as few vertical and

horizontal rules as possible. Each table should be on a separate page, assigned an Arabic

j number, and arranged consecutively. Table titles should be complete but brief. Informa-

56

THOMAS E. SMITH

tion other than that defining the data should be formatted in paragraph style. Footnotes

within tables should be indicated by superscript letters; a, b, c, etc. Indicate in the mar-

gin where the tables are to appear in the text.

Figures (Illustrations)

Figures should be assigned Arabic numbers and arranged consecutively. Illustra-

tions that are to be grouped together should be mounted as plates in the most economi-

cally arranged layout. Individual figures within a group must be squared accurately and

mounted with edges touching (butted) and with no white line showing between the j

figures. When several figures are grouped together, the figure numbers should be placed

in the lower right comer whenever possible. All illustrations, whether layouts or single

figures, may match either the size of a single column (63 mm) or the width of the entire j

page (126 mm). The maximum length of a layout is 201 mm. It is advisable to protect

all illustrations and figures with non-abrasive dust covers. On the back of each illustra- j

tion, indicate the figure number, author’s name, a brief title, and an arrow pointing to

the top of the illustration. '

Halftone Illustrations. Halftone illustrations (that is, photographs, micrographs, j

shaded and wash drawings) should be sharp, well-contrasted glossy prints of the origi-

nal negative, maximally trimmed at right angles to eliminate unnecessary areas without ;

significant information content, and should be of the desired final size. It is important

that author(s) use the maximum possible size only to increase the information content *

of illustrations; large peripheral areas of figures with low information content must be i;

avoided. Original halftone illustrations must be mounted on heavyweight drawing pa-

per or thin poster board.

Line Drawings. Line drawings should be submitted as black India ink drawings on \\

white paper. High quality photographic reproductions (glossy prints) are acceptable. :

Line drawings and copies of figures need not be mounted.

Figures (Legends)

Legends should be concise and provide a brief, self-sufficient explanation of the .

illustrations. Legends for plates with multiple figures should be grouped together. Pro- 1

vide a title for the entire plate followed by the descriptions of the individual figures inilj

the plate. If the magnification is quoted in a sentence, it should appear in parentheses.

Do not use the letter x, to denote multiplication. The length of calibration bars should 1

be given; for example, “Bar: l.Omm.” Please italicize “arrows,” “arrowheads,” and “as-

terisk” when these words appear in a legend.

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

57

Footnotes

All footnotes should be placed on a separate page. The first footnote should be from

the title page and refer to the title of the manuscript and/or the author(s). Textual foot-

notes should include a list of abbreviations, be numbered consecutively, be brief, and be

kept to a minimum.

Common Questions and Errors

1 . Spell out acronyms and abbreviations the first time they are used unless they

are common throughout the discipline.

2. In the text, avoid beginning a sentence with an abbreviation, a symbol, or a

numeral.

3. A generic name should be spelled out the first time it is used but abbreviated

any additional times it is used. Example: Euplotes eurystomus the first time, E.

eurystomus the second time.

4. When reporting statistics, the name of the statistic, the degrees of freedom,

the value obtained, and the p- value should be reported.

5. Use Roman type, not italic, for chemical symbols for elements and chemical

formulae. The mass number precedes the symbol. Example: or 12C.

6. The standard symbols (without periods) for SI units should be used. If English

units (such as inches or pounds per square inch) are used, their metric equiva-

lents must be given in parentheses. Abbreviations, especially of units, should

not be used in the plural. Exceptions will be permitted for the use of plurals in

abbreviations when the use of plurals clearly contributes to clarity and prevents

ambiguities.

7. Use a hyphen between a number and a unit when used as an adjective. Ex-

ample: lO-mL vial.

8. When the decimal point is used to express less than a whole number, a 0 must

be placed in front of it. Example: 0.28.

9. Do not use commas in long numerals. Either use no spaces or a space every

three digits. Example: 299792458 or 299 792 458, not 299,792,458. (This is an

exception to APA style.) Alternatively, express large or small numbers in scien-

tific notation. Example: 3.00 x 10^ or 3.00 exp(8). Do not use the letter x in

scientific notation.

10. Spell out numbers from one to nine except in a series of related numbers or

where numerals are the standard usage. Example: 9-1-2.

1 1 . When writing temperatures in the Kelvin or absolute scale, omit the word de-

gree and any symbol. Example, 10 K. This standard may be used for other units

of temperature also. Examples, 10 C or 10 F.

12. Latitude and longitude should have spaces between symbols and the following

numbers.

58

THOMAS E. SMITH

13. Centrifugation should be described in terms of relative centrifugal force, I

expressed in terms of g units of acceleration, rather than in terms of rotational

speed in revolutions per minute. p

14. Equations: Large, complex mathematical equations should be set off within the p

text where the use of exponents and built-up fractions is preferred for clarity. In i ^

WordPerfect or Microsoft Word, use the Equation Editor to create an equation ^

of Paragraph type. ' p

Example:

V I [B][S] ^ Ks I' K6KsabKsa Yi I 2[B][S] ^ [Br[sr"| ^

V — Vb K2KSB ^[A][S]1 K«Ksab + Ksa[B] K2KSB

V / \ / rr

Short mathematical expressions should be incorporated within the line of text P

and not displayed on a separate line. In Microsoft Word or WordPerfect, use the

Equation Editor to create an equation of Character type. Avoid exponents having

more than one level of characters. For example instead of

Pi

ta

cf

use N exp(x^ -1- y^). Also, avoid the use of built-up fractions in the text. For

example, instead of 1 over n, use 1/n or the negative exponent form n * . Likewise, ^

avoid small-type expressions centered above or below arrows. Equations thatlj

are referred to later in the text should be numbered sequentially and referred to,

cli

for instance, as Equation (1). Avoid numbering equations that are not used. ^

1 5 . If you are using WordPerfect or Microsoft Word, use the extended character set

to create any symbols not found on the standard keyboard, such as Greek let-

ters, mathematical symbols, etc. Consult your word processor documents for

instructions. Otherwise, write in such symbols by hand.

Acceptance of Manuscripts

Copyright Forms

If the manuscript is acceptable after refereeing, the author(s) will be asked to sign a

copyright form, either transferring copyrights to the Washington Academy of Sciences

or declaring that the paper is part of government work. The return of the signed form to

the editors completes the acceptance process.

Use Agreement

Abstracting of material published in the Journal of the Washington Academy of

Sciences is permitted with credit to the source. Instructors are permitted to photocopy!

isolated articles for noncommercial classroom use without fee.

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

59

Proofs

The corresponding author will receive a single set of page and illustration proofs.

Proofs must be returned within 48 hours of their receipt. Delays in the return of the

proofs can cause major delays in publication. All corrections should be marked clearly

and directly on the page proofs; the authors are solely responsible for marking printer’s

errors. Due to the high cost of corrections in proofs, no substantial alterations can be

permitted after page proofs have been generated.

Page Charges

The Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences depends in part on the pay-

ment of page charges to help defray the cost of publication. It is anticipated that the

page charges of $50 per printed page ($40 for members of the Academy) will be paid by

those authors who have funds available for that purpose, either from their institution or

corporation or from the sponsor of the research. Members of the Academy in good

standing without funds may apply through the editorial office for funds from the Past

Presidents’ Fund to partially cover the cost of publication. However, editorial accep-

tance of a paper is not affected by payment or nonpayment and the payment of page

charges is not a condition of publication.

Reprints

An order form for reprints will be sent with the page proofs. Reprints can be pur-

chased, provided they are ordered when the corrected proofs are returned to the editors’

office.

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2001 Membership Directory

I

i ABDULNUR, DR. SUHEIL F., 5715 GLENWOOD ROAD, BETHESDA, MD 20817

i ABELSON, DR. P.H., 4244 50TH STREET NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20016

AFFRONTI, DR. LEWIS F, 108 WATERVIEW CIRCLE, FOREST, VA 24551

ALLEN, DR. J. FRANCES, RRl BOX 9, ROXBURY, NY 12474

ANDERSON, DR. PHILIP, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, PRINCETON, NJ 08544

' ARONSON, MR. CASPER J., 3401 OBERON STREET, KENSINGTON, MD 20895-2935

ARSEM, MR. COLLINS, 10821 ADMIRALS WAY, POTOMAC, MD 20854

ARVESON, MR. PAUL T, 6902 BREEZEWOOD TERRACE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20852-4324

ATAULLAKHANOV, DR. RAVSHAN L, SEVERODVINSKAJA 13, 1-262, 129224 MOSCOW, RUSSIA

j BAILEY, DR. R. CLIFTON, 6507 DIVINE STREET, McLE AN, VA 22 1 0 1 -4620

j BAKER, DR. LEONARD, 2301 JEFFERSON DAVIS HWY, ARLINGTON, VA 22202-3821

I BAKHUTASHVILI, DR. VLADIMER, 9-36 GAMSAKHURDIA STREET, TBILISI 380015, REPUBLIC OF

GEORGIA

BARBOUR, MR. LARRY L., REQUEST VALLEY FARM, 585 TOWNSBURY ROAD, GREAT MEADOWS, NJ

07838

BARTFELD, DR. CHARLES I., 6007 KIRBY ROAD, BETHESDA, MD 20817

BARWICK, DR. W. ALLEN, 13620 MAIDSTONE LANE, POTOMAC, MD 20854-1008

BASILI, DR. VICTOR R., A.V WILLIAMS BUILDING, UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND, COLLEGE PARK, MD

' 20742

BATAVIA, MR. ANDREW L, 2845 PRAIRIE AVENUE, MIAMI BEACH, FL 33140

BEACH, DR. LOUIS A., 1200 WAYNEWOOD BLVD., ALEXANDRIA, VA 22308-1842

BEAM, DR. WALTER R., 4804 WELLINGTON FARMS DRIVE, CHESTER, VA 23831

BECKER, DR. EDWIN D., BLDG. 5, RM. 124 NAT. INSTITUTES OF HEALTH, BETHESDA, MD 20892

BECKMANN, DR. ROBERT B., 10218 DEMOCRACY LANE, POTOMAC, MD 20854

BEKEY, MR. IVAN, 4624 QUARTER CHARGE DRIVE, ANNANDALE, VA 22003

BENDER, DR. MAURICE, 1684 152ND AVE NE, APT 103, BELLEVUE, WA 98007-4278

BENESCH, DR. WILLIAM M., 4444 LINNEAN AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20008

BENJAMIN, DR. CHESTER R., 315 TIMBERWOOD AVENUE, SILVER SPRING, MD 20901

BENNETT, MR. JOHN A., 5400 VANTAGE POINT RD #P1 1, COLUMBIA, MD 21044

BERGMANN, DR. OTTO, 1039 SOUTH 19TH ST., ARLINGTON, VA 22202-161 1

BERKSON, DR. HAROLD, 12001 WHIPPOORWILL LANE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20852

BERNSTEIN, MR. BERNARD, 7420 WESTLAKE TERRACE, APT 608, BETHESDA, MD 20817

BERRY, MR. JESSE F, 2601 OAKENSHIELD DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20854

BIBERM AN, MR. LUCIEN M., 5904 LENOX ROAD, BETHESDA, MD 20817

BINGE, MR. GARY L., #230-165, 5080 BROWN STATTON RD, UPPER MARLBORO, MD 20772-9101

BIONDO, DR. SAMUEL J., 10144 NIGHTINGALE ST., GAITHERSBURG, MD 20882

BLACK, DR. JACQUELYN G., SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCE, MARYMOUNT UNIVERSITY, 2807 N.

GLEBE ROAD, ARLINGTON, VA 22207

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BRANCATO, DR. EMANUEL L., 7370 HALLMARK ROAD, CLARKSVILLE, MD 21029

BRIMMER, DR. ANDREW F, SUITE 302, 4400 MACARTHUR BLVD., NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20007

BRISKMAN, MR. ROBERT D., 61 VALERIAN COURT, NORTH BETHESDA, MD 20852

62

BROWN, DR. ELISE A. B., 681 1 NESBITT PLACE, McLEAN, VA 22101-2133

BUOT, DR. FELIX A., CODE 6862 NAVAL RESEARCH LABORATORY, WASHINGTON, DC 20375

BURAS, JR., MR. EDMUND M., 433 DEPPERT COURT, SEYMOUR, IN 47274-8309

BUTTERMORE, MR. DONALD O., 34 WEST BERKELEY ST, UNIONTOWN, PA 15401-4241

CAMPBELL, MS. ELIZABETH P, 2207 NORTH TUCKAHOE ST., ARLINGTON, VA 22205

CAMPBELL, MR. FRANCIS J., 2412 CREST STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22302

CAMPBELL, MR. LOWELL E., 14000 POND VIEW ROAD, SILVER SPRING, MD 20905

CARR, DR. DANIEL B., 9930 RAND DRIVE, BURKE, VA 22015

CARROLL, DR. WILLIAM R., 4802 BROAD BROOK DRIVE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3906

CERE, DR. VINTON G., 3614 CAMELOT DRIVE, ANNANDALE, VA 22003

CHACE, JR., DR. FENNER A., 6 LELAND COURT, CHEVY CHASE, MD 20815

CHAMBERS, DR. RANDALL M., 2704 WINSTEAD CIRCLE, WICHITA, KS 67226

CHANDLER, MR. JERRY, 837 CANAL DRIVE, McLEAN, VA 22102-1407

CHANDRAN, DR. SATHISH, 42 SOLOK BATU UNJUR 3 TAMAN BAYU PERDANA, KLANG 41200,

SELANGOR DARUL EHSAN, MALAYSIA

CHAPLIN, JR., DR. HARVEY R., 1221 WEST LEIGH DRIVE, CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22901

CHERNIN, DR. DAVID ARTHUR, DAVIS SQUARE, 51 HOLLAND ST, SOMERVILLE, MA 02144

CHEZEM, DR. CURTIS G., 3378 WISTERIA STREET, EUGENE, OR 97404-5930

CLEVEN, DR. GALE W., 205 RIVER PLACE, LANDER, WY 82520

CLINE, DR. THOMAS LYTTON, 13708 SHERWOOD FOREST DRIVE, SILVER SPRING, MD 20904

CLORE, DR. GIDEON MARIUS, LAB OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS, BLDG. 5, RM. B 1-301, NIDDK, NATIONAL

INSTITUTES OF HEALTH, BETHESDA, MD 20892

COATES, MR. JOSEPH E, PRES., COATES & JARRETT, INC. SUITE A-500, 4455 CONNECTICUT AVE NW,

WASHINGTON, DC 20008

COATES, DR. VARY T., 3738 KANAWHA ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20015

COFFEY, DR. TIMOTHY R, CODE 1001, NAVAL RESEARCH LABORATORY, WASHINGTON, DC 20375-5000

COHEN, DR. MICHAEL P, 400 SEVENTH ST SW, #3430, WASHINGTON, DC 20590

COMAS, DR. JAMES, 1 1 THORBURN ROAD, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20878-2627

CONDELL, JR., DR. WILLIAM J., 4511 GRETNA STREET, BETHESDA, MD 20814

CONNELLY, MR. EDWARD McD., 1 1915 CHEVIOT DR., HERNDON, VA 22070

COOPER, DR. KENNETH W, 4497 PICACHO DRIVE, RIVERSIDE, CA 92507-4873

COOPER, DR. LEON N., DIRECTOR, INSTITUTE FOR BRAIN AND NEURAL SYSTEMS, PROVIDENCE, RI

02912

CORLISS, MRS. EDITH L.R., 2955 ALBEMARLE STREET, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20008-2135

CORRIGAN, MR. JOHN J.F, 1 1768 OWENS GLEN WAY, NORTH POTOMAC, MD 20878

COSTRELL, MR. LOUIS, APARTMENT 621, 151 15 INTERLACHEN DRIVE, SILVER SPRING, MD 20906-5641

COUSIN, DR. CAROLYN E., 1903 ROXBURG COURT, ADELPHI, MD 20783

CRAWFORD, DR. KEITH WARREN, 2806 FT. BAKER DR. SE, WASHINGTON, DC 20020

CREVELING, DR. CYRUS R., 4516 AMHERST LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814

CRUM, DR. JOHN K., 1 155 16TH STREET, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036

CURRIE, S.J., REV. C. L., PRES., ASSN. OF JESUIT COLLEGES & UNIVERSITIES, ONE DUPONT CIRCLE

NW #405, WASHINGTON, DC 20036

DALY, DR. JOHN WILLIAM, CHIEF, LABORATORY OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY, BLDG. A, RM. lA-15,

NIH, BETHESDA, MD 20892

D’ AMATO, DR. DONALD P, MITRETEK SYSTEMS, INC., McLEAN, VA 22102

DAVIS, DR. ROBERT E., 1793 ROCHESTER STREET, CROFTON, MD 21 1 14

DE WIT, DR. ROLAND, 11812 TIFTON DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20854-3538

DEAL, DR. GEORGE E., APT 1101, 6800 FLEETWOOD ROAD, McLEAN, VA 22101

DEDRICK, DR. ROBERT L., 1633 WARNER AVENUE, McLEAN, VA 22101

DESLATTES, JR., DR. RICHARD D., 610 ASTER BLVD., ROCKVILLE, MD 20850

DEUTSCH, DR. STANLEY, 7109 LAVEROCK LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20817

DOCTOR, MR. NORMAN, 6 TEGNER COURT, ROCKVILLE, MD 20850

DOEPPNER, COL. THOMAS W., APT. 308 9000 BELVOIR WOODS PKWY, FT. BELVOIR, VA 22060

DONALDSON, MS. EVA G., 3941 AMES ST NE, WASHINGTON, DC 20019

DONALDSON, MRS. JOHANNA B., 3020 NORTH EDISON STREET, ARLINGTON, VA 22207

DONLON, DR. MILDRED, 8525 THORNDEN TERRACE, BETHESDA, MD 20817

63

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DOOLING, DR. ROBERT J., 13615 STRAW BALE LANE, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20878-3994

DUBEY, DR. SATYA D., 7712 GROTON ROAD, WEST BETHESDA, MD 208 1 7

DUFFEY, DR. DICK, CHEM-NUCLEAR ENGINEERING DEPT, UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND, COLLEGE

PARK, MD 20742

DUKE, DR. JAMES A., 8210 MURPHY ROAD, FULTON, MD 20759

DUNCOMBE, DR. RAYNOR L., 1 804 VANCE CIRCLE, AUSTIN, TX 7870 1

DUPONT, MR. JOHN E., P.O. BOX 358, NEWTOWN SQUARE, PA 19073

DURRANI, DR. SAJJAD H., 175 13 LAFAYETTE DRIVE, OLNEY, MD 20832

EDINGER, DR. STANLEY EVAN, APT #1400 SOUTH, 5901 MONTROSE ROAD, ROCKVILLE, MD 20852

EDMUND, MR. NORMAN W., 407 NE 3RD AVENUE, FT. LAUDERDALE, FL 33301

EISENHOFFER, DR. GRAEME, 5803 WILMETT ROAD, BETHESDA, MD 20817

EISNER, DR. MILTON PHILIP, 1565 HANE STREET, McLEAN, VA 22101-4439

EL KHADEM, DR. HASSAN, DEPT. OF CHEMISTRY, AMERICAN UNIVERSITY, WASHINGTON, DC

20016-8014

ENDO, DR. BURTON Y, 1010 JIGGER COURT, ANNAPOLIS, MD 21401-6886

I ENTLEY, MR. WILLIAM JOHN, 5707 PAMELA DRIVE, CENTERVILLE, VA 22020

ETTER, MR. PAUL C., 16609 BETH AYRES ROAD, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855-2043

FARMER, DR. ROBERT F, C/0 AKZO NOBEL CHEMICAL, 300 S. RIVERSIDE PLAZA, CHICAGO, IL 60606

^ FAULKNER, MR. JOSEPH A., 2 BAY DRIVE, LEWES, DE 19958

FAUST, DR. WILLIAM R., 1665 HEATHER LANE, HUNTINGTON, MD 20639-4108

FAY, DR. ROBERT E., 6621 lOTH ST. B-1, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22307

FEINGOLD, DR. S. NORMAN, 1801 EAST JEFFERSON ST, ROCKVILLE, MD 20852-4057

FERRELL, DR. RICHARD A., 661 1 WELLS PARKWAY, UNIVERSITY PARK, MD 20782

FINKELSTEIN, DR. ROBERT, 1 1424 PALATINE DRIVE, POTOMAC, MD 20854-1451

FISHER, DR. JOEL L., 4033 OLLEY LANE, FAIRFAX, VA 22032

FLINN, DR. DAVID R., 2826 SHAWN LEIGH DR., VIENNA, VA 22181

i FLOURNOY, DR. NANCY, 4712 YUMA STREET, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20016-2048

I FOCKLER, MR. HERBERT H., 10710 LORAIN AVENUE, SILVER SPRING, MD 20901

FONER, DR. SAMUEL N., NO. 15B, 1 1500 SUMMIT WEST BLVD, TEMPLE TERRACE, FL 33617

FOOTE, DR. RICHARD H., HC 75 BOX 166, L.O.W., 126 GREENSPRING RD, LOCUST GROVE, VA 22508

FORZIATI, DR. ALPHONSE F, 3605 HWY 255 NORTH, SAUTEE, GA 30571

FRANKLIN, DR. JUDE E., 7616 CARTERET ROAD, BETHESDA, MD 20817-2021

FREEMAN, MR. ERNEST R., 5357 STRATHMORE AVENUE, KENSINGTON, MD 20895-1160

FRIEDMAN, DR. MOSHE, 451 1 YUMA STREET, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20016

FURUKAWA, DR. GEORGE T, 1712 EVELYN DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20852

GAGE, DR. WILLIAM W., 10 TRAFALGAR ST, ROCHESTER, NY 1 46 1 9- 1 222

GARVIN, DR. DAVID, NO. 807 18700 WALKER’S CHOICE RD, MONTGOMERY VILLAGE, MD 20886-0560

GATES, DR. SYLVESTER JAMES, PHYSICS DEPT - RM. 4125, COLLEGE PARK, MD 20742-411 1

GAUNAURD, DR. GUILLERMO C., 4807 MACON ROAD, ROCKVILLE, MD 20852-2348

GEBBIE, DR. KATHARINE B., PHYSICS LABORATORY, NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND

TECHNOLOGY, 100 BUREAU DRIVE, MS 8400, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20899-8400

GHAFFARI, DR. ABOLGHASSEM, 7532 ROYAL DOMINION DRIVE, WEST BETHESDA, MD 20817

GIBBON, MR. JOROME, 31 1 PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE, FALLS CHURCH, VA 22046

GLASER, DR. HAROLD, 1902 BERRYMAN STREET, BERKELEY, CA 94709-1919

GLAZE, MR. JOHN, 658 E ST., S.E., WASHINGTON, DC 20003

GLUCKMAN, MR. ALBERT G., 1 1235 OAKLEAF DRIVE, NO. 1619, SILVER SPRING, MD 20901-1305

GLUCKSTERN, DR. ROBERT L., 801 DROHOMER PLACE, BALTIMORE, MD 21210

GOFF, DR. JAMES F, 3405 - 34TH PLACE, N.W., WASHINGTON, DC 20016

GOLDEN, DR. A. MORGAN, 9110 DRAKE PLACE, COLLEGE PARK, MD 20740

GOLUMBIC, DR. CALVIN, 6000 HIGHBORO DRIVE, BETHESDA, MD 20817

GOODALL, DR. JANE, THE JANE GOODALL INSTITUTE, SILVER SPRING, MD 20911-4890

GOODE, MR. ROBERT J., 2402 KEGWOOD LANE, BOWIE, MD 20715

GORDON, DR. RUTH E., 9405 QUILL PLACE, MONTGOMERY VILLAGE, MD 20879

GOULD, MR. RICHARD G., TELECOMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS, SUITE 501, 1 100 17TH ST NW,

WASHINGTON, DC 20036-4646

GREENOUGH, MR. M. L., GREENOUGH DATA ASSOC., 616 ASTER BLVD., ROCKVILLE, MD 20850

64

GRISHKEVICH, DR. VICTOR M., VISHNEVSKY INST. OF SURGERY, 113093 MOSCOW, RUSSIA

GRONENBORN, DR. ANGELA M., 5503 LAMBETH ROAD, BETHESDA, MD 20814

GRUBNIK, PROF. VLADIMIR V, ODESSA CENTER FOR LASER MEDICINE, ODESSA, UKRAINE

GUDE, THE HONORABLE GILBERT, 541 1 DUVALL DRIVE, BETHESDA, MD 20816-1871

GUERRERO, DR. VICTORIA C., 10627 PATTERNBOND TERRACE, SILVER SPRING, MD 20902

GUPTA, DR. PRADEEP KUMAR, 8301 ARLINGTON BLVD. #405, FAIRFAX, VA 22182

GUTERMUTH, DR. PAUL-GEORG, TM WINGERT 28, 53604 BAD HONNEF, GERMANY

HACK, DR. HARVEY, OCEAN SYSTEMS NORTHROP GRUMMAN CORE, POP BOX 1488, MS 9105,

ANNAPOLIS, MD 21404

HACSKAYLO, DR. EDWARD, 7949 N SENDERO UNO, TUCSON, AZ 85704-2066

HAENNI, DR. EDWARD O., 7907 GLENBROOK ROAD, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2403

HAGN, MR. GEORGE H., 4208 SLEEPY HOLLOW ROAD, ANNANDALE, VA 22003-2046

HAIG, S. J., REV. FRANK R., LOYOLA COLLEGE, 4501 NORTH CHARLES ST., BALTIMORE, MD 21210

HAINES, MR. KENNETH A., 900 N. TAYLOR ST. #1231, ARLINGTON, VA 22203-1855

HAMER, DR. WALTER J., 407 RUSSELL AVENUE, #305, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2890

HANEL, DR. RUDOLPH A., 3881 BRIDLE PASS, ANN ARBOR, MI 48108-2264

HANFORD, JR., MR. WILLIAM E., 5613 OVERLEA ROAD, BETHESDA, MD 20816

HARR, MR. JAMES W., 180 STRAWBERRY LANE, CENTREVILLE, MD 21617

HASKINS, DR. CARYL R, 1545 18TH ST., N.W., SUITE 810, WASHINGTON, DC 20036

HASS, DR. GEORG H., 7728 LEE AVENUE, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22308-1003

HAUPTMAN, DR. HERBERT, THE MEDICAL FOUNDATION OF BUFFALO, 73 HIGH STREET, BUFFALO,

NY 14203-1196

HAYNES, MRS. ELIZABETH D., 4149 25TH STREET, NORTH, ARLINGTON, VA 22207-3964

HAZAN, MR. PAUL L., 14528 CHESTERFIELD ROAD, ROCKVILLE, MD 20853

HERBST, MR. ROBERT L., 4109 WYNNWOOD DRIVE, ANNANDALE, VA 22003

HERMACH, MR. FRANCIS L., 2850 AQUARIUS AVENUE, SILVER SPRING, MD 20906

HEYER, DR. W. RONALD, AMPHIBIAN AND REPTILE M.S. 162 SMITHSONIAN, WASHINGTON, DC

20560-0162

HIBBS, DR. EUTHYMIA D., 7302 DURBIN TERRACE, BETHESDA, MD 20817

HOBBS, DR. ROBERT B., #1414, 9707 OLD GEORGETOWN ROAD, BETHESDA, MD 20814

HOFFELD, DR. J. TERRELL, 1 1307 ASHLEY DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20852-2403

HOFFMAN, DR. JOHN D., 6121 MAIDEN LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20817

HOLAHAN, GARY M., 10000 TENBROOK DRIVE, SILVER SPRING, MD 20901

HOLLINSHEAD, DR. ARIEL, 3637 VAN NESS STREET, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20008-3130

HONIG, DR. JOHN G., 7701 GLENMORE SPRING WAY, BETHESDA, MD 20817

HOOVER, MR. LARRY A., 1541 STABLEVIEW DRIVE, GASTONIA, NC 28056-1658

HORNSTEIN, DR. IRWIN, 5920 BRYN MAWR ROAD, COLLEGE PARK, MD 20740

HOROWITZ, DR. EMANUEL, 14100 NORTHGATE DRIVE, SILVER SPRING, MD 20906

HUDSON, DR. COLIN M., 107 LAMBETH DRIVE, ASHEVILLE, NC 28803-3429

HUHEEY, DR. JAMES E., SOURWOOD MOUNTAIN SCIENTIFIC, 215 TUCKER LANE, LENOIR CITY, TN

37771

HULSE, DR. RUSSELL, PLASMA PHYSICS LABORATORY, PRINCETON, NJ 08543

HUMMEL, MR. JOHN N., 952 WATERBURY HEIGHTS DRIVE, CROWNS VILLE, MD 21032

HUMMEL, MS. LANI S., 1400 SMOKEY WOOD DRIVE #806, PITTSBURGH, PA 15218

HURDLE, DR. BURTON G., 6222 BERKLEY ROAD, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22307

HURTT, DR. WOODLAND, 1 1403 EASTWOOD COURT, HAGERSTOWN, MD 21742

HUTTON, MR. GEORGE L., 1086 CONTINENTAL AVENUE, MELBOURNE, FL 32940

JACOX, DR. MARILYN E., 10203 KINDLY COURT, MONTGOMERY VILLAGE, MD 20886-3946

JENSEN, DR. ARTHUR S., CHAPEL GATE 1 104, OAK CREST, 8820 WATHER BLVD, PARKVIEW, MD

21234-9022

JERNIGAN, DR. ROBERT W., 14805 CLAVEL STREET, ROCKVILLE, MD 20853

JOHNSON, DR. DANIEL P., 2133 GREENWAY AVENUE, CHARLOTTE, NC 28204

JOHNSON, EDGAR M., 5315 RENAISSANCE COURT, BURKE, VA 22015

JOHNSON, DR. PHYLLIS T, 833 CAPE DRIVE, FRIDAY HARBOR, WA 98250

JOHNSTON, MR. ALLEN B., 31 S. ABERDEEN STREET, ARLINGTON, VA 22204

JONES, JR., DR. DANIEL B., APT 402, 1600 ALABAMA DR, WINTER PARK, FL 32789-2688

y

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JONES, JR., DR. HOWARD S., APARTMENT 1310, 3001 VEAZEY TERRACE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20008

JONG, DR. SHUNG-CHANG, AMER. TYPE CULTURE COLLECTION, 10801 UNIVERSITY BLVD.,

I MANASSAS, VA 201 10-2209

JORDAN, DR. GARY BLAKE, 13392 FALLENLEAF ROAD, POWAY, CA 92064

JORDANA, DR. ROMAN DE VICENTE, BATALLA DE GARELLANO, 15 ARAVACA, 28023, MADRID, SPAIN

I KAHN, DR. ROBERT E., 909 LYNTON PLACE, McLEAN, VA 22102

‘ KAISER, DR. HANS E., 433 SOUTHWEST DRIVE, SILVER SPRING, MD 20901

KANOF, DR. PEDRO, 1669 32^^ STREET, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20007

KAPETANAKOS, DR. C.A., 4431 MACARTHUR BLVD, WASHINGTON, DC 20007

j KARELIN, DR. ARTHUR A., VISHNEVSKY INST. OF SURGERY, DEPARTMENT OF BIOCHEMISTRY,

BOLSHAYA, SERPUHOVSKAYA, 27, MOSCOW 113811, RUSSIA

KARP, DR. SHERMAN, 10205 COUNSELMAN ROAD, POTOMAC, MD 20854-5023

KATZ, DR. ROBERT, OMEGA-3 RESEARCH INSTITUTE INC., SUITE 700, 3 BETHESDA METRO CENTER,

BETHESDA, MD 20814

, KAY, MS. PEG, VERTECH, INC., 6111 WOOTEN DRIVE, FALLS CHURCH, VA 22044

I KEEFER, DR. LARRY, 7016 RIVER ROAD, BETHESDA, MD 20817

I KEISER, DR. BERNHARD E., 2046 CARRHILL ROAD, VIENNA, VA 22 1 8 1

I KEISER, DR. HARRY R., 2367 S. QUEEN STREET, ARLINGTON, VA 22202-1550

KHAITOV, DR. RAKHIM M., INSTITUTE OF IMMUNOLOGY, 24-2, KASHIRSKOYE SHOSSE, MOSCOW,

115478, RUSSIA, CIS

KIPSHIDZE, DR. NICHOLAS, 4465 DOUGLAS AVENUE, BRONX, NY 10471

I KIPSHIDZE, DR. NODAR, 9 ANJAPARIDZE STREET, TBILISI GEO-380079, GEORGIA

KIRK, DR. KENNETH L., NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH, BETHESDA, MD 20892

! KIRKBRIDE, JR., DR. JOSEPH H., 1001 DEVERE DRIVE, SILVER SPRING, MD 20903

KLINGSBERG, DR. CYRUS, 1318 DEERFIELD DRIVE, STATE COLLEGE, PA 16803

KLOPFENSTEIN, MR. REX C., 4224 WORCESTER DR., FAIRFAX, VA 22032-1140

KOTZ, DR. SAMUEL, 617 KENBROOK DRIVE, SILVER SPRING, MD 20902

KOUZMINOV, DR. VLADIMIR A, VIA TORCELLO, 21 QUARTO D’ALTINO, VENICE, ITALY

I KROP, DR. STEPHEN, 960 OLD CUTLER ROAD, VIRGINIA BEACH, VA 23454

I KRUGER, DR. JEROME, 619 WAmELD DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20850

i KRUPSAW, MRS. MARYLIN, 1900 CONSULATE PL, APT 1704, WEST PALM BEACH, FL 33401-1843

i KUEHNEL, MS. PAT, SENECA RIDGE MIDDLE SCHOOL, STERLING, VA 20164

LACY, DR. WILLIAM JOHN, 9573 MANASSAS FORGE DR., MANASSAS, VA 201 1 1-2583

LANHAM, MR. CLIFFORD E., P.O. BOX 2303, KENSINGTON, MD 20891

LAWSON, DR. ROGER H., 10613 STEAMBOAT LANDING, COLUMBIA, MD 21044

I LEIBOWITZ, DR. LAWRENCE M., 3903 LARO COURT, FAIRFAX, VA 22031

LEINER, MR. ALAN L., APARTMENT 635, 850 WEBSTER STREET, PALO ALTO, CA 94301-2837

LEJINS, DR. PETER R, COLLEGE HEIGHTS ESTATES 7114 EVERSFIELD DRIVE, HYATTSVILLE, MD

20782-1049

LENTZ, DR. PAUL LEWIS, 5 ORANGE COURT, GREENBELT, MD 20770

LEWIS, DR. DAVID C., 609 SIDELING COURT, VIENNA, VA 22180

LEWIS, DR. E. NEIL, MOLECULAR BIOLOGY SECTION, BETHESDA, MD 20892

LEY, JR., DR. HERBERT L., 4816 CAMELOT STREET, ROCKVILLE, MD 20853

LIBELO, MR. LOUIS F, 9413 BULLS RUN PARKWAY, BETHESDA, MD 20817

LIEBLEIN, DR. JULIUS, 5901 MONTROSE RD., APT. S800, ROCKVILLE, MD 20852-4751

LINDQUIST, P. E., MR. ROY P, SUITE 1575, 1300 PENNSYLVANIA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20229

LING, MR. LEE, 1608 BELVOIR DRIVE, LOS ALTOS, CA 94024

LINK, DR. CONRAD B., 407 RUSSELL AVENUE, #813, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877

LIPSETT, DR. MORLEY, 1529 WHITES AILS DRIVE RRl, Z-62, BOWEN ISLAND, BC VON IGO, CANADA

LOCKARD, DR. J. DAVID, CELL BIOLOGY AND, COLLEGE PARK, MD 20742

LONDON, MS. MARILYN, 13527 DEMETRIAS WAY, GERMANTOWN, MD 20874

LONG, MRS. BETTY JANE, 416 RIVERBEND ROAD, FORT WASHINGTON, MD 20744-5539

LOOMIS, MR. TOM H. W., 1 1502 ALLVIEW DR., BELTS VILLE, MD 20705

LOVEJOY, DR. THOMAS E., SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, RM. 320, 1000 JEFFERSON DR., SW,

WASHINGTON, DC 20560

LUGT, DR. HANS J., 10317 CROWN POINT COURT, POTOMAC, MD 20854

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LUTZ, DR. ROBERT J., 17620 SHAMROCK DRIVE, OLNEY, MD 20832

LYON, MR. HARRY B., 7722 NORTHDOWN ROAD, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22308-1329

LYONS, DR. JOHN W., 7430 WOODVILLE ROAD, MT. AIRY, MD 2 1 77 1

MAKAROV, ACAD. IGOR M., CHIEF SCIENTIFIC SECRETARY, RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, 14

LENNSKI PROSPECT, 11790, GSPl MOSCOW, V-71, RUSSIA CIS

MALONE, DR. THOMAS B., 20856 WATERBEACH PL, STERLING, VA 20165-7407

MANDERSCHEID, DR. RONALD W., 10837 ADMIRALS WAY, POTOMAC, MD 20854-1232

MARTIN, MR. CHARLES R., 10125 GRAVIER COURT, MONTGOMERY VILLAGE, MD 20886-8737

MARTIN, P. E., DR. EDWARD J., APT 1027, 602 SUNNY BROOK TERRACE, GAITHERSBURG, MD

20877-4344

MARVEL, DR. KEVIN B., AMERICAN ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY, SUITE 400, 2000 FLORIDA AVE,

WASHINGTON, DC 20009

MASON, DR. HENRY LEA, 3440 S JEFFERSON ST #823, FALLS CHURCH, VA 22041-3127

MASSIF, PROF. SAMUEL P, DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY, ANNAPOLIS, MD 21400 •

MAZZUCHI, DR. THOMAS A., OPERATIONS RESEARCH DEPT., 4794 CATTERIC COURT, FAIRFAX, VA

22032

McBRIDE, MR. GORDON W., P.O. BOX 151505, CHEVY CHASE, MD 20825-1505

McNESBY, DR. JAMES R., 13308 VALLEY DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20850

MEADE, MR. BUFORD K., #I 109, 20510 FALCONS LANDLING CIR, STERLING, VA 20165-7596

MEARS, MR. THOMAS W., 2809 HATHAWAY TERRACE, WHEATON, MD 20906-3756

MELLEN, MS. RUTH, 6338 EDGEMOOR LANE, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22312-1528

MELMED, DR. ALLEN J., 732 TIFFANY COURT, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20878

MENZER, DR. ROBERT E., 90 HIGHPOINT DR, GULF BREEZE, FL 32561-4014

MESSINA, MRS. CARLA G., 9800 MARQUETTE DRIVE, BETHESDA, MD 20817

MESSINA, DR. GARY S., 4201 CATHEDRAL AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20016

MILLER, DR. LANCE A., 7403 BUFFALO AVENUE, TAKOMA PARK, MD 20912

MINTZ, MR. RAYMOND D., 815 DUKE STREET, ROCKVILLE, MD 20850

MITCHELL, MR. GARY, 3018 ASHBURTON MANOR DR., OAK HILL, VA 20I7I

MITTLEMAN, DR. DON, APARTMENT 909, 5200 BRITTNY DR. S, ST. PETERSBURG, FL 33715-1538

MORELLA, THE HONORABLE CONNIE A., UNITED STATES HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES,

WASHINGTON, DC 20515

MORRIS, DR. J. ANTHONY, 23 E. RIDGE ROAD, GREENBELT, MD 20770

MORRIS, P. E., DR. ALAN, 5817 PLAINVIEW ROAD, BETHESDA, MD 20817

MOSTOFI, M.D., F. K., 7001 GEORGIA STREET, CHEVY CHASE, MD 20815

MOUNTAIN, DR. RAYMOND D., 5 MONUMENT COURT, ROCKVILLE, MD 20850

MUMMA, DR. MICHAEL J., 210 GLEN OBAN DRIVE, ARNOLD, MD 2I0I2

MURDOCH, DR. WALLACE R, 65 MAGAW AVENUE, CARLISLE, PA 17013-7618

NAESER, DR. CHARLES R., 6654 VAN WINKLE DRIVE, FALLS CHURCH, VA 22044

NEF, MRS. EVELYN S., 2726 N STREET, N.W., WASHINGTON, DC 20007

NEKRASOV, DR. ARKADI, BLDG. 1, 420 FLAT HOUSE 4 KUNCEVSKAJA ST, I2I35I MOSCOW,

RUSSIA CIS

NEWMAN, DR. MORRIS, 1050 LAS ALTURAS ROAD, SANTA BARBARA, CA 93103

NOFFSINGER, DR. TERRELL L., 125 ECHO VALLEY ROAD, AUBURN, KY 42206

NORRIS, MR. KARL H., 1 1204 MONTGOMERY ROAD, BELTS VILLE, MD 20705

NUSPL, DR. PETER P, W.L. PRITCHARD & CO., INC., 520E. 7315 WISCONSIN AVE, BETHESDA, MD 20814

OBERLE, MS. E. MARILYN, 58 PARKLAWN ROAD, WEST ROXBURY, MA 02132

O’HARE, DR. JOHN J., 108 RUTLAND BLVD., WEST PALM BEACH, FL 33405-5057

OHRINGER, MR. LEE, 5014 RODMAN ROAD, BETHESDA, MD 20816

O’KEEFE, DR. JOHN A., WESTFORD AT ALL SAINTS #301, SIOUX FALLS, SD 57104

ORDWAY, DR. FRED, 5205 ELSMERE AVENUE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-5732

OSER, DR. HANS J., 8810 QUIET STREAM COURT, POTOMAC, MD 20854-4231

OSIPOV, ACAD. YURI S., PRESIDENT, RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, 14 LENNISKI PROSPECT,

1 1790, GSPl MOSCOW, V-71, RUSSIA CIS

OSTAFF, MR. WILLIAM ALLEN, 10208 DRUMM AVENUE, KENSINGTON, MD 20895-3731

OSTENSO, DR. GRACE, 2871 AUDUBON TERRACE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20008-2309

PARSONS, DR. HENRY McILVAINE, HUMRRO, 66 CANAL CENTER PLAZA, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314

67

\

PATEL, DR. D. G., CROWNWOOD LANE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20850

PAZ, DR. ELVIRA L., 172 COOK HILL ROAD, WALLINGFORD, CT 06492

( PERHAPS, DR. THEODORE P, 500 23RD STREET, NW, B-606, WASHINGTON, DC 20037

PETROL, ACAD. EM V., VICE PRESIDENT RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, 14 LENNISKI PROSPECT,

1 1790, GSPl MOSCOW, V-71, RUSSIA CIS

PETTY, DR. RACHEL, UNIVERSITY OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, DEPT. OF PSYCHOLOGY, 4200

I CONNECTICUT AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20008

PICKAR, MS. DIANE

PICKHOLTZ, DR. RAYMOND L., 3613 GLENBROOK ROAD, FAIRFAX, VA 22031-3210

PIEPER, DR. GEORGE R, 3155 ROLLING ROAD, EDGEWATER, MD 21037

^ PLAIT, MR. ALAN O., 8550 PARK SHORE LANE, SARASOTA, FL 34238-3316

POLLARD, DR. HARVEY B., DEPARTMENT OF ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, AND GENETICS, USUHS,

NAVAL MEDICAL CENTER, BETHESDA, MD 208 14

PRINCE, DR. JULIUS S., 7103 PINEHURST PARKWAY, CHEVY CHASE, MD 20815-3144

PRINZ, DR. DIANNE K., 1704 MASON HILL DRIVE, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22307

PROCTOR, DR. JOHN H., 308 EAST STREET, N.E., VIENNA, VA 22180

PRYOR, DR. C. NICHOLAS, 3715 PROSPERITY AVENUE, FAIRFAX, VA 22031

PURCELL, DR. ROBERT H., 17517 WHITE GROUNDS ROAD, BOYDS, MD 20841

PYKE, JR., MR. THOMAS N., 4887 N. 35TH ROAD, ARLINGTON, VA 22207

QUIROZ, MR. RODERICK S., 4520 YUMA STREET, N.W., WASHINGTON, DC 20016

RADER, MR. CHARLES A., 1 101 PACA DRIVE, EDGEWATER, MD 21037

RADO, DR. GEORGE T., 818 CARRIE COURT, McLEAN, VA 22101

j RAJAGOPAL, MR. A. K., CODE 6860.1, NAVAL RESEARCH LABORATORY, WASHINGTON, DC 20375

! RAKHMANKULOV, DR. VIL Z., INSTITUTE FOR SYSTEMS ANALYSIS, PROSPECT 600-LET OCTJABRIA,

J 9, MOSCOW 117312, RUSSIA CIS

RALL, DR. JOSEPH EDWARD, 3947 BALTIMORE STREET, KENSINGTON, MD 20895

I RAMAKER, DR. DAVID E., 6943 ESSEX AVENUE, SPRINGFIELD, VA 22150

i RAMSAY, DR. MAYNARD J., 3806 VISER COURT, BOWIE, MD 20715

RAMSEY, DR. NORMAN F., LYMAN PHYSICS LABORATORY, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02138

RAO, DR. APPAJOSULA, 8312 BEECH TREE ROAD, BETHESDA, MD 20817

i RASEKH, DR. JIM, 1112 VILLAMAY BLVD., ALEXANDRIA, VA 22307

RAUSCH, DR. ROBERT L., P. O. BOX 85447, UNIVERSITY STATION, SEATTLE, WA 98145-1447

I RAVITSKY, MR. CHARLES, 37129 VILLAGE 37, CAMARILLO, CA 93012

; REDISH, PROF. EDWARD F., 6820 WINTERBERRY LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20817

I REID, DR. JANET W., SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, WASHINGTON, DC 20560-0163

REINER, MR. ALVIN, 1 1243 BYBEE STREET, SILVER SPRING, MD 20902

RHYNE, DR. JAMES J., 2704 WESTBROOK WAY, COLUMBIA, MO 65203

RICE, DR. SUE ANN, 6728 FERN LANE, ANNANDALE, VA 22003

RICKARD, MR. ERIC C., SRI INTERNATIONAL, ARLINGTON, VA 22209-21 1 1

RICKER, DR. RICHARD, 16549 SIOUX LANE, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20878

RIDKY, DR. ROBERT WILLIAM, 622-A NORTH TAZEWELL ST, ARLINGTON, VA 22203

RIEL, DR. GORDON K., NSWC CD 682, BETHESDA, MD 20817-5700

ROACH, MR. ALFRED J., AMER. BIOGENETIC SCIENCES, INC., 1385 ACKRON ST, COPIAGUE, NY 1 1726

I ROBBINS, DR. MARY LOUISE, LAUREL HOUSE, IF, 2-4-3 1-OGIKUBO, SUGINAMI-KU 167-0051, TOKYO,

14 JAPAN

ROBERTS, DR. SUSAN, OCEAN STUDIES BOARD, HA-470, WASHINGTON, DC 20418

ROBINSON, DR. MICHAEL HILL, 2729 ORDWAY ST. NW - UNIT 5, WASHINGTON, DC 20008

ROSCHER, DR. NINA M., DECEASED, SEPTEMBER 19, 2001

ROSE, DR. WILLIAM K., 10916 PICASSO LANE, POTOMAC, MD 20854

ROSENBLATT, DR. DAVID, APARTMENT 702, 2939 VAN NESS STREET, N.W, WASHINGTON, DC 20008

ROSENBLATT, DR. JOAN R., APARTMENT 702, 2939 VAN NESS STREET. N.W., WASHINGTON, DC 20008

ROSENFELD, DR. AZRIEL, 6701 PARK AVENUE, APT 3G, BALTIMORE, MD 21215-2433

ROSSI, PROF. PETER H., 34 STAGECOACH ROAD, AMHERST, MA 01002

ROTHMAN, DR. RICHARD B., 8508 CARLYNN DRIVE, BETHESDA, MD 20817

ROTHROCK (RET), COL. JOHN E., 6100 WESTCHESTER PARK DR., COLLEGE PARK, MD 20740

ROTKIN, MR. ISRAEL, 1 1504 REGNID DR, WHEATON, MD 20902

68

RUSTAMOV, DR. G., CASPIAN HOSPITAL, 19 SULTANOV STR, BAKU 370065, AZERBAIJAN

RUTNER. DR. EMILE, 34 COLUMBIA AVENUE, TAKOMA PARK, MD 20912

SAENZ, DR. ALBERT W., 6338 OLD TOWN COURT, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22307

SAMARAS, MR. THOMAS T, 1 1487 MADERA ROSA WAY, SAN DIEGO, CA 92124

SANK, DR. VICTOR J., 5 BUNKER COURT, ROCKVILLE, MD 20854-5507

SAVAGE, MR. CARTER “BUZZ,” SUITE 900, 2730 UNIVERSITY BLVD., WHEATON, MD 20902

SAVILLE, JR., MR. THORNDIKE, 5601 ALBIA ROAD, BETHESDA, MD 20816-3304

SCHALK, DR. JAMES M., 7 OAKLAND DRIVE, PATCHOGUE, NY 11772

SCHECHTER, MR. MILTON S., 10909 HANNES COURT, SILVER SPRING, MD 20901

SCHINDLER, DR. ALBERT I., 6615 SULKY LANE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20852

SCHMEIDLER, MR. NEAL F., OMNI ENGR & TECHNOLOGY, INC, 7921 JONES BRANCH DR #530,

McLEAN,VA 22102

SCHMIDT, DR. CLAUDE H., 1827 NORTH 3RD STREET, FARGO, ND 58102-2335

SCHOOLEY, DR. JAMES F., 13700 DARNESTOWN ROAD, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20878

SCHROFFEL, STEPHEN A., 1860 STRATFORD PARK PL #403, RESTON, VA 20190-3368

SCHULTZ, DR. WARREN W, 4056 CADLE CREEK ROAD, EDGEWATER, MD 21037-4514

SCOTT, DR. DAVID B., 5701 WILLIAMSBURG LANDING DR., WILLIAMSBURG, VA 23185

SCRIBNER, MR. BOURDON F, 7210 RIVER CRESCENT DRIVE, ANNAPOLIS, MD 21401-7727

SEBRECHTS, DR. MARC M., 7014 EXETER ROAD, BETHESDA, MD 20814

SEITZ, DR. FREDERICK, ROCKEFELLER UNIVERSITY, 1230 YORK AVENUE, NEW YORK, NY 10021

SHAFRIN, MRS. ELAINE G., 800 4TH ST, SW, NO. N702, WASHINGTON, DC 20024

SHRIER, DR. STEFAN, 624A SOUTH PITT ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-4138

SHROPSHIRE, JR., DR. W, OMEGA LABORATORY, P.O. BOX 189, CABIN JOHN, MD 20818-0189

SIEBENS, DR. ART, 3900 CONNECTICUT AVE., NW, #101F, WASHINGTON, DC 20008

SILVER, DR. DAVID M., APPLIED PHYSICS LABORATORY, 1 1 100 JOHNS HOPKINS ROAD, LAUREL, MD

20723-6099

SIMHA, DR. ROBERT, DEPT. MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE, CASE- WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY,

CLEVELAND, OH 44106-7202

SIMPSON, DR. MICHAEL M., 101 INDEPENDENCE SE, CSR RSI LM423, WASHINGTON, DC 20540-7450

SLACK, DR. LEWIS, 2104 TADLEY DRIVE, CHAPEL HILL, NC 27514-2109

SMITH, MR. EDWARD L., 18475 HAVN COURT, NE, POULSBO, WA 98370-7668

SMITH, MS. MARCIA S., SCIENCE POLICY RESEARCH DIV. RESOURCES, SCI. & INDUSTRY DIV,

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, WASHINGTON, DC 20540-7450

SMITH, MR. REGINALD C., 7731 TAUXEMONT ROAD, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22308

SMITH, DR. THOMAS E., DEPT OF BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOL., COLLEGE OF MEDICINE,

HOWARD UNIVERSITY, WASHINGTON, DC 20059

SMITH, JR., MR. BLANCHARD D., 2509 RYEGATE LANE, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22308

SODERBERG, MR. DAVID L., 403 WEST SIDE DR., APT. 102, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20878

SOLAND, DR. RICHARD M., SEAS, GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIV., WASHINGTON, DC 20052

SOMMER, DR. HELMUT, 9502 HOLLINS COURT, BETHESDA, MD 20817

SOUSA, DR. ROBERT J., 168 WENDELL ROAD, SHUTESBURY, MA 01072

SPANO, DR. MARK, 10101 GROSVENOR PLACE #1716, N BETHESDA, MD 20852

SPARGO, DR. WILLIAM J., 9610 CEDAR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814

SPATES, MR. JAMES E., 8609 IRVINGTON AVENUE, BETHESDA, MD 20817

SPILHAUS, JR., DR. A. F, 10900 PICASSO LANE, POTOMAC, MD 20854

STEGUN, MS. IRENE A., 62 LEIGHTON AVENUE, YONKERS, NY 10705

STERN, DR. KURT H., 103 GRANT AVENUE, TAKOMA PARK, MD 20912-4636

STIFF, DR. LOUIS J., CODE 690, NASA, GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER, GREENBELT, MD 20771

STIEHLER, DR. ROBERT D., 3234 QUESADA STREET, N.W., WASHINGTON, DC 20015-1663

STRAUSS, DR. SIMON W., 4506 CEDELL PLACE, CAMP SPRINGS, MD 20748

SUCHER, DR. JOSEPH, APARTMENT 1717, 6200 WESTCHESTER PARK DR., COLLEGE PARK, MD 20740

SWEZEY, DR. ROBERT W., 17203 CLARKS RIDGE ROAD, LEESBURG, VA 20176

SYKES, DR. ALAN O., 304 MASHIE DRIVE, VIENNA, VA 22180

TABOR, DR. HERBERT, NIDDK, LBP, BLDG. 8, RM. 223, NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH,

BETHESDA, MD 20892

TAMARGO, DR. JUAN, GUZMAN EL BUENO 100, 3 A, 28003 MADRID, SPAIN

69

TAS AKI, DR. ICHIJI, 5604 ALTA VISTA ROAD, BETHESDA, MD 208 1 7

; TATE, MR. DOUGLAS R., CAROLINA MEADOWS VILLA #257, CHAPEL HILL, NC 27514-8526

TAVKHELIDZE, SCD, ALBERT N., 52, RUSTAVELI AVE, 30008, TBLISI, REPUBLIC OF GEORGIA

TAYLOR, P. E., MR. WILLIAM B., 4001 BELLE RIVE TERRACE, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22309

TERMAN, MR. MAURICE J., 616 POPLAR DRIVE, FALLS CHURCH, VA 22046

THOMPSON, DR. F. CHRISTIAN, 661 1 GREEN GLEN COURT, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22315-5518

TOLL, DR. JOHN S., WASHINGTON COLLEGE & U. OF MARYLAND, 6609 BOXFORD WAY, BETHESDA,

MD 20817

TOWNES, DR. CHARLES H., DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, 366 LE CONTE HALL #7300, UNIVERSITY OF

I CALIFORNIA, BERKLEY, BERKELEY, CA 94720-7300

! TOWNSEND, DR. CHARLES E., 3529 TILDEN STREET, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20008-3194

TOWNSEND, DR. LEWIS R., 8906 LIBERTY LANE, POTOMAC, MD 20854

j TOWNSEND, MRS. MARJORIE R., 3529 TILDEN STREET, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20008-3194

* TYLER, DR. PAUL E., 1023 ROCKY POINT COURT N.E., ALBUQUERQUE, NM 87123-1944

UBELAKER, DR. DOUGLAS H., DEPT. OF ANTHROPOLOGY, NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NATURAL

HISTORY, SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, WASHINGTON, DC 20560-01 12

! UBERALL, DR. HERBERT, 5101 RIVER RD, APARTMENT 1417, BETHESDA, MD 20816

I UHLANER, DR. J.E., 5 MARITIME DRIVE, CORONA DEL MAR, CA 92625

i VAISHNAV, MS. MARIANNE P, P.O. BOX 2129, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20879

I VAN COTT, DR. HAROLD R, 8300 STILL SPRING COURT, BETHESDA, MD 20817

I VAN FLANDERN, DR. TOM, META RESEARCH, P.O. BOX 15186, CHEVY CHASE, MD 20825-5 1 86

; VAN TUYL, DR. ANDREW, 1000 W. NOLCREST DRIVE, SILVER SPRING, MD 20903

VARADI, DR. PETER F., APARTMENT 1606W, 4620 NORTH PARK AVENUE, CHEVY CHASE, MD 20815

VAVRICK, DR. DANIEL J., 500 GREENBRIER COURT - APT 204, FREDRICKSBURG, VA 22401

VENDA, DR. VALERY F., DEPT. OF MECH. & INDUS. ENG., THE UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA,

WINNIPEG, MANITOBA, CANADA R3T 5V6

VENKATESAN, DR. MALABI M., DEPT. OF ENTERIC INFECTIONS, WALTER REED ARMY INST. OF RES.,

503 ROBERT GRANT AVE, SILVER SPRING, MD 20910-7500

VON HIPPLE, DR. ARTHUR, 265 GLEN ROAD, WESTON, MA 02193

VOSSOUGHI, DR. JAFAR, 4401-A CONNECTICUT AVE. NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20008-2322

WALDMANN, DR. THOMAS A., 3910 RICKOVER ROAD, SILVER SPRING, MD 20902

WALLS, DR. ISABEL, NATL. FOOD PROCESSORS ASSOC., SUITE 300, 1350 I ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC

20005

WAYNANT, DR. RONALD W., 6525 LIMERICK COURT, CLARKSVILLE, MD 21029

WEBB, DR. RALPH E., 21-P RIDGE ROAD, GREENBELT, MD 20770

WEGMAN, DR. EDWARD J., 157 SCIENCE - TECHNOLOGY 2, CENTER COMPUT. STAT., MS 4A7, GEORGE

MASON UNIVERSITY, FAIRFAX, VA 22030

WEISS, DR. ARMAND B., 6516 TRUMAN LANE, FALLS CHURCH, VA 22043

WENSCH, DR. GLEN W., 413 S. RISING ROAD, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61822-9708

WERGIN, DR. WILLIAM P, 10108 TOWHEE AVENUE, ADELPHI, MD 20783

WERTH, MR. MICHAEL W., 14 GRAFTON STREET, CHEVY CHASE, MD 20815

WHITE, JR., DR. HOWARD J., 8028 PK. OVERLOOK DRIVE, BETHESDA, MD 20817

WIESE, DR. WOLFGANG L., 8229 STONE TRAIL DRIVE, BETHESDA, MD 20817

WIGGINS, DR. PETER F., 1016 HARBOR DRIVE, ANNAPOLIS, MD 21403

WILLIAMS, DR. DAVID, GEORGETOWN UNIV. MED. CTR., WASHINGTON, DC 20007

WILSON, MR. WILLIAM K., 1401 KURTZ ROAD, McLEAN, VA 22101

WINTERS, DR. WILLIAM W., 6825 CAPRI PLACE, BETHESDA, MD 20817-4209

WITTLER, DR. RUTH G., DECEASED

YOCHELSON, DR. ELLIS L., 12303 STAFFORD LANE, BOWIE, MD 20715

YODER, JR., DR. HATTEN S., GEOPHYSICAL LABORATORY, 5251 BROAD BRANCH RD., N.W.,

WASHINGTON, DC 20015-1305

NOTES

DELEGATES TO THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES,

REPRESENTING THE LOCAL AFFILIATED SOCIETIES

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